t.l CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 89 1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library HB881 .N41 1857 + Contributions to vitai statistics. olin 1924 030 409 712 Overs All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE PRINTED IN us A. ^^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030409712 CONTRIBUTIONS TO VITAL STATISTICS. CONTKIBUTIONS TO VITAL STATISTICS: BEING, A DEVELOPMENT OF THE RATE OF MORTALITY AND THE LAWS OF SICKNESS, FEOM OEIGINAL AND EXTENSIVE DATA; WITH AN INQUIRY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY, OCCUPATIONS, AND HABITS OF LIFE ON HEALTH; ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS; AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROGRESS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. F. G. P. NEISON, F.L.S. h. THIRD EDITION. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co. MDCCCLVII. ^ A. \ ^^L WESTMINSTER : PRINTED BY THOMAS BBBTTELL, RUPERT STREET, HAYMARKET. :e tr X t a t £ tr COLONEL WILLIAM HENRY SYKES, F.R.S. &c. CHAIKMAN OF THE HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS THE EAST INDIA COMPANY, Itt ITesiimony H IS MANY VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS STATISTICAL SCIENCE. PREFACE. In the present edition of this work will be found a very large amount of new matter, most of which it is believed is calculated to throw considerable light on questions of importance, which have been engaging the public mind for several years. The greater part of pp. 1-101 is nearly the same in form with that of the first and second editions, while the matter in pp. 102-407, and pp. 531-606 did not appear in the earlier editions. A large portion of pp. 408-530 appeared in the first and second editions, and also in the thirteenth edition of ■' Observations on Odd Fellow and Friendly Societies," which is now out of print ; but even a perusal of these pages will shew that they contain a great amount of entirely new data, having not only an important bearing on Friendly and Provident Societies, but on questions of serious importance in public Hygiene, and to which attention will be immediately directed. The data from which has been deduced the expression for the general mortality of England and Wales, and which is used as a standard for the comparison of the results for sectional classes of the community, will be found in a condensed shape in Table B, page 4. Throughout the whole of the three first papers, embraced in pp. 1-101, and more particularly in the Letter to the Eegistrar-General, given in pp. 13-15, the conditions under which sanitary investigations should be conducted are very fully discussed ; and it is greatly to be regretted that the precautions pointed out are not more generally attended to in all such inquiries. It is perhaps impossible to point to any other investigations connected with the governmental departments of the country, in which less skill, judgment, and tact, have been evinced than in those bearing on the sanitary state of our large towns and cities ; and hence the most unsatisfactory results of the vast amount of labour and enormous expenditure of money, particularly within the last dozen of years, without any improvement in the health of the population being eff'ected. That the methods of investigation followed by those entrusted with the conduct of the sanitary h u movement would be followed by no satisfactory result, was clearly foretold in the first edition of this work, published in 1845 ; and the same errors of method were also subsequently alluded to in the Eeports of the Eegistrar-General himself; but not with that fulness, force, and urgency by which, from his important position and authority, no doubt, a powerful impression would have been made on the country, and thence on the departments entrusted with the regulation of sanitary measures. Relying on the evidence to be derived from the Eeturns of the Eegistrar-General, it would appear that the health of the country, instead of improving, is actually gradually deteriorating, and particularly so since the time the Sanitary Commissioners commenced to stir most actively in the health of towns. This fact is most strikingly exhibited by the following figures derived from the Eeturns of the Eegistrar-General. The results in the second column of each section of the following Abstract exhibits the rate of mortality for males in England and "Wales during the seven years 1838-44, and are derived from page 177 of the Eegistrar-General's ninth Eeport ; and those in the third column are the corresponding results for the ten years 1845-54, and are taken from page xvi of his seventeenth Eeport. The same figures will likewise be found in page 87 of the Appendix to the seventeenth Report. The last column of each section shews the excess of mortality per cent, in the more recent period of years. Rate of Mortality per Gent, per Annum in England and Wales during the Seven Years 1838-44, and the Ten Years 1845-54. Ages. MALES. FEMALES. Ages. 1838—44 (a) 1845—54 Excess per Cent, of (6) over (a). 1838—44 1845—54 (5) Excess per Cent, of (J) over (a). to 4 6 ... 9 10 ... 14 15 ... 24 25 ... 84 35 ... 44 45 ... 54 55 ... 64 65 ... 74 ■ 75 ... 84 85 ... 94 QK and ^" upwards. 7-072 •926 •504 -805 •968 1^249 1^776 3^141 6-613 14-394 29-646 43-697 7-356 -916 ■523 ■833 1^015 1^309 1^895 3-226 6-755 14-991 30-294 45-319 4-016 - 1-080 3-770 3-478 4-855 4-884 6-700 3-706 3-147 4-147 2-186 5-906 6-087 •900 •548 -833 1-009 1-242 1-548 3-782 5-885 13-201 27-553 40^795 6^343 •895 •546 •863 1-083 1-298 1-617 3-855 6-104 13-652 38-076 45-326 5-069 - 0-556 - 0-365 3-601 7-334 4-] 06 4-458 2-624 8-721 3-416 1-898 10-861 to 4 5 ... 9 10 ... 14 15 ... 34 35 ... 34 35 ... 44 45 ... 54 55 ... 64 65 ... 74 75 ... 84 85 ... 94 QK and "'O upwards. All Ages. 3-270 3-364 4-141 3^104 3-205 4-800 All Ages. Ill It will be thus seen, that during the ten years 1845-54, the mortality for the male sex exceeds that for the seven years immediately preceding, by no less than 4'141 per cent. ; and the excess for the female sex during the same period is as much as 4-800 per cent. These are results for which those who sanctioned the various sanitary movements which have agitated the country during the last thirteen or fourteen years were certainly not prepared, and it must be confessed that if the causes which influence the mortality taking place amongst the population of this country are within the control of the various Commissions and Boards which have, from time to time, been appointed for the superintendence of health, there must have been existing, during the last ten years, some unhappy com- bination of circumstances, which has not only neutralised the intended effect of any measures which have been carried out, but has added from four to five per cent, to the general rate of mortality which prevailed during the preceding seven years. It is of course not to be supposed that sanitary measures can be instantly carried out, and their effects immediately seen ; but the period embraced in the preceding illustration is an extended one, and it would almost appear that, with the advance of time, the greater has been the rate of mortality amongst the population. It may be said that the period of ten years, in which this excessive mortality has taken place, embraces the epidemical years 1849 and 1854, in which cholera and diarrhoea raged so triumphantly; but even assuming that such epidemics are entirely beyond the reach of sanitary measures, and excluding those two years from the comparison, the remaining eight years of the period would still exhibit an excess of mortality of 2-511 per cent, for males, and of 2-947 for females. The following will afford a ready means of forming an opinion on this question: — Mortality per Gent, amongst Males at various ages in each of the Seventeen Years, 1838-54. Ages. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1856. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1880. 1851. 1852. 1883. 1864. Ages. to 4 7-041 7-167 7-543 6-843 7-048 6-898 6-984 6-665 7-760 7-588 7-401 7-513 6-698 7-398 7-500 7-346 7-796 to 4 5 .. 9 •901 ■904 1-083 -966 •901 •844 •897 -823 -835 -970 1-043 1-134 •814 -869 -906 -847 -935 5 .. 9 TO .. 14 •519 •512 -543 -510 •501 •478 •473 •466 -807 •880 •530 -646 •467 •491 -820 •800 -880 10 .. 14 15 .. 24 •851 •819 •833 •811 •783 •772 •763 •781 -889 •929 •858 •961 -717 •776 •799 -828 -836 15 .. -24 35 .. 84 1-064 •986 •996 •978 •928 •924 ■940 •926 1-028 MOO 1-036 1-243 -879 •948 •968 1013 1-028 28 .. 34 35 ,. 44 1-343 1-255 1-366 1-317 1^197 1-218 1-236 1-302 1-372 1-436 1-308 1-581 1-165 1-336 1^330 1-316 1-349 35 .. 44 45 .. 64 1-949 1-978 1^796 1-785 1^733 1-723 1-750 1-716 1-800 3-065 1-864 3-262 1-716 1-787 1^816 1-968 1-962 45 .. 84 55 .. 64 3-410 3-192 3-143 3-137 3-041 3-008 3-051 3-975 3-139 3-649 8-266 8-666 3-980 3-031 3-073 3-278 3-237 68 .. 64 05 .. 74 6-916 6-431 6-678 6-483 6-598 6-578 6-736 6-491 6-768 7-696 6-793 7-244 6-806 6-396 0-284 6-912 6-668 68 .. 74 75 .. 84 14-752 13-874 14-488 14-366 14-678 14-090 14-061 14-400 15'070 17-326 14-986 15-187 14-019 14-066 14-161 15-897 14-808 78 .. 84 85 .. 94 29-745 37-923 30-242 39-660 29-438 28-758 31-716 30-191 32-214 35-553 30-632 29-976 28-655 38-346 28-279 31-397 38-003 86 .. 94 95 "'^'i, upwaidB. 49-699 43-113 48-498 46-633 46-437 45-681 43-338 49-035 51-661 56-607 42-438 42-869 88-560 41-937 48-422 47-806 88-382 95 """i , upwards All Ages. 3-335 2-376 2-372 2-238 2-241 2-202 3-243 2-170 2-395 2-846 3-391 2-581 3-143 3-376 3-330 2-379 2-434 All Ages. IV It is thus evident that in the more recent years there is a general tendency to increased mortality amongst males ; and like results wUl be observed in the following Abstract for female lives : — Mortality per Gent, amongst Females at various ages in each of the Seventeen Years, 1838-54. Ages. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1843. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. Ages. to 4 6-047 6^]88 6-433 5-861 6-023 5'897 5-886 5-657 6-675 6-553 6-396 6-488 5^738 6-299 6^445 6-362 6'814 to 4 5 .. 9 •895 •935 1^113 ■963 ■929 •848 •902 ■800 •813 •951 •997 1-103 •810 •860 •878 •813 •924 5 .. 9 10 .. 14 ■543 ■535 ■569 ■520 ■512 ■485 ■503 ■476 •533 •577 •566 •653 •491 •527 •537 •540 ■560 10 .. 14 15 .. 24 ■854 •848 ■868 ■842 •830 ■784 •810 •815 •870 •919 •878 1^000 •777 •818 -834 •861 ■859 15 .. 24 25 .. 34 1^046 1007 1^033 1^007 1^005 •976 1-006 •980 1-048 1^173 1-090 1^347 •988 1^005 1-031 1^064 1^102 25 .. 34 35 .. 44 1^313 1-348 1^269 1-227 1-220 1-227 1-200 1-388 1-243 1^422 1-301 1-617 1^169 1-193 1-214 1-251 1^328 35 .. 44 45 .. 54 1-660 1-549 1^567 1-542 1^526 1-484 1-525 1-467 1-559 1^789 1^589 1-998 1^473 1-519 1-514 1-596 1^663 45 .. 54 55 .. 64 2-977 2-730 3-829 2-740 2^744 2-692 2-773 2-668 2^783 3-226 2-860 3-355 2-625 2-679 2-660 2-845 2-852 55 .. 64 05 .. 74 5-919 5-554 5-899 5-841 6^013 5-877 6-052 5-856 6^156 6-964 6-072 6-596 5-717 5-854 5-708 6-133 5-979 65 .. 74 75 .. 84 13-281 12-519 13-541 13^375 13^084 13-037 13-494 13-036 13-794 15-945 13-604 14-028 12-684 12-818 13-177 14-106 13-325 75 .. 84 85 .. 94 26-468 25-242 28-394 28-255 28-438 27-655 28-434 27-569 30-350 32-104 27-623 28-028 25-922 26-357 37-437 28-968 26-412 89 .. 94 95 »i"i upwards. 41-099 39-915 46-199 45-907 42-832 46-679 44-616 42-036 52-200 53-230 46-816 43-323 42-937 45-017 40-676 45-770 40-268 95 and ""^ npwards. All Ages. 2^133 2-090 2-203 2-083 2-098 2-047 2^083 2-012 2-221 2-380 3-224 2-445 2-013 2-124 2-156 2-201 2-273 AU Ages. "Whatever opinions may be entertained on the merits of the methods now being employed for the improvement of the health of towns, there can be no doubt that, so far as the returns of the Registrar-General afford the means of judging, the rate of mortality has been considerably increased in recent years. It is much to be regretted that the Registrar-General should not, in his Annual Reports, enter on a full discussion of this question, and endeavour to shew, from the ample body of facts in his possession, the changes which are from time to time taking place coincident with the presumed improvements introduced under the superintendence of the Board of Health, in the different districts of the kingdom. Certainly one of the main objects contemplated by the Registration Act is to pronounce, from time to time, upon the changes in the rates of mortality in different districts, and the causes to which they are due. Perhaps no other documents issued under the auspices of the Government are so pregnant with curious, and in many instances, important speculations ; but the great problem as to the effect which the sanitary measures of the last dozen of years has had on the public health has been all but overlooked by him. The districts and sub-districts under the Registration Act enable him to determine, from year to year, with great nicety, the differences of mortality taking place within very limited localities ; and as these districts can always with much precision, be connected with those in which the various measures are carried out by the inspectors and other officers of health, it is not too much to expect some distinct information in regard to the actual influence those measures may have had on the mortality of the districts in which they have been in operation. With anything short of this, the public should not be satisfied. The Sanitary Commission is a most expensive one, and the country should be informed of the advantages derived from so great an outlay. Twelve years ago, a vast eff'ort was made by an influential sanitary reformer, to shew that certain conditions, peculiar to some Metropolitan districts, produced the most wonderful destruction of human life as compared with the results of other districts ; but it was subsequently found that the same data which led him to these conclusions did, when properly treated, prove the very opposite state of things to be the fact, and hence the caution needed in all such inquiries. As already stated, the Registrar-General has, in one of his Reports, noticed the fallacious methods of inquiry employed in the Health of Towns' Reports in question ; but he is called on to go much further, for by virtue of his ofB.ce he should interrogate the influence of all the measures carried out for promoting the public health, and should set forth in his Reports how far they have been successful or otherwise. Not only has the Parliament, but the people of this country, a right to the most ample and conclusive information on this subject. The Registrar-General has for the first time in his Fourteenth Report attempted to throw some light on the influence of particular employments and occupations on health. The necessity of an inquiry into this question was pointed out to him in my letter of the 22nd March, 1845, see pp. 13-15 seg-., but while engaged in the preparation of that Report, he does not appear to have been aware of the remarkable illustrations of the influence of employments on health given in the previous editions of this work, as well as in the publication by Mr. Ratcliffe in the year 1850. It may also be here pointed out, that data derived from the sources from which the results in the following pages are deduced, as well as those appearing in Mr. Ratcliff's Analysis, are free from some objections to which the Registrar-General's Returns are unavoidably subject. Any one who is well acquainted with the condition and habits of the working classes must know how much more than usual those following some particular occupations are addicted to drinking and intoxicating habits, and therefore in viewing the general mortality of those particular employments, there is seen not only the mortality due to that branch of industry, but also the augmented ratio arising from indulgence in the too general habits of dissipation. The data collected from the records of Friendly Societies are however almost entirely free from such objections, for it is well understood that the working men who enter Benefit Societies and subsequently fall into irregular habits, soon after cease membership from inability to continue their periodical contributions to the club, and hence results deduced from observations made on those who maintain membership may be regarded as fairly indicating the relative degree of mortality to which those following various occupations are subject. In the following contributions a large amount of data is given not only on VI that subject, but also on the ratio of sickness characteristic of different employments. From the observations contained in pp. 12-16, it v?ill be seen that until the period of the next census in 1861, little reliance can be placed on the deductions made in the Eeports of the Eegistrar-General in regard to the sanitary condition of different occupations. In page xxii of his Fourteenth Eeport he remarks that " the extraordinary mortality of " butchers appears to have escaped observation," but on referring to page 94 of the first edition of this work, or page 411 seq., it will be found to be distinctly pointed out that they experience a very high rate of mortality although not subject to above the average amount of sickness. The Appendix to the Eighth Report of the Registrar-General contains a document of the highest value in throwing light on a question but indifferently understood at present, even by those giving much attention to vital statistics, namely, the great prolongation usually supposed to have taken place in the duration of life in this country within the last hundred or one hundred and fifty years. The history of the progress of early inquiries made into the rate of mortality in different classes is too obscure to throw much light on this question, and it may therefore be sufficient to commence our observations on it from the period when the most active and successful efforts were made to impress on society the importance of having strict regard to well ascertained laws of mortality, in pecuniary transactions on life. The honour of this great achievement in human knowledge belongs to the celebrated Dr. Price, and to the effect of his writings is mainly traceable the origin of the opinion, that in recent years the duration of life is much prolonged. The well-known Table of Mortality, usually, though erroneously, called the Northampton Table, and which is based on facts relating to the middle of the last century, exhibits a certain duration of life, and, for a long time, this Table continued to have undivided sway and authority in the estimation of writers and those engaged in assurance transactions, as indicating a near approximation to the rates of mortality among certain classes of the community. At last, however, the late Mr. Milne brought under public attention the Table of Mortality, known as the Carlisle Table, and although the data embodied in it had reference to a period not much subsequent to the time to which the Northampton Table relates, still, from its more recent promulgation, the impression produced on the public mind was that which would naturally arise from other scientific writings, that each table represented the state of the science at a period near to the date of its first appearance. The remarkably increased duration of life shewn by the Carlisle over the North- ampton Table could not fail to arrest public attention, and the elaborate and able work in which Mr. Milne had issued his Table into the world claimed for it an importance and consideration not before conceded to even the labours of Dr. Price himself. vu An examination of the writings of this period will at once satisfy any inquirer, that, a very short time after the appearance of Mr, Milne's work, the Carlisle Table began to grow in favour and public estimation, and hence, owing to the misconception that its recent appearance was evidence also of the recent origin of its data, and, owing to the increased duration of life deducible therefrom, an opinion prevailed that, since the appearance of Dr. Price's writings, an improvement had taken place in the public health. This impression has continued to gain ground until the present hour. It is consequently important to test the correctness of this opinion, not only from its bearings on legislative proceedings, but also from the remarkable hold which both classes of results have taken of the assurance interests of this country as well as of those on the Continent. At first glance it must be evident that, from the almost cotemporaneous but remote origin of the data of both Tables, the observable difference in their rates of mortality could not be held to shew any improvement in the duration of life within recent periods ; besides, if a difference really does exist in their rates of mortality, that difference can be supposed to be only due to the local circumstances and influences peculiar to the small districts from which the data were collected, and, however true the results may be considered in regard to the district so represented by the data, it is impossible, from their evidence alone, to regard either as a type of the rate of mortality prevailing, at a former or the present period, among either the assurance classes, here or elsewhere, or as affording any evidence of the rate of mortality in the country generally, or in individual classes of the population. Having said this much on the influence which the Northampton Table has exercised on the public mind, it is a very curious if not a mortifying circumstance to discover, at this advanced stage of our progress, that the gigantic monied interests of our greatest companies have long relied, almost exclusively, on a Table which has been falsely con- structed, and which, in fact, does not represent the rate of mortality, even in the locality from which the data have been collected, nor, as will hereafter appear, the rate of mortality in the country generally, nor among the assured portion of the community. As already stated, the Appendix to the Eighth Report of the Eegistrar-General contains one of the most valuable and interesting papers ever published in connection with the Northampton Table. Not only in an historical point of view, but also on account of its practical applications, the paper is one of first importance to life offices. To the author. Dr. Farr, the assurance interests of this country must be considered deeply indebted. At the period when Dr. Price constructed the celebrated Northampton Table he did not possess all the elements necessary to determine correctly the rate of mortality in the locality under investigation, and, to supply the defective element, he had recourse to an hypothesis which recent inquiries have proved to be erroneous, VIU This should not be considered in the light of a reflection on Dr. Price, for there is reason to believe that, with the imperfect materials at his command, it would have been difficult to have followed a better plan than that which he adopted ; but still Dr. Faxx has been enabled to advance historical evidence to shew that the hypothesis was a fallacious one, and that, consequently, the rate of mortality deduced therefrom is also erroneous. From the deaths which have taken place in " All Saints " parish, Northampton, during the seven years, 1838-44, being the same district to which Dr. Price's facts relate, Dr. Farr has constructed a Table of Mortality, on the plan adopted by Dr. Price in the construction of his Table for the forty-six years, 1735-80, and, although an interval of sixty years has elapsed between the periods to which each class of facts belong, still it is curious to find that little or no change has taken place in the rate of mortality, and the one Table might be used for the other. It is however important to understand that the method followed by Dr. Price in the construction of his Table is now admitted by all authorities to be wrong, and any one who, at this time, wpuld venture upon a similar course must necessarily sacrifice all public esteem for scientific accuracy. The parallel Table by Dr. Farr has been purposely constructed on the same plan, and the results of both agree so closely that it is impossible for any one to argue there- from, that since the middle of last century any improvement whatever has taken place in the duration of life in Northampton. Dr. Farr has, however, not stopped at this stage of the inquiry, but has gone further. He has formed a Table on true principles from the data referred to, for the seven years 1838-44, and the results arrived at do not diff'er widely from the rate of mortality shewn in Mr. Milne's Carlisle Table and other Tables still more recently promulgated. If, therefore, the facts treated by Dr. Farr on true principles shew so great an improvement in Hfe, there is every reason to believe that the materials with which Dr. Price had to deal would also have shewn similar results had they been properly treated, and consequently, so far as the Northampton and Carlisle Tables are concerned, there is no reason to believe that any augmentation has taken place in the duration of life during the last hundred years. The Northampton and Carlisle Tables have been dwelt on from the importance they have assumed in the practice of life offices. There are, however, other local Tables, as the Chester and others, to which reference might be made if necessary. Proofs of the like stability in the rate of mortality may also, be derived from observations of large masses of mankind. The mortuary registers of Sweden, in a very complete form, go as far back as the IX year 1751, and up to the present time no improvement appears to have taken place in the duration of life. The result for that kingdom for the last hundred years do not appear to differ much from the rate of mortality in this country during the last fifteen years. Again, in France, if the Tables of Demonferrond are to be relied on, the value of life there does not differ in any material degree from that indicated by either of the other classes of results. It is, hovrever, right to remark that the French people, although so much advanced in scientific knowledge and civilisation, are still indifferent to the advantages of a proper census of the people, and M. Demonferrond has been compelled, ov^ing to the ages of the population being unknown, to resort to an expedient in the construction of his Table which, although generally unsafe, may in his particular instance probably not affect the value of the results in any serious degree. Life offices in this country have had their transactions almost exclusively with the middle and upper classes, and the same remark is to a great extent applicable to the experience of companies on the Continent and in America ; therefore whatever value may be attached to any of the mortality Tables hitherto referred to, they cannot, in the absence of other evidence, be considered as strictly applicable to the purposes of assurance companies. The public is indebted to the elder Mr. Finlaison for what is called the Government Tables ; but these, irrespective of inherent evidence of anomalous conditions, could scarcely be thought applicable to the purposes of a life office : for as the bulk of the data has reference to a remote period of years, if any value is to be attached to prevailing opinions on the recent improvement of life, the data must be wholly inapplicable to the present time. It may also be here remarked that, as pointed out in page 42 seq., that those usually quoted as the Government Tables are not those based on the corrected and revised data of 1829 ; but the Tables given in the Reports of 1824, and that which the public really speak of as being the Government Table, is not in fact the one finally adopted. We have, however, Tables derived directly from the experience of life offices, — the Equitable and Amicable Societies, — but the bulk of the facts of both Tables relates to remote years, and therefore if any importance is to be attached to the recent improvement in life they are clearly not applicable to the present operations of assurance companies. There is likewise the Table usually denominated the " Experience Table," deduced from the recorded observations of fifteen life offices, in addition to those of the Equitable and Amicable Societies already mentioned, reported on by the committee of actuaries appointed in the year 1839. In these observations, like those deduced from the Amicable and Equitable Life Offices, the principal portion of the data has no reference to recent years ; but there is a much more serious objection to be brought against the results given d in the " Experience Table." From the indisposition evinced by the contributing offices to let their individual experience be known, even to the members of the committee to whom the inquiry was entrusted, it became necessary that the different schedules should be submitted in an anonymous form: all were given with blank headings, and so completely mixed up together that it was impossible afterwards to determine from what office any particular schedule came. This arrangement prevented the investigation being any other than one confined to policies issued by those offices, and not an estimate of the mortality among a certain number of lives. To those, therefore, of even limited experience, it must be obvious that the results are thereby deprived of all value as indicating the rate of mortality among the offices contributing the facts. Nothing is more notorious than the frequency with which the same life is assured in duplicate and triplicate, not only in the same office but in several offices, and it often happens that on the same life there has at one time or another been issued, as many as from twenty to fifty policies in the different offices conjointly. To take an extreme example, in order to shew the nature of the principle and its effect in vitiating the truth of any results derived from a calculation founded on the number of policies, and not upon the number of lives. It is well known, in most of the assurance offices, that a distinguished personage was so fully assured in the life offices in this kingdom that it was impossible to obtain any further policies on his life from assurance companies, and it has been said that recourse was had to Lloyds to have the life underwritten there. The policies existing upon this life, at one time, it has been considered could not be less than three or four hundred. It is hence evident that a death taking place under such circumstances would, in the result of such inquiry, appear as three or four hundred deaths, while in fact only one had happened. In like manner, the fact of the life still surviving would produce the anomalous result of there being 1000 or 2000 years of risk depending upon the duration of these policies without any recorded death. It is therefore clear, that unless the principle of repeated policies on the same life was uniform as to numbers, and very generally characteristic of all the assurances effected, that compensation errors could not be expected to take place sufficient to render the results even a near approximation to the truth. So far, therefore, we are yet without any satisfactory data, derived directly from the life offices of this country, which can be relied on as indicating the rate of mortality among the assured classes in recent years. On the Continent, however, we have been furnished with the experience of the XI Gotlia Life Office, and in this instance the results are free from the objections just alluded to, as the investigation has been conducted on the number of lives, and not on the number of policies. The experience of the Gotha Life Office, as given in pp. 151-200, shews a remarkable and peculiar feature in the state of mortality to which the members are subject. At the younger ages, the mortality is much less than that indicated by any of the other Tables yet aUuded to ; but at the older ages the rate of mortality is very much greater. At present it is difficult, if not impossible, to account for this peculiarity, whether it be due to the different circumstances and habits of life of our continental neighbours, or whether it arises from some mutation in the physical condition of the assuring classes in recent years, and is common to our own country, it is difficult to say, for we have no sufficient amount of data relating to the last twenty-five years, within which the facts of the Gotha Life Office are limited ; but that some such explanation may be possible is supported by the large body of facts analysed in the following paper, on the Mortality of the Provident Classes in this Country and on the Continent. Professor Gill, the late Actuary of the Mutual Life Assurance Company of New York, has reported on the rate of mortality among the members of that society, during the eight years which had elapsed between its establishment and February 1851, and although the experience is not so ex:tensive as that of the Gotha Life Office, still it embraces between 17000 and 18000 years of life, and is therefore valuable and curious, as shewing the same peculiar features in the rate of mortality described as characteristic of the Gotha Company's experience, only at the older ages the mortality is even higher than that of the other. It would certainly be of gi'eat importance to the interests of life offices to determine accurately whether this be a permanent feature of the mortality prevailing generally, not only in this country, but elsewhere, among the assuring classes ; and it is to be hoped that an effort will be made at no distant date to collect .and convey, in an intelligible and satisfactory manner, the experience of the different assurance companies. It should not, however, be lost sight of, that the rapid extension of the practice of life assurance of late years will render the data derived from the past experience of life offices yearly less applicable to their future operations. Hitherto Life Assurance has, to a great extent, been confined to the comparatively wealthy, but now the practice seems to extend to the less wealthy and the humbler classes, and is, in fact, almost universally recognised by the industrious workmen of the country in connection with Friendly and Benefit Societies. It may be stated that there is little chance of a future generation of the gigantic corporations boasting of their millions of invested capital and revenues, exceeding those of some of the States of Europe, springing up. It is more likely that an intermediate class Sll of companies will be called into existence, holding a position between that of the great corporate bodies established in the last and early in the present century, and the humble Friendly Society with which the working classes are familiar. If this supposition be well founded, or if it be admitted that Life Assurance will rapidly extend itself among all classes of the people, it is evident that the rate of mortality among the assuring classes must gradually approximate to that of the country generally. No principle in vital statistics is better established than the widely-diifering rates of mortality among different classes and ranks of society, and the more ' that assurances are confined to individual classes the more peculiar ought we to expect the rate of mortality to be, but, as the practice of assuring ramifies itself among all classes, so also will the rate of mortality gradually assimilate to that of the country at large ; there is consequently reason to conclude that, with the extension of Life Assurance, the rate of mortality will become more favourable. In support of this statement there is the most abundant evidence. The past experience of Life Offices, as far as it can be made available in the solution of such a question, shews that the rate of mortality among the assuring classes, which chiefly belong to the middle and upper walks of life, is greater than that of the population at large. See Table H, No. 5, and pp. 39-42. The corrected experience of the Government male annuitants also shews a higher rate of mortality, and, taking the result of observations on the Peerage as given by Mr. Edmonds and Dr. Guy, the rate of mortality among the highest ranks of society is very much greater than that of the whole population of this country. It will likewise, I have no doubt, be admitted that among the intemperate, the destitute, and the dissolute, the rate of mortality must also exceed the average for the people at large ; hence, since all these groups experience a rate of mortality above the average of the whole population, there must be somewhere among the people a class which is subject to less than the average mortality ; that class it is evident, from the exhaustive enumeration of the above groups, must be the industrious, provident workmen of our country, who do not faU within any of the other sections of the people just spoken of. But the following pages contain much direct evidence to shew that the prudential portion of the working classes are really subject to a less rate of mortality. Early in this century, considerable attention was given to the nature of Friendly Societies or Sickness Clubs, and, since the year 1824, the question of the sickness and mortality to which the members are subject has also engaged public attention, while, since 1835, some evidence of the rate of mortality prevailing among those societies has been before the country, and, for the last ten or eleven years, it is submitted that the present contributions has afforded the most conclusive evidence that the duration of life among the members of Friendly Societies generally is much greater than that of the country at Xlll large, or the select classes dealing with Assurance Companies. Mr. Eatcliffe's inves- tigations into the experience of Odd Fellow Societies, and the more recent inquiry made on behalf of the Government, and described in pp. 440-6, fully support this view of the question. This immunity from disease among the humble and industrious workmen of the country, whose prudential habits are sufficiently strong to maintain them members of these clubs, is only what a priori might be expected. The fact of continuing a member of such a society pre-supposes great regularity of habits, otherwise difficult circumstance and distress would ensue, and, from inability to continue his subscription, non-membership follow. Hence, such a member may be regarded as a type of industry, frugality, regularity of habits, and simplicity of life. If the health of the body is to be maintained it must co-exist with regularity of habits and uniform physical exercise. The member's avocation enjoin on him a diurnal repetition of the different functions of the body in a manner not required of the pampered, the indolent, the intemperate, and the dissolute. He has, therefore, his legitimate reward in the enjoyment of a long, a useful, and let us hope a happy and blessed life. If the operations of Life Assurance Companies should ever extend so as to embrace the classes now com- prising the Friendly Societies, it is evident that the rate of mortality must diminish rather than increase; but should the practice of assuring lives stop short of that, it is still obvious that the same principle will hold good, although the improvement in health may not increase to the same degree. Having dwelt at so much length on the nature and extent of the data now chiefly in use for the purpose of Life Assurance, it may not be out of place to point to an immense field in Vital Statistics which still remains uncultivated. One of the most obvious which yet remains untouched, so far as the middle and wealthier classes are concerned, is the mortality of children. Private monographs I know exist on this question, but they are not yet available for public use; the following questions are of great importance to the actuary, not only in the more ordinary exercise of his functions but also in the special cases on which his advice is frequently sought by the public. The influence of age at marriage on the fruitfulness of the marriage. The influence of age at marriage on the mortality of children born therefrom. The influence of age at marriage on the sex of issue, and also on the relative mor- tality of the first, second, and third born, as well as on each subsequent birth in consecutive order. The probability of marriage in different ranks of life for each age and sex is also important to be determined; but one of the questions in which the actuary should be most interested, and for which he is but indifferently prepared at present, is that of the tests which should be applied to members seeking admission into an Assurance Society. XIV The very mention of this subject opens up to view a most fertile field of inquiry, almost entirely neglected even by the Medical Profession itself. Among more obvious questions may be mentioned the power of diseases usually called hereditary in developing themselves in succeeding generations of families in which they have once appeared. The relation of mortality in general in one generation to that of the next generation, Eelation of the mortality in one section of a family to that of another or surviving section of a family. The probability of the development of infantile and other non-recurrent diseases in relation to age. The influence of infantile diseases on the mortality of survivors to mature life. The practical importance of the preceding questions must be evident to those of even the most limited experience. At present nothing but arbitrary tests exist, and, consequently, all the absurdities of caprice, instability, and prejudice, interpose in the place which should be occupied by the science, judgment, and disciplined skill of the actuary. To obtain this amount of new data will involve great expense, much labour and patience, still abundant materials exist to afford the information required, and all that is needed is a resolute attempt to conquer the difficulties, but it is too much to expect that private individuals can afford to go to the expense of collecting materials for the purpose of enriching public companies, already plethoric in wealth, and whose speculations have been notoriously profitable in the history of trading enterprise. On this subject see the concluding paragraph in page 144, The proper parties to bear the expense are the companies themselves, A few thousands out of the millions possessed by the assurance companies devoted to the acquisition of accurate data on the subject discussed would form one of the wisest and best investments which they could devise, and place their actuaries in the proper position of having to deal with facts and established principles, instead of the dogmas of prejudifce and ignorance. It may on first view occasion some surprise to find a Paper on Criminal Statistics in a work purporting to be Contributions to Vital Statistics, but I have no doubt a careful perusal of pp, 302-407 will satisfy any inquirer that every proper investigation into the state of crime of a country involves the consideration of so many of the most important elements of its vital statistics that the one branch of study necessarily includes the other. On examination of the large body of facts contained in this Paper, and the mode in which they have been treated, it will be found that the minuteness of detail into which it has been necessary to enter for the proper determination of the duration of life in various classes in the community, is even still more necessary for solving the different questions brought under discussion in regard to the prevalence of crime; in fact, until proper adjustments and corrections have been made on account of differences in the distribution XV of the population according to age in different districts and communities, there is no possibility of arriving at correct views as to the relative tendency to crime in different districts of the country. As the population of every district is constantly undergoing changes in these conditions, such corrections are equally necessary, in order to determine whether crime be increasing or decreasing within given periods, either in the whole kingdom or in particular parts of it. An examination of the facts given in pp. 302-25, and in Table VII, page 322, shews, that if the tendency to crime had remained constant the distribution of the population of England and Wales, as in 1820, would give a ratio of one person in 365 of the whole male population being committed for crime in the course of the year; but, in 1841, the ratio would be one in 339 ; but by the census of 1851, the ratio would be also one in 339. Again, it will be found that between different districts of the country no correct comparison can be made unless such corrections be in the first place carried out. Otherwise it would appear that, on the assumption of the same tendency to crime existing there would, owing to differences in the distribution of the population, in one district of the metropolis, Bethnal Green, for example, be the ratio of one committed in 338 of the population, and in St. George's, Hanover Square, one in 280. Again, in Anglesea, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Dorset, Merioneth, Montgomery, and Pembroke, the ratio is one in every 360 of the male population ; while in Glamorgan, Lancaster, Middlesex, and Monmouth, the same tendency would produce as high an average as from one in 325 to one in 315. This question is fully discussed throughout the Paper, and some striking examples given of the facilities afforded by attention to this element of the investigation while interrogating other features in the development of crime. The neces- sity for this correction arises from the fact that the tendency to crime at one period of active-life is in both sexes more than quadruple that at another term of life, and also that the ratio of crime in the male sex is nearly five times as great as in the female sex, and, consequently, different ratios of the two sexes, and also differences in the distribution of the numbers of eittier sex, according to age, in different localities will produce apparent differences in the ratio of crime, when viewed, as is usual, in regard to the aggregate of the population only, although the actual tendency to crime at corresponding ages in the respective sexes may be precisely the same. On referring to pp. 325-6, a curious law is disclosed as regulating the development of the aggregate crime at various ages. This law, if attentively considered, is cal- culated to throw much light on the progress of crime ; but an examination of the analysis made of the tendency to specific forms of crime, in pp. 391-8, will shew how remarkably different is the law which regulates the tendency to particular forms of crime at different ages, and how unsuccessful all preventive measures must be unless an accurate knowledge exists of the particular tendencies to certain propensities and forms of crime at the different terms of life. XVI During the last quarter of a century much has been said and written, particularly in this country, and in France, on the statistical evidence which affects the relation between education and crime, and the very opposite conclusions arrived at by different inquirers it is submitted are quite reconciled by the more complete and accurate mode of investigation explained and followed out in pp. 353-91. If the crime which has hitherto prevailed in the various districts and groups of counties be analysed in the manner pointed out, so that the groups compared differ in respect of education only, it will be found that out of twenty-two different combinations formed of all the different districts of England and Wales, that in every instance there is an excess of crime where there is the least education or instruction, and comparing the respective sections of each group of counties, it will be found that there is an average excess of 25 per cent, of crime in the sections of inferior education over those of higher education, while in some districts the excess is as much as 44 per cent. These results, it will be seen, are derived from the application of the educational test to the general population of the district in which the crime is inves- tigated ; but the same contribution also shews that invariably in those districts in which there is an increased amount of crime there is likewise a higher ratio of uneducated criminals, and in the less criminal districts a smaller proportion of the criminal population is found to be wholly destitute of the rudest elements of education, and, continuing to trace the details of this investigation, there is found the following very remarkable combi- nation of elements in the manifestation of crime. The districts of the country in which the general population is the worst educated, the districts in which the greatest amount of crime prevails, and the districts in which there is the highest proportion of uninstructed criminals, are constantly found assimi- lating; while, on the other hand, those districts which are the best educated, the least criminal, and in which shews a smaller proportion of uneducated criminals, are likewise found to be identified in the various combinations. It is hence obvious that the very small amount of education, or rather instruction, implied by the test employed in the following investigation, must have a powerful influence on the criminal calendar of the country, and a great reduction of crime may be therefore justly expected from a more general diffusion of education. It may not be altogether out of place to remark here, that if the term education be held to signify the culture and elevation of the moral character, it is evident that its immediate and essential influence would be to destroy crime; in fact, in this sense, education and freedom from crime must bear the relation of cause and effect ; and therefore, when education is at a maximum crime must, of necessity, be at a minimum ; so that, if the term be thus explained, statistical evidence would be a priori unnecessary to solve the problem proposed: but if the term education be used in its ordinary acceptation, merely to imply instruction, it then becomes a fit and proper question, xvu whether education in this restricted sense has any influence on the repression of crime. The educational tests employed in the following Contribution are fully explained in pp. 353 and 377, and it is believed that a careful perusal of the whole of the Paper on the Statistics of Crime, and the methods of investigation followed will, in the results arrived at, surprise even the best informed readers in finding so low a test of education or instruction as that employed to lead to so striking difi'erences in the criminal condition of various districts of the kingdom. These results are, in every instance, so constant and positive as fully to establish the conclusion that education is one of the most powerful preventives of crime. Whatever other combinations may be attempted or made in the analysis, of which a great number will be found in connection with the manufacturing and agricultural condition of the various counties, no solution is arrived at as to what is the element or feature which produces in one great community an excess of fifty-two per cent. of crime, and in another reduces crime thirty-three per cent, below the average, but introduce the educational- test and the whole problem is completely solved. Immense correctional efforts are at the present time made in the shape of reforma- tories, and other institutions for the treatment of convicted criminals, but little or nothing is done to remove the causes of crime ; and if it be admitted, as it is presumed from the evidence adduced in the following contribution, that education is the most powerful agent yet known in counteracting the criminal tendencies of the population, it becomes a question of vital importance for the Legislature to decide whether some more complete system of education, which would reach and saturate the whole juvenile population, should not be speedily devised. The country exercises the right of punishing crime, and it is a fair question for consideration whether it should not also recognise the duty and responsibility of removing some of the causes of crime. In the following paper it will be found that to one class of offences — those against property, committed without violence — are due three-fourths of the whole crime of this country ; and, among the population of sixteen years of age and under, more than nine-tenths of all their crimes belong to this single class of offences. A few minutes refiection is enough to shew how soon a general and amply-developed system of education would tell on that portion of the rising population, who without it must soon swell the criminal calendar of the country. The Contribution on the Statistics of Crime in England and Wales contains many other curious and important points of inquiry, and gives an analytical view of the Criminal Returns of this country for the twenty years 1836-55 ; and in pp. 403-7 will be found a condensed recapitulation of the general results of the investigation. An examination of the course of inquiry pursued will lead every one seriously interested in the moral condition of the country to view with pain and regret the present most defective character of the Home Office Returns ; in fact, for all statistical purposes / XVUl they are now worse than useless. They cannot, it will be found for reasons hereafter advanced, be employed in any exact inquiry. Ever since the year 1839 these Returns have been periodically undergoing such changes, and have been from time to time presented to the public in so defective a shape, that in the hands of unskilful persons they are likely to lead to the most erroneous and fatal conclusions. At a time when throughout the whole civilised world the most strenuous efforts are being made, not only by individuals but by Governments, to systematise the records of all facts and phenomena bearing on the social and moral progress and happiness of the people, it is lamentable to find our own Home Office Returns in so retrogressive a condition as that pointed out in the commentaries in pp. 398-400. It is believed that the elaborate analysis of Railway Accidents, given in pp. 230-301, for the period commencing the 1st of January, 1840, and ending 31st of December, 1856, if carefully studied by those entrusted with the details of railway management, would soon lead to many improvements which would speedily eff'ect a great reduction in the number and severity of the accidents. This Contribution cannot however fail to shew how erroneous the general impression on the public mind is in regard to the dangers of railway travelling, and more particularly so as regards the indiscriminate blame to be attached to the system of railway management. The Paper contains evidence not only of a great diminution of all kinds of accidents, but, what is exceedingly satisfactory, of those accidents which are due to causes assumed to be under the control of the Companies. It is shewn, that while deaths from causes beyond control of the Companies have in the more recent years diminished in the ratio of 49 to 30, those from causes under control of the Companies have diminished in the ratio of 64 to 19. This result is certainly one not generally understood by the public, for not only are all railway accidents supposed to be very much on the increase, but those due to details of management are believed to be rapidly and alarmingly so. The facts of the case, however, do not support this view, for they disclose the truth that railway manage- ment, so far as accidents producing death are concerned, has greatly improved. Whether this change be due to the better general regulations enforced by the Directors of the Companies, or to the improved skill and intelligence of their officers and servants, still the results of the investigation afford the most striking testimony to the recent improvement and increased safety in railway travelling, and encourage the hope that the same means will be persevered in to effect a still further reduction in the frequency and intensity of railway accidents. It has been said that the great bulk of accidents is due to collisions, but an inspection of Table XXI, page 257, will shew that they constitute the causes of 22-5 per cent, only of the whole deaths amongst passengers, and if the deaths of employes be included. XIX not quite one-fifteenth part of all the deaths are occasioned by collisions. An examination of the figures in Abstract L, page 261, will shew that the deaths of passengers from collisions at stations have in recent years decreased to about 58 per cent, of their ratio in earlier periods, and those from collisions elsewhere than at stations have been reduced to 25 per cent, of their original amount. It is, however, most lamentable to learn, that of 174 collisions of which the causes are classified in Table XXTI, page 263, no less than 104 have arisen out of what can be •described as nothing short of the most culpable neglect. The facts recorded in that Table are of great importance, and although the Directors of Eailway Companies have in recent years done an immense deal to protect passengers against loss of life and limb, they are still imperatively called on to take the subject of the frequently recurring collisions more thoroughly into consideration. When such most culpable neglect exists, as is evident by the facts disclosed in pp. 263-4, the public have a right to demand more complete protection. Much interesting information will be found in pp. 261-73 in regard to collisions and the manner in which passengers are afiected by them. The other important kinds of accidents from which passengers suflFer, and which are assumed to be under the control or management of the Companies are those occasioned by trains or portions of trains running off the line. It will be found that they occasion ' 32*1 per cent, of all the deaths of passengers from defined causes. In fact, " collisions" and " running off the line" have caused 91 per cent, of all the deaths of passengers for which the Companies can be supposed responsible. On referring to Table XXIX, page 276, a strange circumstance is observable. From the 51 cases of trains, or parts of trains, or engines " running off the line," occasioned by the state of the weather or machinery breaking, not a single death of a passenger happened, while the 30 cases of " running off the line," owing to the defects in the permanent way, produced eight deaths of passengers. In regard to the collisions which have taken place from defects and breakage of machinery, the case is however unfortunately very different, for 34 collisions, attributable to this cause, occasioned as many as eleven deaths of passengers, and no less than 208 serious injuries. The causes of these are certainly, to a very great extent, completely under the control of the Companies, Of these 34 collisions, the great bulk was absolutely preventable by a suflacient amount of care. For example, an examination of Table XXII will shew that no less than fifteen are due to portions of the train becoming detached, and three to defective " breaks," and it is difficult to conceive any sufficient reason to justify a continuance or repetition of accidents from these causes. No doubt the coupling of carriages may, under extraordinary circumstances, be found to give way, even when great vigilance has been used ; but such an excuse can be of no avail in the face of so many accidents of this kind, and there certainly does appear strong reason to XX condemn the system of management which permits a series of collisions from such causes. In the same Tahle it will likewise be found that sixteen collisions actually took place owing to trains having been retarded by accidents to some portion or other of the engine. It is no doubt sometimes difficult to determine on inspection the defects in the mechanism of an engine, still the collisions firom this cause have been so many that it is impossible to conceive that a due amount of scrutiny has been always exercised in the examination of the state of the locomotives. Defects and breakage of machinery have caused, either by " collisions " or " running off the line," as many as seventy-seven accidents, which have resulted in thirty-seven deaths to passengers and employes, and the large number of 273 serious injuries. Frequent inspection by competent parties is the protection against this group of accidents, and strong measures should be enforced to secure the safety arising from proper supervision. Of the 308 collisions recorded in Table XXVII, page 272, no less than 1 10 have taken place at stations, or the very places, where the greatest care and vigilance are required, and might be exercised. Anything like fair attention to the use of well under- stood precautions, and a proper employment of signals and telegraphs, should completely, or at all events to a great extent, remove this class of accidents. The latter portion of the Contribution on Railway Accidents, pp. 278-301, merits deep and serious consideration owing to the results exhibited of the frightful amount of accidents and fearful loss of life to which the servants of EaUway Companies are exposed. The facts contained in that portion of the Paper are of a very curious and certainly of a very striking nature, and must enlist, on behalf of the more important class of railway employes, the sympathies of all who may give those pages a careful consideration. In pp. 93-9 are given several important facts relating to the Registration Act for Scotland, the 17th and 18th Vic, cap. 80, and illustrations furnished of the schedules and certificates proposed for use under that Act. During the year 1855, the first year in which the provisions of the Act were in operation, the complete schedules as contained in the Act were employed by the various Registrars, but since the beginning of 1856, those forms have been thrown aside, and schedules substituted which are scarcely more complete than the very meagre and defective forms now employed under the English Registration Act. This change is very much to be regretted, for any thing short of the original requirements of the Act cannot possibly supply the information so much needed for the legal purposes of the country, and demanded by the present state of statistical science. The reasons assigned for making the change is the difficulty said to exist in procuring from all parties the full amount of information required by the Act, but it is very much to be feared that on this ground there is not sufficient justification for the alteration which has XXI been made. In page 99 seq. the probability of this difficulty arising was anticipated, and it was suggested that in Scotland, where no National Registration previously existed, the people would need, during the first few years of the operation of the Act, to be instructed as to the precise kind of information to be furnished in the event of a birth, death, or marriage. Had this been properly attempted and persevered in for three or four years no more difficulty could have been experienced in carrying out the original complete system of Eegistration than the present very defective one which has been substituted for it. Some influential member of the Government, it is hoped, will speedily take steps to cause the forms prescribed under the Act to be resumed, and their use may, in that event, before long be extended to England. The Contributions on the Rate of Mortality in the Medical Profession, the Mortality of Master Mariners, and the Mortality among Persons of Intemperate Habits, contain many interesting results not appearing in any other Papers on Vital Statistics. In the latter of these there is a somewhat unexpected coincidence pointed out in page 225, in the remarkable similarity between the proportion of crime in the sexes to the proportion of deaths from assigned causes of intemperance. This question is worth further investiga- tion, but not falling strictly within the scope of the present Contributions the inquiry has not been entered upon at 'much length. Those interested in the management of Friendly, Benefit, and other kindred Provident Societies will find a large amount of information in regard to them in the following contributions. The laws of sickness and mortality, as observed in the experience of these societies, are fully discussed in pp. 17-82, 160-4, and 408-68, and a great variety of data furnished, shewing the infiuence of trades, occupations, and local peculiarities on health. In the thirteenth edition of " Odd Fellow and Friendly Societies," published in the year 1851, it was stated that one of the most important questions which appeared to have engaged the attention of the recent Parliamentary Committees on Friendly Societies, was the sufficiency, for the purposes of Odd Fellow Lodges, of the data brought before the public in the first and second editions of this work — several of the witnesses examined contending that these lodges were exempt from much of the sickness to which Friendly Societies in general were subject : however, all doubts on this question have been removed by the publication of the rate of sickness actually experienced by the " Manchester Unity," and the results, it will be found from the analysis of them, given in pp. 423-8, seq., confirm iu a most remarkable manner the law of sickness developed in these Contributions. A striking practical illustration of this fact will be found by comparing the financial results of both sections of Table AX, page 496, deduced from the actual experience of the Order, with the corresponding results in Tables AR and AS, £1 xxu pp. 479-80, which are based on the data originally appearing in these Contributions. The very remarkable agreement of these two classes of results, considering the data to have been collected from very different sources and by means quite independent of each other, must be exceedingly satisfactory to those interested in the progress of these institutions. It is understood to be the intention of the Manchester Unity, to make a further inquiry into the nature and amount of the sickness which prevails in the Order, and with this view the various lodges will be required to make the necessary returns of their experience, at the expiration of the next quinquennium, the end of the year 1860, and until then nothing further will be known of the ratio of sickness to which the great body of the Odd Fellows is subject. The analysis of the facts, already referred to, however, pretty conclusively shews, that whatever may be the experience of individual lodges they have, taking them in the aggregate, no immunity from the sickness hitherto indicated as characteristic of Benefit Societies in general, and a perusal of the various Quarterly and Annual Reports of the Unity, distinctly shews this to be now the opinion of most of the best informed members of the Order. Attention is particularly directed to the observations and facts in pp. 440-6, on the Government Analysis of the sickness experienced by Friendly Societies during the quinquennium 1846-50, and printed in Parliamentary Papers No. 955 of 1853, and No. 506 of the year 1854. Since the disastrous publication of the Highland Society's Tables in 1824 perhaps no other so unfortunate event as the publication of what is termed the Government Tables has arisen in the history of Benefit and Friendly Societies, and into the nature of the mischief likely to be occasioned by it, I have fully entered in the pages already referred to. A careful perusal of those observations must satisfy every one, having a practical knowledge of the management of Friendly Societies, of the imminent danger of circulating such documents under Government sanction. If those entrusted with the Analysis of the Government Sickness Returns had but asked themselves the simple question — "What is the true object of a Friendly Society'? it is impossible they could have excluded from their analysis " chronic ailment," " mere decrepitude," " slight paralysis," "blindness," "mental disorder," and "senile infirmity," and have only included in the published results, presented for the guidance of Friendly Societies in the country, " sickness incapacitating from labour, requiring constant medical treatment, and of limited " duration." The object which a working man has in view, in joining a Benefit Society, is not only to provide for sickness of limited duration, requiring constant medical treatment. If this were the only purpose of Friendly Societies, they would be nothing more than a delusion and a curse to a provident working man. Against sickness of limited duration, men, whose prudential habits are sufficiently strong to retain their membership in Friendly Societies for two or three years, can, with a struggle, make provision even without the aid of a society ; but how many working men can contend against the vicissitudes of any XXIU description of " chronic malady" or protracted sickness 1 The true object and mission of Friendly Societies, when properly considered and as regarded by the working man himself, is to aflford him a competent support and complete independence during periods of sickness, incapacity, and disease, however protracted ; and it is to accomplish this object that not only the earliest but the most recently and best organized societies make special provision. Their object is not to form a stepping stone, to aid the industrious and prudent to pass from the active and manly independence of their days of vigorous labour, to the degraded pauperism of the Workhouse. Were Friendly Societies so constituted, they would be a disgrace to the country, and could never receive the support and sympathy of the people. This is however the only practical effect which the general dissemination of the two Parliamentary Papers referred to can have, for by causing Friendly Societies to adopt scales of contributions and benefits, which make no provision for those very vicissitudes which are in fact the most trying to a member's independence, he is, at a time when the least prepared for it, declared off the funds of the Society, and has of course no alternative but to take shelter under the roof of the Workhouse. That this is the real direction and tendency of these Parliamentary Papers is fully shewn, in the Appendix to the First Report of the Registrar of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, dated the 18th July, 1856, and ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 21st July, 1856. The portion of the Appendix in question commences in page 37, and is entitled " Suggestions " by John Tidd Pratt, Esq., the Registrar of Friendly Societies in England, for the " establishment of Friendly Societies ; with Tables of Contributions for payments in " sickness, &c." In page 39, he states that " Provision should be made, in the Rules, that nothing " but sickness incapacitating from labour, and requiring constant medical treatment, and " of limited duration, as contradistinguished from chronic ailments and mere decrepitude, — " should be provided for, and that slight paralysis, blindness, mental disorder, or senile " infirmity should not entitle a member to sick-relief from his society," And again, at page 48, it is stated that the Tables " are not intended to meet the case of chronic " infirmity demanding little or no medical attention." This is certainly a most extraordinary suggestion to come from one holding an appointment of so high pretensions. It would be interesting to know the Registrar's views of what the establishment of a Friendly Society is meant by him to effect. It surely cannot be his object to work out a mere problem in medical science, in order to determine the relation between acute and chronic diseases; and still looking at his suggestions in the most favourable light it is possible to regard them, no one can conclude that there is any intention to make Benefit Societies self-supporting Provident Institutions, which shall, during the physical vicissitudes to which all flesh is heir to, render their members XXIV independent of the Parish and the Workhouse. A distinct provision is suggested to be made in the Rules to prevent members from receiving any relief during "chronic " infirmity demanding little or no medical attention." Admitting, therefore, that it is quite possible for the members of a society to discriminate between cases of " chronic " ailment and infirmity," in a way to effectually prevent litigation with sickness claimants, let us see what would be, under such circumstances, the position of the members of a society formed on the model recommended by the Registrar, On referring to pp. 445-9, seq., a considerable amount of data will be found, shewing the ratio of protracted sickness to sickness generally: after the age of 40, it will be seen from Table NN, page 446, that the ratio of the number of persons suffering from protracted sickness to the total number of persons actually sick increases very rapidly, and during the term of life 41-70, the average ratio is as high as 14-5 per cent., the shortest duration of any one attack of such protracted sickness being one year, while many of them are of course of several years' duration. In the decennium of life, ages 61-70, the cases of protracted sickness extend to nearly 48 per cent, of the whole number. In the Appendix to Mr. Ratcliffe's Report, already referred to, and published with the Qixarterly Report of the G.M. and Board of Directors, for January 1853, will be found some valuable information on this question ; but the form in which the results are presented by Mr. Ratcliffe, does not shew the number of members subject to protracted sickness, but simply the average amount of that sickness to all the members of the lodges over which the observations extend. AVEHAGB SICKNESS PEB MEMBER EXPEEIENCED Table Z,p.424 Within the Within the After the Total, whether of short or long duration. Ages. first 12 months. second 12 mouths. second 12 months. Eatio of {a) to (c) Ratio of (6) to (c) Eatio of (a) + (6)to(c) Ages. (a) w {0) 18 ■5030 -0018 •0000 -5048 •3566 •0000 -3566 18 23 •6677 •0204 •0160 •7046 2-8952 2^2708 5-1660 23 28 •7081 •0293 •0276 •7652 3-8291 3-6069 7-4360 98 33 •7579 •0492 •0542 •8607 5-7163 6-2972 12-0135 33 38 •8373 •0594 •0814 ■9783 6-0718 8-3205 14-3923 38 43 •9963 ■1070 -1240 1-2274 8-7176 10-1026 18-8202 43 48 1^2101 •1616 -2530 1-6249 9-9452 15-5702 25-5154 48 53 1-2882 •3311 •5764 2-1959 15-0781 26-2489 41-3270 53 58 1-7900 •6628 1-1111 3-4839 16-1543 31-8924 48-0467 58 63 2-7253 M421 1-8972 5-7655 19-8092 32-9061 52-7153 63 68 31066 1-3142 2-4712 6-9265 18-9785 35-6775 64^6510 68 It will thus be seen, that the average amount of sickness, in column (3) of this, abstract, experienced within the second twelve months of sickness, ranges from 2-8952, XXV per cent, to 19-8092 per cent, of the total sickness to which the memhers are liable; and the average amount of sickness, in column (4) experienced after the second twelve months' illness, varies from 2-2708 per cent, to 35-6775 per cent, of the total sickness; the ratio of protracted sickness to the whole amount of sickness, in both columns, increasing with advance of age, as shewn in columns (6) and (7). If attention be now given to the results of column (8) of the preceding abstract, they will be found to throw considerable light on the painful condition in which those societies which, following the advice of the Registrar, adopt the Government Tables, must be placed. It will be there seen, that the protracted sickness varies from 5-1660 per cent., of the total sickness, at age twenty-three, to 54-6510 per cent., at age sixty-eight. These results, with those already quoted from Table NN, page 446, shew abundantly the serious defects in the Government Analysis. But it may be still important to refer to Table QQ, page 448, in which will be found some curious information on the relation of permanent to temporary sickness under various forms of disease, and it will be found that in Class IV, Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System, there is the highest ratio of permanent and protracted sickness; and viewing that fact in connection with the results in Table XIV, page 182, and the Abstract in page 183, it will be seen that after the age of 40, this class of diseases grows rapidly in intensity, and hence the frequency with which, after that time of life, members of Friendly Societies will become claimants for permanent and protracted sickness. The question now arises, what are the members belonging to those societies, formed in accordance with the advice of the Registrar of Friendly Societies, to do while suffering from this protracted or " chronic" sickness 1 They can get no relief from the society, and in his Report and in its Appendix of Suggestions, not a single syllable is written on the subject, in fact all allusion to this important feature is carefully avoided ; and from pp. 444-5, seq., it will also be found that in the published Analysis of the Government Retlirns themselves, the nature and extent of the "chronic ailment and mere decrepitude" are nowhere given, so that so far as those documents and the Registrar's instructions are concerned, the promoters, and those interested in the management of Friendly Societies, have no choice, but to follow implicitly the Government Tables, and permit about one member in seven, of the sickness claimants, above the age of forty, to be drafted to the Workhouse. Had the eliminated elements, in question, been given as a separate and distinct series of results, data would have been available for societies to make the necessary provision for " chronic ailment and mere decrepitude ;" but nothing of the kind has been done. It is therefore hoped, that all interested in Friendly Societies will soon become fully aware of the defective and most disastrous aspect under which the results of the Government Analysis of Sickness has been submitted to the public. I have elsewhere shewn, that any one giving attention to the examination of the different witnesses, before the recent Parliamentary Committees, must have observed a h XXVI strong tendency, on the part of the members, towards the adoption of Model Tables of Eates of Contributions and Benefits. In Appendix (A) to the Report by the late Lord Beaumont's Committee, House of Lords, Session 1847-8, paper No. 126, 1 have furnished some striking illustrations of the varying liabilities to which different societies are subject; but the additional examples, now furnished in pp. 408-530, are certainly very curious and remarkable, both in a scientific and practical point of view, and conclusively prove that few things could be more dangerous to the interests of Friendly Societies, than the adoption of Model Tables. There is nothing connected with the study of a statist and the profession of an actuary, requiring more judgment and experience, than the proper discharge of the duties devolving on him in giving advice to Benefit Societies, and every day shews more clearly, that the circumstances in which different societies are placed, are so dissimilar as to render the liabilities of one, no criterion for those of another, The members of Benefit Clubs and Odd Fellows' Lodges, should give serious consideration to pp. 513-21, seq., on a point of much importance in the formation and management of these societies. Little has yet been done to urge the necessity of every one of these clubs or lodges having a sufficient number of members to- realize an average ratio of sickness and mortality ; but the facts and illustrations, given in the following pages, will, it is hoped, lead to more generally correct views and better practical managements in this respect. Much is said in the following pages, on the subject of Odd Fellow Societies, and what is written gives a faithful and accurate representation of the state of the order, at the time the 13th edition of " Observations on Odd Fellow and Friendly Societies" appeared. Since that time, important changes have taken place in the government and management of the lodges, although but little alteration in their financial condition, and it is, however, right that these financial improvements should be pointed out. At the A.M.C., held at Preston, in May 1853, a new scale of initiation and an increased ratio of contribution was adopted, for all members admitted into the Unity after the 1st August, 1853. The following is the 145th general law then adopted and still in force in the Order : — " That no person of improper character, nor any one under the age of 18 years shall be made a member of this order, or any 'person he allowed to he a member of two lodges in the Unity. Any member who proposes a person contrary to this law shall be liable to be fined twenty-one shillings, and not less than ten shillings and six-pence, whether the person proposed be admitted or not. The charges for initiation to be as follows : £. s. d. 18 and not exceeding 24 5 24 „ 27 7 6 27 „ 30 10 30 „ 32 15 32 „ 36 1 XXVll And every member initiated, in accordance with the above scale, shall pay the following annual payment or contributions in addition to the usual contributions paid by other members. 22 24 27 30 32 38 84 35 &. St d. 22, additional annual Contribution 24 6 27 2 30 3 4 32 4 3 33 4 5 84 5 8 35 6 7 36 7 6 And districts shall have discretionary power to admit persons above 36 years of age, upon payment of &.\, and the yearly contributions of the lodge, together with the additional annual payment of 7s. 6d. for each and every year the age of the person proposed exceeds 36 years. Deaf and dumb persons may be admitted members of the Order." The consequence of the adoption of this general law is that all members admitted after the 1st of August, 1853, shall, in order to be entitled to the benefits specified in page 498, seq. and which may be fairly said to represent the average amount of benefits provided for by the members of the Unity, namely, an allowance of 10^. per week during sickness, a payment of £.10 at the death of a member, and £.5 at the death of a member's wife, have to contribute according to the following scale : — Age at Yearly Contribution Initiation Fee Equivalent Annual Entrance. = W = {b) Contribution. £. s d. £. s. d. £. s. d. 18 '\ ~\ 1 1 11 19 - 1 1 8 1 1 11 20 ► 050 1 1 11 21 1 1 11 23 23 12 2 1 2 5 1 2 5 24 1 < 14 2 25 - 1 3 10 ■ 076 1 4 2 26 14 2 27 s 1 5 5 28 - 1 4 11 ► 10 15 5 29 I 5 5 30 31 - 1 6 15 1 6 9 16 9 32 17 33 34 35 1 8 2 19 3 -10 19 3 1 10 4 1 10 4 XXVUl That the effect of the admission of future members into the Order on this scale may be fully seen, and the extent to which the observations made in pp. 497-529, seq. will be thereby modified, let a parallel case to that discussed in page 498 be considered. It is there shewn that, according to the data furnished by Mr. Ratcliffe in his very able and valuable report, and deduced from the actual experience of the Manchester Unity itself, the contributions which should be paid by members aged thirty-two (which, according to Mr. Katcliffe's report, was nearly the average age of the members), in order to provide the precise benefits above specified, is the sum of £.1 18s. yearly; while the actual amount required by the above table, which represents the rates adopted at the annual meeting held at Preston in 1853 is only £.\ 6s. and making allowance for the entrance fee of £.1, this contribution is raised to no more than £. 1 7s. yearly, shewing, even according to the actual experience of the Order, an annual deficit on each member's contributions of no less than lis. or, in other words, the scale of contributions in the Preston table would need to be augmented upwards of forty per cent, to fully provide for the benefits promised to the members of the Unity. It will also be seen from page 498 seq. that the contributions according to scale No. 1, as prepared by the Board of Directors for the use of lodges in the Unity, and which is still applicable to all the existing members who have been admitted prior to August 1858, quivalent to £.1 2s. 9d. annually, to provide the same benefits; and, consequently, that scale requires an increase of 15s. M. yearly, or about an addition of sixty-seven per cent, to render their contributions commensurate with the benefits promised to this class of the members, who, at the commencement of that year were good on the books, numbered no less than 230,226. It is here evident that so far as all the older members are concerned, the relation of their contributions and benefits remains unaltered from the state of things represented in the following pages. It has, however, just been shewn that the New Scale of Contributions for age thirty-two exhibits an annual deficit of forty per cent. From data, however, which will be immediately presented, it appears that the average age of the members admitted to the Unity during the triennium 1853-5, was twenty-three years, and at this age, according to Mr. Eatcliffe's data, derived from the experience of the Order itself, and developed in Table Z, page 424, and Tables AU, AV, AW, and AX, pp. 494-6, seq. it will be found that the annual contributions required for the benefits already specified is the sum of £.1 8s. 6d. while that according to the Preston Table, after making allowance for the value of the Initiation or Entrance Fee, is only £.1 2s. A^d. being a deficiency of 6s. l^d. yearly; and, therefore, to make the table at that age self-supporting, the yearly payment would require to be increased upwards of twenty-seven per cent. To this extent will the contributions of all present and future members admitted under the Preston scales be deficient, while the contri- butions of all those admitted prior to August 1853 will be deficient to the alarming extent of sixty- seven per cent. XXIX ^ It is impossible, with any shew of reason, to deny these conclusions. They are derived directly from the experience of the Manchester Unity itself; but had I quoted from my own previously published data, as appearing in the other tables of this contri- bution, and already fully discussed, results almost precisely similar would have been obtained. There are few researches in the domain of vital statistics in which two independent investigations in different fields of inquiry have produced results so strikingly confirmatory of each other. It may be important to shew for quinquennial ages the relation between the two scales now mentioned, and the rates deducible from the experience of the Order, which are necessary to provide the same benefits. Age. Yearly Contributions now required from Members who entered the Unity Prior to August, 1853. Since August, 185a. Eequired according to the Experience of the Unity for all Members, see pp. 494-8. 20 25 30 35 £. s. d. 118 1 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 8 £. s. d. 1 1 8 1 3 10 16 19 3 £. s. d. 16 2 1 10 2 1 15 5 2 2 5 An examination of the preceding figures will satisfactorily shew the manner in which the financial resolutions of the Preston A. M. C. Avill affect the condition of the Order. Unless an immense number of the older class of members should secede from the Unity, and relieve it of their liabilities, it is undeniable that the deficit pointed out in the earlier editions of this work, and fully explained in pp. 497-514, may still be held as fairly representing the perilous condition of the Manchester Unity, even at this time. I have good reason for knowing, that it is not the opinion of the best informed members and officers of the Order, that the scale adopted at the annual meeting at Preston, in the year 1853, is high enough in its terms to provide the benefits promised under it, but it is, no doubt, as may be seen in the preceding illustrations, an improvement on those previously in use by the Manchester Unity. The fact is, as shewn in pp. 503 and 605, the Board of Management has struggled for years with the question, and are unable suddenly to carry out a thoroughly sound and amply developed system of financial reform, and looking at all the circumstances of the case, this is scarcely to be wondered at. There can be no question whatever, that notwithstanding the recent changes effected by the Preston table, the rates and contributions required of the members are still entirely XXX inadequate to provide the benefits promised, and, unless some very marked improvement be made in the adjustment of benefits and contributions, the Manchester Unity can never become a great and useful provident institution. If its present scheme does not undergo such modifications as have been clearly shewn to be necessary by its own data and experience, the Unity must either speedily disappear, or continue in the unsettled, unsatis- factory, and unstable condition in which it has been for the last ten or twelve years. An examination of the Quarterly Eeports of the G. M. and Board of Directors shews that in the triennium 1853-5, no less than 47,274 new members entered the Unity. This should act as a warning. The directors, as stated in page 502, seq. remark in one of their reports, " That the amount of initiation money received from members in 1844, being no less a " sum than £.49,382, it will be observed, on reference to the list of lodges, that our increase " of members in that year was only 21,461, and by these returns, it is clearly proved that '• upwards of 40,000 members were initiated in 1844, thereby at once affirming that " upwards of 20,000 members left the Order in one year, after paying their initiation " money and contributions for a length of time. We are of opinion that the particular " attention of the members of the Order should be drawn to this important fact, with a " view of arriving at the true cause why so many leave the Order." It would hence appear that the same lamentable state of things continues, for, notwithstanding the large number of new members joining the association, 47,274 having entered during the three years 1853-5, and, as hereafter shewn, the admissions were in preceding years in even a higher ratio, still the members have not increased since the beginning of 1844. At that date, the number of members is represented in one of the director's reports to be 251,727, and now we find, from the quarterly report for April, 1856, that, at the beginning of that year, the number good on the books was 251,008. This is, perhaps, the very worst circumstance which can be urged against the present state of the Manchester Unity. The influences must be very powerful which have caused so many members of late years to desert the Order in this wholesale manner, and is no doubt one of the reasons why many lodges have augmented their funds even with a scale of contributions, which would, under a normal and less perturbed state of membership, be ruinously low and inadequate. It happens to be within my knowledge, that when valuations of the assets and liabilities of some of the lodges have been made, that although they were found to be charging insufficient contributions for the benefits granted, still they were declared to have a surplus of assets over liabilities, and this fact was accounted for by the great number of members leaving the lodges and sacrificing their initiation money and their contributions for several years. This fluctuating condition of membership is much to be deplored, and I am afraid it will long continue, unless by a speedy and proper adjustment of the contributions and XXXI benefits, members are led to place greater confidence in the permanence and stability of the Order, It is also important to contrast the condition of the Unity in respect to the number of members within the twelve years which have elapsed since January 1844, with that of the immediately preceding ten years. In the year 1834, the number of members in the Unity was about 60,000; in January 1844, it had increased to no less than 251,727, being an absolute increment, after allowing for deaths and withdrawals, of more than 19,000 per annum; but within the last twelve years no increase would appear to have taken place, although these latter years constitute undoubtedly the period of greatest prudential progress in the history of Benefit Societies. It must be admitted, that the gigantic proportions of the Manchester Unity have attracted so much public attention to its aff"airs, and the question of its stability has, within recent years, been so openly and freely discussed before Parliamentary Committees and elsewhere, that it was impossible for members to repose the same confidence in the safety and permanence of the institution which they willingly lent to it during the earlier period of years. It is highly important for those taking an interest in this great Friendly Society to understand clearly the nature and extent of the changes going on amongst the members in recent years, and the following succinct Abstract has, from the data furnished in the Quarterly Reports, been prepared for that purpose. Lodges Closed Lodges Lodges Expelled Lodges Closed, by want of Funds, Lodges Seceded Suspended for fi-om by a Division of small Number of from Number of Year. Members less than Twelve Months in arreor on the first day of the Year. New Members initiated. Deaths. non-compliance. the Unity. Funds. Members, Failure of Banks, &c. &c. the Unity. Lodges Amalgamated with other Lodges. Members who have ceased to belong to the Unity on their own account. 1 i 1^1 53 CO 1 i ss » S3 1 1 t |J 1 t n Org 1=1 15 Hi ^ g P o » n ^ ^ ^ S g M » s ?; y^ « ^ 1850 *a24,878 10335 3189 1 51 73 1809 32 1641 30 4846 1851 239,975 10313 3451 18 1013 4 1-37 34 1324 6 98 23 1637 36 8668 1853 235,194 10712 2565 11 1011 4 225 37 1447 3 47 11 537 16 5581 1853 334,441 16618 2728 11 654 2 144 23 813 18 615 11 654 31 3188 1854 332,238 18836 3768 8 336 1 46 15 539 20 6876 1855 340,499 31319 2724 •• 2 39 9 360 13 157 7 286 19 7244 Total. 88033 15425 48 3013 14 642 191 6393 40 917 84 4755 143 36,403 • Good on the Books only. It will be seen from the above figures that in six years no less than 88,033 new members entered the Unity. The number of deaths amounted to 15,425, but the large number of 52,022 members seceded from the Order from the various causes assigned xxxu in the preceding Abstract. It has already been stated, that on the 1st of January, 1856, the number of members was 251,008, and from a succeeding Abstract, given in page xxxiii, it will be found that the new members initiated during the eight preceding years was 108,410, or about forty-three per cent, of the existing members. It is further shewn in the Quarterly Reports that on the 1st January, 1846, the Order numbered 259,374 members. This number, it will be seen, gradually fell, until on the beginning of 1853 it reached 224,441, and from that time it has increased in the rapid manner shewn in the preceding Abstract, and bids fair to reach the maximum number attained in 1846. This great fluctuation in the members, the unprecedented number of initiations, and the equal number of withdrawals, keeps the Unity, as already remarked, in the most unsettled, unstable, and unsatisfactory condition. Were its financial arrangements placed on a satisfactory basis more confidence would be inspired, the privilege of membership would be more valued, and no doubt seceders greatly reduced in number. For a variety of important purposes the following figures, taken from the Quarterly Reports, throw valuable light, not only on the present condition of the Unity, but the economic and moral state of the working classes generally, and they should be carefully studied by every one watching the social progress of the day. In the Contribution on Criminal Statistics, pp. 303, 369, and 403, it will be found that the period of life of highest criminal intensity is ages 21-25, and hence arises the important practical bearing of all Benefit Societies on the moral condition of the people. Those are the very ages when admission to Friendly and Odd Fellow Lodges is most easy, and the following Abstract shews that during the years 21-25 as many as 42*983 per cent, of all the admissions took place between those ages. Viewing in connection with these results the well known fact that the least criminal portion of the whole community is represented by those who attach themselves to Benefit Clubs and Odd Fellow Lodges, it is evident that by means of these societies a very powerful and most beneficial influence may be exercised over that most important section of the population whose habits are as yet unformed, who have just entered upon the period of life of greatest criminal temptation, but who are still at the same time the most susceptible of acquiring those prudential feelings which find their best expression through the medium of their own Provident Institutions. Aff'ord a young man the opportunity of joining well organised societies, and the respect he has for the opinion of his fellow members will exercise a powerful check on his criminal propensities. The following gives the number of members who have joined the Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows during each of the eight years 1848-55. XXXUl Age. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1853. 1853. 1854. 1885. Total. 18 1066 953 1159 1070 1173 1965 3187 2343 11916 19 1235 1073 1229 1121 1186 2009 1969 2111 11933 20 941 786 829 803 832 1599 1913 2152 9868 21 1286 1152 1260 1266 1234 2236 3523 2670 18596 22 992 910 925 890 1062 1596 1911 1999 10285 23 962 810 774 895 900 1578 1839 2010 9768 24 773 732 694 701 693 1028 1171 1374 7163 25 604 596 568 628 610 893 814 1071 5786 26 629 635 698 661 696 840 1064 1318 6441 27 484 429 410 441 471 478 723 846 4282 28 394 412 378 385 381 600 557 688 3695 29 428 391 411 412 448 563 655 796 4100 80 290 278 277 303 234 339 358 479 3554 31 200 179 231 210 303 282 306 360 3071 32 ]59 169 177 156 188 345 367 315 1676 33 120 93 ]08 93 103 124 170 324 1034 34 29 74 89 73 73 135 138 214 810 35 58 41 46 53 61 109 156 231 755 36 25 20 31 34 31 53 58 128 370 37 14 10 13 31 35 27 110 38 8 9 5 9 10 14 55 39 4 8 9 7 10 35 73 40 "''', ^ " upwaras 15 3 10 31 19 14 83 Total. . . 10645 9732 10335 10313 10712 16618 18836 21319 108410 The following is a condensed Abstract of the preceding results : — Ages. Admission in the Years 1848-55. Eatio of Admission at each term of Life. Ages. 18 to SO 21 ... 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 38 Qfi and ^ " upwards 33,704 46,898 21,072 6,346 690 31-089 42-988 19-437 5-854 -637 18 to 20 21 ... 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 Qfi and "" upwards Total ... 108,410 100-000 Total. From the preceding figures it will be seen that during the eight years, 1848-55, no less than 74-072 per cent, of all the admissions took place under twenty-six years of age, and the large proportion of 93-509 per cent, at ages not exceeding thirty. Although it may appear, that notwithstanding the improvement in the Preston scale of contributions on the preceding ones in use, I have still presented a very unpromising picture of the present condition and prospects of the Unity ; it would, while doing so, be k XXXIV wrong to conceal the fact of other important changes having taken place since the publication of Mr. RatcliflFe's valuable Eeport in 1850. In the earlier editions of " Observations on Odd Fellows and Friendly Societies," it was distinctly affirmed (See second paragraph page 527 seq.) that much good would flow from the publication of the results of any such investigations as that subsequently and so ably conducted by him. It is, therefore, most satisfactory to find this view of the matter practically verified. Since that time, as already stated, the large majority of lodges has improved their rates of contributions, either by increasing the periodical payments, or in lessening the benefits by reducing the amount of funeral gift, and limiting the time to which members are to be entitled to full sick allowance. This latter step, on many grounds objectionable, has only the merit of bringing the contributions and benefits nearer to each other in value. Mr. Ratcliffe, in the Appendix to the Quarterly Report for January 1853, has actually calculated specimen Tables for the lodges in which it is assumed that the benefits in sickness will finally be reduced to three shillings per week, and, in old age, to two shillings and sixpence weekly. It can however never be meant to reduce Odd Fellow Lodges to so degraded a position ; the title of the Order must be altered first. It could never be called an " Independent Order " by thus making it a mere receptacle of infirm paupers for the workhouse. In no instance should the allowance granted to members be permitted to fall below such sum as would be self-supporting. If the rates of contributions be inadequate for that purpose, the proper remedy is to increase them. I am also given, on the best authority, to understand that there is now not a single branch of the Unity which does not keep its management expenses separate and distinct from the funeral and sick-gift funds. This is, indeed, an unmistakeable advance in the right direction. The Unity is also now a registered society. From the Quarterly Report for April 1856, it appears that, at the beginning of that year, " two " hundred and ninety -five districts, containing 190,414 members, have registered their " laws, and one hundred and thirty-eight districts (including foreign and colonial), " containing 60,526 members, still remain unregistered as districts, but many lodges in " those districts have availed themselves of the privileges conferred by the Friendly " Societies' Act, and have registered their rules." All these societies must, therefore, make quinquennial returns to the Registrar of Friendly Societies, and the preparation of these is certain to lead to inquiry on the part of members, inquiry to discussion, discussion to clearer views and more carefully formed opinions, and thence giving birth to wiser laws and regulations. Some lodges are also adopting the plan of having periodical valuations of their assets and liabilities — a thing some years ago altogether unheard of amongst them. This, if general, would lead to the best results ; but, if deferred until too late a period, lodges may find it impossible to recover themselves from the effects of past deficiencies. XXXV Eecently there has been revived, in one or two influential quarters, proposals to establish what are generally termed Yearly Societies. These will be found alluded to in Question No. 477 of Lord Beaumont's Report, and are undoubtedly the most objectionable of all sorts of Benefit Societies, as the members are simply required to meet the current risks of the year ; they do not recognise the principle which is the foundation of all true Friendly Societies, — that of making a provision in youth for the winter of life. This is a principle which the physical laws of nature and the necessities of civilisation impose on the promoters of every Friendly Society, and it may be easily shewn that if an attempt be made to evade it, the formation of a permanent Friendly Society is impossible. Let it be assumed that a club is formed on the bases of the contributions providing for the necessities of the year only, and that, in the first instance, the members consist chiefly of young men, ranging from twenty to thirty years of age ; on referring to Table E. pp. 26-7, and Table V. page 409, it will be found that, for the average of the first period of ten years a contribution of about nine shillings, from year to year, would suflace to grant sickness allowances of ten shillings a week to those who are invalided. During the next ten years, when the ages of the original members of the society range from thirty to forty, the contribution for the same benefit will need to be only slightly raised, namely to ten shillings from year to year. Such societies usually balance their affairs at the end of each year, and then begin de novo ; but whether this be done or not, and a fresh election of members takes place, is immaterial for the purpose of the following illustration. On referring to column (8) of the Abstract on page xxiv preceding, it will be found that from five to fourteen per cent, of all the sickness experienced by members at the periods of life now under review is sickness protracted beyond the period of one year's duration. Again, assuming the society to go on for another period of ten years, when the original members shall range from forty to fifty years of age, the contributions from year to year, to provide the same benefits will require to be increased to about sixteen shillings, but in this decennium the sickness which shall be experienced after twelve months duration wiU amount to from about nineteen to upwards of twenty-five per cent, of the whole sickness to which the society is liable, and the sickness which shall actually be experienced after two years invaliding is no less than from ten to fifteen per cent, of the Avhole. Hence the question arises, would the healthy members of a society thus constituted consent to so severe and almost permanent a burden ? Would they not, when balancing their books from year to year naturally complain and object to the renewal of the membership of those who are receiving so much of the proceeds of their contributions'? For example, according to Table NN, page 446, seq. five per cent, of the members during the decennium now under consideration would, in lieu of their small contributions, have received a minimum £.26 each, and some of them three or four times that amount, but in the next decennium fourteen per cent, of all the members would be in this condition, and the ratio, XXXVl as shewn in Table NN, going on rapidly increasing. Yearly Societies have not, however, existed long enough to go through this ordeal. In the ten years we are now considering, when the ages of the original members range from fifty to sixty, a further, and perhaps a more serious practical difficulty is obvious. To provide for the current liabilities, the contributions would need to be nearly doubled, or £.1 10s. yearly, and those members who pass on to the next decennium would have to pay the impossible sum, for the time of life, of four guineas a year, exclusive of the payments necessary to make provision for funeral allowance to the member or his wife, pensions or annuities in old age, and the expenses of management of the society. It is scarcely necessary to argue that from the physical impossibility of escaping numerous cases of protracted sickness at all periods of life, and the very high ratio of general sickness at the more advanced ages, rendering it impossible for working men at that time to provide for the current liabilities out of their earnings, the management of a " Yearly Friendly Society " is impracticable, unless at the younger ages ; hence exists the usual rule of excluding from such societies all persons from membership beyond a given age, say forty or fifty-five. To encourage the formation of such societies would be to inflict a severe blow on all those who might be tempted to join them. They are destructive of the real purpose for which Benefit Societies were oi'iginally intended ; inasmuch as the old and infirm, for whom Provident Institutions are most destined to do good, cannot avail themselves of them, and they certainly stand in the way of persons entering better constituted societies, for they draft off members in the vigour of life, and only retain them until such time as when, from advanced age, the necessarily high scale of contributions practically excludes them from admission to the best class of Friendly Societies. The experience of all the best constituted societies demonstrates the impracticability of the working classes joining them in any considerable numbers, except at the younger periods of life — under the age of thirty. From that age to forty, owing to the rapidly- increasing rates of contributions, the numbers are very small, and beyond the age of forty, the numbers become exceedingly limited. Even in the Odd Fellow Lodges, possessing many social inducements to membership, this is borne out in a remarkable manner by the facts set forth in the Abstract in page xxxiii preceding. The liability to sickness and death is at a comparatively low ratio at the younger ages, and unless members, by entering a society at early life, pay rates of contributions more than equivalent to meet the evils of the hour, a time will arrive when the sickness with which they are overtaken is beyond their resources. It is, therefore, necessary to store up in youth for the vicissitudes of old age, and on this principle every Friendly Society, worthy of the name, has been founded. Much has been said of late on the necessarily inherent instability of Friendly -Societies, and, on their presumed want of permanence, various suggestions have been xxxvu made, by which it is proposed to transfer to the management and responsibility of the Government some of the most important branches of their transactions and benefits. A deal of information is given in pp. 408-530 on the various circumstances which influence the permanence of Friendly Societies. A patient perusal of those pages will distinctly shew that there is no institution of the day connected with the social progress of society which can be regarded, in a financial sense, so safe and permanent in its character as a Friendly Society, conducted on the principles therein pointed out, and now fully recognised by every one experienced in the management of this class of Provident Associations, conclusively proving that they off"er the most undoubted security which can be conceived for the fulfilment of their engagements, their duration, and their permanence. It is believed impossible to point out a single instance in any part of the country whatever of the failure of a Friendly Society in which one or all of those conditions of stability and safety have not been violated. These conditions may be briefly recited. In the first place it is necessary, as fully shewn in pp. 514-21, seq. that every society should consist of members sufiiciently numerous to realise the average results anticipated in the calculations on which its tables of contributions and benefits are founded. If this principle be not attended to, and the societies are small, the best and most skilful calculations may be insufiicient to maintain their solvency. It might happen that rates very much in excess of what might be necessary in a large institution would, owing to adverse fluctuations, be totally inadequate to provide the benefits promised to the members ; or, on the other hand, rates that would be ruinously low in a society of considerable magnitude, might, from the prevalence of favourable ratios of sickness and mortality, prove quite ample, and even leave a surplus in a society of a limited number of members. This case is exceedingly well put in the Report of the Preston District Sick Union [see pp. 515-19, seq.), and the various Quarterly Reports of the G. M. and Board of Directors also contain frequent allusions to societies breaking down or closing owing to adverse results from small numbers, while others, in which little sickness has been experienced, from the avarice and cupidity of the members, inducing them to pocket the Surplus Funds. In the Report for April, 1855, it is stated that — " Those who have paid " attention to the average rate of sickness, when the experience of few members has been " obtained, must have been struck with the very large ratio in some instances experienced, " in other instances with the small rate of average sickness, and, when it is considered the " number of lodges in the Unity having few members, it is surprising that more lodges are " not compelled to close, by experiencing far more than the average rate of sickness. " During the year 1854, twenty lodges have joined other lodges ; thus, instead of existing " as forty separate and distinct lodges, they only form twenty lodges in number, and " causing the number of lodges in the Unity to be diminished by twenty." " Many of I XXXVIU " the lodges that have been closed, during the year 1854, have had considerably less than " the average amount of sickness amongst their members, and this for a considerable " period of time, and which has enabled many of them to realise funds of £.10 per " member, others more, and one as high as £.25 per member; in some few other " instances they have experienced more than the average sickness, and their funds have " been reduced ; one lodge only closing for want of funds to pay their sick members. " When- it is seen that twenty lodges, containing 539 members, have closed during the " year, it will be very apparent, that with the average number of members forming these " lodges, that when one or two members fall sick, in so few a number, their funds must " soon become exhausted." In fact, unless the number of members in a society be considerable, there can be no security for its stability, however great the skill and judgment exercised in its management in other respects. Inattention, therefore, to this one element is of itself sufficient to produce failure in Friendly Societies. In the second place, as pointed out in pp. 439 and 527, a periodical investigation should be instituted into the state of the society's affairs. Such periodical inquiries would afford the means of correcting any misconceptions which may have existed either at their formation or at any subsequent stage of their progress, in respect to the rate of sickness and mortality to which they are presumed to be liable ; and the actual experience of each society would thus be brought to bear upon the financial adjustment of its assets and liabilities. These investigations should be made at not greater intervals than five years. One great mistake often made by the promoters and managers of small societies, is that they conceive if a particular society is eminently successful under a given scale of contributions and benefits, that those who are residing in another district, and living under different influences, cannot do better than follow the example of their neighbours in the adjustment of the contributions and benefits. This impression is natural enough ; but no conclusion has of late years been better established by practical research than the fact of the great disparity which exists between the ratios of sickness among societies established even in adjacent districts. This has been fuUy shewn in pp. 408-68, even when the number of members in the societies is sufficiently large to realise the average amount of sickness peculiar to the district. Hence, the necessity and the advantage of regulations imposing on societies the duty of periodical investigations into their affairs ; for by this means, actual experience, the most valuable of all teachers, is made operative in their future conduct and management. It is well known that in the county of Wilts, (see page 437) large and well-conducted societies have been subject to an unusually low ratio of sickness; that in Somersetshire, other societies, equally well- conducted, have been subject to an unusually high ratio of sickness ; while in the intermediate districts of Devonshire, the ratio of sickness actually experienced by a large and well-managed society has proved very different from those which prevail in the other XXXIX two counties. It will also be found, that comparing the sickness experienced in two agricultural counties, Essex and Hampshire, — that in Essex, the sickness is unusually high ; while in Hampshire it is considerably under the average. The causes of these variations are fully discussed in the following contributions. Similar differences will be found to prevail in the experience of societies in different manufacturing towns, examples of which are given in pp. 429-38. Hence, the imperative necessity of periodical investigations, such as those herein suggested, in order to maintain the solvency and permanency of Provident Societies. As already stated, many lodges in the Manchester Unity have recently become alive to the advantages arising from periodical examinations of their assets and liabilities, and so great was the importance attached to these investigations that it was actually rendered compulsory on societies enrolled under the 9 and 10 Vict., c. 27, although unwisely omitted in all the subsequent Acts. In the third place, there should be a regulation by which every society shall have a separate and distinct account kept of the receipts and disbursements made in respect of each benefit or fund. From the passing of the 8 and 9 Vict., c. 27, this was compulsory on all societies subsequently enrolled, until repealed by the 18 and 19 Vict., c. 63. The advantage of such a regulation is, that if the financial condition of any particular fund or benefit is at fault, the error would be more easily discovered than if the whole receipts and disbursements of the society were kept collectively. It might happen for instance, that while all the other funds of a society were well regulated, so far as their contributions and benefits were concerned, that the sickness benefits were making ruinous inroads on the society's assets ; but from the accounts being kept in the aggregate, this evil may not be perceived until it is too late to apply a remedy. If, however, the suggestion here offered had been adopted, it is evident that all such untoward influences would have manifested themselves at a much earlier period, and when corrections could have been in time applied to restore the fund to a healthy and normal condition. Such societies have unfortunately been too often assumed to be in a prosperous condition, from the mere fact of their accumulated capital having kept increasing year after year. But as no portion of the money received for superannuation allowances and other deferred benefits should be touched for a long period of years, this fact was lost sight of in the aggregate system of accounts, and the monies belonging to them too often infringed upon for payments on account of the sickness fund, owing to the inadequacy of its contributions. It can be abundantly proved, by the citation of numerous well known instances, that •many societies would have been saved from ruin and dissolution, by the early adoption of such a rule as the one now suggested ; while in many other instances in which the breaking up of societies did not ensue, the hardship of one class of members supporting another, between which there was no common interest, would have been avoided. xl The fourth precaution necessary to be observed is never to allow any member to subscribe for a sickness allowance greatly exceeding the average of the benefits allowed to all the members collectively ; and never, in any instance, to permit a member to subscribe for a sickness allowance which shall exceed two-thirds or three-fourths of his usual or average earnings while following his ordinary avocations. The enforcement of this condition would form a great protection in the administration of the society's afi"airs, and maintain a healthy moral tone of action amongst the members. Such a rule simplifies the administration of the sickness benefits, and is conservative of the society by placing the members in a better position in regard to its management. The society's prosperity is greatly promoted by the practice of never admitting any members to subscribe for a greater sickness allowance than will always, irrespective of other conditions, maintain a healthy inducement in the minds of sickness claimants to return to their occupations as soon as they possibly can with safety, rather than linger on the funds. Nothing can be more injurious and detrimental, both to the members and the society, than to permit of sickness allowances being granted that shall closely approximate to the member's earnings. There is scarcely any consideration by which it is possible to justify such a proceeding. The best securities for a society's success would be afforded in the adoption of this regulation. A careful consideration of the four conditions now urged will shew that their practical effect is to maintain a constant adjustment between the contributions made by the members under all varying circumstances, and the liabilities they entail on the society. Were these four leading principles strictly oberved in the management of Friendly Societies, failure is next to impossible. Let them be practically adopted and it is difficult to conceive any human institution more beneficial and permanent. It is not therefore to be assumed, as has of late been said in various influential quarters, that Friendly Societies are in their nature essentially instable. An attentive consideration of their history will satisfactorily shew the wonder is, that with so little information, until quite recently, of the real nature and extent of their liabilities, more of them have not broken down. It has been too much assumed, by even the educated classes and not a few of those distinguished persons who have identified them- selves publicly with the interests of these societies, that at best they were but mere pot- house schemes and temporary expedients as adjuncts to a small parish or congregation, simply calculated to assuage the evils of a day. It has remained for the working classes themselves to demonstrate that their Benefit Societies are capable of accomplishing much beyond this, and those must be indifferent spectators indeed of the social progress amongst the industrious community who cannot clearly discern that through one form or other of these institutions, whether in the shape of the ordinary Friendly and Benefit Society, the Odd Fellow, Foresters, and Druid Lodges, the Rechabite Tents, and other xli description of Benefit Clubs, the hard working prudential people of this country have already begun to work out in good earnest their own regeneration and independence. These associations are therefore certain, before long, to become engrafted with all the essential elements of stability and permanence which have just been pointed out. No doubt Beneiit Societies have suffered from many serious evils, but these will be found to have nearly all arisen from ignorance and inexperience. More light, however, has now dawned upon them. Even our Assurance Institutions, which are more simple in principle and much less difficult in management, have been any thing but free from grave objections, but no one attempts in consequence to transfer their business and their responsibilities to the Government of the country. Let us see therefore the merits of the proposal made, on the plea of the insecurity of Friendly Societies, that the working people of this country should purchase deferred annuities and pensions from the Government, under the 16th and 17th Vict., cap. 45. Apart from the objection so often urged, that the people have always shewn a great aversion to have any dealings in connection with their Benefit Clubs with the Government, and hence the immense multitude, hitherto, of unenroUed societies, and the striking failure of the corresponding attempt to sell Government Annuities to them under the 3rd William IV., cap. 14. It is of the first importance that the fact of this failure on the part of the Government should be thoroughly understood, especially by those now endeavouring to ingratiate into the favour of the people the recent Annuity Act. Great efforts were originally made by the Government officials to render the scheme successful. It was arranged that through the medium of savings banks such annuities could be purchased, and that in any parish or place in the United Kingdom where no savings bank was legally established, it was lawful to establish a society for carrying the provisions of the Act into execution, and that annuities of not less than £A nor more than £.30 per annum, might be secured, and the annuities might be either " immediate," " deferred," or " temporary annuities for a certain number of years." In this latter respect the former Act was more comprehensive than the recent one. Provision was also made that the consideration money for the annuities may be paid either in one sum in the first instance, or by weekly, monthly, quarterly, or yearly instalments, as may suit the convenience of the purchaser. In this respect also the former Act had an advantage over the present one, for it was provided, that if the contract were for a deferred annuity, to be purchased by annual payments, such annual payments must be made to the Commissioners yearly, although for the convenience of the purchaser the money might be received from him by the manager in weekly, monthly, or other instalments. The recent Act repeals the former one and contains no such provision. To the working man the existing Act is further inconvenient, as the fractional parts of one pound of annuity will not be granted, whereas this rule was in the former one limited to the fractional part of m xlii sixpence. It will likewise be found that the annuities were granted on more liberal terms under the <3rd William IV., cap. 14, than under the recent Act, 16th and 17th Vict., cap. 45. The following shews the terms required to secure an annuity of £.20 per annum, or not quite eight shillings weekly, according to each Act. Age at Purchase. Purchase Money of Annuity deferred 25 Years. Age at Purchase. By single Payment. By Yearly Payment. 3rd Wm. IV. c. 14. 16th and 17th VtoT. c. 45. 3rd Wm. IV. c. 14. 16th and 17th Vict. o. 45. Both Sexes. Males. Females. Both Sexes. Males. Females. 90 to 31 30 ... 31 40 ... 41 50 ..-. 51 £. s. d. 114 11 6 91 13 68 8 45 10 £. s. d. 137 108 6 8 80 53 11 8 £. s. d. ]53 13 4 136 3 4 93 8 4 60 18 4 £. s. d. 6 14 6 5 7 6 4 3 13 6 £. s. d. 7 13 4 6 18 4 10 8 £. s. d. 8 11 8 7 18 5 5 3 8 4 30 to 31 30 ... 31 40 ... 41 50 ... 51 It will be thus seen, that under the former Act the annuities were granted on much more favourable terms. In the above examples, the recent Act exacts an increase on the purchase money, by single payment of 18-053 per cent, in the case of males, and of no less than 35*312 per cent, for females; while the increase by annual payments amounts in the case of males to 13-182 per cent, and in that of females to 29-603 per cent. Taking all these matters into account, it is evident that the present Act offers very inferior inducements to annuitants than that which has been repealed; but notwithstanding, the former Act, after having been in force for twenty years, entirely failed in the accomplishment of the object intended by its enactment. It is stated that in the whole of that period, only 2043 members have availed themselves of its provisions. The fact is, the members of Benefit Clubs have a strong, and it may be said in this instance, a well and justly conceived dislike to Government interference in such matters. Were there no other reason than the delay and annoyance to which working men, or the societies representing them, would be put by the circumlocutory formula through which all such transactions must necessarily pass, whenever undertaken by the Government of the country, there would be sufficient reason to render the operations of the Act unpopular and therefore unsuccessful. But there are still more formidable reasons to be advanced against it. Deferred annuities constitute one of the class of benefits for which provision can be more successfully made by Friendly Societies than any other. In the first place, xliii an examination into the state and condition of health is unnecessary, for if the annuitant's health be bad, that is in favour of the society. In the second place, the administration of the benefit is one of the most simple : it does not require the constant watching and medical scrutiny and skill necessary in the administration of the sickness benefits. And in the third place, the financial operations connected with it are also of the simplest kind possible. In the management of the sickness and death allowance benefits, a portion of the funds must be always kept on hand, or at immediate call, to meet the constantly occurring claims, and the consequence is, that unless a calculation be entered into, on the plan recommended in pp. xxxviii and xxxix, ante, to be made quinquennially, it is impossible to tell with any precision whether undue inroads are being made on the funds of those benefits or not. In regard however to deferred annuities, the case is very different, for every farthing in the shape of contributions must be husbanded and improved at interest, and remain untouched until the time arrives which is fixed for the annuitant to receive his pension ; and even then, unlike the case of the sickness benefit, nothing more is needed to be established than the fact of his identity. All the trouble of visitation and medical scrutiny, to determine whether the sicknesss is feigned or otherwise, is unnecessary. The system of accounts and the whole management are therefore as simple as possible. It is, in consequence, difiicult to conceive how any disaster could befall this branch of a society's affairs, always supposing the management subject to such of the four conditions, already mentioned, as may affect it. This statement is not a mere speculative opinion, for while the failure of so many sickness dubs has to be lamented, a great number of annuity societies, established even when such matters were but imperfectly understood, can be pointed to as having been eminently successful ; with periodical examinations of their affairs, it is next to impossible to conceive how, especially at the present time, when the laws of mortality are so much better understood, that it could be otherwise. But in pp. 524-6 other important reasons are given why Sickness Societies should grant Deferred Annuities. The proper introduction of annuity schemes into Friendly Societies, and particularly into large societies, such as the Christian Mutual Provident, the Western Provident, and all other large and county societies, which extend over considerable districts, as well as a gigantic institution like the Manchester Unity, would possess advantages of a high and important character in equalising the risks of different districts and occupations, and enabling the societies to adopt something like uniform scales of contributions and benefits by which the liabilities from sickness and annuities shall have a constant corrective influence on each other. Independent, however, of the attempt to engraft the recent Annuity Act on Benefit Societies, and thereby disturb the peaceful and improving condition which, for several years, in spite of many disturbing influences, they have been gradually assuming, it xliv cannot be denied that, in respect to them there has been a great deal of over-legislation. A curious and somewhat amusing proof of this will be obtained by a perusal of pp. 8-36 of the Appendix to the First Eeport of the Eegistrar of Friendly Societies in England. It will be found that between 1793 and 1855 no less than twenty-three Acts have been passed affecting them ; and in the ten years, 1846-55, as many as ten Acts, or one per annum. To know how instable the legislative opinion is on such matters, the Analysis of the 9 and 10 Vict. c. 27, 13 and 14 Vict. c. 115, and 18 and 19 Vict. c. 63, will well repay a perusal. The constant change of object, scope, and privilege, under these three Acts has done much to retard the development of the larger and better conducted class of Friendly Societies, established within the last few years. It is hoped the present publication, by giving new assurance to the whole class of provident institutions, will, in some measure, counteract this influence, and give a fresh impetus to their progress. The evident tendency in the minds of public men at the present time is to a conviction that the working people can, by legislative processes, be constrained impulsively to the adoption of prudential and saving habits. No mistake, however, is more fatal to the success of the institutions themselves. All that is needed to be done is, to enable the members of them, as between themselves, and also as between them and third parties, to sue and be sued, in a cheap and expeditious manner, and leave all the rest to themselves. Their experience, judgment, interest, and tact, will soon discover the most beneficial modes of management, without Government patronage or supervision. The members of Friendly Societies in this country form a much more important class socially, intellectually, and politically, than is generally supposed. To strengthen those habits of prudence and forethought, which they already manifest to a considerable extent is a work of time, a gradual process, almost entirely dependent on themselves. Calm deliberation can alone help them, and it is trusted that the large amount of information now submitted for their help and guidance in the management of their societies will aid to bring about that happy consummation of their interests which even those of wealth and exalted station may behold with pleasure, saying — " Quam honum et jucundum est habitare fratres in unum." The People's Provident Society, a, Waterloo Place, London, Uih February, 1857. DURATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The best record of the General Mortality in England and Wales is contained in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General, So far as relates to the number of deaths in the entire community, more complete returns could not be hoped for. The 5th Report of the Registrar General contains a table of the Expectation of Life, calculated on the mortality of the year 1841. The census of the population having been taken in that year, offered a ready means to determine the value of life for that period ; but as the results of the mortality for several years would undoubtedly form a broader and more satisfactory basis on vi'hich to found a measure of the duration of life in this country, it is proposed to calculate a table on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports of the Registrar General ; omitting the 1st Report, that any imperfections incidental to the early manage- ment of the Registers may be avoided. It is evidently necessary to ascertain the exact amount of population living at various ages in the country, during the periods of time to which the returns of deaths relate, before results can be obtained, shewing the ratio of the population dying at the respective ages. Previous to the population being calculated for the mean time of each period embraced in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports, it will be necessary to apply a correction to the enumeration of the population at the period of the Census. In 1841, the ages of 35,408 males and 11,472 females, or -456 per cent, of the one, and •141 per cent, of the other, were not given. In the registration of deaths, the ages of a certain proportion are also omitted ; and if the ratio were the same in both cases, those whose ages were not specified might be left out, as the omission of the one would be corrected by the omission of the other ; but it happens that, in the returns of deaths over the entire four years referred to, the number of males whose ages were not specified DURATION OF LIFE was only 1,650, or -235 per cent, of the whole; and of females 896, or only -132 per cent, of the whole female deaths. Independent corrections will, therefore, have to be applied to each class of results. Let a = population whose ages were ascertained, h = total population, and X = the number enumerated at any particular period of life ; and let Xb — \a= \y, then \y -^-Xx = log. of the actual number alive at the period of life x, provided the age of every person had been ascertained. This correction having been made for the unenumerated ages in the respective censuses of 1821 and 1841, the results obtained form the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 6th columns of Table A. Table A. Corrected Enumeration of the Population of England and Wales for 1821 and 1841 ; with the Annual Rate of Increase during the Intermediate Period. Ages. MALES. FEMALES. Ages. Population Population Annual Bate Population Population Annual Eate 1831. 1841. of Increase. 1821. 1841. of Increase. Under 5 898324 1047502 1-007711 884866 1057926 1 00897 Under 5 5 ... 10 787426 952437 1-00955 779516 951687 101002 5 ... 10 10 ... 15 685011 879732 1-01258 650342 851649 1 01357 10 ... 15 15 ... 20 578304 780967 1-01513 611741 805090 1-01382 15 ... 20 20 ... 30 857697 1333088 1-02229 1029526 1498751 1-01895 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 673718 999000 1 01989 741881 1051505 1-01759 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 547372 748487 1-01577 672227 777500 1-01544 40 ... 60 50 ... 60 388351 496475 1-01235 402245 529274 1-01381 60 ... 60 60 ... 70 262728 329563 101039 284624 369498 101313 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 130544 159551 1-01008 J42366 184468 1-01303 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 33577 41224 1-01031 41480 53164 1-01248 80 ... 90 90 ...100 2556 2986 1-00776 3747 4967 1-01420 90 ...100 100 and upwards. Total 68 82 1-00956 148 167 100628 100 and upwards. Total. 5845676 7771094 1-01415 6144709 8135647 1-01530 The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Reports of the Registrar General gave the number of deaths in the year preceding the 30th June, 1839, 1840, and 1841 respectively; and the 5th Report gave the deaths for the year ending 31st December, 1841. The next step required was to determine the population alive at various ages for the mean time of each of the given periods, that is, the population at the various terms of life in England and Wales on the 31st of December, 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June, 1841 ; and the following method was employed : It might have been deemed sufficient to liave made the expression IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 3 ^7r+( ^^ - )0 = log. of the population at the given term of life for the mean time of the period required, in which ^ = the corrected population at the given age on the day of the Census in 1821, TT = the same for 1841, and = the period elapsed in years and days between the given period and the day of the Census in 1841. The population for each of the periods being obtained in this manner for every term of life, the combined results form columns 2nd and 5th of Table B. Log. TT — log. /3 20 represent the rate of increase on the general population for all ages; but a glance at columns 4 and 7 of Table A wiU shew the necessity of obtaining an independent value Log. "■ log. /3 to this expression for each term of life; for, by adopting — as the rate of increase for every term of life, it would have produced a difference in the male population at ages 20 to 30 of 42108 in Table B, or, in other words, an apparent decrease of mor- tality at that term of life ; and consequently, at some other terms, opposite errors in the results would be produced. Corrections, precisely similar to those applied to the enumeration of the population, were made on the registration of deaths ; and the final results for the four years referred to are given in columns 3rd and 6th of Table B. It may be observed here, that as the deaths happening in the last half of the year forming the fourth period of the Registrar General, and those taking place in the first half of the year forming its fifth period, are identical, they will of course be included twice in the results now referred to ; but as the population has also been taken for the mean of both periods or years, the proper relation is maintained between the population and deaths. The preceding step was rendered necessary, from the Registrar General having changed the period for his Annual Report from the 30th June to the 31st Decembei-, without having, at the time of making the change, distinguished the deaths belonging to each half year. All the preceding corrections having been applied to the population and deaths, the combined results form Table B, the 4th and 7th columns of which shew the mortality per cent, at the various terms of life for each sex in England and Wales during the four years referred to, and under that form constitute a complete measure of the value of life, during the same period, in the general population of this country. 4 DURATION OF LIFE ^ Table B. England and Wales.— Total of the Population as calculated for the 31st December in the years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June, 1841 ; with the Sum of the Corrected Deaths for the corresponding years as given in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports of the Registrar General ; and the Mortality per cent, during that period. Ages. MALES. FEMALES. Ages. Population. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. PopnJation. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Under 5' 5 ... 10 10 ... 15 15 ... 20 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 50 ... 60 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 90 ...100 100 and upwards. 4156265 3771901 3473008 3075023 5210180 3914433 2945219 1960445 1302647 631509 163089 11846 325 292968 36588 18199 22464 50765 43451 42770 44196 55491 57449 32461 4282 137 7-048 •970 ■524 •730 •974 1-110 1-452 2-254 4-259 9097 19-904 36-316 42-154 4192129 3767019 3358717 3174272 5878257 4129820 3060397 2086819 1457878 727904 209902 19568 662 254170 35494 19175 26003 56298 47174 40781 40593 54414 60229 38064 6650 311 6-063 •943 -570 •819 •957 1^142 1.333 1^944 3-372 8-274 18-134 33-984 47-277 Under 5 5 ... 10 10 ... 15 15 ... 20 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 50 ... 60 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 90 ...100 JOG and upwards. Total 30615890 701221 2-290 32063344 679356 2-119 Total. The results now described in columns 4th and 7th of Table B, were made to represent the rate of mortality at the mean age of that period of life opposite to which they are placed ; intermediate terms were then found by the method of third differences, as fully explained in a subsequent portion of this contribution, and the whole was subsequently corrected as follows : Let ^1 represent the first term ; §2 ... second; S3 ... third; B ... the tf" term ; then S. And ,_i + ^ + ^ + S3 + ^4 + ^ ^ + K + 5 s. + ^5 + ^ K-i +K-S + K-'. The adjusted results thus obtained form columns 4 and 9 of Table C, and may be considered a fair expression of the rate of mortality at the respective ages opposite to which they are placed in the Table. Columns 2nd and 3rd, 7th and 8th in the same Table, shew, out of 100,000 persons attaining the age of ten ye^rs, the number living to each subsequent year of life, and also the numbers dying in each successive year of life. Columns [5 and 10 IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Table C. England and Wales. Age, MALES. Age. FEMALES. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 791 •791 126-422 10 100000 792 -792 126263 10 11 99209 696 •702 142-460 11 99208 712 -718 139-276 11 12 98513 624 •633 157-978 13 98496 653 -663 150-830 12 13 97889 576 •588 170-068 13 97843 618 •632 168-228 13 14 97313 555 •570 175-439 14 97225 610 •627 159-490 14 15 96758 562 ■581 172117 15 96615 627 •649 154-083 15 16 96196 598 •622 160-772 16 96988 671 -699 143-063 16 17 95598 636 •665 150376 17 95317 710 -745 134-228 17 18 94962 673 •709 141-044 18 94607 744 -786 127-237 18 19 94289 706 •749 133-511 19 93863 769 -819 122-100 19 20 93583 734 •784 127-551 20 93094 786 -844 118-483 20 21 92849 767 •8]5 122699 21 92308 794 •860 1J6-279 21 22 92092 778 •845 118 343 22 91614 804 -879 113-766 23 23 91314 800 •876 114-155 23 90710 815 -898 111-359 23 24 90514 822 •908 110-132 24 89895 825 -918 108-933 24 25 89692 840 •937 106-724 25 89070 835 -937 106-724 35 26 88852 853 •960 104-167 26 88236 845 -968 104-384 36 27 87999 863 •981 101-937 27 87390 854 -977 102-354 27 28 87136 870 •998 100-200 28 86636 863 -997 100^301 38 29 86266 872 1.011 98-912 29 85673 870 1-016 98-426 29 30 85394 874 1^023 97-752 30 84803 878 1-035 96-618 30 31 84620 876 1-036 96-526 31 83925 884 1-053 94-967 31 32 83644 877 1-049 95329 32 83041 891 ]-073 93-197 32 33 82767 880 1-063 94-073 33 82150 896 1-089 91-827 33 34 81887 883 1-078 92-764 34 81266 900 1-108 90-353 34 35 81004 887 1-095 91-324 36 80355 902 M23 89-047 35 36 80117 892 1-113 89-847 36 79463 904 M38 87-873 36 37 79225 898 1-134 88-183 37 78549 906 1153 86-730 37 38 78327 906 1-157 86-430 38 77643 906 1167 85-690 , 38 39 77421 917 1-184 84-459 39 76737 906 M81 84-674 39 40 76504 927 1-212 82-508 40 75831 906 1-195 83-682 40 41 75577 941 1-245 80-321 41 74925 908 1-212 82-508 41 42 74636 965 1-279 78-186 42 74017 911 1-231 81-235 43 43 73681 972 1-319 75-815 43 73106 916 1-253 79-808 43 44 72709 990 1-362 73-421 44 72190 923 1-279 78-186 44 45 71719 1009 1-407 71073 46 71267 93] 1-306 76-570 45 46 70710 1028 1-454 68-776 46 70336 940 1-336 74-860 46 47 69682 1049 1-606 66-401 47 69396 953 1-373 72-833 47 48 68633 1071 1-660 64-103 48 68443 966 1-411 70-872 48 49 67562 1095 1-621 61-690 49 67477 982 1-465 68-729 49 50 66467 1120 1-685 59-347 50 66495 999 1-602 66-578 50 51 65347 1151 1-760 56-818 51 65496 1020 1-557 64 326 51 52 64196 1183 1 843 54-259 52 64476 1043 1-618 61-805 52 53 63013 1219 1-935 51-680 53 63433 1072 1-690 59-172 63 54 61794 1258 2036 49116 54 62361 1102 1-767 66-593 54 55 60536 1299 2-146 46 598 55 61259 1143 1-866 53-591 55 56 ■ 59237 1339 2-260 44-248 . 56 60] 16 1192 1-983 60-429 56 57 57898 1386 2-394 41-771 57 58924 1237 2-099 47-642 67 58 56512 1429 2 629 39-541 58 67687 1277 2-214 45-167 58 DUEATION OF LIFE Table C. — (continued.) England and Wales. Age. MALES, Age. FEMALES. Age. -.■■...-..^ Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 59 55083 1478 9-683 37-272 59 56410 1325 3-349 42-571 39 60 53605 1527 2-849 35-100 60 55085 1865 2-478 40-355 60 61 52078 1583 3-040 32-895 61 53720 1410 3 625 38-095 61 62 50495 1637 3-242 30-845 62 59310 1463 2-797 35-753 62 63 48858 1697 3-474 28-785 63 50847 1529 8007 38-956 63 64 47161 1754 3-719 26-889 64 49318 1594 3-233 30-941 64 65 45407 IBIS 3 997 35-019 65 47794 1666 3-491 98-645 65 66 43592 1868 4-285 23337 66 46038 1732 3-760 36-596 66 67 41724 1923 4-609 21-697 67 44396 1801 4-063 34-613 67 68 39801 1969 4-947 90-914 68 49525 1863 4 881 93-826 68 69 37832 2016 5-328 18-769 69 40662 1929 4-744 31-079 69 70 35816 2054 5-735 17-437 70 38733 1985 5-135 19 513 70 71 33762 2092 6-197 16-137 71 36748 2044 5-563 17-979 71 79 31670 3118 6-688 14-952 72 34704 3090 6-033 16-606 79 73 29552 2141 7-245 13-803 73 32614 3184 6-543 15-284 73 74 27411 2146 7-829 12-773 74 • 30480 3161 7-090 14-104 74 75 25265 3148 8-509 11-762 75 38319 2183 7-709 12-973 73 76 23117 2131 9-218 10-848 76 26136 2187 8-368 n-950 76 77 20986 2107 10-040 9-960 77 23949 2180 9108 10-985 77 78 18879 2062 10-922 9-156 78 21769 3149 9-872 10130 78 79 16817 3001 n-899 8-404 79 19630 2105 10-729 9321 79 80 14816 1910 12-891 7-757 80 17515 2035 11-619 8-607 80 81 12906 1803 13-970 7-158 81 15480 1948 12-584 7-947 81 82 83 11103 1673 15 059 6-640 89 13532 1838 18-580 7-364 83 9431 1528 16-202 6-172 83 11694 1716 14-674 6-815 83 84 7903 1375 17-399 5-747 84 9978 1375 15-783 6-335 84 85 6528 1222 18-719 5-342 85 8403 1430 17-018 5-876 85 86 5306 1066 20-090 4-977 86 6973 1277 18-313 5-461 86 87 4240 923 31-769 4-594 87 5696 1123 19-716 5-072 87 88 3317 766 23-093 4-330 88 4373 968 21-168 4 724 88 89 9551 630 24-696 4-049 89 3605 819 22-718 4-402 89 90 1921 505 36-388 3-804 90 2786 676 24-364 4-121 90 91 1416 395 37-895 3-585 91 3110 545 23-829 3-872 91 92 1091 302 39-579 3-381 92 1565 429 27-412 3-648 92 93 719 224 31-1S4 8 210 98 1136 329 28-961 3-438 98 94 495 162 32-727 3-056 94 807 247 30-607 3-367 94 • 95 333 114 34-233 2-921 95 560 180 32-148 8-111 95 96 219 78 35-616 2-808 96 380 128 83-684 2-969 96 97 141 52 36-879 2-713 97 352 89 35-317 3-832 97 98 89 33 37-079 2-697 98 163 60 36-810 2-717 98 99 56 21 37-500 2-667 99 103 39 37-864 2-641 99 100 35 14 40-000 2-500 100 64 95 39 062 2-560 100 101 21 8 38093 2-625 101 89 16 41-026 2-488 101 103 13 5 38-461 2-600 102 23 10 43-478 2-300 102 103 8 3 37 500 2-667 103 13 6 46154 2-167 108 104 6 2 40-000 2 300 104 7 3 42-857 2-333 104 105 3 2 66-667 1-500 105 4 3 50-000 3-000 105 106 1 1 1 00-000 1-000 106 2 1 100-000 1-000 106 IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 7 5 and 10 contain the reciprocals of columns 4 and 9, and represent the specific intensity of life at each age. Male and female life will each be found to attain its highest specific intensity at the age of 14. It will also be seen that male life possesses a much higher specific intensity than female life up to the age of 25 inclusive ; from that to the age of 38 the difierence is very little, but that generally in favour of male life ; and that from 38 upwards to nearly the extreme of life, the scale turns in favour of female life, and the specific intensity is higher throughout. At the age of 50 the two sexes attain their balance, the numbers surviving of each, from the age of 10, being equal. The nature of the specific intensity, in the preceding sense, must be clearly understood to refer to that period of life only to which it is affixed, and not to be any index to the general value of life ; for it will be seen that although male life possesses a higher specific intensity up to the age of 38, still- female life is of a higher absolute value throughout the whole of the same period. Table D exhibits the Expectation of Life as deduced from the data already described ; and without attempting anything like an elaborate comparison between it and other tables, hitherto regarded as a near approximation to the real measure of life, such observations only will be made as appear to be more intimately connected with the subject of this paper. It is clear that a table formed from the data at present ■ under consideration, will shew the value of life in the country generally ; all classes of society, from the highest to the lowest, being included ; and it will therefore serve as a useful standard of comparison with the measure of life in individual classes of society, provided the rate of mortality in those classes can be determined. In order to, convey a general idea of the value of life as represented by Table D, it may be stated that it gives a greater expectation to males throughout the whole range of the table, than is given in the Table at page XIX. of the 5th Report of the Registrar General : 10 the dififen 3nce is '68 of a year 20 •81 30 ■97 40 •92 50 •83 60 1-00 70 •44 80 •15 90 •15 ^. In the Twelfth Annual Report of the Registrar-General he has given a new Life Table, designated by him No. 2, the basis of which, in common with that in his Fifth Report, is the population of _ 1841, but the Mortality extends over the seven years, 1838-44. The results of this Table diflFer but little from the above. [The value DURATION OF LIFE Table D. Expectation — England and Wales — Whole Population. Age. Males. Females. Age. Hales. Females. 10 47-7564 48-3826 59 15-1806 16-1552 11 47-1332 47-7648 60 14-5854 15-5320 13 46-4626 47-1065 61 13-9983 14-9137 13 45-7555 46-4175 63 13-4215 14-3033 14 45-0234 45-7140 63 12-8544 13-6994 15 44-1781 44-9950 64 12-2990 13-1086 16 43-5342 44-2855 65 11-7545 1 3-5300 17 43-8034 43-5937 66 11-2230 11-9648 18 42-0862 42-9171 67 10-7026 11-4138 19 41-3830 42-2533 68 10-1954 10-8750 SO 40-6910 41-5982 69 9-7000 10-3504 21 400092 40-9482 70 9-2176 9-8409 22 39-3339 40-2991 71 8-7480 9-3455 23 38-6652 39-6519 72 8-3937 8-8665 24 38-0025 39-0068 73 7-8510 8-4036 25 37-3457 38-3635 74 7-4351 7-9559 26 36-6946 37-7218 75 7-0131 7-5348 27 36-0455 37-0817 76 6-6184 7-1116 28 35-3975 36-4427 77 6-2395 6-7153 29 34-7494 35-8048 78 5-8802 6-8378 30 34-0990 35 1671 79 5-5361 5-9773 31 33-4466 34-5297 80 5-2160 5-6355 32 32-7916 33-8919 81 4-9094 5-3106 33 32-1337 33-2541 82 4-6353 50031 34 31-4736 32-6149 83 4-3567 4-7109 35 30-8120 31-9750 84 4-1035 4-4351 36 30-1469 31-3312 85 3-8610 4-1726 37 29-4808 30-6867 86 3-6349 3-9258 38 28-8130 300390 87 3-4312 3-6938 39 28-1443 29-3877 88 3-2350 3-4781 40 27-4760 28-7330 89 3-0567 3-2778 41 26-8065 28-0742 90 2-8930 3-0944 42 26-1383 27-4135 91 2-7458 3-9256 43 25-4701 36-7479 92 2-6143 2-7703 44 24-8039 26-0809 93 2-4986 2-6276 45 24-1390 26-4130 94 2-3976 2-4950 46 23-4767 24-7420 95 2-3208 2-3750 47 22-8156 24-0703 96 8-2727 2-3633 48 23-1567 33-3985 97 2-1879 2-1587 49 21-4996 22-7263 98 2-1631 20644 50 20-8463 330545 99 3-1379 1-9757 51 20-1947 31-3834 100 2-1388 1-8750 52 19-5478 30-7137 101 2-0652 1-7564 53 18-9050 30-5461 102 2-0715 1-6304 54 18-2683 19-3831 103 1-9445 1-5000 55 17-6370 18-7330 104 1-6667 1-3571 56 17-0128 18-0683 105 1-2500 1-0000 57 16-3946 17-4336 106 ] 0000 •5000 58 15-7842 16-7865 107 •5000 IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The value of Female Life, Table D, is also higher than Female Life in the Table of the Eegistrar General ; the difference of Expectation in the two Tables being — At Age 10 the difference is 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 "57 of a year. •79 •92 1-01 •98 1-12 •81 •44 •32 A comparison of the expectation of Male Life in Table D with the Carlisle Table, which includes both sexes, will shew a higher value of life in the Carlisle Table up to age 54 : At Age 10 the difference is 1-06 of a year. 20 ... ^77 30 ... -24 40 ... -13 50 ,.. -26 and 54 they nearly coincide. Again, from that age up till 75 the difference is very little, but that generally against the Carlisle Table; and at 75 the Carlisle Table again crosses and maintains a superiority till the extreme of life. The expectation of Female Life, as shewn in Table D, is higher than the expectation of the Carlisle Table after 15 years of age : At Age 20 the difference being -14 of a year. 30 ... -83 40 ... 1-12 50 ... -94 60 ... 1-18 70 ... 1-66 80 ... -13 88 they nearly coincide, and the Carlisle Table continues higher after that age. A comparison, of the mean of the expectation of Male and Female Life in Table D, with the expectation of the Carlisle Table, produces the following results, namely, 10 DURATION OF LIFE At Age 10 the diiference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -15 of a year. 20 ... - -32 . 30 the difference in favour of England & Wales is -29 .. 40 ... -49 .. 60 ... ... ... -34 .. 60 .- -71 70 ... '35 Again at 80 the difference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -09 ... 90 ... ... ... -29 So that the absolute difference throughout the whole course of both Tables is very small, and the near approximation rather remarkable, considering the very different sources from which the data are derived. For a more minute comparison of those results with several of the best recognised Life Tables, reference is made to the Table in the Appendix, Note I. Much attention has of late been given to the supposed influence of locality on the duration of life ; still no public means have yet been employed to correctly solve the question. For the progress of vital statistics it unfortunately happens, that the public records of this country are kept with very little regard to method or unity of plan. The Report of the Census may certainly in itself be regarded as a very complete document ; and perhaps no other country possesses such excellent Mortuary Registers; yet for almost every purpose of exact calculation, both documents are nearly useless. No two things should have been more intimately related in design and classification, than the Census of the People and the Registration of Deaths. Still they seem to have been compiled without any regard to each other. For example, if it were required to compare any two counties in England — a manufacturing with an agricultural county — an inland with a coasting county — in order to determine the relative value of life in the respective populations, it cannot at the present time be done. The Report of the Census Com- missioners gives the population for those counties ; but on reference to the reports of the Registrar General it is found that the deaths are given for quite a different arrangement of districts. Again, if it be required to compare one district of the Registrar General with another, the same kind of difiiculty arises ; for, on turning to the Census Report, those districts are in no way recognised. Precisely the same want in unity of plan is to be regretted in respect to the town districts of England, the districts of Census Commissioners constantly differing from those adopted by the Registrar General. Were these difficulties overcome, it would then be easy to determine the difference of mortality in various districts, in precisely the same manner that the difference of mortality in male and female life has been found in the preceding Table. Another inquiry at least would however still remain, before it could be decided to what extent the difference of mortality was owing to the simple influence or peculiarity of locality itself. At present it is right to assume, that either employment or occupation — condition in IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 11 life, or rank in society— poverty or riches— has as direct an influence on the duration of life, as peculiarity of locality or habitation ; for the effect of neither one nor the other of the presumed influencing causes has yet been correctly defined. The truth of this assumption may appear more evident thus : — Suppose that the town of Liverpool were compared with some purely agricultural district, and that a much higher rate of mortality was found to prevail in the former; it would be no more right to assign this result wholly, or indeed any given portion of it, to the badly-conditioned streets and ill-planned houses of Liverpool, than to any other of the supposed causes. In order to determine the simple influence of locality, like classes in the respective districts must be compared. In a comparison of districts A and B, if it so happened that in A two elements c and d were found to influence the value of life, while in B one only of those elements existed, the grounds of comparison would evidently be fallacious. Now this is precisely a parallel case to the state of things which exists in comparisons that have frequently been made between the manufacturing towns and the rural districts of England, and between one manufacturing town and another. Causes influencing the duration of life, independent of locality itself, frequently exist in the one, and not in the other; by overlooking which, observers are often led to assign excessive mortality to imaginary causes. If simple elements were compared, errors of this kind would be avoided. Keeping this in view, and referring to the preceding case, let c be supposed to represent comfort, and d distress. If, comparing comfort in district A with comfort in district B, a greater mortality were found to prevail in the former than in the latter, it would then be right to assume that the remaining elements — ill-ventilated houses, badly- drained streets, and the like — in district A, were not so favourable to life as in district B ; but it would have been wrong to draw such a conclusion, had Comfort and Distress in the one district been compared with Comfort only in the other. It is evident that, in a comparison of the general mortality of any one place with that of another, such errors could not be avoided. It may happen that the prevalence of a particular kind of employment or occupation in the one, which is not common to the other district — but which employment is of an unhealthy nature, or perhaps subject to great fluctuations in prosperity, or probably both combined — may produce an excessive mortality, the cause of which may be attributed to badly-planned dwellings, instead of to poverty and its train of direful consequences. If it were possible to compare any one class in a given district with the same class under exactly similar circumstances in another district, the only distinction being the difference of district or locality, then it is plain that the influence of locality, if any, would manifest itself. Again, if different classes of persons in the same locality were compared — for example, those following different employments — the only distinction being difference of employment, then the force of that element, if any, on the duration of life would appear. In the present paper it is proposed to enter into this question, and to shew if possible 12 DURATION OF LIFE the influence of locality in the manner just described. The effect of employment on health will be treated of, on the present occasion, so far only as may be necessary to solve the question of locality. About the time of the first edition of this paper going to press, the following correspondence took place with the Eegistrar-General on a kindred subject to that of the preceding seven paragraphs : — General Eegistee Office, 26th February/, 1845. Sm, I fear you may think that I am taking a great liberty in thus intruding upon you ; but I hope that you will excuse the trouble I am giving you, when you consider that it is for a public object of very considerable importance. It has been lately suggested to Her Majesty's Government, that more extended abstracts should be annually laid before Parliament relative to the births, deaths, and marriages registered in accordance with 6th and 7th William IV., c. 86 ; and I have received instructions to make a Eeport upon the subject to the Secretary of State for the Home Department. My object in now troubling you, is to request you to turn your attention to this subject, and to favour me with any suggestions that may occur to you with a view to improvement, feeling assured, from your intimate acquaintance with these matters, that I shall not fail to derive assistance from the recommendations with which you may be pleased to favour me. For the forms in which the particulars are recorded of each birth, death, and marriage, I beg to refer you to Schedules A, B, and 0, in the Act of Parliament above alluded to ; and in my Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Annual Eeports will be found the abstracts hitherto made and presented to Parliament. I want information as to the improvements of which the abstracts are, in your opinion, susceptible, as framed from the entries in the Eegister Books now established by law, in combination with the returns of the population published in the Eeports of the Census' Commissioners ; and I wish to know what improvements, without involving any very large additional expenditure, you recommend for immediate adoption, as most urgently required. I will not upon this occasion ask for your aid and advice with respect to alterations, which you may, perhaps, be disposed to recommend, regarding the forms in which the particulars in the original entries should be registered ; nor with respect to original alterations which you may consider it advisable to introduce into any future Act of Parliament amending the present Eegistration Act ; nor will I now allude to improvements which you may suggest relative to the particulars which it may be desirable to record in the next census of 1851, — if you will permit me to do so, I will, in another communication, advert to that subject. At present, I wish for your opinion as to the abstracts which it is most important should be annually given to the public, framed from the returns as at present made. I have the honour to be. Sir, Yoiu: faithful Servant, F. G. P. Neison, Esq., GEOEGE GEAHAM, Medical, dc. Assurance Office, Ee^fistrar-Qeneral. S5, Pall Mall. IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 13 25, Pall Mall, 22nd March, 1845. Sir, In reply to your letter of the 26 th ultimo, I beg to suggest a few alterations, which appear to me calculated to improve your Annual Keports as. documents of public utility and importance. In the registration of the " Causes of Death," an improvement would be effected by giving the age at death under each particular disease. This has already been done, to a limited extent, in your Third and Fourth Eeports. To determine the value of life in various parts of the county, or in the country generally, it is essential to ascertain the ages at death, and when the progress or extent of any disease is inquired into, it is equally necessary to know the particular terms of life affected by that disease. In some parts of the country, Devon, Suffolk and Norfolk, for example, the population above 60 years of age is about 9 per cent, of the whole ; but in Liverpool, Manchester, and ShefBeld, the population alive above the same age is about 4-5 per cent., or one-half of the other; — it is therefore plain that apoplexy, or other diseases peculiar to old age, should have a higher ratio to the whole deaths in the former than in the latter, and this would be so, although the ratio of deaths in this disease to the population at given ages were the same ; but at the present moment the Medical Inquirer cannot satisfy himself on this point, as the ages at death are not given. Again, in the district of St. George's, Hanover Square, 36 per cent, of the population is between 15 and 30 years of age; but in Bethnal Green, 26 per cent, only is alive between those ages; — 'it is therefore evident that the deaths from consumption and other diseases prevalent at that term of life should also be in the same ratio, but if found in a different ratio there should be some means to account for the greater prevalence of the disease in one place than the other ; however, as the ages under the head " Cause of Death " are not specified, it is at present impossible to carry out such an inquiry. It will also be found that, between the ages of 20 — 40, the ratio of the population in the Metropolis to its whole population exceeds that of the County of Hereford by 32 per cent. ; and provided that the ratio of the married population and of births were the same in both districts, the still births and deaths in childbirth should also shew an excess of 32 per cent, on the whole population. For all exact inquiries into the sanitary condition of various districts, as well as for the purposes of Medical science, the proposed change is highly important. It is not enough for Medical Statistics to know that a certain number of deaths has taken place from any given disease, the ages at death must also be known, and it will then be seen at what periods of life particular diseases are most destructive. A clear exhibition of the facts under this aspect would point out the fluctuations and progress of disease, and afford means of applying effective remedial measures. These remarks apply with particular force to the prevalence of epidemics. A reference to the Mortality Bills of Glasgow will shew that within the last 10 years the mortality in mature life in one year has sometimes differed by 125 per cent, from that of another. The advantage of being able to point out the particular diseases producing this most remarkable distinction at given terms of life is evident. So also in England and Wales would the same kind of information be valuable ; in fact, unless the ages at death be given, I can see no important use to be made of the simple registrations of the total deaths under a given disease. There is another improvement coming within the scope of the Registration Act that would be of great advantage in determining the sanitary condition of various districts, and which would at the same time furnish an important element in the remedial Medical measures already alluded to. That is, to specify the particular employment, as well as the " cause of death ; " — to Medical science the advantage of this E 14 DURATION OF LIFE information is obvious. The age and cause of death viewed in connection with the peculiarity of employment would often lead to important results ; and it may be easily shewn that no satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at, in inquiries into the state of the public health, unless the influence of employment be taken into consideration. I have found by an investigation, the results of which are now in the press with a view to publication, that the mortality of some trades at particular ages is from 30 to 40 per cent, above that of others, and it is therefore evident that if any particular town or locality had a preponderance of the unhealthy trades to the exclusion of the more healthy, such circumstance would account for an increased rate of mortality, independent of any peculiar local influence on the duration of life. The alterations suggested would, in this respect, be highly advantageous to the country in affording the means to determine the causes of the increased mortality of various districts, and lead to the removal of the particular conditions which render some trades so much more fatal to life than others. There is but one other change of any importance which I shall venture to suggest, and that will complete the principal combinations which Schedule B., in the Eegistration Act, admits of. When the deaths are given for each month, or other division of time, during the year, not only the sex, as in all other cases, but also the age, employment or trade, and cause of death, should be specified for that period of time. This to some may seem of secondary value, but a reference to your own Eeports will be a sufficient reply. If the gross number of deaths, in any particular period or season of the year, be given, as at present, in order to determine the influence of climate on the public health, that question is not half answered unless it be also known at what ages the destruction of life has taken place, and what diseases have been the more immediate cause of death. It appears to me, that with less information than would be given by the improvements suggested, little practical advantage can result from the Eegistration Act. These improvements are also quite within the spirit, in fact, in the direct terms, of the Act. Place, date, sex, age, employment, and cause of death, are the six facts required, under Schedule B., to be registered of every death, and I have often regretted that the Country had not all the advantages which the Eegistration Act thus seems intended to convey, and which would be given by a proper exposition of those six facts. Any minor combinations or arrangements, that might be of interest or public utility, it is unnecessary to allude to, deeming it of primary importance to have all the elementary facts, in the first place, abstracted, leaving to individual inquirers complicated combinations, when the means to satisfy more immediate and important questions are provided. I do not think it Jiecessary to say anything in respect of Schedules A. and C. The collateral arrangements which should follow the changes now suggested in Schedule B. will be easily afiected. From your letter it does not clearly appear whether I should suggest anything in reference to the enumeration of the population. In your own Eeports, the necessity which exists to ascertain the population, at each time of life, in any district, before any useful results can be derived from the registration of deaths, has been clearly illustrated. I therefore think it not out of place to state that, ■among those giving attention to Vital Statistics, I have repeatedly heard it much complained of that the Eeport of the Census Commissioners, and your own Eeports, should have been compiled with so little regard to each other. It appears to me that no two things should have been more intimately related in design and classification. If, at this moment, it were required to determine the comparative value of life in any two counties in England, or any two towns in England, there exists no means of accomplishing it. Eor if the population of any particular place is obtained from the Eeport of the Census Commissioners, IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 15 vice the deaths, in your own Report, will he found for quite a different arrangement of districts, and versd. It would, therefore, he of great public value if means were adopted to remedy this evil, and to render the districts, in some way or other, coterminous, or at least to ohtain the enumeration of the population, at each term of life, in your own districts, for the period of the last census, and to arrange for the same being done at the next oenus in 1851. The reasons that have been given for the necessity of distinguishing the age at death do equally apply to the enumeration of the population. If the gross population, without distinction of age, were therefore given for each of your districts, that would not answer the purposes contemplated. The sanitary condition of various districts engages, at the present time, much of the public attention, and it is important that your Eeports should afford the means of testing the opinions which many individual inquirers have so readily advanced on limited data and insufficient evidence. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your most obedient Servant, F. G. P. NEISON. To The Eegisteae-General. It will be found, on referring to the census of 1851, that the improvements suggested have been to a great extent carried out, and, with great judgment, the responsibility of so difficult and arduous an undertaking was entrusted to the Eegistrar-General and his two eminent and distinguished assistants, Dr. Farr and Mr. Horace Mann. The result of their labours is the most complete and valuable census ever known in this or any other country. It is, however, to be regretted that the occupations of the population with distinction of age for quinquennial periods has not been given in the published Eeports for smaller communities than " Registration Counties." The population was so abstracted as to shew the occupations of males and females at quinquennial ages in each of the 624 districts of the country, and the sheets are preserved for future use and reference : the publication of the tables would have involved so large an amount of printing that it was not thought right to increase the bulk of the census' publications, which in their present compressed form, extend over four large closely printed folio volumes. For the solution of many of the questions alluded to in the preceding letter, " Registration Counties " are too often so extensive, and contain a population of so diversified occupations, as to render the information as now given of but little value in its application to minor districts included within the major division. For example, the West Riding of Yorkshire, containing a population of 1,340,051, includes the ftnportant towns of Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, and Wakefield, with populations varying from 172,270 in the former to 22,057 in the latter ; and the East Riding of the same County, having a population of 254,352, includes the Borough of Hull and the City of York — the former with a population of 84,690, the latter with a population of 36,303 — two places very dissimilar in the occupations of the inhabitants. lu like manner, Lancashire, with a population of 2,067,301, includes Manchester and Salford with a population of 401,321 16 DUEATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. and Liverpool with a population of 375,955 — the former containing 48,344 persons recorded as engaged in " cotton manufacture," and the latter only 1048 ; so also will it be found that the number described as " seamen, pilots, and others connected with sea " navigation," is 17,898 in the latter, and no more than 163 in the former. It is hence obvious that the distinction of ages, as given for quinquennial terms of life in connection with the occupations of the people for the " Registration Counties," cannot be available for such smaller districts as those just pointed out. This is very much to be lamented, for it is to the great commercial and manufacturing places that the uses above all others of such improvements in the enumeration of the population are particularly applicable and important. At the same time it may be remarked that, as in the census of 1841, the ages were not distinguished for the different occupations ; and as the schedules of that enumeration were not re-abstracted by those entrusted with the recent census to admit a comparison of their results with those of 1851, the figures distinguishing the ages of those engaged in different occupations at the latter date will be of little use until the period of next census, when it is to be hoped that the Commissioners then to be appointed will, notwithstanding the additional expense and increased bulk of publication, be enabled to give the country the same kind of information now furnished in respect to " Registration Counties," not only for the " Registration Districts," but for the " Sub-Districts " also. The records preserved in connection with the census of 1851 are not, in their present unpublished condition, available to the public, and seeing the country has already incurred the expense of analysing the various Schedules, the additional cost of printing should not prevent the results from being placed at the disposal of every inquirer into questions which are so important to the national interest. In regard to the suggestions made in the preceding letter on the subject of the registration of deaths, those familiar with the Reports of the Registrar-General will be aware that they are year after year being gradually carried out, and that the mortuary records of England and Wales are even at the present time by far the most complete, precise, and important in the world. On the appearance of the Registrar's next Annual Report it will be found to distinguish for several districts of the country the ages at death, the immediate causes, and the occupations followed by the different persons. If such should be done for each District, and if possible for each sub-District also, for every year from the date of last census until the next in 186J, and the improvements in the census itself likewise persevered in, the country will then be put in possession of a body of information of the utmost value, more correct and definite views cannot fail to be disclosed on the nature and extent of the causes which affect the sanitary conditions of great masses of our population, the health and longevity of the people must be speedily improved, and consequently the prosperity, happiness, and moral elevation of all classes advanced and promoted. DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. The data to which this part of the inquiry belongs have been derived from two sources. One portion — that relating to the Friendly Societies in England — has been obtained through the kindness of Mr. J. Tidd Pratt ; and consists of the Quinquennial Returns for 1836-1840, made under the Friendly Societies Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 56. § 34, as amended by 4 & 5 Wm. IV. c. 40. § 6. And an inspection of the form of schedule given under that Act will shew the nature and extent of the information which can be derived from this source. It was considered that Eeturns from the Friendly Societies in Scotland would form a valuable contribution to Vital Statistics, and at the same time be interesting to compare with the results obtained from English Societies ; especially as Mr. Ansell's valuable work had given rise to many curious conjectures on the comparative amount of Sickness in the two countries ; the inquiry made by the Highland Society having exhibited a less degree of sickness among the Scotch Societies, than the results of Mr. Ansell's investigation shewed to be prevalent in Societies in England. Accordingly, in 1840, a number of blank schedules were sent to nearly every parish minister in Scotland, with a note requesting him to use his influence with the neighbouring Friendly Societies, to induce them to furnish the information required ; but the attempt to procure data in this manner proved an almost complete failure. In 1843 another attempt was made, but on this occasion prizes were offered to those making the best and most complete returns ; which had the desired effect of procuring a series of schedules filled up evidently with much care ; and although very elaborate, the nicest attention seemed to be given to the minutest detail. These constitute the second source from which the data just referred to are derived. On the various Schedules on which the elementary facts of the inquiry were written being procured from the different Societies, they were, in order to award the prizes, submitted to the individual scrutiny of Mr. Farr, of the Registrar-General's Office ; Mr. Fletcher, Honorary Secretary to the Statistical Society ; Dr. Guy, of King's College ; and Mr. Phillips, of the Westminster Hospital. Every Schedule to which the least suspicion attached, or on which any of the elementary facts were deficient, were immediately rejected, and nothing but the most satisfactory records were admitted as a portion of the general data. As it is proposed to enter into a few points only of the inquiry, in this paper, a form of the Schedule is given, that an idea may be formed of the extent of the information obtained, as well as the combinations of which the varied character of the data is susceptible. 18 DURATION OF LIFE Society, Established in the Year in the Town of_ County of_ MEMBEES. Date of Birth. Date of Adraiasion into the Society. ■3 5 Date of hecoming a Free iVIember. The whole amount of time to which ^^" DEATH. Date atwhich the Member ceased to belong to the Society : whether from arrears of Contributions, from Expulsion, or from any otiier cause except Death. j "Kame. Occwpation or Tvade. to Aliment, including Bed-lying, WaUting-about and every other description of Aliment : dui-ing the Ycare— been entitled to Walking-about Pay only ; during the Years— Date of A^eat Disease or Cause of 1831 &c. &0. 1842 1831 &c. &c. 1842 Bi ^ 1 1 i 1 s 1 ■i 1 1 1 J 1 i n 1 fl 1. When any particular case of Sickness may have commenced in one year, and continued to the following year, care must be taken to ascribe the j quantity of Sickness to each year. 'i. Every Member's name, or initials, must be entered in the Schedule, whether he may have received aliment at any time or not. 3. In filling up the columns of Sickness, Sundays are meant to be included. If it should be more convenient to exclude them, please to state tha have done so. 4. If the Member's correct date of birth, and also his age at admission into the Society, be known, it will be entered as such; if not, his pr age, his age at death or at expulsion, as the case may be, must be guessed at or approximated to by the person who fills up the Schedule, and by any other person who may know the Member in question, and inserted in the column headed " Eemarks." The age on the preceding birthday shoii taken, if not otherwise expressed. 0. If it be the practice of the Society to distinguish, between Bed-lying and Walking- about Pay, care 'must be taken to fill up the respi columns. (i. The column of Deaths, as well as the column of Members who have been expelled, or who have left the Society, must be filled up with much care 7. Should it be inconvenient or impossible to furnish the information for any particular column, or columns, it is hoped that the remaining ones w filled up with as much accuracy as possible. 8. If it should happen that the information given respecting any particulai' Member stands in need of any explanation, such is to be given ii column headed " Eemarks." 9. If the columns for the whole period of twelve years cannot be filled up, please to fill up as many as possible. 10. It will also be important to have an Abstract of the Society's Income and Expenditure filled up in the annexed Form. IL A copy of the Society's Printed Eules or Eegulations will be useful ; and if such cannot be forwarded, then a vpritten abstract of the tern Contribution from Members, and of the benefits or aliments afforded them ; with any other information of a useful nature relating to the Society. 12. A copy of the return of Sickness and Mortality sent to the Barrister or Advocate appointed to certify the Eules of Friendly Societies, would be desirable. 13. Insert, in the column headed " Eemai'ks," how many times the Member may have been sick during the period referred to in the adjo columns; for example, a Member may have experienced, in any one or more years, twenty weeks of sickness, which may have been all one attack of ill or it may represent three or four different attacks of illness ; and the number of attacks is to be stated, which can always be done by referring to the Soc books, and seeing the number of applications he has made for sick allowance. M. It is also to be kept in view, that when a Member's death is recorded, it should be stated in the columns headed " Disease or Cause of," for- period he was ill in the attack of sickness immediately preceding his death. Abstract of the Society s Income and Expenditure. Date of balancing in the reapective veara. Amount of Income during the preceding year, from Amount of Expenditure during the preceding year, on account of Amount of Stock in hand at each period of balancing. Contributions not including Arrears. Interest of Stock and other Sources. Aliment in SicknesB. Funeral and other expenses- 1831 &c. &c. 1842 Number of Members in the Society on the_ day of_ 1831_ _ &c. _ _ &c. _ 1842 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 19 The data were subsequently abstracted on sheets similar to the following, and the results of every Society were kept separate from those of every other. The results of every particular trade or employment were also kept distinct from those of every other occupation. Schedule on which the Original Facts were Abstracted. — Occupation. No. 10 11 &c. &c. &c. &c. 99 ]00 Remarks. o Sicknesa. s a Sicknesa. n O SicknesB. 1 i Sickness 1 P c3 Sickness. 1 p s Sickness. R 1 Sickness. Q 1 Sickness. p 1 1 1 1 ^ 1- ^ 1 iA % 1 1 i f^ $ B 1 1 1 By this arrangement a means was afforded to measure the precise amount of Sickness and Mortality experienced by any particular Society, the ratio due to each year of life, and also how far its affairs were influenced by the particular trades and occupations of its Members. All the Societies having been abstracted in this way, the results were afterwards combined in the following manner : — The Societies belonging to the Eural Districts were placed in one group. The Societies belonging to Town Districts were placed in another group. And a third group was formed from those Societies established in the great Towns or Cities. A list of the places composing the respective groups of Eural Districts, Town Districts, and City Districts, is given in Appendix, Note II. This plan was adopted in preference to a binary arrangement, in order to prevent a purely rural district from being mixed up with some of the smaller towns, and the great city districts with the larger towns. The results of the first group, or Eural Districts, were then combined as follows. The totals of a given trade were placed on one of the Abstract Sheets ; and the totals of the same trade in a second and a third Society, and so forth, were placed next in order on the same sheet, until all the Societies in the Eural Districts of the first county in alphabetical order were exhausted. The sums of those totals were then found, which shewed the amount of sickness and mortality among a certain number of persons at each age and of a given trade in that county. The same trade was carried through the rural districts of every other county in the same manner ; and the totals for each county being added together, shewed the general result for that trade in the whole of the rural districts combined. The same trade was carried through the second group, or Town Districts, and also the third group, or City Districts, in precisely the same manner, so that an opportunity was thus afforded, of viewing the comparative degree of health, in the same occupation or employ- [ment. 20 DUEATION OF LIFE Table E. Trades not Classified. — Rural Districts. — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Eacli Age Total. Per Cent. Eaoli Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 50 50 11-386 11-386 0-2257 10 11 91~| ... 73-572' 11 12 163 ... 180-573 13 13 254 1737 ... 4 0-2302 355-858 1373-861 0-8485 13 14 423 1 403-144 14 15 806 3 463-715 15 16 1443' 10' 1036-573^ 16 17 2348 20 1870-573 ■ 17 18 3826 21408 28 ^ 159 0-7427 3046-143 H 17913-857 0-8367 18 19 5736 42 4921-428 19 20 8055 59 7039-142 30 21 10518' 75° 9135-856° 31 22 13081 96 11065-856 22 23 15232 - 74586 109 - 550 07333 13714-856 62783-994 0-8417 33 24 17150 127 14151-713 34 25 18605 143^ 15715-713 25 26 19836° 153" 17353-713'" 36 27 20791 150 18295-427 27 28 21672 - 107009 154 - 760 0-7103 19914-856 95783-138 0-8950 28 29 32189 152 20343-428 29 30 22521 151 19975-714 30 31 22495° 154" 19281-857° 31 32 22297 150 18901-000 32 33 31840 >■ 110107 153 785 0-7129 18020-142 > 93140-382 0-8459 33 34 21834 159 18192-856 34 35 21641 169 18744-427 35 36 21566° 163° 19461-5701 36 37 21341 169 30218-570 j 37 38 21313 - 103887 163 - 801 0-7710 20797-999 ^ 101701-433 0-9789 38 39 20291 156 20663-999 39 40 19376 150 30559-285 40 41 18299' 150' 19893-570° 41 42 17893 136 19747-141 42 43 16232 - 82763 135 - 693 0-8361 19453-570 ► 97756-993 1-1811 43 44 15769 141 19322-570 44 45 15070 130 19340-142 45 46 14639' 132° 19276-428' 46 47 14006., 140 18744-143 47 48 13455 y 66447 144 - 686 1-0324 17796-571 - 90544-713 1-3626 48 49 12510 132 17345-857 49 50 118371 138 17382-714 50 51 10980 1 133' 17718-857° 51 52 10236 139 17994-428 52 53 9485 y 48361 143 f^ 702 1-4515 18670-714 - 93350-427 1-9303 53 54 9066 8594 J 146 19254-857 54 55 14lJ 19711-57lJ 55 IN VAEIOUS CLASSES. 21 Table E. — (continued.) Trades not Classified. — Eural Districts. — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Eacli Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 8i8n 7768 145' 20169-7]4^ 56 57 142 20457-571 57 58 7382 36326 141 698 1-9215 21510-714 106070-284 2-9199 58 59 6789 139 21979-428 59 60 • 6236 131 21962-857 60 61 5692° 122" 21534-000' 61 62 5121 123 21917-286 62 63 4613 23677 121 596 2-5172 23708-143 124379-429 5-2531 63 64 4286 116 27106-000 64 65 3965 114 30114000 65 66 3694' 117' 33347-285' 66 67 3453 130 35968 142 67 68 3188 - 15781 133 653 4-1378 36220 570 ;. 176695-852 11-1967 68 69 2870 132 35701-142 69 70 2576 141 35458-713 70 71 2248° 138' 34905-571' 71 72 1931 116 38618 857 - 72 73 1666 8602 104 551 6-4054 32508 000 . 160791-141 18-6922 73 74 1472 101 30863-285 74 75 1285 92 28895-428 75 76 1130' 85' 26211-142' 76 77 984 73 23605-142 77 78 855 4203 66 333 7-9229 20783-999 . 100552-281 23-9239 78 79 688 56 16875-856 79 80 546 53 13076142 80 81 428° 43" 10298-856' 81 83 339 42 8185-570 83 83 255 1397 35 168 12-0257 6316 428 ^ 34925-711 25-0008 83 84 208 31 5376-000 84 85 167 17, 4748857 85 86 139' 15' 4094-148' 86 87 106 11 3155 715 87 88 84 435 8 45 10-3448 2415-715 ► 12497-289 28-7294 88 89 62 6 1733-858 89 90 44 5. 1097-858 90 91 28' 2~ 677-001 ' 91 92 21 ... 483-001 92 93 14 - 82 ... y 2 2-4390 274-715 ► 1717-718 20-9477 93 94 11 ... 170-572 94 95 8 112-429 95 96 6' 52-286' 96 97 5 ... 97 98 5 > 25 ... y 52-286 2-0914 98 99 5 ... 99 ]00 4 100 101 3 3 101 706886 8185 1-1579 1372010-965 1-9410 22 DURATION OF LIFE Table E. — (continued.) Trades not Classified.— Town Districts.— -Ma^e*. Age. Population. DEATHS. sickness. Age. At Each Age. In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. Total. Per Cent. Totol. Per Annum. 10 16 18 s 19-000 19-000 1-2666 10 11 48 ~ - 29-867" 11 12 109 61-671 ^13 1 13 206 y 1454 1 ► 4 0-2751 160-571 > 1036-712 0-7130 13 14 403 688 10171 1 270-428 14 15 2 514-285 15 16 7' 727-286' 16 17 1390 8 1070-871 17 18 1826 ^ 9315 8 ' 60 0-8367 1468-671 - 7765-284 0-8336 18 19 2278 13 2041-714 19 20 2804 14 2460-143 20 21 3460' 13 = 3099-489' 21 22 4224 19 3837-000 22 23 5076 . 25473 29 )■ 136 0-5338 4898-286 - 29731-143 0-8907 23 24 5958 33 5290-000 24 25 6755 42 8906-428 25 26 7442° 49' 6300-713' 26 27 8004 53 6524-428 27 28 8422 - 41592 56 286 0-6876 6788-428 34582-425 0-8314 28 29 8720 62 7237-428 29 30 9004 67 7731-428 30 31 9206' 73' 8066-000' 8468-867 31 32 9318 75 32 33 9381 . 46837 79 - 383 0-8177 9080-428 44873-284 0-9516 33 34 9506 80 9288-571 34 35 9427 76 9679-428 35 36 9269' 71' 9938-671' 36 37 9072 81 10061-714 37 38 8815 j. 43221 77 - 385 0-8907 9653-571 ■ 47601-997 1-1013 38 39 8255 78 9144-142 39 40 7810 78 8803-999 40 41 7411° 77' 8981-284' 41 42 7055 66 9543-426 42 43 6710 34220 73 - 364 1-0637 10186-426 51863-133 1-8186 43 44 6688 74 11242-141 44 45 6456 74 11909-856 46 46 6279' 81' 12552-428' 13032-857 46 47 6058 89 47 48 6840 . 28781 83 - 416 1-4419 13391-857 66420-570 2-3077 48 49 5504 79 13637-714 49 60 5100 83 13806-714 50 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 23 Table E. — {continued.) Trades not Classified.— Town Districts.— il4a/e5. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At Each Age. In Periods. Each Age Peiiods. Each Age . Total. Per Cent. Total. Per Anuum. 51 4704" 78- 13249-571^ 51 S3 4341 74 12216-285 53 53 54 3998 3748 > 20318 75 80 > 387 1-9047 11786-857 11240-000 59499-141 2-9283 63 54 55 3537 80 11007-428 55 56 3386' 88° 11096-428' 66 57 3035 85 11361-285 67 58 2717 - 13341 82 - 392 3-9388 10744-856 ;^| 51563-851 3-8660 58 59 2335 73 9769-141 69 60 1978 64 8593-141 60 61 1699' 53° 7815-57^° 61 62 1462 56 7773-438 (■i2 63 1268 6673 51 } 252 3-7764 8158-438 43278-569 6-4856 63 64 1163 46 9176-143 64 65 1081 J 46 10356-000 34900-569 19-0713 73 74 315 33 6746-000 74 76 281 38 6881-428 7 5 76 347° 26° 6716-571° 70 , 77 307 22 6218-428 77 78 170 . 898 17 > 89 9-9109 5596-142 > 3^221-140 31-4206 78 79 146 14 5088-142 7 80 128 10 4601-857 so 81 113° 11° 3899-714° 81 82 101 12 3487-000 83 83 89 . 439 11 \ 55 13-3' 0033-575 48-0909 >-<8 89 18 5 754-715 HO 90 11 3 4(;8-o73 90 91 6" 3 ■ 2' 256-439" 93-386/ 91 92 8 1 5 3 37-5000 349-715 43-7143 93 i 378403 3620 1-3003 566412-390 2-0309 24 DURATION OF LIFE Table E. — (continued.) Trades not Classified.— City Districts. — Males. Age." Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age. Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 10 11 11 19 19 13 .*• / 10 ... ... ... ... ... 13 14 3 14 15 7 15 16 19 = ■ • • 16 17 93 ... 17 18 56 443 ... ... 10-000 . 153-000 0-3453 18 19 113 36-143 19 90 939 106-857 20 91 450° 1" 344-571" 91 99 798 6 615-999 99 93 1S36 6684 7 44 0-6689 975-985 > 5904-709 0-8968 93 94 1798 14 1790-570 24 95 9409 17 9948-984 25 96 3047' 99" 9901-497' 96 97 3717 99 8790-718' 97 38 4395 - 91640 40 196 0-9057 4670-141 . 93100-565 1-0674 98 99 4979 47 5890-713 29 30 5509 58 • 6417-571 80' 31 5903° 69" 6851-498" 81 39 6130 67 7087-000 89 33 6948 81086 64 > 330 1-0615 7918-000 > 36180-985 1-1638 38 34 6380 69 7381-986 84 35 649S 78 7649-571 35 36 6381" 80" 8079-857" 36 87 6971 81 8109-571 37 38 6146 30333 78 \ 883 1-9696 8908-714 . 40876-285 1-3475 88 39 5878 74 8962-714 89 40 5657 70 8999-499 40 41 5478" 76" 8144-857" 41 49 5399 84 8645-498 49 43 5097 95498 84^ 409 1-6084 8654-857 - 41823-497 1-6447 43 44 4907 85 8366-857 44 45 4617 80 8011-498 45 46 4419" 79" 7991-428" 46 47 4006 74 7759-428 47 48 3758 . 18857 66 > 389 1-7606 7696-285 - 88996-425 9-0642 48 49 8475 59 7779-142 49 60 8199 54 7707-142 50 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 25 Table E. — (continued.) Trades not Classified. — City Districts. — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age. Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 51 29661 54 7567-428~ 51 52 2792 7303-285 52 53 .2460 12452 57 } 275 2-2084 7047-999 35632-710 2-8616 53 54 2247 58 6968-999 64 55 2057 53 6774-999 65 56 1847' 43' 6308-571' 56 67 1663 39 6149-571 57 58 1494 - 7459 32 181 2-4266 6051-428 - 99588-140 3-9667 58 59 i812 30 5772-285 69 60 1143 37 5306-285 60 61 1004' 37' 5017-570' 61 62 869 34 4477-570 62 63 743 - 3823 31 152 3-9759 3938-713 - 90236-566 5-2933 63 64 644 29 3471-866 64 65 563 21 3330-866 65 66 490' 19' 3042-142' 66 67 447 23 2789-142 67 68 410 > 2027 26 112 5-5254 2736-142 13813-710 6-8148 68 69 364 33 2645-142 69 70 316 21 2601-142 70 71 278' 22' 2716-428' 71 72 230 17 9890-143 72 73 183 988 13 ;. 76 7-6923 2891-286 14604-286 14-6804 73 74 157 12 2885-499 74 75 140 12 3191-000 76 76 123' 10' 3461-857' 76 77 116 10 3823-428 77 78 111 } 525 12 . 57 10-8571 3913-714 17821-427 33-9455 78 79 97 13 3660-428 79 80 78 12 2962-000 80 81 59- 10' 2225-000' 81 82 40 8 1466-986 82 83 28 . 166 5 . 29 17-4698 1037-000 > 6158-286 37-0981 83 84 21 3 749-000 84 85 18 3 688-000 85 86 14' 3' 550-000' 86 87 10 2 372-000 87 88 6 !► 34 2 > 9 26-4705 216-000 1268-000 37-0000 88 89 3 1 1 112-000 89 90 1, 8-000 _ 90 161955 2585 1-5971 325977-820 2-0140 26 DURATION OF LIFE Table E. — (continued,) Trades not Classified.— Rural, Town, and City Districts.— Jfa/e*. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. ^ Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 65 65 30-986 30-986 0-4659 10 11 139~ • •t 109-499" 11 13 373 949-143 12 13 460 3901 "i 8 0-9499 416-499 9410-573 0-7630 13 14 899 9 672-572 14 15 1601 5 977-000 16 16 9479' 17' 1763-857' 16 17 3761 98 2941-143 17 18 5708 - 31166 36 ^ 909 0-6706 4591-714 . 95839-141 0-8988 18 19 8197 56 6999-985 19 30 11098 73 9606-142 90 91 14498" 89' 12579-866' 21 92 18103 120 15618-866 22 93 31644 106743 145 - 730 0-6838 18288-497. 91419-860 0-8564 23 34 94906 174 91169-984 24 35 97769 909 93870-497 25 36 30395' 994' 96454-856' 26 37 33513 232 98640-570 97 98 34489 ^ 170941 949 - 1942 0-7995 31373-498 153465139 0-9014 98 29 35881 961 39971-571 99 30 37034 976 34194-714 30 31 37603' 289' 34199-986' 31 32 37746 989 34446-8o7 39 33 37469 - 188030 996 1498 0-7966 34318-571 . 173893-855 0-9348 33 34 37790 308 34863-714 34 35 37493 323 36066-438 35 36 37916' 314' 37473-000' 36 37 36684 331 38382-857 37 38 36974 - 177441 318 1569 0-8786 38660-285 - 190179-711 1-0718 38 39 34494 308 38070-856 39 40 39843 998 37599-713 40 41 31188' 303' 37019-713' 41 42 99777 286 37935-998 49 43 98039 . 149411 393 . 1466 1-0987 38294-856 . 191443-667 1-3443 43 44 97264 300 38931-571 44 45 96143 984 39261-429 45 46 25337' 392' 39819-286' 46 47 94070 23053 ^ 303 39599-499 47 . 48 114085 993 > 1433 1-9571 38884-714 - 196891-714 1-7185 48 49 91489 270 38769-714 49 50 90136 975 38895-571 50 51 18650' 964' 38535-856' 61 59 17999 967 37519-999 52 63 15943 - 81131 275 - 1364 1-6812 37506-671 > 188489-281 9-3931 63 ■ 54 16061 984 37463-856 64 55 14178 974 37463-999 65 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 27 Table E. — (continued.) Trades not Classified. — Rural, Town, and City Districts. — Males. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods, At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age. Total. Per Cent Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 13984" 276" 37564-714' 56 57 19456 266 37968-498 57 58 11593 . 57196 255 1971 9-9949 38306-999 187222-283 3-2773 58 *59 10436 242 37590-857 *■ 69 60 9357 232 36861-285 60 61 8395' 919° 34367-149° 61 69 7452 213 34167-285 62 63 6694 34173 903 1000 2-9969 35805-285 187894-567 5-4983 63 64 6093 191 39753-999 64 65 5609 181 43800-856 65 66 6169' 181° 47B58-999° 66 67 4767 188 49621-671 67 68 4380 91655 197 979 4-4886 49702-867 240976-141 11-1979 68 69 3899 198 47978-714 69 70 3447 908 46314-000 70 71 9996' 901° 45195-286° 71 72 9671 175 43679-143 72 73 2203 11490 156 - 810 7-0928 41968-999 310196-995 18-4059 73 74 1944 146 40494-713 74 75 1706 139 38967-886 75 76 1500° 121° 36389-671° 76 77 1307 105 33646-999 77 78 1136 5696 95 - 479 8-5140 30993-866 146594-853 26-0566 78 79 931 83 95624-428 79 80 769 76 20639-999 80 81 599' 641 16423-570° 81 89 480 62 13138-856 82 83 379 2009 51 > 969 12-5874 10460-428 66589-711 28-9665 83 84 306 44 8838-671 84 85 946 31 7728-286 86 86 201° 27° 6654-715' 86 87 152 19 5188-499 87 88 117 609 16 83 13-6289 3830-714 19788-857 32-4940 88 89 83 19 3600-571 89 ' 90 56 9 1574-438 90 91 34' 4° 933-438' 91 93 93' 1 576-286 99 93 14 90 6-5555 274-715 2067-430 22-9714 93 94 11 ■ •* 170-672 94 95 8 • * • 112-429 95 96 6" 52-986° 96 97 5 ... 97 98 5 . 26 ... ? 62-286 2-0914 98 99 6 ... 99 100 4 ... 100 101 3 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 101 1147943 14390 1-2644 9264431-940 1-9740 28 DUEATION OF LIFE ment, in the three districts referred to. Those three districts were next combined, to give the general results for that trade without regard to locality. A second trade was taken up in the like manner, and carried through precisely the same steps, and so also were other trades until all were exhausted. The totals of the various trades in the Rural Districts were then combined, giving the general results for that district without regard to occupa- tion, and so on with each of the other districts ; and the combination of these last three gave of course the general results, without regard to either trade or locality. All the possible combinations of those elements of the data being thus made, the next step was to exhibit the results in a convenient form, from which to make useful deductions. Tables were therefore formed, shewing the total number of persons, at every year of life over which the observations extend — the number of deaths among them yearly — and the amount of sickness yearly, expressed in weeks and decimals of a week. In the same Tables are also given the same facts for quinquennial periods of life, also the rate of mortality per cent., and the average amount of sickness per annum to each person. As these observations extend over upwards of 400 different trades or occupations, the examination of each under the varied combinations described, would involve the considera- tion of so immense a number of Tables, as would evidently perplex the present inquiry. Such only will therefore be brought forward as seem to bear distinctly on the more imme- diate question, What is the influence of Locality on Health and on the Duration of Life 1 Table E, one of the class just referred to, will be useful in pointing out the distinction in the rates of Mortality in quinquennial periods of life, between the Male Population in the Rural, Town and City Districts, and for minute purposes of detail will no doubt afford many interesting illustrations ; but on the present occasion a more extended and general view of the results is necessary, and an inspection of Table F will therefore be of more importance. This Table is formed from Table E, in precisely the same manner that Table C was formed from Table B. On inspection of the results under the head "Rural Districts," it will be seen that the highest Specific Intensity is attained at the youngest ages in the Table, and that it decreases up to Age 20, from which Age up to 31 it increases, and then decreases gradually till near the extreme of life. A comparison of the Specific Intensity as given in this Table, with the general result for the Male Population in England and Wales as set forth in Table C, will shew a higher intensity of life through the whole range of the Table, maintaining at the same time a very remarkable parallelism. It will be seen that the Specific Intensity At Age 20 in Table C is as high as at Age 39 in Table F (Rural Districts) ... 30 ... ... 47 ... 40 ... ... 60 ... 50 ... ... 55 .. 60 ... ... 63 ... TO ... ... 71 [An approximating IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 29 Table F. Trades not Classified. — Edral Districts. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 ■230 43i-783 66 69171 1199 1^784 57-676 11 99770 299 •230 434-783 57 67979 1946 1^838 54-555 19 99641 949 •250 400-000 58 66726 1998 1^937 51-626 13 99292 289 •291 343-643 59 65433 1339 2-046 48-876 14 99003 349 •353 283-986 60 64094 1884 9-160 46-296 16 98654 429 •435 929-886 61 62710 1499 2-979 48-879 16 98295 597 •637 186^919 62 61281 1496 9-439 41-004 17 97698 606 •619 161-651 63 59786 1578 9-640 87-879 18 97093 660 •680 147^059 64 68908 1678 9-882 34-698 19 96433 694 •720 138-890 65 56530 1789 8-165 31-596 20 95739 708 •739 135-818 66 64741 1910 3-489 98-661 91 95031 700 •737 185-685 67 52831 9098 3-839 26-048 29 94331 692 •734 136-940 68 50803 9141 4^915 28-725 93 93639 686 •731 136-799 69 48669 2246 4-616 91-664 94 99954 676 •797 187-669 70 46416 2341 5-044 19-826 25 99978 667 ■793 138-318 71 44076 2428 5-498 18-188 26 91611 669 •719 139-082 72 41669 2466 5-921 16-889 97 90952 660 •716 139-860 73 39186 2474 6-314 15-§88 98 90309 643 •712 140-449 74 36719 9459 6-678 14-974 99 89659 637 •711 140-647 76 84960 9402 7-012 14-261 30 89099 633 •711 140-647 76 31858 9330 7-315 18-670 31 88389 698 ■711 140-647 77 29598 2283 7-730 19-936 32 87761 627 •714 140-066 78 97945 2950 8-257 19-111 33 87134 696 ■719 139^089 79 94995 2298 8-894 11-943 34 86508 698 ••796 137^741 80 99779 9196 9-644 10-869 35 85880 639 •736 135-870 81 90576 9163 10-464 9-660 36 85948 637 •747 133-869 82 18493 9036 11-045 9-057 37 84611 649 •759 131-752 83 16888 1866 11-887 8-T79 88 83969 648 ■772 199-534 84 14599 1669 11-490 8-703 39 83391 653 ■784 197-551 86 19858 1459 11-863 8-810 40 89668 659 •797 196-470 86 11394 1956 11-017 9-074 41 89009 664 •810 123-467 87 10139 1197 11-115 9-001 49 81345 674 ■898 120-773 88 9019 1064 11-809 8-467 43 80671 687 •859 117-371 89 7948 1041 13-100 7-633 44 79984 704 •880 113-636 90 6907 1028 14-809 6-759 46 79980 725 •914 109-409 91 6884 1018 17-314 5-777 46 78556 749 •953 104^931 92 4866 989 20-173 4^968 47 77806 779 1^001 99^900 93 3884 919 93-476 4^961 48 77027 816 1^059 94-499 94 2979 891 27-626 3-691 49 76211 857 1^195 88-889 95 9151 706 32-826 8-046 50 75354 904 1^900 83-333 96 1445 566 39-132 2-555 61 74450 956 1-984 - 77-882 97 880 386 47^046 2-125 62 73494 1007 1-370 72-993 98 494 985 57^777 1-731 53 79487 1057 1^468 68^587 99 909 188 66^087 1-514 54 71430 1106 1-648 64^599 100 71 71 86-000 1-176 56 70324 1153 1-640 60^976 30 DURATION OF LIFE Table F. — (continued.) Tkades not Classified. — Towns. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 97S ■975 363^636 86 65688 1667 9^594 39^620 11 99795 274 •975 363^686 67 63981 1742 9^793 36^794 18 99481 283 ■985 880-877 58 69939 1816 9^916 84^294 13 99168 303 •306 326-797 69 60494 1871 3^097 32^289 14 98865 333 ■337 996-736 60 68553 1916 8^278 30^563 15 98532 373 •379 263-882 61 80637 1948 8^440 99^036 16 98159 494 •439 931^481 62 84689 1990 3^639 27^480 17 97735 469 •473 911^416 68 89699 9039 3-868 95^858 18 97273 491 •506 198^090 64 50660 9091 4-198 94-295 19 96789 508 ■625 190-476 66 48669 9146 4-418 92^638 90 96974 515 ■538 186-916 66 46493 2130 4-789 21^101 31 95759 519 •538 186-916 67 44993 9994 5-180 19^30S 29 95247 516 •840 185-185 68 41999 9419- 5-742 17^416 93 94731 593 •652 181-189 69 39687 2644 6-425 16^564 94 94208 538 •571 178^131 70 37048 9678 7-298 13^835 95 93670 557 •595 168^067 71 84368 9801 8-159 19^267 96 93113 583 •626 169^744 79 31564 2805 8-888 11^251 97, 92530 607 •656 159^439 73 28789 2718 9-485 10^599 98 91923 630 •685 145^985 74 26046 9551 9-794 10-210 29 91293 651 •713 140-959 75 93495 2341 9-964 10-036 30 90642 671 •740 138-135 76 21154 2104 9-946 10-084 31 89971 689 •766 130-848 77 19060 1912 10^037 9-960 32 89282 705 •790 196-689 78 17138 1764 10^935 9-775 33 88577 718 ■811 193-305 79 16384 1692 10^549 9^488 34 87859 799 . ^830 120^482 80 13762 1508 10-957 9-194 85 87130 738 ■847 118^064 81 12254 1407 11-481 8-711 36 86399 744 . ■861 116-144 89 10847 1326 12-227 8-176 37 85648 754 ■880 113-636 83 9521 1256 13-196 7-881 38 84894 766 ■902 110-865 84 8966 1189 14-388 6-949 39 84128 782 •999 107-643 85 7076 1118 15-802 6-899 40 83346 800 ■960 104-167 86 6988 1036 17-439 6-734 41 82546 821 •994 100-608 87 4922 966 19-420 5-149 42 81725 847 1^037 96-482 88 3966 864 91-746 4-598 43 80878 880 1^088 91-912 89 3109 757 94-415 4-097 44 79998 918 1^147 87-184 90 9345 643 27-428 3-646 45 79080 959 1^913 89-440 91 1702 824 80-786 3^249 46 78121 1008 1^990 77-519 99 1178 396 33-684 2-978 47 77113 1056 1^369 78-046 93 782 280 86-899 9-791 48 76057 1104 1^459 68-871 94 502 188 37-518 2^665 49 74953 1159 1-837 68-062 95 314 193 39-987 2^645 60 73801 1901 1-697 61-468 96 191 78 40^995 2^439 51 79600 1948 1^719 58-174 97 *-113 49 43^643 9^999 59 71359 1309 r835 54-496 98 64 38 80^913 1^964 53 70043 1382 ^973 50-684 99 31 16 51^307 1-948 64 68«61 1465 2^134 46-860 100 15 16 75^000 1-333 56 67196 1658 3^318 43^141 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 31 Table F. — [continued. ) Trades not Classified. — Cities. — Males. ■ Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 959-595 56 58690 1371 9-8393 49-753 11 99604 395 •3961 959-595 57 57949 1395 9-4361 41-051 19 99309 401 •4038 947-595 58 55854 1445 9-5863 38-669 13 98808 414 •4193 938-664 59 54409 1518 9-7896 35-849 14 98394 435 •4436 935-734 60 59891 1611 3-0463 33^830 15 97959 464 •4736 910-971 61 51980 1731 3-8561 99-797 16 97495 499 •5133 195-313 69 49559 1817 3-6660 97-378 17 96996 545 ■5511 181-488 63 47749 1898 8-9759 95-151 18 96451 569 •5900 169-499 64 45844 1965 4-9858 93-839 19 95883 596 •6319 161-031 65 43879 9017 4-5957 91-768 SO 95386 614 •6446 155-039 66 41869 3054 4-9056 90-883 91 94673 697 •6603 151-519 67 39808 3086 5-9409 19-084 93 94045 637 ■6777 147-493 68 37799 3119 5-5995 17-860 93 93408 651 •6967 143-479 69 35610 3131 5-9839 ]6^714 94 93757 673 •7959 137-931 70 33479 9140 6-3931 15-644 95 99084 703 •7633 131-069 71 31339 9139 6-8355 14-659 96 91181 739 •8107 193-305 79 99900 9131 7-9988 13-701 97 90443 770 •8509 117-509 73 97069 3115 7-8190 13-801 98 89679 793 •8839 113-193 74 94954 9087 8-3651 11-954 99 88879 808 •9095 110-011 75 99867 9049 8-9589 11-163 30 88071 817 •9980 107-759 76 90818 1997 9-5911 10-496 31 87954 837 •9591 104-975 77 18891 1950 10-3690 9-659 39 86417 861 •9961 100-403 78 16871 ■1903 11-9708 8-873 33 85556 889 1^0389 96-346 79 14969 1844 19-3175 8-117 34 84667 991 1^0875 91-996 80 13195 1773 13-6091 7-407 35 88746 956 1^1419 87-564 81 11353 1675 14^8347 0-748 36 89790 979 1-1831 84-609 89 9678 1573 16^3497 6^168 37 81811 1005 1^3381 81-433 83 8106 1439 17-7563 5^631 38 80806 1035 1^9799 78-195 84 6667 1391 19-3654 5^165 39 79771 1067 1-3375 74-794 85 5376 1133 91-0700 4^746 40 78704 1103 1^4009 71-377 86 4943 970 33-8703 4-373 41 77601 1141 1-4700 68-097 87 3978 813 94-7975 4-039 49 76460 1171 1-5314 65-360 88 9461 661 96-8519 3-794 43 75989 1193 1-5851 63-099 89 1800 533 99-0335 3-445 44 74096 1309 1-6310 61-319 90 1277 400 31-3493 3-191 45 73887 1917 1-6699 59-916 91 877 306 33-7789 9-9li0 46 71670 1318 1-6997 58-893 99 581 908 35-8437 9-790 47 70453 1397 1-7419 57-405 93 373 140 37-5389 9-664 ' 48 69995 1943 1-7960 55-679 04 933 91 38-8686 3-573 49 67989 1366 1-8619 53-706 95 149 57 39-8180 3-511 50 66716 1394 1-9397 51-546 96 85 34 40-4090 9-475 51 65499 1338 9-0999 49-985 97 51 33 44-1099 9-967 53 64094 1359 3-1096 47-393 98 39 15 51-1463 1-955 53 69749 1368 9-1808 45-851 99 14 8 51-3067 1-949 54 61374 1377 3-3498 44-583 1-00 6 6 75-0000 1-833 55 59997 1377 9-9956 43-554 32 DURATION OF LIFE Table F. — (continued.) Trades not Classified.— Rural, Town, and City Districts. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 250 ■2499 400-000 56 66509 1835 9-0074 49-825 11 99750 249 •9499 400-000 67 66174 1383 9-1994 47-195 IS 99601 965 •9667 374^632 58 63791 1431 2-2437 44-863 13 99236 298 •3004 883^333 59 62360 1479 2-3714 42-176 14 98938 347 •3508 984^900 60 60881 1526 2-5054 39-920 15 98691 419 •4181 239^234 61 59356 1870 2-6456 37-793 16 98179 493 •5099 199^903 62 57786 1630 9-8208 85-461 17 97686 557 •5701 176-439 63 66156 1701 3-0995 33-014 18 97129 604 •6216 160-771 64 54455 1782 3-2780 30-883 19 96525 634 •6568 159-207 66 62678 1871 8-5611 28-161 20 96891 648 •6758 147-929 66 60802 1963 3-8685 28-887 91 95243 646 •6788 147-493 67 48839 9060 4-2177 28-708 23 04597 646 •6824 146-628 68 46779 2158 4-6185 91-673 23 93951 646 •6876 145-349 69 44621 9954 5-0509 19-798 24 93305 648 •6949 144-099 70 42367 2343 6-5301 18-083 25 92657 650 •7090 149-450 71 40024 2422 6-0510 16-826 96 92007 664 •7119 140-647 79 37609 9453 6-5946 15-336 97 91853 659 •7919 138-696 78 86149 9448 6-9608 14-386 98 90694 664 •7320 186-619 74 39706 2397 7-3296 13-643 29 90080 670 ■7487 134-409 75 30309 9329 7-6612 13-088 30 89360 676 ■7663 132-275 76 97987 2294 7-9455 19-686 31 88684 688 ■7697 199-870 77 95768 2148 8-3368 11-996 39 88001 690 ■7837 127-551 78 23615 2086 8-8899 11-322 33 87311 697 ■7983 126-313 79 21599 9031 9-4847 10-598 34 86614 705 ■8186 129-850 80 19498 1982 10-1433 9-862 86 85909 713 •8294 190-697 81 17616 1919 10-9580 9-194 36 85196 721 •8468 118-903 89 15597 1817 11-6514 8-884 87 84476 781 •8649 115-607 88 13780 1684 19-9236 8-183 88 88744 743 •8868 119-740 84 19096 1533 19-6744 7-893 39 83001 766 •9113 109-769 85 10563 1374 13-0040 7-692 40 89945 772 •9386 106-496 86 9189 1214 13-9128 7-870 41 81473 789 •9686 103-199 87 7976 1118 14-0171 7^188 49 80684 808 1^0018 99-001 88 6857 1057 18-4183 6-488 43 79876 899 1^0380 96-389 89 5800 1010 17-4160 8-740 44 79047 869 1^0775 92-860 90 4790 958 20-0102 4-997 45 78195 876 1^1200 89-286 91 3889 889 93-9008 4-810 46 77319 901 1-1657 85-763 99 2943 783 26-6995 3-761 47 76418 939 1-2192 81-907 93 2160 644 29-8333 3-352 48 76486 967 1-2806 78-064 94 1516 601 38-0399 3-289 49 74519 1006 1-3497 74-074 95 1015 369 36-3588 2-780 50 73513 1049 1-4267 70-077 96 646 266 89-6498 9-829 61 79464 1096 1-5115 66-187 97 390 176 45-1558 3-218 59 71369 1143 1-6011 62-461 98 914 113 59-9197 1-890 63 70296 1191 l-6!)65 68-997 99 101 62 61-3067 1-631 64 69035 1939 1-7947 65-710 100 89 39 75-0000 1-333 55 67796 1987 1-8986 52-669 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 33 An approximating value taking place up to about this period, after which they again diverge to near the extreme of life. The population existing at Age 10 in Table C is halved between ages 62-3 ; while in Table F (Rural Districts) the same result is not determined till ages 68-9 ;— shewing under this- aspect a superior vitality of six years. If the results in Table F for the Town Districts be now inspected, it wUl be seen that the Specific Intensity decreases in a regular series, from the beginning to the extreme of the Table. It will also appear that the Specific Intensity is higher than Male Life in Table C up to Age 52, and from that to age 76 it is less. From the latter age to the extreme of life, they cross each other. The following are the ages at which the corres- ponding Specific Intensities in Both Tables are nearly equal. Age 20 in C corresponds with Age 31 in F (Town Districts) ... 30 41 40 45 50 50 60 58 70 68 80 82 In Table F (Town Districts) it will be seen that half the population disappears between ages 64-5, and it has been shewn that in Table C the same result takes place at ages 62-3. Turning next to the results for the City Districts in Table F, it will be seen that the Specific Intensity decreases from the earliest age to the other extreme of the Table, in a uniform series. In this Table it will also appear, that from the age of 10 to 33 there is a higher Specific Intensity than in Table C ; and from 33 to the extreme of life, the Specific Intensity in the City Districts of Table F is less than in the Male Life of Table C, which represents the general results for England and Wales. The following will shew the ages corresponding to equal specific intensities in both Tables : — Age 20 in C corresponds nearly with age 25 in F (City Districts) ... 30 ... ... 33 40 50 60 70 80 37 46 59 69 79 Half of the population, it will be seen in Table F (City Districts), has died off betwen the 34 DUEATION OF LIFE ages of 61 and 62, while among Males in England and Wales that happened at ages 62 and 63 ; being in this instance one year in favour of the Table for the General Results of the Country. Taking a view of the three Districts respectively, as given in Table F, in conjunction with Table C, it will be seen that there is ^ A higher Specific Intensity in the Rural Districts up to the extreme of Life, than in Table C, Town Districts up to the Age of 52 City ... ... ... 33 From this it would appear, that the lower the age of equal Specific Intensity, the worse the class of lives to which it refers. Another comparison of these three classes of results with Table C will shew the following series of Differences for the corresponding ages of equal Specific Intensity : — Age. 20 Eural Districts. 19 Town Districts. 11 City Districts. 5 30 It 11 3 40 10 5 3 50 5 . . 4 60 3 _ 2 , 1 70 1 - 2 — 1 Sums of the series of differences 55 23 5 This arrangement of the differences of corresponding periods of equal Specific Intensity also points out a gradual approximation to lower numbers, moving from the Rural to- wards the City Districts. And a third illustration of the same fact will be found in comparing the periods at which the equation of life is determined for age 10. It is in Table C. F— Eural Districts. F— Town Districts. F— City Districts At Ages 62—3 68—9 64—5 61—2 difference 6 years. 2 years. _ 1 year. As before stated, the illustrations drawn from the Specific Intensity must be understood to have reference to the identical periods only of life at which the comparisons are made, and not to the absolute value of life in any of the classes. It will, however, at all times' be found important to keep in view the specific intensity of such Tables, as it affords the readiest means to discover those periods at which any peculiar change or difference in the condition of life is taking place. Various diseases have a maximum or minimum effect in destroying life at certain periods ; and if a change to a higher specific intensity were found to take place at any given period, the diseases peculiar to that period should be falling from their maximum towards the minimum. IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 35 In the three Districts now under consideration, it appears that in all except one, the Specific Intensity uniformly decreased from the beginning to the end of the Table ; but in the Rural Districts the Specific Intensity was found to increase from ages 20-31. Some change, either in the Rural Districts, or uniformly in the two others, must therefore have taken place in the causes afi'ecting the duration of life at that period ; and if the nature of this paper led to an examination of the diseases gene- rally prevalent at the same period, the probability is that Consumption and Diseases of the Chest would be found less malignant at that term of life, in relation to the preceding and subsequent periods of life, in the Rural than in either the Town or City Districts. The next arrangement of the data to which reference will be made, is the " After- " lifetime," or Expectation of Life. This mode of expressing the Duration of Life is certainly that which is of the most interest to society; for it points out the average number of years which one member of the community with another participates in the pleasures and cares of life. The Expectation of Life is often confounded with the chance of living an equivalent number of years ; but the distinction will be subsequently explained. In Table G will be found the Expectation of Life for each of the three districts, and also the General Results for those three combined. A comparison of the expectation under the head " Rural Districts," with the expectation for Males in England and Wales, as given in Table D, will shew a much higher value of life in the Rural Districts throughout the whole range of the Table. At age 10 the difference is 5"5 years in favour of the Rural Districts, at 30 it is 4'3 years, and at 60 the difference is 2-1 years. The following arrangement of the results of the two tables, at decennial periods, will convey a general idea of their relative values of life : — Age. EXPECTATION. Difference in favour of the Eural Districts.! Eural Districts. England and Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 30 30 40 50 60 70 45-3550 38-4073 30-9734 33-4700 16-6524 10-9134 40-6910 34-0990 27-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-3176 4-6640 4-3083 3-4964 3-6237 2-0670 1-6948 11-463 11-191 13-725 12-585 14-171 18-386 A comparison of the results for the Town Districts, will shew a superior expectation up to Age 35, after which period the expectation is in favour of Male Life, in the General Table for England and Walesi The following Abstract shews the results for decennial periods. [The Expectation 36 DUEATION OF LIFE Table G. Expectation. — Trades not Classified. — Males. Rural Town City Eural, Town, Enral Town City Eural, Town, Age. Districts. Districts. Districts. and City Districts. Age. Districts . Districts. Districts. and City Districts. io 53-2581 50-5373 47-9129 51-8097 56 19-2867 16-0651 16-2599 18-2005 11 52-3797 49-6758 47-1014 80-9383 57 18-6181 15-4682 16-6373 17-5630 12 51-4638 ■48-8108 46-2870 60-0646 68 17-9168 14-8871 16-0184 16-9830 13 50-6269 47-9486 45-4728 49-1969 69 17-3014 J4-3193 14-4009 16-8101 U 49-7738 47-0941 44-6620 48-3436 60 16-6524 18-7608 13-7686 15-6942 15 48-9480 46-2515 48-8482 47-5120 61 16-0089 13-2095 13-2177 15-0846 16 48-1593 45-4254 48-0645 46-7093 62 15-8705 12-6622 12-6593 14-4808 17 47-4163 44-6208 42-2834 45-9426 63 14-T424 12-1216 12-1221 13-8866 18 46-7086 43-8298 41-5195 45-2031 64 14-1284 11-5892 11-6083 13-8047 19 46-0249 48-0496 40-7680 44-4828 65 13-5330 11-0666 11-1005 12-7379 20 45-3550 42-2742 40-0148 43-7736 66 12-9589 10-5551 10-6113 12-1886 21 44-6890 41-4988 39-2711 43-0680 67 12-4098 10-0886 10-1830 11-6588 22 44-0170 40-7192 38-5295 42-3587 68 11-8847 9-5596 9-6657 11-1498 23 43-3385 89-9883 37-7889 41-6466 69 11-8866 9-1116 9-2098 10-6649 24 42-6543 39-1572 87-0506 40-9314 70 10-9124 8-7030 8-7636 10-2067 25 41-9631 38-5540 36-3177 40-2141 71 10-4664 8-3423 8-3279 9-7739 20 41-2649 87-6059 35-6725 39-4947 72 10-0451 8-0882 7-9013 9-8712 27 40-5603 36-8396 34-9598 88-7739 78 9-6458 7-7735 7-4840 8-9903 28 39-8486 36-0796 84-2557 38-0520 74 9-2622 7-6311 7-0759 8-6245 29 39-1308 85-8251 33-5569 37-8289 76 8-8893 7-2944 6-6761 8-2670 30 38-4073 34-5753 32-8603 36-6051 76 8-6218 7-0463 6-2840 7-9114 31 37-6787 33-8294 32-1632 35-8808 77 8-1548 6-7694 6-8977 7-5512 32 3rr9448 88-0866 31-4698 35-1549 78 7-7962 6-4688 6-5216 7-1926 33 36-3078 32-3460 30-7815 34-4288 79 7-4530 6-1493 5-1596 6-8411 34 35-4654 31-6062 30-0996 38-7018 80 7-1817 5-8152 4-8148 6-50J6 35 34-7211 80-8668 29-4251 32-9742 81 6-8896 6-4693 4-4877 6-1807 36 33-9748 80-1259 28-7590 32-2460 82 6-5804 5-1139 4-1778 5-8796 37 83-2268 29-3832 28-0972 81-5170 83 0-3854 4-7565 8-8911 5-5889 38 32-4771 28-6398 27-4404 80-7877 84 6-0853 4-4033 3-6280 6-3975 39 31-7257 27-8960 26-7900 30-0589 85 5-8105 4-0592 8-3730 4-9937 40 80-9724 27-1580 26-0873 29-8306 86 5-4906 3-7271 8-1401 4-6652 41 80-2178 26-4118 25-6109 28-6037 87 6-1082 3-4063 2-9226 4-2997 42 29-4508 25-6716 24-8841 27-8786 88 4-6846 3-1069 2-7219 3-9193 43 28-7018 24-9358 24-2634 27-1555 89 4-2447 2-8330 2-6878 3-8424 44 27-9440 24-2041 23-6460 26-4351 90 3-8091 2-5861 2-3724 8-1839 45 27-1880 23-4264 28-0299 25-7177 91 3-3844 2-3743 2-2263 2-8849 46 26-4340 22-7613 22-4125 25-0084 92 2-9879 2-2080 2-1089 2-8663 47 25-6837 22-0623 21-7913 24-2923 98 2-6169 2-0729 2-0013 2-8153 48 24-5489 21-3615 21-1687 23-5860 94 . 2-2665 1-9502 1-9084 2-0864 49 24-2000 20-6123 20-5466 22-8856 95 1-9394 1-8184 1-8028 1-8694 50 23-4700 19-9733 19-9271 22-1920 96 1-6446 1-6676 1-6768 1-6517 51 22-7485 19-2955 19-3118 21-6060 97 1-3796 1-4734 1-4607 1-4077 52 22-0379 18-6242 18-7011 20-8282 98 1-0668 1-2187 1-1896 1-1542 53 21-3871 17-9629 18-0933 20-1691 99 -8476 •9772 •9288 •8861 54 20-6484 17-3144 17-4464 19-4983 100 -5000 •8000 -6000 •5000 65 19-9623 16-6810 16-8753 18-8455 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 37 Age. EXPECTATION. Difference in favour of 1 Town Districts. England and Wales. 1 Town Districts. England and Wales. In Years. Per Cent. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 50 60 70 42-2742 34-6743 27-1530 19-9733 13-7608 8-7030 40-6910 34-0990 27-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-2176 1-5832 0-4763 3-888 1-397 0-3230 0-8730 0-8246 0-5146 1-176 4-188 6-653 5-582 The Expectation of Life in the City Districts will be found to be less than in Table D, from age 12 upwards. At 20 the difference is -68 years, at 40 it is 1-39 years, and at 60 the difference is -82 years in favour of the general value of Male Life in Table D. The following gives a comparative view of both Tables : — EXPECTATION. Difference in favour of England and Wales.l Age. City Districts. England and Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 20 40-0148 40-6910 0-6762 1-664 30 32-8603 34-0990 1-2387 3-632 40 26-0873 27-4760 1-3887 5-054 50 19-9271 20-8463 0-9192 4-409 60 13-7685 14-5854 0-8169 5-608 70 8-7636 9-2176 0-4550 4-092 The comparative value of life in the three districts at decennial periods will be seen by an inspection of the following Table ; the 6th and 8th columns of which will point out the gradual decrease in the value of Life in moving from the Eural to the Town, and from the Town to the City Districts : — Excess in favour of Eural, over Age. EXPECTATION OF LIFE. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural. Town. City. In Years. Per Cent. In Years. Per Cent. 20 45-3660 42-2742 40-0148 3-0808 6-790 6-3402 11-774 30 38-4073 34-5763 32-8603 3-8320 9-977 5-5470 14-442 40 30-9724 27-1530 26-0873 3-8194 12-331 4-8851 15-772 60 23-4700 19-9733 19-9271 3-4967 14-900 3-5429 15-100 60 16-6524 13-7608 13-7685 2-8916 17-364 2-8837 17-318 70 10-7124 8-7030 8-7636 9-2094 20-246 2-1488 19-691 Total Excess . 19-3299... .. 24-3479 The next arrangement of this kind which will be brought under notice is the Ex- pectation of Life as derived from the combination of all the data composing the three Districts now referred to; and may be understood to represent the general value of Male Life as it exists among the Members of the Community composing Friendly 38 DURATION OF LIFE. Societies. Throughout the whole range of this Table the Expectation of Life is found to be higher than among the male population of the country generally. A glance at the following abridgment of Table G, for the three Districts, will shew the difference at the given periods of life : — Age. EXPECTATION IN Difference in favour of the Three Districts. Three Districts. England and "Wales. In Years. Per Cent. 30 30 40 50 60 70 48-7736 36-6051 39-3306 29-1990 15-6949 10-9057 40-6910 34-0990 97-4760 90-8463 14-5854 9-3176 3-0836 3-5061 1-8546 1-3457 1-1088 0-9881 7-575 7-349 6-750 6-455 7-603 10-790 A very important distinction is here found to prevail between the value of life in the two Tables. The circumstances in which the humble and working population of the country is placed, have generally been thought adverse to a prolonged duration of life ; but the healthiest Life Tables hitherto formed have not shewn any thing so favour- able as the present results, even among what are generally considered the select classes of Society : — It may be well to be understood here, that the persons composing Friendly Societies are almost exclusively the hard-working members of the community, chiefly occupied in the drudgeries and toils of the mechanical arts, and consequently exposed to the inclemencies of seasons, excesses of temperature, impure atmospheres, constrained postures, and other conditions usually thought objectionable. Their incomes are very limited, affording but the scantiest and simplest means of support. Their habitations are of an inferior order, being of the cheapest kind, and consequently in the worst streets. The Members of Friendly Societies are therefore generally placed in those circumstances which persons habituated to the luxuries of the upper ranks of society would regard as unfavour- able to health and a superior duration of life. In making these remarks, however, it is necessary, as will hereafter be seen, to make a distinction between them, and the great bulk of the poorer classes of the country. For an individual to remain a Member of a Friendly Society, it is required that he should make his weekly or monthly contribution to its funds ; and although a few pence is all that is needed, it presumes on a certain amount of frugality and industrial habit, sufficient to separate him from the reckless and im- provident, who are more openly exposed to the vicissitudes — poverty, distress, destitution and disease — incidental to fluctuations in the demand for labour. The superior value of life among the Members of Friendly Societies is a very remark- able and important feature in this inquiry, and is a result that generally would not have IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 39 been anticipated ; and the question which naturally follows is, From what source or class does the excess of mortality, which makes up the general average of the community, arise 1 Those persons having transactions with the Assurance Companies belong, with a very few exceptions, either to the middle or the higher ranks of society ; and if the value of life, as deduced from observations in those Companies, be admitted as a correct measure for such classes, it will be found that their duration of life is not only less than among the Members of Friendly Societies, but also less than in the country generally. In Table H. No. 5, col. 2nd, the Expectation of Life is given as deduced from the aggregate observations of Assurance Companies, and includes both sexes ; but col. 1st (Males d 1) o£ the same Table relates to Male Lives only, and is consequently that which should be brought into comparison with the results of this inquiry. It may be said, in reply to some of the preceding observations, that the superior value of life in the ranks of Friendly Societies, above the general community, is owing to the effects of selection ; but a little reflection will shew that the difference must be pro- duced by other causes. Every reasonable means is adopted to test the lives admitted into Assurance Companies, and yet they appear to be of less value than the general average of the country; and Friendly Societies are known not to exercise the same degree of scrutiny. In both, the interest of the applicant for admission is opposed to that of the Society ; and, looking at the results, it is not unlikely that the vigilance of the one may be neutralised by the interests of the other. Another result brought out by the observations on the lives in Assurance Offices will shew how inadequate the means of selection usually resorted to are to raise the standard of life above the average of the country. All other inquiries hitherto made on Male and Female Life have tended to attach a greater value to the latter than to the former ; but the results in the Assurance Companies have been reversed, shewing that some other causes, beyond the method of selection, must have interfered to modify the state of health ; for if the means of scrutiny had been adequate to determine the actual character and condition of health, the prevailing feature of each sex would have manifested itself, and the anomalous results of Male Life being of higher absolute value than Female Life not appeared. Assurance Companies, it has been stated, are likely to have proposals most freely from among unhealthy persons for sums payable at death ; but that proposals for annuities, or sums payable during life, will be made on the lives of the most healthy only ; and that the private opinion of the individual being always brought to bear against the Company, the effects of selection under this aspect ought to prevent the results of such observations from being regarded as a true exponent of the value of life in the class of society generally to which those persons belong. There exists no published document, so far as Assurance Offices are concerned, to shew whether this opinion is well founded: but there is evidence of the same kind — of equal, or perhaps, from its [greater 40 DURATION OF LIFE Table H. Expectation of Life. No. 1. No. 3. No. 3. No. 1. No. 2. No. 8. Age. Friendly Societies. Females. Friendly Societies. Males. Peerage Age. Friendly Societies. Females. Friendly Societies. Males. Peerage. Eiiral, Town, & City. Liverpool. Rural, Town, & City. Liverpool. 10 49-4923 46-0009 56 19-9582 14-0881 14-6808 11 49-1896 45-1818 57 19-2966 18-5449 14-0970 13 48-8683 44-8597 , ^ 58 18-6223 12-9960 13-5737 13 48-5413 43-5377 , , 59 17-9358 12-4621 13-0637 14 48-1921 43-7188 , , 60 17-2380 11-9626 13-5671 15 47-8130 41-9006 .. 61 16-5394 11-5151 13-1091 16 47-3949 41-1034 ^ , 62 15-8113 11-1872 11-6080 17 46-9305 40-3139 , , 63 15-0965 10-8( 97 11-1420 18 46-4196 89-5976 , , 64 14-3974 10-5137 10-6830 19 43-8639 88-7437 , , 65 13-7245 10-2321 10-2303 20 43-9640 87-9553 38-475 66 13-0869 9-9467 9-7857 21 44-6198 87-1574 37-661 4 67 12-4924 9-6407 9-3518 33 43-9343 36-3453 86-964 68 11-9420 9-8156 8-9335 33 43-2191 35-5277 86-101 6 69 11-4333 8-9783 8-6831 94 42-4872 34-7194 35-844 6 70 10-9750 8-6156 8-1506 23 41-7504 33-9067 34-596 7 71 10-5603 8-9435 7-7873 26 41-0194 33-1189 38-854 3 72 10-1940 7-8582 7-4405 27 40-3056 39-3541 83-120 73 9-8669 7-4648 7-1103 28 39-6003 81-6069 83-391 2 74 9-5314 7-0681 6-7941 29 38-8966 30-8719 81-653 5 75 9-2001 6-6790 6-4866 80 38-1841 30-1437 80-876 76 8-8460 6-3793 6-1883 31 37-4589 99-4173 30-330 6 77 8-4525 5-8993 5-8996 32 86-7129 38-6887 39-515 3 78 8-0339 3-5159 5-6304 33 35-9340 37-9613 98-809 3 79 7-6031 5-1531 5-3506 34 33-1899 37-4399 98-090 80 7-1723 4-8067 5-0884 3S 34-4980 96-5960 37-879 81 6-7518 4-4793 4-8389 36 83-6748 35-8931 36-670 82 6-3502 4-1715 4-6016 37 32-9367 95-1893 95-969 83 5-9622 3-8885 4-8799 38 32-2103 94-4666 35-159 84 5-5817 8-6138 4-1770 39 31-4929 93-8050 24-588 85 5-2036 3-8631 3-9958 40 80-7813 98-1594 34-450 86 4-8193 3-1355 8-8400 41 30-0735 23-5069 33-943 87 4-4383 2-9043 8-7117 42 99-8664 31-8666 99-592 1 88 4-0013 2-6978 3-6076 43 98-6606 91-3381 91-968 5 89 3-5969 2-5047 3-5084 44 97-9567 30-6073 31-352 90 3-2186 2-3524 3-4044 43 97-9551 19-9908 20-949 4 91 3-8732 2-1971 3-2729 46 26-5664 19-3889 20-174 2 92 2-5662 2-0602 8-1161 47 95-8611 18-6879 19-603 9 93 2-3144 1-9428 3-8989 48 95-1717 18-3059 19-040 4 94 2-0862 1-8392 3-6338 49 34-4905 17-6405 18-480 3 96 1-8684 1-7063 3-3720 50 33-8300 17-0946 17-932 1 96 1-6495 1-5536 2-1159 51 23-1610 16-5705 17-759 97 1-4043 1-8750 1-8689 52 32-5164 16-0706 16-812 1 98 1-1506 1-1469 1-6363 1-4231 1-2142 53 31-8795 15-5834 16-237 99 •8869 •8750 54 31-3445 15-0975 15-718 7 100 •5000 •5000 55 30-6060 14-6024 15-172 2 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 41 Table H, — (continued.) Expectation of Life. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 4. No 5. No. 6. Age. Friendly Societies. Life Assurance Age. Friendly Societies. Life Assurance 16 Trades. Offices. Government, 16 Trades. Offices. Government. Eural Districts. Males. Males. Eiu-al Disti-icts. Males. Males. Males d i Aggregate. Males d 1 Aggregate. 10 53-0363 44-3731 56 18-8093 15-66 16-23 15-7971 11 51-1651 43-6640 57 18-1549 15-09 16-69 15-3060 13 50-3863 43-8344 68 17-8059 14-45 14-98 14-6188 13 49-3939 43-0746 69 16-8639 13-99 14-38 14-0444 14 48-5397 41-3130 60 16-3399 13-47 13-81 13-4830 15 47-6860 40-8613 61 15-6110 19-09 13-24 13-9379 16 46-8693 39-8399 63 15-0030 19-46 19-68 19-4099 17 46-0858 39-1568 63 14-4084 11-90 19-09 11-8913 18 45-3331 38-5303 64 13-8333 11-97 11-60 11-3770 19 44-6041 37-9383 65 13-3795 10-87 11-03 10-8679 90 43-8978 39-84 40-97 37-4079 66 13-7495 10-38 10-61 10-3682 21 43-9109 39-39 40-46 36-9317 67 13-3454 9-93 10-03 9-8927 33 49-5377 38-70 39-93 36-4665 68 11-7698 9-33 9-46 9-4497 33 41-8756 37-98 39-18 36-0047 69 11-3866 8-81 8-99 9-0381 34 41-3197 37-41 38-64 36-6503 70 10-8160 8-34 8-50 8-6547 35 40-5657 36-63 37-84 38-0806 71 10-3441 7-88 8-13 8-2894 36 39-9096 35-88 37-13 34-5913 79 9-8643 7-43 7-73 7-9333 37 39-3473 35-33 36-43 34-0773 73 9-3863 6-97 7-96 7-5716 38 38-6785 34-63 36-76 33-5431 74 8-9188 6-57 6-84 7-1992 39 37-9038 33-96 35-06 32-9896 75 8-4698 6-03 6-46 6-8216 30 37-3337 33-17 34-35 33-4193 76 8-0466 5-63 6-08 6-4411 31 36-5380 33-44 33-60 31-8346 77 7-6553 5-48 5-77 6-0660 33 35-8464 31-73 33-75 81-3316 78 7-3976 5-16 5-37 5-7074 33 36-1493 30-93 31-98 30-6097 79 6-9760 4-99 5-07 6-3810 34 34-4464 30-31 31-37 99-9689 80 6-6900 4-76 4-75 5-0867 35 33-7378 39-63 30-55 99-3167 81 6-4455 ... 4-8093 36 33-0935 38-87 39-90 98-6648 89 6-3459 ... ... 4-5393 37 39-3035 38-16 39-30 98-0170 83 6-0681 ... 4-3540 38 31-5766 37-49 38-61 97-3846 84 6-8879 ... 3-9906 39 30-8416 36-81 37-79 96-7676 85 5-6791 ... ... 3-7437 40 30-0976 36-06 37-07 36-1511 86 6-4159 ... ... 3-5186 41 99-3439 35-43 36-41 36-6311 87 5-0699 ... 3-3039 43 98-5795 34-70 35-68 34-9037 88 4-6669 ... 3-1303 43 37-8131 34-00 94-98 34-3616 89 4-3384 ... 3-9693 44 97-0490 33-34 94-96 33-6006 90 3-8093 ... 3-8933 45 96-9370 33-63 93-66 33-9173 91 3-3764 ... ... 9-6631 46 35-6610 31-98 33-85 33-3182 99 9-9791 ... ... 9-4718 47 94-8486 31-34 33-13 31-5103 93 9-6054 ... ... 9-3000 48 94-1539 30-63 81-41 30-8036 94 3-3519 ... 3-0714 49 23-4799 30-08 30-79 30-1108 95 1-9194 ... 1-7917 50 93-7993 19-41 30-11 19-4414 96 1-6196 ... 1-4375 51 33-1305 18-73 19-46 18-7984 97 1-3985 ... ... 1-0000 59 31-4633 18-05 18-79 18-1784 98 1-0655 ... •5000 53 30-7949 17-40 18-16 17-5754 99 •8415 ... ... 54 30-1303 16-77 17-50 16-9800 100 •8000 ... 55 19-4680 16-31 16-83 16-3893 M 42 DUEATION OF LIFE greater extent, of higher value than any to be drawn from the Assurance Companies ; it happens, however, that assured lives are of greater instead of less value than those of annuitants. The tables calculated by Mr. Finlaison, on the lives among the nominees of the Government Tontines and Annuity schemes, are here alluded to. The facts over which his observations extended possessed almost every advantage that could be desired ; and, con- sidering the acknowledged skill and care with which his computations were managed, the Government Table must be entitled to the highest confidence, and the Expectation of Life thence deduced regarded as the true measure of life in that particular class of society. Table H, No. 6, has been recalculated for the present paper from the facts given by Mr. Finlaison at page 6T of his Report on Life Annuities in March 1829 — being the combined results of six diiferent classes of observations on male lives. That usually quoted as the Expectation Table of the Government Annuitants, is the one calculated by Mr. Finlaison in 1825, and differs in some important particulars from his subsequent and revised data in 1829. This table, then, will shew that the male lives selected for the Government Annuities are not only of less duration than the male population of the country generally, and are also of less value than lives in Assurance Companies, but are actually shorter lived than the members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts. It is evident from those results, that the presumed power of the individual to judge of his own state of health has not shewn the remarkable effects anticipated : there is more reason to believe that the natural inclination with which every person is led to look upon his life as good, will very much influence any power of discrimination on his own chances of longe- vity. It is, however, to be kept in view, that persons of decidedly bad health will rarely purchase annuities ; and the exclusion of these has, no doubt, some effect in slightly raising the standard of the table. A similar observation is also to be made with respect to the applicants to Assurance Companies. There is a strong temptation for those in really bad, or at least in indifferent health, to offer themselves for assurance ; and if all were admitted, no doubt a lower value would be expressed by the results in Table H, No. 5. The known caution, however, usually exercised in these matters, and the medical talent brought to the aid of the Offices, is a protection against the very worst lives of that class ; about 23 per cent, of the applicants being the average number rejected. Friendly Societies, although not equally solicitous, are still not without tests for the admission of Members, and they possess one advantage over Assurance Companies ; the Members, and those likely to be candidates, are generally intimately known in their daily habits and ordinary health to each other ; and where evidently bad health exists, admission is refused. A consideration of all that has been advanced will shew that the greater vitality among Members of Friendly Societies cannot be accounted for by the superior mode in the selection of lives ; for, if that argument were carried out to its full extent. IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 43 it would go to prove that the other classes in question had, in that respect, the advantage. The blessing thus bestowed on the frugal and industrious workmen of the country com- posing Friendly Societies, in having granted them, as appears by the present inquiry, a prolonged duration of life, must therefore be regarded as a really true and distinctive feature of that class of persons, and is, no doubt, the result of their simple and uniform habits of life, and the more regular and natural physical exercises to which they are habituated. If the nature of the present paper led to a further investigation of this point, it could be clearly shewn, by tracing the various classes of society in which there exists sufficient means of subsistence, beginning with the most humble, and passing on to the middle and upper classes, that a gradual deterioration in the duration of life takes place ; and that just as life, with all its wealth, pomp, and magnificence, would seem to become more valuable and tempting, so are its opportunities and chances of enjoyment lessened. As far as the results of figures admit of judging, this condition would seem to flow directly from the luxurious and pampered style of living among the wealthier classes, whose artificial habits interfere with the nature and degree of those physical exercises which, in a simpler class of society, are accompanied with a long life. Thus far, then, it is plain that the amount of life enjoyed by the middle and upper classes tends rather to depreciate than elevate the standard deduced from the general results of the country. And carrying this out still further, and viewing the value of life in the highest ranks of society — namely, the peerage and baronetage — as given in the recent and very interesting paper submitted by Dr. Guy, it will be seen that the Expec- tation of Life is not only less than in the general community, but also very much below the measure of life among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts. The Expectation of Life in the peerage will be found in Table H, No. 3. It may then be conclusively admitted, that the standard of life in the general community is not elevated in any way by the influence of the middle or upper classes. With regard to the very highest ranks, the opposite conclusion must be come to ; but as the numbers of the nobility are relatively small, the inferior value of life there shewn is not sufficient to account for the reduction of the scale for the general community so much below the average standard of all classes in Friendly Societies. It hence follows that the excess of mortality in the general community must fall on the residue of the people; and although at present there exists no direct means of measuring the precise value of life in that portion of the population, it is evident that an inferential one of equal importance is immediately available. Admitting that the preceding Tables form a correct representation of the value of life in the respective classes, it will be easy to arrive at the value of life in the remaining class ; for — 44 DURATION OF LIFE Let Table A represent the rate of mortality in the general community — viz. over all England and Wales ; And let h = rate of mortality in one class — viz. Friendly Societies — and forming a part of A or included in it ; — Also Let c = rate of mortality in a second class — viz : the middle and upper classes, and also included in A ; — then it is evident that A— (' i + c) = the rate of mortality in the remaining class, composing the Community. And this latter class includes the improvident and reckless, the poor and the destitute, vrho are exposed to the inclemencies of the seasons, the fluctuations of trade, and fall victims to epidemical and other diseases. Subsequent illustrations will more clearly establish this fact, when the question of large towns or cities is brought under con- sideration. In making the preceding comparisons of the mortality of the Eural, Town, and City Districts respectively, with the average results for the whole population of England and Wales, no further corrections of the figures than those described were needed ; but before bringing the table representing the combined results of the three districts into comparison with the mortality of the whole population of the country, it would have been important to be enabled to apply a further correction to the elementary data. An inspection of the arrangement of the data presented in Table E will shew, that if E, T, and 0, represent the population over which the observations in that Table extend, for the Eural, Town, and City Districts re- spectively and r, t, and c represent the number of deaths in the same population for the respective districts at each period of life ; then the mortality per cent., and consequently all subsequent results for the average of the three districts, or rather the three districts combined, as set forth in Table E, is derived from — {r + t + c)- 100 K + T + This is the usual mode by which general averages for various classes of lives have been hitherto determined ; but it is evident that unless E, T, and C, bear the same ratio to each other which the whole population of the districts they represent do to each other, the average results cannot be true. This fact may be rendered more inteUigible by the following hypothetical illustration. Suppose at any given age the population over which the actual observations extend was 100 for each of the three districts, viz: — IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 45 For District R = 100 Annual Deaths 2 T = 100 3 C = 100 4 R + T + c = 300 ... 9 then the average result thus derived would shew a mortality of 3 per cent. ; but if the whole population of those districts had been to each other in any other relation than an equality of numbers— say 100, 50, and 25— then the number of deaths would have become 2, 1'5, and 1, respectively: consequently, the correct average mortality would have been 2-571 per cent, instead of 3 per cent. The following mode of obtaining a correct average has also been suggested, but it is obvious that it would involve errors of a more serious nature than the common method employed. rlOO ^-100 clOQ E, + T "^ G 3 A single illustration will be adequate to point out the fallacies of this. At age 40 — 45 the actual mortality of the Rural District is -8361 per cent: ToM'n Districts 1-0637 City Districts 1-6084 Average for the three 1-1694 But supposing the actual population of the whole of each district at that age was in the ratio of 82763, 34220 and 25428, which are the actual numbers in Table E at this term of life, then the correct average mortality of the whole kingdom would be 1-0287 per cent, but the above result was ... ... ... ... ... 1-1694 Difference 0-1407 or an error on the amount of the true result of 13-7766 per cent. Although Table E, for all the Districts combined, is a correct measure of the average mortality of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, being composed of the actual numbers in those Districts, and in this respect perfect for the purposes of Friendly Societies ; yet, unless the numbers representing, at particular years of age, each of the three Districts in Table E, bear the same ratio to the combined Districts of that Table, at the same ages which the actual population of the country in each of these Districts has to the whole population of the country at those ages, corrections would be required for purposes of comparison with the general mortality of the kingdom. But for the same reasons that the corrections suggested would improve the Table for comparison with the general mortality of the country, would they also injure the results for the purpose of Friendly Societies. It would, therefore, be better to have the facts under both forms. N 46 DURATION OF LIFE As stated in the early part of this paper, if the districts of the Census Com- missioners and Registrar-General had been coincident or coterminous, the labour of determining the population at each term of life for the three corresponding Districts would have been well repaid. As already stated, these observations do not in any way aifect the Rates of Mortality as represented in any one District, but affect the combined results for the three Districts only. So far as any individual District is concerned, or the comparison of one District with another, or with the general mortality for the whole kingdom, those objections do not apply, for in respect of locality simple elements only enter into thfe data of each district. To some it may appear that too much importance has been given to the nature of this error ; but as it so constantly enters, under some aspect or other, into nearly all inquiries into Vital Statistics, frequently producing errors of considerable magnitude, it has been deemed necessary to allude to it at length. The distinction between the Rates of Mortality in the three Districts has been already pointed out; and so far as a single expression of the value of life among those classes, in given Districts, is required, nothing more is needed ; and the difference between the tables will shew the relative value of life in the given Districts. Hitherto it has been thought sufficient to rest at this stage in all inquiries into the influence of locality on the Duration of Life, and to assign the difference thus appearing in the value of life between the respective Districts to the peculiar influence of Town or City Life. Other causes than locality will, however, be shewn to influence the Duration of Life. If the data composing the facts presented in the preceding Tables be analysed, so as to distinguish one employment from another, it will be found that some occupations are much more healthy than others. The first evidence of this to be brought forward will be confined to the Rural Districts. An inspection of Table I, which represents the Mortality of Labourers in the Rural Districts, chiefly agricultural labourers, will shew a much higher specific intensity to the age of 80 than the general results for all employments in the Rural Districts ; the specific intensity of Labourers, however, decreases in a gradual and regular series from the youngest ages in the Table, following the rule of the general results of the other Districts, and not presenting the apparent anomaly of the general results for the Rural Districts by shewing an increasing specific intensity from twenty to thirty-one years of age. It will be found that the specific intensity of the General Results for the Rural Districts At Age 20 in Table F, is as high as age 41 for Labourers in Table I ; 30 ... 41 40 50 60 70 44 54 64 72 [The Population IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 47 Table I, No. 1. EuRAL Districts. — Labourers. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •2300 434^783 66 73583 1048 1-4174 70-573 11 99770 329 •2300 434-783 57 72540 1081 1-4904 67-114 13 99541 343 •2438 410-173 58 71459 1110 1-5636 64-350 13 99398 270 ■2716 368-334 59 70349 1130 1-6067 63-328 14 99038 310 •3130 319-489 60 69319 1143 1-6601 60-606 15 98718 364 •3684 371-444 61 68077 1146 1-6835 59-382 16 98354 430 •4377 338-467 63 66931 1193 1-7801 56-180 17 97934 486 •4966 301-410 63 65739 1375 1-9899 51-546 18 97438 531 •5448 183^564 64 64464 1394 2-10'-28 46-232 19 96907 666 •6837 171^615 65 63070 1545 2-4489 40-833 20 96343 688 •6103 163^881 66 61536 1733 3-7981 35-740 31 95764 601 •6373 159-413 67 59803 1894 3-1676 31-566 33 96153 605 •6363 157-159 68 67909 3060 8-5573 28114 33 94548 602 •6373 166-937 69 55849 2216 3-9678 25-208 24 93946 592 •6302 158-680 70 53638 3359 4-3975 22-738 35 93354 674 •6151 163-675 71 61374 2486 4-8480 30-627 36 93780 549 •6919 168-948 73 48788 3563 5-3633 19-037 37 93331 580 •6746 174-034 73 46225 3695 5-6180 17-816 28 91701 516 •5632 177-557 74 43680 3580 5-9276 16-809 29 91185 508 •5576 179-340 75 41044 2548 6-1967 16-137 30 90677 606 •5578 179-376 76 38601 3473 6-4205 15-674 31 90171 508 •6638 177-368 77 36029 3473 6-8614 14-675 33 89663 511 •5699 176-469 78 33657 3533 7-5194 13-300 33 89162 514 •6761 173-581 79 31034 2605 8-3945 11-912 34 88638 516 •5824 171-703 80 28439 2698 9-4887 10-639 35 88132 519 •5887 169-866 81 36731 3778 10-7980 9-359 36 8.7603 531 •5950 168-067 83 33953 2691 11-7236 8-533 37 87083 539 •6076 164-582 83 30363 2486 12-2626 8-157 38 86563 543 •6265 159-617 84 17777 2308 12-4180 8-061 39 86011 560 •6615 153-492 86 15569 1897 12-1867 8-303 40 85461 683 •6828 146-456 86 18672 1582 11-5738 8 648 41 84868 696 •7203 138-881 87 13090 1384 11-4485 8-734 43 84273 634 •7533 132-943 88 10706 1283 11-9761 8-347 43 83638 661 •7785 138-463 89 9434 1340 13-1666 7-599 44 83987 663 •7992 136-125 90 8184 1313 14-8093 6-753 45 82324 670 •8143 122-806 91 6973 1207 17-3143 5-777 46 81654 673 ■8338 131-389 92 6765 1168 30-1724 4-958 47 80981 684 •8446 118-413 93 4602 1080 33-4758 4-359 48 80297 704 •8763 114-139 94 8523 973 27-6246 3630 49 79693 732 •9191 108-803 96 2549 887 33-8360 3-046 50 78861 767 •9783 103-754 96 1712 670 39-1334 3-666 61 78094 811 1^0383 96-339 97 1042 490 47-0458 3-136 53 77383 866 1^1070 90-884 98 652 319 67-7774 1731 53 76437 901 1^1798 84-813 99 333 154 66-0870 1-514 54 76526 948 1^3651 79-681 100 79 79 85-0000 1-176 55 74678 995 1^3346 74-906 48 DURATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 2. Rural, Town, and City Districts.— Clerks.— l/aZe*. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 252^462 56 42418 2422 5-7089 17-816 11 99604 395 •3961 252-462 57 39996 2506 6-2646 15-962 19 99209 401 ■4038 247-647 68 37490 2464 6-8720 15-916 13 98808 414 •4193 238-493 59 35026 9323 6-6310 15-081 14 98394 435 •4428 225-989 60 32703 2107 6-4416 15-593 15 97959 464 •4735 211-193 61 30596 1837 60038 16-656 16 97495 499 •6123 195-198 62 28759 1631 5-6694 17-640 17 96996 576 •5937 168-435 63 27128 1475 5-4385 18-386 18 96420 692 •7180 139-276 64 25663 1362 6-3110 18-899 19 95728 847 •8849 113-007 65 24291 1284 5-2870 18-914 20 94881 1039 1^0946 91-324 66 23007 1935 8-3665 18-632 21 93842 1264 1^3470 74-239 67 21772 1201 8-5167 18-126 23 92578 1464 1-5813 63-251 68 20671 1180 5-7377 17-428 23 91114 1638 1-7973 ■ 55-648 69 19391 1169 6-0296 16-684 24 89476 1785 1^9952 50-J25 70 18222 1153 6-3291 15-645 25 87691 1907 2^1749 45^977 71 17069 1165 6-8265 14-650 26 85784 2004 2^3365 42-790 72 15904 1161 7-2988 13-701 27 83780 2026 2-4184 41-366 73 14743 1182 7-8120 12-801 28 81754 1979 2-4208 41-306 74 13591 1137 8-3651 11-965 29 79775 1870 2-3436 42-662 76 12454 1116 8-9682 11-163 30 77905 1704 2-1868 46-726 76 11338 1088 9-5911 10-426 81 76201 1486 1-9508 61-256 77 10280 1069 10-3620 9-663 32 74715 1317 1-7629 56-722 78 9188 1036 11-2708 8-873 33 73398 1192 1-6240 61-576 79 8162 1004 12-3175 8-117 34 72206 1108 1-8340 65-189 80 7148 968 13-5021 7-407 35 71098 1061 1-4927 66-979 81 6183 917 14-8247 6-748 36 70037 1051 1-5002 66-667 82 6966 858 16-9430 6-168 37 68986 1065 1-5431 64-809 83 4411 783 17-7573 8-631 38 67921 1101 1-6216 61-662 84 3628 703 19-3673 6-162 39 66820 1160 1-7354 57-637 85 2926 616 21-0739 4 746 40 65660 1238 1-8847 53-060 86 2309 528 92-8750 4-371 41 64422 1333 2-0694 48-333 87 1781 442 24-8039 4-032 42 63089 1388 2-1997 45-455 88 1339 360 26-8580 3-723 43 61701 1404 2-27o4 43-956 89 979 284 29-0393 3-444 44 60297 1385 2^2967 43-835 90 096 218 31-3471 3-190 45 58912 1333 2^2634 44-189 91 477 161 33-7814 9-960 46 57579 1253 2-1786 46^956 92 316 114 36-0243 - 9-776 47 56326 1215 2-1872 46-361 93 202 77 38-0758 2-626 48 65111 1217 2-2083 45-290 94 125 50 39-9369 2-804 49 63894 1255 2-3287 42-937 95 75 31 41-6047 2-404 50 52639 1326 2-8186 39-698 96 44 19 43-0820 2-321 51 51313 1426 2 7780 38-997 97 25 12 47-3179 2-113 52 49837 1870 3-1462 31-786 98 13 7 63-9970 1-862 53 48317 1751 3-6235 27-594 99 6 4 61-3067 1-631 64 46866 1960 4-2097 23-753 100 2 9 78-0000 1-338 55 44606 2188 4-9048 20-387 • IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 49 Table I, No. 3., Rural, Town, and City Districts. — Plumbers, Painters, &c. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 360 •3499 285-796 66 61301 1962 3-8051 26-281 11 • 99650 349 •3499 285-796 57 49349 1933 3-9167 28-680 13 99301 416 •4192 338-550 58 47416 1966 4-1240 24-248 13 98885 682 •5579 179-344 59 45460 2021 4-4467 22-487 14 98333 783 •7659 130-565 60 43439 2131 4-9050 20-387 15 97580 1018 1-0433 96-877 61 41308 2263 5-4789 18-283 16 96562 1342 1-3899 71-942 62 39046 2846 6-0046 16-683 17 95220 1538 1-6148 61-920 63 36700 2386 6-5022 18-880 18 93682 1609 1^7179 88-207 64 34314 2886 6-9518 14-884 19 92073 1565 1^6993 68-868 65 31939 2841 7-8832 13-637 20 90508 1411 1^5888 64-144 66 39688 2268 7-6066 13-043 31 89097 1155 1^2966 77-101 67 27320 2164 7-8836 12-684 32 87942 961 1^0933 91-491 68 26166 2009 7-9844 12-826 33 86981 825 ■9486 105-430 69 23157 1846 7-9689 12-549 34 86156 743 •8637 115-915 70 31312 1670 7-8871 12-760 35 85413 714 •8357 119-660 71 19642 1491 7-8890 13-177 26 84699 736 •8674 116^287 72 18161 1382 7-4474 18-428 37 83964 776 •9246 108^165 ■ 73 16799 1246 7-4132 13-492 38 83188 838 1-0071 99-305 74 18554 1164 7-4836 13-362 39 82360 918 1-1150 89-686 78 14390 1103 7-6612 13-053 30 81432 1016 1-2482 80-128 76 13287 1061 7-9455 12-586 81 80416 1131 1-4068 71-073 77 12226 1019 8-3358 11-996 83 79285 1198 1-8068 66-357 78 11207 990 8-8322 11-322 33 78090 1209 1-8480 64-899 79 10217 964 9-4847 10-600 34 76881 1177 1-5306 68-317 80 9883 949 10-1438 9-862 35 75704 1101 1-4546 68-729 81 8404 931 10-9580 9-124 36 74603 988 1-3198 76-768 82 7483 872 11-6614 8-584 37 73618 908 1-2335 81-103 83 6611 808 12-2336 8-183 38 73710 869 1-1956 83-612 84 8803 736 12-6744 7-893 39 71841 867 1-2063 82-919 88 8067 689 13-0040 7-693 40 70974 898 1-2661 79-051 86 4408 882 13-2123 7-670 41 70076 963 1-3726 73-833 87 3826 836 14-0171 7-133 42 69114 987 1-4287 69-979 88 8290 607 18-4183 6-485 - 43 68127 977 1-4336 69-735 89 2783 486 17-4160 6-741 44 67150 932 1-3874 72 098 90 2298 460 20-0101 4-998 45 66218 884 1-2899 77-519 91 1838 426 23-2007 4-810 46 68364 746 1-1412 87-642 93 1412 378 26-4114 3-786 47 64618 737 1-1411 87-643 93 1039 308 29-6421 3-874 48 63881 824 1-2897 77-619 94 731 240 32-8930 8-040 49 63057 1001 1-6870 63013 98 491 178 86-1639 2-768 50 62056 1262 3-0339 49-188 96 313 124 39-4548 2-635 61 60794 1697 2 6276 38-052 97 189 ■ 85 45-1416 2-215 52 59197 1837 3-1024 32-237 98 104 58 82-9088 1-890 53 67360 1983 8-4676 28-918 99 49 80- 61-8067 1-631 54 55377 2045 3-6931 27-078 100 19 19 78-0000 1-338 55 83332 2031 3-8089 26-264 50 DTJEATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 4. EuEAL, Town, and City Districts. — Bakers. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 363-463 56 66601 1588 2-7705 36-088 11 99604 396 •3961 363-463 57 53963 1566 2-8833 34-698 12 99209 401 •4038 347-647 68 52408 1560 3-9758 38-603 13 98808 416 •4193 238-493 69 50848 1662 8-0512 39-776 14 98393 . 435 •4426 226-989 60 49296 1533 3-1086 82 165 16 97958 464 •4736 311-193 61 47764 1508 3-1476 31-766 16 97494 499 •5123 195-198 62 46261 1613 3-2709 30-873 17 96995 521 •5368 186-389 63 44748 1657 3-4783 38^789 18 96474 528 •5472 183-749 64 43191 1628 3-7699 26-628 19 96946 521 •5436 183-993 65 41563 1723 4-1456 24-120 SO 95425 501 •5266 190-296 66 39840 1835 4-6055 21-711 31 94924 468 •4934 202^675 67 38006 1923 5-0601 19-763 92 94456 461 •4877 206-044 68 86082 1988 8-5094 18-152 23 93995 478 •5084 196^696 69 84094 2030 5-9634 16-798 24 93617 519 •5656 180^018 70 32064 2050 6^3921 15-645 25 92998 585 •6290 158^983 71 30014 2049 6-8254 14-652 26 92413 674 •7289 137-193 72 37965 3041 7-2987 13-701 27 91739 743 •8103 133^411 73 36934 3035 7-8119 12-801 28 90996 793 ■8733 114-508 74 23899 1999 83651 11^955 29 90203 828 •9177 108-968 75 21900 1963 8-9581 1M63 30 89375 843 •9437 106«966 76 19938 . 1913 9-5911 10^426 31 88532 842 •9512 105-130 ■ 77 18026 1868 10-3620 9-653 32 87690 815 •9297 107-563 78 16168 1831 11-2708 8^873 33 86875 764 •8791 113-753 79 14337 1766 12-3175 8ai7 34 86111 689 •7996 125-063 80 12571 1697 13-5031 7-407 35 85422 690 •6911 144-697 81 10874 1663 14-8347 6 748 36 84832 470 •5536 180-669 83 9282 1508 16-3430 6-158 37 84362 405 •4804 208160 83 7774 1381 17-7573 5^631 38 83967 396 •4714 313-134 84 6393 1338 19-3673 5-163 39 83561 441 •6272 189-681 86 5155 1086 31-0733 4^746 40 83120 538 •6471 154-636 86 4069 931 33-8750 4-370 41 82582 687 •8314 130-379 87 3138 778 24-8032 4-082 42 81896 903 1'1026 90-663 88 2360 684 26-8680 ' 3-723 43 80992 1183 1'4607 68-446 89 1726 501 39-0393 3-444 44 79809 1518 1^9068 63-466 90 1225 384 31-8471 8-190 45 78291 1909 2^4877 41-017 91 841 384 33^7814 2-960 46 76882 2335 3 0566 .33-712 93 657 301 36-0243 2-776 47 74047 2673 3-4763 28-777 93 366 136 38-0768 2-626 48 71474 2640 3-6934 27-078 94 220 87 89-9359 2-504 49 68834 2566 3-7114 26-947 96 133 55 41-6047 2-404 50 66279 2339 3-5290 28-387 96 78 33 43-0820 2-321 51 63940 2012 3 1463 31-786 97 45 21 47-3179 2-113 62 61928 1776 2-8661 34-893 98 24 13 68-9970 1-853 63 60153 1617 3-6884 37-203 99 12 8 61-3067 1-631 64 58636 1530 2-6133 38-270 100 4 4 76-0000 1-333 66 57006 1506 3-6406 37-864 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 51 Table I, No. 5. Rural, Town, and City Districts. — Miners. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 ■3961 959-469 56 63960 2177 3-4086 29-877 11 99604 395 •3961 932^469 37 61783 2871 8^8868 26-009 13 99909 401 ■4038 247-647 38 59412 2358 4-8057 93-993 13 98808 414 •4193 238-493 59 56834 2735 4-8104 90-790 14 98394 435 •4495 995-989 60 54119 2896 5-3509 18-688 15 97959 464 ■4735 911-193 61 31223 3036 5-9271 16-872 16 97495 499 •5193 195-198 69 48187 3064 6-3575 15-728 17 90996 540 •5567 179-630 63 43123 3997 6-6422 15-056 18 96456 585 •6070 164-745 64 49126 3857 6-7810 14-747 19 95871 636 •6630 130-830 65 39269 2660 6-7740 14-769 20 96935 690 ■7947 137-988 66 86609 2424 6-6313 15-108 91 94545 749 ■7999 196-231 67 34185 2241 6-5541 15-958 29 93796 779 •8228 121-336 68 31944 2100 6'5736 15-914 23 93094 759 •8164 122^489 • 69 29844 1998 6^6767 14^977 94 93965 713 •7781 129^349 70 97851 1913 6-8664 14-564 95 91553 634 •6999 144^321 71 25939 1853 7-1417 14-002 96 90918 594 ■5758 173-671 73 34086 1804 7-4885 13-353 97 90394 450 ■4976 200-965 73 22283 1762 7-9069 12-647 98 89944 413 ■4382 218-245 74 30530 1738 8-3967 11^909 99 89532 410 ■4577 918-484 75 18897 1693 8-9582 11-163 30 89199 449 ■4960 901-613 76 17204 1650 9-5911 10-426 31 88680 508 •5732 174-439 77 15554 1613 10-3630 9-653 39 88172 559 •6969 159-693 78 13943 1571 11-9708 8-873 33 87690 574 •6549 159-695 79 13871 1594 19-3175 8-117 34 87046 574 •6594 151-633 80 10847 1465 13-5021 7-407 35 86479 553 •6397 156-893 81 9382 1391 14-8247 6-748 36 88919 519 •5957 167-870 82 7991 1298 16-2430 6-188 37 85407 496 •5813 179-028 83 6693 1189 17-7573 5-631 38 84911 506 •5963 167-701 84 5504 1066 19-3673 5-163 39 84403 541 •6408 136-035 85 4438 935 91-0739 4-746 40 83864 599 •7147 139-919 86 8503 801 22-8780 4-871 41 83965 679 •8181 129-934 87 9709 670 24-8033 4-082 42 82586 769 •9308 107-435 88 9033 546 96-8880 8-723 43 81817 861 1-0597 94-967 89 1486 439 29-0893 3-444 44 80956 959 1-1840 84-459 90 1054 380 81-3471 3-190 45 79997 1060 1-3240 75-472 91 734 945 83-7814 9-960 46 78937 1164 1-4744 67-843 93 479 173 36-0943 2-776 47 77773 1954 1^6118 69-085 93 306 117 38-0788 3-636 48 76519 1399 1^7367 57-571 94 189 75 39^9359 2-504 49 75190 1390 1-8491 54-083 95 114 47 41^6047 3-404 50 73800 1438 1-9490 81-308 96 67 39 48-0890 8^831 51 72369 1474 2-0364 49-116 97 38 18 47-3179 2-113 59 70888 1549 2-1858 45-746 98 30 11 83-9970 1-832 53 69339 1588 2-3973 41-719 99 9 6 61-8067 1-63J 54 * 67751 1809 2-6707 37-439 100 3 3 75-0000 1-333 55 65949 1983 B-C061 33-967 52 DURATION OF LIFE Table I, No. 6. Eesidoe, by abstracting Labourers from Eural Districts. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Speciiio Intensity. 10 100000 330 •3300 434-783 56 66081 1233 1-8948 52-770 11 99770 339 ■3300 434-783 67 63848 1276 1-9987 50-025 13 99541 375 •2764 361-795 58 63873 1328 3-1331 47-103 13 99266 367 •3693 270-783 59 61344 1389 2-2681 44-092 14 98899 503 •5085 196-657 60 69855 1466 2-4336 41-086 15 98396 683 •6943 144-030 61 58399 1629 2-6197 38-168 16 97713 905 •9264 107-945 62 66870 1609 2-8309 36-323 17 96808 1051 1-0886 91-827 63 65361 1695 3-0672 33-605 18 95787 1134 1-1747 85-106 64 63666 1783 3-3386 30039 19 94633 1136 1^1908 83-963 65 51783 1876 3-6181 37-663 20 93507 106] 1^1349 88-106 66 49907 1959 3-9367 35-465 21 92446 933 1-0070 99-306 67 47948 2039 4'2841 33^507 23 91514 830 •9065 110-314 68 45909 2110 4-8972 31^753 33 90684 766 •8335 119-976 69 43799 2170 4-9563 20-178 34 89938 709 •7880 136-904 70 41639 2219 5-3310 18-758 26 89319 687 ■7699 139-887 71 39410 2354 5-7218 17-476 26 88533 690 •7793 138-330 72 37156 3369 61079 16-372 27 87842 690 •7852 137-356 73 34887 3364 6-4900 15-408 28 87153 687 •7877 136-953 74 32623 3340 6 8680 14-860 29 •86465 680 •7867 137-113 75 30383 2300 7-2417 13-808 30 85785 671 •7823 137-838 76 28183 2148 7-6112 13-139 31 86114 659 •7744 139-132 77 26038 3090 8-0283 13-456 32 84465 651 •7713 129-651 78 33948 3033 8-4929 11-774 33 83804 648 •7731 129-349 79 21916 1973 9-0051 11-106 34 83156 648 •7797 128-256 80 19942 1907 9-5649 10-455 38 83808 663 •7912 126-390 81 18036 1830 10-1723 9 833 36 81885 661 •8075 123-839 83 16208 1739 10-6987 9-346 37 81194 666 •8208 121-832 83 14476 1600 11-0564 9-042 38 80528 669 •8313 120-308 84 12876 1445 11-2353 8-905 39 79859 670 •8387 119 332 85 11431 1290 11-3924 8-857 40 79189 668 •8432 118-896 86 10141 1163 11-3768 8-787 41 78531 663 •8447 118-385 87 8988 1049 11-6788 8-662 42 77858 669 •8589 116-438 88 7939 982 12-3700 8-084 43 77189 684 •8858 113-893 89 6957 948 13-6394 7-337 44 76505 708 •9252 108-086 90 6009 928 15-4410 6-477 45 75797 741 •9773 102-323 91 5081 903 17-7744 5-627 46 76056 783 1-0421 95-969 93 4178 864 20-6794 4-836 47 74274 837 M138 89-847 93 8314 808 24-2828 4-119 48 73447 874 M895 84-034 94 3509 719 28-6464 3-490 49 72573 923 1-2723 78-616 96 1790 609 34-0210 2-939 50 71660 975 1-3610 73-476 96- 1181 483 40-8812 2 446 61 70675 1039 1-4565 68-634 97 698 339 48-5686 2-069 52 69646 1078 1-5481 64-699 98 359 313 68 9984 1-695 53 68568 1133 1-6383 61-050 99 147 97 600370 1-514 •54 67445 1164 1-7261 57-937 100 80 80 85-0000 1-176 55 66381 1200 1-8116 58-188 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 63 The Population in Table F was shewn to be bisected at ages 68-9, while among the Labourers that will be seen to take place at ages 71-2. The sum of the series of differences of the points of equal specific intensity between the Rural, Town, and City Districts respectively, and Table C, were shewn to be 65, 23, and 6 ; but the sum of the same order of differences for Table I is 78 ; so that the difference between Labourers and the General Results for the Rural Districts is more than equivalent to the mean difference between Towns and Cities and the Rural Districts. It will also be seen that the sum of the series of differences of the points of equal specific intensity in the Rural Districts generally, and the Labourers, is 46, being above the mean of 66 and 23. The difference for the equation of life to Age 10, between Rural and Town Districts, is 4 years. Town and City ... 3 ... and ... Labourers and Rural ... 3 ... So that, in this general way of viewing the question, employment produces as wide a distinction as locality. If Table J is now referred to, it will be seen that the Expectation of Life among Labourers in the Rural Districts exceeds the Expectation of the Rural Districts generally throughout the whole term of life. At decennial ages the following is the relative value of life. Age. Rural Districts. Difference in favour of Labourers. Age. General Results. G. Labourers. J. In Years. Per Cent. 20 30 40 80 60 70 45-3650 38-4073 30-9724 23-4700 16-6624 10-9124 47-9063 40-5979 32-7693 25-0745 17-8206 11-3498 2-5613 2-1899 1-7969 1-6045 1-1681 0-4374 5-6351 5-7017 5-8016 6-8500 7-8146 4-0073 30 30 40 50 60 70 The preceding arrangements, however, do not shew the full influence of employment on health, or rather that of an individual employment on health ; for, in making com- parisons of classes with any standard, that standard ought not to include the class held in comparison, but be the residue left by abstracting that class from the general results ; other- wise the effect of that class, in changing the integral expression, will not be seen to its full extent, and the concealment of the real difference will be the greater in proportion to the p [high 54 DUEATION OF LIFE Table J. Expectation of Life. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Plumbers, No. 1. No. 2. Clerks. No. 3. Plumbers, Age. Labourers. Kural Districts. Clerks. Rural Districts, Towps & Cities. Painters, &c. Rural Districts, Towns & Cities. Age. Labourers. Rural Districts. Rural Districts, Towns & Cities. Painters, &c. Rural Districts, Towns & Cities. 10 56-0054 39-9856 43-0665 56 30-6469 13^1183 13-9984 11 B5-1333 39-1425 42-2160 57 19-8919 13-8824 13-5334 13 54-3590 38-2964 41-3626 58 19-2307 13-7101 13-0637 13 53-3907 37-4498 40-5345 59 18-5262 13-5691 13-6043 14 52-5348 36-6053 39-7593 60 17-8205 13-4364 13-1675 15 51-6983 35-7656 39-0632 61 17-1110 13-2477 11-7694 16 50-8876 34-9334 38-4688 63 16-3955 11-9981 11-4235 17 50-1089 34-1106 38-0039 63 15-6837 11-6894 11-1304 18 49-3563 33-3113 37-6195 64 14-9839 11-3327 10-8590 19 48-6341 32-5485 37-2682 65 14-3041 10-9401 10-6337 30 47-9063 31-8347 36-9040 66 13-6508 10-5338 10-4344 31 47-1974 31-1816 36-4805 67 13-0293 10-0913 10-3591 S3 46-4923 30-6005 35-9530 68 12-4392 9-6513 10-0944 33 45-7866 30-0841 35-3447 69 11-8796 9-3083 9-9368 34 45-0768 39-6357 34-6785 70 11-3498 8-7668 9-7429 35 44-3595 29-2186 33-9757 71 10-8489 8-3353 9-5287 36 43-6308 38-8670 33-2580 73 10-3763 7-8984 9-2704 37 42-8876 38-5353 32-5447 73 9-9339 7-4811 8-9762 38 43-1326 28-2300 31-8436 74 9-4844 7-0738 8-6547 • 39 41-3683 37-9180 31-1635 75 9-0605 6-6729 8-3143 30 40-5973 37-5761 30-5082 76 8-6152 6-3805 7-9630 31 39-8331 37-1815 39-8874 77 8-1720 5-8940 7-6107 33 39-0449 36-7133 39-3066 78 7-7373 5-5175 7-3573 33 38-3658 26-1825 38-7474 79 7-3354 5-1552 6-9368 34 37-4848 35-6065 38-1916 80 6-9510 4-8090 6-5043 35 36-7014 34-9977 27-6222 81 6-6374 4-4816 6-1833 36 35-9159 24-3689 27-0234 83 6-3690 4-1749 5-8817 37 35-1378 23-7326 36-3773 83 6-1485 3-8873 5-5915 38 34-3394 23-0968 35-7004 84 5-9381 3-6183 5-3005 39 33-5537 23-4692 25-0052 85 5-7094 3-3677 4-9977 40 33-7693 31-8573 34-3046 86 5-4331 2-1337 4-6703 41 31-9909 31-2677 33-6096 87 5-0775 3-9133 4-3045 43 31-3136 30-7065 33-9313 88 4-6692 3-7099 3-9343 43 30-4465 30-1611 32-2563 89 4-2364 3-5335 3-5482 44 39-6814 19-6190 21-5728 90 3-8025 3-3490 3-1915 ^ 45 28-9164 19-0684 30-8694 91 3-3766 3-1939 2-8651 46 38-1496 18-4983 30-1808 93 2-9789 2-0570 3-5786 47 37-3793 17-8986 19-3633 93 3-6054 1-9356 3-3348 ' 48 36-6083 17-3833 18-5799 94 3-3510 1-8200 3^0937 49 35-8393 16-6613 17-8161 95 1-9194 1-7000 1^8727 50 35-0745 16-0465 17-0955 96 1-6133 1-5455 1^6534 51 24-3158 15-4483 16-4400 97 1-3391 1-3400 1^4101 53 23-5657 14-8755 15-8700 98 1-0652 1-1153 1^1538 53 32-8341 14-3426 15-3622 99 ■8390 ■8333 •8878 54 22-0904 13-8631 14-8944 100 ■5000 -5000 ■5000 55 21-3650 13-4205 14-4464 IN VAEIOUS CLASSES. 55 Table J. — [continued.) Expectation of Life. No. 6. No. 0. No. 4. No. 5. Rural Districts, No. 4. No. 5. Rural Districts, Bakers. Miners. after Bakers. Miners. after Age. Rural Districts, Rural Districts, Abstracting Age. Rural Districts, Rural Districts, Abstracting Towns and Cities. Towns & Cities. Labourers. Towns & Cities. Towns & Cities. Labourers. 10 47-9816 48-5160 50-7552 56 16-2677 13-7419 18-6229 11 47-1704 47-7069 49-8711 57 15-7171 13-9077 17-9796 19 46-3562 46-8949 48-9847 58 15-1686 12-7149 17-3989 13 45-5423 46-0832 48-1190 59 14-6187 12-2644 16-6938 14 44-7393 45-9750 47-2957 60 14-0632 11-8590 16-0696 15 43-9287 44-4738 46-5349 61 13-4982 11-5012 15-4578 16 43-1353 43-6831 45-8567 69 19-9905 11-1943 14-8599 17 42-3547 49-9059 45-2802 63 12-3405 10-9905 14-9781 18 41-5807 42-1417 44-7729 64 11-7673 10-6619 13-7141 19 40-8068 41-3967 44-9980 65 11-9086 10-4019 13-1690 20 40-0268 40-6700 43-8955 66 10-6718 10-1208 12-6453 21 39-2355 39-9630 43-3297 67 10-1629 9-8098 19-1415 22 38-4274 39-2781 49-7588 68 9-6779 9-4554 11-6585 23 37-6134 38-5999 49-1456 69 9-2130 9-0855 11-1961 24 36-8031 37-9134 41-4957 70 8-7647 8-7000 10-7536 25 36-0057 37-2047 40-8215 71 8-3293 8-3043 10-3310 26 35-2305 36-4607 40-1341 72 7-9098 7-9048 9-9974 27 34-4857 35-6692 39-4457 73 7-4856 7-5043 9-5405 28 33-8398 34-8451 38-7541 74 7-0775 7-1057 9-1679 29 33-0556 34-0032 38-0580 75 6-6637 6-6730 8-8070 30 39-3572 33-1573 37-3557 76 6-2872 6-2805 8-4554 31 31-6605 32-3201 36-6463 77 5-8995 5-8937 8-1108 32 30-9597 31-5034 35-9283 78 5-5238 5-5174 7-7750 33 30-2455 30-6987 35-9035 79 5-1618 5-1545 7-4499 34 29-5094 29-8978 34-4739 80 4-8168 4-8085 7-1374 35 28-7434 29-0930 33-7408 81 4-4904 4-4815 6-8539 36 27-9398 28-2770 33-0059 82 4-1749 4-1743 6-5552 37 27-0927 27-4435 32-2706 83 3-8877 8-8868 6-2784 38 26-2210 26-6009 31-5333 84 3-6195 3-6185 5-9964 39 25-3429 25-7574 30-7933 85 3-3687 3-3675 5-6913 40 24-4756 24-9204 30-0496 86 3-1343 3-1329 5-3516 41 23-6309 24-0960 29-3010 87 2-9169 2-9134 4-9740 42 22-8249 23-2900 28-5463 88 2-7123 2-7099 4-5651 43 22-0738 22-5042 27-7893 89 2-5249 9-5209 4-1389 44 21-3936 21-7383 27-0333 90 2-3531 2-3492 3-7130 45 20-7999 20-9930 26-9812 91 9-1991 2-1920 3-9998 46 90-3060 20-2680 25-5357 92 2-0655 2-0574 2-8994 47 19-9306 19-5639 24-7993 93 1-9494 1-9379 2-5320 48 19-6301 18-8763 24-0729 94 1-8455 1-8280 2-1839 49 19-3638 18-2011 23-3568 95 1-7256 1-7018 1-8603 50 19-0910 17-5346 22-6512 96 1-5897 1-5448 1-5618 51 18-7710 16-8730 21-9568 97 1-3888 1-3421 1-2965 52 18-3646 16-9135 21-2738 98 1-1666 1-1000 1-0487 53 17-8918 15-5645 20-6004 99 -8333 •8333 -8401 54 17-3799 14-9176 19-9351 100 -5000 -5000 •5000 55 16-8951 14-3131 19-2764 56 DURATION OF LIFE high ratio which the numbers of the class compared bear to the total number. For example : — ■ Let a = 20 per cent, and represent the total results or general average ; and tper cent, and represent classes composing the general average a; ... c = 15) then, if either class h or class c vi^ere compared with the total result or general average, the apparent difference would be only 5 per cent. ; while the actual difference between it and the residue class is 10 per cent. Hence, if any class of results be compared with the general results in which that is also included, the apparent difference will always be less than the actual difference, whether the effect of that class be to increase or decrease the ratio of the general results. The facts forming Table I, No. 1, have therefore been eliminated from the general results for the Rural Districts in Table E, and the residue formed into another Life Table, from which Table I, No. 6, has been deduced ; and it will be found that the specific intensity for the Rural Districts generally is as high at Age 20 in Table F Rural Districts as at Age 30 40 50 60 70 16 for the Residue. 16 35 48 58 69 The corresponding points of equal specific intensity for the Residue at Age 20 in Table I, No. 6, is as high as Age 52 for Labourers in Table I, No. 1 ; 30 ... ... 44 40 50 60 70 48 55 65 72 Half the population dies off at Age 65-66 in the Residue, at Age 68-9 in the General Average, and at Age 71-2 in the Labourers. The great distinction between the value of life among the labouring population in the Rural Districts, and the rest of the Rural Districts, is therefore obvious ; and con- clusively shews, that even in the same locality, in the Rural Districts of the country, where all the supposed contaminating influences of ill-ventilated houses, narrow streets, bad sewerage, poisoned air, epidemic town fevers, and factory restraints, are absent, there is nevertheless a very great superiority in the value of life in one class over another. In the IN VAKIOUS CLASSES. 57 Rural Districts recited in the early part of this Paper, very little difference can be supposed to exist between the means of support and the various habits of life of the members of Friendly Societies. In fact, they may be presumed to assimilate as near to each other's condition as any means of classification can suggest, the only difference between the individual members being difference of employment or occupation ; and therefore, in classifying the various trades, pure elements may be said to be brought into comparison, the only distinction being difference of occupation. It has already been stated that any thing like a complete inquiry into the influence of employment on health is not contemplated in this Paper. A few illustrations only will be brought forward to aid the other branch of the inquiry, and by which it will be seen that, independently of locality, difference of employment has a marked effect on the duration of life. If this position can be fairly established, it will follow as a direct consequence, that wherever an excess of unhealthy trades are congregated, there must also be an increased rate of mortality independent of the local influence ; for if the same trades were placed in any other district, there would still be an increased rate of mortality simply in virtue of the trade or occupation. At Ages 30-35, the general mortality of the Town Districts exceeds that of the Rural by 14*981 per cent, of the whole mortality at that period of life ; but if the class designated Labourers were abstracted from the Rural District, the mortality of the residue would be increased 6'181 per cent, of the original ratio. But suppose a still further change to take place, and that the class named Labourers is not only abstracted from the Rural Districts, but added to the Town Districts ; this arrangement would affect the respective mortalities to such an extent, that instead of the mortality of the Town Districts exceeding that of the Rural Districts by 14'981 per cent., it would fall short of it by 1-831 per cent, of the whole mortality at that period of life. In like manner also would other periods of life be affected. It is evident, therefore, that the Residue of the population in the Rural Districts has a factitious value assigned to it, from being mixed up with the class called Labourers ; and that in any attempt to discover the relative values of life in different localities, unless employment were made an element in the comparison, an undue value would be attached to a great portion of life in the Rural Districts. The nature of the Rural Districts is such, that a great proportion of the upgrown population must consist of Agricultural and other Labourers. In the facts here collected, they amount to 38 per cent. ; and their lives being of higher value than the average lives in the district, it is no more fair to jiidge of the value of life and the influence of locality on the residue of the population from calculations involving the consideration of all the lives generally, than it would be just to compare the value of life in the Residue in the preceding illustration with Town Q 58 DURATION OF LIFE life, and draw the conclusion that life in the Eural Districts was of less value than in the Town Districts ; for in both cases a factitious value is assigned, by being mixed up with a favourable class. From the preceding remarks it is evident that in particular occupations, even in the Rural Districts, life is of less value than in others. Those occupations cannot be said to be less healthy from the objectionable features peculiar to large Towns and Cities, for they must be supposed under very favourable circumstances for prolonged life. In Table H, No. 4, is given the expectation of life in sixteen trades in the Rural District, selected at random, without any previous knowledge as to whether they were healthy or other- wise. An inspection of this Table will shew, that in those sixteen trades, (namely, Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, Weavers, Butchers, Millwrights, Stonemasons, Cabinet- makers, Printers, Bakers, Bricklayers, Wheelwrights, Tailors, Cordwainers and Shoemakers, Sawyers, Clerks, Carpenters and Joiners, and Blacksmiths,) the value of life is less than the average for the whole Rural Districts ; and Labourers were before shewn to be more healthy than the average results. It is therefore clear, that if a given District were chiefly made up of the class whose lives are above the average value, or of those below it, that the general results for that District would be of high or low value accordingly. A very small portion of the population in either the Town or City Districts can follow agricultural pursuits ; and therefore the standard of life in those Districts will be lowered in consequence of that circumstance alone ; but on further examination it will be found that the comparative value of life in those Districts is not only lowered in consequence of the absence of many of the most healthy occupations common to the Rural Districts, but that it is still further decreased by the presence of some of the most unhealthy employments, not to be found, or at least to a very limited extent, in the Rural Districts. In other words, the effect of the occupations is such, that if the same people were placed in the Rural Districts, no matter over how much surface they were spread, in order to avoid the influence supposed to connect itself with the congregation of large numbers into towns, still the mortality would be much higher among the people thus conditioned, than among the average of the rural population in ordinary circumstances. If the view brought forward be correct, that the mortality of Towns and Cities is increased from the existence of a high proportion of trades which are in themselves unhealthy, independent of the influence of the locality, it should follow that the difference found by a comparison of the rate of mortality of a given number of trades in one district, with that of the same trades in another district, should be less than the difference between the rates of mortality for the general results of the same districts. If the differences of the decennial periods from 10 to 70 in the general results for Rural and Town Districts be taken, the sum of the differences will be found to amount to 19-3299 years ; but the sum of the differences at the corresponding periods for the 16 Trades formerly referred to is IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 59 only 16-3868 years ; being less than the other by about 15 per cent. For a like reason it should follow, that if the differences at the same periods between the 16 Trades, and the general results of each district be taken, they should amount to less in the Town than in the Rural Districts ; and accordingly in the Rural Districts the sum of the differences is found to be 4-7029 years, while in the Town Districts it is only 1-7598 years. In order to afford still further evidence of the effect on the average value of fife by the prevalence of particular trades, a few other cases will be submitted ; and to render the illustrations more simple they will be given for the average of the Three Districts, or rather with the Three Districts conjoined ; and consequently they must be brought into comparison with the General Results for the Three Districts as given in Tables F and C. An inspection of Table I will shew that the equation of life in Miners is at Ages 61-2 ; in Bakers, at Ages 69-60 ; Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, at 66-7 ; and Clerks, at so early a period of life as 51-2. In F, for the Three Districts combined, the same results appeared at Ages 66-7, shewing a difference of 5, 7, 10, and 15 years respectively; and the following Abridgement of Table J will shew the marked difference in the expectation of life in these employments at five decennial periods. Rural, Town, Plumbers, Age. aud Clerks. Painters, and Bakers. Miners. City Districts. J, No. a. Glaziers. J, No. 4. J, No. 5. G. J, No. 3. 90 43-7736 31-8347 36-9040 40-0268 40-6700 30 36-60S1 27-5761 30-5083 33-3573 33-1573 40 89-3306 31-8573 24-3046 34-4756 24-9204 60 22-1930 16-0465 17-0955 19-0910 17-5346 60 15-6942 12-4264 12-1675 14-0632 11-8590 The very remarkable difference between the above employments and the General Results, cannot fail to occasion some surprise ; and at the same time conclusively prove, that any district contaiiiing a majority of the above, or other equally unhealthy employ- ments, must shew a very reduced average value of life for the district, independent of the influence of the local situation itself on health. It will no doubt cause some uneasiness in the minds of inquirers to find, that so highly important and industrious a class of men as Clerks should stand lowest in the scale of the above employments ; and that from 20 to 60 their expectation of life should be only 75 per cent, of the general average. A solution of this will hereafter appear. The expec- tation of life among Plumbers Painters and Glaziers in the same period is equal to 81 per cent.. Miners 85 per cent., and Bakers 88 per cent, of the general average. Plumbers Painters and Glaziers will be found next in the scale ; and although much 60 DURATION OF LIFE below the general average, they are still of considerably higher value than the class designated Clerks. Bakers, as well as the preceding class, have long been supposed to be unhealthy : and although no attempt had hitherto been made to ascertain the precise value of their lives, it is thought that the present results will shew a much greater difference than would be generally calculated upon. The class Miners will be found to rank above the three others at the early periods of life, but below them at the latter periods of life. The remark formerly made should be here kept clearly in view, that the difference found by a comparison of any class with the general results will always be less than the actual difference; and therefore the effect which the preceding and other unhealthy employments have in reducing the average rate of mortality, is still greater than what appears by the preceding Table. Some large towns or cities are knovra to represent a less value of life to their inhabi- tants generally than other towns ; and the explanation usually given of this difference has been the favourable or unfavourable nature of the locality, and a change in the sani- tary regulations of the place looked forward to as a certain remedy ; but a minute examination of all the external circumstances affecting life will shew, that the great diversity in the mortality of certain classes arises from the influence of other agents. In Table H, No. 2, is given the expectation of life calculated from the combined data of all trades in Liverpool ; and a comparison of this with the general results for the Rural Districts will shew a much greater difference due to locality in the apparent sense, than has hitherto been shewn by any other tables of the value of life in different localities ; but at the same time it will be seen that this difference falls much short of the actual dif- ference between different employments. At Age 30 the difference between the expecta- tion of life in the Rural Districts and in Liverpool is 8'2636 years ; but the difference between Clerks and Labourers is 13 "02 11 years ; and so also at other periods of life. It ought to be understood, that in making this comparison, the influence of employment is shewn to disadvantage; for, as has been already pointed out, every large town has its average lowered by the influence of certain trades ; and therefore the actual difference in the above comparison between the Rural Districts and Liverpool is less than there given : and again, in the comparison between Clerks and Labourers, the expectation for Clerks has been for the average of the three districts ; but if it had been taken for the City Districts only, a much greater difference would have been found, and consequently the influence of employments appeared the greater. From Table K, No. 2, it will appear that there is a uniform decrease in the specific in- tensity of life from the commencement to the end of the table. A comparison will shew that the specific intensities at ages 30, 40, and 50, correspond with the specific intensities at ages [45, 54, IN VAEIOUS CLASSES. 61 Table K, No. 1. Rural, Town and City Districts. — Trades not Classified. — Females. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Sijecifie Intensity. 10 100000 1389 1-3888 71-994 56 63073 1061 1-7094 58-514 11 98611 1370 1-3888 71-994 57 61012 1039 1-7021 58-764 IS 97241 1334 1-3715 73-886 68 59973 1020 1 7002 58-824 13 95907 1283 1-3368 74-7(14 69 68953 1004 1-7037 58-685 14 94625 1310 1-2848 77-821 60 57949 993 1-7126 58-377 15 93409 1135 1-2155 83-337 61 56957 984 1-7289 57-904 16 92274 1043 1-1288 88-574 62 56973 1034 18294 54-675 17 91232 951 1-0429 95-877 63 64949 1110 2-0202 49-505 18 90281 865 •9579 104-395 64 53839 1238 2-2991 43-497 19 89416 781 -8736 114-469 66 53601 1403 2-6663 37-509 20 88635 700 -7002 136-550 86 51198 1598 3-1216 32-031 SI 87935 633 -7076 141-333 67 49600 1792 3-6120 27-685 2S 87313 569 -6521 153-351 68 47808 1978 4-1375 24-166 S3 86744 541 •6237 160-334 69 45830 2153 4-8980 21-388 84 86203 537 •6224 160-668 70 43677 2313 5-2936 18-889 95 85666 555 •6482 154-273 71 41365 2461 5-9242 18-880 S6 85111 597 •7010 142-653 72 38914 3491 6-4013 15-633 27 84514 621 •7349 136-073 73 86433 3449 6-7247 14-870 28 83893 629 •7499 133-361 74 33974 2342 6-8945 14-503 29 83264 621 •7462 134-012 76 31633 3188 6-9106 14-470 30 82643 598 •7337 138-179 76 39448 1995 6-7731 14-785 31 82045 560 •6835 146-520 77 37451 1870 6-8123 14-680 32 81485 539 •6618 161-103 78 35581 1797 7-0282 14-329 33 80946 535 •6615 151-172 79 23784 1785 7-4207 13-475 34 80411 548 •8816 146-714 80 32019 1759 7-9899 12-516 35 79863 577 •7231 138-486 81 20280 1770 8-7357 11-447 36 79286 621 •7830 127-714 82 18490 1761 9-4684 10-562 37 78665 658 •8367 119-517 83 16739 1705 10-1880 9-814 38 78007 689 •8833 113-313 84 15034 1637 10-8946 9-183 39 77318 713 •9337 108-378 85 13397 1653 11-5880 8-628 40- 76605 732 •9550 104-712 86 11844 1453 12-3683 8-160 41 75873 744 •9800 102-041 87 10391 1335 13-8507 7-783 43 75129 758 1-0085 99-108 88 9056 1318 14-5351 6-878 43 74371 774 1-0402 96-154 89 7740 1394 18^7316 5-981 44 73597 791 1-0754 93-023 90 6446 1351 19-4103 5-152 45 72806 811 1-1139 89 767 91 5195 1174 33-6008 4-435 46 71995 832 1-1557 86-505 93 4021 1069 36-5935 3-759 47 71163 861 1-2095 82-645 93 2952 881 29-8333 3-353 48 70302 897 1-2763 78-431 94 2071 684 33-0399 3-027 49 69405 939 1-3531 73-910 95 1387 604 36-3589 3-750 50 68466 988 1-4428 69 300 96 883 350 39-6498 2-523 51 67478 1042 '1-6444 64-767 97 533 341 45-1555 2-314 53 66436 1078 1-6233 61-814 98 292 155 62-9127 1-890 53 65358 1097 1-6791 59-559 99 137 84 61-3067 1-631 54 64361 1100 1-7121 58 411 100 53 53 75-0000 1-333 55 63161 1088 1-7222 58-072 R 62 DURATION OF LIFE Table K, No. 2. Tkades not Classified. — Liverpool. — Males. Age. Liying. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •8961 252-462 56 53834 1751 8-3639 80-741 11 99604 895 •8961 252-462 57 52083 1741 3^3433 39-939 12 99209 401 •4088 247-647 58 50342 1810 3^5961 97-809 13 98808 414 •4198 238-493 59 48532 1949 4^0148 24-907 14 98894 435 •4425 225^989 60 46583 2142 4^5981 21-749 15 97959 464 •4735 211^193 61 44441 2376 ■ 5-3461 18^706 16 97495 499 •5123 195-198 62 42065 3501 5-9445 16^821 17 96996 523 •5379 185-908 63 89564 2539 6-3938 15^649 18 96474"* 531 •5506 181-620 64 87035 2479 6-6936 14^943 19 95943 528 •5501 181-785 65 34556 2864 6^8431 14^616 20 95415 512 •5367 186-824 66 82192 2203 6^8431 14^616 21 94903 484 •5101 196-040 67 29989 3062 6^8761 14^543 22 94419 478 •5061 197-589 68 27927 1939 6^9441 14^401 23 93941 493 •5247 190-585 69 25988 1881 7^0461 14-199 24 93448 529 •5657 176-773 70 24157 1735 7^1831 13-924 25 92919 585 •6294 158881 71 22432 1649 7^8522 13-603 26 92834 661 •7155 189-762 72 20773 1582 7^6]48 13-182 27 91673 722 •7872 127-033 73 19191 1580 7^9700 12-547 28 90951 768 •8443 118-441 • 74 17661 1487 8^4178 11-879 29 90183 800 •8870 112-740 75 16174 1449 8^9682 11-632 30 89383 818 •9151 109-278 76 14725 1412 9^5911 10-426 31 88565 823 •9288 107-666 77 13318 1380 10-3620 9-653 32 87742 840 •9576' 104-438 78 11933 1846 11-2708 8-873 33 86902 871 1-0017 99-800 79 10588 1304 12^8176 8-117 34 86031 913 1-0611 94-251 80 9984 1254 18^6031 7-107 85 85118 967 1^1356 88-028 81 8030 1190 14^8247 6-748 86 84151 1031 1^2254 81-633 83 6840 1111 16-2427 6-158 37 83120 1090 1-3108 70-278 83 5739 1017 17-7563 5-631 38 82032 1142 1^3918 71-889 84 4712 913 19-3654 6-168 89 80888 1188 1^4685 68-074 85 3799 800 21-0700 4-746 40 79700 1228 1-5407 64-893 86 2999 686 22-8702 4-378 41 78472 1262 1^6086 62-130 87 2813 574 24-7975 4-032 42 77210 1302 r6868 59-312 88 1789 467 26-8519 3-724 43 75908 1846 r7787 50-870 89 1272 878 29^0335 8-443 44 74562 1803 1-8709 53-447 90 894 280 81-8428 3-191 43 73167 1447 1-9778 50-556 91 614 307 33-7782 9-960 46 71720 1502 2-0945 47-733 92 407 147 36-0334 2-776 47 70218 1569 2-2389 44-768 93 260 99 38-0748 9-697 48 68649 1645 .2-3960 41-736 94 161 64 39-9356 9-304 49 67004 1729 2-5808 88-745 95 97 40 41-6047 9-404 50 66275 1820 9-7883 35-868 96 57 25 43-0820 2-331 51 63455 1915 3-0185 33-124 97 32 15 47-3179 2-113 52 61540 1902 8-1876 81-868 98 17 9 53-9970 1-852 53 59378 1964 8-2956 30^840 99 8 5 61-3067 1-681 54 57614 1926 " 3-8425 29^9]3 100 3 3 75-0000 1-383 S5 55688 1854 3-8282 30-048 IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 63 45, 54, and 63 in the Rural Districts ; Ages 38, 49, and 57 in the Towns ; Ages 29, 42, and 59 in the Cities; and at Ages 39, 51, and 61 in the Three Districts combined. A further inspection of the same table will shew that half the population dies off between the ages 58-9, — an earlier period than in the City Districts of Table F by 3 years. In Table H, No. 2, the expectation of life for all trades in Liverpool will be found to be lower than the expectation given in Table G for the City Districts generally. The following shews the difference at decennial periods of Life. Age. City Districts. Table G. Liverpool. Difiference. 20 30 40 50 00 40-0148 39-8603 20 0873 19-9271 13-7085 379553 30-1437 23-1524 17-0940 11-9626 2-0S95 2-7166 2-9349 2-8325 1-80S9 So far as a general inspection of the above results would suffice, it might be inferred that Liverpool is less healthy than the average of the large cities in England ; but it is necessary here again to keep in view the peculiar aggregation of employments which are in themselves unhealthy, independent of the locality ; for it so happens, that the class of Labourers in large cities is subject to a very high rate of mortality, and that the peculiar business of Liverpool occasions a great preponderance of that class in the dock, and other employments of that kind, a large proportion of which enters into the above results. It has been shewn in Table F, for the Three Districts, that the expectation of life for Members of Friendly Societies over the country generally, is higher than that for the whole population of England and Wales as given in Table D. In like manner it will also be found, that the expectation of life among the Members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool is also higher than the expectation for the general population of Liverpool. At page XXVII. of the 5th Report of the Registrar General will be found a table of the Expectation of Life for the Town of Liverpool ; and assuming that it gives a correct representation of the value of life of the whole population, we shall find the comparative value of life between the Members of Friendly Societies and the general population in the following Table : — Expectation of Lite in Difference in favour of Livei-pool. Friendly Societies in Liverpool. Age. Friendly Societies. Whole Population. In Years. Per Cent, 20 37-9353 83 0000 4-9533 13-0160 95 38-9067 30-0000 3-9007 13-0223 30 301437 97-0000 31437 11-6438 85 26-5960 23-0000 3-5260 13-3803 40 23-1394 21-0000 21524 10-2500 43 19-9908 18-0000 1-9908 11-0600 50 17-0946 160000 1-0946 5-6922 64 DURATION OF LIFE A careful consideration of all the preceding observations, it is believed, will be suf- ficient to shew that the excessive mortality of the general population of Liverpool must be due to some other cause than simply that of locality. The persons over whom the observations in the first column extend, being members of Friendly Societies, and almost exclusively workmen and mechanics, of necessity inhabit the inferior class of houses, in the worst conditioned streets ; and it is therefore impossible that they can escape the contagious eifect of the pestilential diseases supposed to be the scourge of unhealthy neighbourhoods : and admitting this, the results given for the Friendly Societies must evidence all the legitimate efi^ects due to locality ; and therefore the excessive mortality of the general population is due to some other cause— such as the poverty and distress which, unhappily, are allowed to remain so much neglected in the large manufacturing and commmercial towns of the kingdom. If any part of this argument were to be met by the statement, that the higher expectation of life given for the members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool than for the general community, may be accounted for by the omission of some very unhealthy trades ; this would be sufiiciently answered by the fact, that 175 employments are included, and, as has already been shewn, some of them the most unhealthy occupations ; so that a fair average may be said to be taken. A similar objection might also seem to apply against the general results for the whole kingdom ; but if it is recollected that upwards of four hundred trades are included, the force of the objection will disappear. It is evident from all that has been said, that the peculiar sanitary condition of large towns has not the remarkable eff'ect which many have supposed in shortening the duration of life ; still, it has some eff'ect, and the nature and extent of that influence it is important to understand. But a rude estimate only can be made, until the value of life in every important employment, occupation, or trade has been investigated, for the various localities or districts, on some such plan as that given in the present paper ; and then grouping or classifying a given number of these common to diff'erent localities : the result arrived at would shew the precise amount of influence which a particular District, City, or Town, has on the duration of life. A partial or limited comparison of a few trades would not be adequate to answer definitely this question, but an accurate combination of a sufficiently large number of trades, to guard against the eff'ect of fluctuation. In the beginning of this Paper it was stated, that to carry out the question in this extended degree was a task of too imposing a nature oa the present occasion ; and that such illustrations would only be brought forward, as would be necessary to solve the more immediate question. On the general mortality of large towns especially, little confidence should be placed, even although every other precaution as to distinction of age and other conditions be taken ; for fallacies from two sources are apt to enter : — First, if, in comparisons of large towns. IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 65 precisely the same classes of trades do not exist, errors will arise from that circumstance ; — and in the second place, although the same classes of trades do exist in both places, unless the proportionate numbers to the whole population be the same, errors in the result must arise. The nature of the error in the first case is plain, from the fact that different trades are in the same place influenced by different rates of mortality ; and if any given trade is wanting, its tendency to alter the general average will be lost. The error in the second case is of a like nature ; for if the absence of the whole class affect the general result, the absence of a fraction of that class must also affect it, although not to the same extent. Illustrations confirmatory of this have already been given when discussing the influence of the class of Labourers, and also the Sixteen Trades combined, on the general averages for the respective Districts ; and a recurrence to those illustrations will be sufficient to shew the truth of the present observations. An inspection of Table K, No. 1, will shew the Rate of MortaUty for Female Life among the Members of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, for the Rural, Town, and City Districts combined. The Tables for Male and Female Life here given, seem to possess in many respects the same relation as those given for Male and Female Life gene- rally in England and Wales ; the Specific Intensity at the earlier periods being higher for Male than Female Life, crossing each other at the middle periods, and turning in favour of Female Life at the advanced ages. It will be seen that the Male Population of Table F for the Three Districts is bisected at 66-7, and that the Female Population in Table K, No. 1, is also bisected at the same period of life. In the general population of the country the same thing takes place a year later among Females than among Males. The Expectation for Female Life, for the general results of Friendly Societies, will be found in Table H, No. 1 ; and the following Abstract wiU shew the relative value of Male and Female Life in the country generally, as well as in Friendly Societies : — Age. Expectation of Life in England and Wales. Expectation of Life among the Members of Friendly Societies. Males. Females. Difference. Males. Females. Difference. 90 30 40 50 60 70 40-6910 34-0990 97-4760 20-8463 14-5854 9-9176 41-5989 35-1671 98-7330 99-0545 15-6930 9-8409 -9072 1-0681 1-2570 1-2082 •9396 •9376 43-7736 36-6051 29-3306 22-1920 15-6942 10-2057 45-2640 38-1841 30-7813 93-8200 17-2380 10-9750 1-4904 1-5790 1-4.507 1-6280 1-5438 •7693 It wiU thus be seen, that the distinction between Male and Female Life among the Members of Friendly Societies, differs very little from that between the sexes in the country generally; and this difference would be considerably reduced if the necessary corrections for employments were made, as the data for Male Life in Friendly Societies 66 DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. will be composed of a much, higher proportion of unhealthy trades, in relation to the whole male population of the country, than the data for Female Life in comparison to the whole female population. This coincidence of course tends to strengthen the confidence to be reposed in both classes of results, and brings forward an additional argument against the sufficiency of certain inquiries hitherto made, shewing in some instances so wide a distinction between the value of life in the sexes. In a subsequent portion of the present edition of these contributions a large amount of additional data will be found introduced, bearing directly on particular classes of society, and supporting in a very decided and conclusive manner the views developed by the preceding facts as given in the first and second editions. It is, however, thought better not to interfere with the original course of argument by introducing the new matter at this place, and it is consequently reserved for a more advanced part of this paper. DURATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. A SEPARATE set of letums was procured from Societies in Scotland, and the facts embodied in them have been combined into a distinct class of tables, to which reference will be presently made. The ■results thus derived will be of the more importance, as serving to confirm those obtained from the English Societies ; and their value in this respect is enhanced by the fact, that the Scotch returns extend over a period of twelve years, while those by the English Societies were limited to five years. The Scotch returns were also made under quite different circumstances from those of the English, and they thus act as checks on each other. The nature and extent of the original form in which the informa- tion Avas furnished by the returns from Scotland, have already been referred to, Table L represents the results for the Scotch Societies, in precisely the same manner that Table E did for the English Societies. The places forming the respective Districts in Scotland will be found in the Appendix, Note III. Tables M and N were subsequently formed from Table L, in the same manner in which Tables C and D were formed from B, and Tables F and G from E. An inspection of Table M for the Eural Districts, will shew that the Specific Intensity increases in a uniform ratio, from the earliest age in the Table to the extreme of life. A comparison with the Rural Districts of England (Table F) will shew a higher Specific Intensity in the Eural Districts of Scotland till age 34 ; but from that till age 54 it is lower in Scotland, and from 54 to the end of the Tables the Specific Intensity is sometimes higher and some- times lower. A more general and comprehensive view of the two Tables will be obtained by comparing the Equation of Life: for age 10 it takes place between the ages 67-8 in the Rural Districts in Scotland, but between ages 68-9 in England. Again the Equation for age 30 takes place in both Tables between 70 and 71. Considering the different sources from which the data of the two Tables are derived, and the different periods of years over which the observations extend, the agreement of the Tables in this respect is somewhat remarkable. [In the Town of 68 DURATION OF LIFE Table L, Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rural Districts. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At Tn At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 10 11 "^^ 11 13 5 13 18 6 33 ' 13 14 8 14 15 IS. 15 16 37- "" 7-714" 16 17 83 1 48-428 17 18 162 906 1 6 0-6633 128-714 802-713 0-8860 18 19 364 1 261-143 19 20 360 3 356-714 30 21 488" r 496-286° 31 93 610 5 496-671 93 23 717 - 3573 4 - 34 0-6717 521-438 3070-670 0-8594 23 24 804 7 690-714 34 35 954 7 865-571 35 36 1067" 4° 964-386° 36 37 1161 10 983-000 37 28 1320 6058 10 > 41 0-6768 817-000 4645-000 0-7667 38 29 1390 6 862-286 39 30 1330 11 1018-438 30 31 1364" ir 911-857° 31 33 1373 8 837-857 33 33 1357 ► 6770 13 y 45 0-6647 1037-000 . 4881-438 0-7310 33 34 1336 5 941-714 34 35 1841 9 1163-000 35 36 1373° 14° 1180-428° 36 37 1360 17 1253-714 37 38 1341 - 6774 3 - 58 0-8663 998-571 . 5806-855 0-8572 38 39 1863 15 1172-714 39 40 1839 9 1201-428 40 41 1385° 14° 1412-571° 41 43 1377 10 1112-714 42 43 1337 - 6311 10 ^ 53 0-8533 1212-286 ~ 6580-428 1-0595 43 44 1191 11 1436-571 44 45 1181 8 1407-286 45 46 1173 7' 1519-571° 46 47 1144 20 1653-714 47 48 1138 - S633 13 ► 65 1-1559 1495-857 ' 7538-713 1-3407 48 49 1106 11 1414-714 1484-857 49 50 1074 J 15 J 50 IN SCOTLAND. 69 Table L. — (continued.) Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Eural Districts. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods, At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 51 10151 13' 2014-714" 51 69 979 13 - 61 3212-386 62 53 53 914 - 4630 14 1-3175 1830-867 >■ 10481-999 3-3639 54 888 10 2337-438 a A. 55 834 13 3196-714 55 56 79r 16° 3189-671° 56 57 720 11 3181-000 57 58 709 >■ 3543 ,16 72 2'0322 1918-714 - 10844-385 3-0608 58 59 681 10 19 3930-386 69 60 642 2334-714 60 61 600° 11° 9136-000° 61 62 552 13 23 3638-286 62 63 497 - 2497 84 3-3640 9197-438 ■ 13585-143 5-0401 63 64 446 18 3788-386 64 65 403 19 9846-143 65 66 347° 11° 3091-428° 66 67 308 11 3345-386 67 68 383 - 1418 9 y 66 3-9490 3786-714 - 16388-713 10-8635 68 69 260 10 15 3017-867 69 70 221 3347-438 70 71 199° 13° 3679-386' 71 73 164 13 8^ 3569-386 72 73 143 759 45 5-9289 3680-000 ^ 13460-000 17-7307 73 74 126 3 3586-671 74 75 127 10 3943-857 75 76 J05° 61- 3560-438° 76 77 98 7 1 3631-000 77 78 81 [ 432 s > 26 6-0185 3355-714 ► 11611-999 36-8796 78 79 78 5 3180-857 79 80 70 3 3084-000 80 81 59° 5° 1837-714° 81 82 51 11 1547-000 83 83 36 > ]87 6 y 30 16-0348 1035-143 > 5463-714 39-2123 83 84 25 6 643-986 84 85 ]6 3 400-571 85 86 14° 31 433-438° 86 87 9 2 394-438 87 88 7 - 37 1 y 8 21-6216 936-571 - 1190-713 32-1814 88 89 4 1 143-143 89 90 3 1 93-143J 90 91 r 11 9-0001 91 92 ... y 93 93 ... - 1 ... y 1 LOO-0000 3-000 2-0000 93 94 • • • — . 94 96 ••■. 95 49453 676 1-3706 114344-373 2-3216 70 DURATION OF LIFE Table Jj.— (continued.) Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Towns. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 7 7 • .* ... 10 11 15' . .. 2-428' 11 12 19 ... 12-000 12 18 17 99 ... ;. 10-286 29-000 0-2929 13 14 21 ... ... 14 15 27 . .. 4-286 15 16 38- 1° 24-143° 16 17 57 28-714 17 18 86 > 436 ... 3 0-6881 91-857 345-856 0-7930 18 19 120 1 100-428 19 20 135 1 100-714 20 21 176' 2° 157-286° 21 22 206 3 271-571 22 23 243 1154 1 7 0-6066 245-714 . 1153-999 0-9999 23 24 233 1 187-428 24 25 276 292-000 25 26 303° "i' 386-286° 26 27 314 ... 387-286 27 28 334 y 1629 n 8 0-4911 421-286 - 1745-372 1-0716 28 29 343 4 339-000 29 30 335 1 261-714 30 31 306° 3° 312-571° 31 32 338 ... 272-428 276-000 - 32 33 333 - 1551 3 y 13 0-7737 1401-284 0-9035 38 34 324 4 251-714 34 35 250 2 288-571 35 36 289° 4° 219-714° 36 37 268 2 242-000 37 38 253 y 1230 3 y 13 1-0569 803-857 . 1275-283 1-0368 38 39 222 9 2 266-000 39 40 198 243-714 40 41 179° 31 169-]43° 41 43 160 1 174-000 42 43 130 . 744 ... y 6 0-8064 161-000 > 747-714 1-0050 48 44 130 I 146-571 44 45 125 1 97-000 45 46 120° 5° 163-571° 46 47 99 189-714 47 48 93 ■ 471 "3 y 10 2-1231 201-000 ^ 837-283 1-7777 48 49 85 I 151-000 49 50 74 1^ 132-000 50 IN SCOTLAND. 71 Table L. — (continued.) Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Towns. Age. Popvilation. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age. Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 51 75^ ...1 74-000^ 51 52 69 117-000 52 53 63 > 319 ... y 2 0-6270 101-000 ► 533-000 1-6708 53 54 57 1 125-000 54 55 55 1 116-000 55 56 44' 3' 78-000° 56 57 41 ... 39-000 57 58 42 199 1 4 3-0101 28-000 ► 227000 1-1407 58 59 39 50-000 59 60 33 "i 32-000 60 61 3r = 32-000' 61 62 28 32-000 62 63 24 126 ... 4 3-1746 53-428 . 259-428 2-0589 63 64 24 4 57-000 64 65 19 . 95-000 65 66 16' 3' 127-000' 66 67 16 1 89-000 67 68 13 } 64 2 > 7 10-9375 59-000 y 461-000 V-2031 68 69 13 1 124-000 69 70 7 ... 63-000 70 71 8' ...' 73-000' 71 72 7 35-000 72 73 8 36 ... 1 2 7777 140-000 > 474-000 13-1666 73 74 7 1 114-000 74 75 6 112-000 75 76 7' r 104-286' > 76 77 7 71-000 77 78 7 25 "2 4 16-0000 109-000 . 353-286 141314 78 79 3 1 17-000 79 80 3 52-000 80 81 J 3^ = 52-000' 81 82 3 52-000 82 83 3 11 ... >■ 1 9-0000 r 142-000 12-9090 83 84 3 84 85 2 38-000 85 86 -J = 52-000" 86 87 25-000 87 88 1 > 5 53-000 . 233-000 46-0000 88 89 53-000 ^^9 90 53-000^ 90 91 92 91 93 1' ... 93 94 ••• )■ 2 ... ... 93 94 95 95 8108 83 1-0113 10318-709 1-2603 72 DURATION OF LIFE Table L. — (continued.) Trades not Classified, — Scotland. — Cities. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Eacli Age. Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 ... 13 14 14 15 15 16 1 16 17 "l 17 18 1 21 • • ■ ... 18 19 2 19 20 17 20 21 39' 1 23-286"" 21 22 76 1 47-714 22 23 128 645 4 - 10 1-5504 166-143 > 495-285 0-7679 23 24 174 ... 117-714 24 25 228 5 140-428 25 26 288' 3" 177-714' 26 27 343 2 262-714 97 28 387 I 1888 4 > 22 1-1653 366-286 ^ 1749-571 0-9267 . 28 29 424 8 515-857 29 30 446 5 427-000 30 31 476' 6' 430-571' 81 32 494 7 456-714 32 33 515 > 2491 7 > 37 1-4853 592-143 - 2572-285 1-0326 33 34 500 9 621-286 34 35 506 r8 471-571 35 36 505' 7' 515-571' 36 37 506 9 444-857 37 38 461 2304 7 . 41 1-7793 402-857 ^ 2333-427 1-0128 38 39 433 10 502-57L 39 40 400 8 467-571 40 41 383' 8' 477-857' 41 42 353 8 545-143 42 43 320 - 1612 5 . 32 1-9852 297-714 - 1853-571 1-1499 43 44 291 10 318-714 44 45 265 1 214-143 45 46 262' 6' 416-286' 46 47 256 6 455-857 47 48 246 - 1227 9 37 3-0155 508-857 2682-857 2-1865 48 49 232 9 571-000 49 50 231 8 731-857 50 51 223' 5' 746-286' 51 52 224 8 768-714 52 53 211 - 1065 8^ - 37 3-4742 671-571 3244-713 3-0467 53 54 211 12 570-571 54 55 196 4_ 487-571 55 IN SCOTLAND. 73 Table L. — [continued.) Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Cities. Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. Age. At In A In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age. Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 193' ] 3^ 713-714~ 56 57 179 8 716-386 57 58 167 > 829 5 ► 38 4-5838 597-143 - 3247-671 3-9175 58 59 153 6 608-714 59 60 137 7 611-714 60 61 120° 5 = . 658-857 = 61 63 103 7 720-714 62 63 93 . 462 5 - 31 4-5455 588-428 > 3065-141 6-8510 63 64 76 , , 631-714 64 65 71 4 565-438 65 66 63- 5' 437-57r 66 67 53 1 485-000 67 68 44 . 334 1 . 11 4-7009 577-857 . 2361-142 10-0904 68 69 41 3 503-714 69 70 35 3 367-000 70 71 30' r 536-286' 71 72 29 , , 698-286 72 73 26 130 3 !> 13 9-3308 664-000 > 8128-572 24-0669 73 74 25 4 695-000 74 75 20 5 555-000 76 76 15 = r 486-000° 76 77 10 1 300-000 77 78 9 49 .. 4 8-1632 316-000 1717-714 35-0554 78 79 8 1 320-000 89 80 7 1 295-714 80 81 6- r 311-000" 81 82 4 208-000 82 83 4 16 2 3 18-7500 168-000 791-000 49-4375 83 84 62-000 84 85 52-000 85 86 \' , , 62-000' 86 87 52-000 r 87 88 ... 3 0-0000 ... > 156-000 52-0000 88 89 ... f ... 89 90 ,, 62-000 90 91 -. < =: 52-000' 91 93 53-000 92 93 1 5 ., 0-0000 53-000 260-000 52-0000 93 94 .. 53-000 94 95 53-000 95 96 Y" r 41-000' 96 97 .. 97 98 99 100 ... 1 1 ,, 1 100-0000 ... 41-000 41-0000 98 99 100 12983 306 2-3571 29699-849 2-2878 u 74 DURATION OF LIFE Table L. — (^Continued.) Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rural, Town, and City Districts, Age. Population. deaths. SICKNESS. Age. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Each Age. Periods. Each Age Total, Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 10 7 7 10 11 17^ . . . 2-428 ~ 11 12 24 . .* 13-000 12 13 23 . 132 10-286 29-000 0-2197 13 14 29 • . * ... 14 15 39 4-286 15 16 75' I' 31-857' 16 17 141 1 77-143 17 18 249 - 1363 1 ) 9 0-6603 220-571 1148-570 0-8437 18 19 386 2 361-571 19 20 512 4 457-428 20 21 703° 3' 676-857 = 21 22 892 9 815-857 22 33 1088 J. 5372 9 41 0-7633 933-286 - 4719-857 0-8786 23 24 1231 8 995-857 24 25 1458 12 1398-000 25 26 1658' 8' 1478-386' 36 27 1818 12 1633-000 27 28 1941 - 9575 16 )■ 71 0-7415 1604-571 8140-143 0-8501 2S 39 2057 18 1717-143 29 30 2101 17 1707-143 30 31 3146' 20 = 1655-000' 31 32 3204 15 1557-000 33 33 2205 ► 10812 22 ■ 94 0-8694 1905-143 8855-000 0-8190 33 34 2160 18 1814-714 34' 35 2097 19 1923-143 35 36 2166" 35' 1915-714' 36 37 2134 38 1940-571 37 38 2055 > 10308 13^ 113 1-0865 1705-286 . 9415-571 0-9134 38 39 2016 37 1941-386 39 40 1937 19 1912-714 40 41 1897° 25 = 3059-571' 41 42 1790 19 1831-857 42 43 1697 > 85^7 ' 15 \ 91 10633 1671-000 - 9181-713 1-0717 43 44 1613 32 1900-857 44 45 1571 10 1718-498 45 46 1554 17' 3098-428' 48 47 1499 36 2299-286 47 48 1467 - 7321 24 . 119 1-5298 2205-714 y 11058-856 1-5106 48 49 1433 31 34 3136-714 49 50 1379 2318-714 50 51 1313' 17' 9835-000' 51 53 1273 31 3098-000 52 53 1188 . 6014 33 ^ 100 1-6638 2603-498 ^ 14359-714 2-3711 53 54 1156 33 17 9923-000 54 55 1085J 2800-286 55 IN SCOTLAND. 75 Table L. — (continued.) Trades not Classified.— Scotland.— Rural, Town, and City Districts, Age. Population. DEATHS. SICKNESS. At In At In Periods. At In Periods. Age. Each Age Periods. Each Age Total. Per Cent. Each Age. Total. Per Annum. 56 1038- 301 3981-3861 66 57 940 19 2936-286 57 58 918 >■ 4571 23 114 2-4940 2543-857 > 14318-857 8-1335 58 S9 873 16 2879-000 59 60 813 37 2978-4-38 60 61 75r 16° 2815-857° 61 62 683 30 3371-000 62 63 614 >■ 3085 28 ■ 109 3-5333 2839-286 15909-714 5-1571 03 64 545 22 3337-000 64 65 493 23 3506-571 65 66 4S5° 19° 3646-000° 60 67 376 13 8819-286 67 68 339 ► 1716 12 74 4-3134 8423-571 18310-856 10-6123 68 69 313 13 3645-571 69 70 363 17 3676-428 70 7] 237° 14° 3278-571° 71 78 200 12 3292-571 73 73 177 925 10 58 6-2703 3474-000 17053-570 18-4352 73 74 158 7 1 3394-571 74 75 153 / 15 J 3612-857 75 76 127° 81 3150-714° 76 77 115 8| 2902-000 77 78 97 506 7l 34 6-7194 3680-714 13683-999 27-0415 78 79 88 7 2517-857 79 80 79 4 2431-714 80 81 67° 6° 3200-714° 81 83 87 11 1807-000 82 83 42 . 314 8 . 34 15-8879 1203-143 - 6395-714 29-8865 88 84 39 6 *«■ 695-386 84 85 19 3 490-571 85 86 16° 3° 537-438° 86 87 11 2 371-438 87 88 8 ► 45 1 ' 8 17-7777 388-571 - 1579-713 35-1047 88 89 5 ] 195-143 89 90 5 1 197-143 90 91 3° 1° 54-000' 91 93 2 52-000 92 98 1 y 8 ... > 1 13-5000 52-000 - 262-000 32-7500 93 94 1 53-000 94 95 1 53-000 95 96 r "i- 41-000° 96 97 • * * ... . . . 97 98 ... y 1 ... - 1 100-0000 ... y 41-000 41-0000 98 99 ... 99 100 ' ' * - ...J 100 70542 1063 1-5069 154261-847 2-1868 76 DURATION OF LIFE In the Town Districts of Scotland, half the popiilation dies off at the ages of 65-6 ; but in the Town Districts in England, the same thing takes place a year earlier. It is in the City Districts of Scotland that the most marked difference is found ; but when it is recollected that the only places included in the list of Scotch Cities are Edinbui'gh, Glasgow, Paisley, and Aberdeen, and that the observations relate chiefly to the three first-named places, it will in some measure account for the very high rate of Mortality. An inspection of the City Districts of Table M will shew a much lower specific intensity for Scotland up to age 60, than even for Liverpool ; but from that age to 80 it is higher than in Liverpool. In the City Districts for Scotland, half the population dies off between the ages of 53-4, being eight years earlier than in the City Districts of England, and five years sooner than in Liver- pool, and in fact coming very close to the very worst class of results in England — namely, Clerks — in which half the population was cut off at ages 51-2. But as the numbers over which the observations extend in the City Districts in Scotland are limited, less confidence might reasonably be placed in the results, and the excessive mortality in part assigned to the fiuctuation to which small numbers are subject. On examination, however, of the various groups of results making up the whole class for the City Districts, they were, without exception, found subject to a high rate of mortality, thus carrying evidence of a higher absolute mortality than in the average of English Cities. The results for the Three Districts combined shew a less specific intensity than in England up to age 66 , and from that age upwards, the Tables cross each other. In the general results for Scotland, half of the population dies off between ages 64-5 ; but in the general results for England, that event is deferred two years beyond that period. Looking next to the Expectation of Life, as given in Table N, it will be found that in the Rural Districts of Scotland it is less than in England by about half-a-year, from ages 20 to 75 ; but the Town Districts of Scotland give a higher Expectation than in England till beyond 70 years of age, and the City Districts of Scotland shew a lower Expectation of Life than Liverpool up to about 50 years of age. In order to admit of better comparison, the general results for the Three Districts in Scotland and England will be arranged as follows for decennial ages. Age. Expectation of Life in Friendly Societies in Difference in favoiir of England in Years. Scotland. England. 20 80 40 SO 60 70 42-7318 85-6512 28-6565 21-8122 15-0184 10-4296 4.S-7786 36-6051 29-3306 23 1930 16-6942 10-2057 1-0518 0-9589 0-6741 0-8798 0-6758 —0-2289 [From a consideration IN SCOTLAND. 77 Table M. EuRAL Districts. — Scotland. Age. Living. M Dyi"g- pe artality r Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 230 •2300 434-783 56 69492 1214 1-7403 57-274 11 99770 229 2300 434-783 57 68278 1307 1-9139 52.347 12 99541 246 2473 404-367 68 66971 1411 2-1062 47-483 13 99295 280 2818 354-862 59 65560 1523 2-3232 48-948 14 99015 330 3337 299-670 60 64037 1643 2-5649 38-986 15 98685 398 ■4029 248-201 61 62394 1767 2-8312 85-328 16 98287 481 4893 204-374 62 60627 1860 3-0077 32-594 17 97806 547 8889 178-923 63 58767 1924 3-2744 30-544 18 97259 595 6115 163-582 64 56843 1962 8-4811 28-977 19 96664 626 6472 154-512 65 64881 1976 3-6980 27-793 20 96038 640 6660 160-150 66 52906 1966 3-7180 26-918 21 95398 637 6679 149-723 67 50940 1980 3.8878 26.720 23 94761 635 6696 149-343 68 • 48960 2016 4-1164 24-296 23 94126 632 6712 148-987 69 46945 2066 4-4007 22-722 24 93494 629 6724 148-721 70 44879 2132 4-7509 21-038 25 92865 626 6736 148-456 71 42747 2196 5-1369 19-407 26 92239 622 6747 148-214 73 40651 2213 6-4578 18-825 27 91617 618 6750 148-148 73 38338 2186 5-7020 17-538 28 90999 614 6747 148-214 74 86162 3123 5-8712 17-038 29 90385 609 6736 148-456 75 34029 2030 5-9647 16-764 30 89776 603 6719 148-832 76 31999 1914 5-9826 16-714 31 89173 597 6695 149-365 77 30086 1925 6-3979 15-630 82 88576 598 6752 148-104 78 28160 3031 7-2106 18-868 33 87978 606 6891 145-117 79 26129 2200 8-4207 11-875 34 87372 621 7111 140-627 80 23929 2400 10-0282 9-970 35 86751 643 7413 134-898 81 21829 2591 12-0330 8-313 36 86108 671 7796 128.271 82 18938 2635 13-8601 7-215 37 86437 692 8101 123-442 83 16313 2630 15-5093 6-447 38 34745 706 8329 120-062 84 13783 2841 16-9807 5-889 39 84039 712 8478 117-952 85 11442 2091 18-2743 5-478 40 83327 712 8880 116-959 86 9381 1818 19-3900 5-157 41 82615 706 8544 117-041 87 7538 1633 20-8826 4-919 42 81909 709 8658 115-540 88 6008 1267 21-1019 4-739 43 81200 722 8887 112-624 89 4788 1028 21-6980 4-608 44 80478 744 9242 108-202 90 3710 821 22-1209 4-531 45 79734 775 9719 102-891 91 3889 646 ■ 22-3706 4-470 46 78959 815 1 0324 96-899 92 3243 635 33-8316 4-196 47 78144 850 1 0879 91-912 93 1708 458 26-5040 3-774 48 77294 879 1 1377 87-873 94 1255 381 30-3877 8-291 49 76415 903 1 1819 84-602 95 874 310 85-4808 2-818 80 78512 922 1 2205 81-900 96 564 236 41-7892 2-893 51 74590 934 1 2528 79-808 97 828 161 49-1613 -2-034 52 73656 ■ 963 1 3073 76-811 98 167 98 59-0648 1-693 53 72693 1006 1 3838 72.254 99 69 46 66-087() 1-514 54 71687 1063 1 4825 67-43] 100 24 24 86-0000 1-170 55 70624 1132 1 6033 62-883 78 DURATION OF LIFE Table M. — (^continued.) Town s. — Scotland. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 lOOOOO 278 •2750 363-636 86 67829 988 1-4568 68-634 11 99725 274 •2750 368-636 87 66841 1163 1-7247 67-971 12 99451 290 •2915 348-053 58 68688 1303 1-9888 50-403 13 99161 322 •3246 308072 69 64885 1439 2-2342 44-763 U 98839 370 •3741 267-308 60 62946 1559 2-4759 40-388 15 98469 433 •4402 227-170 61 61387 1663 2 7088 36-914 16 98036 513 •5228 191-278 62 69724 1916 3-2056 3M92 ir 97523 571 •5857 170 736 63 67809 2293 3-9664 25 214 18 96952 610 •6287 159 058 64 55816 2771 4^9911 20^036 19 96342 628 •6520 153-374 65 62746 8812 6-2797 18^924 90 95714 627 •6555 182-865 56 49433 8872 7-8323 12-768 21 95087 608 •6392 156-446 67 48861 8986 8^7480 11431 22 94479 587 •6215 •160-901 68 . 41575 8753 90267 11 078 23 93892 566 •6025 165-975 69 37822 3279 8-6686 11-636 24 93326 543 •5821 171-792 70 84543 2681 7^6785 13031 2S 92783 520 •5604 178-444 71 31892 1927 6-0416 16-581 26 92263 496 •5378 186-116 72 29966 1678 5 2649 18-993 27 91767 486 •5301 188-644 73 28387 1517 5-3436 18713 28 91281 492 •5389 185-563 74 26870 1687 6^2774 15-931 29 90789 812 •8685 177-462 75 28183 2031 8-0666 12 896 30 90277 545 •6041 166-636 76 28152 2480 10 7110 9-337 31 89732 593 •6606 151-378 77 20672 2628 12-6883 7-880 32 89139 639 •7172 139-431 78 18049 2526 13-9967 7-143 33 88500 685 •7787 129-249 79 18623 2272 14-6378 6 831 34 87815 729 •8303 120'438 80 13261 1936 14-6112 6 845 35 87086 772 •8869 112-752 81 11315 1576 13 9168 7-184 36 86314 814 •9486 105-977 82 . 9740 1333 13-6887 7-805 37 86500 837 •9789 102-156 83 8407 1171 13-9270 7-179 88 84663 841 •9928 100-725 84 7236 1069 14-6318 6-835 39 83822 826 •9854 101-482 85 6177 976 15-8024 6-329 40 82996 794 •9667 104-526 86 8201 907 17 4396 6-734 41 82202 745 •9066 110-802 87 4294 827 19 2608 8-192 42 81457 749 •9192 108-790 88 3467 787 21 2660 4-701 43 80708 803 •9944 100-563 89 2730 635 23 2882 4299 44 79905 908 M824 88-389 90 2096 537 26-6284 3-902 45 79000 1053 1-3880 75-019 91 1658 438 28-1856 3-847 46 77947 1244 1-5964 62-657 92 1120 344 30 7328 3-284 47 76703 1340 1-7472 57-241 93 776 288 33^2701 3-006 48 75363 1346 1-7855 65 991 94 618 186 35-9973 2-778 49 74017 1268 1-7133 58 377 96 332 128 38-6147 2-897 60 72749 1107 1-5246 66-674 96 204 83 41-0220 2-488 51 71642 878 1-2254 81-633 97 121 56 46-0819 2-170 52 70764 737 1 0414 96-061 98 66 35 53-3790 1-873 53 70027 681 •9725 102-828 99 31 19 61-8067 1-631 54 69346 707 1-0188 98-135 100 12 12 750000 1-331 55 68639 810 M802 84 746 IN SCOTLAND. 79 Table M. — (continued.) Cities. — Scotland. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 396 •3961 352^462 56 45206 1873 4-1399 34-155 11 99604 395 ■3961 252-462 57 43334 1870 4-3159 23-170 13 99209 401 •4038 347-047 58 41464 1844 4-4460 22-492 13 98808 414 •4193 338-493 59 39620 1795 4-5302 23-075 14 98394 435 •4435 335-989 60 37825 1738 4-5684 21-891 15 97959 464 •4735 211-103 61 36097 1646 4-5008 21-935 16 97495 499 •5123 195-198 63 34451 1571 4-5608 21-925 17 96990 564 •5817 171-910 63 32880 1502 4-5687 21-887 18 96432 657 •6818 146-671 64 31378 1439 4-5843 21-815 19 95775 778 •8136 123-063 66 29939 1379 4-6076 21-701 20 94997 925 •9740 103-669 66 28500 1335 4-6387 21^566 21 94072 1097 1-1661 85-763 67 27335 1320 4-8448 20-640 22 93975 1213 1-3044 76-687 68 35915 1354 5-2258 19-135 23 91762 1375 1-3889 71-994 69 24561 1420 6-7818 17-295 24 90487 1285 1-4195 70-423 70 23141 1507 6-5128 15-354 25 89202 1246 1-3963 71-633 71 31634 1605 7-4188 13-479 26 87956 1160 1-3193 75-815 72 30029 1623 8-1009 12-344 27 86796 1103 1-3705 78-678 73 18406 1576 8-5691 11-684 28 85693 1071 1-3499 80-000 74 16831 1480 8-7933 11-373 29 84622 1064 1-3575 79-491 75 15351 1351 8-8037 11-368 30 83558 1081 1-3933 77-340 76 14000 1203 8-5902 11-641 31 82477 1119 1-3573 73-692 77 19797 1132 8-8429 11-808 32 81358 1156 1-4303 70-433 78 11666 1115 9-5617 10-458 33 80202 1189 1-4833 67-476 79 10550 1134 10-7407 9-303 34 79013 1319 1-5431 64-809 80 9416 1167 12-3979 8-066 35 77794 1247 1-6039 63-383 81 8349 1197 14-5153 6-887 36 76547 1272 1-6618 60-168 83 7053 1165 16-5179 6-058 87 75275 1393 1-7171 58-341 83 5867 1084 18-4060 5-433 38 73982 1309 1-7688 56-539 84 481:3 969 30-1794 4-955 39 72673 1331 1-8170 55-036 85 3834 837 31-8382 4-579 40 71352 1328 1-8617 53-706 86 3997 701 23-3823 4-277 41 70034 1333 1-9039 53-549 87 3396 576 25-1048 3-984 42 68691 1358 1-9770 50-583 88 1730 465 27-0056 3-702 43 67333 1403 2-0841 47-985 89 1255 365 29-0849 3-439 44 65930 1466 2-2242 44-964 90 890 279 31-3425 3-191 45 64464 1545 2-3973 41-719 91 611 206 33-7784 2-960 46 62919 1638 3-6033 38-417 92 405 146 36-0226 2-770 47 61281 1708 3-7865 36-881 93 269 99 38-0750 2-026 48 59573 1756 3-9469 33'933 94 160 64 39-9357 2-504 49 57817 1783 3-0843 32-425 95 96 40 41-6047 2-404 50 56034 1793 3-1989 31-260 96 56 24 43-0830 2-321 51 54241 1785 3-3907 30-386 97 33 15 47-3179 2-113 52 53456 1788 3-4084 29-343 98 17 9 53-9970 1-852 63 50668 1800 3-5533 38 145 99 8 5 61-3067 1-031 54 48868 1819 3-7331 36-867 100 3 3 75-0000 1-333 55 47049 1843 3-9180 25-533 80 DURATION OF LIFE Table M. — [continued.) EuRAL, Town, and City Districts. — Scotland. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Ceut. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality '^er Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 250 •2499 400-160 66 64211 1388 2-1615 40-253 11 99750 249 ■2499 400-160 67 62823 1468 2-3360 42-808 12 99501 366 •2663 375-516 58 61355 1546 2-5189 39-698 13 99236 297 •2991 334-336 69 59809 1621 2-7101 36-900 14 98939 345 •3484 287-026 60 58188 1693 2-9096 34-364 15 98594 408 •4140 241^546 61 56495 1761 31176 82-072 16 98J86 487 •4961 201^672 62 54734 1814 3-3149 30-166 17 97699 553 •5059 176-710 63 52920 1853 3-6019 28-555 18 97146 606 •6234 160-411 64 51067 1879 3-6786 27-181 19 96540 645 •6686 149-566 65 49188 1891 8-8448 26-008 ■ 20 95895 673 •7015 142-552 66 47297 1892 40007 24-994 21 95222 688 ■7221 138-485 67 45405 1909 4-2036 23-787 22 94534 697 •7.377 135-557 68 43496 1937 4-4538 22-462 23 93837 702 •7483 133636 69 41559 1975 4-7511 21-048 24 93135 702 •7539 132-644 70 39584 2017 5-0955 19-623 25 92433 697 •7546 132-538 71 37567 2061 5-4871 18-225 26 91736 688 •7502 133-298 72 35606 2066 5-8188 17-188 27 91048 685 •7518 133-014 73 83440 2036 6-0892 16-423 28 90363 686 •7594 131-683 74 31404 1978 6-2997 18-873 29 89677 693 •7730 129-366 76 29426 1898 6-4499 15^504 80 88984 705 •7926 126-167 76 27528 1800 6-6397 15^291 31 88279 722 •8182 122-220 77 25728 1796 6-9783 14^831 32 87557 742 •8474 118-008 78 23988 1859 7-7657 12-877 33 86815 764 •8801 113-624 79 22074 1965 8-9019 11^233 34 86061 789 •9164 109-123 80 20109 2089 10-3868 9^625 35 85262 815 •9562 104-581 81 18020 2202 12-2205 8^183 36 84447 844 •9996 100-040 82 16818 2177 13-7630 7^267 37 83603 864 10334 96-805 83 18641 2048 15-0144 6^662 38 82739 876 1^0575 94-518 84 11593 1852 15-9747 6-262 39 81864 878 1^0719 93-284 85 9741 1621 16-6438 6-010 40 80986 872 r0767 92-851 86 8120 1882 17-0217 5-875 41 80114 859 10719 93-284 87 6738 1199 17-7963 5-618 42 79255 861 1^0867 91-996 88 5539 1081 18-9674 5-271 43 78394 879 1^1212 89-206 89 4488 922 20-5351 4-869 44 77616 911 11754 85-106 90 3566 802 22-4994 4-444 45 76604 957 1-2492 80-064 91 2764 687 24-8602 4-023 46 78647 1016 1-3427 74-460 92 S077 669 27-4071 3-648 47 74631 1062 1^4229 70-274 93 1508 455 80-1400 3-318 48 73569 1096 1^4896 67-114 94 1083 348 33-0689 3 025 49 72473 1118 1^6430 04-809 95 705 255 36-1639 2-765 50 71365 1130 1-6830 63-171 96 450 178 39-4648 2-535 51 70225 1130 1-6096 62-112 97 . 272 128 45-1410 2-216 52 69096 1150 1-6641 60-096 98 149 79 52-9088 1-890 53 67945 1187 1-7466 67-241 99 70 43 61-8067 1-631 64 66758 1240 1-8669 53-850 100 27 27 750000 1333 66 65518 1307 1-9962 50-125 IN SCOTLAND. 81 Table N. Expectation. — Scotland. Age. 10 Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural, Town, &CityDistricts Age. Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural, Town, &CityDi3trictJ 53-0510 50-7434 42-6373 50.8034 56 18-6111 16-0438 14-8280 17 8953 11 53-1723 49-8830 41-8048 49-9295 57 17-9831 13-3735 14-4469 17-2797 12 51-9911 49-0180 40-9694 49-0583 58 17-3783 14-5829 14-0759 16-6812 13 50-4169 48-1599 401335 48-1828 59 16-6843 13-8168 13-7077 16-0994 14 49-5580 47-3153 39-8009 47-3360 60 16-0180 13-1218 13-3843 15-5840 15' 48-7991 46-4911 38-4725 46-4898 61 15-4907 12-4418 19-9490 14-9843 10 47-9173 45-6943 37-6538 45-0810 63 14-8617 11-7748 12-5487 14-4306 17 47-1508 44-9319 36-8444 44-9063 63 14-8163 111478 12-1192 18-9288 18 46-4199 44-1936 86 0570 44-1590 04 18-7839 105876 11-0733 13-4160 19 45-6955 48-4708 85-8008 43-4380 65 13-2588 10-1175 11-2195 12-9094 90 44-9901 42 7523 34-5860 43-7318 66 12-7351 9-7619 10-7297 12-4036 91 44-9886 49-0808 339211 43-0301 67 19-9073 9-5491 10-2274 11-9017 93 43-5880 41-2981 33-3154 41-8334 68 11-6808 9-4106 9-7229 11-4021 93 49-8736 40-5531 39-7492 40-0255 69 11-1007 9-8014 9-2314 10-9102 94 43-1600 89-7960 82-2036 89-9280 70 10-0514 9-1869 8-7071 10 4296 9S 41-4433 39-0960 31-6603 39-2274 71 10-1578 8-8548 8-3430 9-9027 96 40-7901 88-3433 31-1018 38-5217 79 9-6808 8-3931 7-9713 9-5118 97 39-9981 37-4479 30-6107 37-8090 78 9-9107 7-8308 7-6303 9-0088 98 39-3613 86-6489 29-8970 37-0919 74 8-7374 7-3447 7-2975 8-6248 39 38-5247 85 83',)S 29-3690 86-8717 75 8-2513 6-6965 6-9329 8-1705 ,30 87-7826 35-0397 28-6354 85-6512 76 7-7481 0-2401 6-3756 7-6993 31 37-0847 34-250:) 28-0042 84-9819 77 7-2039 5-9287 6-1407 7-2030 39 36-3809 384745 27-8824 34-2157 78 0-0622 5-7177 5-6947 6-7057 33 85-5241 32-7126 26-7700 38-5040 79 6-1411 5-5667 5-2437 6-2284 34 34-7671 31-9689 26-1658 32-7969 80 5-6598 5-4855 4-8150 5-7883 35 84-0135 31'2379 25-5674 82-0958 81 5-2850 5-2799 4-4234 5-4012 36 333636 30-5021 24-9755 81-4008 89 4-8838 5-0529 4-0917 5-0835 37 33-5199 29-7877 24-3893 30-7127 83 4-5880 4-7748 3-8025 4-8149 88 81-7814 29-0772 28-8069 30-0282 84 4-8384 4-4666 33479 4-5772 39 310443 28-8640 33-2267 29-3488 85 4-1337 4-1466 3-3182 4-3524 40 30-3059 27-6413 22-6474 28-6565 86 8-9341 3^8309 3-1058 4-1214 41 39-5631 96-9034 22-0675 27-9680 87 3-7600 8-3845 2-9007 8-8642 49 38-8136 26-1449 21-4860 27-2006 88 8-5938 8-2583 2-7047 8-5935 43 38-0598 25-3899 20 8634 26-5545 89 3-4193 8-0029 2-5315 3-8166 44 37-3070 94-6880 30-3486 95-8501 90 8-2280 2-7616 2-3506 8-0449 45 36-5571 93-9095 19-7948 25-1515 91 3-0033 2-5411 3-1956 3-7883 . 46 95-8139 98-3357 19-3686 24-4633 93 2-7243 2-3898 2-0580 2-5385 47 95-0769 39-5948 18-7708 23-7895 93 3-4210 2-1546 1-9863 2-3077 48 94-3473 31-9871 18-3941 33-1351 94 2-1181 1-9788 1-8250 2-0888 49 33-6915 31-3778 17-8345 23-4679 95 1-8181 1-8072 1-7084 1-8730 50 998980 90-7418 17-3861 31-8122 96 1-5426 1-6375 1-5714 1-6511 31 99-1748 90-0545 16-9448 21-1550 97 1-3936 1-4008 1-3750 1-4044 59 91-4497 19-3971 16-5039 20-4930 98 1-0508 1-1513 1-1471 1^1510 53 90-7279 18-4949 16-0:'87 19-8312 99 •8478 •8871 •8750 •8857 54 20-0111 17-6717 15-6431 19-1750 100 •5000 -5000 -3000 ■5000 55 19-8048 16-8486 15-3375 18-5285 82 DURATION OF LIFE. From a consideration of these results, it will be seen that the Rural Districts of the two countries have shewn the nearest approximation ; and this is precisely what might have been anticipated from a careful consideration of the elements entering into the formation of the respective Tables. In the Rural Districts of all countries, the condition of the population, as to occupation and employment, is more nearly the same than in the Town or City Districts ; and since employment has been shewn to have so important an effect on the Duration of Life, the rates of mortality should differ less in the Rural Districts, where less diversity of employment exists. Before, however, fixing definitely on the Scotch Cities so high a rate of mortality as that shewn in Table M, it should be kept in view that one very important element of the investigation has not yet been touched upon. In considering the condition of the English Cities, it was shewn how an accidental combination of certain trades would produce a very different result from the fair average of the general population ; so also, in the present comparison of the Scotch with the English Cities, may an excess of particular trades, not common to both Districts, or not existing in both Districts in the same ratio, modify the results. The inquiry will therefore not be complete till similar trades in both Districts be compared. To enter further, however, into that question would, as already stated, be to go beyond the limits assigned to this paper. But as some curiosity may naturally be excited by the marked difference in the value of life, as shewn in the preceding Table, between the Scotch and English Cities, it has been thought of sufficient importance to form Mortality Tables for the general population of the City of Glasgow, in order to compare the results with English Cities. These Tables — viz. O, P, Q, and R — have been formed exactly in the same manner as Tables A, B, C, D. It is therefore not necessary to enter further into that part of the question, than to state that the basis of the Tables are the Mortality Bills for the City of Glasgow for the ten years 1832-1841, and the population as enumerated in 1831 and 1841. An inspection of Table Q will shew that of the male population of Glasgow alive at Age 10, one half is cut off between the ages 48-9, which is 20 years earlier than among Friendly Societies in the Rural Districts of England. 19 ... ... ... ... Scotland. It ... ... ... ... ... Town 16 ;.. ... ... ... ... England. 13 ... ... ... ... ... City 5 ... ... ... ... Scotland. 3 . . . ... ... ... ... Clerks, which was the worst class of results formerly arrived at. If the nature of this paper permitted a more extended review of all the facts presented [many IN SCOTLAND. 83 Table O. Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841 ; with the Annual Rate of Increase during the intermediate period. Age. MALES. FEMALES. Age. Population 1831. Population 1841. Annual Hate of Increase. Population 1831. Population 1841. Annual Rate of Increase. Under 5 5 ... 10 10 ... 15 IS ... 20 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 40 ... SO SO ... 60 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 90 ...100 100 andnpwardB. 15422 13127 10491 8489 15177 12179 8683 5349 3228 1090 260 26 1 17840 14352 14252 13677 28304 18890 12047 599i 3364 1282 256 22 1 1-01467 101035 1-03111 1-04882 1-06430 1-04487 1 03326 1-00771 1-00413 1-01630 —1-00140 —1-01670 1-00000 14833 12380 10720 12250 23008 14240 9329 6099 3692 1302 385 32 4 17344 14837 14541 16931 32778 20706 12804 7084 4462 1720 447 41 1 1-01677 1-01664 1-03092 1-03281 108602 1-08814 1-03220 1-01486 1-01911 1 01363 1 01317 1-02327 —1-14855 Under 5 S ... 10 10 ... 15 15 ... 20 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 50 ... 60 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 90 ...100 100 and upwards. Total 93724 130478 1-03864 108702 143846 1-02641 Total. Table P. Glasgow — Total of the Population as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the Years 1832-1841, inchisive ; with the Sum of the Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in the Mortality Bills ; and the Mortality per Cent, during the same period. Age. MALES. FEMALES. Age. Population. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Population. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Under 3 167389 18846 10-6613 163155 16304 9-9929 Under 5 3 ... 10 139087 2831 1-6759 138056 2134 1-5457 5 ... 10 10 ... 15 127201 989 •7773 127512 973 •7030 10 ... 15 13 ... 20 111753 1209 1-0818 147340 1147 -7777 15 ... 20 20 ... 30 218138 3211 1-4718 281626 3293 1-1689 20 ... 30 30 ... 40 156737 3336 2-1284 176403 3338 18300 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 104660 3276 31301 111781 8001 2-6859 40 ... 30 50 ... 60 57928 2352 4-4034 66086 2628 3-9766 50 ... 60 60 ... 70 33033 2364 7-7619 41084 2651 6-4526 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 11942 1956 16-3791 16213 2244 13-8416 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 2580 780 30-2323 4190 1013 24^1527 80 ... 90 90 ...100 238 92 38-6554 368 155 42^1196 90 ...100 100 and upwards. 10 9 90-0000 19 15 78-9476 100 and upwards. Total 1130716 41131 3-6393 1273784 38784 8-0447 Total. 84 DUEATION OF LIFE Table Q. Glasgow. — Males. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 1316 18157. 75-988 56 36836 1669 4-5303 22-078 11 98684 1191 1-1360 88-028 87 38167 1682 4-7827 20-907 13 97563 980 1-0047 99-503 88 38485 1700 8-0768 19-697 13 96583 890 -9314 108'531 59 31786 1720 5-4125 18-474 14 95693 848 , -8863 112-829 60 30068 1728 6-7482 17-397 IS 94845 853 -8993 111-198 61 38387 1724 6-0838 16-437 16 93992 902 -9601 104-156 63 26613 1708 6-4185 18-576 17 93090 948 1-0186 98-138 63 24905 1683 6-7561 14-804 18 92142 990 10746 93033 64 28223 1647 7-0907 14-102 19 91152 1028 1-1282 88-652 65 21576 1626 7-5316 13-277 20 90124 1063 1-1794 84-818 66 19951 1612 8-0776 19-379 21 89061 1094 1-2282 81-433 67 18339 1601 8-7389 11-456 22 87967 1123 1-3769 78-309 68 16738 1588 9-4884 ] 0-543 23 86844 1151 1-8257 75-415 69 18150 1568 10-3473 9-662 24 85693 1178 1-3744 72-780 70 13582 1532 11-3089 8-991 23 84515 1206 1-4265 70077 71 12060 1458 12-0906 8-971 26 83309 1235 1-4820 67-476 72 10602 1375 13-9723 7-710 27 82074 1265 1-5411 64-893 73 9237 1280 13-8740 7-910 28 80809 1296 1-6036 62-344 74 7947 1171 14-7397 6-784 29 79513 1338 1-6695 59-880 75 6776 1064 15-7061 6-365 30 78185 1357 1-7354 57-637 76 5712 957 16-7878 5-967 81 76828 1384 1-8013 65-838 77 4756 853 17-9132 5-580 82 75444 1409 1-8669 53-563 78 3903 748 19-1839 5-222 33 74085 1481 1-9328 51-733 79 3155 048 20-6883 4-869 34 72604 1451 1-9982 50-050 80 2507 550 21-9206 4-562 35 71153 1473 2-0694 48-333 81 1967 466 23-8060 4-290 36 69680 1496 2-1465 46 577 82 1501 371 24-6913 4-050 37 68184 1520 3-3394 44-863 88 1130 296 26-0766 3-834 38 66664 1545 3-3180 43-141 84 835 229 37-4619 3-649 89 65119 1571 3-4138 41-443 85 606 174 38-7386 8 479 40 63548 1594 3-5076 39-873 86 432 139 29-9067 3-348 41 61954 1613 3-6034 38-432 87 303 94 30-9669 3-999 42 60342 1638 2-6972 37-078 88 209 .67 31-9770 3-197 43 58714 1639 2-7919 35-817 89 142 47 33-7593 3-053 44 57078 1654 2 8975 34-507 90 98 82 33-6016 9-976 45 55421 1668 3-0096 33-233 91 63 21 84-4489 2-904 46 53753 1683 3-1282 31-969 92 42 14 35-3862 9-834 47 52071 1694 3-2535 30-731 93 38 10 36-1385 9-768 48 50377 1706 3-3853 29-542 94 18 6 36-9708 2-708 49 48671 1710 3-5128 28-466 95 13 4 88-6715 9-686 50 46961 1710 3-6404 27-473 96 8 8 41-9307 9 495 51 45251 1705 8 7679 26-589 97 8 9 44-6483 2-940 52 48546 1696 4-8954 25 674 98 3 1 48-9944 9-044 53 41850 1684 4-0229 24-857 99 2 1 84-0589 1-860 54 40166 1667 4-1504 24-096 100 1 1 59-1934 1-689 55 38499 1663 4.3195 23-148 IN SCOTLAND. 85 Table Q. — (continued.) Glasgow. — Females. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 1433 1-4837 69-784 56 43133 1705 4-0478 34-704 11 98567 1258 1-3761 .78-870 67 40418 1717 4-2479 28-540 13 97309 1121 1-1516 86-806 68 38701 1731 4-4718 23-361 13 96188 1018 1-0588 94-429 59 86970 1745 4-7194 31-191 14 95170 950 •9979 100-210 60 85225 1760 4-9670 20-133 15 94330 724 •7687 180-090 61 38475 1746 8-2146 19-175 16 93496 722 •7717 129-584 63 81739 1733 6-4633 18-308 17 93774 727 •7838 137-584 63 29996 1713 5-7098 17-613 18 92047 741 -8061 124-208 64 28283 1685 5-9574 16-787 19 91306 763 -8356 119-675 65 26598 1677 6-3083 16-865 20 00543 793 -8755 114-330 66 34921 1682 6-7474 14-831 21 89750 830 -9344 108-178 67 23289 1694 7-3898 18717 22 88920 865 •9783 102-743 68 31545 1704 7-9104 12-642 33 88055 900 1-0223 97-847 69 19841 1716 8-6493 11-562 34 87155 934 1-0711 93 871 70 18125 1703 9-3883 10-652 23 86321 969 1-1236 88-968 71 16428 1663 10-1271 9-872 26 85362 1005 1-1793 84-818 73 14760 1604 10-8660 9-200 37 84347 1043 1-2385 80-710 73 13166 1539 11-6249 8-606 28 83304 1083 1-3012 76-864 74 11637 1438 12-3638 8-091 29 82131 1133 1-8673 78-163 75 10189 1841 13-1612 7-509 30 80998 1161 1-4884 69-784 76 8848 1240 14-0170 7-183 31 79837 1197 1-4995 66-667 77 7608 1186 14-9312 6-698 32 78640 1231 1-5654 68-898 78 6473 1029 15-9039 6-289 33 77409 1263 1-6815 61-376 79 5448 922 16-9360 5-907 34 76146 1293 1-6976 68-898 80 4521 812 17-9661 5-565 85 74863 1828 1-7676 66-561 81 3700 705 18-9973 5-268 36 78530 1364 1-8416 64-389 82 8004 603 30-0288 4-993 87 72176 1886 1-9195 53-083 83 2402 506 21-0594 4-748 38 70790 1417 2-0013 49-976 84 1806 419 23-0905 4-527 39 69873 1448 2-0868 47-916 85 1477 344 23-3747 4-297 40 67935 1476 2-1724 46-041 86 1183 379 24-6121 4-063 41 66449 1500 3-3580 44-387 87 854 323 26-1025 8-881 43 64949 1522 3-3486 42-662 88 681 175 27-7461 8-604 43 68437 1641 3-4292 41-169 89 456 185 29-5428 3-385 44 61886 1556 3-5148 89-761 00 831 101 31-3896 8-191 45 60330 1574 2-6091 38-829 91 220 73 33-1362 3-018 46 58756 1694 2-7120 36-878 93 147 51 34-9839 3-863 47 67163 1614 2-8237 85-411 98 06 35 86-7296 3-723 48 55548 1636 3-9441 38-067 94 61 24 88-5263 2-595 49 58913 1657 8-0783 32-541 95 87 16 40-7002 2-457 50 62256 1673 3-3023 31-280 96 38 . 9 43-2518 2-312 51 50588 1685 3-3314 30-031 97 18 6 46-1796 2-165 53 48898 1693 3-4606 38-89S 98 7 4 49-4853 3-020 53 47206 1695 3-5895 27-855 99 3 2 53-1680 1-881 54 45511 1693 3-7186 36-889 100 1 1 66-8508 1-759 65 48819 1696 3-8709 25-833 86 DURATION OF LIFE many remarkable coincidences would be seen to have taken place, and one among these must be already obvious. The general results for Friendly Societies in England and Wales were found to be more favourable to life than the results for the whole population of England and Wales, and that in both sexes ; so, also, were the results for the Members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool more favourable than those for the whole population of Liverpool ; and here it will likewise be seen that the mortality of the general population of Glasgow is greater than among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts of Scotland, The difference between the Equation for Age 10 in Male and Female Life for the whole population of Glasgow is 3-125 years, while in the general population of Eng- land and Wales it is a little above one year. This suggests the mention of another feature which presents itself in this enquiry. It appears that the higher the absolute value of Life in any class of results, the less distinction wUl there be found between Male and Female Life. Thus — o be ,0 'Friendly Societies in England and] Females = 56-749 Wales [Males =56-408 -diif. = -341 of a year o a o .f-( Total Population of England and Wales .... Females = 53-554 Males = 52-308 Whole Population of Glasgow ^ Females Males 41-346 38-221 -diffi = 1-249 -diif. = 3-125 If comparisons were made between the sexes in the intermediate classes of results, a development of the same feature would be seen. As has already been stated, where the Duration of Life is reduced below its average standard by the prevalence of unhealthy occupations, the influence will be more strongly felt in the male than in the female sex. If the expectation of Life for the City of Glasgow, as given in Table R, be now referred to, the remarkable depreciation in the duration of life there will appear somewhat startling. No Table of Mortality hitherto published has shewn any thing like so low an estimate. Liverpool has been frequently referred to as an example of the short Duration of Life; but a comparison of the Expectation of Male Life for Liverpool, as given at page 59, with the results in Table R, will shew At Age 30 a higher value by 3-101 years 40 ... 2-548 50 ... 1-535 [The mortality IN SCOTLAND. 87 Table R. Expectation. Age. Glasgow, who] e Population. Dundee, whole Population. Age. Glasgow, whole Population. Dundee, whole Population. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 10 37-3954 39-9471 43-9973 45-8781 56 11-7116 12-9541 13-8035 16-1653 11 36-8874 39-4986 42-6385 45-9853 67 11-9496 19-4794 13-3399 14-6185 19 36-4055 38-9319 41-9869 44-5587 58 10-7899 19-0109 19-8117 14-0791 13 35-6688 38-3797 41-9109 48-8689 59 10-3329 11-5499 12-3050 13-5480 14 34-9959 37-7849 40-4691 43-1501 60 9-8946 110978 11-8156 18-0969 15 34-3043 37-1609 39-7097 49-4173 61 9-4675 10-6518 11-3407 19-6117 l(j 33-6111 36-4448 38-9405 41-6793 62 9-0485 10-2099 10-8784 19-0097 17 39-9317 35-7245 88-1824 40-9905 63 8-6847 9-7709 10-4266 11-4976 18 32-9656 35-0027 37-4327 40-1647 64 8-9989 9-8394 9-9832 10-9941 19 31-6106 84-2827 36-6930 39-4058 66 7-8135 8-8919 9-5459 10-4907 20 80-9655 33-5674 85-9639 38-6541 66 7-4099 8-4564 9-1174 9-9984 91 30-3991 39-8596 35-9496 37-9096 67 7-0165 8-0399 8-6999 9-5083 99 99-7000 39-1616 34-5307 37-1716 68 6-6398 7-6948 8-9956 9-0400 93 99-0776 31-4726 33-8269 36-4898 69 6-9834 7-9867 7-9057 8-5939 94 98-4615 30-7998 33-1811 35-7188 70 5-9510 6-8745 7-5320 8-1719 95 97-8519 30-1906 89-4493 34-9934 71 5-6390 6-5361 7-1718 7-7794 96 97-9472 29-4573 31-7601 34-9779 72 5-3457 6-2150 6-8916 7 3916 97 26-6496 28-8027 31-0839 33-5677 73 5-0678 5-9118 6-4787 7-0961 98 96-0590 28-1575 30-8133 32-8696 74 4-8036 5-6235 6-1524 6-6730 99 95-4756 97-5993 99-7478 39-1694 75 4-5479 6-3466 5-8006 6-8988 30 94-8998 96-8970 99-0866 31-4666 76 4-3011 5-0819 5-4679 5-9961 31 94-3308 96-9808 98-4991 30-7754 77 4-0661 4-8278 5-1470 5-6777 39 93-7679 25-6739 97-7754 30-0879 78 3-8446 4-5875 4-8427 5-3757 33 93-9108 95-0735 97-1245 99-4037 79 8 0376 4-3609 4-6591 5-0994 34 29-6584 94-4811 26-4761 28-7225 80 8-4485 4-1474 4-8012 4-8305 35 92-1109 93-8953 95-8297 28-0439 81 8-2779 8-9457 4-0706 4-5872 36 91-5670 93-3163 25-1877 97-3688 89 3-1209^ 8-7547 8-8569 4-8604 37 91-0993 92-7443 94-5590 96-6987 83 9-9814 3-5703 8-6629 4-1473 38 90-4974 99-1798 23-9248 96-0344 84 9-8581 8-8898 3-4867 8 9456 39 19-9718 91-6227 23-8075 95-8768 85 9-7491 3-2096 3-3979 3-7536 40 19-4539 21-0730 22-7017 24-7270 86 2-6551 3-0399 8-1813 3-5719 41 18-9409 20-5300 22-1068 94-0840 87 2-5726 9-8595 3 0488 3-8976 49 18-4335 19-9925 21-5218 23-4473 88 2-5047 9-6933 9 9260 8-9823 43 17-9307 19-4603 90-9457 99-8169 89 2-4507 95351 9-8109 8-0758 44 17-4313 18-9394 20-3775 99-1896 90 9-4168 2-8910 9-7084 9-9989 45 16-9366 18-4079 19-8168 21-5671 91 9-3889 2-2591 9 5997 2-7864 46 16-4466 17-8875 19-2620 90-9498 92 9-3333 2-1827 2-5075 2-6492 47 15-9618 17-3794 18-7129 20-3891 93 2-9500 2-0000 2-4022 2-5119 48 15-4817 16-8696 18-1679 19-7356 94 9-9223 1-8606 2-8000 2-3712 49 15-0061 16-3589 17-6266 19-2264 95 2-0761 1-7439 2-1786 9-9199 50 14-5350 15-8617 17-0891 18-5541 96 1-8750 1-5909 20179 2-0474 51 14-0654 15-3698 16-5591 17-9757 97 1-7000 1-3461 1-7973 1-8297 59 13-5965 14-8829 16-0160 17-4041 98 1-5000 1-0714 1-5000 1-6508 53 13-1973 14-3977 15-4795 16-8881 99 1-0000 •8333 -1-0000 1-1315 54 12-6567 13-9153 14-9417 16-2766 100 -5000 -6000 -5000 •5000 55 19-1831 13-4333 14-4014 15-7186 88 DURATION OF LIFE The mortality of a population like that of Glasgow is subject to remarkable fluctua- tions, shewing an extreme difference in some years of about 68 per cent., or a mean fluctuation of about 32 per cent. An inspection of the total male deaths for all ages, for each of the ten years 1832 — 1842, will render this evident. Total Deaths in 1832 4811 Total Deaths in 1837 5423 ... 1833 3229 • * • 1838 3490 ... 1834 3255 ■ •• 1839 3898 ■ • • 1835 3726 ■ • ■ 1840 4470 • a • 1836 4334 ■ ■ * 1841 4514 It will further be seen that those remarkable fluctuations are due chiefly to the mortality in mature life, and not to the mortality in infancy, as some writers have believed. Year. From Age 20 to 50. In the First Year of Life. Yeai. From Age 20 to 50. In the First Year of Life. In 1832 1795 332 In 1837 1991 371 1833 902 306 1838 1010 336 1834 923 313 1839 966 318 1835 885 365 1840 1346 404 1836 ml n 1279 • 'n 1 115 1841 i -I'JV 1278 ? ii i 1 381 'i__ /■_ The preceding will shew, that while the extreme difference in the mortality from ages 20 to 50 is 125 per cent., for the first year of life it is only 32 per cent. If the mean fluctuation for ages 20 to 50 be taken, it wUl be found to be 53 per cent., while that for the first year of life is only 14 per cent. Were the inspection extended to the mortality of female life, similar results would be obtained. Notwithstanding the inferior numbers in infant life, the fluctuation is'^confined within narrower limits than the mortality of mature life ; and this law is in obedience to the doctrine of probability, when applied to any other subject, as well as to the mortality of life. For whenever the intensity which determines any result increases — or in other words, when the probability of any event approaches unity — so also will the fluctuation in a series of events be reduced in amount. It is evident from the preceding results of the Mortality in Glasgow, that a Table of the Expectation of Life calculated for one period of years — for example, the three years 1833, 1834, 1835 — would differ widely from a Table founded on the results of the suc- ceeding period of three years, and that the next succeeding period of three years would also differ in a marked degree from either of these : it has on that account been thought the better course to embrace the results of the whole ten years. On a previous occasion, a Table of the Expectation of Life for the five years, 1836 — 1840, had been calculated; and the results were for ages 20 = 27-624 40 = 21-711 50 = 16590 bringing the Expectation of Life above that given for the whole population of Liverpool, IN SCOTLAND. 89 in the Fifth Report of the Registrar General. It would therefore be rash to conclude that the public health of Glasgow is inferior to that of Liverpool ; for if the same means existed of calculating the mortality of Liverpool during the ten years to which the results for Glasgow relate, it might then be found that the Expectation of Life, on an average of that number of years, was overstated by the Registrar General, whose figures were derived from the mortality of one year only. In the Tenth Report of the Registrar General he has given the mortality of Liverpool for the seven years 1838-44, and the results will be found to fully bear oat the views originally entertained in the preparation of this paper, as is evident from the facts contained in the following abstract, shewing the mortality per cent, in Liverpool, deduced from the Deaths for 1841, and also from the Deaths for the seven years 1838-44. Age. MoBTALiiy PEB Cent. Age. Males. 1841. 1838-44. 10 to 14 •654 •631 30 to 14 15 ... 94 ■935 ■987 15 ... 94 S5 ... 34 1-239 1-968 96 ... 34 35 ... 44 9-215 3-169 35 ...44 45 ... 54 3-361 3-367 45 ... 54 55 ... 64 5-298 5-305 55 ... 64 65 ... 74 9-644 10-634 65 ... 74 75 ... 84 17-429 30-740 75 ... 84 85 ... 94 19-713 33-330 85 ... 94 It is hence very desirable that our national records should be immediately made available to every inquirer into Vital Statistics, that the incorrect conclusions heretofore so generally drawn from limited observations, even under official sanction, may be supplanted by others founded on an enlarged and more carefully collected body of facts. An inspection of Table R will shew that Female Life in Glasgow, as elsewhere, is of higher value than Male Life. At Age 30. At Age 40. At Age 50. The Expectation of Females is 26-8970 21-0730 15-8617 And of Males . . . 24-8998 19-4532 14-5350 Difference 1-9972 1-6198 1-3267 A A 90 DURATION OF LIFE Table S. Dundee. — Total of the Populations as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the Years 1835-44 inclusive; with the sum of the Deaths for tke Corresponding Years as given in the Mortality Bills, and the Mortality per Cent, during the same period. Age MALES. FEMALES. Age. Deaths Deaths Population. exclusive of StiUboni. Mortality, Population. exclusive of Stillborn. Mortality. Under 5 41450 3338 8-0289 41513 3043 7-3303 Under 5 5 .. 10 34005 413 1-2145 32622 410 1-3568 5 ... 10 10 .. 20 60931 377 •6187 67367 366 •5433 10 ... 20 30 .. 30 46877 481 1-0260 67086 569 •8481 20 ... 30 30 .. 40 39488 562 1-4332 46323 553 1-1950 30 ... 40 40 .. 50 24931 585 3-3464 31782 586 1-8406 40 ... 50 50 .. 60 14836 485 3-3712 18089 533 2-9465 50 ... 60 60 .. 70 8537 528 6-1848 12888 633 4-9116 60 ... 70 70 .. 80 4113 476 11-5730 5128 552 10-7644 70 ... 80 80 .. 90 831 204 34-5500 1197 353 21-0536 80 ... 90 90 .. 100 67 13 19-4030 155 34 31-9289 90 ... 100 100 and upwards. 3 19 3 10-5263 100 and upwards 276056 7454 3-7000 324129 7531 3^3334 The preceding results seem to point out a higher rate of mortality as pervading all the groups of observations brought into comparison from Scotland ; and it is there- fore to be regretted that the Registration Act does not extend to that country, and afford a certain means of solving so important a question. The subject, however, in its present state, has been thought of sufficient importance to warrant the calculation of Mortality Tables for the Town of Dundee ; and accordingly Tables S and T have been deduced fi-om the Mortality Bills of that Town for the ten years 1835-44, and the Census of the Population in 1841, on the principles described for the formation of Tables B and C. The Expectation of Life, as resulting from these Tables, wUl be found in Table R. An inspection of Table T will shew that in Dundee the Equation of Male Life for Age 10 takes place at Age 55-6, which is seven years beyond the results obtained in Table Q for the whole population of Glasgow, and even two years higher than the [Equation of IN SCOTLAND. 91 Table T. Trades not Classified — Dundee — Males. Age. Living. Joying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 100000 99209 98513 97866 791 •7910 126-422 66 49251 1669 3-3906 29-490 " 696 •7020 142-460 87 47683 1714 3-6033 37-762 647 •6668 162-253 58 48868 1767 3-8638 25-947 602 •6148 162-655 59 44101 1838 4-1461 24-136 97264 /\ /> rt (^ r^ 582 •6981 167-196 60 42273 1875 4-4365 23-538 96683 /^ /^ ^i ^\ fk 683 •6034 165-728 61 40398 1909 4-7378 31-151 96099 601 •6269 159-770 63 38489 1931 5-0193 19-924 95498 630 •6601 151-492 63 36668 1941 5-3106 18-829 94868 664 •7003 142-796 64 34617 1939 5-6030 17-851 19 94204 698 •7410 134-963 65 32678 1943 8-9439 16-827 20 93506 731 •7818 127-910 66 30736 1946 6-3332 16-790 21 92775 763 ■8226 121-581 67 28790 1950 6-7731 14-765 22 92012 794 •8633 116-848 68 26840 1948 7-2604 13-774 23 91218 826 •9039 110-632 69 34892 1941 7-8013 12-819 24 90393 864 •9446 106-865 70 22961 1914 8-3400 11-990 25 89539 882 •9861 101-513 71 21037 1867 8-8788 11-363 26 88657 909 1-0256 97-466 73 19170 1805 9-4176 10-618 27 87748 935 1-0666 93-809 73 17366 1738 9-9564 10-044 28 86813 960 1-1055 90-416 74 15637 1641 10-4953 9-534 29 85863 983 1-1453 87-336 75 13996 1566 11-1859 8-937 30 84870 1005 1-1850 84-388 76 12431 1498 12-0283 8-313 31 83865 1027 1-2347 81-633 77 10936 1434 13-0225 7-680 32 82838 1047 1-2644 79-114 78 9612 1347 14-1684 7-057 33 81791 1066 1-3041 76-687 79 8165 1263 15-4661 6-404 34 80726 1084 1-3438 74-405 80 6903 1163 16-7638 6-967 35 79641 1110 1-3940 71-736 81 5741 1036 18-0615 6-537 36 78631 1142 1-4648 68-739 82 4705 911 19-3593 6-166 37 77389 1181 1-6261 66-531 83 3794 784 30-6569 4-840 38 76208 1225 1^6080 63-189 84 3010 661 21-9546 4-856 39 74983 1274 1-7003 68-834 85 2349 646 23-2132 4-308 40 73709 1321 1-7937 55-772 86 1804 441 24-4327 4-093 41 72388 1364 1-8850 63-060 87 1363 349 25-6131 3-905 42 71024 1404 1-9774 50-583 88 1014 371 26-7544 3-738 43 69620 1440 2-0697 48-309 89 743 307 37-8566 8-689 44 68180 1474 2-1019 46-253 90 836 165 38-9588 3-453 45 66706 1503 2-2542 44-366 91 381 115 30-0610 3-337 46 66203 1530 2-3465 43-608 92 366 83 31-1633 3-309 47 63673 1662 2-4388 41-000 93 184 59 33-2654 3-099 48 62121 1672 2-6313 39-510 94 135 41 33-3676 3-997 49 60649 1692 3-6237 38-110 95 84 38 84-4638 3-902 50 68957 1601 2-7162 36-819 96 56 19 35-6071 2-816 51 57356 1611 2-8087 35-600 97 37 13 36-4348 2-748 62 86745 1617 2-9012 34-471 98 34 8 37-2708 2-683 53 54128 1620 2-9937 33-400 99 16 8 38-0060 3-631 64 62608 1620 3-0860 33-404 100 8 8 38-6500 3-587 55 60888 1637 3-2184 31-075 92 DURATION OF LIFE Table T. — (continued.) Dundee. — Females. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Speciac Intensity. Age. Living. Dying. Mortality per Cent. Specific Intensity. 10 100000 792 •7920 126-268 56 54982 1648 2-9980 38-356 11 99208 712 •7180 139-276 57 53834 1685. 31602 31-646 IS 98496 676 •6864 145-688 58 51649 1794 8-8398 29-940 13 97820 643 •6578 152-032 59 49925 1766 3-8360 98-981 14 97177 605 •6228 160-665 60 48160 1797 3-7393 96-788 15 96572 584 ■6060 165-289 61 46363 1821 3-9290 95-469 16 95988 575 ■5994 166-884 63 44542 1887 4-1288 94^937 17 93413 573 ■6010 166-889 68 42705 1848 4-3220 93-137 18 94840 673 •6042 166-508 64 40860 1846 4-6185 23^129 19 94267 598 •6347 157-858 65 89014 1869 4^7998 20:864 20 93669 623 •6662 160-331 66 37145 1911 5^1446 19^436 21 93046 647 ■6957 143-740 67 86234 1964 5-5768 17^934 22 02399 671 ■7262 137-703 68 83270 2024 6-0859 16-431 23 91728 694 ■7567 132153 69 31246 2088 6-6731 ]4^986 24 91084 717 •7872 127-083 70 29161 2117 7-2604 13-774 23 90317 789 ■8186 122-175 71 27044 2122 7-8479 12-742 26 89578 769 ■8506 117-564 73 94922 9101 8-4832 11-858 27 88816 785 ■8836 113^173 78 92821 9058 9-0206 11-085 28 88031 808 •9174 109^004 74 20768 1994 9-6088 10-412 29 87223 830 •9521 105^031 75 18769 1928 10^2758 9-728 30 86893 853 ■9868 101-388 76 16841 1888 11^0865 9-058 81 85540 874 1-0216 97-847 77 14983 1780 11^8869 8-410 32 84666 894 1^0662 94-697 78 13208 1692 19^8920 7-800 33 88772 914 1-0909 91-689 79 11611 1894 13-8608 7-920 34 82858 933 1^1256 88-810 80 9917 1478 14^8796 6-720 35 81925 956 1-1668 85-768 81 8442 1343 13^9084 6-285 36 80970 982 1-2129 83-440 83 7099 1209 16^9379 5-903 37 75988 1012 1-2655 78-989 83 6897 1059 17^9660 6^568 38 78976 1046 1-8240 75-939 84 4838 919 18-9949 5^366 39 77981 1082 1-3886 71-994 85 8919 787 900714 4^983 40 76849 1116 1-4631 68-823 86 8139 664 91-1988 4^717 41 75733 1149 1-5177 65-876 87 9468 559 29-3678 4^470 42 74584 1180 1^5823 63-211 88 1916 452 98-3868 4^339 43 73404 1208 1^6469 60-716 89 1464 364 94-8539 4^024 44 72196 1235 1-7115 58-411 90 1100 987 96-1910 3^828 45 70961 1266 1-7852 56-022 91 813 993 97-8882 8-651 46 69693 1802 1-8682 53-583 92 590 169 28-6553 3-489 47 68393 1340 1^9604 61-020 98 421 196 99-9995 8-342 48 67053 1382 2-0617 48-497 94 295 99 31-1897 3-206 49 65671 1426 2-1728 46-041 96 203 66 39-5039 3-077 50 64245 1466 2-2829 43-083 96 137 46 33-8471 2-954 61 62779 1602 2-8985 41-771 97 91 32 35-9034 2-841 62 61377 1534 2-5041 39-936 98 59 91 36-6720 9'784 53 69743 1562 2-6147 38 941 99 38 14 37-9710 9-634 54 58J81 1586 2-7258 86-697 100 24 24 39-3000 9^545 66 56696 1614 2-8581 85^051 m SCOTLAND. 93 Equation of Life for the Members of Friendly Societies in the average of the Scotch Cities. This result will no doubt be unexpected by some inquirers, as Dundee has usually been held up as the type of unhealthy Cities ; but the present results shew the necessity of extended observations before drawing any conclusions, the remarks made relative to the fluctuation of Mortality in Glasgow being equally applicable to Dundee. The following Abstract will give the comparative value of Male Life in the gross population of Glasgow, Liverpool, and Dundee. Age. Expectation of Life ia Age. Glasgow, Table E. Livei-pool, Reg. Gen. page xx-rii. Sth Eeport. Dundee, Table E. 20 25 30 35 40 46 50 30-9665 27-8512 24-8998 22-1102 19-4532 16-9360 14-5350 33-0000 30-0000 27 0000 23-0000 21-0000 18-0000 16-0000 35-9632 32-4423 29-0866 25-8297 22-7017 19-8168 17-0891 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 The value of life in Dundee will thus be seen to stand higher than in either of the other Cities. If a complete system of Registration existed in Scotland accurate means would be afforded of carrying out a satisfactory inquiry as to the relative value of life in different Districts ; but so far as the more imperfect system of Local Registration will admit of judging, it does not appear that the Duration of Life in the large Towns of Scotland should be regarded as so much below that of Cities in England. Since the preceding paragraphs were written, in 1845, several ineffectual attempts were made to introduce a system of Registration into Scotland, but after many difficulties an Act was at last carried, namely, " The 17th and 18th Vict. c. 80," and which came into operation on the first day of the present year. It is at the same time satisfactory to find that the Legislature has availed itself of the experience gained under the English Registration Act, and has thereby provided for Scotland a Registration system commensurate with the views of those having a practical acquaintance in working such measures. The results will in a few years furnish to scientific inquirers that amount and character of data which are so necessary to the complete solution of many important poli- tical and social problems of the times. It is deemed desirable to insert here the following Report of a Committee of the Statistical Society, consisting of Colonel Sykes, Dr. Bowring, Mr. Fletcher, Mr. Farr, and Mr. Nelson. B B 94 DURATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. Report of the Registration Committee to the Council of the Statistical Society, 5th June, 1847. The Scottish Registration Committee appointed by the Council on the 13th March, 1847, " to consider certain Schedules and Provisions of the proposed Registration Bill for " Scotland, to recommend Forms, and to communicate with the proper Authority on the " subject; "beg to report, that the Committee, at their Meeting on the 16th March, 1847, on examining the proposed Registration Bill, found the Schedules defective in the following particulars, viz. : In Marriage Schedule — 1. The usual and present residence of tlie parties omitted. 2. Their ages not given;, the parties being inadequately distinguished as "Minors," and of " Full Age." 3. The professions of the parties are omitted, while those of their parents are given instead. 4. " Civil Condition" given, but it would be worth while, in the case of widows and widowers, to know when the parties became such, and how often. 5. The number of children of each party by former marriage not obtained. 6. The place of birth of the parties marrying not stated. 7. The father's name only given, whereas the names of both parents should be furnished. In Births' Schedule — 1 . The items to determine child's identity, inadequate. 2. The birth-place of the parents omitted. 3. The marriage-place of the parents not given. 4. The number and sex of former children omitted. 5. The signatures of the parents from the Eegister Book should be required. 6. The certificate of the accoucheur, nurse, or persons present is omitted. 7. The place of registry omitted from the entry. In Deaths' Schedule — 1. The arrangement of the name and description incomplete. 2. A certificate signed by the medical attendant should be required, stating the cause of death, and when the party was last seen by him. 3. The burial place and undertaker's name are omitted. 4. Place of birth and time of residence in the district omitted. 5. The rank or profession, and names of the parents omitted. 6. No statement as to whether married, to whom, at what age, or where. 7. Issue of the marriage living and dead, and the name and age of each should be furnished. 8. The signature of a witness, as well as of the informant, is wanting. To remedy the defects now pointed out in the Schedules printed with the proposed Bill, the Committee suggested the substitution of the following three forms of Schedules, A, B, and C :— [In order i S i •3 John Hastings, Jane Mitchell, Witnesses. James Hollingshead, Vicar, Officiating Minister. a % Pi It 2. 2 II ^ U f tun « & III |Si 11 ^1 a 1 1 111 Q ■H a « «. t. S . S S " iiigl 1— 1 0.3 1 1 1 1 M 1^ ■a 1 "2 » mo -H CO w .-S CO ^ i s S oc 1 1 1 ^ "a 1 1 1 1 l| tH -is S Ph -^ I^ i w I— I PQ M o 02 i3 CO ■a "3 u -d (§ -s 5- 1 ■& .-0 ^- £ M i5 -^ 5 ,„.- ■^ -3 '^ fi s "li ^- ^ ^ti 3 a .=1 1 eur, Nurse ertified; a of Occup Witnesses 5 ^0 ^ 9 & s A 1 -^ §5 a -4 . a> fl Q> g m" -53 s 1 .§ . Pt3 bCT3 g 3 1 C 111! g 1 f^ ^ 1° 1 r-H ^ l| fl ?3 flW ■Sa K6 ^ «^ ik. S'o S "^ »g§ g«^ 1 = ^ -1 s H •"' E i ^^ ^; ffl t^ £ ^ ^ a r p ^ H CO g g i- £ ^r« •V SM rt IP if in 1 00 & CO w H H o o •Eb li 1 -^ - S +3 tl ^^ 1^ -Si P^ 1 1^ t .r natu itnea gistr of R -* § r ^ M a H ■N *J --I 2 a ^0 ^ '^ >— 1 S3 =11 .£■3 S i-i c? CO HH >n to Q 41 «l-l ^ilr llfi " = « CO K 1 ^. 4=^ = g 1 s §2 -^ 3 3 r=! IIP H HH '"' ^I g ^S" ^ ^ rM b"^* S *-S •III l«^ lie = a pp-g a P s „ rD Wales. FiiiENDLY Societies (Males). f EaiAXES. Age. Males- Pemales. Rural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural, Town, & City. Eural, Town, & City. Eciiiation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation- Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equatioi;!. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. in 52-305 47-750 53-534 46-383 58-375 53-258 54-315 50-537 51-743 47-913 56-408 51-810 56-749 49-493 10 an 44-213 40-691 43-706 41-598 49-353 45-355 45-201 42-274 43-053 40-015 47-434 43-774 49 702 45-264 20 an 36-482 34-099 38-066 35-167 40-813 38-407 36-517 34-575 34-920 32-860 38-973 36-605 41-017 38-184 30 4n 28-790 27-476 30-412 28-733 32-139 30-972 28-185 27-153 27-218 26 087 30-531 39-331 32-348 30-781 40 sn 21-255 20-846 22-697 22-055 23-609 23-470 20-053 19-973 20-056 19-927 22-344 23-193 23-894 23-820 50 60 14-285 14-585 15-355 15-523 15-923 10-052 12-815 13-701 13-295 13-769 14-945 15-694 16-336 17-238 60 Scotland. — Friendly Societies. — Males. Age. Biiral Districts. Town Districts- City Districts. Eural, Town, and City. Age. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. 10 90 30 40 SO 60 57-474 48-467 39-905 31-493 93-266 15-990 53-051 44-990 37-783 30-303 92-898 16-018 55-828 46-407 37-106 98 090 19-441 11-917 50-743 42-759 35-040 97-641 90-742 18-191 43-37] 34-753 27-831 21-955 16 409 12-688 42-037 34-586 28-635 29-647 17-386 13-335 54-567 46-036 37-478 99-539 91-917 15-174 50-803 42-729 35-631 98-637 91-812 15-018 10 20 30 40 50 60 IN SCOTLAND. 101 Trades in Friendly Societies (Males) England. Plumbers, Painters, Labourers. Clerks. and Glaziers. Bakers. Miners. Age. Eural Districts. Eural, Town, and City. Rural, Town, and City. Eural, Town, and City. Eural, Town, and City. Age. Equation. Hxpectatlon. Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation, Equation. Expectation. Equation. Expectation. 10 61-512 56005 41-920 39-985 46-666 43-066 49-546 47-982 51-402 48-516 10 20 59-240 47-906 33-500 31-835 39-101 36-904 41-034 40-027 42-186 40-670 SO 30 43-341 40-597 27-416 27-576 31-262 30-508 33089 32-357 33-187 33-157 30 40 34 349 32-769 19-945 21-857 23 508 24-305 35-001 24-476 24-067 94-920 40 f)0 35-634 25-075 13-548 16046 15-384 17-096 19-470 19-091 15-890 17-535 50 60 17-574 17-821 11-616 12 426 9-779 12-168 13-630 14-063 10-414 11-859 60 The terms in the respective columns headed Equation, were determined as follows : — Let % = the number alive in the columns headed " Living " in Tables C, F, I, &c., &c., at the given age iv. Then — = the number alive at an advanced age x + n which will always be inter- mediate between the proximate years of age a; + n — 4>, and cc + n+l—4> the fraction <^ of which is determined as follows : — ^ (^x + 11 — f ^x + n) '^ {^x +.n— ip ^a; + n + l — 0J) or 4> = — X + n-~ I X + n x + n — i 'a; + « + 1 — where e^. 4. „ = J 63.. An inspection of Table U will shew, that at the earlier ages the Equation of Life always exceeds the Expectation, and at those ages there is always an even chance of outliving the period of years represented by the Expectation of Life ; but the converse is the case for the older ages. It will be further seen, that in those Tables giving a higher absolute value to Life, the Equation retains its superiority over the Expectation till a more advanced period of years ; or in other words, if the Equation and Expectation of Life in any Table be compared, the more advanced the period of life at which the two expressions approximate to equal values, the higher is the absolute value of life throughout that Table. An example of this will be seen in observing the respective terms for the City and Rural Districts, in the former of which the approximation happens ten years earlier than in the other : again, if the results for the Labourers in the Eural Districts be compared with the results for Clerks, thirty years' difference will be found ; and on comparison of the results for other Classes in Table U, intermediate periods of approxi- mation will appear. D d ON THE EATE OF MORTALITY IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Eecently I have had occasion to investigate the rate of mortality among two different classes of medical men ; the one class being the Officers of the Medical Department of the Royal Army, and the other, the Members of the Eoyal Medical Chirurgical Society, The facts relating to the former were collected from the records of the Society formed for the benefit of the Widows of the Officers of the Medical Department of Her Majesty's Army, established in the year 1816, and the facts relating to the latter class were abstracted from the books of the Eoyal Medical Chirurgical Society, established in the year 1805. The investigation, so far as related to the first group of facts, was required to be conducted with the greatest care and scrutiny, as the management of large pecuniary interests depended on the results. The utmost care was, therefore, exercised in this part of the analysis. Inquirers into vital statistics had not hitherto touched the question of the mortality among the members of the medical department of the army, but from their peculiar duties, and the varied climates to which so many of them are exposed, there was reason to believe that some unusual feature would shew itself in the mortality to which they are subject, and, therefore, under this conviction, it appeared absolutely necessary to determine, from the records of the Society, the rate of mortality to which its own members had been subject. After a somewhat laborious and very troublesome analysis of all the information procurable, the following exhibits the results arrived at. In the course of this analysis it was discovered that the social condition of the members had an important influence on the rate of mortality : and it was rendered necessary finally to exhibit the rate of mortality in connection with these conditions. It will be found that the results are not only exceedingly curious but of great practical importance. In the following Table are exhibited the principal elementary facts from which to determine the rate of mortality among the members of the Society, who entered it unmarried, from its establishment, in 1816, until the 1st of January, 1851; excluding only such members as entered it in the married condition of life. [The arrangement Table I. Mortality among Members entering Single. la, Si's B5 « t3 te' Half of Age. W<1 s-s £ a> a S gos Died. *§ S Alive. g Number . id |3 lilt 1 a o .a 3) ■3 o c o 1 II Total. Exposed to Bisk. CQ n H w m 5'-^ a 17 38 h 3 1 c 3 d 3 4 6 27 124 253 419 523 e / 9 h i J 1-5 •5 1 10-5 49-5 70-5 97-5 76-5 k I m 1'5 n 1-8 19 20 31 22 23 24 2 21 99 141 195 153 4 6 35 112 224 370 2 9 12 17 11 7 6 9 's 5 12 8 5 14 11 2 12 29 49 39 a-5 3 4-8 1-5 2-8 6 4 •5 1 10-5 81 76-5 106-5 85 3-5 5 16-5 73 176-5 312-5 438 554-5 619 630-5 615 586 649-5 521 25 26 27 28 168 133 484 574 682 707 26 25 15 19 12 24 25 24 78 92 84 66-5 7-5 9-5 6 12 97-5 88 62 615 677 10 15 16 25 66 31 7-5 8 46-5 41 611 652 12 19 14 25 70 20-8 9 5 7 37 29 32 582 614 15 13 13 22 61 16 6 6 28 30 17 553 570 10 12 12 23 57 85 6 6 20-5 31 31 813 544 13 5 10 28 56 15-5 2-5 5 23 32 32 488 520 < 17 6 5 29 07 16 3 2-5 21-5 4985 38 24 463 . 487 12 2 4 20 38 12 1 2 15 472 34 28 449 477 8 5 7 22 43 14 2-5 3-5 30 487 35 25 438 460 11 3 6 15 35 12-5 1-5 3 17 443 36 19 425 444 7 3 4 17 81 9-5 1-5 2 13 431 37 13 413 416 12 4 7 12 35 6-5 2 3-5 13 404 38 12 391 403 7 4 8 19 6 2 8 3B5 39 20 384 404 4 2 4 9 19 10 1 2 13 391 40 14 385 399 10 1 4 6 21 7 •5 3 9-5 389-5 41 9 378 387 14 3 8 11 36 4-5 1-5 4 10 377 42 9 351 360 13 1 11 5 29 4-5 •6 5-5 10 8 349-5 43 3 331 334 5 1 7 1 14 1-5 •5 3-5 5-5 328-5 44 6 320 326 3 1 5 4 13 3 •5 3-5 6 320 45 6 313 319 5 2 4 7 18 3 1 3 6 313 46 3 301 304 7 3 3 4 15 1-8 1 1 3-5 300-5 47 4 289 293 3 1 3 4 10 2 •5 1 3-8 289 5 48 3 283 286 4 1 7 7 19 1-5 •5 3-5 8-5 280-5 49 367 267 8 1 6 5 17 •5 3 3-5 263-6 50 280 250 6 1 2 9 •5 •8 249-5 51 2 241 243 6 3 4 5 18 1 1-8 2 4-8 238-5 02 225 225 5 1 6 1 13 •8 3 3-5 221-5 53 812 312 2 1 3 2 8 •8 1-5 3 210 84 .3 204 207 8 1 3 12 1-8 •5 2 206 55 2 195 197 5 3 4 13 1 1-8 2-5 194-5 86 185 185 4 4 2 9 19 3 1 3 182 87 166 167 , , 2 3 5 "•8 1 1-8 166-6 58 162 162 7 2 7 10 26 1 3-5 4-5 167-5 59 - isa 137 3 1 4 8 16 •5 3 3 134 CO 121 121 1 1] 13 •5 •5 •5 120-6 61 108 1(.8 3 2 6 11 1 1 107 62 97 97 3 9 11 97 63 86 86 4 5 U 1 1 86 64 75 75 2 4 8 1 1 74 65 67 68 2 2 3 7 ■5 1 1-5 66-5 66 61 62 3 1 6 11 •5 •5 1-5 60-5 67 . 51 1 5 6 ■5 51 68 45 2 1 4 8 •5 V 44 69 37 4 4 ■5 ■* 37 70 33 3 3 6 33 71 27 2 2 27 72 25 3 2 4 , , 26 73 31 3 1 3 21 74 18 1 3 5 v 1 17 78 13 . 2 2 13- 76 11 1 2 •5 •5 10-3 77 9 i 2 3 9 78 6 3 ■ 2 79 4 i 4 80 3 i 1 3 81 1 1 1 82 83 84 85 •• •• 1,340 15,867 386 1' 6 368 010 1,340 6700 88-0 134-0 892-0 UC76-0 104 EATE OF MORTALITY The arrangement of this Table is very simple, and will be readily understood by those giving attention to such inquiries ; but to those not familiar with them, the following explanation may be useful. Column (a) Eepresents the age at which each oflScer entered the society, or when some other event connected therewith took place. (b) The number of officers entered at each age. (c) The number of officers remaining under observation from each preceding age, and the residue of all those entering in each preceding age, who have not become subject to any of the contingent events represented in the adjoining columns. For example, three officers entered at the age of 17, and not falling under the events specified in the adjoining columns, they survive until the succeeding age, and come under observation as officers of the age of 18. (d) Again, 1 officer entered at the age of 18, who, with the 3 remaining from those that entered the society at the age of 17, makes 4, coming under observation at some time or other after completing the 17th year of their life, and before completing the 18th year ; none of these become subject to any of the events specified, and the whole 4 are therefore carried under observation tb the following age, 19, when 2 other officers entered the society, making 6 under observation at the age of 19. Again, at age 25, 168 officers entered the society, who, with 484 remaining under observation from the preceding age, make altogether 652 under observation at the age of 25. Of these, 26 die during the course of that year, 15 are struck off, and 12 discontinue, while 25, who have recently entered the society, remain alive on the 1st of January, 1851, and, therefore, are no longer observed ; 78 officers, in all, therefore, go from under observation at the age of 25, and 574 are carried forward to the succeeding age of 26, which, with 133 entered at that age, brings 707 officers altogether under review at the age of 26. (e) Eepresents the numbers dying at each age or term of life. (/) Those who are struck offi (gr) Those who discontinue. (h) Eepresents the number of officers alive on the 1st of January, 1851, and who have not become subject to any of the contingent events represented in columns e to ^ inclusive. (i) Contains the total of columns e to h, inclusive, and represents the number of officers ■\^ho cease to come under observation in any of the more advanced ages. For example, at the age 30, column d represents 570 under observation; but before attaining the 31st year of age, 67 of these pass from observation, leaving 513 to come under observation in the 31st year of age, as shewn in column c. (J) Eepresents one-half of the numbers entering the society at each year of life at which admissions take place, and is, therefore, one-half of the numbers in column b. In like manner, column (k) Eepresents one-half of the numbers in column/. In like manner, column (/) Eepresents one-half the numbers in column ff ; and column (m) The total of columns J, k, and /. The purpose of these four columns will appear in the explanation of column {n) Which represents the number of lives exposed a complete year to the risk of mortality while connected with the socie.ty, and the figures in this column are produced by subtracting from the numbers in column d the numbers in column m opposite the same age. As already stated, column d contains the gross number under observation at some time or other throughout the year of life set forth in column a; but as column b contains, for each age up to 66, the numbers who have entered the society, and as officers, one with another, enter at different periods throughout the year, it has been found, by observation, that on an average each is, during the year of entry, exposed to only six months, or one half-year's mortality, and hence column j represents that amount of risk for all officers who have just joined the society. In like manner columns k and I represent the amount of risk to which officers discontinued from the society for either of the causes specified in those columns, are exposed, on the principle that, one with another, the discontinuances will take place in the middle of the year. It thus appears that as column m is the total of j, k, and I, it shews the proper number to be deducted from column d, in order to find the number exposed to the risk of a whole year's mortality. IN THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 105 The following Abstract, A, will make the contents of the preceding Table better understood. Abstract A. Ages. Number Exposed to Eisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 90 to S4 1016-5 51 5-017 95 ... 99 3003-0 88 9-998 30 ... 34 9498-0 60 9-409 35 ... 39 9064-0 41 1-986 40 ... 44 1764-3 44 2-494 43 ... 49 1447-0 94 1-660 30 ... 34 1194-5 27 9-401 S3 ... 59 833-5 19 9-980 60 ... 64 483-5 19 9-482 65 ... 69 259-0 8 3-089 70 ... 74 123-0 8 6-504 76 ... 79 42-3 3 7-059 80 ... 84 Total 4-0 1 95-000 14665-0 386 9-632 It is thus seen that during 14,665 years of risk, to which the members whose expe- rience is recorded in Table I were exposed, no less than 386 died, or 2-632 per cent., while the mortality according to the average for the whole male population of England and Wales at corresponding ages is 1'888 per cent. But what is most striking about these results is the very excessive mortality at the ages under 55, and the reduced mortality at the ages 55 and upwards. This will be found to exceed not only the mortality of the male popu- lation of England and Wales at the mature and active term of life, but to be actually about equal to that of the officers of the Bengal military service at the corresponding ages. The following exhibits the results for each of the three classes : — Mortality in the term of life, 90-54 among The Members of the Medical Department of the Army = 9-593 per cent. The Officers of the Bengal Army . = 9-635 The Male Population of England and Wales . . . = 1-155 ... It is thus evident that tlie rate of mortality among the members of the medical department of the army, who entered the Society while unmarried, does not differ widely E E 106 RATE OF MOETALITY IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. from that found to prevail among the officers of the Bengal army ; but at the same time it will be found to exceed the rate of mortality among the male population of this country by 124-502 per cent. This very striking and unexpected result at once proved the necessity for an accurate analysis of the rate of mortality among the members of the Society. In the preceding Abstract A, there is one feature which cannot fail to arrest attention : the remarkably high and unprecedented mortality at the younger ages, which gradually decreases up to the age of 40. The following shews the mortality per cent, for each quin- quennium in the three preceding groups of observations : — Ages. Medical Depart- ment of the Hoya] Army. Bengal Military Fund. Male Population of England and Wales. 30 to 24 25 ... 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 89 S-017 2-938 2-403 1-986 2-324 2-501 9-779 3-864 0-845 0-981 1-049 1-134 The mortality at the younger ages in the medical department of the army is certainly a circumstance of much importance; and on more grounds than one, calls for investigation and inquiry : but in order to shew how very diversified is the rate of mortality in indi- vidual classes of the community, it may be well to direct attention to the remarkable contrasts in the results of the three preceding groups, at ages 55 and upwards, or rather within the term of life, 55-84. The rate of mortality in each of the following classes in the term of life 55-84 : Members of the Medical Deiaartment of the Royal Army = 3-922 per cent. Officers of the Bengal Army = 5-653 Male Population of England and Wales = 5-056 The very low rate of mortality at the advanced ages among the members of the medical department of the army, as set forth in Abstract A, is just as remarkable as the excessive rate found to prevail at the younger ages. So much having been said on the rate of mortality among those members who entered the Society while single or unmarried, attention will next be directed to those who joined the Society as married members. The explanation already given of the construction of Table I will be equally appli- cable to the following Table, and, therefore, need not be repeated. [The following Table IL Mortality of those who entered Married. 1. fa Ifll ■a > H a fe " -a 'i Half of Age. W<1 ■9 S llli Died. (a o g a Alive V a a Number Kxposed ■s a " im llll 1 5 •a 1 sl Total. to Hisk. 21 1 2 - 23 23 1 1 *i 1 2 3 5 7 15 •5 •5 •5 ■8 1 •8 1 •a 25 3 3 3 4 •5 15 ■5 •5 2 1-5 3 20 8 7 1-5 1-5 5-8 27 28 5 6 15 19 20 25 ■• 4 2-5 4 2-5 11 17-5 29 6 25 31 3 3 2-5 4'5 5-5 05 35 4 5 2-5 4-5 5-5 3 8 5 3 22 30 31 32 5 9 12 31 35 48 86 44 55 •• •5 3 2-5 5 38 33-5 39 33 3i 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 11 13 7 8 10 5 9 11 6 6 10 55 60 77 79 80 94 97 104 112 114 117 66 79 84 87 96 99 106 115 118 120 127 2 1 3 3 2 1 i 1 i 2 5 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 2 "■5 "•5 ■5 ■5 "'■5 •5 •5 6 8-5 7-5 35 4-8 6'5 2-5 4-5 8-5 3-5 3-5 5-5 49 60-5 71-5 80-5 82-5 90-5 96-5 101-5 109-5 114-5 116-5 121-6 44 6 126 131 2 8 3 •5 8-5 127-5 45 9 128 137 4 4 4-5 4'5 132-5 46 9 133 143 3 1 4 4'6 4-5 137-5 47 1 138 139 2 2 •5 •5 188 5 48 137 137 i , , 2 •5 •5 1 136 49 5 135 140 i 1 2-5 2-5 137-5 50 139 139 3 3 139 51 1 136 137 8 i 9 ■5 •5 136-8 53 3 128 131 2 1-5 1 2-5 128-5 53 2 129 131 1 1 1 1 180 54 2 139 131 7 8 1 ■5 1-5 139-5 55 133 123 4 1 6 "•5 •5 1 133 56 1 117 118 3 4 ■5 •5 1 117 57 1 114 115 5 5 ■5 •5 1J4-5 58 110 110 4 3 7 •5 •5 109-8 59 3 103 105 6 i 3 9 Y "■5 1-5 103'5 60 1 96 97 3 2 5 ■5 •5 1 90 CI 92 93 4 4 9 •5 •5 91-5 62 i 83 84 3 8 •5 ■5 83-5 03 81 8] 1 "i '2 4 "■5 •5 80-5 64 77 77 4 2 6 , , 77 05 1 71 73 1 3 4 •5 •5 71-5 66 68 68 I 3 5 . , ■5 •8 07-5 67 63 63 3 3 5 63 68 58 58 3 3 6 58 69 53 53 3 5 9 •5 •8 51-5 70 43 43 3 3 5 43 71 38 38 3 1 1 6 "•5 •5 1 37 72 33 33 4 1 •5 •8 31-5 73 26 36 1 3 •5 •8 25-5 74 i 23 23 . , 1 •5 •5 33-5 76 23 2 2 23 76 21 5 "'•5 •5 20-5 77 16 1 16 78 15 3 6 15 79 9 3 3 9 80 6 3 3 6 81 3 1 1 8 83 2 2 2 83 84 85 t ' ' •• •• 203 •• 4,407 120 7 24 51 202 1010 3-5 120 116-8 4290-0 108 EATE OF MORTALITY IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. The following Abstract will make the contents of Table II better understood. Abstract B. Ages. Number Exposed to Eisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 25 to 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 89 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 65 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 Total 84-0 258-5 451-5 589-5 682-0 668-5 566-5 428-5 311-5 159-5 83-5 11-0 1 1 9 11 10 19 31 14 11 13 9 2 1-190 •395 1-993 1-866 1-466 2-863 3-828 3-267 3-531 7-524 10-778 18-181 4284-5 130 2-801 It is thus found that while the collected results for the preceding Abstract shew a somewhat higher mortality than that in Abstract A, there is still a great dissimilarity at the diiferent periods of life. The mortality, as given in Abstract B, which represents the deaths among such members as entered the Society when married, being more in accord- ance with the results derived from observations on other classes of society, exhibiting an increasing rate of mortality as life advances, and pretty uniformly exceeding that for England and "Wales; the few irregularities may be fairly supposed to arise from the fluctuations due to the comparatively small number of facts over which the observations recorded in Abstract B extend. In order to compare the results in this Abstract with those already furnished in Abstract A, it tvill be sufficient to give the rate of mortality within the periods of 25-54 and 65-84. Ages. Mortality per Cent, among those Members ■who entered the Society Unmarried, Abstract A. Married, Abstract B. 25 to 54 55 ... 84 2-886 2-922 1-873 4-422 This Abstract affords abundant evidence in support of the conclusion that there is some circumstance connected with the mode or condition of life in which the members of the two classes were placed, having a marked influence on their health and longevity. It is, however, unnecessary to dwell longer on the diff'erence between the preceding two classes, for it is obvious that, in Abstract A, which includes the group entering the Society while unmarried, many of them must have married subsequent to the date of entry, and therefore the results do not afPord a proper comparison between the mortality incidental to the conditions of married and single life ; another analysis has, therefore, been made to shew the results peculiar to those conditions. [The first Table III. Mo rtal Uy amo ng Members entering Single, and remaining under Observation whilst Single only. 1 ,5 js S w) ^k^ 1 i < So g.S ?5 e S 1 o Half of Ago. J Died. o _p t3 Alive. a o ■d ^ Number Exposed to 1 1 llll llll o B 3 o H H o 1 if a" 1 "a Kislt. 17 18 3 1 3 3 4 1-6 1-5 15 la 2 4 6 * ' •8 1 10-5 49-5 70-5 97-5 70-5 84 60-5 31 20-5 •0 3-5 20 21 2v! 1 25 1 3i ] 2f) 1 26 1 27 28 21 99 41 95 63 68 33 63 41 6 35 113 324 367 479 865 601 589 27 124 253 419 520 647 698 663 630 2 9 13 17 11 25 25 JO 12 7 6 9 15 19 15 19 3 4 13 8 13 33 15 13 i 3 3 5 6 9 13 5 14 11 25 24 35 34 2 12 29 53 41 83 97 74 79 3-5 3 4-5 7-5 95 76 9-8 3 4 6 115 7-5 6 ■5 1-5 1 2-5 3 4-5 1 10-5 51 76-5 108 80 100 90 5 50-5 42 8 10-5 73 170-5 311 434 647 607-5 613-5 588 29 32 561 583 13 13 10 13 30 67 16 6 5 6 33 550 30 31 32 17 516 633 9 12 11 30 20 73 85 6 5-5 10 30 503 31 461 493 10 5 10 17 24 60 15-5 2'5 5 8-5 316 400-8 33 426 458 10 6 4 10 26 08 16 3 2 8 29 439 33 24 390 4J4 12 2 o 16 18 50 12 1 1 8 22 393 3i 28 364 392 8 5 7 12 17 49 14 2-5 3-5 6 28 300 3S 25 343 308 8 2 4 10 11 35 12 5 1 2 5 .30-5 347-5 36 19 333 352 7 3 3 13 16 40 9-5 1-8 1-5 6 18-5 333-6 37 13 3i3 336 11 3 7 7 10 38 05 1-5 3-5 3-5 16 310 38 12 287 399 6 4 17 6 33 6 2 8-5 10-5 383 -5 39 30 360 286 1 2 4 7 20 10 3 35 10-5 269-5 40 14 266 280 8 1 4 6 4 23 7 ■5 3 3 13-5 207-5 41 9 257 366 13 3 7 3 8 84 4-5 1-5 35 15 11 255 42 9 333 241 9 1 7 6 2 25 4-6 •5 3-8 3 11-5 339-5 43 3 310 319 4 6 1 17 1-5 3 3 7-5 211-5 44 202 208 3 1 5 7 3 18 3 '■5 25 3-5 9-5 198-5 45 6 190 196 3 2 3 4 2 14 3 1 1-6 2 75 188 5 40 3 182 185 3 1 2 3 3 12 15 ■5 1 1-5 4-6 18(1-5 47 4 173 177 2 1 1 2 3 8 2 ■5 •5 1 4 173 48 3 169 172 1 7 3 5 16 1-5 35 1-5 0-6 105-5 49 160 156 2 4 7 3 16 3 3-5 6-5 100-5 50 140 140 3 1 2 2 8 •5 1 1-5 138-5 51 2 133 134 4 2 2 3 3 13 i' 1 1 15 45 13II-5 52 121 121 1 3 2 1 7 1-5 1 3-6 118-5 53 114 H4 1 2 5 2 10 1 2-5 3-S 110-5 54 104 107 7 1 1 3 12 i-'s ■5 •6 3-5 104-6 55 3 95 97 2 1 1 2 6 1 •5 •6 2 95 66 91 91 2 4 1 3 4 13 2' •5 1 3-5 87-5 57 78 79 2 1 3 •5 1 1-5 77 5 58 76 76 3 2 6 2 13 1 3 4 73 59 63 04 2 2 3 7 •5 1 1 2-6 01-8 on 57 57 1 5 6 •5 •5 56-5 01 51 51 i 2 3 •5 -5 60-5 63 48 48 i 4 5 48 03 43 43 2 1 5 , , i i' 43 04 38 38 2 1 3 1 1 37 05 35 30 3 2 2 6 •5 1 1-5 34-5 00 30 31 1 2 3 ■5 1 30 07 , , 28 4 4 28 08 34 i 1 2 -6 33-5 69 23 1 1 33 70 31 i 2 3 31 71 18 1 1 18 72 17 i 3 3 17 73 14 1 1 3 14 74 13 2 3 •5 -5 11-5 75 9 1 1 9 70 8 1 1 8 77 7 1 2 3 7 78 4 1 1 4 79 3 1 1 3 80 2 1 I 2 81 1 1 1 1 82 • 83 84 . , 85 •• 1,3J 12,113 304 165 228 349 394 ,340 670-0 82-5 114-n 124-5 991-0 11139-0 F F no RATE OF MORTALITY The first part of the inquiry, made to shew the results connected -with the mortality of single life, will be found set forth in the preceding Table, which contains all the facts bearing on the rate of mortality among such members as entered the Society in the single condition, and the observations extending over the period while they remained single. In the event of any member becoming married, all further observation ceases. The following Abstract C, shews the results arrived at in Table III. Abstract C. Ages. Number Exposed to Bisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 20 to 24 25 ... 29 80 ... 34 35 ... 39 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 65 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 Total... 1011-0 2905-0 3150-5 1543-0 1163-0 8580 601-S 393-5 334-0 138-0 81-5 31-0 3-0 51 85 55 33 36 11 16 7 3 2 3 2 5-045 2-926 2-558 2-138 3-099 1-283 2-660 1-779 1-283 1-449 3-681 6-451 11113-0 304 2-736 This Abstract shews that the results characteristic of Abstract A are still more strongly developed here ; the mortality of early life being higher, that of advanced life lower, and the general mortality even being higher than that of Abstract A. It would hence follow that the elimination of the cases of those who subsequently married has the effect of increasing the general mortality for the residue, as M'ell as increasing the mortality at the early ages and diminishing it at the advanced periods of life. This will be more clearly seen by an inspection of the following figures : — Ages. Mortality per Cent. among all those who entered Single. Abstract A. Mortality per Cent, of those who entered Single, but were excluded from further observation after becoming Married. Abstract C. 30 to 54 55 ... 84 20 ... 84 2-593 3-922 2-633 3-805 1-918 3-736 IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Ill It is hence evident that the vicissitudes of unmarried life have a more powerful influence on mortality under the age of 55 than above it, compared with the causes connected with the married condition ; and further evidence of this will be derived from the following two Abstracts. In the next Abstract are included such facts only as constitute the complement of Table III, that is, the observations connected with those who have entered the Society while single, but who afterwards married, — the observations commencing from the date of marriage ; and therefore the facts in Table III and the following Abstract, constitute the whole of those given in Table I. It has already been shewn that the aggregate mortality of Table III exceeds that of Table I, and therefore the mortality of the next Abstract must fall under that of Table I ; but it has also been shewn that the mortality of Table III has, in an eminent degree, portrayed the features characteristic of Table I, and, consequently, Abstract D, following, must be expected to be more uniform, and approxi- mate more nearly to the rate of mortality prevailing in Table II. Abstract D. Mortality of those who entered Single, but afterwards Married; the ohservations commencing at Marriage. Ages. Number Exposed to Bisk. Died. Mortslity per Cent. SO to 24 5-5 ... 25 ... 29 100-0 3 3-000 30 ... 34 347-5 5 1-439 35 ... 39 521-0 8 1-536 40 ... 44 602-5 3 1-328 45 ... 49 589-0 13 2-207 50 ... 54 523-0 11 2-103 55 ... 59 440-0 12 2-727 60 ... 64 249-5 9 3-607 65 ... 69 121-0 6 4-959 70 ... 74 41-5 5 12-048 75 ... 79 11-5 1 8-070 80 ... 84 Total... 1-0 1 100-000 3553-3 82 2-308 The following shews the condensed results of this Abstract :- Mortality from ages 20 to 54 = 1-785 per cent, 55 ... 84 = 3-944 ... 20 ... 84 = 2-308 ... 112 RATE OF MORTALITY Table III, preceding, shewed the rate of mortality among such members as entered single, during the period they continued so, all further observations ceasing after marriage. In the next Abstract will be set forth the rate of mortality among the married members ; and it will embrace all the facts of those who entered married, as given in Table II, as well as of those who entered single but afterwards married, the observations commencing at the date of marriage, the facts of which are contained in Abstract D. Abstract E. Mortality among Members entered Married, and entered Single but afterwards Married; the Single coming under observation at Marriage. Ages. Number Exposed to Eisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 25 to 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 39 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 65 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 184-0 601-0 972-5 1192-0 1271-0 1186-5 1006-5 678-0- 432-5 201-0 95-0 12-0 4 6 17 19 23 30 33 23 17 17 10 3 2-174 -998 1-748 1-594 1-810 2-529 3-270 3-392 3-931 8-458 10-526 25000 Total ... 7832-0 202 2-580 In this Abstract the following will be found to represent the general results arriA^ed at : — . Mortality from ages 23—54 = 1-831 per cent. 55—84 = 4-247 ... 25—84 = 2-580 ... The results of this Abstract, as compared with those of Table III and Abstract C, are interesting, as shewing the distinction between the mortality of married and single hfe. The following gives a condensed illustration of the difference of mortality : Ages. Mortality per Cent, among the Married and Single Members of the Society. Single Members. Abstract C. Married Members. Abstract E. 25 to 54 55 ... 84 25 ... 84 2-330 1-918 2-504 1-831 4-247 2-580 IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 113 In this, as in the preceding instances, it is obvious that the characteristic of the mortality of single life is still maintained, the rate of mortality among the unmarried members being greater at the earlier ages, and less at those ages more advanced. Having thus exhibited the rate of mortality for each of the preceding groups and combinations, it may be now useful to shevp the results for the combined experience of all the members, whether married or single. The following Abstract F shews, for each quinquennial term of life, the rate of mortality among all the members of the Society, from its establishment in 1816, till the 1st of January, 1851. Abstract F. Mortality among all the Members, Married and Single. Ages. Number Exposed to Eisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 20 to 24 25 ... 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 39 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 65 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 Total... 1016-5 3089-0 2751-5 2515-5 2334-0 2129-0 1788-0 1400-0 912-0 570-5 282-5 126-0 15-0 51 89 61 50 55 34 46 40 26 19 30 12 3 5-017 2-881 2-217 1-988 2-336 1-597 2-573 2-857 2-850 3-330 7-080 9-524 20-000 18949-5 506 2-670 The condensed results are as follows :- Mortality between ages 20 to 54 = 2"467 per cent. 55 ... 84 = 3-639 ... 20 ... 84 = 3-670 ... The next Abstract will give a succinct view of the results set forth in each of the preceding six Abstracts, as well as the general mortality at the corresponding ages for the male population of England and Wales, as given in the earlier part of this Volume, pages 4 and 6. G G 114 EATE OF MOETALITY Abstract G. Ages. Mortality per Cent. Entered Single. A. Entered Married. B. Entered Single, and remaining under otservation while Single.. C. Entered Single, but afterwards Married ; the observations com- mencing at Marriage. D. Entered Married and entered Single ; but the Single coming under observation at Marriage. E. All the Mem- bers, Married and Single. F. Male Popula- tion of England and Wales. 20 to 24 25 ... 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 39 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 66 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 Total... 5-017 2-928 2-402 1-986 2-494 1-660 2-401 2-280 2-483 3-089 6-553 7-059 26-000 1-190 •395 1-993 1-866 1-466 2-863 3-823 3-267 3-631 7-524 10-778 18-181 8-045 3-926 2-558 3-138 3^099 1^383 2^660 1^779 1-383 1-449 3^681 6^461 3-000 1-439 1-536 1-328 2-207 2-103 3 727 3-607 4-969 12-048 8-700 100-000 2-174 •998 1-748 1-594 1-820 3-629 3-379 3-393 3-931 8-408 10-526 25-000 5-017 2-881 2-317 1-988 3-336 1-597 3-573 3-857 2-850 3-330 7-080 9-528 20-000 •845 •981 1-049 1-134 1-279 1-506 1-842 3-393 3-242 4-608 6-686 10-041 15-056 2-632 2-801 2^736 2-308 2-580 3-670 2-026 The following gives a condensed view of the results arrived at for each of the pre- ceding groups or classes : — Groups or Classes. Mortality per Cent, between Ages 25—54. Ages 55—84. Ages 25—84. Abstract A.— Entered single B . — ^Entered married 2-386 1-872 2-669 1-789 1-831 3-390 1-166 2-933 4-433 1-918 3-944 4-347 3-629 6-056 2-454 2-801 2-504 2-312 2-580 2-537 1-918 C. — Members of Abstract A during Mwmarried state... D. — Members of Abstract A during married state E. — Married members F. — Both single and married members Male population of England and Wales As already stated, each Abstract gives the data and correct rate of mortality for each quinquennial period of life ; and the above condensed form of exhibiting the mortality per cent, may, for general purposes, be considered sufficient to illustrate the relative bearing of the different groups ; but, at the same time, it is necessary to exercise caution against the employment of those figures or others similarly derived, and extending over any considerable term of life, as giving an exact expression of the true mortality among the different classes compared. The true mortality can only be collected from the details IN THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 115 of eacli of the preceding Tables, or from the rate of mortality given for each quinquennium in the corresponding Abstracts A, B, C, D, E, and F. The nature of the error contained in the condensed illustrations will be found explained in page 44 ante. The conditions necessary to the correct comparison of results derived from observations extending over a considerable term of life, such as between ages 25-54, 55-84, and 25-84, or any other extended periods of life are, that the relative numbers of persons over which the observations are made at the different periods of life should be in exact proportion to each other in the different groups of observations ; but should there be in any one group an undue proportion of persons at the younger or older ages, the resulting rate of mortality will become modified accordingly, even although out of equal numbers in each group at different ages the same number of deaths would take place in the same time. Inattention to the errors inherent in such illustrations has often led inquirers to very false conclusions ; the method is, however, useful, if employed only for general purposes, and with proper caution. The following figures exhibit the number of years' risk observed on at each term of life. GEO UPS. Numl ei- of Years' Observation at the Term of Life. 25 to 54. Proportion per Cent. 55 to 84. Proportion per Cent. Abstract A. — Entered sinele , 11903-0 2724-0 9220-0 3683-0 5407-0 14627-0 87-1 63-5 91-3 75-6 69-0 81-6 1745-5 1560-5 881-0 864-5 3425-0 3306-0 12-9 30-5 8-7 24-4 31-0 18-4 B. — Entered married C. — Members of Abstract A during wramarried state . . . D. — Members of Abstract A during married state E 15ntb sinffle and married members It is evident that in some of the above groups there is very great irregularity in the distribution of the number of facts, or years of risk observed at different ages, and hence the rate of mortality per cent, derived from these collected or aggravated results, and which must necessarily be a mean of such irregularly distributed facts, cannot be relied on as shewing the correct relation of the causes of mortality pressing on each class of observations. These remarks apply with greater force to the comparison of the results for the aggregate of all ages, than to the comparative results for either of the extended terms of life, 25-54, or 55-84. It will be seen that in Group C, 91-3 per cent, of the facts are contained between ages 25-54, but in Group B there is only 63-5 per cent, of the observations of that group made between the same ages. There is another method, however, by which the aggregate mortality of the com- bined ages may be compared without any error, and that is by comparing the actual number of deaths which has taken place, in each class or group, with that which would have taken place if the rate of mortality had prevailed at each term of life in each group. 116 EATE OF MOETALITY which is known to correctly represent the mortality at the same terms of life in any given standard tahle of mortality with which the results of each group may be compared. The following shews the number of deaths which have actually taken place in each group, and the number which would have taken place had the same rate of mortality prevailed which is known to represent the mortality of the male population of this country. Abstract H. Groups. Difference between the Mortality which has actually taken place and that which would have happened, according to the ratio for the Male Population of England and Wales, between the following Ages : 20-54. 56—84. 20—84. Actual. England and Wales. Difference per Cent. Actual. England and Wales. Difference per Gent. Actual. England and Wales. Difference per Gent. A.bstract A. Entered Single 336 51 287 48 99 386 151-8 38-5 116-0 35-8 74-3 190-3 + 190 + 34 + 147 + 33 + 33 + 113 51 69 17 34 108 190 59-S 69-1 39-3 97-9 89-3 191-6 — 15 + 11 — 47 + 96 + 15 — 1 386 120 304 89 909 506 911-3 100-6 148-3 63-0 163-6 911-9 + 83 + 90 + 101 + 30 + 34 + 69 „ B. Entered Married 0. Members of Abstract A] during wnmarried state] „ D. Members of Abstract A) during married state . . ) F. Botli Married and Single ] Members ) An examination of the above results only confirms the conclusions formerly arrived at ; namely, that the members taken in the aggregate under the age of 65 are subject to an unprecedented amount of mortality, but that subsequent to that age the rate of mor- tality does not difi'er widely from that of the population generally : as may be more apparent from the following figures taken from the preceding abstract : — Actual. Number of deaths between the ages 90 to 54 = 386 55 ... 84 = 190 20 84 = 506 England and Wales. 190-3 191-6 311-9 It is also evident, from the results of the preceding abstract, as weU as from those formerly brought under consideration, that the mortality in Group E, which represents the married members, diff'ers very widely from that in Group C, which represents the unmarried. Period of Life. Difference per Gent, between the Actual Mortality and that of England and Wales among the Unmarried Group. Married Group. Between Ages 90 — 54 55—84 90—84 + 147 per Cent. — 47 + 101 + 33 per Cent. + 15 + 94 IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 117 It is thus abundantly evident that the rate of mortality of the married members is so very different from that of the single, that in any calculations intended to measure the duration of life among the married members only, it would not be proper to include the mortality of the single members. The following Table is formed from the data given in Abstract E, preceding, and represents the mortality for the mean of each quinquennial term of life among the married members of the Society. For a detaUed explanation of the principles on which Tables IV and V are constructed, see the subsequent portion of these contributions on the mortality among persons of intemperate habits. Table IV. Married Memhers. Interpolation of Mortality per Cent. (1) Original Quantities. Ai and A^ ^ 1st and 9nd Differences. a = -2 Ai b = -04 A, Age. (1-) \ A. 27 2-174 1-176 + 1-996 32 -998 + •2352 = a -750 + -07704 = b — -904 37 1-748 + -1500 -]54 — -03616 + -370 42 1-594 + •0308 -216 + -01480 -503 47 1-810 + •0432 •719 •02012 + -031 53 2-599 •1438 ■750 + -00124 — -637 57 3 279 •1500 -113 — -02548 + -496 62 3-392 •0226 -539 + -01704 + 3-988 67 3-931 •1078 4-527 + -15952 — 9-459 72 8-458 -9054 9-068 — -09836 + 12-406 77 10-526 + -4136 14-474 + -49624 89 25-000 + 2-8948 The next Table, -viewed in connection with the preceding one, shews the mode by which the intermediate terms are determined and interpolated between the original quan- tities given in Abstract E. For an explanation, more in detail, of the construction of the preceding and the two following Tables, see the subsequent portion of this paper on the " Mortality of Master Mariners." H H [An examination 118 RATE OF MORTALITY Table V- Married Members. Interjyolation of Mortality per Centi Interval = — 5 (1) = Original Quantities. 1st Si = a — 96. 4 = 6. Age. (1-) s. Age. a.) Si 27 2-174 — '38928 47 1-810 ■14132 S8 1-78472 -31224 48 1-95132 -14256 29 1'47248- •23520 49 2-09388 -14380 30 1-23728 •15816 50 3-23768 -14504 31 1-07913 — -081 1 2 51 2-38272 -14628 32 ■998 + -22232 52 2-529 -20096 33 1-22032 •18616 53 2-72996 -17548 34 1-40648 -15000 54 2-90544 •15000 35 1-55648 •11384 53 3-05344 -12452 36 1-67032 + -07768 56 3-17996 + -09904 37 1-748 — -06040 57 3-279 — -01 148 38 1-68760 -04560 58 3-26752 + -00556 39 1-64200 -03080 59 3-27308 -02260 40 1-61120 -01600 60 3-29568 •03964 41 1-59520 — -00120 61 3-33532 + ^05668 42 1-594 + -00296 62 3-392 — -2 1 1 24 43 1-59696 -02308 63 3-18076 — -05172 44 1-62004 -04320 64 3-12904 + -10780 43 1-66324 •06332 65 3-23684 -26732 46 1-72656 -08344 66 3-50416 •42684 47 1-810 67 3-931 IN THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. Table V. — (continued.) 119 Age. (!)• Si Age. (!)• «i 67 3-931 1-I02I2 77 10-526 1-90232 68 5-03312 1-00376 78 12-42833 2-39856 69 6-03688 •90540 79 14-82688 2-89480 70 6-94228 ■80704 80 17-72168 3-39'04 71 7-74932 + -70868 81 31-11373 + 3-88728 72 8458 — -57888 83 25-000 ... 73 7-87912 — -08264 ... ... ... 74 7-79648 + ■4»36o ... ... 75 8-21008 -90984 ... ... ... 76 9-11993 1-40608 •*• ... (•• From the results obtained in Table V the following Table of Decrements is derived :— Table VI. Married Members. Mortality \l Mortality XI per Cent. per Cent. Age. = rf. ^ 100' Number Number = d. H' ,00)-^ Number Number d Living Dying. Age. d Living Dying. I 100 5 + S(c)=\Z. = I. ~loo" 5 + S(c) =\i. 35 3-174 •97826 5-00000 9-99045 100,000 2,175 37 1-748 •98252 4-91703 9-99234 82,608 1,445 36 2-174 4-99045 97,825 2,128 38 1-688 •90936 81,163 1,369 • •97826 •99045 -98312 •99261 27 3174 •97826 -98090 -99045 95,697 2,081 39 1-642 ■98358 •90197 •99281 79,794 1,310 28 1-785 •98215 -97135 •99218 93,616 1,671 40 1-611 •98389 •89478 •99295 78,484 1,264 29 1-473 •98528 •96353 ■99356 91,945 1,353 41 1-595 •98405 -88773 •99302 77,230 1,231 30 1-237 •98763 •95709 •99459 90,592 1,131 43 1-594 -98406 -88075 •99302 75,987 1,213 31 1-079 -98921 •95168 •99529 89,471 966 43 1-597 •98403 -87377 •99301 74,777 1,194 33 •998 -99002 •94697 •99565 83,505 882 44 1-630 -98380 •86678 •99291 73,583 1,191 33 1-220 •98780 -94262 -99467 87,623 1,168 45 1-663 •98337 •85969 ■99272 72,393 1,203 34 1-406 •98594 -93739 ■99385 86,556 1,217 46 1-727 •98273 •85241 •99244 71,189 1,239 35 1-556 •98444 •93114 -99319 85,338 1,328 47 1-810 -98190 •84485 •99207 69,960 1,366 36 1-670 ■98330 4-93433 9-99269 84,010 1,402 48 1-951 •98049 4-83692 9-99145 68,694 1,339 120 EATE OF MORTALITY Table VI. — (continued.) Mortality Mortality \l per Cent. X I per Cent. Age. = d. d . I lOO \, 100/ 5 + S (c) = XL Number Living. Number Dying. Age. = d. d I • 100 V loo'' 8 + 2 (c) = \ Z. Number Living. = 1. Number Dying. 49 2-094 •97906 4^82837 9-99081 67,355 1,410 75 8-310 •91790 4-34772 9-96280 22,270 1,828 SO 2-238 •97762 -81918 •99017 65,945 1,476 76 9^120 •90880 -31052 •95847 20,442 1,864 51 2-383 •97617 •80935 •98952 64,469 1,537 77 10^526 •89474 •26899 •95170 18,578 1,956 • 52 2-639 •97471 •79887 ■98887 62,932 1,593 78 10^924 •89076 •22069 •94976 16,623 1,816 53 2-730 -97270 •78774 •98798 61,339 1,674 79 11^896 •88104 •17045 •94500 14,806 1,761 54 2-905 •97095 •77572 •98720 59,668 1,733 80 12^889 ■87111 •11545 •94008 13,045 1,681 55 3-055 ■76292 •98652 57,932 1,770 81 13^972 -86028 4^05553 •93464 11,364 1,588 66 3-180 -96820 •74944 •98597 56,162 1,786 82 15-055 ■84945 3-99017 ■92913 9,776 1,472 57 3-279 •96721 •73541 •98552 64,376 1,783 83 16-206 ■83794 •91930 •92321 8,304 1,346 58 3^268 •96732 •72093 ■98557 52,593 1,719 84 17-399 -82601 •84251 •91699 6,968 1,210 69 3-273 •96727 •70650 ■98555 50,874 1,664 85 18-716 •81284 •75950 •91000 6,748 1,076 60 3^296 •96700 •69205 •98545 49,210 1,622 86 20^098 •79902 •66950 •90256 4,672 939 61 3-335 •96665 •67750 •98527 47,588 1,587 87 21^777 •78223 •57206 •89333 3,733 813 62 3-392 •96608 •66277 •98501 46,001 1,560 88 23096 •76905 •46639 •88595 2,920 674 63 3-181 -96819 •64778 •98597 44,441 1,413 89 24^687 ■75313 •35134 •87687 2,246 555 04 3-129 •96871 •63375 •98619 43,028 1,347 90 26-277 ■73723 •22821 •86760 1,691 444 65 3-237 •96763 •61994 •98571 41,681 1,349 91 27^877 •72IZ3 3^09581 •85808 1,247 848 66 3-504 -96496 •60565 •98452 40,332 1,412 92 29^528 •70472 3-95389 -84801 899 365 67 3-931 •69017 38,920 1,530 93 31^127 •80190 634' 198 •96069 •98259 ■68873 •83805 68 5^033 ■94967 •57276 ■97757 37,390 1,882 94 32^817 •67183 •63995 •82726 436 143 69 6-037 •93963 •65033 •97295 35,508 2,144 95 34^297 ■65703 •46721 •81759 293 100 70 6-942 •93058 •52328 ■9687s 33,364 2,816 96 35^572 •64428 •28480 •80908 193 69 71 7^749 •92251 •49203 31,048 2,406 97 36^644 •63356 2-09388 •80179 124 46 72 8^468 •91542 •45700 •96162 28,642 2,423 98 37^482 •62518 1-89567 •79601 79 30 73 7^879 •921 21 •41862 ■96435 26,219 2,066 99 38-066 ■61934 •69168 •79163 49 19 74 7^796 •92204 4^38297 9^96475 24,153 1,883 100 101 38-650 •61350 •48361 9^7878i 1 27142 30 19 11 7 IN THE MEDICAL PKOFESSION. 121 An examination of the results set forth in column 4 of this Table shews that of the number living at age 25, one-half only will be alive in about thirty-four years after- wards, but in the male population of England and Wales one-half would be alive for forty years afterwards. The foUowing shews the equation of life in the above Table, which represents the mortality of the married members of. the Society, and also according to the mortality of the male population of England and Wales. Ages. Equation of Life among the Maj-ried Memljers of the Society. Tahle VI. Males. England and Wales. 25 80 40 60- 34-5S5 32-453 96'772 20-169 40-809 36-483 98-790 21-255 The next portion of this paper relates to the rate of mortality among the members of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society, deduced from a list which was furnished to me of all the resident members elected into the Society since its establishment in the year 1805, specifying the date of election, the causes of withdrawal or removal from the Society, or whether they still continue members. This list has been analysed so as to exhibit, in a clear and simple manner, the rate of mortality among the members. In the first place attention is directed to Table VII, which furnishes a very interesting and succinct view of the changes of the Society, in respect to the election and withdrawal of its members for each year since the commencement. From the second column of this Table it will be seen that, since the year 1805, 684: resident members have been elected, and, by column 5, 96 of these have died, and, according to column 6, 280 have either resigned or, from some cause or other, have ceased to be resident members, so that out of the whole 684 members elected, 376 have now, from various causes, ceased to belong to the Society, leaving, at the period up to which the abstracts were completed, 308 existing members. The other columns of the Table explain themselves, but the point to which attention is now specially directed is that of the rate of mortality amongst the members. The last column shews the rate of mortality, but Abstract I gives a more condensed and convenient view of the results arrived at: — 1 1 [So far 122 EATE OF MOETALITY Table VII. Year of Entry. Number Entered. Number under Total Number Eesigned, Total Half of Number Exposed to Eisk of Mortality. Mortality per Cent. 3bservation from Year preceding. under Observation n each Year. Died. Ceased to Pay, and Ejected. gone off. Entered. Disconti- nued. Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 1805 60 60 30 30 ' 30 1806 7 60 67 • •> .*• .•• 3-5 ... 3-5 63-5 1807 3 67 69 1- ■ • ■ • • > > • • 1 1 303- 68 -0-380 1808 3 69 73 • • • 1 1 1-5 "•5 3 70 1809 3 71 73 1 1 2 1 •5 1-5 71-5 1810 9 71 80 • • • • • ■ 4-5 ... 4-5 ' 75-5 '' 1811 8 80 88 19 19 4 9-5 13-S 74-5 1813 9 69 78 * • • 4-5 4-5 410-5- 73-5 -0-000 1818 15 78 93 1 1 7-5 "•5 8 85 1814 33 93 114 2 3 11 1 13 102 1815 11 112 123 " 7 7 5-5 3-5 9 '114 1816 23 116 139 1 3 3 11-5 1 13-5 136-5 1817 .16 136 153 3- ... 5 5 8 2-5 10-5 710- 141-5 -0-423 1818 23 147 170 1 4 5 11-5 2 13-5 156-5 1819 18 165 183 1 5 6 9 2-5 11-5 171-S 18S0 9 177 186 P 6 6 4-5 3. 7-5 '178-5 1831 13 180 193 "a 9 11 6-5 4-5 11 183 1832 8 183 190 5- ... 4 4 4 2 6 926^ 184 -0-589 1823 14 186 300 9 9 7 4-5 11-5 188-5 1834 13 191 204 /"s 9 12 6-5 4-5 11 193 183S 6 193 198 r 8 8 3 4 7 '191 1836 6 190 196 1 3 4 3 1-5 4-5 191-5 1827 12 192 204 7- 1 10 11 6 5 11 950- 193 -1-789 1838 13 183 196 • ■ • 8 8 6-5 4 10-5 186-5 1839 8 188 196 5 6 11 4 3 7 ^189 1830 6 185 191 ' 1 11 13 3 5-5 8-5 '183-5 1831 ... 179 179 7 19 26 ... 9-5 9-5 169-5 1833 3 153 156 21- 6 6 13 1-5 3 4-5 795-5- 151-5 -3-639 1833 5 144 149 2 1 3 2-5 •5 3 146 1834 5 146 151 5 5 10 3-5 2-5 5 146 1835 24 141 165 • 1 2 3 13 1 13 °152 <. 1836 26 163 188 3 3 5 13 1-5 14-5 173-5 1837 21 183 204 9^ 4 4 10-5 3 12-5 933- 191-5 -0-965 1838 11 200 211 3 5 8 6-5 2-5 8 203 1839 24 203 227 3 4 7 13 3 14 213 1840 21 220 241 " 3 7 10 10'5 3-5 14 '227 1841 24 231 255 1 5 6 12 2-6 14-5 240-5 1843 20 249 269 14^ 3 4 7 10 2 13 1278-5- 257 -1-095 1843 34 262 286 5 7 13 13 3-5 15-5 270-5 1844 30 374 304 2 11 13 15 5-5 30-5 283-5 1845 SO 291 311 ' 7 11 18 10 5-5 ]5-5 '295-5 T 1846 24 293 317 6 16 21 13 7-5 19-5 297-5 1847 29 296 325 26- 3 13 16 14-5 6-5 21 1527-5 304 -1-703 1848 23 309 331 2 13 14 11 6 17 314 • 1840 15 327 332 8 16 24 7-5 8 15-5 316-6 1830 ... 308 ... ... ... ... 084 ... 8,316 96 280 376 342-0 140-0 482-0 7834-0 1-225 IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Abstract I. 123 Years. Number Exposed to Risk. Died. Mortality per Cent. 1805 to 1809 1810 ... 1814 1816 ... 1819 1820 ... 1824 1825 ... 1829 1830 ... 1834 1835 ... 1839 1840 ... 1844 1845 ... 1849 Total 303-0 410-5 710-0 926-6 950-0 795-5 933-0 1278-5 1527-5 1 3 5 17 21 9 14 26 0-330 0-000 0-423 0-539 1-789 2-639 0-965 1-095 1-702 7834-0 96 1-225 So far as these results extend, and considering the limits within which the ages of the members, on admission, must range, it is evident that the mortality of the members is under that of the population of the country generally. Attention is next requested to Table VIII, which very much resembles Table VII, only that the final column exhibits the ratio of withdrawals from all causes, inclusive of deaths, for each year of the Society's existence. From the following condensed Abstract of this Table, it will be seen that, with the exception of the first quinquennial period of years, there is no very extraordinary fluctuation in the ratio of withdrawals from the general average. Abstract J. Year of Entry. Number Exposed to Total Per Centage of Total Risk of Withdrawal. gone off. Withdrawals. 1805 to 1809 304-0 3 0-987 1810 ... 1814 421-5 22 8-319 1815 ... 1819 721-5 26 3-604 1820 ... 1824 944-5 42 4-447 1826 ... 1829 967-5 52 5-375 1830 ... 1834 816-5 63 7-716 1835 ... 1839 942-0 27 2-866 1840 ... 1844 1295-5 48 3-705 L1845 ... 1849 Total 1561-0 93 5-951 7974-0 376 4-715 It is obvious, however, that Tables VII and VIII give, simply, a chronological view of the Society since its commencement, exhibiting the changes which have taken place in its members during each particular year. It is, however, evident that the more important aspect in which to look at the question is the ratio of withdrawals from the Society, from various causes, during the first, second, and each succeeding year of membership, without regard to the chronological dates of these events. Table IX has, therefore, been constructed [on this 124 RATE OF MORTALITY Table VIIL Number | | Exposed to Numter Total Eesigned, Risk of WitTif^rflWfll Per Centage Year of Number under Number Ceased Total Half of VV ±11J.LU(IWUJ. from the Society from of Total Entry. Entered Observation from Year under Observation Died. to Pay, and gone off. Entered. Withdrawals. preceding. ineacbYear Ejected. all causes, in- cluding Death. (1) (2) (3) r^) (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1805 60 60 r 30 ' 30 1 1806 7 60 67 ... ■ * • ... 3-5 63-5 1807 2 67 69 ... (• • 3- ■ *• 1 304-( 68 - 0-987 1808 3 69 73 ... 1 1 1-5 70-5 1809 2 71 73 1 1 9 1 79 ' 1810 9 71 80 ... • >• * 4-5 ■ 75-5 1811 8 80 88 19 19 4 84 1813 9 69 78 ... ■ >• 33- 4-5 491-5- 73-5 - 5-919 1813 15 78 93 ... 1 1 7-5 85-5 1814 22 93 114 ... 9 9 n 103 1815 11 119 133 ... 7 '- 7 5-5 °]17-6 « 1816 23 116 139 1 3 3 11-5 197-5 1817 ]6 136 159 ... 6 36. 5 8 731-5 s 144 - 8-604 1818 23 147 170 1 4 5 11-5 158-5 1819 18 165 183 1 5 6 9 174 1820 9 177 186 ... 6 ' 6 4-5 '181-5 ^ 1821 13 180 193 9 9 11 6-5 186-5 1829 8 189" 190 ... 4 43^ 4 4 944-5^ 186 - 4-447 1823 14 186 300 ... 9 9 7 193 1824 13 191 304 "3 9 19 6-5 197-5 1825 6 193 198 ... 8 '- 8 3 °]95 = 1826 6 190 196 1 3 4 3 193 1827 12 193 904 11 10 53- 21 6 967-5- 198 - 5-375 1828 13 183 196 8 8 6-5 189-5 1829 8 188 196 5 6 11 4 193 1830 6 185 191 1 11 ■12 3 °188 1831 179 179 7 19 26 ... 179 1832 3 153 156 6 6 63- 13 1-5 816-5- 154-5 y 7-716 1833 5 144 149 9 1 8 2-5 146-5 1834 5 346 151 5 5 .10 2-5 148-5 1835 24 141 165 1 3 ^ 3 12 "153 ~ 1836 26 169 188 9 3 6 13 175 1837 21 183 904 ,, , 4 97- 4 10-5 949- 193-5 > 9-866 1838 11 900 911 3 5 8 5-5 305-5 3 839 24 303 997 3 4 7 12 915 1840 21 290 241 3 7 '10 10-5 ° 930-5 = 1841 24 231 355 1 5 6 12 943 1843 20 249 969 3 4 48- 7 10 1995-5- 959 - 3-705 1843 34 262 386 5 7 12 13 374 1844 30 274 304 9 11 13 15 989 1845 20 291 311 7 11 "18 10 '301 = 1846 34 293 317 6 15 21 12 305 1847 29 396 335 3 13 93- 16 14-5 1561- 310-5 - 5-951 1848 23 309 331 3 13 14 11 390 1849 15 337 333 8 16 24 7-5 394-5 1850 ... 308 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 684 8,316 96 280 376 342-0 7974-0 4-715 IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 125 Table IX. Rate of Mortality among the Members of the Royal Medical and Ghirurgical Society. Number Discontinued. Years in the Society under Observatioi in each Year. 1 Died. Eesigned, Ceased to Pay and Ejected. Alive. Total gone ofi Half of ■ Discon- tmued. Number Exposed to Eisk of Mortality. Mortality per Cent. (1) (3) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 3 3 4 684 668 634 583 ^ 4 10 25 21 35 33 35 19 . 16 34 53 44 5 13-5 10-5 J- 343 '-571-5 I 0-409 5 538 r 7 30 13 89 10 '528 -j 6 499 3 35 34 53 13-5 486-S 7 447 14 \ 1 86 14 51 18 2190-5 - 429 - 0-639 8 396 3 15 15 83 7-5 388-5 9 363 ... 9 33 81 4-5 358-5 ]0 333 ' 2 18 15 30 6-5 °325-5 -» 11 803 5 6 19 30 3 399 12 372 30- 6 13 6 34 6 1353-5 266 - 1-477 13 248 2 10 14 36 5 243 14 332 5 4 11 30 3 220 15 303 ' 6 11 13 29 5-5 '196-5 < 16 173 1 8 3 11 4 169 17 163 11- 3 7 3 18 3-6 811-5- > 158-5 - 1-355 18 149 ... 4 3 7 2 Il47 1 19 143 2 3 * • • 5 1-5 140-5 "133 20 137 ' 4 8 2 14 4 =; 21 123 1 4 4 9 2 121 23 114 8. ... 1 3 4 ■5 578-5S 113-6 - 1-383 28 110 3 3 3 8 1 109 24 103 • . ■ ... 1 1 103 25 101 ' 2 3 1 5 1 aoo 26 96 6 3 6 14 1 96 37 83 17- 6 1 3 9 •5 410- 81-5 - 4-146 28 78 1 5 3 8 2-5 70-5 29 65 3 4 2 8 2 68 80 57 ^ 5 3 2 9 ] '' 56 ' 31 48 ... 4 7 11 2 46 33 87 7- ... 1 4 5 •5 200- 36-5 >■ 3-500 33 33 1 ... 1 2 32 34 30 1 1 1 3 '■5 29-5 35 27 ' 2 • * ■ 1 3 ... " 37 ' 36 24 4 3 7 14 1-5 33-5 87 10 6- • • . • . ■ 3 2 ... 74- 10 - 8-108 88 8 ... 1 ■ ■ • 1 '"•5 7-5 39 7 . • • 1 1 ... 7 40 6 « • « • •■ 1 1 ... 6 ^ 41 6 1 . • • ... 1 ... 5 43 4 4^ 1 *•• 1 2 ... 18- 4 -33-222 43 3 1 • . ■ • ■ • 1 . • • 2 44 1 1 ... ... 1 ... 1 J 8,316 96 380 308 684 140-0 7834-0 1-235 K K 126 EATE OF MORTALITY on this hypothesis ; the first column shews the years of membership, the second column shews the number of members who have been one, two, three, four, &c., years connected with the Society, and the other columns sufficiently explain themselves. It thus a.ppears that of the 684 members elected, one died in the first year of membership, and 15 still remain alive, being in the first year of membership. Again, 668 entered on the second year of membership, two died in that year, 10 withdrew from other causes, and 22 are alive who are members of not more than two years' standing. Also four entered on the forty- second year of their membership, one died in that year, and one of them remains. alive, being a member of forty-two years' standing. Likewise of the two members who entered on the forty-third year of membership, one died in that year, and the other passed on to the forty- fourth year of membership, and died. It hence appears that the whole 684 members elected have, up to the present time, passed through 8,316 years of observation, or about 12 years to each member ; but this must not be confounded with the average period of membership, for the above result is derived from observations on a large number but recently elected ; the correct average duration of membership will hereafter appear. The average rate of mortality in this Table will be found to coincide with that of Table VII being 1'225 per cent., but an inspection of the last column shews that as the period of membership increases, or, in other words, as age advances, there is a marked increase in the rate of mortality. The following is a brief Abstract of the results in Table IX. Abstract K. Years in the Number Exposed to Died. Mortality per Society. Risk of Mortality. Cent. 1 to 4 2198 9 0-409 B ... 9 2190-5 14 0-639 10 ... 14 1353-5 20 1-477 15 ... 19 811-3 11 1-355 20 ... 24 578-5 8 1-383 25 ... 39 410 17 4-146 30 ... 34 200 7 3-500 35 ... 39 74 6 8-108 40 ... 44 Total 18 4 22-222 7834 96 1-225 Assuming that the average age of admission of members will range from 25 to 35 years of age, although, perhaps, it may be more strictly stated to range between 25 and 30, an inspec- tion of the above figures will shew that at the younger ages the mortality is much less than the average of the population generally, but at the older and more advanced ages greater. The next Table, X, is similar in arrangement to Table IX, only shewing in the final column, instead of the rate of mortality^ the ratio per cent., as in Table VIII, of withdrawals from the Society from all causes, including death, and here, as in the preceding Table, the causes of withdrawal will be found to increase with the period of membership. [The following IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 127 Table X. Duration of Membership in the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Years in the Society. Number under Observation in each Year. Died. Resigned Ceased to Pay, and Ejected. Total, Alire. Total gone off. Number Exposed to Bisk of Withdrawal from the Society from all causes, including Death. Per Centage of Total With- drawals. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 684 1 ' 1 15 16 '342 -| 3 3 668 634 3 2 16 35 65- 13 37 33 35 34 52 2,226- 668 634 > 3-930 4 583 4 31 35 19 44 583 5 538 7 80 ^37 12 89 °638 = 6 499 3 35 38 24 53 499 7 447 1 36 119- 37 14 51 2,343. 447 ► 5-305 8 396 3 15 18 15 33 396 9 363 ... 9 9 22 31 363 10 333 "3 13 °15 15 30 '333 = 11 303 5 6 11 19 30 303 13 373 6 13 65- 18 6 34 1,376- 373 > 4-734 ]3 348 3 10 13 14 36 348 14 333 5 4 9 11 30 338 15 303 5 11 '16 13 29 °208 16 173 1 8 9 2 11 173 17 163 8 7 44. 10 3 13 828- 163 y 5-314 18 149 ... 4 4 3 7 149 19 143 '3 3 5 . •■ 5 143 "' 30 137 4 8 "13 s 14 *137 81 133 1 4 . 5 4 9 123 33 114 1 23- 1 3 4 586- 114 y 3-935 33 110 3 2 5 3 8 110 34 103 ... • • ■ >•> 1 1 103 _ 35 101 '3 8 ^ 4 1 5 '101 36 96 6 2 8 6 14 96 37 83 6 1 31- 7 3 9 417- 82 > 7-434 38 73 1 5 6 2 8 73 39 65 3 4 6 3 8 65 = 30 57 5 2 ' 7 3 9 57 31 48 4 4 7 11 48 : 33 37 1 15- 1 4 5 204- 37 . 7-353 33 33 1 • ■ • 1 1 3 32 34 30 1 1 3 1 3 30 36 37 3 ' 3 1 3 " 27 36 34 4 3 7 7 14 24 37 10 ■ •• 10- 2 2 76 - 10 ^13-158 38 8 1 1 1 8 39 7 ... ..• 1 1 7 , 40 6 ... . •• - 1 1 '' 6 41 5 1 1 .•• 1 5 43 4 1 ... 4- 1 1 3 18- 4 .33-223 43 S 1 • • • 1 ... 1 3 44 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 1 8,316 96 280 376 308' 684 7,974 4-715 128 RATE OF MOETALITY The following is a condensed abstract of Table X : — Abstract L. Numlier Exposed Died, Eesigned, Per-.eentage Years in the Society. to Eisk Ceased to Pay,'?. of of Withdrawal. and Ejected. , ^Total Withdrawals. 1 '^v-' ' 1 1 to 4 2,226 ■m 2-920 5 ... 9 2,243 119 5-305 10 ... 14 1,376 65 4-724 15 ... 19 82§~- .44 6-314 20 ... 24 , .5,86 23 3-925 25 ... 29 ^ ■ 417 31 7-434 80 ... 84^ : 204 15 7-353 35 ... 89. 76 10 13-158 40. .-.. ^ '...'/' Total...... 18 4 22-222 7,974 376 4-715 L-i"" From the results of this Abstract, Table XI has been constructed so as to exhibit in an interesting manner the average duration of membership as deduced from the experience of the Eoyal Medical Chirurgical Society, from its establishment, in the year 1805, up to the present time. This Table has been constructed from the results set forth in the last column of Abstract L, in the same manner in which Table VI, preceding, was constructed from the figures given in Abstract E, only that, in the former case, third difi'erences were used in the interpolations, but in the later instances, second differences only, see the subsequent portion of these contributions on the Mortality of Master Mariners. Assuming that 100,000 members, or any submultiple by ten of that number, entered the Society, column 4 will shew the numbers remaining in the Society in each succeeding year, and column 5 will shew the number of members withdrawing from all causes. Hence, of 100,000 members, 1920 would withdraw in the first year of membership, or of 1000 entering, 19 would withdraw. Again, of 1000 members elected into the Society, 516 would enter on the fifteenth year of membership, and 486 on their sixteenth year, or, in other words, the equation of membership, or what is technically of almost the same value for the present purpose, the expectation of membership when just elected is about fifteen and a half years. If the experience of this Society can be taken as any criterion of that of other learned societies, this result deduced from the preceding Table would be of some practical importance in the regulation of the composition-money required in lieu of the annual subscriptions paid by members. Keeping in view the fact that the expec- tation of membership is about fifteen years, it is easy to determine the present value of a corresponding annuity. By the term " present value," is meant the single sum of money [which paid -i IN THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 129 Table XI. Decrements of Membership in the Royal Medical and Ghirurgical Society of London. Years. Per Centage = d. \l d + 2 (c) = \l. Number of Members in the Society ut the beginning of each Year from the Date of Admission = 1. Decrements Years. Per Centage S835 100,000 1,920 33 3^935 4^5575004 9^9826io4 •5401108 •9760334 •5161442 •9714336 36,099 1,416 3 2'930 4-9915805 ■9871298 98,080 2,864 33 5^369 34,683 1,863 3 3-833 -9787103 ■9830261 96,316 3,650 34 6^366 32,820 3,089 •9617364 91,566 4,115 •4875778 30,731 3,149 4 4-498 •9800261 35 6^992 •9685203 •9417625 87,451 4,320 •4560981 38,583 2,093 5 4-939 •9780024 36 7^323 ■ •9669720 ■9197649 83,131 4,321 ■4230701 36,489 1,969 6 5-198 •9768175 37 7^434 ■9664515 •8965824 78,810 4,181 •3895316 24,520 1,734 7 5-305 •9763270 38 7^073 •9681419 •8729094 74,629 3,915 •3576635 22,786 1,664 8 5-346 •9765976 39 6^863 •9691222 •8495070 70,7]4 3,630 •3367857 81,333 1,449 9 5-134 •9771 106 30 6^826 •9692947 •8266176 67,084 3,349 •3960804 19,773 1,380 10 4-992 •9777602 31 6-983 •9685670 •8043778 63,735 3,089 •3646474 18,393 1,363 11 4-847 •9784225 33 7^353 ■9668314 •7828003 60,646 3,865 •2314788 17,040 1,319 12 4-724 ■978983s 33 7^740 •9650135 •7617838 57,781 3,080 •1964933 15,731 ],326 13 5-330 •9762124 34 8-438 •9617153 •7379962 54,701 3,084 •1582076 14,395 1,341 14 5-638 ■9747971 85 9-523 •9575382 •7137933 51,617 3,943 ■1167458 13,054 1,446 15 5-701 •9745071 36 11-071 •9490434 •6873004 48,674 3,713 ■0647893 11,609 J, 538 . 16 5-S74 •9750916 37 13-158 •9387298 "• •6623920 45,961 3,442 ■0035190 10,081 1,474 17 5-314 ■9762858 38 14-626 ■9313256 •6386778 43,519 3,202 3^9348446 8,607 1,398 18 5-060 •9774492 39 16-344 •9230159 •6161270 41,317 1,953 •8678605 7,309 1,300 19 4-737 •9789698 40 18-036 •9136231 •5950968 39,364 1,735 •7714836 5,909 1,183 SO 4-381 •9805442 41 20-030 •9029814 4^6756410 37,639 1,540 •6744660 4,736 1,050 91 4-091 9-9818594 42 22^223 9-8908568 3^66532]8 3,676 908 L L 130 EATE OF MOETALITY which paid down, would, if invested at the same rate of interest as the annual subscrip- tions, meet precisely the same liabilities as they fall due. Assuming that the funds or composition paid in commutation of yearly subscriptions could be invested to yield 3 per cent, compound interest, the present value of the annuity equivalent to that dependent on the expectation of membership is about eleven years' purchase. But there is another view to be taken of this question, If the practice of receiving composition payments were permitted and generally adopted by the members, there can be no doubt that the with- drawals from the Society from other causes than death, or those specified in column 4 of Table D, would be very much reduced. Different societies will, no doubt, be variously affected by these causes, and this feature of Tables VII, VIII, IX, and X, has been introduced here principally in order to direct more general attention to the question. It is, however, very curious and instructive to observe the rate of mortality developed in some of these latter Tables, and particularly in Table IX and Abstract K, as compared with the rate of mortality found to prevail among the medical officers of the Royal Army. The difference is certainly one of the most remarkable results yet deduced by any inquiry into Vital Statistics. The following Abstract M shews that throughout the period of life 26-70, the mortality among the members of the Eoyal Medical and Chirurgical Society approximates very closely to that of the male population of England and Wales, being considerably less between ages 26-35, somewhat higher above 35 years of age, but in the whole term of life, varying from 26 to 70 years of age, the mortality differs but little : the actual number of deaths in the Society being 96, while that which would have taken place according to the mortality of England and Wales is 97- 1. Abstract M. Mortality among the Memhers of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. Age. Number Exposed to Eisk. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. England and Wales. At each Term of Life. Total. Mortality per Cent. Deaths thai would have happened at each Term of Life. Total. 26 to 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 2198-0 3190-5 1353-5 811-5 578-5 410-0 200-0 74-0 18-0 0-409 0-639 1-477 1-355 1-383 4-146 3-500 8-108 3-332 9 14 20 11 8 17 7 6 4 23 43 54 62 79 86 93 96 0-998 1-063 1-157 1-319 1-560 1-935 3-539 3-474 4-947 31-9 33-3 15-7 10-7 9-0 7-9 5-1 2-6 0-9 45-3 60-9 71-6 80-6 88-5 93-6 96-2 97-1 7834-0 1-335 96 1-339 97-1 ... IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 131 In vol. ix. of the Journal of this Society will be found an interesting paper by Dr. Guy, " On the Duration of Life in several Professions," distinguishing, among others, the Medical Profession. The results arrived at by Dr. Guy shew a somewhat greater mortality than that for the male population generally of this country. In vol. xvii. of the same Journal will be found another paper by Dr. Guy, " On the Duration of Life among Medical Men," founded on a larger body of facts. The results of his second inquiry however agree closely with those of the first, considering the nature of the data and the mode of investigation followed. There is also before the public the well-known body of facts collected by Professor Casper, of Berlin, and which exhibits a higher rate of mortality than even the results of Dr. Guy's paper; but it is only right to bear in mind that, however valuable these contributions may be considered, both collections of facts are defective in one very important element, namely, the number of medical men in the profession or class in which the deaths are recorded. Neither Dr. Guy nor Professor Casper had the means of ascertaining the amount of population in the respective groups in which the deaths recorded took place; but, under the circumstances, they have made the best possible use of the materials at their command. In the facts brought forward in this paper, however, it will be seen that the number of the living, both in the officers of the Medical Department of the Royal Army and among the members of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society, is known, and therefore all the elements necessary to a complete inquiry into the duration of life in each of these classes are available. It could also be easily shewn that the effect of introducing the wanting element in Dr. Guy's inquiry would be to increase the duration of life assigned to the results he has arrived at, and thereby make the rate of mortality approximate more closely to those set forth in Abstracts K and M, preceding. It is very satisfactory to find so near an agreement in the results of two independent inquiries, originating in so different a manner, and resting on so very different sources of information. But this coincidence only makes the results of the investigation into the duration of life among the officers of the Medical Department of the Army, as brought forward in the early part of this paper, the more remarkable and extraordinary. It wiU be observed, that although a very complete analysis has been made of the social condition of life of the medical officers of the Royal Army, in order to arrive at the rate of mortality peculiar to those conditions, still no attempt has been made to determine the physical causes which it is evident prevail so powerfully in producing differences of mortality of so striking a nature as to be wholly without precedent in all former inquiries in the diversified field of Vital Statistics. It is proposed to reserve this more generally interesting part of the investigation for a future occasion. It may, however, be now stated that the very high rate of mortality under the age of 54, but more particularly under the age of 40, as indicated by the results in all the Abstracts from A to F inclusive, had, in the first place, been supposed to arise from the 132 EATE OF MORTALITY younger medical oIlHcers being probably sent to unhealthy stations. In order to test the merits of this hypothesis, an examination was permitted to be made of the records at the AVar-office, to determine the place of death ; but of the 506 deaths given in Tables I and II, the place was found specified for only 308, and the following is a condensed Abstract of the results of this part of the inquiry. Abstract N. Places at which 308 Members of the Royal Army Medical Fund have died, distinguishing the Age at time of Death. Place of Death. Age at Death. Total. CO 05 TO C3 05 CD OS to 00 To To To a . ; ; \ • ■ ; • • • ; • '. Age Age Age o o CO TO o o O CO CO o IS o 00 40. 56. 84. Great Britain and Ireland 7 18 9 10 15 11 16 8 9 6 4 9 2 44 86 117 Healthy Colonies 6 12 11 11 4 5 6 6 7 3 •• •• • • 40 55 71 Total 13 80 90 91 19 16 99 14 16 9 4 '' 9 2 84 141 188 The West Indies T 14 9 8 6 6 1 2 , , 1 , , , , 38 51 54 The East Indies 3 13 14 5 7 1 3 4 2 • • • • • • • • 35 46 S9 Africa 5 4 4 •• 1 •• • • •• • • •• •• •• •• 13 14 14 Total IS 31 97 13 14 7 4 6 9 •• 1 •• 86 111 190 Grand Total 98 61 47 34 33 93 26 20 18 9 5 9 9 170 259 308 An inspection of the figures in this Abstract, will at once shew that the number of deaths which has taken place in unhealthy colonies, is not sufficient to account for the unprecedented amount of mortality under age 40. If the whole of the deaths in the three last groups of the preceding Abstract were excluded, the mortality assigned to the first and second groups would still be greatly in excess of that which under ordinary circumstances is experienced in this country, and other equally healthy places; in fact, IN THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 133 under the age of 35, the rate of mortality would, even after the elimination of the second section of Abstract N, be at least double that of the male population of England and Wales at the corresponding ages. On referring to the Abstract given in page 106, it will be seen that, even assuming the whole of the younger officers to have been constantly resident in India or in other equally trying climates, it would not be sufficient to account for the large number of deaths which has actually laken. place. The extraordinary results appearing in this paper, cannot therefore be explained by the supposed influence of climate or residence in unhealthy colonies ; and it is somewhat remarkable, that in the very able statistical reports prepared from the records of the Army Medical Department, and the War-office returns, no notice should be taken of facts so seriously affecting the medical officers of the service, and so much demanding inquiry and investigation. M M MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. The present contribution is brought under attention with the view of increasing our knowledge of the causes which affect the mortality of Master Mariners, Apart from the scientific considerations connected with this question as a branch of Vital Statistics, it is believed that its discussion will receive additional interest from the immediate and direct application of the results to the purposes of Life Assurance Institutions. The first portion of the following materials has been collected from the records of the " Master Mariners' Society," enrolled under the Friendly Societies' Acts, and includes the experience of the Society for the fourteen years, 1835-48. The members consist exclu- sively of master mariners, and previous to admission, their health and habits undergo the scrutiny usually exercised by life offices and friendly societies. The benefits;<^ranted are of a twofold nature, the payments of specified sums of money on the death of the members, and a fixed rate of compensation in the event of the wreck or partial wreck of their vessels. The registers of the Society have been very accurately kept, and the following facts have been abstracted with great care by the secretary, on a schedule prepared for the purpose, and have been at three different times compared with the original books and examined by him, so that proper means have been taken to ensure accuracy. The facts furnished by the secretary were then re-abstracted into other schedules in the following manner. First. All the members entering the Society in each year were distinguished and placed in separate groups according to their ages on admission, and the subsequent contingencies to be observed were, with their dates, duly noted ; in the event of the death of a member, the peculiar form and manner of death, and in the event of the vpreck or injury of a vessel, the particulars were always noted, and those members who did not fall under any of the causes of death, or withdrawal from the Society, were in like manner noted. The summary, therefore, of this schedule shewed for the members entering in every year of the Society's existence, and for members of different ages, the results peculiar to each, and offered interesting means of comparison, and were therefore so collected into a second schedule, the summary of which shewed, irrespective of the period of admission, the casualties of different kinds happening at each term of life. The details of these schedules occupy so much space, that it is not proposed to bring them forward here, but at once to proceed to the following Table, No. I, on which they were MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. 135 finally abstracted. The following notes will be sufficient to explain the construction of this Table. Column (a) Eepresents the age at wliich the admission of each member, or other contingent event connected therewith, took place. (b) The number of members admitted at each age. (c) The number of members remaining under observation from each preceding age, and is the residue of all those entering in each preceding age, who have not become subject to any of the contingent events represented in the adjoining columns. For example, one member enters at the age of 19, and not falling under the events specified in the adjoining columns, he survives until the succeeding age, and comes under observation as a member of the age of 20. (d) Again, two members enter at the age of 20, which, with the one remaining from the age of 19, make three, coming under observation at some time or other after completing the ] 9th year of their life, and before completing the 20th year, none of these become subject to any of the other events specified, and the whole three are therefore carried under observation to the following age, 21, when l-j other members entered, making 18 altogether under observation at the age of 21. Of these, one, recently entered, remains alive on the 31st December, 1848, and therefore passes from under observation at the age of 21, and consequently 17 only come under observation in the next year; but at the age of 22, there are 28 members more admitted, which, added to 17, causes 45 to fall under observation in the 22nd year of life. In like manner, 77 members in all come under observation at the age of 23. Of these, one is lost during the course of that year, and one retires, while one, who has recently entered, remains alive on the 31st December, 1848, and is, therefore, not longer observed; three members in all, therefore, go from under observation at the age of 23, and 74 are carried forward to the succeeding age of 24, which, with 43 admitted at that age, brings 117 members altogether under review at the age of 24. (e) Eepresents the numbers dying at each age or term of life from natural causes. (/to /c), inclusive, Represent the numbers dying at each age or term of life from other causes. (l) Shews the total of columns e to /c, inclusive. {m, n, o) Shew the wrecks and loss of property. (p) Eepresents those who have retired under the prescribed regulations.' {q) Eepresents the number of members alive on the 31st December, 1848, and who have not become subject to any of the contingent events represented in columns e to k, inclusive, and also in /;. (r) Contains the total of columns /, jj, and q, and represents the number of members which cease to come under observation in any of the more advanced ages. For example, at the age of 2-5, column d represents 169 coming under observation; but before attaining the 2Gth year of age, six of these pass from observation, leaving 163 to come under the 26th year of age, as shewn in column c. (s) Eepresents one half of the numbers entering the Society at each year of Hfe at which admissions take place-, and is, therefore, one half of the numbers in column b. In like manner, column {() Eepresents one half the numbers in column p ; and column («) The total of columns* and t; the purpose of these three columns will appear in the explanation of column (y) Which represents the number of lives exposed a complete year to the risk of mortahty from all causes while connected with the Society, and the figures in this column are produced by subtractmg [from the Table I, Mortality from all Causes. 1 a. Half Entered and bD g Deaths. Wrecks. Half Discontinued. ci '^ rd \ .g| ^^ 'g Age. 1^ 11 1 1 % O S Alive. CD ^ '-6 1 Total. Number Exposed la ^1 Is i o 1-1 1 4) p 1 1 bD 3 1 1 i 1 a o 1 4 1 P to Eisk. 6 c d e f 8 17 45 ... . • . • * > ... 1 4 ... 14 81 23 ; 24 i 23 26 ( 32 45 t3 74 59 110 34 163 77 117 169 227 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 7 1 5 3 5 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 6 3 1 7 9 6 2 16 8 6 1-5 9-5 2 •5 •5 1-5 1-5 16-5 33 81 33-5 60-5 95 138 193-5 2 2 27 28 29 30 57 211 36 251 30 299 38 331 268 317 359 419 2 4 5 4 2 6 8 8 8 6 4 5 2 4 2 7 6 7 9 10 9 S 11 12 17 9 18 8 28 3 30 4 8-5 3 4 8 3-5 4-5 5 81-5 36-5 84-5 49 236-5 380-5 824-5 370 3 3 3 1 31 54 389 443 2 2 1 1 6 8 5 9 28 43 9 7 4-5 81-5 411-5 32 34 400 464 7 2 1 3 13 11 12 41 66 a 3 6 38 426 33 35 398 463 11 1 ... 12 7 6 18 37 62 S 3-5 6-5 39 424 34 93 401 494 4 4 ... 1 9 9 1 7 35 41 4 6-5 8'5 50 444 35 77 4S3 530 5 7 ... 1 • . • 13 14 4 5 38 56 3 8-5 3-5 41 489 36 33 474 537 2 2 1 ] 1 7 12 3 15 33 55 3 1-5 7-5 39 498 37 38 59 482 71 465 541 542 7 11 1 2 8 15 10 U 5 11 8 57 41 76 9 64 S 9-5 8-5 5-5 4 85 43-5 506 499-5 1 1 39 ?0 478 548 6 1 2 ... 9 9 3 10 35 54 3 5 6 40 508 40 58 494 552 6 6 1 2 3 18 12 5 9 44 71 9 9 4-5 33-5 518-5 41 12 481 523 6 3 1 > . • 1 11 7 9 11 47 69 2 1 5-5 36-5 496-5 42 53 454 487 10 1 11 6 2 11 51 73 1 6-3 5-5 33 465 43 16 414 460 9 7 1 7 8 8 7 47 71 9 8 3-5 36-5 433-5 44 45 J 14 389 U 383 433 407 6 3 1 7 6 11 3 8 10 43 48 50 S 59 1 2 2 '5" 32 17 411 390 2 1 46 15 348 363 9 ] ] 11 6 5 5 42 58 7-8 2-5 10 353 47 ; 24 305 329 8 1 ... 1 t • • 5 2 4 9 54 68 1 2 4-5 16-5 319-S 48 49 28 261 38 228 289 256 7 5 2 1 9 8 6 2 1 8 2 44 86 61 1 46 1 4 4 4 1 18 15 271 241 1 1 50 L3 210 223 6 3 1 >• . 11 2 4 7 29 47 6-5 3-5 10 213 SI 4 176 180 3 1 4 6 1 5 21 30 3 2-5 4-5 175-5 52 12 150 162 6 2 1 8 6 2 5 25 38 6 2-5 8-5 153-5 53 54 15 124 11 118 139 139 1 1 1 3 3 1 7 2 18 18 21 21 7-5 6-5 3-5 1 11 6-5 128 123-5 1 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 5 108 4 88 77 3 60 52 113 92 77 63 52 89 25 7 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 4 2 1 14 10 13 8 11 12 3 35 15 17 11 13 14 3 S-5 3 1-5 3 2 2 1 -.3 4-5 4 3 2-5 108-5 88 75 60-5 51-5 39 25 5 62 22 • t • ... . •• 1 ... 5 5 .. 29 63 *• • 17 • •. • • . . * • * . ■ • *« ... 1 3 4 5 5 16-5 64 • * • 13 • .. • > • > • • • • • • • > 6 5 .. .. 13 65 • t 8 < .. • • . .*• . • * ■ • • • • • 1 3 4 5 5 7-5 66 • > 4 • •. • >• • • 1 . • ■ >.. • t • ... 2 3 .. .. 4 67 , , , 2 ... ..* ... 2 3 2 68 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,5 46 12,041 165 62 7 23 12 1 270 213 90 5 254 1,031 1,546 77 8-0 122 5 895 5 11145-6 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. 13T from the numbers in column d the numbers in column u, opposite the same age. As already stated, column d contains the gross number under observation at some time or other throughout the year of life set forth in column a ; but as column h contains for each age the numbers who have just entered the Society, and as members, one with another, enter at different periods throughout the year, it has been found, by observation, that, on an average, each is during the year of admission, exposed to only six months', or one half-years mortality, and hence column s represents that amount of risk for all the members just admitted. In like manner, column t represents the amount of risk to which members retiring from the Society are exposed, on the hypothesis that, one with another, the discontinuances will take place in the middle of the year. It thus appears, that as column u is the total of s and t, that it shews the proper number to be deducted from the quantities in column d, in order to find the number exposed to the risk of a whole year's mortality. From this Table, it will be seen tliat of 270 deaths, 165 only have taken place from natural causes, 62 were lost with their vessels, seven took place by violent means, such as falling of masts, and loss of life in engagements with pirates, 23 were drowned, 12 washed overboard, and one hung himself. The following is a condensed Abstract of this Table, and represents the rate of mortality from all causes taking place among master mariners, at different periods of life. Abstkact a. Age. Number exposed to the Risk of Mortality Died. Mortality per Cent. from all causes. 19 to 20 2-5 21 ... 25 335-0 6 1-791 26 ... 30 1,405-0 31 2-206 31 ... 35 2,194-5 53 2-415 36 ... 40 2,630-0 57 2-253 41 ... 45 2,196-0 52 2-368 46 ... 50 1,390-5 44 3-164 51 ... 55 688-0 21 3-052 56 ... 60 314-0 6 1-911 61 ... 65 84-0 ... ... 66 ... 68 6-0 ... Total 11,145-5 270 2-423 It will thus be seen that throughout the Table the rate of mortahty is high ; and attention is next directed to Table II, which exhibits the mortality that has taken place from natural causes only. In this Table, it will be observed that columns a toe inclusive, are exactly similar to the first five columns of Table I, but that the group of columns headed " discontinued," in Table II, consists of columns/, g, h, i, and k, of Table I, with the addition of p. The reason of this will immediately appear on reflection. In Table I, [the mortality N N Table II. Mortality from Natural Causes. .„ Half Entered and 1^- Discontinued. Half Discontinued. Age. S3 .a i Age. Number remaining i Obserration from preceding. II 3 o 1-^ R a t3 O p 1 1 O OJ 1 1 1 he a CD o Alive, 1 ^ 1 ^ 3 > 3 1 1 § Total. Number Exposed to Risk. a b c (2 e f a A i A m n 1 ) 9 r s 19 1 1 a , , , . . ■5 ■5 -5 SO 2 1 3 , , , , , , i • • 1 2 SI ] L5 3 18 , , , , 1 1 7-5 7-5 10 5 22 J8 17 45 , , , . 1 4 14 31 23 5S 45 77 1 1 2 1 3 1 13 1 17 60 24 I t3 74 117 2 1 3 3 7 2 1-5 1-5 23 94 S5 59 110 169 1 3 4 1 6 2 a-5 2 81-5 187-5 S6 34 163 2S6 2 2 3 9 6 16 3 > rO u Oj ^ Alive. Total. Total. Exposed iiig Total N serval CO 1 1 CM 3 o H 1 1 t3 w •X3 a o o p to Bisk. a ) ; d e / 9 h i k I m n P q 19 1 1 • • . , , , , , •5 ■6 •6 ao 2 1 3 , , , , , , 1 , , 1 2 21 15 3 18 , , 1 1 7-6 •5 8 10 SS 38 17 45 , , , , , , 14 .. 14 31 93 32 45 77 1 1 2 1 1 3 16 1-5 17-5 596 24 43 74 117 5 1 6 3 1 3 7 31-5 3-5 25 92 25 59 1 10 169 3 2 5 2 3 1 6 39-5 3 32-5 136-5 26 84 1 63 227 5 1 6 7 3 6 16 32 8 40 187 27 57 2 11 268 3 2 5 2 6 9 17 28-5 8-5 37 231 38 66 2 51 317 6 4 10 6 7 5 18 33 9 42 275 29 60 2 99 359 4 2 6 8 9 11 28 30 14 44 315 30 88 3 31 419 5 7 12 8 10 12 30 44 15 59 360 31 54 3 89 443 8 5 13 6 9 38 43 27 21-5 48-5 394-5 32 64 4 00 464 11 , . 11 13 12 41 66 32 33 66 399 33 65 3 98 463 7 6 13 12 13 37 62 32-5 31 63-6 399-6 84 93 4 01 494 9 1 10 9 7 " 35 41 46-5 20-5 67 427 35 77 4 53 530 14 4 1 19 13 5 38 66 38-6 28 66-5 463-5 36 63 4 74 537 12 3 15 7 15 33 65 31-5 37-6 59 478 37 59 4 82 541 10 5 15 8 11 57 76 29-5 38 07-5 473-6 38 77 4 65 542 14 14 15 8 41 64 38-5 32 70-5 471-5 39 70 4 78 548 9 3 12 9 10 35 54 36 37 62 486 40 58 4 94 552 12 5 17 18 9 44 71 29 35-5 64-5 487-5 41 42 4 81 523 7 9 16 11 11 47 69 21 34-5 55-5 467-5 42 33 4 54 487 6 2 8 11 11 51 73 16-5 36-5 53 434 43 46 4 14 460 8 3 11 17 7 47 71 23 35-5 58-8 401-5 44 14 3 89 433 11 3 14 7 , , 43 50 23 25 47 386 45 34 3 33 407 3 , , 3 6 10 43 59 13 39-5 41-5 365-5 46 15 3 48 363 6 5 12 11 5 43 58 7-5 39 36-5 326-5 47 34 3 05 329 2 4 6 5 9 64 68 13 34 46 283 48 38 2 Bl 289 6 6 9 8 44 61 14 30-5 44-5 244-6 49 38 2 38 256 2 1 3 8 3 36 46 14 23 37 319 50 13 2 10 223 2 4 6 11 7 29 47 6-5 23-5 30 193 SI 4 1 76 180 6 1 7 4 5 21 30 2 15 17 163 52 12 1 50 160 6 2 8 8 5 25 38 6 19 25 137 53 15 1 34 139 3 1 5 7 13 21 7-5 10-5 18 131 54 LI 1 18 129 3 , , 3 3 18 21 5-5 10-5 16 113 55 5 ] 38 113 , , 2 3 4 14 25 2-5 12-6 15 98 56 4 I 38 92 1 1 4 10 15 3 7-5 9-6 83-5 57 ' 77 77 1 . , 1 4 12 17 , . 8-6 8-5 68-5 58 3 ( 50 63 , , 1 1 2 8 11 1-6 6-6 7 56 59 ^ )2 52 , ^ , , . , 11 13 6-5 6-6 45 5 60 39 1 1 2 12 14 7 7 83 61 25 , , , , , , 3 3 1-5 1-6 23-5 62 22 1 , , 1 5 5 3-6 2-6 19-5 63 17 , ^ , , 3 4 2 2 15 04 13 , , , . , , 5 5 2-5 2-5 10-5 65 8 , , . , , , 3 4 2 2 6 66 4 , . , , , . 2 3 1 1 3 67 2 2 3 1 1 1 68 . •• •• •• •• •• 1,5^ 16 12,041 213 90 5 308 370 345 1,031 1,546 773-0 773'0 1,546-0 ] 0,495-0 U4 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. Of the 308 wrecks whicli have taken place, it will be observed that no less than 213 have been total wrecks, 90 partial wrecks, and 5 losses by fire. The following Abstract exhibits in a condensed form the results arrived at in this Table. Abstract E. Ages. Number exposed to Total Number of Wrecks. Per Centage, Yearly, of. Total Losses. Eisk of Wreck. Total Wrecks. Partial Wrecks. Total Wrecks. Partial Wrecks. Number. Per Centage. 19 to SO 2-5 21 ... 25 329-0 9 4 2-736 1-216 13 3-951 26 ... 80 1,3680 23 15 1-681 1-096 39 2-851 31 ... 35 2,083-5 49 16 2-352 0-768 66 3-168 36 ... 40 2,396-5 57 16 2-378 0-667 73 3-046 41 ... 45 2,054-5 36 17 1-703 0-827 52 2-631 46 ... 50 l,266-0 18 14 1-422 1-106 83 2-607 51 ... 55 632-3 18 6 2-848 0-949 26 4-114 56 ... 60 284-5 3 2 1-054 0-703 5 1-767 61 ... 65 74-5 1 > • ■ 1-342 • * ■ 1 1-342 66 ... 68 40 ... ... ... Total... 10,495-0 213 90 2-029 0-857 308 2-935 It will thus be seen, that at the younger ages, the wrecks and losses of property under the charge of master mariners, is greater than at the more advanced ages, and these facts, viewed in connection with the circumstance already alluded to, that the loss of life from accidental and extraordinary events is also more frequent at younger ages, strengthens the presumption, that increased years and experience among the captains of merchant vessels, give greater security to both life and property under their charge. Having thus shewn the principal results arrived at, attention will be next directed to the application of them to the monetary affairs of Life Offices. It is very much to be regretted, that the proprietors and managers of Life Assurance Companies should have given so very little attention to the nature of the risks which they are constantly under- taking, and have contributed little or nothing in a pecuniary point of view, to the investigation of those branches of science, by the application of which the shareholders have realized immense and most exorbitant profits, on the capital invested in such speculations. It is notorious, that notwithstanding many societies have at command a greater capital than some of the Governments of Europe, there is not a single public document extant, throwing light on the state and condition of any other class of the community than their own members, published at the expense of those societies. Of the very meagre quantity of information which does exist, all has been derived from other sources ; and there is no wonder, therefore, that in these wealthy corporations there should exist the anomalous feature unknown to other matters of enterprise and industry, of the practice being much in advance of the science on which it should be founded ; in fact, after the most diligent inquiries, a single instance has not been found of any one of these great and powerful Companies, which boast of their millions of invested capital, MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. 145 having spent £500 in the original investigation of any single branch or department of vital statistics. It is, therefore, hoped that it vi^ill not be considered out of place to bring under attention the details of a question which, under other circumstances, would properly belong to the traders in the shares of Life Assurance Institutions. In the preceding inquiry, an analysis has been made of the various causes of death. This is, no doubt, important as suggesting means by which, under sanitary regulations, the intensity of some of those forces may be lessened, but, for the general purposes of a Life Office, a knowledge of the gross rate of mortality is aU that is required. Attention is therefore now directed to the results given in Abstract A ; from which a Table of Decrements may be easily formed. In that Abstract, the rate of mortality is given for quinquennial ages only, but the intermediate terms may be found in the following manner. Let the figures in the second column of the following Abstract represent the original quantities for quinquennial ages, derived from Abstract A, and let the columns headed ^n \, \, be the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dififerences of the original quantities, also let (a), (b), and (c), which are the second and every alternate quantity in each of the three last columns, be equal to •2Ai, •04A2, and -OOSAg, respectively. Abstract F. Bifferences for Interpolation of Mortality from all Causes. Age. Mortality per Cent. a = -3 Aj A. 6 = -04 Aa As c = -008 A3 33 1-791 + -415 - -306 — -165 38 2-306 + -0830 = a + -209 — -00824 = ^ — -371 — -001320^0 — -648 33 2-415 + -0418 - -162 — -01484 + -377 — -005184 + -404 38 2-233 - 0324 + -115 + -01 108 + -681 + -C03232 -1-689 43 2-368 + -0230 + -796 + -02724 - -908 — -012712 + 3-195 48 3-164 + -1592 - -113 - -03632 + 1-287 + -017560 -1-096 53 3-052 — -0224 + 1-175 + -05148 + -191 — -008768 + -531 58 4-227 + -2350 + 1-366 + -00764 + -713 + -004168 63 5-593 + -2732 + 3-078 + -02848 68 7-671 + -4156 Then the intervals to be interpolated being ^, the intermediate terms to be inserted between the original quantities will be found as follows : — 36 + 6c a^ = J — 4c and S, p p [It will 146 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. Abstract G. Interpolation of Mortality from all Causes. Age. Mortality per Cent. \ K Age. Mortality per Cent. 8x K +-141640 21 1-604280 + •093520 46 3-077480 -070200 —•071440 23 1-697800 ^-000320 47 3-147680 •053880 -093200 + -016320 23 1-791 -091560 -001640 48 3-164 — 177968 —•194288 24 1-823560 -088600 •002960 49 3-986032 -091416 +•086552 25 1-971160 -084320 •004280 50 2-894616 — 013632 •077784 26 2-055480 -078720 -005600 51 3-880984 + •055384 •069016 27 2-134200 — 006920 53 3-936368 •060248 -071800 -115632 28 2-206 -102584 + •030784 53 3-052 -244728 +•129096 29 2-308584 •067008 -■035576 54 3-296738 -235696 —•009032 30 3-375593 -036616 -030392 55 3-532424 •230832 ■004864 31 3-413208 + -01 1408 -025208 56 3-763256 •230136 — -000696 32 2-423616 -020024 57 3'993392 +•003472 — -008616 •233608 33 2-415 -035168 -026552 58 4-227 •292992 +•059384 34 2-379833 -037016 — ■001848 59 4-519993 •291864 — 001128 3.5 2-342816 -035632 + ■001384 60 4-811856 -281968 009896 36 2-807184 -031016 -004616 61 5-093824 -263304 -018664 37 2-276168 + -007848 63 S-357138 —027432 -023168 •235872 38 2-253 ■107752 — -084584 63 5-593 ■375312 +- 139440 39 2-145248 — -029664 + -078088 64 5-968313 •399624 ■024312 40 2-115584 + ■035712 -065376 65 6-367936 •419768 ■020144 41 2-151296 -088376 -052664 66 6-787704 ■435744 •015976 42 2-239672 -039952 67 7-323448 +•011808 •128328 + ■447552 43 2-368 -337200 + -208872 68 7-671 44 . 3-705200 + -230640 — -106560 45 3-935840 — -089000 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. 147 It will be observed that there is considerable irregularity in the original quantities, as taken from Abstract A ; but it was thought better not to disturb the natural results by any attempt to convert them into a graduated series. After the quinquennial period of life 50-55, the numbers are too small to warrant much reliance being placed on the results, and, therefore, subsequent to that period, an increasing series has been adopted, maintaining, as nearly as possible, the same relation at those advanced ages, to the ordinary tables of mortality for male life, as the figures in Abstract A, for younger ages, bear to the general mortality of England and Wales. From the results thus obtained, the following Table of Decrements is derived. Table V. Decrements and Rate of Mortality from all causes. \l \l Age. Mortality per Cent. = d. 5 + S(c) = \l. ^ loo' Number Living. = 1 Number Dying. Age. Mortality per Cent. 5 + S(c) =\l. V 100^ Number Living. Number Dying. 21 1-604 5-0000000 100,000 1,604 40 2^116 4-8198832 66,052 1,398 22 1-698 9-9929774 4-9929774 98,396 1,671 41 2^151 9-99071 17 -8105949 64,654 1,391 23 1-791 -9925624 -9855398 96,725 1,732 42 2^240 -9905564 •8011513 63,263 1,417 24 1-883 -9921513 -9776911 94,993 1,789 43 2^368 -9901612 -7913125 61,846 1,464 25 1-971 ■99174+3 -9694354 93,204 1,837 44 2-705 -9895922 •7809047 60,382 1,634 26 2-053 -9913546 -9607900 91,367 1,877 45 2-936 •9880905 •7689962 58,748 1,725 27 2-134 -9909823 -9517723 89,490 1,909 46 3-077 •9870582 •7560584 57,033 1,754 28 2-206 -9906318 -9424041 87,581 1,933 47 3^148 •9864268 •7424802 55,269 1,740 29 2-309 -9903122 •9327163 85,648 2,009 48 3^164 •9861086 •7285888 53,529 1,694 30 2-376 -9896946 -9224109 83,639 1,987 49 2986 •9860368 •7146256 51,835 1,547 31 2-412 -9895566 •9119675 81,652 1,969 50 2^894 -9868344 -7014600 50,288 1,456 32 2-424 •9893964 •9013639 79,683 1,932 51 2^881 -9872461 •6887061 48,832 1,407 33 2-415 •9893430 •8907069 77,751 1,878 52 2^936 •9873042 •6760103 47,425 1,392 34 2-380 •9893831 •8800900 75,873 1,805 53 3^052 •9870582 •6630685 46,033 1,405 35 2-343 •9895388 •8696288 74,068 1,736 54 3^297 •9865389 •6496074 44,628 1,471 36 2-307 •9897034 •8593322 72,332 1,668 55 3^532 •9854399 •6350473 43,167 1,525 37 2-276 •9898634 •8491956 70,664 1,609 56 3-763 •9843833 •6194306 41,632 1,566 38 2-253 •9900012 •8391968 69,055 1,556 57 3-993 •9833421 ■6027727 40,066 1,600 39 2-145 •9901034 4^8293002 9-9905830 67,499 1,447 58 4-227 •9823029 4^5850756 9-9812431 38,466 1,626 148 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. Table V. — (continued. ) Age. Mortality per Cent. = d. 5 + S (c) = X /. Number Living. = 1. Number Dying. Age. Mortality per Cent = d. \l 5 + S(c) =\l. r d V Number Living. = /. Number Dying. 59 4-530 4-5863187 36,840 1,665 80 18-384 3-6738961 4,730 868 60 4^813 9-9799124 •5462311 •9785822 35,175 1,693 81 19-701 9-9117753 -5856714 •9047101 3,853 759 61 5-094 •5248133 •9772937 33,482 1,705 82 31-083 •4903815 •8971706 3,093 653 63 5-357 ■503L070 •9760885 31,777 1,703 83 32-763 •3875521 •8878310 2,441 556 63 5-593 •4781955 ■9750042 30,074 1,682 84 24^080 •3753831 •8803562 1,885 454 64 5-968 •4531997 ■9732757 38,393 1,694 85 25^672 •1557393 •8711524 1,431 367 65 6-368 •4364754 ■9714243 26,698 1,700 86 37^363 3^0368917 •8617614 1,064 390 66 6-788 •3978997 •9694718 24,998 1,697 87 28-862 3-8886631 -8521017 774 224 67 7-233 •3673715 •9674403 23,301 1,683 88 30-567 -7407548 •8415659 550 168 68 7-671 •3348118 •9653381 21,618 1,658 89 33-112 •5823307 •8317930 382 122 69 8-328 •3001499 ■9627102 19,960 1,643 90 33-803 •4141137 •8208449 260 88 70 8-813 -2638601 -9598329 18,317 1,618 91 35-382 •3349586 •81 10251 173 61 71 9-487 -3336930 -95671 10 16,699 1,584 92 36-557 2-0459837 -8023837 111 40 73 10-303 •1794040 •9532618 15,115 1,542 93 37-629 1-8483674 •7949827 71 27 73 11-036 •1326658 •9492631 13,573 1,497 94 38-467 •6433501 •7891081 44 17 74 n-909 •0819289 ■9449315 12,076 1,438 95 39-051 •4324583 •7849666 37 11 75 12-881 4^0268604 •9401 129 10,638 1,370 96 39-635 1-3174348 •7807852 16 6 76 13-874 3^9669733 •9351343 9,268 1,286 97 40-219 0-9983100 -7765632 10 4 77 14-957 •9021076 •9296386 7,982 1,194 98 40-803 •7747733 •7722991 6 2 78 16-040 •8317462 •9240724 6,788 1,089 99 41-387 •5470739 9-7679940 4 2 79 17-191 3-7558186 9-9180775 5,699 979 100 41-971 0^3150669 * 2 From this has been constructed the following preparatory Table for the determination of the values of annuities, assurances, and other risks on the lives of Master Mariners. Column D of Table VI has been formed for the expression l^v'\ in which I represents the numbers living at the age m in the fourth column of Table V, And «™ represents the present value of £,\ due m years hence, at 3 per cent. Also, if D = quantity in column D, at any given age w, and D , = do. do. at any variable higher age m + x then, in the same Table, will N^ = S (D , ), in which m -\- x receives every integral value from any given age, to the oldest age in the Table. [From Table MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. 149 Table VI. Preparatory to the determination of the Values of Annuities, do. do., on the Lives of Master Mariners. ( Three per Cent.) Age. \D D N Age. \D D N 91 4-7304183 88754-93 998868-59 61 8-7417426 5517-50 45391-41 S3 •7105588 51859-14 877916-38 62 •7061991 6083-93 40207-49 33 ■6903836 49009^88 898906-50 63 -6694503 4671-48 85686-06 24 ■6695977 467;30-90 781476-80 64 -6316173 4381-71 31354-35 3S •6488048 44514-84 736961-46 65 ■6930558 8908-91 37345-44 86 •6370923 49366^46 694595^00 66 -5506429 3858-89 23793-05 37 •6051673 40987-21 654807-79 67 •5072774 8315-71 20676-34 98 •5839618 38279-] 1 616038-68 68 •4618805 2896-55 17679-79 29 ■5604368 36344-34 579684-84 69 ■4148814 8596-46 18083-33 80 •5373949 34458-33 545336-00 70 -8642544 3813-43 12769-91 31 •5140138 32659-80 513566-99 71 -3112500 3047-63 10723-39 33 •4905727 30943-73 481633-49 72 -2551338 1799-88 8989-91 33 •4670785 99314^98 459308-36 73 -1955484 1668-78 7854-18 84 •4436244 97773-10 494538-16 74 ■1319743 1358-11 5999-07 38 •4303259 96833-49 898919-74 75 3-0640685 1158-96 4840-114 36 ■3971931 24956-98 373955-76 76 3-9913449 980-867 3889-847 37 •3743183 93671-09 349584-67 77 -9136418 819-874 8040-173 38 •3513833 22488-58 897196-09 78 -8304497 676-772 9363-401 39 •3386484 91313-19 805819-90 79 •7416778 581-668 1811-733 40 •3063943 90948^56 985564-34 80 •6469181 443-828 1368-908 41 •2843687 19242-89 966391-63 81 •5468569 351-444 1016-764 43 •3619879 18980-49 948041-08 82 -4377991 273-986 749-778 43 •3393118 17850-49 980690-54 83 -3920694 209-924 539-854 44 •9160668 16446-34 914344-80 84 -1970569 167-419 376-485 45 •1913901 15585-31 198708-99 86 9-0645769 116-031 359-4037 46 •1655411 14640-00 184068-99 86 1^9338904 83-7318 176-6719 47 •1391306 18776-34 170393-78 87 ■7718146 59-1309 116-5410 48 •1134090 19958-94 157838-81 88 •6110790 40-8394 75-7016 49 •0856016 19178-79 145160-09 89 •4398077 37-5801 48^1716 50 •0595988 11470 93 133689-16 90 •2587635 18-1458 30^0362 51 •0340076 10814-53 133874-63 91 1^0667713 11-6630 18-3848 52 4^0084746 10197^05 119677-58 92 0^8649890 7-83756 11-03665 53 3-9826956 9609^88 108067-90 93 -6545055 4-51343 6-58328 54 •9563973 9044-76 94099-44 94 -4366510 3-78307 3-79016 65 •9989999 8491-80 85530-64 95 0-2129219 1-63276 2-15740 56 •9005460 7953-97 77577-37 96 9-9850613 -96616 1-19184 57 •8710509 7431-06 70146-31 97 -7539993 -56624 -62500 58 •8405166 6996-54 63219-77 98 •5167363 -32864 ■29686 59 •8089934 6440-54 56779-33 99 •3761877 -18888 ■10748 60 3^7789976 5970-39 50808-91 100 9-0313444 -10748 ■00000 From Table V preceding, and Table C, pp. 5-6 ante., the following results have been obtained; shewing for different ages the equation of life for Master Mariners, and also for the male population of England and Wales. Ages. Equation of Life. Mariners. England and Wales. Difference per Cent. 81 89-1 44-0 51-3 30 38-0 36-5 46-0 40 80-9 38-8 37-8 80 15-8 31-8 38-8 60 10-5 14-8 36-2 Q Q 150 MORTALITY OF MASTER MARINERS. The foregoing is sufficient to shew the necessity of great caution in undertaking special risks on life, and the need of careful and extensive statistical research, to form a basis for calculations in this branch of life contingencies. Within the last few years. Assurance Institutions have very much increased, and the public journals sufficiently testify to the remarkable efforts made by them to extend their business among all ranks and grades of society. It is, therefore, of the first importance that those entrusted with the management of such companies, should possess accurate statistical information, to guide them in their transactions with the public. The practice of a mere arbitrary imposition of premiums for special risks unfortunately prevails to too great an extent, and is liable to very serious objections. The hazard of charging inadequate terms, may endanger the safety of the institutions, and exorbitant rates limit the practice of life assurance, while the want of clear and satisfactory data, produces distrust among the managers themselves, and deprives their efforts of that confidence and energy, which is necessary to the successful development of every enterprise. It is, therefore, hoped that the preceding facts may not be void of practical value and importance, while to the mere scientific inquirer, their novelty will recommend them to some share of attention. It has been thought better to submit a complete analysis of one class of facts, than to bring under review a variety of data in a cursory manner : but it may be satisfactory to view, in connection with the preceding data derived from the Master Mariners' Society exclusively, another body of facts originating in other sources, namely, in the other Mariners' Friendly Societies distributed over the kingdom, and constituting a portion of the data described in pp. 17-19 ante, and which embraces, generally, an humbler class of sea-faring men, than the Master Mariners. Abstract H. Number exposed Mortality per Cent, in the Ages. to Eiak, Deaths Mortality per Cent. Master Mariners' Society. (Abstract A.) 20 to 25 1,562 39 2-4968 1-791 26 ... 30 6,060 108 2-1343 2-208 31 ... 35 6,842 167 2-4408 2-415 36 ... 40 7,549 184 2-4374 2-253 41 ... 45 5,783 152 2-6283 9-368 46 ... 60 3,227 104 3-2228 3-]64 51 ... 55 1,716 62 3-6130 3-052 56 ... 60 651 12 1-8433 1-911 61 ... 65 119 2 1-6882 .:. Total 32,509 830 2-5531 2-423 The rate of mortality, it will be seen, differs but slightly in the two classes of results, and calls for no particular commentary. Connected with this last body of facts, there has also been made a return of the amount of sickness or invaliding : but the discussion of that part of the inquiry must be reserved for a subsequent part of these contributions, in which the question of sickness generally will be considered. MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. In the present Contribution it is intended to exhibit the rate of Mortality which prevails among the Wealthy, the Middle, and the Provident Classes of this Country and of the Continent. It has been shewn in pp. 93-9 ante, that until the beginning of this year England and Wales were the only portions of the United Kingdom in which public mortuary registers were kept, and, consequently, in which the rate of mortality of the whole population could be accurately measured. In the other divisions of the kingdom, the rate of mortality is known only inferentially, and not by direct observation, and nowhere do the published portion of the public records, as fully explained in pp. 10-16 ante, afford the means by which to determine the duration of life in particular classes of the community. There are, however, other sources from which much information may be derived. In the year 1843, a report was made, by a committee of actuaries, on the mortality among the persons assured by seventeen of the principal assurance companies of this country, (see Table H, col. 5, pp. 40 1,) and these persons may be fairly considered to belong to the middle and upper classes of society; and at various periods since the year 1824, inquiries have been made into the rate of mortality among the members of friendly societies, including the more industrious and prudential of the working and the labouring portion of the people. One important result derived from these investigations is, that while the mortuary registers shew a certain rate of mortality for the whole population of England and Wales, the evidence furnished by the facts constituting the other body of information clearly proves the mortality of the middle and upper classes to be above, and that of the industrious working classes to be below, the ratio for the country generally. This conclusion forms an important consideration in all sanitary inquiries; and, by an obvious inference, determines in what class or section of the people the excessive rate of mortality prevails. For other reasons, however, it is a subject of the first importance to understand clearly the rate of mortality among the middle and upper classes. The Journal of the Statistical Society contains a valuable body of evidence on this question, which goes to prove that among the peerage, the country gentry, and the professional classes, the rate of mortality is higher than that of the country generally : and, as already pointed out in pp. 42-3, the report by the committee of actuaries shews, that among the lives assured by the public companies of this country, the mortality is also not less than that of the general population. # • 152 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES ' In support of the results derived from this latter body of facts, there is abundant collateral proof; but it has been thought desirable to test them, if possible, by facts originating in quite an independent source. With this view, an analysis has been made of the experience of some of the life assurance offices in Germany, one of which, the Gotha Society, the largest in the world, had, in the 21 years ending January 1850, assured 22,063 lives. There were, in the beginning of the year 1850, subsisting assur- ances on no less than 15,471 of these lives ; and, on the 1st of January of the present year the number of lives assured was 18,858. From the following Tables, it will be seen that a very elaborate investigation has been made of the facts presented, and that some of the combinations formed are of a novel character in vital statistics ; but a very few observations will suffice to bring the results under criticism, as the various Tables and Abstracts sufficiently explain themselves. It should be stated that the information is collected from the very admirable annual reports of the Gotha Life Office, and that wherever tabulated results were furnished in these documents, their accuracy has been tested by a reconstruction of the figures from the original abstracts. The following Table exhibits the rate of mortality in this Society for each of the eight years 1842-49, and the diff'erence for each quinquennial term of life between the actual rate of mortality and that expected according to the data on which the rates or scale of premiums in use by the Society are based, named, a rate of mortality assimilating closely to the " Equitable Experience/' Table I. Age. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. Persons. Deaths. Expected. Persons. Deaths. Expected. Persons. Deaths. Expected. Persons Deaths. Expected. 15 to 25 114 0-72 116 0-72 119 1 0-79 116 , , 0-76 26 . . 30 491 4 401 498 4 4-06 513 3 4-29 553 3 4-58 31 .. 35 1,277 7 12-49 1,280 11 12-48 1,335 6 13-09 1,323 9 13-02 36 .. 40 2,180 26 24-41 2,190 19 24-54 2,180 15 24-46 2,185 14 24-72 41 .. 40 2,835 27 28-10 2,505 26 30-04 2,620 18 31-66 2,779 22 33-75 46 .. 50 1,920 28 29-02 2,073 32 31-03 2,346 36 33-66 2,363 40 35-85 51 .. 6ft 1,513 24 29-82 1,644 33 32-11 1,753 80 34 48 1,865 31 36-86 56 . . 60 1,068 31 26-82 1,162 32 29-25 1,251 34 31-87 1,309 44 33-28 61 .. 65 612 26 2000 652 18 21-58 713 34 32-96 806 38 26-36 66 .. 70 301 19 13-13 342 21 15 05 376 21 16-73 406 33 1805 71 .. 85 77 6 5-36 104 7 7-69 143 12 10-83 181 14 13-90 Total.. 11,888 198 193-93 12,572 203 208-55 13,249 200 224-81 13,885 338 241-13 15 to 26 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1 1]6 .. 0-72 129 1 0-76 106 0-63 93 0-60 26 . . 30 569 4 4-71 613 6 4-97 657 8 4-57 659 2 4-67 31 .. 35 1,334 11 13-08 1,381 9 18-53 1,376 17 13-46 1,353 16 13-25 36 . . 40 2,233 27 25-09 2,248 26 25-13 3,182 31 24-69 2,307 32 34-87 41 . . 45 3,851 24 34-53 2,922 29 35-02 2,887 40 35-20 3,823 32 34-84 46 . . 50 2,531. 27 38-30 2,736 49 40-94 2,852 38 43-66 2,944 31 44-83 ftl .. 55 2,007 29 39-55 3,131 43 43-26 2,217 45 44-20 2,357 34 46-79 66 .. 60 1,373 29 34-99 1,523 44 38-44 1,605 45 40-84 1,713 64 43-42 61 .. 65 883 29 28-83 864 38 31-82 1,053 56 34-79 1,100 56 36-23 66 .. 70 409 30 20-47 473 24 21-36 633 32 23-79 553 46 24-95 71 .. 85 205 19 16-76 252 24 20-80 294 33 24-45 341 34 38-39 Total.. 14,564 229 257-03 15,361 293 275-53 15,662 339 290-27 16,047 337 302-28 IN TPIIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 153 An inspection of the preceding Table will shew, that in four out of the eight years, there has been experienced a greater number of deaths, than expected according to the Tables of the Society, namely, in the years 1842, 1847, 1848, and 1849; and, according to the following Abstract, it will be seen that the excess of deaths for the whole of the eight years has been 43-47, being about 2-180 per cent, on the expected mortality. Abstract A. , Mortality during the Years 1842- -1849. Ages. Number of Per- Aotual Sum of Expected Sum of Ex- sons Assui'ed. Deaths. Actual Deaths. Deaths. pected Deaths. 15 to 85 909 3 5-7 26 ... 30 4,353 39 "31 85-9 41-6 31 ... 35 10,664 86 117 104'4 146-0 36 ... 40 17,605 180 297 157-9 343-9 41 ... 45 31,791 218 615 263-2 607-1 46 ... 50 19,657 981 796 297-3 904-4 51 ... 55 15,487 269 1,065 306-0 1210-4 56 ... 60 11,003 313 1,378 978-9 1489-3 61 ... 65 6,789 284 1,662 929-6 1711-9 66 ... 70 3,433 296 1,888 153-5 1865-4 71 ... 85 1,597 149 2,037 198-9 1993-6 113,918 9,037 1993-6 It is worthy of remark, at this point of the inquiry, that, under the age of 55, the actual rate of mortality is uniformly less then the expected rate, averaging about 12 per cent, less than the rate calculated upon ; but, on the other hand, the actual mortality above the age of 55 exceeds the expected mortality about 24 per cent. A comparison of the columns headed " persons assured," for each of the nine years represented in Table I, with the figures in the fourth column of Table XV, following, will shew that the number of persons given in Table I, for each year, is the gross number assured, and not the number exposed to the risk of a whole year's mortality ; it would, therefore, lead to a false estimate of the mortality, were it to be measured with reference to the numbers in the columns headed " persons assured ;" but this has evidently not been done in the determination of the numbers in the columns headed " expected deaths ;" they are derived from the correct number exposed to a whole year's risk of mortality. It will be observed that the excess of 43 deaths over the expected number in Table I and Abstract A preceding, is due chiefly to the years 1848-9; in the former year, the difierence being about 49, and in the latter 35 deaths, the united difi'erence being nearly double that of the gross difi'erence for the eight years under review. It is, therefore, ob-vious that this result depends on some temporary cause, namely, epidemics prevalent in those years, as will be hereafter seen. If reference be now made to Table II, which gives the history of the 1285 lives assured in the first year of the Society's existence, it will be found that, at the end of the R R 154 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES year 1838, there had been 196 deaths; the policies on the lives of 124 had lapsed; and 965 persons still remained assured ; irrespective of all those assuring subsequent to the year 1829. It will be further seen that the actual number of deaths is almost identical with the number expected, according to the data on which the Society's calculations are based : corresponding very closely with the rate of mortality observed among assured lives generally in this country. It will be further seen that, except at the quin- quennial term of life, 56-60, at which the numbers assured are very small, and therefore subject to fluctuation, there is no very important difference between the actual and expected rate of mortality. Table II. Number of Persons Assured in 1829. Deaths during 1829—1838. Number of Lives upon which Policies have Lapsed. Number of PoUcies sub- sisting at the end of 1838. Ages. Expected. Sum of Expected. Actuiih Sum of Actual. 16 to 25 26 .. 30 31 ... 35 30 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... SO 61 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 19 85 189 276 264 184 160 97 21 1-3 7-1 18-7 32-5 34-8 31-9 35-6 26-5 7-7 8-4 27-1 59-6 94-4 126-3 161-8 188-3 196-0 1 5 15 27 40 32 33 30 7 6 21 48 88 120 153 189 190 4 19 27 18 20 19 12 5 14 61 147 231 194 133 116 56 14 1,285 196-0 196 124 965 The following Table (III) exhibits the rate of mortality among the members of the So- ciety for the twenty-one years 1829-49; and it will be seen, that whUe the expected mortality was 3193-83, the actual deaths .have been 3144, falling short of the expected mor- tality by about 50 deaths, or 1-560 cent, lower than the expected mortality. It will also be observed that in this, as in Abstract A, the actual exceeds the expected mortality by 19-3 per cent, above the age of 55, but is less under that age by 12'7 per cent. A comparison of the facts presented in this Table, with those in Table II and Abstract A, shews, in a remarkable degree, the amount of deterioration which takes place in the health of the assured after the expiration of a few years from the date of admission. In Table III, the actual number of deaths falls short of the number expected by the Tables of the Society about 1-560 per cent, but in Abstract A, the actual mortality exceeds the expected by 2-180 per cent. The former body of facts embraces all the members of the Society, not only those originally admitted, but also those recently enrolled ; and while it includes the mortality of the older class of members long subsequent to their admission, it also contains the mortality in the early years of admission in the same class, and, at the same time, the mortality of those persons but recently admitted. On the other hand, the latter body of facts (Abstract A), although it contains the mortality of members recently admitted, or those entering the Society subsequent to the year 1841, yet it does not contain the mortality for IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 155 the older class of members for any of the years preceding 1842; and although, as already remarked, this excess of mortality may be partly due to the epidemics of 1848-9, still it is obvious that the increased mortality is also to some extent owing to the exclusion of the experience of the first fourteen years of the older class of members. That this must be the case, is further evident, from a consideration of the results in Table II, which must be regarded as intermediate between the two other groups of facts just alluded to, as it is free from the admixture of the recently-admitted members with the older, all having been admitted in the year 1829 ; and it will be observed, that the actual number of deaths is almost identical with that expected by the Tables of the Society ; while also, in respect to Table II, it will be observed that there is much greater uniformity in the actual and expected deaths at the different terms of life than in either Abstract A or Table III, and this result is consistent with the exclusion of the new admissions, chiefly taking place at the younger terms of life, in the two other classes of facts. Table III. Mortality during the Years 1829 — 1849. Niiuiber of Persons Sum of Actual Sum of Ages. Assured. Actual Deaths. Deaths. Expected Deaths. ExpectedDeaths. 15 to 25 1,931 8 12-0 26 ... 30 9,199 71 "79 73-8 85-8 31 ... 35 23,490 189 268 214-6 300-4 36 ... 40 33,938 304 572 373-1 673-6 41 ... 45 37,328 356 , 928 443-0 1115-5 46 ... 50 33,362 440 1,368 481-5 1597-0 51 ... 55 25,016 450 1,818 485-9 3083-9 56 ... 60 17,618 481 3,399 440-3 3523-2 61 ... 65 10,370 413 3,711 334-8 2858-0 66 ... 70 4,477 271 3,983 198-6 3056-6 71 ... 85 1,734 163 3,144 137-3 3193-9 196,353 3,144 3193-9 In order to determine the relation between the actual rate of mortality prevailing among the members of the Gotha Life Society and that of other classes of lives, it is necessary, in the first place, to ascertain the number of persons exposed to the risk of a whole year's mortality at the different terms of life, and this may be easily done by the following formula, in which a = the total number of persons entering the Society during the whole 21 years, as given in column 3, Table XV. h = the total number of persons on whose lives policies have lapsed from other causes than death, during the same period of years, as given in column 5, Table XV. c = the gross number of persons assured at one time or another during the same 21 years, as set forth in column 2, Table III, for the same terms of hfe at which members 156 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES enter or retire from the Society ; and, therefore, t±l . i|2 = the quantity to be deducted from column 2, Table III, for the same period of life, in order to determine the gross number exposed to the risk of a whole year's mortality. But this quantity cannot be applied as an average ratio to each term of life, as the admissions and demissions are not uniform over each term or period of life in the Table. Let, therefore, the figures in columns 2 and 7 of Table II represent the correct ratio of persons entering the Society, and also withdrawing from all causes, death excepted ; also let d = the total of the numbers in columns 2 and 7 for any term of life in Table II ; e = the sum of the numbers in the two columns 2 and 7 for any given term of life ; and n = the number of the terms of life at which members enter and withdraw ; then \x = Xe + x(i±-* . 11° . n) _ xd. And if / = the quantity at any particular term of life in Table III ; then will /. (100 — ^7) = the number forming the second column of the following Table. Table IV. Numher of Deaths that Number exposed to would have happened ac- Age. the risk of Mortality cording to the Mortality Sum of the Actual Deaths in Sum of Actual for a whole Year. of England and "Wales. Males. Deaths. the Society. Deaths. 15 to 85 1,912 15-6 > * * 8 >•> 26 ... 80 8.788 87-7 103-3 71 79 31 ... 36 20,403 216-9 320-3 189 268 36 ... 40 29,642 843-0 663-2 304 572 41 ... 45 32,846 433-2 1096-4 366 928 46 ... 60 29,540 460-8 1557-2 440 1,368 SI ... 55 23,420 453-2 2010-4 450 1,818 56 ... 60 16,846 426-0 2436-4 481 2,299 61 ... 65 10,276 357-0 2793-4 412 2,711 66 ... 70 4,477 221-5 3014-9 271 2,982 71 ... 84 1,734 181-8 3196-7 162 3,144 179,884 3196-7 3,144 Column 3 of the preceding Table shews, that if the rate of mortality in the Society had been the same as among the male population of England and Wales, (Table C, pp. 5-6 ante) the total number of deaths would have been 3196-59, while, according to column 5 of Table III, the expected mortality by the Tables of the Society was 3194, and, as in column 5 of the present Table, the actual mortality had been 3144. It is there- fore evident that the average rate of mortality for the whole population of this country does not, for the whole term of life under observation in Table IV, diifer in any important degree from the rate assumed for the basis of the Society's calculations ; and it is forther evident from a comparison of the last column of Table III, with columns 4 and 6 of Table IV, that the rate of mortality among the general population of England and "Wales IN THIS COUNTEY AND ON THE CONTINENT, 157 approximates nearer to the actual rate of mortality experienced by the Society for the respective terms of life, than the rate assumed in the construction of the Society's Tables; shewing that Table C, just alluded to, is better graduated for practical purposes, than that in actual use by the Society. In Table V wiU be found the rate of mortality according to various series of obser- vations. The results in column 2 are deduced from columns 2 and 5 of Table IV, and, therefore, represent the rate of mortality experienced in the Gotha Life Office. And it wiU be seen, that throughout the whole of life, the mortality is almost always less than among the peerage or the males of the government annuitants, and not differing widely from the results for the whole male population of England and Wales, and those for the lives of the assurance societies in England, but the mortality is much above that ex- perienced by the members generally of friendly societies in England and Wales. A consideration of the peculiar features and constitution of those humble provident institu- tions, will fully explain the reasons of this increased longevity among the industrious and provident portion of the working classes of this country. This part of the question has already been treated at length in pp. 17-101 ante. Column 4 in the following Table represents the rate of mortality as observed among the male members generally of friendly societies throughout England and Wales ; but if reference be made to Appendix K of the Table V. Bate of Mortality per Cent, according to the England Friendly Societies. Government Assurance Age anil Wales. Eural, Town, Gotha Life Office. Males. Whole Population. and City Districts. England and Wales. Males. Males. in England. 15 to 15 ■418 •815 •679 •507 1-37 -738 26 ... 30 •808 •998 •732 •788 1-38 -814 81 ... 35 ■926 1-063 •798 •949 1-18 •892 36 ... 40 1-026 1-157 •887 1.130 1-40 -901 41 ... 45 1-084 1-319 1^038 1^533 1-40 1-125 46 ... 50 1-490 1-560 1^281 2-118 1-49 1-420 SI ... 55 1-!121 1-935 r696 9-581 . 2-32 1.909 56 ... 60 2-855 2-529 2-244 3-212 2-02 2-63!) 61 ... 65 4-009 3-474 3-030 4-322 4-08 3-784 66 ... 70 6-053 4-947 4-614 5-764 6-17 5-663 11-147 71 ... 84 9-343 10-483 8-584 8-155 11-43 Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords appointed to consider certain matters connected with Provident Associations, session 1847-8, paper No. 126, some interesting examples will be found of remarkable differences in the rates of mortality and sickness in those societies. In a very able paper by Mr. Farr, in the second edition of " M'CuUoch's Statistics of the British Empire," it is stated that there is reason to believe that further inquiries will shew that not only sickness, but mortahty, will increase in s s 158 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES friendly societies generally ; and the results of a recent investigation among the members of Odd Fellow Societies appear to support this opinion, so far as respects mortality. The facts brought forward in the " Contributions on the Rate of Mortality in the Medical Profession," pp. 112-133 ante, will also be found to be strikingly corroborative of the general principle which seems to regulate the mortality of other classes, namely, that the humble but industrious working classes, whose prudential habits lead them to become members of these societies, are subject to a less rate of mortality than any other, and that the higher the class of society over which the observations extend, until the peerage, or highest class of all, is observed, in which there is less of the regular and healthful daily exercise essential to the condition of the industrious workman, the greater the I'ate of mortality ; and for intermediate classes, a varying degree of mortality is observable, follow- ing pretty closely the scale of their position in social rank. From the facts brought forward, it appears that the duration of life in the German States of Europe, among the higher provident classes, who embrace the principles of life assurance, is fully equal to that among the like classes in this country, and the value of life amongst those classes approximates closely to the rate of mortality for the general population of England and Wales ; but the humbler provident classes who enrol them- selves members of friendly societies in this country, enjoy a prolonged duration of life above all others. That an idea may be formed of how far the results in Tables I, II, III, IV, and the second column of Table V, may be indicative of the state of health of the populations of the different German States, it may be important to shew the number of persons assured for the middle of the period of the 21 years 1829-49, namely, at the end of the year 1838 in each of those districts. District. Persons. In every 10U,(J0U Inhabitants. District. Persons. III every 100,000 Inliabitiints. Dacal and Grand Ducal Saxon | Territories J Free Cities 753 188 123 73 4,267 289 625 129 515 504 118 62 49 46 41 41 37 36 32 31 Brought forward . . . Oldenburg 7,466 74 200 151 10 584 10B 41 33 52 29 28 27 16 14 14 11 8 4 Hesse Darmstadt Brunswick Mecklenburg, Scliwerin and Strelitz Principalities, Lippe and Waldeok Prussia Hohenzollern-Hechingen and 1 Hesse Cassel Hanover Principalities, Schwarzburg, An- halt, and Eeuss Wiirtemburg Baden Nassau Danish German Territories Kingdom of Saxony Carried forward . . . 7,466 8,779 The greatest number of the assurers, nearly 49 per cent, of the whole, are in Prussia; IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 159 but the States having the greatest proportion of its population assured, are the Ducal and Grand Ducal Saxon territories ; and those having the least proportion assured, are the Danish and Swiss German territories. With the view to determine whether any and what law prevailed in relation to the period which has elapsed from the date of assuring to the date of death among those persons dying in the years 1839-49, distinguishing the age at the time of being assured, a detailed Abstract has been made of each policy, classifying together those of the same age at the date of assuring, and at the same time setting forth the period elapsing until the day of death, and thence arriving at the average period which elapsed from the date of taking out their policies till the day of death, for those entering the Society at different ages. The following Table shews the results arrived at : — Table VII. Period elapsed fi om the date of Assuring, till Death, of those Dying among the Assured, during the ^ Years 1839-49. Age at which No. of Duration of Life. Duration of Life to each Person. Age at which No. of Duration of Life. Duration of Life to each Person. the Assurances were effected. Deaths. the Assurances were eifected. Deaths. Years. Months. Years. Months. Years. .Mouths. Years. Months. 15 2 12 11 6 6 42 74 725 9 9 10 16 ... 43 83 843 9 10 2 17 1 5 "5 5 5 44 74 679 8 9 2 18 . • • 45 68 639 2 9 ] 19 1 7 8 7 8 46 69 081 4 9 10 20 3 14 8 4 11 47 81 786 9 9 8 21 1 7 2 7 2 48 83 766 8 9 3 22 4 43 7 10 11 49 87 8i5 3 9 9 23 5 40 8 50 89 864 2 9 8 24 14 95 6 6 10 51 73 720 2 9 10 2.5 20 161 8 1 52 72 635 6 8 10 26 16 95 2 6 53 87 852 n 9 1) 27 29 266 11 9 3 54 72 804 .11 •1 28 48 316 3 6 7 55 64 056 9 10 3 29 51 386 3 7 7 56 76 708 4 9 4 30 49 420 8 7 57 49 422 2 8 7 31 52 411 5 7 11 58 81 825 3 10 '2 32 70 616 11 8 10 59 72 574 11 8 33 78 567 7 3 60 28 307 1 11 34 62 531 8 8 7 01 14 177 12 8 35 93 727 1 7 ]0 62 11 99 9 9 1 36 66 533 8 8 1 63 8 07 8 5 37 78 742 1 9 6 64 7 59 4 8 6 38 75 655 5 8 9 65 3 29 4 9 9 39 72 552 11 7 8 06 2 13 3 6 7 40 81 863 6 10 8 67 2 17 5 8 8 41 71 702 11 9 11 No very distinct or obvious difference is here observable in the various classes of results; and attention is therefore directed to the following Abstract: — 160 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Abstract C. Period elapsed from the date of Assuring, till Death, of those Dying among the Assured, during the Years 1839-49. Age. Number of Deaths. Duration of Life. Duration of Life to each Person. Duration of Life. Duration of Life 1 to each Person. | Years. Months. Years. Months. Years. Months. Years. Months. 15 to 19 20 .. 24 25 ..29 30 .. 34 35 .. 39 40 .. 44 45 .. 49 50 .. 54 65 .. 59 60 .. 64 65 .. 67 4 27 164 311 384 383 388 393 342 68 7 26 200 1,225 2,547 3,211 3,815 3,718 3,876 3,187 710 60 11 7 2 7 2 9 5 2 6 7 7 8 8 10 9 9 9 10 8 6 5 6 2 4 7 11 4 5 7 26 \ 1,246 1 5,758 \ 7,533 \ 7,064 \ 770 6 2 9 2 2 6 6 8 9 9 10 6 6 4 9 8 3 Total .. 2,471 22,778 9 9 3 In which it will be seen, contrary to what would generally be expected, that the period which elapsed from the date of the policies to the date of death is less at the younger than the older ages; so that, if such a law were found generally to prevail, it would follow that a Life Office should find the deaths taking place among the younger lives more immediate than among the older class of lives. Whether this unexpected and apparently anomalous result may arise from the fact that, at the earlier ages, the deaths take place from acute and rapidly- fatal diseases, while at the advanced periods of life, -they happen from chronic and lingering causes, is not clearly borne out by the analysis as far as it has yet proceeded ; but that such is very probably the case, will appear from a consideration of the preceding Per Centage of Eatio of Sick Mortality per Sickness per Members Sick Members to ever) Cent. Annum Total amount Asf • during 100 not Sick among those among those of Sickness each Year. in every Year. Actually Sick. Actually Sick. to each Death. 11 to 15 21-0565 28-1387 -9001 4-1231 416-4290' 16 .. 20 22-0743 28-3278 2-8571 8-5887 125-6082 21 .. 25 22-0386 28-2686 3-0539 3-8518 126-1271 26 .. 30 21-6997 27-7134 3-.3271 4-1921 125-9977 31 .. 35 21-0147 26-6058 3-7592 4-8585 115-9411 36 .. 40 21-5471 27-4650 4-0680 4-9463 121-5732 41 .. 45 22-9868 29-8463 4-6806 5-9418 131-1468 46 .. SO 24 6042 32-6333 8-1657 6-8656 182-7128 61 .. 00 27-6422 88-2022 6-2401 8-5104 136-8839 56 .. 60 30-2424 43-8635 7-2732 10-9261 150-2235 61 .. 6S 85-5676 55-2015 8-0163 15-1975 170-8808 66 .. 70 46-8498 88-1443 9-6004 24-2217 252-2988 71 .. 75 58-8750 140-2400 12-1306 82-6276 268-0679 76 .. 80 73-5916 278-6667 11-8686 36-2367 818-8876 81 .. 85 74-4624 291-6790 18-4110 37-7638 205-1064 80 .. 90 79-4872 387-5000 17-2048 41-0829 288-7043 91 .. 95 60-0000 100-0000 • • 89-2450 IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 161 figures, derived some time ago from the experience of friendly societies in Scotland, from •which very accurate and interesting returns were received and carefully analysed. It is therefore evident that, from the younger to the more advanced ages, there is, among all classes, a uniformly increasing rate of sickness to each death. At the term of life 31-5, there are 116 vi^eeks' sickness to each death, and the rate goes on increasing to the period 76-80, in which the amount of sickness is 319 weeks to each death. However, the preceding simply shews the average amount of sickness among all the members of a society to each death taking place among the same members at different ages ; and the results are not fairly applicable as illustrative of the principle or law mani- fested in Abstract C, in which it would appear that the period which has elapsed between the date of effecting policies and the date of death of the persons assured thereunder, is less at the younger than at the older ages. For, to determine whether this law has any connection with the more acute forms of disease peculiar to younger ages, only the resulting sickness ending in death, or among those finally dying, at the given terms of life under consideration, should be measured; but it may be interesting, and also important, to shew the average duration of sickness not ending in death, as well as of that proving fatal. In the following Abstract will be found the results of 5640 attacks of sickness, resulting in recovery ; from which it appears that the " average duration of each attack is 8"636 weeks : but it is necessary to observe how very much the duration of sickness depends on the age of the persons affected ; under the age of 35, the average duration of each attack is about 4-372 weeks ; from that to the age of 50, each attack lasts about 5-131 weeks ; in the subsequent period of ten years, the duration of each attack is 11-717 weeks ; and beyond that age (60), it will be seen that sickness becomes very protracted. Abstract D. Duration, in weeks, of Sickness ending in Recovery. Age. Attacks. Sickness. Average Duration of eacli Attack. 11 to 15 16 .. 20 31 .. 25 26 .. 30 31 . . 35 36 . . 40 41 .. 45 46 .. 50 51 .. 55 56 .. 60 61 . . 65 66 .. 70 71 .. 75 76 .. 80 81 .. 85 12 106 587 900 955 772 678 433 415 364 246 88 68 14 2 39-428 592-143 2399-714 4363-000 3798-857 3870-571 3598-286 3192-857 4794-428 4333-000 5286-286 42] 9143 5713-571 2862-286 642-857 3-286 5-586 4-088 4-848 3-978 5-014 5-307 5-064 11-553 11-904 21-489 47-945 84-023 204-449 321-428 5,640 48706-4-27 8-636 T T 162 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES It should be clearly kept in view, that the Abstract just given represents such sickness only as ended in the recovery of the members ; but in the following Abstract are given the results of 1012 attacks of sickness among 437 persons, whose deaths took place at the terms of life represented in the Table. The figures given in columns 8, 9, and 10, of this Abstract, differ in a remarkable manner from the results at corresponding ages in Abstract D. Abstract E. Duration, in weeks, of Sichness ending in Death, Age. u. Total Amount of Sickness. h. Amount of Sickness immediately before Death. a—h. Amount not ending in Death of those afterwards Dying. c. Attacks. A. Persons. c-d. Attacks 7iot ending in Death of those afterwards Dying. Average duration of each Attack in Total Sickness of those afterwards Dying Average duration of Attack immediately before Death. a—h c-d Average duration of Attacks Twt ending in Death of those after- wards Dying. 16 to 20 21 .. 35 26 .. 30 31 ..35 36 . . 40 41 . . 45 46 . . 50 51 .. 55 56 .. 60 61 .. 65 66 .. 70 71 .. 75 76 . . 80 81 . . 85 86 .. 90 91 .. 95 157-438 430-571 1120-000 1215-286 654-143 560-428 1252-857 1839-857 2838-571 3816000 1715-671 3154-428 1726-571 3384-143 353-000 132-714 283-857 667-714 700-714 338-857 229-428 800 428 1178-714 2167-000 3435-714 1379-286 3097-143 1673-571 ■ 3313-714 353-000 24-714 714-714 462-286 514-673 315-286 331-000 452-439 661-143 671-571 380-286 336-286 67-285 53-000 70-429 11 60 85 119 100 80 86 133 127 104 47 48 15 17 "l 7 26 38 48 40 38 36 47 40 41 23 23 7 13 "l 4 34 47 71 60 42 50 75 78 63 24 35 8 4 14-312 8-611 13176 10-313 6-641 7-005 14-668 15-081 23-361 36-693 36-503 66-717 116-105 199-067 353-000 18-959 10-879 17-308 14-598 8-471 6-037 32-234 36-079 44-234 83-798 59-969 134-658 239-081 354-901 353-000 6-178 6-330 . 9-836 7-347 6-256 7-880 9-048 8-815 8-609 6-036 14-011 2-291 6-628 17-607 24218-864 19740-854 4478-000 1013 437 575 23-983 45-173 7-788 It will be seen that column 8 represents the average duration of each attack of sickness, including that ending in death, as well as preceding attacks of sickness. In Abstract D, under the age of 35, it was 4-372 weeks ; but in column 8, the average duration is 10-830 weeks ; and in the more advanced periods of life, a similar increase in the duration of sickness is observable ; so that it would seem to follow that the duration of sickness is greater among those dying at periods not very remote from the attacks, than among those surviving ; and, consequently, if the duration simply of sickness be closely observed, it offers an element of considerable importance in measuring the expectation or future lifetime of individuals. In Abstract D, the average duration of each attack of sickness for all ages is 8-636 weeks; but in Abstract E, the average duration is 23-932 weeks. The former class of facts relates to persons who all survived the period of twelve years over which the observations extended ; but the latter class belongs to persons all of whom died within the same period of twelve years. The force of this conclusion will be more strongly felt, if attention be directed to the figures in column 9, which represent the average duration of the attack of sickness ending in death, at which it will be seen that at every term of life the fatal attack of sickness is of much greater duration than IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 163 those represented in column 8, or in Abstract D, The following condensed Abstract will assist in giving a general view of those results. Age. Average Duration of eacli Attack of Sickness. Ending in Final Eecovery. Abstract D. Not ending in Death, but among those afterwards Dying. Col. 10, Abstract E. Immediately- preceding Death. Col. 9, Abstract E. Among those Dying, including the Attacks immediately preceding Death, and others. Col. 8, Abstract E. 11 to 35 36 ... 50 51 ... 60 60 and upwards 4-372 5-131 11-717 44-794 7-873 7-328 8-711 7-236 14-907 12-006 34-851 122-708 11031 9-276 18-789 60-990 Total 8-636 7-788 45-173 23-933 • It is hence obvious, that having regard to the ages of persons, the duration of any attack of sickness is a most important consideration in calculating the chances of recovery. If another element, the frequency of a series of attacks of sickness, were introduced (but the details it would here be out of place to discuss), the value or the duration of life of invalids may be calculated with even more precision than the expectation of life of the general community ; and if the analysis were carried one step further, and the same classi- fication adopted as in the preceding Abstracts, only keeping the sickness peculiar to each disease by itself, a series of results would be arrived at, furnishing elements of the greatest value in the estimation of the value of life among persons who have suffered or are suffering from disease. Notwithstanding the immense pecuniary interests at stake by life offices, no inquiry or investigation of this kind has ever been undertaken by them, and the preceding and other similar collections of facts, are, it is believed, the only sources of information so analysed which anywhere exist. From the specimens now furnished from the records of friendly societies, the very remarkable aids which they must afford in estimating the value of peculiar classes of lives, by confining fluctuations within known limits, must be evident. The trouble and expense of collecting such data is very great, but still the information itself is of tenfold value to the life institutions of the country. In the following Abstract will be found the combined results of Abstracts D and E, preceding ; and in this, as in all the others, will be found evidence of the same general principle or law of nature which has led to this investigation of the duration of sickness peculiar to different terms of life, namely, that the duration- of sickness either in the attacks immediately preceding death, or otherwise, is less protracted at the younger and middle periods of life, than at the more advanced ; and hence the solution of the otherwise anomalous facts arrived at in Abstract C, that of the deaths which have taken place among the lives assured at the earlier ages, the time elapsed from the date of the policies to that of death is less than among those assured at the more advanced ages. 164 MOKTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Abstract F. Average Duration, in weeks, of Total SicJeness. Age. 1] to 15 16 .. 30 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 11 . 76 . 81 . 86 . 91 . . 25 . 30 . 35 . 40 . 45 . 50 , 55 . 60 . 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Total Number of Attacks, including those ending in Eecovery and tliose ending iu Death. 12 117 687 985 1,074 872 758 619 537 491 350 ]35 116 29 19 Total Amount of Sickness, including that ending in Eecovery and that ending in Death. 6,652 39-428 749-571 2880-285 5483-000 5014-143 4524-714 4158-714 3445-714 6634-286 7171-671 9102-286 6934-714 8867-999 4588-857 4027-000 358-000 Average Duration of each Attack of Sickness, including that ending in Eecovery, and that ending in Death. 8-286 6-407 4-443 5-666 4-668 6-188 5-486 6-689 12-854 14-606 26-004 43-9(30 76-448 158-236 211-947 363-000 Numher of Attacks, including those ending in Eecovery, and those not ending in Death of those afterwards Dying. 72925-281 10-959 12 110 611 947 1,026 832 720 488 490 442 309 112 93 22 6. Amount of Sickness. including that ending in Eecovery. and that not ending in Death of ihose afterwards Dying. 39-428 616-857 2547-428 4825-286 4313-429 4185-857 3929-286 2645-286 5458-571 5004-571 6666-572 4555-428 6770-866 2915-286 713-286 6,216 63184-427 Average Duration of each Attack of Sickness, including that ending in Eecovery, and that not ending in Death of those afterwards Dying. 8-286 8-608 4-169 8-095 4-204 6-081 6-457 5-477 11-133 11-322 18-338 40-673 62-062 132-613 118-881 8-557 Attention is next directed to the folio-wing Table, which is somewhat analogous in its character to Abstract C, only that the element of age, with the view to its more simple application to practical purposes, is excluded. From the register of deaths for the years 1840-9, an abstract has been made of those which have taken place in the first, second, third, and every subsequent year from the date of the policies; and the results constitute the following Table : — IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 165 Table VIII. Deaths among the Assured after the lapse of the following Number of Years from the Date of Assurance. | 1 1. 2. 14 3. 14 4. 9 5. 17 6. 9 7, 13 8. 15 9. 17 10. 8 11. 5 12. 13 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 31. Total. 1840 11 143 1841 14 9 11 10 10 11 14 14 23 15 7 8 IS 164 1842 B 8 13 17 14 17 15 20 14 14 2+ in 5 21 198 1843 9 13 5 19 16 10 14 7 14 16 15 20 13 R 24 203 1844 4 11 10 9 9 8 14 15 13 7 19 19 26 10 8 18 •• •• •• 200 1840 to \ 1844.. J •• 44 53 53 64 66 55 70 71 81 60 70 70 62 39 32 18 908 1845 U 13 9 8 5 17 12 21 10 U 8 20 25 16 16 12 24 238 1846 7 13 3 8 20 10 11 15 21 9 14 9 14 18 16 9 8 24 , , 239 1847 14 14 15 16 8 12 12 18 12 15 19 18 18 20 25 19 6 7 25 , , 293 1848 7 14 13 14 17 17 16 15 18 14 23 21 21 11 16 23 27 17 7 29 339 1849 i 13 14 14 8 19 14 13 15 157 18 17 126 11 13 147 14 17 155 16 16 156 17 23 126 11 15 120 9 24 17 23 8 14 38 337 Total.. 87 120 9 106 8 124 10 134 10 130 12 135 13 153 15 105 7 82 5 70 4 40 2 43 3 38 1 2,344 Order of ) Mortality J 6 On referring to Abstract C, it will be found that the average period which had elapsed from the date of the policies to the day of death, was nine years and three months ; and in the preceding Table it will be also seen, that the greatest number of deaths took place in the ninth year after the date of the policies, the oldest policy being then about twenty-one years. During the five years 1840-4:, it is curious to observe, that the greatest number of deaths was also among policies of nine years' standing, although the oldest policy was then of sixteen years' duration only ; and it is still further to be observed, that during the five years 1840-4, about one-half of all the deaths took place in the first eight years of the policies; but for the ten years 1840-9, one-half of all the deaths happened in the first nine years, the oldest policies being, in the latter case, of five years' greater duration. At the same time it will be seen that the number of deaths per annum has gone on increasing from 143, in 1840, to 337 in 1849 — in the former year, the number of persons assured being 10,234, and in the latter, 15,036; so that, although the number of persons assured increased about 48 per cent., the deaths increased to the extent of 136 per cent. The numerals at the top of the Table shew the duration of the policies, and those in the bottom line of the Table shew the order in which the deaths took place, from the minimum, in the twenty-first year, to the maximum, in the ninth year. It is obvious that the solution of the results here presented will be derived from the law of mortality exhibited in Table IV, the number of persons assured in each year, and the ages of those persons ; and that any fluctuation whatever taking place in any one of these elements, must disturb the results set forth in Table VIII. This is observable in Abstract C, the age of the persons assured shewing an important influence on the duration of the policies. There are also other important practical considerations, as well as those of a more u u 166 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES strictly philosophical and scientific nature, connected with the period of the year at which the deaths took place, and it may therefore be interesting to shew how far the seasons affect the number of deaths in the aggregate, as well as at the different ages or terms of life. In the following Table will be found an analysis of all the deaths which took place in the eleven years 1839-49, distinguishing the months of the year in which they happened, and also the ages at death: — Table IX. Affes at which the Deaths among the Assured took flace in different Months, during the Years 1839—49. Age. MONTHS. Total. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 16 22 to 24 25 ... 29 30 ... 34 35 ... 89 40 ... 44 45 ... 49 50 ... 54 55 ... 59 60 ... 64 65 ... 69 70 ... 74 75 ... 79 80 ... 84 2 8 16 22 26 25 81 25 21 11 6 1 3 12 18 20 21 21 32 28 28 12 3 2 1 2 15 19 31 34 38 30 41 29 12 3 1 1 2 10 10 26 28 33 86 28 28 7 5 1 1 11 15 88 33 22 30 34 21 16 4 5 19 16 26 26 29 19 26 10 2 1 5 6 20 22 27 23 22 85 18 13 2 2 10 19 15 19 81 29 23 14 9 2 'e 8 20 21 27 81 29 31 22 9 3 4 9 23 24 19 26 21 84 19 14 3 5 9 14 20 29 30 41 36 26 10 6 5 10 24 28 24 88 38 26 19 16 4 1 1 8 37 113 217 278 313 384 363 3S5 271 139 43 5 Total . , . 193 195 251 214 221 178 194 173 207 196 226 228 2,471 It thus appears that the greatest number of deaths took place in the month of March, and the least in the month of August ; the three months of least mortality being August, June, and January ; the three months next in order being July, February, and October ; then September, April, and May ; and the three months of highest mortality are December, November, and March. If, however, the year were divided into quarters of consecutive months, it will be found that they stand in the following order : — Quarter in which the Mortality is of 1 Lowest Intensity. Second Intensity. Third Intensity. Highest Intensity. June July August December January February September October November March April May The months of March, April, and May, it will be seen, constitute the quarter of highest mortality ; and out of the following five classes of facts, it will be found that, in three instances, they constitute the quarter of highest mortality, and the month of March enters into the highest quarter of four out of the five groups of facts. IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 167 Table X. Sweden.— Years 1831-5. GoTHA Life Office. — Years 1829-49. Months. Males. Both Sexes. Months. Males. July .... October . . . November . . June .... December . . August . . . February . . . September January . . . May . . March. . . . April .... 11,608 11,988 12,848 13,474 14,390 14,467 14,480 14,569 15,867 16,330 16,317 16,476 33,416 33,391 35,579 25,955 28,134 38,391 28,731 28,404 31,231 33,130 33,399 32,666 August June . . January . July . . February . October . September April . . May . . December November March . . 173 178 193 194 195 196 207 214 291 223 936 951 Saxony. — Years 1832-8. Belgidm, Towns.— Years 1815-26. Glasgow.— Years 1836-42. 1 Months. Males. Months. Both Sexes. Months. Both Sexes. October . July- . November September June . . December August . January . February May . . March . April 1,893 1,920 1,921 1,927 1,932 1,986 3,007 2,230 3,331 3,331 2,387 2,424 July . . . June . . August . . May . . . September . April . . October . . November . March . . December February . January 0-87 0-90 0-91 0-95 0-97 1-00 1-00 1-02 1-05 1-08 1'09 1-16 June . . . October . . September . July . . . May . . . November . April . . . August . . December . February March January 4,258 4,339 4,409 4,457 4,549 4,597 4,790 4,873 5,267 5,517 5,523 7,090 But in respect to the quarter of least mortality, the results are more variable. July enters into four of the five groups, June into two, and August into only one. These remarks have reference to the aggregate mortality only, but if reference be now made to Table IX, it will be seen that the seasons have a very material influence on the mortality of diffierent ages. The following Abstract exhibits the results for difi'erent terms of life. Abstract G. Ages. Months. Total. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sept. October. Nov. Dec. Under 40 40—59 . . 60 & upwards 26 104 63 33 94 68 37 198 86 23 123 68 98 118 75 94 97 57 39 94 68 31 94 48 34 108 65 36 90 70 28 120 78 39 118 66 371 1,288 812 Total 193 195 951 214 991 178 194 173 307 196 226 223 9,471 168 MOETALITY OF THE PEOVIDENT CLASSES It thus appears that under the age of 40, the least mortality has been in the month of April, and the greatest in the month of December ; but in the term of life 40-59, the least mortality has been in the month of October, and the highest in the month of March. Again, in respect to the most advanced term of life, those aged 60 and upwards, the least mortality has, as in the case for the aggregate of all ages, been in the month of August, and the highest likewise in the month of March. The following, then, will represent the quarters of highest and lowest mortality : — Quarter of Least } Mortality . . . ) Quarter Second ) in Intensity 5 Quarter Third in ) Intensity .... J Quarter of High- ) est Mortality § Ages at which the Deaths happened. Under Age 40. Ages 40—59. Aged 60 and upwards. Eesults for all Ages. April, May, June. July, August, September. January, February, March. October, November, December. June, July, August. December, January, February. September, October, November. March, April, May. June, July, August. December, January, February. September, October, November. March, April, May. June, July, August. December, January, February. September, October, November. March, April, May. Hence, by dividing the year into quarters formed of consecutive months, representing the highest and lowest mortality, it will be seen that the combinations agree for all the terms of life except those for ages under 40 : and this is in conformity with the results already observed under Abstracts C, I), E, and F ; the more acute form of diseases peculiar to those ages being differently affected by changes of temperature and seasons; but if, instead of the combinations into quarters, the mortality be arranged in the order of the months, a much greater disparity in the results will be observable : — 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Order of the Months of Lowest and Highest Mortality, for those Dying aged Under 40. 40—59. 60 and upwards. All Ages. April June January May } November ) August July February September October March December October February ") July i August 3 June January September May ) December ) November April March August June January September December February ) April I July 3 October May November March August June January July February October September April May December November March The influence of the seasons on the mortality at different ages is hence obvious, and there can be little doubt that a more extended series of observations would lead to a well defined law in this respect. The importance of the question to life institutions and to IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 169 science, it is hoped, will induce those interested in such objects to investigate the matter further. The next part of this inquiry to be brought under consideration is that which relates to the disease, or cause of death. The Eeport of the Gotha Society for the year 1838 contains an abstract of the causes of death for the ten years 1829-38, arranging the diseases according to a general and popular form of classification ; and the Eeport for the year 1848 contains a similar abstract for the twenty years 1829-48. The following shews the results arrived at : — Abstract H. Disease. Number of Deaths during the Years | 1829 to ISaS. 1829 to 1848. 1 At Ages Total. At Ages. Total. 21 to 30. 31 to 40. 41 to 50. 51 to 60. 61 to 72. 17 to 30. 31 to 40. 41 to 50. 51 to 60. 61 to 70. 71 to 83. Fever Influenza 7 21 9 2 2 20 3 38 14 3 3 4 1 10 38 10 5 19 7 33 14 1 3 4 17 13 21 50 3 5 1 29 9 22 10 1 2 3 23 8 52 9 7 15 3 7 7 2 2 'e 5 27 4 125 29 12 4 85 25 108 45 7 10 8 52 27 112 4 8 11 17 '2 12 4 19 2 3 '7 4 101 11 4 5 72 13 115 37 9 5 4 16 9 29 6 1 15 143 12 19 106 95 166 65 11 9 19 56 22 09 11 1 19 144 9 8 1 103 22 111 86 18 7 20 94 20 151 1 13 20 71 19 5 1 75 23 46 74 9 10 16 71 14 116 35 6 6 15 6 16 2 1 12 2 2 1 11 6 20 49 491 49 99 9 384 89 458 974 49 33 55 951 64 399 78 36 9 64 Asiatic Cholera Exanthemic Diseases . . . Local Inflammation .... Gout and Eheumatism . . . Chronic Pulmonary Diseases . Chronic Abdominal Diseases . Mental Affections Diseases of Spinal Marrow . . Organic Diseases of the Heart . Dropsy .... ... Cancers and Malignant Ulcers Apoplexy OldAo-e 1 9 3 8 • * 1 '2 Accidents 2 4 3 '9 3 3 Murdered Suicide 2 Total . . 26 136 190 226 94 672 70 443 739 898 390 135 2,807 It will thus be seen that, during the first ten years, 672 deaths happened; and during the whole period of twenty years, 2807 deaths. Abstract I. Ratio of Deaths from each of the Six Causes to the whole Mortality, Disease. during t he Years 1829- -1838. 1839- -1S48. 1829- -1848. Deiths. Percentage. Deaths. Percentage. Deaths. Percentage. Fever J 95 ] 8-602 366 17-141 491 17-499 Chronic Pulmonary Diseases . 108 16-071 350 16-392 458 16-317 Apoplexy 119 16-667 280 13-113 392 13-963 Local Inflammation .... 85 12-649 299 14-003 384 13-680 Chronic Abdominal Diseases . 45 6-696 229 10-725 274 9-761 Dropsy 62 7-738 199 9-320 251 8-949 Total . . 597 78-423 1,728 80-694 2,950 80-157 X X 170 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES The preceding Table represents the ratio of deaths which have taken place from six principal classes of disease during each decennial period, and during the whole twenty years, without distinction of ages. From a subsequent Table, it will be found that the average age of the assured varied, in the twenty years to which the preceding figures relate, from 43 years to 47 years, and hence might be expected an increased number of deaths from apoplexy, which is generally beheved to press vrith greater intensity as age increases ; such, however, it will be seen, is not the case, so far as the preceding facts are concerned, for, in the first decennial period, the deaths from apoplexy formed about 17 per cent, of the whole, while in the second ten, the deaths from that cause were a little above 13 per cent. only. There can be no doubt that this difference is, to a great extent, if not entirely, due to the small number of deaths included in the first period; and it will be, therefore, more advantageous to examine the results in connection with the number of lives exposed to the risk of mortality at the various terms of life. The following exhibits, therefore, the ratio of deaths per cent, to the population exposed to the risk of mortality from different causes, according to the preceding classification of disease : — Table XI. Disease. Ratio of Deaths from Different Causes during 1829 to 1848, at the following Ages. 1 17- -30. 31- -40. 41- -50. 51- -60. 61- -70. 71- -83. All Ages. Numher of Liv es at Eisk duri ttg 1829 —1848 10,074 46,884 57,208 38,421 13,110 1,393 105,090 O S as Is. ^0 11 So. ■Si u fe-.Q 11 II ■si d S kr,Q Is "si £•»• 11 II O.S ^1 II II 17 a 13 4 19 2 3 '7 "4 •169 •620 •119 •040 •189 ■620 •030 •009 ■040 101 11 4 5 72 13 115 37 9 5 4 16 2 29 "e 1 15 ■215 ■023 •009 •Oil •154 •028 •245 •079 •019 •Oil •009 •034 •004 •062 •013 •002 •032 143 12 12 loe 25 166 65 11 9 12 56 22 69 ii 1 19 •250 ■021 ■021 •185 •044 •290 •114 •019 •016 •021 •098 •038 •121 •oio •003 •033 144 9 8 1 103 22 111 86 18 7 20 94 20 151 1 13 26 •395 •025 •022 ■003 •283 •060 •305 •236 •049 •019 •055 •258 ■055 •415 ■003 ■036 •055 71 12 5 1 75 23 46 74 9 10 16 71 14 116 35 6 6 590 •542 •092 •038 •008 ■572 ■175 ■351 •564 ■069 •076 ■122 •542 •107 •886 •267 •046 •046 15 5 16 2 1 12 2 2 1 11 6 20 42 1^077 •359 i-'ud •144 •072 •861 •144 •144 •072 •790 •431 r436 3^015 491 49 29 9 384 89 458 274 49 33 55 251 64 392 78 36 2 64 ■297 •030 •018 •005 •233 •054 •277 •133 •030 •020 •033 •152 •039 •237 •047 •032 •001 •039 Kxautbemlc Diseases Local Inflammation Gout and Elieumacism Chronic Pulmonary Diseases. Chronic Abdominal Diseases. Mental Affections Diseases of Spinal Marrow . . Organic Diseases of the Heart Cancers and Malignant Ulcers Old Aee .' AH Diseases 70 ■695 445 •949 739 1-291 828 2^273 4-5&0 135 9^691 2,807 V703 In the class of disease denominated fever, in the preceding Table, it will be seen that the mortality uniformly increases from the younger to the older ages. With respect to the group of diseases " local inflammation," it will be seen, that although there is an increase IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 171 in the rate of mortality from the younger to the older ages, still the difference is very slight under the age of 50, and the intensity greatest of all at the term of life 61-70. Again, with respect to " chronic "pulmonary diseases," the bulk of the deaths took place between the ages of 31-70, and the rate of mortality increases from -245 per cent, in the term of life 31-40, to -351 per cent, at ages 61-70. In the class " chronic abdominal diseases," the mortality increases in a very rapid manner from the younger to the older ages, being only -079 per cent, at ages 31-40, and as much as -564 per cent, at ages 61-70. Similar results connect themselves with the deaths from dropsy : but in the section " apoplexy," the greatest variation is observable in connection with a difference of age ; at the term of life 31-40, the mortality is -062 per cent., increasing rapidly till ages 71-83, in which it is 1-436 per cent, from this disease. This is in accordance with the received opinion of medical men on the character of this disease. If the influence of the above mentioned six groups of diseases be now viewed in connection with specific terms of life, it will be seen that, in the decennial period, 31-40, the greatest rate of mortality has taken place from " pulmonary diseases," next from " fevers," then from " local inflammations," " abdominal diseases," " apoplexy," and least of all from "dropsy;" and in the next ten years of life, the mortality of these diseases follows the same order as to their intensity. In the term of life 51-60, however, the following is the order in which the same six diseases stand as to intensity: — apoplexy, fever, pulmonary diseases, inflammation, dropsy, and abdominal diseases. And in the ten years 61-70, the order is again varied, being apoplexy, inflammation, abdominal diseases, fever and dropsy equal, and pulmonary diseases at the bottom of the scale ; and in the most advanced term of life of the preceding Abstract, the following is the order of intensity of the diseases : — apoplexy, inflammation, fever, abdominal diseases, dropsy, and pulmo- nary diseases. The following arrangement may perhaps exhibit these results in a more simple form : — Diseases arranged accordwg to the order of their Intensity at the followitig Terms of Life. 31—40. 41-50. 51—60. 61—70. 71—83. Pulmonary Diseases. Fevers. Inflammations. Abdominal Diseases. Apoplexy. Dropsy. Pulmonary Diseases. Fevers. Inflammations. Abdominal Diseases. Apoplexy. Dropsy. Apoplexy. Fevers. Pulmonary Diseases. Inflammations. Dropsy. Abdominal Diseases. Apoplexy. Inflammations. Abdominal Diseases. Fevers. (_ Dropsy, j Pulmonary Diseases. Apoplexy. Inflammations. Fevers. Abdominal Diseases. Dropsy. Pulmonary Diseases. Pulmonary disease is, therefore, so far as the preceding facts are concerned, essen- tially the disease of highest intensity in the destruction of life under 50, and above that age, apoplexy ; the other diseases maintaining varying but intermediate positions in the scale of mortality. 172 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES The preceding classification of diseases, although it is that given in the Reports" referred to, is evidently not sufficiently exact in its arrangement to merit much further criticism on the results; and it has therefore been thought desirable to classify the deaths- according to a better nosological system. The whole of the deaths for the eleven years 1839-49, have, therefore, been so classified : the facts given not admitting of the deaths in the first ten years being so treated. It will be seen, that during the eleven years 1839-49, there have been 2471 deaths, and in the ten years 1829-38, there have been 672 deaths, making in all 3143, so that nearly 79 per cent, of the whole become subject to the more complete nosological classification. The information furnished respecting each death, not only gives the age and cause of death, but also the age at the time the life was assured ; in every instance distinguishing the ages to the nearest month, so that a new and Table Deaths in tlie Gotha Life Office from All Causes of Death. AGE. Under 20. 20—24. 25—29. 30 -34. 35 —39. 40-44. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration No. Duration. 1 1 Yrs. Ms. 1 5 1 5 3 3 Yrs. ULs. 6 9 6 9 37 37 Yrs. Ms. 117 10 117 10 113 113 Yrs. 391 391 Ms. 2 2 217 217 Yrs. Ms. 1,129 4 1,129 4 278 278 Yrs. Ms. 1,851 1 1,851 1 Specified Causes 1 i 1 2 l"2 5 5 10 2 9 6 1 4 1 1 1 2 24 11 5 6 36 5 17 1 6 10 10 2 3 7 7 3 5 8" 5 38 9 38 5 1 9 3 '3 110 28 158 16 1 33 11 4' 27' 4 10 3 1 4 3 7 6 60 18 54 22 7 26 14 '2 '9 325 8 87 9 279 2 99 10 33 8 126 1 79 9 33 3 12" 6 51 '8 64 38 74 29 6 29 25 2 i io 458 3 298 7 343 10 220 65 9 190 6 191 6 12 4 Ti 69" 4 Sporadic Diseases. II. Dropsy, Cancer, and other Diseases of uncertain or 1 5 IV. Diseases of the Brain, Spinal Marrow, Nerves, and Senses YI. Diseases of the Lungs and of the other Organs of 1 VII. Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of IX. Childbirth. Diseases of the Uterus. &c X. Eheumatism, Diseases of the BoBes, Joints, &c. . . , XIII. Debility XV Age XVII. Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance .... I. Small Pox o"2 1 i 8 i 3" 9 10" 7 21" 2 25 0' 2 11 1" 69 1 24 2 2 1 11 1 3 8 "3 4 1 45 3 4 1 14" 2 18 6 8 3 244 U 24 8 8 7 2 1 i 7 5 44 "3 3 13 4 7" 5 43 8 •'26 4 32410 18 "9 23 11 I II. Htemorrliage 1 1 3 2 2 4 •• 1 23 3" 11 7 4 4 8 ,. 4 2 13 5 32 11 38" 1 3 4 7 21 '5 5 63 5 155 7 35 "4 44 3 Dropsy ....,' Ulcer Gout • IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 173 important element in vital statistics is thus introduced, by which can be seen the facility with which different diseases may engraft themselves on the constitution at different terms of life, or, in other words, the rate at which the deterioration of life takes place from the standard of ordinary health, at different ages, from various diseases ; for, with respect to all the lives now under consideration, at the time the assurances were effected, they underwent the usual scrutiny before admission into the Society, In the following Table will be found an abstract of the number of deaths which have taken place at the various periods of life from different diseases ; at the same time setting forth the period which has elapsed, in years and months, from the date of effecting the policies to the date of death : — XII. Causes, and Total Duration of Life aft er Assurance. AGE. 45-^9. 50 —54. 55—59. 60 —64. 65 —69. 70 —74. 75 —79. 80—85. All Ages. No. Duration, No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Mb. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. 313 2,551 10 334 2,961 8 363 3,534 8 355 3,834 371 3,336 1 1-39 2,005 11 43 690 1 5 96 4 2,471 23,507 9 312 2,546 3 330 2,935 361 3,531 6 355 3,834 370 3,338 5 139 2,005 11 43 690 1 5 96 4 3,463 22,455 1 67 507 6 64 557 9 66 571 8 59 •641 4 43 538 1 20 378 9 145 1 2 39 503 4,187 9 49 433 8 46 406 11 66 C04 3 73 631 3 47 611 25 375 5 8 124 8 380 3,606 11 66 575 1 67 634 6 54 611 5 49 566 4 30 339 3 5 68 3 437 3,513 4 45 367 7 58 529 3 63 600 7 63 736 9 53 654 2 26 378 3 6 103 3 375 3,7]3 10 11 85 10 113 7 19 149 6 13 139 10 3 31 •■ 69 619 11 28 189 7 33 197 3 34 379 1 32 356 4 39 465 9 13 168 1 2 31 10 351 2,155 5 20 138 1 26 250 U 37 397 3 41 419 25 309 11 12 187 9 3 53 8 207 3,052 10 4 44 4 6 47 6 3 21 9 10 137 4 8 92 11 3 31 9 40 401 3 5 47 3 1 8 9 1 10 , , , , , , 10 70 6 5 53 2 18 1 10 10 1 14 1 13 114 1 1 9 5 1 7 2 i 611 1 19 7 1 3 9 44 3 6 •• •• 5 4 48 10 51 5 , , 6 65 4 34 395 4 35 514 3 14 231 7 57 4 83 1,163 10 11 97 10 16 166 6 17 168 4 10 138 5 49 3 87 796 1 6 6 i 1 1" 1 10 7 •• ' • i 13" 7 i 14" 4 3 1 3 1 3 19 10 2 7 10 7 27 11 4 30 10 5 41 6 1 8 10 4 33 5 3 41 9 1 11 10 i 15 9 33 305 6 S 75 4 8 97 4 10 84 9 8 111 9 111 9 3 37 11 1 20 60 611 4 2 24 7 4 47 9 5 64 6 10 97 10 3 26 3 10 130 11 5 81 1 19 1 47 1 517 6 10 7 i s'g 'e 44" 7 '2 17 7 . .. ;; 10 73 44 327 42 343 11 30 290 3 28 386 4 25 308 11 5 63 8 2 28 3 305 3 3,307 5 25 11 3 14" 9 '3 13 10 '3 34" '5 7l" i 13 1 .. ;; 19 11 38 208 4 19 9 1 1 9 4 44 1 1 10 7 3 26 4 1 30 4 • • 17 153 11 6 46 8 3 34 3 6 73 6 4 40 9 1 14 6 1 9 11 34 290 6 27 241 11 29 239 8 48 1 414 6 7 5 45 376 1 31 407 2 15 321 9 5 85 3 232 1 2,205 11 7 5 3 27 11 3 18 4 i 5 5 2 37 2 8 88 10 9 93 11 8 85 10 12 108 1 15 138 3 10 133 2 4 57 11 2 29 6 70 713 4 7 50 2 3 29 3 4 15 1 6 67 11 4 51 9 4 58 9 35 320 6 T Y 174 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Table XIL— Deaths in the Gotha Life Office from All Cacses or Death. III. Scrofula Tabes Mesenterica . . . Phthisis, or Consumption IV. Cephalitis Apoplexy Paralysis Insanity Disease of the Brain, &o. V. Pericarditis . . . Aneurism .... Disease of the Heart YI. Laryngitis . . Bronchitis . . Pneumonia . . Asthma . . . Disease of Lungs VII. Quinsey Gastritis Enteritis Peritonitis Ascites Ulceration of Intestines, &c. Hernia Ileus Intussusception .... Stricture of Intestinal Canal Disease of Stomach, &c. . . Hepatitis Jaundice Disease of Liver .... Disease of Spleen .... VIII. Nephritis Nephria, or Bright's Disease Diabetes Stone Cystitis Disease of Kidneys, &c. . . X. Arthritis Eheumatism . . . , Disease of Joints, &c. XI. Phlegmon . . . Disease of Skin, &c. XII. Hanging, &c. Fractures . . Wounds . . Other Violence Causes not specified AGE. Under aO. No. Yrs. Ms. 20—24. I 2 25—29. Yrs. Ms. 12 8 10 3 10 10 7 7 3 5 8 5 30—34. No. Duration. 2 36 Yrs. Ms. 9 4 148 8 12 8 1 1 27 6 35—39. 5 49 4 15 1 1 23 29 4 249 10 15 10 65 5 5 5 13 2 8 11 5 10 18 11 1 7 2 119 11 4 5 4 4 7 10 24 3 6 7 31 6 4 7 8 23 3 11 6 51 8 0—44. No. 4 15 29 Duration. Yrs. Ms, 39 1 304 9 27 11 109 11 1 9 80 5 2 7 63 2 190 5 1 5 5 7 17 11 28 4 7 2 34 9 28 10 12 55 6 1 7 10 9 1 1 9 4 e'o" The preceding Table will be useful to enable those interested in the facts contained in it to effect other combinations which may suggest themselves; but Table XIII, which is deduced from it, is more particularly applicable to the immediate question, IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 175 mtinued). uses, and Total Duration of Life after Assurance. AGE. 45—49. 50—54. 5.5—59. 60—64. 65—69. 70—74. 75—79. 80—85. All Ages. tro. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration No. Duration. No. Duration. No. Duration. a 1 63 Yrs. Ms 5 8 4 4 565 6 1 1 65 Yrs. Ms. 15 2 4 11 614 5 48 Yrs. Ms. 61 6 549 11 43 Yrs. Ms. 61 4 505 6 14 Yrs. Ms. 04 5 174 10 'i 4 Yrs. Ms 11 9 56 5 Yrs. Ms Yrs. Ms. 3 33 403 Yrs. Ms. 20 5 286 3,206 11 6 34 1 "4 58 7 270 11 1 2 36 11 3 38 3 3 11 19 2 360 10 19 18 3 111 11 3 50 1 io 16 9 475 11 8 2 99 9 3 48 1 16 31 5 566 9 13 1 115 6 3 45 3 "2 35 5 560 8 36 11 21 3 1 19 2 '4 15 1 375 1 25 8 62 5 103 3 38 274 12 5 56 223 9 3,734 11 104 10 25 5 557 3 'i 10 5' 8 79 4 2 13 7 99 i 18 8 4 141 2 12 139 10 '2 30 1 •• 4 4 61 22 6 22 5 574 ] 'i 25 '3 15 1 157 11 16 7 33 197 3 '2 30 '2 26 1 333 2 20 10 '5 22 2 2 53 10 247 11 23 6 31 1 37 2 433 7 33 3 12 1 153 7 15 6 '2 31 10 1 9 229 5 7 1 7 95 2 1,945 3 73 3 72 11 •• 10 1 8 2 16 9 64 10 10 2 38 1 1 1 2 6 7 2 7 10 2 8 3 20 9 49 3 51 7 4 59 2 i 1 5 "i 13 6 2 V 8 10 10 53 4 14 131 5 58 23 5 83 8 14 11 '2 2 4 "i i 11 6 3 10 1 9 9 7 2 35 2 1 ' 16 4 129 8 44 10 52 8 118 2 2 '4 i i 9 2 7 1 49 4 13 6 13 11 114 10 37 1 83 11 7 4 "i 1 i 1 '3 1 1 3 16 6 19 1 13 13 4 43 6 17 1 14 6 51 10 "i 1 1 13 11 19 10 19 11 3 6 11 35 1 1 2 1 1 4 59 25 7 48 3 15 11 41 4 89 2 286 10 7 a 6 7 16 9 13 13 4 68 2 68] 3 330 103 6 543 C 34 5 ■• 7 2 11 3 11 6 14 5 "i 2 '3 12 8 15 11 18 11 •■ 9 10 ]V 11 1 1 3 'i 5 17 10 15 6 25 8 12 3 56 3 i i 30 4 10 1 63 6 "2 31 9 8 8 1 1 20 35 84 7 74 8 10 1 13 3 194 9 17 3 19 6 15 3 "2 16 } 10 10 •• •• •• i 14 1 3 8 2 31 6 53 5 29 4 •• 9 5 i 7 2 •• 1 19 7 i 9 3 .. 1 4 19 7 29 3 ii 97" 10 ie 166 6 15 10" 3 15 2 142 11 i '9 18 9 ]19 3 'i 4 6 3 43 1 •• •• 1 2 2 82 9 4 29 21 4 704 1 5 7 4 26 8 2 13 9 •■ , •■ 1 7 8 •■ •• 8 52 8 tod differs from Table XII only in giving the average period, instead of the absolute period, which elapsed from the date of assuring to that of .death. 176 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Causes or Death. All Causes . . Specified Causes II. III. IV. V, VI. VII, VIII. IX, X. XI. XIII. XV. XVII. Zymotic Diseases Spobadic Diseases. Dropsy, Cancer, and otter Diseases of uncertain or variable seat Tubercular Diseases Diseases of the Brain, Spinal Marrow, Nerves, and Senses Diseases of the Heart and Blood-vessels Diseases of the Lungs and of the other Organs of Eespiration Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Digestion Diseases of the Kidneys, &c Childbirth, Diseases of the Uterus, &c Eheumatism, Diseases of the Bones, Joints, &c. . . . Diseases of the Skin, Cellular Tissue, &c Debility Age. Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance I. Small Pox Measles Scarlatina Croup Dian-hcea Dysentery Cholera Influenza Purpura and Scurvy . . Ague Typhus Metria, or Puerperal Fever Rheumatic Fever . . . Erysipelas II. Haemorrhage Dropsy . . Ulcer . . . Mortification Cancer . . . Gout . . . Table Deaths in the Gotha Life Office from All AGE. Under 20. Average No. Duration, Yrs. Mb. 1 5 1 5 I 5 ao— 34. Average No. Duration. Yrs. Mb. 2 3 2 3 2 I 2 5 5 25—29. Average No. Duration. 10 Yrs. Ms. 3 2 3 2 2 9 4 2 10 1 6 2 8 2 3 4 2 30—34. 113 113 38 9 38 5 1 3 1 i 25 1 5 Average Duration, Yrs. Ms. 3 6 3 6 2 II 3 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 3 8 3 l' 6 3 II 3 8 1 11 l" 1 2 9 1 3 4 II 1 1] 3 4 35—39, No. 317 217 60 18 54 23 7 26 14 5 45 2 4 1 Average Duration Yrs. 5 5 13 3 7 40—44. Average No. Duration. 278 378 64 74 29 29 25 2 10 Yrs. Ms, 44 7 31 7 7 4 8 7 7 10 U 6 11 13 4 7 4 e" 3 7 II 9 1 7 6 7 1 8 10 III. Scrofula Tabes Mesenterica . , . Phthisis, or Consumption IV. Cephalitis . , . , ApopJexy Paralysis ..,,*. Insanity Disease of the Brain, &c. V, Pericarditis . . Aneurism , . Disease of Heart VI. Laryngitis . , Bronchitis . . Pneumonia , , Asthma . . . Disease of Lungs 1 2 2 36 4 8 4 2 3 3 10 4 3 1 1 3 9 3 8 4 15 i 3 1 1 23 10 1 4 70 4 4 4 4 15 39 IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 177 III. '.uses, and Average Duration. AGE. 45—49. 50—54. 55—59. 60—64. 65—69. 70—74. 75—79. 80—85. All Ages. 1 No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. 13 12 YrB. Ms. 8 2 8 2 334 330 Yrs. Ms. 8 10 8 11 363 361 Yrs. Ms. 9 8 9 9 355 355 Yrs. Ms. 10 10 10 10 271 270 Yrs. Ms 13 4 12 4 139 139 Yrs. Mb. 14 9 14 9 42 42 Yrs. Ms. 16 6 16 5 5 Yrs. Ms. 19 3 19 3 3,471 3,463 Yrs. Ms. 9 1 9 1 67 49 66 45 11 28 20 4 5 5 ii 7 7 8 10 8 9 8 2 7 9 6 5 6 11 11 1 9 5 10 4 9 8"*11 64 46 67 58 10 33 26 6 1 3 1 ie 8 9 8 10 9 6 9 3 11 3 6 9 8 7 11 8 9 8 7 2 10" 5 66 66 54 63 19 34 37 3 i i 17 8 8 9 3 11 4 9 6 7 10 11 3 10 9 7 3 io"io 6"ll 7"ll 59 72 49 63 13 33 41 10 1 1 1 'e 10 10 1 8 9 11 7 11 8 11 8 11 2 10 3 13 8 10 14 1 19 7 io"io 13 10 43 47 30 53 3 39 25 8 "i 3 24 5 12 3 13 12 12 4 15 6 11 11 12 4 11 7 9" 3 14 10 12 4 9 10 20 25 5 26 13 12 2 35 13 5 15 13 7 14 7 12 11 15 8 10 10 14" 11 9 8 'e 2 3 ii 16 1 15 7 17 3 15 11 17 10 le" 7 2 '3 19 6 19" 1 503 380 437 375 69 251 207 40 10 13 5 4 82 87 8 4 9 6 8 9 3 9 8 7 9 1 10 7 1 8 9 9 9 14 4 44 3 8 10 8 2 "i 44 3 4 6 6 7" 8 9 6 12 3 %" 9 7 B 4'"ll 4 11 i 1 "5 8 4 43 '3 1 1" 1 10 7 »" 3 12 2 11 11 %" 3 6"ll 1 9 'i 10 5 1 6 30 '3 4 8"l0 8 5 13 10 10 7 7 4 8 8" 11 "i 4 8 10 '3 28 '5 1 13" 7 8 4 13 10 9 9 8" 9 10 2 14" 2 10 7 3 9 3 25 "i 3 is'ii 13 5 8 9 12" 4 13" 1 13 2 i 1 3 10 5 i 14" 4 11 10 18 11 12 1 12" 6 20" 4 i 1 5 '3 15" 9 30 16 2 14"' 2 i i 19" 1 19'"ll 3 1 3 1 2 23 60 47 1 10 305 3 28 17 9 11 2 3 4 10 7 13 11 8 11 10 2 11 10 7 7 2 7 9 8 8 7 5 9 1 6 27 9 7 7 9 9 10" 5 7 2 3 29 '3 8 3 8 1 8 3 9 "4 10 9 9 9 6 43 1 is 4 13 1 9 8 7 5 9"' 3 9 4 45 '3 15 6 10 3 8 4 9" 2 8 7 11 4 1 31 i 10 4 14 6 13 3 5" 5 13 4 13 11 is '3 4 4 14" 9 is" 7 14 6 14 8 1 5 '2 9 11 17 1 14" 9 •• 34 232 1 8 70 35 8 7 9 7 7 5 11 1 10 3 9 2 2 1 63 2 7 4 4 9 1 1 65 15 3 4 11 9 5 48 10" 3 11 5 43 10" 3 11 9 6 14 10" 9 13 6 i 4 11" 9 14 1 ' * 3 32 402 6 10 8 11 8 6 34 1 4 9 9 8 1 2 9" 3 3 38 8 3 11 6 4 9 6 6 4 6 1 10 2 3 50 1 16 8 4 9 6 8 2 10" 3 48 1 io 10 6 11 10 13 1 11" 7 3 45 3 '3 11 10 13 6 12 4 10'" 7 1 19 3 4 15 1 14 6 12 10 15"' 7 "a 17" 3 ■• 28 274 12 5 56 8 10 8 9 5 1 7 11 'i 10 5" 8 7 11 3 6 9 13"' 5 "i 18 s" 4 17 10 i2 11" 8 '2 15" 4 4 61 5 7 5 7 9 5 "i 25 "2 15" 1 6 3 %" 3 33 5'"ll '3 30 '3 13" 11 1 10" 5 '5 33 3 2 10" 9 10 9 U 9 15 7 37 3 11" 8 16 7 i2 1 12" 9 15 6 '2 15"ll •• 1 9 239 5 7 1 7 10 7 8 4 14 5 10 5 z z 178 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Table XIII— Deaths in the Gotha Life Office from All Causes of Death. VII. Quiusey Gastritis Enteritis Peritonitis Ascites Ulceration of Intestines, &c. Hernia Ileus Intussusception .... Stricture of Intestinal Canal Disease of Stomach, &c, . . Hepatitis Jaundice Disease of Liver .... Disease of Spleen .... VIII. Nephritis Nephria, or Bright's Disease Diabetes Stone Cystitis Disease of Kidneys, &c. . . X. Arthritis .... Eheumatism ... Disease of Joints, &c. XL Phlegmon . . , Disease of Skin, &c. XII. Hanging, &c. Fractures . . Wounds . . Other Violence Causes not specified AGE. Under aO. No. Averiige Duration. 30—24. No. Average Duration, 25—29. Average Duration. 7 7 3 5 4 2 30—34. Average Duration. Yrs, Ms. 3 II 35—39. Average No. Duration. Yrs. Ms. 4 4 7 10 4 10 40—44. No. 8 7 9 II 6 5 8 Average Duration, Yrs. Ms. I 5 5 7 5 II 9 5 7 2 7 3 13 7 II 1 7 10 9 9 4 e" 8 In this Table it will be found that the causes of death are unspecified in eight only out of the 2471 cases recorded. The results herein given are so novel, but yet so varied that it will be impossible to discuss them fully within the limits of this paper, and only the most obvious will therefore be brought under consideration. In Abstract C, pre- ceding, it was seen that, measuring the period which elapsed from the date of eflfecting the policies to the date of death, the interval was less for young lives than for older ones ; and here, by adopting the opposite test, of measuring the interval from the date of death to the date of assuring, the same law is found to prevail, although in a more remarkable degree ; and this difference is evidently owing to the circumstance, that all deaths among policies of long standing must necessarily be included in the more advanced periods of life in Table XIII, but included in younger periods of life in Abstract C. However, as the same law shews itself in both classes of results, and differing only in degree, the m THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 179 (continued). Causes, and Average Duration. AGE. 45 -49. 50—54. 55—59. 60—64. 65 —69. 70—74. 75—79. 80—85. All Ages. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. No. Average Duration. Yrs. Mb. Yl-e. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms. Yrs. Ms Yrs, Ms. .. .. 1 10 2 , . 3 5 4 10 1 1 8 3 1 7 8 2 4 11 6 6 11 8 2 2 10 5 1 10 10 2 3 7 1 16 6 11 8 1 •• 4 2 6 8 2 5 10 8 4 'i 8 9 3*' 3 4 i 12 4 13" 6 1 "i 1 19 1 13" 13 4 •• ■• 35 1 1 3 ] 1 8 2 7 3 7 8 4 13 13 4 .. i 14 i 16 4 1 13 4 , , , , 1 13 11 ,. 4 14 (J 9 3 7 7 3 13 10 1 11 11 8 4 12 8 3 14 2 1 19 10 59 10 10 3 3 3 8 6 2 9 8 11 9 6 3 7 6 14 3 2 13 7 1 1 17 1 14 5 1 19 11 •• • 25 7 8 10 14 8 4 8 7 8 5 7 1 11 11 14 11 10 1 11 10 2 2 7 1 12 7 4 3 17 3 • 48 3 10 8 3 7 2 , , .. .. .. 1 17 10 2 13 (1 ]1 3 1 12 8 1 15 6 1 20 4 , , , , ., 8 10 7 •• 11 6 2 7 11 1 4 11 2 i 13 10 12" 2 i 10" 1 •• •• •• • 8 1 1 9 4 10 1 12 2 14 5 3 9 6 2 6 5 11 3 6 10 5 2 10 11 •• 20 9 9 17 3 , , , , , , .. .. 3 10 C 6 2 le 10 , , , , , , , , , , 8 8 15 3 ■• •• •• •• •• •• ■• 1 14 1 •• •• 3 14 8 .. 1 19 7 1 10 7 9 5 i 7 2 •• •• •• 1 9 3 •• •• 4 7 4 .. .. .. .. , ^ .. .. , , 1 9 4 , , , , , , 10 3 i 18 9 , , , , , , 2 14 (i , , 15 2 , , 1 6 2 , , , , 2 10 8 11 8 11 ie 10 5 15 9 7 9 13 3 4 10 9 •• ■• 82 8 7 1 5 7 4 6 8 2 6 4 ••. ■• 1 7 8 ■ • •• 8 6 7 gre . 1 ater \ veight is th( 5reby g , 1 jiven to the une^ ipectec . prii iciples disc] ose d, J ind s hould lead .1 those connected with the management of life offices to the serious consideration of the financial questions which so obviously arise out of the results. From the relatively high rate of mortality at the more advanced ages, than at the younger ages, among assured lives, compared with those of the community generally, an opinion almost universally prevails, that there must be a loss, instead of a profit, connected with the transactions on old lives, and in consequence a number of life offices will not assure the lives of old persons. But if the ratio of lapsed policies, as set forth in Table XV, — and the ratio is much higher in this country, — be viewed in connection with the most remarkable law disclosed in Abstract C and Table XIII, there can no longer be any doubt that the general opinion is a most fallacious one, and unfortunately prevails to the serious detriment of the older class of lives, to whom, in pecuniary transactions, the principles of life assurance 180 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES are more strictly applicable than any other. Apart from statistical evidence, it must be sufficiently obvious, on an attentive consideration of the doctrine of probabilities, that in guaranteeing any event connected with the law of averages, the nearer to unity the chances of the contingency taking place be, the less the hazard of any adventure on the result. And if to this general principle be added the incidental pecuniary advantages arising from the moral influences and considerations which bear on the prosperity of a life office, the absurdity of the prejudice which prevails against assuring old lives must immediately appear. The following shews the results for six of the principal classes of disease : — Abstract K. Average Period elapsed from the Date of Assuring to the Date of Death, among Persons Dying at the following Ages. — Gotha Life Office. Disease. All Diseases I. Zymotic Diseases II. Dropsy, Cancer, and other Diseases of uncertain or variable seat III. Tubercular Diseases IV. Diseases of the Spinal Marrow, Nerves, and Senses . . . VI. Diseases of the Lungs and of the other Organs of Bespiration VII. Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Kespiration 25 to IC 30 to 34, 35 to 39. 40 to 44. 45 to 30 to 54. 55 to 59 flO to 64. 65 to 69, 312 70 to 74. 415 75 to 79, 17 11115 8117 10 All Ages. Of the diseases in class I, namely, the zymotic diseases, it will be seen that the duration of the assurances on the lives falling by this class of disease, is less at every age than the average from all causes, except at the term of life 35-44 ; and it will likewise be seen, that for all ages taken collectively, the duration of the policies lapsing from these diseases is less than the average duration of all policies. The same observation does not apply to class II. Under age 40, the duration of the policies is less than the average ; but in the term of life 40-54, greater ; the succeeding ten years again less ; and in the term 65-74, greater ; but for all ages collectively, the duration of policies becoming claims on account of death from this group of diseases, is five months' greater than the average. In group III, which includes the tubercular diseases, it will be seen, that for all ages under 60, with the exception of the quinquennial term, 40-44, the period elapsed from the date of assuring to the date of death is above the average of the period connected with the deaths from all causes ; shewing that, for those ages, the deaths of this class, which consists chiefly of phthisis, must be induced by a disease slow in its operation, and in that respect differing from the characteristic of group I. In respect to one term of life, 40-44, the deaths taking place therein, from this group of diseases, have followed very rapidly on the date of the. lives being assured, and so remarkably so, as to reduce the average, at all ages collectively, from this disease, more than one year below the average from all causes. At the term of Hfe 40-44, the period elapsed in the deaths from IN THIS COUNTEY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 181 all causes is 6 years 8 months, but in the group of tubercular diseases, it is only 4 years 8 months ; and this would appear to be a true feature of the disease, for the greatest number of deaths have taken place at this term of life ; at the other terms of life, when the opposite feature prevails, up to age 60, the result is constantly above the average. On referring to the details of group III, it will be found that these peculiar results are due wholly to the deaths from phthisis, and therefore the preceding observations are strictly applicable to that disease only. Group IV contains the diseases of the nervous system, and it will be seen that the results do not diifer widely from those for all causes ; and the same remark applies to. the deaths from apoplexy, which form a large proportion of this section. On referring to group VI, which represents the other diseases of the lungs and of the organs of respiration, it will be seen that, with the exception of the decennial term of life, 55-64, the deaths take place in a shorter time after the date of assuring than in the average of the deaths from all causes, and in the aggregate of all the ages, the difference is six months. These results are due chiefly to the deaths from pneumonia, which con- stitute 229 out of the 251 deaths of this group. And it will further be seen, that the deaths from asthma have taken place at a period prolonged beyond the average. In regard to the diseases enumerated in group VII, it Avill be found that, on the average, they agree in their results with the deaths from all causes ; and that in the different quinquennial terms of life, the results are in some instances above, and in others below, the average. If attention be now directed to the rate of mortality from the various specified causes given in Table XIII, it will be found that, for all ages taken collectively, the greatest mortality has resulted from zymotic diseases, or those forming group I ; and next, tubercular diseases, or group III, which are here separated from the other diseases of the lungs and organs of respiration, which form a distinct class in group VI. The following Table is an abstract of the results in Table XIII, so far as concerns the rate of mortality ; and it will be observed that the rate of mortality from the zymotic diseases does not differ widely between ages 31-50; but from that age upwards, a rapid and uniform rate of increase takes place : — In group II, including dropsy, cancer, &c., there is a uniform rate of increase from the younger to the older ages. In the class of tubercular diseases, there is not much difference in the rate of mortality between ages 31-50; hut in the next three quinquennial terms of life, there is a gradual increase. In group IV, there will be observed a very great difference between the rate of mortality at the younger and more advanced ages ; of the 375 deaths in this group, 274 consist of deaths from apoplexy, and the results are therefore conformable to those already described in connection with Table XI, preceding. The results of group VI resemble in their relation those in connection with group III. Group VII, it will be observed, resembles the results of group IV, in having a very low rate of mortality at the earlier ages, and increasing rapidly at thQ more advanced terms of life. 3 A 1-82 MORTALITY OF THE PEOVIDENT CLASSES Table XIV, deduced from Table XIII. Age. Number of Persons Assured. All Causes. I. Zymotic Diseases. ir. Dropsy, Cancer, and other Diseases of uncertain seat. III. Tubercular Diseases. IV. Diseases of Brain, Spinal Marrow, Nerves, and Senses. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. 15 to 25 96 .. 80 81 .. 35 86 .. 40 41 .. 45 46 .. 50 51 .. 55 56 .. 60 61 .. 65 66 .. 70 71 .. 80 1,233 5,595 18,136 90,784 24,508 29,507 18,025 13,085 8,824 4,058 1,719 4 87 118 917 278 313 884 863 355 271 181 •824 ■661 •860 1-047 1135 1-394 1-858 2-785 4-265 6-678 10-599 1 10 38 60 64 67 64 66 89 43 99 •081 •179 ■989 •289 •961 •998 •385 •506 •709 1^060 1^687 "9 9 18 38 49 46 66 79 47 88 ■036 •069 •087 •158 •218 •288 •806 ■865 1^158 1^920 1 9 38 84 74 66 67 84 49 20 5 •081 •161 •989 •960 •303 •298 •872 •414 •589 •493 •291 '"e 5 22 99 45 58 63 62 88 32 •107 •088 •106 ■118 ■900 •392 •488 •748 1-306 1-862 All Ages . . 139,869 2,466 1-886 501 •377 380 ■286 437 •399 378 ■282 Age. Number of Persona Assured. V. Diseases of the Heart and Blood V.»ssels. VI. Diseases of the Lungs and Organs of Eespiration. VII. Diseases of the Sto- mach,Liver and other Organs of Digestion. VIII. Diseases of the Kidneys, &c. IX. Childbirth, Diseases of the Uterus, &c. Deaths, Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. 15 to 25 20 .. 80 31 .. 35 36 .. 40 41 .. 45 46 .. 50 51 .. 55 50 .. 60 61 .. 65 66 .. 70 '71 .. 80 ],233 6,595 13,136 20,784 24,503 22,507 18,025 13,035 8,394 4,058 1,719 1 1 7 6 11 10 19 12 2 -018 -008 -034 -024 -049 -056 -146 ■144 •049 2 4 9 96 99 28 88 84 82 39 15 •169 •071 •069 ■195 •118 •124 •183 •261 ■884 ■961 ■878 1 3 14 95 20 26 37 41 25 15 •018 ■028 ■068 •102 ■089 ■144 •283 •493 ■616 ■873 5 2 4 6 8 10 8 2 •094 •008 •018 •083 •028 •120 •197 •116 3 5 1 1 ■023 0^29 ■006 ■012 All Ages . . 132,869 69 ■059 281 ■189 907 ■156 40 •080 10 ■008 •Age. Num'ber of Persons Assured. X. Eheumatism, Dis- eases of the Bones, &c XI. Diseases of the Skin, Cellular Tissue, &c. XIII. DehiUty. XV. Old Age. XVII. Violence, Privation, Cold &IntemperaDoe. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths, Mortality per Cent. Deatlis. Mortality per Cent.- Deaths. Mortality per Cent. 15 to 28 26 .. 80 31 .. 35 36 .. 40 41 .. 45 46 .. 50 51 .. 55 50 .. 60 61 .. 65 0(1 .. 70 71 .. 80 1,933 5,595 13,136 90,734 24,503 29,507 18,095 13,035 8,824 4,058 1,719 i 2 1 5 9 1 1 •018 •010 -004 ■022 •010 -008 •019 i 1 1 1 1 ■018 ■■ ■004 ■006 ■012 ■095 1 3 ■008 ■074 2 4 6 4 9 •070 •591 2^850 '2 7 9 10 11 16 17 10 S ■080 ■053 ■044 ■041 ■049 ■089 ■130 ■190 ■193 All Acfps.. 139,869 13 •010 5 ■004 4 ■003 79 ■059 87 ■065 IN THIS CQUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 183 The preceding remarks have been made on six only of the principal groups of diseases, and the following still more condensed Abstract of the results may be interesting. The Roman numerals represent the diseases as grouped in the preceding Table and in Table XIII. Diseases arranged according to the order of their Intensity at the following Ages. 31—35. 36—40. 41—45. 46—50. 51—55. 56—60. 61—65. 66—70. 71—80. I I Ill I Ill I 1 II IV II TIT III I III I II IV II IV II VI II II IV IV I I I VI 1 IV IV IV II III III VI VI 1 IV II VI VI VI VII VII VII VII ] VII VII VII VII VII VI VI III III In the above, as in Table XI, it vpill be seen that, at the earlier ages, the intensity of the zymotic diseases, and also tubercular disease, is greatest ; but at the more advanced, a gradual falling off Avill be observable in the class of tubercular disease. In the term of life 56-65, tubercular disease stands fourth in the order of intensity, and in the term 66-80, last in order. Again, with respect to class IV, which consists, to a great extent, of deaths from apoplexy, it will be observed that, in the period of life 36-50, it stands fourth in the order of intensity ; but that in each of the three succeeding quinquennial terms of life it gradually advances one step in the order of intensity, until, at the term 66-70, it is highest in intensity. This assimilates strictly with the results at pp. 170, 171 preceding. The class of pulmonary diseases, however, or diseases of the respiratory organs, not only in Table XI, but in the Abstracts given in pages 169 and 171, as well as in the earlier Reports of the Registrar-General, included group III, and also group VI ; and if the results be viewed in accordance with this arrangement, the diseases of the respiratory organs will be found to take precedence of all others between ages 31-70, and in the term of life 70-80, they will stand fourth in order. With the view to shew the relative intensity of the various groups of disease at different terms of life amongst different populations, the following Abstracts, deduced from facts presented in the Reports of the Registrar-General, are given : — 184 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Abstract L. Mortality of Kent. — Males. CAUSES OF DEATH. I. II. III. Diseases Diseases Age. All Causes. Zymotic Diseases. of uncertain or variable seat. of the Nervous System. Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. 15 to 19 185 ■797 33 -143 18 •078 14 •060 SO ... 34 350 1-165 50 -233 13 •066 14 •065 25 ... 39 198 1-196 32 -193 12 •073 11 •066 30 ... 34 183 1-156 31 -156 13 ■083 22 •139 35 ... 39 171 1-368 15 -119 17 •138 18 •143 40 ... 44 174 1-373 36 •206 17 ■134 33 •353 45 ... 49 147 1-671 12 •128 23 ■346 33 •346 50 ... 54 178 1-846 24 •356 19 •302 32 •334 55 ... 59 148 2-461 12 -300 39 •483 24 •408 60 ... 64 220 3-393 30 •308 44 •679 33 ■•609 65 ... 69 231 5-558 33 •539 33 ■1M 44 1^089 70 ... 74 393 8-386 18 •516 46 •831 54 1-546 75 ... 79 328 11-820 18 •933 28 r462 26 1^348 All Ages ... 3,607 1-821 313 -319 311 •317 337 •333 CAUSES DF DEATH. IV. V. VI. VII. Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases Age. of the Eespiratory of the Organs of of the of the Organs. Circulation. Digestive Organs. Urinary Organs. Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. 15 to 19 73 •310 7 -030 7 •030 1 •004 30 ... 34 135 -583 5 •033 13 •086 2 •009 35 ... 39 100 -658 5 •030 13 •072 30 ... 84 90 -868 7 -044 4 •025 3 ■013 35 ... 39 75 -597 9 ■073 13 •103 4 ■033 40 ... 44 60 •474 9 -071 10 •079 3 ■034 45 ... 49 83 •566 6 -064 13 •139 3 ■021 50 ... 54 75 -798 9 ■096 16 ■170 4 ■043 55 ... 59 46 -766 13 •316 17 •383 3 ■080 60 ... 64 51 -781 18 ■378 16 •247 5 ■077 65 ... 69 44 1-059 17 ■409 34 •577 8 ■193 70 ... 74 44 1-259 17 •486 18 ■515 13 •343 76 ... 79 25 1-296 4 •207 8 •415 7 ■363 All Ages ... 869 -607 136 •088 170 •119 53 ■037 IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 185 Ab STRACT L. — (continued). CAUSES OF DEATH. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. Age. Diseases of the Organs of Generation. Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion. Diseases of the Integumentary System. Old Age. Exteraal Causes, Poisoning, Asphyxia, Injuries. Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Number of MortaUty Number of Mortality Number of Mortality Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. Deaths. per Cent. 15 to 19 6 •036 1 •004 26 •112 30 . . 24 7 •033 3 •014 30 •093 35 . . 29 3 •013 ... 15 •091 30 . . 34 1 •006 13 ■083 35 . . 39 2 •016 2 •016 17 •185 40 . . 44 2 •016 • . • ... 15 •118 46 . . 49 3 •032 • .. . • . 12 •138 50 . . 54 2 •031 ... . . . 7 •075 55 . . 59 1 •017 ... ... 3 •050 60 . . 64 1 •015 2 •031 1 •015 20 •308 9 •189 63 . . 69 1 •024 ... ... 2 ■048 81 •312 5 •151 70 . . 74 2 •057 1 •029 1 •029 77 3^204 3 ■086 75 . . 79 1 ■052 1 •052 1 •052 106 5-495 3 ■156 All J \ges... 5 •003 30 •021 11 •008 234 •163 148 •010 Abstract M. Twenty-four Town Districts of Evgland. — Males. Zymotic, Endemic, Diseases of Diseases All Causes. and Uncertain or Variable of the Age. Male Population. Contagious Diseases. seat. Nervous System. Deaths. Mortality Deaths. Mortality Deaths. Mortality Deaths. Mortality per Cent. per Cent. per Cent. per Cent. 15 to 20 83,707 758 •906 138 ■106 61 ■073 40 •048 20 ... 30 161,585 1,756 1^087 270 •167 113 ■069 71 •044 30 ... 40 123,104 1,804 1^465 225 •183 159 ■129 132 •107 40 ... 50 83,443 ],786 2^140 216 •369 303 ■242 148 •177 50 ... 60 47,648 1,526 3^303 121 •254 313 •447 162 •340 60 ... 70 37,577 1,598 5^795 100 •303 221 •801 189 •685 70 ... 80 10,666 1,291 13-231 50 •474 123 1^165 110 1-042 537,618 10,519 1^957 1,120 •208 1,091 ■203 852 •158 Diseases Diseases Diseases Diseases of the of the of the of the Age. Male Population. Respiratory Organs. Organs of Circulation. Digestive Organs. Urinary Organs. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. MortaUty per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. 15 to 20 83,707 333 •385 34 •029 37 •044 ] ■001 20 ... 30 161,685 967 •592 39 •034 63 •039 11 ■068 30 ... 40 123,104 897 •729 49 •040 103 •084 16 ■013 40 ... 60 83,443 826 •989 60 •073 119 ■143 33 ■026 50 ... 60 47,648 654 r373 61 •138 121 ■254 19 •010 60 ... 70 27,577 546 1-976 63 •328 106 ■381 29 •105 70 ... 80 10,555 225 2132 20 •189 48 •455 31 •294 537,618 4,425 •823 316 •059 596 •111 129 •034 3 B 186 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Abstract M. — (continued.) Age. Male Population. Diseases of the Organs of Generation. Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion. Diseases of the Integumentary System. Old Age. External Causes, Poisoning, Asphyxia, Injuries. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. 15 ... 20 83,707 14 •017 3 •003 Ill •133 30 ... 30 161,585 1 ■001 20 •013 **. ... ... ... 195 •121 30 ... 40 133,104 3 •002 35 •020 8 •006 ... ... 180 •146 40 ... 50 83,443 ..* ... 13 •016 9 •Oil ... ... 153 •183 50 ... 60 47,648 .•• .•* 25 •052 6 •013 27 •057 97 •304 60 ... 70 27,577 1 •004 18 •065 10 •036 230 •834 61 •331 70 ... 80 10,555 ... ... 6 •067 3 •028 642 5^944 24 •327 537,618 4 •001 121 •033 38 •007 899 •017 821 •015 Abstract N. Mortality of the Metropolis. — Males. Causes of Death. Ages. 1 15—19. 30—29. 30—39. 40—49. 50—59. 60—69. 70—79. AU. Mortality per Cent. All Causes •161 •033 •900 •095 r30i ■089 1-967 •119 3-105 •171 4^850 •177 7^448 •880 3^004 •131 I. Zymotic Diseases Spobadic Diseases. IT. Of uncertain, or variable seat . . •015 ■067 ■163 •270 •537 •818 1^258 •393 III. Of the Nervous System . . . •008 ■045 ■120 •237 •039 •600 •892 •315 IV. Of the Respiratory Organs . . •073 •543 ■689 •962 ]^357 1-589 1^368 •809 V. Of the Organs of Circulation . . •004 •031 ■062 •085 ■138 •253 •195 •082 VI. Of the Digestive Organs . . . •Oil •033 ■059 •118 •234 •319 •224 •112 VII. Of the Urinary Organs .... ■001 •006 ■017 •039 •088 •170 •181 •045 VIII. Of the Organs of Generation . . ... ... ... ■ * • a. . •104 O^OOS IX. Of the Organs of Locomotion •003 ■010 ■018 •014 •019 •038 •024 •017 X. Of the Integumentary System . ... •001 •001 •004 •005 •020 •020 •004 XI. Old Age ... • .■ . • • •023 •704 3^847 ■191 XII. External causes — Poisoning, 1 Asphyxia, Injuries .... J ■035 ■066 •083 •119 •145 •131 •156 ■104 With respect to the results furnished iii the preceding Abstracts, it may be sufficient to refer to those in connection with the term of life 41-60 ; and so far as concerns the group of zymotic diseases, it is obvious that the intensity of mortality is higher in the Gotha Life Office than in any of the other classes of facts brought forward ; but in regard to group II, which includes dropsy, cancer, and diseases of uncertain seat. IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 187 the opposite result is observable, the mortality being less in the Gotha Life Office than in any of the other classes of facts now under observation ; but in respect to the diseases of the respiratory organs, the results for the same ages are very remarkable and important, being for the four different classes of facts, as follows, viz. :— Gotha Life Office -419 per cent. Division of East Kent . . ' -530 Metropolis -963 Twenty-four Towns -989 The immunity from this class of diseases in the Gotha Life Office, and also in the division of East Kent, is remarkable, when placed in contrast with the other figures. Similar remarks are applicable to the two other classes of diseases contained in the following condensed abstract of figures presented in the preceding Abstracts : — Group of Diseases, classified as in Table XIII. Eesults per Cent. — Ages 41 — 50— for the different Classes of Disease in the Gotha Life Office. Division of East Kent. Metropolis. Twenty-Four Towns. I . . . . II . . . III + VI . IV . . . VII .. . •379 •186 •419 •159 •095 •166 •190 •530 •399 •109 •119 •370 •963 •337 •118 ■359 •343 •989 •177 •143 The differences for other terms of life wUl be easily discovered from an examination of the various Abstracts. With respect to the deaths which have taken place from Asiatic Cholera, it will be seen, from Abstract H, that 12 deaths took place from that cause in the ten years 1829-38, 17 in the ten years 1839-48, and 31 in the year 1849. In Table XI, it will be seen that, although the greatest number of deaths happened in the decennial term of life 41-50, still the highest rate of mortality from this disease was at ages 61-70 ; and if the results for the whole 21 years, as set forth in Table XIII, be considered in reference to age, it will be seen that the largest number of deaths have taken place between ages 51-60 ; but the rate of mortality has gone on increasing from the youngest to the oldest age, as will be seen by the following Abstract : — Age. Lives Exposed to Eisk. Deaths from Cholera. Mortality per Cent. Being One Death in 31 to 40 41 ... 50 51 ... 60 61 ... 70 71 ... 80 33,870 47,010 31,050 19,383 1,719 7 15 18 17 3 •021 •083 •058 •187 •175 4,763 3,135 1,734 730 571 Total 136,031 60 •048 3,083 188 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES A similar law has always been observed elsewhere, although during epidemic periods the mortality must of course be greater than that shewn in the above Table. A few deaths took place at intervals throughout the whole period ; but if the principal year of the epidemic be considered, namely, 1849, the rate of mortality will appear much increased: — Age. Lives Exposed to .Eisk. Deaths from Cholera. Mortality per Cent. Being One Death in 31 to 40 41 ... 50 51 ... 60 61 ... 70 71 ... 80 3,565 5,766 3,060 1,653 341 3 3 10 13 3 -084 -053 -837 -736 -880 1,188 1,933 306 138 114 Total 14,385 31 -316 464 This will be found to be much under the rate of mortality from cholera in Paris and many other places during the year 1832, for all ages taken collectively; the result being one in 42-'7 for Paris, but one in 464 in the Gotha Life Office, for ages 31-80. The influence of age is very remarkable in modifying the mortality from this disease. The following are the results for all ages in Paris, shewing the mortality from cholera from the 26th March to the 30th September, in the year 1832:— Age. Population. Deaths from Cholera. Mortality per Cent. Being One in to 5 6 ... 10 10 ... 15 15 ... 30 20 ... 25 25 ... 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 60 ... 60 60 ... 70 70 ... 80 80 ... 90 90 ...100 63,124 50,059 54,696 79,058 82,044 75,836 125,188 97,526 81,415 58,625 33,263 4,715 814 1,311 393 203 877 959 1,206 2,771 3,727 2,913 3,121 3,044 365 14 3-468 783 369 477 1-169 1-590 3-313 2-796 8-577 5-834 8-787 7-741 4-458 41 163 371 310 86 63 45 36 28 19 11 13 33 Total 785,863 18,402 2-343 43-7 The following is the rate of mortality from cholera, at corresponding ages, in the Gotha Life Office, Paris, and London : IN THIS COUNTEY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 189 Age. Gotha Life Office, 1849. Paris, 1832. London , 1849. Per Cent. One in Per Cent. One in Per Cent. One in 31 to 40 •084 1,186 2-313 45 •661 151 41 .. 50 •059 1,933 3-796 36 •830 130 51 .. 60 •327 306 3-577 38 V343 80 61 .. 70 •736 138 5-334 19 1^726 58 71 .. 80 •880 114 8-787 11 3-183 46 Total . . •315 464 3-776 36 •962 104 Hence the mortality -within the ages 31-80, is one in 464, while in Paris it was one in 26, and in London one in 104. The differences for each of the decennial periods of life are also shewn. Abstract H, and Tables XI and XIII, will shew the mortality from violent causes. In the ten years, 1829-38, 11 deaths took place from suicide; in the twenty years, 1829-48, 64 deaths from the same cause; 39 of these deaths took place between ages 41-60. During the twenty-one years, 1829-49, 87 deaths took place from violent causes of all kinds, and an inspection of Section XVII of Table XIV, will shew the influence of age on the rate of mortality from these causes, and it will be found that with but slight irre- gularities, which appear to be due chiefly to small numbers, there is a gradual rate of increase from the younger to the older ages. In England and Wales, the deaths from violence, within the above ages, are one in 19; in the Equitable Life Office, one in 64; and in the Scottish Widows' Fund, one in 35 ; and in the Gotha Life Office, one in 28 of the total deaths, within the same term of life. This question will hereafter be more fully discussed. Allusion has just been made to the mortality in the Scottish Widows' Fund and Life Assurance Society. In the "Monthly Journal of Medical Science" for January 1847, will be found a most interesting paper by James Begbie, M.D., Consulting Physician to the Society, on the Mortality of the Members. This is the only published document* of any importance which gives the mortality from different causes amongst assured lives : the nosological arrangement of the return by the Equitable Society being so defective as to render the results of little or no practical value. The facts brought under consideration by Dr. Begbie include the experience of the " Scottish Widows' Fund" for the years 1815-45, in which 642 deaths took place among . 5989 persons, of whom 447 were females ; but it is important to observe that all those persons whose policies were either surrendered or forfeited are not included in the prece- ding numbers, so that the full number of persons exposed to the risk of mortality in the * See also Table XX and Abstract S, -which give the results of a further contribution by Dr. Begbie. Table XX likewise furnishes the general results of a similar investigation by Professor Christison. 3 c 190 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES Society, during the thirty-one years ahove referred to, is not given. There is another element of importance wanting in Dr. Beghie's paper. While the ages at death from different causes are furnished, the population for those ages, or the number of persons exposed to the risk of mortality at the corresponding terms of life is not given. It is greatly to be regretted that such is the case, for it deprives his paper of one of its most important uses. However, this defect might to some extent have been supplied from the distribution of ages in the Gotha Life Office, which cannot differ in any very marked manner from those in the Scottish Widows' Fund, had the gross numbers exposed to the risk of mortality also been given, and the surrendered and forfeited policies not been excluded. Notwithstanding these deficiencies, which will render a strict comparison with the results of the Gotha Life Office impossible. Dr. Beghie's paper is still full of interest, and should be studied by every one connected with the management of Life Offices,, or giving attention to the more general question of Vital Statistics. It will be impossible within the limits assigned to the present contribution to do justice to the discussion into which Dr. Begbie enters on the results of his investigation : those who desire to follow him in those important details, must have recourse to the paper itself. The following exhibits the deaths from different causes, for all ages collectively, in the Gotha Life Ofiice, and in the Scottish Widows' Fund Life Assurance Society. Abstract O. Cause of Death. Gotha Life Office. Scottish Widows' Fund. Number of Deaths. Per Centage to Total Deaths. Number of Deaths. Per Centage to Total Deaths. Epidemic and Contagious Diseases Diseases of uncertain seat Diseases of the Brain and Nerves ... . . Diseases of the Respiratory Organs .... Diseases of the Heart and Blood-Vessels . . . . Diseases of the Organs of Digestion . . . . . Diseases of the Urinary Organs Childbirth and Diseases of the Uterus, &c. . . . Diseases of the Joints 503 380 375 688 69 207 40 10 18 87 86 8 20-356 15-378 15176 27-843 2^792 8^377 1^619 •406 •729 3-521 3-480 •324 93 52 133 152 53 77 23 5 3 18 6 27 14-486 8-100 20-720 23-676 8 255 11-994 3-582 •779 •467 2-803 •934 4-204 Violent Deaths . Old Age Causes not speciined ... Total Deaths .... 2,471 100-000 642 100-000 In the above Abstract the relation of the two classes of facts is obvious, and calls for no further commentary; but it may be useful to give the results for each class of disease in the Scottish Widows' Fund according to age. IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. Abstract P. 191 SiSEASS, Ages at Death. 30 to. 30. 30 to 40. 40 to 50. 50 to 60. 60 to 70. 70 to 80. Above 80. Total. Epidemic and Contagious Diseases . . . Diseases of uncertain seat Diseases of the Brain and Nerves . . . Diseases of the Respiratory Organs . . . Diseases of the Heart and Blood-Vessels . Diseases of the Organs of Digestion Diseases of the Urinary Organs .... Childbirth and Diseases of the Uterus, &c. Diseases of the Joints Violent Deaths Old Age Causes not specified or ascertained . . . 5 3 6 13 3 ... 1 16 4 14 45 9 13 3 2 1 4 28 7 36 32 11 17 2 3 7 18 15 34 38 15 31 6 1 S 22 14 29 22 13 17 4 1 1 4 9 14 11 3 6 8 2 1 ] 1 2 2 1 4 93 53 133 152 53 77 23 5 3 18 6 27 All Diseases .... 28 109 143 143 123 57 12 642 In order that many of the preceding results may be clearly understood, it is necessary to direct attention to Tables XV and XVI, the former of which shews the progress of the Gotha Society, from 1829 to the end of the year 1849, and the latter shews the number and amount of assurances subsisting at the end of the year 1848. Table XV. Number of Persons effecting Assurances during the Years 1829 — 49. Number Number of persons effecting new Gross number of persons Persons on whose lives Po- licies were discontinued. Persons on whose lives Po- Increase Average Age of the Assured. Year. making new Assured licies were in in the throughout the force at the enc Year Proposals. Policies. Year. Lapses. Deaths. Total. of the Year. Years. Months. 1829 1,581 1,285 1,285 ... 13 12 1,273 1,273 42 7 1830 607 504 1,777 14 16 30 1,747 474 42 9 1831 1,491 1,244 2,991 46 37 73 2,918 1,171 41 10 1832 1,574 1,165 4,083 214 53 267 3,816 898 42 4i 1833 1,351 1,041 4,857 120 46 166 4,691 875 42 9 1834 1,218 903 6,693 156 65 231 5,372 681 43 1 1835 ],318 989 6,361 166 85 341 6,120 748 43 3i 1836 1,635 1,313 7,333 172 108 380 7,053 933 43 5 1887 1,581 1,161 8,204 174 133 297 7,907 854 43 8 1838 1,555 1,154 9,061 158 134 282 8,779 872 44 1839 1,419 1,034 9,802 199 133 323 9,481 702 44 4i 1840 1,485 1,089 10,570 200 136 336 10,234 758 44 8f 1841 1,414 983 11,217 184 158 342 10,876 641 46 1 1842 1,352 1,013 11,888 174 191 365 11,523 648 45 6 1843 1,503 1,049 13,572 195 301 396 13,176 653 45 10 1844 1,493 1,073 13,349 186 197 383 12,866 690 46 1845 1,413 1,018 13,884 181 335 416 13,468 602 46 4 1846 1,484 1,096 14,564 314 324 438 14,126 658 46 7 1847 1,706 1,235 16,361 244 289 633 14,828 703 46 10 1848 1,151 824 15,652 391 325 616 15,086 208 47 4 1849 1,377 1,011 j 16,047 239 337 576 16,471 435 47 9 Total. . 29,707 22,063 196,352 3,517 3,075 6,693 15,471 192 MORTALITY OF THE PEOVIDENT CLASSES The above will not correspond exactly in some of its details, particularly in relation to the number of deaths, with some of the preceding figures ; in fact Table XV is a financial statement of the Society, and those conversant with the practical working of such institutions, will immediately understand the cause of such differences. The number of deaths which have actually taken place up to any given date being of necessity, in every large Society, greater than the payments made on account of deaths to the same date. In the following Table wiU be found a statement of the number of assurances in the Gotha Life Office, subsisting on the 31st of December, 1848 ; to many persons the results may be interesting. The amounts assured are expressed in thalers, or rixdolkrs Prussian current, each being worth nearly three shillings sterling. Table XVI. Assurances subsisting in 1848. u 3 \ J ■ ; H o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o^ o^ o o o_ o_ o o_ o^ o^ Age. 1 1 co' [ 1 1£5 1 to" 1 t-' 1 oo" 1 1 o' Total. 1 O 1 o i 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 o I o 1 o 1 o o o o o o o o o o o « !— 1 i-M I— 1 ^-\ r-H r-t 1— ' rH I— f f-T of co' ^- lO as t-^ oo' 03 15 to 20 4 4 Persons 3,500 Thlr. 21 . . 25 77 7 1 2 . • ■ • . t . . . ... ... 87 67,800 ... 26 , . 30 391 73 20 8 10 3 3 3 2 9 522 699,200 .... 31 . . 35 882 241 71 36 34 20 3 7 2 12 1,308 .. 1,888,900 ... 36 . . 40 m 1,412 387 127 64 85 23 4 14 1 22 2,109 .. 3,077,600 ... 41 . . 45 @ 1,759 586 178 109 69 45 6 19 2 27 2,798 .. 4,807,100 ... 46 . . 50 I 1,628 618 199 146 70 37 13 35 1 29 2,776 .. 4,614,000 ... 51 . . 55 1,246 478 174 94 64 41 8 19 2 21 2,147 .. 3,863,000 ... 56 . . 60 843 334 118 98 69 43 7 15 3 15 1,545 .. 2,813,400 ... 61 . . 65 649 217 83 60 29 21 10 15 6 990 .. 1,750,800 ... 66 . . 70 279 111 32 20 19 14 4 8 1 1 489 842,200 ... 71' . . 75 133 37 16 15 6 3 2 ... 1 212 327,700 ... 76 . . 84 30 16 1 1 1 1 ••• 49 64,800 -... ■ i : : : : o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o I— 1 05 iH O! co_ rH « o^ lO »o Ol 1— I" i>r o" ■^'" « OS o oT i-H Ol' 1^ 1—1 CO 00 CO iH Oi 05 00 C! Oi rH CO CO 00 »o T-H ^. CO q_ iH '*. o 3 o § 1 « « cf c 2265 5-749 31 ... 35 458 2799 6-111 36 ... 40 500 8241 6-482 \ 6040 6-305 41 ... 45 495 3306 6-679 46 ... 50 542 3680 6-789 \ 6986 6-736 51 ... 55 528 3394 6-428 56 ... 60 453 3004 6-631 \ 6398 6-523 61 ... 65 329 2210 6-717 66 ... 70 135 803 5-207 \ 3013 6-494 71 ... 75 36 208 5-778 76 ... 80 4 26 6-5 Total... 3928 25189 6-413 IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 197 The results of this Table, although not shewing differences between the policies on young and old lives so marked as those in Abstract C, are still very remarkable; and strikingly corroborative of the operation of the principles which have been found to prevail in the Gotha Life Office. It will be seen that while in regard to the deaths which have taken place amongst persons assured at ages 21-30, the period which elapsed from the date of effecting the policy was 5-749 years, that which elapsed amongst those assuring in the decennium 41-50 was 6-736 years, the corresponding figures for the Gotha Office being 6-500 years and 9-750 years. After the observations which have been already made in pages 159-165, and also in pages 179-181, it is unnecessary to enlarge here on this part of the inquiry. Before concluding the present contribution, it is necessary to state that, since I made the preceding investigation into the experience of the Gotha Life Office, Mr. Hopf, the Actuary of the Company, has published an able paper shewing the general results of the operations of the Society for the twenty-five years 1829-54, but not attempting to discuss the many curious and novel features which have arisen in this inquiry from the analysis of the data supplied by the annual reports of the Gotha Company. That the effect of the additional five years' experience on the preceding results may, however, be seen, the following Table is given, prepared on the model of Table XI, page 170 ante, from the facts furnished in Mr. Hopf 's paper. Table XIX. Disease. Eatio of D 3aths from Different Causes during 1829 to 1854, at the following Ages. 1 15- -30. 31- -40. 41—50. 51- -60. 61—70. 71- -87. All Ages. dumber of Liv es at Risk duri Qg 1829—1854 11,193 6f),378 89,705 59,593 22,562 3,459 251,889 d 8 22 '2 18 4 23 1 '2 3 '7 '4 £•- u S 0. 6t IS P 6 S CO II d S 'Aa IS BS. "sj kin si •si d S fen Is '. •197 •018 •116 •036 •206 •009 018 •027 063 •036 133 12 18 5 98 20 163 57 15 7 .1 3 34 '9 1 18 •203 ■018 ■027 ■008 •145 ■032 •249 •872 •024 •Oil •012 •036 004 •052 •014 •001 •027 197 12 28 2 147 32 239 120 27 12 27 82 30 107 18 1 29 1 ■220 ■013 ■031 •002 •104 •036 ■266 •134 •030 •013 •030 ■091 •033 ■119 ■020 ■001 •032 ■001 206 12 36 1 157 32 181 161 33 9 39 140 27 233 'io 1 34 ■346 ■020 ■000 ■002 263 ■054 •304 ■270 •055 •015 •065 ■235 ■045 ■391 ■027 ■002 ■056 123 20 30 1 113 34 84 152 21 15 38 122 21 184 54 11 '14 •545 •088 •133 ■004 ■501 •157 •372 •674 ■093 ■006 •168 •541 •093 •816 •239 •049 •062 36 7 8 '29 5 8 27 .5 2 5 35 11 58 115 "1 1-041 ■202 ■231 •838 •145 •231 •781 •145 •057 •145 1012 •318 J-077 3^325 ■029 10-170 717 63 120 11 654 127 698 518 101 45 119 400 92 623 169 54 3 100 1 ■285 ■025 ■048 ■004 ■211 ■054 ■277 ■205 ■040 ■018 ■047 ■161 ■036 •247 •067 ■021 ■001 ■040 ■000 Asiatic Cholera Exanthematic Diseases Gout and Bheutnacisiu Chronic Diseases of the Eespiratory Organs Organic Diseases of the Brain Organic Diseases of the Spinal Marrow . . Old Age Accidents Murdered Suicide Capital Punishment Total 81 ■724 622 ■951 1,111 1 239 1,318 2^212 1,037 4-596 352 4.521 1^794 3 E 198 MORTALITY OF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES The preceding results will not be found in any way to disturb the conclusions arrived at in the former part of this contribution ; the rate of mortality, from the prolonged average duration of the policies and the consequent gradual disappearance of the effects of the original selection of the lives, being increased but to a very slight extent. The character- istic results of each class of disease is markedly similar to those already exhibited. Since this investigation was originally made, Dr. Begbie has published another paper on the mortality which has ,taken place in the " Scottish Widows' Fund." It will be found in the " Monthly Journal of Medical Science " for August 1853, and includes the experience of the Society from its formation in 1815 to the close of the year 1852. In the same number of that publication will likewise be found a paper by Pro- fessor Christison, of Edinburgh, on the deaths which took place within the five years 1846-50 in the " Standard Assurance Company," of which he is the Medical Officer. Both papers are full of important and valuable information; and, as I have already remarked of Dr. Begbie's first paper, every one wishing to understand fully the con- tents of those now under consideration, must have recourse to the papers themselves ; as it is here impossible to give more than such portions of the general results as bear directly on the questions already discussed in this contribution. The following Table gives a succinct view of the three different classes of results : — Table XX. Cause of Death. Gotha Life Office. 1839—49. Scottish Widow's Fund. 1815-52. Standard Life Office. 1846—50. No. of Deaths. Per Centage to Total Deaths. No. of Deaths. Per Centage to Total Deaths. No. of Deaths. Per Centage to Total Deaths. I. Epidemic and Contagious Diseases . . . 11. Diseases of uncertaiu seat III. Diseases of the Brain and Nerves . . . IV. Diseases of the Eespiratory Organs . . . V. Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels . VI. Diseases of the Organs of Digestion. . . VII. Diseases of the Urinary Organs .... VIII. Childbirth, and Diseases of the Uterus, &c. IX. Diseases of the Joints X. Violent Deaths XI. Old Age, and gradual decay XII. Causes not specified 503 380 375 688 69 207 40 10 18 87 86 8 20-356 15-378 15-176 27-843 2-792 8-377 1-619 •405 -729 3-521 3-480 •324 223 94 283 381 119 171 53 10 7 36 27 38 16-742 7-057 21-346 21-096 8-934 13-838 3-979 •751 •526 2-702 2-027 2-102 69 16 53 67 24 35 6 2 "9 12 1 23-549 5-119 18 089 33-867 8-191 11-945 2-048 ■683 3-072 4-096 •341 Total Deaths .... 2,471 100-000 1,332 100-000 293 100-000 From the limited extent of the facts connected with the " Standard Life Office," extending over a period of five years only, and not including the whole experience of the IN THIS COUNTRY AND ON THE CONTINENT. 199 Company since its establishment in the year 1825, the results cannot be expected to assimilate closely to the other two classes of facts, but it will, nevertheless, be found that in some respects there is a remarkable agreement between them. It is very interesting to observe, that between the results given for the Scottish Widows' Eund in Abstract O, based on 642 deaths only, there is an extraordinary agreement with those in the preceding Table, deduced from 1332 deaths in the same Society. It will also be observed, that the extended experience of this Society as now submitted shews almost the same relation to that of the Gotha Life Office as was formerly remarked; the deaths from diseases of the brain and the nervous system, from diseases of the heart and blood- vessels, from diseases of the organs of digestion, from diseases of the urinary organs, and from childbirth and diseases of the uterus, being in excess in the former, and the remaining classes of disease being in excess in the latter society ; the relation being precisely that which was exhibited in Abstract O. This is a circumstance of some importance, and is well calculated to bestow confidence in the results of Dr. Begbie's inquiry. It is, however, very deeply to be regretted that neither Dr. Begbie nor Professor Christison has been enabled to furnish the number of lives exposed to the risk of mortality at the corresponding ages at which the deaths are recorded to have taken place. This serious defect in the data of their papers deprives their investigations of much of their value, and every student of Vital Statistics must lament the absence of elements so essential to every exact inquiry. An inspection of the results presented in Tables XI XII, XIII, XIV, and XIX, and in Abstracts H, K, L, M, and N, of this contribution, will confirm the more casual reader in this conclusion. In the absence of all information as to the number of lives exposed to the risk of mortality at different ages, the follow- ing Abstract is given that a comparison may be instituted between it and Abstract P, page 191, Abstract S. Disease. Ages at Death. aOto30. 30—40. 40—50. 50—60. 60—70. 70—80. Above 80 Total. I. Epidemic and Contagious Diseases . . II. Diseases of uncertain seat III. Diseases of the Brain and Nerves . . IV. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs . . V. Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels VI. Diseases of the Oi-gans of Digestion . VII. Diseases of the Urinary Organs . . . VIII. Childbirth and Diseases of the Uterus, &o. IX. Diseases of the Joints X. Violent Deaths XI. Old Age XII. Causes not specified or ascertained . 11 4 8 19 1 8 1 37 9 30 65 12 20 4 3 2 10 68 16 70 60 24 35 5 6 1 12 59 23 63 57 38 54 16 1 10 43 27 73 44 34 35 11 1 3 3 12 14 32 26 8 19 15 1 12 3 1 7 10 2 2 15 323 94 283 381 119 171 53 10 7 36 27 28 Total . . . 53 193 2.S7 321 273 139 40 1332 200 MOETALITYOF THE PROVIDENT CLASSES, &c. It will be seen by a comparison of the above results with those in Abstract P, that for ages under 50 there is considerable agreement ; but at the higher ages there is some disturbance, which it is probable is more apparent than real, and may arise from the increased mortality due to an increased average age amongst the assured, in relation to their age at the date of admission into the Society : but, as already explained, in the absence of the element of the number of lives exposed to the risk of mortality at different ages and for the respective periods to which the facts in Abstracts P and S relate, it is impossible to give any positive opinion on this point. It is, however, to be hoped that in any similar inquiry which may be hereafter made, no such oversight will be found to have occurred. The many varied and curious as well as highly-important practical results disclosed in the course of the analysis pursued in this contribution, will no doubt cause other inquirers to follow up the investigation of this subject into a more ample and complete development than has been possible on the present occasion. ON THE RATE OF MORTALITY AMONG PERSONS OF INTEMPERATE HABITS. In the next place it is proposed to investigate the rate of mortality which prevails among persons addicted to the immoderate use of intoxicating drinks. Assurance com- panies have generally declined to assure such lives, from the supposed greater mortality to which they were believed to be subject ; but no attempt has been previously made to test this opinion by properly authenticated facts ; and it is therefore hoped that the data now brought under consideration may not be without interest. The results are calculated to throw considerable light on a question not only curious in itself, but evidently of much importance to Life Offices, as well as to the public generally. The remarkable efforts which have been recently made to reform the drinking usages of society wUl be a sufficient apology for bringing under attention statistical evidences on a subject so deeply affecting the social, moral, and religious condition of the people. It may be well to remark, that, in collecting the present data, the intention was to include in the observations only such persons as were decidedly addicted to drinking habits, and it was not intended to bring within observation mere occasional drinkers, or what is usually termed generous or " free livers." The reasons for this distinction will hereafter appear. It may also be stated, that the primary reason for collecting the facts was to apply the results to life assurance operations, and it was consequently important to include only well-marked cases of intemperance. Examination will shew that, for social and moral purposes, this would also have been the only satisfactory course to follow ; but that the plan adopted for obtaining the present collection of facts may be the better understood, the following circular and schedule are given : — Medical, Invalid, and General Life Office, Sir, 35, Pall Mall, London. I beg to inclose you forms for the collection of cases of the mortality of persons of intemperate habits. Many difficulties have been experienced in attempts to procure satisfactory data on the value of life among persons addicted to the excessive use of intoxicating drinks, and therefore the present method has been resorted to, in order to increase the information on the subject. May I solicit your assistance in filling up any portion of the inclosed schedules ; and should your knowledge of cases be so extensive as to require more than the number sent, others will be forwarded on hearing from you to that effect. If you could also suggest any gentleman who would be useful in giving the information required, I would put myself in communication with him on the subject. Hoping I may calculate on your co-operation, I beg to direct your attention to the subjoined hints on filling up the schedules. , ,. , o I am. Sir, your most obedient bervant, F. G. P. IS'EISON, Actuary. 3r 202 ON THE RATE OF MORTALITY N.B. — No case should be entered in the schedule unless the person alluded to was decidedly addicted to drinking habits during a considerable period of life. The peculiar feature of the intemperance, whether the favourite beverage was fermented or distilled liquors, should be stated in the column " Remarks," and also whether the intemperance continued to the time of death. If the correct age at death be known, it will be entered as such ; if not, the age must be guessed or approximated to by whoever fills up the schedule, or by the mean age of that guessed at by two or three persons who may have known the individual in question. The name in full, or at least the initials of the person in question, and also the place of death, should be entered in the columns set apart for that purpose. This will be necessary, in order to correct double entries which may be made by two different persons. In the column of the " Cause of Death," insert the post mortem examination, if practicable, such as diseases of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, &c., &c., {and perhaps terminating in dropsy, do., £c.) Please to return the schedules as soon as you have entered aU the cases which have come under your observation. It is not expected that the schedules can be always filled from registers or notes kept for the purpose ; but generally from a distinct recollection of the cases, and an approximation to the truth is therefore all that is calculated on being obtained. INTEMPERANCE.— SCHEDULE. Description. Death. Disease or Cause of Death. Duration of Intemperance. Bemarks on the Peculiar Featnrea of the Intemperate Habits ; whe- ther they existed up to the period of Death, and any other Observa- tions necessary. Name or other Distinction. Sex. Profession or Occupation. Date of. Place of. Age at. It is obvious that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to give such a definition of what constitutes intemperate habits as would be satisfactory to every one ; almost every person would have a standard of his own by which to determine the fact of temperance or intemperance, and therefore in the preceding circular no attempt has been made to define the particular character of the habits on which information is sought ; and all that has been urged on the attention of those filling up the schedules is to give only well-marked cases, and to include none but persons who were decidedly addicted to drinking habits. The consequence of following this course is, that the objections which might be urged against the adoption of any individual or peculiar test are avoided, for, by leaving it to each contributor of data to determine for himself what constitutes decidedly intemperate habits, the whole data taken collectively, from all the various contributors, will shew very precisely the result of those habits which the public, by common consent, admit to be intemperate; so that, however any individual reasoner on the results may argue, and whatever peculiar construction he may choose to put upon them, it will be impossible to avoid the conclusion, that the data really relate to what the public generally regard as persons of intemperate habits. If the testimony of those more advanced in life is to be fairly trusted on this subject, it must be admitted, that during the last quarter of a century, the drinking practices of society have much altered, and what is now commonly regarded AMONG PERSONS OP INTEMPERATE HABITS. 203 as free living, would have been looked upon some years since as only moderation ; so, in like manner, may it be hoped that the usages of society vi^ill continue to improve, and, at no distant date, the habits now considered not to exceed the bounds of moderation be altogether unknown in polite and refined society. It is, therefore, possible that what has hitherto been regarded as intemperate habits, may differ very widely from that which may be looked upon as intemperance some years hence. From the information obtained on these schedules, the following facts and results are derived ; and it may here be stated that defective schedules have been completely rejected. For the mode by which the data have been analysed, reference may be made to the paper "on the Mortality of the Medical Profession," pp. 103-4 ante, and to that on the "Mortality of Master Mariners," pp. 134-1 37 ante. A similar plan has been followed in the present instance, and a careful perusal of those papers wiU make the method clearly understood, and shew how the facts have been brought into the form of the following Table :— Table I. Mortality among Persons of Intemperate Habits. Number Number I Number remaining Total Number Number remaining Total Numbe Age. coming under Observation ■ under Observation under Observation Died. Half of Entered. Number Exposed Ase. coming unde Observation under Observation under Observation Died. Half of Entered. Number Exposed • at eacli Age. from Age preceding. at eacli Age. to Risli. at each Age. from Age preceding. at each Age. to fiislc. 14 1 1 •5 •5 53 105 105 5 105 19 3 i 4 1-5 2-5 54 i 100 101 3 "-5 100-5 10 4 4 4 55 3 98 100 5 1 99 17 7 4 11 i '3-5 7-5 50 1 95 90 9 -5 95-5 18 5 10 15 , , 2-5 12-5 57 87 87 1 87 19 4 15 19 2 17 58 86 86 86 ao 29 19 48 14-5 335 59 80 80 2 80 21 7 48 55 i 3-5 51-5 60 i 78 79 17 "-5 78-5 23 15 54 69 1 7-5 61-5 61 62 63 02 23 08 74 3 3 71 62 i 62 63 '3 •5 62-5 a4 14 71 85 4 7 78 03 60 60 60 25 19 81 100 7 9-5 90-5 64 60 60 '4 60 20 11 93 104 5 5-5 98-5 65 56 56 9 56 27 14 99 113 7 7 100 66 47 47 4 47 28 20 100 136 3 30 116 67 43 43 2 43 29 9 123 133 2 4-5 127'5 68 41 41 6 41 30 35 130 10") 14 17-5 148-5 69 , 35 35 1 35 31 9 151 160 4 4-5 155-5 70 . 34 34 11 34 32 18 166 174 8 9 165 71 . 23 23 2 23 33 18 106 184 4 9 179 72 21 31 2 31 34 13 180 193 5 6-5 180-5 73 19 19 5 19 35 15 188 203 11 7-5 195-5 74 14 14 4 14 36 13 193 205 10 6-5 198-5 75 . 10 10 5 10 37 S 195 200 5 2-5 197-5 70 5 5 5 38 8 195 203 15 4 199 77 6 5 5 39 4 188 193 3 2 190 78 5 5 1 5 40 19 189 208 31 9-5 198-5 79 4 4 4 41 5 187 192 2 2-5 189-5 80 4 4 i 4 43 1 190 191 16 •5 190-5 81 . 3 3 1 3 43 5 175 180 9 S-5 177-5 83 3 2 2 44 2 171 173 9 1 172 83 . 2 2 2 45 a 164 173 15 4 168 84 2 2 1 2 46 2 157 159 10 1 158 85 47 1 149 150 5 ■5 149-5 86 . 48 5 145 150 7 2-5 147-5 87 , 49 143 143 3 143 88 , SO 140 140 23 140 • 89 51 i 118 119 3 "•5 118-5 90 1 52 116 116 11 116 91 • 204 ON THE RATE OF MORTALITY This Table will be better understood by an examination t)f the following condensed abstract of it. Abstract A. Age. Numher Exposed to Risk. Died. Mortality per Cent. Number Exposed to Bisk. Died. Mortality per Cent. England and Wales Mortality per Cent. Proportion of Intemperance Mortality to thatofEngland and Wales. Number which ought to have died ac- cording to England and Wales. 16 to 30 21 ... 95 36 ... 30 31 ... 86 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 71 ... 75 76 ... 80 81 ... 85 86 ... 90 74-5 359-5 596-5 877-5 983-5 897-5 738-0 539-0 437-0 300-5 200-0 87-0 23-0 10-0 5-0 1 16 31 33 54 51 47 37 35 16 24 18 2 3 1 1-343 4-539 5-197 3-647 5-491 5-683 6-369 5-009 8-197 5-394 13-000 30-690 8-696 90-000 30-000 74-5 'y 949-0 i.1861-0 ll635-5 1 '>- 966-0 !^ 500-5 J !- 110-0 I 15-0 1 47 86 98 63 40 30 1-343 4-953 4-620 5-993 6-418 ■ 7-999 18-189 90-000 •730 •974 1-110 1-459 9-354 4-359 9-097 19-904 1-8 5-1 4-3 4-1 9-9 1-9 90 1-0 •5 ■ 9-3 30-7 33-7 91-8 91-3 10-0 3-0 Total 6111-8 357 5-841 357 110-2 These curious and remarkable results exhibit a rate of mortality for which the most careful observers will be generally unprepared. When intemperate lives are occasionally accepted by Life Offices, the rates of premium charged by them fall greatly short of what would be indicated by the preceding figures ; and it is to be feared that a careful exami- nation of their experience must shew that the arbitrary mode by which such peculiar risks have been estimated has led them into unprofitable speculations. Throughout the whole range of the Table, it will be seen that the rate of mortality is frightfully high, and unequalled by the results of any other series of observations made on any class of the AMONG PERSONS OF INTEMPERATE HABITS. 205 population of this country. Sanitary agitators have frequently excited alarm about the wholesale havoc in human life going on in the badly-conditioned districts of some of our large cities; but no collection of facts ever brought under attention has shewn so appalling a waste of life as is exhibited by the above results. From the age of sixteen upwards, it will be seen that the rate of mortality exceeds that of the general population of England and Wales. In the 6111-5 years of life to which the observations extend, 357 deaths have taken place ; but if these lives had been subject to the same rate of mortality as the population generally, the number of deaths would have been only 110, or not quite 31 per cent. At the term of life 21-30, the mortality is upwards of five times that of the general community ; and in the succeeding twenty years of life, it is above four times as great, the difference, as might be expected, gradually becoming less and less as age advances. If there be anything, therefore, in the usages of society calculated to destroy life, the most powerful is certainly the inordinate use of strong drink. From the preceding data the following Tables have been constructed, in order to exhibit more clearly the rate at which persons of intemperate habits die, and consequently the average duration of their lives. The principles on which the methods of calculation, here employed, depend, are precisely the same as those which regulated the formation of the Tables in pp. 117-120, 129, and 145-148. But that these principles may be more clearly understood, and the resulting processes defined, it may be useful to furnish some explanation of the method of inter- polation employed in this and the preceding contributions, as some persons may be anxious to understand the precise steps of the argument which have led to the adoption of the principles here followed. They will be found fully demonstrated in an article in the " Connaissance des Temps pour I'an 1847;" by M. Fred. Maurice. Their first application to Mortality Tables will be found in my Report on the Bengal Military Fund, in 1849. In this extract we must assume that the reader is acquainted with the method of finding the successive orders of differences, and also with the elementary expressions in the calculus of operations. We shall here adopt the usual notation of successive differences, though, for practical reasons, the exponents are placed at the bottom of the symbols where we have had occasion to use them in the former part of this work. The proposition which we have to consider is as follows : — Having a series of terms given, of which the differences of a certain order are constant, it is required to find any number of intermediate terms following the same law. The difficulty lies in finding the differences of the interpolated series so as to suit 3 G 20« ON THE EATE OF MORTALITY all cases, — whatever the number of terms to be interpolated may be, and whatever order of differences may happen to be constant in the given series. We assume that in all cases in which the series consists of rational and integral functions, when equidistant terms have a certain order of differences constant, the intermediate numbers, if also equidistant, will have the same order of differences constant. [The proof of this is given by M. Maurice, but it is omitted here for the sake of brevity.] Let there be two series, in one of which all the terms are given, and in the other only every A"' ; thus. V Vi Vs V3 Vi U,U^ U^Ug . . M,j tii g4 S%= -g^-4-^ + 16-gr A^M t; A^if 8%= 5* 208 ON THE RATE OF MORTALITY It will be more simple first to apply this method of interpolation to cases in which we shall have integral results : to polygonal numbers, for instance, or to series of powers, as follows:— Let it be required to interpolate 4 terms between each of the following, 816, 1771, 3276, 5456, 8436, 1234L By a process exactly the same as is exhibited on page 145, we have u A u A^M Ahi A% 816 955 1771 1505 550 135 3376 2180 675 123 5456 2980 800 125 8436 3905 935 12341 Here then h = 5 and A\ is constant ; A^u and all higher = 0. A u Am = 955 A'm = 550 A'w = 125 191 . ^- 99 A'u_ ^ (where 191, 22, and 1 answer respectively to a, b, and c, in the formula at the bottom of page 145). Consequently 5^=191 — 2.22 + 6.1 + = 153 B^u= 22-4.1 + 0= 18 S'm= 1 + 0= 1 We are now prepared to proceed in finding the first four of the numbers required to be interpolated (compare with Abstract G, page 146). AMOIS'G PERSONS OF INTEMPERATE HABITS. 209 u hu h^u h'u 816 1S3 969 18 171 1 1140 19 190 1 1330 SIO ■20 1840 S31 21 1771 23 253 In the next step we proceed in precisely the same way ; only using the next series of differences, 1505, 675, 125, instead of 955, 550, 125. And in like manner of the rest. But as the third differences are constant the process of finding the succeeding terras may be carried on by simple addition. But if we attempt to find the last four numbers required in the same manner as we found the first, we can no longer take the differences in the same order of position as before. We are compelled to go upwards, and to take as the am for interpolating between 8436 and 12341, the numbers 3905, 925, and 125. Now, having inverted the direction in which we have taken the Am, we must invert the numbers between which we propose to interpolate. In this case A u will be negative, and must be written — 3905 ; A^u ... positive, and remains unaltered, 925; A^M ... negative, and must be written — 125 ; , Am „o, A^m „„ ^^'_ 1 consequently -^ = — 7ol; -^ — ol; g, — i. Whence hi =-781 -2.37-6. 1=-861 S^w= 37+ 4= 41 S»M = -1 = 3 H 210 ON THE RATE OF MOETALITY And the last four of the required numbers are found as here shewn ; M Bu B'u S'm 12341 -861 11480 41 -830 — 1 10660 -780 40 9880 -741 39 9139 — 703 38 8436 We now give an example in which the differences are not constant till we reach a higher order,— the fifth. Let the given series be 32768, 161051, 537824, 1419857, 3200000, 6436343, and 11881376, to interpolate two terms between each. Am = 42761 h = S, and A*m is constant, Making M = 32768, Au =128283 .• A^M^ 248490 A'm = 256770 A^z<= 136080 A^u= 29160 Referring to Equation (A) above, page 206, and making m equal successively to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, we have, rejecting the powers of yt above the 5th, u A% 3^^ ~ 27610 A% 3» ~ 9510 A% ■6' ~ 1680 3= ~ 120 Bu = {h+ aK' + bk^ + ck^ + dk^] S^M= {F + 2aF + (a^ + 2 6)^* + 2(a6 + c)F}i S'm = {F + 3a a* + 3 (a^ + i) k']u B'u={k']u AMONG PERSONS OF INTEMPERATE HABITS. 211 For the numerical co-efficients we obtain 1.1— h 1.2 ^ 1-2/1 — a 3 = (-l)-(-5)=l =» '■i^=(-r)-(-") = f=<'- 2a=-2 a'+2b=l + Y =¥ 2(a6 + c)=-10 3a = -3 3(a^+6) =3(l+|-)=8 4a = -4. In this case, the formula at the bottom of page 143 no longer serves us ; first, because we have to interpolate two terms instead of five, which changes the co-efficients, and secondly, because the diff'erences are carried farther, giving more steps in the process. Putting -Y =a, -f^ =h, -j^=c, -j^-=d, and -p- = e, the formula for the present case is : — K If) 00 S?*=fl-6 + |c-^(Z + ^e = 26281 1 Q B^u= &-2c + ^^- 10 e = 14670 h^u= c— 3•• 1844 2,148 196 30th June 1845 2,343 196 (half-yearly). ... 1846 2,765 422 (increase of 1 year). ..• 1847 3,603 838 ... 1848 4,478 875 ... 1849 6,447 969 ... 1850 6,308 861 ... 1851 6,698 390 ... 1852 7,076 378 81st December, 1853 7,336 260 (half-yearly). From the third column of the above Table, it will be seen that the five years immediately succeeding the 30th of June, 1845, were a period of the greatest activity in the construction of railways, nearly 4000 miles having been opened for traflBic in that time, or upwards of one-half of the whole extent of railway communication. The maximum extent of railway opened for traffic in any one year was in 1849 ; since then much less activity has prevailed, and the number of miles opened has gradually declined every year down to 1852. However satisfactory this activity and energy in developing the railway system may appear, it still contrasts very disadvantageously with the progress of our neighbours in the United States of America. From the seventh census, printed by order of the House of Representatives, it appears that Abstract A. Number of Miles open to Traffic. Number of Miles in Progress. Total MUes. On the 1st of January, 1852 On the 1st of January, 1853 10,843 13,266 10,898 12,681 21,741 25,947 Increase in 1 year 2,423 1,783 4,206 This active spirit of railway extension is not confined to one or two of the States ; but appears to be, to a greater or less extent, characteristic of at least twenty-one of them. The following Table contains a large amount of information on the extent of passenger traffic on the railways of this country ; viz : — (a.) The average fare per mile for each class of passengers for each year since the 7thof August, 1840. (b.) The number of passengers of each class who travelled during each year, (c.) And the amount of money received for passenger traffic from each class during each year. o 'cS H -^ - /Grand \ Total. 09 o CO O t- 00 O lO CO -^ -< CD C as o? OT O CO 1— 1 CO 05 O iO C3 CO 03 'r:** CO I- m 00 CO O o_ ■"1 ^- '^^ «3 l~ t~„ t-_ '^^ CD__ Cr3 CO 00 03 rH t-_GO rH CO 05 03 CO !>-" t-^ co" COt— T co" 1-" 0" cd" go hi" CO 03" in 5 i-\ Oi >o O? CO -^ >o 10 10 CD CD t* CO O! 00 -!)( rH CO >. O! CO in 03 t— "^ CO CO CO CO s 0« Oi i-H CO m t' o? -5)1 in in a cs -* ^. ^ ^ 03 I- CD in in Qi • • COlO of O! O! CS 10 CO O! a '11 : : -* 00 CO 03 CO -ct< O? 03 t^ CO .s 03 C» 03 o_ -^_ 0!_ ao_ m 03 03 •■^ «• •g co'co" 0" cr:^ in 03" cro" rH 03 CO. bo a C3 r-H rH rH rH O! l~ O! rH iO 1— ! i-H t~ lO o »o o 03 03 CO t- t~ CO • ■^ O I— 1 >o CO Oi " rH CO O! l- -* t- OJ CO rH i ro t~- lO c» I— 1 o CO »n CO !>■_ in CO t- t~ rH CO e3 PM t-'oT r-T c0 co" rH 00 t~ i- O! O? O ; O CO CO O! CO CO im CO -^ ^ t~ -* CS> in ^ O! o Ti CO CO -^ iO F— 1 iO GO r-H Oi CO in 03 rH CO in E^ 3 CO C— 1 C55 O!^ CO__ 03_^ CD_ r-H CO CO O! 03 OJ 03 in ^ -T^T t-" t-T of of -^" CO 00 Ot rH CO ^ 00 00" 0" t-* « ^H ^ rH r— ' CO O! O? O! O! 03 CO r-H ^ O O' o o O? CO -* ^ CO 03 00 r-H 00 O! HI ^ cc. ^ CO CO CO >0 1-1 CO t^ 03 0? 00 t- HI H M O C:- ^»^ lO C0_^ rH CO_ 1> m t~ CO t' t^ 03__ H^O!^ O" co' O" co" ra -^" 0" of of 00 HI m cn CO"03* u CO o? t- CO t^ t- CD t- 00 03 C- CO t- i~ -!* in 4-1 io_ o cc * * ' ' . . CD 10 CO 03 O! CO CO CO in rH Of t • • O! rH CO in CO iH CO ■ • 03 03 03 OS 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 M t- 1^- Ol ^ r~* 10 00 CO t- i:~ CO Oi H 03 CO CO t- ni o C5 '^:t^ O CD ^ CO lO i^ 00 in CO 10 o! m Oi -* ag <^-^ ot 02 G^ O? O! rt 03 03 OD 03 03 03 03 03 (33 03 ,* PM O rH -^ rH rH 4j r-i ' ' ' .... rH - O CO CO O cn 0: CO »o -^ C3 iO -t* — h rH 00 CO ^.g 'S " o? C^ O GO o 03 CO CD r-H 0( C2 ]— 1 GO CO CO in 00 O) GO 00 t- CO CO »o -«^ >^ 10 CO 10 ITS m in ^ o rH tH tH rH rH ,H .li rH .^ rH rH r^ r^ rH rH rH ,H • CO CO CO O CO 03 O! CO CD CO OS t- CO CO C3 CO in > +J (/) r-i 1-1 O OS o 'dl rH ■-# ^ 00 I-H 00 ^ Oi CO < -5.5 lO ao ip -^ lO CO 0( cp rH C« rH rH rH rH o 6^ OT o; c« CN CT O! cfi! 6t 0( CT 6? 0? 0? O! (Oi d* . ' . rH C? CO . . ^ 10 CD 1~ ^-^ . GO Oi i-i , — ■ ^ Oi Oi O O O) tn ■^ "^ "^ "^ il ■^ -^ 10 iO m in C» GO GO ca 'S 00 OD 00 00 ' 00 GO 00 CO 00 00 ^ CO rH r- rH ^^ 1— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 P^ g. iH r-H 1— i I— 1 tH r-< ^ 3 * un CO -^ CO O OS rH t-" oi" o" o t-^ to'o CO «D CO o 05 CO t- lO ct" 00 -^ o t- o TO 00 TO CO TO TO O ):- rH OT OS -^ CD W3 CO TO >0 O! rH C« CT_^ 00 CD 1— i CD CT_ t-^ M3 oTc^i cT 00 t-" t-" o' o" lO -Jctcoio os' o O lO CO I— t O ^ CO rH CO 00 -5)1 O 05 »0 lO t- 1-1 iH OT -<* o i-T ■* lO 00 OS CT 03 0_0_CT r-Ti-ri-H* CT hT TO_ Average Distance by each Passenger without distinction of Class. u-t in in Lrt K K. K K . N CT\ in l-^ K inoo do \b vb \b in OS in en If- TO in 1-1 CO TO CT >o ■HI O 1 • • • • • • ; ro o o ^- t* CO lb CD CO 1 • 'iH OJ CT iH rH iH iH rH rH ^ . 1 S HO "? « CO CO .^ t- lO OS iH CT OS O O '^ '^ ; lo ' ci « rH C* C« C* CT O rH — O rH o * eS r-i ' 1-1 iH r-l 1-1 tH iH iH 1-1 rH 7-1 rH |3 g'S E^ 1 "a » TO -H • OJ 05 00 CO lb CD do OO 1> TO OS CT -^ lb lb CO lb 1?- ib lb ^" r-H rH iH 1-1 1-1 r-l l-i T~i r-l r-< r-t r— 1 1 ^ "m "" »0 CO 00 OO CO ^ CD CO OS O lO CT 'P 1 • ^ 03 1 1^ r "=> " 03 1^ Ci! iM do do do do J^ do W ph 3 ' rH "to d OJ TO TO CT CT CT CT CT CT CT 1 'di O ^ OS rH rH CO t- OT ^ OJ CO TO ^ -^ '^ CO OT 0?_OT_ ia CD OS OT rH o O^ g • • * « . . cT oo" t~ O CT ^ OS t-" 00 • . . OJ 05 CT CO t~ t- OS o r- 1—11—1 TO l~ r-l CD CD ro_ l> 1 CO TO oT o" t-" r-T oo" 00 os" t^ '^f I— t OT CO rH CD t- l- M CT CT CT OT OT Hl O CO 00 TO 1* CO 1—1 00 C OT OS o t- m 00 05 TO -5|( 1-1 CO CO CO CT I- O t- t- S -H 00 CO 00 CD C« TO TO_ CO ^__ ^__ lO °°. m o .00 .I- -i;)! 00 »ra 1-1 o" TO TO O O t^ r-T r5 'h . t~ ; o m ^ ^ ^ ^ CO 00 00 00 3 O 00 OS O rH HI HI lO lO CO CO 00 00 i o CT 00 I— 1 !— 1 1— ( I— t 1—1 1—1 I— 1 r-l H rH rr r-i rH H T-l ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 237 This Table shews that the average distance travelled by the passengers of each class is yearly becoming less and less. This is observable in a remarkable degree in the second, third, and the parliamentary classes ; and also to some extent in the first class. The following Abstract gives a succinct view of these facts : — Abstract E. During the Years Average Distance in Miles travelled by Passengers in the 1 First Class. Second Class. Third Class. Parliameutary Class. All Classes. 1844 to 47 1848 ... 51 1852 28-6 28 2 26-6 17-7 15-7 15-1 12-5 11-0 10-0 20-1 16-4 16-0 17-7 16-3 15-8 The figures given in this Abstract disclose the remarkable feature connected with the introduction of cheap fares, and which, at first sight, may appear anomalous, viz., that of passengers by the parliamentary trains, travelling greater distances than those by either the second or third class carriages. An examination, however, of the facts given in Table II, with regard to third class passengers, will help to throw some light on this result. It will be there seen that, ever since the year 1846, little or no change has taken place in the amount of the third class traffic ; in fact, the obviously absurd plan in use in this country, of having four classes or grades of passengers, has had the efi'ect of almost neutralizing the third class and substituting the parliamentary ; but this is evidently not the only effect which the cheap parliamentary fares have had on the character of the passenger traffic. The upper and middle classes, for whom the first and second class modes of conveyance are more particularly designed, are so circumstanced in their travelling excursions, as to be called on to go greater distances than those to whom the lower fares are a necessity. The avocations, business arrangements, and social relations of the wealthy and the middle classes are generally such as to involve the necessity of travelling to greater distances, and hence we should naturally expect the lessening average distance of each journey as shewn in Abstract E, with respect to the first, second, and third classes ; but whence the amount of the increased distances travelled by the parlia- mentary class beyond that by either the second or third class "? It will be found in the circumstance of the immense disparity between the fares of the paliamentary trains and those of the first and second class, which induces a large number of persons, going distant journies, to economise their expenses by the great saving in the prices of parba- mentary trains. And this explanation will be fully understood by any one makmg a careful examination of the ninth column of Table II, and also the fifth column of Table III, in which it will be found, that during the year 1852 the traffic of the parliamentary class had so rapidly and so greatly increased, that 3p 238 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. The total Mileage exceeded that of the Third Class by 334,416,156 miles. The total Mileage exceeded that of the First Class by 209,978,861 ... The total Mileage exceeded that of the First and ) p, „,„ „«< ° [ 54,616,984 ... Third Classes united by J And even exceeded the total Mileage of the Second ] „ .^ Class by ) Nothing more is needed to shew the growing importance of cheap fares, and whence arises the unexpected result of the prolonged average journeys in the parliamentary classes beyond all the other classes except the first. It might almost be affirmed, from an inspection of column 5, Table II, and the last column of Abstract D, that even railway directors are themselves beginning to understand the importance of parliamentary trains and cheap fares ; for while the fares of every other class shew a very decided tendency to increase, the scale of the parliamentary class has been gradually lowering ever since the year 1849; and the legitimate consequence of this decrease in the rate of charge has been an increase of the revenue of that class, both absolutely, and relatively to the receipts from the whole passenger traffic. Abstract F. During the Yeais ending Amount of Revenue from 1 All Classes. Parliaraentary Classes. Eatio of Eeceipts in Parliamentary Class to all Classes. 30th June, 1 849 . . 30th June, 1852 . . 6,105,975 7,984,652 £ 1,059,786 1,809,163 17-3 per cent. 23-7 per cent. Increase . . 1,878,677 749,377 It thus appears, that no less than 22-7 per cent, of the whole revenue from passenger traffic arises from parliamentary fares. Apart from their financial interest and value, some of the conclusions arising directly out of the preceding Tables and Abstracts are of immediate importance in questions hereafter arising in this paper. 1st. The fact that, while since the year 1842 the extent of railway communication has increased 296 per cent., the number of passengers has increased at the higher ratio of 357 per cent. 2nd. Although the total mileage has increased from 332,500,000 miles to no less than 1,370,792,153 miles per annum in the same period, still the average distance travelled by each passenger, taking all classes collectively, has decreased from 17*5 miles to 15-8 miles each journey; and, 3rd. Consequently, this modification in the traffic of passengers must be attended with an increased number of arrivals and departures from the various railway stations, relatively to the whole amount of passenger traffic; a ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 239 circumstance which will be found to have an important bearing on some of the results to be hereafter discussed. Much has of late been written on the causes of railway accidents, and an endless variety of suggestions have been offered for their prevention for the future; but, almost without a single exception, the whole of what has been written, and all the remedies proposed, appear to have originated from observations on isolated, or at all events on a very partial number of cases, and nothing like a fair attempt has been made to analyse the whole of the accidents, so as to shew the numerical frequency of each kind, or its tendency to occasion loss of life or limb. Some, while urging the necessity of improvement in the use and management of signals, will be found to assume that nearly aU the accidents are due to causes which the suggested improvements would remove. Others again, while adopting the same view to a greater or less extent, take for granted that the bulk of all the accidents assume the form of collisions, and not contenting themselves with the simple aid of the telegraph and other station signals, bring before the public new forms of breaks and other kindred appliances, calculated to stop, in a speedy manner, trains while in motion. These and many other modes of looking at railway accidents, may, and very likely will, lead to improvements; but still it will be found that the majority of accidents would be left untouched, and a great deal would remain to be done before anything like a considerable reduction in them is effected. From looking at so important a subject from such partial points of view, very little benefit is to be hoped ; and under this conviction it has been thought necessary, prior to entering on the consideration of remedies, to ascertain, as correctly as possible, the true nature, extent, and causes of the various kinds of accidents. A little reflection will suffice to shew that all railway accidents may be so classified as to exhibit them — 1st. In relation to causes directly connected with the state and condition of the road and permanent way ; and, 2nd. As connected with the construction and management of the rolling stock, namely, engines, carriages, trucks, &c. And this last branch of the classifi- " cation is susceptible of many subdivisions ; for even assuming that the permanent way, locomotive machinery, and appliances, were perfect in construction and durability, a large class of accidents will be found to take place from causes involving the considerations of skill in the man- agement of the various details of a railway and the working of trains and signals. In the following analysis of the accidents, an attempt has been made to effect such a classification of them as would shew to what extent they were due to causes beyond the control of the respective companies ; and also exhibit in what degree they were due to causes falling within the control or management of the companies. By this mode of inquiry, results, it is hoped, will be arrived at to enable the 240 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. public either to judge how far the frequently occurring accidents are susceptible of diminution, by the exercise of greater vigilance on the part of the railway staff and the employment of greater intelligence, or, by bringing into more prominent view the defects in the construction and maintenance of the permanent way and the machinery, to suggest improvements. In such an analysis, considerable care is needed as to the precise form or kind of cause under which the accidents should be arranged ; for it is evident that the same general kind of accident might be repeated over and over again, but in a slightly modified form in regard to some of its details, thus rendering it quite possible to make many subdivisions in the general class or cause. It must, however, be obvious that subdivisions of this kind might be carried so far as to deprive the results of any practical value : unless each embraced a sufficient group of facts from which to draw conclusions, not only as to the characteristic results of that particular class of accidents, but also as to the permanency of the connecting circumstances usually giving birth to them, no importance could be attached to such minute subdivisions. In order to avoid the evils which would result from any attempt to deduce general principles from observations on a distinctive group of accidents of small numerical value in itself, several such groups have in many cases been combined, having one or more points of common agreement. Keeping considerations of this kind closely in view, and never losing sight of the urgent necessity, that the results to be arrived at should have a strictly practical bearing and application, the analysis made has recognised twelve principal causes or rather conditions under which accidents have taken place, six of which are assignable to circumstances over which the companies have no direct or certain control ; the other six embracing causes which fall directly under the control of the companies, through their officers and servants. Having thus decided on a mode of inquiry which was deemed calculated to exhibit with sufficient precision for practical purposes the causes of the various accidents, it next appeared important to adopt a separate and distinct classification of them as they affected passengers, as they affected the public not passengers for the time being, and as they affected the officers and different servants of railway companies. As it was also of importance to determine the variations, if any, at different periods in the frequency of railway accidents from different causes, the results will be found given for each year, for each cause, and for each class of persons. In the following eight Tables will be found a detailed record of the number of persons killed, and of the number injured, in each year since 1840, from each of twelve different causes. Table IV has reference to passengers only. Table V has reference to the public not passengers, very often the friends of passengers accompanying them to the station, or meeting them on arrival. Table VI has reference to trespassers on the lines. Tables VII — XI inclusive, relate to the employes of the companies. ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 241 '^ I" "^ H o ■paanfnr 05O»0r-(C0i— 'CO O-^ CO 33 •p^nra O2>oiocoo ■psina • O "CirHlCi .lo "lO CO c« 1— 1 ■pa-mfax GO W W 0« T-l ' Ot CO rH r-~< rH • C^ 00 < CO rH C< •p^ina • ej • rH C* CO t' CO » a GO ■paanfai O X I— 1 rH OJ i-H l-~ • a rH • 0( • CO . o? CO C55 •painx 5 CO CO •pamfai >0 CO • r^ ^ CO r- . < •paitra >o . . rH - rH Cq • T-H ' rH TO •painfuj ; ; ; I * rH lO r-~ CT . o= •panix ; ; ; ; ; ; — ^ Ot • Co • O? ■ Oi OJ rH -H ,-H .CO ! CO i 1— 1 •pamfai COi^t^O-^C^ira -XirHO * 1 c< •psifiS ^ro — o( • ot • • ^ • Ci • -* « •0(j aoaajajajj rHC^CO-^iOCDL-^QOCftOr-IG^t T-H r-, T-H • _ i o 6 Collision Offline Eunning into station . . . Axle breaking (d) . . . . Machinery ditto (e) . . . Falling from train (c) . . . Jumping from ditto (6) . . Eun over (/) Collision at station . . . Mounting train in motion (a) Crushed Miscellaneous ■3 1^ S .0 ^ !3 .^ n H ►^ S5 '■« n s: « rt ■S « H <4i 1^ ^ i-j ■ii Ph •pajtifni CO T-H C5 • rH Of CD O! • OJ CO •paitra CO Tf CO . CO ^ CO • 0( rH I- rH m GO I-H ■pajufai • -J* • . M xo CO ■pams • .CO • 01 rH CO . . rr . OD •pamfni iO ira ■pisinx .CO . . rH CO . rH . • CO d CO iH •pajnfui . . ' i-H ' rH c< ■PSITFH . CO . • rH • . rH -^ rH a 3 GO 1— 1 ■paanfui * I ', . rH -^ M5 ■pailTX • 03 ■ • rH rH r-l 'pa-mfuj . rH * • rH Si •p3ri!H . CO . • df. 00 CO r-l' •pajntai . CO • • a 10 ■pains 0( O! • rH ' ' rH rH rH 00 1— 1 •painfuj CD • ' rH t* •pains rH rH a • • rH rH ■paaofai 3< • -* • • « 00 ■pains rH m ia • rH 00 1 •pamfui r-i rH CO • ^ 05 •pams 0( • Ot • rr .... . ,— 1 ■ rH CO CO 00 paatifiii CO • rH ^ ■paiUS . • r-t 1 * rH X 1—1 paiufuj rH .f-H • " OJ •pams X • • X ■pajuraX rH ■ iO . • ffi ■pains • t-- . - £- d 00 paanfux rH • rH • • o« •pains tH . . "* ■Oi-i CO rH 00 • • CD . O OS 33 , rH GO 1— ( pajnfaj . . -^ . • !-l CO 00 •panra . . JO • • CO • O! r-1 • CO r— 1 CO rH •pajtifaj; . . t- . . . CO c •painx . . . . „ r-l . O . . . . . CO . . « lO 03 CO in 00 •paiiifux . — 1 -H CO . ■ . lo o ■pi>mx • I 1 • o • rH OJ OT CO C5 —4 00 CO 1-1 ■painfaj ! '. '. ; ; • rH • lO t- •p^nra • CO • <-t a ■ CO •pamfui •psiira • ^ . rH .CO 00 rH rH CO . CO rH • CO CO — i •pamfaj; 1-1 . oo ; ; OS ■psira . . CO : :- ; ; CO rH ■pamfni • • T-H . r~t « •PSIIH rH . CO -^ 00 CO GO •psjnftij • ■ CO ■ • r-l "* K co CO ■p^nix O? 2 CO Hi GO rH •painful c« c^( ■ • -* H ■p^nra rH . iCi . t^ GO •X)9.itifni r- rH >0 • I- •panra . . o • a 0( 00 CO •pajtifai CO • o . ■p^ms ^ • CO . . rH • "r(4 00 •p9jnfni • • lO - •p^iux rH • to . i~ X •pajnfni a . . . o? •parnx • • a • • i—i • CO '0^ 90U8.T9J3JJ ^HOiCO'i<»ncOl^QC'OSO— *c« I P 3 o is O Offline Axle breaking Machinery ditto . . . . Falling from train . . . . Jumping from ditto . . . Run over .... Collision at station . . . Mounting train in motion . Crushed Miscellaneous •^ I 3 o El •pajnfai COrH "■rHrHOJC0»O-*rH^0= rr Oi . ,—ir—i rH CO •psiIIH CO CB rH •l-*OCO"^CO-^COO ^ r-i CO C^? CO •pajnfnj r- lO- • ; ; « • . oj • . . c rH r-t rH •p^njs . CO . • rH rH i-H . CO rH • rH 00 •psiiifnx • Ol • . .-. . . . ,-t , . _ •p-sins • r-t • ■ O? CO • • • rH O! O? rH O CO ■psm fdj rH C* • • CO • . .CO ■ . O! rH •p^iira ; ; ; ■ 0« ... rH .. rH ^ I— 1 •paitifaj Ci . . • C* . . . ; • O! O! X •p^inx r-t C* • * I I I I . . • CO o CO •painfai • )0 • • •-! • r-t .CO . rH . •pains t-H Oi • :- : : : • rnrn . CO 5; 00 •pajnCuj T-l CO . . • -< ■ rH . . . . •p^iiix •-f ^ . • . . rH CO rH . . r-, r-i CO 2 ■pajnjui Of CO 00 •pgjnfni c^^ i-i • . rH . rH • O •paillS • OJ • :::::- CO CO i 1— 1 ■ CO -ps.inj'ui :^ : . O? rH . . . • T~i r-i 5 •psinx O? O! . . ' r-i » • ••• a )> 4. •p8.inrnj :- : • • CO • . : : :-^ ^ •painx . rH rH . . • 1-1 • • CO i OO ■pamftii • • r-i . Oi .„ . . -* •pamx . ' r~t . rH « 1-H -^ 00 ■pa-mfuf . . . . 0( • • O! -* •pamx • w r—t • 1 - d CO ■pajnfni -* • . . O! • . . CO •psmx . . j-t :::::: rH •0^ 8 on8.Taj9jj rrO!CO^>OCOl~a0O5 <= r-t a —' r^ r-l : 5 a o ■a O 05 S O Running into station . . . Axle breaking ... Machinery ditto . . . . Falling from train . . . Jumping from ditto . . . Run over Collision at station . . . Mounting train in motion . Crushed Miscellaneous Total . . . ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 243 o H CO i o H QD •pajnfui .c^w^iojL-coi^-r . i-H OJ rH rH — . ■:> •pains 00 CO rH , rH X iO rH lO t^ CO O , r— O? rH r^ rH rH •pajnfni ^ CO • rH CO rH . Hll rH C< rH l— •pains C* '^l) • r-H rH . rr — CO CO « -J. QO •pajtifni '. '"' • rH r-, rH . Oi • -H CO z. •pailFS rH OJ . . c< . . • • rH - ~ d CO rH ■pamfiil • r— I i-H • -H rH . . . C< . "^ ■ X •P»IIIS r-l . • « >0 rH Ot rH • . Til CO OS ■pajiifuj ; ; . ^ ^ . . . rH . C< l.-- •paiiis 1-1 ot • CO CO • • i—i Ot ' i-i co rH QO ■pajufni a CO • r-t • — rH CT • CO -^ _:. •paillS ; •"■ • C< ^ rH O! . • ^ . rH CO 1—1 •pajnfai -H ^ • O* '^ • r-i OJ . rH O! t^ •pains ^ ^ •'-•l-^rHOiOirHO!^ •pajTifui ^ Oi • -H . . rH -* • r-t ^ rH rH •pains • rH • ^ • rH . . . CO -H I— id) 1— 1 •pajiifnj ^ r-^ • r-l a • • Ot r-l . . 3D •pams rH iH • • Ol -^ rH ' • rH i.^ •pajufni C« -H • « CO • a a rH •pains : -> • rH a « CO CO :o •pamfii]; • • ^ r-H lO •pains . . rH ; -1 -X 00 I— 1 ■pajtifui rH • • « -H rH iO •pains rH - • t-^ « ^ 1-4 ■painfux • • Ol rH rH ^ •pains ; ; ■ i 1— 1 •p3.m ["tti ; lO • >o •pains rH ; ; -^ •Of,! aou8J3j»)i i-.c o ^ cd g 3 ^ •1 . . . a «•■ 1 •S 2 f2 60 • S 3 rTli 03 1 3.2 Sc5§ ^ •?^ 1^ Q "IS M «c CD '^ -s^ C^ ^ t^ ^ I o H •painfni 'JJ rH rH rH . CO (.- . -cr X CO CN O rH . r- CO c rH ■pams CO CO rH i- 0( CO -^ O -^ i^ , CO rH r^ rH CO 1~ 1 — 1 CO •pajtifai « CO • a • rH . OJ o rH •pains . CO • -H '. ~ • rH CO O! rH o •pamfiij ; " ; ; ; ; • • C^ CO ■pains • ~; • ot a r-i \a c-i rH d GO r-( •pajtifttj ■ rH rH • rH -^ O! rH lO rH •pams rH r- CO CO . « CO CO • _ ci X 1— I •painful '. rH ^ • • rH -f "^ rH ■pains '. • O rH r-i a rH ^ rH CO rH •pajnluj CO —1 0« rH ' rH • ' O^ rH •pains • Oi ' -^ rH 'Ti ' -il rH 'X} HI rH •pajufui rH rH • Ol rH CX • Ot • CT •pains CI rH ' -Ti • • rH rH m rH 00 ■paanruj • CO rH rH ' rH rH -:■( — •pams '. '. -f C-t rH rH rH a o ■H< X rH •pajii Uii rH « « ; • C<( L— •pains ; ^ rH • — ^ HI GO •pajnluj rH ■^ : ■ -f CO •pains rH • =* lO CO HI X- ■paaufuj -# rH 0( •pams ^ rH iO C^^ HI ■X rH •pajtifui rH - c< •pains rH rH rH • ^^ CO l^ 5 CO •pajufujr rx • — ; Ol ■ lO ■pains '• '• rH rH O 00 ■pajnltii rH ' ^ C^ ■pams • • . ; ■oji 3on3.iajaa rHOirO-PiOCOC^XCl O rH C« rr rH rH ; 3 "o Q g ■•2 • • ^ S • fi « -i ■- s - 2 r^ ; i • ! CD g S ^ 00 S3 c " S^'ots sa:3 sa SiSjfJ'S S 5'° a . ■q • a a • s-i ■s '^ ^ 3 2^ "3 244 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. S S. ^ ^ " s> M ><; "w O s P^ ^ * ^ (^ V P3 i o H ■psjiirni . OT . • • »0 (^* t^ t^ CO 00 i-H tH cm CO •pama • T-\ • • • O !X5 r-l ^ Ci f— 1 lO • f— ( CO "^ r-H ir- 00 ■pa-rafni . iH • • . . r-( T-l i-H O OJ CO 03 •p^itra : : : : • i-H rH to r-H O) I- i-H 03 1-1 o CO 1— ( •pajtifaj : : : ■ • O? . . T-l rH CS! U5 •psnis - r— t • • • • • CO tH 1-1 00 lO 02 •paiujtij • • I— 1 • • . rH CO 1 >« 1 •psitra . r-( . ^ • OT CM CS 1— I ■pamjui • r— 1 • • • CO ^ 00 •psiira • — 1 rH CO . T)l rH CO GO 1— 1 •pajtitai ; ; r-1 -ril r-< CO •psnra • CO CO ^ • o rH 00 1— 1 ■pamfni • T— 1 • • 7-\ O? -^ •PSIITX . CO . lO • — CO • at rH CO pajnfaj • I— 1 • • • • 'idH • I— 1 rH t- •p^nra • ■ rH T— 1 rH ■ ^ • t^ CO •pamfnj • • • T— 1 • • rH • c< •patira • t— t iH I— 1 rH • I— 1 pH CO •p9jnfal . . . CO • • • r-H '^ •pams • • T-l • • . Of CO CO OO i-I •pgrnfui • • • CO rH -* •p^nra • • Ca rH 00 1 •paanfui . i-H . • • cH • . o* ■psnra -' ; r-i * ' ^^ * CO p-4 00 I— I •pamCai ^H • r^ ,-\ * < f CO ■p^ina I— 1 l-H I— 1 • • • r— t ^ d 2 ' •pgitifaj ; •psiira t—l — •ON aouajsjag THO!:0^raOi:-xc:Oi-(.-?« rH rH T— 1 ; 1 CI 'cc O c . o . . .1 . . CO .5 3 i> bo OCDTfgoOiOC«-5J( l-H • -. >« =« OT CO c~ i> 1 00 CO CO" 00 l-H •pajnfnj C« • rH iO fH CO CO "CD • l-H CO •pailTH O • . ^ -a . CO CO CO • . • CO . rH CO CO rA O CO r-i •painfni ; rH rH CT CO • r;)! -^f CO rH at •psmx r-l 7-1 • a •a0rH>OC«c0O3rH OJ rH CO CO d oo r-4 psanfni • rH CO tH • rH OJ rH CO • l-H •psilTS i—i rHiOCOOS •COCOH' CO • rH rH 05 d rH painltii CO l-H ia rH l-H •OOOt* • rH rH , ■p^inx r—i • CO O! rH . CO O! O at 00 00 00 ■pa.mfm COrHCO'cf— .C6.OC0 CO CO •PSIUH l-H . • O rH lO lO CO ■'^ 'dl • rH ^ rH CO oo X 1— 1 ■pamfui . ^ . . • O? "* -5)1 rH . rH «> l-H l-H CO •psmx • O! .O! •COM50D •'*COC< • • • CO • CD GO •pajnfai OCT -rHCOrHCOOOrHOJOio! CO •psrox ,-{,.. rH Oi at Ot . CO CO ^ rH CO fH •pamfrei rH CT> ,• . . O? rH lO . C* C« rH CO ■p^nra rH O! . . CO >0 rH a= • CO rH rH " rH - CO CO 00 •H •pajtifni >0 rH . . ■ CO rH rH . rH — 1* rH •paiira » l-H • • . ^ CO CO 1— t • -CO l-H • - 00 at CO iH •pamfHi rH . . . • « . -1* • a> at at CO l-H •panra • ; ; ; • lO rH rH . . ^ . l-H ' ' • rH at cc •paanfuj OJ • • . • CO rH rH • at ci rH l-H • at at •PSITTS ; ; ; ; • CO Oi (^ ._ CO rH tr- ot 51 00 r-l ■pajnCiij ■ l-H ■ • • rH « rH . rH • CO • 00 rH ■pailttl . rH Of OS . rH . • l-H CO GO rH •psiiifuj • c^^ rH « . CO • 00 •pains • . rH 02 • c« • at •OH sonaaapa rH0iC0^»OC0t*aC)0»OrH0i l-H l-H l-H ; a ^C 'a "o O • .2 • ■ S . .3:3 CD fl t^ •s|^; " a 'J 1 . . ^ E P ^ i3 o rt BC C > O • rt ^ a 'S 1 o s ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 245 The following is a condensed summary of the results of the preceding eight Tables:— Abstract G. Deaths and Injuries amongst Different Classes, from all Causes, from the 1th August, 1 840, to the ilst December, 1853. ClASS. Killed. Injiired. Batio of Injured to Killed. Passengers 266 1,796 65 675-90 per cent. 37-14 ... Public, by their own negligence . . . 175 Trespassers 806 84 27-45 Engine Drivers 73 94 138-77 Stokers ]16 127 117 123 100 65 106-04 ... 78-74 ... 55-56 ... Guards Porters Other Servants 648 321 49-54 ... Total 1,828 2,648 144-86 per cent. The last column of this Abstract shews in one respect a most remarkable difference in the way in which the accidents aifect passengers and the servants of the companies. The number injured amongst passengers being in the ratio of 675-20 per cent, to that of the killed ; but amongst railway servants, the number of injuries falls short of the number of deaths, the ratio of injuries being almost exactly 65 per cent, of the deaths. The cause of this distinction will hereafter appear. On referring to Table II preceding, it will be found, that within the period to which the facts of the preceding Abstracts relate, the total number of passengers amounted to 615,133,727. And, consequently — '-^ — , or one in every 2,312,533 passengers has been killed since the 7th of August, 1840. And in like manner ^^^4^M^, or one in every 342,502 passengers has sustained 1,79b serious bodily injury in the same time. So that, if the causes which have hitherto prevailed in producing railway accidents should remain constant, the preceding ratios would measure the risk of life and limb in railway travelling. The following Table gives the result of Tables IV to XI, in a more condensed form by omitting the causes of the accidents. 3 R Co I •»* S ft? e 8 fc< 8 8 E^ CO lo -en ^ CO O W3 1— 1 00 'p9in[ni OS CO 00 o c« O CO CO CO 3 o ^H o? o iO CO CO CD Tr- t- 00 GO CO t~ o t- rH Ol iH -* c« •p9irT3 OJ rH CO rH l-l iH CO 00 iH 1— ( 00 00 o t- CO 03 J> CO OD •pamftii 00 CO I— ( rH rH co ^ o ^^ 05 I-l 00 « 05 CO CD ■p^iira o Ot CO l—t 1— 1 iH r-* >H CO »o o m O CO iH iH 00 p-i ■pamfui co l-l rH iH Oi CO 00 CO CO 05 I— 1 CO -di OS CO iH 'p^Tiya CO Ci OS l-l iH iH CO iH (N ,_^ OJ o ,_l 00 lO »o (?! ■^ •paitifai QO I— 1 iH iH SK «5 O C« vn GO 00 iH r-H 'dl CO ^H OS OS 03 T-flLf)! 08 (N CO l-l d t- o CM CO »o t- 00 t- ^ 00 iH CD •paitifai 03 1-* -* 00 iH oo CO o t- CO CO ITS CO OJ OS ■p^ifis c« l-H CO J-i rH iH 00 OS tH «5 Oi 00 I-l ^ O CO CO OS •painful CO l-l t-l iH CO iH f-H Ot 1-1 o 00 CO CO ->* c« o CO o? ■p^ms c« CO iH c« iH GO o O! CO »o OS CO t~ 05 -^ ,_, ^ •pamfni OS I— 1 CO t- iH 1-1 r-i t~ I— 1 « o c< 1:~ iH •psiITS CO « CO rH ct iH CD iH O? o t- CJ ■«# (—1 05 t- « iO •psjnfni O! iH 1— 1 CO o CD O! t- lO 00 t~ t- 05 t- r-t tH •pama iH T-i I— t CO tH b- 00 ^ m 00 l- OS CO ^ •pamCni GO « ^ O 00 ^ CO l~ CO CO CO O •pamx ""■ c« CO O IH •pamftii o 05 'cH CO C ^ l~ ^ JO c« -ctl CO 00 -5)1 •painx CO O I— 1 T-H CO O! K5 00 iH CD 00 r— ( •painfaj CO « 00 ^ >c C< OS iH •pains »o 00 O! ^ l~ CO CO •pginfai CO 00 CO «> ^ ^ >o CO 00 iH 00 Ttl 1— r— 1 •PSTRS CO t- t^ l-l ; I— 1 ■5dl CO OS CD o •pamfn]; CT -* c* c« CO >o o? • 00 CO CO ■ rH •pamx ^ CO rH I— I iH C a 'Eb n 1 u o H PJ PM H W CQ o fS O ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 247 The following condensed summary of this Table, so far as passengers are affected, shews, in a very satisfactory way, the gradual diminution of railway accidents. Abstract H. Pebiod. Passengers. Eatios. Number. KUled. Injured. One killed in One injured in 1840-43 1844-47 1848-51 1852 57,617,578 156,698,002 364,173,027 86,758,997 61 68 107 30 260 370 785 381 944,650 2,304,382 2,468,907 2,891,966 221,606 423,508 336,526 227,714 It thus appears that, while in the years 1840-43, there was 1 killed in every 944,550 passengers, there was, in the years 1848-61, only 1 in every 2,468,907 passengers, being not one death for two which happened in the earlier period. So also will a reduction be found to have taken place in the ratio of passengers injured. In like manner will Table XII furnish the means by which to determine the relative number of railway servants killed and injured in the same periods ; but it is proposed, in the first place, to keep to that part of the inquiry which affects the passengers only. This, although really the least important branch of the subject, so far as loss of life is concerned, is, nevertheless, that in which the general public is most interested ; and, as the daily and periodical press have recently taken up the matter so warmly, as complete an analysis of it will be given in this paper as the available facts and data will admit of being accom- plished. In order to carry out this view, the whole of the materials have been re-arranged in the following eight Tables, from which a very distinct and complete know- ledge of the intensity of each cause in producing accidents among all the classes of persons observed upon, in each year, and throughout the whole period, may be obtained. It will be seen from Tables XIV and XV, that the number of deaths from railway accidents among the public, not being either passengers or employes, is much greater than amongst passengers merely. The number of passengers killed, according to Table XIII, is 266. The number killed of the public (neither passengers nor employes), by their own negligence, and of trespassers, is 481. But the consideration of the last group of deaths will be likewise reserved for discussion in the latter part of this communication. s < ^ o ^ Z5 ^ H r^J > *--H fM '3 •psmfnx Co : : : : I ; ; ; ; • ; »o ■psms O! • • • CO • 1-1 CO -^ • 00 CO « -* « ^ t- CO l-H rH CO t' CO OO ^ era ^ CO CO o o 00 ■psitra ^ r-1 • l-H CO . rH CO t- F— 1 t~ . CO CO CO 7-1 OJ CO Bun over. •pamfni : : : : ; : : : : ; r-i • r-t • ot ; « •psiIVS :- : : l-H • • • ,-t i-\ CO lO ^ ^ CO rH -* Jumping- from Train. •pajnlxii lO 00 00 iO CO -^ CO 05 l-~ CO CO CO r-, ^ i—l ^ CO ■P^IITS • a • -^ CO « c« in >o rH « rH 00 -* « CO Falling fi'om Train. ■pa-tnCnf C? CO O! r- 00 1— I • • rH C« C« • (K c« CO CD rH •psiira !o • l-H • . . lO lO 0« lO • C5 CO : CO 1 •psmftix CO lO o 1-^ CO ^ LO lO 00 rH O lO « r^ rH o 00 CO o oo CO HI •p^tira -^ CO • t- >0 CO rH Ot • . C^ CO 00 CO 03 W- O i-H C«i 1 El ■pajnfai OJ 5D C« ■* CO 00 (:» >0 05 « 10 o? « rH 00 CO •pail'il '^ t- 00 =D QO « i-l r-l r-i a CO 00 rH CO rH « « at CO tS 1-1 O? CO '^ T)l ^ ^ 00 00 00 OD r- i-H rH 1-1 -^ vt ca t~ ""^ "^ "^^ "^ 00 GO 00 00 I— I rH 1— 1 rH 00 C35 C rH ^ ^ vo 10 CO 00 GO CO r^. rH r-i r-i 00 rH 03 5^ •pamfui r-i rH -^ C« rH OJ OS rH ^ rH >0 rH rH lO CD •p^ma iH r-i r— ( (H ■^ Oi rH ^ CO CO CO 10 g ■pa-nifuj : ; rH • ■ rH rH c« ■paina r—i T— 1 rH -H Ot rH ^ Mounting Train in Motion. •painful : rH rH '. rH ■pains - i-H « CO 2-1 •pamfai ; ; ; ; •psiira : ; ; : M •psmCni rH 10 i-H CO r— 1 CO -^ CD CO CD I—* r-t rH O! 00 •p^iitx ^ i> 00 OJ 10 CT 10 iH iH — ' ^ CD 05 CD CD rH r-i CO rH CO CO rH to -9 •pa.mrn]; ■ • • • -" : : : rH rH •paiira : : : ; • rH — 1 C.> t^ V 3 •pajnfux C« lO 03 l^ Ci 1 -* -dl C« 03 05 1— f 00 t- o o 1-1 1-1 CO 00 CO •p^LliX m t- t- OJ r-l rH 05 CO CO ^ 00 ):~ O? 1-1 CO 00 CO I- 1-1 05 CO CO CO CO CO I— 1 03 CO CO c CO !« O .-H « OT "'^ "^ "^ "'^ 00 CO 00 00 i-H rH " iH ^ >0 CD t- "^ "^ "^ "^ 00 00 00 00 I— 1 I— ' I— i rH 00 C3 O 1-1 ■^ ^ J^ vo OO GO 00 00 p-( rH iH rH OD I— 1 •paanfuj ; : ; • 1-1 r-H CO o >o CO CO CO o •pains • c< c« • . C« lO J> ; OJ 6 •pamfui ; : : : : • 1—1 iH ■PSIIFS F—l 1-1 1-1 «« O! t- rH 05 Mounting Train in Motion. •pajnCuj • 1— 1 i-t rH i-t • CJ '• CO ■paiira OJ ^ CO CO rH ^ »o CI O d d II §1 ■paotnCaj : : : ; : ; ; ; ; ; •p8[irH ; ; ; : • • • ; ; d ^ Mo •pejufui . >o lO »o 1-1 ■ CO 1-1 00 1-1 ^ • CO £~ iH ^ •psms « CO CO o CO lO C^ CO t' OJ ^ CO o 00 1-1 ^ CO o CO CO Ol CO CO CO 00 CO •pamfai ; • • 1-1 iH OJ ; ; « • . 1-1 1-1 . -^ •panrs '• : : : : ; : : ; 1-1 ; 1-1 iH H •pamfni o? . CO —1 CO c* 1—1 CO f—l 1-1 O iH ■psnis ^ -^ lO T— 1 -- ot r— ( 1-1 CO i d .3 3 •pajnfnj : • : •p^ms 1-1 rH 1-1 •pa-infuj; ■psma Running into Station. •pajnfai , •p^nrs a- 1 ■pamfax •pailTX § 'o O •pamfiii 1-1 1—1 i— I •psiirsr ; : ; 1 o 1-1 co CO t- "'^ "^ "^ "^r OO 00 00 CO 1-1 1-1 rH 1-1 00 C35 O iH xj< ^ XO iO 00 00 00 OO 1— f 1— t 1— 1 1— I 00 1-1 s^ > I X 5 H "^ fe; HB a^ a o •pamftij -* ^ -* CO to 10 ^ -o rH CO rH X rH »o —1 rH CO ::^ ■pains ■-1 rH O? CO t- t~ CO t~ rH rH 00 CO CO ^ rH r^ CO 1> 1 — 1 C0 CO t^ -* ^ ^ T# 00 CO CO GO •^ r-f '^ r-{ X rH ^ ^ 10 10 X X X 00 tH rH rH rH 10 X T—t •pa-mfui • Oi ' r^ CO rH ; ; J-i • « C« rH »o • •p^itra: a • r^ CO • CO r- « CO T-< rH ■pamfni r-i rH rH C« '. '. CO ^ •paiira r-i • ot CO CO Mounting Train in motion. ■psjufui : ^ 1— 1 ; : : ; rH •psiira • r— ( - rH • rH Oi r-\ -H a ri II •panifni \ ; lO 10 CO • CO r-t l~ C! rH •p^iira : • r-^ r-> OJ • r-< t—^ CO CD S3 g •pajufaj a ot -* • - -H ; aO 03 ■p^ros • rH rH '• '■ CO CO ; ^ P •II la =£3 ■p3.mf(il ; • r-1 r^ . O! rH 1— 1 CO ■painx ; : r-l rH Co r^ t~ bb •pajufui r-i ' j-l -H •pams ; Euuning into Station. ■pajufni : ■pains - : r-i -^ g ia •painfni ; ; ; r-t rH Oi CO t~ »o • a a <35 10 I— ( 02 ■paUTS ; ; ; CN « CO ^ r—i C« O! • r-, 10 CO I^ g 1 •painfux ^ • tH • C* OJ rH >o • a r-< • CO r-< CO F— I •pams : : '• OT • r- rH ^ r-\ r-{ • • a : CD CO rH r^^ CO -^ -Tt -t -d( 00 QO QO 00 rH I— 1 T— 1 rH ^ 10 CO l~ ■^C" "^ ""^ "'^ 00 00 00 00 rr rH rH rH CD Cji c:> j-< ^ ^ IQ lO X OC X X rH rH rH rH lit) X 3 1^ S CO S > ^ X .1 "Sv o Eh •psmfni lO ^ li^ lO « 00 -H l~ rH rH rH 00 -* t- 00 o r-, r-t 05 CO T-t CO •psinx iH ■ -* C« t- to t~ t- « ^ CO to to rH rH rH 00 r-t to r-t r-t O rH CT CO '•'-r "Tr "^M* "^T CO 00. OO CO I— ( iH I— 1 rH ^ lO to l~ "^ "'^ "'m^ '^' OD 00 CO CO r-< r-t ,-1 r-l 00 Cn O rH 'r^ -^ lO lO 00 CO 00 00 r-t r-i r^ r-l C<1 00 r-t §1 ■pamftix • r-< • rH OJ Ci • ^ Ot lO T-t a -co to r-t rH ■psina • ; C« rH rH ^ 00 : '^ '^ • « Oi rH ■i ■s o •pajnfni lO lO C« • ,-t ^ ^ CO • a 1-1 to a r-t •psiira : • • CO C« lO -!* • . rH >Cl CO CO rH Mounting Train in motion. •pamfai ; .,-{•• rH , ^^ , , rH r-t CO •psilTS • r^ r^ . . . r-< r- • a • C« CO t» If •painfni ; • Ol -rt C^ 00 « • « « to -* 00 r-t •P^lliii ; • ' • CI O! • 1-1 r-i O! r-t ia ■pojnPni • rH r- c« • • T-i 7-t O! i—i ; ; r^ ; JO •pains iH . Oi CO • ^ • Ot CO a • O! ^ r-t r-l rH .rl la ■pajnjni . r^ r-i : : : : • i-i • • r-t OT r-t ^ •pains ; : • r-< ^ r-{ CO i-i » r^ • O? ■ lO (S a •pamCuj C« <7i! ^ 00 CO « • ^ 05 • ^ r-{ T-l to CO to •paiira rH rH (M « « • t- ,-1 ^ CO IC c« ^ r-t CO P ■pajnliii Ot 7-i r-t a to r-t • r-t j-t CO r-t o rH ■psnis r-< r^ T^ CO C* CO C« t- r-t r-t oj .a •pajrafuj ; ; • : ■panra ; ; ; ; Running into Station. •pajnfni r-t ' " rH ■paiTTS : : ; ; d Sd O ■p9infn£ r-t j-l Oi -^ 00 CO • r-l r-t lO CO to r-t •pams r-i r^ r-i ir^ ^ rH Oi! -a lO ^ CO d" •i o O ■painful rH • rH O? rH rH rH lO c* - • • Oi r-t OS •pains <-i • r-i ' <-< • rH c* • r-t r-l r-t CO O? 00 1 O i-H O! CO -* ^ ^ ^ 00 CO CO 00 I— 1 1— ( rH rH ^ iCl to !>■ "^ "^ ■■^ "^ 00 00 00 CO r-i r-i r^ r-i 00 Ci O rH ^ ^ »o ira CO 00 00 00 r-t r-t r-t r-t 00 r-t 4 %!5 s «< ^j « « s> 1— I g t— 1 Ql 1— 1 > *. m X •1 i- ►J ^ r'^ pq |>-1 0 O? 08 1-1 CO t- 05 03 rH CO O ^ lO CO 1-1 1-H •-! OJ CO rH o o •paiira • tH t- W) CO 1— 1 10 05 o CO O? lO rH ^ O? rH (^ — . OJ OJ rH OJ 1 O r-( OT CO ^ ^ -^ -^ CO CO 00 00 I— ' r— 1 rH I— ( ^ »C CO l^ ■"^ ""^ ■^l '^^ 00 00 00 00 r-l rH iH 1-1 CO a^ c rH ^ ^ lO »o « 00 00 CO 00 r^. rH T-H rH OJ CO rH o3 O 5^ Is II •psjnfni 1-1 ■ r-l iH CO ^ C« O! • CO oi ^ io a CO rH CO o CO ■p^iira ■ 1-1 CO rH lO ^ rH .-1 CO o 00 ^ CO c* rH CD CO •psmfni Ci? • o? rH C<2 CO . ^ rH . lO Ci OJ rH ■x«nDi 1-1 1— ( r-^ r~i c« rH rH CO lO o rH rH rH Mounting Train in Motion. ■pamfui '• ' ; • rH 0< . CO CO T^inx :'-■ F— 1 ^ OJ C< rH CO O d d •p9.mfai rH O? CO rH • -^ . >o CO •p^nra ■ rH • rH •^rH • OJ CO ^ o •pamfal • r-< " ; -' ,-i ' ' rH ' 1— t rH -* ■P^IITS • 1— I I— ( ■ rH CT CO OJ rH CO OJ 00 rH CO rH bD-§ •pajufuj : ; ; ' . : : • : : : : • : •p^ins . 1-1 r-{ : : : ; rH • • ' rH OJ fl •pamfui 1-1 C^ 1-1 rH >o • Oi T-i ci lO rH ^ . . lO OJ •panra: . nH -^ m I-l ^ ^ Ci! rH t-H -* CO 00 OJ o OJ rH CO ■si ■psaufui " J—^ Ct a rH rH • ^ o •psilDT • r~^ ' rH rH ,>.g •pamfni • • • ■ I •p^ma : : : _ ■ Eunning into Station. ■pajufui rH • r-> - •paitni ; • .1 •pajufuj « CO rH CO rH • rH OJ CO rH rH ■psina ; ; rH rH OJ OJ CO CO •pamfni rH rH T-H CO CO CO OJ OO •psms ' • « « ; rH ' rH • CO i O r-J « CO "^ "^ -^ ■^l 00 00 00 00 rH r-< r-. rH ^ >o CO t- ■^ ^ ^ ^ 00 CO oo oo rH 1— 1 1— 1 iH 00 en O rH ^ -^ lO lO 00 00 CO 00 rH rH rH rH OJ 00 rH 3 o 5^ I— I I— I ^ H •1 V H S! M J^ '--H o PM TS Sf e i o E-f •p3.mfaj • CO OJ -:# 03 '^ C! t- ^ r-l (D 00 la rH r-l o CO a> CD ■psins iH ^ m CO CO «D CD I- « ,-1 r-l CO O CO C5 C3 r-l r-l r-l rH rH rH T-H O rH (N CO ^ ^ ^ ^ 00 00 00 00 l-H r-l rH 1-1 't^ lO CD t* ^ ^ ^ ^ 00 00 00 CO <-< r-l r^ r-l 00 C35 O rH -d) ^ »o lO 00 00 00 00 r-l r-l rH rH 00 1—1 i i •pamfai : ; • rH rH r-l • r-l CI ^ 1-1 ^ CO >o CO rH CO rH ■psiIDI • t-i ■ i-t C« CO rH • • -!jl • rH C« Wi 00 rH rH 1 o •pamfui • CO CO • r-l r-l r-l CO -5(1 CO r-l OJ O rH <7i 00 rH •p^iira • r^ lO CD O! rH ^ CO O 1— I -^ ^ « 00 00 r-t t- rH Mounting Train in motion. •painfnx • rH • 1— 1 : : : • rH • rH c« ; CO •p^ina ■ OT OJ • • r-l -- CO • rH -* O! OS 'p9.inl*ni • ,-< r-l . ^ . ^ • rH r-l rH i> •pains ; ; : • rH r^ • Oi • rH rH rH ^ o ■p3.infni • r-< ,-1 CO rH -r-l lO ; ; : rH t- ■pairra • r-i r-i a • r^ r-l ^^ l- CO CO ^ CO CO rH CD rH CO ■p3.inrni '. '. '. • : : : • • • rH • rH rH c« ■psins • rH • r-l rH I—" 1—1 CO • rH • . rH rH CD B p •pajnfiii tH r^ a ; • rH • a CO • «, ■p^ms T— 1 rH 1— 1 CO rH • CO ^ rH rH O? rH o rH it ■p9.infui •p^iira to p. •p9jn"ui •paina Eunnmg into Station. •pgmCuj: ■patnji a! a o •pamrux r-l ' r-l rH Ot ■p^iira rH rH rH a o 1 •psiuftti '• ; ■psina • ; 1 O T-H C? CO ■^ "^ "^ ^ CO 00 GO CO iH 1-1 rH rH -5f in CD t- T* -^ ^ ^ 00 00 CO 00 r-l r-l r-l r-l 00 05 O rH ^ ^ lO »o 00 CO 00 00 rH rH rH rH CO rH 1 m 1^ 1 •pa-mCnj 00 00 c* CO r-. C< IH r-i O t^ CO lO 1— 1 rH OJ CO CO CO o r-t CO rH « i-H CO T# c« ot rH rH CO O? CO •P^lllil C« CO t~ T- ^ Oi Ot Oi CC cc 00 O rH l^ C« CO CO O Oi r-l CO C< 03 CO GO OO t- CO o rH CO CO CO CO —ii CO i O ^ Of CO "^l "^ "^ "^ CO C30 00 CO I-l i-H iH 1-1 1 -!* >o CO t- "^1 "^ "^ "^1 00 00 00 00 r^ r-l i-i r-l 00 02 O rH ^ ^ M5 >0 00 00 00 00 r-l rH r-l r^ a ir a 3 03 O 1 g .a s •pamfni • • T-( O or '^ rH C^ >0 r-l CO 1:- CO CO i-H rA 05 CO cc > o •pstlRI • rM rH (M CO r- ^ Ci{ O r-l ^ O ^ rH Oi r-l rH 05 c 5 ^ •p8.infai CO CO O! O ! C > rH Oi O! rH 1 CO »0 00 rH ^ CO rH CO •psLLiil « CO ^ C > • rH CO GO r-l "^ 05 CO o r-l rH in cc Mounting Train in motion. •pamfni ■ « Cv ! ^ H rH O? CM . »o CO >0 O! ^ rH CO ■ •psiira • r~* • CO CO ^ CO r-l CO CO CO CO CO rH CO CO a .2.2 =3 CD •painfni ■ • • • rH rH a rH • rH • 0 rJ rH ^ CO r-l lO rH Oi lO ■^ ^ CO C* o rH cc CO > lO CO .rl •pamfai iH « rH -^ r-n rH CO -^ 05 CO rH rH O! t- rH •P^IIlS i-{ Ot « 1- cc CO rH C« lO r^ r-l rH Ci m rH t~ Ci! •Sh •painjni C* rH CO c a CO Co O t- ^ ^ -t( -^ GO 00 CO 00 r-t r^ r-l r-l 00 C2 O rH -^ -^ lO lO 00 GO 00 OD rH r-^ rH ^1 CO —1 CD 3 o 256 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. The preceding eight Tables have been given in the present very complete form, so as to permit other inquirers who may happen to take a different view of the manner in which the subject should be treated, to make new combinations for themselves. The following Table, XXI, on next page, shews, for three different periods of years, the ratio of the mortality per cent, from each cause to the mortality from all causes ; and, so far as passengers are concerned, some of the results are rather curious. It will be seen from the first section of this Table,' that the deaths of passengers from collisions, and from trains running off the line, which constitute a large portion of the Avhole, have been gradually diminishing, while deaths from passengers falling from the trains have scarcely varied. Again, the deaths from axles breaking, in the four years 1840-3, formed 8 per cent, of the whole deaths in that period ; but, since the year 1844, not a single death of a passenger has taken place assignable to that cause. And in regard to deaths from the breaking of other parts of the machinery none have happened since 1847. In the latter part of 1840, the death of one passenger was occasioned by the running of a train into the station ; but no other since that time, although 21 have been injured from the same cause at different periods. The deaths of passengers from collisions at stations increased subsequent to 1843, and have since remained nearly uniform at about 15 per cent, of the deaths from all causes. The deaths occasioned by passengers jumping from trains while in motion have increased in a very remarkable manner ever since 1840, as well as the deaths from passengers mounting trains whUe in motion. Results of the kind now enumerated, although given in strict accordance with the methods of many statistical inquirers, are, if given in such form only, liable to a serious objection, for in every case where the intensity of a variety of causes is being measured, the pressure of any one or more of the causes might actually be remaining constant, while the form of the preceding Table is capable of making them appear as increasing or decreasing in intensity : and vice versa, the intensity of the same causes might in reality be undergoing great modifications, and at the same time appear uniform in the Table. An attentive consideration of the principle on which the Table is constructed will shew this to be the case ; and the actual facts contained in it furnish an excellent illustration of these remarks. It will be seen that, in the period 1848-51, no deaths have taken place among passengers from the causes placed third, fourth, and fifth in order; and the immediate effect of the exclusion of deaths from these causes is to give an apparent augmentation of intensity to the remaining causes in operation in that period ; a similar effect would also be produced, although not in degree the same, by any fluctuations whatever in the intensity of one or more of the causes. The proper use of such a Table as that now "under consideration, is to direct attention to the fact of disturbing causes being in operation, but not to measure the degree or the exact amount of the intensity of each cause ; which must be determined by a different method. It is not easy, in a short paper, to follow a course of argument keeping clearly in view the many fluctuations in the ratio of deaths among a great variety of causes ; but it [is obvious ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 257 'S^ ^ l-H .^ M « X E4 i^ iJ b ^ rH rH c i I 1 H O^ OS I— 1 ^ I— t lO rH ^63 • " "ot-ot- • '0 rH CO i-H rH rH 1> CO I-H ^ CO : -cfOOCOCOOCTt-iOrH ocpaojL^03>ot-«ci! rH«i)»b65 ' cbcbw) K3 CO 1-1 QO 05 to 00 05 : :o« : 0. CO ; a :c« : ; r-l •-< ^ r-l ,-i CO 1 CO rH -^ CO t* rH -^ rH cb )>- t- • rH cb O? rH CO rH i s 1 1 CO rH 05 • • • * "^ 'c ■-;" 'P : -jt* 9= 95 • •■ • • ' ' ■ -^ • CO ^ ^ 00 r-i 1 00 '^ 00 r-i CO : 9=' : ' rH ' O? CO t^ CD ^ C3 ; ; 03 0: CO 05 00 CO CO ' * Ct) rH rH rH t* lb lb CO CO rH i ■I »0 OJ CO ;;;;;co;rH;io;; c* - 4)( • m • • CT> I-H CO 00 »0 CO CO . . . . ;cncp>o-*C«OJC» 61 6i 6t ih m (h ci rH 0« CO r-l CO a a> CD CO : ; : : ;qo ;^ ; ;iorH c^ 'OS • • o^ lb CO CO r-( »o »c 000 : : : : :'r?''? ;io>oio • • • • • CO CO « • t- CD : : : : :'?'?'^' -cocpco • • • • -ocbcb -iHrnij C i I 1 D H !:~ CO CO CO : CO CO • t^ CO CO i^ . .CD ; CO CO • -co • CO CO » CO rH CO CO CO 1—1 . . . . :;::::: CD ::: : 3 1 rH : : : CO 05 C3 CO . . .^ CO CO : : t- ^ • • 00 b- I> • • )^- do CO CO 2 8= rH 1 00 f— < 00 >0 '^(NiOlOlO^C* -T^C3 ; ; ;ioOCSOi02050t t--^ • • -cb-if-iH-itl-Jif'rH ^ ,-1 r-i r-l ^ rH 2 1 CO rH 1 00 ■HI 00 1-i CJ rH rH O! : CO • rH OOt^ODCDOOOOrHrH :CTiOOrHCpoCi!C;.g--f3 g 0) > B % ■s a i .1 S3 ■a o Miscel- laneous, and not specified, but all attribut- able to Neglect on the pai-t of Servants of the Companies. Oil— (r-IOOilOOaSrH P-ll-lr-.Hr-IO?rHOT CO r-l (J.) Steam or Water Failed. • • rH CO • r-l . . . JO (a.) Train lost Speed and was over- taken. • rt C« CO Waggons or Parts of Trains left on Line. COrHraOJOiOirHrHrH to . <-t Of Statiou- Masters, some- times in conjunc- tion with others. >-l • r-l r-( rH • • . . '^ (A) Of Points- men, or Points not Acting. . • rH lO CO rH rH Ci! C« 1-t Of Breaks- man, (some- times with Driver. ) • • rH CS! . . . . rH -^ (6.; Of Engine Driver, by either Neglect- ing Signals or Careless Driving • t-C0C0t--r-i(:0iO02 (a) Of Signals Gene- rally. rHC^CO^ 'COC^irHC^? CO r-t & PI pqg S P .a bo d Train or Engine retarded or stopped ty Accident to Engine. rH rH O! CO CO • • lO rH CO ■a £ CD Faulty Breaks. rH • rH ,-i CO pi .3 o 1 'ft g Train giving way in or about Middle. Hinder part running into Fore part by its own Impetus. • • rH . • . . rH C« ^ Part of Train be- coming detached and left on Line. r-^ • ' i—f »r-( • 1—^ 7—^ lO (a.) Part of Train be- coming detached on Incline and running back. • • • • — i C^ « rr . o Partly under Control. 1 O 1 CQ Waggons or Parts of Trains Blown on to Line. Generally Neglect of Pointsmen. r-{ a • • • T-f a • r-< t- Not under control of the Companies. Train retarded ty Wind, and over- taken. rH ,-1 (J.) Rails Slippery, (generally caused by Fog.) C« rH -CO . • • r-t CI 05 (a.) Fog or Storm. ^ 1-1 C^ • • r-t Ot r^ ' (H ^lOCDt-OOOIOrHO? aooDaooocooooocx)oo rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH CQ 264 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. on inspection, the defects in the mechanism of an engine, stUl the collisions from this cause have been so many, that it is impossible to conceive that a due amount of scrutiny- has been always exercised in the determination of the state of the locomotives. Greater precautions have of late years been taken to guard against this class of accidents, and greater knowledge also now exists as to what constitutes durability and efficiency in many parts of the machinery ; it is, therefore, to be hoped, that still further improvements will, in these respects, yet take place, and prevent collisions from any such causes. In fact, an examination of column (e), Section B, of this Table is sufficient to shew, that during the last four years a marked improvement has taken place. The collisions in tlie five years 1844-48, from the causes now under consideration =: 10, and In the four years 1849-53 = 6 But in the former period, the extent of railway mileage was to that in the latter as 15,337 to 25,529, and consequently if this kind of collision had taken place in the latter period in the same ratio as in the former, the number would have been nearly 17, while, in fact, it amounted to only 6. And there appears no sufficient reason why this improve- ment should not continue until all such accidents, or nearly all, disappear. The next Section, C, of this Table includes a class of collision of a most serious character, and of an alarming extent. It is, perhaps, impossible to bring any direct charge against the directors and superior officers, on account of the culpable neglect on the part of the inferior servants, to which these accidents are immediately due ; but the very enormous extent of them should call forth some more effective system of supervision to enforce a faithful and certain observance of the regulations of the companies. Of the 174 collisions, of which the causes are classified in Table XXII, the extraordinary number of 104 have arisen out of what can be described as nothing but most culpable neglect. 1 8 are due either to the neglect or mismanagement of signals. 47 have arisen from drivers neglecting signals, and other kinds of careless driving. 4 are due to the omission of the use of the " break." 15 are owing to pointsmen neglecting their duty. 4 are owing to the neglect or carelessness of station masters. And 16 have been occasioned by the inexcusable neglect of leaving waggons and portions of trains on the line, when the same line was in use by other trains ; this last cause has, however, nearly disappeared during the three years 1850-53, not more than one collision yearly having taken place. In Section D, of the last Table XXII, it will be found that column (c) contains no less than 134 cases of collision, which it has been found impossible to classify in a satisfactory manner ; but they are all attributable to neglect on the part of the servants of the companies. The facts recorded in this Table are of grave importance; and, although the directors of railway companies have in recent years done an immense deal to protect passengers against loss of life and limb, they are still imperatively called on to take the subject of the frequently recurring collisions more thoroughly into consideration. When such most culpable neglect exists, as is evident by this Table, the public have a right to demand more complete protection. ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 265 The next Table to be considered is Table XXIII, which follows the same principles of classification as the Table immediately preceding, only that in addition, the number of deaths and injuries due to each kind of collision is specified, for employes as well as passengers. From this Table a very clear notion may be formed of the danger to life and limb of passengers by collisions taking place from difiierent causes. It would appear that — (A) The 28 collisions, from causes assignable to the state] of the weather, produced J ^ deaths and 69 injuries, (B) The 34 collisions, from defects and breakage ofl machinery produced ] ^^ '" ^^^ (C) The 104 collisions, arising from classified causes of] neglect in railway servants, produced . . . .J '" ^®^ (E) And the 134 collisions arising from unclassified! causes, produced \ ^^ 581 It hence follows, that in each of the above groups the ratios of deaths and injuries to passengers were as follows : — In group (A), each collision produced -071 deaths and 3-464 injuries. ... (B), ... -334 ... 6-118 ... ... (0), ... -203 ... 3-933 .-.. ... (E), ... -119 ... 4-336 ... And Group B, or collisions arising from defects and breakage of machinery, has evidently the greatest tendency to occasion not only death, but likewise injuries to pas- sengers, in relation to the number of collisions. This is not quite in accordance with the features attendant on railway accidents generally, in which it will be observed that those causes usually most fatal to life are accompanied with a reduced ratio of injuries. This will appear in a strong light when the part of this inquiry, relating to employes, is considered. An examination of the final columns of Table XXIII will shew that the ratio which the number of injuries bears to the number of deaths arising from collisions differs very widely from that from accidents from all causes, as exhibited in Abstract G, both as regards passengers and servants of the companies. Class of Accidents. The Eatio of Injured to Killed. Passengers. Employes. All causes in the aggregate .... Collisions only 675-30 per cent. 2301-96 ... 65-03 per cent. 325-49 ... It hence follows that the injuries greatly exceed the deaths amongst passengers in both of the above classes of accidents. On the other hand, the deaths amongst employes exceed the injuries from all causes in the aggregate ; but in the class of collisions, the injuries, as with passengers, much exceed the number of deaths. [Of the 308 3 T « §; Cb ^ §» s ft? o Ci o^ «> ^ "^ l-S «^ s «s ~ e « •S-H ■is ^ s ? "^.Sn 2 ^ S -«s S^'^ S <:. h-l ? 1— 1 Ps CO ■^ !S> 1— 1 W s ». i-l ** «: m «-§ s § e ■S 50 e'^ 0^-^ = ;0DO54r3 r-l a •pamfuj OJ O! 1-1 >H 10 T-H rH •pama 1— COC^CPt-OOl^Ol r-l Num- ber of OoUi- siohs. 00 c*. 10 CO 00 ca 00 »;»< 1-1 «I CO "jfT CO C3 5f« «o ^ 00 CO 1 i 1 •pajufui '^JICDCOCTOOOOOOIO T-l tH C« CO 00 00 •patiia ■^COCMt-iC^ ;0DrHlO CO a ■pa-mfni CD I- i-H CO 10 CO -^lO « CS iH t-l 05 05 ■pams ; CO ; »o CO ^ CO CD CD CO CO Num- ber of Com- sions. t»i-lCOO(M0 C5 iO t* 1-1 1-1 r-l 00 «5 ■pailTS C« Id : r-l : 00 tH OJ ■ CO •- r^ p. a •pajnCaj r-l CO CO : 00 C«05 r-l i> ■ co •paiira : : : m c* o2 CO CO o? 03 r-l Num- ber of Colli- sions. (Ml— lr-100JlOC005rH 1-lrHrHi— IrHC^rHOa CO 1— 1 C. From known Causes. 1 •paanfux >OC0050)0*OJCNOOOi COCOCOO!>0 r-HCil- 10 CO •paiirsr cj CO : 1^ CD : : ; co c« a •pajufuj »o^>oaoc«co^coc}0 I— 1 1— 1 CO •paiira : CO : r-l ^ o( : CO ^ rH Num- ber of Colli- sions. lO 10 CO D«. C> U5 l-lrHCqi-l i-l 1-1 D. Loss of Speed, or Steam or Water failed. 1 •pa.rafu]; • i-H : I : I— 1 : : : ; ; r-l r-i •pailTH ; rH ;;;;;; ; r-l a ■pajufiii : ; CO ; ; ; ; ; ; ■CO , •pamxc !:•!::::: Num- ber of Colli- sions. :rrtcoco :i-i : : : 00 B. Defects or Breakage' of Machinery. o5 ■pajufui Xf .CO . 02 CO r-|- CO CO - • 1-1 rH >0 T-H 00 " •pamx rH ; o? : : : : 00 : T-H r-l S ■pajuCuj : : ^ : a i-i ; ; ; t~ ■pains iH ; 1— 1 r— 1 r-H r^ -rjl ; CO CM r-l Num- ber ol Colli- sions. COrH^^^COcs)cOCOt-a0050rHO! ^-*T|i-^-qi^io>n>o ODGOOOGOGOQCaOOOQO r-lr-i7-Hr-l<-^r-lr^T-lr-l X X H s -I-H ■ i o ■a u ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 267 n fc< CO i-Cs tl ►« lO IS 00 ?> .s ^ "I GO S 1^ 8 .I' Ji o so t- r-l lO CO t- 1-H r~i -^ ■pamfni «D t- T* o CO CO 1-H O CO CO i-H 9J I-H •psms lO Th ■* 05 t~ : 00 03 lO 1-H •pamfai i- t- CS l~ 1-H '^f 1-H 1-H 1-H •pstnx iH CO OJ CO t- CO o IH li- 05 1-H |a» 00 t~ w o CO 00 CM on ■* 00 I-l CM CO "sM CO CO CO 1-H CO co 00 3 a o? 3 H ■pains CO iH ; ; ; ; CO 1-H oo s Pl4 ■ " ■ bD g -^ •pajtifaj ; OT CO ; c« ; 1-H : 00 "1 o ft 2 .g ^1 a pa •pEimx • rH : • r-\ i lO : '■ t- 1 al « CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO I-H I-H "5l< ■* (M CO o ■* 00 c> CO 00 03 ^ ^ »o CO t^ 00 CD o 1-H c< 1-1 I-H 1— I r— ( 1-H 1-H I-H I-H H 268 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. Of the 308 collisions recorded in Table XXIV, it will be found that — (a.) 48 have consisted of one passenger train coming into collision with another. (6.) 156 have consisted of collisions by passenger trains running into trains of another description, such as luggage, coke, mineral, contractors', &c., trains. (c.) 51 have been occasioned by other than passenger trains running into passenger trains. And (d.) 53 collisions happened by trains, not passenger trains, running into other trains, which were also not passenger trains. It may be said, that in all the preceding four groups the public, as passengers, were interested, and even the last group, it will be found, records that three passengers were killed and six injured, although the trains were not passenger trains. These deaths and injuries took place amongst persons in charge of horses and cattle. A very characteristic distinction in the number of collisions, under Groups (h) and (c), is observable. Group (h) shews the number of passenger trains running into others not passenger trains, while Group (c) is the converse kind of collision. Now as passenger trains usually run at a higher speed than the other trains, the greater number of collisions is occasioned by the passenger trains overtaking the others, the difference being almost exactly three times as great. What is also somewhat curious to observe in the Table under consideration is, the rather close approximation in the number of collisions with each other of trains of a similar kind. The collisions among exclusively passenger trains were, in the nine years, exactly 48 ; and the collisions in the same period among trains, exclusively other than passenger trains, were 53. The following shews the ratio of deaths and injuries among passengers in each group of collisions in Table XXIV:— In Group (a), each collision produced 375 deaths and 6'854 injuries. (6), ... ' -141 ... 3-558 ... (c), ... -157 ... 5-569 ... {d), ... -057 ... 0-113 ... The highest ratio of deaths, and also of injuries, in the above four combinations, will be found in Group (a) ; and for this there is a very obvious explanation, for the collision in this group consists of one passenger train running into another ; consequently, in every such collision, taking one with another, there will be double the number of passengers exposed to risk, which will be found exposed to such risks in collisions under Group (b) ; and it is rather singular to find, in an inquiry of this kind, so very positive a determination to the development of a law of mortality, when so many disturbing causes might have been considered to influence the results. If the ratio of deaths and injuries in Group (a) be divided by two, the results will be, ratio of deaths -187, and ratio of injuries 3-427, not differing widely from the results of Group (6), nor from the results of Group (c), so far as regards deaths. Another obvious and important result, arising out of this Table, is the caution indicated in regard to the position of passenger to other trains on the line; for it is the mismanage- ment of this detail which occasions fully one-half of the whole collisions which take place. ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 269 Shewing the Number of Collisions occurring to each class of Passenger Trains, as compared with those occurring to all Passenger Trains, and to each other ; with the Deaths and Injuries occasioned thereby, from 1844 to 1852, inclusive. + o + + Passen- gers. ■pamfni 00 CO t- CD t~ ^ CO ICl ^ O CD iH CD rt CO O 1-4 CO 321 1,168 ■pnns lO -1* CO OS t^ • CD 02 lo 00 •pamfni t~ 1— ' ^ lO 1— 1 I— i 02 CO lO CO iH t- •P^IIFJI I-H C« iH « CO M 00 lO <:« OD ^3 So 15 •eaunfai ni Snijfnsaa 3 I-H to ^ S^ 3 O 00 00 « CO ^ a ■i u •pajnfni 1-1 • . CO O! CO CO ■p^iira rH ; ; 1—1 ai •pamftij ; ; ; •paiira ; I '. , S3 o ■eaunfax ni SntJinsajj 1— 1 '. '"' J-< . .^ C* •saimfni nt Samus8.i jo'n • I-H : : : rH a a o a . ■paiafni cc ? CO 5 1> « a-. CO oc CO CO lO C? CO CO C33 CO 1—1 > •pains ^ ^ < CO O CO ; CD O lO CO X X ft •painrnj i- ir 5 irt) r-H ■^ >a r^ O CO CO ■psiira 1—\ Ov r— 1 C« T-l 1-1 oc lO 1— ( « OT = 3 s.s S3 a o •S9un fni m Snijinsag O a 1— 1 lO H I-H w cc s o t- CO esi cc 1-4 CO ^ H CO CO CO o m CO cyj ^ -■1 a „• |i Oh ■pain fai ■^ ^ ^ rM c 1 — 1 O! rH I— ( CO CO. ■p^iHa ; ; ; ; ; ; •painfni CO « OD ■psina -^ '. ^ S.S 13 3 o ■saunfai m Snii[risa}j cs; i-H ■* I-l <>; I-H C<] CO •saijnCai nt Snpineaj }o^ j CO i-H p: ) T-\ ; ; : 00 a . (U CO i 1 •paanfai ; 1— o ! " I— I CO •p^ms ; ; ^ : : ; ; r^ a t^ •pamfni « ^ . ■ >o rH •pains ; ; I— 1 • 1— t Oi s.s Is •saTinCxii I-H i-^ 0 ■;s M ^ « X s S H s c ^.a < ^ -S H OJ O GO O O ^ ■K> Jx ^ t^ 'di |o ■«n ^ 02 l-~ ; 00 05 JO I-H JO s ^ ■pajnfni t~ t- OJ t- I-H rj rH JO rH ■VHim 1— 1 CO o* CO l~ CO o t~ OJ l-H JO S.2 .n CO ■Ain!ui m Saijinsag r-i CO CO Csl CO CO 05 I-H CO CO CO ^ OS CO ■Xjnfni ni Snpxnsai ?om CO <* 3 I-H o pH CD lO iH ^ CO 11 S3 P o ft i-H CO I-H I-H CO I-H D* O rH I-H Do I-H I-H I-H l-H •ijnfni m Sup[ns8J ?o^ >o CO d CO I-H ira D- •<*< r-t CO o Total at Stations, Juuctions, and Crossings. 1 1 'painfuj CO CO CO CO I-H 00 o o o I-H cl: CO I-H 00 en o CO ■P^IIPX I-H 1-H t- t~ • CO r— 1 CO CO O! •pajnfai ^ I-H lO t- « 05 ^ o I-H CO JO ■pama I-H I c« j-i o? CO CO JO o ■Sxntai m Snpinsojj i-H I-H r-i O I-H I-H 05 eg I-H CO l-H •ijnraj tn gamnsaj jon l-H I-H CO ^ lO « iH l-H I-H s At Sidings or Crossings. •painCnj OS l-H i:~ ^ I-H : ; Of -* ^ ■p^rosr * ' I t- I ! I I I I- 'painfuj c^ CO CO I-H ; ; ; I— 1 •pstira ; • ; ^^ ; I-H ; c« 53.2 as ■ixnCui m Snpjnsag; CO CO ■<* rH I-H l-H (M s •iinfuj ut SnTj{ns8j 10^ ; : eq I-H : ; : CO b. At or near Junction. 1=1 . a> CD (S be CM •psjnfui CO ; ; r-i ^ Oi o? ^ ^ ■parax t ' ^ ' ' ' 1 ; I— 1 r^ •pajnfnx • I ; '. r-H ; , r-\ Ol •paraa '. • * ' I-H I-H I-H ; CO O m 5S.2 S3 a o •Xinfai m SniJinsag I-H : : I-H Od I-H X « H K) Rh .s: s~ s ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ eo •Ki .« O « si; ^ ^ a J ^ 1— I s^ « ^ to r to =*^ -5> s •jBSjl. xpm at jaqmnii isjox r-lrHCi r-\ c^ ; i-H '^ 1 a i 1 •Ii!janaS at pBoa JO 9JBJB pBa •s;u9pioov JO jaqmnx •^jnCui UI Suijinsoa \ .— t \ I— i •^anCuj ni Suinnsaj jojj; • ' , •Aei^ babS jo *3ians aSpwa •Bjuaptooy JO jsqmnjii -jCjnfai uiSutjinsaa I— 1 r-H •Ijnfai m SuiJtnsai jo^j , ■jttjdeH lapun aari •sjuapTooy JO aaqiunjj •Xjnfui UI SuniTiBaH 1-H • ^ " ■jCanfui ui Suiiinsai jo^ '-' I '-' I c« •dn njoj JO uaqoiq siibh ■sjiiapioov JO jaqiun_fj •jCanfui UI SuiJingaa ; ; ; ; t—i I 1 -H •Manful ui Smjinsaj jojj ! " "-I ^ I ^ ', ■* •03J aSuno JO ^Tio sirea jo 'n^a 3unjdg 'sjuiof-nija •siuappav JO jsqiun^ •jfanCui UI SuiJinsaa CO i-i f-i ; ; • • - o •iinfui ui SuEJtnsaj jo^ '-' ', ' I— I • • • 1 Of ■01 papua) -)i!Ofi JO 'aiijoajaa 'uado saiiajiMg jo sjurojf •a^uepiDoy JO jaqmnjj: •jfanfui UI 3uij[nsaa r-. : ; r-( 1-1 ri c^ ; CO 'AmCaj m Saij[nsai jo^ r-\ ; 1-1 C« rH ; 1 l—i * CD bii .S 1 "I ■Eh -1 3 •siaapiooy JO aaqoinx •jCanCui UI Suijinsaa ; ^ ci ; :; o? r-i ; ; CO •Xinfui UI SuijinsaJ joji -- : r-i oi 1-i ; lO 'sjuapiooy JO jaqmn^ •ianfuj UI Suijinsaa I r- 1 1-1 i-H CO '^jnfui UI Suijinsaj jo_ni 1—1 r~i o« 13 •B^nappoy JO aaqinn^v^ •^jnfui UI Suijinsaa , ■Xinfui ni SuiJinsaj jo^ ; 1-1 1— ' M ■sjuapiooy JO jaquin^ *^jnfm UI :guijinsaa 1— 1 rH Of ■jtjnfui ui 3uijinsaj jojij • , p— 1 1— 1 i be c 1^ lii •sjuapiODy JO jaqiunj^ '^jnfuj UI 3uij(nsaH; r— ( 1—1 ot 'ifinCui UI SuiJinsaj jo^i , . ""• i-H Con- nect- ing Kod. •sjuapiooy JO jaqmnjj •jtjnfui UI Suijinsaa r— I ; i-i •Xmfui UI Suijinsaj jo>i , , i •siuapiooy ;o asquin^ 'jfjufuj UI Suijinsaa I f-^ 1— ( CJ •liniiii UI Suninsai jo^ ; ; ; ; 1 o ■siuoppoy jo jaquin^ •ianfui UI Suijinsaa \ r-i ; i-H Oi ^ •^jnfui UT Suijinsaj jojj ! 1— 1 T-l is •sjuaptooy ;o jaqmn^Ni 'Xjnfui UI Suijinsaa ; ; ; rH Ol CO •ijnfui UI Suijxnsai ijox; , ; o ■sjuapiooy JO jaquin^j •j£jnfux UI Suijinsag; l 1—1 1— ( « •^infui ui 3unin89.i jo^ : f-i la ' I— 1 ^ ^ .2 JO J3quin_jj •^iufui UI SuiJinsay: * 1—1 1— 1 « 1 •jIjoXui ui aujjinaai jOjfj; ■ -• » : -. r-4 ^1 -3[UBquia JO eDUspisqng •sjuapioov JO jaqmn^t^ •iinpui UI SuiJinsaa ; i-i ; i-H •ifjnfm u\ SuiJinsaj jo^ * T—i 1—1 Ot ■sjuapiooy JO J^quln^^J •^nfui UI §uij[n8aa I c^ a *^jnCui UI 3uij[nsaj jojj • pasnBoaSBtuBa-io spooij •sjuoptooy JO jaqmnjij ■^jnfu] UI Sunpsaa ' T-H ; i-H a ■ijnfui ur Suijinsaj jo^m \ I—i : : — OOOOaOODOOOOQOOOOO UJ 3 o H ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 275 generally be taken. The remarks offered on the " breaking of machinery," as the imme- diate cause of collisions, apply with equal force in this instance, and need not again be repeated; but it is certainly to be lamented that, of the 105 ascertained cases of " running off the line," no less than 43 should be due to the " breaking of machinery." Frequent inspection by competent parties is the protection against this group of accidents : and strong measures should be enforced to secure the safety arising from this sort of supervision. The accidents arising from the causes recorded in Section C are certainly, at least to a very great extent, preventable. Nothing but the most culpable indifference to the public safety can permit a continuance of this group of accidents, which forms upwards of 28 per cent, of all the classified accidents in the Table. The accidents included in Columns 2 and 3 of Section D, cannot in general be attributable to negligence of the companies. The four cases in Section E are due to reckless driving. Sections B and C of this Table should be well considered by railway directors. The next, Table XXIX, will shew how the various groups of accidents of " running " off the line" affected life and limb of passengers. What is strange in the record of accidents contained in this Table is, that the 51 cases, included in Sections A and B, did not occasion a single death of a passenger, while the 30 in Section C, attributable to defects in the "permanent way," produced eight deaths of passengers. The number of deaths of passengers from obstructions on the line was three, but no passenger lost his life under Section E, through reckless driving, or excessive speed. The miscellaneous group. Section F, it will be seen, includes 55, or upwards of one- third of all the cases of trains running off the rails, to which unascertained causes nearly one-half of the whole deaths of passengers from running off the line is due. But the returns of the railway department were either defective as to these cases, or the accidents themselves were of so peculiar a kind as not to admit of a satisfactory classification. When that part of the subject, which has reference to the manner in which railway accidents have affected the employes, is considered, the effects of trains running off the line will be more fully discussed. From Tables XXIV and XXVI, preceding, it will be observed that collisions killed an equal number of employes and passengers ; but the cases of running off the line have relatively, as will be seen by the last columns of Table XXIX, a much more fatal effect on the servants of the companies. Shewing the Number of Deaths and Injuries, to Railway Employes and to Passengers, due to each Cause of Trains, or Parts of Trains, or Engines running off the Rails of Railways in Great Britain and Ireland, from 1844 to 1852. 1 1 •painfai CO 1— 1 00 S 00 1—1 00 1— t ^ r-< CO CD 'S •pailJX : ; : lO « id : o Ci 6. 1 •painful CO Ui CO r— 1 O? <-t ^ o -H g •paiira -* -^ CO C3 t- Ti( : 00 >-H iCD •Bjaapioov JO -oil O r-l CO s C^ « s s CD I-H I-H 1 6 1^ Ill i •pdjnful 1 ; ; t— 1 1— 1 ' W I-H CO f ■psin'Jl : CO a •a 1 •pajnfui • CO ^ 00 o ■"^ ^ 1 CO •p»!!is 1 : CO 1— 1 CO o •^ CO '- 1 Cv? i •eiaappoy jo -oii | ; CO lO 03 s ■^ lO 00 o 1-1 IT ■a p« •pajnfal 1 rt : ; ; I *"* • • ■ : c? -:)< .§ ■sjoapioov JO -o^L i - H CO i-H c^ : eg eq rH ty c3 1 § d 09 1 •painful 1 •r: C^ r- • c^ « .g •pares 1 a • CO cc i4 . i •painful 1 ™ >a Oi . X •yares 1 r-i « -41 K g X ■sjuapraay Jo -OM 1 ^ ) ic co oc CO -«*< « ^ CO 0) *S °-3 i •painful 1 CN ^ g ■§ •pains 1 : CM ; •s 1 ij H 1 painful 1 ■pares 1 « 3 .5 a •sjuappoy P *o>I 1 o 1 i-i N CO ■=■: C cc IJ H 1 ■painlui 1 ■pares 1 : CO CO d •painful 1 '^ .c: (M CJ -■ o •pains 1 : : « : « •Bjaappoy JO "Oii i ^ D C^ > c q CO CO cc c 3 i-i 1 .9 ^i c ■pains •painful 1 ■ 1 1 ^ C" o: CO — I-H — o> s a •s^na •pares praav JO oji 1 ^ 1 c 3 O- J c > 1- 5 ■" 3 CO 3 C* c 3 C ^ CO ■<* . o o i ■pares 1 |l ^ a •painful 1 ; CO '. ""1 "^ s •pains 1 H C- t '. : : <^ >r 'siua PIDDV JO •ojj i " H r- H -^ t< ^ H I-H C s] cq — H rH 1 « |3h ■pares 1 1 : 1 •painful 1 iH ^ •pains 1 •sjusppDV JO -Oil 1 " H H 1- -) 1 '. '. i-i ■* 5 g e -a i •painful 1 : -1 ; ic CD 1 ■pains 1 : ^ 1 •painful 1 '-' O 3 C' D CO ■" -■ S •pares H A C i r-l - H CO o •s»a3ppoT JO 'ON r H C q lO ci D -^ H r-i r H N CO HI g A i i •painiui 1 •pares 1 1 : s •painful CT : G^ H ; : o? 1 '- § •pains I •— ' ; ^ 1 ^ O 10 OO -1 r-l 3 o 'o X! X X m ■< H « o 00 f-H 5^ -*«a -rtl , ^ =^^ m l 1^ "« «^ s ■ii « s 'W fc^ ^ ? l»( ^ -« S^ ■K> <»> s oo -?, (^ "e >- I^ « 1^ a- K=, s g » s !^ ►, »• •p* « f~ '^ i^ ^ 5.1 *. ts ^> MS g s « * «^ « s ■i.^ -jp CQ rn O H 1 •p3.in(ni CO 0( t-H I-H ^' 00 y_ y_ i—t ■psiira " ; O 0( CS • Ct' : t— 1 a, a •pajnluj m 7—i CO T-H 1—i ■r|( ini rH X' •psina •^ -* CO c; t^ •^ OCi rH Of 11 1 8 •jtrafni CO o I-l CO CO r-l 1-t C> O rH CO 3 s ■>* lO cs o I-l CO ■* CO rH CM o 1 ■painfai ; •i>3[ira ::::::::: , psjtifui , O! T— i ; O) ; ; ; C< i- ■i»tnx ; ; CT ; , C! ; . ^ a- : 1-1 CS] • 1-1 l-H ; ; i-i CO :::■*::::: ■* H 6 m T3 O O O 1 ■pajnlnj ' ■i"nra S -pajul'uj ^ ^ lO ; ; ; CO I : CO ■p^ma GV r— i O! CO o? ; ; ^ ' — f m Sappisajj « i-H CO CM eq ; CSl CO • ■imfui nt : <-t -* CO CSl <-i • ; rH I-H a ■p9.m[ni ::::::::: ■psiIiX ::::::::: ; a ■p9jn[ui ', * I-H t-i rr •. rH -< lO •psnra ; 1 • ; rH ; • -H o? -Si s s m Sapx"S9a ; ; ; r-i r^ 1—1 ; rH rH I« ; 1—1 : ■ CSl T— 1 • • • >* EH !-, (U bp CO i 1 o •pajiiCnj CO CO 1.^ I-H r—^ r-t CO rH rH •panra , , , CO ' ' Ci rH a •paiufuj c< lO GO o T-H CO ^ ^ ^ O •psma Oi CO 1— ( lO ^ CO ^ II si •imfni ■>d< CS 05 O 1-1 '^ CO t- O) t- en "* cq CO o CO 1-1 co CO l-t '^05C^ 02 ^_ CT CC CD « ^ 05 CO CO O CO C« OsT oT Co" r-T rH o" -*" 05 oT o" o CO I—l i-H T— 1 lO 00 r-{ aS § «7a O iH r-, OOOO— li-li-li-(t~rHC-C« Otal ft 1 June, to Dec, 03C0COC0C o. cd^'oioior^'oQo-^''-^" 02 ^ 03 I—l so lo H'S -S O -H CO CO „ ^^ On t Dec 851. 005COt~COCOCT00510COlO i-HCO— iOt--^C«COCi!00!rt 10050-^OOaSCOr-(COO^O iJi r-4 03«OJC«COi-HC3D 1— 1 CO iH T-l 1-' ^ On th June, 1851. COOOt-Ci!05«5COC01COC0 t~_^ CO_ 03 ^_ OD oj" of « (Tj ci i-T rH csT «" -!* i-T co" o r-H rH ^ CO el CCJc»0:rHC00503t-t-CD^CO O _, 00 C»^0!xt(a30>00>0r-(t~c; 0?OrH03C0t^lOOiO^^C0 ■3r^ COOiOErHT— IrHi— lOSiO^rH^ o l-H i-H ^ CO „ a . OOSrHrHOSOOOODCOOSmCft Ca03t~00O'*O05O0!O00 ^__ C» CO CO__ OD « lO^ Ot 10_ O^ >0_ 03_ °^S t-" i-H r-H t-H C> rH rH CO lo" ^'' rH of o rH rH ^ CO 00-*00lO03t-!:~COrHO0005 _ f3 GO COCOrHrHrHO?05>Oir5000iO °2| ^i-^OOiOCOrHCOCOlOCOlr-^ co" r-i r-i r^ o" rH of i--" ^" -* o" o <-< ^ ^ CO p^ 00 0?C»C0-|ia3>OOrH000D0J O 00 OsiOOOSrHiOt^»OCao50it^ 0!t-CD^OOC^>003^>00 co" rH rn" r-T o" rH of t-" •^" 'dT o" 1— 1 rH rH ^ .... CQ $H . 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' of Deaths and Injuries frotn all Causes among Employis. Period. Engine Drivers. Eatios. Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 7th 'August 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1840 ... 18S1 1853 2,051 3,658 7,910 7 28 27 ■ 18 31 35 293 ■ 131 293 114 118 336 13,619 3,446 63 11 84 10 220 322 163 245 Grand Total 16,065 73 94 230 171 Period. Stokers. Eatios. 1 Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 7th August 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1848 1848 ... 1831 1840 ... 1851 1853 3,137 3,800 8,306 7 42 49 19 48 39 304 90 108 112 79 210 14,133 2,537 98 18 106 17 144 141 133 149 Grand Total 16,669 116 123 144 186 Period. Guards. Eatios. Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 7th August 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1840 ... 1851 1853 1,902 3,894 7,339 13 30 73 11 31 42 146 113 103 173 109 176 13,635 3,269 116 .13 84. 16 110 189 150 142 Grand Total 14,904 137 100 117 149 Period. Porters. Eatios. Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 7th August 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1840 ... 1851 1853 8,985 16,037 34,677 16 31 51 9 17 30 563 517 680 998 943 1,166 69,699 10,723 98 19 86 9 609 564 1,066 1,191 Grand Total 70,421 117 68 603 1,083 Period, Otlier Servants. Eatios. Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 7th August 1840 to 1843 ..... 1844 ... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1840 to 1861 ... 1852 45,149 80,611 174,323 83 192 310 61 106 117 544 419 663 740 760 1,490 299,983 63,897 885 63 384 37 513 856 1,056 1,457 Grand Total 353,880 648 331 546 1,102 284 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. By the aid of Tables XXXI and XXXII, Table XXXIII has been calculated, so as to shew for precisely the same periods of time to which the data given in the early part of this paper relate, the number of employes exposed to risk ; thus placing the different elements entering into the inquiry in a fitting shape to determine the relation of the one to the other. The mode by which these figures have been obtained from Tables XXXI and XXXII, will be at once understood on a careful perusal. Table XXXIII will be found exceedingly useful for future reference by those giving attention to the economics of our railway system generally, as well as to those who may direct their attention to the special object of this inquiry. Table XXXIV completes the principal series of elementary facts which enter into the present part of this investigation. The details as to deaths and injuries will be found in Table XII, page 246 ante; and those in regard to the numbers exposed to the risks of acci- dent will be found, as already stated, in Tables XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII, preceding. It will frequently be necessary to refer to the facts set forth in Table XXXIV ; but, for the immediate purpose of determining the ratio of deaths and injuries from all causes or kinds of railway accidents amongst employes, compared with the ratio found to prevail amongst passengers. Table XXXV will be convenient ; from which it will be seen that the ratio of deaths per annum amongst different classes of employes for the whole period of years, now under consideration, has been as follows, viz.: — The ratio of deaths per annum among Engine-Drivers ^ 1 in 220 Stokers = ... 144 Guards = ... 117 Porters = ... 602 Other Servants = ... 546 It is thus evident that, for the whole period from 1840-52, the ratio of deaths has been, amongst the first three classes of servants, least in the group engine-drivers, and highest in that of guards. A similar result appeared also in Table XXXIV. This relation, however, of the mortality from accidents has not been uniformly maintained by the same three classes throughout the whole of the period under observation, as will be seen by a comparison of the mortality of stokers with that of guards for the period 1844-48. The mortality of the fourth and fifth groups of employes differs widely from that of the other three groups ; and the same remark is applicable to the ratio of injuries in the same groups. The ratio of injuries being among Engine-Drivers = 1 in 171 Stokers = ... 136 Guards = ... 149 Porters = ... 1,083 Other Servants = ... ],102 In respect to deaths, the ratio for stokers was intermediate between that for engine- drivers and guards ; but so far as injuries are concerned, the ratio for stokers is higher than that for either guards or engine-drivers. It will assist the object of this inquiry to consider the facts of the preceding Table, as given in the following condensed summary : — ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. Abstract N. 285 Period. Engine Drivers Stokers, and Guards. Eatios. Number. Killed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1840 to 1851 1852 6,080 10,852 23,454 27 100 148 48 110 116 229 109 158 129 99 200 40,386 7,253 275 41 274 43 147 177 148 169 Grand Total 47,638 316 317 151 150 Period. Porters and Other Servants. Hatios. Number. KUed. Injured. One Killed in One Injured in 1840 to 1843 1844 ... 1^47 1848 ...1851 1840 to 1851 54,134 96,548 209,000 99 223 361 70 123 147 547 433 579 773 785 1,422 359,682 64,619 683 82 340 46 527 788 1,058 1,405 1852 Grand Total 424,301 765 386 555 1,099 This Abstract presents facts of a very remarkable nature when compared with those given in Abstract H, page 247 ante. In the preceding Abstract, it will be seen that, in the first group of employes, consisting of engine-drivers, stokers, and guards, the numbers of injuries and deaths are almost identical, while amongst passengers (see Abstract O) the ratio of injured to killed was 675-20 per cent. In regard, however, to the group consisting of porters and other servants, the number killed has been 1 in 555, and the number injured has been 1 in 1,099; or the ratio of injured to killed about 50 '46 per cent. In this way of looking at the question, some results are disclosed, which merit very serious consideration. Abstract O. Class. Numbers. Ratio of Injured to Killed. KUled. Injured. Engine Drivers, Stokers, and Guards .... Porters and Other Servants 316 765 266 317 386 1,796 About equal 50-46 per cent. 675-20 ... 4 D 286 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. There appears in this Abstract a very curious law, but one which, on reflection, is quite consistent with the circumstances known to influence the risk to which each class of persons is exposed. By viewing, in connection with the preceding results, some of the facts set forth in Abstract O, the following conclusions are arrived at : — Abstract P. Class of Persons exposed to Eisk. Trespassers Public by tbeir own negligence . . Other Servants Porters and other Servants . . . Porters Engine-Drivers, Stokers, and Guards Passengers Numbers. Killed. 306 175 648 765 117 316 266 Injured. 84 65 391 386 65 317 1,796 Eatio of the Inj ured to Killed. 87-45 per cent. 37-14 ... 49-54 ... 50-46 ... 55-56 ... About equal 675-20 ... A very slight consideration of the nature of the circumstances, under which the accidents take place in each of the above classes, will at once explain the great disparity between the ratio of the killed and injured. If the diflferent circumstances in which the two classes of trespassers and passengers be contrasted, it will at once appear that, in the event of an accident occurring, the chances of its proving fatal difiier widely in the two groups ; the former being injured principally by trains overtaking them while in motion, and consequently the probability of the accident proving fatal is very great; but, in regard to the latter, it has been shewn in Table IV, that the bulk of accidents to pas- sengers take place under circumstances of a much less violent nature, in which the tendency to be fatal is quite inconsiderable compared with the accidents to which trespassers are liable. Of the 297 fatal accidents by defined causes to trespassers recorded in Table VI, no less than 268 are assignable to the cause " run over ; " while, of the 228 fatal accidents to passengers, 99, or 43-42 per cent., have been occasioned by collisions of trains, and trains running off the line. Accidents of this kind, it will be found, are of a less violent nature than any other, and have, therefore, less tendency to be fatal ; and if these facts be kept distinctly in view, the great disparity in the relative fatality of accidents in different classes, as shewn in Abstract P, will be readily understood. The following illustration of the tendency of different classes of accidents to prove fatal, so far as passengers are concerned, may be interesting and instructive on this point of the inquiry : — ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 287 Abstract Q. Ratio amongst Passengers of Injured to Killed from different causes. Causes. Killed. Injui-ed. Eatio of Injured to Killed. Collisions, running off line, and collision at stations All other defined causes 99 139 1,50S 230 1. 590-20 percent. 178-29 ... Accidertts from the last group of causes, it will be seen, are of a much more fatal character than those in the first group ; and an inspection of the causes, included in the last of the above groups, will shew that they are of a kind more in common with those which affect railway servants in general, than the causes contained in the first group ; and hence the explanation of the disparity exhibited in Abstract P preceding. Abstract R gives a succinct view of the liability of 'different classes of persons to be injured by accidents from various causes, and also the chances of those accidents proving fatal ; and it will be seen, that, in the following classes, the great bulk of the accidents take place under circumstances in which the cause of injury is of a very violent nature, and can, with few exceptions, be scarcely otherwise than fatal : — Of all the deaths amongst Trespassers 90-24 per cent.' Public by their own negligence 88-66 Other Servants 61-50 ^Porters 30 39 Have occurred from being run over by trains. Again, it will be seen, that, in the following classes of the accidents also taking place under circumstances likely to be fatal: — (Are caused by " Eunning off the Line'' and "Falling from Of the deaths among Engine-Drivers 46-08 per cent.j ^^^.^ „ Stokers . . 59-96 ... " Piunning off Line," " Falling from Train," and "Crushed." Guards . . 82-21 Porters . . 70-58 [ " Falling from Train," " Mounting Train in Motion," " Run over," and " Crushed." ' Run over" and " Crushed." These facts are sufficient to account for the tendency of different kinds of accidents, as they affect different classes of persons, to prove fatal. In Abstract Q, it will be found, that accidents to passengers from " collisions," " running off the line," and " collisions at stations," were much less fatal than those taking place from other causes ; so also will it be found that, amongst the three important classes of railway servants, engine-drivers, stokers, and guards, the accidents from the same three causes are much less fatal than those from other causes. 288 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. H O Pi H o? »o o CD CD 00 o CB c ^ o m •1 o o t- CO t- r-\ lO CO r-" >o o ^i s tH ^ ; co ^ pH rH CD Ci cb ; r; Ph CO r-i o 3 rH "C.^ 1^ Co _< CD . xf »o CD '^ CO 00 >o (Ti ^ ■^ l 4tl CO c« o s t 2 Ph t— 1 i-i CC CO lO CO O S^-i .2 irt) i-H lO 1— t O) t- CO lO CO t- O a> ■S <= 1^" .£ ed OS 6 rH nH ao -^ CD 6i CO ■^ O 'S Ph. CO 1— t ^^ o ■~ -2 R •-I J* »- ;h P^ ^ •| 1^ CO G3 iH . t- O CO -* CO ^ CO CO O ^■^ P4 I— 1 • rH CO I-H . ^ O CO ^ t~ CO o i o 03 : : CO CO CO o : CO CO o CO CD : •^ Ph CD o classes, ses fur , ^ ^-i S '2 1^ . I— t GO I-H 00 o 05 t- 05 Eh |a * ' CO ' J-l C3 s 1 - . o t~ CO o 1^ o II ^ tD ■8 a .2 , . , o CO CD . o CO o , o ^, 05 o t, -2 CO OX CD GO O 03 CD CO O! o o S) Ch 1-1 i-H r- r-H rH o a 0^ r^ ■^ ^ •^j n -* s C5 >o m CD c* CO ^ O! lO 05 lO CO CO IS O) CO I-H CO O! CO CO CO s la Q _o ^ {=1 o a cc o to fl ■ki c3 1 o B. &c .3 . a .a a 60 a 1 a o ^o 03 .s a la a u ■a CD O -4J ■3 ao 1 1 k:s !s "3 s "Ph *CD ja (P ^ 5K O o 1 c3 1 Hs Ph 3 o Q o a ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 289 Abstract S. Ratio of Injured to Killed amongst Engine-Drivers, Stokers, and Guards, from different causes. Catises. KHled. Injured. Eatio of Injiu'ed to Killed. Collisions, running off line, and] Collisions at stations . . j All other causes 70 246 118 199 168-57 per cent. 80-89 ... It is hence obvious, not only as regards employes, but also passengers, that accidents from " collisions," and from " running off the line," are neither so frequent nor so fatal as has been hitherto so generally believed by the public. The next point connected with this part of the inquiry, to which attention is directed, is the relative frequency of fatal accidents in recent and more remote years ; and, for the purpose of ascertaining how far the tendency to fatal accidents has increased or diminished amongst employes, the following Abstract has been prepared, which shews the deaths from all causes in the aggregate among Abstract T. Peeiod. Engine Drivers, Stokers and Guards. Porters and otlier Servants. Number Exposed to Bisk. laUed. One Killed in Nuniber Exposed to Eisk. Killed. One Killed in 1840 to 1843 1844... 1847 1848 ... 1851 1852 . . . 6,080 10,852 93,454 7,259 27 100 148 41 225 109 158 177 54,134 96,548 209,000 64,619 99 293 361 82 547 433 579 788 1840 to 1852 47,638 316 151 424,301 765 555 When a similar investigation was made into the relative frequency of fatal accidents to passengers, in Abstract H, it was most satisfactory to find so rapid and so decided a diminution of them in recent years. But, although in the present instance it would appear that, among railway servants, the mortality from accidents was not so high in the first as in the period immediately succeeding, still it is gratifying to find a still more marked and decided diminution in the rate of mortality among railway servants since the year 1844, than has taken place even amongst passengers. According to Abstract H, it will be found that the decrease in mortality of passengers, within the same period, was in the ratio of one in 230 to one in 289; while, amongst the group " Engine Drivers, Stokers, and Guards," the decrease has been in the ratio of one in 109 to one in 177; but if the ratio had been in accordance with that for passengers, it would have been as 109 to 137 only. Again, in the group " Porters and other Servants," the decrease of mortality has been as one in 433 to one in 788 ; but if the ratio had been the same as that for passengers, it would 4 E 290 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. have been as one in 433 to one in 544 only. It -will thus be seen that the diminution of fatal accidents among the second group of railway servants is . somewhat greater than in even the first group. Few, if any persons, were, until recently, distinctly aware of the great diminution of fatal accidents amongst railway passengers ; but the facts in Abstract H, of the former paper, have now sufficiently established the truth of the great improvements in this respect of railway travelling in recent years ; and the evidence now brought forward in Abstract T is of a still more satisfactory and welcome nature ; for while, in the period under review, the mortality of railway passengers has diminished 21 per cent., that of railway servants, taking both groups, has, in the same time, decreased no less than 78 per cent. It must hence be evident to every inquirer that great improvement in the management of the railway system of this country has taken place within the last ten years, to whatever cause that improvement may be due. The risk of life and limb has greatly diminished among all classes, whether travellers or employes. In the former part of this paper, an ample illustration was given of the distinction in- tended to be drawn between accidents " beyond control of the companies" and those "under " control of the companies;" and that part of the question was sufficiently discussed, so far as passengers are concerned. It is now proposed to investigate it in relation to employes. The following Abstract furnishes the principal facts for the period 1840-51 : — Abstract U. Deaths amongst Employes from causes Beyond Control of Companies, also from causes Under Control of Companies, 1840 — 51. Causes. Class of Persons. Engine Drivers. Stokers. Guards. Porters. Other Servants. Killed. Injured. Killed. iDJured. KiUed. Injui-ed. Killed. Injured. Killed. Injured. (a)-Beyond control | of the Companies ) (6)-Under control of 1 24 31 56 42 61 27 46 15 438 148 the Companies, 1 including Miscel- 38 53 43 64 54 57 52 41 147 141 laneous . . . _ Per centage of {a) . 38-71 36-90 57-14 39-62 53-04 32-14 46-94 26-79 74-87 50-35 Per centage of (h) . 61-29 03-10 42-86 60-38 46-96 67-86 53-06 73-21 94-13 49-65 In Abstract I, page 258 ante, the fatal accidents to passengers, assumed to be " under control" of the companies, were found to be 55-3 per cent, of the whole; but in this Abstract it will be seen, that, with the exception of the class " Engine Drivers," the ratio of accidents " under control of the companies" is, on the whole, considerably under that for passengers. In the preceding Abstract, the accidents in the miscellaneous ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 291 or unclassified group are placed among those "under control of the companies;" but the more correct mode of comparison is clearly, for the reasons assigned in page 259 ante, to exclude them ; and, therefore, in the next Abstract, which has been prepared to shew whether the accidents, assumed to arise from causes " under control of the companies," be increasing or diminishing, the miscellaneous group is not taken into account : — Abstract V. Deaths among Different Glasses of Employes, shewing those from causes beyond the Control of the Companies, and those not under such Control. Causes. Engine Drivers, Stokers and Guards. Porters and Other Servants. 1840-43. 1844-4.7. 1848 51. 1840-43. 1844-47. 1848-51. Beyond control of Company . Under control of Company, ex- \ eluding Micellaneous . . ^ 19 3 U 30 78 42 80 15 177 33 297 77 Mortality per Cent, of each Class to the Total. 1 Beyond control of Company . Under control of Companj', ex- ) eluding Miscellaneous . . \ 86-37 13-63 53-00 43-00 03-00 33-00 84-21 15-79 84-69 13-31 74-67 25-33 If the results in this be compared with those in the preceding Abstract, a yery important distinction will be observable, the ratio of accidents assumed as " under control " of the companies " being very much less, in consequence of the group of accidents in the miscellaneous or undefined groups being excluded. But there is one feature appearing in Abstract V of anything but a satisfactory nature, namely, that the ratio of accidents " under control of the companies," in reference to the total deaths from all causes, have, contrary to that which was found to prevail in Abstract J in regard to passengers, been increasing. In page 256 ante, however, while describing Table XXI, it was clearly shewn that, although such modes of exhibiting the relation of statistical facts have their uses, serious objections may still be brought against them when any exact or strict investigation is attempted. In order, therefore, to avoid such objections, the following Table has been prepared on the plan of Abstract K, and similar in some respects to Table XXXV, only that the accidents arising from causes "under control of companies" are distinguished from those considered as " beyond the control of companies." The first section shews the ratio of deaths from causes "beyond" and " under " control of the companies, in the same manner as that followed in Abstract V, only more in detail ; but the second section of the same Table furnishes the exact ratio of mortality per annum to the numbers exposed to risk in each class of employes : — [The second e5 ^ r ^ '^ ^ l-H f^ X <3 X K ^ o ^ -s H ■w s 1 pq 1% «j 5s t! ^ «. i > en 6 o CM O n rH 00 l-H -Itnox JO CO ^ rH CO do A -laqrann 3 s Si oo r-1 ■lujox JO l-H C5 O CD CO O 00 r-i •jaqran^ -H CO 6 CO •liBlox JO g m ■.taquniN ^' "^ 2 FH o Ci-t O 1 a CO -^ CO I—I •lujox JO -JU30 laj ■jaqcann | g § | GO rH -[Dlox JO CO HH -jsqcanfj O Of i— 1 l-H o GO l-H ■IBJOX JO ^ CO <~i 00 s 4' ■J3qiunfj GO O O o •s oi P GO 1— 1 •tieioX JO ■1U30 J3d[ i-j ca en o O CO •jaqratiM CO ^ GO 1-H -imox JO ■}a90 jaj CO l>- •jaquiuN S '^ 1 1 O '^ CO rH •(Blox JO o o CO i-i -jaquinn | t- '-'I 1 o o m iH 00 GO -[lijox JO r-l 05 OJ o CO CO ■jaqiunfj Ci O GO l-H •piox JO CO -tH t- CSf Ai CO CO CO •jaqratiM 1 S S 1 CO CO •Piox JO -»nao laj '(-I n 03 _P 'to a w "S 1 00 l-H •[«1ox JO CJ 00 CD CO •jaqiunfi | 2 III | GO •IBjox JO S 8 CO CO -JoqinnN 1 "^ 5 1 CO GO -[BlOX JO CT CO CO l-H ■aaqrant»j CO 1— t 1 u o =s • -s ■ 1 ■ s ■ g • 1 ■ r} CO c^ (n ft? S a s ^ ^ IS M ^ t- as CO o 00 CO -^ 0) ■ CO s CO 1—1 r-* O > 1-1 « o 0.^ fH >0 rH ^ o o 4 oo o 00 a o ri( o in «S; t- '^ t- 1— < fi 1— I CO ^ O »o l-H t- CO o Orr> ^ t- ci Oi CO 0) i^ CO ^ hT ^-T 2 1— 1 TO O o ^ b- o c* Sin o o ^ o tu o 5rH CO •3 c3 r-< r— 1 O CO iO GO O 00 o OS O Ci rH CO -* 2 o< o " CO 00 O o O I-. CO a rH « o tn CO CO o a •g cj -^ ca i— 1 CO ca 03 t- t- P a? CO t* a O t- 00 00 t- 0^- kc >cr CO co^ CO 0) ^ o CI 1 CO 1— 1 CO «— ' •:^ o o j;03 o « CO (Ti O ci- ::^ c * is """S - VH • n . o "3 ° O o So a ^1 SI ■Sr, " ^"i II .2^ am P M M ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 293 The second section of this Table is calculated tq throw important light on the question of railway accidents, as they affect the different classes of employes, both as regards the causes " beyond control of the companies " and those assumed to fall " under "^ control of the companies." In describing Abstract T, it was pointed out that, ever since 1844, the accidents from all causes have been diminishing ; so also, in the preceding Table, it will be found that generally in each class of servants the fatal accidents have been decreasing within the same period, whether viewed in respect to the causes " beyond control of the companies " or otherwise, the exceptions being in the group of " guards," and in the group of " other servants " for accident from causes " under control of companies." The following Abstract, however, of this Table will place the question in a clearer light :— Abstract W. Ratio of Deaths amongst Employes from causes Beyond and Under Control of the Companies, 1840-51. Number exposed to risk . . Beyond control of Companies Under control of Companies Eatio of, Beyond control of Companies Ratio of, Under control of Companies Engine Drivers, Stokers, and Guards. 1840 to 1843. 6,080 19 3 One in 320 2,097 1844 to 1847. 10,852 44 36 One in 247 302 1848 to 1851. 23,454 78 42 One in 301 558 Porters and other Servants. 1840 to 1848. 54,134 80 15 One in 677 8,609 1844 to 1847. 96,548 177 82 One in 545 3,017 1848 to 1851. 209,000 227 77 One in 921 2,714 Engiae Drivers, Stokers, Guards, Pijrters, and other Servants. 1840 to 1843. 60,214 99 18 One in 608 3,345 1844 to 1847. 107,400 221 68 One in 486 1,579 1848 to 1851. 232,454 305 119 One in 762 1,953 It is thus obvious that, so far as engine-drivers, stokers, and guards are concerned, there has been a decided decrease in the accidents, both from causes " beyond " and " under " control of the companies, and, consequently, an absolute decrease in the mor- tality from all causes ; but in the case of porters and other servants, it will be found that, while the deaths from causes " beyond the control of companies " have diminished in a very marked manner, those from causes " under control of the companies " have increased. In the last section of the preceding Abstract, it will, however, be seen that, viewing all the railway employes in the aggregate, there has been a decided decrease in the deaths from both classes of accidents, whether from causes beyond or under control of the companies. In Abstract K, it will be found that, among passengers, although the deaths from all causes had largely decreased since 1844, still those from causes "beyond the " control of the companies," in that period, increased, but not in so great a ratio as the deaths from causes " under the control of the companies," had diminished. The decrease from causes " under the control of the companies," it will be observed, by comparing the results of Abstract E for passengers with those of Abstract W for employes, is very nearly 4 F 294 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. the same within the period 1844-51. From the principle on which Tables XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII, have been formed, it is questionable whether the number of employes therein deduced as being in the service of the companies prior to the year 1844, can be safely relied on, although subsequent to that period they may be considered as strictly applicable to the purposes to which they have been applied in this contribution ; in fact, subsequent to 1847, a census has been taken in the alternate years. Looking, however, at the figures determined for the years 1840-43, it is to be doubted whether the number of employes theti in actual service was not much less than stated in the Tables just referred to. For other reasons than those appearing from an examination of the figures in Table XXXIII, it may be fairly assumed that, in the early period of railway' management, a less number of employes was required in the railway service, pro rata to the extent of the line of railway open to trafiic ; for it has already been shewn, in the early part of this communication, that both the passenger and goods traffic have increased in a much higher ratio than the extent of miles of railway open for traffic, and, consequently, the number of railway employes has also increased in a like high ratio. This is an important consideration to bear in mind while engaged on this part of the inquiry which relates to employes only. The same difficulty did not arise while engaged in the examination of a similar question in respect to passengers, for the number of passengers and the extent of mileage were known for each year of the whole period under observation; but, as already stated, no census of railway employes was available for the purpose of this inquiry until May, 1848. Assuming that the remarks now advanced, in respect to the estimated number of employes given in Table XXXIII, are generally correct, it will follow that the actual rate of mortality among railway employes, for the period 1840-43, was much greater than that shewn in the preceding Tables and Abstracts, and hence, in the present state of the investigation of this question, it would be difficult to assert positively, whether, as in the case of passengers, the mortality of employes has not also uniformly diminished ever since 1840, notwithstanding the indications to the contrary contained in Table XXXVI and Abstract W. Whatever opinions may be held as to the improvements likely to take place in railway management for the future, for the protection of the lives of passengers and employes, one thing is quite certain, that in the period within which observations and recorded facts may be safely relied on, great improvements must have been effected in the management of railway affairs; and more credit is due to those intrusted with the conduct of these matters than either the public press or the people of this country have for a long time seemed disposed to accord to them. In pages 260-1 ante, will be found important facts and deductions in relation to " collisions ;" and although that portion of the inquiry had special reference to passengers, many of the observations are equally applicable to the case of employes. The following Table exhibits the number of deaths taking place from collisions at stations, and from collisions not at stations, during the period 1844-51 : — [It will be Table XXXVII, The Number and Ratio of Deaths from Collisions happening at Stations, and from Collisions not at Stations, during the Years 1844-52, among Period. Engine Drivers. 1 Number. Not at Station. At Station. 1 Killed. One in Killed. One in 1844 to 1847 1848 ... 1851 1853 3,658 7,910 2,446 4 3 914 3,955 2 1 3 1,829 7,910 815 1844 to 1853 . . . • 14,014 6 3,336 6 2,386 Period. Stokers. ■ Number. Not at Station. At Station. 1 Killed. One in Killed. One in 1844 to 1847 1848 ... 1851 1853 1844 to 1852 3,800 8,205 2,537 3 3 3 1,900 3,735 1,268 2 3 1 1,900 4,102 2,537 14,542 7 3,077 5 2,908 Period. Guards. Number. Not at Station. At Station. Killed. One in Killed. One in 1844 to 1847 1848 ... 1851 1853 3,394 7,339 2,269 3 1 1,697 7,339 1 3 3,394 3,446 1844 to 1853 13,003 3 4,334 4 3,251 Period. Porters. 1 Number. Not at Station. At Station. | Killed. One in Killed, One in 1844 to 1847 1848 ... 1851 1852 16,037 34,677 10,723 ... ... 2 1 1 8,018 34,677 10,733 1844 to 1853 61,436 ... ... 4 15,359 Period. Other Servants. Number. Not at Station. At Station. j Killed. One in Kaied. One in 1844 to 1847 1848 ... 1851 1852 1844 to 1853 80,511 174,333 53,897 3 4 5 40,255 43,581 10,779 1 7 80,611 24,903 808,731 11 28,006 8 38,591 296 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. It will be seen that this class of accidents, which, in the case of passengers, was shewn, at page 260, to constitute nearly 59 per cent, of all accidents assumed to be under the control of the companies, does, in regard to employes, amount to little more than 21 per cent, of all the accidents arising from causes under the control of the companies ; and this is a distinction which it is of much importance to keep in view, as it is calculated to throw much light on the proximate cause of accidents in railways, and the direction in which improvements are more immediately to be looked for. With this object in view, the following Abstract has been prepared, shewing, in reference to the causes assumed to be under control of the companies, the degree in which each particular class of employes is subject to each kind of accident, as well as the relation between each class of employes, and also all employes in the aggregate, to passengers in this respect: — Abstract X. The Number of Deaths amongst Railway Employes, and amongst Passengers, during the Years 1840-52, from Accidents under Control of the Companies. Cause of Accident. Class of Employes. 1 Engine Drivers. Stokers. Guards. Porters. Other Servants. Total of Employes. Passengers. Collision Offline Running into station . Collision at station Crushed 6 19 1 6 3 ■ 8 13 5 13 3 6 4 14 1 4 41 11 6 "s 73 28 45 1 37 143 39 35 5 35 6 Total . . . 85 39 S7 46 97 344 109 Accidents from collisions are, relatively to the whole of the above class of accidents, obviously not so fatal to any one class of railway servants, nor consequently to the whole collectively, as to passengers. In the former part of this paper a very complete investigation has been made of the various circumstances under which collisions took place, distinguishing those collisions at stations from those not at stations, and also those in which ihe immediate cause was the state of the weather, defects in machinery, neglect, and other circumstances ; besides, it was further shewn to what extent the various accidents from collisions arose from passenger trains running into other passenger trains, from passenger trains into trains of another sort, from trains other than passenger trains into passenger trains, and from trains, neither of which were passenger trains. And although the data there brought forward have more especial reference to the injuries sustained by passengers, the facts are quite as com- pletely given in regard to employes themselves ; and it is therefore now unnecessary to enlarge on the particular questions then discussed. In respect, however, to the preceding Abstract of this group of accidents, namely, those assumed to be under control of the ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 297 companies, the following modification in the way of exhibiting the results will shew the relative frequency of each kind of accident to all causes of the same group of accidents. Abstract Y. Ratio of Deaths amongst each Class of Railway Employes and amongst Passengers, during the Years 1840— 52, /row each land of Accident Under Control of the Companies, to the Deaths from all causes assumed as heing Under Control of the Companies. Cause of Accident. Okas of Employes. Engine Drivers. Stokers. Guards. Porters. Other Servants. Total of Employes. Passengers. Collision Offline Running into station . Collision at station Crushed 17-14 54-S9 2-86 17-14 8-57 20-52 33-33 19-82 33-33 11-11 22-22 14-82 51-85 2-17 8-70 89-13 11-34 ■6-18 8-25 74-23 11-47 18-44 0-41 11-07 58-61 26-60 32-11 4-59 32-11 4-59 The following are the causes amongst those assumed to be under control of the companies, which are most fatal to each class of persons, viz. : — In the class — Engine Drivers . . Running off line = 54-3 per cent, of the whole of the above. Stokers Collisions, Off line, and Crushed are equal = 33-3 Guards Crushed = 51-9 Porters Do = 89-1 Other Servants ... Do = 74-2 Total Employes ... Do = 58-6 Passengers .... Collisions = 58-7 Of the accidents under control of the companies, it is remarkable how great a pro- portion of the deaths among employes comes under the denomination " crushed," particularly amongst porters and other servants. Even in the whole group of employes the ratio from this cause is as high as 58-61 per cent., while amongst passengers it is no more than 4-59 per cent. ; and, therefore, by keeping these facts in view, there can be no difficulty in understanding the great discrepancy between the ratio of killed and injured among employes and passengers. Having said this much in regard to the way in which different classes of persons are affected by different kinds of accidents, we shall now return to the subject of Table XXXVII. The following is a condensed Abstract of it, and will afford a ready means of judging how far fatal accidents from collisions have decreased in recent years. 4 G 298 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. Abstract Z. Ratio of Fatal Accidents from Collisions at different periods amongst Railway Employes. Period. Engine Drivers, Stokers, and Guards. Porters and other Servants. Number Exposed to Eisk. Not at Station. At Station. Number Exposed to Eisk. Not at Station. At Station. Killed. One in Killed. One in Killed. One in Killed. One in 1844-47 1848-51 1852 10,853 23,454 7,252 8 6 2 1,356 3,909 3,636 5 6 4 3,170 3,909 1,813 96,548 209,000 64,619 3 4 6 48,374 52,250 12,994 3 8 1 32,183 26,125 64,619 1844-52 41,558 16 2,597 15 3,770 370,167 11 33,651 12 30,847 It is hence obvious that so far as the first group of servants are concerned, the danger of fatal accidents from collisions of both kinds has greatly decreased in recent years, but in regard to collisions at stations such has not been the case amongst the other group of railway servants, namely, " porters and other servants." The next part of this question to which attention is directed is similar to that con- tained in Abstract M of the preceding paper, which shewed the accidents which had happened to passengers from collisions with trains of diflferent kinds. At page 270 it will be found that throughout the whole period of nine years, 1844-52, but one death of a passenger took place from collisions of " express'' trains, and also only one from collisions of " excursion," while none happened from collisions of mail trains, the " ordinary" trains being most fatal to passengers; so also will the same thing be found with regard to employes. The following condensed Abstract from Table XXV gives a general view of the results arrived at. Abstract Aa. Ratio of Deaths and Injuries amongst Employes to the Number of Collisions during 1844-52. Tbainb. Collisions. Employes. Eatio of Deaths and Injuries to Non- Serious. Serious. Killed. Injured. All Collisions. Serious Collisions. KiUed. Injured. KUled. Injured. Express Excursion Mail Ordinary 3 1 8 42 8 7 13 173 3 4 22 11 "s 57 •183 •190 •103 1^000 •381 •265 •350 •308 •127 1^376 •615 ■329 Total .... 54 201 98 76 •110 •398 •139 •378 Although the " ordinary" trains have had the greatest number of collisions, and have 8 8 8 e 03 S GO 8 1 V -K1 Si. «C 8 CO S 5 Rh CO >o -^1 * Sfl 8 c^ PI s^ ■-^ >0 kl 1 1 1^ :i ?» *^ ~w « 0? -. ?> I-H "W 8 « IS =0 8 g 8 a o EH t3 1— 1 en CO -f -* -di >o -f CT> T}l ^ -:* CO o 1 lO CO O rH o a -f cc m a a a o rH g 1 t3 : : i-i t- 00 rH : C? CO I-H CO r-l i 1 1 3 '5° IH CD 1- f t~ T-l r- i O C*! CO i-H lO lO lO £^ S a Other Persons Killed or Injured in Crossing at Level Crossings. I-H rt CO CD O! rH C7 nj ^ a rH CO >ra OO CO CO CO CT Servants of Companies or of Contractors Killed or Injiu-ed fi-om their own Misconduct or want of Caution. I-H CO rH rH ^ ^ CO lO CO r-l t3 1 t~ CO t~ CO Servants of Companies or of Contractors Killed or Injured from Causes beyond their own control. -73 fH CS CO rt CD GO iC) ^ -^ CO B O! 05 CO O CD CO Oi CO r-l Passengers Killed or Injui-ed from tlieii- own Misconduct or want of Caution. a M o o CO Ot. r^ a r-l r^ ■6 1 on 05 CO 03 SI ^ ^ ^ CO Passengers Killed or Injured from Causes beyond their own control. O rt rt O! 00 CO rt 00 Oi CO CO c« o r-l i O « O 00 CO rt rt CO CD i CO ^ lO CO tco ira lo lo 3 OD 00 X' CC ;^ rH r-< i—i rH o 300* ANALYTICAL VIEW OF EAILWAY ACCIDENTS. Table XLI. Table shewing the Classes of Accidents to Servants of Companies or of Contractors during the period 1st January, 1855, to ^Ist December, 1856. From Causes beyond, their own Control, viz. : — Collisions Trains or Engines getting off Rails Trains running into Siding or off their proper Line, through ■ Points being wrong ... Axles or Machinery breaking . . Run over or crushed between' Buffers while coupling or uncoupling Carriages or Waggons Run over while shunting Trains . Run over or struck while pro-1 perly performing other duties j Boiler Explosions Struck against Bridges . . . Engine Drivers. Firemen. Guards and Breaks- men. Porters. Police- men. Gatemen and Signal- men. Switch- men. Plate- layers Labour- ers. Miscel- laneous. Total. ni a M 6 4 1 2 1 -a £ 7 7 3 2 1 2 3 ■B CO g -B 'S r6 a £ ■a g 1— I 1 ni ni 3 ni '5* M ni S 1 ni g ■0 3 i 7 3 1 4 1 3 3 1 8 9 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 29 5 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 ■ •■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 4 19 8 8 7 5 6 17 5 8 49 25 IS 6 8 5 15 8 1 Total . . . . 13 24 32 24 10 45 7 4 3 ... ... 1 3 1 14 10 10 10 78 124 From want of Caution or Mis- conduct, viz.: — Collisions Crushed between Buffers, orl run over while coupling or uncoupling Carriages orf Waggons J standing upon Railway . . Run over while shunting Trains . While incautiously working on| Attempting to get on or offj Engines or Carriages in I motion ) Boiler Explosions .... Struck against Bridges . . . . Falling from Carriages or Waggons 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 5 1 6 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 8 2 6 5 4 5 "3' 1 7 3 4 1 5 10 n 6 1 4 3 7 3 4 4 1 7 3 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 8 16 1 13 8 1 3 1 4 4 1 1 20 1 11 4 5 3 1 7 3 7 19 3 6 13 3 3 3 1 3 1 4 29 100 18 30 43 2 5 15 8 31 13 11 13 82 1 13 Total . . . . 10 6 20 11 24 20 35 19 10 1 13 8 9 ... 33 13 42 13 50 10 246 96 Grand Total . . 28 30 43 35 34 65 42 33 10 3 13 8 10 3 34 16 56 33 60 20 324 230 ANALYTICAL VIEW OF RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. 301 while in the period preceding 1848-51, the number killed from the same cause was 16, and that injured 96, or 4 per annum killed and 24 injured. It will be found impossible to account for this discrepancy between the deaths and injuries of employes and pas- sengers, on the supposition of an undue proportion of the accidents from trains " running " off the line " having happened to goods' and other trains not carrying passengers ; for by referring to Table XXX it will be seen that not a single case occurred of a goods' train running off the line in the year 1852, and, consequently, no death or injury is recorded from that cause. Of the 14 recorded instances of " running off the line," given in Table XXX it will be seen that None occurred to goods' trains. One only to engines — resulting in no deaths, but injury to one employe : — and Thirteen occurred to i resulting in no death amongst passengers, but injuring 17 of them: while no less than 10 passenger trains... J employes were killed, and 11 injured. Results of so curious and anomalous a nature are certainly very striking, and must enlist the sympathies of every inquirer on behalf of the more important classes of the railway employes, who are thus exposed to so frightful a sacrifice of life and limb while engaged in the discharge of their duties. It is to be lamented that some more effectual means than are yet in use have not been taken to avert the recurrence of such distressing and calami- tous accidents ; and I trust the efforts now made to bring this analysis prominently before the public may not be altogether devoid of some beneficial influence in directing the attention of those in authority to so vitally important a subject. 4 H STATISTICS OF CRIME. In the present paper, an analysis is attempted to be made of the state of Crime in England and "Wales, from the returns furnished by the Home Office, for the years 1834-54. The first point to which attention will be directed, is the influence of age in the production of crime, and its importance as an element in all inquiries concerning the amount and progress of crime, in various districts, and during various periods. In fact, every accurate investigation into the state of crime of a county will be found to involve the consideration of so many important elements of its vital statistics, that the one branch of study necessarily includes the other. It was necessary to calculate the population for those years ; and the formula given in pp. 2-3 ante, has been employed for that purpose, both in respect to the whole popu- lation of England and Wales, and the different counties and districts hereafter referred to. The correction pointed out in page 2 as necessary in regard to the unenumerated ages of the population, was also applied to the enumeration of ages in the criminal returns for the respective years. The preceding corrections having been applied to the numbers given in the Eeports of the Census Commissioners, and also to the numbers given in the Home Office Returns of criminals, the following Tables I and II have been produced. In the second column of each Table will be found the corrected population for England and Wales at the respective ages, for each of the years 1842, 1843, and 1844 ; and in the third column the total population for those years at each term of life ; the fourth column [represents STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. &03 Table I. Criminal Offenders in England and Wales in 184S, 1843, and 1844, with the Ratio of Crime to the Population at the various Terms of Life calculated to the corrected Population for the respective Periods. — Males. Age. Under 5 5-10 10-18 . Under 18 15-80 30-95 35-30 80-40 40-50 50-60 { 1843 1843 1844 1849 1843 1844 1843 1843 1844 1843 1843 1844 60 and up 1 I ■I •1 ■1; . \ 18 ( IS wards . \ 1843 1843 1844 1843 1843 1844 1843 1843 1844 1813 1843 1844 1843 843 844 1843 1843 1844 1849 1843 1844 Population. Proportion, 1 in 336 1086117 1064861 1079470 968144 97134] 980635 891543 908764 914138 8909803 8938366 8967883 793576 808586 817778 739960 786457 847933 684834 638765 878397 1020198 1040491 1061190 761076 773078 785368 503017 509333 515535 839606 545488 851438 3193848 8914110 8708434 8815393 3416939 8344349 1841996 3131879 3319483 1587775 1636829 Criminals. 34084381 1463 1465 1483 5755 5633 8146 6531 6145 8380 4008 8780 8873 4437 4058 3348 3117 1985 1788 960 814 814 469 451 410 4351 16834 18056 11031 11848 8807 1330 Ratio of Criminals to total Population. 71840 ■0494 ■6841 708 ■5989 •3794 ■8504 ■1694 ■0813 ■3978 304 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Table II. Criminal Offenders in England and Wales in 1842, 1843, and 1844, with the Ratio of Crime to the Population at the various Terms of Life calculated to the corrected Population for the respective Periods. — Females. Age. Population. Criminals, Ratio of Criminals to total Population. 5 . . . 5-10 . . . 10-15 . . . Under 15 . . . 15-20 . . . 20-25 . . . 25-30 . . . 30-40 . . 40-50 . . 50-60 . . . 60 and upwards . Proportion, 1 ( 1842 < 1843 I 1844 f J842 \ ]843 I 1844 C 1842 < 1843 (, 1844 f 1842 \ 1843 (. 1844 ( 1842 \ 1843 (. 1844 f 1842 < 1843 I 1844 I 1842 \ 1843 (. 1844 f 1842 \ 1843 I 1844 ( 1842 \ 1843 ( 1844 f 1842 \ 1843 (. 1844 r 1842 \ 1843 I 1844 in 1581 1068046 1077628 1087296 3232970 2914625 2627281 243 349 309 701 3716 3763 2391 2672 1548 761 350 •0080 •1495 •1459 •1141 •0817 •0643 •0406 •0186 961863 971510 981252 863979 875707 887595 2893888 3924845 2956143 8774876 2484933 2578901 2095750 3270574 2407733 1633585 1886784 816962 838259 839711 1968 1266 1183 843544 859533 875824 1356 1343 1164 685508 698601 711741 869 784 738 1071335 1090081 1109258 944 907 821 790308 802515 814910 527 535 496 537073 544494 552018 247 256 258 630788 628893 637103 115 110 126 25133135 15902 •0633 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 305 represents the number of criminal offenders in England and Wales during each of the same three years, and at each term of life ; and the fifth column contains the totals for the three years. These lead to the consideration of the sixth column, which shews the ratio per cent, of criminal offenders at each term of life, to the population at the same term of life. An examination of this column will immediately shew its importance and its bearing on Criminal Statistics. The tendency to crime among the male population at various terms of life, will be found in Table I to vary from -7702 per cent, to -1694 per cent. ; or, in other words, the tendency to crime at one period of life is more than quadruple that at another. In Table II, similar results will be found for the female popu- lation, but with a lower specific and absolute intensity to crime. Over the whole male population of England and Wales, the tendency to crime will be found to be -2978 per cent., but for the female sex it will be found to be -0633 per cent. One very striking and important feature in Table I is the fact, that more than one- fourth of all the criminal offenders in England and Wales, will be found to be at the quinquennial period of life 20 to 25 ; and, further, that the number of criminals in the same period exceed those in the succeeding quinquennial period by at least 63 per cent. On a comparison of Tables I and II, it will be found that the tendency to crime in the female population is only 21 per cent, of that in the male population; and if the term of life 20 to 25 be taken, the amount of crime among females will be seen to be only 19 per cent, of that among males ; or, in other words, there is five times as much crime in the male population as among an equal number of the female population of the country. Two most important facts thus disclose themselves ; first, that the great amount of crime is committed at a given term of life ; and second, that while one in every 336 of the male population is yearly guilty of a criminal offence, in the female sex the number is one in every 1581 only. These facts being established, it will follow that, although in two different districts the tendency to crime in each sex at the respective terms of life may be precisely the same, still, should there be a difference in the distribution of the population over the various periods of life, or a higher proportion of males in the one district than in the other, the usual methods of investigating such questions, in which the element of age is not considered, would lead to the fallacious conclusion, that in the one place there was a greater tendency to crime than in the other. In order more fully to establish this point, the following Tables, III and IV, have been prepared, containing the male and female population in England and Wales, for the respective terms of life recognised in the Home Office Eeturns for criminal offenders. These numbers are collected and arranged from the census returns for 1841 ; and in Table V the same facts in relation to the male sex will be found set forth in a different form, with an additional column, representing the ratio per cent, of the population at each term of life to the whole population of the male sex in every county. 4 I [The peculiar 306 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. H H 00 ■a' fin ?— ICOt-p— ICOaj^GOCOOSOStT^OO CO o «. ^ t- t- CD JO t- Oi O! 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CT CO -* lo H n3«5C3iocJoc' w pr-iCiOJCO'cfio"*' o H -3 Pi o t> § ^ Ph I-' CO Pi & ^^^^^m STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 325 Still further to establish this truth, Table VII has been constructed on the hypothesis, that in the various counties and districts the tendency to crime was the same as prevailed in England and Wales during the years 1842, 1843, and 1844, as represented in Table I. The actual populations of those places were taken as given in Table III, In Table I it will be seen that the actual proportion of male criminals in England and Wales during those three years was one in every 336 of the whole male population. If the population of the kingdom, however, during those years, had been under the same distribution in regard to age as in the year 1821, the proportion of criminals would have been one in every 365 only of the population ; but, on the other hand, if under the same distribution as the city of Glasgow, crime would appear to have been as high as one in every 304. Again, the difference of distribution of even two districts in the metropolis is such as to produce in Bethnal Green the proportion of one in 338, Avhile in St. George's, Hanover Square, the ratio would be as high as one in 280 ; shewing a difference or error in the method of inquiry thus resorted to, of about 21 per cent. An inspection of the results for the several counties will furnish evidence of similar irregularities. In Anglesea, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Dorset, Merioneth, Montgomery, and Pembroke, the ratio of crime is one in 360 and upwards ; but in Glamorgan, Lancaster, Middlesex, and Monmouth, the average is from one in 325 to one in 313, being a difference of at least 18 per cent. It is therefore evident that the element of age is an essential item in every inquiry or investigation into the relative amount and progress of crime in different districts, and that calculations in which that element is neglected cannot be relied on ; for we have here examples of districts in which the same ratio of crime is assumed to prevail, and yet there would appear to be an excess of crime in some places of 20 per cent, above that which would seem to prevail in others. The arguments and illustrations now brought forward to shew the necessity of viewing age as an element in all inquiries into the prevalence of crime, it will be seen, apply with equal force to the question of sex. Over the whole male population of the country, the tendency to crime is nearly five times as great as in the female sex ; and since in some districts of the country the proportion of the population of the two sexes at the various periods of life is very different, the results of any inquiry in whi-ch the sexes are not distinguished must be subject to very great fallacies, shewing errors to a greater extent than even those connected with the element of age, as that element would equally affect the present case, and be further vitiated by the disturbing influence of sex. It is therefore obvious, that in every properly conducted inquiry in criminal statistics, a separate analysis must be made for each sex. Some very curious and interesting features will be found to connect themselves with Tables I and II, and also Tables XXII and XXIIL From the age of 20 it will be found that in the male sex, crime, in each successive term of life given in the Tables, decreases 4 o 326 STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. at the rate of 33-333 per cent., and in the female sex, at the rate of 25 per cent. ; so that if two Tables were formed, in one of which the numbers resulting from such a law were given, and in the other the actual number of criminals, the one Table, particularly in reference to the female sex, would be almost identical with the other. The following Abstract will shew the ratio of criminals according to the actual results for England and Wales during the years 1842-4, and also during the years 1845-8, as well as according to the theoretical law just alluded to ; and in regard to the years 1842-4, it will be seen that in only one of the terms of the male sex is there any material difference between the two classes of results, while for the female sex, the actual and the theoretical results are almost identical throughout the whole of the Table. Proportion per cent, of Grime to the Population. Age. Males. Females. 1 Actual Eesults. Tables I and XXII. Law. Actual Results. Tables II and XXIII. Law. 1842-4. 1845-8. 1842-4. 1845-8. 1842-4. 1845-8. 1842-4. 1845-8. 20 to 25 25 ... 80 30... 40 40... 50 50... 60 •7702 •5989 •3794 •2504 •1694 •6702 •5141 •3240 •2222 •1334 •8536 •5691 •3794 •2529 •1686 •7390 ■4860 •3240 •2160 •1440 •1459 •1141 •0817 •0643 •0466 •1506 •1240 •0842 •0609 •0385 •1452 ■1089 ■0817 ■0613 ■0460 ■1497 ■1123 ■0842 •0632 •0474 In statistical inquiries the discovery of any such law as that now pointed out is of the first importance, for it gives evidence of the existence of some very powerful and intense element connected with the determination of the particular class of results, and but little influenced or disturbed by external circumstances ; which, if once clearly exhibited, may admit of such modifications in its conditions as will lead to practical and highly beneficial modes of administration, tending to elevate the moral and political condition of the people. It is only from a properly determined series of results, developing general principles in the truth and safety of which confidence can be placed, that any effective legislation can result ; and without the appearance of some numerical laws, those principles themselves must remain comparatively obscure, and legislation continue impeded. It will be found that this theoretical law is not peculiar to the periods of years to which the preceding facts relate, but is a proper and distinctive feature in the conditions of society under which crime appears in other years. The preceding Abstract has relation to the years 1842-8 only, because prior to the year 1842, the Criminal Returns published by the Home Office gave the ages of criminals for a division of ages which could not be* assimilated with the periods of life recognised in the census ; and to have introduced them would only have lessened the value of the facts now presented ; but from the following Abstract it wiU be seen, that so far as the Criminal Returns for the four years 1838-1841 go, traces of the same law of crime are clearly observable. STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 327 Males. Per cent, to -whole Population of Females. Age. Mean of 4 years. Mean of 4 years. 1838. ]839. 1840. 1841. Total. Males. Females. Total. 1841. 1840. 1839. 1838. Under 13 . 317 363 409 416 1505 376 68 273 82 80 61 49 13. ..16 . 1933 S069 3177 3340 8413 3] 03 ... 438 1711 474 477 402 358 16. ..SI . 556S 5602 6339 6188 23591 5898 •7587 •1621 1303 6212 1385 1403 ]259 1165 SI. ..30 . 5935 6184 6815 7286 36230 6555 ■4939 •0992 1484 5935 1635 1609 1421 1280 30. .,40 . S733 S935 3366 3413 13447 3113 •3129 •0723 759 3038 849 800 716 673 40. ..50 . 1SS6 1300 1495 1543 5564 1391 •1867 ■0551 428 1714 451 465 402 396 60. ..60 . 545 613 656 666 9469 617 •1349 •0331 175 700 175 194 185 146 60 & upwards S89 S98 343 333 1361 315 ... 83 331 80 87 81 77 Unknown . 365 475 476 486 1803 450 ... ... 75 300 73 97 85 45 It must thus appear evident that whatever means may be employed for the prevention of crime, or the treatment of criminals, ought to shew their influence and bearing on the male sex chiefly between the ages of 20 and 25, The following Abstract from Tables I and II and XXII and XXIII will shew the relative tendency to crime in the two sexes at the various terms of life. Eatio per cent, of Criminals to the Numter of the Population to which there is 1 Population, yearly. one crime yearly. Excess per cent, of Crime | Age. among Males. Females. Males. Females. 1843-4. 1845-8. 1843-4. 1845-8. 1843-4. 1845-8. 1842-4. 1845 8. 1642-4. 1845-8. Under 15 . ■0494 •0433 ■0080 •0073 3034^7 2315-2 12500-0 13913-3 517-4 500-9 15. ..SO . •6841 •6404 ■1495 •1498 146-3 156-1 668-9 667-7 367-5 337-7 30. ..35 . •7703 •6703 ■1459 •1506 139-8 149^3 770-4 664-1 493-5 345-1 25. ..30 . •5989 •5141 ■1141 ■1340 167-0 194^5 876-4 806-4 434-8 314-6 30.. .40 . •3794 •8340 •0817 ■0843 263-6 308-6 1334-0 1188^3 364-3 385-0 40.. .50 . •3504 •3223 •0648 ■0609 399-4 450-0 1555-3 1160-9 389-4 158-0 50.. .60 . •1694 •1334 •0466 ■0385 590-3 749-8 3145-9 3596-9 363-5 246-3 60 & upwards •0813 ■0688 •0186 •0157 1330^0 145-4 5373-5 6379-3 336-8 438-7 It will be observed that in the male sex the tendency to crime at ages 15-20 is somewhat less than in the next quinquennial period of life ; but a similar result does not appear for the female sex during the period 1842-4, as the tendency to crime at those two periods of life is nearly equal. In the Home Ofiice Eeturns the ages of the ofienders under 15 years is not distinguished ; but if the age of criminals under 15 be held to be between the ages of 10-15, it will alter the expressions at that term of life in Tables I and II, and in the corresponding columns of the above Abstract from -0494 per cent, to •1607 per cent, for the male sex, and from -0080 per cent, to -0266 per cent, for the female sex, and a similar modiflcation will be necessary in respect to the results derived from Tables XXII and XXIII. 328 STATISTICS OF CKIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. In Table VI preceding is given the number of criminal offenders in each county of England and Wales, at the respective terms of life recognised in the Home Office Keturns, for each of the years 1842, 1843, and 1844 ; also the total number of criminals in the various counties, at each term of life for the three years, as well as the average number for the three years. The next Table to vs^hich attention is directed (Table VIII) is one of some importance, as it shews the actual yearly average number of criminals in each county of England and Wales, during the years 1842, 1843, and 1844, and for every term of life. In a parallel column is given what would have been the number of criminals at the same terms of life, provided the same tendency to crime had prevailed in each county as over the whole kingdom. A comparison of the parallel columns wiU at once shew, whether the actual crime in any county be above or below the average of the whole kingdom, arid also at what term of life the increase or decrease of crime prevails. A further analysis of the same facts will be found in Table XI, in which a correction is applied for the increase of population- to the mean times of the years 1842, 1843, and 1844 ; and in the last column of that Table will be found the difference per cent, between the actual amount of crime in each county, and that which would have resulted if the same tendency to crime had prevailed as over the whole of England and Wales. Having thus found the actual amount of crime in each county, in relation to the ages of the population, as well as the average crime in each county at the same ages, according to the ratio for the whole kingdom, and observed the marked differences in the amount of crime in various districts, — some having an excess of crime of more than 52 per cent, above the average of the country, while other districts are below the average by at least 80 per cent. ; — it becomes an important problem for solution, to discover, if possible, the nature and character of that element in the condition of the respective districts which produces so remarkable a disparity, and exercises so powerful an influence in the development of crime. Various methods suggest themselves of effecting such an analysis as might possibly lead to the discovery of any agent, so materially influencing the moral and social state of society. The first arrangement adopted is that supposed to connect itself with the manufacturing or agricultural interest of a district. In Table IX the manufacturing and mining counties are divided into four groups, — the northern mining districts ; the cotton and woollen manufacturing districts ; the cotton, woollen, silk, and lace-fabric districts ; and the hardware, pottery, and glass manufacturing districts. Again, the agricultural counties will be found to be divided into three groups, — the North-Eastern and Eastern, the Midland, and the South and South-Western districts. In each of these combinations the actual number of criminals at the respective periods of life is shewn, as well as the number that would result in those districts at the same ages, if the same tendency to crime prevailed as over the whole of the kingdom. In Table XII the same facts will be found under a more convenient arrangement. 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O u -^ -f tj r-^ rr CO CO 00 J , H o !2; T3 s la o hl-l oS lO ^H ^4 CO CO t' CO O? >o ^ lO f5 i^OOODrHaiOC^?"rJI 03 t- CO 3 O? C? rH 1-1 00 02 -!* COCOC0 t- CO IC C? iO . Oi pi CO « CO ^ rH O I W5 f4 <1 O! Oi O! CO 1 JD Ti o SI K o s s »o-5)ico-^coccaora o CO C^ CO (??t-rHO00t-!:~C0 V5 CO CO "s rH lO lO CO CO I— < O! rH -^ rH ^ CD ^ CO rH OT -^ rH O? t- CO C« O CO Q • -.3 ' * * * ' CQ • • .9 'S 1— ( • • 1 :::::: :i lOOlOOOOO g rHOiOiCO^lOCD E ^ :::::: 1=1 • ■ 1 lOOioOOOO ^ r-lCOC0 & ^ i : i i : i r2>rao>ooocD°® prHO?C«CO'^>0|_| . a y a a tal atio tal. atio rtioi SrHOJ«CO-^lC. To: Popul Propo: p CO fSS t- § STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 331 '« ^ s > ■< H 02 ■3 ^wi«ot-ooocJ i-H rH iH GO ■ GO M PS o COi-llOt-t-^OOO OOt-COCOrHCOCDOJ CO 'J* CO CO rH CO .c0 « rH C33 GO ^ 00 o! c-r ^ CO "^ CO 1— 1 Q c ■a 3 OStOCOWOt-OOCO ^l^lOCOGOt^COl— 1 rH OJ i-H I-l o? : GO CO . CD 05 OJ ooooococoooo CV! O O >0 t- CO rH rH ^^ 1~ • o r^ . 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CO 00 « 3 '^ ^ 1 O ■a C500CX>O«ir-l^^ rH i-H 00 .05 1-1 t- CO C5 G^ CD 00 00 o lOrH C?COGOOOOO COCO-fOJCO-^Oi'-i r^ r-l O 00 lO 00 t~ CO >o ^ CO OS O 03 ■3 a 03^cocoeDOi-ico 05 : CO CO OJ 00 x) 00 CO (M -:# O -il CO 05 CO 1-H rH p 03 OOCOCOOTGOlOCDOi OT C5 03 «D CO CO rH c« O lO t- rH >0 lO ^ 2 M 1— 1 H ^ _g « . . -^ 1 . 1 >oo>ooooog< '-3S2 ^ :::::: =3 iS -^ o fliHCTCTM-JtliOCO g^g .a ^ • -7 g as lOOiraOOOOgn -^2° rHC^C^CO^iOcrP .S-fj'-Ij n : : : : : :=3 ° -^ g -S«d»tiddo"o ^g,g^ C|rHO;OtCO^iOCO oS ;5 P-i(^ 332 STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. > P5 ■3 s lOCDOOr-fOSOJCiJCi! >o • CO •-;)<-* CO CO CO 1-1 r-l CI : c < rH 3 <-t Ph ,n o 1 a ■< r— ( t~ [^ 03 rH 00 O l>t~t~030J05^CT ^ CO CO fl- ooQO-^cot-ai^co O rH CO d Ci O? 1-1 1-1 1— 1 ^ ■<# a a^ r-i r-< rH O CO u 1-4 OJ CO ^ 'eS CO Q -3 COOOODOJiOCTCOtH CO . o o rHCO00O5rHi~COC0 00 : ^ !5 3 a 1-1 r-l CO . CD t- rH rH rH CO . o _s s ^ 'O t* H lO ? o ^ -2 05 CO CO o ^ o r-i OCOr-IOOJr-ICDCO CO iO CO CO^O!-^>O00'*C« lO C»! 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CO OS -H crc' t- t- T-H 00 CO 0? 00 oo rt i,^ rH rH rH CO CM 1 1-H •[isinov 00 r—i rH t- rH CO t~ O CO CO 0000 CO >* CD rH rH CO 1.^ C^? rH rH 0^ rH 00 rH 10 rH rH CM •pajup-ioiDO rH ^ C OCI lO CO r- (M CO r-H rH 02 CO C30 ^ CO CM rH •p3}T![notuo CO « O rH 0 ^<1 w CQ K f=J Si >-I ^ <1 ^ M .■^ r=^ ^ 1 «^ "^ M pq ^ i o H •lunjoy CO T— 1 C« OS CO CD 05 CO ^ o ^ >o rH 00 rH 00 ^ CO lO rH C« CO lO 00 CO CO >o OJ Oi OT rH 0« OJ O! c <-i ira o ■.* CO CO O rH OJ 00 ^ '■^ lO '.^ rH 00 »o CO CO o JO c« CO •papinDi^O t~ Oi r-^ C2 iO CO 05 lO lO ^ -^ o o 00 t- CO l^ CD O O CO 00 Oi ■<* rH CO CO a a ot r-l ot oi ci r-l O t- CO 00 03 — 1 O CD « CO ^ >0 CO Oi CO o r-l CM 00 CM t- >o o 'tunjoy >o » « —1 1-H l-H iH ^ ^ rH CO lO -=:t< ITS t* lO CO CO rH OJ 00 OS O rH rH CN O CD co T-l •pajuinoiBO rH ^ i-H O rH i-H r-l T-H CO ^ CO lO CO »0 K5 » CO CO OS rH OS CO ^ rH rH OS CO a r-l d ■inniov -* »ra l~ O i-H OJ rH (M o I- O -H 00 1> CJ Ci O! rH rH r-l CO CO 00 JO C3S t- O rH C« rH CO OS OS r-l •paiuinoiBO O O? t- O a a r-< r-i CO CO rH 00 lO C5 03 03 rH OS CO rH ^ OS -^ •-I Ol r-l at oo r-l CM CM d 1 o •IBnjoy t~ -ia ^ OD CO ^ CO ^ CO rH O -^ CO OS O CM 05 CI a d r-l Oi a f-i t-C* O 'dl lO CO "^ -^ rH lO 00 00 r-l OS OS •ps)i!inojBO ■^ O CD CO ^ iO CO ^ CO rH O ^ 00 O* 00 OJ £33 OJ C< rH rH rH rH rH o CO rH ^a r-l r^ a^ f-l CO ^ CO rH »0 r^ o 00 o CO ■[umov I— 1 O? lO 05 00 03 I- Oi CO CO CO O rH 00 05 CO CO -^ lO CO -ctl -^ -Ttl CO O CO C CO CO ^ ^ CD 00 CO '^ CO Oi CO CO CO CO C3S CD Ir- lO CD t- lO CO OS >o CO CO JO o C3S <6 1 •pruoy rH 03 i-H ira 00 CO t- 00 CO CO i^ iO C35 O C? m ^ CO 'J CO O? 'CH T* CO rH CM -!* CO CD CO 00 iO 00 >0 Oi O! r-l CO OS ■pa}B[noi80 OJ rH CO CO CO 00 CD t- 0( o CO i^ CO -^ CM CO x:J< lO CO ^ CO (?! CO CO CO 00 CO « OS CO ^ O CO t-. lO CO OS CO r-l CO CO JO 00 T o •pjiijov Oi ^ rH rH O? CD ^ IQ rH rH rH rH CO CO lO O? t^ CS O lO CO i^ i>. Til CO £^ CO CO t- O CO lO -ctl OS ^ O ^ CM r-l r-l a r-l CD CO CD CO r-l •pajmnoiuo cn OO O CO CT 0« O rH rH rH rH rH rH C5 CO lO O t' lO CO CO >o CO >o >o o o CO CO CO >0 00 rH CO C3S c?i 00 lO t^ r-l rH CO CO »o m OS CO r-l d T o •[Bn^oy lO CO CO lO t~ t- rH ^ r^ r-i r-i r-i L— CO rH 00 O en 00 -^ ^ >0 CO CO ^ >o 00 CO <^^ ^ o OS o OS O O CO CM rH rH C?J JO JO JO r-l •pampiotEO lO CO CO -1^ C! CO O rH t-i >—< r-t r-~f CO 00 CD O -=* CD CO >0 -cd »n t- lo CO *o io lo 00 CO CD OS rH CD C30 C3S rH (3S lO -^ r-l r-l o r^ JO r-t CO 1— t 1 •[vinioy rH ^ CO O rH lO Oi CO r-l rH rH O O O « « rH rH rH rH rH rH 00 1^ ^ CO O t- O CM CM C< lO CM r-l CO CM CO ■pajuinopjo CO i-- 03 « CO CO O) CO CC >0 CO lO O ^ lO lO rH rH rH r-l rH rH rH o 00 CM ^ CO OS C?J CO C« rH CO OS CO CM CO i a B O C5 r Lincoln. . . North-Eastera . Norfolk . . . and Eastern ^ Suffolk , . . [_ Essex . . . ' Cambridge . . Northampton . Hertford . . Bedford. . . Bucks '. . . Oxford . . . ^ Berks . . . V Sussex . . . Southern and Hants . . . South- -\ Wilts . . . Western Dorset . . . (_ Somerset . . B 1 • ■a . CD ■s • CO o V 1 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 335 *« «^ 8 "8 .^ «^ 00 .8 -^ s- 00 ,*' 1—4 ^s "ts 1 fe -* 00 •^s f-H 8 ^ « CO ^ "« OD 8 ^^ « 00 1^ >— 1 £ '^ !S Si, , o 8 8 W « « ^ ^ CQ ■3 n C9 »0 «0 CD CO O -5l( CO o : t- t~ rH '^fl O >0 03 >0 t-H * JO I— 1 CO jH i-< oj : -> CO t^ CO rH i^ : o ^ ^ 0 03 05 O (M C« O CO CO CO l~ lO ^ CO ■>* O JO 00 CT O to 03 CO iH C C« • lO C? i:~ 05 05 O CD t- CO • c« ri hJ u rH ^ 00 CO OJ T-l C« . £~ si t- O? CO O CO « rH 00 . rH ti <1 Cf >o 1^ ct at r-l i-~ a <1 s s 'd v »o o t~- (4 o tl o f^^ CO CO CO ^ 00 05 rH ^ t3 o rH CO CO ^ C2 03 rH 00 C^ CO ■3 i-H o c« m « T-H >o . ^ C< CO r- l~ ^ rH Go ^ OO rH 00 l~ -^ rH '^ CT O rH C0 rH OJ i-t rH -^ JO CO CO CO rH o ■a a CO 05 CS> C0 CO 02 t~ ^ CT t- CO p 03 O? 00 CO lO CO CO 0= CO CT -1 O Oi CO 1-1 C« rH ro n Oi rH t^ CO r-i t~ CO OD o 'a ■a o Ci >o O! CO rH OJ ^ lO CT CO rH •a O 05 O O O CO ^ en • lO O? rH C^ O O 03 -O o : t- 1-1 CO O! ^ Oi CO . o r- -cf CO -* Oi rH . O S3 < I— 1 o? c« CT CO fQ S a 13 « CO 3 K ^ C« t- iH t~ l- -* 00 O! lO 00 o JO CO O "^ 00 00 lO CO CO 02 CO "a lO t- CO 1-1 C3= rH O »0 OO CO rH O -^ -1 o rH o:! CO CT -* CO 'ee iO CO o "3 a e? 03 -^ lo CO o CO CO : o OO t^ Oi lO CO O lO O • CO 4^ 1— 1 lO O "^ Oi 1-1 lo . ira Oi C rH rH rH JO CO ■TJ a CO H a o rH aO CO p CO CO ^ Co O >o O! rH rH O? rH M< rH rH CO ~ CO rH '3 c CO CO C? 03 C: lO CM 05 : CO cs c<) 't- cs 05 ro -^ Oi • ca CO CO O? rH lO . lO ^ t- CO rH oi : ^ P sj rH C< tH rH JO § ■a -d CO O R m 3 -£ CO CO -^ CO c? -^ C JO o o o o o s. rH C* CO -^ JO CO ^ !H :::::' T3 • • 1^ . lO O O O O O Q. rH O? CO -^ lO CO 5^ !h : : i : : -n ^ S a a ■ .2 .3 "35 S o g Oj PhOh ^ lo o o o o S ^ rH OJ CO ^ iO « t) CO ® JO o o o o a ^ rH Oi CO "* >0 « P o -S '^ 2 o S Ci FM Ph 336 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. ^3 •i Ho s OS U O CO t^ 03 CI? t- GO Cl( O C< rH r-l. c« . 00 -!* 05 rH -5|l O CO 00 CO cn Ed H i ^ ^ 1 ■3 o 0 CI? rH CO CO CO o CO "*^ OS CO t~ CI? 05 1^ CO C? CO O C>? 02 lO CO CO O: Oi CO 1—1 rH i-H OJ 1-1 o • ^ I-H . r-l 1-- CO (5 o 3 n H CS o rH CO lO CI? 00 00 CO rH -i# O ^ rH CD ; K5 CO . CO C? CO Id 0) 1 o ■3 o ^ O lO 1-1 CO CD I- 1-1 O 1-1 « tf) O? rH ri CO 1-1 rH ^ r-l -^ C? O t- CO CO ICl O 00 CO CO 05 lO t- O ^ O? CI? CO CD O O OS o C? 00 CO i- CD H c 1 < ^ CD CT CO CO C? rH r-l CO 1-1 ^ : lo i:~ : o CO o « O 7^ CO t~ -* CO O CO CO CO ^ O? 00 CO O? rH r-l O? CO : 00 GO . CO m O? ■3 o 1— 1 O CI? O? 1-- C^ 1— 1 Ot CO 1-1 lO CO rH i.-- lO O C« CO O! rH CO Co t5 CO • -.a rH ■ ■ L . a a r-l .S .9 O -T^ O &J !=> O-i CO % »o O O O O O > rH O? CO ^ lO CO £ g : i : : : 3 rQ lO C O O O =« fl rH C? CO -^ lO ■ • .9 ■ ■ 1 B a r-i-S O O '^ o STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 337 ^ U -5ji c« ^ O in 03 o -# : rH CO CO O rH OO rH rH TO ' TO CD CO TO CO CO Ot rH CO : t~ CO C CD CO O ^ C« CO : t- >! t4 <3 O? TO iH 00 oj TO « OT rH TO -* .a M i—i a o n3 (D »0 iH 0( W5 rH CO TO OS TO t- CO C* lO t^ OS 00 -^ t> O! TO CD 3 I— ' GO "<* --^ i> O? T— I OS lo OS '^ OO ^ lO t^ O TO JO lO 00 iH CO rH t- -^ Oi >0 OS TO rH rH CM "^ Oi 'c3 TO CT ^ o Ct CO -3 05 ^ 05 Gi t~ CO 05 TO • ^ t' lO O O ^ lO O T-i * -rjH i4 u T-H 00 CO iO TO rH OS : o fA Ct r-l 1:~ m :-! r-t t* I OS 5:1 0 CD TO rH 00 »0 rH t~ O! lO Oi rH O TO O u tH rH CO OS TO T-i TO rH TO ■a o <-< OS •a s r-l -^ TO 00 CO TO -rjl OS • OS t~ O? CO OS 00 t- OS 00 • t^ ^ CO O r-< M5 « i-H rH . CO rH OS '^ iO TO rH i.^ . CO 0) -< rH TO T-H t- Ci en T-i TO C« — *s. O rO &H > CO B Hi "13 -a ^ O TO CO 00 CJ rH rH ^ >0 TO t- rH OJ « OS rH 00 O lO lO 1 I-H OS TO C« >0 C< rH JO O 00 OS TO >o O! rH TO 00 O a •-1 m r-t t~ >o « TO O TO s ■a I—i O V) a' 1 ^ OS 00 rH -^ TO C* TO o : 00 rH f^ OS 00 W5 C* rH TO : CD 1 o TO C« C« 00 ^ C< rH lo . i;:^ — - 'S : ^ CO ■< r^ Ol >o O! lO pq 3 r^ M hJ < o < [3 'A OS rH TO TO OS 00 O TO OS O a> >o o Ci! O t- TO rH rH t ^ o H CS! OS OS rH CO TO Oi >0 rH -!|l M 3 r-l a ■^ Ci! TO ^ Oi ^ >o C* O ■a ^ O? ^ 7-1 Ci M o •3 TO rH C* Ol rH 00 0< CS • rH rH OS ^5)1 l~ O OS 00 00 : o -"^ t' -:J< OS lO Ct rH TO : CD >0 O! O rH >0 rH H S < « l~ « ^ CO TO rH TO 00 iO CO TO rH rH »o : O OS . OS TO Oi o 1 1 Fa B CO 13 C« CO !z; 1 CD TO 00 OS t- rH l~ 00 OJ ^ « rH 7-1 311 3540 301 CD !0 a -^ '^ •^ CO OS lO CO TO rH l~ TO O t- OS rH TO CO TO -3 OS r^ o ■ ■ S ' ' .s an TS • -'^ . . CO Id 7-< 1 (4 o 1 wj o o o o o B^ rH OT TO ^ lO CO 3 g : : : : :=« •-d lo o o o o o fl rH « TO T* O CO Total . opulation roportion ;— ^ lO O O o O O P-t rH « TO ^ lO CO 3 !H : : : : : =3 r^ lO O O O O O rt rH C« TO 'tf >0 CO Total . 'opulation 'roportion ;- P PhPh iM W-l 1 4 K 338 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Table XL England and Wales.— Males. Annual rate of increase for 1843-4 = 1-039533 =X-' 0-0126075. Counties. 1842-4. 1845-8. Amount of Crime according to the average of England and Wales. Actual Crime. Difference per cent. Amount of Crime according to the average of England and Wales. Actual Crime. Difference per cent. Total Crime. X. Corrected X and number. Bedford 147 230 316 338 575 460 348 395 712 338 478 491 693 163 333 85 787 2501 303 527 2326 225 559 387 361 346 330 30 348 639 507 768 480 820 410 580 83 366 338 2829 2-1678173 3-3617378 3-3844538 3-3765770 2-7596678 3-6627678 3-8944517 2-5965971 3-8534800 3-3579848 3-6794379 3-6910815 2-7730547 3-2131876 2-3483049 1-9294189 2-8959747 3-3981137 2-4814426 2-7218106 3-8666097 2-3531836 3-7474118 3-4578819 2-5575072 2-5390761 2-3617378 1-4771313 3-5415793 2-8055009 2-7050080 2-8853613 3-6331685 3-9138139 3-6137839 3-7634380 1-9138139 3-5634811 3-5158738 3-3671695 3-1799348 3-3743353 3-3470613 2-3891845 2-7712753 2-6753653 2-4070592 2-6092046 2-8650875 3-3705433 3-6930354 3-7036^^90 3-78566-22 2-2247951 2-3609124 1-9420204 2-9085833 8-4107212 2-4940601 2-7344181 3'-3793173 3-3647900 3-7600198 2-4704894 2-5701147 2-5516886 2-3743353 1-4897288 3-5641867 3-8181084 3-7176155 3-8979687 3-6460760 2-9364214 2-6253914 2-7760355 1-9264314 3-5760886 3-5384813 3-3797770 161-30 336-77 333-36 345-01 690-57 473-55 355-80 406-63 732-97 234-72 492-08 505-46 610-47 167-80 229-57 87-60 810-18 2574-67 311-92 542-52 2394-61 231-63 575-46 396-45 371-63 856-19 236-77 30-88 358-25 659-34 531-93 790-63 442-67 644-16 433-08 597-08 84-41 376-78 837-66 3397-60 184 357 363 338 793 315 81 370 547 183 348 689 933 197 368 58 835 3802 481 433 3056 201 661 261 197 307 265 31 399 843 610 962 493 738 405 835 37 417 516 1818 + 31-8 + 8-5 + 18-5 — 6-9 + 34-3 — 64-5 -68-3 -33-6 -26-4 — 23-1 -49-6 + 16-6 + 52-8 + 17-3 + 13-3 -38-3 + 3-1 + 8-8 + 38-1 -30-1 + 37-7 -13-3 + 14-9 -11-5 — 47-0 -13-8 + 11-8 + -4 + 11-4 + 37-9 — 3-3 + 31-6 + 11-1 — 13-7 — 4-0 + 38-3 — 67-8 + 10-7 + 53-7 -24-2 134 211 193 322 558 419 233 364 643 206 479 444 648 145 200 75 741 3511 374 485 3318 834 499 363 336 318 305 27 311 646 473 754 382 793 377 560 56 330 300 3363 159 256 289 317 667 332 90 199 530 310 303 629 783 171 246 74 710 3423 395 365 3558 193 688 336 139 267 240 31 214 639 550 719 393 864 395 778 43 378 471 1363 + 18-6 + 31-3 + 50-5 - 3-2 + 17-7 - 47-0 -14-4 -45 3 -19-1 + 1-9 -57-6 + 19-1 + 42-9 + 17-9 + 33-0 - 1-3 - 4-2 - 3-5 + 7-6 -34-7 + 60-4 -17-5 + 16-8 - 10-3 -58-6 -16-0 + 17-1 + 14-8 -31-3 + 17-0 + 16-3 - 4-7 + 3-9 + 8-9 + 4-8 + 38-9 - 31-8 + 14-5 + 57-0 -39-5 Bucks Cornwall Cumberland Derby Dorset Durham Hereford Herts Kent Lancaster Middlesex Monmoutb Norfolk Northampton Northumberland . . Notts Oxford Rutland Salop Southampton Stafford Suffolk Surrey Sussex Westmoreland .... Wilts York STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 339 The first column of each group shews the amount of crime at each period of life, assuming the intensity to be the same as over the whole country, and also that the population of each group was the same as at the period of the census in 1841. Under the total of these results will be found the corrected total, making allowance for the increase of population during the years 1842, 1843, and 1844. These corrections were taken from Table XI, and in the early part of this paper the formula for the correction is given. In the next column of each group will be found the actual number of criminals at the same ages, and in the third column is set forth the difi"erence per cent, between the calculated and actual amount of crime. The results of this column are of the utmost importance, as they shew not only whether the total amount of crime in a given district is above or below the average for the whole kingdom, but they also point out what are the periods of life at which the most marked and important differences exist, thus leading the way to more definite and accurate views on criminal jurisprudence. If the whole group of the Great Northern and Midland mining and manufacturing districts be taken, it will be seen that there is exactly 2-3 per cent, less crime than would be according to the average for all England and Wales, while in the agricultural counties there is an excess of 5-9 per cent. Again, if the various groups of the manufacturing and mining districts be examined, it will be found that in the northern raining district, which includes Cumberland, Northumberland, and Durham, crime is 52-1 per cent, below the average ; and in the cotton and woollen manufacturing district, which includes Lancashire and Yorkshire, crime is 7-0 per cent, under the average of the whole country ; but, on the other hand, in the two remaining districts, the one composing the cotton, woollen, silk, and lace-fabric district, including Chester, Derby, Nottingham, and Leicester— and the other composing the hardware, pottery, and glass manufacturing district, including Staffordshire, Warwick, and Worcester— there is an increase of crime, the former being 8-5 per cent, and the latter 33-5 per cent, above the average for the whole kingdom. Contrasting the various sections of the agricultural group with them, they will be seen to present a remarkable uniformity ; the excess of crime in the first division being 5-3 per cent., in the second 5-7 per cent., and in the third 6-8 per cent., while the excess for the whole of the agricultural districts combined has been shewn to be 5-9 per cent. It is, therefore, evident that there is something in the mining and manufacturing condition of the people, having a powerful influence in stimulating the amount of crime, as in one portion there is an excess of 33-5 per cent, while in another, crime is 524 per cent, below the average ; and although the whole combined shews a less degree of crime than the average of the whole agricultural districts, and also less than the average of all England and Wales, still the remarkable disparity existing between particular manu- facturing groups bears evidence that there must be some pecuhar element operating in the social and moral state of the people, which it is highly important to understand. [Before, 340 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES: 8 8 s ►ss CN s '"?* M CO t-i C« • 00 lO c« I-H r-i iO 1-H 00 o -^ W) i-H OT -d( >o t- CO T-\ C« Id* o? c< t-i I-H OS OS i^" CO >o o O CO co lO I— I "? >n "S rifl" CO -^ CO tH c? ■^ do 4)( t- CO g d '3 p ft CO CO 'dl CO -*- CO CO Ol co CO Eh i^l 1^ + + + + + + + + + + O II a, fl ^ ■& )> 00 g Id o 00 o CO t^ o 03 CO CO 1-H CO CO CO m ^ ci CD ^ a ^ T-H 03 CO en CO t- CO o CO 1 P jra < r-i >o lO CO CO I-H CO ' CO OD d3 IS 5 II 1 CO h -a lO lO o I- 03 ^ t- 03 CO »o p B o 00 !-\ t- t- CO 1£3 C« l- O! g CQ ■3 ts l-H CO ^ Of « I-H CO t^ o45 r-i I—' § ^tS g* 1) a i3 t- CD CO 00 c« T* CO ip « ira a § OS CO tH 03 o t- CO o r-i (X) 3 J5 CD p p< + 1 1 + 1 1-H + + CO + 1-H + + <=> IS o n'J 12; " ,Sr* „_o ■3 1 CO ^ CO 03 I-H lO CO Ol CO CO CO IZi 5 Tt 1— ( CO ^ ^ CO I-H t- 'di o 00 1 1 CO ^1 1 -§ I-H so CO CO 1 i-s CO 00 ^ ^ l- O? o I-H 03 »o P o OD 00 lO CO CO CO CO 1-H CO o 1 31 iH CO CO c< e? I-H CD CO u 1-H <-t i^ )>- rH rH CJ CB CO CO o CO o g 13 do O! CO I-H rn o lO -^ t- ;5 o Iz; s 13 » .=1 ^1 ^ Fh 1 1 1 1 + + I-H 1 1-H 1 1 1 CD CO „• i-H 00 t- lO 03 CO « C« O |l < 1:~ o lo 00 I-H 1:~ ^ CO c« • 00 1 5 C« o rH i-H 1> CO CO I-H CO '' 03 rH CO 6 O QJ t- t- -* t~ CO o C3 CO o o? en ^ 03 00 o t- >o t~ CO t- •3 -g c< r-i I-H t- 00 co I-H 00 OS Q" T-H r-H ->* 'dl OJ . "?* CO CO o )>- CO O o CO iH 03 11 Oi CO CO cb OS CO O r-\ c* Ti S<^ OJ lO »o lO '^ xll «5 ira lO lO 60 ^ in tH fl S Oj 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 el ty "H 9 3 p p. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^1 3 3 OS CO CO CO CO CO ■a 00 i-H CO t- 00 t- O o CD 11 1 CO 00 00 -^ iH I-H : 2 O 12; CO 00 t- a ^ >o CO 00 O l~ OS ^ CO lO t~ t- f— on CO c« CO I-H a ■a s Ol Ol T-{ I-H o ,-( s O" 1—* iH o »o o lO o o o o 1 1 • 3 o 1 • l-l 1— ! 1 b 59 s 1 p ft 1 + + + + + + + + + o 00 I—I ^ O O CO "* KS en I-H l:~ o . H S CO CO CO o 05 CO • CO o 0. < rH r-< r-H CD 05 OS f-H CO CO ?5 '^ Of t~ CO 05 00 «1 o o 00 00 00 00 OS 33 co CO rH CO 00 05 ^ « 1-H i of I"" CO CO 1— i >— ( 05 OS 00 lO o 00 do do -^ OJ M cb t- ^ o cb M o rH r-H r-t CJ rH 59 S p ft 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 11 t~ CO ^ t^ >o '^ t- ta 00 o lO « T^ 1^ 2 c« >o l-H -=* t- 00 05 CD CO I Ol I-H m c] -S r-\ >o CO CO CO i-H CO 1:^ CO § 1 ■Ml < Oi O 4 CO CO g-s C» o 00 00 lO t- ^ 05 o lo J cm iH CO r^ CO t- 00 -* lo i-H 3 CQ 33 I— t lO »o CO CO I—) r-< 0( D OS O! H g U s 4 «| It lO 05 I— 1 00 b- o CO ; CO t- Ww' CO ^- c« CO o cb rH • OD lO fe o Of c? 1-\ c< rH 1— 1 o a R ft I 1 + + + + + + + ^t i II 00 CO ^ r-i CO l.~ CO CO o , CO 00 3 ■»^ )i "3 t- '^ CO t- o ^ s CO I-H ^ § S° E3 CO ^ CJ CO I-H t- O! CO ^ »- 2 I-H ira 1 nrri>4 - io « (k 4)1 do « go Oi s 1 =9 S R ft 1 + + + + 1 1 1 + + cd ^-s 1— 1 o • o ■^ fi ■o S "3 0« i-H 00 « -* CD t- -* l- I 00 O! 1 1« 1 1-1 1J3 lO CO CO r-K OJ CO CO 1 o 1— 1 c< c« CO ■^ lO C3 o ^ ^ & o o n CD o f4 4 s 342 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Before, however, entering further into that part of the subject, it may be better to refer to another feature of importance in Table XII, for the first time exhibiting anything like a clear view of the question. It has been usual of late to refer to juvenile delinquency as an explanation of the increase of crime in many districts ; in fact, so powerfully has this been felt in some quarters, that the most strenuous efforts have been made, with a view of reducing the cases on the criminal calendar ; and yet it will be seen that the facts of the case do not support the supposition, that either the increase or decrease of crime in particular districts is materially, if at all, affected by fluctuations in juvenile crime. This will appear most evident by an inspection of any one of the nine groups, or combinationSj given in Table XII. If the general result for any one, or all of them, whether in connection with an increase or decrease of crime, be compared with the corresponding features at the juvenile ages, there will not be found a single instance, in which the character of the general result is so strongly confirmed by the facts at the younger ages, as by those at the more advanced periods of life. Should any change or movement be found in the criminal returns of any particular district, that change will be discovered to be promoted, not so much by fluctuations at the terms of life 10-15 or 15-20, as by the increase or decrease among those persons of more advanced ages. The general total for the mining and manufacturing districts shews a difference of + -4 per cent., but at the juvenile ages under 15 and 15-20, the differences are— 1-9 per cent, and — 7-6 per cent, respectively, so that while the gross results are positive, those at the younger ages are negative. Again, the general total for the agricultural districts is + 9-1 per cent., but the result for under 15 is— 12-3 percent., and for 15-20 only + 3-2 per cent. Eelations pre- cisely similar will be found in each of the other groups, thus leading to the conclusion that, in the juvenile period of life, the tendency to crime is within the influence of more constant laws or elements, and therefore shews less fluctuation than in mature life, when the conduct and disposition of individuals come more under the control of external circumstances. In such groups of counties and districts as those given in Table XII, it is evidently of the first importance, that the manufacturing or agricultural character of the districts should, in reality, be a decided and prevailing feature, otherwise their supposed relation and infiuence on crime can never be determined. There are no counties or great districts of the kingdom, in which either agriculture or manufactures prevail to the entire exclu- sion of other interests ; but stiU there are many districts in which either agriculture or manufactures form so decided a feature, that if the moral and social conditions thence arising have any influence on the amount of crime, the evidence of that supposed influence must be observable. In England and Wales, at the period of the last census, the average ratio of agriculturists to the whole population was 7-9 per cent. ; and the flrst group of the following Table XIV contains the results for the ten counties in which there was found to be the least proportion of agriculturists ; and the second group of the same Table contains the results for the eleven counties in which the highest ratio of agricul- STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 343 turists was found. It wUl be seen that the ratio of agriculturists for each county is set forth in the second column; in the third is given the average annual ratio of crime for the whole kingdom ; and in the fourth, the actual crime in the given county. These results are taken from Table XI; and a comparison of the total of the two last columns will shew whether the crime in each group or section is above or below the average for the whole kingdom. If, then, the greater or less proportion of agriculturists in a com- munity has any material influence on the degree of crime, it might reasonably be looked for in the results of those two sections ; but it will be found that in the group of least agriculturists there is an excess of 6-0 per cent, of crime above the average of England and Wales, and by excluding the county of Lancaster, which is of sufficient magnitude to form a group of itself, the excess will still be 4-6 per cent. Compare this with the results for the section containing the highest average of agriculturists, and the excess of crime will in that also be found to be exactly 4-6 per cent ; and so far, therefore, as a maximum or a minimum ratio of agriculturists in a community is concerned, there seems to be little or no diiference in the amount of crime. On reflection, it will appear that a high ratio of agriculturists in any district does not necessarily imply a low ratio of manufacturers, and vice versa, as both interests may co-exist in maximum or minimum in any district ; another combination was therefore adopted, in order to determine the influence of manufactures. In England and Wales the average ratio of manufacturers to the whole population is 16-5 per cent. ; and in the third group of Table XIV will be found the results for the eight counties in which there is the highest ratio of manufacturers. It thence appears that the actual crime exceeds the average of the whole country by 18"2 per cent., and, ex- clusive of Lancashire and Middlesex, by 17-7 per cent. ; but in the fourth group of the same Table, which is composed of the counties having the least average of manufacturers, the actual crime is under the average by 2"9 per cent. It is evident that the preceding combinations are liable to the objection, that the influence of the high or low ratio of agriculturists may be neutralised by a corresponding high or low ratio of manufacturers; and hence the preceding curious results. To meet this objection. Groups Fifth and Sixth have been formed. It has already been stated, that the ratio of agriculturists to manufacturers in England and Wales is 7*9 per cent, to 16-5 per cent.; difi"erence, 8-6 per cent. In order to obtain a group of counties in which the manufacturing interests formed a proper and decidedly prevailing feature. Group 5 has been formed of those counties only in which the manufacturing interest exceeds the agricultural interest by at least 33-33 per cent, more than the. above difference for the whole kingdom ; and the result arrived at is, that the actual crime exceeds the average of the country by 15'0 per cent. ; and excluding the counties of Lancaster and Middlesex, the excess is 10'8 per cent. Again, in the sixth group of Table XIV the results of those counties are given, in which the agriculturists are above the average ratio by at least 50 per cent. ; and therefore those two last groups [must exhibit sa STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. < 8 8 s C^ CO CO Oi t~ CO CO ■ r-t 00 ' a a OS di C« 6 JO T^ JO ^f %8 iH iO r-l rH c« r-t r-t + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JO 00 3 •a i-l (M „ r-(. i-< o 00 -* 03 CO CO , CO o 5 CO CO 'jH ^. o -* rH o H o ^ 00 o CO CO Oi rH CO 00 ^ .CO CTi CO CO rH 05 CS rifl" ° § cb CO ib O JO eb CO Ai 3 O t« o 05 CT ri r^ rH o« OJ CO -a '£ iS^ c? 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O CO 05 >0 OS rH Of >0 rH CO CO t- OS CO rH OS GO t- 1~ OT CO 00 lO H^ OS CO O O O rH t- t- OS rH r-l CO OS lO CO CO CO »o o Eatio of Persons of Independent Means. CO O O! OS OS -^ CO iH Ct O! CJ ^ ro rH rH t- cp CO ; it m 6i 6i • Proportion of Males signing with Marks the Marriage Eegisters. i-IOOiOOOilCOrHt-CO OS ^ t~ 00 C O CO r-l DO s 3 o H 3 m pq [iq W ^ m OT ' ^ ' .d-2 g If- 1 S ^^ g « CD O 1 pq M M 1^ iz; O Ph m M p: ' , ' S a ^•2 . •2 O HI O rH rH Oi o OJ >o O? CO CO O CO OJ HI i^ CO C!) r^ Ot) OI « 4jl OS 1?- Oi O HI HI 00 HI « OS CO i>- ^- OS do ^ s I-l I-H 1-1 rH OJ C« 0( OJ OJ CO >0 CO HI CO HI CO -^ M5 fl ft (^ 'a 00 ^^ ^H t^ O 00 iO O lO CO CO oo OS rH in CO 00 CO J> t~ ot o g s Oi O CO O T— ( Cvi o HI CO 00 CO (H CO 00 rH l~ HI >0 OS O! o X3 )H Xa C2 C« 02 CO lO t^ -c* CO »0 rH HI 00 OS OJ O! OI rH r-l JO ■^ Of r-l OI rH -d 1-1 « lO 05 CO CO CO HI t- O! 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It's « -5(1 ep CT lo m !>- t- rH t- lO C OD TO CD CO 0? sn 00 OJ C« ^ Al rf CO o -^ cb 03 -^ b- CO rH t- so i>- do Ai OS TO S o tH rH rH C« rH rH CSJ OJ ■ r-J G4 CO i-H CO Oi CD (35 CO -^ 00 OJ CB TO rH CO -t* M c« t- ^ Of i- •<* W TO rH OJ CO OJ rH OJ rH OJ TO TO A O ^ c« '^ 1-i r^ OJ n3 S (N C0 iH i-H CO ^ 00 TO K5 -* 00 «5 so OS -Sll OS CD rH OJ T-^ 1 « Ci! t- ^ i-H CD Iffl 00 ^ 00 TO ri m TO rH CO t- TO rH SO CD O! C< t- X3 C« )> I- CO -^ OJ TO t- -5* TO -^ TO TO OJ r-i O « ^ rH OJ •^ 4^ «*H Cj r^ etH O S3 o a a Hi T)f t- o -^ o ro CO 00 lO 05 o» o b- OS so 00 01 "? OJ rH OJ OJ OJ +^ •| g s,§ C< CO ^ tH TO O! rH A -^ Ml-sa OS ^s rJ Proportion of Males signing ! with Marks the Marriage Eegisters. , TO t- CO ^ 05 CO 00 C« 00 OJ rH TO O SO CD 00 rH TO TO OJ rH -^ 5 rH OJ ^ r-1 ^ Oi CO CO ^ OJ TO lO TO OJ «5 CO a P4 ^ 05 CO Of q« iH lo b- O CO rH cp OO TO OS OS OS OS « ,? a § db 4|f CO o O) CO O) TO OS TO O TO OS do TO ^ A Ph -H ^ iH iH O! iH rH r-< rH OJ rH t-i 7-1 r-l r-t a s CO ft s rH - 4il CD rH .2.5 iH i-l iH <-i •-I rH rH +J ■§ s> CO M -S CO 7-1 • ■ ■ ■ ■ Ti • •••§•• • in F4 .^ . . . g . ll- ill uoKMi-:i;z;ta 1 3 CD g s s s-i g oPPi;z;m>h 1: * s I J _7y, . .., I J V V3 S ^ P o ^ H ^U . rj to 3T2 per cent, in 1848. It also appears that during the same years the number of criminals unable to read or write has decreased from' 33*5 per cent, in the former year to 31-9 per cent, in the latter ; from the year 1839 the ratio had gradually fallen to 29-8 per cent, in 1844, and had again pretty uniformly increased to 3T9 per cent, in the year 1848; but it does not follow on this account that education is favourable to crime, for it may happen that increased temptations over the country generally have arisen within that period ; and the question would still remain open, whether in the higher educated districts crime was greater or less than in the lower educated districts, all the other conditions of those districts being the same. Adopting the test furnished by the records of the Registrar General, it is obvious that in those counties in which there is an inferior degree of education, there is also an increased ratio of crime ; and that not a small and barely appreciable difference, but in 11 different groups of counties into which the whole of England and Wales is divided, shewing a difference in favour of the best educated districts varying from 13 to 43-9 per cent., and averaging 25 per cent, for the whole of England and Wales. It is thus evident, that so far as the test now furnished is available, more conclusive evidence could not be called for. [This test, however, STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 373 "8 a I; ■Si ^ 5i .■ii -5^ > 1— 1 s 1' t X Ci 1 CO X S J pq .a 1- <1 a H 1 I' e 5J s v. ^ ■a o B OOOiOQOOC^OOOO « 00 « r^ T-l r-H o CD I-l 1— 1 05 1— 1 lO "^ G B '° 1^ p CD rH cb CO ■si -slICOOCOOO^COiOO?^ COi-HCDODOJCT CTCOiH CO C« xtl CO ^ ^ rH rH 0« OO CO O CO iH rH r—t o CO i^ o o? lo i> rH t~ rH ^ rH rH CO rH a •1 s ■s to a O J "? "? t- lO ll i-Hcot-cDco ; :cOTd<>o CO . . iH : lo 00 : ro c« t- rH CO CO rH 05 05 1 1 it OO £ ft o CO rH OS CO OS 00 •3 S3 OOCOCOC^COCOOOxlICO COOTrtr-IOOJi-IOiCOOJ iH »0 O! rH 00 r-H >0 C« CO Oi O CT O -^ lO t- Of CD CO 0{ CO rH CO CO 05 CD O lO lO OS CO lO lO i.^ rH rH « 1^ (^ CD to CO OO o CO O! do I— (co0"^w:)0c?cciira05 COCQlOCTr— ll— iiOOii-HCO rH -<^ iH i-H t^ O 1-1 1-1 >0 CO O? O lO rH 00 era CO CD ^ O t- O C« -^ 03 CO -<* CO CO ia ,-1 r^ •41 o OS CO OS lO VO r-l k:, zo a ^ >n oD t- OS CO r^ f-l r-l 00 CO CO OS CO 00 1 S a e3 1 CD iz; ::::::::!: 00 CO CO CO iH CO CO n 4 O-^t-OCD00G0<^l>'<35 CO GO as 00 ^ rH CO CO CO t- ^ O ^ "^ t^ CO 00 OS CO t- C< 05 OV> 00 rH CO CO O! rH rH ^ CO CO O CO CO lO i- 00 CO lO 00 CO CO OO r-l 03 P O 3 o Ills ill is Jills 5 c 374 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. M o »~H ^ O? « 05 Ci! nJ CO 05 t- 05 OS ^ lO t- »0 ^ O O? Ci! ^ CSf OS CO CO ^ O ^ cs « i-H CO m rf 1-1 ^ -^ L"- CO r-H t~ ^ lO CO CO 00 CO 00 00 1-1 CO l^ ^ o JO CO GO 03 ra o? tN o •:o lo CO Id o C4 CO 00 t* 1—1 CO CO >o CO 00 Wl H nn « r-l 00 p— i I— t lo 03 CO o 05 iH CO iH o So CO . . • • 00 CO o m rH I- l-H • T— 1 CO o? « CO OJ '3 s rH ^ ft •43 M ^1 00 CO « O « CO ^ t- id 1_^ 'd< O CO CO lO t- ^ CO lO I-l 1-1 -1* 00 CO "^ P s ^■^ T-1 CO iH C« CO CU C* Oi -^ t- CO 1-1 O? 1-1 '^ 1-1 o t- -^ a j3 rO T— 1 1-1 1— 1 ^ CO a Oi ^iS 1—1 iH Q 1=1 ^ ■^1 .... 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a P 3 CO to TS O O O M O m a ,3 3 S CD CO o CD (» i == Ph ii § M l^i£i ^l :s3 ja ca ^5 ■j3 i-H ■—-■ Oi --^ CO -- -^ ^ -IT vo ^~- CD ^— - t- - — 00 ^r- Oi ^ .3 CO pJS •^ ho ^^ ^ii -O -o ^o rO CO Pj^-' o^-— P4- — ^ Oh^- - Ph— ' i:i<^^ Ph-— ' &<^ Oh"— |5 .s o O to t! CD J CO S "S o -g O c» CD cc Hrt CD S-. • CO g '^ . O to O CD C5 CB , o • DC o =1 • •sl ft -S > lO bD tlD o ■ ■ 2 =" - s -<^ 2 5;:! CD CO (U pj CD CS S 2P"S ^ 3 o CO CD -i-3 3 B tl 3 ca 3 CD CQ CD ■s CD Is +3 c3 CQ CD 3 ij •!-' a s 1-1 384 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The following Abstract has been made of Table XXVI. : — Number of Criminals during the years 1842 — 4 in the Sections of Inferior Degree of Education Higher Degree of Education in the General Community (a). in the General Community {b). Groups of Counties. Who could Who could Who could Of Ins true- Who could Who could Who could Of Instruc- neither Bead and Bead and Superior no e neither Read and Bead and Superior Bead nor Write im- Write Educa- Bead nor Write im- Write Educa- Write. perfectly. well. tion. tained. Write, perfectly. well. tion. tained. Least Agricultural .... 2,629 4,798 822 85 153 2,014 4,553 538 16 189 Greatest 1,772 2,617 243 16 70 1,413 3,065 277 28 110 Greatest Manufacturing . . 1,907 3,704 515 54 128 1,432 2,661 450 32 56 Least ... . . 1,035 1,559 117 12 38 949 1,983 158 7 51 Manufacturing interest 33^ 7 per cent, above the average J 2,760 5,019 790 83 145 1,164 2,601 506 7 72 Agricultural interest 50 per J cent, above the average . ) 2,071 3,456 339 31 84 1,491 3,002 243 13 100 Manufacturing and Agricul- ) tural interests nearly equal ) 1,703 2,343 244 9 59 880 1,757 211 • 14 81 Greatest Wealth . . . . 1,241 2,820 346 14 95 672 1,455 372 6 40 Least Wealth 1,357 2,370 456 30 125 1,071 2,046 167 9 81 Total .... 16,475 28,686 3,871 334 897 11,076 23,123 2,922 132 780 "Marks, "SS^percent.above J the average, and 25 per \ 2,797 4,334 416 31 149 1,826 3,726 678 23 136 cent, below the average . ) Ratio of Criminals Juring the years 1842 —4 in the Sections of Inferior Degree of Education Higher Degree of Education in the General Community (a). in the General Community (b) Groups of Counties. Instrao- Instruc- Who could Who could Who could Of tion could Who could Whocould Whocould Of tion could neither Head and Read and superior not he neither Read and Read and Superior not he Read nor Write im- Write Educa- ascer- Read nor Write im- Write Educa- ascer- Write. perfectly. well. tion. tained. Write. perfectly. well. tion. tained. Least Agricultural .... 31-5 57-5 9-9 1-0 1-8 28-3 63-9 7-5 •3 2-6 Greatest 38-1 56-3 5-2 •3 1-5 29-5 64-1 5-8 •5 2-3 Greatest Manufacturing . . 30-8 60-0 8-3 •8 2-0 31-1 583 9-9 ■7 1-3 Least ... . . 38-0 57-2 4-3 ■4 1-4 30-6 64-0 5-1 •2 1-6 Manufacturing interest 33^ ) per cent, above the average ) 31-9 58-0 9-1 •9 1-7 27-2 60-8 11-8 ■2 1-7 Agricultural interest SO per J cent, above the average . J 35-1 58-6 5-7 •5 1-4 31-4 63-2 5-1 •3 2-0 Manufacturing and Agricul- } tural interests nearly equal \ 39'6 54-5 5-7 •2 1-4 30-7 61-4 7-4 •5 2-7 Greatest Wealth .... 28-1 63'8 7-8 ■3 2-1 26-8 58-1 14-9 •2 1-6 Least Wealth 32-2 50-2 10-8 •7 2-9 32-5 62-1 5-1 •3 3-4 Total .... 32-8 57-1 7-7 •6 1-8 29-1 60-8 7-7 ■3 3-1 " Marks, "33J percent, above "J the average, and 25 per \ 36'9 57-2 5-5 ■4 1-9 29-2 59-6 10-8 •4 3-1 cent, below the average . J Abstract taken from Table XXVII. Group of Counties. Number of Criminals during the Years 184.5-8 in the Sections of Inferior Degree of Education in the General Community (a). Higher Degree of Education in the General Community (6). Who could neither Read nor Write. Who could Read and Write im perfectly. Whocouh Eead and Write well. Of Superior Educa- tion. Instruc- tion could not be ascer- tained. Who could neither Read nor Write. Who could Eead and Write im perfectly. Whocoulc Read and Write well. Of Superior Educa- tion. Instruc- tion coulc not be ascer- tained. Least Agricultural .... Greatest Greatest Manufacturing . . Least ... . . Manufacturing interest 33^ ) per cent, above the average \ Agricultural interest 50 per) cent, above the average . ^ Manufacturing and Agricul- ) tural interests nearly equal J Greatest Wealth .... Least Wealth 2,083 1,962 2,124 1,227 3,115 2,313 1,819 1,648 1,436 5,364 3,151 3,816 1,966 5,517 4,171 2,308 3,061 2,668 950 341 575 189 963 474 368 861 436 73 26 45 17 76 31 1 31 23 181 87 154 61 182 103 56 100 125 2,283 1,846 1,466 1,201 1,324 1,499 1,229 971 1,178 5,304 3,665 2,971 3,323 8,410 3,692 2,479 2.600 2,496 1,133 846 611 190 683 287 263 606 198 37 18 33 7 11 14 35 13 13 161 71 65 35 82 70 72 60 78 Total .... " Marks" 33^ per cent, above ) the average, and 25 per \ cent, below the average . j 18,627 3,226 32,032 5,283 5,157 571 322 41 1,089 168 18,447 2,589 28,840 5,449 4,198 880 167 39 694 172 Group of Counties. Eatio of Criminals during the Years 1845 8 in the Sections of Inferior Degree of Education in the General Community (a). Higher Degree of Education in the General Community {b). Who could neither Read nor Write. Who could Bead and Write im- perfectly. Who could Eead and Write well. Of Superior Educa- tion. Instruc- tion could not be ascer- tained. Who could neither Read nor Write. Whocould Read and Write im- perfectly. Whocould Eead and Write well. Of Superior Educa- tion. Insti-uc- tion could not be ascer- tained. Least Agricultural . . . Greatest Greatest Manufacturing . . Least ... . . Manufacturing interest 83^ ) per cent, above the average J Agricultural interest 50 per ) cent, above the average . j Manufacturing and Agricul- ) tural interests nearly equal ) Greatest Wealth .... Least Wealth . ... 31-8 35-8 32-4 36-1 32-2 33-1 40-5 29'4 31-5 57-3 57-5 68-2 57-8 57'0 59-7 51-3 54-6 68-5 10-1 6-3 8-7 5-6 10-0 6-8 8-2 13-4 9-5 •8 •5 ■7 ■5 •8 •4 ■0 •6 •5 1-9 1-6 2-3 1-5 1-9 1'5 1-2 1-8 2-7 36-1 31-4 28-9 32-3 24-4 32-8 30-8 24-3 30-3 60-6 62-4 58-3 62-4 62-8 62-2 02-2 62-r 64-3 12-9 5-9 12-0 61 13-6 4-8 6-4 12-7 5-] •4 •3 •6 -2 ■3 •3 •6 •3 •3 1-8 1-2 1-3 •9 1-5 1-3 1-8 1-5 2-0 Total .... " Marks" 33-J- per cent, above ^ the average, and 35 per v cent, below the average . ) 38-2 35.4 57-0 57-9 9-2 6-3 •6 •4 1-8 1-8 28-8 28-5 61-8 61-3 9-0 9-9' •4 -8 1-4 1-9 The following results are deduced from the figures given in the second sections of the Abstracts in this and the preceding page. 5 F Difference in favour of Education during 1842-8. Group of Least Agricultural .... Greatest ... Greatest Manufacturing . , ... Of those who could neither Bead nor Write. Of those who could Read and Write imperfectly Of those who could Eead and Write well. 4-4 6'5 1-6 5-6 62 2-0 9-3 3-2 •4 4-8 6-3 — -T 5-7 4-8 3-5 8-9 1-2 S-8 •3 — 1-1 3-4 •1 2-7 — 1-8 — -1 3-2 — 5-1 Least ... . . . .... Manufacturing interest 33^ per cent, above the average Agricultural interest 50 per cent, above the average Manufacturing and Agricultural interests nearly equal Greatest Wealth ... Least Wealth ... Total 4-0 7-8 4-3 2-9 - -1 4-4 "Marks" 33^ per cent, above the average, and 25 per cent. 1 below the ayerage . ) A remarkable feature presents itself in these Abstracts. The form in which they are arranged shews not only districts in which there is an inferior degree of education in the general community, accompanied with an increased amount of criminals, but also at the same time an increased ratio of uninstructed criminals in the same districts, compared with that in the higher educated districts, and a reduced rate of crime. The agreement, therefore, of those two very different educational tests, and their general assimilation throughout, may be safely regarded as sufficient indications of the relative amount of actual education in the respective districts ; and, consequently, should any uniform or constant increase or decrease of crime be found to fluctuate with the amount of education thus determined, it will furnish the argument for or against the influence of education on the development of crime. From the preceding Abstract however, it appears that in all the eleven com- binations represented there is a marked difference in favour of education ; or, in other words, there is constantly an increased ratio of uninstructed criminals where crime is above the average, and also a reduced ratio of uninstructed criminals where crime is at a lower ebb. In the greatest agricultural district it will be seen that in the group in which crime is least, there is 6-5 per cent, less of uninstructed criminals than in the other group of the districts where a higher ratio of crime prevails. Again, take the districts in which the manufacturing and agricultural interests are nearly equal, and it will be found that in the group of least crime, there is 9'3 per cent, less of uninstructed criminals than in the parallel group of higher crime. Also, take the groups representing those districts of the country in which persons who marry signing the register with their marks, exceed the average of the country by 33^ per cent., and likewise in which those so signing are less than the average by 25 per cent., and it will be found that the former shews an increase of 43-9 per cent, during 1842-4, and of 35-6 per cent, during 1845-8 of crime over the latter district, and at the same time an increase of 7"3 per cent, of uninstructed criminals throughout the whole period. In this instance, as well as in all the others referred to in the same Abstract, we may observe the following most important combination repre- [sented : — the districts Table XXVIII. Shewing the relative degree of Instruction among Criminals in each class of Offences. — Males and Females 1836-7-8-9. Neither Read nor Write. Eead and Write imperfectly. Read and Write well. Superior Instruction. Instruction could not be ascertained. Total Number of Offenders. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. ■Div. (1) - ^1836. . 1837 . . 1838. . ^1839. . 419 422 454 438 61 59 59 50 844 709 776 909 101 95 97 108 303 252 376 283 90 6 16 34 48 20 33 21 1 146 135 148 155 15 20 14 21 1759 1538 1672 1806 197 181 187 303 Total . . . Eatio per cent. . . 1733 229 3338 401 1113 66 112 3 679 70 6775 768 27-97 33-81 53-36 57-45 17-96 9-45 1-81 -39 ... ... Div. (2) - ri836. . 1837. . 1838. . 1839. . 380 472 510 455 29 33 41 41 686 732 809 767 40 35 33 41 150 117 129 113 2 3 6 2 8 2 1 1 ... 14 6 9 13 1 1238 1839 1458 1348 73 71 80 84 Total . . . Eatio per cent. . . 1817 144 '3994 149 508 13 12 ... 49 1 6373 307 34-08 47-06 56-16 48-69 9-53 4-25 -23 ... • *a ■ • . ri836. . Div.(3)^;|J; ; L1839. . Total . . . Eatio per cent. . 4460 5420 5102 5206 1257 1566 1430 1526 6789 8076 7882 8105 1767 1897 2040 2298 1386 1506 1489 1594 164 146 159 311 92 69 34 30 14 3 4 4 195 170 141 317 43 52 27 52 12922 15231 14628 15152 3345 8653 8650 4091 20188 5759 30853 8003 5955 680 215 34 723 174 57983 14639 35-39 39-81 53-93 55-33 10-41 4-70 -37 -17 * 1 1 ri836. . i^-(^)^;838: : [1839. . Total . . . Eatio per cent. . . 47 34 23 40 6 4 2 9 76 45 47 35 6 8 8 8 33 13 7 18 E 2 2 1 8 9 1 9 . . • 166 102 79 95 12 13 10 10 144 14 303 30 60 ... 5' ... 20 432 44 •34-95 31-83 49-37 68-18 14-56 1-33 ... ri836. . 1.1839. . Total . . . Eatio per cent. . . 65 94 87 80. 38 67 44 47 163 185 305 170 30 48 66 50 47 51 87 71 5 4 5 10 11 7 6 6 ... "2 2 1 1 285 337 387 329 74 119 116 107 326 196 733 194 356 24 30 ... 4 3 1338 416 24-44 47-34 54-12 46-86 19-19 5-80 3-35 . . . . • . . . . ri836. . ^-(«)i;838: : L1839. . Total . . . Eatio per cent. . . 227 249 166 268 44 61 35 43 411 400 389 537 71 68 83 43 108 119 83 133 8 18 20 14 15 8 9 16 .1 127 101 134 157 12 22 9 17 888 870 681 1101 136 169 146 117 903 183 1637 304 433 60 48 1 519 60 3540 568 29-89 36-03 54-19 51-97 14-33 11-rtl 1-59 -20 ... Grand Total . 25111 6535 39646 9040 8335 843 4-33 27 1887 307 75391 16743 Eatio per cent. 34-16 39-70 53-94 35-00 11-33 6-13 -57 -17 ... ... ... 388 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. sented : — the districts of the country in which the general population is worst educated, the districts in which the greatest amount of crime prevails, and the districts in which there is the highest proportion of uninstructed criminals, are found constantly assimilating; while, on the other side of the question, we have to view those districts of the country which are best educated, the least criminal, and in which a less proportion is found of uninstructed criminals, identified. Since it thus appears, by adopting either of the available tests of education, that crime and ignorance are constant companions, prevention being better than cure, it becomes an important, if not an imperative duty, to reduce the amount of crime by the simple means of a good general education. As already stated, education in its higher sense must of necessity disseverate itself from crime, and this eminent degree of education will perhaps be long impossible of attainment to the whole population of any country ; but there seem to be no insuperable difficulties in the way of imparting to the bulk of a community something above the mere elements of reading and writing at least; and in this limited sense it is evident there is to be found a powerful check on crime, and no doubt the most efficient means of subduing the evil propensities of the people. In the preceding Table XXVIII, an analysis will be found of the educational con- dition of criminals during the years 1836, 7, 8, 9, for each of the six classes of crime given in the Home Office Returns. 1. Offences against the person. 3. Offences against property committed with violence. 3. Offences against property committed without violence. 4. Malicious offences against property. 5. Forgery and other offences against the currency. 6. Other offences. The facts were thrown into this form with a view to determine, if possible, whether there was any, and what difference in the education of criminals committed for various classes of offences. It will be seen from the following abstract of this Table, that the proportion of criminals who could neither read nor write was highest in the class (3) for offences against property committed without violence, and least in the class (5) of forgery and other offences against the currency ; being 35*29 in the former, and 24-44: in the latter, who could neither read nor write. Again, the ratio of those who could read and write well was least in the class (2) of offences against property committed with violence, being 9*53 per cent., and highest in the class (5) of forgery and other offences against the currency ; and those of superior instruction were also lowest and highest in the same two classes, being only "23 in the former class, and 2*25 in the latter. The results for the whole of these classes combined during the same years, were of those who can — Neither read nor write 34'16 per cent. Eead and write imperfectly . 53-94 Read and write well 11-33 Superior instruction 0-57 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 389 Males. Degree of Instruction. Division Division Division Division Division Division Total. CI) (2) (3) (*) (5) (8) Number who could neither read nor \ write 5 Number who could read and write ) imperfectly ] 1733 1817 20188 144 236 903 25111 3238 2994 30852 203 722 1637 39646 Number who could read and write well 1113 508 5955 60 256 433 8325 Number possessed of superior in- > struction ) 112 12 215 5 30 48 422 Number whose instruction could not ) be ascertained ) 579 42 723 20 4 519 1887 Total number of offenders in each class 6775 5373 57933 432 1338 3540 75391 Males. Degree of Instruction. Division CI) Division (2) Division (3) Division (i) Division (-5; Division («) Total. Ratio who could neither read nor write Ratio who could read and write im- i perfectly J Ratio who could read and write well . Ratio of superior instruction .... 27-97 62-26 17-96 1-81 34-08 56-16 9-53 •23 35-29 53-93 10-41 •37 34-9^ 49-27 14-56 1-22 24-44 54-12 19-19 2-25 29-89 54-19 14-33 1-59 34-16 63-94 11-33 •57 The following Abstract will shew the results for the same four years for the female sex:- Females. Degree of Instruction. Division (1) Division (2) Division r3) Division (^) Division (5) Division (6) Total. Number who could neither read nor | write J Number who could read and write ) imperfectly J Number who could read and write well Number possessed of superior instruc- ) tion 3 Number whose instruction could not J be ascertained 3 229 401 66 2 70 144 149 13 1 5759 8002 680 24 174 14 30 196 194 24 2 183 264 60 1 60 6525 9040 843 27 307 Total number of offenders in each class 768 307 14639 44 416 S68 16742 5 G 390 STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Females. Degree of Instruction, Division (1) Division (2) Division (3) Division Division (5) Division (0) Total. Eatio wlio could neither read nor write could read & write imperfectly could read and write well . . ... of superior instruction .... 33-81 57-45 9-46 •39 47^06 48^69 4-35 39-81 55-33 4-70 -17 31-83 68-18 47-34 46-86 5-80 36-03 81-97 11-81 -20 39-70 85-00 5-13 -17 The ratio of those who could neither read nor write is thus lowest for class (4), and highest for class (5), being 31-82 per cent, in the former, and 47-34 in the latter; but during those four years it appears that in the class (4), for malicious offences against property, there was not a single one in the whole of England and Wales returned as being able to read and write well, or as possessing superior instruction ; so also in the class (2), of offences against property committed with ■violence, and in the class (6), of forgery and other offences against the currency, not a single instance occurred in the whole kingdom during those years, of a person being committed possessing superior instruction. Amongst females, class (1), including the offences against the person, seems to be the most remarkable, as the ratio of those who could Neither read nor -nrite, was 32-81 per cent. Read and write imperfectly ■ 57-45 Eead and write well 9-46 The following will exhibit the relative degrees of education in the aggregate of the criminal classes of both sexes during the years 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1839. Degree of Instruction. Males. Females. Difference. Ratio who can neither read nor write . . can read and write imperfectly can read and write well . . ... of superior instruction . . . 34-16 83-94 11-33 0-57 39-70 55-00 5-13 0-17 — 3-54 — 1-06 + 6-20 + 0-50 It will thus be seen, that although a higher ratio of females were able to read and write imperfectly, still a greater proportion of females could not read or write at all ; and, while 5-13 per cent, only of females could read and write well, there was 11*33 per cent, of the males who were equally instructed. It may appear anomalous, while education is held to have so powerful an influence in repressing crime, and the female criminals are less educated than the males, that the ratio of crime is not also greater in the female sex. This argument, however, woul be based on a very narrow and limited view of the question, for the application of the mere test of education itself will not always be sufficient to determine the relative amount of crime, Before applying this or any other test, it is necessary, in order to see its full influence or effect, that the two districts or groups compared should be similar in all other conditions, social and otherwise, and simply differing in regard to the one element, the STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 391 force of which it was proposed to measure. Among the various elements influencing crime, sex has already been shewn to be a most important one, as on the aggregate of ages the tendency to crime in the male sex was to that in the female sex, as -2978 is to •0633 — in fact, nearly as five to one. It is not enough to take into view simply the mental and moral conditions of the mind itself, but those conditions in relation to external circumstances and the state of society; and whatever may be the state of education and the natural feelings and passions peculiar to the female mind, sufficient has been shewn in the former paper, to prove that the diff"erence in her social position in this country exposes her to less temptations to crime. In like manner does the same evidence prove, that while the state of education remains unaltered or constant in the country, crime may be fluctuating or gradually increasing or decreasing under the influence of the altered external circumstances with which man is surrounded ; so also may the education of the people increase and become more general — as appears to be the case from the facts disclosed by the registers of marriage, which shew that the proportion of males signing the register with marks has gradually changed from 33'7 per cent, in 1839, to 31 '2 per cent, in 1848 ; while, during the same years, the proportion of male criminals that can neither read nor write has decreased from 33'53 percent, to 31-9 percent; and all this time crime may have likewise increased, but still it will remain a fact, that education counteracts the tendency, so long as the criminal returns shew that, everything else being the same, crime is at a minimum where education is at a maximum, and that where education is least, crime is highest. Changes in the political, manufacturing, and commercial aspects of the country — alterations in the police and criminal laws — have all their influence ; and although for a period, or even a long series of years, crime may be on the increase, education may still be importantly concerned in the development or repression of crime. Nothing has yet been said on the nature and extent of the various descriptions of crimes and offences. In the early part of this communication it was shewn, that in investigating the question of crime in its aggregate character, no satisfactory or true results could possibly be obtained, unless the element of age entered into the inquiry. If it be, then, so essential an element in discussing the question of crime in its general aspect, it must be evident that in its specific form there is still less chance of success, when without the means of employing the element of age. It is, therefore, to be lamented, that although in the Home Office Returns the number of criminals guilty of particular offences is given, no mention is made of their ages in connection with specific forms of crime. This defect might easily be remedied. Local and provincial poHce- courts and districts have seen the value of such information ; and it is to be regretted that the authorities at head-quarters should still be indifferent to the great advantages that must result from affording inquirers into criminal statistics a means of introducing so important an element into their investigations. [It was not known « 00 1^ to ^" CO CO r-^ S •i.a e ^ "S. ■^ ^ 0 CD lO OS OJ CD 1— 1 CO OJ OJ >o ^ >o 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 litl OS o 00 : Age could not be ascertained. •saiBtnaj I— I ^ lO i.-- lO O ^ rl rH i-H 1-1 C< r-l : : : ■^ 00 CO O CO t^ Ct r-l OJ CO OJ 'dl o 7-1 : •satBM CO CO O C• t* CO lO lO en CO CO O l~ 00 rH 00 00 i-l iH ^ 1-1 OJ CO OJ CO OS t- CO O OS i> OS t^ CO 00 CO CO CO '^ ^ ^ OJ 00 OJ Aged 50 years and above 40. •saiBraaj CO CO o t~ »o t- OJ CJ CO iH 1-1 rH 00 1— 1 : CO CO lO ^ lO o OJ : lO OJ I- OJ OJ OS ^ t- OS O ^ «5 OJ OJ OJ CO CO CO 00 1-H : •sajBM >0 05 CO O 1-1 ^ l^ -J* CO rH -* CO in 00 o CO I- O 03 OS O CO O? ^ C< CO '^ CO r-l OJ 1— 1 OJ O -^ — >0 OS ^ t- CO 00 OO ^ OJ 00 t- t- OS OS o CO CO CO OJ Aged 40 years and above 30. 'sajBrna^ 05 lO ^ CO l^ CO CO >o ^ ^ CO CO : '^ 00 O! l> CO CO o • ITS CO »0 O OS o O CO 1—1 CO ^ CO io -^ »o ira lo o OJ OS T—t CO : •saiBM CO C« ITS 1— ( iH CO -^ lO O 00 C 1-1 GO CO CO G^ CO CO CO C5 00 1—1 CO o CO '^ -* -sl< CS! 05 r-l ct a m a CO 1— 1 I— 1 rH 1— I 1— 1 rH CO o CO OJ ^ m 00 o OS OJ CO CO O 1-1 OJ CO CD t- l-H I— 1 OJ rH iH r-l OJ OJ OJ 00 CO CO rH i—t 1- r-l Aged 30 years and above 21. •saiBuiaj O! »0 ^ CO I- O 00 CO CO t~ CO 00 CO : C CO CO O! 05 02 CO C< OJ « iH CT OS I-l : O ^ CO I- >0 CO CO CO 00 CO O OJ OS OS OS rH 1— I OJ l-H iH l-H rH CO CO : •saiBM ^ O 05 O lO t* O l- CO 1-1 1-1 t~ 00 CO CO O CO CO o O t~ t- OJ OJ >ra CO OJ t~ 00 O 00 1— t lO •-* ^ >o ^ lO OS 00 OS OJ o o CO crs t^ CO t^ OS o l-H CO CO 00 ^ ICi O t- 00 »o ^ -v)l ^ CO CO ^ '^ll -5)1 o ICi OJ o r-l CO lO OJ Aged 21 years and above 16. •saxBtnaj OO .— >0 00 CO o= C< -5* OJ OJ CO CO iH : O -^ OD 00 C '^ CO OJ OJ OJ CO CO iH : ao i-H -^ -^ lO -^ CO t- t- 00 CO 'cH ^ »n t- t~ 00 O O iH CO rH ^^ rH id . ■saiBH CO en ^ r-l cs 1-1 CO CO CO O CO r- ^ CO CO CO CO ^ o CO iO 00 OS OS OS i.^ -r* i> OJ OJ OS lO lO ^ ITS CD -<* CO >o OJ CO o i- O! CO CO OS o t- o ^ O O L^ rH *in lO OJ O OS CO CO CO ^ -^ CO ^ -di ^ CO o OJ OJ t- OJ Aged 16 years and above 12. •saiBuiaj CO 00 t- CO iH ^ CO OJ l-~ OJ CO OJ »o 1—1 CO ; 1 00 t- CO t- CO in 00 t^ C3S .— CO CO OJ OJ OJ CO CO CO t-i o OS r-l ; •saiBM OI t- C35 ^ CO C4 ITS iO iO CO -"^ -^ o CO CC lO ^^ t' iO CO O 1.^ t^ O -cf o 1—1 r-l r-l 1— t o CD o CO OS OJ O t- OS CO OS ^ t- l^ o t- CO »0 lO t^ t- 00 t-t T-i rH r~t r-l r-i «5 I- 7-t O r-i -H OJ o rH Aged 12 years and under. •sa^Btnaj ^ 1-1 : : : : ^ CO : ; CO : OJ 00 ; lO O rH rH OS CO lO ao m m "^ lo OJ r-l CO : •saiBpjT »0 CO ^ C! »0 t- o 0( 00 CO 00 CO CO CD CO — 1 1-1 T-H r-t 00 O t- OJ OS OJ lO rH t^ rH 00 OS CO CO OJ 00 OJ OJ CO rH 00 r-l OJ CO 00 rH M -^ lO CO I-' 00 05 CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 CO CO CO 00 r- 1— 1 rH rH ^ rH • 3 ^ lO CO t- CO OS CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 1-1 rH iH tH I-l iH ■3 ^ »0 CO t- 00 OS CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 00 00 00 CO rH rH l-H r-l rH rH "^ O o § 1 1—* a o 1 Pi 3 * 1 OJ 1 3 o H B O g Y CO CO V S 3 O o O o O a A H STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 393 s . II •eapraiaj; OJ CD t* 00 t^ lO CD ^ : C« CO ^ rH CO ^ rH rH rH CO JO ■— 1 C35 GO t- CD lO lO lO 1-- 1.-' -^ 00 CO OS OS i ■eaiBW 00 CO 00 ^ ^ CD CO CO CO « CO C* OS 00 t- JO JO CO O? ^ CO lO CO CO ^ CO OJ OJ ^ CO o OJ CO CO Oi lO "^ O? t- iO Ci CO rH OT 00 -<* rH IQ lO lO lO lO CD JO rH OO CO rH OS CO CO Aged 50 years and above 40. •sa^iscaaii; O! 1* iH rH iH OS : »0 CD CD « OS CO r^ rH rH CO : OS CO C?! CO CO t~ rH rH ,-1 Oi C« CO o r-l : -^ I:- OS O CD C« O C« -?+< CD 05 O CO CO CO CO CO -^ 00 : •sapiM m O lO O CO 00 iH iH 1-1 rH iH t- CO O O ^ CO JO C« CO O? C* C« CO CO rH 00 CO rH CO o; ^ rH OS o; OS t^ t' JO "^ CO r-l O -* r-i CO rH C« O rH CO O Oi Tf t- — ( O? O C« O O O? Ci CO r^ rH rH rH rH r-, o l- o CO Aged 40 years and above 30. •saiuraaj; rH 0« CO rH l- : CT t~ O! O I- O C« rH C« OS Ct 00 O • C3S OS JO OS ^ OO CO Ci! -;)( -rll -^ C« OS • 05 CO 00 rH CO CO O CO O? 00 t^ rH CO lO CD CD CD )> o GO CO • •sapM rH i—l lO CO t^ CD C< « « rH r^ CO o r—1 o C s -s o H r3 OS c:» o o O CO o '>■ 1 o H a> o 1 d CO o "o H rd CH O H Table XXX. — Criminal Offenders in England and Wales during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, in each Class of Offences, with the Ratio of Crime to the Population at the various Terms of Life, calculated to the corrected Population for tlie respective periods, — Males. Criminals for thostj Years in each class of Offences. 1 Offences Offences against Property without violence. Malicious Forgery and OtherOffences, Ages. Population in the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Offences against the Person. against Pro- perty witli violence. Offences against Property. Offences against the Currency. not included in the above classes. Total of all classes. (1) (2) (3) (4) if>) (a) No. Percent. No. Percent No. Percent No. Per cent No. Percent No. Per cent No. Per cent ^183i 993180 1838 1000810 Under 5 J 1830 1008038 1837 1018310 1838 M839 1024154 1033053 6076040 ,1834 891641 1835 900163 , . ,„ 1836 5 to 10 1 ^gg, 908707 9174.'i3 1838 926222 >1839 935075 5479321 ,1834 808642 183n 816795 , „ , ^ 183fi 827077 lOtOlS.hgg, 837488 1838 848030 Vl839 858704 4994736 ,1834 1835 12 years ggg """l il837 under ^ggg 2388786 2391039 2413551 2438202 2469194 U839 2482350 14551202 28 •00019 78 •00053 1832 •01259 14 •00009 7 •00004 13 .00008 1995 •01371 ,1834 183.') 624781 632053 16 years ^gg,.^ V, 10 1837 above 12 ^ggg 641285 049727 658280 U839 066946 3873922 314 •00811 610 •01674 10271 •20513 42 •00108 62 •00160 128 •00330 11843 •29797 ,1834 687044 1835 698331 - 21 years and above 18 183U 709808 1837 721479 ■* 1838 733348 U839 745417 4295427 2415 •05022 3270 •07013 25742 •59929 184 ■00428 519 01208 1429 •03328 33670 •78386 /■1834 1020024 30 years J|g and 1 ,„„. above 21 J«;^^ 1042765 1000014 1089781 1114076 U839 1138915 0471575 4401 ■00800 3005 ■04043 23310 •39109 255 ■00894 721 ■01114 2458 •03798 30021 •55600 1834 871464 ,„ 183-5 888800 » 40 years and i-.^„ above 30 }|J 4839 906480 i 924512 1 942902 1 901060 i 5495818 2065 •03757 700 •01383 11747 •21374 102 •00191 347 •00831 1140 •02074 10093' -29282 ,1834 671333 ,„ 1835 882123 50 years jggg ^^"'' „ 1837 692879 703805 ] above 40 jggg 714904 M839 726177 4191421 920 ■02195 21J •00510 5423 •12938 73 •00174 168 •00401 481 •01099 7232 •17254! fl834 456946 1835 401580 fiO years and above 50 183C 467284 1837 1838 473058 478904 ^1839 484821 2821593 434 •01538 73 •00258 2578 •09136 34 ■00123 64 ■00191 233 •00825 3391 •12018 .1834. 494796 1835 500187 Above CO 1830 505036 years 1837 1838 1839 511145 518714 522344 3050822 44751780 212 ■00095 •0'2411 38 S048 ■00124 •01798 1192 •03908 •18791 15 722 •00049 •noici 40 1918 •00131 •00420 112 5974 •00367 ■01335 1801 •03248 •24925 ( 1 5rand Total . 10789 84095 111.646 STATISTICS OF CR[ME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 395 It was not known at the time of writing this paragraph, that the Home Office had actually furnished the information required, respecting the ages of the persons committed for each class of crime, up till the year 1839 ; and that in subsequent years the returns have been presented in their present defective state. What could be the reasons for relinquishing their earlier plans, it is difficult to imagine. All the criminal returns for the six years 1834-1839, have been analysed, as shewn in Tables XXIX and XXX preceding for each class of crimes, and the population calculated by the formula given in pp. 2-3 ante for each year, and for each term of life, in order to discover the tendency at various ages to particular classes of crime. These Tables explain themselves, being on precisely the same model as Tables I and II, only that Table XXX, instead of shewing the tendency to crime in the aggre- gate at each age, points out the tendency to particular classes or kinds of crime. The following Abstract presents the general results arrived at :— Ratio per cent, of Criminals to the Population, ijearly, at various terms of life, in each class of offences. Age. Division. Division Division Division Division Division (1) (2) (3) (•i) (5) (6) 12 years and under . ■00019 •00053 •01259 •0U009 •00004 •00008 16 years and above 12 ■00811 ■01574 •26513 •00108 ■00160 •00330 21 ... ... 16 •05622 ■07613 ■59929 •00428 ■01208 •03326 30 ... ... 21 ■06800 •04643 •39109 •00304 •01114 •03798 40 ... ... 30 •03757 ■01383 ■21374 ■00191 ■00631 •02074 50 ... ... 40 •0219S •00510 ■12938 ■00174 •00401 •01099 60 ... ... SO ■01588 •00238 •091b6 •00123 ■00191 •00S25 Above 60 years . . •00695 •00124 ■03908 •00049 •00131 •00367 Total . . . •02411 •01798 •18791 •00161 •00429 •0133S Number of the Population at various terms of life hj which One Crime hi each particular class of offences is committed yearly. Division Division Division Division Division Age. (1) (2) (3) (*:! (S). (6) 12 years and under . 526313.79 188679-25 7942^81 1111111-11 2300000-00 1230000^00 16 years and above 12 12330^46 6353 24 377^22 92592-59 62500-00 30120^48 21 ... ... 16 1778^73 1313^54 166^86 23364-49 8278-15 3006^61 30 ... ... 21. ]470^59 2153^78 256'69 25380-71 8976-66 2632^96 40 ... ... 30 2661^70 7230^66 467^9S 52356-02 15847-86 4821-60 50 ... ... 40 4555^81 19607-84 772-80 57471-26 24937-t56 9099-18 60 ... ... SO 6501^95 38759^60 1094-57 813t)0-81 52356^02 12121-21 Above 60 years . . 14388^49 80645^16 2S58^85 204081-63 76333^88 27217-96 Total. . . . 4147-66 S561-73 532^20 62111-80 23310-02 7490-64 It will be recollected that when, on a former occasion, crime was viewed in the aggregate, the tendency to crime at various terms of life was shewn to follow a very remarkable law. From the age of 20 it was found that the tendency to crime in the male sex decreases at the rate of 33" 333 per cent, for each term of life given in the Tables ; but, 396 STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. as anticipated, it will now be found that age becomes of still more importance in the investigation, when considering specific forms of crime. Some striking examples of this will be seen by referring to the preceding Abstract, and comparing the results in the difierent classes at ages "21 years and above 16," with the following terms of life, in which the tendency to crime is In the class (1) of offences against the person at ages 21 years and above 16 -OSeSS 80 SI -06800 Difference = -01178 or + 90-95 per cent. Again, in class (2), offences against property, with violence, at ages 21 years and above 16 -07613 80 21 -04643 Difference = -03970 or - 39-01 per cent. In class (3), offences against property, without violence, at ages 21 years andabove 16 , -59929 80 21 -39109 Difference = -20820 or — 34-89 per cent. In class (4), malicious offences against property 21 years and above 16 -00428 80 21 -00394 Difference = -00034 or — 7-94 per cent. In class (5), forgery and other offences against the currency 21 years and above 16 -01208 30 SI -01114 Difference = -00094 or — 7-77 per cent. It is, therefore, obvious, that the law which regulates the tendency to crime at differ- ent ages is not the same in every class. For, while in the class of offences against the person, there is an increased tendency at " 30-21 " of 20-95 per cent, above that shewn in the preceding term of life, there is in all the other classes a less tendency, varying from 39-01 per cent, in offences against property with violence, to only 7-77 per cent, in cases of forgery and other offences against the currency. At other ages, like differences will be found. The difference between the tendency to crime in class (2) at ages 40-30 and 50 40 is, 63-12 per cent,, but the difference at the same age in class (4) is only 8-90 per cent. STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 397 The importance to criminal jurisprudence of a solution of this problem must be evident. No preventive measures can possibly be adopted till the knowledge exists of the particular tendencies to certain propensities and forms of crime at different ages. With a clear knowledge of these, however, the chances of success in averting crime must be greater, as the means are furnished of knowing in what particular sections of the commu- nity the strongest tendency exists to specific forms of crime. On reflection, it will now be seen, with still greater force than formerly, that a necessity exists for a very refined analysis in investigations on crime, before drawing any conclusions. The importance of determining the ratio of crime at the different terms of life, in order to know the relative amount of crime in different districts, as well as to understand whether crime be on the increase or decrease, has already been shewn. It also appears equally important to determine the tendency at the respective ages to the specific forms of crime, otherwise the perturbations of which the various classes are susceptible may vitiate conclusions based on any evidence resting on mere general averages. In the final column of Table XXX, will be found the expression for the tendency to crime in the aggregate of those six classes during the years 1834-1839. In this Table a peculiarity will be observed in the division of ages, but the population has been deter- mined for the same ages by the methods already pointed out. The present division of ages commenced only with the reports for the year 1842. It will be found that above 20 years of age the amount of crime was less in the years 1834-1839 than in the period 1842-1844, and the following Abstract will shew the relative amount and tendency to crime at the two periods referred to. Age. Ratio per cent, of Criminals in Excess per cent. of Crime in 1842-4. above 1834-9. 1842-4. 1834-9. 15 to 20 . . . . 20 ... 30 . . . . 30 ... 40. . . . 40 ... 50 . . . . 50 ... 60. . . . 60 and upwards . . •6841 •6963 •3794 •2605 •1094 •0813 •7839 •6666 •2938 •1726 •1203 •0625 — 14^688 + 19-037 + 22-825 + 3MJ0 + 29^044 + 35-424 From the preceding Abstract it will be seen, that from 20 to 60 years of age, there has been an excess of crime in the period 1842-1844 over that of 1834-1839, varying at the different ages within that term of life from about 20 to 31 per cent. ; and it will be found, on referring to page 327, that the tendency to crime in the intermediate period of years 1840-1841 was something like a mean between the results given in the preceding Abstract, thus pointing to a gradual increase in the criminal calendar of the country withm 5 I 398 STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. those periods ; but on examination of Tables XXII and XXIII, and also of the Abstracts on page 327 it will be found that a marked Reaction, particularly in the male sex, took place in the years 1845-48, One striking feature in the preceding Abstract is the fact, that while above 20 years of age there has been an increased ratio of crime within the period of 1842-44, there has been at the period of life, 16-20, a decrease of crime amounting to 14-588 per cent. ; and on referring to the Second Abstract on page 327, a further diminution of crime at the same period of life to the extent of 6'388 per cent, will be found. This is contrary to the popular opinion held on the subject; but the preceding part of this paper also shewed that all the facts of the case went to prove that there was no increase of juvenile crime, and that if any change or movement be discovered in the criminal returns of any particular district, that change will be found to be promoted, not so much by fluctuations at the terms of life 10-15 and 15-20, as by the increase or decrease among those persons of more advanced ages. It is thus evident that over a period of fifteen years, ending December 1848, instead of there being an increase, there has been a positive decrease of crime among the population at the younger ages. From the following Abstract it will be seen that the great amount of crime is due to one class (3) of offences — that which includes " offences against property committed with- " out violence." Age. Aggregate Crime Class 3 Per centage of Crime due to during 1834-9. daring 1834-9. Class 3. 13 years and under . •01871 •01359 91-831 13 to 16 . . . . ■39770 •26513 88-979 16 ... 21 . . . . ■78386 •59939 76-453 21 ... 80 . . . . •5S660 •39109 70-364 30 ... 40 . . . . •29383 •31374 73-994 40 ... SO . . . . ■17354 •13938 74-985 SO ... 60 . . . . ■13018 ■09136 76-030 60 and upwards . . •05342 ■03908 74-467 This Abstract at once points out the necessity for remedial measures being applied to the removal of this class of offences, which constitutes about three-fou-rths of all the crime in the country committed during maturer life. It will be further seen that nine- tenths of the whole amount of crime, by those of 16 years of age and under, is included in the same class ; and, on reflection, it must appear evident, that very simple measures may, vidthout difficulty, be employed by the legislature for the removal of the causes, or at least for the prevention of the great bulk of these offences. Although this contribution has already extended to considerable length, every one giving attention to the many curious and most instructive results which have been arrived at on the question which, perhaps above all others, bears most directly on the STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 399 present and future happiness of the great mass of the people, will regret to find that any further useful inquiry and investigation into the progress of crime in this country must cease and determine with the close of the year 1848: and the cause of this cannot fail to evoke the strongest disapprobation of every one possessing the least philanthropy and sympathy for the moral and social condition of his countrymen ; in fact, ever since the year 1839, the Home Office Returns have been periodically undergoing such changes, and have been from time to time presented to the public in so imperfect a shape and form, that at last they have become next to useless, and are now, not only wholly unavailable as aids in any correct inquiry into the state and progress of crime in this country, but are positively dangerous in the hands of mere cursory observers, and eminently calculated to lead them to the most fallacious and destructive conclusions. I should not therefore venture to dwell on any of the statements set forth in those Returns subsequent to the year 1848, were it not to place on record the startling fact, that while, not only in this country but throughout the whole civilised world, greater attention is year after year given to the development of improved statistical methods, in all matters which are likely to affect the moral and material progress of a people, or are even calculated to throw light on questions of merely a curious and speculative character, our Home Office Returns of Criminal Offenders have, for the last fifteen years, been bar- barously retrogressive, and are, at present, in such a state as to be discreditable to the Government, and unworthy of a country laying so great pretensions to the promotion of economic and statistical science. On referring to the facts recorded in Table XXVIII, preceding, and likewise to the Abstracts in pp. 389-90, it will be found that during the four years, 1836-9, the degree of instruction amongst criminals was not only given in the aggregate, but for the criminals in each division or class of offences. It has already been shewn how important it is to distinguish between the conditions and circumstances under which different kinds of crime are committed ; but so far as education, or rather instruction, is concerned, this has been quite impossible ever since the year 1839, Again, In the years 1834-39, as will be found, on referring to Tables XXIX and XXX, and likewise to the Abstracts of them in p. 395, that for that period of six years the ages of criminals were distinguished for each class of offences. Since the latter- mentioned year no such distinction has been observed in the published returns, and, con- sequently, ever since 1839 the curious, interesting, and instructive results disclosed in pp. 387-96 have remained completely isolated, and no one can tell how far the con- clusions arrived at from the experience of those six years are justified by the progress and development of crime during the last fifteen years. Again : from the year 1840 the ages of criminal offenders were given, not only for the whole kingdom in the aggregate, but for each county, until the close of the year 1848. In 1842 a new classification of ages however took place : accordingly, Tables I and 400 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. XXIII, inclusive, of this contribution will be seen to be based on this arrangement of facts, and have permitted an investigation to be made into the progress of crime, but without distinction of the particular class of offences in connection with age. It is however to be regretted that from the year 1848 this has been quite impossible, the published returns not containing the necessary elements. There is still another defect in the Home Office Returns which cannot be passed over in silence. It has already been shewn that up to the year 1839 the Educational condition of Criminals was given, not only in their aggregate capacity, but for each particular class of offences, and from that time until 1848 the educational condition was given for the aggregate of all offences, but since then it will be found that no mention has been made as to whether a single criminal was capable of reading or writing, or possessed any degree of education or instruction whatever. It consequently follows : — (a). That since the year 1848, neither the age nor the educational condition of criminals has been given even for the aggregate of all classes of offences. (b). Since the year 1839, nothing is known of the age of criminals in connection with specific classes of offences. And (c). Since the year 1839, nothing is known of the educational condition of criminals committed under each class of offences. These have been already shewn to be elements of vital importance in every inquiry into Criminal Statistics, and it is certainly surprising to find that, having been once recognised in the Home Office Returns, they should, in an age in which it is so well known statistical science is forcing itself on the consideration of Governmental Departments? be so systematically discarded. There is yet another change, of more recent date, to which it may be well to allude before concluding this subject. On examination of the Home Office Returns, it will be found that, until the year 1851, they distinguished the numbers of males and females in each class of offenders in every County in England and Wales, without taking notice of the other important ele- ments referred to in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) immediately preceding; but since the year 1851, no distinction even of sex, has, under this meagre aspect of the question, been recognised by the authorities of the Home Office. The following Tables, constructed from the published Returns for the years 1849-53 inclusive, are therefore only given by way of contrast, and as a practical illustration of the changes of which a Governmental Department is really capable of effecting at a time when the Governments of Europe and America are, by their Deputies, periodically assem- bling in Congress to improve and systematise the records of all facts and phenomena bearing on the happiness, prosperity, social progress, and moral and intellectual elevation of the people. STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 401* Table XXXIII. 'Number of Criminals in each County during the Two Years 1854-5. County. Offences against the Person. Offences against Property with Violence. Offences against Property without Violence. Malicious Offences against Property. Forgery and Offences against the Currency. Other Offences. Total. Average for each Year. Bedford 16 38 84 19 149 49 31 81 80 34 96 60 85 36 45 20 12V 503 37 81 433 64 86 30 66 116 33 1 49 73 84 154 43 155 75 88 4 36 85 287 29 28 46 26 130 32 17 61 62 40 •34 76 89 23 33 7 100 553 82 46 387 42 57 18 107 45 32 2 40 107 104 160 43 112 42 171 4 38 104 309 366 540 458 438 1608 401 206 419 1257 528 614 993 1669 370 584 131 1739 5179 536 651 5997 624 1161 488 541 587 498 39 437 1041 1246 1742 851 1711 855 1440 76 624 1024 3259 10 17 10 9 7 5 3 7 14 5 3 16 13 8 ]6 15 31 19 6 12 22 5 22 17 13 12 5 1 6 14 17 11 20 16 8 9 1 10 6 23 6 85 8 5 50 11 6 28 28 6 16 41 32 7 40 2 75 230 20 20 495 13 9 9 25 47 11 17 28 34 47 6 199 11 96 3 15 26 104 9 8 7 7 30 23 11 7 64 14 18 17 3 5 19 39 121 33 23 115 14 86 27 24 25 10 "9 88 80 53 18 27 88 85 4 8 23 106 485 656 553 504 1974 521 274 608 1505 627 780 1903 1891 449 787 175 2111 6605 664 838 7448 762 1371 589 776 832 589 43 558 1801 1505 2167 981 2290 1019 1839 92 781 1868 4088 218 328 277 252 987 261 187 302 753 814 890 602 946 285 369 88 1056 3303 332 417 3724 881 686 295 388 416 295 22 279 651 753 1084 491 1110 510 920 46 366 634 2044 Berks Bucks Cambridsre Cornwall Cumberland Derby Devon Dorset Durham Hereford Herts Hunts Kent Leicester Liincoln Middlesex Norfolk Northampton Northumberland . . Notts Oxford Rutland Salop Somerset Southampton Stafford Suffolk Surrey "Sussex Warwick Westmoreland ... Wilts Worcester York The foUowing is an Abstract of the preceding results, so far as the same is practicable, thrown into the same form as Tables XXVI, XXVII, and XXXI preceding. 402* STATISTICS OF CKIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Table XXXIV. Abstract of the Criminal Returns for the Two Years 1854-5, so far as it has been possible to make the defective returns of those years available. From the explanatory remarks already furnished, it will be seen that no distinction of sex has been made, no return of ages is given ; and therefore it has been impossible to apply the consequent corrections pointed out in the early part of this paper, as being so essential in every correct inquiry. No notice has been taken in the Home Office Returns for the same Years of the educational condition of offenders: and from these defects this and Tables XXXI, XXXIl, and XXXIII preceding cannot receive the same confidence as the other Tables of this contribution. Group of Counties.— Inferior Degree of Education in the General Community. Population, 1851. Average Crime per Annum during 1854-5. Eatio per cent, at all ages. J p -. i Lancashire, Stafford, Monmouth, Ches- ) Least Agricultural . . . < * ? ^ ■! ter, Warwick j t sect, (^a; ( Excluding Lancashire ^ , , ( Group 2 1 Bedford, Essex, Cambridge, Suffolk, } ^""^^^^^^ \ sect, (a) ] Hunts 5 Greatest Manufacturing. • { f^f^ ! E^ctdtg ^nt^^^^^^ ! ! J i Group 4 .) Cambridge, Essex, Huntingdon, Rut- | ^^^^^ 1 sect, (a) 5 land 5 Manufacturing interest 83i C Group 5 \ ^'€?'^'. f''^^'' Lancashire, Notts, 1 per cent, above the average! sect, (a) |^^^™gj^^^J^^j;;^; \ [ [ [ [\ Agricultural interest 50 per C Group 6 ) Bedford, Suffolk, Cambridge, Essex, ) cent, above the average . \ sect, (a) 5 Hunts, Wilts 5 Manufacturing and Agricul- 1 Group 7 1 .^ ^^ j , _ _ tural interests nearly equal ( sect, (a) \ ' ' ' f Greatest wealth . . . . < j. ? ^ > Devonshire, Gloucestershire .... 1 sect, (a) 5 Least wealth \ ^^roup 9 } Monmouth, Bedford, Hunts, Stafford . . Group in which those signing with " Marks " ex- ) ceed the average by 83^ per cent J 3,728,108 1,696,872 1,080,599 3,866,104 1,334,868 641,889 3,841,117 1,809,881 1,384,820 912,022 1,025,903 954,795 1,682,241 6675 3373 1661 5790 2487 964 6710 3407 2017 1408 1699 1771 3035 •179 •199 •163 ■173 ■186 •160 •175 •188 •151 •154 •166 •186 •180 Group of Counties. — Higher Degree of Education in the General Community. Population, 1851. Average Crime per Annum during 1854-5. Eatio per cent, at all ages. Least Agricultural . . • { Jr^) ^^1^ G^TeLr ^°"''^.'^'^^^^^^^ Greate t f Group 2 \ Bucks, Lincoln, Hereford, Eutland, ) ^ ■" ■ ■ ' 1 sect, (i) ) Berks, Wilts 3 Greatest Manufacturing, .[f^^^ } S^ Midls?.^^^?"'. "^."^^^^ ! Least ... . . .■ p f (■i\ ? Sussex, Lincoln, Hereford Manufacturing interest 33^ ( Group 5 ) Middlesex, Surrey, Derby, Leicester . . per cent, above the average ( sect, (ft) J Excluding Middlesex Agricultural interest 50 per ( Group 6 ) Bucks, Sussex, Lincoln, Hereford, | cent, above the average . ( sect, (ft) J Rutland, Berks 5 "nreSts^ttytuM s^e^c/) } Dorset, Southampton, Northampton . . Greatest wealth . . . | ggct"?/)') [ Cumberland, Surrey, Westmoreland . . Least wealth J ^^^^ y^-. > Bucks, Derby, Notts, Northampton . . Groups in which those signing with " Marks " are ) less than the average by 25 per cent j' 2,132,536 1,138,708 2,887,981 1,001,405 859,555 8,096,050 1,209,474 ■ 1,316,836 801,957 986,861 942,614 2,862,247 3136 1685 5278 1564 1152 5468 1744 1779 1362 1293 1290 3101 •147 •144 ■183 •155 •134 •177 •144 •146 ■170 •138 ■137 •131 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 403 Recapitulation. The facts brought forward in this paper lead to the foUowing conclusions :— 1. That the tendency to crime among the male population at various terms of life varies from -7702 per cent, at the term of life 20-25, to -1694 per cent, at ages 50-60, or, in other words, the tendency to crime at one period of life is more than quadruple that at another*. Age appears to have a similar influence on the tendency to crime in the female sex. 2. That the tendency to crime in the male sex is nearly five times as great as in the female sex. Over the whole male population of England and Wales, at all ages, the tendency to crime is -2978 per cent., and for the female sex it is -0633 per cent.,— that is to say, one in every 336 of the male population is yearly guilty of a criminal ofi"ence, and in the female sex, one in every 1581-j-. 3. That in the various districts and counties of England and Wales there is a remarkable difference in the distribution of the population over the various terms of life. In the counties of Anglesea, Carmarthen, and Dorset, the proportion of the whole population alive at the quinquennial term of life, 20-25, is less than 8 per cent. ; but in Lancaster, Middlesex, and Monmouth, the proportion varies from 10 to upwards of 11 per cent. : and at other periods of life like differences will be foundj. 4. It hence follows, that if even the tendency to crime were precisely the same at the respective terms of life in those districts, there would still be, in reference to the whole population, an apparent increase of crime in the last three counties, from the fact that they contain a greater proportion of their population at the term of life at which the tendency to crime is the greatest. This truth is established by the facts, that during the years 1842-8-4 the actual proportion of male criminals in England and Wales was 1 in 336 of the whole male population§ ; but if the population had been under the same distribution in regard to age as in the year 1821, the proportion of criminals would have been 1 in 365 only, and if under the same distribution as in the city of Glasgow, crime would appear as high as 1 in every 304||. Again, the difference of distribution of even two districts of the metropolis is such as to produce in Bethnal Green the proportion of 1 in 338, while in St. George's, Hanover Square, the ratio would be as high as 1 in 280^ ; manifesting an error, in any method of inquiry neglecting the element of age, of about 21 per cent. An inspection of the results obtained in the early part of this paper will shew that a uniform tendency to crime in each county at the respective terms of life would, in consequence of the difference in the distribution of their populations according to age, produce in Anglesea, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Dorset, Merioneth, Montgomery, and * See Tables I and II, also Tables XXII and XXIII ; and likewise the Abstracts in pp. 326-7, 398. t See Tables I and II, also Tables XXII and XXIII. I See Table V. § See Table I. 11 See Table VII. IT See Table VII. 404 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. Pembroke, the ratio of one crime yearly to every 360 of the population ; but in Glamorgan, Lancaster, Middlesex, and Monmouth, the same tendency to crime would produce as high an average as from 1 in 325 to 1 in 313, being a difference of at least 18 per cent.* It is, therefore, evident, that the element of age is an essential item in every inquiry or investigation into the relative amount and progress of crime in different districts ; and on the same evidence the element of sex must appear equally important ; and hence calculations in which those elements are neglected cannot be relied on as shewing the relative amount of crime in different districts, nor in the same districts at different periods of time : for here we have an apparent difference of crime in some districts to the extent of 20 per cent, above that in others, in which the same tendency to crime has been assumed to prevail, accounted for by the simple fact of a difference in the distribution of their population ; and other differences of even greater extent are found to depend on the relative proportion of the sexes in the respective districts. Hence the great necessity in all such inquiries, of having recourse to those elements, in order to determine the relative amount of crime, and the danger of depending on any conclusions arrived at by any methods of inquiry in which they are neglected. 6. That every properly conducted inquiry into criminal statistics, intended to shew the relative tendencies to crime in different districts, or in the same district, at different periods, must distinguish the amount and degree of crime in each sex, and shew the amount and tendency to crime for each sex and at every term of life for given districts at the respective periods of time f. 7. That the tendency to crime at each successive term of life given in the Tables decreases from the age of 20 at the rate of 33-333 per cent, for the male sex, and at the rate of 25 per cent, for the female sex J. 8. That in some counties or districts, crime is upwards of 50 per cent, above the average of the kingdom, while in others it is nearly 70 per cent, below the average§. 9. That in all the agricultural groups of counties there seems to be a remarkable uniformity in the tendency to crime, varying in an excess of crime above the average for the whole kingdom of 5 -3 per cent, to 6-8 per cent. ; but in the mining and manufacturing groups of counties, although the whole combined shew less than the average crime for England and Wales, still in one portion of the groups there is an excess of 33-5 per cent, of crime; while in another, crime is 52-1 per cent, below theaverage|| ; proving that there must be some powerful element in the social and moral state of the people, not ehmi- nated in such combinations, producing this remarkable disparity. 10. That the usual test by which the manufacturing and agricultural counties are de- termined, may often be neutralized by a corresponding high or low ratio of agriculturists * See Table VII. | See Tables I and II, also Tables XXII and XXIII, I See Tables I and II, also Tables XXII and XXIIl; and likewise Abstracts pp. 326-7. § See Table XI. || See Tables XII and XIII. STATISTICS OF CEIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 405 and manufacturers in each : but adopting corrections as in Tables XIV and XV, to avoid such errors, and testing the counties in which the most striking differences exist as to their agricultural and manufacturing conditions, it is found that the mere fact of such differences in the habits of the people has little or no influence on the increase or decrease of crime, and offers no solution to the problem of what is that element or feature which produces in one great community an excess of 52-1 per cent, of crime, and in another community reduces crime 33-5 per cent, below the average*. . 11. That by adopting the test of education or instruction furnished by the marriage registers of the country, and further analysing the groups referred to in the preceding paragraphs, by dividing each into two sections — by the one of which will be represented the population of highest education, and the other the population of lowest education ; — in fact, so analysing the various districts and groups of counties, that they differ in respect of edu- cation only, — it is found, that out of the 22 different combinations formed of the various districts of England and Wales, in every instance there is an excess of crime where there is the least education or instruction : and comparing the respective sections of each group of counties, it will be seen that there is an average excess of 25 per cent, of crime in the sections of inferior education over that of higher education, and in some districts the excess is as much as 44 per cent.-]- 12. That it is hence obvious that the very small amount of education, or rather instruction, implied by the test here adopted, has a powerful influence on the criminal calendar of the country ; and that the introduction of this further element into the inves- tigation of the relative amount of crime, removes many anomalies not otherwise to be understood J. 13. That all the preceding conclusions are arrived at from facts derived from a source partly independent of the criminal population itself; but this Contribution also furnishes evi- dence establishing the fact, that invariably, in those districts in which there is an increased amount of crime, there is also a higher ratio of uneducated criminals, and in the less crimi- nal districts a smaller proportion of the criminal population wholly destitute of the rudest, elements of education ; and, in following up this inquiry, the following remarkable com- bination of elements determine the great influence of education in the development of crime. The districts of the country in which the general population is the worst educa- ted, the districts in which the greatest amount of crime prevails, and the districts in which there is the highest proportion of uninstructed criminals, are constantly found assimilating ; while, on the other hand, those districts which are the best educated, the least criminal, and in which a smaller proportion of uneducated criminals prevails, are likewise found to be identified in the various combinations § : and hence the great reduction of crime to be justly expected from the general diffusion of education. * See Tables XIV and XV. i See pp. 863-4, and Table XVIII. : See page 3G4. § See pp. 377-9, also Tables XXIV to XXVII inclusive. 5 L 406 STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 14. That the highest proportion of criminals in the male sex wholly destitute of education is to be found in those committed for offences against property without violence — and least in the class of forgery and offences against the currency ; but for the female sex, the lowest ratio was found in malicious offences against property, and the highest in the class of forgery and offences against the currency*. 15. That the simultaneous increase of education and crime does not necessarily prove that education has no material influence on crime, so long as the criminal returns shew that, all other conditions being the same, crime is at a minimum when education is at a maximum, and vice versa. Changes in the political, manufacturing, and commercial aspects of the country — alterations in the police and criminal laws — have all their influence ; and although for a period, or even a long series of years, crime may be on the increase, education may still be importantly concerned in the repression of crime f. 16. When viewed in its aggregate character, it is found that at the inferior ages there is a greater tendency to crime than at superior ages ; but when viewed in its specific character, it is found that this law does not prevail : for while, in the class of offences against the person, at ages 21-30 these is an increased tendency of 20-95 per cent, above that for the preceding term of life, in all the other classes there is a less tendency, varying from 39 per cent, in offences against property with violence, to only 7-7T per cent, in cases of forgery and other offences against the currency : and at other ages, like differences will be found J. 17. That it is hence evident, that no conclusions, as to the prevalence of crime,, can be safely arrived at in questions of criminal jurisprudence, unless a proper analysis be made for the districts under investigation, shewing the tendency which exists to the specific forms of crime — and that too for each sex and at each term of life : for here we find, for two terms of life, a difference of 60. per cent, in the amount of crime dependent on the relative prevalence of two specific forms of offences ; and it consequently follows, assuming in different districts the criminal tendencies of the population to be precisely the same, that (a), the fact of a difference in the distribution of the population at different ages will pro- duce an apparent excess of crime, from the circumstance, that in some districts there is an excess of population at that term of life in which the tendency to some peculiar forms of crime is in maximum or in minimum ; — or (b), on the other hand, assuming the distribution to be nearly, or exactly the same in two districts, a difference in the tendencies to specific forms of crime may be concealed by the neglect of the element of age or sex, and the districts falsely concluded to be in similar conditions as to their criminal manifestations ; and a third error, (c), may result from the neutralising influences of these disturbing causes balancing each other. The excess of population at one particular term of life favourable to the * See pp. 389-91, also Table XXVIII. f See pp. 390-1. I See pp. 395-6, also Tables XXIX and XXX. STATISTICS OF CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 407 manifestation of a particular form of crime, may be counteracted by an equivalent amount of reduction in the tendency to the development of that specific form of crime : and hence all ignorance of these perturbations, and the remedial measures which a knowledge of them would induce. In criminal inquiries, therefore, they constitute elements of every correct investigation*. 18. That although it has been usual of late to refer to juvenile delinquency in explanation of the increase of crime in many districts, the facts here presented do not sustain the supposition. An Inspection of the nine groups of combinations represented in Tables XII and XIII, will shew, both for the general result, and for each group, that any increase or decrease in the amount of crime, as compared with the average of the country, is not accounted for so much by fluctuations in the tendency to crime at ages 10-15 and 15-20, as by the increase or decrease of crime at more advanced ages; leading to the conclusion that in the juvenile period of life the tendency to crime is under the influence of more constant laws or elements, and therefore shews less fluctuation than in mature life, when the conduct and disposition of individuals come more under the control of external circumstances. Further, a comparison of the results set forth in Table I and in Table XXX, shews that, from 20 to 60 years of age, there has been a gradual increase of crime, from the year 1834 to 1844, of from 20 to 31 per cent, varying with the age; but during the same years there has been at the younger ages, 15-20, a uniform decrease of 14-588 per cent, and in the four years, 1845-8, a further decrease of 6-388 per cent. ; thus proving, by the facts of the case, that during a period of fifteen years, ending December 1848, there has been a decrease of crime among the population at the younger ages. 19. That to one class of ofi'ences— those against property committed without violence, —are due three-fourths of the whole crime of this country ; and among the population of 16 years of age and under, more than nine-tenths of all their crimes belong to this single class of offences f. 20. That the nature of these offences obviously places the offenders within the reach of such remedial measures as would certainly, to a great extent, remove them from the criminal calendar, and thus go far toward the prevention of at least three-fourths of the crimes of this country. * See Tables I and II, and also Table XXX. t See Table XXX. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. The next question to be brought under consideration is the Influence of Locality on the amount of Sickness among the members of Friendly Societies. In Tables E and L, pp. 20-7 and 68-75 ante, the amount of sickness is given among a certain number of persons, at every year of life, expressed in weeks and decimals of a week; and in an adjacent column will be found the amount of sickness among the same number of persons in quinquennial periods of life, also the average amount of sickness to each individual per annum. In the same Table the amount of sickness under the various arrangements described for each of the Districts recognised in the Tables of Mortality is also given ; and an inspection of the last column will give a general idea of the relative amount of sickness in those Districts. Table V following has been formed from the last column of Tables E and L, by interpolating the terms for the intermediate years of age, by the method of third dif- ferences ; and the adjusted results were afterwards obtained in the same manner as that described for the rates of mortality in Tables C and F, in the early part of this paper. Owing to the greater practical convenience of collecting and arranging the data, as well as of subsequently applying the results to the more useful purposes of friendly societies, the amount of sickness throughout the whole of this paper is invariably expressed under the denomination of weeks. For example, in Table V, opposite to age 35, and under the head " Eural Districts," the decimal expression 'SQQl signifies that the average amount of sickness to each individual per annum is that fraction of a week. And again, opposite the same age, in the column " City Districts," the average amount of sickness to each person in the course of a year is 1-2372 weeks. When, however, it is required to change the expression to the more scientific denomination of the fraction of a year, that may be easily done by multiplying any of the results by -019165. [An examination INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 409 Table V. Average Sickness per Annum to each Person at the following Ages — Expressed in Weeks. England and Waies. Scotland. England and Wales. Scotland. Eural, Eural, Eural, Eural, Age. Eural Town City Town, Town, Age. Eural Town City Town, and Town, and Districts. Districts. Districts. and City Districts. and City Disti-icts. Districts. Districts. Districts. City Districts. City Districts. 10 •2257 1-2666 ■3453 •4659 -3197 56 2-5340 3-4903 3-5346 2-8956 2-8279 11 ■4233 1-0820 ■3453 •5616 ■2197 57 2-7756 3-7450 3-7545 3-1371 3-0307 12 •5969 •9392 •3453 •6413 -2440 58 3-0811 4^0670 3-9933 3-4293 3-2841 13 •7305 •8383 ■3453 •7046 •2945 59 3-4403 4-4564 4-3408 3-7722 3-6879 U •8041 •7788 ■3453 •7530 •3692 60 3-8531 4-9133 4-4973 4-1657 3-9423 15 •8437 •7612 ■3453 •7833 •4689 61 4-3198 5-4373 4-7636 4-6099 4-3472 16 •8414 •7853 ■3453 •7984 •5935 62 4-9308 6-1319 5-0357 5-1904 4-8894 17 •8397 •8069 ■3674 •8117 •6946 63 5-6863 6-9670 5-3167 5-9073 5-5687 18 •8387 •8259 ■4115 •8330 •77^32 64 6-5803 7-9726 5-6054 6-7006 6-3853 19 •8384 •8424 •4777 •8324 •8264 65 . 7-6305 9-1387 5-9019 7-7501 7-3391 ao •8387 •8564 ■5659 •8398 -8570 66 8-8193 10-4662 6-2062 8-8760 8-4302 SI •8397 •8678 ■6762 •8453 •8643 67 10-0700 11-7646 6-7643 10-0679 9-6159 23 •8426 •8746 ■7713 •8515 •8688 68 11-3829 13-0308 7-5761 11-3257 10-8964 23 •8475 -8767 •8511 •8585 ■8709 69 12 7579 14-3817 8-6417 12-6494 12-2715 24 •8542 ■8741 •9157 •8661 -8703 70 14-1949 15-4995 9-9610 14-0391 13-7414 25 •8630 ■8649 •9650 -8744 -8672 71 16-6940 16-6901 11-5341 15^4947 15-3060 26 •8736 ■8551 •9991 -8834 •8615 73 17-1025 18-1368 13-5632 16-9662 16-9019 27 •8802 ■8504 1-0303 •8915 •8557 73 18-4205 19-8395 16-0483 18-4606 18-5292 28 •8827' ■85-29 1-0584 -8988 •8498 74 19-6479 31-7984 18^9894 19-9509 30-1877 29 ■8810 •8626 10837 •9052 •8437 75 20-7848 34-0134 22-3864 21-4661 31-8777 30 •8753 -8794 1^1059 •9107 •8376 76 31-8312 36-4844 26-2394 32-9963 33-5989 31 •8655 •9035 1-1252 •9154 •8314 77 33-7113 38^6170 29-4479 24-3088 36-0897 32 ■8630 ■9287 1^1480 -9250 •8303 78 33-4353 30^4113 32-0120 35-4036 36-3501 33 •8677 ■9551 1^1742 -9396 •8340 79 33-9730 3r8669 33-9315 36-3809 37-3800 34 ■8798 ■9827 1^2040 -9591 •8429 80 34-3545 33^9841 35-2065 36-9405 28-1795 35 ■8991 1^0114 1^3373 -9836 •8567 81 34-5698 33-7629 35-8370 27-3825 28-7485 36 ■9257 1^0414 1^3740 1-0130 8756 82 34-8913 34-6970 36-3375 27-9052 29-4134 37 ■9551 b0819 1-3153 1-0474 •8970 83 25-3187 35-7804 36-7080 28-6086 30-1713 38 ■9872 1-1330 13611 1-0869 •9210 84 25-8533 37-0310 36-9484 29-1927 31-0350 39 r0231 1-1947 1-4114 1-1313 •9476 85 36-4920 38-4310 37-0588 39-9575 31-9737 40 1^0677 1-2669 1^4663 1^1808 •9767 86 27-3378 39-9863 37-0392 30-8030 33-0174 41 1^1002 1-3498 1^5368 1-2353 1^0083 87 27-5232 41-0553 37-0236 31-0985 33-7581 42 M398 1-4477 1 5901 1-3039 1-0512 88 37-3481 41-8378 37-0118 30-8440 34-1959 43 1^1786 1-5608 1-6593 r3565 1-1053 89 26-7136 43-3340 37-0039 30-0394 34-3308 44 1-2166 1-6890 1-7335 1-4333 1-1707 90 35-6167 43-5438 37-0000 38-0849 34-103S 45 1-2537 1-8323 1-8125 1^4939 1-3473 91 24-0603 43-6673 37-0000 36-7804 33-6918 46 1-2900 1-9908 1-8964 1-5688 1-3350 92 22 0610 43-9661 37-0000 34-4316 33-6461 47 1^3417 2-1423 1-9954 1^6528 1-4397 93 19-6187 43-3403 37-0000 31-6085 34-0335 48 1^4089 2-2871 3-1095 1^7461 1-5613 94 16-7334 43-4890 37-0000 18-3411 34-8243 49 1-4915 2-4340 2-2388 1-8486 1-6996 95 13-4051 4 3^7 143 37-0000 14-6194 36 0600 50 1-5896 2-5559 2-3831 1-9603 1-8548 96 9-6339 43^7143 37-0000 10-4434 37-7000 51 r7031 2-6800 2-5436 3-0813 3-0369 97 6-6169 43^7143 37-0000 7-1036 390300 52 1^8335 3-8168 3-7144 3-2161 8-1950 98 4-3541 43^7143 37-0000 4-5970 40.0100 53 1^9808 2-9662 3-8985 2-3650 3-3593 99 2-0914 43-7143 37-0000 3-0914 41-0000 54 2^1450 3-1280 3-0949 3-5379 2-5194 100 2-0914 43-7143 37-0000 2-0914 41-0000 55 2-3260 3^3029 3-3036 2-7047 2-6756 O M 410 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. An examination of the rates of sickness as given for the Eural Districts will shew that it fluctuates up to the age of 32, and that from that age up to 87 there is a uniform and gradual increase. In the Town Districts the rate of sickness will be found subject to a similar increase from the age of 27 upwards ; and in the City Districts the rate increases throughout the whole range of the Table. A comparison will shew a higher rate of sickness in the Town than in the Rural Districts, for the whole period of life. The rate of sickness in the City Districts will also be found higher than in the Rural Districts, from 23 to 63 years of age ; it then continues at a lower rate up to the age of 75, when it again rises, and continues higher till the end of life. In the City Districts, from the age of 24 to 44, the sickness is also higher than in the Town Districts; but from 45 to 57 the rate in both Districts differs but little. After 57 years of age, to the end of life, there is a much higher rate of sickness in the Town than in the City Districts. The following Abstract of Table V will give a general view of the relative amount of sickness in the various Districts. Ages. Average Sickness per Annum to each person — expressed in Weeks. Eural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. The Three Districts combined. 20 •8387 ■8564 •5039 •8398 23 •8630 •8649 ■9630 •8744 30 •8753 •8794 1^1059 •9107 35 •8991 1-0114 1-2373 •9836 40 1^0677 1-2669 1-4663 M808 45 l^2537 1-8323 1-8125 1^4939 60 1-5896 2-6559 2 3831 1^9603 53 2-3260 3-3029 33086 2-7047 60 3-8331 4-9132 4-4973 4-1667 65 7-6305 9-1387 3-9019 7-7601 70 14-1949 15-4993 9-9610 14-039] 73 20-7848 24-0134 22-3864 21-4661 80 24-3545 32-9841 35-2063 26-9405 Sickness will be found to follow to some extent the same law with regard to the influence of locality, that was observed to connect itself with mortality ; being least in the Rural Districts, and increasing in amount in the other Districts ; but it will be observed that the relation of cause and efiect generally supposed to exist between sickness and mortality is not here manifested— in fact, the highest ratio of sickness is sometimes found associated with a favourable rate of mortality. In order to shew, however, the merits of this hypothesis for the general results of the Three Districts, a Table is subjoined shewing the increase per cent, in the rate of mortality in the Town and City Districts above the Rural, also the increased rate of sickness in the same Districts at the corresponding ages. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 411 Age. Increased Mortality per Cent, above the Kural Districts in the Increased Sickness per Cent, above the Eural Districts in the Age. Town Districts. City Districts Town Districts. City Districts. 30 30 40 50 60 70 97-6008 5-4853 30-4517 35-6833 51-5377 43-3990 13-7300 30-5304 75-7843 61-6666 41-0185 36-7348 3-1104 0-4684 18-6560 60-7930 37-6130 9-1906 33-7650 26-8388 37-3419 49-9183 16-7300 39-8191 30 80 40 50 60 70 In addition to this, abundant evidence, illustrative of this point, is famished out of the present materials. For example, labourers, although influenced by the most favour- able rate of mortality, are found to be subject to as high an amount of sickness as the general average ; and so some other occupations also, in which the rate of mortality is also favourable, are found subject to a rate of sickness much above the average. Again, the sickness among the sixteen trades referred to in pp. 58 et seq., ante, is less than the general average, although, as has been shewn, they experience a greater mortality. Bakers also, at the early and middle periods of life, are less subject to sickness than the general average, and among them there is likewise a higher mortality. The class of Butchers seems to experience a very high rate of mortality, although not subject to above the average amount of sickness. In applying the test of mortality to various localities and employments there is no difficulty ; but the case is very diff'erent in viewing sickness as an index of the sanitary condition of any trade or of any locality. What constitutes sickness in one case, is often a very different thing from that in another. The standard seems too indefinite and capricious ; and although the results as obtained may be con- sidered perfect for all the purposes of friendly societies, a careful inquiry will shew their vague nature for medical and other scientific purposes, unless carried further than the mere amount of sickness, without regard to the circumstances under which it has taken place, and the causes producing it. Taking two occupations — Tailors and Clerks — which happen to be of readiest reference, they are found subject to a very high rate of mortality ; still they do not seem, particularly Clerks, to be subject to so much as the average amount of sickness ; and on consideration of the nature of those emploj^ments, it will immediately suggest itself, that the same trivial circumstances which would be sufficient to disable Sawyers, and also Colliers and Miners, would have little effect on those following quiet occupations. Sawyers, Colliers, and Miners are subject to accidents and various injuries which cannot be considered constitutional disease or sickness ; yet it entitles them to relief from benefit societies, and they will of course be returned on the sick list. Tailors and Clerks are less subject to those accidents, and accordingly their sickness is also less; the other classes, particularly Colliers and Miners, being much above the average. 412 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. But the most striking refutation of the theory, that sickness and mortality bear the relation to each other of cause and effect, will perhaps be derived from a comparison of the general results of mortality in friendly societies in England for all districts combined, as given in Table F, page 32, with that for Scotland in Table M, page 80 ante. The result of this comparison wUl be, that the rate of mortality in Scotland among the members of friendly societies is found to be much higher than among the same class in England; and if the theory just recited were to hold good, there should also be found a greater amount of sickness in Scotland ; but an inspection of Table V in this paper will shew that such is not the case, and that instead of there being an increased ratio of sickness, the ratio is actually below that in England. Nothing further, therefore, need be said on this part of the subject ; but the argument may be rendered more obvious by an inspection of the following Abstract, in which it will be seen that while the excess of mortality is uniformly against Scotland, the excess of sickness is as constantly against England. Age. Mortality per Cent, in Excess of Mor- tality in Scotland per Cent. Average Sickness yearly in Excess of Sick- ness in England per Cent. England. Scotland. England. Scotland. 30 40 50 60 -7563 -9386 1-4267 2-5064 •7926 1-0767 1-5830 2-9096 4-7997 14-7134 10-9538 16-J331 -9107 1-1808 1-9603 4-1657 -8376 -9767 1-8548 3-9423 80268 17-2849 5-3818 5-3028 The nature of the information in the schedules relating to the societies in England would evidently satisfy many speculations as to the cause, duration, and mortahty of sickness and disease ; but as it is proposed to give in this paper a simple representation of the amount of sickness only in the different districts, all inquiries, however interesting and instructive, as to the ratio of sickness to mortality, under the various circumstances which present themselves of employment and disease, must for the present remain untouched. The next part of the subject naturally arising in this paper is, the relation which the average amount of sickness, as developed by this inquiry, bears to the amount of sickness as hitherto shewn in other sickness Tables. The only Tables published prior to the first edition of this work to which it is deemed necessary in the first place to make reference, are those contained in the Highland Society's Eeport for 1824, and the Tables given in the highly valuable work by Mr. Ansell on friendly societies, and published in 1835 under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The following will shew the relative amount of sickness per annum to each person at given ages according to those Tables, and also according to the results of the present inquiry. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 413 Table W. Sickness per Annum to each Person — expressed in Weeks. Three Districts! rhree Districts Age. Highland Ansell. Combined, Age. Highland Ansell. Combined,- Society. Table V. Society. Table V. 91 •575 •780 •8453 46 1-033 1-411 1-5688 33 •576 •785 •8515 47 1-108 1-475 1^6538 S3 •578 ■791 ■8585 48 1'186 1-544 1^7461 34 •581 •798 ■8661 49 1^373 1-619 1-8486 35 •585 •806 •8744 50 r361 1-701 1-9603 36 •590 •815 ■8884 51 1^451 1-791 3-0813 37 •596 •835 •8915 53 1-541 1-890 3-3161 38 •603 ■836 •8988 58 1-633 1-999 3-3650 39 •611 ■848 •9053 54 1-736 3-130 3-5379 80 •631 ■861 •9107 55 1-831 S-356 3-7047 81 •631 •876 ■9154 56 1-918 3-410 3-8956 83 •641 •893 •9350 57 3-018 3-586 3-1871 33 ■653 •913 •9396 58 3-133 3-788 8-4393 34 •668 •933 •9591 59 3-330 3-031 3-7733 85 •675 •956 ■9836 60 3-346 3393 4-1657 36 •688 •981 r0130 61 3-500 3-611 4'6099 37 •703 1^000 1^0474 63 3-786 3-991 5-1904 88 •718 1^040 1-0869 63 3-100 4-448 5-9073 39 ■737 1^074 1-1813 64 3-700 5-001 6-7605 40 ■758 1^111 1-1808 65 4-400 5-673 7-7501 41 ■784 M51 1-3853 66 5-400 6-486 8-8760 43 ■814 1^195 1-3939 67 6-600 7-471 10-0679 43 •853 1-343 1-3565 68 7-900 8-659 11-3357 44 •903 1-395 1-4333 69 9-300 10-086 13^6494 45 •963 1-851 1-4939 70 10-701 11-793 14-0391 For the sake of a more convenient and general view of the relative merits of those different results, the following Abstract is given. Age. Annual Amount of Sickness to Each Person — expressed in Weeks. Highland Society. Ansell. Average of all Districts, Table V. Excess per Cent. above Highland Society. Excess per Cent, above Ansell. 30 30 40 50 60 70 •575 •631 •758 r36i 3-346 10-701 •776 -861 1-111 1^701 8-392 11-793 •840 •911 1-181 1-960 4-166 14-039 31-5476 31-8331 35-8171 30-5613 43-6869 33-7766 7-6190 5-4884 5-9373 13-3143 30-9798 33-0636 The remarkable increase in the amount of sickness, as shewn by the present results, beyond the two other Tables, will no doubt appear very startling to those not intimately 5 N 414 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. familiar with the condition of friendly societies throughout the country. The rate of sickness as given in the Table of the Highland Society has been long and generally acknowledged to be much below the actual average, and even so far back as 1825 it was thought unfavourably of by a Committee of the House of Commons. It is unnecessary to enter into the objections against the nature and source from which the data for the Highland Society's Table were obtained, as that subject has been amply discussed elsewhere. For some time after Mr. Ansell's work appeared, it was thought that contributions calculated according to the increased amount of sickness shewn in his Tables would render friendly societies perfectly safe ; but instances occur almost daily of societies breaking down, whose contributions approximate to those Tables ; and recently the increased amount of sickness has become so apparent to the members of some of the best regulated societies, that meetings have been held, and reports of a very clear and apposite kind published, pointing to the increased amount of sickness as the cause of their falling condition. A knowledge of circumstances of this kind first led to the present inquiry, the original object of which was simply to answer the question, whether friendly societies were actually subject to a higher rate of sickness. Mr. Ansell's data had reference to the five years 1823-27 ; and it is difiicult to account for the difference between his Tables and the present results, unless it be consi- dered that the imperfect manner in which the affairs of friendly societies at that period were managed, did not allow of so accurate information being then obtained as now, when required by Act of Parliament to make quinquennial returns. In Scotland, at the time even of collecting the data for this inquiry, it was found that quadruple the societies would have filled up schedules in competition for the prizes offered, but were prevented from doing so by the incomplete system in which their books were kept. It is not im- probable that the difference of the two classes of results maybe partially accounted for by the smallness of the numbers over which his observations extended, as in the aggregate they amounted to 24323 years of life only, or about 5000 persons for a period of five years. If this fact is considered, and at the same time the irregularities which peculiarity of employment and other circumstances have been shewn to produce, it will not be difficult to account for the discrepancy. If the nature of Mr. Ansell's treatise had required an enumeration of fliese features, it would have been interesting to have traced the cause, It is not believed that the mere fact of small numbers would, of itself, be sufficient to account for the difference, without at the same time a peculiarity in the combination of the employments of the persons composing those numbers ; for not the least remark- able feature which has appeared in the present inquiry is, the uniformity of the results as to sickness, with even smaller numbers than those included in Mr. Ansell's statement, when all the facts recorded were under similar circumstances as to locality and employment. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 415 _ In order to give a still further and comprehensive view of the several Tables over periods of years, the following arrangement may be useful. Table X. Comparative amount of Sickness in various periods of Years according to the Sickness Tables of the Highland Society, the Tables by Mr. Ansell, and the Results of this Inquiry. From Age. Amount of Sickness in each period of Years— expressed in Weeks. Highland Society. Ansell. Average for the Three Districts. Excess per Cent. over Highland Society. Excess per Cent, over Ansell. 20 to 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 50 ... 60 60 ... 70 ro ... 80 6-870 6-728 9-670 17-827 47-982 8-060 9-535 13-395 22-565 58-717 8-7145 9-9120 14-7999 27-0894 77-3029 305-8662 32-6410 82-1227 84-6617 34-1920 87-9290 7-5100 8-8036 9-492& 16-7120 34-0420 20 ... 40 30 ... 50 40 ... 60 50 ... 70 60 ... 80 12-S98 16-398 27-491 65-803 17-595 22-930 35-957 81-279 18-6265 24-7119 41-8893 104-3923 282-6691 82-3652 32-8775 84-3723 36-9650 5-5378 7-2107 14-1618 33-1400 20 ... 50 30 ... 60 40 ... 70 60 ....80 22-268 34-219 75-473 30-990 45-492 94-674 38-4264 61-8013 119-1922 309-7485 88-3820 33-9416 36-6796 7-3888 13-1798 30-5703 20 ... 60 30 ... 70 40 ... 80 40-089 82-201 53-552 104-209 60-5158 129-1042 324-5484 33-7545 28-5841 11-5074 19-3831 20 ... 70 30-... 80 88-071 112-269 137-8187 834-4604 36-0966 18-5386 20 ... 80 ... ... 848-1749 ... An inspection of the fifth and sixth columns of the above Table will afford the most conclusive evidence of the increased ratio of Sickness above that set forth in previous Tables. To those interested in the progress of friendly societies the results are highly important, as they will demonstrate the impossibility of permanence in those institutions on their present foundations. Considering the immense number of those societies which have broken down, it is lamentable to think that so little should have been done to ascertain the real nature and extent of the risks to which they are subject. It is stiU more remarkable that so many legislative enactments should have occupied the attention of the Government of the country from time to time, and that Committees also of the House of Commons should have had the condition of those societies for several years under con- 416 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. sideration, without any practical measure being carried out for collecting and arranging data in a proper shape to point out the true character of the liabilities to which they are subject*. In fact, the encouragement given to the formation of those societies by some recent Acts of Parliament should be regarded as an evil rather than as a benefit to the working classes. An immense number of societies were formed in a very short period, and their contributions regulated by the most delusive and inadequate data, so that at the present time very few are to be found calculated to survive many years. Under a scientific and amply developed system, those societies would be enabled, at no distant period, completely to remove the cause of nearly all that poverty, distress, and misery, which haunt our manu- facturing towns, and fill our workhouses with the working classes of the country; but owing to the imperfect and unstable foundation on which they are at present buUt, instead of being a help and a support to a poor man, they involve him in those diificulties for which he might otherwise have provided. On becoming a member of such a society, he reasonably looks forward to it as a support for his declining years, and a protection during periods of sickness and disease; but ultimately, at, the very time when assistance is required, he discovers that the society has been formed on a ruinous plan, that the increasing years and infirmities of its members have absorbed all its funds, and that those surviving must be thrown destitute on the parish as a public charity. To this, lay the most ill conceived of all proceedings, the legislation of the Government has hitherto tended. Every facility and encouragement are given to the formation of societies, without any help or information for their management or guidance. The ship is cast upon the waves without rudder or compass, and the safety of the vessel left to accident and chance. As stated, a Committee of the House of Commons in 1825, reported unfavourably of the table of sickness furnished in the preceding year by the Highland Society ; still no other data were supplied on which any more confidence could be placed : the consequence was, that societies were formed, and continued to be managed, on calculations resulting from the same data ; and, even up to the present time, thousands of those Societies are conducted either on those terms, or terms still less adequate to carry out the purposes contemplated. An inspection of Column 4 of the preceding Table will shew that, in the decennial periods of life for 20-70, the friendly societies in England and Wales experience an excess of sickness of from 32 to 37 per cent, above that indicated in the Table of the Highland Society, or an average increase of sickness over the whole of that period of fifty years of 36*096 per cent. ; or, in other words, friendly societies actually experience about one hundred and thirty-eight weeks' sickness in fifty years, while the Highland Society Table would lead them to expect eighty-eight weeks only. * Since these remarks were written, in the year 1845, a Eeturn of the Sickness and Mortality experienced by Friendly Societies, during the quinquennium ending the 31st of December, 1851, has been printed by the order of the House of Commons. — See Parliamentary Paper of 1853, No. 955, also that of 1854, No. 506. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 417 The ruin of any society, under such conditions, is inevitable. There are many other errors in the rules of friendly societies, connected with the various benefits which they promise, calculated to ruin their schemes ; but if it were necessary here to cite instances in which societies have suffered from the simple feature of excessive sickness, abundant instances could be pointed out ; and the internal evidence contained in this paper, of the actual rate of sickness experienced by societies in the aggregate, must also prove that individual societies have been sufferers. In illustration of this point, it is impossible to avoid quoting a passage from a very able report, dated 8th of February, 1841, submitted to the Edinburgh Compositors' Society, by a committee appointed to revise the laws. They state, in their report, that the contributions and benefits of the society were regulated by the data of the Highland Society ; and, in order to discover whether the experience of the society had harmonised with the original data from which their calcu- lations resulted, an investigation of the actual sickness in the society was made, of which the following is an Abstract: — Age. Number of Members. Actual Sickness in the Society. Amount of Sickness Expected by the Highland Society Tables. Excess of Actual Sickness. Weeks. Days. Weeks. Days. Weeks. Days. 20 to 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 50 ... 60 732 880 126 11 979 863 191 12 1 5 5 2 417 398 129 20 1 3 4 562 465 62 —8 1 4 2 2 Total 1449 2047 1 968 2 1081 5 It will thus be seen that the actual sickness experienced by this society ha:3 exceeded that contemplated by the Highland Society Tables by no less an amount than 112 per cent. The following gives the amount of sickness as experienced by this society, and also according to the results of various Tables. Amount of Sickness in Compositors' Society Ditto, Highland Society Tables Ditto, Ansell's Table .... Results as given in this Paper, CityDistricts,TableV Results as developed in this investigation. Weeks. 2047 965 1357 1748 Days. 1 2 Excess of Sickness in Compositors' Society, Weeks. ~ 1081 690 299 47 —98 5 1 1 1 5 Printers . . . 2000 {CoUiers and Miners . 2146 or ninety-eight weeks and five days less Sickness in the Compositors' Society than among Colliers and Miners. 5 o 418 li^FLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. It will thus appear, that while there was in the society an excess of ll2 per cent, above the Highland Society's Table, and also an excess of 51 per cent, above Mr. Ansell's Table, there is an excess of only 17 per cent, above the results obtained in the present inquiry, for the average of all trades in the City Districts, and of 2 per cent, above the general class Printers, which includes both Compositors and Pressmen ; but there is at the same time also actually less sickness than among Colliers and Miners by nearly 5 per cent It has been shewn that particular trades and employments are subject to different degrees of sickness and mortality, and the importance of this element in considering the health of towns, and the influence of locality on the duration of life, has already been pointed out ; but in viewing the condition of friendly societies, the necessity of considering the peculiar effiect of certain trades and occupations must appear to be of vital importance. A most remarkable disparity exists between the rates of sickness prevalent in diff"erent places and in difierent employments, and societies may run the greatest hazard by incautiously adopting each other's regulations or tables ; for so great is the distinction which obtains between the liabilities incurred from members of difi'erent trades, that what would be sufficiently safe for one society might completely ruin another. It may seem to some that the excessive amount of sickness experienced by the Compositor's Society may be accounted for by the fluctuation in small numbers, but on reference to the report itself such will not be found to be the case. The facts extend over a term of sixteen years, and the results for the various periods are pretty uniform, and cannot be looked upon as the result of any accident, but must be regarded as a distinctive and proper feature of that trade to which the members of the society belong. In calculating Tables for the guidance of such a society, it. would evidently not be safe to assume the results for the general average of the Country or a given District as a sufficient basis to proceed upon ; for, allowing such to be the case, and adopting even the present results as a standard of calculation, there would still be 17 per cent, of the sickness in the above society unprovided for. The remark in respect to the rates of mortality in different trades and occupations, is also true of sickness: the present inquiry cannot therefore be regarded as complete till the results for the various em- ployments are published. Other societies in Edinburgh, it will be seen from a following quotation from the report in question, have also experienced an increased amount of sickness beyond the rates of the Highland Society's Table, although the sickness in those societies has not equalled in amount that of the Compositors' Society. It is stated that the sickness in those societies amounted " on an average to no less than 87 per cent, more than the Highland Society's rate." Considering this statement, from the accuracy of detail in other parts of the same report, to be correct, it seems to be a very remarkable coincidence, that in the City Districts, being that with which those societies should be brought into comparison, there is, according to the results of this investigation, at the same term of life also exactly 87 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 419 per cent, more sickness than that given in the Highland Society's Table. From 20 to 60 years of age, according to the Highland Society's Table, (see page 415,) there is forty weeks' sickness to each person ; but according to the City Districts, Table V, there is seventy-five weeks' sickness, or 87 per cent, more than given in the Highland Society's Table. The practical advantage of thus recognising particular districts and occupations is obvious ; for had either of the preceding questions been tested by the results for the general average, no satisfactory solution could have been offered. Hence the reason why some friendly societies go on prospering, while others, under apparently the same management and scheme, survive but for a short term of years, ultimately to involve their members in ruin when most in need of support. The following Extract from the Report of the Committee in question is important : — " The average annual sickness to an individual is as follows :— From 20 to 30 years of age, . Comp( Weeks. 1 )si tors' Days. 2 Society. Hours. 1 Highland Society. Weeks. Days. Hoars. 4 3 ... 30 ... 40 • • ■ • 1 2 22 4 19 ... 40 ... 50 • . . • 1 3 3 1 4 ... 50 ... 60 . . ■ • . • • 1 17 1 6 3 " From a comparison of these two rates, it will be seen that the sickness experienced by this society has been more than double that given by the Highland Society. Since ascertaining this result, the Committee have made various inquiries in order to ascertain how far this increase corresponded with the experience of other societies established on similar principles^ and they have to report, as the result of these inquiries, that in Heriot's Benefit Society, the School of Arts, the Goldsmiths' Equitable, the Journeymen Goldsmiths', and in the Cabinet and Chairmakers' Societies, a very great increase had also been experienced, amounting, on an average of these societies, to no less than 87 per cent, more than the Highland Society's rate. Great, however, as this increase appears, it is easy to be accounted for when the state of societies is considered during the period embraced by the Highland Society's inquiry. It is well known that up to the period of the publication of the Highland Society's Report, societies generally partook very much of a charitable character, no member being entitled to benefits unless he was in indigent circumstances. Now, when it is considered that the Highland Society's rate of sickness was deduced from the amount of sickness experienced by the 79 societies above mentioned, during a period when they were formed upon this charitable principle, it is not to be wondered at that now, when they are established upon strictly self-supporting insurance principles, and when, in consequence, each member claims the utmost extent of the benefits, the sickness should be found to be so much greater than was at first 420 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. supposed. This, the Committee conceive, is quite sufficient to account for the great disparity between the rate of sickness given by the Highland Society, and that now found to occur among societies." The preceding comparisons did not extend beyond 60 years of age ; but, as will appear from subsequent illustrations to be given in this paper, the claims to be made by members after passing their sixtieth year become generally so alarming, as to be the usual means of awakening societies to the danger of their position. For example, although in the Compositors' Society all the members were under 60 years of age, stiU there was a large amount of what is called permanent sickness. At page 6 of the Eeport in question, it will be seen that of the members actually sick, 91-0 per cent, had 7J weeks' sickness each ; 3-5 ... 69 And 5-5 ... 246 It will thus appear, that the amount of sickness among 5 '5 per cent, of the members was actually more than double that experienced by another class of the same society by 91 per cent. When the subject of permanent sickness is brought forward, its relation to age, its effect on the funds of a society, and the methods by which the future liabilities of a society may be determined, wiU be amply discussed. Having entered so fully into the characteristic features of the Highland Society's Table, in relation to the results of this inquiry, a simple inspection of the Table at page 415, will be sufficient to shew to what extent Mr. Ansell's Table is liable to the same objections. At the decennial periods of life, from 30-70, it will be seen that there is an excess of sickness in the friendly societies in England and Wales over Mr. Ansell's Table, varying from 4 to 24 per cent., or a mean difference over the whole of that period of forty years of 19-283 per cent. This excess of sickness, as well as all the other results in page 415, are derived from making Table V the standard of comparison; but if Mr. Ansell's Table were taken as the standard of comparison, the deficiency in sickness over that period of years would be 23 instead of 19 per cent., and at ages 60-70 the deficiency would be 31 instead of 24 per cent., as given at page 415, or a deficiency of nearly one-third. But the inadequacy of his Table as a general guide for friendly societies, will instantly appear by making it bear on the results of Table V for the City Districts, in which, as already stated, the amount of sickness from 21-60 years of age is seventy-five weeks, being an excess over Mr. Ansell's Table, for that period of hfe, of no less than 41 per cent. The greatest care and discrimination should therefore be exercised, in established friendly societies, not to adopt general results for the guidance of particular classes. The laws of sickness and mortality are under peculiar modifications in each class, and must be developed before any safe practical conclusions can be arrived at, deserving of public confidence. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 421 In connection with the preceding remarks, Odd Fellows wiU naturaUy inquire whether the same observations are equally applicable to their own Order or Institution. An analysis has been made of the return issued in October 1845, by the Board of Directors at Manchester ; and among other important information, there is given the amount of sickness and mortality in the various districts of the Unity during the year 1844. An inspection of the results of this analysis is highly calculated to inspire confidence in the preceding observations, and to shew that the rate of sickness there developed is strictly applicable for the guidance of the Order. As the return by the Board of Directors extends over 3682 lodges, and about one quarter of a million of members, great care has been bestowed on the reduction of the analysis presented in the various parts of this paper, in order that it may be safely relied on as a standard for future reference. The average age of the members in the Manchester Unity is stated by the Board of Directors to be 32 years, and the gross amount of sickness experienced by 243,122 members, being the average number during the year 1844, was 226,917 weeks, or -933 weeks to each member. On referring to Table V, p. 409 ante, it will be found that at age 32 the average sickness per annum is -9250 weeks, — or, when the necessary correction for the maximum ages is applied in the former case, producing, in both instances, 6 days 11 hours to each member, yearly. It must, therefore, be very gratifying to every one interested in the progress of Benefit Associations for the working and middle classes, to find, that the amount of sickness among the members of those clubs, however variously constituted, shews so near an agreement, and effects almost a perfect realisation of a per- manent law of sickness. Again : as to the mortality experienced by the Order, the same conformity to the results given in these Contributions will be found to manifest itself Every previous investigation into the laws of mortality produced the conviction, that the lives of the working classes of the country were of shorter duration than those of the upper classes, and also of less value than the average results for the whole kingdom : but here we have a confirmation of the fact, that the industrious workmen of the country experience an increased duration of life. At age 32, the mortality of males for the whole of England and Wales is one in 95 ; the mortality in the Manchester Unity is one in 106 ; and, according to the results as given in this paper, for all classes in friendly societies at age 32, the mortality is one in 128, To illustrate further this point of the inquiry, the following Abstract Avill be useful, being an analysis of the actual results in the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows for the year 1844. In explanation of this Table, it may be stated that the Eural District is com- posed of those places the population of which is under 5000, the Town District of those places the population of which is 5000 and under 30,000, and the City District of such places as have a population of 30,000 and upwards. 5 p 422 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. Table Y. District. Average No. of Members dui'ing 1844. Deaths of Members. Death of Mem- bers' "Wives. No. of Week's Sickness. No. of Members out of wHch Average Sick- ness yearly to each Member expressed in Weeks. One Member died. One Member's Wife died. Rural . . . Town . . . City .... 66208 77070 99848 608 700 978 434 554 662 57795 .70435 98687 108-89 110-10 102-09 . 159-55 139-01 150-83 0-873 0-913 0-988 Whole Unity* . 943126 3286 1650 236917 106-35 147-34 0-933 During the year 1844, it will be seen that the mortality for the whole Unity was, as already stated, about one to every 106 members ; while for the Rural districts it was one in 109, for the Town districts it was one in 110, and for the City districts it was one in 102. The average amount of sickness to each member during the same year was, for the — Rural Districts .... 0-873 weeks, or 6 days, 3 hours. Town Districts .... 0-913 ... 6 ... 9 ... City Districts 0-988 ... 6 ... 22 ... Whole Unity 0-933 .. 6 ... 13 ... But according to the results in these " Contributions," already adverted to, the average amount of sickness for the same districts would be — Rural Districts .... 0-863 weeks, or 6 days 1 hour. Town Districts .... 0929 ... 6 ... 12 ... City Districts 1-148 ... 8 ... 1 ... Three Districts combined . 0-925 ... 6 ... 11 ... In instituting the above comparison, it should be kept in view that the actual ages of all the members in the Unity during that year are unknown ; but as the Directors, in their Report, have stated the average age to be 32, that age has been taken as the point of comparison. For refined purposes, objections can be brought against this step, but for the present illustration it is sufficiently correct. Considering that the above results from the experience of the Order relate to one year pnly, it is the more remarkable to find them approximate so closely to the results given in the preceding portion of these Contributions from facts extending over several years. It is evident, then, that the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows is subject to as much sickness and mortality as that shewn in this paper. The evidence thus derived from the * In the original Eeport issued by the Board of Directors, several errors occurred in the figures, but the above results are correct. INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 423 working of the Order itself, should be a sufladent answer to those who have hitherto argued that the favourable circumstances in which the members were placed, exposed them to les^ hazard than the members of ordinary friendly societies. The facts of the case, it will be seen, do not support the supposition. It is, therefore, obvious that rates of contribution less favourable than those set forth in the Tables here given, would be unsafe for the guidance of the Order. Since these remarks were written, the question as to " Whether the experience of other friendly societies in regard to sickness was fairly applicable to Odd Fellow Societies," has undergone much discussion, and assumed a public interest. The investigation, evidence, and reports published by Lord Beaumont's Committee of the House of Lords on Provident Associations, Sessions 1847-8, paper No. 126: and by Mr. Sotheron's Committee of the Commons, in the Session 1849, paper No. 548, also seem to be chiefly directed to the same question, namely, whether the data published by Mr. Ansell as well as the data in " Contributions to Vital Statistics," but more particularly the latter, were applicable to the purposes of Friendly and Odd Fellow Societies. By the witnesses examined before these Committees on behalf of the Odd Fellows, every species of evidence seems to have been urged to make it appear that the members of such clubs were not so liable to sickness as the members of friendly societies generally through- out the country ; and the results of the publication by Mr. Eatcliffe, in the year 1850, acquire, in consequence, an additional interest : as they exhibit the actual experience of the Order, deduced from carefully conducted observations on the experience of the whole of the members during the three years of 1846-8 ; and they are valuable as testing the speculative opinions of the different witnesses examined by the Committee. In the concluding portions of the earlier editions of the present treatise, published in 1845, we find the following remarks: — One of the most efficient means of awakening attention to the perilous condition of the Order would be the publication of well digested records of the experience of the various lodges, from the most remote periods of which their books admit ; and a proper and skilful analysis of these extensively circulated, could not fail to give birth to much useful conversation and debate, ultimately resulting in important and highly beneficial reforms. Science would also be greatly aided by the facts and testimony of such records, and the literature of the Order acquire an importance in the community not otherwise easily attainable. The expense to each lodge of contributing its experience would be very trifling, while the advantages to the Unity would be immense. It appears that Odd Fellows have acted on this advice; or, at all events, have followed^ in the precise course prescribed ; for Mr. Eatcliffe, in his Report on the sickness experi- enced by the Order during the year 1848, says — The Bristol A. M. 0. having empowered the Directors to issue return-sheets, to be filled up by each lodge, containing the initials, trade, and age of every member ; and the amount of sickness and deaths 424 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS, occurring during the year ; and such resolution having been repeated at the Oxford and Southampton 4. M. O.'s, the Directors, in accordance therewith, sent return-sheets to every district, to be by them forwarded to lodges, and the same have been duly completed and returned back to them, and form the first means ever taken by the Manchester Unity to ascertain the amount of sickness and mortality experienced by the Order. In going through such returns, I am of opinion that every attention has been paid to forward them as correct as possible ; and having an opportunity, when calling upon Districts to fill up the returns for the lists of lodges, to call upon them to give me the age and number of deaths that had occurred during the same year, I availed myself of that opportunity of doing so, and these returns having been collected from different and independent sources, and perfectly agreeing with the returns received from lodges, is a sufficient proof, if any was required, of the correctness of such returns. The following gives a succinct view of the data from which results in these Contribu- tions, and also those of the Odd Fellow Societies are derived : — Table Z. Age. Sickness foe Quihqtjennial Tekms of Life AcconDiNa to Age. According to Data fob Enqland, " Contributions to Vital Statistics." Odd Fello-ws' Data. Average Average Popiilation. Sickness. Sickness Yearly. Population. Sickness. Sickness Yearly. 21 to 95 106743 91419-850 ■8564 95299 67095-978 ■7046 21 to 25 26.. 30 170241 153465-13& ■9014 153133 117185^709 ■7652 26 ...30 31 .. 35 188030 173893-855 ■9248 138355 119097^563 ■8607 31 ... 35 36.. 40 177441 190179-711 1^0718 109288 106879-707 ■9783 36 ...40 41 .. 45 142411 191443-'567 1-3443 58483 71784-849 1-2274 41 ... 4S 46.. 50 114085 195891-714 1-7185 33878 55048^706 1-6249 46... 50 51 .. 55 81131 188482-281 2-3931 12632 27738^852 2-1959 51 ...55 56 .. 60 57196 187222-283 3-2773 5120 17837^850 3-4839 56 ... 60 61.. 65 34173 187894-567 5-4983 1871 10787-422 5-7655 61 ... 66 66.. 70 21655 240976-141 11-1279 700 4848-564 6-9265 66... 70 71 .. 75 11420 210195-995 18-4056 206 2790^667 13-5464 71 ...75 76.. 80 5626 146594-853 26-0566 63 1041-708 16-5349 76... 80 81 .. 85 2003 56589-711 98-9665 24 600-855 95^0356 81 ... 85 It will be observed in the above figures that the rate of sickness at the earlier and more advanced periods of life is less, according to the experience of Odd Fellow Societies ; in the middle period of life the diiference is very little ; and in the ten years, 56-65, the rate of sickness is higher than that given in these Contributions : and in reference to the difierences existing between the two classes of results at the younger and older ages, there is a sufficient explanation to shew that they are due to accidental causes, and do not constitute any essential feature of difference depending on physical or social conditions peculiar to either class of results. An inspection of column 5 preceding, will shew that in the data connected with the Odd Fellow experience the numbers under observation after INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS . 425 the age of 65, are much too limited to admit of any results derived therefrom being safely- relied on. In the term of life 66-70, the whole experience is confined to 700 years of life, or observations on about 233 members for a term of three years. Again, in the next quinquennium, the experience is limited to about 69 members only for the same period ; and in the decennial term follovs^ing, the whole experience does not embrace more than about 29 members — numbers obviously so small that it is impossible to place any reliance on the results. On the other hand, the data from which the results of these Contributions are'derived for the corresponding terms of life are upwards of forty times the magnitude. It is therefore very much to be regretted that Mr. EatclifFe should have allowed so very inadequate data to enter into any of the monetary Tables representing the contributions to provide sickness for the whole of life ; or should have employed his data even beyond the age of 65, as the monetary expressions are those most likely to be questioned and reasoned upon by the members, who may thereby be led into serious errors. Beyond the age of 65, Mr. Ansell's data included only 373 years of life; but he did not carry his monetary Tables above the age of 70, and even up to that age he adopted sufficient means of correcting any irregularities likely to arise from the limited numbers immediately preceding that period of life. There is another feature in the Odd Fellow results for ages under 35 or 40, which requires observation. The Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, is under its present gigantic numbers, of but recent and of most rapid growth. In the year 1834, the number of members was about 60,000, and in the beginning of the year 1846, the time to which the data now collected relates, the number of members was 251,727, being an increase during the twelve years of about 19,000 yearly; but in consequence of the dimissions from the Unity, the number of new members has been much greater. The Directors say, in one of their Reports, that " The amount of initiation money which was received from members in 1844, being no less a sum than £49,382, it will be discovered, on reference to the list of lodges, that our increase of members in that year was only 21,461, and by these returns it is clearly proved that upwards of 40,000 members were initiated in 1844; thereby at once affirming, that upwards of 20,000 members left the Order in one year." Keeping in view, therefore, the immense influx of young members into the Unity, with the fact that the great bulk of them is under the age of 35, the average age of all the members being at the period to which the data in Table VII relates, about 33 years, it is obvious that at the younger ages, so long as such a mutation in the list of the members goes on, there must be recorded in the books of the society, and markedly so at the younger ages, a much less amount of sickness than the very same persons would be subject to under the usual quiet and permanence of the members of friendly societies in general. This remarkable fluctuation in the body of members of the Order, occasioned by the very extraordinary number of withdrawals, and the still more extraor- dinary augmentation of the numbers again by the admission of new members, although 5 Q 426 INFLUENCE- OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. greatly to be regretted, as depriving the Institution of what, under happier circumstances, would be its greatest recommendation, that of cultivating among its members settled habits of prudence and forethought, is, nevertheless, so long as such disturbing causes exist, calculated to reduce its liabilities very materially, and especially, recruiting the ranks with healthy and vigorous members, at the younger ages, will shew at these terms of life, a diminished ratio of sickness. However, after the age of 35 or 40, the effect of this selection or influence will not be so visible, if it does not entirely disappear. A striking illustration of this is observable, by comparing the results of the Odd Fellows, and of the data in these Contributions between the ages of 40 and 65, in which the coin- cidences of the two rates of sickness is certainly remarkable, considering the very different sources of the data, and the different circumstances under which they were collected. Table AA. From Age. Amount of Sickness experienced in passing through the following terms of life, expressed in weeks, according to the results of The " Unity." " Contributions to Vital Statistics." Difference per Cent. 60 to 65 SO ... 60 50 ... 65 45 ... 65 40 ... 65 27-2239 26-1073 53-3312 611277 67-0746 27 0894 26-6338 53-7932 62-0334 68-5131 — 0-49 + 1-97 + 0-72 + 1-46 + 2-08 The preceding Table will suffice to convey a general idea of the results now given to the public by Mr. Hatcliffe, and their relation to those of preceding inquiries. In his interesting volume there are many subjects of importance treated, but there is only space for a very few further remarks, connected with sickness peculiar to different occupations. The results are given for 26 different trades, but the number under observation in the majority of groups is so small, that it is surprising Mr. Ratcliffe should have thought so limited data of importance enough to induce him to calculate an independent series of results for each. The following are the only groups of sufficient magnitude to deserve attention : — Occupation. Blacksmiths ...... Bricklayers, Plasterers, and Slaters Carpenters Agricultural Labourers . . . . Town and City Labourers . . . Mill Operatives Miners Plumbers, Painters, and Glaziers . Servants Shoemakers Spinners Stonemasons Tailors Weavers Aggregate amount of sickness experienced in passing through the following periods of life. From Age 30 to 40. From Age 40 to 50. 8-6676 8-8554 9-0781 10-1360 10-7897 7-2435 15-6215 8-6707 7 5761 8-0200 9-4789 11-2059 9-6825 10-5768 13-2624 12-8471 10-8080 14-1457 14-9163 12-0533 25-5730 17-7194 10-4663 12-0715 18-4460 16-4316 19-0638 13-9304 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 427 The preceding figures are sufficient to shew the remarkable influence of particular occupations on the amount of sickness ; but the difference shewn by the above results is evidently, to some extent due to the fluctuation of small immbers, and cannot be taken as a true criterion of the sanitary condition of the different trades. Still, there can be no doubt but that occupation is a most important element, and should be kept closely in view by those connected with the formation and management of friendly societies. The neglect of this important consideration in the establishment of these provident associa- tions, and the application of average results only, has frequently been the cause of their ruin. Mr. Ratcliffe, at page 36 of his publication, has the following important remark on this subject. " It must be apparent that these lives will be existing under very different circumstances, and be affected by a different combination of trades. Mr. Nelson's agricul- tural labourers form 33 per cent., and in the experience here given they form only 20 per cent, of the rural class ; and if a larger per centage of similar trades, experiencing more than the average sickness, be combined in one more than in the other class, there wUl appear more average sickness existing in the first than in the other class, from not having that large per centage of those trades, — other circumstances being similar." Also, " in addi- tion to being affected by a different combination of trades, the average sickness will vary according to locality. The persons resident in Glasgow and Liverpool, for example, experience such an average amount of sickness that, by being included in the City Districts, the bulk shews an excess of aggregate sickness (between the ages of 20-70) of 9 "4416 weeks over the same class of Mr. Nelson's; but, by being abstracted, the remain- ing portion shews a much less aggregate sickness than the one just named." These observations prove how very needful it is to be careful in drawing conclusions from isolated observations; and that on nothing but extended experience, carefully analysed with a strict regard to all the circumstances connected with the data, can any reliance be placed. The results now submitted to the public as the experience of the "Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows," can only as yet be regarded as an approximation to what, under a more settled and permanent state of the Institution, will be the average rate of sickness ; and it would be only prudent for the directors and others taking an active part in its affairs, not to discard other data, but to regard their own more as an indication of the features peculiar to themselves, than as an ample and satisfactory body of facts by which they should be implicitly guided. From the results now presented in connection with the working of the Order itself, it is plain that there exists no better foundation on which the members can base their calculations than the data and facts given in these Contributions ; as the practical ex- perience of the Unity is not only a confirmation of the laws of sickness and mortality herein developed, but almost an actual assimilation with them, and, so far as practical legislation is concerned, one might be used for the other. Admitting this, it will hence 428 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. follow, that the money tests hereafter given and derived from the data in these Contributions are equally applicable to the guidance of the Order of Odd Fellovs^s ; and any one objecting to a proposition to establish the Institution on a rate of contributions equivalent to the results of those data, must carry his objections much further, and object to the data themselves ; but as it has been shewn that to object to the data would be to deny the experience of the Order, no such objections can be raised, and therefore the money tests and values to be hereafter presented will remain indisputable,' Another element to be kept in view while considering this question, is the influence of time in producing an average result. It might happen that a particular society or district may experience a reduced or an increased amount of sickness in a particular year ; but were the observations extended over several years, the deficiency of one would be compensated by the excess of another year. More striking illustrations of this can be shewn in connection with the law of mortality. Even very large populations, such as the population of Glasgow, are subject to remarkable fluctuations, shewing an extreme dif- ference in some years of about 68 per cent., or a mean fluctuation of about 32 per cent. An inspection of the total male deaths for all ages, for each of the ten years 1832-41 will render this evident. Total Deaths in 1832... 4811 1833... 3229 1834. ..3255 1835. ..3726 1836. ..4334 Total Deaths in 1837... 5423 1838. ..3490 ... . 1839. ..3898 1840... 4470 1841... 4514 It will further be seen, that those remarkable fluctuations are due chiefly to the mortality in mature life, and not to the mortality in infancy, as some writers have believed. Year. From 20 to SO. In the First Year of Life. Year. From 20 to 60. In the First Year of Life. In 1832 . . 1795 .. 332 In 1837 . . 1991 .. 371 1833 . .. 902 .. 306 1838 . . 1010 .. 336 1834 . .. 923 .. 313 1839 . . 966 .. 318 1835 . .. 885 ... 365 1840 . . 1346 .. 404 1836 . .. 1279 .. 315 1841 . . 1278 .. 381 It appears, then, that while the extreme difference in the mortality from ages 20 to 50 is 125 per cent., for the first year of life it is only 32 per cent. If the mean fluctuation for ages 20 to 50 be taken, it will be found to be 53 per cent., while that for the first year of life is only 14 per cent. Were the inspection extended to the mortality of female life, similar results would be obtained. Notwithstanding the inferior numbers in infant life, the fluctuation is confined within narrower limits than the mortality of mature life ; and this fact is in accordance with the doctrine of probability when applied to any other subject, INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 429 as well as to the mortality of life. For whenever the intensity which determines any result increases— or in other words, when the prohability of any event approaches unity— so also wiU the fluctuation in a series of events be reduced in amount. The folly of relying on limited observations for the guidance of any individual society or lodge, may be further proved by referring to pp. 417-20 ante, as well as from further illustrations to be hereafter given, in which it is shewn that the sickness in some trades differs widely ; and when numbers are small, there must, of necessity, be also peculiarity of employment, and consequently a peculiar series of results. The same principle is disclosed by the facts set forth in the Abstract at p. 426 preceding, and in Appendix A of the Report by Lord Beaumont's Committee, Session 1847-8, Paper No. 126, which should be most carefully studied by those connected with the practical management of friendly societies. The following facts are also curious, and deserve the closest attention. In a Report made by Mr. Yeats in 1847, on the affairs of a friendly society in Aberdeen, the following statements are found : — Age. Number of Free Members on the Fund, from Oct. :832, to Oct. 1846. Years of Life during which the Society was liable for Sickness Allowances. Amount of Sickness expected for the time during which the Society was liable. Amount of Sickness actually experienced. (Seven days per week.) Under 21 31 ... 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 46 46 ... 50 51 ... 65 56 ... 60 7 59 95 94 76 38 14 16 1 Yrs. Qrs. 13 3 113 2 913 2 925 1 208 3 110 40 3 15 1 4 Weeks. 9-887 89-316 163-440 183-863 187-166 116-591 59-433 31-261 10-360 Weeks. Days. 16 3 47 1 159 303 1 183 3 957 1 91 8 6 Totals . 400 944 3 842-317 1066 1 " From the above it will be seen, that the actual experience of sickness has considerably exceeded the expected amount. The excess is 20-994 per cent." " The excess of the actual experience of the society, above the Table in the Highland Society's Report, is 36-795 per cent. ; the total amount of sickness according to which would have been only 673-854 weeks." " The latest published Table of the Rate of Sickness in Scotland is that contained in * Contributions to Vital Statistics,' by F. G. P. Neison, Table V. The amount of sickness, according to that Table, would have been 885-202 weeks, so that the experience of the society exceeds that in Nelson's Table by 16-034 per cent." " The experience of the society is indeed on a limited basis, embracing only 400 members, who have collectively been exposed to the risk during 944 years of life, and no 5 R 430 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. certain conclusion can be drawn from it; but the fact of there being an excess so considerable in an^ount, taken in connection with the fact, that wherever accurate observations have been made, the same tendency has always been manifested, ought to lead to watchful care and caution." " The following Table shews, (1), The average time in each period of five years during which each member was entitled to Sick Benefit ; (2), The amount of sickness which he was expected to experience, according to the data on which the contributions were calculated ; and, (3), The average amount of sickness actually experienced by the members during each period : — Table BB. Age. Average No. Years of Life iaeach quinquen- nium during which the Society was liable to each member. Average amount of sickness expected for each member during the preceding period. Average amount of sickness to each member actually experienced daring each period. Under 21 21 to 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 65 56 ... 60 Years. 1-964 1-924 2-247 2-396 2-747 2-896 2-911 2-583 4-000 Weeks. 1-413 1-395 1-710 1-945 2-463 3-068 4-245 5-210 10-860 Weeks. 2 347 0-799 1-074 3-225 3-414 6-767 6-500 1-433 Again, at p. 29 of the Report made by the Second Quinquennial Committee of the Glasgow Thistle and Rose Society, in the year 1841, columns 2 and 4 of the following Table are found. Table CC. Average Yearly Sickness and Mortality in the Thistle and Rase Saciety , from December 1810 to December 1840. Age Sickness experienced in Mortality experienced in 1 Thistle and Eose Friendly Societies, Thistle and Eose Whole Popula- tion of Society. England & Wales. Table E. Society. England & Wales. Table C. 25 to 30 -2178 •9014 30 ... 35 •6850 •9248 2-4660 1-063 35 ... 40 •6467 1-0718 1-4550 1-157 40 ... 45 1-1930 1-3443 1-4779 1-319 45 ... 50 1-9703 1-7185 2-0685 1-500 50 ... 55 1-7951 3-3231 3-5256 1-935 55 ... 60 2-9619 3-2773 3-3333 2-529 60 ... 65 •5357 5-4983 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 431 In regard to sickness, the following shews the average ratio per annum to each memher, according to the actual experience of the Aberdeen Society, the Thistle and Rose Society, and the average for friendly societies in England and Wales, Table E, pp. 26-27 ante. Table DD. Age. Average Sickness yearly to each Member, expressed in weeks, according to the experience of the Thistle and Kose Society. Aberdeen Society. Friendly Societies in England and Wales. Table E. 28 to 30 30 ... 35 35 ... 40 40 ... 45 45 ... 50 50 ... 55 -2178 -6850 •6467 1^1930 1-9702 1-7951 -743 1-346 -879 2-337 2-233 -555 -9014 -9248 1-0718 1-3443 1-7185 2-3231 It is hence obvious that, although the members of the Thistle and Rose Society are resident chiefly in the City of Glasgow, they are subject to a remarkably low rate of sickness, while, according to the results for the Aberdeen Society, the rate of sickness is even higher than that for England and Wales by 16 per cent. It will also be observed that there is a striking illustration in the Thistle and Rose Society of a high rate of mortality, and a very low rate of sickness, while in the friendly societies of England and Wales the sickness is much higher, and the mortality lower. If reference be now made to the facts given in Mr. Ratcliffe's analysis of the Odd Fellow Sickness, he vsdll be found to state, at p. 36, that " lu addition to being afi^ected by a difi"erent combination of trades,^ the average sickness will vary according to locality ; the persons resident in Glasgow and Liverpool, for example, experience such an average amount of sickness, that, by being included in the City Districts, the bulk shews an excess of aggregate sickness of 9 '4416 weeks over the same class of Mr. Nelson's, but, by being abstracted, the remaining, portion shews a much less aggregate sickness than the one just named," but, at p. 135 of his work, the results of the sickness for the Odd Fellow Lodges in Glasgow are furnished, and in the following Abstract the amount of sickness will be found contrasted with the results for the Thistle and Rose Society in the above city : — Table EE. Age. Amount of Sickness experienced in passing through the following periods of life, according to Odd Fellow Societies, Glasgow. Thistle and Eose Society, Glasgow. Excess per Cent, of Odd Fellow Society above the other. 20 to 30 30 ... 40 40 ... 50 20 ... 50 8-9107 14-3855 23-6009 46-8971 6-847 6-421 16135 29-403 30-140 125-984 40-979 89-498 432 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. The preceding results are certainly naost curious, and cannot fail to occasion to those who seriously consider and study the subject, many important and interesting reflections on the state and condition of friendly societies. After a careful examination of the prece- ding facts, it will immediately appear to every intelligent observer, how very difficult must be the task of advising friendly societies and Odd Fellows lodges on the graduation of the scales to be adopted, under the peculiar circumstances of each lodge or society. It has always been a difficult matter to contend against the disposition which has long existed for the adoption of a uniform scale for all societies indiscriminately ; even the two recent Committees of the Houses of Parliament have shewn a strong tendency in that direction, and nothing short of the production of the most striking examples of the failures and dangers of such a course could have prevented the adoption of model Tables, to be used as applicable under all circumstances. It is, however, now abundantly evident, that the circumstances under which different societies are placed, are of such a nature as to cause the most striking diff'erences in their liabilities, and it is only a close and laborious study of the subject, which will qualify any one to give advice to the managers of them on the questions of most vital importance to their stability and permanency. The facts given by Mr. Ratcliff'e for the Odd Fellows lodges in the City of Glasgow, do not extend beyond the age of 50, and, therefore, the comparison between them and the results of the Thistle and Rose Society, must be limited to that age ; but so far as respects the rate of sickness in the Thistle and Eose Society itself, there is a curious circumstance, which it is important to describe for the benefit of those connected with the management of sick clubs, as proving how many causes affect the prosperity and liabilities of these societies, and how essential it is that all those elements should be well understood, before pronouncing on their state or condition. The following shews the amount of sickness experienced in passing through diff'erent periods of life, deduced from the actual experience of the society, from the year 1810 to 1848, contrasted with the results of friendly societies in England and Wales generally, as given in Table V, p. 409 ante. Table FF. Age. Amount of Sickness experienced in passing through each period of life, j England and Wales. Thistle and Eose Society. Difference of Sickness per Cent, in the Thistle and Bose Society. 20 to 30 25 ... 35 30 ... 40 35 ... 45 40 ... 50 45 ... 55 50 ... 60 55 ... 66 60 ... 70 8-7145 9-2123 9-9120 11-7519 14-7999 19-4607 27-0894 42-6727 77-3029 6-8468 7-9468 6-4205 9-8710 16-1349 25-8203 41-7634 56-5032 107-0837 - 27-278 — 13-408 — 84-380 - 19-055 + 8-274 + 24-630 + 35-186 + 24-664 + 27-811 20 ... 56 55 ... 70 20 ... 70 44-5769 93-2418 137-8187 45-5842 132-6651 178-2493 + 2-210 + 29-716 + 22-682 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 433 There is here a very remarkable feature disclosed in the rate of sickness by which the above society is influenced ; in each term of life under 40, the rate is uniformly and very largely under that for England and Wales, but above that age the difference is in the bpposite direction. The sickness between ages 20-40, in England and Wales, exceeds that of the Thistle and Eose Society by 40-4 per cent., but from ages 40-70 falls short of it by 28-2 per cent. Again, between ages 20-55 the aggregate sickness differs by 2-2 per cent., but in the 15 years 55-70, the excess of sickness in the Thistle and Rose Society is about 30 per cent., and over the whole term of fifty years 20-70 the excess of sickness is 22*682 per cent. Hence, although the aggregate sickness in this society exceeds that of the average of societies in England and Wales, it is obvious that rates or scales of contri- butions and benefits, graduated according to the data for the kingdom at large, would be quite unsuited for this society or for any other, subject to a like peculiarity in the law of sickness. The greatest care and judgment are therefore necessary to discriminate the nature and extent of the sickness to which societies are subject. General results can only be useful for general purposes, but may lead to the most disastrous consequences if applied indiscriminately to individual societies. In some documents recently received from Dr. Watt, of Glasgow, relative to this society, the following figures are found : — " Amount of sickness experienced by the society from the 1st of December, 1830, to the 1st of December, 1848, among all the members, between the ages of 19-70, and em- bracing 4279-25 years of life, compared with the sickness which would have been experi- enced according to the rates of other Tables." "Actual experience .of the Society . . . = 7214 weeks. Mr. Nelson's (Eural, Town and City Districts— England) . . = 7398 weeks. Town Districts = "7694 weeks. Mr. Ansell's Tables = 6000 weeks. Highland Society's Tables = 4429 weeks. Dr. Price's Hypothesis = 5959 weeks." It has already been stated that the mortality in this society has been remarkably high, compared to the amount of sickness ; and what is deserving of observation, is the fact, that while the sickness under the age of 40, is 40-4 percent, under the ratio for Eng- land and Wales, still the mortality at the same term of life is upwards of 35 per cent. above that of England and Wales. The following are the results of the mortality : — Actual experience of the society from 1830-48 . . Expected Mortality according to Mr. Ansell's Table Northampton do. Carlisle do, . 5 s roin age 28- . 42 t4. Jj'ro + m age 4, 46 )-vu. xota = 88 . 39 + 39 = 78 . 54 + 45 = 98 . 31 + 27 = 58 434 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. The affairs of this society appear to be managed with great skill and judgment, and although it cannot, either in respect to the number of its members, or the amount of its funds, be considered of equal importance to many societies in England, there is no society south of the Tweed conducted with more intelligence, nor furnishing more useful and valuable annual reports, which appear to be quite models for imitation by other societies. In 1848, a very interesting report was made by Mr. Ansell, on the state of a large friendly society, established in an agricultural county in the East of England. The history and circumstances connected with this society are remarkable, and calculated to throw considerable light on the causes which frequently lead to the dissolution of provident institutions, shewing in a striking manner the danger of estimating from average results the liabilities of individual societies, even when established on an extensive scale. The following letter, received from the secretary of the society in 1843, describes in a brief manner its history, as well as the writer's views on the liabilities of friendly societies, prior to the publication of " Contributions to Vital Statistics." Provident Society's Office, Chelmsford, 31st October, 1843. SlE, Eemarking on the state of friendly societies — Enclosed I hand you a copy of the Eules, and the 25th Eeport of the Chelmsford and Essex Provident Society. I had the honour of being associated with the Kev. R. G. Baker, at that time Curate of Springfield, but at present Eeotor of Fulham, in the establishment of this institution, and which I have conducted for more than a quarter of a century, during which time I have watched with no little care ani anxiety its eventful progress. When first contemplated, it was intended to limit it to Springfield, a rural parish, adjoining the Town of Chelmsford ; this idea was abandoned, and it was finally determined that it should include a circle of four miles round the Shire Hall, making the Shire Hall the centre, or turning point. Four years afterwards, the boundary was extended to seven miles round the Shire Hall, and, in the ninth year, the boundary wall was thrown down, and it now occupies the greater part of the county, having nineteen districts, besides the home district. It has between three and four hundred honorary members, and upwards of 5500 subscribing members, and a capital of £.25,000 nearly. The business of the society was, however, conducted in Springfield more than twenty years, until it had fairly outgrown the accommodation there afforded. A more eligible situation offering itself, it was removed from Springfield into the town of Chelmsford. I have not time to make any lengthened observations on the subject of friendly societies, but this much I venture to assert, that very little is known, or can be learnt of the actual rate of sickness experienced by members of friendly societies, because so very little attention has hitherto been paid to the subject. Conducted as friendly societies mostly are, at a public house, where the business of the ill-paid clerk is to collect the monthly payments — to keep a sort of beer-score account thereof — to smoke his pipe, — drink his quart of beer, — lock up his book in the formidable box "with three locks and three INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS, 435 keys," until the following month, and then his labours end, without his giving the society's real interest a passing thought during the interval. Then again the stewards, What are they ? or what knowledge do they possess ? Changed every three months, they know less, if possible, than the clerk : the office being generally filled by the poorer, and, consequently, more illiterate members, oftentimes not able to read their own names. This happens because they are chosen by rotation: the more intelligent ' members pay the fine rather than fill the office, consequently, the duties fall on the most incompetent. Under these circumstances, and with such materials, it is no wonder that actuaries should come to wrong conclusions on the subject, and must do so until they have some data on which they can confidently rely. So far as the County of Essex is concerned, I do not hesitate to say, that the calculations of the Highland Society are very much below the actual rate of sickness experienced by this society, and so are Mr. Ansell's ; — I allude to sickness in early life. There appears to me to be a great mistake in representing sickness, like a flight of steps, or Jacob's Ladder ; judging from actual experience, I conclude that young persons have more sickness than actuaries give them credit for; I have for eighteen years been engaged in collecting the experience of this society, as to the actual amount of sickness amongst the members of the different ages, and should I be spared to continue it for twelve years longer, I think it will make a good almanack for the County of Essex. By making this new inquiry in Scotland*, I presume that time has told the tale in that country, that the calculations of the Highland Society are too low. A series of reports I am not able to furnish you with, I merely retain a copy for my own use. I thank you for the papers sent ; accept my best wishes for success in yodr present undertaking. Yours, truly, JOHN BASSINGWHITE. To F. G. P. Neison. There can be no doubt tbat Mr, Bassingwhite has been a close observer cxf the progress of the society, and that, with one exception, his opinions may be regarded as founded on fact. The remarks about " Jacob's Ladder " only shew how very difficult it is for even those in the closest relations with the practical working or progress of a provident society, to judge with anything like accuracy of some of the most important elements of its liabilities ; for, from the records of this same society, it will be found that sickness does actually increase in its intensity with the increase of age, following the law so well established by other results. But certainly, the amount of sickness experienced by the members is very high, and a consideration of the following results deduced from the report already referred to, is weU calculated to shew, not only to Odd Fellows, but to friendly societies in general, the necessity of carefully viewing all the elements likely to affect their interests, and to prevent them from placing confidence in either isolated observations or aggregated general results : — ♦ Alluding to the prizes offered by the Author i *• 78-000 26^000 86 ... 90 4 1 25^000 148-000 37^000 Total . 7250 126 1-738 11664-881 1-609 6 A 458 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. Table YY. Sickness and Mortality amongst Out-door Occupations requiring great exercise. — The Sickness expressed in Weeks. Age. Population. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Total Sickness. Sickness per annum. 10 to 15 16 ... 90 91 ... 25 96 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 71 ... 75 76 ... 80 81 ... 85 86 ... 90 91 ... 95 98 576 3648 4592 5475 5425 4407 3510 9613 1881 1915 791 346 179 64 39 4 "i 90 41 34 50 36 54 48 39 31 30 23 18 7 4 •694 -755 •893 •691 •923 •817 1-538 1-837 3073 9-551 3-793 6-647 15-196 10-938 19-500 13-000 497-856 9194-856 4919-499 4411-857 6784-999 4665-571 4065-857 5083-999 4880-000 4889-714 8396-714 6387-428 5075-384 1775-143 1040-143 908-715 •464 -864 -803 •917 •806 1-066 1-059 1-158 1-946 3-594 4-019 10-615 18-461 43-649 37-737 33-505 53-179 Total . . 33786 439 1-999 63506-565 1-880 In order to obtain a better "view of the general results as to sickness, in not only the two preceding Tables, but also in Tables T T and V V, the following Abstract has been prepared. Sum of the rate of Sickness per annum at each quinquennial term of life — expressed in Weeks. Age. In-door Occupations with Out-door Occupations with England and Wales, Three Districts. Little Exercise. Great Exercise. Little Exercise. Great Exercise. 31 to 30 91 ... 40 91 ... 50 91 ... 60 91 ... 70 1-614 3-574 5-748 11-103 97^126 1^397 3-160 6^176 11-099 37-387 1-990 3-736 6-849 11-899 29-633 1-719 3-591 5-808 10-348 94-989 1-758 3-754 6-817 19'418 99-044 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 459 As already stated in respect to the sickness of the In-door occupations, it will be seen that there is in the term of life 21-70 scarcely any difference between the two sections, but in regard to the Out-door occupations requiring little exercise, the same remarkable distinction which characterised the mortality is also observable in the sick- ness. The rate of sickness is very much in excess of any of the other sections. This is a most important circumstance, not only as affecting friendly societies, but other matters of public interest. In vol, II. of " The Journal of the Statistical Society " will be found an interesting report by a committee of that society upon the sickness and mortality among the Metropolitan Police Force, during the eight years ending the 31st of December, 1838, being the eight years immediately succeeding the embodiment of that force in the year 1830. The committee in their report have given four very interesting Tables ; but the following Table Z Z has been constructed from the original data in a different form from any of those furnished by the committee. From column 3 it will be seen that the average force for the whole period of eight years was 3313, and the numbers were very nearly stationary during the whole of that period; but it is stated that it was found necessary to recruit annually as many as 1100 new members, the vacancies being created by 1068 who were removed or retired from the force, and 32 who died every year. From the institution of the force to the 31st December, 1838, no less than 14,548 had entered it, and the following shews the proportion entering at various ages : — 32-0 per cent, admitted under age 26, 37-5 ... ... from age 26 to 31, 21-6 ... ... ... 31 to 36, 6-3 ... ... ... 36 to 41, 2-6 ... ... above 41. The ratios of removed and retiring at the corresponding ages were very nearly the same. The average duration of the service of each policeman was consequently about three years, and the average age on admission 28"5 years, and it will be further observed that 69-5 per cent, of all the men entered the force between ages 20 to 31. The average mortality has been nearly one per cent., or a little under that for the population of England and Wales generally, as given in Table C, but very much greater than that found to prevail in friendly societies, as shewn in Table F, page 32. Attention is now directed to this Table, in consequence of the data forming a marked instance of a class of men undergoing a great amount of bodily labour in the open air. It is stated that each individual of the Police Force has to walk twenty miles every day in going his rounds; besides being obliged to attend charges at the police offices, estimated as equal to an additional five miles, making in all twenty-five miles a day. During two months [out of every CO ^ S TO 5S 00 q •^ .^ ^ -5; 'fe^ g ^ ^ Ayerage Sickness per annum per man. lo lO 00 t* o r^ CO OJ o lo ■5)1 rH 00 i- CO lO c^J to o ■^ ir- t^ t- •^ CO C3J CD CO rH 00 00 oo OJ lO o CO ^ t^ OJ OJ OJ CO CK CO OJ o CO CD CO C^J CO CD lO CO 05 05 T* 00 CO CO C^J ip "? yp ^ "? ip t- OO CO "? o o iH r^ r-l. ™ fH rH r-l rH rH rH r^ rH _ rH 6 rH iH . £^ ^ OJ o CO CD CK OJ CO OJ C3J rH -5* rH t- CO £~ Oi -rjl Total Sickness during the Eight Years lO iH O! o OO 00 CK OJ 00 C?J c^^ t~ r-H t- lO 00 lO OJ CO t- 'dl p CTJ OJ "? "?* 9* "? -* lO !:- 1£3 f OJ 00 T* (55 1— 1 6 t- o !f« lb lb OJ ci rH do OT ca. rH lb OJ b- •^ OJ 3^* t- 05 OJ 00 t- lO t- -5*1 CSi OJ ^ CO CO 00 00 lO c:j S 00 OJ o T^ CO o CO 00 lO C c^J rH J> lO o CO OJ i>. rH OJ OJ ot OJ CO r-l CO CS o r-l 00 00 r-l CM t- lO -*■ lO r-H OJ rH T-H .a CO i>- "? QO i>- (TJ OJ t- ^ O 00 rH cp ^- '^ t- t- OJ a ■^ TO K) t- o ib OJ rH J^ OJ m -^ CO lb ib cb rH rH cn lO 1 c» t— 1 t- OJ o OJ o 00 ^ o m CO OJ CO OJ o -^ CO T-l <-i OJ OJ r^ CO r-l CO OJ (jj CO c:^ * rH 00 00 o r— 1 l~ l~ o 00 OJ 1 T-H >o »o "?•" la lO o r-l t- OJ COJ p )>- »o lO o OJ "? 6= 130 t- OJ o r^ 6 4* m 6 C3J ci) rH OJ rH 6o lb cyD cm rH OJ c^! C3J <:d O! t- 00 CD i- t- CO •^ 00 O CD ^ 00 C3J rH -^ o o I—) i—t r^ r-l r-l OJ r-l CO rH OJ OJ OJ rH c^J rH rH CO CO t^ 1— 1 CO t^ CO m ^ CO t^ CO CO ^ rH t~ o ^ t~ OJ • I— 1 t- 00 lO ^ •^ rH CO lO 00 -* rH Jr- lO o rH ira C7J T* lO OJ CO r-l iH t- OJ CO <:« rH t- lO 00 p ley- op "? OD m do ^ rH OJ CO CO CO (3J t- rH fr- C3J lb lb t> 6 00 CO S CD CO lO t- -* I- t- lO CD CO t- CO OJ T-H CO OJ 'di ■^ o <-< T^ r-l r-l OJ r-l C^J rH OJ OJ Ci OJ rH rH o CO ti -^ oa CO OJ ^ r-l r-l r-l CO rH rH rH ^ •^ ^ o CO OJ lO lO i-t OJ ^ OJ rH I- t~ t~ 00 t- t- t~ r-i r-H rH o -* c^ rS t~ "?• rf "? t- lO lO in> Of lO lO lO t~ t- b- p rH -=* ■i* TO t- 1^ CO ir- CO OJ CO l?- t- CJJ b~ ib OJ rH •4)1 C^J rH CO •' +J » O »o 00 OJ lO CO ^ CO CD co OJ OJ o OJ OJ -* 1> & iH r-l rH ot r-l OJ r-l <^J rH T-l rH rH OJ (K rH OJ M c^J ■^ O OJ OJ l^ O C3J CO CO t- ^ -* CD CO -c)l CD t~ t- t- ^J 1— t o O! OJ lO o OJ ^ OO lO iH rH 00 ^ rH 00 lO lO . o T-H t- tp "? ^ o ^ rH O! CO IN- t~ OJ rH 1> CTJ OO OO t- Ir- CO OJ CO OJ lb CO t- ^ 6d OJ CO •^ cb b- cb cb lO CD o CO t~ ^ CO CO l~ o CO CD OJ o -* cyj T-H lO CO OJ < (—1 T~i OJ r-l <: ib ■^ cb OJ rH *~a CD 00 irj ^ OO ■^ -* -^ -^ IO CO OJ CD l~ OJ t~ CO CD C7J t-i r-{ r-l r-l OJ ""• OJ rH rH rH rH rH rH lO 0< CO 03 i-i O CO CO t^ CO CO CO O t^ ■^ C- t~ O r—i t- rH rH CT t~ o -* 00 lO CO ^ ^ O ia IH lO lO o t~ in t- OJ >i '^ « o r-< OJ 00 OJ r-l cp (jO IN- CX) 00 p lO 00 lO CO B !^ do OJ OJ lb lb lb do OJ lb rH fH lb CO CO -^ Ci do t- CO OJ l~ -^ t- -5)1 1:~ CO i~ ^ CO ^ rH CO 00 OJ lO lO lO rH r-». r^ r-l OJ r-l OJ rH rH OJ OJ IH rH rH 00 O! CO CO CO CO CO CO CO £~ CO C3J t~ rH I- ^ t- r-H OJ t~ rr rH ^ '^ 00 ^ CO CO lO 00 t^^ lO t~ lo rH ira t- CK lO t- C^ ■•a M J—t O! OJ OJ 00 OJ ^ (jp lO op t- 00 lO ^ CO lO CO O! (i) OJ 6 CD lb CD 00 ^ CJJ lO 00 o t~ 00 00 OJ Ci g CO o -^ 4l( lb lb CO ■^ rH OJ do lOJ ^ § t~ OJ ^ OJ iH i~ rH OJ OJ rH ip r-t irj o lO OJ >o lO OJ p a> -il< ^ C3J (f< CO OJ 1^ CD lb t- CD -il< lb C3J rH CO rH CO s CO CO OJ r-{ CO ^ OO OJ 00 0 o rH CO 1-H CO 00 CO CD in CO OO OJ 00 OO CD CO o rH 00 00 H 1—4 r-< I-H T-l. r-l r-l c< rH OJ rH rH Ol t:*! CM ! rH r— 1 CTJ rH rH rH T-H T-H CO O! 1 03 .a a -4-3 CD a CD 03 s 1 o rj ^ 1 t ^ n o 1 — 1 s 1 ■i ■$ 55 a ■3 O en 3 CD n 1 1-5 02 1 1 w S o PR s 02 1 ■3 § 03 60 a M a CD g o s o EH ^ _^____ INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 461 out of every three each police constable was on night duty for nine hours each night, from nine o'clock in the evening to six o'clock in the morning, which must be considered excessive ; and from the results given in Table Z Z is evidently detrimental to health. On referring to the last column of this Table it will be seen that the average amount of sickness was 1-4636 weeks to each member of the force, while according to Table V, the results for the City Districts should not have exceeded IT 00 per cent., and for the average of the three districts combined not more than 0-910 per cent. It will be seen from an inspection of the results in the last columns of this Table that the rate of sickness has differed widely in the various divisions of the force. In the Kensington division the sickness per annum was only 0-8655 weeks per annum to each member, while, in the Holborn division, the sickness was as high as 1-8270 weeks yearly. In pages 166-8 ante, will be found several interesting illustrations of the effect of the various seasons of the year on the amount of mortality, and the Table now under con- sideration furnishes important information on the influence which the different seasons of the year have on the amount of sickness. Nearly the whole of the Police Force was under the age of 40, and therefore the results in Table Z Z should be compared with those in the second column of the first Abstract in page 168 ante. Quarter of least Mortality and Sickness Quarter, second in intensity. . ) Quarter, third in intensity . . \ Quarter of highest Mortality and Sickness Mortality (see page 168). April, May, June. July, August, Sep- tember. January, February, March. October, November, December. Sickness (see Table ZZ j June, July, May. September, October, August. March, February, November. April, December, January. Considering all the circumstances as to time and place, and that the one series of observations relate to MortaHty, and the other to Sickness only, there is a much greater correspondence between the two classes of results than might have been expected. Table ZZ will be useful in illustrating the marked fluctuations due to the seasons of the year in the different districts of the Metropolis, and it has an important public interest on many questions now pending as to the efficiency of the Police Force, and the trying nature of the duties the members of that force are called on to discharge. A service in which the members cannot remain on the average, more than three years, must be really very irksome and laborious, and if recent facts confirm the results of the eight years' experience embodied in Table ZZ, greater credit is due to those connected with the Metropolitan Police Force than the public in its present temper seems disposed to accord to them. 6 B 462 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS.' For the purpose of a medical inquiry conducted by Mr. Maclaren two or three years since, it was thought important to make a similar investigation to that, the results of which are given in pp. 454-8 ante, into the effect of sedentary occupations on female life, and the next Table exhibits the results arrived at. Table AB. Sickness and Mortality amongst Female Occujjations according to the data described in pp. 17-9 ante- The Sickness expressed in Weeks. Age. Active Occupations :— Charwomen and Washerwomen, Cooks, Domestic Servants, Housewives, Laundresses, &e. Sedentaky Occcpations : — ■ Dressmakers, Lacemakers, Milliners, Sempstresses, Shoe- binders, Straw-bonnet-makers, &c. Population. Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Sickness. Sickness per Annum. Population Deaths. Mortality per Cent. Sickness. Sickness per Annum. 16 to 20 21 ...25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ...40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 71 ... 75 958 2469 3087 2958 2858 2602 2100 1861 1354 747 325 102 9 16 33 11 12 39 30 20 26 17 9 7 -939 -648 1-069 -372 -420 1-230 1-429 1-075 1-182 2-276 2-769 6-862 807-989 2841-987 5654 562 4746-987 3804-136 4080-420 3858-570 3259-287 2560-569 2079-568 2580-000 3431-000 -843 1-151 1-832 1-605 1-331 1-568 1-837 1 751 1-891 2-784 7-938 3-363 913 1577 1197 813 491 414 393 209 66 25 9 19 9 16 12 8 8 7 4 6 -986 1-015 1-065 -984 1-629 1-691 1-238 2-871 1217-713 9826-420 2423-564 990-423 890-098 665-424 1541-283 829-854 23-570 40-000 10-000 12-000 1-334 1-799 2-160 1-918 '1-816 1-607 4-772 3-971 -357 1-600 1-111 -632 Total . 21421 225 1-050 39705-075 1-853 5986 70 1169 11471-249 1-916 The following is a condensed Abstract of the sickness shewn in the preceding Table, from which it appears that until above 60 years of age the sickness of both sections of occupation is in excess of that of the males for the whole of England and Wales, Beyond the age of 60, the facts in the preceding Table are not sufficiently numerous to admit of comparison. It will be further seen in the following Abstract, that the sickness in the sedentary occupations is greatly in excess of that in the others. Female Trades. Sum of the rate of Sickness per Annum at each quinquennial term of life — expressed in Weeks. Age. Active Occupations. Sedentary Occupations, England and Wales. 21 to 30 21 ... 40 21 ... 50 21 ... 60 2-983 5-919 9-324 19-966 3-049 6-975 13-354 17-689 1-758 3-764 6-817 19-418 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 463 In relation to the ratio of sickness amongst female lives generally, without distinction of occupation, it is necessary to make some observations. In many societies, such as the Essex, the Wilts, and others, the rate of sickness vphich prevails among the female members greatly exceeds that among the other sex. On the other hand there are other societies, such as the Female Society at Mold, established by Archdeacon Clough, in Avhich the sickness is remarkably below the average rate for males generally in benefit societies. However, in the materials furnished in connection with the inquiry which gave rise to this Contribution, the results for female life shewed in the aggregate, a somewhat higher rate of sickness than the ratio for male lives, although falling much below the rate shewn in the Essex and the Wilts Societies. The fol- lowing Table shews the results for female lives for the whole of England and Wales as compared with the corresponding results for the male sex. Table A C. Sickness in Enyland and Wales according to the data described in pp. 17-9 ante — expressed in weeks. Females. Males. Difference Age. Number of Years Total amount of Average Average per Cent. Age exposed to risk. Sickness in Weeks. Sickness. Sickness. 10 to 15 19 13000 •6842 -7530 - 9-137 10 to 15 16 ... 20 504 278-143 ■9149 -8288 + 10-388 10 ... 20 21 ... 25 3140 2590-424 -8250 •8564 - 3-662 21 ... 25 26 ... 30 8852 9467-855 1-0693 •9014 + 18-026 20 ... 30 31 ... 35 11538 14323-713 1-2415 •9248 + 34-245 31 ... 35 30 ... 40 10828 14907-566 1-3780 1-0718 + 28-625 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 10058 15131-282 1-5044 1-3443 + 11-909 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 8039 15501-424 . 1-7944 1-7185 + 4-417 40 ... 50 51 ... 55 7423 21419 137 2-8720 2-3231 + 23-028 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 7080 19033-710 2-6S84 3-2773 — 17-969 50 ... 00 61 ... 66 . 4929 16413-859 3-3301 5-4983 - 39-435 61 ... 05 06 ... 70 3070 13061-852 4-2461 11-1279 — 01-839 00 ... 70 71 ... 75 1488 15182-424 10-2032 18-4059 - 44-507 71 ... 75 76 ... 80 008 9611-849 14-388;) 26-0566 - 44-779 70 ... 80 81 .. 85 277 4727-855 20-8276 28-2565 - 20-317 81 ... 85 80 ... 90 88 1794-712 20-3943 32-4940 — 37-238 80 ... 90 91 ... 95 16 328 000 20-5000 22-9714 — 10759 91 ... 95 Total . 78623 173786-805 2-2104 In the Wilts Society the sickness amongst female lives exceeds that of the other sex about. 50 per cent, and the following gives the ratio for the Essex Provident Society : — 464 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. Table AD. Sickness in the Essex Provident Society. Age. Females. Males. Difference per Cent. Age. Number of years which Members have been exposed to risk of sickness. Total Amount of Sickness experi- enced expressed in weeks. Average number of weeks' sick- ness to each Member yearly. Average number of weeks* sick- ness to each Member yearly. 21 to 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 364-5 437-5 369-0 327 6 242-0 152-5 73-0 36-5 15-0 3-5 536-386 1084-858 967-571 789-999 416-858 188-428 807-716 58-430 29-143 21-286 1-471 2-480 2-622 2 412 1-723 1-236 4-215 1-601 1-943 6-082 1-291 1-346 1-439 1-534 1-712 1-821 3-229 4869 4-126 15-969 + 13-943 + 84-250 + 82-210 + 57-236 + 0-643 —32-135 +30-536 — 67-112 -52-908 — 61-914 21 to 25 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 66 ... 70 Total . . 2021-0 4400-674 2-177 The following Abstract of the two preceding Tables sufficiently shews that in female life, as well as in male life, the rate of sickness differs very widely: and the remarks made in respect to male life are, to a great extent, applicable to female life also, but from the recorded experience of the latter sex being more limited, the practical application of the results is rendered more difficult. Table AE. Rate of Sickness in the Essex Provident Society, and in the Friendly Societies of England and Wales generally. Females. Age. Essex England Difference Society. and Wales. per Cent. 21 to 25 1-471 0-8S5 + 78-303 26 ... 30 2-480 1-069 + 132-000 31 ... 35 2-622 1-242 + 111-111 36 ... 40 2-412 1-379 + 74-909 41 ... 45 1-723 1-604 + 14561 46 ... 50 1-236 1-794 — 31-104 51 ... 66 4-215 2-872 + 46-762 66 ... 60 1-601 2-688 — 40-439 Having thus brought under consideration these facts in. regard to the experience of females, it is unnecessary to follow them up with any remarks on this particular question, further than simply to caution the promoters of benefit clubs against the indiscriminate use of these materials by societies which admit female members. While these sheets have been passing through the press I have received a copy of some notes on the Mortality and Sickness found to prevail amongst the Ancient Order of INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 465 Foresters, compiled from Returns for the three years 1850-2, obtained from the various Courts of that Order. They have been analysed by Mr. William Watkins, P.C.R., of Court " Star of Sussex," No. 1914, Brighton. In this publication by the Ancient Order of Foresters there are many points of interest to which reference might be made if there were sufficient space remaining for that purpose, but it will now be impossible to do more than give the following condensed Abstract of the results. Table AF. Sickness according to the records of the Ancient Order of Foresters, fur the Years 1850-2. Total Number Sickness to each person Age. Number liable to Sickness. of Days' Sickness stated to have in Age. occurrecl. Days. Weeks. 20 578 2720 4-706 ■672 20 21 to 25 2758 15417 5-590 -799 21 to 25 26 ... 30 4281 28367 6-626 ■947 26 ... 30 31 ... 35 4073 25639 6-295 •899 31 ... 35 36 ... 40 3862 29705 7-692 1-099 36 ... 40 41 ... 45 2900 23593 8-136 1-162 41 ... 45 46 ... 60 2319 21079 9-499 1-357 46 ... 50 51 ... 55 1068 14543 13-617 1-945 51 ... 55 56 ... 60 551 8564 15-543 2-220 56 ... 60 61 ... 65 174 3737 21-477 3-068 01 ... 65 66 ... 70 146 3096 21-203 3-029 66 ... 70 Total . . 22610 176460 7-805 1-115 Total. From this Table it will be seen that until age 40 the sickness of the Foresters is quite as high as the rates in Table E, from age 40 to 50 somewhat less, but after the age of 50 the data are of so limited extent as to be wholly inapplicable. These data are of very meagre extent compared with those of the Odd Fellows, but it is most satisfactory to find that the Order is now so aliVe to its interests as to enforce such an investigation into its affairs as must necessarily have taken place in carrying out this inquiry. It is quite impossible that it can result otherwise than in the most beneficial results. Whenever sufficient attention is drawn to the nature and extent of the liabilities of the Order by the publication of its own experience, members will ponder over them and eventually approve of such measures as are calculated to place the Order on a good and sound financial basis. For many purposes it is important to know the ratio of persons constantly sick, in a society or particular district. In the following Table the figures in the second column are deduced from Table E, pp. 26-7, and represent the ratio of persons constantly 6 c 466 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. sick for the whole of England and Wales. The figures in the second column wiU of course follow the same law as those in Table E itself. Table AG. Ratio constantly Sick at various terms of Life. 11 to 15 16 ... 20 21 . .. 25 26 . .. 30 31 . c. 35 36 . .. 40 41 . .. 45 46 . .. 50 51 . .. 55 56 . .. 60 61 . .. 65 66 . .. 70 71 . .. 75 76 . .. 80 81 . .. 85 86 . .. 90 91 . .. 95 96 . ..100 Number per Cent, constantly Sick. 1-4481 1-5938 1-6469 } 1-7335 ) 1-7785 \ 2-0611 J 2-5853 \ 3-3048 S 4-4675 » 6-3035 \ 10-5736 } 21-4000 j 35-3960 \ 50-1088 \ 54-3587 ) 62-4885 J 44-1758 ) Number of Males continually Sick in England and Wales. 1841. 13739-40 13447-05 1851. 14003-33 14133-99 33531-85 33932-38 19178-80 22406-08 23042-94 25698-57 26735-18 32627-61 52688-58 59265-95 67414-13 74489-71 24084-54 23634-75 1319-09 1388-53 Age. 11 to 15 16 ... SO 31 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 30 40 50 60 70 80 90. 95 From the third column of the preceding Table, it will be seen that of the male population above 10 years of age, 261182 or 4'5257 per cent, were constantly sick in 1841, and from the fourth column it will be found, that taking the population as given in the census of 1851, there must have been in that year 291421 constantly sick above 10 years of age, or on the average 4-4325 per cent, constantly sick. There are many important applications which may be made of this Table, but its construction is so simple that the ratios according to any other classes of data may be easily deduced. At this place it may be again stated, that in applying the preceding results to individual classes, or in a few instances only, it should not be expected that they will in every case be confirmed. Nothing short of a refined classification is calculated to meet the peculiar aspect of all the cases presenting themselves. A review of Table V will shew the wide distinction which prevails between the ratio of sickness in the Rural, Town, and City Districts ; and in particular trades or occupations the amount of sickness is sometimes double that in other employments. In sickness, therefore, as well as in mortality, it is obvious that general results can be but of little practical value. Suppose INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 467 it were attempted to conduct societies in Liverpool, or in any other large city in England, on the terms that would be adequate for societies in the Eural Districts of Kent and Essex— it is manifest that they could not be of long duration. Here it may be also well to state, that if in any public inquiry it should be attempted to ascribe the increased amount of sickness in the Town Districts to the less healthy nature of the districts, or their peculiar local influence on health, the conclusion would certainly be fallacious. Arguments precisely similar to those made use of in reference to the mortality of those districts, will explain the differences in the ratio of sickness in the same places ; and it is therefore to be inferred, that whatever sanitary regulations may be carried out for promoting the health of towns, still the wide distinction between the rates of sickness and mortality in particular districts will not disappear. The cause of that difference is beyond the reach of any sanitary measure ; and unless a change were to take place in the character and machinery of the manufactures of a town, by which the workmen would be habituated to less restrained, but more natural and complete physical exercises, no improvement in the state of health is to be looked for. The evils, which relate to health, and are represented, by some writers, to exist to so frightful an extent, and to connect themselves with defective sewerage, filthy streets, and ill-planned houses, are certainly overstated by them. The data brought forward have generally been of the most indefinite and insufiicient nature ; and when, in connection with this, the erroneous methods employed, and the promiscuous manner in which their figures are generally combined, are kept in view, it must seem surprising that the thinking and intelligent portion of the community should have given their opinions any credence, or believed their conclusions entitled to so much weight. Perhaps no statistical facts are better established than the duration of life among the middle and upper classes of this country ; and if the data brought forward in this paper be received as of sufficient merit to represent the duration of life among the working classes, it will then appear clear that any important change to be hoped for in the value of life in the Town Districts, must be effected through other means than sanitary regulations. Those persons who purchase Government Annuities, and have dealings with Assurance Companies, are certainly beyond the reach of any improvements to be in- troduced by local regulations ; and if cleanliness of habit, comfort of dwellings, and fresh air, be of themselves powerful elements in raising the standard of life, their influence should be felt among that class of persons. But what are the actual results I The poor workmen inhabiting the miserable streets of our large towns, and inhaling their supposed noxious vapours, are actually longer lived than the affluent and upper classes, whose easy circumstances enable them to inhabit comparatively the palaces of the kingdom. 468 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. It is evident, from the great disparity in the value of life among different classes of workmen, whose conditions as to whatever is within the scope of public sanitary measures are the same, that other elements must exist having a powerful influence on the duration of life. It will further appear, that by viewing the various classes of society more in con- nection with the physical exercises to which they are habituated, than in connection with their moral position and rank in society, and consequently with their sanitary condition, a better clue will be found to the differences in the duration of life. It is not to be expected that any arrangements whatever as to the drainage and planning of streets are likely to add to the longevity of a Tailor ; but if it were possible to give to his frame the physical exercises of a Ploughman, 20 percent, would be added to the duration of his life. Neither is it to be thought that the Plumber, Painter, and Glazier is to be relieved from the poison of the metallic emanations to which he is exposed ; nor that the Clerk can inhale the fresh air, and indulge in those exercises necessary to develope his physical constitution, while he follows the drudgeries of the counting-house. It is an aggregation of these, and other employments similarly conditioned, Avhich make up the excessive mortality of our large towns ; and since it has been shewn in the preceding pages, that this class of lives is also less healthy even in the Country Districts, and that the Town populations are chiefly made up of persons following such occupations, the legitimate result to be expected is a shorter duration of life in Towns, independent of any local influence on health. If improvements and changes are to be effected in the sanitary regulations of our large towns and cities, let them at once be carried out — not upon the necessity of such municipal innovations to avert a pestilential havoc in human life — but on the true merits of the question — the comforts, conveniences, and elevation of taste, and moral purity, thence arising. RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. The influence of the preceding results on the Eates and Contributions of Friendly Societies is perhaps that which generally most concerns the members of those institutions, and it is proposed to add a few remarks bearing on this subject. The first point to which attention will be directed is the Table at page 470, being the Value of Annuities, according to the Kates of Mortality, developed in this inquiry, for Friendly Societies in the Rural, Town, and City Districts of England and Wales,— for the average of these districts combined,— and also for Friendly Societies in Scotland. The rate of interest assumed in the following calculations is three per cent, per annum. In almost every other calculation extant for the purposes of friendly societies, a higher rate of interest has been adopted ; but a careful investigation of the returns on this point, as given in the Schedules referred to at page 18 ante, has shewn that in practice a higher rate of interest is not realised by societies. The Commissioners for the Seduction of the National Debt have hitherto allowed friendly societies £3 \Qs. Qld. per cent. ; but even in the cases where this mode of investment has been taken advantage of, the difficulty of collecting all the funds at the moment they fall due, and of immediately employing them in the Government Stock, together with the balance, large as compared with the whole amount of the Societies' fands, usually kept in hand to meet approaching liabilities, renders it difficult to make much beyond three per cent*. It is intended, on another occasion, to publish an account of the Money Transactions of those societies ; this and some other points of interest will then be more fully entered on. The distinguishing features of the rates of mortality in the respective districts, will of course develope themselves also in the same order or relation in the value of [annuities * The 13tli and 14th Victoria, c. 115, limits the rate of interest to 3 per cent, to such societies as invest their money -with the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt. 6 D 470 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. < o u 03 Eural, Town and City Districts. COCOCD«t~OOOOCOt-l:~^>OCO>005^0COOi!iCO«i-lc0^05^00t-«S»0«OOOCOO!C«5D-^— l«DC«OD ^0-^Ot~ODr-H-^t-t-OC>t-l--C010«301:-a3GOCTCo^mCTCcocD'*T-(OC»coi:~^03rHco>oocnco.--'0!-*>o^r--ii:~':)ii--icnaJOJroo5cDoit. : lOrHcciO'-HajiotJJoscomoscocooi^crooi^-^Oi^-maico^orom • 1— IrH-^i— (t— IrH^^ a a o a 55 O Eural, Town, and City Districts. CO-^O^COt'r— (OlOC«^HC?C5-^Oi0^10COOOrHOOCOCO^t^-^t^w:)10t^COCOO»GOCOO"^CO-<*OOC0005 I— (OOG^GOiOOOC^t^lOOii— (t'C0OOl0t'C0C«C0O0:>OO-^^O'^C'-HC0i— f^iOr— (OCOI>iOOiHCOOQO cs!i~r-icoi-^i:~o^oo«i:~-*^ooc?eDT-iioo^l~i-i>oi-icocDma5coo!OcoaDi:-c«coo30so5«OTt- : i-HiHrHi— Ir— IrHf— Ir— t II S OOCOmO?CS05i-H02t~10.-IOOi-HC»>OCOCOC00^>Ot~OJia2l^t-OCO^C«0000«5r-IOC00010tOO.-H»OOOOOCT)OCOCOOOOt:~mOOCO^T*05aO OTO!^Ci!COCDi-IO!COi-HO«COOi--lt-Cnt~020CT-*03r-.,-IO^OOCOCniOT-4CT)>OaOOOOO^Ci(>002r-(t~ «-^oc»i:-^i-t~a3coi>«coaijoi~cnoc>03r-io O»0p— ICD0?a0C000C0G0C0t^C0^H02C0M:)<350^o^o<^^o^o^o^co COOOOOCnOT>000-^OOt-10COCOOD»0 1--r*0 ^IDOTCOt~COOTCOf-OOcOCOl002003-*CTCnracOT-<«O^CDtOOO!CTl««ai ^100iC.COOQOTt<-Joa3!:~COa30^C»CO^>OCOl:~00030i-l«CO^iO<:Ot^C0050rHO?CO^iO©i>ODCT)0 raraW«<33CDCOCDCOtOCOCOOCDl>l~lL^t-t-t-C-t-l-t-COOOOOCOaOa)OOOOaOOOa>03C»CS030SCT>3505050 O O Buial, Town, and City Districts. CD-+C<00-^^COCO';)(i^THCOTO02i-Ht~OOCEira^OJ^C035'TfCDt-^COO<:OC35--it-OOTt-0!C003 1.-~CO«l:-rH OC3t--*C!OC»020C*!^tOQOC»i-li-lrHOQOCDir:)OmO?t-COQOCOOOO?:000030C3C300t-l:~CO^Ci:>Om 4t^(?3crocbo:)oDO^c^■o?c^c^^^Hr-^T-^I-H^ooooo6:)C^c^6^dbcx)cbooi>t^)^•o <^^c<<^!<^!<^(«G«o^CT(^t^^o^r^l-^r^Mr^r^^^^Hr^lHl-^I^^-lrHr^l^r^^H^Hr-lf-lr^l--(T^l--l 1 a d CS (5 Eural, Town, and City Districts. C00!OG01OO-^t-lOC0^Ht^O<>!C0OO000!00lOOO5t^^Hr-lr-H(:0G0rHt^OT— tC*!COOCDCOt— IC003O0?a503CCli— ICOQOODCOC^>raCOCO:OC?10t-COCOOD "1 OT07 0COlOi:~-^CD>00'*aOCOCra-Tl(>oaD>niOTOOD»0^mCTaOOiHO-*iOM'*01:~.Oi-IMC0 1.~OTOCOOOi-IC<;OCOt-COroOt000^10Ci!COCOl^ODCDCOX'OTODi-H>0>OCOC»"*Ci50JOOCBOCO «c^<^^c010>0»OCO»ra':OOQOO^COt-«OOCOOOOOt-CS!OC00^10«DC«ajCOt~>0^>0!>t~l^Oa3 00»OOOM'*C01:-»OODi-IOO-r)lr-HO^^^i-H-!tli-IOi-IOOCC>00(?!^0>0--tl>Ot-OJCD^OOt-COCOa010COt-l- ^.-l«t-.-iaDCOaD.-^t-OCn03^OTOOOi05:Di-IO?OOTOt^COO!COaDO*!'-<:0!0 t~l:-CO^OTi--l005C3COOOaD^C!CO>Oi-lt~e002';)l0505t-OCO«5:OmcOi-lC001r-'*0>OQOCOi-H100-^i.-~iH>0 C«OCBcp^OTOl^lOOTrHa2t->pCTO(»10OTOmiO«0(X>»raCT C«««?i«O!«Cra^CO-5|(»0 cO'*OiHOiO»o-5icocoaocco O^OiO:>l;-ip(^C*OOSt^CO"^(?:irHcpcpcC-iiC^OCOCO"^rH030^rHGOCDCOOt-'^01:^-^0)>-^Oi>COOO CTC?C«0?0!C«0!0?CTOJCoot~coa50^-lc«OT^>oco^~cooIOI--lCi^co-!^^>ocot-aoc^OlH(^^co■5||>o rHi-HrHrHrHiHiHi-H,^rHCT«0«CT«0!0!(:K(r««OT05OTrocOCOraOTTOOT-^-<*^^^^-5il^'*-!j(iO»0>0>010>0 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 471 I &3 P^ Si. H o I- ^ V Si a i O al, Town, and Districts. OS 1— 1 i-H 00 CO 1:- O o CO « 00 05 00 00 Of 02 CO CD O Of I-H O CD Of rH '^ CO K5 ira CD Of CO -Tf 05 t~ t~ Of OS 1:* 00 CO CO OS )~ OS Of CD O « CO 00 OS rH 00 CO Of GO OS O 00 ^ Of ^ CO CO GO C3S O >O^^OOCOrHCOCS CDOOt^COi>COCOCSiO Ot^ t^ OCDOO t— rH COlOOOOflOCSCOX-t^ CQ 1 -^ f-H tH rH r-i Of OfOfofOfOfOfofOfcb CO CO CO CO -di -^^-d*i010100CDl- a S 1,1 iH ^ CO l-H C« id 00 O! -^ lO C5 O lO f>i l-H OS iO «5 00 y—i T—i OfO00-d(O*OrHCD£^ C0^10-^>0t-00^ f- CO CO m f-> rHCOOCDCOOOOiOrH lO ^ OJ rH O t- CO OS ICi CO -^ rrs 1-^ OOiOCOCOCOrHCOOOf 00 00 GO O Of ^ 00 Of on lO CO Of ^ Of CO T* CO t^ GO OS rH Of 'dH O 00 o OfvOt-O'^l^rHCOrH I— 1 " " iH iH Of Of Of Of Of O! 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Town, and ty Districts. 99v999999999"^'^"=^<^<^°^=='='^'^OT-lrHi-lrHrHi-Hr-lrHT-lr-l0JCi0«0!C0C0C0^»0:= M o S < a Be II 999999999999999999999vi':-'7i7- '7-i>7ii7H'-io»o ^1 C«C*^H05t-o:)CO<:OCOC^i0 05-^C^i— (COi-OO^t t^^t^COOO-^r^GOCOlOO? • OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'OOOOrHrHiHrH^i— Ir-rHrHrHrHC^OiOiCOCCCOCOCO^^lOlO ",dora>OCO--OL--t-i^Q0^30C»Oi-li-lr-(i-lr-l^r-ICO--llf-OCOl-0?COOt-0 ' OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOO.-MrHT-li-(i-li-lrHi-l.-!.-HrHC««0(C0^C0>0--0 10>010»0?C>)C««CO~*-Tll>omcOt~l-^l~t-L^l~i:~l-~'~b-t-COXXC»CnC-jOOOOOOr-lrHCTCO^^iO»OOOi^COC5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi-H^-H.— ^r^r^r^I— IrHrHr— ir-ir— Ir— IrHr^rHrHi— 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO V n Q 3 O Eural, Town, and City Districts. 10^C0O»0i— IOt^0iiOt-l^X'X'r:OrHC«C0-)'lOt^00aSi— ICO^CDOOr-HCO^OOCOi-OicDr— (CClOOii— iOC:C:_j C?0i0iC0CCl^*Oi0C0.U:'a3OO:3Ot-t~t.^t^t^i^i^i^lr-00G000G0Q0C:'0SC:OOOrHT— lOiCiCO^iOCDOt^X OOOCOOOOOC:OOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi-li-li-li-l-H.-lrHr^;— rHrH— irHrH OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOcpOcpOOO — OOOcp 5 OtOCSiOr-lt^aOCTlOSCO^COOTOiOOiO-dfCOrtt-C^Klr-IOOiniOlOCDO^COiOOt-l fOC0 0!OO;;J-1oCTO>noD>omt-i->ocDoiocoo«-*'*rooo?cot-t-c3t-ooro«-^2;:?S^2?2 7cr iiiii||ii§§§§§§§g§ §§§§§§§§§§§§§ o§£ §9 99 999 SSSSS < S^23^SS^SSS««S^S§S^SSs«S"SS§Sg«^^^5^i?'4'-^'^5g«SS3S 6 F 478 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. a n ^ ^ J fe, o 8 8 ^ t &^ o u Eural, Town, and City Districts. ,_jOit-^0»f-'W30COOSO?CDasW300i— (OO-^l^O-^^Hr-HCOCOOCOCSOO Ir^OCOdOiCCC^rHCDiat-t^COt^CSSC^IiOOtCOCOiOt-rHOiC^OacDGOlOOi 4H4('-«:JtOCDOii— IC« p Hi Eural, Town, and City Districts. 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CO CO ■^ CT ■<* »o CTS TO OS -HI CO 00 rH Cra (T) o TO »o 0!) 1 — 1 -* (») rH >0 OS TO f- rH CD r-t CD Of OS lis Ot o: 1^ SO Ml M.2 C* o( TO TO TO TO ^ "di ^ ^ m lO ia CD CD CO t- £- 00 00 OS OS o O rH Ot Ot OT Ml xcs n 1— 1 I— 1 rH J-l rH 7-< 7-1 r-l rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH ~~* rH rH rH ot Ot Ot ot ot Ot Ot Ot 1 o 1-1 cy m ^ lO CO t— m ns (-? ro TO ^ lO CO f^ no OS O rH ot OT M lO CD I- 00 OS 1-1 rH l-H r^ T-^ r^ rH r-l rH rH C« Ot Q? 0« Ci cii a Ot ot Ot OT OT TO TO OT TO CO OT TO TO Table AS. Single and Annual Premiums for Sick Allowance of £,\ per Week. Payments and Benefits to cease at Age 70. Benefits to continue through Life. Annual Premiums. Payment to cease at 70. Payment to continue through Life. Age. Age. Highland* Society. Rural, Town, Eural, Town, y. Ansell's BesuUs. and City Districts, and City Districts, Annual Premium. Annua! Premium. Single Premium. Kast and -(Vest. Scotland. 10 1-2853 1-1087 1-83418 1-78382 45-25344 10 11 , , 1-3196 1-1466 1-88195 1-83861 46-25386 11 12 1-3521 1-1864 1-93829 1-89181 47-18936 12 13 1-3830 1-2274 1-99426 1-94444 48-08238 13 14 1-4128 1-2684 2-05061 1-99713 48-95686 14 15 1-4423 1-3084 2-10776 2-06055 49-83723 15 16 14717 1-3462 2-16677 2-10543 50-74963 16 17 . . 1-5023 1-3806 2-22883 2-16251 51-72150 17 18 1-5339 1-4124 2-29364 2-22197 53-7.5031 18 19 , . 1-5668 1-4424 2-35997 2-28403 .53-8.3239 19 20 1-6010 1-4716 3-43056 2-34889 54-96356 20 21 0-9666 1-3479 1-6368 1-5011 2-60474 2-41681 56-13965 21 22 0-9917 1-3760 1-6743 1-6319 2-58281 2-48806 57-35479 23 23 1-0167 1-4070 1-7138 1-6643 3-66504 2-56286 68-61161 33 24 1-0458 1-4393 1-7591 1-5985 3-75803 2-64718 69-91067 24 25 1-0708 1-4731 1-7985 1-6348 3-84309 3-73383 61-25446 25 26 1-1000 1-5087 1-8441 1-6734 2-93954 2-81049 63-64416 26 Si7 1-1333 1-5463 1-8964 1-7147 3-04843 3-90800 64-08249 37 28 1-1667 1-5859 1-9425 1-7589 3-14919 3-99768 65-57331 28 29 1-2000 1-6377 1-9959 1-8062 3-26339 3-09876 67-11975 29 30 1-2417 1-6718 2-0475 1-8552 3-37675 3-19853 68-72624 30 31 1-2750 1-7184 2-1131 1-9158 3-51343 3-31850 70-39643 31 33 13167 1-7676 3-1757 1-9746 3-65061 3-43806 72-13488 33 33 1-3635 1-8195 2 3431 2-0375 3-79663 3-56451 73-94001 33 34 1-4125 1-8743 3-3144 2-1047 3-95203 3-69817 75-80993 34 35 1-4583 1-9320 3-3897 31763 4-11740 3-83937 77-74365 35 36 1-5167 1-9930 2-4692 3-2533 4-29348 ■ 3-98848 79-73968 36 37 1-5750 2-0574 2-5529 3-8331 4-47069 4-14593 81-79603 37 38 1-6333 2-1254 2-6412 2-4188 4-68104 4-31313 83-91668 88 3Q 16958 2-1973 2-7339 3-5099 4-89432 4 48791 86-09388 39 40 1-7667 3-373] 2-8315 2-6067 6-12214 4-67343 88-33331 40 41 1-8417 2-3533 3-9342 2-7099 5-36580 4-86948 90-63574 41 42 1-9208 2-4380 3-0433 28191 5-62690 5-07688 93-00194 42 43 2-0042 2-5277 3-1561 2-9361 5-90718 5-39643 96-4,3467 43 44 2-0958 2-6226 3-2762 3-0602 6 20876 5-52911 97-93764 44 45 3-1917 2 7233 3 4030 3-1917 6-53410 6-77602 100-51489 45 46 2-8300 3-5373 3-3308 6-88605 6-03842 103-17003 46 47 2-9435 3-6797 3-4777 7-26799 6-31773 105-90721 47 48 . , 3 0645 3-8336 3-6323 7-68896 6-61624 108-73331 48 49 8-1936 3-9914 3-7944 8-13695 6-93330 111-65371 49 50 3-8318 4-1619 3-9639 8-63337 7-37064 114-67544 50 51 3 4800 4-3435 4-1406 9-17901 7-63206 117-80749 51 52 3-6393 4-5373 4-3347 9-78140 8-01876 121-05896 52 53 3-8107 4-7442 4-5178 10-44931 8-43265 124-43467 53 54 , , 3-9958 4-9655 4-7223 11-19351 8-87629 127-93764 54 55 4 1963 5-20-28 49409 13 03794 9-35235 131-57168 65 56 4-4139 5-4581 5-1774 12-96967 9-86389 135-34343 56 57 4-6505 5-7344 6-4358 14-04234 10-41.537 139-26056 57 58 4-9086 6-0309 5-7163 16-37047 11-00733 143-29563 58 59 5-1903 6-3473 6-0183 16-68888 n -64310 147-42162 59 60 5-4990 6-7050 6-3417 18-40498 13-34866 151-61214 60 61 7-0390 6-6864 30-30793 13-04968 155-83668 61 63 , , 7-4132 7-0537 22-67034 13-83718 160-06755 63 63 7-7926 7-4266 26-56717 14-65103 16423507 63 64 8-1684 7-7880 39-30809 15-51609 168-26433 64 65 8-4705 8-1045 33-94406 16-41560 173 08306 65 66 , , 8-6757 8-3199 40-40871 17-34160 175-01910 66 67 , , 8-6550 9-3243 49-87166 18-28338 178-78889 67 68 , , 8-1000 7-8803 65-33739 19-23611 181-59549 08 69 "• 8-4847 63813 95-76303 20-19314 184-04026 69 * This column presumes on money bearing interest at 4 per cent, per annum, and consists of the reciprocals of the quantities given at page 336 of the Highland Society's Report. The other columns are calculated at 3 per cent., as explained in the text. S A 9) P If In toi '^ ^ <-* ^-t- CD CD O CO CO CO t^ ^g^S»9=?gg'-^J5»^t-ooc5CT-:3^t--OTO^t-ro^oo«l^cot-u:^t-Or^'*cocoo^x-T1^ccm c^gS^JSs?22S5::;;22"^S2'°3"'-'=^'^'^<^<='^«'-^'^^'='^Q<^>><^»o<»^'-^«OTOTcocOCOOCr-iO)COrH0 010COOCO S25^;r;S^Er'~'S^£'^^'^'^"^'^'^"=^'^^'*t-'-'C=>^«'^O^=O^^^™'-H<^™=»CDCO^0DCOCOCOO3^rHm S52E:S~2SS'^°^^°^'^^'-^'°'*'*'*'^=°<^0=>0'^CTC«OJ'!#GOCTOOwmo!«-tl-C*COOTCO^COr-l-C< mocomo3cp«qoiorHaDiorMa3>o-^roioOTCTcoOTi-H(XicD-^co>ocoococococoococoo):~!:-t-!:~t-i.^t-t~t~t^QOcooooDcocoaooDGOcoc-, ocsc2'~o3c; ocB 0000000 0305C0iH<-HC0COa0OC«"^J^-OlOi— IOOc010COOO^*t^^COiC0010-^COC^O?CD-tJOinCSGOCC10CCC;-^t-02rH-^t-r-( Ci^t~OCOCOOSO?c002C^100^0?CDCncOt-— *iOO— t?«C->CTC0m':-:OC0C0C0--?^^^ 0000000000000000000000000000000000c O' 00 — 000000000 <« liraiooosi— 'cocC)0'OcttOi~-io^^^ioooo?a)cot*oio-^coi— I05^t~i^c*^^^cot~t'cocoo— f<^co^Hi.or-():^t* COiOCOO^t^rH-i?CCOCOCOODCOODCOOO■^03'd^O':OC^^aO-<^t^Ot-^OGOlOCOOOOl-lO■^COC9 Oi VO t- iH t^ t- ir- r-i rH t 05000rHrHC^?OZCOCO-^-^iQir:iC::>CDlr-t-QOG00500>— II— lOlCOCO^lOiOCO t^ rH C^ O CO G5 O C^^ GC' CO t-- rH lO C^ CO 00 CO X irs CT O? CO >0 O ^^ -+ ^ -tZ: O irr. CO C^ CC 1--:) Ct lO ^-•rHi0O^0OO0?t-C0Xl"^^O— t^OlJr:l|-^OC'?X■-+OO003^OC0O00^OC0l— i~i-ir:)-^c0 0?rHOC:O~CC'XG000G0 OiOO--r— ic^CTcoco-^-t^iOiO'Ot^t-cococ^CiOi— lI-^c*o?co-rf^lr:)lr^o^-'XX■ — OrHo?co^irsiC'ww^^ G^COOOCOOOCOOOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOOOCOCC'CO-f^-:t'-^^-1'-^-^'=d<'^-^^-^-1^iOiO =« •43 I GOOOOCO-1^0C^OCOOO'COC^H::)CCi— I— t'C^^COO-t^r:■GOOO C0OC^C0<:DOC0i--G^05^'G0l-^OcDOO':CC0O^-OOO>OO'— 'C^0^l0'O-HO^HC0cDC0OC0 0^C*T-^lC^OC0^-•O^r^ C0Q0O^t^0SrH00O-d GO O -:i< O; O X O -^ C^ C QC. ip 00 tyH X> -w ^ O^HC?C0'^ii0Ot*G00iOr-iC^C0-^i^Ot>X0:)O'>— iC^CO'rJiiiOOt^XOOi— IC^^CO ^l-(I-lr^r-^r-^^Hf-^r-!r^o^o^o^o^c^o^o^<^^o?c^^cocococococococococo^'^^^-r ,— (^ X rr: c: 1 — 1 c? CO _u iO ^Z:' )~- "^ ^ -T- -^ l-O 10 1^0 10 l-O 482 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, Annuities, although not in so marked a degree, nor to the same extent as in the simple Mortality Tables. If money made no interest, it is plain that the value of Annuities, and the numerical expression in the Expectation Tables or Mortality Tables of Collective Intensity, would be identical, and under that aspect Annuities would have a maximum value. Again, if money could realise an infinite amount of interest, Annuities would then be at a minimum value, and have the same expression for every Taljle of Mortality and every age in those Tables. To illustrate this, suppose money could realise 100 per cent., or always double or replace itself in the course of a year ; and starting vdth unity, before the expiration of the first term of the annuity a new fund would have formed itself capable of meeting the annuity, and leaving exactly the original unit with which the start was made, ready to enter on the second term of the annuity in the same manner, and so on ad infinitum. Under such an aspect, no matter what Table of Mortality was employed, the values of annuities would difi"er but little, as unity would invariably be capable, from the interest realised only, of meeting every payment for an absolute term of years. It is therefore evident that the values of annuities involving the discount of money will always shew less distinction between different Tables of Mortality than the Tables themselves will shew; and that the higher the rate of interest, the less distinction is observable between the annuities of different Tables, as well as less difference between the values of annuities at various ages for the same Mortality Table. On reference to page 37, it will be seen that the difference of Expectation between the Rural and City Districts at age 30 is 1 4*442 per cent. ; but a comparison of the values of Annuities at that age for the same Districts, as given at page 470, will shew a difference of only 9-729 per cent. The following Abstract will give a concise view of the relative values of the two expressions : — Age. Expectation of Life in Excess per cent. in favour of Rural Districts. Value of Annuities Three per Cent. Excess per cent, in favour of Rural Districts. Rural Districts. City Districts. Rural Districts. City Districts. 90 40 60 45-3550 30-9794 16-6594 40-0148 96-0873 13-7685 11-774 15-779 17-318 99-78605 18-60452 11-85797 91-99054 16-45861 10-18799 6-563 n-534 14-090 Again, for reasons precisely similar, less distinction will be found to exist between the values of Annuities for various ages in the same Table, than between the Expectations of Life for those ages ; for example, the difference of Expectation between ages 30 and 60 in the Rural Districts is 21-7549 years, or nearly 57 per cent. ; but the difference between the values of Annuities for those ages in the Rural Districts is 9'2097, or about 44 per cent. Like results will also be found for other ages, no matter what Table of Mortality RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 483 be employed : taking the general results for the Three Districts for ages 50 and 70, the difference of Expectation will be found to be 11-9863 years, or about 54 per cent. ; but the difference in the values of the Annuities for those ages is 7-1460, or 46 per cent. The difference in this instance is however less than in the former, on account of more proxi- mate and more advanced ages being taken ; but with ages less proximate and less advanced, the difference will exceed that in either of the preceding cases. Let ages 10 and 50 in the Rural Districts be compared, and the difference of Expectation will be found to be 66 per cent., but the difference in the value of Annuities is only 37 per cent. From these remarks respecting the relative values of Annuities, and the Expectation of Life in various Mortality Tables, it is not to be considered that practically it is a matter of indifference which Table may be used as a basis for calculations for the guidance of a Society. The objects of these remarks is intended to lead to quite the opposite conclusion, and to prevent those who are not thoroughly conversant with such subjects from hastily adopting any given Table, simply because the money test, by which it is generally brought into comparison with other Tables, shews but little difference. The success of every friendly society, and other Institution dealing in Life Contingencies, depends in a great measure on the proper investment of its funds ; and although Annuities by two different Mortality Tables may apparently approximate to nearly equivalent values, still, before all the conditions of each Table are practically determined, the accumulation of interest as presumed on in the construction of the Tables, will ultimately realise the maximum difference which is found to prevail between the Expectation of Life for the respective Tables. The following are the values of Annuities at 3 per cent, as given at page 470, and also according to the Carlisle Table, Mr. Ansell's Table, and the Northampton Table. Age. England and Wales. Scotland. Carlisle. Ansell. North- ampton. Age. Eural Districts. Town Districts. City Districts. Rural, Town, & City Districts. Sural, Town, & City Districts. 30 40 60 22-78605 18-60453 11-85797 22-18086 17-01150 10-13786 31-39054 16-45861 10-18732 23-39981 17-90117 11-37757 22-04167 17-56000 11-18877 21-694 17-143 10-391 20-4603 15-6673 9 8583 18-6385 14-8476 9-7774 20 40 60 To those desirous of inquiring minutely into the relative values of Annuities for the different Tables given in this paper, and the Tables of Mortality hitherto in use, a careful consideration of their respective bearings will be important ; for as Annuity Tables are the foundation on which all the subsequent Monetary Tables are built, their pecuHarities must affect the whole structure. This will be clearly seen on inspection of the Table 484 RATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FEIENDLY SOCIETIES. for Deferred Annuities at page 471. According to that Table, at age 30 the value of a Deferred Annuity of £1 per annum, to commence forty years hence or on attaining age 70, is, for the Rural, Town, and City Districts, 1-13398, and the value of the same ■ sum according to Mr. Ansell's Table is only '6764. This is a most remarkable distinction, and of vital importance to friendly societies ; for although the present results for age 30 shew an excess of value in simple or Immediate Annuities of less than 13 per cent, above those given by Mr. Ansell, yet in the Deferred Annuity at the same age there is an excess of 69 per cent. It is under such circumstances as these, where the improvement of money at interest magnifies results, that serious blunders in the adoption of an erroneous Mortality Table will be apt to prove hurtful to the interests of a Society. Few friendly societies granting Deferred Annuities have yet survived long enough to suffer from the effects of so serious an error ; but the above illustration points out. the inevitable ruin which must overtake those societies at present granting Deferred Annuities ; as very few of them exact terms even so favourable as are required by Mr. Ansell's Tables. A further illustration of this question, and of the manner in which the peculiar result is produced, may be obtained by reference to Table F, page 32. It will be seen, that of 89,360 persons living aged 30, 42,367 attained their 70th year of age ; that is to say, out of 100 entering a friendly society at 30 years of age, and purchasing Deferred Annuities, 47 would be alive at 70 years of age, to be placed on the Annuity List ; but Mr. Ansell's Table would provide for only 33 of the 47 persons becoming Annuitants. Or more correctly, out of every 1000 members entering those societies at age 30, there would be 147 Annuitants unprovided for ; that is to say, 45 per cent, more Annuitants would have claims, than would be calculated on by Mr. Ansell's data, who would therefore be left destitute of any provision for old age. The melancholy spectacle which such a state of things would produce can be readily imagined. Supposing that at the present time there are only one million members of friendly societies, (which is much under the correct estimate,) whose average age is about 30, and presuming that the terms for Deferred Annuities are graduated according to the preceding hypothesis, 470,000 of those persons would attain the age of 70, and nearly one-third would be without any provision for old age. This is only one of the many evils connected with the present condition of friendly societies ; and although its visitation be more remote, the awful consequences of such a calamity, like every other evil of procrastination, will be irreparable. At page 472 will be found the value of Temporary Annuities to continue till age 70 ; and from what has been said respecting Immediate Annuities absolute for Life, and Deferred Annuities, it must be evident that Temporary Annuities will also partake of the same relative character as the other Annuity Tables referred to. Since it has been shewn that, according to the results of this inquiry, Annuities are of greater value than that which is given in many other Tables, it must follow that the EATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 485 value of Assurances, or sums payable at death, are of less value. An inspection of the Table at page 473 wiU shew that at age 30 the value of £100 payable at death is £35 14s. 6d. in the Eural Districts, £39 55. lie/, in the Town Districts, £41 13^. 9d. in the City Districts, £37 85. 4d in the Three Districts combined, and £38 13s. 6d. according to the value of Life in Scotland ; while, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality, the value of the same sum would be £40 2s. 7. N'™ W..-i~ N™ - n;+„ D. n:„ — n:+„ w„, _i- -N^ + .-i = Do. Do. No. 3, RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 497 To avoid further argument on the subject, it will be assumed in the future pages of this paper that rates graduated to lower terms than set forth in the preceding Tables would be unsafe for the guidance of the Order. Complete evidence of this is furnished in the analysis of the facts and elementary data on which the calculations are founded ; and the inherent evidence in the various parts of this paper amply demonstrate that the liabilities of the Order have been hitherto quite equal to those anticipated in these calculations. It therefore remains to determine whether the contributions exacted by the Order are such as are calculated to maintain the stability of the Institution, and reahse the benefits promised to the members. It may be also as well to mention, that in the discussion of this point no statement wiU be advanced for which facts and examples both in and out of the Order do not exist. This is believed to be the only satisfactory mode of treating such a question. Unless ample data be available, it is impossible to measure the liabilities ; but with sufficient data, it becomes a matter of certainty and of simple calculation, and the province of mere opinion is ceded to positive evidence, to which all must submit who can comprehend the argument. It is not thought necessary to refer at this place to the rates and contributions hitherto demanded by the various lodges in the Unity, but to take up the question as to whether the scales drawn up by the Board of Directors at Manchester, and proposed some time since by the Glasgow A. M. C, are safe, and calculated to meet all the liabilities of the Order. Any arguments used in reference to those scales, whether in favour of their adoption or otherwise, will apply with greater or less force to the present rates of any particular lodge, according as they "are greater or less than those of the proposed scale. This course is inevitable, as it is impossible to discuss the rules of each lodge seriatim. In the Manchester Unity, during the year 1844, the total number of weeks' sickness experienced by the members was 226917, and the amount of money paid to sick members was £107,440 85. lid. : it hence follows that for each weeks' sickness there was paid about 9s. 6d. As a standard of comparison it may therefore be assumed that the general practice of the Unity is to pay 10s. per week in sickness, and we shall test the accuracy of the proposed scales on this ratio. Some lodges no doubt pay more, and others less, to their members, than the above average : but if the terms are calculated for 10s. per week, it will then be easy to determine the rate for any other particular scale of payment. In the first instance reference will be made to scale No. 1, or manufacturing class, as prepared by the Board of Directors, and recommended to be adopted. The average age of the members of the Unity was stated to be then 32 years ; and making that the point of comparison, it will be found that a weekly payment of 5d. by the members is to provide for them the following benefits, viz. : per week during sickness, at the death of a member, and at the death of a member's wife. 6 L £0 10 £10 £5 498 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. But it wiU also be found that in addition to the 5d. per week, each member has paid entrance money, which for age 32 is equivalent to an annual payment of 1*. Id. A pay- ment of 5d. weekly is equal to a yearly sum of £1 Is. 8d. ; and to this add Is. Id., and the full yearly payment will be £1 2s. 9d. Let us next determine how far this payment is calculated to meet the liabilities of the Order, according to the data already alluded to. On reference to Table A S, it will be found that the annual pay- £ s. d. ment at age 32 for an allowance of IO5. per week during sickness, to continue to the extreme of life, is . . . . 1 14 4J For £10 at death of a member, age 32, Table AM . . . 3 8i To provide £5 at the death of a member's wife, (the deaths being in the ratio of 1650 to 2286 of the members themselves — see Table A Y), the payment will be 14 Total payment required for the three benefits promised by the Order £1 19 5 The payment necessary to provide for the benefits promised will thus be seen to amount to £1 195. 5d. to each member yearly, but the actual sum demanded according to the new scale. No. 1, is only £1 2*. 9d., being about 42 per cent, less than the terms necessary to enable the Unity to meet its engagement. It should be kept in view that in the preceding calculation nothing is allowed for expenses of management, so that the sum of £1 19s. 5d. is absolutely necessary to meet the various liabilities without any deductions whatever. Again : according to Table A U preceding, constructed on the actual experience of the Order, the following are the rates necessary to provide the same benefits, viz. : — Yearly payment required at age 32, on account of an allowance of 10s. per week during sickness, to continue to the extreme of life, is, according to Table A X, preceding . . . . = £1 12 6J For £10 at death of a member at age 32, Table AW . .= 041 To provide £5 at the death of a member's wife (the deaths being in the ratio of 1650 to 2286 of members themselves — see Table AY) ^ 1 5J Total payment required for the three benefits promised by the Order, and according to the data derived from the experience of the Unity = £1 18 This result is of vital importance, and should receive the immediate and earnest attention of the members. It is believed that the form in which the present evidence is RATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 499 given, will enable any one of ordinary intelligence to test all the figures, and thoroughly satisfy his own mind of the perilous condition in which the Order is at present placed. From a succeeding Table, AY, it will be seen that the annual income of the Order, under the head of contributions, is £245,842 13s. 8d., and, according to the preceding figures, there would still be an annual deficiency of no less than £209,688 lis. lOd. The awful calamity which must await the Order under such circumstances cannot fail to alarm the members as to the terrible consequences which must inevitably follow their neglect or indifference in carrying out the radical reforms necessary in their constitution. Truly, in such an event, the sins of the fathers will be visited on the third and fourth generations. A quarter of a million of men have now the opportunity of perpetuating one of the most useful institutions ever developed by the working classes of any country. Under proper regulations, it may be the direct means of elevating the moral and physical condition of a vast body of the rising generation, and imparting a social character and importance to the industrious and provident classes which they have never yet acquired ; but, to participate in those advantages, it is absolutely necessary that a great movement should be made towards financial reform in the institution. Let, there- fore, every member say to himself, " I will put my shoulder to the wheel, — I will make an eff'ort, which I am certain is quite within my power, — I will do that, as an individual, which others have done in smaller institutions, and which is only just and equitable, — I will listen to the warning which science and experience set before me, and I shall then have the satisfaction of believing that I have done the best that could be done ; I shall feel convinced, that with good and economical management, our institution will survive and prosper, — it will really and truly be the support of my declining years ; when the infirmities of old age creep upon me, I shall have the consolation of falling back on the industrious savings of vigorous youth. My family will be induced to follow my example. With my friends and neighbours all petty jealousies will be set aside, — we shall unite in promoting our own and our children's welfare ; and while we profess to unite in the bonds of true fellowship, let us honestly exclaim — " Two are better than one ; If they fall, the one will lift up his fellow ; But woe to him that is alone when he falleth, For he hath not another to help him up." Again: as it has been shewn that the proposed scale. No. 1, would occasion an annual deficiency in the income of £209,688 lis. lOd., the following figures will point out what amount of contribution would be required at the present moment to make up that deficiency. The present value of an annuity on a life of 32 is 19-98129 (see Table A H), or nearly 20 years' purchase ; so that if the contributions were to continue on the scale now proposed. 500 EATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. each member would need to pay down at present the sum of £16 9s. Sd. (16-984}, to make up future deficiencies in his annual payments. But as there were 251727 members in the Unity in January 1845, these two items multiplied together will produce the sum of £4,275,181. From this subtract £700,000, the capital stock of the Order at the same period, and £3,575,181 will be the payment that should be made in order to place Odd Fellows on a secure foundation, with their proposed scale of contributions. The members, however, must keep in view that should no such donation be now made to the society, then the ultimate deficiency under their proposed rates will be much more than £3,575,181 ; for in order to enable that sum to meet all the demands on the society it should be invested to yield 3 per cent, compound interest. As there is no chance, how- ever, of any such donation, the ultimate deficiency will be about ten millions. But there is another, and perhaps a simpler mode by which members may satisfy themselves of the inadequacy of the proposed scales. On referring to Table Y, page 409 of this Contribution, it will be found that at age 32, which is the average age of members in the Unity, the amount of sickness per annum to each is -9250 weeks, or 6 days 11 hours to each member ; and as, over the whole Unity, the payment for a week's sickness is 9s. 6d., that will average to each member yearly 85. 9^d., but by Table Y it will be seen that the actual expenditure on sickness during 1844, was 8s.. lO^d. to each member. We have, therefore, so far a most satisfactory confirmation that the data of these Contributions is applicable to the' Order; and carrying out the reasonings on the same basis, it will follow that at the present time there should be an annual saving on the income of each mem- ber's contributions for sickness alone of £1 5s. Id. ; but the actual saving on this item was only about lis. M., and on the total income of all the Lodges there was a saving to each member during the same year of about 26 per cent, only ; while under a proper graduation of the contributions, the saving would have been at least 75 per cent., or three times the actual amount. To this it may be replied, that the illustration may faithfully represent the former condition of the Unity, but it is not applicable to the new scale. An inspection, however, of Table AY will shew that during the year 1844, the receipts from each member over the whole Unity, in the shape of contributions, was about £1 Os. 2id, while the amount proposed to be levied under scale No. 1, is £1 Is. 8<^. for lOs. weekly during sickness, and the collateral benefits; but as the average sick allowance in 1844 was only 9s. 6d. per week, the corresponding contribution for the full benefits of scale No. 1, would be £1 Is. 3tZ. yearly, differing only by 5d. from the terms of the proposed scale. It is, consequently, evident that the preceding arguments, drawn from the past experience of the Order, are equally applicable to the proposed scale of payments. It will thus be seen that the proposed scale No. 1, instead of demanding an increased rate of contributions from the members, is just leaving them in the same position in which they were placed during 1844. The effect of that scale is not to increase the income of RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 501 the Order, but to produce an uniformity between the income and expenditure of the various lodges. From the violent opposition offered to its adoption, the innumerable dissensions and bickerings, and the many angry discussions to which the proposal has given birth, there can be no doubt that the popular belief is, that the tendency of the proposed scale is to increase the payments by members. It is also evident that the intention of the Glasgow A. M. C. and the Board of Directors at Manchester, was to augment the amount of the contributions ; and that they have not done so, can only have arisen from their own ignorance of what was the condition of the various lodges at the period referred to. The following analysis of the money condition of the Order during 1844 wiU, however, set the question at rest, and enable any one to prove the above facts for himself. It may also be stated that the classification adopted is identical with that set forth in Table A Z, page 506 of this Contribution. Table AY. Income and Expenditure of the Manchester Unity during the Year 1844. Districts. Number of Members, Jan.1,1844. Average No. of Members during 1845. Income from Expenditure on Contributions. Initiations. Fines, Goods, &c. sickness. Funerals, &c. Sundries. Eural . Town . City. . 685S3 79790 103384 66208 77070 99848 £ s. d. 62072 5 74959 4 11 108811 3 9 £ s. d. 10544 19 2 14295 18 10 24541 11 1 £ s. d. 7875 2 3 9429 1 12671 5 1 £ s. d. 26849 3 4 32617 3 8 47974 1 11 £ s. d. 14697 6 2 19342 10 11 28702 14 5 £ S. d. 16303 1 6 21637 1 8 33480 13 2 Whole J Unity \ 251797 243126 245842 13 8 49382 9 1 29975 8 4 107440 8 11 62742 1] 6 71420 16 4 The above Table furnishes the details of Income and Expenditure for the Rural, Town, and City Districts separately ; but the remarks will, in the first place, be confined to the results for the whole Unity. The following is the Income and Expenditure for the whole Order during the year 1844: — Income. £ s, d. From Contributions 245,842 13 8 ... Initiations, or Entry Money 49,382 9 1 Fines, Goods, and Sundries 29,975 8 4 Total Income during 1844 £ 325,200 11 1 6 M 502 RATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Expenditure. £ s. d. Paid to Sick Members 107,440 8 11 ... For Funerals, District and Widow and Orphan's Fund . 62,742 11 6 ... For Sundries 71,420 16 4 Total Expenditure during 1844 £241,603 16 9 Surplus of Income over Expenditure for the year 1844 . £83,596 14 4 Or an annual saving to each member of about 6*. lO^d. The following will give an idea of the expenses of management of the Order : — Ratio of Expenses of Management to the whole Expenditure 29 per cent. ... to the amount paid to Sick Members . . 66 ... to the amount paid for Funerals 113 ... to the Income from Contributions 29 ... to the Total Income 22 It is evident that if such an application of the funds be permitted to continue, the dissolution of the Order must be fast approaching. The Directors of the Unity are therefore most imperatively called on to interpose their influence to prevent such a lavish expenditure on the part of the lodges. It will be seen that it is not to one year alone that this enormous outlay is confined, but must have been peculiar to the whole history of the Order. In 1834 the number of members was about 60,000, and at the beginning of the present year the number was 251,727 — increase about 19,000 per annum; but in connection with this, a remarkable fact deserving of serious consideration is brought to light by the Directors. They state that " the amount of initiation-money which was received from members in 1844, being no less a sum than £49,382, it will be discovered, on reference to the list of lodges, that our increase of members in that year was only 21,461, and by these returns it is clearly proved that upwards of 40,000 members were initiated in 1844 ; thereby at once affirming that upwards of 20,000 members left the Order in one year, after paying their initiation-money and contributions for a length of time. We are of opinion that the particular attention of the members of the Order should be drawn to this important fact, with a view of arriving at the true cause why so many leave the Order." At this rate the total amount of initiation-money received by the Order ought in January 1845 to have realised a capital of £750,000 at least, without any augmentations from other contributions ; but it is understood that the whole capital at that time did not exceed £700,000 : so that the Unity now finds itself in this position, that they have been proceeding on a plan, by which the contributions are not sufficient to meet the current expenditure, and that they have been actually falling back on the initiation-money of the members. Further argument is not needed to shew the insecurity of any institution when based on such a system. And it ought to be kept in view that RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 503 this state of things prevails when the bulk of the members must be very young, and are represented at an average age of 32— a period of life at which the rate of sickness is not equal to one week per annum to each person. Where then is the boasted provision so loudly proclaimed by some to meet the vicissitudes and infirmities of after Ufe, when the rate of sickness per annum will be from 10 to 20 weeks to each member ■? It is astonish- ing that people can be so blind to their own interest, and not see the awful calamity which awaits them unless decided improvements are effected in the condition of the Order. In Manchester, the fountain-head of the Unity, the greatest possible opposition has been given to the recent changes suggested by the A. M. C, and carried out by the G. M. and Board of Directors. The most angry and violent manifestation of feeling has evinced itself, threatening dangerous and fearful consequences to the whole Order; and yet in the same district, palpable and obvious examples are to be found of its utter inability to survive long under such a deplorable condition. In Manchester itself there are 6 lodges established on an average of 11 years ; and on the 1st of January 1845, they contained 530 members, and were possessed of funds— to what amount will it be believed possible ]— why the lamentably small sum of £91 135. M., or less than one-twelfth of the entrance money which must have been paid into the lodges. Again: there are 12 other lodges, established for an average period of 4 J years, and containing 613 members and their total amount of funds is £313 15*. only. And further : of 33 lodges which have been open for an average period of twelve years, but recently suspended, and which contain 2,774 members, the gross amount of funds they possessed on the 1st of January, 1845, was only £1,379 6*. 6d., or not one-half of the initiation- money paid into the lodges. Yet, with such striking and obvious signs of decay, the Board of Directors are forced to contend against the most ill- conceived opposition. No one with his eyes open can fail to see that the Unity has arrived at that period of its history when its income must of necessity be unable to meet the required expenditure. Out of 100 lodges, containing 11,080 members, the whole of their accumulated capital did not amount to 13s. per member. It really seems surprising that any evidence beyond this should be wanting to bring conviction to the minds of Odd Fellows, of the urgent need of immediate reform. In some lodges the expense of management absolutely exceeds the amount paid for sick allowance; and in many instances amounts to a sum varying from 85. to 13s. yearly, to each member ; while in others more than half the original contributions are squandered away in the modes of management adopted ; and in one district, among 2800 members, the expense of management during the year was about £1100. Nothing could stand this long, even though the rates and contributions were otherwise well graduated. Take the following as an example of the reckless expenditure indulged in by some lodges. That it may not be thought an isolated instance, but of serious and fearful importance, it is only right to mention that the following figures shew the income and expenditure of 14 504 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. different districts, containing 297 lodges and 17,059 members, and therefore to be consi- dered by all well-wishers of the Order as demanding immediate redress. Income. £ s. d. Amount of Contributions received 21,402 15 7 Amount of Initiations 12,436 16 7 Amount of Fines, Goods, Sundries 3,712 4 9 Total Income during 1844 £37,550 15 11 Expenditure. £ s. d. Amount paid to Sick Members 6,998 18 3 forFunerals,Districts,andWidow and Orphan Funds 7,566 2 4 for Sundries 10,497 12 9 Total Expenditure for 1844 £25,062 13 6 Surplus of Income over Expenditure for the year 1844 . . £12,488 2 7 This, perhaps, contains facts of the most extraordinary kind ever yet brought before the public. Many, even among the Odd Fellows themselves, do not see the great moral and social revolution which the existence of such provident institutions is capable of effecting ; but so long as a system of destructive and hurtful management prevails, no national or public blessing can flow from them. But reform the abuses— let the working man understand under what a delusive shadow he has placed his hopes — let him see the dangerous gulf into which all the funds of the Order are being carried, and then reflect what must be its fate twenty years hence, should such an awful exhibition of facts be continued — and there is no doubt he will soon perceive that his interests can only be promoted by a speedy removal of the fatal abuses. The following is the state of the case in the 14 districts just referred to, which contains 297 lodges, and 17,059 members: — Ratio of Initiation Money to Contribution 58 per cent, ... Expenses of Management to ditto 49 Management to Amount paid for Funerals .138 Management to Amount paid for Sick Allowance 150 Expenses of management actually 150 percent, of that paid away to sick members! To relieve and give assistance to members during sickness ought to be, and is, the ostensible object of the institution ; but here we have an example of that great virtue of charity and social refinement being sacrificed to the idle indulgence and intemperate appetites of a few RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 505 men who, when the cause of the sick and the distressed, the widow and the orphan is pleaded, are ready to rise in noisy turbulence to crush the well-intentioned endeavours of those who attempt to sweep away such intolerable abuses. The recent opposition to the Board of Directors is most reprehensible, and no well- directed mind can look upon it otherwise than with the deepest regret. There never has existed any social and provident institution of anything like the importance of the Man- Chester Unity of Odd Fellows ; neither, perhaps, did such gross abuses ever exist in any other. The real and essential objects of the Order have been overlooked, and rendered secondary to idle pomp and parade ; and those funds which were meant to provide for disease and old age have been squandered on the follies and baubles of youth. Now, however, that the Board of Directors have made a step in the right direction, let them be supported warmly and cordially. This done, a second and greater reforma- tion must soon follow, which will place the Unity on a permanent foundation, and render it the most gigantic and useful institution of the day. Few, at the present time, understand the wonderful operation going on in the social state towards its own regenera- tion. Poor-laws and other nostrums seem as much to irritate as allay the disease ; but here we have a self-supporting body which, although hitherto managed with a total disre- gard to science and practical experience, yet contain so much of benevolence, love, and social order, that no less than 40,000 yearly of the hard-working sons of toil embrace its genial comforts and solacing charms. "What, then, must be its influence, if only guided by the light of reason, science, and experience, when confidence has inspired the nation in the judgment of its laws, and the integrity and practicability of its principles ] There is little doubt that thousands for hundreds would join its ranks; and that the national protection against vice and its horrors, which political laws have failed to secure, would be wrought out by the social improvement among the working classes themselves. But to make such an institution permanent and secure, its means must be commensurate with the end in view ; its monetary calculations must be correct, and in conformity with those laws of sickness and mortality which are known to influence its whole transactions. The following is a still further analysis of the Income and Expenditure of the Order during 1844 ; and an inspection of the fourth column will shew that the average income from each member, in the shape of contribution, was £1 Os. 2id., as stated in a preceding part of this Contribution, while the total income from each member, from all sources, as set forth in the sixth column, was £1 6s. 9id. It may be stated that those items are not calcu- lated on the maximum number of members for that year, but on the mean number as given in Tables Y and A Y. Many useful applications may be made of this Table, but here it is only necessary to refer to a few of the items. From a consideration of the following facts and figures it is abundantly evident, that so far as the whole Unity is concerned, the proposed scale, No , I, would not be safe ; and the next question which arises is, the propriety of scale No. II, as prepared by the G. M. 6 N 506 EATES AND CONTKIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Table AZ. fihewing the Vroportion of Income and Expenditure in the Manchester Unity for each District, and to each Person, during 1844. Districts. Ratio of Expenditure on Sickness to Contributions. Ratio of Expenditure on Sickness and Fimerals to Contributions. Ratio of Total Expen- diture to Total Income. Income from each Member Contributions. Total Income from each Member. Expenditure on Sickness to each Member. Total Expenditure to each Member. Rural . Town . City . . Per cent. 43-254 43-513 44-089 Per cent. 66-933 69-316 70-466 Per cent. 71-870 74-578 75-438 & s. d. 18 9 19 51 1 1 9i £ s. d. 1 4 3i 1 5 7i 1 9 3 £ s. d. 8 IJ 8 5i 9 7J £ s. d. 17 6 19 IJ 1 3 Oi Whole \ Unity \ 43-703 69-224 74-393 1 2i 1 6 n 8 lOj 19 lOJ and Board of Directors, being adopted by the agricultural classes. The relation which scale No. II bears to scale No. I is that of 4:d. to 5d. ; or in other words, the same benefits for which the manufacturing classes are required to pay 5d. per week, the agricultural classes are required to pay only 4(Z. per week, or 20 per cent. less. Let us, therefore, examine whether there be sufficient reason for adopting two scales of contributions, and making the above distinction between the manufacturing or Town Districts, and the agricultural or Rural Districts. On turning to Tables V and Y, it will be found that they represent the relative amount of sickness in the various districts according to the experience of friendly societies^ and also according to the experience of the Unity itself; and as both classes of results agree so nearly, the monetary expressions deduced from the one may be held to represent the other. The regulations of the Unity imply that allowances will be given in sickness, or during incapacity for labour, till the extreme of life, but the monetary Tables for the various districts provide for sickness to 70 years of age only. It will, however, be found that a deferred annuity, after that term of life, of half the amount, combined with the other, will be nearly equivalent to an allowance in sickness during the whole term of life. And the following illustration will shew their relative values. In Table AS, page 480, it will be found that, at the age of 30, the annual premium, for an allowance of £1 per week in sickness, during the whole period of life, is about £3 7s. 6d. Now, the annual premium for the same allowance up to age 70 is about £2 Is., and the annual premium for a deferred annuity of 10*. per week after the age of 70 (Table A I, page 471), is £1 9*. 4d. ; total annual premium for both, £3 10s. 4:d. The difference between this sum and the preceding is, therefore, not so much as materially to affect the comparison. KATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 507 Let us see, then, what annual payment would be required, in each district, for the following benefits, viz. :— 10s. per week in sickness till the age of 70; £10 at the death of a member ; a deferred annuity of 5s. per week at the age of 70 ; and £5 at the death of a member's wife,— which are equivalent to the benefits proposed in scale No. 1, or manufacturing class. The following shews the yearly payment which should be charged at the age of 30, for each of those benefits in the three districts, as well as in the three districts combined, which last group may be considered to represent the whole Unity:— Desciiptiou of Benefit. Eural Districts*. Town Districts*. City Districts*. The Three Districts combinetl. 10s. per Week during Sickness . . Deferred Annuity of 5s. per Week . J310 at the Death of a Member . . £6 at Death of Member's Wife . . £ S. d. 19 3 16 7 8 5 1 3 £ S. d. 1 3 3 11 3 11 17 £ s. d. 113 10 10 4 4 16 £ s. d. 10 6 14 8 3 8 14 Tlie above four combined . . 3 5 1 19 8 1 17 11 2 9 The figures in the above Abstract may be regarded as an approximation to the relative liabilities of the lodges in the various districts as near as our present knowledge will admit of arriving ; and it is somewhat curious to observe, that those places or districts usually thought most hazardous are actually least so. There is no doubt that the mem- bers, of the Glasgow A. M. C, in resolving to adopt two scales of contributions, were impressed with the belief that the lodges in the Town and City Districts were subject to greater liabilities than those in the Rural or Agricultural Districts, but the facts of the case will be seen to be otherwise. The error has, in all probabihty, arisen from supposing that the risks of the various districts would bear the same relation to each other as the rates of mortality among the members of those districts. In fact, the propriety of having two scales has been generally argued on that shewing ; and under a cursory survey of the question, the one opinion was, perhaps, a natural enough sequence of the other ; but a more comprehensive view of the subject will shew that the legitimate effect of increased mortality is to diminish the liabilities of the lodges, instead of increasing them as has been supposed. It will be seen by an inspection of the figures in the preceding Abstract that the risk incurred from sickness, greatly exceeds that from the mortality of the members. * For the Rates applicable to the Eural, Town, and City Districts respectively, see pp. 471, 474, and 479. 508 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Expressed in money, the relative values of those two items for each member entering a lodge at the age of 30, are — For IO5. per week in sickness £34 7 4 For £10 at death 3 14 10 the one being more than nine times that of the other. It has been equally well established, that increased mortality is not always accompanied with an increased rate of sickness; and the direct consequence of these two facts is to render the liabilities of lodges in what are usually called the healthy districts, actually greater in some cases than in the less favoured districts. For an illustration compare the Eural Districts in the preceding Abstract with the City District. The apparent anomaly may be explained in this way : — If 100 members, at the age of 30, were to enter a lodge in a Rural District, and at the same time 100 members of the like age were to enter another lodge in a City District, the result would be, that 40 years hence, when the surviving members had attained 70 years of age, in the Rural Districts 52 of the original 100 members would still be alive, while in the City District 38 only would reach that period of life. Well then, to carry out this illustration, suppose the plan of those lodges to have been to demand a single payment from the members on entering, to provide lOs. per week in sickness up till the age of 70, the 100 members on entering the lodge in the Rural District would have had to pay down £1986, but the members in the City District would have been required to pay £2041 — exceeding the other district by only £55, and at the end of 40 years the funds of both lodges would be exhausted. Next, let us suppose that the foundation of those lodges was on the general plan of the lodges in the Order, in which a sick allowance is guaranteed till the extreme of life ; then their relative liabilities will appear in a new light. The lodge in the Rural District has become saddled with 52 members, while in the City District there are only 38 members ; and without further evidence it will be obvious that the lodge in the Rural District is placed under the greatest liabilities. During the succeeding ten years, each member in the Rural District would experience about 21 weeks' sickness yearly, and as there are 52 members, the aggregate sickness would be 1092 weeks yearly. On the other hand, each member in the City District would experience 24 weeks' sickness yearly ; but as the number of members is only 38, the aggregate sickness would amount to 912 weeks per annum, falling short of the amount of sickness experienced by the lodge in the Rural District by no less than 180 weeks yearly. It will thus be seen, that the very fact of the increased longevity of the members of the Rural Districts, chiefly accounts for the increased liabilities of the lodges in those districts. The advanced period of life is that in which the great amount of sickness is experienced, and in the City Districts the members are cut off before attaining it ; but the prolongation of life in the Rural Districts places on the sick list of a lodge a great mass of members at an advanced age, when they become also permanent burdens on the funds. EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FEIENDLY SOCIETIES. 509 The relative liabilities, so far as sickness is concerned, in the two districts, may be represented by the following money expressions, which are the equivalents in a single payment, for members entering at the same age, to provide equal allowances in sickness during the whole period of life : — Rural Districts £36 19 5 City Districts 30 15 8 So far, then, it is obvious that the scales No. 1 and No. 2, published by the Board of Directors, are not at all applicable to the classes for which they were intended ; for if the facts of the case were admitted to have any weight, they would go to reverse the applica- tion of those scales, and that which was meant for the Town or Manufacturing Districts and Classes, would be applied with more truth to the Agricultural Districts and Classes. On referring to the preceding Abstract, it will be seen that the annual payments for the four benefits combined, amount, in the — Rural Districts to £2 5 Town Districts 1 19 8 City Districts 1 17 11 So that if those benefits were adopted by the Unity generally, or any other scale of benefits bearing the same relation, the contributions in the Rural Districts, if adjusted on equitable principles, should be the highest, and those in the large City Districts the lowest, the smaller Town Districts being intermediate. It becomes, however, a practical question of important consideration, whether our knowledge of the subject has yet become so refined, and whether the diff'erence in the risks of the various classes has been proved to be so remarkable, as to render two scales of contribution necessary. If the results for the three districts combined, as given in the preceding Table, be viewed in connection with those for each of the districts, it will immediately appear that the difference, although of the opposite character to that anticipated, is, after all, exceed- ingly small, and, in a practical sense, unimportant ; as there is scarcely another feature in the management of the various lodges, which has not more influence on their monetary affairs. For the City Districts, the difference is 2s. 3d. yearly ; for the Town Districts, the -difference is 6d. yearly ; and for the Rural Districts, the difference is 3d. yearly. To recognise, therefore, a difference in various districts, while lodges are, as in the Unity, all under the same general constitution, is clearly a refinement at which the most improved institutions of the day have not yet arrived. An inspection of the same Abstract will further prove, that if the regulations of the lodges in the Unity were such as to give a member the option of providing any one or more of the four benefits, the case would be immediately altered, and it would become, in that event, necessary to make a distinction in the payments. There is no doubt that even 6 o /iiO EATES ANt) CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. this change, with many others of an important nature, will take place before many years pass away, and render the Order the great asylum of the working and industrious classes, to which they can, with confidence, resort for relief from the pecuniary distress and indigence which almost invariably attend sickness and disease. It will not now be necessary to enter into the question of the influence of em- ployment or occupation on the liabilities arising from the various classes of members, as it is evident that the increased mortality and sickness in peculiar trades place them relatively to the Unity in a similar position with that which- the members of the City Districts were shewn to hold to those of the Rural Districts ; and, therefore, the same arguments used in respect to the influence of locality on the liabilities of lodges, are equally applicable to the question of employment. The preceding results, drawn from direct observation and calculation, shew that there is, in fact, no reason to make any distinction between the manufacturing and agricultural classes in the Unity ; and hence, since it has been shewn that scale No. 1 is unsafe, and must bring ruin on the institution, the danger to be apprehended under scale No. 2 is still greater. There remains, however, another way by which to shew to members the remarkable uniformity which prevails among those results for various classes of the com- munity, and the precision with which their various liabilities may be determined under a proper analysis of the subject ; and for this purpose reference is made to Table A Z. An inspection of the flrst column of that Table will shew, that in the various districts the expenditure on sickness bears a very striking- and uniform relation to the amount of contributions ; and, therefore, some very powerful influence must prevail, or so positive a determination of the results could not be produced. In the whole Unity, the expenditure on sickness is 43-702 per cent, of the income from contributions, and in none of the dis- tricts is the difference in this item so great as one-half per cent., or l-87th of the whole. So uniform a result is well calculated to inspire confidence in those laws of sickness which represent the liabilities of benefit societies of every description. Again, in all the other columns of the same Table, a similar harmony will be found to prevail ; but, as items of a fluctuating character enter into those columns, the results are somewhat disturbed, although not to any important degree. It will be seen that the relation of column 7th to 5th is expressed by the figures in column 2nd. It will likewise be seen, that the income from each member is least of all in the Rural Districts, somewhat higher in the Town Districts, and greatest of all in the City Districts ; but then it will be further seen that the expen- diture on sickness in each of these districts bears almost precisely the same relation to the respective incomes of those districts. An inspection of column 4th will, however, shew that in the Rural Districts, although the expenditure on sickness is in the same proportion as the other districts, still the ratio of the total expenditure to the total income is less than in the other districts ; this, no doubt, arises from a difference in the mode of management, and admits of ready explanation. RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 511 The following will shew the total surplus or saving to each member of the Unity, for each of the Districts, during the year 1844: — Eural District. Town District. City District. The Three Districts combined. Actual Saving to each Member . . Saving per Cent, on the Income for ) each Member \ £ S. d. 6 9f 27 per cent. £ s. d. 6 6 26 per cent. £ s. d. 7 2J 25 per cent. £ s. d. 6 lOi 26 per cent. It will thus be seen that there does exist some general principle or law by which the relation of expenditure to income is regulated in the Order. A remarkable uniformity was shewn to prevail in the ratio of expenditure on sickness to the income from contributions ; the result in none of the districts differing by one-half per cent, from that for the whole Unity, so also will the relation of the total expenditure to the total income in the various districts be found to differ but little. It is, therefore, obvious that, so far as the experience of the Unity goes, there is no reason to believe that the lodges in the Rural Districts are in a more favourable condition than those in the larger Towns and Manufacturing Districts. It is equally clear, from the facts and principles adduced elsewhere, that on the scheme on which the lodges of the Order are conducted, there is no reason for having two scales of contributions ; and that, before such innovations are introduced, other important changes, of a character not yet recoo'nised in the Order, must take precedence. It consequently follows that all the objections brought against the adoption of Scale No. 1, come with redoubled force against the introduction of scale No. 2. The recent appeal made by the Board in favour of the general adoption of scale No. 1 is, therefore, to be strongly approved of; and it is hoped that a strenuous effort will be made to induce the lodges to relinquish both scales, and determine on one better calculated to carry out successfully the high and beneficial purposes of the Order. The means of obtaining competent opinions on such subjects are ample ; and it should be the imperative duty of every member, but particularly of every officer of a lodge, and in an especial degree of every one of the directors, to institute a searching inquiry, and settle a question, the importance of which cannot be doubted, and the angry and unprofitable discussion of which now threatens so much danger to the Order. One remarkable feature connected with the history of Odd Fellowship, is that of exacting a uniform rate of contribution from all members from 18 to 40 years of age. Almost every other friendly society of any pretensions has long relinquished any such plan. When the laws of sickness and mortality were but imperfectly understood, it was natural enough to expect no distinction to be made for difference of age ; but those days have 512 EATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. passed away, and no scientific fact is now better established than the influence of age on the amount of sickness and mortality. It is, therefore, surprising that an institution of the gigantic proportions of the Manchester Unity, should have remained to the present time, either quite ignorant of such a principle, or indifferent to its importance. By consulting Tables V and X, the influence of age on the amount of sickness will become evident. In the decennial period of life from 20-30, the amount of sickness to each member is under 9 weeks, but in the period from 60-70 years of age the sickness equals above 77 weeks, and in the intermediate periods of life, like differences prevail. The injustice of admitting members at those extreme ages on equal terms is therefore obvious, but even within the ages recognised for admission by the Order striking dififer- ences will appear. The results in the following Abstract are derived from the respective Tables in this Contribution. Yearly Payments required. Age 20. Age 30. Age 40. To secure lOs. per week in Sickness for 1 whole life (see Table A R) . . . j To provide £10 on the Death of a Mem- } ber (see Table AM) . . . . j For £5 at Death of Member's Wife (see I explanation, page 498) . . . . ( £ s. d. 13 6 3 9 1 £ S. d. 1 12 3 6 1 8 £ s. d. 3 6 9 4 9 18 Total payment for the above Three Benefits 17 8 1 16 9 2 13 3 From the above Abstract it will be seen that the payments necessary to provide for the above benefits at age 40, are nearly double those required at age 20 ; nothing could therefore be more absurd than to admit members entering at those ages on the same terras : and yet this is, in efi'ect, done by the Order. It is true^ that according to the 32nd General Law, members entering at ages under 35 pay entrance or initiation money of £1 Is., but those entering at age 43 pay £5 5s. Let us, therefore, determine to what extent those sums will aff'ect the yearly contributions. On going back to Table AH it will be found that those entrance moneys are, at age 20, equivalent to an annual payment of — £0 Os. Ud. at age 30 1 at age 40 6 Hence it will follow that the yearly payments by those entering at the given ages should be augmented by the above sums, which are equivalent to the initiation fees paid to them ; and the following will shew the yearly sums thus actually paid by the various classes of members according to the proposed scale, and the sums which ought to be paid. RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 513 Age at Entry. Actually Paid. Ought to be Paid. Deficit, Members entering at Age 20 . . Ditto ditto 30 . . Ditto ditto 40 . . £ s. d. 1 2 7 12 8 17 8 £ S. d. 17 3 1 16 9 2 13 3 £ s. d. 4 8 14 1 16 6 The danger as well as the injustice of following such a practice must be obvious to the most casual observer. By young members joining the Order at age 20, there is an annual loss of 45. 8(?. ; but by those entering at age 30, the yearly loss is increased to 1 45. \d. ; and by those members entering about age 40, the loss per annum is as much as £1 55. Qd. ; so that in fact this last class of members pay little more than half the yearly sum necessary to meet the liabilities incurred by the lodges through their member- ship. The injustice thus done to those who enter at an early period of life, and the perilous position in which the whole Order must be placed by the admission of members of 30 years of age and upwards on the same terms, should call for immediate reform. The abuses of Odd Fellowship are of the most serious and alarming nature ; and if not at once struck at the root and eradicated, they will soon become too formidable to admit of the possibility of applying any remedy. Many attempts have lately been made to meet such arguments and facts as the preceding, by bringing forward the experience of particular lodges; but a very few observations will readily shew the impropriety of such a course. The experience of the Providence Lodge, Manchester, for the period of 13 years, has just been published, from which it appears that the sickness of each member varies in some years from 6 hours per annum to 10 days 2 hours, and the average for the whole period is 4 days and 6 hours to each member ; but when it is stated that those fluctuating results are deduced from a society in which the number of members varied in the same period from 24 to 82, no surprise will be felt at such irregular results. To argue any principle or rule for the guidance of lodges in general, from so limited and meagre a body of evidence, would be as futile as to measure the value of life in the whole community from the results of mortality in an individual family. Many .other instances can be furnished, illustrative of the wide discrepancies resulting from smaU numbers. For example, taking 8 difi'erent lodges, of ready reference from the October Quarterly Report of the Manchester Unity, in which there are in all 265 members, it is found that the average sickness to each, during the year 1844, was only 2 days and 13 hours; but taking 8 other lodges with 294 members, the average sickness was no less than 10 days and 18 hours. Such results are not at all extraordinary or unexpected. To the most limited observer it is well known that it is only an essential feature of the law of sickness. With small numbers no guarantee can be given for particular results; but as the number of persons over which the observations extend are increased, then a nearer approximation to the defined law will manifest itself On 6 p 514 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. referring to a report of an interesting nature, although defective in some of its details, recently issued by the Blackburn Districts, it will be found that during the five years, 1841-1845, the number of members varied from 1510 to 2154; or more correctly, the average number of members exposed to the risk of sickness during that time was 1654, and the total amount of sickness was 7109 weeks, or 6 days and 3 hours to each member yearly. If disparity of age, and some other features connected with this report, were taken into account, a near approximation would be found to the rate of sickness as developed in the early part of this paper ; but if the numbers observed were extended still further, and formed into large groups, such as those given in Table Y, then the results would produce a complete verification of the law of sickness. These observations naturally lead to the recognition of another grand feature in the principles of these institutions, which might be well and efiectively carried out within the Manchester Unity. Owing to the very small number of members in each lodge, it is im- possible, even under the best and most skilfully graduated Tables, that the lodges could be safely and firmly established if existing independent of each other. The following analysis has been made of the number of members in the various lodges during 1844, according to the classification described at pages 19 and 421 ante. District. Lodges. Average Number of Members. Number of Members in each Lodge. Rural Town City 1138 1240 1304 66,208 77,070 99,747 58 62 77 Whole Unity . 3682 243,126 66 It requires but little practical knowledge to understand that many such lodges, as above, would be destroyed from the operation of other causes than inadequate contributions. The average number of members appears to be about 66 to each lodge ; and it is ap- parent that, if three or four unhealthy members were to gain admission to any one of these, it must soon break down, even with highly graduated terms ; but where lodges number ten or a hundred times as many members, there is but little danger to be feared from such accidents. One of the most valuable features to be introduced into the Order would therefore be the formation, either of all the lodges into one grand parent society, or of a certain number into districts, with united interests. The practical details for carrying out such a plan are perfectly simple ; and the advantages to arise so obvious, that it deserves the best consideration of members. The reports of the Blackburn and Preston districts of the Manchester Unity sufiiciently prove the great hazard and risk attending small lodges or societies, and how uncertain must be their stability, from the marked fluctuations to which small numbers RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 515 are always subject. In January 1848, the Blackburn district consisted of 28 lodges, and 2109 members, or about 75 to each lodge; and in the preceding year they experienced 15,507 days' sickness, being about 7 days 8 hours to each. However, in one lodge, con- sisting of 57 members, the sickness in that year did not average more than 17 hours to each ; but in another, having 47 members, the sickness averaged upwards of 35 days to each member, or about 50 times more than the other lodge ; and 6 only of the 28 lodges experienced anything like a near approximation to the average result. Again : in another report made by the Blackburn Distinct, in which the sickness ajid mortality for the five years 1841-5 is furnished, it appears that even the average for the whole five years, in the various lodges, differs widely, being as high as 10 days 16 hours in one, and only 2 days 6 hours in another, while the average for the whole five year?, for all the lodges collectively, was 5 days 20 hours. It is hence obvious that, even over a series of years, considerable fluctuations take place in the rate of sickness among individual lodges. In the report of the Preston District Sick Union of the 19th of April, 1850, this subject is treated with much judgment, and a Table is furnished of the experience of the lodges in that district for two years, of which the following is an Abstract : — The Average Amount of Sickness amongst the Members of the Preston Sic/c Union, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, M.U. 1848-9. 1849-80. Average for 3 years. Number of Average amount Number of Average amount Average amount Name of Lodges. Members. of Sickness. Members. of Sickness. of Sickness. days. tenths. (lays, tenths. days, tenths. 1 Bee Hive 140 3 9 137 6 8 5 3 2 Traveller's Home 73 6 8 68 5 8 6 3 3 Good Design 140 8 1 124 7 6 7 8 4 Traveller's Rest 90 5 6 93 7 9 6 7 5 Evening Star . 75 7 8 71 17 1 12 2 6 Pleasant Retreat 175 3 8 183 4 5 4 1 7 England's Glory 97 6 9 86 4 7 5 8 8 Industrious Bee 53 4 55 11 3 7 6 9 Mother to the Distressed 44 12 40 13 4 12 7 10 Widow and Orphans . GO 9 7 55 9 9 3 1 1 Rose in the Valle}' . . 33 16 1 32 13 1 14 1 12 Poor man's Protection . 23 3 3 32 14 3 8 7 13 Windsor Castle . . . 83 8 7 84 7 7 8 2 14 Philanthropic . . . 85 4 7 No Return. 5 4 15 Morning Star . . . 55 6 2 57 4 6 16 No Danger . . 70 10 7 60 8 5 9 6 17 Glorious Apollo . . 49 2 4 No Eetm-u. 3 6 18 Prince Albert . . . 24 3 4 61 1 7 3 7 1 9 Farmer's Glory . . . 40 8 3 45 516 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Over the period of two years, to which the above observations extend, the average sickness was 7-3 days, while in one lodge the ratio was 2 days to each member, and in another as much as 14 days. It is possible that some of the differences in the above Abstract may be due partly to other causes than the fluctuation of small numbers, since six of the above lodges had in the year 1848-9 less than 50 members, and in the follow- ing year there were four lodges with less tha!n that number. The experience, therefore, of the most careless observer, must have shewn him the insecurity of every society with so small numbers; and it is ♦to be hoped that the example of the Preston, Sick Union will be speedily followed by other districts of the Unity. The report already alluded to by the Board of Management is so important, that no apology is needed for giving it at length. Report of the Board of Management of the Preston District Sick Union, Independent Order of Odd Felloies, M.U., presented to the Delegates assembled from each lodge in the Union, at the adjourned Special Meeting held at the house of Host Gerrard, the King's Arms Inn, on Wednesday Evening, the 10th of April, 1850. " The Board of Management, in presenting a Eeport of the operations of the Union during the two years of its existence, deems it expedient to enter a little into detail upon the causes which led to its formation, and the principles upon which it is based. " The extensive organisation, the rapid growth, and the unquestionable importance which the numerous secret and benefit societies of this country had assumed a few years ago, very naturally attracted the attention of members of other classes in society, than those more immediately connected with them. The soundness of the financial position of many, and particularly of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows ("the most extensive and important of these institutions), had been the subject of much discussion ; and many various and conflicting opinions on the subject were advanced. The great utility of societies of this character, and the vast amount of advantages they were calculated to confer upon society in general, and the industrious classes especially, provided their financial regulations were based upon sound scientific deductions from correct data, was however pretty generally acknowledged. Mr. Neison, the eminent actuary, in his " Contributions to Vital Statistics," published in 1845, acknow- ledges this, although he exposes many of the errors into which they had fallen, owing to the want of adequate scientific information. He says, (page 90,) 'An immense number of societies were formed in a very short period, and their contributions regulated by the most delusive and inadequate data ; so at the present time very few are to be found calculated to survive many years. Under a scientific and amply developed system, those societies would be calculated, at no distant period, to completely remove the cause of nearly all that poverty, distress, and misery which haunt our manufacturing towns, and fill our workhouses with the working classes of the country; but, owing to the imperfect and unstable foundation on which they are at present built, instead of being a help and support to a poor man, they involve him in those difficulties for which he might otherwise have provided. On becoming a member of such a society, he reasonably looks forward to it as a support for his declining years, and a pro- tection during periods of sickness and disease ; but ultimately, at the very time when assistance is required, he discovers that the society has been formed upon a ruinous pla?/, that the increasing years and infirmities of its members have absorbed all its funds, and that those surviving must be thrown RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 617 destitute on the parish as a puhlic charity.' That these observations are unfortunately but too true, is proved by the statistical Tables tendered by Mr. Barlow, of Birmingham, in his evidence before the Select Committee of the House of Commons, on the Friendly Societies' Bill, last year ; which Tables were formed from actual evidence taken from the experience of the workhouses of Birmingham, Aires- ford, and Winchester Unions. Mr. Neison afterwards says, at page 138 of the same work, 'It is evident that the Order of Odd Fellows stands in need of much improvement ; and considering that 33 Members of Parliament, and between six and seven hundred of the clergy, as well as many other elevated names, are said to be enrolled as members, it is remarkable that some gentleman of influence and scientific attainments should not before this have given attention to the lamentable condition in which his too confiding brethren of the Order are placed, and have done something to raise the Unity to the common level, at least, of the friendly societies throughout the kingdom.' This is certainly very sweeping language ; yet if, on the one hand, it be granted, owing to the insufficiency and incorrectness of the materials upon which Mr. Neison, at that time founded his calculations, that the portraits he draws of Odd Fellowship, its position and prospects, presents a rather more unfavourable likeness than the reality warrants, yet, on the other, it must be confessed that there, existed but too many causes to justify the sombre hue which he threw over it. That our financial system was of a purely fortuitous character ; that our rate of contribution was inadequate to the realisation of the benefits promised, was flagrantly apparent to those who were in possession of any knowledge on the subject. It was and still is a question of the highest importance to the interests of the members themselves, that their true position should be correctly ascertained, and clearly and honestly exhibited before them. The active exertions of some of the friends of the Order caused considerable improvement to be efi'ected at the Glasgow Annual Moveable Committee. The spirit of inquiry, once awakened, rapidly advanced in the right direction ; and the demand for correct information on the subject has resulted in the compilation of Tables founded upon the Order itself. After these Tables shall have been presented to the Unity at large, doubtless many further important improvements will be cheerfully introduced. " Following side by side with these steps of progressive improvement, the Preston District Sick Union was established for the purpose of remedying another defect in our constitution, which was calculated to be productive of as much disastrous consequence as the insufficiency of the contribution itself. The defect alluded to is the now admitted statistical fact, that there can be no certainty of permanency in independent societies of small numbers, a large extent of basis being absolutely necessary to approximate to anything like a certain average of liability. Mr. Neison, in his evidence before the Select Committee of the House of Commons, last year, is very explicit on this point. He says, ' Societies must have numbers sufficiently large, also, to warrant any process of calculation being applied to their guidance. If the society were very limited in its numbers, the wisest calculations would be of little use, because they would be disturbed by great fluctuations. It is quite possible that a society of 50 or even 100 members, using Tables that are perfectly safe to the average of all friendly societies, might not provide half the contributions that are necessary for its own peculiar circumstances, or it might provide double the amount which is necessary.' Again he says that, ' a society consisting of 1000 members might be perfectly safe upon a Table calculated upon known data:' but he afterwards says, 'that 100 would not be safe under any calculation. The result would be matter of accident; there would be fluctuations, and these might be towards the maximum or minimum.' Again he says, after alluding to the subject in detail at some length, the ' effect in the long run would be to amalga- mate the smaller societies, making them into societies of greater numbers, in order to attain an average.' Mr. Neison grants that ' a society of 300 members might approach to safety ;' yet it is evident that he prefers a much wider basis than even that. Indeed the principle is, the wider the basis the greater the 6 Q 518 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. certainty of an average ; the only limit being that it shall not become so extensive as to interfere witli its judicious and eiScient management. "Many other parties amongst the ablest and most intelligent of the advocates of our Order, and its great and benevolent objects, have recommended, and are still continually recommending to us, the adoption of this principle, in some form or other. In a very elaborate and very favourable article on the subject of friendly societies, and particularly Odd Fellowship, published in the supplement to the ' Leeds Mercury,' of the 22nd Jan., 1848, after defending the Order from several groundless charges which had been preferred against it, the causes are analysed which operate to produce the rapid accumulation of funds in some instances, and the absolute insolvency of lodges in others. The writer afterwards proceeds to say: ' The remedy we would here respectfully suggest is simple and obvious, namely, the extensive union of the lodges of a district for the purpose of relieving the sick members out of one general fund — a practice already adopted by districts in the dispensation of funeral gifts, and which has been found to work very satisfactorily. By this simple expedient, the accidental burden which at present frequently involves single lodges in serious difficulties, would, by being spread over a large surface by means of a more extensive union of interests, be in a great measure averted ; they would then cease to have a partial operation, and becoming amenable to the general law of life assurance, would be provided for without any difficulty out of the general funds of the society.' Mr. Sanders, of Birmingham, too, in his evidence before the Committee of the House of Commons, in reply to the question, ' What number (of members in a society) would you recommend ? ' said, ' I think the larger the better. I do not think your number can be too large, — a thousand or 10,000. We have 5000 in ours now.' In a very able article, written in the kindest and wost favourable spirit, and published in ' Eliza Cook's Journal,' of the 16th of last month, after eulogising our objects, and giving us ample and full credit for the good that has resulted, and is still likely to result from such institutions, the writer, amongst other suggestions for our improvement, says : ' The security and reliability of benefit societies would also be increased by a combination of their now separate and distinct lodge funds into a united fund. At present, lodges with a preponderance of old members are avoided by the young, and the consequence very often is, that the old lodge, from the heavy sickness of its more aged members, becomes unable to meet the claims upon it, and the box is closed or it breaks up. Were the members of the various societies combined together in one grand union, and the rates made sufficient, any such calamity as this could not occur.' Although much of the evidence here produced has been published since the establishment of the ' Preston District Sick Union,' it was a conviction of the truth of the great principle therein enunciated, which led to its formation. Of course, like most other innovations upon ancient usages, the Union has met with some opposition, but by no means so much as might reasonably have been anticipated. The eminent actuary before quoted, says, ' There is a very great difficulty is persuading societies to immediately reform ; and I think it is not to be wondered at that it should be so, because it is a difficult question really to comprehend ; nothing but the lapse of time, the force of public opinion, and the question being frequently agitated, will ultimately bring about that amount of reform in their condition which is necessary.' The Board has every reason to congratulate the members of the various lodges on the pro- gress which this most important question has already made in the public opinion. " By the Table which accompanies this Eeport it will be clearly seen that our own practical experience for two years fully bears out the theory of the projectors and advocates of the union. The great uncertainty of liability in lodges of small number is exhibited so fully, that the most sceptical must immediately I'ecognise the fact. Take the lodges numbered 12, 17, and 18, and then those numbered 9 and 11, the whole of which possess less than 50 members each. The minimum liability for the first year, is is. per member, and the maximum 206'. l^d., above 500 per cent, of a variation ! RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OP FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 519 Again, compare the first year of No. 12 with the second, and the result is a variation from 5s. 6d. each to 23s. 8^d., proving that the very lodge itself which appears so very healthy during one period, may be in a very short time placed in the very reverse position ! The second year presents a variation of a still more alarming character, the lowest liability being 2s. lOd. each and the highest 25s. Q^d. ! By referring to lodges Nos. 1, 3, and 6, the largest on the list, and numbering between 100 and 200 members each the great principle of the Union begins to develope itself, that the broader the basis, the more certain is the average ; the highest rate per year being 13s. 6^d., and the lowest 5s. 9id. If we follow the operation of the broader basis to the whole extent of the Union, we arrive at the gratifying fact, that the variation almost entirely disappears, the difference in the average liability between each year being no more than eight pence ! The average amount of liability of the whole district, too, and this is a highly important fact, approximates very nearly to the average of friendly societies in England and Wales. The Board is not yet in possession of sufficiently correct data respecting the ages of the whole of the members, to state the precise variation in this respect ; but after another year's experience there is good reason to believe the difficulty will be removed. "The Board alludes with regret to the circumstance, that two of the lodges which originally joined the compact thought proper to secede from it. It would perhaps be impossible to state with certainty what precise causes led to this result, but it is more than probable that to the difficulty to which Mr. Neison alludes it ought mainly to be attributed. Certain it is that it was not (in the opinion of the Board) through the discovery of sufficient reasons to confute the arguments in favour of the great principle on which the Union is based, nor from any unkind feeling between the members of the seceding lodges and those composing the rest of the Union. " It is somewhat singular that there should have been much difficulty in rendering this principle clear to the perception of our brother Odd Fellows, particularly when it is taken into consideration that it has been recognised for some time by them with respect to the liabiHties attending the mortality of the members. The Board feels confident that the facts here presented will have some weight with the more reflecting and intelligent of our brethren, and will stimulate them to further exertion in the holy cause of rendering our valuable and much cherished institution more permanent, and of more fully and efficiently practically developing the great principles upon which it is based. The Independent Odd Fellows will surely not lag behind the times in this age of discovery and progress, but will rather press forward in the van of the great intellectual army which is now so rapidly achieving the most glorious of conquests, the subjugation and ultimate extirpation of the great enemy of social, moral and physical progression, ' popular ignorance." They will not, it is confidently asserted, imitate the example of the fooUshbirdinthedesert, which, on the approach of danger, thrusts its head into the nearest bush, fondly believing that by blinding itself to the fact, the evil will cease to exist ; but that they will rather, from the inmost chambers of their hearts, cheerfully echo back the dying words of the illustrious Goethe, ' Let in more light; ' that they will struggle more manfully and earnestly to prove that they are not undeserving of the high compliment lately paid to them *, that they are among the most elite of the working classes of this country both morally and intellectually. " Signed on behalf of the Board, C. HAEDWICK, Prov. G.M., Chairman. EOBT. EABY, Prov. G.M., Vice- Chairman. THOMAS BINGHAM, Hon. Secretary," * See " Eliza Cook's Journal" of the 16th March last (1850). 520 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. There is likewise a most remarkable example of the danger attendant on the manage- ment of small societies, to be drawn from the Quarterly Report for October 1845, of the Manchester Unity. The following is a brief Abstract which I have made of some of the more striking and anomalous results, an attentive consideration of which must shew how very much subject to fluctuation is the mortality, when viewed in connection with small numbers. DiStEIOT. o C5 o ■73 !3 O r-; o ' Bourne . . . Bramley , Bollington Chepstow . . Edmonscote . Great Driffield Horsefortli Knaresboro' , Leominster Middleton and Hyw Mottram . Pottery . . . Euthin . . . St. Helen's Jedburgh . . Staleybridge . Thirsk . . . Thome . . Wigton . ■ o O M O CD ^ o Bedford . . Bury St. Edmunds Carmarthen . Carnarvon . . Chester . . Gloucester Eotherham Southampton . Bath . Bolton . Bradford o I -^ I Dudley . . " ^ Nottingliarn Preston 0\u 13 P 03 tn _ '^ O !-i O ce o ^ Rochdale Sheffield Birmingham Bristol Edinburgh London Stepney Salford . . Nutnter of Lodges, 18 13 3 3 S3 10 5 11 13 13 7 33 11 30 4 8 5 1 6. 33 39 U 11 7 10 13 9 20 39 30 37 32 24 33 29 91 50 20 129 30 24 Number of Members. 1116 1063 154 109 1370 753 469 933 712 1466 687 3163 484 1066 534 645 292 47 312 1341 1110 965 347 454 471 946 708 1375 3209 3409 1754 2609 2103 3046 2372 6061 2318 2565 9381 1386 3065 Deaths. 10 13 40 9 11 1 6 10 16 7 36 7 12 7 15 5 2 5 4 3 15 8 13 12 3 19 31 14 19 16 22 53 35 13 51 8 94 Eate of Mortality being 112 81 3-8 19 118 753 78 93 91 98 83 69 88 78 43 58 24 69 335 370 64 43 35 39 315 936 319 179 109 135 137 131 108 114 133 197 145 160 138 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 521 It is to be borne in mind that the preceding figures relate to whole districts, embracing each on an average 22 lodges ; and if the fluctuation be so Tery remarkable in relation to the combined results of "whole districts, how great must be the danger in which individual lodges, having to meet their own liabilities, are placed ! There is, perhaps, no improvement of which the Manchester Unity stands in more need, than the distribution, in whole or in part, of the fluctuations to which lodges are subject over dis- tricts sufiiciently large to guarantee average results. One point of importance in the management of lodges, is the proper investment of their funds. The preceding calculations and premiums would be inadequate to carry out the purposes intended, unless 3 per cent, compound interest, at least, be realised on the surplus funds, without any deductions for expenses of management. A single illustra- tion will be suflicient to illustrate the great accumulations expected to arise from such mode of investment. Take the case of a young man entering a lodge at age 30 : — he will have an equal chance of living 39 years ; or in other words, of 100 members entered at that age, one half of them would live to attain 69 years of age, and during that period each would experience 115 weeks of sickness. Presuming that the funds were not invested at interest, each would be required to pay down £115 to enable the society to pay £1 per week during sickness ; but on referring to Table AS it will be found that £68 145. 6d. is all that is required to enable the society to meet its liabilities, provided the funds are improved at 3 per cent, compound interest. Again: if the question of mortality be considered, proof of the same advantages will be found. It is evident that, if money made no interest, according to Table AL, each member, on entering, would need to pay down £100 in order to provide £100 at death ; but because, in calculating the same table, monies are assumed to improve at 3 per cent, compound interest, £37 8s. 4d only is required. In connection with the preceding remarks relative to sickness, it may be stated that in a recent number of one of the periodicals connected with the Order, a letter appeared setting forth a statement, that about 32 weeks was the amount of sickness required to terminate life in country as well as town ; and from this starting-point a number of strange deductions and most fallacious conclusions were drawn, with a view of shewing that the proposed scale, No. 2, would be adequate, with good management, for a town lodge. It is surprising that this statement should have passed muster, and that the fallacy escaped the detection of the talented editor. It was only necessary to refer to the last October Report, issued by the Board of Directors, for a refutation of so dangerous a fallacy. It will be there found, as given in Table Y of this Contribution, that during 1844 there were 2286 deaths of members, and 226,917 weeks' sickness. From these two results it is therefore obvious, that during that year there was no less than 99 weeks' sickness to each death, or more than three times that stated by the writer in question. If the foundation of his argument be so much at fault, it is equally evident that his 6 R 522 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. recommendation relative to the adoption of scale No. 2 merits little confidence. The fact that there are more than 32 weeks' sickness to each death, can be proved by the results given at page 450 of this Contribution, in which that particular question has been investigated for the mortality and sickness at each term of life. At age 30 it will be found that there is about 116 weeks' sickness to each death. This diifers from the results in the whole Unity, but the difference admits of a simple explanation, for on referring to pp. 421 and 493 of this volume, it will be found that the value of life in the Order is not quite so great as in the other friendly societies, and hence the somewhat shorter duration of life in the Order exposes the members to a less amount of sickness. The method, however, of taking a general average of sickness to the deaths, without regard to age, will be found subject to another error; for it will be seen that while at the period of life 31-35 there are 116 weeks' sickness to each death, at the term of 60-70 there are no less than 252 weeks to every death. An extension of this argument may be found useful in the management of the Order, for as the ages of the members increase, so also will the ratio of sickness increase in a higher ratio than the deaths ; and although at the present time there are nearly 100 weeks of sickness for one death, in a few years, when the ages increase, it may happen that there will be 150 weeks' sickness for every death. On referring to the results given in Tables E and L, pp. 27 and 77, it Avill be found that, taking the population of friendly societies in England and Wales, as actually distributed, there are 157 weeks' sickness to each death, and in Scotland 145 weeks. These results differ slightly from each other, because there is a variation in the distribution of the two populations over the various periods of life. In the former, the greater number of old members has a tendency to increase the average amount of sickness. An extension of those arguments and figures has shewn in Table A G that of the male population of England and Wales above 10 years of age, 261182, or 4-5257 per cent., are constantly sick. It has been often said, that the deficiencies in the rates of contribution will be amply compensated by the donations to the society, and the number of members who never seek relief from it. The latter part of the argument clearly falls to the ground, as the actual amount of relief given is quite equal to that anticipated by the Tables ; and as to the benefits to be derived from donations, which some have represented erroneously at 20 per cent, of the whole income, it will be found that the amount from all sundry items not only does not help the contributions of the Order, but is inadequate to meet the expenses of management, being only 42 per cent, of that amount. It is, therefore, imperative on the Order, so far as donations are concerned, to graduate their rates on a scale equivalent at least to that given in the Tables already referred to. Another argument frequently brought forward in favour of low rates, is the relief which the funds of lodges will experience by allowing only a reduced rate of aliment in long continued sickness. This argument can only be viewed as a desperate expedient to prop up a falling institution, and not calculated to afford any adequate support. The RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 523 first question which would naturally arise in an intelligent mind, is the practicability of applying such a principle to life contingencies, and the possibility of calculating the average duration of each attack of sickness at various ages. Unless the solution of this last question be first accomplished, it is evidently nothing short of quackery to proceed by random in the management of a society or lodge, under the blind behef that a reduc- tion of aliment in long continued sickness will produce the great benefits to the funds which has been so often argued. No writer on Vital Statistics has yet solved the problem, and therefore means are not at present available to aid or warrant any one in stating the particular amount of relief which would be afi'orded by the introduction of such regulations. From the data and facts, however, given in Tables N N, O O, P P, and QQ, enough is known of the subject to satisfy any diligent inquirer, that practically the funds of a lodge would be but little influenced by any such circumstances, except at very advanced periods of life, at which it will be presently shewn that a much better remedy or cure is available on scientific and understood principles, and that there is no need therefore of having recourse to expedients of a doubtful nature. It may, however, be here mentioned, that although much information has been given in the preceding on the question of the duration of each attack of sickness, still in anything like a complete form it is now for the first time, under investigation, with a view to publication, but in the meantime, and at this stage of the question, inspection of the second and fourth columns of the Table R R, page 450 of this Contribution will satisfy any one of the little practical advantage to result to a lodge or society by the adoption of such a regulation, while it must occasionally be attended with most serious injury to individual members. As formerly remarked, the great and essential and noblest feature in friendly societies of every description, is the certainty that under a skilfully developed system they will aff'ord to members a competent support and complete independence, during sickness and disease. Admitting this integral element to have its full weight, and keeping in view the fact that in the Order itself the average full allowance in sickness is a little under 10s. per week, it becomes a serious question, whether the great principle of such an institution is not violated by admitting the existence of a regulation, which in the prime of life may reduce the support of an industrious workman, with possibly a large family, to the miserable pittance of 5*. weekly. It is evident that this would constitute pauperism itself. To these observations it may be replied, that the very fact of the principle aff'ording but little relief to the funds, goes to shew that but few of the evils here detailed would occur. This, no doubt, is perfectly true ; still individual cases must occasionally arise, and no society or lodge can be justified in admitting a principle which can possibly subject any one of its members to so hard a fate. It is obvious that, if it be necessary to reduce allowances in long-continued sickness, such reduction will most eff"ectively aid the funds in the advanced term of life ; and fol- 524 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. lowing out this idea, it will be found that another principle is available, which is free from the objections of the preceding scheme, and at the same time fraught with most important monetary advantages to the members individually and collectively. In an advanced period of life, say after age 70, it will always be a more difficult matter to define sickness than during an earlier period ; and in the management of all benefit institutions which have existed long enough, this has been found a most serious practical difficulty, and so much felt, that up to the appearance of the present calculations no sickness Tables went beyond that term of life. Carrying out this view, it will be found, that by relinquishing sick allowances after 70 years of age, or any other term of life that may be fixed on, the practical management of lodges will become much simplified, their constitution strengthened and rendered more secure, and the moral character of the members exposed to less temptation. The first part of the question to which we shall direct attention is that by which it will be seen that, under the plan of discontinuing the sick allowance at age 70, and sub- stituting a deferred annuity at that age of one-half the amount of the weekly sickness allowance, the contributions from members would be very nearly the same as those which would be required to provide for a sick allowance to the extreme of life. In this instance we shall take the case of a member entering a lodge at age 32, the average age of the members in the Unity ; and we shall further suppose that all his contributions will close after attaining age 70, and determine the yearly payment required under both conditions. In the first place, to provide for the various benefits, including a sickness allowance to continue during the whole period of life : — Payment for IO5. weekly sick allowance* . . . . = £1 16 6 £10 at the death of a member . . . . . . = 3 11 £5 at the death of a member's wife . . . . . , = 015 Total yearly payment . . . . . = £2 1 10 In the next place, to provide for the same benefits, but including a sickness allowance up to age 70 only, and after that period a deferred annuity : — Payment for 10s. weekly sick allowance . . . . . = £li 1 9 £10 at the death of a member . . . . . . = 0311 £5 at the death of a member's wife . . . . . . = 015 Annuity of 6s. weekly after age 70 . , . . . . . = l(j Total yearly payment . . . . . £2 3 1 * See Table A S, p. 480, col. 6. EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 525 It will thus be found that Avhile, by the former method the yearly payment would be £2 Is. lOd., by the latter plan it would be increased only Is. 3d. yearly, but the latter would possess advantages of a very high order over the other. First, it would exercise a salutary check on imposition and fraud. There can be no doubt that numbers often enter lodges having concealed ailments, and defects of health and constitution not easily detected ; and in every such case, were it a condition or regu- lation of the lodge that a member providing a sickness allowance must also contribute for a deferred annuity of at least one-half the amount, a protection would be formed against the undue expenditure of the funds. For if his health be so defective as to cause him to make unusual claims on the sickness fund, that very same feature would render his life of shorter duration, and consequently give him an inferior chance of becoming an annuitant ; and the loss on the one fund would be, therefore, compensated by the gain on the other. In the second place — a gigantic institution like the Manchester Unity would reap an advantage by being thus enabled to adopt a uniform scale for all districts ; for, as may have been observed in a preceding illustration, if, in the City and Town Districts, an in- creased amount be paid in the shape of sick allowance, it must follow that foAver claimants will arise for annuities ; so that if one well developed scale were provided, it would be equally applicable to all districts. In the next place, a universality would be given to the sphere of action of the Unity, by the freedom with which the members of various trades and occupations might be admitted into the lodges. There would not then exist the same necessity for that stringent exclusion of persons of particular callings, usually thought unhealthy, as the liabilities of lodges from sickness, and from annuities, would have a constant corrective influence on each other. The merits of this plan over that at present in force seem to be quite apparent. It will enable the lodges to determine their liabilities with more precision, and very much simplify and improve the system of management; while the members will be removed from those temptations to fraud and imposition, in the advanced periods of life, which so easily connect themselves with benefit and provident societies. On attaining 65 or 70 years of age, or any other period at which it may be agreed the annuity should commence, the member will regard it as a permanent and standing allowance ; and no scheming, or pretence of sickness, can have any tendency to increase that amount ; those temptations being absent, there is every reason to believe that the relative position of all parties to each other would be improved, and a higher tone of moral feeling induced, as well as a more elevated social rank in society. According to the present scheme of the Unity, members living beyond the age of 70 have still to continue their contributions or payments as before; but the preceding plan would relieve them from that burden. Again, the human constitution, as a general rule, is then still capable of sustaining considerable labour; the annuity is equivalent to the payment of 26 weeks yearly, of full pay in sickness; but during the succeeding ten years, 6 s 526 HATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. the sickness will average about 20 weeks yearly, and the remaining portion of the year will therefore be open to any avocations a member may be able or choose to follow, uncontrolled by the society or the surveillance of its officers. It may not be out of place to allude here to the duty which devolves on the officers of the Order, as the organs of a great public body, to endeavour to elevate the character and improve the circumstances of its members generally. Men, if they provide for their immediate wants, are very apt to overlook every provision for the winter of life ; and it is no mean expression of the prudential feelings of the working classes of this country, to find above one quarter of a million enlisted in the ranks of one great mutual-supporting institution. It is said that not more than 130,000 members of the upper and middle classes have yet availed themselves of the benefits of life assurance. What a brilliant contrast do we then find on the part of the poorer classes of the country, in the host of persons enrolled as members of one description or another of friendly societies ! The officers of the Manchester Unity ought to feel themselves under high and weighty responsibilities ; they are called upon to take up a grand scheme of financial reform, and to propound it in clear and calm language to the members of the Order. The whole plan of the benefits and contributions should be remodelled, on the ground of the necessity for such a step in order to secure the stability of the Unity, and the manifest advantages thence to arise to its members and their families. If the habit of discussing and of practically providing for deferred annuities were once established, the most beneficial results would follow, and those engrafted on the succeeding generation might raise the Order into one of the noblest institutions of the times. Recently it has been attempted to puff' up the merits of the Order, on its charitable features and constitution. This is a species of advocacy in which the more enlightened and recognised supporters of Odd Fellowship should cautiously avoid participating. It ought never to be lost sight of, that thousands of members hold vested rights and interests in the Unity, and that these should be satisfied before other claims can legitimately arise. " Be just before you are generous " is perhaps the best reply to such enthusiasts. The merchant or tradesman who squanders his property on charities and other purposes, how- ever laudable in themselves, would meet with but little sympathy should he do so at the expense of his creditors. So also with the Unity : young men in the vigour of health are induced to become members, and in a few years afterwards discover that they have been entrapped into a bankrupt society, which attempts to justify its fallen condition by the liberality of its charities. With what warmth and sincerity of feeling can those persons regard such a species of management 1 The great question of questions is the stability of the Order ; and if the essential elements of security are wanting, not only will its charities disappear, but the Unity itself, with all its boasted blessings, be forgotten with other bubbles and visionary schemes. Let the terms of membership be such as will eff'ectually carry out all the purposes contemplated ; let every member of the Unity feel warranted in stating to his friend and neighbour — " In this society is exercised the highest order of RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 527 prudential feelings ; every care has been taken to justify me in asserting, that whatever is promised to our members can with certainty be fulfilled. Join us at once : our weekly or monthly payments are small, but their accumulations will afford you in after years, and during periods of sickness and distress, a comfortable support, which you can demand as the just and merited reward of your own honest and industrious savings It is the simplest and cheapest way of guarding against the calamities of sickness and disease, and affords the only available means to a working man of providing for the vicissitudes and infirmities of old age." If every member could at the present time, in honesty and good faith so express himself,— for the hundreds that now join the Order, thousands would become members, and the Unity outgrow in magnitude the most sanguine expectations of its advocates. Charity truly " covereth a multitude of sins ; " but it is much to be feared that, unless immediate measures be taken to retrieve the lavish expenditure of the Order, its too much boasted charities will, by all right-thinking men, be classed among its follies and its extravagancies. One of the most efficient means of awakening attention to the perilous condition of the Order, would be the periodical publication of well digested records of the experience of the various lodges, from the most remote periods of which their books would admit ; and a proper and skilful analysis of those, extensively circulated, could not fail to give birth to much useful conversation and debate, ultimately resulting in important and highly beneficial reforms. Science would also be greatly aided by the facts and testimony of such records, and the literature of the Order acquire an importance in the community not otherwise easily attainable. The expense to each lodge of contributing its experience would be very trifling, while the advantages to the Unity would be immense. These remarks were written in 1845 ; but, from what has been stated at the beginning and in subsequent portions of this Contribution, it will be seen that the course pointed out has been strictly followed ; and it is earnestly hoped that every district in the Unity will now seriously discuss the subject, and avail themselves of the information drawn from the experience of the Order. The bulk of these remarks was written about ten years ago : they have been tried by the severe test of the practical working of the lodges in the Manchester Unity itself; and it must be obvious that the suggestions originally offered for the consideration of Odd Fellows, are at the present time equally applicable to the" state and condition of the Order. And although individual districts have effected con- siderable improvements, the greater number of them stand in as much need of redress as ever. The recent Act, the 13th and 14th Vict., cap. 115, carried through Parliament by the benevolent and public-spirited efforts of Mr. Sotheron, Member for North Wiltshire, has placed Odd Fellow societies in a much better position than formerly; and it is hoped that the legal protection now granted to them by the legislature, will also have the effect of calling attention to their financial condition, with a view of placing their monetary affairs on a stable foundation, so as to justify the friends of provident institutions in recom- 528 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. mending Odd Fellow lodges to the approval of the public. There can be no doubt that there are very few lodges in the kingdom, at present, in so hopeless a condition that, under proper guidance and advice, they might not right themselves, and yet become strong and powerful. Still, the financial condition of many is most desperate ; and nothing short of immediate and strenuous efforts will suffice to place them on a safe foundation. Delay Avill therefore be dangerous to most, and certainly fatal to many. Let every lodge, there- fore, or, if possible, each district, hold immediate meetings, to consider what effect the recent information promulgated by the Order will have on their financial condition. A patient examination of it cannot fail to convince every one of the necessity and urgent reasons of reform ; and such changes should not be effected loosely, but be carried out under the advice of competent authorities accustomed to consider such questions, and devoting their attention to the practical management of benefit societies. The Odd Fellow lodges and districts which have recently made efforts to place themselves on a sound and stable foundation, have experienced no serious difficulties in doing so ; and there is no reason to think that the generality of other lodges and districts would, find any greater obstacles in the way of improvement. One course, at the present juncture, is clear, and open to every member. It must appear to be his bounden duty to raise his voice against the admission of new members on any other terms than those which science and experience prove to be safe and equitable. To do otherwise, can be described in its mildest form as nothing short of a fraud on the public. It is a great, and to some extent a difficult question, to remedy the evils incidental to the Order, so far as existing members are concerned; but as to future members there cannot possibly be any doubt or difficulty. There are numerous authorities in the country calculated to give sound and trustworthy advice on the course to be followed ; and why should not these be consulted at a time when the most serious alarms are sounded in every quarter 1 Members should calmly reflect, that the radical and scientific part of the question is neither a very simple nor a very generally understood one, even among the most highly educated classes ; and it can therefore be no reflection on the intelligence of any individual member to seek for advice elsewhere. It is quite impossible to govern the Order on sound principles under the present mode of payments. The risks incurred under different classes of members have been shewn to vary, and the difference of age at admission proved to have a great influence over the magnitude of the risks. The truth of no fact has been better established. It is therefore only just that members should pay in proportion to the risks they impose on the lodges ; and under the present uniform amount of periodical contributions by mem- bers of all ages, this is rendered impossible. For if a member at age 20 be required to pay £2 Is. (see Table A S) for an allowance of £1 per week during sickness, one enter- ing at age 40 ought to pay £4 13*. 6d. yearly; but suppose he were admitted on the same annual payment as the other, in order to compensate for the loss which the old age. RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 529 would thus sustain, an entry-money or fine of no less than £41 125. 9d. would be required; or if the allowance in sickness were only 10*. per week, one half that amount of entry-money. It is needless to remark, that it would be quite impracticable to get workmen generally to pay such sums ; at younger ages the entry-money would be less, but still too high and practically exclusive. At 30 years of age the entry-money for £1 per week in sickness would be £17 8s., and for 10s. per week £8 145. This will be enough to expose the folly of proposing to admit members of all ages on a uniform scale of payments. No other course is open but to have rates graduated according to age. There may still, from other considerations, be an entry-money of a small amount enforced, but not sufiicient to make up for the differences of age. The above illustrations apply only to the sick allowance ; but if the provision or assurance at death had also entered into the question, the entry-money would have been higher, and the difficulty increased. Arrangements might also be easily made to admit of every member paying according to his means, and receiving proportionate benefits, and thus embrace every class of the community. It is evident that the Order of Odd Fellows stands in need of much improvement ; and considering that thirty-three Members of Parliament, and between six and seven hundred of the clergy, as well as many other persons of elevated rank, are said to be enrolled as members, it is remarkable, that some gentleman of infiuence and scientific attainments should not, before this, have given attention to this lamentable condition in which his too confiding brethren of the Order are placed, and have done something to raise the Unity to the common level, at least, of the friendly societies tbroughout the kingdom. It is hoped that, while the preceding observations will satisfy the members of the Manchester Unity of the great need of immediate reform, and in some degree assist in establishing their institution on a secure foundation, other friendly societies may also derive from them useful suggestions for their future guidance. There is another class of societies which attempts to carry out the general principles of friendly societies ; but they are like the Odd-Fellow Societies, modelled after the very rudest shape in which benefit clubs were formed fifty years ago : and so far as relates to their contributions and benefits, scarcely anything further is necessary to be stated. " Rechabite " is the name by which those societies are known ; and every member has to come under an obligation to abstain from intoxicating liquors, and to discountenance, by every lawful means in his power, the drinking usages of society. The terms on which members are admitted are according to the following scale :— entry money at age 16 is 5s., and at age 40 it increases to £2 10s. ; the monthly contri- bution, for all ages, is Is. 4cd., or 17s. Ad. annually. The benefits promised are an allow- ance of 10s. per week in sickness, and a deferred annuity of 5s. weekly after 70 years of age. To young members entering the Rechabite societies, or tents, as they are termed, at the age of 16, the actual premium for the above benefits, making allowance for entry 6 T 530 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. money, should be £1 2*. annually; at age 40, also allowing for entry money, the annual premium should be £2 10s. 2d. It will thus be seen, that, by the youngest member at sixteen, there is an ultimate loss of 4*. 8d. annually, and by the member aged 40 there is a loss of £1 12s. lOd. annually, provided that it were possible to sustain such losses ; but it is needless to add, that permanence is not to be expected with societies so constituted. Not only do the Rechabite societies, in common with Odd-Fellow societies, perpetrate an injustice on the younger members by the above disparity in the payments ; but that injustice is further augmented by levying a uniform tax of 3s. yearly, without distinction of age, for funeral money, the sum of £10 being payable on the death of each member. The discouragement given to drinking usages, and the practice of temperance enjoined by Rechabites, is deserving of every support, and is well calculated to increase the comforts and elevate the moral and political condition of the working classes ; and it is the more to be regretted that the monetary foundation on which the societies are built should be destined to effect their overthrow at so early a period. A class of societies, of which there are about two thousand in the kingdom, pass under the name of Courts of Foresters, and to the ratio of sickness experienced by them attention was directed in page 465 ante, their object to provide against the calamities and vicissitudes of sickness and death ; members are admitted between the ages of 18 and 38, on the same terms, and participate, to the same extent, in the benefits offered. It is therefore unnecessary to add anything to what has already been remarked of Odd-Fellow and Rechabite societies, as the same observations are equally applicable to all. The illustrations of the condition of the various grades of friendly societies, given in the preceding pages, have been made as general as possible, in order to insure their being readily understood by the members, to whom they were more particularly addressed. It will be necessary, in every instance where any practical application is made of the facts presented, to use every caution in the selection of those examples which strictly belong to the case in point ; and it is hoped that the marked differences which have been shewn to prevail between the rates of mortality and sickness, under the many modifications as to condition and peculiarity of employment and rank in society, will be a sufficient guarantee against the indiscriminate use of the general results for the government of individual classes, whose circumstances differ widely. Should these Contributions in any degree advance the science of Vital Statistics, and place the provident and self-supporting institutions of the people on a more permanent foundation, the highest wish of the writer, in venturing on so important a subject, will be consummated. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. The monetary Tables given in pp. 470-81 ante, have an extensive application, and will be found to be exceedingly useful, but that the large body of data contained in these Contributions may be still more generally applied to all classes of provident institutions the following auxiliary Tables are given. In pp. 205-17 ante, formula and examples were given for the construction of mortality Tables, and, in pp. 148-9 and 494-6, were also given formula and examples of the construction of auxiliary Tables, but these were by the direct and not the continuous mode of calculation. The determination of the figures in the D column of the preceding Tables was accomplished by an independent calculation for each result, and was not afiPected by those for other ages, but in the construction of the next ten Tables a continuous calculation, by the method of series, has been preferred, and the formula employed will be found in the next page. One great advantage to be derived from this method is that, if an error should enter into any step of the calculation throughout the Table, it will aff'ect the whole of the subsequent results, and as a few minutes will suffice to perform the direct calculation for any given age by the method given in pp. 148-9 ante, the agreement or difi"erence between the results of the two methods will shew whether the whole Table, by the continuous method now followed has been properly constructed or otherwise. The explanations, formulae, and examples furnished in pp. 544-50, in respect to the construction of auxiliary Tables on joint lives, may be usefully studied in connection with the illustrations given in the two following pages. There is also a very interesting and curious example of the practical application of the continuous method of calculation given in one of my Reports on the Bengal Military Fund, namely, that dated the 13th November, 1854. 532 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. The following formula have been employed in the formation of Tables 1 to 11 inclusive, and also with the necessary modifications in the construction of the subsequent auxiliary Table on joint lives : — D. = K^' ^■^. = \.l^ -W-v" AX.D^ = X.J) + X.v = X.vp^, the values of -which, at seven per ( 3ent., will be found tabulated in Table 12, column 7. '^-D.+a = X.D^ + AX.D^, and K = SD,+P also in Table 2 V = (1-03)" X.v = 9-9871627 75295 3 V = (1-035)" \.v = 9-9850596 50207 4 V = (1-04)-' \,v = 9-9829666 60701 5 V = (1-045)"' X.v = 9-9808837 09553 6 V = (1-05)" X.V = 9-9788107 00930 7 V = (1-06)-' X.v = 9-9746941 34735 8 V = (1 07)" X.v = 9 9706162 22315 9 V = (1-08)-' X.v = 9-9665762 44513 lO V = (1-09)" X.v = 9-9625735 02059 11 V = (1-I0)" X.v = 9-9586073 14848 l^ = Number living at the age a; in the second column of Table (Males), pp. 5-6 ante. Also v^ = Present value of £1 due a? years hence. In order, however, to simplify the construction of Tables 2 to 1 1 inclusive and also the subsequent Tables on joint lives, a Table, of which the following is a specimen, was formed to determine X.j}^ =X./^ — X.l^ ; X.p^ is constant for the same age throughout the whole of the Tables, at whatever rate of interest they may be calculated. i^X.p^ =X.p^_^^ — X.p^ X'.j>^ =00. log. p^ AX'.p^ =X'p^^^ — X'.p^ p^ = Probability of living one year at age x. The successive X-D^. in the following Tables were produced by the continuous addition to the initial X.D^ at the top of each column of x,.^^, and also the constant x.xi ; but the same would obviously have been accomplished by the continuous addition of simply X.vp^, the values of which, at seven per cent., will be found in Table 12, column 7. Table 1, Being preliminary to the Construction of Tables 2-11 inclusive. Age X 4 ■K.1^ ^■P. ^^P. ^■P. AV-i;, X.d;^=X.(l-07;^ Age X 10 100000 5-0000000 9-9965511 0-0003913 0-0034489 9^9996087 9-7061633 23150 10 11 99209 4-9965511 •9969424 -0003980 -0030576 •9997020 -6767784 45463 11 12 98513 •9934935 •9972404 -0001966 -0037596 •9998034 •6473946 67780 13 13 97889 •9907339 •9974370 0-0000790 •0025630 9-9999210 •6180108 90095 13 14 97313 •9881709 -9975160 9-9999541 •0034840 0-0000459 •5886371 12410 14 15 96758 -9856860 -9974701 •9998217 •0035399 -0001783 •5593433 34726 15 16 96196 -9831570 -9972918 •9998093 •0037083 -0001907 -3398590 57040 16 17 95598 -9804488 -9971011 ■9998100 -0028989 •0001900 -5004757 79353 17 18 94962 -9775499 -9969111 -9998249 -0030889 •0001751 ■4710930 01670 18 19 04289 4-9744610 •9967860 •9998442 -0032640 -0001558 9-4417083 23985 19 97 141 3-1492191 -8001709 •9986271 •1998291 •0013729 7-1497735 64353 97 98 89 1-9493900 •7987980 •9970830 •3012030 •0039180 -1303897 86870 98 99 56 -7481880 •7958800 9-9822713 •2041200 0-0177387 -0910060 09185 99 100 33 •5440680 •7781513 0-0135728 •2218487 9-9864273 -0616322 31500 100 101 21 •3232193 -7917241 9-9974225 •2082739 0-0025775 -0322384 53815 101 103 13 1-1139434 -7891460 0-0067334 •2108534 9-9932666 7-0038346 76180 102 103 8 0-9030900 •7958800 9-9832713 •3041200 0-0177387 6-9784708 98445 103 104 5 •6989700 -7781513 9-7447374 •3218487 0-2552726 -9440871 20760 104 105 3 -4771213 9-5228787 ... 0^4771313 ... -9147083 43075 105 106 1 0-0000000 ... ... ... ... 6-8853195 65390 106 Abstract shewing the process of calculation adopted in the Construction of Tables 2-11 inclusive. Speeimen of the actual Calculation of Table 8, in which i> = (107)"^. Age ^■Px ». N. X-N^ Age X-D^ X N. -^■N^ 10 11 12 18 14 15 10 17 18 19 4 9 4 9 7061022 996551 1 6733295 9969424 6408882 9972404 0087448 9974370 5767980 9975160 5449303 9974701 5130165 9972918 4809246 9971011 4486419 9969111 4161692 9967360 50884-93 47133-47 43740-95 40620-46 37739-67 35069-55 33584-92 30263-88 38095-83 36071-69 638415-36 591281-89 347540-94 506930-48 469180-81 434111-36 401536-34 871262-40 343166-63 817094-94 5-8051034 ■7717946 -7884166 •7049398 •6713402 -6376011 -6037140 -5696811 -5355031 5-3011892 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 106 9 9 9 8 8 7 9 6 2989927 8001709 0697798 7987980 8391940 7958800 6056902 7781513 3544578 7917241 1167981 7891466 8765609 7958800 6430571 7781513 3918246 5228787 8853196 -1990640 •1174802 ■0690548 •0489838 -0226182 -0130857 ■0075259 ■0048960 ■0024650 -0007679 -2803793 -1629493 -0938945 -0308587 -0282405 -0151348 -0076289 -0032329 -0007679 -0000000 9-4477462 9-2120523 8-9736403 -7063653 ■4508724 8^1S0o302 7^8824619 7^5095923 6-8853196 After this explanation the " headings " of the different Tables will sufficiently shew the other details of their construction. The various Tables were, at frequent intervals during the progress of their formation by the preceding method, checked by the direct mode of calculation employed in forming Table VI, page 149 and Table A U, page 494, ante. 6 u 534 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS Table 2. England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Three per Age X \-D^ \-N^ ^=0 Nx Age X \-Dj ^•N;. D X Nx 10 4-8716378 6-2354703 74409-40 1719770-49 59 3-9836313 5-0263683 9629-890 106257-237 11 ■8553416 ■2169836 71670-69 1648099-80 60 •9589718 4-9874816 9098-542 97158-685 13 •8894468 •1983835 69095-03 1579004-77 61 •9335836 •9473199 8581-903 88576-78S 13 •8338500 •1796515 66657-65 1513347-13 62 •9073405 •9067856 8078-681 80498-101 14 •8084498 •1607722 64335-37 1448011-75 63 •8801905 •8627811 7589-104 73908-997 15 •793J385 •1417338 62105-28 1885906-47 64 ■8520006 •8183051 7112-145 65796-852 16 •7777614 ■1225304 59946-16 1326960-31 66 ■8227033 •7719450 6648-187 59148-665 17 •7633160 ■1031610 67838-36 1268121-95 66 •7931500 •7238838 6196-551 52963-114 18 •7464799 ■0836251 55780-18 1212341-77 67 ■7603918 ■6788865 5758-267 47193-847 19 •7305537 ■0639323 53771-69 1158570-08 68 ■7369627 •6318093 5333-891 41860-956 20 •7144525 ■0440516 51814-64 1106755-44 69 ■6920908 ■5674914 4931-424 36939-582 21 •6981955 •0240113 49910-91 1056844-58 70 •6564714 ■5107608 4623-467 33416-068 22 ■6818030 6-0037-974 48063-13 1008782-40 71 •6169852 ■4514212 4139-858 28276-207 33 •6653812 5-9834073 46368-05 962514-85 72 •5763679 ■3892720 3770-331 34505-976 24 •6486224 •9638367 44536-89 917987-46 78 -5384695 ■3240840 3415-630 31090-856 35 •6318231 •9420825 42837-40 875150-06 74 •4879703 -2556316 3075-886 18014-470 26 •6148994 •9211400 41200-20 883949-86 75 ■4397274 -1836106 2752-501 15361-969 27 •5978726 •9000030 39616-18 794333-68 76 ■3888024 -1077810 2445-132 13816-836 28 •5807553 •8786645 38085-12 756248-56 77 ■8384684 4-0278288 2155-080 10661-757 29 ■5635602 •8571164 36606-67 719641-89 78 •2746755 8-9484706 1882-342 8779-515 30 •6463107 •8353486 35181-31 684460-68 79 ■31160'y7 -8544087 1637-835 7151-690 31 •5290055 -8133499 83806-91 660653-77 80 ■1487530 •7603716 1392-865 6759-335 33 ■5116436 ■7911091 83483-06 618171-71 81 3-0709765 •6610344 1177-543 4581-7819 33 •4942288 •7686132 81205-38 586966-38 82 2-9937879 •5560915 988-5307 3598-3512 34 •4767494 •7458491 39974-33 666992-06 83 ■9090680 .4461624 811-0881 2787-1631 35 ■4592036 •7238022 38787-48 628304-57 84 ■8194651 ■3278252 659-8802 2137-2829 36 ■441S846 ■6994575 37643-96 500561-61 85 ■7286160 ■2086008 639-1954 1598-0875 37 ■4238849 ■6757991 36539-02 474033-59 86 •6207659 3-0720593 417-6052 1180-4823 38 ■4060970 ■6518096 35473-99 448548-60 87 •6105274 2-9327251 328-9869 856-4954 39 ■3882070 ■6274709 24445-96 434103-66 88 ■3910697 -7856281 246-0762 610-4192 40 ■3701951 ■6027649 28452-83 400649-82 89 •2641975 •6311207 182-7374 437-6818 41 ■3520634 ■5776710 22493-83 378155-99 90 2^1281773 •4673868 184-3313 398-35054 43 •3337850 ■5521681 31566-77 356589-22 91 1^9828759 -3940440 96-13375 197-31679 43 ■3153548 ■5263339 20670'68 386918-54 92 ■8380010 31136731 67-29773 129-91906 44 ■2967503 •4998447 19803-88 316114-66 98 ■6628670 1-9238008 46-01156 83-90750 45 ■3779591 ■4739748 18965-37 297149-39 94 ■4879061 •7356398 30-75433 53-15318 46 ■3589685 ■4455973 18153-84 278995-55 -95 •3029079 -5193884 30-08667 33-06661 47 ■2397710 •4176831 17868-85 361636-70 96 1^1080705 -3062345 12-82539 20-241116 48 ■2303463 ■3891973 16609-11 345017-59 97 0-9040083 1-0873197 8-016932 12-324184 49 ■3006785 -3601083 15873-71 239143-88 98 -6913420 0-8639910 4-912946 7-811238 50 ■1807449 •3303779 16161-59 318983-39 99 •4778028 -6344757 3-001254 4-309984 51 ■1605372 -2999654 14471-95 199510-34 100 -3603455 -3959961 1-821149 2-488835 53 ■1399723 -3688292 13803-96 186707-38 101 0-0256596 0-1547194 1-060864 1-4279709 63 ■1190573 -3369335 13153-99 172553-89 103 9-8045466 9-8978834 •6375974 -7903735 54 ■0977363 -2042003 12523-80 160029-59 103 -5808559 -6121840 •8809394 -4094341 55 ■0759663 -1706081 11911-50 148118-09 104 -3689986 9-2509774 -2312055 •1782386 56 ■0537085 •1360915 11316-40 136801-69 106 9-1292127 8-6392542 •1346519 •0485767 57 ■0309418 •1005884 10738-46 126063-23 106 8-6892542 •0435767 -0000000 58 4^0075817 6-0640352 10176-11 115887-13 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 535 Table 3. England and Wales — Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Three and a Half per Cent. Age X \-D^ VN, D« N^ Age X ^■■Dx \^N^ Dx Nx 10 4-8505965 6^1737697 70891^88 1492003-00 59 3-8595370 4^8836493 7336-641 76496-696 11 •8322073 •1535353 67959^79 1434050-21 60 -8327843 •8431849 6804-314 69699-312 13 ■8142093 •1331734 65194^95 1358865-96 61 •8052930 ■8014406 6386-949 63305-370 13 •7965094 •1126937 69590-64 1296365-32 63 •7769467 ■7583919 5983-381 57321-989 14 •7790060 •0920705 60118-90 1336147-12 63 •7476937 •7137987 5593-630 51728-359 15 •7615817 •0719903 57753^96 1178393-17 64 •7174006 •6675613 5316-757 46511-602 16 •7441114 •0503473 55476^80 1199916-37 65 •6860001 •6197059 4853-886 41658'7]6 17 •7264629 •0393414 53967^57 1069648-80 66 •6533437 •6700448 4501-359 37157^357 18 •7086236 6^0079717 51193^85 1018524-95 67 •6193825 •5184428 4169-771 39994^586 19 •6905944 5^9865389 49044^96 969479-99 68 •5839503 •4647570 3836-633 29157^953 20 •6723900 •9649430 4703r63 929448-36 69 •5469753 •4088241 3533-507 95634^446 21 •6540299 •9431796 45084-77 877363-59 70 •5083526 •3504709 3339-943 33411-503 93 •6355342 •9160108 43305-02 834158-57 71 -4676634 ■9895094 2935-374 19476-199 23 •6169094 •8991457 41391-33 799767-94 73 •4249429 ■9957169 9660-375 16815-754 24 •5981474 ■8768676 39641-35 753125-99 73 •3799414 •1588891 9398-518 14417-936 25 •5793450 •8544113 37953-91 715173-08 74 •3323390 •0887649 9149 508 19267-798 26 •5602181 •8317719 36336-04 678847-04 75 •2819931 4^0150873 1914-226 10353-609 27 ■5410883 •8089443 34760-68 644086-36 76 ■2284649 3-9375806 1692-951 8661-351 28 •5318678 •7859208 33255-83 610830-53 77 ■1715238 -8559397 1484-304 7176-947 29 •5025696 •7636937 31810-43 579030-10 78 •1106317 •7698810 1990^196 5886-899 30 •4832169 ■7392526 30424-04 548596-06 79 3-0454609 •6791071 1110^362 4776-4702 31 •4638087 •7155870 29094-35 519501-71 80 9-9756030 •5833479 945^1549 3831-3153 32 •4443436 •6916848 27819^13 491689-58 81 ■9006234 •4829798 795-4692 3035 8461 33 •4248257 •6675333 36596^58 465086-00 83 •8303316 •3755993 661-1981 3374-6480 34 •4052431 •6431190 35493^95 439662-05 83 •7345087 •2629284 542-6361 1833-0119 35 •3855943 •6184375 94299^33 415362-72 84 •6428036 •1438482 439-3419 1393-6700 86 •3658721 •5934435 33920^53 392142-19 85 •5448504 3-0178840 850-6310 1042-0:^90 37 •3460693 •5681509 33185^50 369956-69 86 ■4398971 2-8846149 275-3577 766-6813 38 •3261782 •5435332 21193-30 348764-39 87 •3375555 -7435765 313-5962 664-0851 39 •3061853 •5165692 20238'83 328525-57 88 ■2059947 -5948265 160-6922 393-3929 40 ■3860701 •4903434 19322-80 309302-77 89 3^0770194 -4377328 119-4041 973-98877 41 •3658353 •4635341 18443-16 290759-61 90 1-9388959 •2721059 86-87533 187-11355 42 •2454537 •4364203 17597-61 373169-00 91 •7914905 2^0977503 61-87148 125-24-;i07 43 ■3949205 ■4088790 16784-97 256877^03 93 •6345195 1^9145472 43-10360 89-13857 44 ■2043198 •3808868 16003-43 240373-61 93 •4679754 •7327248 99-39759 59-81105 45 •1833185 •3524177 15351^71 225121-90 94 •9909113 -5334848 19-50794 33-30311 46 •1633347 •3234445 14528-63 210593-97 95 M031100 -3143598 13-67973 90-693376 47 •1409942 •3939368 13833^25 196760-02 96 0^9061696 1-0992136 8-056939 19-666447 48 •1193969 •2638637 13164-35 183595-77 97 •7000049 0-8782071 5-011931 7-564626 49 ■0976354 ■3331870 19520-61 171076-16 98 ■4852347 -6530151 3^056579 4-497954 50 •0755886 •S0I8791 11901-14 159174-03 99 •9690924 -4215636 1^858199 9-639755 51 \-' 9 fj KJ VJ \-/ \J •0539679 •1698775 11304-93 147869 09 100 0^0500330 0-1811719 1-122104 1-5176511 52 Vh* V tj rW \J w V •0306098 •1371603 10730-35 137138 84 101 9-8133440 9-9380972 -6504951 ■8671560 53 \J \J \.' \J \J XJ \^ 4^0075917 •1036755 10176-34 196963-499 103 ■5900277 ■6795061 -3890700 •4780860 •3467549 T /"V f*/ i^ /^ f^ ^ 54 "^ \J ^J W \^ fj .A~ W 3^984]674 ■0693739 9643-006 117320-493 103 ■3642340 ■3922658 -2313311 65 •9602945 o^0349039 9126-295 108194-198 104 9^1451736 9^0296361 -1390997 •1070622 •0260809 •0000000 56 ■9359335 4^9981099 8628-464 99565-734 105 8^9083846 8-4103229 •0809813 /-^ /^ /"i /'\ f^ /~\ i~\ 57 •9110037 •9610293 8148-336 91417-498 106 8^4163999 ... -0260809 58 3^8856004 4-9298981 7684-231 83733-367 536 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 4. England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Four peo- Cent. Age X X-D, X-N^ D. N. Age X ^•JD, '^•'^x ^x N. 10 4-8296666 6^1147133 67566-41 1802307-37 59 3-7360506 4-7420372 5445-661 55213-475 11 •8091844 •0926727 64444-28 1237863-09 60 •7072049 ■6999831 5095-712 50116-763 12 •7890934 •0705299 61530-92 1176832-17 61 -6776206 ■6506406 4760-150 45356-613 13 •7693005 •0482648 68789-60 1117542-57 62 •6471814 •6119215 4437-989 40918-674 14 •7497041 •0258573 56195-83 1061346-74 63 •6158358 -5657269 4128-909 36789-765 15 •7301868 6-0032968 53726-28 1007620^46 64 ■5834493 •5179554 8832-210 33957-555 16 •7106236 5-9805763 51359-83 956260^63 65 •5499557 •4684918 3547^772 29409-788 ir •6908820 •9576950 49077-46 907183^17 66 •5152064 •4172195 8274^963 26134-820 18 •6709498 •9846535 4687S^92 860307-25 67 •4791522 •8640011 3014-062 23120-758 19 •6508275 •9114526 44753^55 815553-70 68 •4416269 •3086964 2764-565 20366-193 20 •6305302 •8880916 42710^06 772843-64 69 •4025589 •2511382 2526-731 17829-463 21 •6100771 •8645694 40745^26 732098-88 70 •3617438 ■1911541 2300-081 15529-381 22 •5894884 •8408834 38858-72 693239-66 71 •3190611 •1285479 2084-784 18444-597 23 •5687706 •8170804 37048-50 656191-16 72 •2742477 4-0631160 1880-389 11564-208 24 •5479157 •7980075 35311-46 620879-70 78 •2271531 8-9946277 1687-148 9877-060 25 •5269202 •7688117 38644-98 587234-72 74 •1774578 •9228466 1504-727 8372-333 26 •5058004 •7444391 32047-96 555186-76 75 •1350189 •8474958 1333-580 7038-753 27 •4845775 •7198838 30519-51 524667-25 76 •0693977 •7688039 1178-269 5865-481 28 •4632641 •6951396 29057-89 495609-36 77 8^0103626 •6849653 1034-148 4841-836 29 •4418729 •6701976 27661-82 467948-04 78 2^9473785 •5971958 8858-873 3955-4492 80 •4204272 •6450482 26328-57 441619-47 79 •8801147 •5046980 758-7779 3196-6713 81 •3989260 •6196804 25056-82 416562-65 80 •8080639 •4072020 643-7823 2558-8890 82 •3773679 •5940822 23843-88 392719-27 - 81 •7310913 •3043841 588-3828 2015-5062 83 •3557570 •5682408 22685-95 370033-32 82 ■0487065 •1959415 445-3553 1570-1510 31 •3340815 •5421427 21581-50 848451-82 83 •5607905 3-0814956 363-7395 1206-4116 35 •3123396 •5157734 20527-07 327924-15 84 •4069915 2-9606266 398-0836 913-3279 36 •2905245 •4891173 19522-01 808402-14 85 •3669463 -8328584 232-7803 680^5476 37 •2686286 -4621583 18562-16 289839-98 86 •2599000 •6977692 181-9282 408-6194 38 •2466446 •4348786 17645-93 272194-05 87 •1454654 •5548922 189-7865 358-8329 39 •2245586 •4072601 16770-99 255423-06 88 3^0218116 •4042901 105^1506 253-6823 40 •2023505 •3792840 15934-94 289488-12 89 1-8907483 •2453266 77-75768 175-93460 41 •1800227 •3509294 15136-40 224851-72 90 •7505269 2^0778118 56-30240 119-62220 43 •1575481 •3221753 14373-03 209978-69 91 •6010294 1-9015510 39-90519 79-71701 43 •1349219 •2929985 13643-38 106335-31 92 •4419585 -7164227 27-66677 52-0o0-24 44 •1121213 •2633750 12945-57 188389-74 93 •2726283 -5226572 18-73391 33-31633 45 •0891339 •2332794 12278-18 171111-56 94 1^0934713 -3204560 12-40142 20-91491 46 •0659472 •2026836 11639-84 159471-72 95 9042770 1-1103543 8-021896 12-893010 47 •0425537 •1715577 11029-45 148442-27 96 •7052435 0-8932212 5-072751 7-820259 48 4-0189327 •1898686 10445-58 137996-69 97 •4969852 -6702828 3-140401 4-679858 49 3-9950689 •1075816 9887-098 128109-589 98 •2801337 -4430844 1-905999 2-773859 50 ■9709391 •0748584 9352-746 118756-843 99 0-0618874 0-3097089 1-158154 1-620706 51 •9465254 -0410587 8841-489 109915-354 100 9-8407341 9-9674093 ■6930014 -9277037 52 ■9217744 5-0067385 8351-600 101563-664 101 -0018520 •7325479 ■3998084 -5278953 53 •8966632 4-9716524 7882-486 93681-178 102 -3765438 •4622693 •2379812 -2899141 54 •8711460 •9357515 7432-689 86248-489 103 9-1486561 9-1734680 •1408174 •1490967 55 •8451800 •8989838 7001-321 79247-168 104 8-9275027 8-8093637 •0846258 •0644709 56 •8187261 •8612929 6587-583 72659-585 105 -6886207 8-1944660 •0488226 •0156483 57 •7917633 ■8226162 6191-036 66468-549 106 8-1944660 ... •0156483 •0000000 58 3^7642070 4-7828891 5810-413 60658-136 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 537 Table 5. England and Wales.— Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males.— Four -and- a- Half per Cent. •Age X \-D^ \-^x D. N^ Age X \-D^ X-N^ ^x Nx 10 4 8088371 6 0580967 6439-277 1143133-15 59 3 6131566 4 6015224 4103-520 39950-513 11 7862719 0342977 61132-47 1082000 68 60 5899979 5578567 3821-448 36129-065 19 7640980 6 0109622 58089-55 1023911 13 61 6505606 5129026 3552-717 32670-348 13 7499291 5 9861702 55253-99 968657 14 62 5180384 •4065702 3296-413 29979-936 14 7905498 9619480 59546-38 916110 76 63 4846094 4187612 3052-175 26297-760 15 6989495 9375750 49996-84 866118 92 64 4501404 3693728 2819-295 93408-466 16 6779964 9130441 47505-97 818547 96 65 4145689 •3182911 2597-550 90810-913 17 6554719 8883554 45234-72 778313 23 66 3777316 2653976 2386-836 18424-579 18 6334567 8635098 42998-83 780314 40 67 3395944 2105555 9185-719 16238-860 19 6112515 8385084 40855-59 689458 81 68 9999869 1536216 1995-199 14243-661 20 5888719 8133510 38803-53 650655 98 69 9588853 -0944303 1814-897 12428-834 21 5603351 7880368 36841-31 613813 97 70 9159868 4 0828080 1644-133 10784-701 23 5436635 7625634 84967-41 578846 56 71 1711716 8 9685576 1488-104 9301-597 23 5208627 7369289 33178-96 545607 60 79 1949759 9014747 1831-998 7970-299 24 4979948 7111284 81479-04 514195 56 78 0750977 8313277 1188-770 6781-529 25 4748464 6851614 29843-96 484359 30 74 8 0933194 -7578792 1055-168 5726-366 26 4516436 6590236 98290-69 456061 01 75 9 9687075 6808513 980-6738 4796-6924 27 4283379 6327094 96819-54 490949 07 76 9110984 -5999718 814-8796 3980-8129 28 4049415 6062124 93400-31 403842 76 77 8499758 -5149336 707-9066 8979-9074 20 3814673 5795244 94069-51 379773 95 78 7849083 -4254525 609 4082 2663-4992 30 3579387 5526354 22800-20 856973 05 79 7155616 -3312304 519-4713 2144-0279 31 3343545 5955346 9 J 595-07 335377 98 80 6414978 -2319982 437-9533 1706-0740 39 3107135 4982099 20430-95 314997 03 81 5623.722 -1274814 365-0606 1341-0080 33 2870190 4706485 193(;509 995501 94 89 4779045 3 0179282 300-5413 1040-4003 34 2632611 4428368 18334-17 277297 77 83 3879056 2 9010094 944-9899 796-1766 35 2894363 4147600 17355-47 259872 30 84 2920230 7783350 193-8951 600-2816 36 2155382 3864028 16496-94 243446 06 86 1898954 0487865 134-8443 445-4372 37 1915595 3577485 15543-88 297909 18 86 9 0807609 5118814 190-4387 894-9983 38 1074925 3287794 14705-98 913196 93 87 1 9649486 3071710 92-09766 932-90083 39 1483235 2994777 13909-85 199986 40 88 8385119 2147231 68-94645 168-93438 40 1190325 2698239 18158-94 186133 16 89 7053007 9 0588967 50-74126 113-91319 41 0946217 2397970 12434-31 173698 85 90 5030618 1 8845036 36-66404 76-64M48 42 0700642 2093759 11730-71 161948 14 91 4114809 7063481 26 79175 50-85673 43 0453550 1785376 11100-89 150847 32 99 9508970 5193099 17-79619 33-06034 44 4 0204714 1472580 10489-66 140304-66 93 1 0789189 3236217 11-99262 91-0679-21 45 3 9934011 1155107 9894-065 180409-982 94 8976789 1 1194292 7-902671 13-165950 46 9701314 0832688 9335-307 121134-615 95 7003966 9073588 5-086937 8-079013 47 9446549 0505001 8803-490 119381 195 96 5052802 6882467 3-200959 4-878054 48 9189511 5 0171736 8997-373 1041)33-552 97 2949889 4639890 1-972145 9-906909 49 8980043 4 9832527 7816-855 96917 107 98 0759933 9341843 1-191924 1-714084'.) 50 8667916 9486997 7358-339 88858-658 99 9 8630752 9 9988819 -7179577 -9'.I74979 51 8402949 9134730 6993-009 81933-649 100 6394390 7546887 -4989819 -5084453 52 8134609 8775294 C508201 75497-448 101 3914740 - 5080446 -2463054 -3221399 53 7862668 8408927 6113-175 693)4-273 109 9 1040818 9 2460823 -1459089 -170:^310 54 7586666 8033035 5780-758 63377-515 103 8 9341121 8 9557238 -0859235 -000:jor5 55 7306177 7649197 5377-961 58199-554 104 7108758 8 5901488 -1)513897 -03N917H 56 7020808 7956145 5035-943 53103-61] 105 8 4699108 7 9736732 -0293060 -0U94il« 57 6730350 6853948 4710-153 48433-458 106 7 9736732 ... -0094118 •0000000 58 3 6433959 4 0439856 4399-493 44054-038 X 638 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 6. England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Five per Cent. Age X ^•D:, \-N^ ^x N, Age X X-D^ \-N^ ^x ^x 10 4 7881070 6-0037014 61391-32 1008559^17 59 3-4908490 4^4690736 3096-343 28978-349 11 7634688 5-9779767 58006-45 950553^72 60 •4578474 ■4167831 2869-772 26108-577 13 7392219 -9521616 54855-72 895698-00 61 ■4241071 -3702044 9665^960 23453-317 13 7152730 •9262320 51912^63 843785-37 62 •3895119 -3222475 9451-989 21001-365 14 6915207 •9001681 49149^68 794635-69 63 •3540099 •9728131 2969-487 1874 b878 15 6678474 •8739558 46542-26 748093-44 64 •3174679 ■2217983 9077^150 16664-728 16 6441282 ■8475881 44068^60 704024-94 65 •9798184 ■1690882 1904-664 14760-064 17 6202307 •8210652 41709-09 662315-88 66 •9409131 ■1145646 1741-458 13018-606 18 5961425 -7943884 39458-68 622867-17 67 •9007099 4^0680899 1687-460 11431-146 19 5718643 •7675594 37313-36 685643-81 68 •1590917 3^9995902 1449-188 9988-958 20 5474110 ■7405785 35270-45 550273-36 69 •1157977 •9386895 1308-563 8683-396 21 5228019 ■7134461 33327-44 516946 92 70 •0708962 •8754236 1177-138 7506-260 22 4980573 •6861574 31481-64 485464-28 71 3-0239880 •8095941 1086-788 6449-472 23 4731835 •6587125 29729-22 455735^06 72 9-9750186 •7407866 944-1013 5505-3708 24 4481726 ■6311084 28065-49 427669^57 73 -9237681 •6689782 839-0118 4666-3590 25 4230212 ■6033428 96486-99 401183-28 74 •8699168 •5938608 "741-1689 3926-1908 26 3977454 ■5754124 24988-80 376194-48 76 •8133219 •5151655 650-6118 3274-5790 27 3723666 ■5473119 23570-38 352624-10 76 •7535448 •4325891 566-9500 2707 6290 98 3468972 ■5190352 22227-84 330396-26 77 •6903637 ■3468540 490-1779 2217-4611 99 3213500 ■4905740 20958-01 309438-25 78 •6232137 ■2546653 419-9656 1797-4855 30 2957484 ■4619185 19758-25 289680-00 79 •6517939 •1587255 356-2820 1441-2035 31 2700912 ■4330577 18694-78 271055-22 80 •4755871 3-0577655 998-9491 1149-9614 32 2443772 ■4039800 17554-05 283501-17 81 •3944585 2-9514625 948-0039 894-2876 33 2186103 ■3746719 16549-85 936958-32 82 -3079178 -8396169 903-1973 691-0602 34 1927788 ■3451202 16887-69 991370-73 83 -9158459 •7915479 164-3788 526-6814 35 1668810 ■3163100 14688-23 906686-50 84 •1178909 •5971402 131-1871 395-4943 36 1409099 ■9852257 13832-80 192862-70 85 2-0136897 •4658182 103-9023 292-2998 37 114858] •2548508 13097-41 179825-29 86 1-9094876 ■3269336 79-88909 212-29204 38 0887181 •2241675 19266-43 167558-86 87 -7838969 -1803926 60-79907 161-49997 39 0624761 •1931572 11547-18 156011-68 88 -6660872 2-0261004 45 29885 106-19412 40 0361121 •1618009 10867-06 146144-62 89 •6208629 l->-'634113 33-17898 73-01514 41 4 0096283 •1300776 10294-18 134920-44 90 •3764905 -6991404 23-79527 49-21987 42 3 9829978 •0979663 9616-074 125304-369 91 •9998371 -5120869 16-70464 32-51523 43 9562156 -0654430 9040-989 116263-380 92 1^0596102 -3931281 11-47194 2104399 44 9292590 5-0324838 8496-870 107766-610 93 0^8861341 1-1254969 7-693503 13-350482 45 9021157 4-9990629 7982-073 99784-437 94 •7028111 0-9193959 6-044419 8-306063 46 8747730 -9651619 7495-024 92289-413 95 ■5094608 -7053625 3-231922 5-074141 47 8472235 ■9307203 7034-343 85255-070 96 ■3069714 •4842796 9-024284 3-049857 48 8] 94466 ■8957350 6598-621 78656-549 97 0-0938571 •2573486 1-941944 1-808613 49 7914268 -8601602 6186-941 72470-308 98 9^8728387 0^0263052 -7461716 1-0624416 50 7631411 •8239576 5796-170 66674-138 99 ■6504474 9-7890852 •4471440 •6152976 51 7345714 •7870848 5427-145 61946-993 100 ■4951381 ■5430002 •9661571 •3491405 52 7056644 •7494992 5077-669 56169-394 101 9-1891001 -2945780 •1520898 •1970507 53 6763973 •7111537 4746-760 51429-664 102 8-9526349 9-0309363 •0896675 •1073832 54 6467242 •6719988 4433-270 46989-294 103 -7205922 8-7390246 •0625524 •0548308 65 6166023 •6319821 4136-207 42863-087 104 -4962829 8-3719902 •0312812 •0235496 56 5859924 •5910465 3854-716 38998-371 106 8-2522449 7-7539343 •0178760 •0086746 57 5548736 •5491284 3688175 35410-196 106 7-7539343 ... •0056746 -0000000 58 3 5231614 4^5061634 3338-604 32074-692 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 7. England and Wales.— Whole Population.— Single Lives.— Males.— Six per Cent. 539 Age X ^■'^x ^■N» ^x Na; Age X '>^-^x ^■No; ^x ^x 10 4-7469413 3^9009134 65839^47 796998-70 39 3-3479715 4'1862721 1769-993 15353^789 11 •7181866 •8714192 52263'07 743736-63 60 -2108584 •1376956 1625-000 13730^789 12 •6898331 •8418466 48937^94 694778-69 61 •1739965 •0878333 1489-349 12241-440 13 •6617577 •8121674 45894-19 648884'50 63 ■1843848 4^0365930 1362-388 10879-103 14 •6338888 •7823399 43041-64 605842-86 63 •0946663 3^9838763 1243-658 9633-644 15 ■6060989 •7524089 40373-73 563469-13 64 •0540076 •9395785 1132-430 8508^134 16 •5783632 •7333063 37867-30 527601'93 65 3-0123416 •8735841 1028-589 7474^535 17 •5303491 •6930536 35301-70 492100-23 66 2-9692197 •8157739 931-5803 6643-9548 18 •5220443 •6616527 33269-35 458880-88 67 •9248929 •7560096 841-1877 5701-7671 19 ■4936496 •6311058 31163-74 427667-14 68 •8790953 -6941469 756-9988 4944-7683 30 •4650797 •6004146 29179-63 398487-32 69 •8817640 •6300156 678-8300 4265-9483 SI •4368540 •3695793 37312-03 371173-49 70 •7826665 •5684438 606-2706 3659 6777 23 •4074929 •3385988 25556-00 343619-49 71 •7317118 •4942277 539-1527 8120-6250 33 •3785025 •5074697 28903-76 831713-73 72 •6786358 -4221641 477-1180 3643-4070 24 •3493750 •4761919 33833-03 299358-71 73 •6333387 -3470166 420-0116 22288954 23 •3201071 •4447637 30898-11 378460-60 74 •6632909 -3686468 367-5284 1855-8670 26 •2907147 •4131834 19330-56 258930-04 75 •5045794 •1864724 319-5799 1586-2871 27 •2612193 •3814434 18248-17 240681-87 76 •4406857 •1006184 275-8681 1260-4290 28 •2316834 •3495406 17046-43 223683-44 77 •3738781 3^0108746 236-2586 1024-1756 29 •2019696 •3174668 13920-98 207714-46 78 •3021216 2-9157544 2003083 823-6722 30 •1733514 •3853117 14867-96 192846-50 79 -2265851 -8168593 168-4943 655-1779 31 •1424777 •3527650 13882-82 178963-68 80 -1462618 -7119309 140-0481 516-1348 33 •1126471 •2201143 13901-35 166002-48 81 2-0610166 -6031147 113-0844 400-0504 33 •0837636 •1872471 13099-39 158908-04 82 1-9703593 ■4866398 93-40267 306-64770 34 •0528156 •1541497 1129317 142609-87 83 -8741709 -3631159 74-84640 281-80130 35 4-0338013 •1208068 10539-04 182070-83 84 •7720993 -3371203 59-16969 172-63161 36 3^9937136 •0872034 9838-624 122237-203 85 •6637815 2-1031698 46-10856 126-52306 37 •9625452 •0533224 9178-714 1 13068-489 86 •6484638 1-9598381 86-35598 91-16708 38 •9332886 5-0191458 8556-351 104507-138 87 •4357656 -8096306 20-65858 64-61850 39 •9019801 4-9846334 7978-663 96528-475 88 •3938294 -6616880 19-67119 44-84231 40 •8714493 •9498318 7437-885 89090-590 89 •1544885 •4852981 14-27212 30-37019 41 •8408491 -9146338 6931-855 82158-733 90 b0059993 •3102915 10-13910 30-48109 43 •8101021 -8790997 6458-060 75700-675 91 0^8483396 1-1364701 7-050858 13-380439 43 •7792033 •8431462 6014-558 69686-122 93 ■6808861 0-9337076 4-790077 8-584353 44 •7481301 •8067691 5599-233 64086-869 93 -5082834 -7322890 3-186276 5-398076 43 •7168703 •7699419 5210-891 58876-478 94 •3168339 -5332656 3-069446 3-328031 46 •6864110 •7326864 4846-807 54030-171 95 0-1183870 -3048813 1-313870 2-015361 47 •6537449 •6948214 4503-520 49524-651 96 9-9110810 0-0793278 -8148568 1-2004047 48 •6318515 •6564639 4186-504 43888-147 97 -6945603 9-8484770 ■4949373 -7054674 49 •5897151 •617527J 3887-900 41450-347 98 -4694153 •6136708 •3947338 -4107436 30 •5573138 •3779735 3608-384 37841-863 99 •3429073 ■3725830 •1749495 -2867941 51 •5346366 •5377372 3346-776 34495-087 100 9-0134815 9^1226785 •1031529 -1326412 33 •4916030 •4968378 3101-723 31893-364 101 8-7603269 8^8707128 •0683884 •0743638 33 •4583193 •4331667 2872-380 38521-134 103 -3337451 ■6037234 -0340993 -0401536 54 ■4344296 •4126940 3657-233 25863-901 103 -3965839 8-3087159 •0197964 ■0203371 55 •3901911 •3693664 2455-789 28408-112 104 8 0671600 7-9387348 •0116724 -0086847 56 •3534646 •8231268 2267-068 31141-044 105 7-8200054 7-3176828 •0066070 -0030777 57 •3303293 •2799096 2090-400 19050-644 106 7-3173788 ... •0020777 -ooooooo 58 8^2844003 4-3336508 1924-862 17135-783 540 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table S. England and Wales.— Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent, Age X X-D^ X-N^ Ox Na; Age X X-Da; X-N^ Ox N^ 10 4-7061622 5^8050606 50834-93 638352-36 59 3-0073747 3-9144555 1017-126 8212^1995 11 •6733295 •7717483 47133-47 591218-89 60 2-9661786 •8693514 925-0785 7287^0440. 13 •6408882 •7383663 43740-95 547477-94 61 •9242439 •8093652 839-9316 6447^1124 13 ■6087448 •7048859 40620-46 506857-48 62 -8814343 •7548060 761-1919 5685-9903 14 •5767980 •6712818 37739-67 469117-81 63 •8377577 •6987721 688-2082 4997-7923 13 •5449302 •6375381 35069-33 434048-26 64 •7930219 •6411590 620-8993 4376^8230 16 •5130166 •6036458 32384-92 401463-34 65 •7471773 •5818502 558-6982 3818-1948 17 •4809246 •3696074 30363-88 371199-46 66 ■7000775 •5207235 501-2768 3316-8480 18 •4486419 •5354248 28095-83 343103-63 67 •6516728 •4576459 448-4074 2868-4406 19 •4161692 •5011030 36071-69 317031-94 68 •0017971 •3924053 399-7379 2468-6837 20 •3833214 •4666426 24183-63 292848-31 69 •5303780 •3250146 355-1229 2113-5598 2L •3507179 •4320454 22424-25 270434-06 70 ■4973197 •2351169 314-2047 1799-3531 22 •8177788 •3973102 20786-37 249637-69 71 •4491800 •1833704 276-8089 1529-5462 23 •2847105 •3624359 19262-40 230873-29 73 •3850101 •1071078 242-6700 1979-8762 24 •9515051 •3274218 17844-53 212530-76 73 •8353711 8-0380735 ■ 211-6970 1068-2492 25 •2181393 •2932674 16325-68 196003-08 74 •3685234 3-9408481 183-4538 884-7959 26 •1846890 •2569707 15299-92 180705-16 75 •1987860 -8613953 158-0987 726-7672 27 •1311157 •2215277 14161-71 166543-45 76 •1307644 -7720526 135-1340 591-6332 28 •1174518 -1859339 13105-44 153488-01 77 2^0393788 •6785019 114-6313 476-98189 29 •0837101 -1501797 13135-79 141312-23 78 1-9840443 ■5804565 96-39973 380-58916 30 •0499141 •1142581 11217-97 180094-25 79 •9044301 •4776159 80-24724 300-58916 31 4-0160624 •07-81576 10376-78 119717-466 80 •8200288 •3697134 66-07373 234-26819 32 3-9821539 •0418066 9597-407 110120-059 81 •7307037 •2564233 53-79052 180-47767 33 •9481925 3-0053719 8873-493 101244-566 82 •6359705 •1374462 48-94849 137-92925 34 •9141666 4-9686399 8206-663 98037-903 83 •5357043 9^0134019 34-33240 102-89685 35 •8800743 •9317164 7387-074 85450-829 84 •4295547 1^8808655 26-88776 70-00909 36 •8459087 •8945353 7013-078 78437-731 85 •3171590 •7423513 20-75008 55-25241 37 •8116624 •8570697 6481-304 71956-447 86 •1977633 •3964313 15-76748 39-48493 38 •7773279 •8193331 3988-636 65967-811 87 1-0709773 •4426285 11-77544 27-709491 39 •7438913 •7813935 5533-119 00433-692 88 0-9349731 •3810354 8-609405 19-100080 40 •7083330 •7439350 5108-966 55326-726 89 -7915543 1^1109945 6-188057 12-912099 41 •6736647 •7043351 4716-879 30609-847 90 -6389874 0^9328288 4-834993 8-557030 42 •6388397 •6651733 4353-413 40250-435 91 -4771395 •7448384 3-000126 5-536910 43 •6038531 •6257227 4016-550 42389-885 92 -3057183 •5484144 2-021707 3-535204 44 •5687020 •5858624 8704-265 38533-020 93 0-1240376 •8433364 1-330509 2-9046385 45 •5333643 •5433647 3414-792 33130-828 94 9-9323801 0-1398580 -8501110 1-3485925 46 •4978270 •5048015 3146-494 31974-384 95 -7309858 9-9086808 -5382510 •8102709 47 •4620830 •4633413 2897-897 29076-437 96 -5196014 •6807375 ■3808274 •4794435 48 ■4201117 •4217501 2607-545 26408-892 97 •2989927 •4477463 •1990640 •2803795 49 •3898974 •3793918 2454-129 28934-763 98 9-0697798 9-2120525 •1174802 ■1629493 50 •3534172 ■3304269 2356-405 21698-838 99 8-8891940 8-9726402 •0690348 •0988943 51 •3166330 •2028119 3073-256 19623-102 100 •6056902 -7063653 •0480838 •0508587 52 •2793516 •2483032 1003-494 17721-608 101 •3544578 •4508794 •0226182 •0282405 53 ■2420900 -2035523 1746-184 13973-424 102 8-1167981 8-1805302 •0130857 •0151548 54 •2042223 •1576094 1600-378 14873-046 103 7-8765009 7-8824619 •0075939 •0076289 5S •1659059 •1109303 1465-330 12909-810 104 -6480571 7-5095928 •0043900 •0032399 50 •1271015 •0633271 1839-990 11369-826 105 7-3918246 6-8853196 ■0024050 •0007679 57 -0877883 4^0147046 1234-019 10345-807 106 6-8853196 ... ■0007079 •0000000 58 3-0478816 3-9651664 1110-559 9229-248 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 9. England and Wales.— Whole Population.— Single Lives.— Males.— Eight per Gent. 541 Age X \-Da- \--Hx ^x N^ Age X X-Dx X-N« ^x ^x 10 4-6657634 5^7150797 46319-34 518895-36 59 3-7690160 3-6464515 587-5110 4430-4877 11 •6388898 •6779338 42549-04 476346-31 60 •7337800 -5911863 529-3952 8901-0925 IS •5934084 •6407053 39120-90 437225-81 61 •6778063 •5846448 476-2173 3424-8752 13 •5563351 •6033953 35993-58 401281-73 62 -6309756 •4767355 427-5389 2997-3363 14 •5303383 •5659663 33131-29 368100-44 63 •5833391 ■4173556 383-0356 2614-3007 15 •4843306 •5384003 30503-16 837598-28 64 •5344636 •3564001 342-8439 2371-9568 16 •4483769 •4906881 28078-69 309519-69 65 -4845787 •3937516 805-1959 1966-7609 17 •4133450 •4538334 26837-18 383683-41 66 -4334889 •2292896 271-2932 1695-4U77 18 •3759333 •4148369 23764-15 26991836 67 -3809943 •1638734 240-4331 1455-0346 19 •3394096 •3767054 21847-90 338070-36 68 •3370786 •0943565 213-3629 1242-6717 SO •3037319 ■3384413 20078-07 217992-29 69 •2716203 3-0335681 186-9047 1055-7670 SI ■3658783 •3000458 18444-99 199647-80 70 •2144142 3-9603304 163-8379 891-9291 S3 •3388993 •3616194 16989-45 182607-85 71 •1663416 ■8744396 143-0018 748-9272 S3 •1917910 ■2328613 15653-17 167055-68 73 -0941377 -7966872 124-2047 624-7336 U •1545457 •1840713 14374-00 152781-68 78 2-0306527 -7138344 107-3181 517-4095 S5 •1171598 -1451501 13096-63 139685-05 74 1-9645670 -6286385 92-16530 425-24432 S6 •0796496 ■1060960 13013-95 137672-10 75 ■8957376 •5398127 78-65708 346-58729 87 •0430363 ■0669064 11016-31 116655-79 76 -8237261 •4470784 66-63863 279-94866 S8 4-0043334 5^0375759 10100-26 106555-53 77 -7483005 -3501205 66-01450 228-98416 39 3^9665508 4^9880985 9368-717 97396-813 78 -6689261 •2486504 46-65800 177-27616 30 •9S87147 •9484648 8488-338 88810-684 79 -5852718 •1423678 38-48326 188-79290 31 •8908S31 •9086640 7777-197 81033-387 80 -4968306 3-0810043 81-39284 107-40006 33 •8538746 •8686851 7136-473 73906-915 81 •4034675 1-9143350 26-32052 82-07954 S3 •8148733 •8385160 6539-400 67377-615 83 •8046934 •7917630 20-16987 61-91017 34 •7768073 •7881405 5981-463 61396-053 83 •2003860 •6683026 15-86308 46-04714 35 •7386751 •7475468 5478^669 55917-884 84 1-0901965 •6381308 12-30826 83-73889 36 •7004695 •7067186 5017-393 50900-091 85 0-9737609 •8860660 9-413712 24 325183 - 37 •6631833 •6656388 4593-918 46306-173 86 •8508242 •3366484 7084746 17-240437 88 •6338088 •6343899 4305-414 43100^759 87 -7194992 1-0791338 6-242026 11-998411 39 •5853333 •5836580 3848-861 38361^898 88 •5794550 0-9138819 3-797136 8-201385 40 •5467339 •5407093 3531-561 34730-347 89 ■4319963 •7401534 3-703935 5-497860 41 •5080156 •4984368 3331-185 31509-163 90 ■2753894 -5577491 1-885338 8-613012 43 •4691507 •4558148 2945^444 38563^718 91 0-1095016 -8664678 1-286772 2-325240 43 •4301340 •4128190 3692-366 26871-352 93 9-9340403 0-1661772 -8590930 1-4661465 44 •3909430 •3694258 3460-045 23411-307 93 -7483196 9-9571171 -5601697 -9059768 45 •3515653 •3256081 2246-804 31164-508 94 -5527723 -7394863 •3570855 -5488913 46 •3119880 •3813380 2051-104 19113-399 95 -3471873 -5138857 •2224270 •8264643 47 •3733041 •3365836 1871-562 17341-837 96 9-1817636 •2810768 -1354452 -1910191 48 •3321937 •1913113 1706^840 15534-997 97 8-9071148 9^0424743 -0807448 -1102743 49 •1919385 •1454839 1555-746 13979-351 98 -6788630 8-7999123 •0471918 -0630830 50 •1514183 •0990619 1417-159 12563-092 99 -4393363 •5613170 •0374939 -0366891 51 •1106142 ■0520018 1290-073 11373-019 100 8-3016935 •2939876 •0159108 -0196783 5S •0694737 4-0043590 1173-473 10098-547 101 7-9464300 8-0349893 -0088393 -0108390 53 3^0379713 3-9557850 1066-525 9033-022 103 -7047203 7^7618564 -0050666 -0057734 54 3-9860635 ■9065292 968-4194 8063-6038 103 •4604432 •4602060 -0028870 -0038854 S5 •9437071 ■8564373 878-4298 7185-1730 104 7-2228994 7^0844690 -0016707 -0012147 50 •9008638 ■8054509 795-0079 6389-2661 105 6-9676370 6-4570819 -0009383 -0002865 57 •8575095 -7535043 720-2935 5668^9716 106 6-4570819 • >• -0002865 -0000000 68 3-8135699 3-7005306 660 0739 5017-9987 542 AUXILIARY TABLES* OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table lO. England and Wales.— Whole Population. — Single Lives. — Males. — Nine per Cent. Age X X-D^ X-N^ D^ N X Age X X-I>. ^•N^ D X N X 10 4-6257350 5^6300960 4224r08 426673-79 59 2-5328542 3-3821015 S41^0784 2410-4689 11 •5848596 •5890857 38446^74 388237^05 60 •4836154 . •3234477 304-5197 2105-9492 13 •5443765 •5480336 36024^79 353202^26 61 ■4336379 •2635360 271-4145 1834-5347 13 •6041894 •5068743 31929-30 321273-96 63 ■3828065 •3033433 241^4379 1593-0968 14 •4641999 •4656095 29120 57 293153-39 63 ■3310663 •1394934 214-3218 1878-7750 15 •4242894 •4242095 26663-75 366688-64 64 •2783871 •0751738 189^7960 1188-9790 16 •3843330 •3826649 24328-86 341359-78 66 •3344004 3^0091661 167-6488 1031-3302 n •3441983 •3409784 22090-13 219269-65 66 •1693579 3 9413483 147-6583 873-6719 18 •3038729 •2991560 2013r35 199138-30 67 •1138105 •8715791 129-6614 744-0105 19 •2633575 •2571984 18338^34 180800-06 68 2-0548921 •7997110 113-4728 630-5377 20 ■2226670 •2161139 16698^10 164101-96 69 1-9954309 •7255721 98-95344 531-58424 SI •1818207 •1729028 15199-19 148902^77 70 ■9342222 •6489831 85-94532 445^63892 32 •1408389 •1305659 13830-53 135073^24 71 •8711468 •5697388 74-32703 371-31189 33 ■0997279 •0881038 12581-37 133490-87 72 •8059482 •4876376 63-96586 307^34603 34 •0584798 •0455166 11441^41 111049^46 73 •7384626 •4034117 54-75864 253-58739 35 4^0 1709 13 6-0028055 10401-39 100648-07 74 ■6683641 ■3138455 46-59766 306-98973 26 3-9755783 4-9599704 9453^188 91194-883 75 ■5955320 ■3316395 39-40324 166-58649 27 ■9339623 •9170089 8589^390 82606-492 76' •6195177 ■1255141 33-07636 133-51013 38 •8922557 •8739167 7802-894 74802^698 77 •4400894 3 0351509 37^54796 105-96217 29 •8504713 •8306878 7087-144 67715-454 78 •3667132 1-9303604 33^73590 83^23627 30 •8086325 •7873132 6436-244 61279-310 79 •3690553 -8105408 18^68040 64-64587 31 ■7667381 •7437828 5844-375 55434-835 80 •1766112 ■6967259 15^01797 49-63790 33 •7247869 •7000855 5306-240 50128-595 81 r0793454 ■6764897 13^00177 37-63613 33 •6827828 ■6562087 4817-068 45311-527 83 0^9764675 ■4496335 9^472563 28^153570 34 •6407141 •6131393 4372-341 40939-186 83 •8681584 ■3174760 7-381734 30^771836 35 •5985791 •5678626 3968-068 36971-118 84 •7539663 •1788858 5-675004 16^09683S 36 •5563708 •5233634 3600-567 33370-551 85 •6336278 V0332725 4-300587 10-796245 37 ■5140818 •4786251 3266-494 30104-057 86 •6060884 0-8802030 3-206922 7^589333 38 ■4717046 -4336296 2963-816 27141-243 87 •3712606 -7191887 2-351043 5^238280 39 ■4292254 •3883588 2686-738 24454-504 88 •3273137 •6503380 1-687383 3-550897 40 •3866242 ■3427937 2435-703 22018-801 89 0^0757533 ■3729738 M90562 2-360335 41 •343903^ 3969138 3207-613 19811-289 90 9^9]61436 0^1869063 ■8225127 1-5378226 42 •3010355 ■3506947 2000-025 17811-264 91 ■7462520 9-9919326 ■5562270 •9815956 43 •2580161 ■2041162 1811-408 15999-866 92 ■6657879 -7879182 ■3679492 •6136464 44 •2148223 •1571626 1639-919 14359-937 93 ■3760646 •5761036 ■3377194 •8769270 45 •1714418 •1097780 1484^027 12876-910 94 9-1765144 •3536870 ■150)463 •2257808 46 ■1278619 •0619637 1342-338 11533-572 95 8^9669269 9^1242218 -0926674 •1331134 47 ■0840752 4-0136784 1213^699 10319-973 96 •7475003 8^8876286 ■0559114 •0773030 48 30400611 3^9648882 1096-633 9223-340 97 •6188488 •6461913 •0330255 •0441765 49 2-9958041 •9165558 990-3851 8232-9552 98 •2815932 •3988407 ■0191246 •0350619 50 ■9512812 •8656411 893-8841 7339^0711 99 8^0439647 8^1465001 ■0110399 •0140120 61 ■9064743 ■8151003 806-2585 6532^8136 100 7^8014182 7-8854630 •0063302 •0076818 52 ■8613301 ■7638887 726-6581 5806^1545 101 •5421430 •6229700 ■0034845 •0041973 63 ■8158388 •7119574 654-3737 5151-7808 102 •2964406 •3460203 ■0019790 •0022188 54 ■7699164 ■6592655 588-7389 4663-0519 103 7^0481607 7^0417873 ■0011173 ■0011010 55 ■7235563 ■6057283 539-1336 4033-9293 104 6-8066142 6-6631353 ■0006406 •0004604 56 ■6767092 ■5513172 475-0170 3558-9123 105 •5473390 6^0327912 ■0003526 •0001078 67 ■6293532 ■4959659 436-9447 3133^9876 106 6^0327912 ... ■0001078 •0000000 58 2^5814038 3^4395769 381-4303 3751-5473 AUXILIAKY TABLES OF KATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 543 Table 11. England and Wales.— Whole V ovulation. —Single Lives.— Males. — Ten per Cent. Age X \-D^ X-N^ D X N X Age X X-D^ X-N, D X N X 10 4-5860731 5^6493964 88554^33 354820^62 59 2^2988492 3-1212584 198-9989 1322-0818 11 •5412316 •5045368 34773^16 819548^46 60 ■9466449 3-0691954 176-0533 1146-0286 IS •4967813 •4596325 8138937 288159^19 61 •1917006 2-9968717 155-4899 990-5393 13 •4526290 •4146461 38364^95 269804^24 69 ■1869019 ■9311944 137^0679 863-4891 14 •4086733 •3696473 35695^55 284178-69 63 ■0811966 •8650590 120-6581 739-9940 15 •3647966 •3943145 23163^10 211015-59 64 9-094461] •7973693 106-7916 627-1394 16 •3308740 •9789376 20985^05 190080-54 65 1-9666983 •7979763 92-69780 634-53619 17 •3767733 •2334201 18913^56 171166-98 66 ■9074896 •6667886 80-81456 453-72056 18 •2324816 •1877666 17079^75 154087-98 67 ■8470760 •5836532 70-81954 383^40103 19 •1880000 •1419831 16417^00 138670-23 68 ■7851914 •5084227 60-98056 322^42046 ao •1433433 •0960744 13910^52 124759-71 69 -7217640 •4309281 52^69434 269-72619 21 •0985308 •0500432 19646^79 112219-99 70 -6565891 •3509742 45^36124 224-37488 S3 •0535828 5^0038908 11313^13 100899-86 71 •5895476 •2688694 38^86400 186-61088 23 4-0085056 4-9576173 10197^78 90702-08 79 •5208748 •1828972 33^14170 162-86918 24 3-9632914 •9119347 9189^490 81513-694 73 •4489909 •0948149 2811889 124-25629 25 ■9179366 •8647151 8978^918 73334-381 74 •3748669 2-0023774 23-70643 100-54886 26 •8724574 •8180887 7455^167 65779-314 75 •9980679 1-9067918 19-86405 80-68481 27 •8268752 •7718438 6719^360 59066-854 76 •9180874 •8072770 16-52294 64-16187 38 •7812034 •7244770 6042^301 53034-563 77- •1346929 •7035123 13-63618 50-62569 29 •7354518 •6774828 5438^158 47586-395 78 1-0473496 -6962070 11-15199 39-37377 30 •6896468 •6303525 4893-807 42693-588 79 0-9557264 •4820580 9-030804 30-842963 31 ■6437863 •5830764 4403^381 38389-307 80 -8593169 •3637999 7-932968 23-110000 33 •5978689 •5856437 3961^584 34327-623 81 •7579849 •9401059 5-727759 17-382948 33 •5518986 •4880420 3563^680 30763-948 82 •6519401 1-1106786 4-470809 19-902689 34 •6058637 •4402584 3905^263 37558-680 83 •5389648 0-9761342 3-459113 9-443526 3S •4597635 •8922787 2882^455 34676-995 84 •4908064 -8380432 9-635166 6-808370 36 •4135880 •8440878 2591^719 33084-506 85 -2964019 -6839085 1-978800 4-829670 87 •3673398 •2956689 2329^876 19754-630 86 •1649963 •5272953 1-462165 3-367406 38 •3309895 •2470047 9094-063 17660668 87 0-0263023 •3627119 1-062191 2-805214 39 -2745441 •1980767 1881-673 15778-895 88 9-8781893 •1909737 -7554912 1-5497929 40 •9379767 ■1488660 1690-360 14088-545 89 -7997615 0-0092971 -5281551 1-0916378 41 •1813895 ■0993519 1518^063 13670-483 90 -6581857 9-8195923 -3615644 -6600734 42 •1344556 4^0495130 1363-873 11907-610 91 -3848-390 -6309550 -2492863 -4177871 43 -0874700 3^9998358 1333^133 9984-487 92 -2008987 •4133487 -1588176 -2589696 44 3-0403101 ■9487663 1097^961 8887-396 93 9-0073093 9-1967168 -1016738 -1672957 45 3-9939634 ■8978084 983^9383 7903-9976 94 8-8036928 8-9716597 -0636845 •0936612 46 -9454173 ■8464338 881-8958 7091-4018 95 -5901891 -7389675 ■0389359 ■0547853 47 -8976644 ■7945811 790^0679 6931-8339 96 •8667463 -4978691 -0282673 -0314680 48 -8496841 ■7499460 707^43]0 5593-9099 97 8-1341286 •9516361 -0186185 -0178496 49 -8014609 ■6893817 638^0834 4890-8195 98 7-8929069 8-0015181 -0078146 -0100349 50 -7529718 ■6359476 566^3095 4334-6170 99 -6603122 7-7454574 -0044700 -0055649 51 -7041988 •5818997 506^0663 3818-5607 100 -4047995 -4807897 -0026398 -0030251 53 -6550884 •5371933 45r9479 8366-6198 101 7-1415581 7-9147909 -0013853 -0016398 53 -6056179 ■4717788 403^3904 3963-3334 109 6-8918895 6-9345994 -0007796 -00OS009 54 -5557413 •4156054 359^6351 3608-7873 103 -6396434 •6973659 •0004862 -0004240 55 -5054160 •3586183 390^1960 9388-5913 104 •3941807 6^9460069 -0002478 -0001762 56 -4546028 •3007585 284-8412 1098-7501 105 6^1808894 5-6133754 -0001359 •0000410 57 -4039806 •3419589 2530932 1745-6569 106 5-6123764 ... -0000410 -0000000 58 2-3513650 8^1821521 224^5769 1591-0800 544 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTEIBUTIONS. In pp. 532 ante, were given the formulae employed in the construction of the auxiliary Tables 2 to 11 inclusive, and with but slight modifications the same are applicable to the formation of Tables on joint lives. It may, however, be convenient for many purposes to give the formulae more in detail, by which the following Tables were formed. The rate of interest at which they are calculated, it will be observed, is seven per cent. The reason for adopting this rate is, that there are frequently contingent life interests and reversions disposed of, the market price of which is regulated by as high a rate of interest, and there being no published Tables on joint lives calculated at a higher rate than six per cent., it is believed that the following Tables will be found useful, not only in regard to such matters, but in respect to many other questions of a more general and pubhc nature. Whenever occasion may arise for the determination of the value of contingent life interests at other rates of interest, such may be done from the following Tables by a simple mode of approximation, the formula for which is hereafter given, and its application may be safely relied on for all practical purposes. The following, viewed in connection with the explanations already furnished in pp. 532-3 ante, will shew the conditions and formulae on which the construction of the following auxiliary Tables on joint lives depends : — Let l^ = Number living at age x in the second column of Table C (Males), pp. 5-6 ante, and I = Number living at age y in the same Table ; also p^ = Probability of the joint survivorship of two lives aged a; and y for one year ; and likewise r = 0'07, seven per cent, being the rate of interest adopted in the calculation of the following Tables. 1+r = 1-07, \. (l+r)= 0-02938378, and therefore J \.(l+»-)= 0-01469189. = '9345794 39253 being the present value of £.1 due one year 1+r hence, consequently X.v = 9-9706162, and therefore \,v'17=i\.«; = AX. C ) =9-9853081 1167. vi'07/ v^ =— i- =— i-= -9661835 65217 being the present value of £1 due six months hence, and therefore \.v^ = (j^) = ^-(t:^) = '^'•1"035 = 9-9850596 50207, which is not to be confounded with ^ X.v, the quantity employed in the determination of the vertical series hereafter referred to. Then in the following Auxiliary Tables will ^.,y+i= 4,,+i -^^ ^'+'+'^ a^d therefore D x,y 1 ^F= — and ^x,y+l ^v-Py (^) ^■^.,y =^'^x,y+^+'>''-^'^-Py = ^-^.,y + ,+^'-Py + iM^ + r) AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 545 Again X.D,_^^,= X.D,^^ + AX.D,^^, but A\.D^ =\.p +^X.v, and therefore (3) '^•D^,j,+,= '^-I>^,2,+ ^-i'3,+^'^-«'. or (^) ''■^.,^+1= '^■^,,y-{'^-Py + k^'-v), and also (5) ^-^x 2/+i~ ^-^x V — ^-Py — J^**)- On referring to page 532 «w<^, it will be seen that A X.j9^ = A X.» , X in the series being constant, therefore -fa:,2/ + l -i x,y ^ J^y In the above formulse it is assumed in the determination of the successive differences that one of the ages, x, remains constant and the other, j/, is by each step in the manipulation varied one year, and as applied to Table 1 3 will alv^ays vary vertically. In the practical construction of such Tables as the foUovs'ing there are many reasons in favour of such a mode of calculation, from its less liability to manual errors, but the same principles may be applied in the formation of Tables by a continuous series in which the result of each step in the order of differences will determine the values for a variation of one year in the age of each of the two lives, as follows, and as applied to Table 1 3 will vary horizontally. (6) ^•I^(.,,)+i=^-D.„+^-^^.,2,'°'^ (8) ^•D(^,y) + i = ^-1)^,2;+ ^•i'^+^-i'2/+'^-*; inlikemanner (9) ^■'^.,y ='^-I5(.,2,) + .+ ^'«i'.,2/'"^ (10) '^■^x,y = ^■'^{x,y) + i + ^'-^^^ + ^'-^y ^""^ "^^'^ (11) ^■^l,y = ^■^(.,y) + i + ^>. + ^'■Py+ ^'*- The preceding formulee furnish various modes by which to construct auxiliary Tables according to the continuous method of calculation. The most convenient formula will depend on the nature and extent of the preliminary Tables which may have been prepared for facilitating the final calculation in which the value of X.D^^ is to be determined. In the preliminary Table 12, page 546 ante, will be found all the elements which enter into the above formulae, and should no further combination of them be made there can be very little difference between the facihties in calculation offered by the expressions (2) to (5) inclusive. Each of the series of results, it will be seen,^ is produced by the successive additions or subtractions from the initial X.D^^, with which the series begins, of two other quantities, but if these two quantities were combined the subsequent process of calculation would be shortened, and the values determined, by the continued addition or subtraction of only one quantity. The following preliminary Table contains the elements so combined according to the preceding methods of finding the successive values of X.D . . 6 z 546 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 12. Being preliminary to the construction of Tables 13 and 14. y AGE 10. V.p +J\.(l+r) \.» +iX,w X.vj>^ '^'•^'^x Age. y y X'.j) — iX. V ^■''Px.y 01- X .vp -' x,y or (2) (3) (4) & (5) (6) (1) (9) (10) 10 0-0181408 9-9818592 0-0181408 9-9637184 9^9671673 0^0362816 0^0328327 11 ■0177495 •9822505 •0177495 •9641097 •9675586 ■0358903 •0324414 12 •0174515 ■9825485 ■0174515 ■9744077 •9678566 ■0255923 •0321434 13 •0172549 ■9827451 •0172549 •9646043 •9680533 ■0353957 •0319468 14 ■0171759 •9828241 •0171759 •9646833 •9681333 ■0353167 ■0318678 15 •0172318 •9827782 •0172318 •9646374 ■9680863 ■0353626 ■0319137 16 ■0174001 •9825999 •0174001 •9644591 •9679080 ■0355409 •0320920 17 •0175908 ■9824092 •0175908 •9642684 •9677173 •0357316 ■0322827 18 •0177808 •9822192 ■0177808 •9640784 •9675273 •0359216 ■0324727 19 •0179559 ■9820441 ■0179589 •9639033 ■9673533 •0360967 •0336478 SO •0181117 •9818883 ■0181117 •9637475 ■9671964 •0362525 •0338036 21 •0182472 •9817528 •0182473 •9636120 ■9670609 •0363880 •0339391 22 •0183764 •9816236 •0183764 •9634828 ■9669317 •0365172 •0330683 23 ■0185135 •9814865 •018513S •9633457 ■9667946 •0366543 ■0333054 24 ■0186540 •9813460 •0186640 •9632052 ■9666541 •0367048 ■0333459 28 ■0187784 ■9812216 •0187784 ■9630808 •9665297 •0369192 ■0334703 26 ■0188814 -9811186 ■0188814 ■9629778 •9664267 •0370222 ■0335733 27 •0189720 ■9810280 •0189730 •9628872 •9663361 ■0371128 •0336639 28 •0190498 ■9809502 •0190498 •9628094 •9662583 •0371906 •0337417 29 ■0191042 ■9808958 •0191042 •9637550 •9663039 •0372450 •0337961 30 ■0191598 ■9808402 •0191598 •9626994 •9661483 •0373006 •0338517 31 ■0192166 ■9807834 ■0192166 •9626426 •966091S •0373574 •0339085 32 ■0192695 ■9807305 ■0192695 •9625897 •9660386 •0374103 •0339614 33 •0193341 ■9806659 •0193341 •9625351 •9659740 •0374749 •0340360 34 ■0194004 ■9805996 •0194004 •9624588 •9659077 •0375412 ■0340923 87 •1213123 •8786877 ■1213123 •8605469 •8639958 ■1394531 ■1360042 88 •1287269 •8712731 •1287269 •8531323 •8565812 •1468677 •1434188 89 •1378750 •8621250 ■1378750 •8439843 •8474331 •1560158 •1525669 90 ■1471560 •8528440 ■1471560 •8347032 ■8381521 •1653968 •1618479 91 •1567295 •8432705 •1867295 •8251297 •8285786 •1748708 •1714314 92 •1669887 •8330113 •1669887 •8148705 •8183194 •1851395 •1816806 93 •1768156 ■8231844 •1768156 •8050436 •8084925 •1949564 •1915075 94 •1868529 ■8131471 •1868539 •7950063 •7984553 •2049937 •2016448 95 •1966920 •8033080 •1966920 ■7851672 •7886161 •3148338 •3113839 96 •2059169 •7940831 ■3059169 ■7759423 •7793913 •2240577 ■2206088 97 •2145210 •7854790 ■3145210 ■7673382 •7707871 •2326618 •3292129 98 •2158930 •7841061 •2158939 ■7659653 ■7694142 •2340347 •2305858 99 •2188119 •7811881 •2188119 ■7630473 ■7664963 •2369527 •2335038 100 •2365406 •7634594 •3365406 ■7453186 •7487675 •2546814 •3513325 101 •2229678 •7770322 ■2329678 ■7588914 •7633403 •2411086 •2376597 102 ■2255453 •7744547 •2255453 •7563139 •7597628 •2436861 •3402373 103 •2188119 •7811881 •2188119 •7630473 •7664962 ■2369527 •3335038 104 •2365406 •7634594 •236S406 •7543186 •7487675 •2546814 •2512335 103 0^4918132 9^5081868 0-4918132 9-4900460 9'4934949 0-5099540 0^5065051 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 547 In columns (4) (5) of the preceding Table will be found the vertical differences by which the whole of the Tables, of which Table 13 is a specimen, were calculated. The successive values of the expression X'.p^—^x.v for each age, were written on a perforated slip of paper, and the initial ^.D^^, or the first at the top of each column in Table 13 having been determined from I>^^^ = l^^^J('+y\ the subsequent values of ^■^x, y ^^ ^^^^ column were produced by deducting the corresponding quantities to the given difference of age on the perforated slip. The same slip of course served for the whole range of the Table, whatever the disparity of age. For example, if from the initial ^^•^^,2, = ^■'''0^1622 in the first column headed "Age" 10, Table 13, there be, in succession, deducted the quantities in the same order given in column (4), (5) of the preceding Table 12, the results will be found to produce the successive values in Table 1 3, in that column, and the figures, in the same perforated slip, if deducted from the initial quantity in column " Age" 11, beginning also with age 11 on the slip, will, in succession, produce all the results in that column, and so, in like manner, will the results in all the other columns of Table 1 3 be produced. One of the advantages, independent of the reduced amount of labour of the present over the direct method of calculation followed in constructing the Tables in pp. 148 and 494 ante is, that if at any step of the process an error should be made, it must affect all the subsequent results, and, therefore, the correctness of any one series of the Tables may be easily tested by calculating, at an advanced stage of it, the value of \T> by the direct method. Thus, X.D in column " Age " 10, for disparity of 90 years, or for ages 10-100, is found directly from the expression I .v^ "'. In Table 1 \.l^ ='>^-ho = 6-0000000 X.ly = '^•^loo = 1-5440680 \.v^^'+y^= \.t,*(i°+^"°>= X./'"^ = 8-3838922 X.D = \.D,n inn = 4-9279602, -which Xyy iU, lUU ' agrees with the results of Table 1 3, only that the index in that Table has been reduced by 5, in order to condense the figures in the final Table 14. It is therefore to be presumed that all the results in the same column are correct. It is possible, however, that com- pensating errors may have arisen, but the chances of errors which shall exactly balance each other are very remote, but, to guard against such a contingency, it is prudent to check the results by performing the direct calculation at four or five intervals throughout the column, or, what is stUl a better test, would be to go over the whole of the figures in the column with a second perforated slip, prepared in accordance vsdth formula (3), as given in column (3) Table 1 2, in which the expression A..p + ^X-v is additive, while that actually employed in the original construction of the Table was subtractive. This, carefully done, will always ensure complete accuracy. 548 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 13. {The characteristic in each of the quantities '^■'^x.y ^'''^^ ^^^^ diminished hy 5.) H 10 11 13 13 14 18 16 y-x '^•°.,2/ ^■^-,y ^^x,y '^■^x, y f^-^x,y ^.D.,, '^•'5:^,2/ 4-7061622 4-6698806 4^6343817 4^5994787 4 6649689 4-6806171 4-4961736 1 •6880314 •6531313 •6169303 ■5822238 8477930 -5133963 -4787735 3 ■6703719 •6346797 •5996753 •5650479 5305713 •4959953 •4611837 3 •6538306 •6174248 •5834994 •6478261 6131711 •4784046 •4434019 4 •6355666 •6003489 •5653776 •5304360 4955804 •4606337 •4354460 5 •6183897 •5830371 •5478775 •6138353 4777996 •4436678 -4073343 6 •6011679 -5656370 •6302867 •4950545 4598437 •4246561 •3890871 7 ■5837678 •5480363 •5135059 •4770986 4417320 •4068089 •3707107 8 •6661770 •5302564 •4945501 •4689869 4234848 •3879325 •3831973 9 •6483963 ■5133996 •4764384 •4407397 4051084 •3694190 •3835433 10 ■6304403 ■4941879 •4581913 •4223633 3865949 •3507660 -3147649 11 •6133386 ■4759407 •4398148 •4038498 8679409 •8319867 •3988833 ]S •4940815 •4675643 •4313013 •■3851958 3491625 •8131053 •3769118 13 •4767051 •4390508 •4036473 ■3664174 3303813 •2941383 •2578617 14 ■4571916 ■4303968 •3838689 ■3475360 3113092 •2750835 •2387876 15 ■4385376 ■4016184 •3649875 ■3285641 2933594 •2569793 •3198977 16 ■4197593 ■3827370 •3460155 ■3095143 3731553 •2368198 •3008811 17 ■4008778 ■3637650 •8369658 ■2904101 3539981 •2176039 •1811116 18 ■3819058 ■3447153 •3078616 ■2712503 3347788 •1988884 •1617776 10 ■3628560 ■3266111 •2887018 ■2530337 3155093 •1789993 •1423772 20 •3437518 •3064513 •3694863 ■3337643 1961753 •1896990 •1339036 21 •3345931 ■3872347 •3503157 ■3184301 1767748 •1401353 •1033491 23 •3053755 ■2679652 •2308816 ■1940397 1873013 •1305709 •0887066 23 ■3861060 ■3486311 •2114812 •1745660 1377468 •1009388 •0639619 24 4-2667719 4^3392307 4^1930076 4-1550017 4 1181043 4-0811837 4^0440953 74 3-5167544 2^4009099 3-3784496 3-1489109 3 0108437 1-8644410 1^7093443 ■ 76 •4190507 ■2962061 •1663664 3-0275986 1 8816168 •7365660 •5631883 76 •3143469 ■1841119 3^0450441 1-8988717 7487419 •5794100 •4054587 77 •2022537 2^0637996 1-9163173 •7009967 5965859 -4336805 •3384700 78 2'0809404 r9340737 -7784433 •6138408 4398564 -3666918 1-0616544 79 1-9522135 ■7961977 •6312863 •4571113 2728677 1-0788763 0-8748015 80 ■8143385 ■6490417 •4746668 •2901236 1 0960521 0-8930338 -6781095 81 ■6671835 ■4923122 •3076681 1-1133070 9091992 -6983813 ■4731927 83 ■5104530 •3253236 1^1307525 0-9364541 7138073 •4894144 •3576717 83 ■3434643 1-1488080 0^9438996 •7397631 5065903 •3748935 0-0417778 84 11666488 0-9616551 •7472076 -5338453 3930693 0-0589996 9-8329689 86 0-9797959 ■7649631 •5412907 •3093342 0761755 9-8401877 -5864353 86 •7831039 ■5590462 •3367697 0-0934303 9 8578636 -6036471 -8634575 87 •5771870 ■3445263 0-1108768 9-8746186 6308330 -3800793 9-1379123 88 ■3636660 0^]286313 9-8930639 -6380779 3978553 9-1851340 8-9191003 89 0-1467731 9^9098194 •6655234 •4151101 9 1733099 8-9363331 -6836597 90 9-9379603 ■6732788 •4335556 9^1896648 8 9584980 -6997816 8-1907466 91 •6914196 ■4503111 9-2070103 8-9707529 7169574 8-3079683 92 -4684518 •2247658 8-9881984 -7342123 8 3381443 93 -2429066 9^0059639 •7516578 8-2423991 94 9-0240947 8^7694133 8-2598446 95 8-7875641 8^3776001 96 8-2957409 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 549 An attentive examination of the preceding formulae, and the construction of Tables 12 and 13, will suggest a variety of means by which tests may be appHed to ensure the correctness of the quantities \D^_^ in the latter Table. One which will be found very simple and convenient is in the application of \p^+^'f^.v, and which is tabulated in column (3) Table 12, as X.p^+ ^X.v, w in the series now under consideration being , constant, and taking the place of i/ in that column. If then x.p^+ J \.v be continuously added to the results in any one column of Table 13, it will always produce the \.D^ in the next column, one place higher in order; for example, X.p^j^+i\.« = 9-9818592 if added to any quantity in column "Age" 10, Table 13, will produce X.D^ in column " Age " 11, but one place higher in order. In like manner will X.p^^+iX.v'l 9-9827782, if added to the figures in column " Age" 15, produce the results in column "Age" 16, but one place higher in order. The whole of the series of Tables, of which Table 13 is a specimen, having been calculated according to the formulse already pointed out, and various modes of verification employed to test the accuracy of the results, the next step was to find the natural numbers ^^ ^-^x, y- This having been done, the values of A,.D^ , taken horizontally from Table 1 3 , were arranged vertically, in the same order, in Table 14, and will be found in the various columns headed D^_^ in that Table. The whole of the enlarged Table 14 being so far completed, the adjacent column in the same Table was formed from the expression In this manner has Table 14 been constructed, and all the results verified throughout. In calculating the Auxiliary Tables, in pp. 148 and 494 ante, by the direct method, the use of logarithms, to five decimal places, would have been sufficient for all practical purposes, but by the continuous method followed in the construction of Tables 1 to 14 inclusive, where the results are determined by successive additions of constant quantities to an initial value, any original inaccuracy in these constants is increased at each step, and becomes magnified to a great extent at the end of the series. Extreme care is therefore necessary in the formation of the preliminary Table 1 2, page 546, and particularly in regard to the constants X.(\ + r),^x.v, ^X.v and x'.v, all of which maybe derived from X,v. In page 532 ante will be found, for ten different rates of interest, the x.v to twelve places of decimals calculated with the Logarithms in the large edition of Vega, and will meet most cases which are likely to arise, but should the X.v for intermediate rates of interest, or for higher or lower rates than those given in page 532 be required, they may be found in a few minutes by those not having at hand Tables of Logarithms to more than seven places, by the following formula. As the same necessity exists for accuracy in the use of the \./, given in the eighth column of Table 1, page 533, a complete Table of the X.v", from X.V , to '^■v,,^, for ten different rates of interest and to twelve places of decimals, will be found in a Table in the subsequent pages of this Contribution. 7 A [It has already 550 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14. England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. D IFFEBBNOE OF AgE O Yeae. DiFFEEENCB OF AGE 1 Yeab. Ages. Ages. Ages. Ages. ^^.y ^x,. °X,y N.,, °X,2. ^^,y ^x,y N-,. X. y- X'. y- X. y- X. y- 10 10 50835 627817 61 61 437-42 9956-38 10 11 48755 601852 61 62 410-02 9738^3r 11 11 46761 576982 62 62 384-33 2618-96 11 19 44888 653097 62 63 359-50 2318-35 12 19 43091 530221 63 63 336-27 2134-63 12 13 41393 508209 63 64 313-80 1958-85 13 13 39763 487130 64 64 299-89 1798-36 13 14 38214 466816 64 65 972-55 1645-05 ]4 14 36796 447367 65 65 253-69 1506-64 14 15 35301 428602 65 66 235-45 1379-50 15 15 33933 410641 66 66 918-62 1951-85 15 16 32613 393301 66 67 202-20 1137-05 16 16 31345 376708 67 67 187-09 1033-33 16 17 30114- 360688 67 68 179-53 934-847 17 17 28932 345363 68 68 169-11 846-249 17 18 97783 330574 68 69 146-21 762-317 18 18 26680 316431 69 69 134-35 687-139 18 19 25610 302791 69 70 122-96 616-107 19 19 24583 289751 70 70 112-54 559-789 19 90 23587 277181 70 71 102-55 493-147 20 20 99632 265168 71 71 93-456 440-949 20 21 21707 253594 71 79 84-749 390^597 21 91 90891 242536 72 72 76-854 346-793 21 22 19964 231887 72 73 69-328 305^848 22 99 19143 921715 73 73 62-640 269-939 29 23 18349 211923 73 74 56-079 236-690 23 93 17589 202572 74 74 60-286 207-399 93 24 16855 193674 74 75 44-808 180-441 24 24 16159 184983 75 75 39-926 157-113 24 25 15473 176719 75 76 35-316 135-633 25 25 14899 168831 76 76 31-239 117-187 25 26 14195 161246 76 77 27-416 100^317 26 26 13594 154009 77 77 94-061 85-9483 26 27 13016 147061 77 78 20-925 79-9005 27 27 19462 140415 78 78 18-198 61-8873 27 28 11929 134035 78 79 15^671 51-9755 28 28 11420 197953 79 79 13-495 43-6893 28 29 10929 122106 79 80 11-494 36-3046 29 29 10460 116533 80 80 9-7895 30-1943 99 30 10010 111177 80 81 8-2438 24-8105 30 30 9679-5 106073 81 81 6-9422 20-4048 30 31 9166-1 101167 81 82 5-7737 16-6667 31 31 8770-5 96493-8 89 82 4-8019 13-4626 31 32 8390-8 92001-3 82 83 3-9431 10-7930 39 32 8027-7 87723-3 83 83 3-2379 8-66066 32 33 7679-3 83610-5 83 84 9-6230 6-84989 33 33 7346-0 79695-6 84 84 2-1249 5-42276 33 34 7096-1 75931-2 84 85 1-6968 4-29689 34 34 6720-2 72349-6 86 85 1-3650 3-29786 34 35 6426-6 68906-1 85 86 1-0647 2-53009 35 35 6145-8 65629-4 86 86 •83662 1-94286 35 36 5876-3 62478-5 86 87 •64630 1-46589 36 36 5618-7 69483-6 87 87 ■49928 1-10624 36 37 5371-3 56602-2 87 88 •37760 -81909 37 37 5134-8 63864-9 88 88 -28657 -60696 37 38 4907-7 51230-9 88 89 ■91932 -44149 38 38 4690-7 48730-1 89 89 •16786 -32139 38 39 4482-2 46323-2 89 90 •11492 -23917 39 39 4283-0 44039-4 90 90 -08366 -16353 39 40 4091-5 418410 90 91 ■05969 •11425 40 40 3908-6 39756-4 91 91 -04248 •07987 40 41 3732-8 37749-5 91 92 •09961 ■06468 41 41 3564-9 35847-8 92 92 •02064 -03739 41 42 3403-4 3401 6^7 92 93 •01405 •02502 42 42 3249-2 39982-9 93 93 ■00957 •01675 49 43 3100-9 30613^3 93 94 •00637 •01097 43 43 9959-4 29033-7 94 94 ■00424 -00718 43 44 2823-3 97612^4 94 95 •00276 •00460 44 44 2693-3 26074-3 95 95 •00179 •00294 44 45 2568-3 94689-1 95 96 ■00114 •00184 45 45 2449-1 23381-0 96 96 •00072 -00115 45 46 2334-3 29190-8 96 97 -00046 ■00070 46 46 9994-9 20931-9 97 97 •00098 -00043 46 47 2119-6 19786-5 97 98 ■00017 •00035 47 47 9019-3 187070 98 98 •00010 •00015 47 48 1929-8 17666-9 98 99 •00006 -00008 48 48 1830-8 16687-7 99 99 -00004 •00006 48 49 1742-3 15744-1 99 100 •00002 -00003 49 49 1658-1 14856-9 100 100 -00001 -00001 49 50 1576-9 14001-8 100 101 ■00000 •00000 50 50 1499-8 13198-8 101 101 -00000 -00000 50 51 1426-4 19424-9 101 102 ■00000 -00000 51 51 1354-8 11699-0 102 102 •00000 •00000 51 52 1286-7 10999-6 102 103 ■00000 -00000 59 52 1292-0 10344-2 103 103 ■00000 -00000 59 63 1159-6 97128-8 103 104 ■00000 -00000 53 53 1100-3 9122-20 104 104 ■00000 •00000 63 54 1043-1 8653-28 104 106 ■00000 -00000 54 55 54 55 988-94 886-99 8021-90 7032-96 105 106 105 106 •00000 ■00000 -00000 54 55 56 56 936-58 839-09 7510-18 105 106 ■00000 •noooo •00000 6673-00 56 56 793-77 6145-97 56 57 760-02 5734-51 57 57 708-68 5359-20 57 58 668-71 4984-49 DiFF EBENC E OF Age, 96 Yeaes. 58 58 630-99 4643-52 DlFF EKENC B OF Age, 96 Yeabs. 58 59 594-58 4315-78 59 60 59 60 560-26 495-89 4012-53 3459-27 59 60 60 61 527-09 465-74 3721-20 3194-11 10 11 105 106 ■06131 ■01895 •0802(3 -01895 10 106 -01976 -01970 96 Yeabs. 95 Yeabs. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 551 Table 14 — [continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. Difference of Age, 2 Years. 1 Difference of Age, 3 Years. Ages. Ages. Ages. Ages. "x,2, ^.,2/ Dr « ^T V ^T „ ^x « ^X 11 ^x,y ^>y *>2/ ^>2/ x,y x,y x< !/• X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 12 46803 576941 61 03 383-53 2509^99 10 18 44959 652974 61 64 357-89 230123 11 13 43190 530138 62 64 385-47 2126-46 11 14 41440 508015 62 65 313-35 1943-34 12 14 39781 487018 63 65 29208 1790-99 19 15 38338 466575 63 66 271-07 163 ^09 13 15 36733 447937 64 66 253-96 1498-91 18 16 85804 428387 64 67 234-06 1300-09 U 16 38929 410506 65 67 317-86 1245-95 U 17 33597 893033 65 68 200^91 1135-96 15 17 31333 376576 66 68 186-46 1098-09 15 18 30089 360436 66 69 171^34 935-045 16 18 28919 845943 67 69 158-54 841-630 16 19 37759 330347 07 70 145-10 75y^705 17 19 96669 816324 68 70 133-81 683-090 17 90 95589 302588 68 71 121-94 608-605 18 20 24673 389655 69 71 112-05 549-280 18 31 33569 276999 69 72 101-01 486-665 19 21 S9624 265083 70 72 92-999 437-230 19 22 31693 353430 70 73 83-893 386-055 90 92 20814 943458 71 73 76-451 344-981 20 23 19952 231737 71 74 68-553 301-163 21 93 19137 331644 73 74 i;3-167 967-780 91 24 18838 211785 72 75 55-394 283^609 22 94 17S84 902507 78 76 49-970 905-618 23 35 16844 193447 73 76 44-200 177^915 23 95 16147 184933 74 76 39-634 155-643 23 36 15463 176603 74 77 34-784 ]33^015 24 96 14818 168776 75 77 30-904 116-009 24 27 14188 161140 75 78 36-955 98^9308 25 27 18591 158958 76 78 33-84:3 85-0153 25 28 13010 146952 76 79 20-533 71^9758 26 28 12460 140367 77 79 18-020 61-1723 26 29 11925 133942 77 80 15-347 50^7438 27 99 11418 127907 78 80 13-347 43-1523 27 30 10926 192017 78 81 11-240 35-3968 28 30 10469 116489 79 81 9-6793 29-8053 28 31 10008 111091 79 83 8-0500 24-1568 29 81 9878-9 106031 80 83 6-8569 90-1201 99 33 9163-7 101084 80 83 5-6300 16-1068 30 32 8769-3 96452-5 81 83 4-7411 13'2699 80 33 8388-7 91990-8 81 84 3^8408 10-4768 31 33 8026-7 87683-3 83 84 3-1948 8-52880 31 34 7677-2 83531-6 82 86 2^5608 6-63595 39 34 7344-8 79656-5 83 85 3-0946 5-83450 33 35 7024-0 75854-4 83 86 1-6459 4-0^515 33 35 6719-2 73311-7 84 86 1-3333 3-33990 33 36 6424-5 68830-4 84 87 1-0300 2-43925 84 36 6144-8 65593 5 85 87 -82351 1-90660 84 37 5874-8 62-105-9 85 88 -63206 1-40925 35 37 5617-6 59447-7 86 88 •48879 1^08409 85 38 5369-2 56581-6 86 89 ■36341 -78719 36 38 5133-8 53830-1 87 89 -38074 •59530 36 39 4905-6 51162-4 87 90 •30438 -42378 37 39 4689-6 48696-3 88 90 •16457 ■31456 37 40 4479-9 46256-8 88 91 •11014 ■91940 38 40 4281-8 44006-7 89 91 •08189 ■15999 38 41 4089-2 41776-9 89 93 -05708 ■10936 39 41 3907-5 39724-9 90 93 ■04156 ■07810 89 42 3730-5 37687-7 90 93 •03839 ■05218 40 49 3563-7 35817-4 91 93 •02016 ■08654 40 43 3401-1 83957-9 91 94 •01341 ■02389 41 43 3248-1 39263-7 93 94 -00985 •01638 41 44 3098-6 30556-1 92 95 •00608 ■01048 42 44 39S8-9 99005-6 98 95 ■00414 •00708 43 45 2820-9 27457-5 93 96 •00263 ■00440 43 45 2692-9 26047-4 94 96 •00175 •00289 43 46 2506-0 94630 6 94 97 ■00109 -00177 44 46 2447-9 38355-3 98 97 •00071 •00114 44 47 2332-1 22070-6 95 98 ■00043 ■00068 45 47 2923-8 90907-3 96 98 •00028 •00043 45 48 2117-5 19788-5 96 99 ■00017 ■00025 46 48 2018-3 18683-5 97 99 •00010 •00013 46 49 1920-7 17621-0 97 100 ■00006 ■00008 47 49 1829-8 16665-3 98 100 •00004 -00005 47 50 1740-3 16700-8 98 101 -00002 ■00002 48 50 1657-0 14885-4 99 101 •00001 •00001 48 51 1674-9 18960-0 99 102 ■00000 -00000 49 51 1498-8 18178-4 100 102 •00000 •00000 49 53 1423-4 12386-1 100 103 •00000 -00000 50 59 1353-8 11679-6 101 103 •00000 •00000 50 53 1984^6 10961-7 101 104 ■00000 ■00000 51 53 1991-0 10325-8 102 104 ■00000 •00000 51 54 1157-5 9677-10 109 105 ■00000 ■00000 52 53 54 55 1099-3 987-92 9104-88 8005-58 108 104 105 106 •00000 -00000 -00000 •00000 52 53 56 66 1041-1 934-56 887^16 748^12 8519-60 7478-50 6543-94 5706-78 103 106 ■00000 ■00000 54 65 56 57 886-00 792:84 7017-66 6131-66 54 55 57 68 DiFFEBEN jE OF Age, 93 Years. 56 57 68 58 59 60 707-79 630-12 559-38 6838-83 4631-10 4000-98 DiFFEHEN DE OF Age, 94 Years. 56 57 58 59 60 61 666-87 692-81 526-36 4958-66 4291-79 3698-98 10 11 103 104 ■17495 ■10138 ■35025 ■17530 10 104 -10570 •18969 59 61 \J \J Kf \J *^J 495-05 8441-60 11 105 -05880 •07699 59 63 404-03 3173-62 19 105 •05645 ■07393 60 69 436-66 2046-55 12 106 ■01819 •01819 60 63 408-86 2709-59 13 106 ■01747 ■01747 94 Years 93 Year s. 552 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (^continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DiFFEKENOE OF Age, 4: Yeabs. DiFFEBENCB OF Age, 5 Yeabb. H es. ^.,2/ N... Ages. "-,y N-,. Ages. ^x,y N.,, Ages. "... ^. X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 14 43208 539893 61 65 833-13 2102-14 10 15 41538 507635 61 66 809-17 1912^68 11 15 39834 486686 62 66 289-80 1789-02 11 18 38286 466102 63 67 268-15 1603^61 13 16 38752 446851 83 67 250-83 1479-22 13 17 85808 427817 63 68 231-31 1336-36 13 17 83918 410099 64 68 215-85 1238-39 13 18 83571 393509 64 69 198-34 1104^05 14 18 31303 376181 65 69 184-62 1012-64 14 19 30047 389938 65 70 168-96 905-713 15 19 28882 344878 66 70 156-81 837-933 15 20 37712 339891 66 71 142-90 736-763 16 20 26635 315996 67 71 132-28 871-113 16 21 35647 303179 87 73 119-91 693-863 17 21 24643 289881 68 72 110-58 538-883 17 22 33534 376633 88 78 99-753 473-943 18 22 22599 364818 69 73 91-664 438-303 18 23 21683 353098 69 74 82-195 374 190 19 23 20794 242219 70 74 75-236 336-639 19 24 19936 231435 70 75 67-031 291-995 20 24 19119 231425 71 75 61085 361-413 30 26 18315 211509 71 76 54-032 224-964 SI 25 17567 202306 72 76 48-998 300-838 31 36 16834 193194 72 77 43-002 170-933 aa 26 16132 184739 73 77 38-791 151-830 33 27 15445 176370 73 78 33-736 127-930 23 27 14805 168807 74 78 30-351 113-539 33 28 14173 160925 74 79 26-050 94-1941 24 28 13581 153803 75 79 23212 82-2875 34 39 12998 146753 75 80 19-770 68-1441 25 29 12452 140331 76 80 17-488 59-0755 25 30 11918 133784 78 81 14-726 48-3741 26 30 11412 137769 77 81 12-924 41-5878 36 81 10919 131838 77 83 10-749 83-6481 27 31 10454 116367 78 82 9-3480 38-6635 37 33 10002 110919 78 83 7-6761 33-8991 28 32 9574-6 105904 79 83 6-6108 19-3156 38 38 9159-0 100917 79 84 5-3550 16-3330 29 33 8766-0 96329-0 80 84 4-5609 13-7063 29 34 8384-8 91757-9 80 85 3-6431 9-86796 30 34 8023-5 87568-0 81 85 3-0670 8-14437 30 35 7672-9 83373-6 81 86 2-4100 6-33586 81 35 7341-8 79589-5 82 86 3-0043 5-07737 31 36 7019-8 75700-7 82 87 1-5484 8-81586 32 36 6716-0 73197-7 88 87 1-2715 8-07397 32 37 6420-3 68680-9 88 88 -96159 3-26746 33 37 6141-7 65481-7 84 88 77899 1-80147 33 38 5870-1 62260-6 84 89 -67917 1-30587 34 38 5614-5 59340-0 85 89 46249 1-03348 84 39 5865-0 56390-5 85 90 -83669 •73670 35 39 5130-6 53735-5 86 90 36466 -55999 35 40 4901-2 51025-5 86 91 -18852 •39001 36 40 4686-2 48594-9 87 91 14564 -39543 36 41 4475-5 46134-3 87 93 •10152 •30149 37 41 4278-4 43908-7 88 92 07678 -14979 37 42 4084-6 41648-8 88 93 -05237 •09997 38 42 3904-0 39630-3 89 93 03886 -07301 38 43 3735-9 37564-3 89 94 -03586 •04770 39 43 3860-2 36726-3 90 94 01883 -03415 39 44 3396-4 33838-3 90 95 -01225 ■02184 40 44 3244-S 82166-1 91 95 00873 -01533 40 45 8093-9 30441-9 91 96 -00558 •00959 41 45 2954-8 28921-6 92 96 00387 •00659 41 46 3816-8 27348 92 97 -00241 -00404 42 46 2688-7 35966-8 98 97 00164 •00273 42 47 2561-5 '24531-7 98 98 ■00099 -00163 43 47 2444-6 33378-1 94 98 00067 -ooioa 43 48 2827-7 21970-3 94 99 -00040 -00064 44 48 2220-6 30833-5 95 99 00036 -00041 44 49 2113-3 19642-5 95 100 •00016 00024 45 49 3015-1 18613-9 96 100 00010 -00015 45 50 1916-5 17529-3 96 101 •00006 -00008 46 50 1826-7 16597-8 97 101 00004 -00005 46 51 1786-2 15613-8 97 102 •00002 •00002 47 51 1664-0 14771-1 98 102 00001 -00001 47 53 1570-8 13876-6 98 103 ■00000 -00000 48 52 1495-7 181171 99 103 00000 -00000 48 53 1419-3 12805-8 99 104 ■00000 •00000 49 53 1350-7 11631-4 100 104 00000 -00000 49 54 1280-5 10886-5 100 105 ■00000 .00000 50 51 52 54 56 60 1317-9 1096-2 984-87 10370-7 9052-87 7956-67 101 102 105 106 00000 00000 -00000 -00000 60 51 52 86 56 57 1158-4 10370 930-68 9605-97 8453-57 7415-67 101 106 ■00000 •00000 63 57 883-06 6971-80 68 58 888-24 6484-99 DiFF EEEHC E OF Age, 91 Yeabs. 54 55 56 58 59 60 789-94 704-96 637-39 6088-75 5298-81 4593-86 DlFI EEEKCB OF Age, 32 Years. 64 56 86 69 60 61 744-36 663-21 589-26 5651-75 4907-89 4344-18 10 11 101 103 •49138 •38204 l-098^33 •60485 10 102 -39407 ■63030 57 61 556-77 8966-47 11 108 -16779 -33613 87 62 631-89 3654-93 12 103 •18107 •33281 58 62 493-45 3409-70 12 104 •09732 -18834 88 63 460-64 3138-04 18 104 •09349 •16174 59 63 434-05 2917-25 13 105 -05428 -07103 59 64 408-04 3673-40 14 105 •06211 ■06825 60 64 381-06 2483-20 14 106 -01679 -01679 60 66 364-68 3367-36 15 106 •01614 •01614 9 2 Yeabs. Q \ Yeabs. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 553 Table 14r^(continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. SiFFEBENCE OF Age, Q Yeabs, DlFFEBENOE OF Age, 7 Yeabs. Ages. D... ^x,y Ages. ^X V '^xv Ages. ^X V N-r V Ages. ^X V '^X V •*'i y x,y x,y ^> 2/ J^)» •'■i U X. y- X. y- X. y- Mi* y- 10 16 89918 486158 61 67 986-07 1732-96 10 17 38350 405433 61 68 963-81 1569-95 11 17 36781 446940 69 68 347-38 1446-89 11 18 35331 497083 62 69 997-93 1999-14 13 18 33907 409459 63 69 919-55 1199-61 13 19 39547 391769 63 70 194-83 1071-91 13 19 31965 375569 64 70 181-53 987-061 13 30 99998 359915 64 71 166-43 877-384 14 20 98830 344987 65 71 153-98 805-531 14 91 97659 399917 66 79 139-63 711-954 15 21 96580 315457 66 79 199-59 651-661 15 99 25486 301666 66 73 116-90 579-394 16 22 24496 288877 67 73 108-17 691-961 16 93 93481 976079 67 74 96-996 465-494 17 23 22559 964381 68 74 89-448 413-791 17 94 91617 959598 68 75 79-703 358-438 18 24 90759 941833 69 75 73-940 394-343 18 35 19886 930981 69 76 64-784 978-738 19 25 19088 931063 70 76 59-992 951-103 19 36 18981 911095 70 77 59-035 313-941 SO 26 17540 201975 71 77 47-490 191-811 90 97 16794 193814 71 78 41-940 161-906 81 27 16108 184435 79 78 37-398 144-391 91 98 15490 176030 79 79 33-305 190-666 22 28 14785 168397 73 79 29-051 106-993 99 39 14151 160600 73 80 34-743 88-4610 23 29 13564 153542 74 80 99-187 77-9419 93 30 19981 146449 74 81 18-684 637180 24 30 12439 139978 75 81 16-649 66-7649 94 31 11909 133468 76 89 13-846 45-0840 26 31 11402 197539 76 83 19-948 39-1059 95 39 10908 121866 76 83 10-067 31-1880 26 32 10447 116137 77 83 8-8264 96-8679 36 33 9993-2 110658 77 84 7-1504 91-1310 27 33 9568-0 105690 78 84 6-9185 18-0315 97 34 9151-4 100665 78 85 4-9657 13-9806 28 34 8760-9 96193-1 79 85 4-9769 11-8130 38 35 8377-5 91613-9 79 86 8-3601 901489 29 35 8018-0 87361-9 80 86 9-8618 7-53681 99 36 7666-4 83136-4 80 87 3-9108 8-65479 80 36 7336-6 79343-9 81 87 1-8617 4-67601 30 37 7013-5 75470-0 81 88 1-4080 3-44399 31 37 6710-8 72007-4 89 88 1-1710 9-81331 31 38 6414-0 68456-5 89 89 -87064 903599 32 38 6136-4 65996-6 83 89 •71493 1-64931 39 39 6863-7 62043-5 83 90 •52046 1-16535 33 39 5609-3 59160-9 84 90 •49163 -99738 33 40 8368-4 56178-8 84 91 -30045 -64489 34 40 5195-1 53561-0 85 91 •33992 •50675 34 41 4894-6 50820-4 85 99 •16794 -34444 35 41 4680-7 48495-9 86 93 -13141 •96583 36 49 4468-7 45925-8 86 93 -08946 -17790 36 43 4371-8 43745-3 87 93 •06911 -13449 36 43 4077-8 41467-1 87 94 •04599 -08774 37 43 3898-9 39473-4 88 94 •03479 -06531 37 44 3718-8 37379-3 88 95 •09362 -04175 38 44 3654-4 36575-3 89 95 •01683 •03059 38 45 3389-4 33660-5 89 96 •01069 -01913 39 45 3338-7 39090-8 90 96 •00779 •01370 39 46 3086-9 30271-1 90 97 •00485 •00844 40 46 9948-9 98789-1 91 97 •00345 •00591 40 47 2809-4 27184-2 91 98 •00311 •00359 41 47 9683-0 95833-3 99 98 •00] 47 -00346 41 48 9654-7 34374-8 99 99 -00089 •00148 42 48 9439-0 93160-9 93 99 •00061 •00099 49 49 2331-1 31890-1 93 100 -00037 •00059 43 49 2918-9 90711-2 94 100 •00094 •00038 43 50 3106-8 19499-0 94 101 •00014 -00093 44 50 9009-8 18496-0 95 101 •00009 •00014 44 61 1910-3 17399-9 95 109 -00006 •00008 45 61 1821-S 16486-3 96 103 -00004 •00005 45 59 1799-9 18482-0 96 103 -00009 •00003 46 53 1648-9 14664-7 97 103 •00001 -00001 46 83 1664-6 13759-1 97 104 -00000 -00000 -47 53 1490-6 13015-8 98 104 -00000 -00000 47 54 1413-1 12187-5 98 105 •00000 -00000 48 49 54 55 1345-6 1212-7 11525-9 10179-6 99 100 105 106 -00000 -00000 -00000 •00000 48 49 55 56 1974-3 1147-9 10774-4 9500-07 99 106 -00000 -00000 50 66 1091-1 8966-88 60 67 1030-9 8359-87 61 57 979-86 7875-78 61 58 994-59 7391-97 DiFF eeenc E OF Age, 39 Yeabs. 59 58 878-09 6895-99 DlFF EBENC E OF Age, 90 Yeabs. 63 69 897-49 6397-38 53 54 59 60 785-16 700-99 6017-83 6932-67 83 64 60 61 738-67 657-71 5569-96 4831-39 10 11 99 100 1-4021 -81249 3-9;2519 1-82309 10 100 -84715 J 89935 65 61 692-89 4639-38 11 101 -47138 1^05390 66 63 583-86 4173-58 13 101 -45240 1-01060 66 63 559-33 3909-49 12 103 -37074 -58099 66 63 516-65 3589-73 13 109 -96008 -55820 57 63 488-17 3357-16 13 103 -16473 -31018 87 64 465-54 3073-07 14 103 -14870 -39819 58 64 429-85 9868-99 14 104 -08985 -15545 88 68 400-09 9617-53 15 104 -08636 -14949 59 65 377-00 943914 15 106 -05009 -06560 69 66 349-90 9917-44 16 106 -04816 -06306 60 66 339-18 9069-14 16 106 -01551 -01551 60 67 304-59 1867-54 17 106 -01491 -0]4fll 9 Q Yeaes. 1^ 39 Yeabs. 7b 654 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. . Table 14 — {continued). England and Wales. — Whole Populatdon. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent, DiFFEBEKOE 01 ' Age, 8 Yeabs. Diffebence of Age, g Tbabs. Ages. ^^,y Nx,, Ages. "..2, ^^.y Ages. D... N.,, Ages. ":.,y N.,y X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 18 36828 445445 61 69 942-42 1409-71 10 19 35351 496177 61 70 221-87 1359-90 11 19 33904 408617 62 70 207-97 1160-99 11 90 39631 390826 62 71 189-62 1030-33 12 20 31228 374713 63 71 177-98 959-394 19 21 29953 368995 63 72 160^76 840-807 13 21 28773 343485 64 79 150-01 775-044 13 22 27589 328342 64 73 135-33 680-047 14 22 26615 314712 65 73 195-96 625-034 14 23 25416 300753 65 74 112-95 544-717 15 33 24430 288197 66 74 104-83 499-074 16 24 23411 975337 66 75 93-405 431-767 16 24 22501 263767 67 75 86-428 394-244 16 25 21665 251996 67 76 76-450 338-363 17 25 90708 941966 68 76 70-601 307-816 17 26 19839 230371 68 77 61-873 961-919 18 26 19045 220568 69 77 66-856 237-315 18 27 18934 210539 69 78 49-446 200^039 19 27 17503 901513 70 78 45-254 180^459 19 28 16755 192305 70 79 38-970 150-593 20 28 16076 184010 71 79 35-513 135-205 20 29 15386 175550 71 80 30-347 111-693 21 29 14758 167934 79 80 27-429 99-6992 21 30 14123 160164 72 81 93098 81-3766 22 30 13542 163176 73 81 20-837 72-2632 99 31 19967 146041 73 83 17-399 58-3776 23 31 12420 139634 74 89 15-539 61-4269 93 39 11883 133084 74 83 13-760 40-9486 24 32 11387 127214 76 83 11-370 35-8872 94 33 10893 191201 75 84 9-3109 98-1886 25 33 10436 116827 76 84 81474 94-5172 25 34 9980-4 110309 76 85 6-5061 18-9777 26 34 9S58-0 105393 77 85 5-7098 16-3698 26 35 9140-5 100329 77 86 4-4866 19-4716 27 35 8761-6 96834-6 78 86 3-9019 10-6600 27 36 8367-8 91188-1 78 87 3-0143 7-98496 28 36 8010-2 87083-0 79 87 2-6967 6-76809 98 37 7657-6 82820-3 79 88 1-9631 4-97066 29 37 7328-9 79079-8 80 88 1-6720 4-16239 99 38 7004-8 75162-8 80 89 1-3431 3-00756 30 38 6703-3 71743-9 81 89 1-0468 9-49039 30 39 6405-4 68168-0 81 90 -76909 1-76446 31 39 6128-9 66040-6 82 90 •63389 1-44359 31 40 6854-9 61752-6 82 91 •46165 1-00937 32 40 6601-5 68911-7 83 91 -37088 •80977 39 41 5349-5 55897-7 83 93 •95853 -55072 33 41 6117-4 53310-2 84 99 ■20943 -43889 33 49 4885-6 50548-2 84 93 •14258 •99919 34 42 4672-8 48192-8 85 93 -11386 -22946 34 43 4459-6 45662-6 85 94 •07578 •14961 35 43 4264-8 43520-0 86 94 -05964 -11660 36 44 4068-5 41203-0 86 95 •03879 •07383 36 44 3890-1 39266-2 87 95 •02991 -05606 36 45 3709-5 37134-5 87 96 •01909 •03511 37 45 3546-2 35365-1 88 96 -01438 -09615 37 46 3380-0 33425-0 88 97 •00895 •01609 38 46 3230-5 31818-9 89 97 •00666 •01177 38 47 8077-7 30045-0 89 98 •00406 .00714 39 47 2940-9 28588-4 90 98 -00296 •00511 39 48 2800-3 26967-3 90 99 •00180 •00308 40 48 2675-0 25647-5 91 99 -00128 •00215 40 49 2545-7 94167-0 91 100 •00077 •00198 41 49 2432-1 29979-5 92 100 -00054 •00087 41 60 2312-2 21621-3 93 101 •00031 •00051 42 50 2207-5 20540-4 93 101 ■00021 •00033 49 51 2098-1 19309-1 93 103 -00013 •00020 43 51 2002 4 18332-9 94 102 -00008 •00012 43 59 1901-7 17211-0 94 103 -00005 •00007 44 62 1814-2 16330-5 95 103 -00003 •00004 44 63 1791-5 15309-3 95 104 •00009 •00002 45 53 1641-6 14516-3 96 104 -00001 -00001 45 64 1656-3 13587-8 96 105 •00000 •00000 46 47 48 54 55 56 1483-3 1338-3 1205-5 12874-7 11891-4 10053-1 97 98 105 106 -00000 -00000 -00000 -00000 46 47 48 55 66 57 1404-8 1960-0 1139-1 12031-6 10636-7 93006-6 97 106 •00000 •00000 49 67 1084-0 8847-66 49 58 1022-8 8221-56 DiFFEBENC E OF Age, 37 Yeabs. 50 51 52 58 59 60 972-80 871-23 778-43 7763-66 6790-86 5919-63 DiFFEBENC B OF AgS, i 38 Yeabs. 50 61 69 59 60 61 916-66 819 66 731-10 7198-76 6989-10 5462-44 10 11 97 98 3-7773 2-2107 8-96124 5-18394 10 98 2-3050 5-40008 53 61 693-76 8141-20 11 99 1-3447 3-09508 53 69 650-30 4731-34 13 99 1-2908 2-97324 54 62 616-50 4447-44 19 100 -77994 1-75098 54 63 576-67 4081-04 13 100 •74924 1-68244 65 63 546-14 3830-94 13 101 -43459 •97104 55 64 509 64 3504-37 14 101 •41766 •93320 56 64 482-11 3984-80 14 109 -24995 •53645 50 65 448-74 2994-73 15 102 •94096 -51554 57- 65 494-01 9802-69 15 103 •14293 •28650 57 66 393'59 2545-99 16 103 •13738 •27528 58 66 371-39 2378-68 16 104 -08300 •14357 58 67 343-69 2159-47 17 104 •07974 •13790 59 67 393-76 2007-36 17 105 -04626 •06057 59 68 298-57 1808-88 18 105 -04449 •05816 60 68 980-89 1683-60 18 106 -01431 •01431 60 69 258-11 1510-31 19 106 •01374 •01374 8 B Years. J J 7 Yeabs. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 555 Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population.— Joint Lives.— Males.— Seven per Cent. DiFFEBENCE OF j iGE, lO YeABB. DiFFEBENOE OF AgE, 1 1 YeABS, Ages. "»,y N.,y Ages. "... ^. Ages. "-^,1/ N.,, Ages. °.,. ^x,y X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 20 83919 407608 61 71 202-19 1111-41 10 31 32533 389743 61 73 188-85 980-383 11 21 31303 373689 62 72 171-86 909^215 11 32 29919 357210 68 78 133-04 796-973 12 22 38720 342487 63 73 145-02 737^335 13 23 27381 837391 63 74 13004 641-933 13 23 26446 313767 64 74 121-35 593^835 13 34 25848 399760 64 73 108-13 511-892 14 24 24355 387321 65 75 100-64 470^985 14 23 28331 374417 63 76 89-033 403-762 15 25 22427 863966 66 76 83-631 370-343 13 26 21478 351086 66 77 73-510 314-740 16 26 20643 340539 67 77 67-094 387-734 16 37 19764 339608 67 78 58-350 343-330 17 27 18988 219896 68 78 58-809 330-680 17 38 18177 809844 68 79 46-338 188-880 18 28 17455 300908 69 79 42-580 166-831 18 39 16706 191677 69 80 36-366 137-542 19 29 16086 183453 70 80 88-191 134-841 19 30 13846 174961 70 81 37-951 101-276 30 80 147S4 167417 71 81 35-471 91-0301 20 81 14089 159615 71 83 81-184 73-8355 81 31 13513 153698 73 82 19-310 65-5791 31 38 12928 145536 73 88 13-776 58-1415 23 33 133a6 139180 73 88 14-230 46-3691 22 33 11838 138398 73 84 11-338 36-3665 83 83 11367 130784 74 84 10-387 33-1391 33 34 10872 180740 74 85 8-2546 34-8385 84 34 10418 115417 75 85 7-8552 31-8031 34 35 9968-3 109868 73 86 3-7793 16-5839 35 35 9544-4 104999 76 86 5-1123 14-4469 35 86 9126^8 99905-3 76 87 3-9493 10-8044 26 36 8739-7 95454-4 77 87 3-4660 9-33458 26 87 8354^9 90779-4 77 88 2-6213 6-85507 37 37 7999-4 86714-7 78 88 2-3797 6-86858 37 38 7645-7 83434-5 78 89 1-6949 4-33377 28 38 7318-9 78715-3 79 89 1-4596 3-58888 38 39 6993-6 74778-8 79 90 1-0625 2-53887 29 89 6693-5 71396-4 80 90 •90498 2-13938 29 40 6394-3 67785-3 80 91 -64488 1-47037 80 40 6119-0 64703-9 81 91 -54306 1-33480 30 41 5843-8 61391-0 81 93 •37855 -83149 31 41 5591-6 58583-9 82 92 •81483 •68134 31 43 5338-3 55547-3 83 98 •21433 -45394 33 42 5107-2 53093-3 83 93 -17600 -36641 32 48 4874-1 . 50308-9 83 94 •11714 -23861 33 43 4662-7 47885-1 84 94 -09489 •19041 33 44 4448-1 45334-8 84 93 -06171 -13147 34 44 4248-1 43332-4 83 95 -04928 -09553 34 45 4056-9 40886-7 85 96 -03133 •03976 35 45 3879 6 38974-3 86 96 -03463 -04634 33 46 3697-8 86839-8 86 97 -01532 •03843 86 46 3533-7 85094-7 87 97 -01184 -02162 86 47 3368-4 38133-0 87 98 -00722 -01311 87 47 3220-1 81559-0 88 98 -00546 -00978 37 48 3066-1 39763-6 88 99 -00332 -00589 38 48 2930-5 38338-9 89 99 •00347 ■00433 38 49 2788-8 86697-5 89 100 -00149 -00257 39 49 2664-9 25408-4 90 100 •00109 •00185 39 50 2534-5 38908-7 90 101 -00063 -0010-i 40 50 2421-2 33748-5 91 101 •00043 •00076 40 31 2801-3 21374 2 91 103 -00027 •00045 41 51 2197-7 20332-3 92 103 •00019 ■00031 41 53 3087-1 19073-0 98 103 -00011 •00018 43 52 1093-6 18124-6 93 103 •00008 •00012 42 53 1890-8 16985-9 93 104 -00005 ■00007 43 53 1804-5 10133-0 94 104 .00003 ■00004 43 34 1710-8 13095-1 94 105 .00002 -00003 44 45 46 54 55 1632-0 1473-9 14327-5 13695-5 93 96 103 106 •00001 •00000 •OOOOi •00000 44 43 53 36 1543-6 1394-3 13384-3 11838-7 95 106 -00000 ■00000 56 1328-9 11231-6 46 57 1355-7 10444-4 47 57 1196-3 9892-66 47 58 1138-8 9188-71 DiFF EKENC E OF Age, 85 Yeaes. 48 49 50 58 59 60 1074-8 963-83 862-39 8696-36 7631-56 6637-74 DiFFEKENC E OF Age, 86 Years. 48 49 50 59 60 61 1013-8 906-76 809-95 8059-91 7047-11 6140-33 10 11 95 96 9-3454 5-8025 33-6093 14-0641 10 90 6-0688 14^6705 51 6] 769-82 5795-80 11 97 8-6338 8-60170 51 63 731-59 5330-41 13 97 3-4777 8-36164 68 62 685-80 5033-53 13 98 3-1831 4-97890 52 68 641-03 4608-81 13 98 2-0386 4-78394 53 63 608-28 4340-28 18 99 1-3400 3-85680 38 64 567-63 8967-78 14 99 1-1917 3-74534 54 64 538-13 3731-95 14 100 •73005 1-61680 34 65 500-88 8400-15 15 100 -69313 1-55364 55 65 474-86 3193-83 15 101 •40146 -89673 53 66 440-35 3899-37 16 101 •38586 -86131 56 66 416-48 2719-46 16 102 •33091 -49529 36 67 385-37 3459-03 17 103 ■82185 -47565 67 67 364-13 3802-98 17 103 -13198 -36438 57 68 335-79 3073-63 18 103 ■13674 -35380 58 68 316-85 1938-85 18 104 -07658 -18340 58 69 391-16 1737-86 19 104 -07851 -12706 59 69 274-36 1623-00 19 105 -04264 •05583 39 70 251-10 1446-70 80 105 -04091 -05355 60 70 236-23 1347-64 20 106 -01318 -01318 60 71 215-28 1195-60 31 106 -01364 -01364 86 Yeabs. 85 Yeaes. 556 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole 'Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DlFFEBENCE OF Age, 12 Yeabs. DlFFEBENOE OF Age, 13 Yeabs. Ages. '^x y Ni « Ages. ^X V ^X V Ages. ».,. ^x,y Ages. °* V ^x « *>y X, y Xt y ^ly '< y '-y X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 22 3J195 372540 61 73 165-40 858-879 10 28 29902 355988 61 74 148-31 747-008 11 23 28679 341345 62 74 139-02 693-479 11 24 27483 326086 62 75 133-87 598-698 12 24 26382 812666 63 75 115-87 554-469 12 25 35373 298604 63 76 103^49 474-838 13 25 24277 286284 64 76 95-642 438-589 13 26 33350 273332 64 77 88-938 373-338 14 26 22344 262007 65 77 78-128 342-947 14 27 21393 360082 65 78 67-946 288-400 IS 27 20564 239663 66 78 63-060 264-819 15 28 19686 228689 66 79 54-804 320-454 16 28 18920 219099 67 79 50-348 301-759 16 29 18108 209004 67 80 42^797 166^160 17 29 17396 200179 68 80 39-466 151-511 17 30 16648 190896 68 81 38-335 123^353 18 30 15987 182783 69 81 30-540 113-045 18 31 15397 174248 69 83 25^399 90^H78 19 31 14683 166796 70 82 23-246 81-5053 19 83 14048 158951 70 83 19^089 64-7188 20 32 13479 152113 71 83 17-395 58-2593 20 38 12894 144903 7] 84 14-092 45-6298 21 33 12367 138634 73 84 12-779 40^8643 21 34 11829 132009 72 85 10-205 31^5378 22 34 11342 126267 73 85 9-2055 28-0863 22 85 10847 120180 73 86 7-2334 2rS328 23 35 10397 114925 74 86 6-4862 18-8798 23 36 9941-2 109883 74 87 5-0107 14^0994 24 36 9526-4 104528 75 87 4-4648 12^8936 34 37 9106-9 99393-0 75 88 3-3767 9-08869 25 37 8724 1 95001-5 76 88 2-9868 7^92883 35 38 8338-3 90385-1 76 89 2-2307 5-71199 26 38 7985-4 86277-4 77 89 1-9489 4-94303 26 89 7680-5 81946-8 77 90 1-4188 3-49129 27 39 7305-9 78292-0 78 90 1-2389 3-99313 37 40 6979-2 74316-3 78 91 ■87925 2-07249 28 40 6680-9 70986-1 79 91 -75717 1-75923 38 41 6380^4 67337-1 79 92 -52779 1-19324 29 41 6106-6 64305-2 80 92 •44952 1-00206 39 42 6829-9 ■ 60956-7 80 93 -30603 -66545 30 42 5579-0 58198-6 81 93 -25771 -55254 80 43 5824-5 55126-8 81 94 -17152 -35943 31 43 5094-7 52619-6 82 94 -14365 -29488 31 44 4860-2 49803-8 82 95 -09277 -18790 32 44 4649-9 47534-9 83 95 •07618 •15318 32 46 4434-0 44943-1 83 96 -04843 -09513 33 45 4241-5 42875-0 84 96 -03934 •07600 33 46 4042-8 40508^1 84 97 -02442 -04670 34 46 3866-7 88633-5 85 97 •01950 -03676 34 47 3688^8 36465^8 86 98 -01190 -02228 35 47 3522-8 34766-8 86 98 •00935 •01736 35 48 3854^4 33781-6 86 99 •00569 -01038 86 48 3207-3 81344-0 87 99 •00439 -00791 36 49 3052-3 39437-1 87 100 -00265 •00469 37 49 2917-9 28036-7 88 100 -00201 •00852 37 50 2775^1 26374-9 88 101 -00117 •00204 38 50. 2652-4 26118-8 89 101 -00087 •00] 61 38 51 2520^9 23699-8 89 103 -00053 •00087 39 51 2408-9 22466-4 90 102 -00038 •00064 39 52 2286^7 21078-9 90 103 -00032 •00035 40 52 2185-4 20057-5 91 103 -00016 •00026 40 53 2073-8 18792-2 91 104 -00009 •00013 41 53 1980-5 17873-1 93 104 •00007 -00010 41 64 1877-6 16718-4 92 105 •00004 •00004 42 43 44 54 65 56 1792-6 1620-2 1462-2 15891-6 14099-0 13478-8 93 94 106 106 -00003 -00000 -00003 -00000 42 43 44 55 56 67 1697-7 1532-7 1381-6 14840-8 13143-1 11610-4 93 106 -00000 •00000 45 57 1317-4 11016-6 45 58 1243-1 10228-8 DiFFEBEKC E OF Age, 83 Yeabs. | 46 47 48 58 59 60 1184-9 1063-6 952-83 9699-23 8514-32 7450-72 DiPFEEENO E OF Age, 54 Yeabb. 46 47 48 69 60 61 1116-5 1000-7 894-89 8985-73 7869-23 6868-63 10 11 93 94 32-053 14-077 57-9136 35-8606 10 94 14-677 37-3578 49 61 851-63 6497-89 11 95 9-1649 23-6803 49 63 798-27 6973-64 12 96 8-7883 21-7836 50 62 759-21 5646-36 12 96 5-5874 13-5254 50 63 710-16 5175-37 13 96 5-3674 12-9954 51 63 674-97 4887-05 13 97 8-3408 7-93801 61 64 639-86 4465-21 14 97 3-2106 7-62801 52 64 598-18 4212-08 14 98 1-9592 4-59721 53 65 556-78 8835-85 15 98 1-8882 4-41741 53 65 528-34 3613-90 16 99 1-1455 2-63801 53 66 690-35 3278-57 16 99 1-1010 2-63491 54 66 464-86 3086-56 16 100 -66622 1-49251 54 67 430-14 2788-22 17 100 •63910 1-43321 55 67 407-37 2620-70 17 101 -37070 •82729 55 68 375-67 2368-08 18 101 •35599 -79411 56 68 355-38 2213-83 18 102 -21804 •45669 56 69 826-56 1982-41 19 103 -20450 -48819 57 69 808-56 1857-95 19 103 -12166 -24365 57 70 282-40 1655-85 20 108 -11673 -93369 58 70 266-47 1549-39 20 104 ■07058 .12189 58 71 242-84 1873-46 21 104 -06765 •11689 59 71 228-82 1282-92 21 105 -03924 -05136 59 73 207-50 1130-61 22 105 -03762 •04994 60 72 195-22 1064-10 22 106 •01212 •01212 60 1 73 1 176-10 928-108 23 106 -01162 •01169 84 Yeabs. 83 Yeabs. AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 557 Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Gent. Difference of Age, 14 Years. DlFFEHENCE OF AgE, \ Q YeABS. Ages. !c,y i:,y Ages. x,y Aaes. x,y As es. X. y- 61 76 62 77 63 78 64 79 65 80 66 81 67 82 68 83 69 84 70 85 71 86 72 87 73 88 74 89 75 90 76 91 77 92 78 93 79 94 80 95 81 96 82 97 83 98 84 99 85 100 86 101 87 102 88 103 89 104 90 105 91 106 ^,y 10 11 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 92 93 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 39 83 34 85 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 48 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 69 63 54 65 56 57 58 59 60 24 95 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 35 36 87 38 89 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 64 65 70 71 72 73 74 28654 96397 24903 22261 20479 18840 17328 15999 14635 13438 12832 11312 10371 9503-6 8704-2 7967-7 7289-3 6665-3 6091-4 5563-9 6079-4 4634-6 4226.2 3851-5 3507-6 3192-2 9902-9 2637.6 23941 2170-9 1966-0 1778-2 16060 1448-9 1303-6 1171-4 1050-4 939-83 838-83 746-70 662-70 586-96 316-74 453-79 896-67 345-91 998-88 937-35 990-91 187-19 157-91 340068 311414 285087 260884 938623 918144 199804 181976 166047 131412 137974 125642 114330 108959 94455-4 85751-2 77783-3 70494-9 63828-9 37737-5 59173-6 47094-2 42459-6 38233-4 34381-9 30874-3 27682-1 94779-9 99141-6 19747-5 17676-6 15610-6 13839-4 12926-4 10778-9 9474-62 8303-22 7252-82 6312-99 5474-16 4727-46 4064-76 3478-50 2961-76 2508-04 9111-37 1766-16 1407-28 1209-93 989-723 809-533 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 89 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 13213 109-57 89-950 72-998 58-511 46.231 36-039 27-641 20-857 15-464 11-253 8-0186 5-3879 3-7895 2-3103 1-6166 I-OIIO ■61289 ■35931 •20368 •11155 •05898 ■03015 ■01490 •00724 -00344 ■00154 •00070 •00031 •00014 •00006 •00001 644 512 402 319 939 181 135 -693 -478 -903 ■953 -955 •444 -198 99-1540 71-5130 50-6560 35^1990 23^9390 15^9204 10-3323 6-34300 4-03250 2-41590 1-40490 ■79201 ■43270 ■22902 ■11747 ■05849 ■02834 •01344 ■00620 •00276 ■00122 ■00052 •00021 •00007 ■00001 DiFFEKENCE OF AGE, 82 YeABS. 10 92 11 93 12 94 13 95 14 96 15 97 16 98 17 99 18 100 19 101 20 102 91 108 99 104 93 105 94 106 32^393 21^131 18^513 8^4422 S^1583 3^0861 I^SIOO 1-0377 -61873 -34171 •19621 •11196 •06487 •03607 •01114 82 Years 87-9870 55-5940 34-4430 20-9300 12-4878 7-32949 4-24889 2-43339 1-37569 •76196 •42025 -22404 -11208 •04721 •01114 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 49 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 59 63 34 35 66 57 58 59 60 25 96 97 98 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 31 59 53 64 65 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 27450 25213 23173 21309 19600 18029 16581 15240 14000 12853 11794 10816 9914-3 9083-3 8817-4 7611-4 6961-5 6363-3 5813-4 5307-9 4843-6 4417-4 4026.9 3667-3 3388-0 3036-0 2759 2504-9 2271-9 2058-1 18620 1682-2 1517-5 1366-5 1228-4 1102-0 986-51 880-93 784-64 696-79 616-83 544-11 47814 418-41 364-50 315-94 272-37 233-38 198-65 167-85 140-71 324762 297312 272099 248926 227617 208017 189988 173407 158167 144167 131814 119620 108705 98790-6 89707-2 81389-8 73778-4 66816-9 60453-6 54640-2 49339-8 444887 40071-3 86045-1 82377-8 29039-8 26003-8 23244-8 20739-9 18468-0 16409-9 14647-9 12865-7 11348-2 9981-73 8753-33 7651-33 6664-89 5783-87 4999-23 4302-44 3685-61 3141-50 2663-86 224496 1880-45 1564-51 1292-14 1068-76 860-106 692-256 116-90 96-169 78-927 62-862 49-834 38-949 29-973 22-697 16-896 12-349 8-8424 6-1945 4-2261 2-8176 1-8276 1-1520 -70474 ■41725 ■23914 -13246 -07092 -03671 -01840 -00906 -00437 -00199 ■00092 -00041 -00019 ■00008 ■00002 351-546 434-646 338-484 260^257 197^395 147-561 108-612 78-6388 63-9418 39-0458 26-6968 17-8544 11-6599 7^43376 4-61026 2-78866 1-63666 ■93192 ■51467 ■27553 ■14307 ■07215 ■03544 -01704 -00798 •00361 •00162 ■00070 ■00029 •00010 ■00002 Difference of Age, 81 Years. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 91 46-471 13-0936 92 31-068 84-4653 93 20-303 53-3973 94 12-981 33-0943 95 8-1133 20 1133 96 4-9683 1-2-0000 97 2-9661 7-04165 98 1-7389 4-07555 99 1-0167 2-83660 100 -58911 1-32095 101 -32787 •73184 102 -18820 •40397 103 -10736 -21377 104 -06918 -10841 105 -08456 •04623 106 -01167 •01167 7 c 81 Years. 558 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. Diri KRENCE OF AgE, 16 Yeabs, DlFFEEEKCE OF AHE, \ '] YeAES. Ages. ^^,y ^^,y Ages. ".,y N:^,y Ages. "-,. ^^,V Ages. ^^,y ■ N.,, 1 X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 26 36288 310061 61 77 102-59 467-678 10 27 25170 296912 61 78 89^320 399^479 11 27 24140 283763 63 78 83-630 364-988 11 38 98108 370742 62 79 72-018 303-959 12 28 33183 969638 63 79 67-365 981-358 12 39 91931 247684 63 80 87-876 981-241 13 29 30395 937440 64 80 53-540 313-993 13 30 19617 336403 64 81 48-087 173-865 14 30 18757 217045 65 81 41-966 160-453 14 31 17947 306886 66 82 34-902 128-778 15 31 17351 198288 66 83 33-893 118-487 15 32 16505 188939 66 83 26-899 93-8760 16 32 15863 181037 67 83 34-613 86-0944 16 33 15174 173434 67 84 19-939 67-2770 17 33 14579 165174 68 84 18 387 61-4814 17 34 18944 157260 68 88 14-683 47-3380 18 34 13890 150695 69 86 18-499 43-0944 18 35 12805 143316 69 86 10-609 82-6550 19 35 12291 137205 70 86 9-7031 99-6034 19 86 11768 180511 70 87 7-4988 39 0530 90 86 11377 124914 71 87 6-8809 19-8998 , 20 37 10780 118758 71 88 5^1661 14-5573 21 37 10340 118687 72 88 4-6848 13-0684 31 38 9882-5 107978 79 89 8^4831 9-39107 22 38 9475-9 103297 73 89 8-1420 8-88360 32 89 9054-7 98095-1 78 90 2^2874 8-90797 23 39 8679-6 93820-6 74 90 3-0511 5-34160 33 40 8291-5 89040-4 74 91 1^4616 3-69057 24 40 7945-5 85141-0 75 91 1-8034 8-19060 24 41 7588-1 80748-9 75 92 •90783 3-15897 25 41 7269-1 77195-5 76 92 •80301 1 88810 35 42 6939^8 73160-8 76 93 •54668 1-25115 26 42 6646-1 69936-4 77 93 -47977 1-08509 36 43 6843-8 66221-0 77 94 •31933 ■70447 27 43 6073-0 63380-3 78 94 -37770 -60632 37 44 6793-6 59878-2 78 98 •18060 -38515 28 44 5545-9 57307-3 79 95 -15553 -89763 28 45 5388-4 64084-7 79 96 •09888 -20455 29 45 5061-4 51661-4 80 96 •08431 •17309 29 46 4824-3 48796-8 80 97 •08242 •10567 30 46 4616-6 46600-0 81 97 -04414 •08788 30 47 4898-3 43973-1 81 98 •02694 -05395 31 47 4308-4 41983-4 82 98 •03340 •04374 81 48 4007^1 39578^9 89 99 •01363 -02631 32 48 3888-7 87775-0 83 99 •01119 •03134 32 49 3648^3 88666^8 83 100 •00676 -01368 83 49 8490-0 33941-8 84 100 ■00548 •01015 33 50 3819-3 31918^5 84 101 •00318 '00593 34 50 3174-7 80451-3 85 101 •00354 •00467 34 51 8017-4 38599^8 85 103 •00159 -00374 35 51 3885-6 37376-6 86 102 •00119 •00313 35 52 2740-4 95581^9 86 103 •00071 •00199 36 52 2620-8 3489'l-0 87 103 •00066 •00094 36 58 3486-4 99841-5 87 104 •00033 -00061 87 53 2377-0 31770-7 88 104 -00025 .00089 37 54 3353-4 90355-1 88 105 •00015 -00018 ■ 38 89 54 55 2158-8 1949-1 19393-7 17239-9 89 90 105 106 •00011 •00003 •00014 •00003 38 89 65 56 2089-8 1843-8 18101-7 16061-9 89 106 •00003 -00003 40 56 1761-4 15290-8 40 57 1664^8 14918-1 41 57 1589-5 13599-4 41 58 1499-8 12553-8 DlFF EBESC E OF Age, 79 Yeabs. 42 48 44 58 59 60 1431-9 1287-7 1155-7 11939-9 10508-0 9220-81 DiFI EBEKC e Of Age, 30 Years. 42 43 44 59 60 61 1349-9 13-114 1085-4 11054-0 9704-83 8493-48 10 11 89 90 89^580 62^546 372-858 183-278 10 90 65-214 190^911 45 61 1085-0 8064-61 11 91 44-570 135^697 45 63 970-18 7408-03 19 91 42-784 120-733 46 62 924-71 7029-61 12 92 29-838 8M368 46 68 864-97 6437-85 18 93 38-649 77-9477 . 47 63 834-04 6104-90 18 93 19-504 51^3088 47 64 768-96 5572-88 14 98 18-744 49-3987 48 64 733-19 5280'86 14 04 12-475 31^7998 48 65 681-51 4803-99 15 94 11-999 30-5547 49 65 648-56 4548-67 15 96 7-7987 19-3348 49 66 601-92 4193-41 16 95 7-4986 18-5637 50 66 573-47 3900-11 16 96 4-7655 11-6961 50 67 539-71 8530^49 17 96 4-6784 11-0672 61 67 503-46 3327-64 17 97 2-8497 6-76060 61 68 464-29 3990-78 18 97 3-7365 6-48877 52 68 440-94 2834-16 18 98 1-6699 8 91090 53 69 405-18 3626^49 19 98 1-6099 3-75337 53 69 384-48 3383-34 19 99 •97500 3-34100 68 70 361-89 2121-31 20 99 -98851 2-14987 54 70 333-60 1998-76 20 100 •S6535 1-36600 54 71 804-01 1769-42 21 100 •54916 1-21386 55 71 287-91 1665-16 21 101 •31447 -70075 55 73 261-09 1465-41 22 101 •30154 •67170 56 73 246-99 1377 25 22 L03 •18046 -38638 56 73 323-81 1304-32 23 103 •17998 •37016 57 73 310-53 1180-28 23 103 •10991 •90589 57 74 188-78 981-509 24 103 •09861 •19718 58 74 178-13 919-738 24 104 •05958 •10291 58 75 188-73 792-739 25 104 •06708 •09857 59 75 149-66 741-598 25 105 -03811 •04333 59 76 183-80 634^009 26 105 •03171 -04149 60 76 ] 24-46 593-838 36 106 -01099 •01023 60 77 109-33 801-709 27 106 •00978 -00978 80 Yeabs. "79 Yeabb, AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent, 559 DiFFEEENCE OF AgE, \Q YeaEB. DiFFEBENOE OF AoB, \Q YEAES. Ages. x,y 10 11 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 82 83 34 35 86 37 88 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 28 29 30 31 33 33 84 35 36 37 88 39 40 41 48 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 83 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 24094 32116 30317 18675 17170 15788 14514 13335 12244 11235 10303 9443-3 8649'9 7918-6 7344-4 6623-1 6050-9 5524-5 5040-6 4596-0 4187-9 3813-4 3469 8 3158-7 3865-6 2600-5 3357-2 2134-1 19396 1742-3 1570-4 1413-2 1269-3 1137-8 1017-4 907-50 807-15 715-73 632-50 556-97 488-49 426-64 370-83 330-67 275-69 335-53 199-79 168-31 140-40 116-10 94-996 283333 358339 236123 315806 197131 179961 164173 149659 136324 124080 112845 102543 93098-3 84448-4 76539-8 69285-4 02662-3 56611-4 61086-9 46046-3 41450-3 37363 4 33449-0 39979-2 26830-5 33954-9 21354-4 18997-3 16863-1 14933-5 131913 11630-9 10207-7 8938-36 7800-56 6783-16 5875-66 5068-51 4352-78 3720-38 3163-31 3674-82 2248-18 1877-35 1556-68 1280-99 1045-46 845-670 677-460 537-060 420-960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 106 a-,y 76-831 61-338 48-316 37-498 28-660 31-548 15-933 11-537 8-1901 5-6690 3-8409 3-5357 1-6300 1-0188 -61803 •36384 -30767 -11483 -06155 -03198 -01638 -00833 -00393 -00190 -00090 -00043 -00019 -00005 325-964 349-133 187-795 189-479 101-981 73-3314 51-7734 35-8514 24-3144 16-1343 10-4553 6-61439 4-07869 3-44869 1-42989 -81186 -44803 -34035 -13553 •06398 -03200 •01563 -00789 -00347 -00157 -00067 -00024 -00005 Difference of Age, "78 Yeab3. 10 88 130-49 11 99 85-916 13 90 60-040 18 91 41-100 14 93 37-533 15 93 18-017 16 94 11-525 17 95 7-2012 18 96 4-3966 1 19 97 2-6368 20 98 1-5380 31 99 -89730 33 100 -51985 33 101 -38904 34 103 -16576 35 108 •09447 26 104 -05466 27 105 -08036 28 106 -00936 382-444 261-954 176-038 115-998 74-8984 47 3654 29-3484 17-8384 10-6232 6-23560 8-59880 3-06080 1-16350 -64365 -35461 -18885 -09438 -08972 -00936 10 I 29 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 83 84 35 36 87 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 56 87 58 59 60 ^..2/ 30 31 82 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 86 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 65 66 67 86 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 23060 31165 19440 17866 16435 15101 13880 13750 11705 10688 9848-4 9021-0 8360-8 7559-8 6918-8 6318-3 5770-0 5265-6 4803-0 4376-3 3985-4 3636-8 3397-9 2996-1 3719-3 3468-3 3282-4 2018-9 1823-2 1643-9 1479-8 1329-6 1192^2 1066-8 981-68 846-84 751-28 664-27 688-26 818-62 448-88 890-47 337-94 290-80 348-69 211-20 178-03 148-79 123-22 100-97 81-805 :c,y 369180 346130 334955 305615 187649 171334 156133 142243 129493 117788 107150 97306-3 88385-3 80034-4 73464-6 68550-8 89333-5 58462-5 48196-9 43394-9 39018-7 35038-3 31406-5 28108-6 35112-8 22393-3 19927-9 17698-8 15676-6 13853-4 13309-6 10739-7 9400-13 8207-93 7141-42 6189-74 6342-90 4591-62 3927-35 3342-09 2828-47 2379-59 1989-12 1651-18 1860-88 1111-69 900-491 722-471 573-681 450-461 849-491 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 a'lS' 65-438 51-654 40-184 30^793 33^318 17-307 13-511 8-9139 6-1941 4-3148 3-7962 1-8069 1-1363 -69360 -41133 -23663 -18203 -07147 -08756 ■01946 ■00990 -00478 -00285 -00113 -00055 -00025 -00006 x,y y67-686 303-248 150-594 110-410 79-6182 56-4003 89-1933 36 6822 17-7693 11-5782 7-36040 4-66430 2-76730 1-62110 -92780 -51617 -27984 -14751 -07604 -03848 -01902 -00913 -00484 -00199 -00086 -00031 -00006 Difference of Age, 77 Yeahs. 10 87 159-31 11 88 115-56 13 89 83-474 13 90 67-676 14 91 39-499 15 92 36-466 16 93 17-817 17 94 11-073 18 95 6-9183 19 96 4-2303 30 97 2-5204 31 98 1-4751 32 99 -86038 23 100 -49831 24 101 -37698 25 103 -15879 26 103 •09047 27 104 -08234 28 105 -03906 29 106 ■00896 836-481 367-171 351-611 169-137 111-461 71-9633 45-4963 38-1793 17-1063 10-1910 6-97079 3-45039 1-97539 1-11491 -61660 -38962 -18083 -09036 -03802 -00896 73 Years. 77 Years. 560 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF KATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DlBTEBENCE OF Age, 20 Yeaeb. Difference of A.OE, 21 Y BARS. Ages. Ages. Ages. Ages. Dr « Nx « ^r « Nr « ^y N.,^ ^^,y '^xv X. y- ^. y Xy y X. y- i:,y X, y .. y- X. y- x,y 10 30 22067 256748 61 81 55-106 217-234 10 31 21115 244710 61 83 45-830 174^058 11 31 20251 234681 62 83 43-959 163-118 11 33 19375 333595 63 83 85-276 128-338 13 32 18599 214430 63 83 33-997 119-159 12 33 17792 204320 63 84 36-731 93-9531 13 33 17091 195831 64 84 34-945 86-1618 18 34 16347 186428 64 85 19-919 66^2211 14 34 15710 178740 65 85 18-540 61-2168 14 35 15024 170081 65 86 14-568 46-3021 15 35 14441 163Q30 66 86 13-521 43-6768 15 36 13808 155057 66 87 10-445 31-7341 16 36 13271 148589 67 87 9-6650 39-1558 16 37 13687 141249 67 88 7-3095 21-2891 17 37 12188 135318 68 88 6-7407 19-4908 17 38 11649 138563 68 89 5-0116 13-9796 18 38 11187 133130 69 89 4-6053 12-7501 18 39 10690 116913 69 90 3-3536 8-96799 19 39 10361 111943 70 90 3-0683 8-14485 19 40 9803-2 106333 70 91 2-1865 5-61539 20 40 9405-2 101682 71 91 1-9925 5-07655 30 41 8982-2 96430-8 71 93 1-3889 3-42889 21 41 8615-3 92276-5 72 92 1-2595 3-08405 31 43 8325-0 87488^6 72 93 -85746 2-03999 22 42 7886-6 83661-3 73 93 77350 1-83455 32 48 7536-7 79313-6 73 94 -51481 1-18253 23 43 7314-9 75774-6 74 94 46163 1-05105 23 44 6882-9 71686-9 74 95 -30023 •86779 24 44 6595-6 68559-7 75 95 26751 -58943 34 45 6289-4 64804-0 75 96 •17008 •36750 35 45 6035-0 61964-1 76 96 15044 •33191 25 46 5741-6 58514-6 76 97 -09364 •19742 36 46 5499-6 55939-1 77 97 08218 •17147 26 47 5239-4 53773-0 77 98 -05015 -10378 27 47 5016-5 50439-5 78 98 04361 -08939 27 48 4776-6 47533-6 78 99 -02653 -05363 28 48 4572-4 45433-0 79 99 02284 -04568 28 49 4351-4 42757-0 79 )00 -01880 -03710 29 49 4164-6 40850 6 80 100 01176 •02384 29 50 3960-8 38406-6 80 101 -00682 -01830 30 50 8790-4 36686-0 81 101 00574 -01108 30 51 3602-6 34444-8 81 102 -00344 •00648 31 51 3447-1 32895-6 82 102 00286 •00534 31 53 3273-7 30843-3 82 103 ■00170 •00304 39 52 3)320 39448-5 83 103 00140 -00348 82 53 2972^0 27568-5 83 104 -00084 -00134 33 53 3843-1 26316-5 84 104 000 G 8 •00108 33 54 2695^3 24596-5 84 105 -00040 •00050 34 35 36 54 55 56 3578-0 2334-8 2111-9 23473-4 2U895-4 18560-6 85 86 105 106 00032 00008 •00040 ■00008 34 35 36 55 56 57 244) -5 2208^7 1995-5 21901-3 19459-7 17251-0 85 106 -00010 •00010 37 57 1907-6 16448-7 37 58 1800-0 15955-5 DiFFEKENCE OF AGE, 75 Years. 38 39 40 58 59 60 1730-4 1549-1 1393-2 14541-1 12820-7 11371-6 DiFF BBENCE OF Age, 7Q Yeabs. 38 89 40 59 60 61 1621-1 1457-4 1307-5 13455-5 11834-4 10377-0 10 11 85 86 262-45 197-79 945-753 683-303 10 86 y- •*'> if ^tV :c. y- X)2/ X, y- x,y x^y 10 40 14096 155491 til 91 4-3107 11^U913 10 41 18463 147404 61 93 3-004« 7-8374b 11 41 12911 141395 63 99 9-8166 7^31063 11 42 13336 183949 62 93 1-9178 4-83368 12 42 11833 128484 63 93 1-7936 4-49403 12 43 11393 191616 63 94 1-1988 3-90518 13 43 10848 116651 64 94 1-1140 2 70043 18 44 10349 110393 64 96 -79446 1-71138 14 44 9945-6 105803 66 95 -67433 1-58643 14 45 9483^8 99974-3 65 96 -49879 . -98692 15 45 9116-1 95857-5 66 96 -39789 -91911 16 46 8688^9 90490-5 66 97 -24766 -55820 16 46 8851'1 86741-4 67 97 -33916 -51439 16 47 7956^9 81801-6 67 98 -13983 -81054 17 47 7643-4 78390-3 68 98 -13895 ■28506 17 48 7377^9 73845-7 68 99 -07844 •17071 18 48 6989-1 70746-9 69 99 •07908 ■16611 18 49 666M 66667-8 69 100 -04855 •09337 19 49 6384-3 63757-8 70 100 -03986 ■08403 19 60 6071-9 59916-7 70 101 •09819 •04872 20 50 S8260 57373-6 71 101 -03107 ■04417 20 61 5537-3 53844-8 71 109 -01961 ■02560 21 51 5311-1 51547-5 73 103 ■01143 -09310 21 52 5044-0 48307-5 79 103 ■00680 •01299 22 52 4836-5 46336-4 73 103 -00614 -01167 22 53 4589-4 439635 73 104 ■00871 -00619 23 58 4399-3 41899-9 74 104 ■00333 •00553 28 64 4170-7 38674-1 74 106 ■00193 •00948 24 25 26 54 55 56 8996-6 3625-9 3284-9 37000-6 83004-0 39378-1 75 76 105 106 -00173 -00049 -00331 •00049 24 95 96 65 66 57 3785-0 84301 3108-9 34508-4 30718-4 97988-3 75 106 •00055 -00055 27 57 2971-8 36093-3 27 58 3804-9 24184-4 DiFFEBENCE OF AgE, ©Q YeAKS. 1 28 29 30 58 59 60 2684-3 2420-9 2179-5 98131-4 20437-1 18016-9 DlFFEKENC E OF Age, 36 Yeabs. 28 39 30 69 60 61 9599-4 9977-5 9047-0 21380-9 18860-8 16578-3 10 11 75 76 1434^7 1905-6 7770-01 6346-31 10 76 1260-3 6611-90 31 61 1958-7 15886-7 11 77 1060-7 5351-70 81 63 1887-0 145963 19 77 1018-2 5139-71 32 62 1756-5 13878-0 13 78 886-53 4391-00 33 68 1648-0 13689-3 13 78 850-65 4131-51 33 63 1571-7 19131-5 13 79 782-58 3405-48 33 64 1466-7 11046-3 14 79 704-00 3270-86 34 64 1403-8 10549-8 14 80 699-60 2673-95 34 65 1805-7 9579-59 15 80 576-35 2566-86 35 65 1248-7 9146-96 15 81 485-36 9078-85 35 66 1158-9 8273-89 16 81 466-48 1990-51 36 66 1108-0 7898-36 16 89 387-97 1688-00 86 67 1096-3 7114-99 17 82 372-73 1624-08 37 67 980-15 6790-36 17 83 306-07 1300-03 87 68 903-87 6089-69 18 83 393-92 1151-30 38 68 868-90 581011 18 84 28811 893-969 88 69 793-85 6186-89 19 84 928-66 857-381 39 69 758-57 4946-21 19 85 182-51 656-849 39 70 694-96 4391-97 90 85 176-12 628-831 40 70 663-31 4187-64 20 86 187-60 478-889 40 71 604-38 3697-71 91 86 131-98 453-711 41 71 577-30 8534-43 21 87 101-96 335-739 41 73 528-42 3093-33 99 87 97-762 321-731 42 72 499-71 9947-33 33 88 73-937 233-779 43 73 460-78 9669-91 93 88 70-878 923-969 43 78 430-21 3447-52 93 89 59-693 159-842 43 74 385-77 3119-13 24 89 50-494 153-096 44 74 36802 3017-81 34 90 36-759 107-149 44 76 827 93 1738-36 26 90 35-914 103-603 45 75 313-70 1649-39 25 91 26-093 70-3896 45 76 976-60 1406-44 26 91 34-031 67-8880 46 76 963-63 1336-59 36 99 16-751 46-2966 46 77 231-37 1198-84 27 99 16-039 43-8570 47 77 320-43 1073-96 37 93 10-919 28-6466 47 78 191-70 897-467 . 28, 93 10-453 37-3180 48 78 183-58 863 541 98 94 6-9665 17-6266 48 79 167-19 705-767 99 94 6-6880 16-8660 49 79 149-59 670-011 99 95 4-3300 10-6701 49 80 127-40 548-577 30 95 4-1437 10-3080 50 80 191-17 590-431 80 96 3-6345 6-34009 60 81 102-04 431^177 31 96 9-5908 6-06432 61 81 96-981 899-951 81 97 1-5690 3-70559 51 83 80-667 319-137 82 97 1-5011 3-54882 52 89 76-601 302-970 39 98 ■91597 2-13659 53 88 69-901 938-480 33 98 -87621 3-04949 53 83 59-689 995-669 33 99 •53399 1-29069 53 84 48-354 176-579 34 99 •50978 1-16621 54 84 45-841 165-980 34 100 •80801 •68763 64 85 36-606 197-225 35 100 •99456 -68643 55 85 34-668 120-139 35 101 •17086 •37969 85 86 97-941 90-6189 36 101 •16336 •36187 56 86 35-770 85-4705 36 103 •09777 •20876 56 87 19-908 68-3779 37 109 •09946 •19881 57 87 18-810 59-7005 37 108 ■05560 ■11099 57 88 14-996 43-4699 38 103 •08314 •10605 58 Q 1 88 18-434 t/ V i V^ '-' f 40-8905 88 104 •08911 •06639 58 89 9-9803 29-2439 39 104 •03068 •05991 59 89 90 9-4043 27-4665 39 105 •01780 •03328 69 90 6-8463 19-2636 40 105 •01700 -09933 60 6-4409 18-0633 40 106 •00548 •00648 60 91 4-5898 12-4178 41 106 •00533 -00893 QQ Yeabs 65 Yeabs • 566 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales, — Whole 'Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. BiFFKBENCE OF ioE, 32 Yeabs. DiFFEBENCE OF AgE, QQ YeABS. 1 Ages. Ag es. Ages. Ages. "x,y «.,j ^c,,y N-,y °x,y N.,y "«.y ^*.y X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 42 12852 139629 61 93 2-0457 5-16274 10 43 12265 132157 61 94 1-3615 3-33634 11 43 11764 126777 62 94 1-2762 3-11704 11 44 11222 119892 62 95 -82998 1-97484 12 44 10773 115013 63 95 •77636 1-84084 12 45 10273 108670 63 96 -49359 1-14486 13 45 9868-2 104240 64 96 •46060 1-06448 13 46 9405-7 98396-6 64 97 -28669 -65127 14 46 9039-4 943720 65 97 •26684 •60388 14 47 8611-6 88990-9 65 98 ■16283 ■86458 IS 47 8277-7 85832-6 66 98 •15112 ■83704 15 48 7881-9 80379-3 66 99 ■09192 -20175 16 48 7575-5 77054-9 67 99 -08506 •18592 16 49 7209-2 72497-4 67 100 ■05139 •10983 17 49 6926-1 69479-4 68 100 •04789 ■10086 17 50 6687-2 65288-2 68 101 ■02749 •05844 18 50 6325-7 62553-3 69 101 •02626 •05347 18 51 6012-2 587010 69 102 ■01512 ■03095 19 51 5771-0 56227-6 70 102 -01383 ■02821 19 52 5480-8 52688-8 70 103 ■00823 -01583 20 62 5258-8 60456-6 71 103 •00750 •01438 20 53 4990-2 47208-0 71 104 •00453 •00760 21 53 4786-4 46197-8 72 104 -00411 ■00688 21 54 4587-7 42217-8 72 106 ■00238 -00307 22 23 24 54 55 56 4351-0 8949-9 3580-6 40411-4 36060-4 82110-5 73 74 105 106 -00215 -00062 •00277 •00062 22 23 24 56 56 57 4120-6 3786-6 8383-3 37680-1 33559-5 29822-9 73 106 ■00069 •00069 25 67 3241-0 28529-9 25 68 3058-2 26439-6 DiFFEBENCE OF AgE, 63 Yeabs. 26 27 28 58 59 60 2928-8 2642-4 2379-7 25288-9 22360-1 19717-7 DiFF EEENC E OF Age, 64 Yeabs. 26 27 28 59 60 61 2769-8 2485-9 2285-0 23381-4 20621-6 18135-7 10 11 78 74 1783^0 1583-4 10483^4 8700-36 10 74 1598-8 9061-95 29 61 2139-1 17838-0 til 75 1866-4 7463-15 "29 62 2005-1 15900-7 12 75 1811^6 7166^96 30 62 ]918-8 15198-9 12 76 11602 6096-75 30 68 1794-8 13895-6 13 76 1114-5 5855^36 31 63 1717-3 132801 13 77 978-12 4936-55 31 64 1602-6 12100-8 14 77 940-02 4740^86 32 64 1533-2 11562-8 14 78 817-52 8958-48 32 65 1427-1 10498-2 15 78 785-81 3800-84 33 65 1365-1 10029-6 16 79 676-70 8140-91 33 66 1267-0 9071-05 16 79 650-29 3015-03 34 66 1211-8 8664-60 16 80 553-96 2464-21 84 67 lISl-3 7804-05 17 80 582-19 2364-74 35 67 1072-3 7452-70 17 81 448-16 1910-26 36 68 988-86 6682-76 18 81 430-37 1832-55 36 68 945-50 6880-40 18 82 857-93 1462-10 36 69 868-88 5693-89 19 82 343-57 1402-18 37 69 830-58 6434-90 19 83 -282-13 1104-17 37 70 760-16 4825-06 20 83 270-70 1058-61 38 70 726-55 4604-32 20 84 219-80 822-036 38 71 662-10 4064-90 21 84 210-34 787-903 39 7] 632-67 3877-77 21 85 167-96 602-736 39 72 578-78 3402-80 22 85 161-05 577-665 40 72 548-08 8246-10 22 86 126-65 434-777 40 73 494-41 2829-07 23 86 121-31 416-516 41 73 472-17 2697-02 23 87 93-712 308-227 41 74 423-40 2384-66 24 87 89-801 295-205 42 74 404-22 2224-86 24 88 67-916 214-515 42 76 360-18 1911-26 25 88 65-060 205-404 43 75 348-74 1820-63 25 89 48-371 146-599 48 76 304-06 1551-08 26 89 46-824 140-344 44 76 290-06 1476-89 26 90 33-724 98-2278 44 77 264-57 1247-02 27 90 82-289 94-0204 45 77 242-75 1186-83 27 91 23-009 64-5038 45 78 211-11 992-454 28 91 22-026 61-7314 46 78 201-22 944-083 28 92 16-863 41-4948 46 79 178-28 781-844 29 92 14-694 39-7064 47 79 165-08 742-863 29 93 10-004 26-1418 47 80 140-60 608-064 30 93 9-5781 25-0114 48 80 183-88 577-783 30 94 6-8714 16-1878 48 81 112-74 467-464 31 94 6-0965 15-4383 49 81 107-29 443-903 81 95 3-9648 9-76644 49 82 89-229 854-724 32 96 3-7932 9-34181 50 82 84-P63 886-613 32 96 2-4117 5-80164 50 83 69-686 265-496 33 96 2-3070 5-54861 51 83 66-233 251-750 33 97 1-4359 3-38994 51 84 58-655 195-809 84 97 1-3734 8-24161 52 84 50-957 185-517 84 98 -83806 1-95404 52 85 40-691 142-164 86 98 -80145 1-86821 53 85 88-613 184-560 35 99 ■48761 1-11598 58 86 30-341 101-463 86 99 •46613 1-06676 54 86 28-764 95-9473 86 100 -28164 •62847 54 87 22-221 71-1224 37 100 •26924 -60063 55 87 21-044 67-1833 87 101 ■15617 •34683 66 88 15-915 48-9014 38 101 -14926 -33139 56 88 15-056 46-1393 38 102 -08933 •19066 56 89 11-194 82-9864 39 102 -08536 -18213 57 89 10-577 31-0833 39 103 ■05078 •10133 57 90 7-6999 21-7924 40 108 ■04851 -09677 58 90 7-2656 20-5063 40 104 ■02931 •05065 58 91 5-1774 14-0925 41 104 ■02799 -04826 59 91 4-8786 13-2407 41 105 ■01624 •02124 59 92 3-4007 8-91614 42 105 ■01650 -02027 60 92 3-1994 8-36214 42 106 -00500 •00500 60 93 2-1781 5-51444 43 106 ■00477 -00477 64 Veabs. 63 Yeaes. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. 567 Difference of Age, 34 Yeabb, DiFFBEEKOE OF AgE, 35 YeABS. Ages. »^,y ^*,V Ag es. ^xv N:r« Ages. »a-« Nx« Ages. '>^,y N.,, ■£u y- ■*) y X. y- *i» ».y X. y- »jy *) y 3C, y- IT 44 11701 124877 61 95 •88846 3-11380 10 46 11168 118077 61 96 -56296 1-31414 11 45 10701 113176 62 96 •69768 1-33808 11 46 10200 106919 63 97 •33844 -75119 12 46 9791-4 102475 68 97 •80723 •70037 19 47 9328-1 96718^9 63 98 •18747 •49978 13 47 8960-7 99683-6 64 98 •17494 •39816 13 48 8532-2 87390-8 64 99 •10641 •28898 14 48 8199-9 88799-8 65 99 •09906 •21891 14 49 7803-4 78888-6 65 100 -06985 •19887 15 49 7500-8 76599-9 66 100 •06664 -11916 16 60 7183-8 71066-9 66 101 -03999 •06909 16 50 6856-4 68099-1 67 101 •09981 •06369 16 51 6516-7 68991-4 67 109 -01784 •03680 17 51 6960-7 61165-7 68 103 •01645 •03381 17 59 8948-9 67404-7 68 103 -00979 -01896 18 62 6709-9 64906-0 69 103 •00899 •01736 18 58 8418-2 81468-8 69 104 •00543 -00917 19 53 59009 49195-1 70 104 •00497 •00837 19 84 4930-6 46040-6 70 106 •00989 •00374 20 21 22 64 55 56 4730-9 4297-4 3898-1 43994-9 39968-3 34966-9 71 79 105 106 •00268 •00077 •00340 •00077 30 31 39 65 56 57 4480-4 406S-3 3688-9 41110-0 38699-6 33664-8 71 106 •00088 •00088 23 57 3630-6 31067-8 28 68 3881-8 38881-1 Diffebencb of Age, 61 Yeabs. 24 25 26 58 59 60 3193-4 9881-7 2596-4 97587-9 94844-8 21463-1 Difi EBENC B OF Age, 62 Years. 34 38 96 69 60 01 8008-9 9711-1 3438-6 98849-6 99641-4 19880-8 10 11 71 72 9179^6 1896-7 13748-8 11568-9 10 73 1976^6 13041^9 27 61 9334-8 18866-7 11 73 1710-1 10068-3 97 63 3188-6 17391-8 12 78 1641-6 9673-17 28 62 9095-0 16631-9 19 74 1472-0 8365-94 98 63 1959-6 18303-3 18 74 1414-0 8031-57 29 63 1875-5 14436-9 18 76 1360-0 6883-24 99 64 1760-3 18343-7 14 75 1910-9 6617-57 30 64 1674-8 12561-4 14 76 1071-1 5638-94 80 66 1658-9 11493-5 15 76 1099-6 8406-67 31 66 1491-0 10886-6 18 . 77 908-57 4559-14 31 66 1384-4 9934-58 16 77 868-44 4377-07 32 66 1325-4 9394-98 16 78 765-36 8648-87 89 67 1925-6 8580-18 17 78 738-60 3808-63 33 67 1179-3 8069-58 17 79 634-85 9893-31 33 68 1081-1 7834-68 18 79 600-05 9783-03 34 68 1084-0 6897-98 18 80 811-07 9968-46 34 69 960-19 6943-86 19 80 490-56 9183-98 35 69 908-68 5863-98 19 81 418-11 1767-39 88 70 831-64 6993-37 90 81 396-88 1693-49 36 70 79517 4954-60 30 89 329-66 1344-98 86 71 794-64 4461-73 91 89 816-19 1996-04 37 71 699-78 4169-48 91 83 969-64 1014-69 37 79 698-19 3787-09 33 83 348-96 979-846 38 72 600-49 3466-70 99 84 901-69 764-988 88 73 641-63 8108-90 93 84 198-33 730-885 39 73 517-55 9866-98 33 86 184-38 853-398 89 74 464-09 3867-37 94 86 147-94 887-888 40 74 443-34 9348-78 34 86 116-95 898-916 40 76 898-04 3103-18 95 86 111-36 889-615 41 75 977-97 1905-39 26 87 86-096 289-666 41 76 333-71 1708-14 96 87 89-885 278-988 42 76 318-59 1698-19 96 88 69-807 196-639 49 77 979-60 1374-43 97 88 59-656 198-870 43 77 966-85 1309-58 97 89 44-354 184-383 43 78 989-07 1094-83 98 89 49-488 186-314 44 78 991-39 1042-68 98 90 30-909 89-9779 44 79 190-66 869-789 99 90 87-949 98-7863 45 79 181-80 891-986 99 91 91-080 69-0689 45 80 184-84 679109 30 91 90-173 86-8149 46 80 147-58 639-486 80 92 14-069 37-9889 46 81 194-98 817-969 31 92 18-488 86-3413 47 81 118-40 491-906 81 98 9-1600 38-9969 47 89 98-471 399-989 89 93 8-7688 39-8869 48 82 93-769 378-506 83 94 8-8336 14-7669 48 88 76-998 994-518 83 94 5-5796 14-1937 49 83 73-971 979-744 88 95 3-6386 8-98481 49 84 69-357 317-635 34 96 8-4706 8-84817 50 84 56-463 906-478 34 96 3-9063 6-80871 80 85 48-080 168-168 36 96 2-1101 5-07387 51 85 49-846 150-090 35 97 1-3134 3-09921 51 86 33-667 113-088 86 97 1-9668 2-96947 -« i-j- /^ /I /» r^ 52 86 31-974 107-174 36 98 -76631 1-78581 89 87 94-700 79-4206 37 98 -78357 1-70667 -97410 ■84830 53 87 23-439 75-9003 37 99 •44861 1-01980 83 88 17-726 84-7306 38 99 •43590 54 88 16-806 51-7619 88 100 -95738 -67389 54 89 19-494 86-9946 39 100 •34590 55 89 11-833 34-9563 89 101 -14963 -31686 88 90 8-6149 34-8006 40 101 •18636 -30330 •16608 •08818 56 90 8-1490 93-1989 40 109 -08184 -17393 66 91 6-8070 15-8864 41 109 -07787 57 91 5-4869 14-9749 41 103 -04688 -09239 87 99 8-8947 10-0794 49 103 -04433 58 92 3-6090 9-48780 42 104 -03679 -04606 58 93 3-4569 6-35471 48 104 •09560 •04395 59 93 (J \J\J U\J 9-3159 8-87880 43 108 -01479 -01934 89 94 1-6409 3-79781 44 106 •01411 •01845 •00434 fiO 94 1-4496 3-56310 44 106 -00485 -00488 60 95 •94977 9-95691 46 106 -00434 52 Yeaks 61 Yeae . 568 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). Englaiid and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DlFFBBEKOE OF Age, 36 Yeabs. DlFFEEEKCE OF Age, 37 Yeabs. Ages.. ^^,V N»,y Ages. '^^,V ^..y Ages. ^y ^^,y Ages. - "..y ^.,y X. y- X. y- X. y- •ji. y- 10 46 10635 111403 61 97 -35039 -80373 "To" 47 10133 108080 61 98 -S1381 •48501 11 47 9717-3 100768 62 98 -20042 -45334 11 48 9263-6 94948-4 63 99 -12191 -37120 19 48 8882-0 91050-7 63 99 -11403 •35S93 13 49 845S^6 85695-8 63 100 -06890 -14929 13 49 8119-7 82168-7 64 100 -06430 •13889 13 50 7733^4 77343-3 64 101 -03729 •08089 14 50 7421-6 74049-0 65 101 -03471 •07459 14 51 7063-8 69620-8 65 102 -09077 •04310 15 51 6780-3 66637-4 66 103 ■01938 •03988 15 53 6439-3 63467-0 66 103 -01147 •02238 16 5S 6188-9 59847-1 67 103 •01061 -03060 16 63 6872-8 66027-7 67 104 •00641 •01086 17 53 5642-2 53658-3 68 104 •00591 •00999 17 54 5349-0 60154-9 68 105 -00343 -00445 18 19 SO 54 55 56 5136-7 4669-5 4238-4 48016-0 43879-3 38309-8 69 105 •00315 /'\ i~\ r^ r\ c% •00408 18 65 4864-7 44805-9 69 106 -00109 -00103 70 106 •00093 ■00093 19 56 4417-4 39941-2 30 57 4004-8 35823-8 ai 57 3841-3 33971-4 SI 68 3634-6 31519-0 DiFFEEEJfCE OF AgE, 59 Yeabs. as 58 3475-5 30130-1 Dirr EBENC E OF Age, SO Yeaes 33 59 3374-9 37894-4 S3 24 '59 60 3139-2 2830-1 36664-6 23515-4 33 24 60 61 S953-4 3658-0 34619-8 21666-1 10 11 69 70 3613-4 32940 17574-6 14961-2 10 70 3391-8 15584-1 25 61 2646-3 30685-3 11 71 2090-5 1319S-3 95 63 2386-8 19008-1 13 71 2006-7 12667-2 26 63 2S85-8 18139-0 13 73 1819-8 11101-8 96 63 2138-1 16631-3 13 79 1748-1 10660^5 27 63 2047-1 16853-3 13 73 1577-0 9281-98 97 64 1910-3 14483-3 14 73 1515-5 8912-37 28 64 1828-6 13806-1 14 74 1359-0 7704-98 28 65 1703-1 19579-9 16 74 1306-3 7396-87 39 65 1629-0 11977-5 15 75 1164-0 6345-98 29 66 1511-9 10870-8 16 75 1118-7 6090-57 30 66 1446-8 10348-5 16 76 989-54 5181-98 30 67 1338-8 9358-94 17 76 950-68 4971-87 31 67 1281-0 8901-73 17 77 834-34 4192-44 31 68 1181-8 8090-14 18 77 801-93 4021-19 3a 68 1130-3 7630-73 18 78 696-80 8358-10 32 69 1038-5 6838-84 19 78 668-85 3919-97 33 69 948 73 6490-53 19 79 578-98 2661-30 33 70 909-33 5800-34 SO 79 55S-65 9551-13 34 70 869-63 5541-80 20 80 470 69 2085-33 34 71 793-49 4891-19 21 80 451-47 1998-47 35 71 757-87 4672-17 21 81 380-19 1614-63 36 73 687-36 4098-63 22 81 364-54 1547-00 36 72 657-13 3914-30 22 83 303-18 1334-44 36 73 593-78 3411-87 23 83 390-62 1189-46 37 73 566-68 3257-17 23 83 338-64 931-363 37 74 508-14 9818-59 24 83 338-69 891-839 38 74 485-67 2690-49 24 84 185-36 692-623 38 76 433-76 9310-45 36 84 177-47 663-149 39 75 413-53 2204-83 25 85 141-73 507-363 39 76 368-78 1877-69 36 85 185-72 485-679 40 76 349-43 1791-29 26 86 106-65 365-643 40 77 30666 1611-91 37 86 102-11 349-959 41 77 292-87 1441-86 27 87 78-880 258-993 41 78 254-70 130535 98 87 75-809 947-849 42 78 343-16 1148-99 38 88 57-106 180-113 42 79 209-40 950-548 99 88 54-656 172-340 43 79 199-85 905-838 29 89 40-636 123-007 43 80 170-31 741-148 30 89 38-887 117-684 44 80 163-38 705-978 30 90 38-309 82-3716 44 81 136-74 570-988 31 90 27-087 78-7968 45 81 130-39 543-598 31 91 19-303 54-0635 45 83 108-44 434-198 33 91 18-467 51-7098 46 82 103-36 413-308 33 93 lS-873 34-7605 46 83 84-876 835-788 83 93 12-314 33-2438 47 83 80-860 309-848 33 93 8-3833 31-8876 47 84 65-605 940-889 34 93 8-0181 90-9288 48 84 62-373 228-988 34 94 5-8365 18-5043 48 85 49-807 175-377 35 94 6-1034 12-9107 49 85 47-399 166-615 36 95 3-3190 8-16775 49 86 37-345 195^570 36 95 3-1738 7-80729 50 86 35-432 119-316 36 96 S-0176 4-84875 50 87 37-364 88^3954 37 96 1-9388 4-63379 5] 87 26-008 83-7943 37 97 1-3006 283115 51 88 19-670 60-9614 38 97 1-1474 2-70499 5S 88 18-681 57-7863 38 98 -70017 1-63065 52 89 13-889 41-3914 39 98 -66905 1-55769 53 89 13-179 39-1053 39 99 -40697 -93048 53 90 9-5944 27-4094 40 99 •88878 -88854 54 90 9-0958 35-9363 40 100 ■33490 -53351 64 91 6-4817 17-8080 41 100 -S3434 -49976 55 91 6-1385 16-8305 41 101 -13013 •38861 55 93 4-S789 11-8363 49 101 -13428 -27543 56 92 4-0478 10-6920 42 lOS -07435 •15848 56 93 3-7557 7-04741 43 103 -07095 •15119 57 93 2-6038 6-64433 43 103 -04391 -08413 57 94 1-7330 4-39171 44 103 -04027 -08024 68 94 1-6353 4-04043 44 104 -03433 -04192 58 98 1-0685 3-55871 46 104 -03330 -03997 59 95 1-0031 3-40523 46 105 -01346 -01759 59 96 -63713 1-49531 46 105 -01388 ■01677 60 96 -59940 1-40313 46 106 •00413 -00413 60 97 -37308 -85809 47 106 -00394 -00894 60 Yeaes 59 Yeabs. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 569 Table 14 — (continued). Ti^ngland and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DiFFEKENCE OF A GE, 38 YeAES. Diffeeence of Age, 39 Yeaes. Ages. Ages. Ages. Ages. ^^,V ^^,V ^x « Nx „ ^X y Ages. x,y 7881-5 7173-0 6527-9 5399-2 4903-8 4447-3 4026-1 3637-4 3279-3 2949-2 3646-0 3367-6 3112-4 1878-7 1665-3 1470-7 1293-9 1133-6 988-73 838-03 740-63 635-36 541-57 458-18 384-54 319-76 363-24 214-29 173-43 137-00 107-44 83-093 63-325 47-469 34-968 25-207 17-854 12-376 8-3937 5-5640 3-6003 3-2756 1-4043 -84646 -49896 -38803 •16555 •09438 •05159 •02904 76860-3 68978-8 61805-8 55377-9 49339-1 43939-9 39036-1 34588-8 30562-7 26925-3 33646-1 30696-9 18050-9 15683-3 13570^9 11693-3 10026-9 8556-32 7363-33 6128-72 5139-99 4281-96 3541-34 3905-98 3364-41 1906-33 1531-69 1301-93 938-695 734-405 551-975 414-975 307-535 334-443 161-117 113-648 78-6797 53-4727 35-6187 33-2437 14-8500 9-38603 5-68583 3-41033 3-00593 1-15946 -66050 -37347 •30693 •11254 •06095 61 62 63 64 103 104 105 106 •01623 •00919 •00499 •00150 •03191 •01568 •00649 •00150 Difference of Age, 54 Years. 111 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 31 22 33 34 25 36 37 28 29 30 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 93 04 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 3858-2 3444-2 3068-5 2727-5 3417-3 3135-1 1878-3 1644-3 1432-0 1239-9 1066-8 911-75 773-30 650-55 542-15 447-25 364-80 294-13 234-17 184-04 142-67 109-01 81-953 60-561 43-808 31-147 31-681 14-769 9-8399 6-4012 4-0698 3 5278 1-5343 91140 -53056 -30774 -17723 ■09794 -05581 -03160 -01816 -01001 -00306 39846-3 35988-1 33543-9 19475-4 16747-9 14330-6 12195-5 10317-3 8673-95 7240-95 6001-05 4934-25 4023-50 3249-20 2598-65 2056-50 1609-25 1344-45 950-325 716-155 532-115 389-445 280-435 198-483 137-932 94-1135 62-9665 41-2855 26-5165 166766 10-2754 6-20561 3-67781 2-14351 1-33311 -70155 -39381 -21658 -11804 -06283 -03133 -01307 -00306 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 38 39 30 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 00 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 100 101 103 103 7479-0 6800-2 6182-3 5618-1 5101-7 4627-2 4190-7 3787-7 3416-3 3073-7 2758-7 2469-2 2203-7 1960-5 1738-4 1535-7 1351-4 1184-3 1033-1 896-62 774-03 664-10 566-14 479-04 402-11 334-43 375-36 334-30 180-45 143-41 112-50 87-035 66-353 49-759 36-670 26-446 18-741 13-997 8-8191 5-8502 3-7879 2-3961 1-4799 -89286 -52085 -30447 -17530 -10003 -06475 •03087 ■0)728 71886-5 64407-5 57607-3 51435-0 45806-9 40705-3 36078-0 31887-3 38099-6 24683-4 21609-7 18851-0 16381-8 14178-1 12217-6 10479-2 8943-53 7592-13 6407-93 5374-83 4478-31 3704-19 3040-09 2473-95 1994-91 1592-80 1258-37 983-013 758-813 578-363 434-953 322-453 235-418 169-065 119-306 83-6363 56-1903 37-4493 34-4533 15-6332 9-78295 5-99505 3-59895 2:11905 1-22619 -69934 -39187 -21967 -11965 -06490 -03403 61 62 63 104 105 106 -00981 -00533 -00161 •01675 •00694 •00161 Difference of Age, 53 Years. 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 33 34 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 85 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 4134-5 3700-3 3306-3 3947-7 3631-3 2323-6 2052-1 1804-4 1579-1 1374-5 1189-7 1023-2 874-33 741-36 623-40 519-36 428-32 349-28 281-56 224-12 176-12 136-52 104-30 78-395 57-925 41894 29-782 20 736 14-116 9-4036 6-1150 3-8868 3-4133 1-4643 -86946 -S0593 -30332 -168-!4 -09325 -05311 -03005 -01726 -00951 -00291 32783-3 3864-87 34948-4 31642-3 18694-5 16073-2 13749-6 11697-5 9893-13 8314-03 0939-53 5749-83 4726-63 3852-40 3111-14 2487-74 1968-38 1540-06 1190-78 909-224 685-104 508-984 372-464 268-164 189-769 131-844 89-9496 60-1676 39-4416 25-3256 15-9230 9-80803 5-92123 3-50793 2-04363 1-17417 -66825 ■37493 ■20609 ■11284 -05973 -02968 -01242 -00291 54 Years. 53 Years. 572 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Topulation. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DiFrEBBNOE or A-GE, 44 Years. Difference of 4.GE, 45 Yeass. Ages. °..y N:.,. Ages. ^,y ^^,y Ages. ^^,y ^.,2/ Ages. ^.,y ^... X. y- X. y- X. y- X. y- 10 11 12 54 55 56 7U90-3 6440-3 5848-4 67120-6 60030-3 53590-1 61 62 105 106 -00569 ■00172 •00741 -00172 10 11 12 55 56 57 67J4-9 6092-4 5526-1 62556-8 55841-9 49749-5 61 106 •00183 -00183 13 57 5308-4 47741-7 13 58 5009-0 44223-4 DiFFEEENOE OP AGE, 51 Years. 14 16 16 58 59 60 4813-9 4360-2 3942-6 42433-3 37619-4 33259-2 DlFF ERBNC E OF Age, 52 Yeabs. 14 15 16 59 60 61 46361 4102-0 3702-8 39214-4 34678-3 30376-3 10 11 61 63 4715-5 4239-3 39161-7 34446-3 10 62 4420-1 35887-0 17 61 3557-4 29316-6 11 63 3965-4 31466-9 17 62 3334-6 26873-5 13 63 3806-5 30206-9 18 62 3202-2 25759-2 12 64 3552-1 37501-5 18 63 2995-3 23338-9 13 64 3413-3 26400-4 19 63 2875-2 22557-0 13 63 3176-1 23949-4 19 64 2683-0 20643-6 14 65 3052-4 22988-1 20 64 2574-3 19681-8 14 66 2832-9 20773-3 20 65 2396-1 17860^6 13 66 2723-0 19933-7 21 65 2298-3 17107-5 18 67 2519-6 17940-4 21 66 3133-0 15464-5 16 67 2421-7 17212-7 22 66 2045-2 14809-2 16 68 2233-2 15420-8 22 67 1892-5 13331-5 17 68 2145-6 14791-0 23 67 1814-1 127640 17 69 1971-5 13187-6 23 68 1672 9 114390 18 69 1893-3 13645-5 24 68 1603-2 10949-9 18 70 1732-8 11216-1 24 69 1473-1 9766-07 19 70 1663-3 10752-2 25 69 1411-2 9346-69 19 71 1515-7 9483-31 25 70 1291-5 8292-97 30 71 1465-3 9088-94 26 70 1236-8 7933-49 20 72 1318-8 7967-61 26 71 1127-2 7001-47 21 72 12660 7633-64 27 71 1079-2 6698-69 21 73 1141-1 6648-81 27 72 978-65 5874-27 22 73 1094-2 6368-64 28 72 936-82 5619-49 22 74 981-13 5507^71 28 73 845-09 4895-63 23 74 940-48 5274-44 29 73 808-82 4682-67 23 73 838-01 4526-58 29 74 725-27 4050-53 24 76 803-04 4333-96 30 74 694-06 3873-83 24 76 710-33 3688-57 30 75 618-44 3335-26 23 76 680-46 3530-92 31 75 591-75 3179-79 25 77 597-19 3978-24 31 76 623-43 2706-82 26 77 571-92 2850-46 32 76 500-77 2588-04 26 78 497-38 3381-05 32 77 439-49 2183-39 27 78 476-23 2278-34 33 77 420-42 2087-27 27 79 410-10 1883-67 33 78 366-63 1743-90 28 79 392-67 1802-32 34 78 349-71 1666-85 28 80 334-35 1473-57 34 79 301-15 1378-27 29 80 320-00 1409-75 35 79 287-99 1317-14 29 81 269-48 1139-32 35 80 245-28 1077-12 30 81 257-88 1089-73 36 80 234-53 1029-15 30 82 214-46 869741 36 81 19f50 831-839 31 83 205-32 831-874 37 81 188-80 794-618 31 83 168-52 655-281 37 82 15702 634-339 33 83 161-22 626-654 38 82 150-08 605-818 32 84 130-61 486-761 38 83 123-24 477-319 33 84 124-94 463-434 39 83 117-78 455-738 33 85 99-769 356-151 39 84 95-400 354-079 34 86 95-425 840-494 40 84 91-134 337-958 34 86 74-982 356-382 40 85 72-774 258-679 33 86 71-706 245-069 41 85 69-501 246-824 35 87 55-394 181-400 41 86 54-613 185-905 36 87 32-965 173-363 42 86 52-138 177-323 36 88 40-057 126-006 42 87 40-377 131^293 37 88 38-293 120-398 43 87 38-439 125-185 37 89 28-470 85-9493 43 88 39 071 91-0163 38 89 37-311 83-1053 44 88 27-733 86-7457 38 90 19-810 57-4793 44 89 20-620 61-9463 39 90 18-929 54-8943 45 89 19-662 59-0127 39 91 13-489 37-6693 45 90 14-314 41-3253 40 91 13^886 35-9653 46 90 13-643 39-3507 40 92 8-9822 24-1803 40 91 9-7230 27^0113 41 92 8-5782 28-0793 47 91 9-2620 23-7077 41 93 5-8399 15-1981 47 92 6-4663 17-2893 42 93 5-6754 ] 4-5011 48 92 6-1474 10-4457 42 94 3-7107 9-35820 48 93 41851 10-8331 43 94 3-6414 8-92566 49 93 3-9828 10-2983 43 95 2-3031 5-64750 49 94 3-6507 6-64797 44 95 2-1972 3-38426 50 94 2-5210 6-31550 44 96 1-3969 3-34440 50 95 1-6396 3-99727 45 96 1-3331 3-18706 5] 95 1-5583 3-79450 45 97 •82910 1 94750 51 96 -99085 2-35767 46 97 -79024 1-85496 52 96 -94092 2-23620 46 98 -48221 1-11840 52 97 -58565 1-36682 47 98 -46940 1-06472 53 97 -55573 1-29528 47 99 -27944 •63619 53 98 -33911 •78117 48 99 -26608 •60332 54 98 -32149 -73955 48 100 -16077 •35675 54 99 -19556 •44206 49 100 -15300 -83934 55 99 -18520 •41806 49 101 -08874 •19598 55 100 •11190 •24630 50 101 -08440 ■18624 56 100 -10586 '23286 50 102 •05051 -10724 56 101 •06140 •13460 51 103 -04801 •10184 57 101 -05802 -12700 51 103 -02856 •05673 67 102 -03473 •07320 53 103 03712 •05383 58 JOS -03276 -06898 52 104 -01639 -03817 58 103 -01949 •08848 53 104 •01555 03671 59 103 ■01837 •03022 53 105 •00902 •01178 59 104 -OHIO •01899 54 105 •00855 ■01116 60 104 -01044 -01785 54 106 •00276 •00276 60 105 -00606 •00789 55 106 -00261 •00261 52 Yeaks. 51 Years. AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 573 Table 14 — [continued), England and Wales.— Whole Population.— Joint Lives.— Males.— Seven per Cent. DirFEBEHCE OF Age, 45 Years. Diffebence op A.GE, 47 Yeabs. Ages. ^^>y ^x,V Ages. ^X V No. ,, Ages. D N Ages. D isr ■jb. y- » J •j:. y- ^>y ^•y X. y- x>y x,y X. y- "^,'J ^^,y 10 50 6359-3 58190-4 10 37 6002-2 54016-7 11 13 57 58 59 60 5736-6 8214-4 4719-9 4267-5 51838-1 46081-5 DiEFEBEN :e of Age, 50 Yeabs. 11 12 58 59 5481-9 4918-3 48014-5 42382-6 Diffeeencb of Age, 49 Yeabs. 18 14 40867-1 36147-2 13 14 60 61 4440-5 4008-1 37669-1 33228-6 10 11 69 60 5336^8 4815^4 46338-9 40893-1 10 60 5090-8 42606-7 15 61 3859-6 31879-7 11 61 4522-6 37585-9 15 62 3611-3 29330-5 19 61 4841-4 36076-7 16 63 3470-9 28027-1 19 62 4069-3 33063-3 16 68 3246-6 35609-3 13 63 3909-2 31785-3 17 63 8119-1 94356-9 13 63 3636-7 28993-8 17 64 3910-6 33363-6 14 68 33 14-2 27826-1 18 64 9793-1 21437-1 14 64 3279-3 25887-1 18 63 3601-6 19432-0 15 64 31S3-3 24311-9 19 63 2497-3 18642-0 15 63 2934-0 29057-8 19 66 2317-7 16850-4 16 65 2819-9 21159-7 90 66 2923-8 16144-7 16 66 2617-1 19123-8 90 67 2057-7 14332-7 17 66 2514-4 18839-8 21 67 1973-7 13920-9 17 67 2396-6 16306-7 91 68 1820-1 12475-0 18 67 2234-2 15835-4 23 08 174S-9 11947-2 18 68 2060-4 14180-1 92 69 1003-7 10634-9 19 68 1977-7 13391-2 23 69 1537-9 10909-0 19 69 1817-3 12119-7 38 70 1406-9 9051-30 90 69 1743^7 11613-3 24 70 1348-2 8664-84 90 70 1595-9 10802-4 24 71 1228-6 7644-30 91 70 1330-7 9869-84 23 71 1177-0 7316-64 21 71 1394-9 8706-47 25 73 1067-3 6415-70 33 71 1337 5 8339-14 26 79 1099-1 6139-64 22 72 1212-9 7311-57 26 73 93306 5848-40 33 72 1162-7 7001-64 27 73 882-83 5117-54 28 73 1048-8 6098-67 37 74 791-68 4436-84 94 78 1006-1 3838-94 28 74 757-79 4934-71 24 74 901-28 5049-87 28 75 67533 3634-71 93 74 863-34 4833-84 99 73 646-23 8476-92 25 73 769-28 4148-64 29 76 571-64 3959-48 96 75 736-78 3970-50 30 76 847-04 2830-67 36 76 651-67 3379-36 80 77 48009 2387-84 27 76 623-94 3233-77 31 77 459-37 S983-63 27 77 547-59 2727-69 81 78 399-51 1907-75 28 77 524-18 2600-88 32 78 389-91 1894-26 98 78 455-87 2180-10 82 79 399-14 1508-24 29 78 436-38 3085-65 33 79 314-96 1442-05 29 79 375-72 1724-28 88 80 268-17 1179-10 30 79 359-55 1649-37 34 80 956-49 1197-09 80 80 300-28 1348-51 84 81 313-99 910-931 31 80 393-03 1289-72 35 81 206-36 870-601 81 81 246-75 1042-28 33 83 171-79 694-941 32 81 33607 996-701 36 89 164-26 664-041 32 82 196-84 793-531 36 88 184-88 523-151 38 82 187-82 760-631 37 83 128-94 499-781 33 83 134-23 599-191 37 84 104-43 388-371 84 83 147-51 572-811 38 84 99-837 370-841 34 84 119-50 444-961 88 85 79-734 383-831 85 84 114-28 425-301 39 83 76-180 271-004 35 85 91-256 325-461 39 86 59-860 304-097 36 83 87-254 811-021 40 86 67-184 194-894 36 86 68-362 334-203 40 87 44-175 144-237 87 86 65-543 223-767 41 87 49-189 137-640 87 87 50-633 163-643 41 88 81-907 100-062 38 87 48-394 158 224 42 88 30-461 95-4508 38 88 36-600 115010 42 89 33-648 68-1353 39 88 34-978 109-830 43 89 21-614 64-9898 89 89 26-002 78-4105 43 90 13-735 45-5072 40 89 24-839 74-8672 44 90 13-011 48-3758 40 90 18-083 59-4085 44 91 10-697 29-7792 41 90 17-269 60-0182 46 91 10-200 28-3648 41 91 12-806 34-3235 45 93 7-1101 19-0753 42 91 11-749 82-7493 46 99 6-7768 18-] 648 42 92 8-1896 22-0199 46 93 4-6136 11-9631 43 92 7-8158 31-0003 47 93 4-3953 11-3880 48 93 5-8209 18-8299 47 94 2-9258 7-83154 44 93 5-0761 18-1844 48 94 2-7854 6-99266 44 94 3-3784 8-50897 48 95 1-8135 4-42624 45 94 3-2216 8-10830 49 93 1-7239 4-90726 45 93 2-0951 5-18057 49 96 1-0960 2-61374 46 95 1-9970 4-88666 50 96 1-0424 2-48336 46 96 1-2696 8-03547 50 97 6-4881 1-51774 47 96 1-3096 2-88966 51 97 -61666 1-44096 47 97 •75285 1-76587 61 98 -87639 -86898 48 97 -71685 1-68006 52 98 -35737 -82430 48 98 •48748 1-01302 52 99 •31788 -49204 49 98 -41628 -90321 53 99 •20628 -46698 49 99 •25822 -57359 33 100 -13463 -27520 60 99 •24083 -64698 54 100 •11816 -26065 50 100 .14551 -32337 54 101 -06854 -15008 51 100 -13830 -80610 55 101 -06491 •14249 51 101 -08022 -17686 35 102 -03885 -08209 52 101 -07619 -16780 56 109 -03673 -07758 59 102 -04559 -09664 36 108 -02-186 -04834 53 103 -04326 -09101 57 103 •02066 -04088 58 103 •02574 -05105 57 104 ■01248 -03188 54 103 -02440 -04835 58 L04 -01178 •02017 54 104 ■01474 -02331 58 105 -00683 ■00890 55 L04 -01896 -02395 59 LOS -00644 -00839 55 105 -00810 -01057 59 LOO -00207 ■00207 66 LOS -00706 -00999 60 [06 -00195 •00195 36 106 -00247 -00247 1 57 1 L08 -00233 -00233 1 5C ) Ye Alt 3. 4 [Q Years. 7 G 574 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 14 — (continued). England and Wales. — Whole Population. — Joint Lives. — Males. — Seven per Cent. DiFFEBENCE OF AaE, 48 '^EABS. DiFFEBENCE OF AoE, 48 Yeaes. Ages. Ages. Ages. Ages. ^^,y N.,y ^^,y ^-,y ^x,y N.,, ^^,y N.,3, tC. y- X. y- X'. y- X. y- 10 58 5663-6 5003U-9 23 71 1282-1 7984-98 35 83 141-07 547-491 47 95 1-9025 4^65160 11 59 5118-4 44367-3 24 72 1114-1 6702-88 36 84 109-27 406-421 48 96 1-1517 2^74910 13 60 4622-6 39248-9 25 73 962-80 6588-78 37 85 83-413 297-151 49 97 •68219 1-59740 13 61 4170-5 34626-3 26 74 826-81 4626-98 38 86 62-645 213-738 50 98 -39691 •91521 14 62 3757-0 30455-8 27 75 706-38 3799-17 39 87 46-243 151-093 61 99 •22889 •61930 16 63 3378-0 26698-8 28 76 597-27 3093-79 40 88 33-409 104-850 52 100 •13134 •29041 16 64 3029-6 23320-8 29 77 501-68 2496-52 41 89 23-722 71-4408 53 101 ■07229 •15907 17 65 2709-2 20291-2 30 78 417-52 1994-84 42 90 16-487 47-7188 64 102 •04102 •08678 18 66 2414-6 17682-0 31 79 344-03 1677-32 43 91 11-213 81-2318 55 103 •02311 •04576 19 67 2144-6 15167-4 32 80 280-33 1233-29 44 92 7-4562 20-0188 56 104 •01331 •02265 20 68 1897-6 13022-8 33 81 225-83 962-961 45 93 4-8404 12-5626 57 108 •00734 •00944 21 69 1672 5 11125-2 34 82 179-64 727-131 46 94 3-0706 7-72220 58 106 •00230 •00230 22 70 1 1467-7 9452-68 It has already been said, that in the continuous method of constructing auxiliary- Tables there is a necessity for the logarithms being carried to more decimal places than by the direct process ; but generally seven places will ensure accuracy, provided care be taken in the determination of x.v, and this may be done vpith complete accuracy to as many places as are required by the following formula : — According to the logarithmic theorem Log. (1 + ^) = niik + m^l^ + m^l^ + ni^¥ + m^le + &c. = (A). If in the first member of this equation A = then X.(l + A;) = \.l and the expansion will not contain any term independent of h. If li be converted into h-\-z, then \.(1 +/<; + «) =f%(A + «) ^-m^ik-^-zf -^m^iJi^zY ■\- &c. =(B). But 1 + /c + a- = (1 + /c) . ("] + YTh * )' ^^^'■"^fo'^^ \.(1 + /i + ^) = X.(l+/rr) +X- A + -r4-T*) Hence by equation (A) X.(l + /<; + z) = mjc + m^Ie" + &c. + Wij— ^ « + '''a (jqr^)'«' + &c. = (Cj. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 575 The second member of this equation must be equal to the second member of equation (B), and by applying the binomial theorem the complete co-efficient of z in (B) is evidently »Wi + 2 m^k + 3 mje + 4 mji' + &c. This must correspond with the complete co-efficient of s in equation (C) which is »?i j^ , , = OTi — m^k + »Wi^ — Wi^ + &c. In equation (C) the terms beyond this contain only the higher powers oiz, and these two expressions being the same it therefore follows that m-y = nil 2m^ = — /«j and therefore m^ = — | m^ Sm^= + n\ ... mg= + -^ m^ 5 »?3 = + »Ji 6 »^u = — »»j &c. + &c. >»4 = — i % »'6 = + 1 '«1 »«6 = — i ^h &c. + &c. consequently .5 J.S ■X /n , ,N /, ^' '"^ k^ , k' k' , ^ X.(l+/.)=^,(^--+-_-+---+&c.) and which produces the logarithm of 1 + k ; but the symbol mi employed above being the modulus of the system of logarithms, the results of the last equation will give either common or Naperian logarithms according as nil = 1 = modulus of the Naperian system, or »h= <^ — \ " .^ = f^ o/^^ro»i — '434294481903 = modulus of ordinary logarithms. Nap. X.IO 2-3025851 ■' ° Hence in the Naperian system T n ^ ^.^ x- ^' a. ^^ ^* m ''" ''' ^ ''' ^ j. Log.^(l+/t)=A--+---+-g— g- + --^ + This series is always true when k is not greater than 1 ; it converges slowly Avhen k = 1, and more rapidly as k becomes smaller. In the determination of \.v it will almost always happen that A; is a small fraction, and then the series above given is rapidly convergent. Ten per cent., for example, is the highest rate of interest entering into the construction of the preceding Tables, and in that case 1 1 516 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Hence to find log. (1"1) make k = '1, then Log. (1-1)= -1 ■01 -001 8 "^ 3 ■ •0001 -00001 •000001 6 + These terms may be extended as far as necessary and when arranged for summation the following results are obtained i^ — + + 1 00033333333333 00000200000000 00000001428671 00000000011111 00000000000091 005 000025 00000016666667 00000000125000 00000000001000 00000000000008 00502516792675 •10033534773106 - Whence Log. (I'l) = (-10033534773106 — '00502516792675) = 0-09531017980431. This result, which is the natural or Naperian logarithm, is correct to the thirteenth decimal inclusive, and if multiplied by the modulus -434294481903, will be reduced to the ordinary base. Therefore \,(l + r) =A,.(1-1) = (0-09531017980431 x -43429448903) = 0-041392685158 and X.«; = X-(-r-— ) =\Y— j= 9-958607314842, -which agrees exactly with the value given in page 532, and also that in Tahle IS following. To find Log.^ (1-07) make k = -07 and 0049 -000343 Log. (1-07) =-07 e • - 2 the summation of which produces -07 -000114333333 + ^ -000000336140 ■00000000117649 ■00000000000448 ■00002401 0000016807 -00245 •0000060025 -00000001960817 -00000000007206 -00000000000088 — -00245602218051 00245602218051) = 0-06765861847346 + •07011467065397 and Log.^ (1-07) = (-07011467065397 consequently A,. (1 + 7-) =X.(l-07) = (0-06765864847346 x -434294481903) =0-029383777685 and '^■v = '>--{-ArJ ='^'{-ro7) =9"970616222315. This, it will be seen, has been determined correctly to twelve places of decimals by the employment of ten terms in the above series. If, however, eight terms only had AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 577 been employed the result would have been correct for eleven decimal places, and the twelfth place Would have been two units only in erroi*, producing 7 instead of 5 as above. Again, to find Log. (103) makfe /t = •OS and Log.^ (1-03) = '03 - the summation of w + ■ •0009 -00002^ •00000081 + •0000000243 -000000000729 , 2 ' 3 " lich gives '•03 ■000009 _ •00000000486 4 5 6 ' ■ ■ ' ^00045 •0000002025 •00000000012 + -03000900486 _ -00045020262 and Log's (''°^) "= ("03000900486 — •00045020262) =0^02955880224, and hence X.(H-r) = \.(l-03) = (0^02955880224 x -434294481903) = 0-012837224705; and therefore X.v = -k(-J—) =x/--l-)= 9-987162775295, ^1 + r' ^J-03^ agreeing with the result in page 532, as well as with that in Table 15 following, although the calculation has been limited to six terms of the Series only. It is therefore obvious that as the value of the fraction k diminishes the series becomes rapidly convergent. In the first of the preceding examples where k=-l the series consisted of twelve terms, but in the last, in which k = '03 it was formed of six terms only, but it in each case gives \.v correct to twelve places. Having in this manner found x.v for each rate of interest specified in page 532, the following Table, containing the logarithms to twelve places of decimals, of the present value of £1 due at the end of any number of years from one to 110 years, has been calculated for ten difiierent rates of interest. As this Table is of extensive application in all matters connected with life contingencies every care has been taken to ensure its accuracy. It has been calculated in duplicate by the following formula, and as a further check on the results so obtained a third calculation was made by a dififerent formula. It will have been observed that x.v is simply the arithmetical complement of \.(l + r). These two values having, as already stated, been found for each rate of interest by the logarithmic formula given above, it will be seen that in the next Table X.v" =X- , I , =\.--i--, X.(l+r) or But A..(l+»*) being constant its continuous addition to the initial X.v will produce the successive values in the different Columns of the following Table : — 7 H 578 Table 15. Log. of the Present Value of £.1, due at the end of any number of Years. YEAiia. 3 Per Cent. 3i Peb Cent. 4 Peb Cent. 4§ Peb Cent. 6 Per Cent. 1 9-9871627 75295 9-9860596 50207 9^9829666 60701 9-9808H37 09563 9-9788107 00930 2 •9743255 50590 •9701193 00414 -9659333 21402 •9617674 19106 •9576314 01860 3 •9614883 25885 -9661789 50621 •9488999 82103 •9426611 28659 •9364331 02790 4 •9486511 01180 •9402386 00828 •9318666 42804 -9235348 88212 •9152438 08790 5 •9358138 76475 •9252982 51035 -9148333 03506 •9044185 47768 •8940585 04650 6 •9229766 51770 •9103579 01242 •8977999 64206 •8853022 57318 •8738643 05580 r •9101394 27065 •8954175 51449 •8807666 24907 •866i859 66871 •8616749 06510 8 •8973022 02360 •8804772 01656 •8637332 85608 -8470696 76424 •8304856 07440 9 •8844649 77655 •8655368 51863 •8466999 46309 •8279533 85977 •8093963 08370 10 •8716277 52950 •8505965 02070 - -8296666 07010 •8088370 96630 •7881070 09300 11 •8687905 28245 •8356561 62277 •8126332 67711 •7897208 05083 •7669177 10930 13 •8459533 03640 •8207158 02484 •7956999 28412 -7706045 14686 •7457384 11160 13 •8331160 78835 •8057764 82691 •7785665 89113 •7514883 24189 •7245891 12090 14 •8202788 54130 •7908351 02898 •7615332 49814 •7323719 33742 •7083498 13020 15 •8074416 29425 •7758947 53105 •7444999 10515 •7132556 43295 ■6831605 13950 16 •7946044 04720 •7609544 03312 •7274665 71216 •6941393 52848 •6609712 14880 17 •7817671 80015 •7460140 53519 -7104332 31917 •6750230 62401 •6897819 15810 18 •7689299 55310 •7310737 03726 -6933998 92618 •6559067 71964 •6185926 16740 19 •7560997 30605 •7161333 53933 •6763665 53319 •6367904 81507 •6974083 17670 20 •7432555 05900 •7011930 04140 -6693332 14020 •6176741 91060 •5762140 18600 21 •7304182 81195 •6862526 54347 •6422998 74721 •5985579 00618 -8560247 19530 22 •7175810 66490 •6713123 04554 -6252665 35422 -6794416 10166 ■5338354 20460 23 •7047438 31785 •6563719 54761 •6082331 96123 -5603253 19719 •5126461 21390 24 •6919066 07080 -6414316 04968 •5911998 66824 -6412090 29272 •4914568 22820 25 •6790693 82375 •6264912 65175 •6741666 17625 •5220927 38825 -4702675 23250 26 •6662321 57670 -6U5609 05382 •5571331 78226 •5029764 48378 •4490782 94180 27 •6533949 82965 -5966105 55589 •5400998 38927 •4838601 57931 •4278889 25110 28 •6405577 08260 •6816702 05796 •5230664 99628 •4647438 67484 •4066996 26040 29 •6277204 83665 •6067298 86003 •6000331 60329 •4456275 77037 •3858103 26970 30 •6148832 58850 •6517896 06210 ■4889998 21030 •4266112 86590 •8643210 37909 31 •6020460 34145 •5368491 86417 •4719664 81731 •4073949 96143 •3431317 28830 32 •6892088 09440 •5219088 06624 •4549331 42432 •3882787 05696 ■8319424 29760 33 •5703715 84735 •5069684 66831 -4378998 03133 •3691624 15249 ■3007531 30690 34 ■6635343 60030 •4920281 07038 •4208664 63834 •3500461 24802 ■2795638 31690 35 •5506971 35325 •4770877 57246 •4038331 24535 -3309298 34355 ■9588745 32550 36 •5378699 10620 •4621474 .07452 -3867997 85236 -3118135 43908 •2371852 33480 37 •6250226 85916 •4472070 57659 -3697664 45937 •2926972 53461 •2169959 84410 38 •5121854 61210 -4322667 07866 •3527331 06638 •9735809 63014 •1948066 85840 39 •4993482 30505 •4173263 68073 •3356997 67339 •2544646 72567 •1736173 36270 40 •4865110 11800 •4023860 08280 •3186664 28040 •2353483 89120 •1624380 37300 41 •4736737 87095 •3874456 68487 •3016330 88741 -2169320 91673 •1312887 38130 42 •4608366 62390 •3725053 08694 •2846997 49442 •1971158 01226 •1100494 39060 43 •4479993 37686 -3575049 58901 •2675664 10143 •1779995 10779 •0888601 39990 44 •4351621 12980 -3426246 09108 •2505330 70844 -1588833 30332 •0676708 40920 45 •4223248 88275 -3270842 59315 •2334997 31546 -1397669 29885 •0464816 41850 46 •4094876 63670 •3127439 09522 •2164663 92246 •1206806 39438 •0353939 42780 47 •3960604 38865 -2978035 59729 -1994330 52947 -1015343 48991 9-0041029 43710 48 •8838132 14160 -2828632 09986 •1823997 13648 •0824180 58544 8-9829136 44640 49 •3709759 89455 -2679228 60143 •1653603 74349 •0633017 68097 •9617248 46570 50 •3581387 64760 •2529826 10350 -1483330 38060 •0441854 77650 •9405880 46500 51 •3453015 40045 -2380421 00557 -1312996 95761 •0250691 87203 •9193457 47430 52 •33246-13 15340 -2231018 10764 •11 '2663 56462 9-0059528 96756 •8981564 48360 53 •3196270 90635 •2081614 60971 •0972330 17153 8-9808366 06309 •8769671 49990 54 •3067898 65980 •1932211 11178 -0801996 77854 •9077203 16862 •8557778 50990 55 9-2939526 41525 9-1782807 61385 9-0631663 38555 8-9480040 25416 8^8845885 ,51150 Table l^-^(^continued). liOff. of the Present Value of S,.\, due at the end of any number of Years. 579 Ybabs. 3 Feb Ceht. 3| Feb Cent. 4 Fee Ceht. 4i Pee C ENT. 5 Pee C ENT. 56 9-2811164 16520 9-1633404 11692 9-0461329 99966 8-9294877 34968 8-8133993 52080 57 ■2682781 91818 •1484000 61799 •0290996 59957 ■9103714 44591 •7933099 53010 58 •2554409 67110 •1334597 12006 9-0120663 90658 ■8912561 54074 •7710206 63940 69 •2426037 42405 •1185193 62213 8-9980399 81359 ■8721388 63627 •7498313 54870 60 •2297665 17700 •1035790 19490 •9779996 49060 •8530225 73180 •7286420 55800 61 •9169292 92995 •0886386 69627 •9009663 09761 •8339062 82733 •7074527 66730 63 •2040920 68290 •0736983 12834 •9439329 63469 •8147899 92286 •6862634 67660 63 •1912648 43885 •0587579 63041 •9968996 94163 •7956737 01889 •6650741 68690 64 •1784176 18880 •0438176 13248 •9098662 84864 •7765574 11392 •6438848 59620 65 •1655803 94175 •0288772 63465 •8998329 45565 •7674411 20948 •6226955 60450 66 •1627431 69470 9^0139369 13662 •8757996 00266 •7383248 30498 •6015063 61380 67 •1399059 44765 8-9989965 63869 •8587662 66967 •7192088 40051 •5803169 62310 68 •1270687 20060 •9840562 14076 -8417399 27668 ■7000922 49604 ■8591376 63340 69 •11423U 95365 •9691168 64283 •8946998 88369 •6809759 59175 •5379383 64170 70 •1013942 70650 •9641758 14490 •8076669 49070 •6618596 68710 •5167490 65100 ' 71 •0885570 45945 •9392381 64697 •7906399 09771 -6427433 78263 •4956597 66030 73 •0757198 91240 •9242948 14904 ■7735995 70473 •6236270 87816 •4743704 66960 73 •0628825 96535 •9093644 65111 •7566669 31173 •6048107 97369 •4631811 67890 74 •0500453 71880 •8944141 15318 •7396398 91874 -5853948 06933 •4319918 68830 75 •0372081 47125 •8794737 65525 •7224995 53575 •5662782 16475 •4108035 69750 76 -0243709 22490 •8648334 16739 •7054662 13276 ■5471619 26028 •3896133 70680 77 9-0115336 97716 •8496930 66939 •6884328 73977 -5280466 36581 •3684239 71610 78 8-9986964 73010 •8346527 16146 •6713995 34678 ■6089293 .46134 •3472346 73840 79 •9868692 48305 •8197123 60353 -6543661 95379 •4898130 64687 •3260453 73470 80 •9730220 23600 •8047720 16560 -6373328 56080 •4706967 64240 •3048560 74400 81 •9601847 98895 •7898316 66767 -6202995 16781 •4615804 73793 •2836667 75330 82 •9473476 74190 •7748913 16974 •6032661 77482 •4334641 83346 •2624774 76260 83 •9345103 49485 •7599609 67181 •6862328 38183 •4133478 99899 •2412881 77190 84 •9216781 24780 •7460106 17388 •6691994 98884 •3942316 09459 •2200988 78120 85 •9088369 00075 ■7300702 67595 •5521661 59585 •3751153 19005 •1989095 79050 86 •8959986 76370 •7151999 17802 •6351328 20286 •3559990 91558 •1777209 79980 87 ■8831614 60665 •7001896 68009 -5180994 80987 •3368827 31111 •1565309 80910 88 •8703242 96960 •6852492 18916 •8010061 41688 •3177064 40664 •1353416 81840 89 •8574870 01255 •6703088 68493 ■4840398 02389 •2986501 50917 •1141523 82770 90 •8446497 76550 ■6883688 18630 -4069994 63090 -3795338 59770 •0999630 83700 91 •8318128 51845 •6404281 68837 •4499661 93791 •2604175 69393 •0717737 84630 92 -8189783 97140 •6254878 19044 -4399397 84492 -2418012 78876 -0606844 85560 93 •8061381 09435 •6105474 69251 •4158994 46193 -3321849 88429 •0993951 86490 94 •7933008 77730 ■5956071 19458 •3988661 05894 ■2030686 97982 8-0082058 87420 95 •7804636 53028 •8806667 69668 •3818327 66595 •1839524 07536 7-9870168 88350 96 ■7676264 98390 •8657264 19872 •3647994 27296 •1648361 17088 -9658372 89380 97 •7647892 03613 •8507860 70079 •3477600 87997 •1457198 26641 •9446379 90210 98 •7419819 78910 •6358457 20986 •3307397 48698 •1266038 36194 -9234486 91140 ■99 ■7291147 54205 •8209053 70493 •3136994 09399 •1074873 45747 •9022593 92070 100 •7162775 29500 •8069660 20700 ■9966060 70100 -0883709 85300 -8810700 93000 101 •7034403 04793 •4910946 70907 •2796327 30801 -0093546 64853 -8598807 93930 102 •6900030 80090 -4760843 21114 •2095993 91502 -0501383 74406 ■8386914 94860 103 •6777658 55385 •4611439 71321 •2456660 5-9903 •0310290 83969 ■8175021 95790 104 •6649286 80680 •4462036 91628 -2285397 12904 8-0119057 93512 •7963128 96720 105 •6620914 08978 •4319632 71735 -2114993 73605 7-0997805 03065 •7761238 97650 106 •0302541 81270 •4163229 21942 •1944660 34306 •9736732 12618 ■7539342 98580 107 •6264169 56566 -4013825 72149 •1774326 95007 •9548569 22171 •7327449 99510 108 •6136797 31860 •3864429 29356 -1008993 55708 -9354406 31724 -7116857 00440 109 •6007425 07165 •3715018 72563 •1433600 10409 -9163243 41277 -6903664 01370 110 8-5879053 82450 8^3565618 92770 8-1363326 77110 7-8972080 50830 7-6691771 02300 580 Table 15-^(continuedy Log. of the Present Value of &.\, due at the end of any number, of Years. Ykars. 6 Pbb C] BUT. 7 Pee Cent. 8 Feb Cest. 9 Peb Cent. 10 Pee Cb»t. 1 9-9746941 34735 9^9706169 22315 9-9665762 44513 9-9626738 09089 9-9586073 14842 2 •9493889 69470 •9412394 44680 •9381524 89096 •9251470 04118 -9172146 29684 3 •9940824 04205 •9118486 66945 •8997287 33539 •8877908 06177 •8758219 44526 4 •8987765 38940 •8824648 89260 •8663049 78052 •8602940 08936 •8344292 59368 5 •8734706 73675 •8530811 11575 •8328812 22565 •8128675 10995 •7930365 74210 6 •8481648 08410 •8986973 38890 •7994574 67078 •7754410 12384 •7516488 89052 7 •8928589 43145 •7943135 86206 •7660337 11591 •7380148 14413 -7102512 03894 8 •7975530 77880 •7649297 '78520 •7396099 56104 •7008880 16472 •6688888 18736 9 •7722472 12615 •7855460 00885 •6991862 00617 •6681616 18531 •6274668 33578 10 •7469413 47350 •7061622 93160 •6657624 45130 •6257350 90590 •5860731 48420 11 •7216354 82085 •6767784 45465 •6323386 89648 -5883085 99649 •5446804 63262 13 •6963296 16820 •6473946 67780 •5989149 34156 •5508820 94708 •5032877 78104 18 •6710937 51555 •6180108 90095 -6664911 78669 •5134556 96767 ■4618950 92946 14 •6457178 86290 •5886271 19410 -8390674 28182 •4760990 28826 ■4206024 07788 15 •6904120 91095 •5592433 34795 •4986436 67695 •4386025 30885 •3791097 92630 16 •5951061 55760 •5998595 57040 •4659199 19208 •4011760 32944 •8377170 37479 ir •5698002 90495 •5004757 79355 •4317961 6672L •3687495 35003 •2963943 52314 18 •5444944 25230 •4710990 01670 •3983724 01284 •3263230 37062 •9549316 67156 19 •5191885 59965 •4417089 23985 •3649486 46747 ■2888965 39121 ■9135389 81998 20 •4938826 94700 •4198244 46300 •8815248 90260 •2514700 41180 •1721469 96840 21 •4685768 99435 •3899406 68615 •2981011 34773 •2140436 43939 •1307536 11682 29 •4432709 64170 •8585568 90930 •2646773 79286 •1766170 45998 •0893609 98524 23 •4179650 98905 •3941731 13245 •2319586 23799 •1391905 47367 •0479682 41366 24 •3926592 33640 •2947893 35560 •1978398 68312 •1017640 49416 9-0065765 56208 25 •3673533 68375 •2654055 57875 •1644061 19895 •0643878 51475 8-9651828 71050 26 •3420475 03110 •2360217 80190 •1309823 57838 9-0269110 58634 -9237901 85892 97 •3167416 37845 -2066380 02606 •0975686 01851 8-9894848 55593 -8823975 00734 28 •2914357 72580 •1779542 24820 •0641348 46864 -9590580 57659 -8410048 15576 29 •2661299 07315 •1478704 47135 9-0307110 90877 •9146315 59711 •7996121 30418 30 •9408240 49050 •1184866 69450 8-9972878 38890 •8779050 61770 •7682194 45260 31 •2155181 76785 -0891098 91765 -9688635 79903 •8397785 63829 •7168267 60102 39 •1902123 11590 •0597191 14080 •9304898 94416 •8028520 65888 •6754340 74944 33 •1649064 46955 •0803353 36395 •8970160 68929 •7649958 67947 •6340413 89786 34 •1396005 80990 9-0009515 58710 •8635923 13442 •7974990 70006 •5926487 04628 35 •1142947 15725 8-9715677 81025 •8301688 87966 •6900726 72065 •5519860 19470 36 •0889888 50460 •9421840 08840 •7967448 02468 •6526460 74124 •6098633 34312 i 87 •0636899 85195 •9128002 26655 •7633910 46981 ■6162198 76183 •4684706 49154 38 •0383771 19930 •8834164 47970 •7998972 91494 -6777930 78242 •4970779 63996 89 9^0]30712 64665 •8540326 70285 •6964735 36007 •5403665 80301 •3886859 78838 40 8-9877653 89400 •8246488 92600 •6630497 80520 •5029400 89360 •3449995 93680 ; 41 •9694595 94185 -7952651 14915 •6296260 98033 •4655135 84419 •8028999 08592 : 49 •9371536 58870 •7668813 37230 •5962022 69846 •4280870 86478 ■2615072 23364 43 •9118477 93605 •7364975 59546 •5627785 14059 •3906605 88687 •2201146 38206 : 44 •8865419 28340 •7071137 81860 •5298547 58572 •3582340 90596 •1787918 53048 \ 45 •8619360 63075 •6777300 04176 •4969810 03085 -3168078 99655 •1373291 67890 46 •8359301 97810 •6483462 26490 •4628079 47598 •2783810 94714 •0959364 82739 47 •8106943 82545 •6189624 48805 •4990834 92111 •2409545 96773 •0546437 97574 48 •7853184 67280 •5895786 71120 •3956597 36694 •208598t) 98839 8^0131511 12416 49 •7600196 09015 -5601948 93435 •3622359 81187 •1661016 00891 7^9717684 27258 ; 50 -7347067 36750 •5308111 15750 -3288122 25650 •1986751 02950 •9303687 49100 51 •7094008 71485 •6014973 38065 •9953884 70163 •0919486 05009 •8889730 56943 52 •6840950 06220 •4720436 60380 -2619647 14676 •0588991 07068 •8478803 71784 53 •6587891 40955 •4426697 82695 •9285409 59189 8-0163956 09127 •8061876 86626 54 •6334839 75690 •4132760 05010 •1951172 03702 7-9789691 11186 •7647980 01468 55 8-6081774 10425 8-3838922 27395 8-1616934 48915 7-9415496 13248 7-7234023 16310 Table IS — -(cdntinued). Log. of the Present Value of £.1, due at the end of any number of Years. Ybabs. 6 Feb Cent. 7 Per Cekt. 8 Peb Cent. 9 Peb C ENT. 10 Pee Cent. 56 8-5838715 45160 8-3545084 49640 8-1382696 92728 7-9041161 15804 7^6820096 31153 57 •5575656 79895 ■3251246 71955 ■0948459 87241 -8666896 17863 ■6406169 45994 58 -5333598 14630 ■2957408 94270 ■0614831 81764 -8292681 19422 ■5992242 60886 59 -5069539 49365 ■3663571 16585 8-0379984 26267 -7918366 21481 ■6578316 75678 60 -4816480 84100 ■3869733 38900 7-9945746 70780 -7544101 23540 ■8164388 90820 61 •4563432 18835 ■2076895 61315 •9611509 15293 -7169836 25599 •4760463 05363 63 •4310363 63570 ■1782057 88580 •9877371 59806 ■6795571 27658 ■4336535 30304 63 •4057304 88805 ■1488220 05845 •8943084 04319 ■6421306 29717 ■3922608 35046 64 •3804346 23040 ■1194383 38160 ■8608796 48832 ■6047041 31776 •3508681 49888 65 •3551187 57775 ■0900544 60475 ■8274558 93345 ■5672776 33835 ■3094754 64730 66 •3398138 92510 -0606706 73790 •7940331 87858 ■5298511 35894 ■2680827 79573 67 •3045070 37246 -0313868 95105 •7606088 82371 ■4924846 87953 ■2266900 94414 68 •3792011 61980 8-0019031 17430 ■7271846 26884 ■4549981 40012 ■1852974 09256 69 •2538952 96715 7-9725193 39735 -6937608 71397 ■4175716 42071 •1439047 24098 70 •2885894 31450 ■9431355 63050 -6603371 15910 ■3801451 44130 ■1025120 88940 71 •3032885 66185 ■9137517 84865 ■6269138 60423 -8427186 46189 ■0611193 53782 79 •1779777 00920 ■8843680 06680 •5934896 04936 -8082921 48248 7-0197266 68624 73 •1536718 85655 ■8549843 28996 •5600658 49449 ■2678656 50807 6-9788339 83466 74 •1378659 Y0390 -8256004 51310 •5266420 93962 ■2304391 82866 ■9369412 98308 75 -1030601 06125 -7963166 73625 •4982183 88476 •1930126 54425 ■8955486 13180 76 •0767542 39860 •7668338 95940 •4597945 82988 -1666861 56484 •8541569 27992 77 •0514483 74595 •7374491 18265 •4263708 27501 -1181696 58543 ■8187632 42884 78 •0261435 09330 •7080653 40570 ■3929470 72014 -0807381 60602 ■7713705 57676 79 8-0008866 44065 ■6786815 63885 ■3596288 16527 -0433066 62661 -7299778 72518 80 7-9755307 78800 ■6492977 85300 ■3260995 61040 7-0058801 64720 -6886851 87360 81 •9503249 13585 ■6199140 07515 ■2926758 05553 6-9684536 66779 -6471925 02202 82 ■9349190 48270 •5905302 29830 ■2692520 50066 ■9310271 68838 -6057998 17044 83 •8996181 83005 •5611464 53145 ■2258282 94579 -8936006 70897 -5644071 31886 84 •8743073 17740 •5317626 74460 ■1924045 39092 -8661741 72966 •6230144 46728 85 -8490014 52475 •6028788 96775 ■1589807 83605 •8187476 78015 •4816217 61570 86 •8236955 87310 •4739951 19090 ■1256570 28118 -7813211 77074 •4402290 76412 87 -7983897 21945 •4436113 41405 ■0921332 72631 •7488946 79188 •3988363 91254 88 •7780838 66680 •4142275 63720 ■0587098 17144 ■7064681 81192 -3674437 06096 89 •7477779 91415 •8848437 86038 7^0252857 61657 ■6690416 83281 -3160610 20938 90 -7334721 26150 •3554600 08350 6-9918620 06170 ■6316161 88310 •2746583 35780 91 •6971662 60885 •3260762 30665 ■9584382 50683 ■5941886 87369 •2332656 60622 92 •6718603 95620 •2966924 52980 ■9250144 95196 ■5567621 89428 -1918729 65464 93 •6465545 30355 ■2673086 75298 •8915907 89709 ■5193356 91487 ■1504802 80306 94 •6212486 65090 ■2879348 97610 •8881669 84222 ■4819091 93546 ■1090875 95148 95 V /^ff JL. r^ ^cv^ \j •5959437 99825 ■2085411 19925 •8247432 28735 ■4444826 95606 ■0676949 09990 96 •5706369 34560 ■1791573 42240 •7913194 73248 ■4070561 97664 6^0268022 24832 97 f 1 Vy V/ ^J \j %y •5458310 69395 ■1497735 64558 ■7578957 17761 ■3696296 99723 5-9849095 89674 98 XJ ^XJ %J V Jt^ \J •5200253 04030 •1303897 86870 •7244719 62274 ■3322082 01782 ■9436168 54516 99 •4947193 38766 ■0910060 09185 •6910482 06787 ■2947767 03841 ■9021341 69358 100 ^t t/ ^a: p J- f u •4694134 73500 ■0616333 31500 ■6576244 51300 ■2673508 06900 •8607314 84200 101 •4441076 08285 ■0333384 53815 •6242006 95813 ■2199237 07989 •8193387 99042 102 ■4188017 43970 7-0038546 76130 ■5907769 40326 ■1824972 10018 •7779461 lA^ c\ n tj w c\ i 13884 103 104 105 *:t J- *— ' *^ '-/ -i- f •8934958 -3681900 -8438841 77705 13440 47175 6-9734708 ■9440871 -9147033 98445 20760 48075 ■5573531 -5289294 ■4905056 84889 29352 73865 ■1450707 •1076442 ■0702177 12077 ]4136 16195 •7865834 -6951607 -6537680 28726 43568 58410 106 ]07 108 109 110 ■3176782 •2933724 ■2669665 •3416606 7-3168548 81910 16645 81380 86115 20850 ■8853195 ■8659357 •8366530 ■7971683 6^7677844 65390 87705 10030 33335 84650 ■4570819 ■4236581 -3902344 -3568106 6-3233868 18378 62891 07404 51917 96430 6-0327912 5-9953647 -9579382 ■9205117 5^8830852 18254 20813 22372 24431 26490 •6123753 •5709826 -6295900 -4881973 5-4468046 73252 88094 02986 17778 32620 7 I 582 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table IG. Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Three per Cent. Age X. X.D^ Dx X.N_^ N^ '^■K < Age X. 10 4-8716278 74409^40 6^3583604 1818843^88 6^5274486 3368694^1S 10 11 ■8577034 72061^52 •2407445 1740782-36 •5230358 3334539^18 11 18 •8437807 69788^00 •2229749 1670994-36 •5178116 3294667^43 18 13 ■8397854 67574-90 •2050472 1603419^46 ■5119609 3250580-65 13 14 ■8156420 65409-68 •1869591 1538009-78 ■5056479 820867101 14 15 ■8012789 63281-81 •1687119 1474787-97 •4990888 8155209-84 15 16 ■7866231 61181^91 •1503099 1418546-06 ■4922587 3106878-72 16 17 ■7715995 59101-64 •1317611 1854444-48 ■4854727 8058247-94 17 18 ■7562789 57053-05 •1130710 1397391-37 •4787084 8010984-09 18 19 ■7407335 55040-85 -0942421 1848844-58 ■4719853 8964788-88 19 90 •7250333 53092-51 -0752739 118935801 ■4653303 3919579-45 30 SI ■7092514 51197-81 -0561630 1138054-30 ■4587863 2875651-25 31 S3 ■6934585 49369 48 •0369021 1088684-72 •4583486 2833018^a8 83 23 •6776452 47604-20 6-0174843 1041080-53 •4458526 8791596-41 33 24 ■6618115 45899-87 5-9979019 995180-65 •4395429 8751333-15 84 25 ■6459476 44253^50 •9781473 950987-15 •4338168 8713165-74 85 26 •630053] 42663-17 •9582131 908S63-98 •4871683 8674048-33 36 27 •6141177 41126-11 •9380881 867137-87 •4810954 3686910-65 87 28 •5981363 39640-25 •9177667 887497-68 •4151051 8600788^58 28 29 •5821078 38203-91 •8972387 789893-71 •4092036 8565686-39 29 30 •5660365 3681514 •8764941 753478-57 •4033977 8581615-37 30 31 •5498913 35472-46 •8555339 717006-11 •3976938 3498583^19 31 32 •5336964 34174-05 •8343139 683832-06 •8920972 8466591^56 32 33 •5174406 32918-55 •8188555 649913-51 •3865788 3435447^70 33 - 34 •5011225 31704-61 •7911353 618308-90 •3811107 8404974^58 34 35 •4847358 30530-64 •7691396 587678-36 •8756665 8375015-99 35 36 •468279) 29395-38 ■7468544 558382-88 •8702334 2845429-84 36 37 •4517509 28297-69 ■7348638 589985-19 •3647559 8816098-37 87 38 •4351392 27335-74 •7013515 503749-45 •3593456 2886891-37 38 89 •4184315 26207-85 •6781009 476541-60 •3536713 8257736-31 39 40 •4016205 36813-77 -6544931 451328-83 •3480157 3228515^50 40 41 •3846875 34348-65 •6305094 427080-18 •3431367 2198501-00 41 43 •3676240 83314-39 •6061295 403765-79 •3368575 81 68989-30 43 43 •3504156 23408^65 •5813319 381357-14 ■3303653 3189868^63 43 44 •3330475 21530^17 •5560937 359826-97 •3241426 3109380^50 44 45 •3155039 30677-78 •5303908 33914919 -3178820 8079131^58 45 46 •2977739 19850-61 ■5041970 319298-58 •3114779 8048697-55 46 47 •2798461 19047-86 •4774840 300250-73 •3049247 3018016^11 47 48 ■3616796 18367-53 •4508333 381983-19 •2981977 1986999^05 48 49 •2432430 17508-36 •4383845 864474-93 •21)12741 1955573^50 49 50 ■2245029 16768-83 •3939367 847706-10 •2841348 1933686^08 50 51 ■2054238- 16048^11 •3648473 231657-99 •8767604 1891299-86 51 53 •1859739 15345^35 •8350831 216313-74 •8691379 1858894-11 53 53 •1661250 14659^69 ■3046048 201653-05 •8618367 1884890-05 58 54 •1458592 13991-34 •2733756 187661-71 •3530306 1790733-88 54 55 4^1251567 13340-03 5^2413514 174881-68 6-2444964 1755886-31 55 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 683 Table le — (continued). Friendly Sdcieties. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Three per Cent. Age X. X.D^ »* X.N^ N;t ^•K < Age X. 55 4-1351567 18340^03 5-3413514 174331-68 6-2444964 1755886-21 65 56 •1039958 13705-62 -3084845 161616-06 -2356139 1720338-64 56 57 •0883536 12087-94 •1747328 149538^13 •3261480 1683347-63 57 58 •0603004 11486-84 •1400090 138041-28 •3164000 1645886-92 58 59 •0375098 10902-09 •1043794 127139^19 •2060368 1607077-25 59 60 4^0143483 10333-53 -0674639 116805-67 •1949471 1566560-13 60 61 3-9903939 9781^34 5-0294829 107024^43 ■1830377 1534149-90 61 63 -9659147 9245^17 4-9902468 97779-26 ■1701813 1479735-73 62 63 -9406510 8722^70 -9496660 89056-56 •1560791 1432448-75 63 64 -9144554 8313^13 -9076502 80844-44 •1404083 1381682-60 64 65 •88T1685 7712^03 -8641099 73132-41 •1338660 1326984-98 65 66 •8586340 7331^44 •8189577 66910-97 •1031533 1368099-28 66 67 •8286737 6740-30 •7721072 59170-77 •0809686 1204948-98 67 68 •7971196 6367-87 •7234795 52903-90 •0561774 1138093^13 68 69 •7637708 5804^58 •6730054 47098-33 6-0386336 1068153^33 69 70 •7284220 5350-84 -6306303 41747-48 5-9981783 995813-85 70 71 •6908775 4907-69 •6663171 36839^79 •9646381 931803-00 71 73 •6509307 4476-42 -6100538 33363-37 •9378337 846883-49 73 73 •6087956 4063-63 •4617995 28300-85 •8876535 773063-43 73 74 •5646728 3670-06 •3914783 34630-79 -8439887 698314-17 74 75 •5187797 3302-03 •3289668 21338-77 -7966366 636075^39 75 76 •4713372 3960-24 •2640744 18368-53 -7452632 556341-27 76 77 ■4335301 3645-63 •1965326 16733-90 -6894631 489172-64 77 78 •3718844 3354-41 •1360833 13368-49 -6292167 425810-80 78 79 •3188831 3083-93 4-0534847 11384-56 -5646286 366883-89 79 80 •3630121 1833-36 39765329 9483-30 -4954412 313925-68 80 81 •3036197 1598-16 -8950931 7854-04 -4330813 264290-35 81 83 •1403887 ]381-63 -8110666 6473-42 -3447373 231175-50 82 ' 83 •0737595 1185-11 •7333348 5287-31 -3629038 183190-86 83 84 3-0043149 1009-98 •6311738 4277-33 -1768139 149904-35 84 85 3-9326233 856-39 ■6341583 3421-04 6-0823675 130855-78 85 86 •8593670 733-31 -4310146 2697-83 4-9803780 95583-43 86 87 •7848933 609-39 •3198220 3088-44 -8670686 73633-33 87 88 ■7064583 508-70 •1985856 1679-74 -7400679 54961-41 88 89 •6309150 417-75 3-0652024 1161-99 •6966307 39503-058 89 90 •5349853 334-95 3-9176365 837-04 •4336034 37139-588 90 91 •4153381 260^16 -7634911 566-88 •3473314 17673-454 91 93 •38.77656 193-98 •5715934 373-90 4-0337961 10809-364 93 93 2-1405919 138-23 •3704576 234-67 3^7883009 6141-874 93 94 1^9740001 94-19 3^1476145 140-48 •6050335 3199143 94 95 •7869397 61-33 1-8989993 79-25 3-1762630 1497-143 95 96 •5778589 37-83 •6173101 41-43 3-7876460 613-363 96 97 •3458538 33-17 1^2844307 19-35 3-3503596 334 006 97 98 ^J "^ %J \J TJ \^ \^ 1^0723658 11-81 0^8715729 7-44 1-8378383 68-837 98 99 _L Vy ■ rw <;^ "^ '-' *-* 0^7334362 5-41 0-3074980 2-03 1-1856555 16-334 99 100 \J t ^ ^J ^"^ ^ ' V* "* 0^3073431 2-03 ... 0-00 0-6212802 4-181 100 684 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 17. Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts — Three-and-half per Cent, Age X. X.D^ D» X. N^ ^x x.«; K Age X. 10 4-8505965 70S91-88 6 1951873 1567426-96 6-4205672 3683645-06 10 11 ■8345691 68333-35 1758317 1499103-61 -4161711 3601184-60 11 13 •8185432 65848^09 1563237 1438355-52 •4088389 3563474-15 12 13 •8024448 63451-93 1366584 1369803-59 ■4017414 2521978-64 13 14 •7861983 61123-08 1168340 1308681-51 •3941083 2478039-27 14 16 •7697321 58848-05 0968523 1249888-46 -3861182 243386600 15 16 •7529730 56620-41 0767180 1198313-05 -3779549 2387568-14 16 17 •7358464 54431-01 ■0564407 1138783-04 ■8697973 2348184-93 17 18 •7184226 52290-48 ■0860363 1086491-56 -3616737 3399713-16 18 19 •7007732 5020804 6 -0154787 1036383-63 ■3636130 2267418-27 19 20 •6829708 48191-53 5 ■9947974 988091-99 -3456371 2216343-91 20 SI •6650858 46347-33 ■9739793 941844-76 -8377723 217656873 21 23 •6471897 44380-34 9530173 897464-53 -3800878 2138148-30 22 23 •6292734 43586-65 -9319041 854877-87 -3324279 2101008-47 23 24 •6113365 40863-58 ■9106330 814014-29 •8149363 2066076-65 24 25 ■5933695 39207-53 ■8891934 774806-76 ■3075588 2080298-41 25 26 •5753718 37615-93 8675799 787190-88 •2935835 1996599-99 26 27 •5573334 36085-56 8457833 701105-27 -3931386 1963941-61 27 28 •5392488 34613-76 •8387946 666491-5] ■3860801 1933324-64 28 29 •5211172 33198-41 8016048 68839310 -3791581 1901748-94 29 30 •5029337 31837-04 7793039 601456-06 -3738556 1873314-61 30 31 •4846945 30537-73 7565816 670928-33 •3666949 1843719-80 31 32 •4663964 29268-23 7337369 641660-10 •2691769 1816354-86 33 33 •4480375 28056-76 7106378 513603-34 •2527675 1789647-38 33 34 •4396162 26891-57 6872719 486711-77 •2464842 1763738-66 34 35 ■4111265 25770-72 6636454 460941-05 •2401473 1738390-56 35 36 •3925666 24692-59 6897339 436248-46 •2338786 1713478-44 86 37 •3739353 23655-67 6155216 412593-79 •3376036 1688895-07 37 88 •3552204 23657-94 5909931 389984-85 •3212953 1664544-36 38 39 •3364097 21697-50 5661379 368287-35 •2149341 1640340-91 39 40 •3174955 20772-82 5409105 347464-53 -2084996 1616216-70 40 41 •2984594 19881-97 5153207 337682-56 •2019730 1692110-08 41 42 •2792927 19023-60 4898381 308558-96 -1953384 1567972-25 43 43 •3599813 18196-22 4639409 290363-74 -1885857 1543780-97 43 44 •3405100 17398-43 4361059 272964-31 -1817071 1619522-32 44 45 ■2208633 16628-89 4088086 256335-42 ■1746954 1495186-76 45 46 ■3010301 15886-57 3810408 240448-86 -1676454 147077214 46 47 •1809993 15170-48 3537195 226378-87 •1602518 1446277-94 47 .48 •1607396 14478-70 3238609 310799-67 •1637883 1421635-43 48 49 •1401899 13809-88 2944437 196989-79 •1451308 1396788-99 49 50 •1193466 13162-75 3644094 188837-04 •1373588 1371699-13 50 51 •0981645 12536-16 2337342 171290-88 •1391547 1346339-98 51 53 •0766114 11929-20 2023889 159361-68 •1208037 1330698-46 62 53 •0546594 11341-21 1708218 148020-47 •1131748 1294716-84 53 54 ■0323904 10771-85 1375080 137248-62 -1033413 1268356 20 54 55 40094849 10220-80 5 1038988 127027-83 6-0949797 1241594-37 55 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 585 Table 17 — {continued). Friendly Societies—England and Wales-Three Districts-Three-and-half per Cent. Age X. '^■'^x »x \.N^ N. X.N* K Age X. 55 56 4-0094849 o r\ c\ r^ c\ ^ f\ /^ 10220-80 6-1038988 127027-82 6-0949797 1241894-37 65 3'9862208 9687-70 ■0694466 117340-12 ■0843709 1214425-63 66 57 ■9624745 9172-22 5-0340984 108167-90 ■0743981 1186856-38 57 58 •9382191 8673-99 4-9977966 99493-91 ■0639249 1158577-10 58 59 •9134255 8192-67 -9604767 91301-24 -0628269 1129342-97 59 60 •8880608 7727-89 ■9220678 83573-35 -0409859 1098970-11 60 61 •8621033 7279-53 •8824894 76293-82 -0282994 1067331-72 61 62 •8355909 6847-32 -8416804 69446-50 6-0146679 1034350-99 62 63 •8081543 6429-16 •7994600 63017-34 5-9997488 999421-91 63 64 •7798554 6023-59 •7558272 56993-75 -9832185 962096-14 64 65 •7504654 5629-44 ■7106614 61364-31 -9647658 922074-06 65 66 •7198177 6246-87 -6638746 46118-44 -9440855 879195-69 66 67 •6877634 4872-63 •6153798 41245-81 ■9208713 833434-17 67 68 •6541071 4509-28 •5650982 36736-53 ■8949918 785220-76 68 69 ■6186552 4155-81 •5129607 32580-72 •8663042 735028-40 69 70 •5812032 3812-44 •4689139 28768-28 •8346522 683864-09 70 71 •5415557 3479-81 •4029226 25288-47 •7998661 630761-41 71 72 •4995057 3158-68 •3449773 22129-79 •7617550 677770-11 72 73 •4552675 2852-78 •2850396 19277-01 •7202454 525104-12 73 74 ■4090415 2564-73 •2230357 16712-28 •6752044 473374-00 74 75 •3610454 2296-39 •1588415 14415-89 •6264281 423085-41 75 76 •3114897 2048-75 -0922693 12367-14 •5736127 374638-73 76 77 •2605895 1822-17 4-0230453 10544-97 •6163176 328338-30 77 78 •2078406 1613-77 3-9509098 8931-20 •4545438 284802-31 78 79 •1527363 1421-47 •8756243 7509-73 •3883000 244511-93 79 80 •0947621 1243-83 -7969835 6268-90 •3176393 207797-05 80 81 3-0332666 1079-61 •7148568 5186-29 -2427001 174863-90 81 82 2-9679324 928-82 -6291816 4257-47 ■1637872 145809-96 82 83 ■8992002 792-87 -5396531 3464-60 6-0803984 120336-78 83 84 ■8276524 672-44 •4489403 2792-16 4-9917665 98122-03 84 85 ■7538576 567-36 •3472910 2224-80 ■8966880 78829-37 86 86 ■6783982 476^87 -2428240 1747-93 ■7932668 62126-06 86 87 ■6019203 399-87 -1297092 1348-06 ■6784167 47688-73 87 88 •5213833 332-19 3-0068381 1015-87 ■6498270 36467-21 88 89 •4337369 271-48 2-8718005 744-39 ■4047899 25397-44 89 90 •3367040 216-62 -7224447 627-77 -2401152 17382-62 90 91 •2238537 167-44 •6567004 360-33 4-0521432 11275-69 91 92 2-0942781 124-24 -3730776 236-09 3-8368783 6868-76 92 93 1-9450013 88-11 2-1702030 147-98 -5898799 3886-69 93 94 -7763063 59-75 1-9456163 88-23 3-3044065 2015-61 94 95 ■6871328 38-65 -6953066 49-88 2-9725083 938-66 95 96 -3769589 23-77 -4117880 25-81 -5836068 383-36 96 97 1-1418507 13-86 1-0773679 11-98 2-1443562 •^139-43 97 98 0-8662595 7-35 0-6627678 4-60 1-6300209 42-66 98 99 -5252268 3-36 0-0969100 1-26 0-9758911 9-46 99 100 0-0970296 1-25 ... 0-00 0-4099331 2-67 100 7 K 586 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 18. Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Four per Cent. Age X. X.D^ »:r >-N^ N^ \.N^ X Age X. 10 4-8296667 67556^43 6-1348105 1363987-96 6-3199471 2089041-74 10 11 ■8115462 64795^70 -1136735 1999192-96 •3134843 2058184-84 11 12 •7934274 62148-03 -0993852 1237044-23 •3058903 9022508-58 12 13 •7752360 59598-58 -0709409 1177445-65 •2974192 1983440-62 13 14 •7568964 67134-24 -0493388 1120311-41 •2883098 1942970'84 14 15 •7383373 54744-10 -0375809 1065567-31 •2787875 1900148-34 15 ]6 •7194853 59418-58 6-0056733 1013148-73 •2690710 1858108-09 16 17 •7002656 50149-38 5-9836361 962999-35 •2593735 1817077-69 17 18 •6807489 47945-61 •9614466 915053-74 •2497989 1777169-60 18 19 •6640065 45814-87 •9391391 869238-87 •9401707 1738484-06 19 20 •6411111 43763-40 •9167042 825475-47 •9307987 1701095-52 20 91 •631] 330 41795-84 •8941385 783679-63 •9214306 1665063-64 21 22 .6011440 39915-73 -8714350 743763-90 •9123012 1630426-36 23 23 •5811346 38118-39 ■8485866 705645-51 •9033333 1597104-54 33 24 •5611048 36400-28 •8255853 669245-23 •1945203 1565091-55 24 2S •5410448 34757-20 -8024334 634488-03 •1858575 1534113-42 96 26 •5209543 33185-95 -7790937 601302-08 •1773396 1504317-64 96 27 •5008228 31682-74 -7555847 5696J9-34 •1689616 1475576-01 27 28 •4806453 30244-43 •7318907 539374-92 •1607340 1447884-67 28 29 •4604206 28868-36 •7080014 510506-66 ■1526656 1421233-99 29 30 •4401432 27551-37 ■6839070 482955-99 •1447656 1395614^82 30 31 •4198120 26991-30 •6595968 456663-99 •1370435 1371015^77 31 32 •3994309 25085^39 •6350599 431578-60 •1295033 1347420-62 39 33 •3789690 23931-45 -6103844 407647-15 •1331083 1394671-61 33 34 •3584548 33837-32 •5853574 384819-83 •1148199 1302696-53 34 35 •3378720 91770-68 •5599654 363049-15 •1076041 1981169-13 35 36 •3172192 20759-61 •5343936 342989-54 ■1004986 1960168-36 36 37 •2964949 19792-94 ■5085361 333497-30 ■0932545 1939551-22 37 38 •2756870 18866-31 -4833461 303630-99 •0860847 1219227-31 38 39 •2547833 17979-74 •4558361 985651-95 •0788639 1199123-59 39 40 •2337763 17130-74 •4289774 968520-61 •0715808 1179181-94 40 41 •2136470 16317-25 •4017507 959903-96 -0642148 1159360-59 41 42 •1913874 15537-73 •3741351 936665-54 •0567483 1139689-19 49 43 •1699830 14790-50 ■3471085 221875-04 •0491711 1119879-06 43 44 •1484187 14074-04 •3176476 207801-00 •0414752 1100209-14 44 45 •1266790 13386-87 •2887278 194414-13 •0336536 1080671-72 45 46 •1047539 19727-79 •2593222 181686-34 •0257011 1060966-21 46 47 •0826390 1 3095-64 •2294020 169590-70 -0176131 1041389-37 47 48 •0602664 11488-58 •1989377 158102-12 -0093615 1021789-68 48 49 •0376337 10905-30 •1678987 147196-99 6-0009909 1002122-80 49 50 40146974 10344-21 •1362544 136859-71 6 9999701 983358-73 50 51 3-9914323 9804-43 •1039688 197048-28 -9833911 962478-56 51 52 •9677763 9284-88 -0710104 117763-40 •9742699 942473-68 62 53 •9437312 8784-79 -0373413 108978-61 •9648796 922300-91 53 54 •9199693 8303-66 5-0029214 100674-95 •9551739 901932-26 54 55 3-8943708 7840-99 4-9677069 92833-96 5-9451499 881353^03 55 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 587 Table is — (continued). Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Four per Cent. Age X. X.D^ D^ X.Na: Nx < Age X. 55 3-8943708 7840-99 4-9677069 92833-96 5-9451499 88136303 55 56 •8690137 7396-28 -9316495 85437-68 •9347819 860561-34 56 57 •8431744 6969-06 -8946960 78468-62 -9940541 839564-58 57 58 •8168961 6558-83 •8567879 71909-79 •9128296 818180-61 58 59 ■7899394 6165-09 •8178607 65744-70 -9009564 796079-45 59 60 •7694818 5787-3!* •7778422 59957-39 -8883365 773979-49 60 61 •7344313 5425-39 •7366508 54531-93 -8748549 749648-79 61 62 •7057559 5078-74 •6941943 49453^19 •8604191 726123-60 62 63 •6769969 4745^66 •6503806 44707^53 -8446510 699979-78 68 64 •6459045 4424^91 -6051177 40982-62 •8272370 671796-45 64 65 •6144214 4115-49 -5583141 86167-13 •80785J1 649467-40 65 66 •5816808 3816-64 •5098809 82350-49 •7861814 611197-35 66 67 •5475335 3528-04 •4597309 98829-45 -7619166 677986-19 67 68 •5117849 3249-96 •4077849 95573-19 •7349291 543161-69 68 69 •4749393 2980-16 •3539745 92593-03 •7050791 507083-07 69 70 •4346944 9790-79 •9989516 19879-46 -6722133 47012609 70 71 •3999538 2471-46 •9405642 17400-60 -6361634 432676-59 71 79 •3488109 2232-60 •1809481 15168-69 •5967432 395182-90 72 73 •3094797 2006-69 •1193021 13161-40 -5638819 357999-07 73 74 •9541607 1795-40 4-0556390 11366 82 -5074517 391700-45 74 76 ■9040716 1599-89 3-9897377 9766-47 -4572504 986589-99 75 76 •1524230 1490-47 •9214404 8345-27 -4029736 252914-43 76 77 •0994997 1957-97 •8505310 7088 12 -3441762 220890-03 77 78 3-0445879 1108-19 -7767288 5980-38 -2808669 190926-50 78 79 9-9873906 971-38 •6998300 5009-91 -2130611 168328-15 79 80 ■9273234 845-91 -6194784 4163-69 •1408219 138999-89 80 81 ■8637349 730-69 •5356945 3432-61 6-0649990 116967-54 81 89 ■7963078 695-61 -4481604 9806-47 4-9838142 96341-66 82 83 -7254895 531-47 -3570991 9275-58 -8988679 79226-03 88 84 ■6518418 448-58 •2621330 1898-66 -8086938 64871-52 84 85 •5759540 376-66 •1613980 1450-10 -7120851 5] 582-96 86 86 ■4984016 315-07 3-0553477 1135-92 -6071364 40470-80 86 87 ■4198307 962-92 2-9407007 879-37 •4907263 30954-68 87 88 •3372008 217-37 ■8161020 654-79 •3605641 22938-45 88 89 •9474613 176-79 •6788733 477-39 -2139247 16865 38 89 90 ■1473355 140-39 •5289039 337-99 4-0476162 11158-75 90 91 2-0833922 107-99 •36125-55 229-75 3-8579738 7210-64 91 99 1-9017936 79-75 2-1740016 149-98 •6410048 4375-97 92 93 •7503538 56-28 1-9730354 93-98 ■3919702 2465-87 93 94 ■5795659 37-98 -7439016 55-45 3-1050297 1278-59 94 95 ■3889993 24-45 -5047426 31-97 9-7713229 690-64 95 96 1^1750325 14-97 1-2224563 16-69 2-3805549 940-19 96 97 09388313 8-69 0-8796699 7-58 1-9394194 86-98 97 98 -6611471 4-58 0-3180633 9-08 1-4230890 26-49 98 t70 qq 0-3180914 2-08 9-8864907 0-77 0-7664198 5-84 99 V o 100 9-8877313 0-77 ... 0-00 0-1986571 1-58 100 588 AUXILIAEY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 19, Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Four-and-half jper Cent. Age X. \.D^ ^x \.N^ Nx ^■K K Age X. 10 4-8088371 64392-77 6-0770022 11 93994^47 6-9953650 1680251-65 10 11 •7886337 61465-81 •0540492 1132528-66 -9177237 1650911-11 11 19 ■7684319 58672-14 -0309463 1073856-52 •9087507 1617151^49 19 13 •7481575 55996-06 6-0076882 1017860-46 •1987657 1580358^75 13 14 •7277350 53423-89 5-9842737 964436-64 •1880902 1541772-11 14 15 •7070929 50943-98 -9607051 913499-66 •1768091 1502481-43 15 16 •6861580 48546-51 ■9369891 864946^16 •1653794 1463455-09 16 17 •6648554 46222-71 ■9131379 818793-44 •1539890 1495548-45 17 18 •6432557 43980-05 ■8891579 774743-39 •1496569 1388865-08 18 19 •6214303 41824-46 •8650560 732918-93 •1314442 1353465-98 19 20 •5994520 39760-51 ■8408395 693158-42 •1203789 1319407-39 90 31 •5773910 37791-93 ■8164847 655367-19 -1094946 1286751-26 91 82 •5553190 35918-57 ■7990063 619448-62 -0988199 1255509-97 92 23 •5332267 34137-11 ■7673870 585311-51 •0883480 1995597^69 23 94 •5111139 39449-47 ■7496923 552869-04 •0780709 1196935-80 94 95 •4889709 80829-81 ■7177032 622039-93 ■0679838 1169455-67 25 26 •4667973 29995-25 ■6996913 492743-98 ■0680809 1143091-98 26 27 •4445830 27834-47 ■6673684 464909-51 ■0488668 1117781-31 97 28 •4293925 26443-71 ■6419358 438465-80 ■0388239 1093612-99 28 99 •4000149 25119-72 •6163138 413346-08 ■0994997 1070268-31 29 30 •3776545 23859-13 ■5904929 389486-95 ■0904738 1048030-29 30 31 •3559403 29658-98 -5644624 366897-97 ■0114774 1096779-92 31 32 •3327663 91516-94 ■5382114 345311-73 6^0028113 1006494-31 32 33 ■3102314 90428-96 ■5117276 394883-47 5-9943303 987029-74 33 34 •2876349 19399-59 •4849983 305490-95 ■9859910 968957^71 34 35 ■9649685 18406-38 ■4580098 287084-57 ■9777545 950067-69 35 36 •9499397 17467-58 ■4307473 969616-99 •9696843 939361-49 36 37 ■9194955 16573-93 ■4031944 953043-06 •9614477 915056-90 37 38 •1965347 15729-97 ■3753345 937390-09 •9533147 898079-34 38 39 ■1735480 14919-45 ■3471497 999407-64 -9451563 881366-09 39 40 •1504579 14140-98 ■3186212 908967-36 -9369493 864866-90 40 41 •1979458 13404-35 •2897294 194863-01 •9286710 848537-47 41 42 •1039032 19709-91 -2604532 189160-10 -9203026 839343-44 49 43 •0804158 12034-16 •2307705 170196-94 •9118332 816968-89 43 44 •0567686 11396-43 ■2006577 158799-51 •9032648 800303-69 44 45 •0329459 10788-12 ■1700897 147941-39 •8945604 784441-20 45 46 4-0089368 10907-91 •1390395 137733-48 •8857453 768679-46 46 47 3^9847300 9654-50 •1074778 198078-98 •8768059 753017-68 47 48 ■9609845 9196-08 •0753760 118952-90 •8677101 737411-84 48 49 ■9355688 8691-93 •0427002 110331-67 •8584334 791897-43 49 50 ■9105496 8138-60 5-0094915 109193-07 •8489529 706940-94 50 51 ■8851915 7677-00 4-9755056 94616-07 •8392504 690637-91 61 52 ■8594625 7935^40 •9409181 87280-67 -8293116 675019-12 52 53 •8333345 6819-94 •9056217 80467-73 •8191032 659330-58 53 54 •8067896 6408-99 •8695763 74058-74 •8086975 643572-53 54 55 3-7798081 6022-93 4^8327376 68035-81 6-7977713 627797-75 55 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 589 Table 19 — [continued). Friendly Societies. — England mid Wales. — Three Districts. — Foiir-and-half per Cent. Age X. X. Dj. D^ X. N^ ^x X.N^ X Age X. 55 3-7798081 6022^93 4-8397376 68035-81 5-7977713 697727-75 55 86 •75S3C81 5654-16 -7950569 62381-65 -7866067 611795-98 56 57 •7244458 5302^07 •7564808 57079-58 -7750889 595784-06 57 58 •6960146 4966^09 -7169509 52113-49 ■7630661 579510-93 88 59 •6670450 4645-63 -6763996 47467-86 ■7504015 562861-46 59 60 ■6375044 4340-15 ■0347564 43197-71 ■7369711 545799-89 60 61 •6073709 4049-92 -5919377 39078-49 -7996075 528040-91 61 6i3 •5766126 3779-36 -5478501 35306-18 ■7073872 509785-18 62 63 •5450699 3508-08 -5094005 31798-05 ■6907594 490636-00 63 64 •5125952 3255-33 -4554953 98549-79 -6794384 470368-71 64 65 •4790299 3013-21 -4070425 25529-51 •6520967 448845-32 65 66 ■4442056 2781-03 -3569524 22748-48 •6294163 426006-59 66 67 •4079753 2558-44 -3051372 2019004 •6040805 401865-28 67 68 •3701431 2345-00 -2515176 17848-04 •5759686 376673-95 68 69 •3305153 2140-50 -1960259 15704-54 •5449353 350699-58 69 70 •9888874 1944-86 -1386083 13759-68 •5108389 334919-34 70 71 ■2450639 1758-18 -0792355 12001-50 •4735105 297516-13 71 73 ■1988380 1580-66 4-0179037 10420-84 •4397058 970873-08 72 73 •1504238 1413-92 3-9545763 9006-92 ■3885399 944646-98 73 74 •1000219 1258-99 -8891857 7747-93 ■3407086 319133-42 74 75 3^0478498 1116-48 -8216085 6631-45 ■9890718 194568-17 75 76 2-9941182 986-55 •7516563 5644-90 •2333240 171129-14 76 77 •9390420 869-04 ■6790516 4775-86 •1730144 148941-40 77 78 •8821170 762-98 ■6035319 4013-58 •1081871 198280-83 78 79 •8228370 665-09 •5248581 3348^56 5^0g87877 109342-16 79 80 •7606869 576-35 •4498262 9772^21 4^9649633 92249-33 80 81 •6950154 495-47 •3573134 9276^74 -8868505 77063-82 81 89 •6255053 422-19 •2682286 1854-55 •8047880 63795-21 82 83 •5595971 356-94 •1753987 1497-61 •7182793 52273-93 83 84 •4768734 299-83 3-0783770 1197-78 •6265585 42321-25 84 85 •3989096 250-55 9-9764554 947-23 •5984158 33761-04 85 86 ■3193673 208-58 ■8684387 738-65 •4319363 20420-91 86 87 •9386134 173-23 -7593719 565-42 •3039767 90136-16 87 88 •1539005 142-53 -6969974 422-89 -1739418 14867-63 88 89 9^0690789 115-37 -4878734 307-52 4-0940093 10568-23 89 90 1-9698694 91-17 -3351569 216-35 3-8560616 7178-96 90 91 •8438431 69-80 9-1659858 146-55 -6047548 4621-90 91 93 •7100916 51-30 1-9786598 95-95 •4460880 9793-11 92 93 •5566388 36 03 •7794684 59-99 3^1953939 1567-99 93 94 •3837679 24-90 •5443161 35^09 3-9066359 806-54 94 95 1-1904184 15-50 •2904798 19-59 •5711363 372-50 98 96 0^9750686 9-44 1^0034605 10-08 3-1785165 150-84 96 97 •7367844 5-45 0^6655810 4-63 1-7355989 54-40 97 98 •4570173 9-86 0-2479733 1-77 1-3177471 16-51 98 99 0^1118086 1-99 9-6819419 0^48 0-5599066 3-63 99 100 1^6794356 0-48 0-00 9-9913261 0-98 100 590 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 20. Friendly Societies. — England and Wales. — Three Districts. — Five per Cent. Age X. ^•D:, D^ '^•Nj. ^x x.n: < Age X. 10 4-7881070 61391-33 6^0315511 1050875^09 6^1366873 1869894^81 10 11 •7658306 58331-75 5-9967524 992558^84 •1277493 1841990^21 11 13 •7435558 55405-88 -9718079 937147-46 •1172831 1310035-58 13 13 •7213084 52626-98 •9467101 884580-48 •1056407 1275375-88 13 14 •6987129 49970-41 •9814584 834550-07 •0981411 1339199-28 14 15 •6759978 47423-96 •8960448 787136-11 •0800988 1203538-07 15 10 •6539898 44976-93 •8704918 743149-18 •0668093 1166296-92 16 17 •6296142 42620-08 •8448057 699529-10 •0335637 1131263-19 17 18 •6059415 40359-10 •8189974 659170-00 •0404094 1097518-35 18 19 •5820431 38198^32 -7980718 620971-78 •0373933 1063106-83 19 20 •5579918 36140^81 •7670807 384831^47 •0145567 1034086-17 80 81 •5888578 34186^75 •7408735 550644^72 6-0019895 1004473-81 81 89 •5097128 32337^97 •7145869 518306-75 5-9895755 976282-58 39 23 •4855475 30587-75 •6881697 487719-00 •9774577 949418^40 38 34 •4613617 28930-89 •6616121 458788-11 •9655777 923799-30 24 2S •4871457 27361-87 •6349065 481426-34 •9539804 899353-41 25 26 •4128991 25876-12 •6080445 405550-18 •9435100 876011-74 26 27 •3886117 24468-70 •5810178 38108r87 •9313106 858710-81 27 88 •3648788 23135^46 •5538174 337943-91 •9203469 832428-47 88 39 •3398976 21872^46 •3264342 336073^43 •9096317 812141-49 29 30 •3154642 30675-89 •4988588 815397-56 •8991776 798835^45 30 81 •2909770 19543-36 •4710793 895855-20 •8889968 774455-18 31 32 •3664300 18468^48 •4430857 877388^77 •8790973 757003^48 32 33 "2418281 1745 1^07 •4148659 859935^70 •8694287 740885^79 33 34 •2171519 1648739 •3864068 243448^81 -8599417 724338-69 34 35 •1924133 15574-46 •3376945 227873-85 -8505919 708911-32 35 36 •1676044 14709-72 •3287141 813164-13 •8418881 693963-91 36 37 •1427241 13890^70 •2994494 199873-43 •8321437 679498-41 37 38 •1177603 13114^76 •2698833 186158-67 •8229745 663334-15 38 39 ■0937006 18379^43 •2899979 173779-34 •8187994 651327-39 39 40 •0675375 11683^54 2097742 163096-70 •8045920 637664-13 40 41 •0422524 11031-80 ■1791933 151074-90 •7958378 634905-84 41 42 4^0168368 10395-89 •1483313 140679-61 •7859860 610982-39 42 43 3-9912763 980M3 •1168683 130878-48 •7763359 597799-98 48 44 •9655563 9837^54 •0850798 121640^94 •7670288 584898^98 44 45 •9396605 8703^83 •0538405 118938^11 •7573981 572002^77 45 46 •9135784 8195-55 5^0201282 104743-56 •7476594 559318-71 46 47 -8878986 7714^34 4^9868981 97038-83 •7378087 546775-11 47 48 -8607800 7357-38 •9531353 89770-84 •7278148 584335-84 48 49 ■8389913 6823-25 •9188038 88947-5fl •71?6479 321972-80 49 50 •8068991 6410-61 •8888718 76586-98 •7072865 509666^99 50 51 •7794680 6018^22 •8483046 70518-76 •6967117 497406^78 51 58 •7516660 564603 •8120689 64873-73 •6859093 483187^16 33 53 •7834650 5290-11 •7751269 59583-68 •6748430 479988-34 53 54 •6948473 4953-76 •7374881 54630-86 •6684902 460776-87 54 55 3^6657927 4638-26 4^6989578 49998-60 5^8518221 448561-66 55 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 591 Table 20 — (continued). Friendhj Societies.— England and Wales. — Three Districts.— Five j>er Cent. Age X, X.D^ D^ ^. N^ N^ ^■K < Age X. 35 8 6657927 4682-26 4-6989578 49998^60 6-6518221 448361^66 35 56 6362797 4327-93 -6596374 45670-67 ■6398234 436338-38 66 57 6062844 4039-10 •6194337 41631-57 ■6274807 434113-10 37 58 5757801 3763-13 •5783545 37866-44 ■6146337 411750^09 38 69 5447373 3503-40 -5360663 34361-04 •6011396 399153-25 59 60 5131239 3259-30 •4927847 3110174 •3868715 386362^70 60 61 4809174 3026-34 •4483260 38075-40 •3717165 373006^60 61 63 4480861 2805-99 ■4025932 35369-41 •3535730 359393-73 63 63 4144704 2596-99 •3554979 32672^42 •6380541 343186-76 63 64 3799227 2398-41 •3069396 20374^01 •5188030 330319-73 64 66 3442837 2209-43 •2568374 18064^56 •4974836 314400-78 66 66 3073871 3029-49 •2050709 16035-07 •4737715 397694-99 66 67 2690838 1858-16 •1315815 14176-91 •4473534 280120-59 67 68 2291786 1695-03 -0962800 12481-88 •4180842 261869-08 68 69 1874777 1339-85 4-0390979 10942-03 •3858363 243139-86 69 70 U37768 1393-44 3-9799847 9349-59 •3303133 224136-79 70 71 0978803 1252-80 •9189101 8396-79 ■3118913 205064-96 71 72 3 0495814 1190-94 -8358734 7175-85 -3698087 186126-71 72 73 3 9990942 997-93 •7908430 6177-93 -3342056 167573-6] 73 74 9460193 884-34 •7337303 5393-39 -1749621 149610-53 74 75 8923742 780-50 •6344740 4313-09 -1218797 133397-47 75 76 8365696 686-39 -5838344 3836-70 -0646517 116051-77 76 77 7794204 601-76 -3085217 3334-94 5-0028240 100653-37 77 78 7204226 325-32 -4313026 3699-63 4-9364193 86381-19 78 79 6500093 456-11 •3309280 3343-51 -8654694 73331-70 79 80 5948462 393-41 •2671953 1830-10 -7900634 61667-09 80 81 5271017 336-59 •1799853 1313-51 •7103453 51336-93 81 82 4553180 285-44 3-0892331 1338-07 •6366999 43335-03 83 83 3803374 340-18 2-9947086 987-89 •3386333 34563-98 83 84 3027407 200-79 •8960290 787-10 •4453517 37883-78 84 83 2226969 166-99 •7924687 620-11 -3456709 2316316 85 86 1409886 138-35 ■6828307 481-76 •2376369 17384-30 86 87 2 0582617 114-36 •5651393 367-40 4-1181576 13126^76 87 88 1 9714758 93-64 •4373700 373-76 3-9848503 9667-18 88 89 8775804 73-44 •3973665 198-32 •8350117 6839-30 89 90 7732986 59-33 3-1439836 138-99 -6664413 4628-51 90 91 6331993 43-21 1-9721102 93-78 •4734712 2968-03 91 92 3193748 33-07 •7832602 60-71 3-3531075 1786-93 93 93 3638490 33 11 •5751878 37-60 2-9996133 999-11 93 94 1 1889051 15-45 •3433737 23-15 •7091513 311-86 94 95 9934826 9-85 r0899031 12-30 3-3718434 335-43 95 96 7760598 3-97 0-8014037 6-33 1-9774493 94-94 96 97 3357026 3-43 •4623980 2-90 ■5327544 34-10 97 98 2638623 1-79 0^0463230 1-11 1^0132587 10^31 98 99 J 9065808 -81 9^4771213 0-30 0^3641084 3^36 99 100 1 4731347 -30 ... 0-00 , 9^7853298 0-61 100 592 AUXILIAKY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. The use of the five Table 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, immediately preceding will be sufficiently understood from the explanations given in pp. 495-6, 532-3, and pp. 544-9 ante. It will be observed that by the aid of column N* the values of Sickness Benefits are determined with the same facility as ordinary questions of life contingencies are solved by means of the usual N columns. Examples and formula will be found in page 496 ante. The results in Tables A H to A N inclusive, and in Tables A Q to A S inclusive, were determined by the ordinary method of calculating annuities, and not by the Commutation System of Barrett, on which the five preceding Tables were constructed. The formula by which the values of the Sickness Benefits in Tables A G to A S inclusive were formed are given in page 486. The Commutation System however, as appears from the following examples, off'ers much greater facilities for the solution of the more complicated questions. The following Examples shew the differences between the values arrived at by the two series of Tables. Immediate Annuity. — Age 40 . X.N„ = 5'6544931 X.D,o = 4-40 16205 1-2528726 = 17'90081 = Eesult by Table 16. 17-90117= Do. Table AH. Deferred Annuity. — Age 40 X.Nto = 4-6206303 X.Di„ = 4-4016205 0-2190098 =1-65581= Eesult by Table 16. 1-65581 = Do. Table A I. Temporary Annuity. — Age 40 . N,„ = N,„ = 451329 41747 409582 X = 5-6123408 XD,„ = 4-4016205 1-2107203 = 16-24502 = Eesult by Table 16. 16-24536= Do. Table AK. Sum at Death.— Single Premium. — ^ Age 40 . X.N3g = 5-6781009 X.D,o = 4-4016205 1-2764804 = 18-90081 (l_r) = -02913 ■55058 1-00000 •44942 = Eesult by Table 16. -44948 = Do. Table AL. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 593 Sum at Death.- Age 40 , -Annual Premium. - X.D, X.N., =4-4016205 =5-6781009 8'7235196 (1— r) •05291 : -02913 ■02378 = Result by Table 16. •02378 = Do. Table AM. Sum at Death.— Temporary Annual Premium, until 70. — Age 40 . Sickness, until Age 70. — Single Premium. — Age 40 . A„ •44942 Sickness, until Age 70, — Temporary^ Annual Premium. — Age 40. 1 + 40 Ni 17-24502 2228516 995814 = -02606 = Eesult by Table 16. 1232702 X: X.D.„: •02606 = Do. : 6-0908581 4-4016205 Table AN. 1-6892376 = 48-89198 = Result by Table 16. 48-83092= Do. Table A Q. N:„= 2228516 N?o= 995814 1232702 X= 6-0908581 N3<,= 476542 K„ = 47098 429444X= 5-6329065 0-4579516=2-87046 = Result by Table 16. 2-83154= Do. Table AB. Sickness. — Whole of Life. — Single Premium. — Ag'e 40 . -{ \.'N%= 6-3480157 >,.D,„= 4-4016205 1-9463952=88-38839 = Result by Table 16. 88-33321= Do. Table AS. Sickness. — Whole of Life. — Annual Premium. — Age 40 . X.Nfo= 6-3480157 X.N,„= 5-6781009 0-6699148 = 4-67643 = Result by Table 16. 4-67342= Do. Table AS. Sickness. — Whole of Life. — Tempo rary Annual Premium, until Age ^ 70.— Age 40 . X.Nfo = 6-3480157 X.(N3,-NJ= 5-6329065 0-7151092 = 5-18931 = Result by Table 16. 5-12214= Do. Table AS. 7 M 594 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. The Tables in pp. 470-80 ante are all calculated at three per cent, interest, but by the five tables in pp. 582-91 questions may be solved at not only 3 but also 3^, 4, 4|, and 5 per cent, interest. Although so high a rate as 5 per cent, is seldom realized by Friendly or Benefit Societies still there are a fevv^ instances, such as the Society in connection with Mr. Beaumont's Lead Mines, which is under the guidance of Mr. Sopwith, so favourably known in scientific and philanthropic circles, there is the Society formed by the workmen on the London and South-Western Railway and others, in all of which the employers guarantee this high rate of interest. There is also the likelihood at present of other extensive employers granting similar encouragement to the formation of Friendly Societies amongst their workmen, and in every such instance the present tables will be found highly useful as well as important in the solution of questions of a merely curious and speculative character. It was remarked in page 544 ante, that whenever occasion arose for the valuation of Life Contingencies at other rates of interest than those on which the preceding Tables are calculated, it could be done by a simple mode of approximation. In Mr. Thomson's Actuarial Tables, page 13, a method is suggested of adding the successive logarithmic differences between the known and the required rate of interest to the logarithms of the successive values of temporary annuities from the given age to the extreme of the Table, and then affecting the summation of the natural numbers of the results. For short period annuities, whether deferred or immediate, and with the aid of Mr. Thomson's Table IV, the plan is both simple and convenient, but for whole life immediate annuities, except at very advanced ages, the method is very tedious and irksome. The following mode of approximation, the demonstration of which is given in a very elegant form by Mr. BuUen in the " Post Magazine" for November 16th, 1850, will be found exceedingly convenient and useful in every case in which a table has been formed by the Commutation System at only one rate of interest, and a ready means is required by which to determine the corresponding values of annuities at other rates of interest. In order to shew its practical utility and the extent to which the results arrived at by such means of approximation may be relied on, let it be assumed that of the series of ten Tables, 2 to H inclusive, pp. 534-43, only one had been actually constructed, namely, that for 5 per cent., and that it is required to find by approximation the values of annuities according to the rates of interest on which each of the remaining nine Tables of the series was calculated. If this were done and the results compared with the values obtained by direct calculation, it would enable any one to judge how far the method is applicable for the purpose proposed. Table 6, page 538, having been formed. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 595 Let r = Eate of interest on which the Commutation Table has been formed, / = Eate of interest for which the value of the Annuity is required. Also let ^x — Value of an Annuity of £.1 at age x, according to the Commutation Table which has been actually constructed, and ^x — Corresponding value of an Annuity of £. I at age x for the required rate of interest. Then if the summation of Column N in the Commutation Table which has been formed be continued in another series of Columns, so that X = S'N^^.aod "N = S""'N ^, then will 'N "N 'N 'N X X X X In which k 1 + r' If, however, in the equation we make i _ A X C &c. &o. &c. then will J3. a" = a- A./.- + B ./r - G^./c' + J)^Jc'—&o. &c (2) X X X X X X As the quantity k will always be a very small fraction, and therefore, as in pao-e 575, rapidly converge, more than four terms will seldom be required in the series. The following Abstract will shew the manner in which the quantities 'N^_ 'N^^ '^f . i*te. kr. are derived from Table 6, page 538. 596 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Abstract shoivin;/ the Process of Finding the Coefficients N^^, N^, "N^,, dc. dc, from Table 6 From Table g. IxT 0-_ 8tlT 4fcT Age D^ ^x Nx ^x N^. Nx .r X.D^ ^•N^ \.'N^ -K.'a^ \. X- '^-X 10 61391-32 1008559^17 15924128^13 209761198-25 2429628771-74 24782505461-14 11 4-7881070 58005-45 6^0037014 950653^72 7-2020557, ]4915568^98 8 3217252 194845039-27 9-3855400 2234783142-47 0-3941454 22547723318-67 12 •7634688 54855-72 S-97797(>7 895698-00 •1736399 1396S015^26 -2896906 180880614-01 •3492353 2053903538-46 •3531026 20493819790-21 13 •7392219 51912-63 •9521616 843785^37 ■1450415 13069317^26 •2573919 167811296-76 •3125799 1886091231^71 -3116229 18607728558-50 14 -7152730 49149-68 •9262320 794635-69 •1162531 12223531-89 •2248212 155585764^86 -2755626 1730505466-85 •2696934 16877323091-65 15 -6915207 46542-25 -9001681 748093-44 •0872678 11430896^20 •1919700 144154868^66 -2381729 1586350598-19 -2273009 15290872493-46 10 •6678474 44068-50 •8739558 704024-94 •0580803 10682802-76 •1588293 133472065^90 -2003993 145-2878532-39 •1844322 13837993961-17 17 •6441282 41709-09 •8475881 662315-85 70286852 9978777-82 •1253905 123493288-08 1622294 1329385244-21 •1410730 12508608716^90 18 •6202307 39458-68 ■8210652 622837-17 6-9990773 9310461-97 •0916435 114176826-11 •1236508 1215208418-10 -0972091 11293400298-86 19 •5961425 37313-86 7943884 585543^81 •9692510 8693004-80 •0575780 105483331-31 -0846507 1109725196-79 •0528247 ]0183e75I02^07 4-5718643 57675594 69392000 8^023i833 9-0452155 0-0079047 97 1-241244 1^8086132 4-2239816 5^2048059 5-3947477 4-4498049 98 0-0938571 -7461716 o'2573456 r0624416 6257220 2-4153686 0^7164045 2'7894373 0-7319711 2-6053104 06483410 r8444945 99 9-8728387 -4471440 0^0263052 •6132976 1 3829835 3539270 0-4455168 1^4305103 -4158594 M08800J 0^2658775 -6750944 100 -6504474 -2661571 97890852 •3491405 13 '2744 7376294 o^i573o86 •6988809 0-0677402 -4099192 9-8297504 -2057732 101 ■4251381 •1520898 •5430002 ■1970507 9 8678387 3884889 9^8444032 •3103920 9-6720232 -1695273 9-3133931 -0462480 103 9-1821001 •0896675 •2945780 •1073832 5893787 1914382 •4919105 •1189538 92028346 ■0405734 8-6650930 •0056746 103 8 9526349 ■0525524 9^0309363 ■0548308 9 2820287 0840550 9^0753783 •0348988 8-6082414 -0056746 7-7539353 104 •7205922 •0312812 8^7390246 •0235496 8 9245636 0293242 8-5428104 -0056746 7-7539343 105 •4952829 •0178750 83719902 ■0056740 8 4657427 0056746 77539343 106 8-2522449 ■0050746 77539343 77539343 77539343 If from the logs, of the above coefficients 'N ^N °N &c. be substracted the corre- O X, Xf Xj sponcling x.D there will be produced X.A , X.B, , X.C , and X.D , -which form the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh columns of Table 21, and afford a ready means of solving Equation ('2) preceding. AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 597 It will be observed that, for the same rate of interest, k is constant for every age in the Table, and as the logs, of the first four powers of k may be written on a slip of paper, so as to cover precisely the spaces occupied by the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh columns of Table 21j it will be easy to write down by inspection the sum of the logs, of both factors in each term of Equation (2), namely, X.K.k, X.-Q.F, X.G .f^, and X.D .k" without writing the log. of each factor separately, and by this means the value of the annuity a'^ is speedily obtained. For example, in the case now under consideration, r = '05, and iu order to find tlie values of Annuities at Six per Cent. /— r -06 — -05 1 = jT^ = '0094340 = k which is constant for finding all values at Six per Cent. In like manner will 2 y-— = '0186916 = A at Seven per Cent., and which is of course constant, and in a similar manner for any other rate of interest, say Ten per Cent. = -— - ='0454545 =^ at Ten per Cent., and is constant for that rate of 1 +/ - 1 + '06 / — r '07 — •05 1 +/ 1 + '07 r' — r ■10 — •05 I + r' 1 + '10 110 interest. If in order, therefore, to avoid writing the logs, of both factors in each member of Equation (2), the logs, of the first four powers of k for each difi'erence in the rate of interest were previously prepared and neatly written on slips of paper, so that they might be placed exactly superincumbent on the columns x.A , \.B , X.O , and X.D^ of Table 21^ addition may be performed by inspection, and the sum of the logs, of both factors written down at once, by which the values of Annuities, at any rate of interest, are obtained with little more trouble than that required to find them directly from a Commutation Table constructed for the particular rate of interest. The following logs., as arranged in horizontal lines, will be constant for all ages, when a Commutation Table has been calculated at Five per Cent., and it is required to derive from it the values of corresponding Annuities at \.k X.k' X.k" X.k' 3 per Cent. k = •0194175 and 8'2881933 6-5763866 4-8645799 3-1527732 H /c = •0144928 „ 8'16U523 6-3223046 4'4834569 2-6446092 4 h = '0096154 „ 7-9829674 6-9659348 3'9489022 1-9318696 4i k = •0047847 „ 7'6798547 5-3597094 3-0395641 0-7194188 6 k = •0094340 „ 7-9746942 5-9493884 3-9240826 1-8987768 7 k = '0186916 „ 8'2716462 6-6432924 4-8149386 3-0865848 8 k = •0277778 „ 8-4436975 6-8873950 5-3310925 3-7747900 9 k = •0366972 „ 8-5646335 7-1292670 5-6939005 4-2585340 k = •0454545 „ 8-6576773 7 N 7'3151546 5-9727319 4-6303092 [This much 598 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. Table 21. Table 6. Age «^ = X.ax X.A^ X.-R, X.G, \.T>, Age 10 16-42837 1-2155944 2-4139487 3^6836182 4-5974330 5-6060384 10 11 16 38732 -2145079 •4101711 ■5262218 ■6857665 •5896338 11 12 16-32825 •2129397 -4058196 ■5181700 •5738680 •5724010 12 13 16-25395 -2109590 •4009801 ■5095482 •5602896 •5544204 18 14 1616767 •2086474 •3957471 ■6004493 •5466522 ■5357802 14 IS 16-07342 -2061084 •3902329 ■4909819 •5325519 ■5165848 15 16 15-97570 -2034599 •3845570 •4812623 •5181012 -4969448 16 17 16-87942 •2008345 •3788466 •4714128 ■5034201 •4769784 17 18 15-78505 -1982459 •3731185 •4614355 •4886082 ■4567322 18 19 15-69260 •1956951 •3673357 •4513190 ■4783612 ■4360404 19 20 15-60154 •1931675 •3615060 -4410373 •4579197 •4150210 20 21 15-51113 •1906432 •3666928 -4305583 •4421798 •3985885 31 22 15-42055 •1881001 •3496713 4198499 •4260969 •3717045 23 23 15-32954 •1866290 •3434142 •4088920 •4096455 •3498448 23 24 15-23827 •1829858 ■3371317 -8976787 -3928197 •3264967 24 25 15-14683 •1803216 ■3307129 -3861987 ■3756045 •3031453 35 26 15-05453 •1776670 ■3241808 -3744204 ■3579658 •2792688 36 27 14-90047 •1749453 ■3173502 -8623064 •8898629 ■2547778 27 28 14 86408 •1721380 •3103472 -8498276 •8212688 •2296886 38 29 14-76468 •1692240 -3030945 ■3369537 •3021351 ■2039347 29 30 14 66122 •1661701 -2955540 •3230420 •2824820 -1774832 30 31 14-55347 •1629665 ■2877113 -3098754 •2621826 •1502948 31 82 14-44118 •1596028 •2795514 -2956344 •2412152 •1228741 32 33 14-32391 ■1560616 •2710529 •2808940 -2196510 •0936598 38 34 14-M174 •1523414 ■2622096 •2666441 •1974259 •0641431 34 35 14-07437 -14S4290 ■2530040 •2498626 •1746148 •0337966 35 36 13-94171 -1443158 -2434229 •2336327 ■1508963 5-0025956 86 37 13 80361 -1399927 •2834532 •2166855 ■1266484 4-9705134 87 38 13-65996 •1354494 •2280798 •1991526 ■1014478 •9375288 38 39 13-51080 •1306811 •2122933 •1810686 •0755748 -9086028 39 40 13-35638 •1256888 •2010889 ■1623743 •0489164 ■8687331 40 41 13-19621 •1204493 •1894388 •1430861 4-0214338 -8328720 41 42 13-03073 •11490.S5 •1773423 -1230479 3-9931160 •7960045 42 43 12-85960 •1099274 •1647753 ■1028797 -9639290 •7580915 48 44 12-68308 •1032248 •1517294 ■0810176 •9388533 •7191091 44 45 12-50107 -0969472 •1881860 •0589857 •9028575 •6790211 45 46 12-31343 •0903789 -1241195 •0861054 •8709078 ■6377890 46 47 12-11984 •0834968 •1095037 30124909 •8379632 •5958668 47 48 11-92031 -0762.sft4 •0943189 2 9880674 -8039925 •5517172 48 49 11-71476 •0687334 •0785392 •9628020 •7689571 •5067971 49 50 11-50314 •0608164 -0621485 •9306668 •7328231 •4605669 50 51 11-28531 -0525134 -0451027 •9096256 •6955475 •4129779 51 52 11-06203 •0438318 -0274211 -8816745 •6571202 •8640144 52 53 10-83319 •0347564 2-0090681 •8527756 •61749ii3 •3136255 53 54 10-59924 •0252746 1-9900332 -8229102 -5766500 •2617799 54 55 10-86048 •0163799 -9702995 -7920524 -5845491 •2084386 65 56 10-11705 1-0050541 -9498414 •7601688 -4911520 -1535550 56 57 9-86858 0-9942548 1-9280111 2-7252027 3-4463953 40970592 " AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 599 Table 21 — (continued). Table 6. Age «:» ^■ X.A X.B^ X.G^ X.D, Age 58 9-61615 0830010 1-9066198 3-6931561 3-4002734 4^0389399 58 59 9-35890 9719946 •8837953 •6579483 ■3526983 3^9791034 59 60 9-09779 9589357 -8601437 -6215748 ■3036583 ■9175321 60 61 8-83S78 9460973 -8356312 -5839861 -2530960 ■8541639 61 as 8-56516 9397356 •8102515 -6451918 ■2010144 ■7889969 62 63 8-29475 9188039 -7839819 •5051314 ■1473458 •7219599 68 64 8-03288 9043304 -7568354 •4688171 ■0920964 ■6530582 64 65 7-74943 8899698 -7287606 -4211883 3-0352001 ■6892104 65 66 7-47569 8736515 •6997774 -3773666 3-9706638 •8094858 66 67 7-20090 8573870 -6697965 -3319228 ■9163873 ■4346974 67 68 6-92642 8406085 -6388355 -2853009 -8543801 •8577957 68 69 6-65108 8238918 -6068051 -3369974 •7906494 •9788486 69 70 6-37673 8046974 ■5737386 -1873435 •7249970 •1978906 70 71 6-10290 7855361 -5395710 -1361749 ■6574517 ■1146538 71 72 5-83194 7657680 -5043708 •0835634 ■5881993 3-0994309 72 73 5-56173 7453101 -4680791 9-0994568 -5171935 2-9411095 73 74 5-29595 7239440 -4307952 1-9739636 •4443400 ■8528174 74 75 5-03308 7018336 -3924982 •9170068 ■3697802 •7614972 75 76 4-77578 6790443 •3631761 •8587966 •2986631 •6683849 76 77 4-52377 6555003 -3130194 •7993275 ■2159951 ■5735084 77 78 4-38008 6314516 •2732374 -7388873 -1870790 ■4772006 78 79 4-04513 6069316 -3308958 -6776484 2-0570108 ■3795962 79 ■ 80 3-82101 5821784 -1893365 -6155490 1-9760683 .2810150 80 81 3-60583 5670040 -1470663 •5697472 -8941437 -1814188 81 89 3-40093 5315981 -1045943 •4893597 -8115979 2-0811415 89 83 3-20407 5057020 •0615905 -4959111 -7281407 1-9821650 83 84 3-01474 4799493 1-0180571 -3604203 -6441664 •8787215 84 85 2-83233 4521285 0-974008] -2951999 -5598975 •7770694 85 86 2-65733 4244461 -9298796 -9998949 -4757614 •6758716 86 87 2-49170 3964957 -8858716 -1649543 -3922763 •6754213 87 88 2-34430 3700182 -8436900 -1019945 ■3111703 •4774179 88 89 2-20064 -3425484 -8009402 1-0391694 •9306976 •3798427 89 90 2-06847 3156499 -7596438 0-9789351 ■1593659 •2840588 90 91 1-04648 2892498 -7194873 -9194901 ■0764493 •1895750 91 93 1-83450 2635179 -6811356 -8631029 1-0029200 •0956803 9-3 93 1-73599 2393728 •6464127 -8109798 0-9319803 1^0015194 93 94 1-64659 2165841 •6121939 -7603446 •8632319 0^9043484 94 95 1-57001 1969017 ■5831350 -7138241 ■7931849 •8011074 95 96 1-50664 1780081 -6554933 -6681845 •7190162 -6869946 90 97 1-45710 1634886 -5318649 -6295474 ■6381140 •5544839 97 98 1-43386 1534665 -5101448 -5726781 ■5480207 ■3930388 98 99 1-37606 1386378 •4808370 -5068612 ■4172928 0^1793030 99 100 1-31178 1178621 •4427006 -4199651 •3468851 9^8882550 100 101 1-99569 1194779 -4072786 •309W104 0^0207346 9^4899929 101 103 M9757 0783014 -3298938 0-1397434 9^6556065 8-8013004 102 103 1-04336 0184334 0-2039704 9-8999189 9^0333481 103 104 -75286 9 8767073 9-9704598 9-9586524 104 105 -31746 9 6016904 9-5016904 105 106 106 600 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. This much being explained, the means are now given by which to test the practical merits' of this mode of approximating to the values of Annuities. For example, if it were required to find the value of an Annuity at any age ac, say age 40, assuming the rate of interest Six per Cent., then the process of calculation is as follows : — = 2-2010889 = 7-9746942 J 0-1757831= — = 4-0489164 = 3-9240826 1'49894 = A^.^ > 7-9729990 = — ■00940 = C^.^' + 1-50834 = (A^.-i) + (C^.P) -12994 \.B, = 3-1623743 \.-^ = 5-9493884 9-1117627 ^■^. = 4-8687331 X./c' = 1-8987768 + -12935 =B^.F 6-7675099=+ -00059 =D, ./t^ + •12994 = (B^.A') + (D^.A*) — 1-37840 a4o at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 11-97798 = 04,, at 6 per cent, by approximation. 1 1 '97794 = 0^^ at 6 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 7. In this example the logarithms of the two factors A ./c &c. &c. are kept separate, but as already stated, this is unnecessary, as it is easy for any one accustomed to calculations of the sort to write down at once the sum of the logarithms by inspection as follows : — \. A^. ,4 = 0-1757831 =— 1-49849=A,.A X.B^.A^ = 9-1117627 = + -12935=B^.A' \.C,.A'= 7-9729990 = — •00940 = C„.^' \.D^ ./c* = 6-7675099 = + -00059=D,./i;* — 1-50834 = (A, .-4) + (0^./?;') + -12994 = (B^.A^) + (D^./t*) + -12994 — 1-37840 a^o at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 11-97798 = a^o at 6 per cent by approximation. 11-97794 =040 at 6 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 7. X.A^./f =0-4727351=— 2-96985= A, .A X.B^./c' = 9-7056667 = + 50777 = 6,. A' A,.0^./i:' = 8-8638550=— -07309 = 0, .y5r' \.D^./?;* = 7-9553179 = + '00902 = D^./5:' — 3-04294 =(A^,/t) + (0^.-5;') + -51679 = (B^./r") + (D^.A*) + -51679 — 2-52015 rt^o at 6 per cent. = 13-35638 10-83023 = a^o at 7 per cent, by approximation. 10-82934 = a^j at 7 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 8. AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 601 \.A^./5: =0-64478e4 = — 4-41353 = A^. -5; X,.B^./5:^ = 0-0497693 = + 1-12142 = B^.^^ X.O^.A' = 9-3800089 = — -23989 = O^.A' X.D^./l* = 8-6435231 = + ■OUOl=D^.k' — .4-66342 = (A^.,^) + (C^./f«) + ri6543 = (B^./P)+(D^./fO + 1-16543 — 3-48799 a,„ at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 9-86839 = «Io at 8 per cent, by approximation. 9-86223 =aio at 8 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 9. \.A^.-?:= 0-7657224 = — 6-83072 =A^.-?; \.B^./5;' = 02916413 = + 1-95723 =B^.;«» \.0^.-i»= 9-7428169 = - -53312 = 0^ ./t' \.D,./J^ = 9-1272671 =*+ .13406 =D,./fc* — 6-36884 = (A^.-i) + (C^.,^») + 2-09128 = (B^.>^) + (D^./^0 •f 2-09128 — 4-27256 fl^o at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 9-08382 = olo at 9 per cent, by approximation. 9-04002 =aio at 9 per cent, by direct calculation from Table lO. X.A„.^= 0-8586662 = - 7-22215 = A^.-^ X.B^.-^^= 0-4775289 = + 3-00282 = B^.F \.C^.A»= 0-0216483 = — 1-06111 =C^.A= X.D^.// = 9-4990423 = + -31553 = D^.Jt* — 8-27326 = (A^./.) + (0^.^') + 3'31835 = (D^.//)+(D^./iO + 3-31835 — 4.95491 a^j at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 8-40147 = ^40 at JO per cent, by approximation. 8-33469 = a^o at 10 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 11. In the next place when it is required to find the values of annuities at a less rate of interest than that on which the Commutation Table has been constructed, it is obvious that k being in this case a negative quantity the signs of aU the terms of the series in Equation (2j page 595, will be positive, thus «; = a^ + A ^. /t + B^ ./P + 0^ .^' + D^ ./t' + &c. &c. Hence to find the value of an annuity at 4J per cent. : — X. Aj,. A = 9-8809436 = -76023 =Aa,. A \.B^.A^= 8-6220837 = -03327 = B^./c' X.C^.As = 7-0884805= '00123 = C^./*:" \.D^.A'= 5-5881519= "00004 =D^. A* -79477 a^ at 5 per cent. = 13-35688 14-] 5115 = a^ at 4|- per cent, by approximation. 14-15114 = 040 at 42" per cent, by direct calculation from Table 5. 7 602 AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. X.A^./^ =0.1840563 = 1-52776=A^.A \.B^./(;^= 9-1283091 = -13437 = B^.A' \.C,./t»= 7-9978186 = '00995 = C,.F X.D^./i;'= 6.8006027= -00063 = D^./<;* 1-67271 Uio at 5 per cent. = 13-35688 15-02909 = «;„ at 4 per cent, by approximation. 15-02912 = tta at 4 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 4. \.A^.^ =0-362241-2= 2-30272=A^.^ X.B^.A2= 9-4846789 = '30527 = B^./l' X.C^.A' = 8-5323733 = -03407 = 0^.F X.D^./t*= 7-5133423= -00326 = D^.-?:' 2-64532 Uio at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 16-00170 = ffl/o at 3j per cent, by approximation. 16-00196 = fljo at 32" per cent, by direct calculation from Table 3. X.A^./i; =0-4892822= 3-08519 =A^.^ X.B^.//= 9-7387609 = -54798 = B^.>4' X.C^./i;' = 8-9134963 = "08194 = 0^.P X.D ./«' = 8-0215063 = -01051=0,. ^* 3-72562 aio at 5 per cent. = 13-35638 17-08200 = a^o at 3 per cent, by approximation. 17-08322 = fljo at 3 per cent, by direct calculation from Table 2, In like manner may an Auxiliary Table be formed for Joint Lives. The process is precisely similar to that employed in the construction of Table 21, and needs no further explanation more than observing that a series of difference columns will be needed for each disparity of age. The following specimen has been selected for illustration, in which the disparity of age is fifty years, and it has been deduced from the N^ ,, column. Table 14, page 573, in exactly the same manner in which Table 21 was formed from Table 6. By means of Table 22, may Joint Annuities, for all ages in which the disparity of age is 50 years, be determined at any rate of interest. After the preceding illustrations in respect to Single Lives, the following cases for Joint Lives will be easily understood. In the following examples, in consequence of the Commutation Table from which the calculations are made having been constructed at 7 per cent, the constants k, ¥, ¥, &c. &c. will have a different value from those given in page 597 ante, which were prepared so as to apply to a Commutation Table of 5 per cent. In approximating to the [values of AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 603 Table 22. Disparity 50 Yearn. Table 14. Ages. flj-, y ''^■K, ^•B,, ^■G,„ ^•l>r„ X y ^,y ■^fV a^.y r.lj 10 60 7-48604 0-8742521 1-7239286 2 4300996 8 0838689 3-6663932 11 , 61 7-81068 -8639580 •7031249 4059418 3 0382217 -6083751 13 62 7-13466 -8527641 -6810288 3711143 2 9905857 -5478831 13 63 6-92895 -8406676 -6576637 3846412 9409798 -4852309 34 64 6-72688 -8277811 -6831595 2966499 8895255 ■4204364 IS 65 6-51800 -8141141 -6075457 2571653 8362414 -8585139 16 66 6-30725 •7998399 -5809968 2168588 7812881 -2846210 17 67 6-09477 •7849576 •5585128 1743049 7246S13 -2137426 18 68 5-88221 •7695404 -5251569 1307742 6663829 -1409287 19 69 5'66907 •7535118 -4958497 0859759 6063959 3-0660981 SO 70 5-45553 •7868364 -4655583 2 0397733 5446582 2-9891995 21 71 5-24164 •7194675 -4342409 1 9921234 4811141 ■9103101 32 72 5-02817 •7014101 •4019115 9430427 4157978 -8391473 23 73 4-81490 •6825875 •3685157 8924824 3486603 -7459719 24 74 4-60881 •6680702 •3341404 8405366 2798001 -6607904 2S 75 4-39289 •6427500 •2987172 7871498 2091676 •5735617 36 76 4-18569 ■6217673 •2624133 7324974 1369459 •4844828 27 77 3-98126 •6000209 •2251827 6765467 2 0631087 •3935471 38 78 3-78229 •5777542 •1872939 6195696 1 9879390 •3010647 29 79 3-58914 •5549899 -1487967 5616185 9115080 -2081449 30 80 3-40359 •5819368 -1098882 5028907 8840441 -1130639 31 81 3-22404 •5084000 -0703970 4432304 7554871 3-0157690 32 82 3-05180 •4845565 -0304867 8828263 6759392 1-9185774 33 83 2-88505 •4601531 -9899411 3215215 5954737 -8204785 34 84 2-72352 •4351810 ■9487681 2584125 5142232 -7217227 35 85 2-56646 •4098848 -9069509 1966014 4823819 -6236607 36 86 3-41596 •3880896 -8649384 1336463 3505968 •5236873 87 87 3-27144 •8563019 -8228839 0707795 2691866 •4254471 38 88 2-14236 •3308932 -7823024 1 0096756 1899647 -3395988 39 89 2-01556 •3043950 -7412351 9485056 1111698 -3342285 40 90 1-89822 •2783463 -7013459 8890343 1 0345795 ■1408103 41 91 1-78936 -2526984 -6624276 8315301 9608576 1-0489953 42 92 1-68872 •2375564 •6251182 7764699 8886670 0-9581922 43 93 1-59916 •3038919 •5902948 7247715 8198629 -8677000 44 94 1-51864 -1814545 -5578549 6761460 7526989 •7749054 45 95 1-44884 -1610211 -5285351 6307133 6858859 •6768303 46 96 1-39089 •1432918 -5026876 5876100 6166909 •5686583 47 97 1-34558 •1289095 -4800591 5446206 5406087 •4431031 48 98 1-31585 •1192046 -4597583 4981736 4513306 •2894339 49 99 1-27308 •1048566 •4328637 4867336 8334301 0^0841917 50 100 1-21545 -0847868 •3968942 3546989 1697476 9^8022618 61 101 1-20469 •0808743 -8653336 3518433 9 9520886 9-4064106 52 102 1-11976 0-0491361 •2924679 0723967 9 5959201 8-7888274 53 103 •98329 9-9936836 0-1731569 9 7800033 8 9820885 54 104 -71710 ■8555775 9-9467801 9 3341995 55 105 -30494 9-4842120 9-4842120 56 106 604 AUXILIARY TABLES OF EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. values of Annuities therefore by means of Table 22, the following will be the value of x.k for different rates of interest : — •03 -07 4- ,.r.n = -^ = -0388349 and 8-5892221 =X./c at 3 per cent. l+r' 1-03 103 r — r ■035 — -07 35 1 +»•' 1-035 1035 r'—r ■04 — -07 3 l+r 1-04 104 r' — r ■045 — -07 25 1 + r' 1-045 1045 r' — '/• ■05-^07 2 1 +r' 105 105 r — r •06 — -07 1 1+/ 1-06 106 / — r •08 — -07 1 1 +/ ro8 108 r'—r ■09 — -07 2 1+/ 1-09 109 r'—r •10 — -07 3 = •0338164 ... 8^5291273 = X./ 3* l+r' 110 110 = ■0288461 ... 8-4600871 = X./c ... 4 = •0239234 .. 8-3788228 = X. A ... i\ ... = -0190476 ... 8-2798403 = X Ar ... 5 = •0094340 ... 7-9746959 = X.^ ... 6 = •0092593 ... 7-9665782 = X./i: ... 8 = •0183486 ... 8-2636029 = X./c ... 9 = -0272727 ... 8-4357281 = X.k ... 10 Ages. 10 — 60 X.A„„,/c = 9-6905068 = '^•O, „./<;''= 6-9836035 = ^'10,60 ^^ "^ V^^ "^"l*- ~ ''' 49035 = A,,,./!; ^) if 00096 = .k^ X.B^„.^=8^3722560 X.D^,^. A* =5-5327060 -02350 =B^./r -00003 =D^,^.A^ ^9131 = (A.,,./c) + (C, ./{:=) 02359 ■02359 = (B^_^./t^) + {D,^_^.A-0 46772 48604 7^01882 = a^^^ at 8 per cent. 10 — 60 X.A.^ = 0^1596567 =1-44430= A .k X.C^„./r^= 8-3910532= -02461 = .k^ 1-46891 •20701 X.B^, .^-2 = 9 3105558 X.D^,./c*= 7-4093056 ■20444 =B ./r x,y -00257 =D^,,./^^ •20701 1-26190 «io.co ^* ^ per cent. = 7-48604 6-22414 = a'^y at 10 per cent. AUXILIARY TABLES OF RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS. 605 Aqes. 10 — CO 10 — 60 \.A^A = 0-0037689 = 1-00872= A .k x,y 7-9233898= -00838 = .J^ *, y ■ 1-01710 -10033 X.B^^.A" =8-9987803 = '09972 = B ,,.1^ X.D^ „.//- 6-7857544 = -00061 = D, „.k' *t y * J y •10033 ril743 a,j,^ at 7 per cent. = 7-48604 8-60347 ^ a'^^y at 5 per cent. X. A „. A = 0-3131507= 2-05660= A .k ^^« x^y ''jy \.B^, .>P = 9-0980279 = -12532 = B .k^ A,. D^,. A' =7-1057087 = •00188 =D .>4* «>» x,y 1-00189 = (A^,^./c) + (C,_^./t») •12660 •12660 = (B.,,-'^) + (D,,^,A^) ^ 1^12799 at 7 per cent. = 5^45552 6-58351 = a^,„ at 3J per cent. APPENDIX. Note I, — {page 10.) Expectation of Life, Ages. Milne. Carlisle, A.D. 1779—1787. Both Sexes. Deparcieux. Tontine Nominees. Both Sexes. Demonferrand. France, Assured Lives. Ages. A.D. 1817— 1833. Equitable. Davies. Amicable. Galloway. Males. Females. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 48-89 45-00 41-46 37-86 . 34-34 31-00 27-61 24-46 31-11 17-58 14-34 11-79 9-18 7-01 5-51 46-83 43-50 40-25 37-17 34-08 80-92 27-50 23-93 30-42 17-25 14-25 11-25 8-67 6-50 4-67 47-00 43-58 40-00 37-25 34-00 30-50 27-00 93-41 19-91 16-50 13-25 10-58 - 8-08 6-16 4-75 47-49 43-66 40-08 36-83 33-41 30-00 26-58 23-16 19-58 16-26 13-16 10-50 8-08 - 6-16 4-75 48-83 44-81 41-06 37-44 33-98 30-66 27-40 24-10 30-83 17-85 15-06 13-35 9-84 7-52 5-38 37-805 33-681 29-721 25-944 22-365 18-994 15-833 12-878 10264 8-113 6-345 4-884 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70 75 80 Ages. Milne. Dnvillard. France. Both Sexes. Price. Northampton. A.D.l 736-1780. Both Sexes. Ages. Sweden and Finland. A.c. 1776—1795. Montpellier. A.D. 1772-1792. Males. Females. Both Sexes. Males. Females. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 45-03 41-61 37-86 34-48 31-23 27-95 24-61 21-45 18-36 15-39 13-47 9-93 7-87 6-13 4-75 47-28 43-74 40-04 36-44 33-00 29-68 26-27 23-03 19-66 16-37 13-18 10-41 8-13 6-38 4-94 46-16 43-63 38-96 35-47 39-19 28-82 25-45 22-26 1903 15-90 12-85 1019 8-01 6-97 4-85 44-12 40-06 36-52 33-49 30-43 27-30 24-06 21-00 18-23 15-53 13-14 U-Ol 9-03 7-07 5-17 46-77 43-02 39-45 36-39 33-34 30-41 97-45 24-44 21-35 18-42 15-73 13-32 10-79 8-44 6-17 40-80 37-40 34-96 31-34 28'53 25-72 22-89 20-06 17-23 14-61 11-96 9-63 7-68 6-87 4-60 39-78 36-51 33-43 30-86 28-27 95-68 93-08 90-52 ]7-99 16-68 13-91 10-88 8-60 654 4-75 10 15 30 25 30 35 40 4.5 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 608 APPENDIX. Note II. — {page 19.) Rural Districts. Anglesea — ^Beaumaris, Llanerchymedd, Llansadwm. Bedfordshire — Ampthill, Dunstable, Eaton Socon, Henlow, Harrold, Maulden, Oakely, St. Loyds, Kenhold, Silsoe, Woburn. Berkshire — Sunning Hill, Maidenbead, Winkfield. Buehinghamshire — Aylesbury, Dagnall, Eton, Great Marlow, Great Misenden, Lower Winchendon, Newport Pagnell, Stoke Poges, Weston Turville, Woobum. Breconshire — Brecknock, Hay, Llomelly, Tassiny, Pridd. Cartibridgeshire — Ickleton, Melboum, Wbittlesford. Cardiganshire — ^Yspytty Confin. Carmarthenshire — Langodock, Pembrey. Carnarvonshire — Bangor, Carmel, Llandwrog. Cheshire — Ashton-upon-Mersey, Buglawton, Congleton, Horridge End, Middlewicb, Sandbach, Weaverbam. Cornwall — ^Bodmin, Breaze, Helstone, Ealkbampton, Marazion, Millbrook, North Hill, Church Town, Quethiock, St. Keneme, 0. T., St. Ive, St. Germans, St. Ewe, St. Agnes, Torpoint, Tuckingmill. Cumberland — Cockermouth. Derbyshire — Clonn, Oubley, Dronfield, Dale Abbey, Glossip, Middleton, Miller Moor End, Pentrich, Peakforest, Sanley, Thorpe, Walton. Denbighshire — Llanfair Talhaiam, Llandogla. Devonshire — Ashford, Bovey Tracy, Broadclist, Bishops Nympton, Chudleigb, Churston Ferrers, Cornwortby, Dodbrook, Great Torrington, Hartland, Holsworthy, Hatherleigh, Hennock, Kingskemell, Kingsbridge, Modbury, Moretonhampstead, Merton, Newton Abbott, Newton Bushel, Northlen, Plymstock, Stokefleming, Totnes, Whitchurch. Dorsetshire — Hilton, Lyme Eegis, Sherborne, Tarrant Munckton, Wyke Eegis. Durham — Burnopfield, Bishop Huckland, Houghton le Spring, Longridge, Monkwearmouth, Sedgefield, Winlaton. JSssex — Arkesden, Ohigwell, Castle Hedingham, Dedham, Pordham, Great Baddow, Great Chesterfield, Gestingthorpe, Goldhanger, Hatfield Heath, Leigh, Loughton, Stebbing, St. Osyth, Witham, White Northley, Walthamstow. Flintshire — Llanhasa, Mold, St. Asaph. Glamorganshire — Aberayron, Canphilly, Eglurysilan, Gellygear, Llangonoyd, Llanfabon, Pontardylas near Swansea, Lantwit-juxta-Neath. Gloucestershire — Arlingham, Frampton-on-Severne, John St. Spt. Nily, Lechlade, Newnham, North Vemey, Prestbury, Paintneck, Sherborne, Stow-in-the-Wold, Stapeton, Tewkesbury, Tidenham, Winchcomb, Woolaston, Yate, Yatton. Hampshire— ^M^exxx^Q, Breamore, Buriton, Burley, Christchuroh, Eling, Fordingbridge, Millbrook, Swarthling, Westend, Winchester, Wootton, (Isle of Wight,) West Cowes, I. W. APPENDIX. 609 Hertfordshire— Lerasior^ Mills, North Mimms, Stevenage. ifMW^«»yfi?ows/j«Ve—Deddiiigton, Huntingdon. Isle of Jersey— ^i. Heliers. /f,?«^— Chislehurst, Cranbrook, Queenborough, Seven Oaks, St. Peters, Margate, Wrotham, Woolwich. Lancashire — Oaton, Church Town, Chipping, Dalton, Everton, Hunts Bank, Manchester, Kirkham, Long Ashton, Lathorn, Ribchester, Skelmorsdale. Leicestershire— Bwc^eW, Markfield, Misterton, Quorndon, Sileby, Whitwitch. Lincoln — Barrowby, Orowland, Deeping, Dorrington, Horncastle, Sleaford, Sutton Wash, South With am. Merionethshire — Blamare, Bala, Llwyngwril, Llanfachreth, Llanderfel, Penlyn, Trawsfynydd. Monmouthshire — Chepstow, Llanfeangel, Pantengue, Eagland. Montgomeryshire — Llanidloes, Welsh Pool. Northamptonshire — Kingsthorpe, Kettering, Little Houghton, Peakirk, Peterborough, Welling- borough. Norfolk — Aylesham, Hainford, Kirkling, Ludham, Melton Parva, Snettisham, Shipsham, Strump- shaw. Northumberland — (Not stated.) Nottinghamshire — Carlton, Stapleford. Oxfordshire — Banbury, Fritwell, Oxford, Steeple Ashton. Pembrokeshire — Begelly, St. Florence. Radnorshire — Presteign. Shropshire — EUesmere, Hodnet, Mensterley, Norton, Eayton, Seluttyn, Whitchurch. Somersetshire— ^^\h-Y.&%iQ^, Eutleigh Chew Stoke, Marsbury, Badstock, Stogumber, Wellington, Wincanton, Washford. Staffordshire— KshlQj, Biddulph, Bursben, Bloxwich, Cobridge, Endon, Hanley, Lone End, Pelsall, Trentham, Wolstanton, Yovall, Suffolk— Bxxng&j, Bury St. Edmunds, Haverhill, Lanshall, Sudbury, Withersfield. Surrey— T>ox\m^, Godalming, Horsley, Kingston, Eichmond, Sandon, Tatesfield. S'Msse.z?— Billinghurst, Compton, Loxwood, Eothersfield, Wilmington. Warwickshire— Moe^t^r, Berkswell, Halford, Knowle, Polesworth. Wiltshire— kU\iomn, Chisledon, Corsham, Donhead, East Knoyle, Highworth, Malmesbury, Wootten Basset. Worcestershire — Longdon, Pershore. ror/is/«-«-Bentham, Boonsley, Briggatt, Dunkenfield, Driffield, Gildersome, Grassington, Harewood, Hawden, Holmpitch, Headingly, Overblow, Queenshead, Eastrick, Scholes, Stanningly, Steeton, Thorne, Thurstonland. 7 Q 610 APPENDIX. Town Districts. — {page 19.) Bedfordshire — Bedford. Breconshire — Criokhowell. Cambridgeshire — Cambridge. Cheshire — Astbury and Lanton, Chester. Cornwall — Camborne, Penzance, Eedruth, St. Austell. Derbyshire — Alfreton, Chesterfield. Den bighshire — Wrexham , Dorsetshire — Blandford. Durham — Stockton, Stockton-on-Tees, Sunderland, South Shields. Essex — Barking, Chelmsford. Flintshire — Holywell. Glamorganshire — Swansea. Gloucestershire — Cheltenham, Stroud. Hantpshire — Portsea, Southampton, Winchester. Kent — Deptford, Maidstone. Lancashire — Ashton, Ashton-under-Lyne, Blackburn, Friargate Preston, (and Town near Manchester.) Lincoln — Lincoln, Stamford. Middlesex — Fulham. Monmouthshire — Bedwelty, Pontypool. Northamptonshire — Northampton. Norfolk — Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Yarmouth. Northumberland — Newcastle, Tynemouth, Pemhrokeshire — Pembroke. Shropshire — Shrewsbury, Wellington. Somersetsh ire — B ath . Staffordshire— ^t&So^A, Stone, Stoke-upon-Trent, Sedgeley, Tamworth, Walsall, West Bromwich. Surrey — Beaubridge, Dulwich. Sussex — Brighton. Warwickshire^^GoYentij, Nuneaton. Wiltshire — Trowbridge. Worcestershire — Bromsgrove, D udley . Yorkshire — Bradford, HaHfax, Huddersfield, Whitby. City Districts. — [page 19.) Devonshire — Devonport. Gloucestershire — Bristol. Lancashire — Liverpool and Suburbs. Middlesex — London and Suburbs. Warwickshire — ^Birmingham. Yorkshire — Leeds, Sheffield, York. APPENDIX. 611 Note III. — {page 67.) List of Districts in Scotland. EuRAL Districts. Douglas. Aberdour. Stornoway, Borrowstounness. Strichen. Oatrine. Strathaven. Ceres. Thornliebank. Coldingham. Westquarter. Ourrie. Preston Pans. Dairy. Kilwinning. Dunbar. Stevenston. Dunse. Eosehearty. Towns. Saltcoats. Arbroath. Greenlaw. Kilmarnock. Turriff. Dalkeith. Kirkmichael. Campbelltown. Alexandria. Anstrutber. Cities. Mauchline. Edinburgh. Musselburgh. Glasgow. Newburgh. Paisley, Stranraer. Aberdeen. Not E IV. Factory Trades, formir ig Table S. S., page 454 Blanket Weavers. Pin Makers. Cloth Workers. Sack Weavers. Cloth Dressers. Silkmen. Cotton Spinners. Silk Combers. Factorymen. Silk MiUmen. Flax Dressers. Silk Spinners. Flax Weavers. Silk Throwsters. Frame Work Knitters. Silk Weavers. Hemp Dressers. Thread Twisters. Lace Manufacturers. Weavers. Lace Workers. Warpers. Manufacturers. Winders. Needle Makers. Wool Combers. 612 APPENDIX. Note V. In-door Trades requiring Little Exercise, forming Table T. T., page 455. Accountants. Awl Bladers. Booksellers. Boot Blockers. Brass Founders. Brokers. Brush and Broom Makers. Butlers. Barbers and Hair Dressers. Basket and Sieve Makers. Bookbinders. Braziers. Clerks. Cordwainers. Carders. Carvers and Gilders. Chair Bottomers and Cane Workers. Chandlers. Chemists and Druggists. Clickers. Clothiers. Confectioners. Corkcutters. Cutlers. Drapers. Eating-House Keepers. Edge Tool Makers. Embroiderers. Engravers. File Smiths. Glovers and Hosiers. Green Grocers. Grocers. Gaffers. Glass Makers. Glass Cutters. Grinders. Gunsmiths. Haft Turners. Ironmongers. Jewellers. Lace Manufacturers. Lace Workmen. Lawyers. Meal Men and Flour Dealers. Music Teachers. Mat Makers. Needle Makers. Poulterers. Printers. Pattern Model Makers. Pin Makers. Pipe Makers. Saddlers. Schoolmasters. Shopkeepers. Salemen. Saw Handle Makers. Shoemakers. Shuttle Makers. Silkmen. Silk Combers. Silk Mill Men. Silk Spinners. Silk Factors. Silk Throwsters. Silversmiths. Slate Framers. Spindle Makers. Spirit Merchants. Stationers. Stamp Distributors. Stirrup and Bit Makers. Straw Plaiters. Tobacconists. Tailors. Upholsterers. Victuallers. APPENDIX. 613 Watchmakers. Weavers. Whitesmiths. Warehousemen. Warpers. Wine Merchants. Winders. Woolmen. Wool Staplers. Note VI. In-door Trades requiring Great Exercise, forming Table V. V,, page 456. Blanket Weavers. Bakers. Blacksmiths. Cabinetmakers. Coopers. Curriers. Cartwrights. Chairmakers. Coach Builders. Coach Smiths. Copper Smiths. Engineers. Forgemen. Joiners. Machinemen. Moulder and Iron Founders. Millers. Millwrights. Nailers. Sack Weavers. Turners. Wheelwrights. Wool Combers. Wool Sorters. Note VII. Out-door Trades requiring Little Exer Auctioneers. Botanists. Butchers. Coachmen. Cattle Dealers. Colliery Agents. College Porters. Constables, Corn Dealers. Costermongers. Cowkeepers. Drivers. Excise Officers. Engine Drivers. Hay Binders. Horse Keepers. In Her Majesty's Customs. Jobbers. 7 cise, forming Table W. W., page 457. Knackers. Land Stewards. Lime Merchants. Mail Drivers. Mine Agents. Ostlers. Post Boys. Packmen. Pig Dealers. Policemen. Porters. Quarry Agents. Sextons. Sheriffs' Officers. Slate Workers. Turnpike Keepers. Watchmen. R 614 APPENDIX. Note VIII. Out-door Trades requiring Great Exercise, forming Table Y. Y., page 458. Bleachers. Boat Builders. Boatmen. Brookers. Builders. Bargemen. Brickmakers. Bricklayers. Carriers. Carters. Clay Cutters. Drainers. Draymen. Drovers. Excavators. Firebrick Manufacturers. Fishermen. Farmers. Gamekeepers. Gardeners. Graziers. Hedgers. Huntsmen. Hushandmen. Hawkers. In Preventive Service. Letter Carriers. Mole Catchers. Paviors. Pedlers. Quarrymen. Kope Makers. Sawyers. Slaters. Stonemasons. Shepherds. Stonecutters. Surveyors. Thatchers. Tile Makers. Tilers. Timber Stowers. Timber Hewers. Tanners. Waggoners. Watermen. Well Diggers. Wharfingers. Yeomen. APPENDIX. 615 Note IX. Expectation of Life in Ireland. Age. Malea. Females. Age. Males. Females. 10 46-6223 48-7375 56 15-0512 16-4081 11 48-7987 47-9506 57 14-5054 15-8327 13 44-9717 47-1564 58 13-9713 15-2707 13 44-1463 46-3636 59 13-4504 14-7240 14 43-3262 46-8727 60 12 9433 14-1938 15 42-5154 44-7866 61 12-4486 13-6784 16 41-7179 44-0077 62 11-9641 13-1760 17 40-9371 43-2383 63 11-4881 12-6848 18 40-1714 42-4773 64 11-0183 12-2030 19 39-4192 41-7239 65 10-5830 11-7287 SO 38-6796 40-9770 66 10-0966 11-2651 91 37-9509 40-2388 67 9-6621 10-8149 22 37-2318 ■ 39-4991 68 9-2230 10-3806 23 36-5217 38-7667 69 8-8122 9-9643 84 35-8206 38-0387 70 8-4221 9-6683 25 35-1272 37-3144 71 8-0502 9-1902 26 34-4405 36-5942 72 7-6938 8-8277 27 33-7587 38 8777 73 7-3521 8-4792 28 33-0808 36-1681 74 7-0195 8-1426 29 32-4049 34-4563 75 6-6945 7-8166 30 31-7295 33-7515 76 6-3794 7-4989 31 31-0646 33-0499 77 6-0758 7-1929 32 30-3796 32-3616 78 8-7858 6-8979 33 29-7044 31-6867 79 5-5091 6-6146 34 29-0286 30-9626 80 5-2509 6-3422 35 28-3519 30 2714 81 5-0045 6-0796 36 27-6756 29-8816 82 4-7691 5-8243 37 270003 28-8936 83 4-5328 5-5741 38 26-3272 28-2068 84 4-3206 5-3265 39 25-6570 27-5210 85 4-1019 5-0783 40 24-9904 26-8362 85 3-8875 4-8314 41 24-3269 26-1517 87 3-6799 4-8860 42 23-6660 25-4670 88 3-4798 4-3426 43 23-0067 24-7817 89 3-2881 4-1008 44 22-3489 24-0956 90 3-1064 3-8696 45 21-6918 23-4599 91 2-9309 3-6143 46 21-0384 22-7229 92 2-7570 3-3579 47 20-3916 22-0433 93 2-5781 3-0798 48 19-7538 21-3722 94 2-3891 2-7698 49 19-1275 20-7123 95 2-1732 2-4398 60 18-5149 20-0658 96 1-9265 2-0898 51 17-9144 19-4319 97 1-6197 1-7251 62 17-3247 18-8091 98 1-3068 1-3446 53 16-7446 18-1959 99 -9489 -9375 54 16-1727 17-89J6 100 •6000 -5000 55 15-6075 16-9946 The above results are deduced from the Eeport of the Census Commissioners for Ireland, and calculated in the same manner as that described for Tables D and E. The Mortality for the years 1839, 1840 only was taken, in order to avoid the chances of error, connected -with the more remote years ; as in Ireland, no actual registration of the deaths took place but only -were stated from memory at the period of the Census. lONDON ; PRINTED BY T. BBBTTELL, BUPEBT STREET, HATMAEKET. INDEX. Abehdeen. Page Aberdeen Friendly Society, Sickness Statistics of the, 429, 430 Sickness experience of, compared with other Eeturns, 431 Accidents on Railways, — See Eailways. Actuaries' Committee, References to Reports and Tables of, 151, 194, 196 Advanced Life, in reference to its liability to, and capability of enduring Sickness, .... 453 Age, duration of Sickness as affected by, 450, 451, 487, 508, 529 an essential item in Criminal Inquiry, 302, 325, 395, 396 and Sex of persons Committed or Bailed annually, from 1834 to 1839, .... 392, 393 Agricultural Counties, calculated and actual pro- portion of Crime in the 334 ^ greatest and least; Signers by Mark, and amount of Crime in the, . . 357-362 uniformity in the tendency to Crime in, 404 Agricultural Districts, Criminal Phenomena as con- nected with the, ......... 342=-343 Agriculturists, average ratio of, to the whole population, ibid. and Manufacturers, relative degrees of Crime among, 346-352 Air and Exercise in connection with various Occupations, 454, 467 Allowance in Sickness, — See Sickness. Annuities, value of, according to rate of Mortality in Friendly Societies, and for Rural, Town, and City Districts : — Immediate, 470 ; Deferred, 471 ; Temporary, 472. value of,. calculated on the whole Population, 481 relative value of, in Rural and City Districts, 482 comparative value of, according to various Tables, ^83 Army. Annuities, importance of careful consideration of Tables of, 483 ruinous results of Valuations based on erroneous Mortality Tables, 484 value of, calculated from experience of Manchester Unity, 495 deferred, as Substitutes for Sick Allow- ances after age of Seventy, .... • 524 Ansell, Mr., Work on Friendly Societies by, 17, 412. His Sickness Calculations, 413. Untoward consequences of a reliance on his Tables, 414, 420. Comparative amount of Sickness according thereto, and to other Tables and Inquiries, 415, 417, 433. Reference to his Report on the Essex Provident Society, 434. Mr. Bassingwhite's remarks on his Calculations, 435. Result of his Valuation for the Society, 438. Value of Annuities, as given by his Tables, and by other authorities, 483. Discrepancies exhibited by the comparison, 484. — See also pp. 423, 425, 486. Army Medical Officers, Widows' Fund Society founded by the, 102 Table of Mortality among Members who joined the Society while Single 103 Explanation of the Table, 104 Abstract of same, 105 Mortality of such Members compared with other Classes, ibid. High Rate of Mortality among the younger Ages 106 Table of Mortality of Members who entered Married, 107 Abstract of, and comparison deduced from such Table 108 Table of Mortality among Members remain- ing under observation while Single, ... loy 7 S 618 INDEX. Army. Page Army Medical Officers, Widows' Fund Society, Abstract of, and Deductions from last- mentioned Table 110, 111 Mortality of Members entering Single, but afterwards Married ibid. Mortality among Members of both. Classes under Conditions stated, . . . . . 112 Mortality among all the Members, ... 113 Abstract of foregoing Tables as compared with general Mortality of England and Wales, . 114 Further deductions therefrom, and Tables explanatory thereof, 118-121 Insufficiency of Data for explaining high Rate of Mortality among the Members, 131-133 Age, Date, place of Death of 308 Members, 132 Asiatic Cholera, — See Cholera. Assurance of aged Lives, fallacious opinion respecting of Lives for temporary Purposes, great Increase of — of Sick Lives, Observations and Data 179 J96 451 163 150 relative to, 450, Assurance Companies, Neglect of the Science of Vital Statistics by 144, 145, Dangers inherent in the present System, Assurance Statistics in the German States, Tables of, 152-160, 165-170, 179-179, 180, 182, 183, 191, 192 Assurances existing, discontinued, &c. &c., Table of, 195 Period elapsed from Date of assuring to Death, as shewn by fifteen selected Offices, . See Policies. 196 Auxiliary Rates and Contributions of Friendly So- cieties. — See Rates and Contributions. Average Results in Educational Statistics, Necessity for Analysis of, ... 872 Bakers, Expectation of Life among, . . . . 55, 59 not so unhealthy as generally supposed, . 60 high rate of Mortality, low average of Sickness among, ... 411 Barlow, Mr , of Birmingham, Mr. Nelson's Views corroborated by, 517 Bassingwhite, Mr., on the Experiences of the Chelmsford and Essex Provident Society, 484. Intenability of his " Jacob's Ladder" Remark, 485. — iS«e, Essex Provident Society. COLLIEBS. Page Beaumont, Lord, Committee on Provident Associations ob- tained in House of Lords by, 423. Object and Results of the Committee, 423, 429, 436. Beaumont, Mr., Prosperous State of Society in con- nection with the Lead Mines of, ... . 594 Begbie, Dr. James, on the Mortality in the Scottish Widows' Fund, &c. Society, 189. Elements omitted by him, 189, 190. Further Paper published by him, 198. Value of his Contribution, 190, 199. Bengal Military Officers, per centage of Mortality among the, 105 Blackburn Districts of the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, Results of Data furnished by, . 514, 515 Bullen, Mr., Elegant Formula introduced by, . . 594 Butchers, inverse proportion of Mortality and Sickness among, 411 Cabinet and Chairmakers' Society, increase of Sick- ness in, over Highland Society's calculations, 419 Carlisle Tables, expected Mortality according to the, 483 Casper, Professor, of Berlin : Reference to the Statis- tical Labours of, 131 Census of 1851 the most valuable yet taken, . . 15 Improvements still needed 15, 16 r Districts should be coincident with Registra- tion Districts, 46 Chelmsford and Essex Provident Society, Letter relative to Sick- ness among the Members of the, 434, 435. — See Essex. Cholera, Asiatic, Abstract of Deaths from, as ex- hibited by the Gotha Office Tables, 169, 170, 187, 188 Highest Rate of Mortality from the Disease, 187 Rate of its Ravages in 1832 in Paris, . . 188 Comparative Table of Deaths in the Gotha Office, and in Paris and London 189 City Districts, List of, 610. — See Towns. Classes. — See Upper Classes. Clerks, Expectation of Life among, 54, 59 Comparatively high Rate of Mortality among, 59 Difference of Expectation of Life between them and Labourers 60 not subject to average amount of Sickness, 411 Clough, Archdeacon, Sickness experience of Society established by, 463 Colliers and Miners, causes of frequent appearance of on Sick Lists, 411. — See Miners. INDEX. 619 Collisions. Page Collisions on Railways. — See Railways. Commutation System, facilities of the, in complicated calculations, 593 Composition in lieu of Annual Subscription, Data for Computation of, 198, 130 Contributions to Friendly Societies, Miseries result- ing from inadequacy of, 452 See Rates and Contributions. Counties wherein Crime exceeds the Average Ratio, 365, 367 wherein Crime is below the Average, . . 366, 368 Crime, importance of age as an element in Inquiries regarding 302, 395, 396 Ratio of, to the Population at various Terms of Life ; Males, 303, 394 ; Females, 304. Varying tendency to, at different Periods of Life, 305 Amount of, in certain places, in 1842-3-4, assuming the Ratio to be the same as for England and Wales, 322, 324 Proportion of, to Population in various Dis- tricts 325 Various elements necessary for avoiding Error in Inquiries relative to, ihid. Proportion and Ratio per cent, of, Male and Female 326, 337 Suggestions explanatory of Disparity in Amount of, in various Districts, .... 328 Actual and Calculated Amount of, in 1842-3-4, in each County, 399-332 Ditto for the Mining and Manufacturing Districts contrasted with the Ratio for Eng- land and Wales for the same period, . . . 333 Similar Table for the Agricultural Counties, 334 Actual and Calculated Amount of, in 1845-48, in each County, 335-337 Annual R§,te of increase for 1842-4 in Eng- land and Wales, ... 338 Phenomena exhibited by the foregoing Tables, 339 Difference between actual Amount of, in. each District, and the Average for England and Wales, 340, 341, 344, 345 Aspects of, as exhibited by various Classes of the Population 342,343,346-352 Criminal. Page Crime, Actual and calculated Amount of, a t various Periods, in proportion to Signatures by marks in the Marriage Registers, 354, 355, 357-362 Influence of Education on the amount of, 353, 355, 356, 363, 364, 371 Co-existence of, with Poverty, .... 356 Counties wherein actual Amount of, exceeds the Average Ratio, 365, 367 Counties below the Average Ratio, . . . 366, 368 r— and Ignorance constant Companions, . . 388 proportionate tendency to, in the two Sexes, 391 Law regulating tendency to, at different Ages, not the same in every Class, . . . 396 Necessity for a Solution of this Problem, and for refined Analysis before drawing con- clusions, 397 Excess per cent, of, in 1 849-44 above that in 1834-39, ibioL positive decrease of, among the Population at younger Ages 398 Recapitulation of Facts and Conclusions deducible from the foregoing Paper . . . 403-407 Criminal Offenders in 1842-3-4 in each County of England and Wales 315-321 in 1845-6-7-8 with Ratio of Crime to Population at various terms of Life. — Males, 369; Females, 370. degree of Education among, during eleven years, divided into three periods, 371 ; Ratio for the the same period, 372. degree of Instruction among, in Counties exceeding the Average Ratio, 373 ; ditto in Counties below the Average, 374-376. Abstract of results obtained by last mentioned Tables, 377, 378 Educational Condition of, accord- ing to Classification in Tables XVIII and XIX (pp. 357-362), 380-383 Number and Ratio of, according to degrees of Education in the general Community, 384, 385 : Difference in favour of Education, 386, 388. relative degree of Instruction among, in each Class of Offences, . . . 387, 389 620 INDEX. Cbiminal. Page Criminal Offenders, Age and Sex of total number committed or bailed yearly, 1834-39 . . . 393, 393 in England and Wales, 1834-39, in each Class of Offences 394 — per centage of, to Population at various terms of life in each Class of Offences, 395 Valuelessness of Home OfBce Eeturns of. in later years, 399 ; instances of Defects therein, 400. Table shewing number of, in each County, in 1849-53, in various Classes of Offences, 401 ; Abstract of such Table as precise as it can be made from the defective Returns, 402. Criminal Statistics as affected by Data furnished by the Marriage Eegisters, 353-369 Data, correctness in, necessary for the prevention of serious error, 45, 56, 65, 93, 325, 449 want of, respecting Mortality among Abstainers from intoxicating Drinks 218 of Sickness in Friendly Societies, evils arising from incorrectness in, 444-448 necessity for caution in the practical applica- tion of, 530 Deaths. — See Mortality. Decrements in the Army Medical Officers' Society, Table of, 119, 120 in the Eoyal Medical and Chirurgical Society, ditto, 129 among Master Mariners, ditto, . . . 147,148 among Persons of Intemperate Habits, ditto, 216 Deferred Annuities. — See Annuities. Delirium Tremens, Mortality from, in 1847, . . 223, 224 Disease, maximum or minimum effect of, on life at certain periods 34 Classification of, from the Gotha Society's Tables, 169 Intensity of, at various Ages, 171; Order of such Intensity, 183. Results deducible from Gotha Society's Tables of, 180-183 peculiarly fatal to intemperate persons, . . 222 Equation. Page 522 229 87 90 Donations to funds of Friendly Societies, erroneous inferences regarding, Drinks, intoxicating. — See Intoxicating Drinks. Drunkards, proportion of to whole Population, . . Dundee, expectation of Life in, as compared with Glasgow, Population of and Mortality in, during ten specified years, Mortality Tables for ; Male, 91 ; Female, 99. Value of Life in, higher than in Glasgow or Liverpool 90, 93 Dying in one year. Probabilities of, among Friendly Societies, 477 Edinburgh Compositors' Society, Excess of Sick- ness in, as compared with the data whereon its Rates were based 417-419 Education, different acceptations of the term, . . 353 amount of, tested by ability to write, and ratio of, to crime, . . 354 degree of Crime accompanying high and low states of, 355, 363, 364 degree of, among Criminals, in three suc- cessive periods, 871 Importance of, as a preventive of Crime conclusively evidenced by Criminal Returns, 372, 379, 386, 388, 391 " Eliza Cook's Journal," Union of Lodges recom- mended by, 518 Employment, influence of, independent of ' local causes, 56, 57 noxious, effect of, in reducing the value of life 58-60 ■ nature of, an important consideration in the formation of Benefit Societies, . . .416, 427 Equation of life, explanation of the term, .... 100 compared with expectation of life in different localities and classes, .... 100, 101 mode of determining same, . . 101 among married members of Army Medical Officers' Society, 131 among persons of intemperate habits, 217 See Life. Equitable. Page Equitable Life 0£B.ce, Experience of, compared with other offices, 193, 194 Essex Provident Society, Rate of Sickness in, as com- pared with whole of England and Wales, . 486 Result of Valuation made by Mr. Ansell for the, 438, 439 Sickness among female members of the, 464 See Chelmsford. Exercise, influence of, on Sickness and Mortality among various Trades, 456-458 Expectation of Life among rural labourers ; decennial Table, 53 among various classes of Workers, 54,55 not sufficiently accurate for all purposes 100 among in-door and out-door occu- pations, as influenced by little or great exercise 456-458 according to certain English and Foreign Tables 607 in Ireland, 615 See Life. Factory Occupations, Table of Mortality and Sick- ness among, List of Farr, Mr., Opinion of, relative to increase of Sickness and Mortality in Friendly Societies, . . . 157, 158 Females, tendency to crime among, less than in Males 305 effect of active and sedentary employment on the health of, ........ . 469 rate of sickness among, as compared with Males, 463 Sickness among, as shewn by Essex Pro- vident Society's Tables 464 Finlaison, Mr., reference to Report and Tables of, . 42 Fluctuations in Mortality in different years, in- stances of, and cause thereof, 428, 429 Foresters, Sickness and Mortality in the Order of, . 465 — '■ ■— Injustice of an uniform Rate of Contribu- tion among, irrespective of Age, .... 530 Formula for correction of Census for 1841, . . . 1-4 INDEX. 621 Gebman, Page Formula for measuring excess of mortality in residue of population . 44, 45 for determining Equation of Life, . . . 101 for determining risks on lives of Master Mariners, 148, 149 for Interpolation of Mortality, . . . .206-217 for ascertaining rate of mortality among those actually sick, 451 for ascertaining premium for, and value of Deferred Annuities, 491 for construction of auxiliary Tables of Rates and Contributions for various purposes. See Rates, — Auxiliary Tables. Friendly Societies, general value of male hfe among Members of, 38 Rate of mortality among female Members of, 65 influence of locality on Sickness among, 408 ■ Evils of recent Legislation re- specting, 410 great value of, when based on a proper System, ihid. difficulty of graduating Scales of Payment for, 432 in Essex, Hitchin and Wilts, Results of Valuation, &c. for, 438-440 Government Returns of Sickness and Mortality among, 440 Per Centage and Ratio of Sick- ness and Mortality in, 450 ruinous consequences of, reliance upon erroneous data, respecting Sickness, &o. 415, 416, 437, 484, 489, 400 Rate of Sickness in various So- cieties, as compared with each other, ... 419 Reflection on the present financial Condition of, 489, 490 See Odd Fellows. Rates and Contributions. Sickness. German States, number of Persons assured in the, 158 Period elapsed from date of assuring tm death, 159, 160 454 611 / T 622 INDEX. Gebman States. Page German States ; Peculiarities exhibited by the last- mentioned results, 160, 161 Glasgow, Population of, for 1831 and 1841, with annual rate of increase 83 Population, deaths, per centage of mor- tality, &c. in, ihid. Mortality per cent. &c.at various ages in, — Males, 84 ; Females, 85. Equation of life in, as compared with other localities, 86 Expectation of life in, as compared with Dundee, 87 fluctuation in number of deaths in, . . 88 value of female life in, as compared with males, 89 Mr. Eatcliffe and Mr. Nelson's Notes on Sickness in, compared with other localities, . 437, 431 Fluctuations in the Mortality of, ... 4S8 A.M.C., Eemarks on Table of Eates pro- posed for, 497, 601 Glaziers. — See Plumbers. Goldsmiths' Friendly Societies, 419 Gotha Life Assurance Society, extent of the trans- action of the, 132 various statistics of mortality in the, tabularly arranged 152-157 Mortality among its assurers in each month, 167 Causes of Death at various ages during two decennial periods, .... . . 169 Eatio of Deaths at various ages, ... 170 '— Deaths from all causes and total duration of life after assurance, 172-175 Similar Table, with average duration, . 176-179 average period elapsed from date of as- suring to date of death, 1 80 : See also pages 187, 189, 190, 191, 193. Government Annuitants, unfavourable rate of Mor- tality among, 42, 167 Government Annuity Tables, character of the, . . 42 Great Western Eailway Friendly Society, quinquennial amount of Sickness in the, 447. Table thereof, 448. Guy, Dr., on duration of life among the higher Glasses, 43 Intempeeance. Guy, Dr., on duration of life in the several Pro- fessions, Page 13] 419 Heriot's Benefit Society Highland Society, Tables of Sickness of, as compared with Mr. Ansell's Tables, 413, 415 same reported of unfavourably by House of Commons Committee, .... 416, 445 Imperfectness of its data as tested by the experience of other Societies, &c. . . 417-420 Hitchin Friendly Society, Eesult of Valuation of liabilities and assets of the, 439 Home Office, Number of Criminals and their degrees of Instruction as shewn by Eeturns of, . . 377, 378 Eesults deducible therefrom, . . . 379 Tabular Analysis of the educational condition of Criminals classified according to nature of Offences, and result deducible therefrom 337, 388 Abstracts of the above-mentioned Ee- turns -389,390 defective State of recent Criminal Ee- turns of the, since 1839, and evils resulting therefrom, 395, 399, 400 Hopf, Mr., Actuary of Gotha Life Assurance So- ciety, Table of facts deduced from a Paper by. Infants, uniform rate of mortality among, .... Intemperance, importance of the subject of, to Life Assurance Societies, Circular addressed by the Author for information relative to, Plan for obtaining, and Schedule for registering Eesults of Inquiries, .... difficulty of establishing a standard 197 428 201 ibid. 202 of, and changes in habits of society, relative to 202, 203 Mortality among Persons addicted to : Table, 203 ; Abstract, 204. melancholy results deducible there- from 204, 205 Formulse adopted for obtaining the required results 205-217 INDEX. 623 Intemperance. Intemperance ; chances of Life among Intemperate Persons as compared with general Population, 317 value of Papers referring to the sub- ject, by Mr. Balfour and Colonel Sykes, . . S18 ■ Increase of intemperate habits with advancing age, S25 See Delirium Tremens. Drunkards. Interest on money, influence of Rate of, on Tables of Mortality, 489, 483 Compound, as affecting calculations for benefits conferred by Friendly Societies, . . 521 Interpolation, method employed in calculating Tables of, 117-120, 145, 212-915 Intoxicating Drinks, percentage of Mortality result- ing from indulgence in various kinds of, . . 218 Ireland, proportion of crime to mud hovels in, . . 392 Expectation of Life in, . 615 Juvenile Delinquency, suggestive remarks upon, . 342 See Crime. Life. Page Kent, Male Mortality, and causes of Death in, 184, 185 Labourers in rural Districts, Intensity of Life, and per centage of Mortality among .... 47, 53 Expectation of Life among, as compared with various specified employments, . . . 54, 56 Leeds Provident Society, Ratio of Sickness in the, as compared with the Liverpool Society, . . 437 Life, age at which highest specific intensity of, is attained 7 duration of, in the two Sexes at various periods, ibid. Annual Expectation of, from the age of ten, . 8 comparative value of in the two Sexes, calcu- lated decennially 9, 10 Insufficiency of Data for calculating influence of locality on duration of, and suggestions relative thereto, 10-15 duration of, as shewn by Returns from Soot- land, and plan adopted to obtain required information, 17-19, 98 Tables exhibiting some of the Results, 90-97, 99-39 Results of the Comparison of the Scotch Tables with those of England and Wales, 98, 33-35 Life, Comparative value of, in rural and town districts Superior value of, among Members of Friendly Societies, 38-43 Greater value of, in assured lives than in Go- vernment Annuitants, Inferior value of, among the higher Ranks, . Standard of, not elevated by middle or upper Classes, Effect of various employments on duration of, Tables relative to last-mentioned subject, 47-59, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62 Explanation of Tables relative to duration, &c of, in Scotland, ■ 37 49 43, 467 46 67 Expectation of, in Scottish compared with English Friendly Societies 76 Specific intensity of &c., in Scotland : Rural, Town, and City Districts, 77-80 Expectation of, in Scotland, 81 Specific intensity of &c., in Glasgow, ... 84, 85 Equation of, for age ten in England and Wales, as compared with Glasgow, 86 Expectation of, in Glasgow and Dundee, . . 87 Expectation of, in Glasgow, between the two Sexes, 89 Equation of, in Dundee. Males, 91 ; Females, 92. Ditto, in Glasgow, Liverpool and Dundee, . 93 Expectation and Equation of; Analysis of the two terms ; Tabular examples thereof ; mode of calculating same, &c 99-101 Appalling waste of, from habitual indulgence in intoxicating drinks, 905 See Intemperance. Term of, at which tendency to crime is greatest, 303, 304 — ^ See Crime. Ratio constantly Sick at various terms of, . . 466 EvU effects of sanitary irregularities on dura- tion of, much overstated, 467 more immediate causes of such evils, and direc- tion in which remedies are to be sought, . . 468 Expectations of, in rural and city districts, with reference to value of Annuities, .... 489 Life Assurance. — See Assurance. 624 INDEX. Liverpool. Page Liverpool, Expectation of Life in : Tables and re- marks relative to, . . . 40, 60, 63, 64, 76, 86, 93 Per centage of Mortality at various ages in, 89 Sickness Experience of, compared with Glasgow 437,481 Liverpool Friendly Society, ratio of Sickness in the, as compared with the Leeds Society, ... 437 Lodges of Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity, number of, 514 Evils resulting from fewness of members in each, &c ibid. Union of, recommended, 518 Maclaren.Mr., result of a Medical Inquiry conducted by '. 463 Manchester Unity. — See Odd Fellows. Manufacturing and Mining Districts, how divided for classifying Statistics of Crime, 338 Table shewing Amount of Grime in the . 333 Varying per centage of, and stimulus to Crime in the 339 Difference between Amount of Crime in the, and average for England and Wales, . 340, 344 Excess of Crime in the, over the average for the whole country, .... . . 343 Criminal Statistics of the, as compared with agricultural districts, 346-353 Amount of Crime in the, in proportion to signatures by marks, 357-363 Mariners' Friendly Societies, Mortality Statistics furnished by, 150 See Master Mariners. Marks, signatures by. — See Crime. Marriage Eegisters. Marriage Registers, value of educational tests afforded by, with reference to Criminal Statistics, 353 , Ratio of signatures, by marks in; to amount of Crime, 354-363 Master Mariners' Society, plan and objects of the, . 134 Mortality, from all causes, among the members of the, 136, 137 Mortality from natural causes in the, . 138, 139 Mortality from accidental causes in the, 140, 141 MoETALITV. Page Master Mariners, Mortality in the, as compared with that of the whole country 143 Risk of wrecks among the members, . 143, 144 Effect of age and experience, in reducing liability of the members to risks, .... 144 Interpolation Tables of Mortality, &c. . 145-148 Table relative to values of Annuities, &c. on lives of, 149 Medical attendance on Friendly Societies, sugges- tions relative to, 453 Medical Chirurgical Society, progress of the, . . 131, 1 36 Tabular and Chronological Views of its vicissitudes 133-134 Rate of mortality among its members, . 136 Duration and decrement of membership in the, 137, 139 Suggestions relative to compositions in lieu of annual subscriptions, 138,130 Mortality among the members, compared with male population, 130 Results of Dr. Guy and Professor Casper's inquiries upon this subject 131 Medical Department, Army. — See Army. Metropolis, male mortality of the, 138 Ditto, compared with various localities, . 187 Miners, Expectations of Life among, .... 53,59,60 Mold, Sickness Experience of Female Society at, . 463 Mortality in England and Wales, best record of, . 1, 16 Total number of deaths and per centage of mortality for 1838-41 4 Annual number of deaths per 100,000, mortality per cent, and specific intensity thereof, 5, 6 Difficulties in the way of determining dif- ference of, in various districts 10, 11 Suggestions for removing such difficulties, 13-15 high rate of, in Scotch Cities, .... 76 various tabular returns of, from Scotland, 77-80 Statistics of, for Glasgow 83-85, 88 Per centage of, at various ages, in Liver- pool, 89 Statistics of, for Dundee, 90-92 varying ratios of ^ckness, &c. in rural, town, and city districts, 410, 411 INDEX. 625 Mortality. Mortality, necessity for development of law of, in order to arrive at safe conclusion, . . . fluctuations of, in connection with Lodges having few members, Mortality among various classes. — See Army; Friendly Societies; German States; Gotha Life OfBce; Intemperance; Master Mari- ners; Medical Chirurgical Society; Provi- dent Classes. Munro, Mr., result of Eetums procured from Recha- bite Societies by Page 420 520 218 Northampton Tables, comparison of with other Tables, 433 Occupations, amount of sickness in Manchester Unity, classified according to, 426 effect of, in production of disease, . . 427, 454 Sickness and Mortality among various : viz., Factory occupations, In-door, requiring little exercise, . In-door, requiring great exercise, . . . Out-door, requiring little exercise, . Out-door, requiring great exercise, . . Female, active and sedentary, .... Expectation of life in in-door and out- door, with little or great exercise, .... Sum of rate of sickness per annum in same classes of, at quinquennial terms of life, See Trades. Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity of, character of the. Sickness Statistics of the, Analysis of the Mortality and Sickness Returns of the, for 1844, Results of Parliamentary Investiga- tions, as bearing on the question. Coincidence of later proceedings of the Unity, with suggestions made by the Author, Mr. Eatcliffe's Report on Sickness ex- perienced by the Unity in 1846-8, and results deducible therefrom, Effect of influx of young members, and other disturbing causes 454 455 456 457 458 462 456 458 421 422 423 ibid. 423-425 425, 426 Odd Fellows. Page Odd Fellows, Amount of sickness experienced by members at certain ages, classified according to their occupations, 426 Necessity for caution in acting on data furnished by the Unity's present experience, 427 Objections to adoption of an uniform scale for the Unity, 432 Injustice of an uniform rate of contri- bution irrespective of age, 492, 493, 511-513, 528, 529 Per centage of mortality in the Unity, as compared with the whole population, &c. and results deducible therefrom, .... 493, 494 Value of an Annuity of JEl, calculated from the actual experience of the Order, . 495 Premiums for Assurance of d61 payable at death, and payments necessary for &1 a-week during sickness, calculated from same data 496 Total number of members, of weeks' sickness, and amount paid to sick members in 1844, 497 Benefits guaranteed by the Unity, and weekly payments deemed sufficient to ensure same, ihid. Inadequacy of these rates, and conse- quent perilous condition of the Unity, . 498, 499 Immediate necessity for placing the Unity on a safer foundation, and suggestions towards that end 499-501,505 Income and Expenditure of the Unity in 1844, 501, 502 Ruinous consequences of a continuance of the present system of management and expenditure, and analysis thereof, . . . 502-506 Rate of payment for various districts necessary to ensure the proposed benefits, and observations thereon, 507—510 Danger attendant on small societies in the Unity, 520 Plan whereby an uniform scale would become advantageous to the Unity, ... 525 Moral responsibilities of the officers of the Unity 520 7 U 626 INDEX. Odd Fellows. Page Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity of, Urgent need for, and suggestions for hastening a reform in the management of the 527-537 Njimber of Members of Parliament, Clergymen, &c. in the Unity, and special services whereof they are capable, . . . See Blackburn ; Friendly Societies ; 529 Glasgow; Lodges*; Preston. Offences and Offenders, Criminal. — minal Offenders. ! Crime; Cri- Painters. — See Plumbers. Paris, rate of mortality from cholera in, in 1832, . 188 Peerage, expectation of life in the 40 less than in other classes of the community, 43, 151, 157 Phillips, Mr., reference to Treatise on Scrofula, by, 454, 455 Plumbers, Painters, and Glaziers, rate of mortality, &c., among, at various ages 49 Expectation of Life among, .... 59 Amount of sickness among, compared with other trades, 426 Unhealthy incidents of their occupation irremovable, 468 Police Force, Metropolitan, Object of Statistical Society's Committee's Report on, . . . . 459 Number, age at joining, &c. of the ibid. average daily mileage, and nightly duties of each man, 459, 461 number of weeks' sickness in each division during eight years, .... 460 fluctuations of sickness among the, and irksome and laborious nature of their duties, 461 Policies of Assurance, lapsed, subsisting, effected, &c, in the Gotha Life Assurance 154, 191 Average period from date of, to death of the assured, 165 Ratio of discontinuance of, &c. in Gotha, Equitable, and fifteen other oflaces, . . 193 "existing" and "discontinued"; deaths, ratio of premiums, &c 195 discontinued, large profits arising from, . 196 See Assurance. Eailwais. Page Population of England and Wales, 1821-41, with annual rate of increase, 2 Total, as calculated for 81st Dec. 1838- 39-40, and 30th June, 1841, 4 Number per 100,000 left alive annually, from age of ten, 5, 6 Ratio of, to criminal offenders, 1842-1844, 303, 304 in 1841, in each county at quinquennial ages — males 306, 307 ditto— females 308, 309 ditto, with proportionate number at each term of life — males 310,314 Summary of, males and females, . . . 314 Difference of distribution of, in altering apparent ratio of crime, 314,321,395 Yearly ratio of criminals to, and number committing one crime, in each class of of- fences, 395 See Census. Poverty and distress, co-existence of crime with, . 356 Premiums for benefits in Friendly Societies. — See Rates. Preston District Sick Union, average amount of sickness in each Lodge of the 515 importance of example furnished by the 516 Report of Board of Management of, . 516-319 Price, Dr , Hypothesis of Sickness of, 433 Printers, rate of mortality, &c. among at various ages 49 See Compositors. Property, Statistics of Offences against, . . 394, 396, 398 Providence Lodge, Manchester, fallacious nature of the Sickness Statistics of, 513 Provident classes, mortality of the, 151 expectation of life among various grades of, 158 See Friendly Societies; Odd Fel- lows. Railways, important bearing of, on Vital Statistics, Number of miles open, and periodical increase of, from 1840 to 1852, .... Number of miles open and in progress in the United States, 230 231 ibid. INDEX. 627 Eailwats. Page Kailways, Traffic Eeturns of; Passengers, Fares, Receipts, 1840-53 933 Ratio of increase of passengers by, over increase of mileage 933 Remarkable increase in per centage of passengers by and receipts from Parliamen- tary trains 933, 934 Average fares per mile in pence, 1 840-59, and results deducible therefrom, .... 934 Difference of fares in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 235 Beneficial result of introduction of Par- liamentary trains, ibid. Total mileage of, and average distance travelled by passengers, in each class, . . 936, 937 Phenomena exhibited by the gradual de- velopment of cheap fares 937, 938 Railway Accidents : Variety of views respecting, and partial nature of remedies suggested for prevention of, . . ., 239 Mode of proceeding requisite for conduct- ing inquiries relative to, 939, 940 Classified Tables of deaths and injuries from various causes, and among various classes, from 1840 to 1852, 241, 244 Condensed summary of results deduced from above Tables 945 Total number of each class killed and injured annually, 1840-52, 246 Gradual diminution of accidents to pas- sengers, as distinguished from other classes of sufferers, 947, 990 Complete Tabular Classification of causes of accidents and classes killed or injured, 1840-52, 248-255 Curious results presented by analysis of last-mentioned Tables, 256 Ratio of mortality per cent, from each cause to that from all causes among each class of sufferers, 35* Proportion of, within and beyond the control of the Companies, 358-960, 962, 263, 990-993, 996, 297 Rates. Page Railway Accidents, Gradual reduction in frequency and intensity of, 260 — — Proportion of, due to the culpable neglect of railway servants, 964 Runnings off the rails, and analysis of causes thereof, 973-976, 300, 301 Deaths and'injuries resulting from last- mentioned cause, 976, 977 Various classes exposed to risk, numbers killed and injured, ratio of killed to injured, &c 986-989 Railway Collisions, ratio of at different periods, 961, 969, 968 Analysis of causes of, from 1844 to 1859 963-965 Number of deaths and injuries due to each cause of, during same period, . . . 966 Yearly number of deaths, &c. resulting therefrom, and observations thereon, 1844-53 367, 968 Comparative Table of, occurring to various trains, and results deducible therefrom . . 969, 970 Monthly classification of, 1844-69, and of deaths and injuries therefrom 971 Various localities of, 1844-52, and num- ber killed or injured thereby, 272 Accidents by, compared with accidents from "running off the line," ... . 278 Deaths among employes from . . 296, 298, 299 Railway Employes killed and injured, statistics re- lative thereto, 242-246, 251-255, 257, 271, 272, 276, 277, 989-301 Number engaged on lines open for traffic in Great Britain and Ireland 279 Number and description of, exposed to risk 980,281 Ratcliffe, Mr., on sickness and mortality in Man- chester Unity of Odd Fellows, 423, 424, 426, 427, 431, 432 Inadequacy of data used by him for his Monetary Tables, 425, 492 Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies : Precautions to be observed in calculation of, 469, 489, 483 Tables of immediate, deferred and tempo- rary annuities — males, .... 470, 471, 472 628 INDEX. Rates. Page Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies : Premiums, single, annual, and temporary, for sums at death — males 473, 474, 475 Premiums, single and annual, for sick allowances, 478, 479, 480 Value of annuities, premiums for sums at death, on whole population 481 ■■ Serious consequences of calculating on erroneous data, 484 Difference in values of annuities, and amounts of premiums, according to various authorities, .... ....... 485 Formulae whereon Sickness Allowance Table on p. 478 is based, 485, 486 — — Different elements affecting calculations for annuities and sickness allowances, . . 487, 488 Comparative values of sick allowance of £1 per week, according to various autho- rities, 488, 489 Dangers resulting from inadequate contri- butions, 489-493 Necessity for graduation of contributions according to, and injustice of equal rates irrespective of age, 493, 513 Tables and formulae for determining value of sickness allowances, &c 493, 494 Value of annuity, premiums for sickness allowance, &c., calculated from actual expe- rience of Manchester Unity Order of Odd Fellows, 495,496 Insufficiency of contributions of the Order for benefits promised, and amount actually required, 498,507-513 Auxiliary Tables : — Formulae employed for con- struction of, 531-533, 544-549, 574-577, 595-597, 600-608, 604-606 Tables for single lives — males, cal- culated on whole population, at from 3 to 10 per cent 634-543 — Tables for joint lives — males, whole population, calculated at 7 per cent. . . . 550-574 Logarithm of present value of £1, at from 3 to 10 per cent, at end of any number of years, 878-581 Sanitary. Pa^e Auxiliary Tables for Friendly Societies, three districts, at from 3 to 5 per cent 583-591 Examples, differences between values, &c., arrived at by the Tables, 593, 593 Tables Calculated on a disparity of 50 years - — See Annuities ; Friendly Societies ; Odd Fellows. Rechabite Temperance Societies, unfavourable na- ture of Mortality Returns furnished by, . Scale of payments to benefit funds of, Inadequacy and injustice of such scale, Registrar-General, value of the Reports of the, . Consequences of want of unity between his districts and those of the Census Commis- sioners, His letter to the Author, and suggestions of the latter relative thereto, — ■ Inaccuracy of his Reports, relative to deaths from intemperance, Registration, Statistical Society's Report on, and improved forms recommended therein, . Rural Districts, amount of sickness and mortality in, 30, 31, 487 Number living, dying, per centage of mor- tality, &c., in 39 Similar Table, for labourers only, ... 47, 83 Distinction between value of Ufe among various classes in 56, 57 Influence of occupations on duration of life in 58, 59 Approximation of results in, in England and Scotland, . . 83 of Scotland. — See Scotland. 603 818 539 530 1 10 18-15 355 94-99 Rural, Town, and City Districts combined — Tables, comparison of results, &c., . 36, 37, 33-38, 44, 45, 48-51, 53-55, 57, 59-63, 409-411, 483 Sanders, Mr., of Birmingham, an advocate for large societies 518 Sanitary condition of localities, disastrous effects of, much overrated, 467 Regulations, true merits of the question regarding, . 468 INDEX. 629 Scotland. Page Scotland, plan adopted for obtaining correct Returns from Friendly Societies in, 17-19 Explanation of Tables of Duration of Life in, 67 Tables of deaths, sickness, duration and expectation of life, &c., in, at various ages and periods ; Eural Dis- tricts, 68, 69, 77. Towns, 70, 71, 78. Cities, 79, 73, 79. Eural Town and City Districts combined, 74, 75, 80, 81, 160, 161.— See Sickness. High rate of mortality in city districts of, 76 Improved registration system of, and be- neficial results anticipated therefrom, . . 93 Statistical Society's Report on Registra- tration Bill for 94-99 Amount of mortality and sickness in, compared with England, 413 Distinction made in Sickness Returns of some Societies in, Parallelism of rate of sickness in English rural districts and whole of Scotland, and smaller value of Scottish sick allowance, . 487 ■ List of districts in, 611 — — See Aberdeen ; Dundee ; Edinburgh ; Glasgow; Highland Society. Scrofula, reference to Mr. Phillips's Treatise on, . . 4S3-456 Seasons, state of the weather, &c., influence of, on rates of Mortality and Sickness 168, 461 number of collisions on railways as affected by, 263, 266, 270 Sex, precautions to be observed regarding, in Crimi- nal Inquiries, &c 325 See Age and Sex. Shipwrecks, Table of Risks of, 143 See Mariners. Sickness in various districts, among various classes, occupations, trades, &c., . . 20-27, 68-76, 454-462 Per centage, Ratio of, &c. in Scottish Friendly Societies 160 ^— — — ending in recovery, number of weeks' dura- tion of, 161 — — ^— ending in death, similar Table, .... 162 Average duration of each attack of, with final results 163, 164 Sickness. Page Sickness, Phenomena of, not sufficiently taken into Account by Life Assurance Offices, . . . 163 ■ Terms of life at which most or least pro- tracted, ibid. Average amount of, per annum to each per- son, expressed in weeks, 409, 410 ■ — Amount of, in inverse Ratio to that of Mor- tality in certaia Trades, 411 Different Ratios of, in Scotland and Eng- land 412 Annual amount of, in weeks, deduced from various authorities 413 • ■ Qualified value of those authorities, and larger actual amount of Sickness as compared therewith 414, 415 Delusiveness of schemes for provision against, based on inadequate data, .... 415—417 Comparison of experience of various So- cieties, with such data, 417-421, 433 ' Amount of, to each member of the Man- chester Unity, 422 Quinquennial periods of, according to data of this Work, and of Odd Fellows respectively, 424, 426 Amount of, in certain trades at certain Periods of Hfe 426 Folly of relying on limited observations regarding, 429 Actual experience and expected amount of, in certain Societies, 429-432 Ratio of, to each person in certain Societies, and results deducible therefrom, .... 437, 438 — ■ Quinquennial Statistics of, according to Government Returns, 440 Average quinquennial ratio of, derived from same and other sources, 441 Mistaken views of the subject of, in Parlia- mentary Papers, and dangers likely to result therefrom 442, 445 Ratio of protracted Sickness and " walking about " Sickness to total amount of, . . . 446, 447 Protracted and permanent, necessity for special provision for, 449 Per centage of sick, and Ratio per cent, of sick to non-sick members, &c 450 630 INDEX. Sickness. Page Sickness ; Explanation of, and observations on results obtained by last-mentioned Table, . . 449,431-453 — in England and Wales, according to certain data, expressed in weeks 463 •^ Ratio constantly sick at various terms of life, . 466 ^— — — Erroneous vievps of Sanitary Eeformers in connection -with subject of, 467, 468 Elements affecting calculations for provi- sions against, 487, 488 ■ Comparative values of allowances for, for various ages and districts 488, 489 — Eallacious conclusions on tlie subject, and corrective remarks thereon, 5S1, 533 — - — Distressing consequences of arbitrary re- duction of allowances in case of continued Sickness, and remedial suggestions, . . . 533, 533 ■ Advantage of deferred annuities in lieu of sick allowances after age of seventy, . . . 534 See Friendly Societies. Odd Fellows. Rates. Sopwitb, Mr., success of Society under superintendence of, 594 Sotheron, Mr. objects of Committee obtained in House of Commons by, 433 ; drift of the witnesses examined by his Committee, ibid. ; Highland Society's Tables con- demned by it, 445 ; beneficial Legislative Results of his public spirited efforts, 537. Tailors, inverse proportion of Mortality and Sick- ness among 411 Thistle and Rose Society, Glasgow, Sickness and Mortality experience of the, compared with other societies, &c 430-433 duration of various classes of sickness, in the 448 Thomson, Mr., cases wherein the Actuarial Tables of, are serviceable 594 Time, influence of, in producing average results, . 438 Town Districts, list of, 610 Towns and Cities, Tables of mortality, sickness, duration of life, &c., in, 33-85, 30, 31, 37, 70, 70-73, 78, 79 .——— Average mortality of, lowered by certain employments practised therein, .... 60 Yeats, Page Towns and Cities, Sanitary condition of, not the main cause of. high or low mortality therein, 64, 457, 467 Cause of the short duration of life among certain classes of workers in, .... . 468 See " Rural, Town, and City Districts combined." Trades not classified, number living and dying, mortality per cent. &c. of, 61, 63 not classified, Scotland, sickness and mor- tality of, 68-75 noxious and sedentary, influence of, on duration of life, 468 out-door and in-door, lists of, 613-614 : See Bakers, Butchers, Plumbers, Occupations. Trades' Benefit Societies, Scotland, excess of sick- ness among, over Highland Societies' Tables, 419 United States of America, rapid extension of Rail- ways in the 331 Upper Classes not so long lived as the humbler classes, 467 See Guy. Peerage. Violence, deaths from, at home and abroad, deduced from various data 189 Statistics of Crime with and without, 388, 394, 396 Vital Statistics, novel features connected with, . . 453 See Life. Expectation and Equation of Life. Watkins, Mr. William, Statistics of Sickness fur- nished by, 465 Watt, Dr., of Glasgow, comparative Statistics of Sickness furnished by, 433 Wealth, prevalence of, in certain districts, con- sidered in relation to amount of Crime therein, 353, 359 Wiltshire Provident Society, Rate of Sickness in, . 437 Liabilities and Assets of the, .... 489 Cause of its Prospects 440 , Writing considered as an educational test, . , . 853 ■ Connection of inability to write with amount of Crime, 354-363 Yeats, Mr., Sickness Statistics furnished by, . 439 LONDON : PBIKTBD BY T. BEETTKLL, nuPBBT STKEET, HATMAIiKET.