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RELICS 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT AMERICA 
 
 FIRST PART 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 INER LAMB, A. B 
 
 J-^yN-Nyv^- 
 
 Sawtelle sentinel Phint. 
 
hA<\^^^^ 
 
 
 1 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 PA.GE ERROR CORRECTION 
 
 3,8,17 antidiluvian antediluvian 
 
 4 Tarter - Tartar 
 
 14 obsidion obsidian 
 
 22 Abe A.bo 
 
 24 ^ Hibrid - Hybrid 
 
 25 600 800 
 25 Pourtelles Portales 
 
 25 Campollion ChampoUion 
 
 26 Sequia Sequoia 
 
 On page 7, ninth line, insert "also" before 
 after. 
 
 On page 16 omit say after London. On page 
 22 omit o in Darius. On page 23 omit h in Se- 
 rapis and one t In Mediterranean. On page 24 
 omit one r in eruption. On page 27, third line 
 from top, for must read may and for 20 read 30. 
 On page 27, fourth line for '"but it" read "but 
 the former." Close quotation at end of page 27. 
 
 COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1904, A. D., by 
 
 Iner Lamb, in the office of the Librarian of Congress 
 
 at Washington, D. C. 
 
 NOTE 
 
 Tfiis book was begun in A. D. i86g, from a 
 desire to accumulate facts for comparison and 
 reflection. Some were put down from memory. 
 Some originals are not known to be in print. 
 Tributaries receive their contents from reservoirs. 
 •'All the outs and half the ins are responsible for 
 the present state of things." — (Thos. Chatterton.) 
 
E-RTIATA 
 
 Page 
 
 23 
 
 C( 
 
 (C 
 
 Page 
 
 25 
 
 Ki 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 27 
 
 cc 
 
 29 
 
 (< 
 
 30 
 
 ^ • 
 
 31 
 
 a 
 
 37 
 
 a 
 
 38 
 
 a 
 
 26 
 
 23 erase a t in Mediterraneum. 
 
 for Seraphis read Serapis. 
 
 for arrine, read arrive 
 
 " Shilow read -Shiloh 
 
 " intelligeny read intelligent 
 
 " Lyall read Lyell 
 
 " Show read Shows 
 
 " Etrucan read Etruscan 
 
 " journied read journeyed 
 
 " Macedas " ^ Maccedas 
 
 " Dowley " Dowler 
 
 49 and 50 for palaolethic read palaeolithic 
 
 49 3rd line from top, for "Than read "Man" 
 (Full stop after implements.) 
 
Preface. — The author takes no credit to himself, 
 unless it is in the notes. He has given credit to others, 
 and if there is any omission he apologizes and will 
 make corrections and give satisfaction. 
 
 RELICS OF ANCIENT AMERICA- 
 FIRST PART. 
 
 Relics of Ancient America, and a f-ew others, with 
 notes made with a view to arrive at a correct solu- 
 tion of prehistoric times. - The following foiir classes 
 were compiled from Egbert Guernsey's History of 
 the United States, with a notice of American An- ' 
 tiquities and Indian Tribes. Phila., i86g. The 
 first class form Welsh and Scandinavian relics; the 
 second Grecian and Roman; the third Egyptian; 
 the fourth Antidiluvian; the fifth consists of a mis- 
 cellaneous collection. 
 
 CLASS FIRST. 
 
 In Onandagua county; N. Y., is the site of an 
 ancient burying ground in which timber of second 
 growth was growing, judging from • the reduced 
 mould of timber lying around. The concentric circu- 
 lar grains ol^ trees"' of first growth would guarantee a 
 period of loo vears. In one of the graves was found 
 a glass bottle and an iron- hatchet edged with steel. 
 The eye or place of the helve was round and projected 
 like the ancient German axe. In the same town were 
 found the remains of a blacksmith's forge, and cruci- 
 bles such as mineralogists use in refining metals. In 
 Scipio, Mr. Halstead has from time to time ploughed 
 
up on his farm 700 or 800 pounds of brass which ap- 
 peared to have been formed into various implements 
 of husbandry and war. On this field forest timber 
 was growing abundantly which had attained a great 
 age and size, Mr. H. also found sufficient wrought 
 iron to shoe his horses for many years. We cannot 
 resist the conclusion that on this farm was situated a 
 village of Danes or Welsh, who were exterminated by 
 war hundreds of years before Columbus was born. 
 
 Note^AUowing 500 years for the grow'th of the 
 forest timber, all these settlers of New York state, in- 
 cluding those at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, must 
 have been exterminated about the twelfth century by 
 the second great invasion of Tart^ hordes from the 
 North. g^ 
 
 On the Black River, N. Y., a man digging a well 
 found a quantity of China and delf-ware at the depth 
 of several feet. In Tompkins county, N. Y., Mr. Lee . 
 discovered on his farm the .entire works of a wagon 
 reduced to dust. On the flats of the Genesee river, on 
 the land of Mr. Liberty Judd, was found a bit of silver 
 about the length of a man's finger, hammered to a 
 point at one end, while the other was smooth and 
 square, on which was engraved, in. Arabic figures, the 
 words "in the year of our Lord 600" 
 
 Note — Dionysius Exiguus fixed the A. D. in the 
 year 527 A. D. Hence 600 was within 100 years since 
 the custom of reckoning by A. D. in Europe began. 
 
 The Welsh and the Scandinavians settled at the 
 mouth of the St. Lawrence about A. D. 1000 to iioo. 
 The traces of a Scandinavian, Welsh and Danish pop- 
 ulation are clear. They form a class of antiquities 
 entirely distinct from the walled towns and mounds, 
 and must have been subsequent»to them. The forts 
 of Danes, Belgae and Saxon were round. Those of 
 the Romans were square. A tribe of Indians, a great 
 way up the Missouri, speak Welsh and retain some 
 ceremonies of Christian worship, but are like Indians 
 in habits and appearance. Imlay in his History of 
 America says this is universally allowed to be a fact. 
 
 At the head waters of the Red river is another 
 tribe of Indians calling themselves Maccedas, having 
 Indian manners, customs and speech, and who resem- 
 ble the Welsh. Powell in his History of Wales 
 
 —4— 
 
"a-^WNiBfonv in the twelfth century and of 
 tlie voyage of Madnc, the son of Owen Guynneth. 
 i^nnce ot Wales, who went west amd settled in a new 
 counti-v. A tribe of white Welsh Indians we*€ found 
 m Ohio who had a very old Welsh New Testament 
 written m Greek characters, which thev could not 
 read. 
 
 ?°^^~'^'^^ above mention of the twelfth century 
 , altords a clue as to when the extermination of the 
 last settlements of New York state took place prior to 
 the growth of the forests mentioned above, and to the 
 discovery by Columbus. The Norwegians discovered 
 Greenland A. D. 964, after which settlements were 
 made at the mouth bf the St. Lawrence. Modocs is 
 a name of a tribe mf Indians (compare with Madoc ) 
 Lord Monboddo says this country (America) was 
 known to the old world as early as the siege of Troy, 
 B. C.^1184. I-ief was the first settler in Greenland. 
 
 Snovo Sturleson speaks of Biorn of Iceland being 
 driven by a storm and finding America and that in 
 A. D. 1121 a Bishop Eric went from Greenland to 
 \ meland (Labrador) to convert to Christianity. 
 
 Bancroft (Native Races, Vol. 5) savs there are In- 
 dian tribes in South America who^ have had the rites 
 of baptism, circumcision and the purification of wo- 
 men at childbiith long before the CathoHc mission- 
 aries went among them. 
 
 CLASS SECONT) — GRECIAN AXD ROMAN. 
 
 There are mounds and fortifications along the 
 Mississippi anterior to the above and that belong to 
 the third class. The mound-builders (Toltecs) would 
 be still a more distinct class and contemporary with 
 the Druids. The largest mound is near Wheehng,Ohio. 
 It is 90 feet high, 50 rods in circumference, and filled 
 with thousands of human skeletons. Judging from large 
 trees, it has been deserted 1200 years, i. e. since A. D.^ 
 500-600. 
 
 Note — This date would place the mounds subse- 
 quent to the times of the Greeks and Romans, who 
 would begin to be driven back by the first invasion 
 of Tartars from the North, and who made warfare the 
 business of their lives A. D. 600-700. The cliff dwell- 
 ers lived in more dangerous times. In Dade county, 
 
Wisconsin, are mounds of figures, (tiuman) witli un- 
 natural length of arms. At Marietta are extensive 
 fortifications and' a fort containing 50 acres of land, 
 showing the power of the builders and the strength 
 of the enemy, like the Roman forts described by Jose- 
 phus (see Roman Camp). In the same county is a 
 mound like a human figure, 35 feet in width, 6 feet iri- 
 height, 125 feet in length and 140 feet from one ex- 
 tremit_7 of the arm to the other. On the bank of the 
 Muskingham river and at Circleville, Ohio, are the 
 ruins of immense walls, forts, mounds, and wells of 
 beautiful hewn stone, and according to the most scien- 
 tific principles of architecture. 
 
 At Paint Creek, Qhio, are works of art more 
 wonderful than any yet described, six near each 
 other; one enclosure has three forts containing 17, 27, 
 and 77 acres each, and 14 gateways from one to six 
 rods in width. At the outside of each of these gate- 
 ways is an ancient well from 4 to 6 rods in width at 
 the top. Within the large enclosure is an elliptical 
 elevation 25 feet high, 100 feet in circumference, and 
 filled with human- bones. The elevation is perfectly 
 smooth and level at the top, probably where priests 
 sacrificed human beings before the vast throng which 
 congregated around the mound to witness the bloody 
 rites. New discoveries are constantly being made. 
 
 Note — This seems as if the mound builders had 
 raised a mound inside of an old Roman fort, showing 
 that they came subsequently. The Druids at one time 
 offered human sacrifices; that of virgins and widows 
 was well known in India. There are forts, tumuli, 
 mounds, roads, wells and walls, enclosing from one to 
 500 acres made of stone and earth, 20 feet in thickness 
 and very high — works requiring too much labor for 
 Indians ever to have performed. 
 
 The skeletons found in them are not like those of 
 the red Indians, who are tall and slim, while these are 
 rarely over 5 feet in height. The tallest and shortest 
 of- the human races are in Patagonia. The Pueblos, 
 a short race, making more pretensions to civilization 
 than the rest, are found in North and Central Amer- 
 ica. They could climb and needed protection, and 
 are supposed to be the descendants of the cliff-dwell- 
 ers, but without sufficient reason. Weapons of brass 
 
 —6— 
 
have been found in several parts of America, both in 
 Canada and Florida, and with curiously wrought 
 SI ones, showing that the country was once well peo- 
 pled with industrious and civilized nations. 
 
 Note — May not the mOund builders, who were a 
 rather short race, but not so much so as the Pueblos 
 or -town Indians, have been driven back by the first in- 
 vasion of Tartars from the North, probably about 600 
 B. C.,^and^after the barbarians had over-run the Ro- 
 man Empire A. D. 200-300. The Danes, Welsh and 
 Scandinavians, also short men, were driven back or 
 exterminated by a second invasion of Tartars in the 
 twelfth century A. D. In January, 182 1, on the banks 
 of, the river Desperes, there were found by an Indian 
 a Roman coin (presented to Governor Clark) and a 
 Persian coin near a spring in Ohio some feet under 
 ground. In December, 1827, a planter discovered in 
 a field a short distance from Monte Video a sort of 
 tombstone, with characters engraved on it. On re- 
 moving it he found a small excavation formed of 
 masonry, containing two ancient swords, a -helmet, a 
 rusty shield, and an earthen- ware, vessel of large ca- 
 pacity, with writing in Greek, thus: "During the 
 dominion of Alexander the Great, son of Phillip, king 
 of Macedon, in the 63rd Olympd, Ptolemais." The 
 rest was worn out. On the handle of one sword is a 
 portrait of a man supposed to be Alexander the Great. 
 
 Note — By those foreigners whoi lived in Palestine 
 the Olympiads are reckoned from the captivity of the 
 two tribes. On the helmet there is a sculptured work 
 of exquisite skill representing Achilles dragging the 
 corpse of Hector round the walls of Troy, taken from 
 Homer's Iliad. 
 
 In connection with the above Eratosthenes, the 
 greek philosopher, mathematician and historian, B. C. ' 
 200, mentions Pythias, who lived in the time of Alex-' 
 ander the Great, as being a great philosopher, geog- 
 rapher and voyager, and that he made several voy- 
 ages into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 Note— As the first Olympiad began B. C. 776, and 
 they were held every four years, it would be the iioth 
 Olymp. in the time of Alexander the Gr^at, unless they 
 were at ffrst held every 7 years, but it fits to begin it 
 at the captivity of the . two tribes 588 B. C. The 
 
 —7— 
 
Greeks may have followed the custom then prevailing 
 at Ptolemais. 
 
 CLA.SS THIRD — EGYPTIAN. 
 
 Lexington (Ky.) stands nearly over the site of an 
 ancient town of great extent and magnificence, amply 
 evidenced by the wide range of its works covering a 
 great quantity of ground and a catacomb with niches, 
 compartments, and mummies embalmed and in as 
 great state of preservation as any that have been dug 
 out of the tombs of Egypt 3000 years old. The cata- 
 comb was 18 1-2 rods in length and 61-2 in width 
 and 7 feet high, and would hold 2000 subjects. It 
 was found in the bowels of limestone rock 15 feet be- 
 low the surface. The descent to the cavern was 
 gradual. 
 
 Note — The Egyptians always excavated their tombs 
 in the earth and along the sides of mountains of rock. 
 The custom is purely Egytian. That they were a 
 maritime people is shown from the following: In B. 
 C. 604 they, under King Necho, fitted out an expedi- 
 tion for the Phoenicians to sail from the Red Sea 
 around Africa and return by the Mediterranean Sea, a 
 distance of 16,000 miles, which they effected without the 
 compass, for they were better skilled in the knowledge 
 of the heavenly bodies than we are. 
 
 CLASS FOURTH — ANTIDILUVIAN. 
 
 The massive pyramidal structures found in Easter 
 island were doubtless the work of a gigantic race who 
 preceded the Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians knd 
 Chinese, for magnates walked the first. They knew" 
 nothing about glass and had the rudest hieroglyphics. 
 They had to contend with inundations, earthquakes, 
 carnivorous beasts and savage tribes. J Two, 7 feet in 
 height, were found in a cavern on Mt. Rariier (Wash.) 
 They may have been antidiluvians on account of be- 
 ing giants. The re"mains of former dwellings, hearths, 
 fire-places and bones of animals in immense quantities 
 have been found along the banks of the Ohio many 
 feet under ground, while above them are found the 
 former habitations of men, and over them trees grow- 
 ing as large as any in the surrounding forest. 
 
 J Petrified. O 
 
On San Raphael -island, opposite Santa Barbara, 
 high up on the elevated land, are found an immense 
 number of bones of whales. The top was level with 
 the sea when the bones of whales were thrown upon it. 
 The piles of shells were since the sea receded. Indians 
 lived on shell fish. Fire-brands, split-wood, ashes, 
 coal, tools, utensils, of various kinds, brass rings, im- 
 mense vessels of pottery of curious workmanship and 
 remarkable size, have been discovered 80 and 90 feet 
 below the surface: On the Susquehanna river a piece 
 of pottery was found 12 feet in diameter across the 
 top, 36 feet in circumference and of proportional size 
 and form. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CLASS. 
 
 In digging a well near Cincinnati, A. D. 1826, the 
 stump of a tree was found in a sound state 80 feet be- 
 low the earth. The blows of the axe were still visible 
 and the remains of the tree were firmly rooted in its 
 original position several feet below the bed of the 
 Ohio. Another stump was discovered near this place 
 94 feet below the surface, and on the top it appeared 
 as if some iron tool had been consumed by rust. 
 
 Note — The sound state and rusted tools, point to 
 its being overwhelmed from the west, hence its depth 
 is not all due to decayed vegetation. We infer that 
 the bed of the river had itself arisen and left the stump 
 below. In the section about Fredonia, on the south 
 side of Lake Erie, utensils of various kinds have been 
 found, also split- wood and ashes, from 30 to 50 feet 
 below the surface and much below the bed of Lake 
 Erie, which may have been since raised. Near Wil- 
 liamsburg, in Virginia, about 60 miles from the sea, 
 the entire vertebrae of a whale was found and several 
 fragments of the ribs imbedded several feet below the 
 surface. It is affirmed by some that the sea encroaches 
 on the land on the western coasts and retires on the 
 eastern, but the land also rises on both coasts, from 
 the fact that no mounds are found on the states bor- 
 dering on the Atlantic and Pacific. If there is no 
 great whirlpool at the soutli pole there is no reason 
 why oceans should subside, therefore we infer that the 
 land has risen; but if there is one, the ocean has also 
 sunk. Query — Would not the top of Mount Raph- 
 
 —9— 
 
ael's land have been more disturbed if the, land had 
 risen ? In the same region, at depths of from 60 to 90 
 feet, the teeth of sharks have been discovered. From 
 these and various discoveries from 50 to 100 feet be- 
 low the surface we are led to infer also that the orig- 
 inal surface of America may not have been much dis- 
 turbed, but was suddenly overwhelmed from the west. 
 The vast state of loam and clay, gravel and stone, 
 which lie over each other evince from their unnatural 
 positions that they were thrown furiously by water 
 over the continent from the countries of the west. 
 
 Note — The sea must have been much higher and 
 rolled its bottom over the east. This violent over- 
 turning could be ascribed to the shifting of the poles 
 of the earth. Some suppose that alpha draconis was 
 once our polar star, also alpha centauri. The former is 
 gathered from the bearings of the Egyptian Sphinx. 
 Relics of the reindeer are also found in the south of 
 France. It can be calculated from the Delta that 
 there was no Mississippi river 15,000 years ago. Quills 
 of birds have been found large enough to admit a 
 man's arm into the calibre, and the claws measure 
 three feet in length. The footprints of very large 
 birds are found on the rocks of Conn. The air must 
 have been very much denser, the winds stronger, and 
 the mountains lower when magnates, such as the 
 71^ Dinorsfis of New Zealand, walked the earth. In sys- 
 tems of ancient marine deposits frogs were as large aS 
 sheep. The remains of a monster were discovered in 
 Louisiana 17 feet under ground (probably on rocky 
 mountain land), whose largest bone weighed 1200 
 pounds.- It (the bone) was 20 feet long and was either 
 a jaw or shoulder blade. The animal is supposed to 
 have been 125 feet long, probably Behemoth the chief, 
 of the ways of God in creation. The largeness of the 
 creatures would intimate that the earth was much 
 larger, the sea much higher and that the time in solid- 
 ifying the globe and assuming the level, notwithstand- 
 ing its various elevations and depressions and the in- 
 crease of soil in the valleys, is slight, compared with 
 her spheroidal oblate change. 
 
 Note— Vast numbers of human skeletons heaped 
 up with broken tips of arrows in the skulls have been 
 found several feet under ground in Louisiana with 
 
 — 10 — 
 
plain indications of a seashore beach above them, and 
 from which the sea of the gulf has receded. The 
 skulls were prognathous and high at the occipital 
 crown. At Lafayette, 12 miles south of Syracuse, Mr. 
 •Wm. Newell was digging a well in limestone and 
 found a petrified man near the surface. It was 10 
 feet 2 1-2 inches in length; the thigh was 12 inches 
 thick; the body was lying on its right side, with one 
 hand at its back, the other in front and the left leg 
 thrown over its right. 
 
 Note— From the position of the limbs the action 
 of water is suspected. He may have been drowned in 
 Lake Ontario on a bed of limestone when it was much 
 larger, or from the deluge when violence filled the 
 earth. In 1816-1823 A. D., a hill was cut through to 
 form a canal near Moestich, in the suburbs of Liege. 
 In excavating there were found an extraordinary num- 
 ber of bones, tusks, and molar teeth of elephants, 
 horns of deer, bones of a species of ox (mastodon), and 
 other mammalia, together with a human lower jaw 
 and teeth (preserved at Levden) and at a depth of 19 
 feet below the surface, where the loess joins the under- 
 lying gravel in a stratum of sandy loam. The stratum 
 was intact and undisturbed, but the human jaw was 
 isolated, the nearest tusk of an elephant being 6 yards 
 removed from it in a horizontal direction. Most of 
 the other mammalian bones were found in or near the 
 gravel, but some of the tusks and teeth of the elephants 
 ■ were met with much nearer the surface. 
 
 Note — The above would suggest the bed of an 
 ancient river. The sandy loam implying a time when 
 the water was shallow and vegetation grew on it. 
 When the river was swollen the bones would be found 
 higher up on the banks. Rivers passing along lime- 
 stone would excavate and fill in with bones that were 
 stranded on the shallows. A human skull has been 
 found in a bone-cave (the Neanderthal in the Nether- 
 lands) and one in the Engis cave (Lake Zurich). These 
 are.said to be more ancient than any yet found, and 
 according to Prof. Huxley approached the European 
 type. A skeleton found in the island of Guadalupe 
 (now in the British museum) is found to belong to 
 some of the Caribs who were killed in battle 200 
 3-ears ago, although petrified in limestone. 
 
 — II — 
 
The following affords a clue as to the time com- 
 pared with depth and with the nature of the ground. 
 The foundation of Solomon's temple has lately been 
 dug up at a depth of 90 feet below the surface. The 
 layers of stone were 125 feet in length. The areas of 
 the succeeding temples over it were much greater. 
 This would give 2900 years for 90 feet of depth on a 
 mountain being one foot in 413 years, allowing 20 
 feet for the original foundation. The head of the 
 original brook Kedron known at the time of Christ 
 has been found 60 feet below the surface. A depth of 
 4 feet will account for a generation of forest trees. 
 Human graves were found 60 feet in depth in Louis- 
 iana and several feet over them oyster shells were scat- 
 tered as if thrown up by a sea on a beach. On the 
 banks of the Arkansas river 75,000 human skulls were 
 found with metallic tips of arrows in them, of two 
 races of men evidently slain in battle, in sand and 
 covered over with several feet of sand and over it 
 again several feet of clay, and over it again several 
 feet of alluvium containing large forest trees. The 
 skulls were narrow, elongated back and prognathous. 
 In some parts of Nicaragua beads of lava basalt and 
 chalcedony are numerous. Monstrous forms and 
 shapes such as a coiled plumed serpent are found paint- 
 ed 40 feet up the perpendicular side of a precipice. 
 They understood the making of pigments of clay and 
 stone utensils and obsidian arrow tips. Their mur- 
 derous hands could not draw fine lines. Their achieve- 
 ments in sculpture made them seek uses for them. 
 Hence their reverence for feats of sculpture amounting 
 to worship. In skill and taste some ancient pottery 
 is superior to modern. They found it abundant in 
 lake islands, i. e., crater lakes. The pottery was evi- 
 dently made when lava was abundant, for they could 
 have dug deep into the ground without the use of 
 metallic tools. Hence the uses of funeral vases and 
 tripods. Stags and alligators often form the orna- 
 mentation of their pottery. They are found in Cen- 
 tral America. One ancient copper mask was found in 
 Nicaragua supposed to be at least 3000 years old, very 
 elaborately ornamented, a la Mosaic, at Uxmal (Brit. 
 Encyc. vol. 4, p. 324). The device of a beast spring- 
 ing on the back of a human form and idols also occur 
 
in terra cotta. The figures are studiously grotesque 
 and monstrous, indicating a delight for the ludicrous 
 or for a desire to banish constant fears. Bancroft re- 
 fers the relics of Nicaragua to the i6th century B. C. 
 Cremation indicates a very numerous aboriginal peo- 
 ple, also their highly finished taste for ornamental 
 vases. Calaveras couiity has also yielded many inter- 
 esting relics of a past age of the same natuie as those 
 described in Tuolumne county.. The famous Cala- 
 veras skull was taken from a mining shaft at Alta- 
 ville at a depth of 130 feet beneath several strata of 
 lava and gravel. Many stone mortars and mastodon's 
 bones have been found about Altaville, but not under 
 lava. The skull was of Pleiocene period, found as 
 follows: black lava 4 feet, gravel 3 feet, light lava 30 
 feet, gravel 5 feet, then red lava 4 feet, then red gravel 
 17 feet, light lava 15 feet, gravel 25 feet, brown lava 
 9 feet, gravel 5 feet, in which the skull was found. 
 Gravel implies rivers from melted snow. 
 
 An Indian arrow head made of stone as in our 
 time was lately picked up from the solid cement at 
 Buckeye hill at a depth of 80 feet from the ground and 
 about one foot from the bed-rock. 
 
 Note — The Calaveras skull was found 40 feet deeper 
 than the foundation of Solomon's temple and should 
 not require 5000 years. A volcanic age could succeed 
 and subside between it and the stone-mortar age. 
 One foot from the bed-rock would imply (at Buckeye 
 hill) a sea coast line not far off. Lava could be thrown 
 150 miles. A well executed representation of a deer's 
 foot cut out of slate and a tube 5 inches long and one 
 foot in diameter were found 30 feet below the surface 
 ov^er which grew a huge pine tree, the growth of cen- 
 turies, at Don Pedro's bar, in A. D. 1861, in Califor- 
 nia. A petrified mammoth b'>ne was found weighing 
 54 pounds 35 feet in depth in gravel, also human 
 skulls in post-diluvian strata over 50 feet in depth 
 (river bottom). Mammoth bones at Diamond Spring 
 40 feet in depth. Mortars were found at 100 feet in 
 depth, also fossil bones and stone relics in the mines 
 about Placerville. In Nevada county, at Grassvalley, 
 stone implements have been found at different dates 
 from 10 to 80 feet below the surface. A skillet, or 
 saucepan, made of lava, hard as iron, was found at 
 
 — i^ — 
 
Colima in 185 1 A. D., 15 feet below the surface under 
 an oak tree, whicti tree was not less than 1000 years 
 old. A human forearm bone with crystalized mar- 
 row imbedded, was found in a petrified cedar 63 feet 
 below the surface. A collar bone was found in the 
 gravel of the great blue lead in .1857 A. D. not less 
 than 1000 feet below the forest -covered surface. Mam- 
 moth bones at Columbia, in Stanilaus county, were 
 found 35 feet in depth. A hyena's tooth at 60 feet in 
 depth in Amador county. Two mortars from the 
 bank of Yuba river 16 feet in depth. A peste*' and 
 mortar at 16 feet in depth in auriferous gravel, weigh- 
 ing 30 pounds and holding two quarts. An ox'al gran- 
 ite dish with the usual bones under from 20 to 30 feet 
 of calcareous tuft, 18 1-2 feet in diameter and 2 1-2 
 inches in thickness. A stone bead of calspar was 
 found with the bones of the mastodon under a strata 
 of lava 300 feet from the mouth of a tunnel. In 1858 
 A. D., there was found in tunneling, a stone mortar 
 at a depth of 350 feet from the surface of the earth, 
 lying in auriferous gravel under a thick strata of 
 lava. In 1862 another mortar was found at the depth 
 of 340 feet and 1800 feet from the mouth of the tun- 
 nel. At the same level spear- heads from 6 to 8 inches 
 in length and broken off where attached to, shaft were 
 found. 
 
 The work of human hands is shown to have been 
 discovered in connection with the bones of, the masto- 
 don, elephants, horses, camels and other animals long 
 since extinct. In the carving of pipes by the mound- 
 builders the representation of natural objects is much 
 more accurate than of the cliff-dwellers who must 
 therefore have preceded them. Indigenous animals 
 are truthfully represented, also Lamantin and Toucan. 
 It is hard to think how the mound- builders could cut 
 down forests, dig up earth, with only soft copper 
 quartz, galena or obsidiqp tools. The bones of fowls, 
 and shells are found in caves along the coasts. Lance- 
 heads broken by fire are taken from altar mounds. 
 Elaborately worked vases are found. Their altars 
 and religious mounds are made with great care and 
 exactness. Several bushels of lance-heads of milky 
 quartz were found in one mine. Pipes are cut from 
 a single piece of porphyry or red pipestone. Bones of 
 
 — 14— 
 
animals are found worked into daggers, awls, beads 
 and implements. Their knives were of obsidian; they 
 may have had bone shovels and scoops. A piece of 
 copper weighing 5 tons was found 15 feet below the 
 surface under trees that were at least 400 years old. 
 That lump of copper had been raised on skids and 
 bore marks of fire. Some stone implements were scat- 
 tered about, also hammers for making copper wedges; 
 some stone hammers weighed 40 pounds. Much worn 
 wooden shovels are often found. They could not have 
 worked the mines in winter with their methods. The 
 mound-builders (the Toltecs) were numerous, united, 
 and agricultural. The modern Indians know nothing 
 about those mines of copper. Hunters never build ex- 
 tensive public works. The earth had been well cleared 
 of wild beasts. The animal carvers of the lamantin, 
 elk and toucan preceded them as a race, probably be- 
 fore the deluge. All traces of architecture have dis- 
 appeared except in South and Central America. Their 
 earthworks show more perseverance than skill. Wooden 
 buildings made by stone and copper tools seem' im- 
 possible. Their monuments imply a wide-spread re- 
 ligious system under a powerful priesthood. Their 
 altar mounds suggest sacrifices and human bones cre- 
 mated to put in vases. Their temple mounds resem- 
 ble the uses of the southern pyramids with reference 
 to the pole star. Bancroft thinks the mound-builders 
 came from Nahua. Their works were not built by a 
 migrating people, but by one that had dwelt long in 
 the land. 
 
 Notes — The Pueblos were not. migrating. The re- 
 sults attained require from four to five centuries. If 
 the ci\'ilization was indigenous and not imported a 
 longer time would be necisssary. A northern origin 
 would imply a longer duration of time than a south- 
 ern. None of their works (mounds) stand on the last 
 formed terraces of rivers; those on the second bear 
 traces of having been invaded by water. The last 
 terrace required a longer time for formation on account 
 of the gradual longituninal leveling of the river-beds. 
 There has been a complete disappearance of their 
 wooden structures. Length of time is suggested by 
 the decomposition of human bones well calculated ior 
 preservation. Skeletons are, found in Europe well 
 
preserved for 1800 years. Historic tradition would 
 have been preserved had there been contact with a 
 superior immigrant race. The fact that the monu- 
 ments were covered in the 17th century with primi- 
 tive forests uniform with those that covered the other 
 parts of the country, that trees 400 years old exist 
 over the monuments, and that equally large ones were 
 found at their feet on and under the ground in all 
 stages of decomposition, shows that the abandonment 
 of the works must be dated back at least twice the 
 age of the trees. The first growth on the abandon- 
 ment of cultivated land is very unlike the original 
 forest, both in species and size, and several genera- 
 tions would be required to restore the primeval forest. 
 General Notes — This article ought, perhaps, to 
 have been put further on in the discussion of general 
 causes. Dr. Wilson has shown that the mound-build- 
 ers of Ohio were not red Indians. Dr. Aitken Meigs, 
 of Philadelphia, has come to the conclusion, from the 
 examination of 11 25 skulls, that no skulls can be said 
 to belong exclusively to any race or tribe ; that none 
 of them can be regarded as strictly typically, and that 
 there is a marked tendency in them to graduate into^ 
 each other more or less sensibly. Dr. Cummings, of 
 London, in his book entitled "Moses Right and 
 Colenso Wrong," says: "no traces of man have been 
 found in the drift which is next below alluvium." 
 Drift has been caused by water and ice and is there- 
 fore older than the deluge, which came from north to 
 south and brought icebergs with it. Sir Charles Ly#ll ,£1 
 says there existed on the earth some 40 or 50 thousand 
 years ago a race of animals in the shape of man,, who 
 were able to make arrow heads and other rude imple- 
 ments of flint. The arrow-heads of the drift period 
 are older than 6000 years. The ages of stone, bronze 
 and iron implements are contemporary with firs, oaks 
 / and beach trees. In digging a tunnel recently in Tu- 
 /{jf^ olurane county, a pestal and mortar were found in 
 gold-bearing gravel many feet under ground. Those 
 exhibited in the Los Angeles museum show exquisite 
 skill in their manufacture. They were evidently heir- 
 looms and used for pounding either cereals or ore. 
 There has been recently found in Arizona, 12 miles 
 from Espagnola, a large subterranean cave, having a 
 
 — 16— 
 
watch tower above with 1700 compartments, and sim- 
 ilar to the great ca\'e of Kentucky. One cHff cave in 
 Arizona has the imprint on the wall of a baby's chubby 
 hand done when the plastering was first put on. Some 
 of these cliff caves are now found with extremely diffi- 
 cult access, high above streams. Close to the cave 
 near Espagnola two skeletons were found, a male and 
 a female, 7 feet in length. The femur of the ferraale 
 measured 19 inches. The skeleton of a man resem- 
 bling a red Indian was found 16 feet below the sur- 
 face and below four successive lavers of buried trees, 
 while excavating for gas works at New Orleans. 
 
 Note — Four feet of depth accounts for a genera- 
 tion of forest trees. A human skeleton has been found 
 in a quarry in North America, in limestone and petri- 
 fied, 15 feet below the surface and lower than the relics 
 of the rhinerceros. Query — When did the sandstone 
 become liard, and how ? and where are the animals 
 that made the imprints in the tracks of 40 species of 
 bipeds and quadrupeds, found in sandstone along the 
 Connecticut river ? 
 
 On the small island of Easter in the Pacific ocean, 
 which contains about 2000 savages who speak the 
 language of Tahiti, colossal stone statues are found on 
 platforms of Herculean masonr}^, made with great skill 
 and tact. 
 
 The flesh of the mammoth found preserved in the 
 Arctic regions has been eaten by dogs in the last cen- 
 tury. Semi-tropical animals have disappeared in the 
 north. ^ 
 
 PREHISTORIC RELICS (Antid'iluvian). 
 
 Creston, Jan. 24th, A. D. 1891. — Workmen exca- 
 vating a cellar in Adams county, Iowa, a few days ago 
 came upon the memento of a long forgotten race. 
 They struck what at first appeared to be a solid ledge 
 of rock or coal, and sitting down to rest one of them 
 began to pick at an apparent fissure, when a solid rock 
 nearly two feet square disappeared with a dull thump. 
 The men set eagerly to work, and removing the bot- 
 tom of the pit, discovered a chamber with a fifteen- 
 foot ceiling on walls 20 by 20 feet in extent, which 
 
 — 17— 
 
were of neatly seamed stone work. Ranged in rows 
 on rudely constructed platforms were skeletons each 
 with an arrow and tomahawk by its side, also ear- 
 rings and bracelets of lead lying where they were 
 dropped (by women?) and.piles of what appeared to 
 have been fur on the center of the platform. Each 
 pile crumbled to dust as soon as exposed to the light. 
 A number of tools made of copper were also found. 
 
 Note — This may have been a tomb. Tomahawks 
 and scalping knives were used for making utensils out 
 of skulls. 
 
 The following is taken from the "Return," Davis ' 
 City, Iowa, for December. i8go: "An interesting find 
 near Mendon, 111., that puzzles the antiquarians con- 
 sists of fragments of a musical instrument made of 
 copper. The characters on the sounding board are 
 unlike those of other alphabets — Hittite, Aztec or 
 Mormon." 
 
 Some few years ago, two inscribed tablets were 
 found near Davenport, Iowa, covered with peculiar 
 figures, and among them strange hieroglyphic letters. 
 The members of the Davenport Academy did not un- 
 dertake to decide what alphabet it was, but the. sec- 
 retarv and other members maintained that it was one 
 with which the mound-builders were acquainted; that 
 they were an ancient people and civilized enough to 
 have cin alphabet. 
 
 By a strange fatuity the editor of the American An- 
 tiquarian has come upon a find whicli is as puzzling as 
 the Davenport tablets. It is in the shape of a musical 
 instrument, or rather the fragments of one. The wood 
 of it had decayed, but the copper which seems lo have 
 constituted the sounding board and keys, still re- 
 mained in good condition. One of the strange fea- 
 tures of the instrument is there is not a particle of 
 iron about it. It seemed to have been a combination 
 of a harp and violin. The shape is three cornered like 
 a harp but the strings are stretched across a bridge 
 and fastened, to the keyboard at the end as on a violin, 
 making a very unusual combinaiion. There is no in- 
 strument like it in modern use, and nothing among 
 the ancients that at all resembles it. The 'mvsteri- 
 ous part of the whole relic is that there are ten hiero- 
 
 — 18— 
 
glyphic characters cut into the copper sounding board 
 close by the keys. These hieroglyphics are unlike any 
 musical signs known in modern times. They are un- 
 like any known alphabet. They resemble the hiero- 
 glyphics found in the Da\-enport tablets o\er which 
 the savants have puzzled themselves so thoroughly. 
 They are also like those in the Greek grave tablet 
 (time of Alexander the Great). They are not exactly 
 counterparts, but resemble them. The letters on the 
 Davenport tablets have been compared to Hittite, 
 Phoenician, Samaritan, and other Eastern alphabets. 
 They do not exactly correspond. The place where it 
 was found is near a spring on the side of a hill three 
 miles from the village of Mendon, and 20 miles from 
 Ouincy, 111. The young man who found it was dig- 
 ging a post-hole for a hay-rick in his barnyard and 
 came upon the copper-plaie as he struck the clay. The 
 family had owned the place for forty years. It was 
 covered with forest when they took it. — Weekly Inter- 
 Ocean. 
 
 The following is a relic of past ages taken from 
 Demorest's Monthly for August, i8go: "In the lake 
 region of southern Florida a canal was being con- 
 structed, in which a curious discovery came to light. 
 About four feet below the level of Lake Dora a sand- 
 stone wall was discovered, which led to further inves- 
 tigation, which settled the fact that long anterior to 
 Columbus, and perhaps the Christian era, a race in- 
 habited Florida far superior to the Indian. They were 
 a people who dwelt in walled cities and who used 
 flint weapons in war. Indeed, tliere are evidences of 
 such a race inhabiting this continent many thousand 
 years ago. It is depressing to think that over a whole 
 continent a race or races far advanced in a certain kind 
 of ci\'ilization should have melted away before tribes 
 of savages such as the white people found in this 
 country after the discover}^ by Columbus." 
 
 Note — This race may have been contemporary 
 with Atlantis, and the tidal waves caused by its sink- 
 ing have destroyed them to far inland, and then this 
 event been followed by the invasion of the Greeks and 
 Romans, and after they returned to have been fol- 
 
 — 19— 
 
lowed b}^ the incursion of Tartars, warlike from birth. 
 As the knowledge of the use of iron goes back to all 
 historic times, and America was once inhabited by 
 wild men who knew nothing about iron (the clili^ 
 dwellers had iron smelters but stone axes), it follows 
 that the knowledge of it marks the line between his- 
 toric and pre-historic. It was only after the use of 
 iron began that trees could be cut down and houses 
 built, even log houses. The other metals aire too soft. 
 They inserted'^flint wedges in spht growing branches. 
 Intervening spaces must have been depopulated by 
 cosmic disturbances before savage tribes could migrate 
 into an unknown wild country with only flint arrow 
 heads. Tame and carnivorous animals must have ex- 
 isted together from the first. The destructive forces 
 of nature would aid man's supremacy on the earth. 
 
 CURIOUS DISCOVERY. 
 
 To the Editor of the Melbourne Argus: 
 
 Sir — I have discovered in a stony creek, 15 miles 
 from Castlemaine, the bodies of three Aborigenes- 
 quite whole and not wanting in the smallest details, 
 which are petrified into solid marble. When I saw 
 them I thought them actually alive until, on going 
 closer, I noticed the eyes. Thev are in a sitting pos- 
 ture, and the vehis, muscles, etc., may be distinctly 
 traced through what is now a group of stone blocks. 
 They are in a splendid state of preservation; even the 
 finger nails, teeth, etc., are as perfect as they weie 500 
 years ago. One of them has a stone axe by his side, 
 yvithout any haft. The group altogether is the strang- 
 est concern I ever witnessed. 
 
 Note — These men, in the stone age, may have sat 
 down to rest and drank of the calceareous water of 
 the creek; if so, they were strangers and may have been 
 shipwrecked, or they may have been buried sitting so 
 in limestone. 
 
 Record is found of the last inhabitant 
 of Tasmania. 
 
 Sir A. P. Gordon Gumming writes to the Elgin 
 Courier: "In cutting the Inverness & Perth Railway 
 — 20 — 
 
 [Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., V. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 
 
through the Lochinwandah Park on Altyie, we have 
 unceremoniously trespassed on the privacy and retire- 
 ment of a numerous colony of ancient "^toads. The 
 cutting is here from 20 to 25 feet deep, the lowest part 
 being from 10 to 18 feet of freestone and red con- 
 glomerate. The interesting old residenters are found 
 in the red freestone about 15 to 20 feet below the sur- 
 face, where they certainly must have seen several ig 
 years leases out on the land above them. They are 
 sometimes turned out by the heavy hand-pick or the 
 great iron crowbar, but a blast of powder seems to 
 cause the greatest upset, as a shot is sometimes the 
 means of exposing as many as a dozen of the sleepy 
 old fellows. They seem none the worse for their long 
 repose, but giving a few winks at the new light thus 
 suddenly let in upon them, and taking gasps of un- 
 wanted air, they leisurely and deliberately proceeded 
 to hop and crawl down the line along the small 
 water-course towards the lower fields. I have seen 
 them in numbers, and some of the men have counted 
 above 40 at once (Scotsman). 
 
 Note — Frogs are also found inside of redwood 
 trees, where no air could reach them. Their sperrn is 
 carried up in clouds and rained down. 
 
 REMARKS ABOUT ATLANTIS. 
 
 In a conversation Euclid had with Anarcharsis, 
 a Scythian philosopher, who had gone in search for., 
 knowledge and travelled from the far distant north to 
 Athens, where he saw Euclid (B. C. 300). The latter 
 spoke to him of an island as large as Africa, which 
 existed bevond the shores of Europe, and which with 
 all its wretched inhabitants was swallowed by an 
 earthquake. After it sank the sea was so muddy that 
 no ship could cross it for some time. This island, At- 
 lantis, said the Egyptian priest with whom he also 
 conversed, was situated in the western ocean opposite 
 the straights of Hercules. There was an easy passage 
 from it to other islands which lay adjacent to a large 
 continent exceeding in size all Europe. These Atlan- 
 teans made irruptions into Europe and Africa, subdu- 
 ing all Lybia as far as Egypt, Europe and Asia Minor. 
 
 — 21 — 
 
They were dri\en back by the Athenians to their At- 
 lantic territory. Shortly after this repulse says Plato 
 (B. C. 460), there was a tremendous earthquake and 
 an over-flowing sea, which continued a d-ay and a 
 night, in the course of which the vast island Atlantis 
 and all its splendid cities and war-like nations were 
 swallowed up and sank to the bottom of the ocean. 
 In sailing. from Africa to South America the bottom 
 of the sea can be seen for a considerable distance. The 
 effect of the tidal waves along the coasts, reaching in- 
 land for a hundred miles, must have been very de- 
 structive. The descendants of Jeremiah, Baruch and 
 the daughters of Zedekiah are thought to have been 
 living (B. C. 560) on islands west of Ireland then. The 
 date of the sinking of the Atlantis is not generally 
 known— probably about Jonah's time, or later. Greek 
 writers do not mention it, prior to Plato. It is sug- 
 gested that a long ridge of mountains existed like a 
 wall from north to south of .Atlantis, mentioned in 
 Jacob's prophecy. The repulse of the Atlanteans by 
 the Athenians must have occurred before the latter 
 rose to national importance, in B. C. 500, and after 
 the time of the Greek poets, who do not mention it. 
 The warlike Atlanteans may have given rise to the 
 ambition of Phillip, Alexander, Sparta and Athens. 
 .Dari(|us and Cyrus were forming their empires from 
 B. C. 600 to 500. The ultima thule of the ancients 
 must have been connected with Atlantis near Ireland. 
 
 MODERN' ENF.RGIITS. 
 
 At Lake Lehman (Geneva) through the Rhone 
 loaded with detritus from the Alps, a delta has been 
 formed of two miles in length and 900 feet in thick- 
 ness, in 800 years caused by violent floods. The Mis- 
 sissippi deposits one cubic mile in 5 years and 81 days; 
 so that it must have taken 14,200 years to form the 
 present delta, which contains 2720 cubic miles. Hence 
 15,000 years ago there could have been no Mississippi 
 river, and very different aspects of America. The coast 
 of Sweden from Fredericshall to Ab(> in Finland rises 
 three feet in 100 years, proved from the fact that not 
 
 — 22 — 
 
only shores are now dry that used to be covered \n ith 
 low water, but l^ecause the shell-fish that now live in 
 the Baltic abound in the soil which is about four feet 
 higher than the water, and that at the distance of 20 
 miles from the sea; also from the fact that barnacles 
 or shell-fish that attach themselves to rocks and walls, 
 washed by the sea, are found fixed on high parts of 
 the cliff. It is said the whole eastern coast of the 
 United States sinks 16 inches in 100 years. The tem- 
 ple of Serapl^is has been shaken and raised 20 feet very 
 gradually since St. Paul landed at Puteoli. The lower 
 parts of "the columns are perforated by mussel shells. 
 
 In June, 1759 A. D., the vast Mt. Jorillo, in Mex- 
 ico, was pushed up in a few days 1682 feet above what 
 was before a plain. The isle "of Thanet is not now 
 isolated, and the Goodwin sands (England) are now 
 under cultivation. 
 
 In 1822 A. D., the whole coast of Chili was ele- 
 vated three or four feet, and an area of 100,000 square 
 miles (half the size of France) was raised above the 
 sea. Inland it was raised 6 or 7 feet. The whole 
 coast of Chili is rising 5 feet every 100 years, so that 
 the ruins of the empires of the Incas mav not have been 
 so elevated as they now appear. 
 
 Note — Had the sea have sunk instead of land 
 raised the effect would have been more uniform uni- 
 versally. Sicily is supposed to have been raised from 
 the Medi^eranean, since the present fish were created, 
 for fossils on it for one and a half miles above the sea 
 are identified with fish how found in the Meditlfer- 
 anean. The great limestone deposit of Aetna is one 
 and three-fourths miles above the level of the sea, and 
 above that are slaty layers of pebbly limestone, then 
 creta or blue marl, and then gypsum or blue clay. 
 There is reason to believe that Sardinia has risen 300 
 feet since men inhabited its shores, and that the west 
 of Crete has risen 25 feet since the construction of the 
 ancient port of that town. During the dry winter of 
 1853-4 t^^ level of the water in the Swiss lakes sank 
 down lower than ever known, so 1lie inhabitants on 
 Lake Zurich deterr^ined to enclose some land and raise 
 its level by dredging mud from the neighboring shal- 
 
a 
 
 lows of the lake. In doing this they discovered a num- 
 ber of piles driven deep in the bed of the lake, and 
 also a great many stone weapons, implements, and 
 rude pottery, a small bronze hatchet and an armlet of 
 brass. Fire piles and relics have been found in nearly 
 all the other Swiss lakes. At Wangen, near Stein, on 
 Lake Constance, there are 40,000 such piles. In A. D. 
 1775, 60,000 people were killed at Lisbon by an earth- 
 qua,ke in six minutes. 
 
 From 1801 to 1863, from what was before an 
 eighth of a mile depth of sea in the Meditteranean, 
 gradually arose Graham island (1831) to hundreds of 
 feet above water and to three-fifths of a mile in cir- 
 cumference, and then disappeared from view to eleven 
 feet of depth from the surface of the water. 
 
 In February, 1872, forty square miles sank seven 
 feet in California. One thousand shocks were counted 
 at Cerro Gordo, in Mono county. From 1682 to 1872 
 there were four serious earthquakes. 
 
 In 1692 Port Royal, in the West Indies, sank in 
 one night. In 1722 at Java (Borneo) the scene of the 
 greatest number of volcanoes, 40 villages were de- 
 stroyed. Vesuvius has had twelve er/uptions in 1800 
 years. In 1899 (June and December), California ex- 
 perienced several shocks culminating at San Jacinto. 
 
 One of the results of modern energies is the pro- 
 duction of the cotton plant, probably due to so much 
 carbonic acid gas in the air arising from the lungs of 
 animals. 
 
 The development theory is disturbed by the fol- 
 lowing facts: Mollusks have degraded from com- 
 pound to simple, 
 
 A vertebrate fish has been found in the lower 
 Silurian. Hjbrids do not mix. Magnates have walked 
 first in the descent of the natural order of creation. 
 Each race has passed away before any signs of the 
 next. 
 
 —24— 
 
 [Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., V. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 
 
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS ^VITH A VIEW TO. ARRIVE 
 AT CORRECT IDE.AS OF PREHISTORIC TIMES. 
 
 There have been four distinct races. The order 
 of creation has been progressive but not connective. 
 The size of human skulls has uniformly diminished 
 from antiquil)', while the nervous temperament has 
 much more increased. In Seville's history of the 
 tombs of Egypt", in works of CflrmpoUion and Young, 
 it is said that no record of the tombs of Egypt is older 
 than 2200 years B. C. At Thebes, in upper Egypt, 
 there is scarcely any record older than igoo B. C: The 
 pyramid of Cheops, the largest structure of man, is 
 i:)laced at 2170 B. C Allowing time for Lower Egypt 
 to first become a great nation the creation would be 
 placed at B. C. 5000, agreeing more with the chron- 
 ology of the Septuagint. It is published that papyri 
 have lately been found in the tombs of Egypt that 
 date as far back (5000 B. C.) and crumble when light 
 is admitted. The hieroglyphics of Egypt testify to 
 the truth of the Exodus, but say nothing about a uni- 
 N^ersal deluge. Portraits even to color of the Caucas- 
 ian, the Negro, the Jew, and the Arab have been found 
 in the excavations of Egypt as far back as 1500 B. C, 
 about^oo years after the deluge according to the Mo- 
 saic chronology. The best recently published Atlas 
 places Sargon of Chaldea at 3800 B. C. 
 
 The statement of Bancroft in Vol. 5 of "Native 
 Races," that there are Indian tribes in South America 
 who have had the rites of babtism, circumcision, and 
 the purification of women at child-birth, long before 
 the Catholic missionaries went among them, confirms 
 the general tenor of the Book of Mormon, and discov- 
 eries have since shown that colonies of Jews did settle 
 in Australia, S. India and Arizona, who became flour- 
 ishing and then dwindled into the condition of In- 
 dians, and that branches of the houses of Joseph and 
 Judah grew over the wall (Atlantis) and maintained 
 the sceptre till Shilq/fc? came. 
 
 The following is taken from the Brit. Encycl., 
 vol. I, "America": 
 
 "There has been found by Count Pourtelles' por- 
 
tions of the human skeleton and fragments of human 
 handiwork, associated with the bones of the mam- 
 moth under circumstances that imply the greatest an- 
 tiquity*. Th^e conglomerates in which the remains 
 -Hcv^ccur in the Florida coral reejis estimated by Prol. 
 Agassiz to t)e io,oco years old's But what is still 
 more amazing is the skeleton found by Dr. Dowley- 
 beneath four buried forests, in the delta near New Or- 
 leans, which is said to be 50,000 years old, and the 
 remains from California were found in a deposit be- 
 neath Table mountain which was formed in an old 
 river of the Pleiocene or post-PIeiocene period.* When 
 this deposit (probably calcareous) was formed there 
 was a river valley there, down which an overflow of 
 volcanic matter was poured. Since that time the de- 
 nudation has been so great and the volcanic matter 
 so hard that the sides of the valley have been swept 
 away leaving the valley bottom with its projecting 
 cover (lava) standing far above the level of the neigh- 
 bouring country. 
 
 Articles made by man occur under conditions in- 
 dicating great antiquity. Thus along the north coast 
 of Equador there are volcanic deposits which belong 
 to the period of volcanic activity preceding the pres- 
 ent, which may probably be referred to the post-Plei- 
 ocene period. This matter is arranged in terraces and 
 in one of these terraces, now 24 miles from the coast 
 and 150 feet above the sea, Mr. W. has found beneath 
 the vegetable mould beds of clay with sand and gravel, 
 which contain fragments of pottery. These beds, it is 
 believed, were deposited beneath the sea, implying an 
 elevation of 150 feet since the formation. On the 
 coast there is a pottery-containing stratum which 
 has been followed for 80 miles, and patches of a sim- 
 ilar bed occur over a distance of 200 miles." (Vol. i, 
 Brit. Encyc, page 692.) 
 
 August 28, 1902. — There has recently been found a 
 ft sequia tree on Mi. Brewer (Fresno county), along 
 Kin^s river, back of Millwood, three miles from Con- 
 verse basin, that measures 109 feet in circumference 
 and 32 feet in diameter. It is just inside the govern- 
 ment reserve. Twenty-seven years ago a man passing 
 
 —26-- 
 
through that region found a burnt stump, 40 feet in 
 circumference, and from rings in it found that it was 
 4000 years old when it fell, and must have been jo feet 
 in circumference when Christ lived, but Tt»must go far 
 back of B. C. 6000. f^ i-^^'yT^^-*-*'^ 
 
 Remarks of Mrs. M. A. Halleck, on ^Ancient 
 1%merica," taken from the Christian Weekly: 
 
 "It is quite startling to be called upon to believe 
 that our western states were supporting an intelligent 
 settled and civilized people two or three thousand 
 years ago in the days of Solomon, Nebuchadnezzar, 
 'Daniel and Solon, in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wis- 
 consin, Nebraska and other of our states from the gulf 
 of Mexico to the far north." 
 
 On the Missouri river aiiificial mounds are found. 
 There are no less than ro,ooo in Ohio alone. They 
 are made with great labor and some of them have the 
 combination of squares and circles executed with geo- 
 metric skill. In Adams county, Ohio, is a mound in 
 the form of a serpent, 1000 feet long, with its jaws ex- 
 tended as if in the act of swallowing an oval mound 
 while its tail lies in a triple coil. A fanciful people 
 truly. • That the mound builders were also miners and 
 worked the copper mines of the northwest is quite 
 probable, for most of the mines, if not all, that have 
 been opened by miriers of the present generation show 
 that they had been worked before. 
 
 Mr. Baldwin tells us that near Lake Superior, in 
 a new mine, a huge mass of copper, weighing nearly 
 six tons, was found raised on logs of cedar, the ends 
 of the logs showing plainly that an axe had been used. 
 These logs crumbled on being exposed to the air (sim- 
 ilar to the papyri of Egvpt that were 5000 years old). 
 Near by lay a stone hammer weighing 36 pounds and 
 one of copper weighing 36 pounds and another of cop- 
 per weighing 25 pounds. On the top of the mine were 
 trees showing 395 years of growth, while the decayed 
 trees of a former generation were seen lying across the 
 pits. This certainly points back to a great antiquity 
 and must have been coeval with the mound builders. 
 The area of ground supposed to have been worked by 
 these miners is greater than that occupied b\' the pres- 
 ent generation. 
 
 —27 — 
 
Note—This great area suggests a populous civil- 
 ized condition not far from the scene, and strong men 
 (giants) to wield such hammers, also much growth ot 
 cedar and therefore a mountainous region, with trattic 
 on the lakes. The query is, why was the work broken 
 off and the tools deserted ? Being 400 miles from the 
 sea coast the light was cut off from the entrance while 
 the logs were still hard. Iron was known in the early 
 days of Greece B. C. 700, and probably to the cliff- 
 dwellers. Stone hammers would never be used where 
 ifon was known. It is a question whether these set- 
 tled, industrious, civihzed. people antedated the mound 
 builders, who were a short race from five to five and a 
 half feet in height; but a generation preceded thenj. 
 (the mound builders) who were from 7 to 9 feet in 
 : height (antediluvians ?). 
 
 It is hinted in some ancient books that an intelli- 
 gent people from the east came in ships, B. C. 1000, 
 and settled in Central America and Mexico, where 
 they remained peaceable till they were strong enough, 
 when they conquered the country, established their 
 civilization, built their mounds and finally' spread 
 themselves up the Mississippi cariying their mound 
 building propensities with them; that they remained 
 here till a barbarous people from the north — who 
 might have come over what is now Behring Straits — 
 poured down upon them, and after a terrible struggle 
 of 13 years drove them back to their southern country. 
 
 Note — Was this the first invasion of Tartars from 
 the north ? Here we have the first introduction to our 
 Indians. There are evidences that years ago some 
 states of South America were civilized, and it is sur- 
 mised that the enlightened people who came in ships 
 were from that end. 
 
 According to the Book of Mormon, about from A. 
 D. 32010340 the Lamanites were 20 years driving 
 800,000 Nepites from South America to New York 
 state, a distance of nearly 2000 miles. Mounds there- 
 fore, as natural sepulchres, ought to be found in the 
 line of march. They are found in fourteen states. 
 
 —28— 
 
 [Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., U. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 
 
viz.: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, . Wisconsin, , Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, 
 Florida, Texas, Missouri and Nebraska. (See "Mound-, 
 builders," in People's Encyc.) Nebraska' seems out of 
 their course, but they ought to be found in' Mexico. 
 Relics that crumble when light is admitted, are fro'm' 
 300a to spoo years old. The works of aricieilt miners 
 show remarkable skill in discovering and tracing ac- 
 tual \eins of metal, and indicate great sameness of 
 method. 
 
 .' Thie skeletons of the mound-builders allW'ays perish' 
 when exposed to the air, like the papyri of Egypt, 
 that were 5000 year old, while well-preserVed 'skele-' 
 tons, 2000 years old, have been taken from burial places 
 in Englandand European^countrieslfess favorable for 
 preserving them. 
 
 Forest- trees do-not grow at once, ovfeir'ruinSi An 
 annual successive growth of 800' rings were coiiiited 
 in the trunk of a tree, mentioned by Sir Charles Ly^l 
 and^others,' found at Marietta. .-:'<. 
 
 , END, OF PART FIRST. 
 
 -29— 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON ANCIENT NATIONS. 
 
 We have evidence that ships coming from the 
 West have been wrecked on the western coast of South 
 America, and the monuments of the Pacific Coast 
 have no identity with the now elevated ruins of the 
 cities of the Incas, who had an empire and a capital, 
 the centre of which was devoted to sacred buildings. 
 They conquered the Chimus, who had an ernpire on 
 the east cogist of South America, and a capital city 
 covering an extent of twenty miles. Their empire 
 might hav€ included the Island of Atlantis, and a 
 large continent on the Pacific Ocean. They may have 
 made invasions into China, as well as Africa. 
 
 We do not know the origin of the tall race of the 
 Patagonians, unless they were Tartars, who were a 
 taller and stronger race than any that ever came from 
 Europe. They trained themselves to war, and made 
 a business of it all their lives. 
 
 At the time of the destruction of the Roman Em- 
 pire, great hordes of Vandals (Arians in religion) in- 
 habited the north of Europe and Italy, about A. D. 200. 
 
 The Chinese must be a comparatively recent na- 
 tion, of indigenous growth, as there is no intimation 
 of their immigration into America in early days. Ig- 
 norance of perspective is characteristic of them. They 
 still count by twos, and use the unreformed method of 
 Egyptian writing, i. e., up and down, as well as from 
 right to left. They built their wall to defend them- 
 selves from the Tartars, but the latter have always 
 ruled them. It appears from published accounts that 
 the ancient inhabitants of Central America had the 
 vigfntesimal system of notation, as discovered from 
 their monuments. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 
 
 The hieroglyphics on the most massive buildings 
 of Central America are the crudest of all. The dark- 
 ness of their chambers sho\^ignorance of glass. They 
 carved well on rocks. A large piece of solid isinglass 
 vi^as found in one of the mounds. 
 
 —30— 
 
Note — Isinglass is a gelatinous, transparent, fishy 
 substance, capable of hardening, and it may be also 
 an old name for mica^ 
 
 The ancient Etrucans of Italy had almond-shaped 
 eyes. 
 
 The Aryan race preceded Babylon, Egypt and 
 China. 
 
 Th€ Hindoos first propagated the decimal system 
 of notation. We received it from the Arabs. 
 
 Indians usually all have black hair— a sign of the 
 motive temperament. 
 
 The greatest variety of color and hair is found 
 among the Polynesians. 
 
 The domestic animals of Australia and America 
 have all been transported from Europe, except a spe- 
 cies of dog in America. 
 
 Wild tribes found sufficient occupation in hunting 
 and roaming. 
 
 Wild horses are found in parts of the earth very 
 remote from each other. 
 
 Relics show that mammoths existed in the north- 
 ern regions, but mastodons in the equatorial and south- 
 ern. Elks, elephants, mastodons and mammoths once 
 existed in both Europe and America. Camels in 
 America The rhinoceros in North America. Crows 
 are said to be very rare in South America. The mas- 
 todon was domesticated for its milk till the third cen- 
 tury A. D., in America, as shown by brass tablets found 
 at Kinterbrook, Pike county, Illinois, which contain 
 the history of the Algewas, and also from Solomon 
 Spaulding's Roman MS., found in a cave in Ohio, 
 written in Latin, and which fell into decay before ^t 
 could be deciphered. (Parchment does not follow the 
 rule of skeletons.) An account of the former is con- 
 tained in the Olive Branch, published in 1829 A. D;, 
 at Springfield, Illinois, by H. Aldrich. 
 
 All the great destructions of the human race can 
 be traced to war, famine, pestilence, cyclones, volcanic 
 eruptions and earthquakes. 'It is uncertain whether 
 comets are destructive. 
 
 —31 — 
 
, • LARGE AXD.i SMALL SKULLS. ■ 
 
 (Taken from the St. Louis Democrat, of Nov. 13th,, 
 
 A. D. 1885.) ■■. ■ 
 
 It gives an account of some excavations on tlie Mt.- 
 Ararat Farm, east of, Carrolton, III, where the bones 
 of 32 Indians were unearthed. They were not a di- • 
 minutive race. Some of the thigh, bones vyere 16. in. 
 long, and' some of "the skulls 24 iii. in circiamference, 
 whicii meaiis a Iiead measuririg'25 or 26 in. inci'rcum- 
 feretice. The average head of the white man to-day, ^ 
 in New York, is 222 in. in circumference. So culture ' 
 has not enlarged -the size of the head. The Engis and 
 Neanderthal skulls are the oldest known, and belonged 
 to the StoiJe.Age. Prof. Huxley described them as 
 being well-formed, and considerably larger than the 
 average European skulls of to-day, and in the cubic 
 capacity of the whple.. In A. D. 1886, they measured 
 many of the skulls unearthed at Pompeii, the remains, 
 of Romans- who lived 2000 years ago, and found them 
 larger in every way than those of the presentjcentury.. 
 They were no doubt, motivQT vital as ,to temperaqient. 
 In the museumof Switzerland, in 1887, "we iBeasured 
 the skulls- of the ancient Eakedwellers of that country, 
 and found them, larger in all respects, but particularly 
 in the. forehead, than; those of the Swiss people o.f the 
 last 50 years. The avera,ge circumference of the skulls , 
 we measured in the suburbs of Paris was 21 J -2 inches, 
 which is about an inch more than that of Parisians 
 who have died in the last 50 years." 
 
 Note — A large head holds power; a small one,exef-y, 
 cises power.' A large, massive, compact head indicates 
 tne possessor of' wealth and rqotive power. Act'iyity 
 of brains ahd the nervous system have very m.uch in- 
 creased: "Men stiair run to and' fro, and knowledge 
 shall be increased. "^^(B'ible.) 
 
 REMARKS i ABOUT T.flE ANCIENT EMPIRES' OF , SOUTH 
 AMERICA. 
 
 In Peru are not only aboriginal, monuments of,.- 
 —32-- 
 
Turned temples, but of works of public utility— aque- 
 ducts, bridges, and paved roads hundreds of miles in 
 length. The remains of the great temple of the sun 
 at Cuzco are still imposing. It consisted of a princi- 
 pal building, several chapels and interior edifices, cov- 
 ering a large extent of ground in the heart of the city. 
 Aqueducts opened within the sacred enclosure. There 
 were walks among shrubs and flowers of gold and sil- 
 ver, made irl imitation of nature. 
 
 The Peru\ian Empire was a concretion of fami- 
 lies, tribes and- nationalities, reduced by conquest, 
 probably involving lands on both sides of the coast, 
 now sunken. 
 
 The capital of the Chimus, on the east of South" 
 America, covered over 20 miles, and is the marvel of 
 South America. They were conquered by the' Incas. 
 The capital of the Chimus has irhmense huiacas or 
 pyramidal structures. Some are half a mile in circuit. 
 There are vast areas shut in by massive walls, each 
 containg a tank, shops and municipal edifices and 
 those of the people, furnaces and smelting works, and 
 each is a branch of a larger organization. The Tem- 
 ple of the Sun there is 812 feet in length, 470 feet in 
 width at the base, and nearly 150 feet in height. Jo- 
 siah Priest says they had unbbunded empire; and as 
 in the Old World, empire succeeded empire, from the 
 jarring of an unwieldy and ferocious mass. 
 
 The American Enc^yclopedia savs, under "Ameri- 
 can Antiquities:" "We may deduce an age for most of 
 the monuments of the Mississippi Valle}-, of not less 
 than 2,000 years." 
 
 The principal ruins of Mexico are those of tem- 
 ples and structures dedicated to defensive purposes. 
 Those of undoubted high-antiquity are most massive 
 in character, and display remarkable evidence of tact 
 and skill. Torquemada estimates the number of tern-, 
 pies in the Mexican Empire at 40,000. One of these 
 temples is 6S0 feet square at the base — covering an 
 area of eleven acres, or nearly equal to the great pyra- 
 mid of Cheops, in E^gypt. The pvramid of Cholula, 
 
 —33— 
 
m Mexico, has four stages, and when measured by 
 Humboldt, was i6o feet high, 1,400 feet at the base, 
 and covered an area of forty-five acres. 
 
 The temples of Central America, like those of 
 Mexico, had features peculiar to themselves. The ter- 
 races were less in size, but covered with more exten- 
 sive buildings, upon which aboriginal art exhausted 
 its utmost capabilities. They had broad stairways, 
 massively built, the walls being of great thickness, 
 and from one to four stories, rising smaller, being 
 themselves pyramids. They had narrow corridors arid 
 dark chambers, often stuccoed with figures painted m 
 bas-relief. Idols and altars are found in the chambers, 
 and evidences of ancient sacrifices. 
 
 Carved monoliths, peculiar to Honduras, are found 
 at Cop^n, which has the highest antiquity m all Cen- 
 tral America. At New Granada are structures sup- 
 ported by columns; also rude, uncut stone-work. 
 
 PREHISTORIC PERIODS — GLACIERS. 
 
 Eight hundred feet is the maximum thickness of 
 
 ■ the Swiss glaciers at the present day; but when the 
 
 erratic blocks were deposited by the Jura, they were 
 
 seven or eight times as long, and varied from 1,000 to 
 
 3,000 feet in depth — more than half a mile. 
 
 The human races that fabricated the flint tools of 
 the Somme valley and Brexam caves belong to the 
 latest period, or the second continental condition of 
 the British Isles. 
 
 The quality of these cliffs on each side of the val- 
 ley show that England and France were once united. 
 There is every reason to believe that the Grampian 
 hills of Scotland were once enveloped in one great 
 winding sheet of ice and snow. Grooves, produced 
 by glacier abrasion, are found in many places under 
 such circumstances that render it impossible to sup- 
 pose them to have been produced by stranded icebergs. 
 
 It may be averred that there was once a mainland 
 from Australia to Mexico, because their inhabitants, 
 including the Feejee Islanders, begin their new year 
 
 "34^- 
 
the night the Pleiades are longest visible — a custom 
 well known to ancient Babylon and Egypt. 
 
 NOTES ON NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 (Taken from the New York Tribune of 1892, relating 
 to prehistoric times.) 
 
 "From several different surveys, from 1842 to 1875, 
 the southernmost point of the horse-shoe falls has re- 
 ceded IDG feet, while in the brink of the American 
 Fall, differences of 40 feet were apparent. The south- 
 ernmost point of horse-shoe falls was found to travel 
 south nearly 9 feet every year. In course of time, the 
 American Fork will be obliterated, transforming Goat 
 Island into a peninsula, the smaller islands appearing 
 as little hill tops. The fall will be higher than to- 
 day, because the present descent of 50 feet ove^ the ^ 
 rapids will be added to the height of the cataract, less 
 the number of feet needed to give the necessary cur- 
 rent to the river below, which at present is 15 feet to 
 the mile. The fall will never reach Buffalo, on ac- 
 count of the underlying rock, which is ' soft. The 
 horse-shoe falls recede now (1882, A. D.) more east 
 than south." 
 
 Since we have discovered that all the work of 
 excavation could have been accomplished in about 
 3,000 years, our computation of the human race has 
 settled down to reasonable figures which give to the 
 beds, of sand and gravel in which the oldest human, 
 implements have been found, an age of from 40,000 
 to 60,000 years. — Julius Pohlson. 
 
 THE ANTIQUITY OF EGYPT, WITH REGARD TO THE DATE 
 OF THE BUILDING OF THE PYRAMID OF CHEOPS. 
 
 The Se\'en Wonders of the World cites Heroditus 
 for the statement that the pyramid of Clieops was 
 built B. C, 900. The y\merican Encyc, under "pyra- 
 mid," explains it thus: "It was finished in its present 
 form at that date as a raastabe, or large rectangular 
 tombstone. It, with many othe;s, has existed since 
 B C, 3,000, as far back as the Shepherd Kings, and 
 
 "3.5-- 
 
long before the dynasty of Menes. It was a custoift 
 peculiar to Egypt, to excavate rocks for sepulture." _ 
 
 This is a good reason for belie\-ing that papyri 
 found in Egyptian tombs in rocks can be traced back 
 to very great antiquity. This gives support to the 
 chronology of the Septuagint. 
 
 "The Seven Wonders of the World" says that 
 ' "2,000 years befcre the Christian Era, the Egyptians 
 had learned to transport the heaviest blocks of granite* 
 that were from 20 to 30 feet in length (Amer. Encyc), 
 for a land journey of 600 miles, and a voyage of 
 nearly 70c miles, and to cut and polish them with a 
 precision we cannot surpass, and with a degree of sci- 
 ence unequaled from that day to this," which reveals 
 a long anterior life that could lead to such maturity; 
 We are lost in admiration as to the means employed 
 by the ancients in lifting a block of solid stone for an 
 architrave, which was 21 feet in length, 6 feet in 
 width and 7 feet in depth, and place it safely upon the 
 capitals of columns 40 feet from the ground. 
 
 As the pyramid of Cheops is on the confines of 
 Lower Egypt, while Thebes, which subsequently be- 
 came the capital of all Egypt, was in Upper Egypt,- 
 where Amen and Amon, his wife, were first worshipped, 
 it follows that Memphis must have been well peopled 
 and civilized in B. C. 1800, when the Israelites went 
 there, whose exodus is set down at B. C, 1495. 
 
 From what we know of the growth of peoples 
 when thev become great, Memphis must have had a 
 population of 30 millions as early as B. C, 2500, and 
 long before Thebes had matured into the capital of all 
 Egypt. 
 
 The great stones that built the pyramids must, 
 from the earliest times, have been brought down the 
 Nile from Upper Egypt. Hence we infer that Lower 
 Egypt first began to be settled B. C, 3500. This com- 
 putation would throw the Creation back to at least 
 B. C, 5000. 
 
 There is a singular expression in Genesis, made 
 
 soon after the statement that the ark rested on Munnt 
 
 l^-Aarat, viz: "As thev iourneyed westward." The pec-- 
 
pie inust have been xcrv numerous to ha\e attempted 
 to build a tower that would jeach to heaven. India 
 and China may have been well peopled before they 
 journied westward, for Shinar is S.S.E., instead of west, 
 from Ararat, supposing that to be the Ararat referred 
 to. Apropos, tablets have been disco\ered and de- 
 ciphered, showing the ruins of a very large city, 12 
 miles west of the Euphrates, and near the Persian 
 Gulf, and stating in heiroglyphics that Noah reared a 
 temple there. It is suppo'sed that Sepharvaim, Hena 
 and Ivah were names of antediluvian cities. 
 
 SUPPOSED EARLY HISTORY OF ANCIENT AMERICA. 
 
 The cave dwellers would be the first known wild 
 savage men, followed by the mound-builders — more 
 ci\'ilized. We find tribes of American Indians are 
 very much scattered, and found everywhere, from north 
 to south. They may be considered the remains of 
 three distinct civilizations; The first, from B.C., 1500 
 to the sinking of the Atlantis, consisting of Egyptians, 
 Assyrians and Celts. The following would be the 
 empires before and during these civilizations and semi- 
 civilizations: The Chimus in South America and At- 
 lantis would be the first in order, after the gigantic, 
 Herculean race of the Pacific Ocean. "These (Chi- 
 mus) would exist a thousand years, followed by the 
 Incas, their conquerors in West South America. Then 
 would come the Toltecs, in Central America, followed 
 by the Aztecs in Mexico. The second civilization 
 would be of the Greeks, Romans and Northmen, from 
 B. C. 600 to A. D. 400. 
 
 The breaking up of the Roman Empire, whose 
 mines became exhausted or inoperative, would cause 
 the return home of the Romans. 
 
 Then would pour down hordes of Tartars from 
 Siberia, when the Behring Straits were not so wide, 
 meeting another race (the Toltecs?) increasing from 
 the South. 
 
 The third civilization would be due to the Danes, 
 Welsh, Belgians and Scandinavians, settling first at 
 the mouth of the St. Lawrence. This civilization 
 
 —37- 
 
w ;uld be opposed by another invasion of the Tartars, 
 as evidenced by the driving west of the Modocs and 
 Macedas beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 ^ The existence of several civilizations is shown by 
 the number of distinct languages (not dialects) exist- 
 ing among the Pacific Islanders. Early languages 
 were not alphabetic, but representative, symbolic, hy- 
 perbolic, syllabic, and poil^-synthetic, without analy- 
 sis or precision. It is published that there are 760 
 distinct languages among the Indians of America and 
 the Pacific isles, although only numbering a few mil- 
 lions.more than all the rest of this world together. It 
 has been supposed from this, that America, with its 
 submerged continents, was the original cradle of the 
 human Vace. If so, it must have preceded the Adamic 
 race. 
 
 ITEMS OF THOUGHT TO BE INVERWOVEN. 
 
 1. The return or recall of the Romans to their 
 own country, would induce the Tartars to destroy the 
 then existing civilization. 
 
 2. The argument for evolution, arising from the 
 growth of human language, has a strong bearing on 
 the subject of chronology. 
 
 3. Commerce depends greatly on literature. 
 
 4. Nations that do not cultivate the literary arts 
 must necessarily fall back on human passions. i 
 
 5. .\ccording to Mrs. Helen Wilman's correlation 
 of forces, the quality of a person's thought is revealed 
 in his surroundings. 
 
 6. All things are possible with God, but the bal- 
 anced culture of one's faculties is his best resurrection. 
 
 7. It is very line philosophy to say that no parti- 
 cle of matter can ever be destroyed, and that the chain 
 of causes and effects is complete. 
 
 8 Faith (as emfeodying sentiment) may be man's 
 greatest requisition, but reason has its quota of in- 
 fluence. 
 
 9. The use of figurative language is elevating. 
 
 10. The following are examples: 
 
 "God has made of one blood all the nations of 
 
thj enrth;" "Except ve eat mv flesh, and drink my 
 blo.jd, ye have no life m you;"" "The hour cometh 
 and now is, when all they that are in their graves 
 shall hear the vojce of the Son of Man, and they that 
 hear shall live;" "Every eye shall see Him."— (Bible.)' 
 
 EVOLUTION, GENERAL AND SPECIAL. 
 
 If there is anything in the life of man that repre- 
 sents the Tree of Life, it is the science of the brain, 
 which receives Divine revelation, and of which the 
 cerebrum is essentially opposite to the cerebellum. 
 
 The cerebellum, or sexual instinct, might appro- 
 priately be called the tree of the knowledge of good 
 and evil. It is only in proportion as a man under- 
 stands and overcomes the animal propensities, that he 
 becomes a gentleman. Disinterested sexual affection 
 can be soon dissipated by moral power. 
 
 The power of the cerebellum is soon controlied 
 by the science of the cerebrum and of organic quality. 
 Regeneration, generically, is to be born of a certain 
 fluent spirit. The figurative is a stepping stone to 
 mental evolution. 
 
 Swedenborg teaches that man's regeneration is 
 taught by the Mosaic accounts of the Creation and 
 Deluge. 
 
 The Encyclopedia Brittanica says: "The first 
 chapter of Genesis is the work of an interpolating 
 hand, and not as old as the second chapter, beginning 
 at the 4th verse, and that it cannot, in the nature of 
 things be literal." 
 
 The deluge is an antetype of baptism, which is 
 the type of a still greater antetype. 
 
 The following thoughts throw some light on the 
 Mosaic accounts of a literal deluge: There could have 
 been a vaporous ring round the earth, and no rain or 
 clouds. There could have been few seas, much more 
 land, and low mountains. 
 
 Prof. Edison says: "We do not know one hun- 
 dred thousandeth part of one per cent, of the wonders 
 of the world," as e. g., the development of the mag- 
 netic trance condition." 
 
 ^-39— 
 
The Bible account says: "The ark rested on Mt. 
 Ararat three days after the waters began to abate." 
 But the Andes "and Himalayahs are two or three 
 miles higher. 
 
 Exhalations from the waters could have destroyed 
 all life — even carrion birds and sea-gulls, who live on 
 fish, rising to breathe. Again, God could have dis- 
 persed the creatures of the ark and marsupials to Aus- 
 tralia, just as Phil/ip was taken up by the Spirit and 
 found at Azotus. To our finite conceptions, laws 
 seem to govern the universe; but the will of God is 
 greater than all His laws, and it is that will that gov- 
 erns the universe. 
 
 Swedenborg says angels and spirits can come into a 
 man's sphere, and speak his language without having 
 learned it, and that better than himself. Adam and 
 Eve are made to speak and reason the same day they 
 were created. 
 
 Again, the remains of much more gigantic mar- 
 supials are found buried deep in the ground in Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Again, the one window referred to in the ark may 
 have been only the skylight window. 
 
 But the Great Eastern was as large as the ark, 
 and could not contain i,6oo species of animals, 5,000 
 species of birds, 150,000 articulata, and several hun- 
 dred of mollusks. Or is creation continuous? — in a 
 subordinate degree? 
 
 There are tiees in the equatorial regions of South 
 Africa and South .America that are shown to go much 
 farther back in antiquity than the deluge. They 
 might have passed through it. 
 
 Light pumice stone is still found on the moun- 
 tains of France. 
 
 The supposed Ararat has sides too steep for the 
 descent of animals. The olive does not grow near it. 
 
 In Hebrew, expletives and exaggerated expres' 
 sions are very common. The word "God" is attached 
 to anything above the common. 
 
 C. A. S. Totten, in "Our Race," admits that the 
 Himalayahs never were covered — that all breathinsf 
 
 —40— 
 
creatures would have been asphyxiated. In translat- 
 ing from Hebrew, the same word may have two or 
 three meanings, which am only be determined from 
 the context. Earth is put for land, as e. g., "Ephraim 
 shall dwell in the midst of the earth." Family tribe 
 and nation are changes for the same word. The ar- 
 row-heads of the drift period are acknowledged to be 
 older than 6000 years; but as the Septuagint places 
 the Creation at more than 6000 B. C\, the drift period 
 could have been coeval with the Mosaic Creation. 
 
 The skulls of Calaveras and Tuolumne counties 
 are the oldest in Amerita. Obsidian is mainly found 
 at 130 ft depth in California. 
 
 Tliere is a Chaldean work on astronomy that dates 
 back to B. C. 3800. Papyri are found in Egypt 3000 
 B.C. Tablets at 1300 B. C. Works of a wild man 
 are traced to 4000 years. Prehistoric times end with 
 the discovery of iron and smelting. Clay was abun- 
 dant near Volcano Lakes. 
 
 RECAPITULATED. 
 
 It is certain that wheels for making pottery were 
 used 1800 B. C. at Thebes in Upper Egypt. Lower 
 Egypt must have been colonized at least 1000 years 
 before, but pottery made without wheels, ie., hand- 
 made, is found for three ages of man before that, viz, 
 of stone, lead, brass and iron. This fact is univer- 
 sally agreed to by scholars Man is contemporary 
 with alluvium which existed after the drift and gla- 
 cier periods had ceased, and is called the pleistocene 
 period. Terraces of alluvium are found 90 feet above 
 the level of rivers and were first formed by their mpans 
 and then increased by vegetable decay. 
 
 The oldest human skulls in Europe, larger than 
 those of succeeding ages were found in the Engis, 
 (Swiss) and Neanderthal caves (Netherlands.) In 
 the Swiss Lakes thousands of >J"iles are found pre- 
 served deep in the beds of the lakes that once served 
 for supports of dwellings both for security and conve- 
 nience. The size of the Swiss Glaciers were first a 
 
 _4i 
 
half a mile in extent and is the period allotted to 
 flint- tool and arrowhead makers. A human skull 
 has been found in England beneath the bed of a river 
 that has worn through rock for a depth of loo feet 
 (see Pottery in Brit. Encyc.) and Geikies' Prehistoric 
 Man, one inch of soil in "20 years would give 2,400 
 years, Marine shells are found 300 feet above the le- 
 vel of river banks, also 50 and 60 feet below the sur- 
 face at the delta of the Mississippi River, below a 
 beach once made by the sea. In Tuolumne Co., Cal., 
 while digging a tunnel 60 to 70 feet below the sur- 
 face a pesial and mortar were found in gold bearing 
 gravel. No ruins, even of adobe are found in the two 
 lower terraces of the Mississippi but only on the up- 
 per one. Marine shells are found on mounrains in 
 California 400 feet above the present level of the sea. 
 No boulders are found on the Rockies. Drawings 
 are found on the tusks of mammoth and forms of 
 elks. Specimens of ancient Irish pottery are of 
 superior make than those of England. America had 
 fewer ancient animals than Europe and Asia. Where- 
 ever we have gone we have found human beings. A 
 tall, black race has recently been discovered on the 
 frontiers of Abysinia. Pictures on the amphora of 
 Corintli indicate a high degree of perfection, in the 
 knowledge of human nature, beauty and physiogno- 
 my strongly tinctured with animal sexual magnetism. 
 One writer (Pohlsofi) allows 40,000 years for the flint 
 tools and arrowheads found in the sand and gravel 
 beds of the undisturbed strata of the Niagaro Falls. 
 
 The Following as taken from the Los Angeles 
 Times of Jul_y 11, 1900 was itself taken from the New 
 Haven Correspondence, Boston Globe of July, igoo: 
 "Dr. Wieland found the skull of a turtle (amphibious) 
 on the banks of the Cheyenne Stream in the Black 
 Hills, country, now in the Peabody Museum at New 
 York. It is of the triassic period, ten million years 
 ago. It is 29 inches in length and 16 inches in depth. 
 Of all living animals the turtle is the onlv one whose 
 
 —42— 
 
anatomy is the same as it was ten million years ago." 
 This turtle must have weighed 8000 pound's. It was 
 imbedded in a cretaceous formation and was once 
 covered with a salt water ocean. In geological times 
 when the development of the turtle reached its zenith, 
 turtles were from 12 to 14 feet in length and weighed 
 from 4 to 6' tons. They preyed upon all living crea- 
 tures of their times. The Monosauria were no match 
 for it in speed and strength. The Hesperornis, the 
 carnivorous ostrich that lived in the ocean was its 
 prey (see Hugasaurus). The archecpteryx, the miss- 
 ing link between the birds and reptiles, feared the tur- 
 tle. The Pyeranondon whose head was 3 feet long, 
 furnished food for it. 
 
 Note — In sandstone along the Conneticutt River 
 the tracks of 40 species bipeds and quadrupeds are 
 yyi/ found. The Dinoritais was 16 feet high, an immense 
 bird of New Zealand. Ripple marks are found in 
 sandstone quarries. Coprolites are the fossil dungs 
 of great lizards. Petrified reptiles are found in a fos- 
 sil state which contained the scales of fish which were 
 devoured before any quadrupeds existed. The fetiches 
 which were cut out of- stone with lava made 
 knives are now too hard to be impressed by files. 
 They must have been lohg in mineral water, yet they 
 are found high up on mountains. 
 
 The cliff dwellers must have been very ancient 
 because metals were known to the antediluvians but 
 hardly to them. The ideas of the cliff dwellers in 
 drawing forms arc too rude for postdiluvians. They 
 could work on limestone where high cliffs are found. 
 The Pemas and Pjfjebios [town dvyelling Indians] un- 
 like other Indians, cultivate patches of ground. The 
 Apaches and Navajos are free hooters. The latter 
 have been called the Jews of the Indians. 
 
 The San Francisco Examiner of July 25, igoo, 
 gave an account of of the finding of an ancient ruin 
 between Espagnola and Bland, about 25 miles from- 
 the former place. Only the top was discovered; the 
 
 —43— 
 
lower stories being buried^ There was a roof .on the 
 top which was flat on which people lived. There 
 were found on the top in one room signs that the peo- 
 ple had been cooking a meal when they vacated it. 
 It was a large building containing 1500 rooms, two 
 or three stories high. They found pottery thick with 
 designs and superior to anything found among the 
 Navajoes of Arizona, also cloth of antique makes and 
 stone axes. Some of the things crumbled on .being 
 exposed to the air, a sign of the greatest antiquity of 
 5000 or 6600 years. There were buffalo bones (in Ar- 
 izona and New Mexico) in large caldrons of copper. 
 Had'they been'driven out by an enemy these things 
 would have been taken. Their territory indicates 
 signs of having been very populous. Sufficient num- 
 ber of years passed away in solitude to have allowed 
 time to bury the buildings. The stone building was 
 well shaped and cbnstructed. Could its desertion 
 have -been fiom an earthquake and tidal waves on 
 each side before the border states existed? Forir 
 thousand years would ha\e been sufficient to bury 
 the building but the copper kettles remained on the 
 roof for that time. The stair cases were gone. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM AUTHORS. 
 
 Philological objections to Lvell's doctrine about the 
 mines of, Lake Superior and the mound 
 ■ builders of the bottorri lands. 
 
 (Taken from Public Opinion) 
 
 Among the, evidences brought forward to prove the 
 antiquity of man, the paucity of relics of his own per- 
 son cjmpared with the abundance of the sites of cities 
 proves the people to have been agricultural. The 
 shells of the Gulf of Mexico, the caived figures of the 
 Manitou and Toucan indicate that they held commu- 
 nication with tlie sea, while the native copper proves 
 that they either worked the mines of Lake Superior 
 or had communication with some tribe that did. 
 That some ancient people worked the mines in ques- 
 
 —44— 
 
tion, there can be no doubt, for abundant evidences 
 of such workings have been discovered and that too on 
 a scale quite commensurate with the works of mound- 
 builders whether these monuments be posterior or an- 
 terior to the bottom lands. They are newer than the 
 Post-Pleiocene terraces on which they rest. If they be 
 older than the alluvial bottoms: some remains of rnfln 
 ought to be found in that alluvium. The deposits of 
 the alluvial plains of the delta of New Orleans are of 
 about the same age i.e. are recent, and there according 
 to Dr. Dowler some charcoal and a human skeleton 
 the cranium of which is said to belong to the aborigi- 
 nal type of the red Indian, were found. This discovery 
 was made in excavating for gas-works at New Orleans 
 through a succession of beds almost wholly composed 
 of vegetable matter such as are now forming in the cy- 
 press swamps of the neighborhood. The skeleton was 
 found at the depth of 19 ft and beneath 4 successive 
 layers of buried trees. Dr. D. estimates the deposit that 
 covered it to have been 50000 yrs. in forming. The fol- 
 lowing is taken from Baldwin's Ancient America (on 
 Moundbuilders) Harper Bros., N.Y. 
 
 Mr. Stephens said of the ruins of Kabah in Yucatan: 
 "The cornice running over the doorways tried by the 
 severest rules of art recognized among us would em- 
 bellish the architecture of any known era. Intelligence 
 much skill in masonry and much labour were required 
 to construct the artificial ponds to supply water ,being 
 cemented and well constructed at their bottoms and 
 the long subterranean passages that lead down to the 
 pool of water. The reservoir is 450ft. below the surface 
 of the ground and the passage leading to it 1400 ft in 
 length. Buildings are pyramidal (proof against earth 
 quake ) and hundreds of ft. long contajjjg rooms 6ox 
 16 q II ft. Some Buildings are 800 by 100 ft. with de- 
 corations abundant and very rich. They were sunwor- 
 shippers arid knew geometry, astronomy and fortifica- 
 tion. There were subterranean terraces and rooms 
 of great length now under modern cities. There was a 
 triumphal arch at Kabah (ancient Maya the chief town 
 of MaVapan). The cardinal points were known and they 
 
 —45— 
 
had a standard of measurement. There were jC) shafts 
 or columns in parallel rows and balustrades of entyvi- 
 ned bodies of huge serpents. Shrubs or-vegetation grew 
 on mounds or terraqes of hewn stone. There are walls 
 '274 ft. long ,30,, thick :and 120 ft. -apart. ■' The colored . 
 paints on the walls are still bright of green, ^red,^ blue, 
 yellow,and reddish brown;wooden lintels are common 
 at Yucatan^but not at the other rums. The palace of 
 Palenqne(modern name) or the Governor's palace was 
 at Uxmal in, Yucatan. Herrera says there were so ma- 
 nv and' so great,stately buildings' that it was amazing. 
 The Aztecs were overthrown bythe Spaniards,' the Tol- 
 tecs preceded tiiem.and the Colhuas the Toltecs. 
 
 The above description suits antediluvian times of no 
 rain; it suits a very- numerous, strong and settled peo- 
 ple knovying the art.olchisdliing and hardening a spe- 
 cies of soft stone and who lived \-ery long. The Toltecs 
 would be driven, from Ohio by hordes of barbarians of 
 the north. The Natches Indians a supposed remnant of 
 the Toltecsare.sunwor&hippersaiid maintain fi perpet- 
 ual fire. Mr. S.,(:ontinues,. "in one room of a great 
 building at U.xmal,. walls were coated with a very fine 
 plaster of Paris, equal to the best seen on walls in this 
 country. He says the laying and polishing of stones are 
 as perfect as under rules of the ^best modern', masonry. 
 The elaborate sculptured ruins of Palenque are 7 or 8 
 leagues one way.and half a league the other. (24 by ,j 
 half miles) This would claim to be the seat of an em- 
 pire that preceeded those in S.America. The cross is a 
 commort emblem found in the ruins. It was known to 
 the Phoenicians,and is found in the ruins of Nineveh 
 around the neck of an early Nimrod-king. Four, sacred 
 signs are fou,nd: the crescent, the star, sun, the trident 
 and the cross. It is- also, fonnd on oriental prisoners fig- 
 ured in Egyptian mummies. To degrade this religious 
 emblem, the cross, Alexander the great ordered 2000 of 
 the principal-citizens of Tyre to be crucified. Palenque 
 is full of inscrptions. Rlocks^of stone 6 ft in length, 
 compose the great wall-of Copan 624 ft. Jong, The 
 Pyramidal building :it supported has a v\ade terrace 
 160 feet above tl^ej river on \vhi(Ji great trees 
 
 -4 
 
 f^' 
 
are • growing 20 ft. in circumference 2000 yeara 
 old. There are obelisks, piazzas, and a building 
 like the Coliseum of Rome, Some of the edifices 
 combine the solidity of Egypt with the elegaiice of the 
 Greek. Mosaics at Mitla are more ingenious 
 than plain in relief of the purest design, it is a maze of 
 courts and, buildings. There are roads along the Andes 
 one ran the whole length of the empire from Quito to 
 Chili. Another starting from this at Cuzco went down 
 to the coast and extended north -ward to the equator. 
 They are built on beds or deep understructures of ma- 
 sonry from 2oto.25 ^t. in width made, level and smooth 
 for paving and macadamizing with pulverized stone & 
 lime and bitumen, used in all their masonry. On it 
 was a very strong wall more than a fathom in thick- 
 ness; built straight over marshes, rivers and vast chasms 
 of the Sierras through rocks, precipices and mountain 
 sides,a marvellous work cut through rocks for leagues. 
 Great ravines are filled up with solid masonry, Rivers 
 were crossed by suspension-bridges no obstruction en- 
 countered which the builders did not overcome. It was 
 as long as the two Pacific Railroads. The old city Ca- 
 diz (now Cadiz)founded B.C. 1 100 is still inhabited. It 
 was built over Tartesus which had been in ruins long 
 B.C. Query: How long had P^lenque's old ruins existed 
 when that first Tyrian ship was driven across the At- 
 lantic a distance of about 3000 miles? 
 
 The following is taken frorn the Scientific^ M^n, vol. 2, 
 No 6 N.Y. A.D. 1880 on the time that has elapsed 
 since era of the Cave jnen of Devonshire by Mr.Pengel- 
 ly E^ F.R.S. showing the connection between certain 
 formations in Kents Cavern with the peat-bogs of Deri- 
 mark. The tiriie calculate.dfrom inscrptions in Kent;s 
 Cavern Devon- by the formation of stalagmites on them 
 A film of stalagmite accreted on the inscriptions .^incp 
 they mere cut glazes them slightly over. On a boss of 
 sialagmiite there, is the following inscription: "Robert 
 Hedges of Ireland Feb.2oth,i688. Anotheris dated 1.604 
 what years have elapsed since have made ho Appreciable 
 change and yet the calcareous water has been constant 
 iv dripping. There is no shadow of doubt that the ins- 
 
 —47— 
 
*-'r4ptions are genuine. Carbonate of lime accreted on 
 the inscriptions 250 years old form riot more than a 20th 
 part of an inch where it is formed with unusual rapidi- 
 ty. It would take 5000 yrs. to account for the granular 
 stalagmite of only an inch and for 60 in.3oooooyrs. The 
 old cave men left''bshind 366 flint tools. Note, this in- 
 dicates that the tools became gradually covered and the 
 cave men were there in successive ages. Below the stal- 
 agmite came a deposit known as cave-earth 4ft thick. 
 In the stalagmite we have the remains of both extinct 
 and recent animals and flint implements. The cave 
 earth contains our great hai vest of them. 
 
 (Neolithic polished flint). Man made the bone 
 implements and amongst them are numerous bone 
 needles with well-drilled eyes. Below cave-earth is 
 another stalagmite of much greater thickness, being 
 12 ft., while that above cave-earth nowhere exceeds 
 5 ft. The lower stalagmite i-^ '^f totally different char- 
 acter to that in the higher level, we will term it crys- 
 talline and the upper granul'ir.in e\erv instance where 
 a bone is found it is crusted over with a thin film of 
 stalagmite. Where it lav was the upper portion or 
 floor of the cavern for a very long time. During that 
 time the drip from the roof brought the stalagmitemat- 
 ter down forming a film round the object. The pro- 
 cess was interrupted by a layer of cave-earth. Ab'^ve 
 we find another bone or stone under precisely the same 
 condition aud that goes on through the entire thickness 
 of the cave earth. When we remf)ve one of the large 
 rocks of limestone found in the cave-eaith and find 
 bone under it we find that bone crusted, the broken 
 part lying in juxta position on a firm unyielding sur- 
 !ace. The bone was broken by that limestone falling on 
 it. The cavecarth was introduced very slowly and re - 
 pres^^nts a very large amount of time. We then go fur- 
 ther back to the old crystalline stalagmite ancl then 
 to the Breccia below that which is formed of material 
 utterly unlike the caveearth. There is a different fauna 
 and a diffeient construrton cf surface. The palaeonto- 
 Jogical evidence is the cave lion,theIynx felis the hyena 
 ■ fox,wolf,cave-bear,glutton and the badger. There are 
 
 -48 - 
 
implements of a ruder kind found in the lower 
 deposit, (Breccia) a totally different kind of im- 
 plement,^an was in Devonshire, the contemporary of 
 the extinct cave-mammals. The implements found 
 in Kent's cavern are of the Palaeo]||Jhic kind, i. e., of 
 the stone age prior to the bronze age. The imple- 
 ments in the cave earth are Neolithic and belong to 
 the hysenine period. But those in the Breccia below 
 the crystalized stalagmite belong to the Ursine period 
 of Kent's cavern. The former are delicately made, 
 never polished, and all made of flakes. The latter are 
 massive, made invariably of flint-nodules, and not 
 flake. With the nodules they struch off a plank or 
 flakes of flint, and fashio'ned it into a more delicate 
 instrument. Though they are all Palaolithic, they 
 belong to two different types. 
 
 Passing from that, I ask you to accompany me to 
 Denmark, whe^e the naturalists have been able to get 
 a chronology out of its peat bogs and which is a land 
 of beech trees. Below the beech there came a time 
 when there was no beech, but oak, of a particular 
 kind, having leaves of a long footstalk called pedun- 
 culated. Below that there is another form of oak, 
 with no footstalk, called sessile. Below that the 
 Scotch fir is the most prevalent. Here we have a 
 chronological series. Let us endeavor to attach a 
 time value to them. We are sure the beech period 
 represents 1800 years, for the Romans inform us that 
 Denmark was a land of beech trees. We may say 
 2500 years for one species of tree in Denmark, prior to 
 which there was no beech. Prior to that there were 
 two kinds of oaks; prior to oaks, firs. The Scotch fir 
 will not now grow in Devonshire, even when coaxed 
 and petted bv the agriculturist. If we take these 
 periods and multiply them by 2500, we get 10,000 
 years for the time of these trees. How does this ac- 
 cord with archaeological evidence? The iron tool 
 comes down to the beech period, no further. The 
 bronze tools go below the first oak and halfway into 
 the sessile variety. Below that down to the bottom 
 
 —49— 
 
of tdie firs we have the neolithic unpolished flint tools, 
 ■as found in the eave-earth of Kent's cayern, Devon- 
 shire, , all of flakes. Though thousands of years are 
 absorbed in this way, and we go^ back to the lower 
 levels, we have not got back to the Kent's cavern, up- 
 per or granular stalagmite (prior to which 300,000 
 years were reckoned.) Now let us coordinate that 
 with the animals iu the cavern. 
 
 Denmark (From Upper to Lower.) 
 
 1. Peat bog. 
 
 2. Beech period, 2500 years, iron tools. 
 
 3. Sessile, oak aud bronze tools, 2500 years. 
 
 4. Pedunculated, oak nnd flint tools, 2500 yeatsr.^ ' 
 
 5. Firs, 2500 years. Total, iq,ooo yeare. 
 
 6. Bottoms of bog, black mould, limestone, pon- 
 ternporary with No. 10 below. 
 
 Kent's Cavern. 
 
 7. Granulated stalagmite 5 feet, 3ob;ooo years. 
 
 8. ' Cave-earth, all flakes, neolithic tools, wolf and 
 glutton. 
 
 g. Crystalized stalagmite, 12 feet thick, a total of 
 one million two hundred thousand years. 
 
 10. Breccia, Palaeolithic tools; lion, bear, lynx; 
 2,200,000 years passed away before the Breccia man- 
 made implements are found and consisted of nodules 
 and flakes; then there was no English channel. 
 
 11. Wild Archaic TOan. > ' 
 
 12. Alluvium (from rivers.) 
 ■ 13. Drift. 
 
 14. Pleistocene periods. v 
 
 Query. — Were the pedunculated trees contemporary 
 with polished' or unpolished implements? ' Accordi-ng 
 to this account the palaolethic were the polished and 
 the- neolithic unpolished. 
 
 The nodules gradually fashioned the • flakes 
 more delicately, till only flakes were used, 
 and remained unpolished, found in the cave-earth. 
 The whole of the bog period does not take us back 
 beyond the neolithic implements. They take us back 
 through the iron and bronze ages, but fail to reach 
 the paloelithic tools in the Breccia. When we have 
 
got there, we are in but the black mould period. Be- 
 low the black mould we come to the great deposit of 
 the granular stalagmite, formed at the rate of 1-20 
 part of an inch in 250 ysars. and there are five feet to 
 account for. All that amount of time- absorbed, and 
 we are back into the cave-earth period, representing a 
 prodigeous amount of time, during which vast herds 
 of cattle lived in -Britain. We go further still, when 
 there was no hyena and nothing indicated his pres^ 
 ence, and none of the bones gnawed after his partic- 
 ular fashion. When we remember that the hyena was 
 a cave hunting animal, the fact that it was not found 
 m that cavern is tolerable proof that the hyena was 
 not in Britain. After the Breccia and Ursine period 
 (palaeolithic) Britain was connected with the conti- 
 ngent. The English channel was dry and the h3'ena, 
 and perhaps his companions, came to Britain from 
 France. Far back as these successive times take us, 
 and they do it to almost bewilderment, they do not 
 take us back to the beginning of man in Britain. We 
 have brought three witnesses that concur in the an- 
 tiquity of man; viz — Geology, Paleothology a^d Ar- 
 chaeologv; but not from the g|ographical or climatic 
 argument. Take any view you like, whether the view 
 that the Archaic man was self- develops into the 
 Palaeolithic man,-and they into the NeolithiG',-' and 
 they into the me,tal tool making, you cannot get rid 
 of the vast amount of time for- man's existence on the 
 earth. 
 
 The following is taken from Geo. W. Peck's 
 "Melbourne and the Chincha Islands," published by 
 Chas. Scribner, N. Y , Nassau street, 1854: He de- 
 scribes the Isles as having immense deposits of guano on 
 islands now low, and that at a depth of 17 feet in the 
 guano there were found large pieces of granite chipped 
 uff, while there is no granite 'within twenty miles 
 south, and that on an island. The inferenc^pis tha:^ a 
 continent, once existed there, having mountains of 
 granite, and that they were submerged by lightning 
 shocks, which broke off the pieces of granite. The 
 three islands referred to are about a mile iri lesngth 
 
 —51 — 
 
1 f 
 
 and covered with guano, the highest being 400 feet 
 above the sea level. The guano consists of the de- 
 composed remains of seals, sea lions, pelicans and 
 penguins. Seals crawled to the top to die. 
 
 The following is taken from Major C. C Bennett's 
 pamphlet on "The Sandwich Islands," Bancroft & Co., 
 S. F., 1903: All of the northern part of the American 
 continent bears unmistakable signs of a prehistoric 
 civilized man. Who cut the mighty roadways 
 through the mountains of Arizona? Some of these 
 roadways are 100 miles in length, and parts (now) a 
 mile in depth? Who built the immense canals that 
 water the plains and valleys west of the river Gila? 
 Who built the houses that were found in the cliffs 
 bordering on the canals and discovered over 300 years 
 ago by Spaniards? It is thought by visitors that when 
 these houses were built, they were nearly level with 
 the\ water, but they were built so long ago that the 
 ' water has worn the rock and earth down a hundred 
 feet? Who made the sword that was found at Negro 
 Hill i.ear Mormon Island, 32 miles east of Sacramento 
 f south , of the American , Island? A shaft was dug^o 
 feet in depth to bedrock. At the bottom of that shaft 
 was found a sword 22 feet in length and 22, in. in 
 widih.. Everything but the metal had decayed. It 
 was very rusted -and found to be composed of the best 
 steel and temper. When I was mining on Coon Hill, 
 I sank a shaft. When 95 ft. in depth 1 came upon a 
 stratum of charcoal, went through that and 5 ft. more 
 of sand-gravel, and came to a second stratum of char- 
 coal and four feet further to the bed of rock. No bet- 
 ter coal was ever burnt. It was equai to stone coal, 
 as it had been buried so long. Whence came those 
 str,'it*fcii6 of charcoal of four feet in thickness with five 
 feet of sand and gravel intervening? The Spaniards 
 gave an account of a civilized race that lived on the 
 N. W. coast as early as A. D. 500. 
 
 [S('ntinf;l print, Sawlelle, Calif., l'. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 
 
 -52- 
 
They lived there till A. D. looo, when they emi- 
 grated to the river Gila and the table lands of 
 Mexico, and there by some means became extinct, 
 probably by a mighty upheaval of the earth. Houses, 
 fortresses, churches and villages are being unearthed 
 there. They were followed by Aztec races, who 
 handed their traditions down to the Mexicans, who 
 wrote them up in a published account and placed 
 them in the old Spanish Archives of Guam. Whence 
 came the pigs, turkeys and chickens that fed Captain 
 Cook's men? They were found all over the group of 
 islands. The use of hoop- iron and nails had once 
 been well known there. 
 
 Note — Mt. Jorillo in Mexico was pushed up in 
 A. D. 1759, to 1682 feet above what was before a 
 plain at that location referred to. 
 
 THE AGE OF MAN FROM THE STANDPOINT 
 OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 We find that in the most advanced nation of an- 
 tiquity writing was in a very crude state, and not re- 
 garded as of much account and that the growth of 
 language and writing has been very gradual in them 
 all and little lost. Writing first began by drawing 
 'objects of nature. The letters of the alphabet have 
 arisen from these symbolical representations. The 
 first real men would represent their wants by sounds 
 associated with objects of nature most common to 
 them, being exaggerated into metaphors and hyper- 
 bolics one idea would be expressed by two coupled 
 words, as a mouth and wisdom for wise words, "water 
 and spirit" for a fluent spirit (intellectual affection). 
 This particular evolution seems uniform in antiquity. 
 The use of a dual number is indicative of a refined 
 state and the sight being familiar with pairiS of 
 things, similar to the rhythms in the earth's crust and 
 the alternations of successive layers of strata. The 
 earliest hieroglyphics are the rudest of all. Accuracy 
 in grammatical expression is the perfection of lan- 
 guage. New generations improved on the past. 
 
 53 I 
 
There are indications also of independent centers 
 of original hieroglyphics. Sanscrit, the first known 
 general language of civilization, became the parent 
 of several branches. The conquests of Alexander 
 and Caesar did much to extend their language. 
 Political intrigues for power retard the progress of 
 civilization. Concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia 
 dilabuntur (Cicero). 
 
 THE AGE OF THE EARTH. 
 
 (Taken from the N. Y. Tribune and the Los Angeles 
 Times, California.) 
 Lord ICelvin's reiterated estimate is based on the 
 supposed rate of the cooling of the earth from a 
 ^ ^ molten mass, between 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 
 years. Biologists declare that five or ten times as 
 long a period is needed to allow for the slow develop- 
 ment of man from the lowest fossil forms of life, 
 hitherto discovered. The geologists after trying to 
 form an idea of the rate at which sedimentary rocks 
 are laid down to-day, say that the strata already in 
 existence could hardly have been deposited in any- 
 thing like 20,000,000 years. Professor G. H. Gilbert 
 of Washington suggested that possibl)- a closer study 
 of certain rhythms of geological time, that have been 
 observed by geologists might be serviceable. In many 
 places in the earth's crust the deposits betray a more 
 or less symmetrical alternation. In the coal regions, 
 for instance, sandstone and shale are situated one 
 above the other in a monotonous succession. Else- 
 where rocks which are of sedimentary origin are 
 curiously banded, with streaks of a different hue. 
 Sometimes their markings are as thin as a sheet of 
 paper, but they always suggest a change of circum- 
 stances at comparatively regular intervals. In Scan- 
 dinav/ia there are alternate deposits of forest trees and 
 bog- moss, which indicate that the earth's surface was 
 first covered with one and then the other, in a sys- 
 tematic manner. The recession and advance of 
 glaciers, too, have superimposed one stratum of gravel 
 
 —54— 
 
on another, in some instances seventeen successive 
 times. A somewhat similar stratification of deposits 
 at the mouth of big rivers, led to the supposition that 
 there were a number of subsidences there in conse- 
 quence of the weight of accumulated materials (as in 
 deltas.) Professor Gilbert referred to the notion that 
 the retardation of the earth's rotation from tidal 
 waves might cause an alteration between the flat- 
 tening of the poles and an approach to sphericity. 
 The resulting changes of level would modify the con- 
 dition of those continental areas that would thus be 
 exposed at one time and submerged at another. No 
 attempt has vet been made to use this standard in 
 estimating the time represented by adjacent geologl- 
 cal deposits. The phenomenon of ' the precision of ^:y 
 equinoxes is computed to be complete in a period of 
 21,000 years. At one stage of this cycle the Southern 
 hemisphere has hotter summers and colder winters 
 than the Northern, and in 10,500 years later the situa- 
 tion is reversed. It has been supposed by CroU and 
 others that local climatology would be so altered by 
 this agency as to leave some impress on geological 
 record. The principal mineral constitution of the sea 
 is chloride of sodium. Professor Joly thinks that all 
 of that sodium came from rocks at a uniform rate 
 from the action of weather. He concludes: "Eighty 
 or ninety million years have elapsed since the surface 
 of the globe was first subjected to the denuding action 
 of rain." 
 
 Note— The accumulation of deltas inay have 
 caused the subsidence of a vast area giving rise to 
 the deluge mentioned in Genesis. The successive 
 strata of'charcoal mentioned by Major Bennett may 
 have been boggy moss covered over while in a scorch- 
 ing heat from volcanic action by sand and gravel 
 brought down by rivers of snow, and the land there 
 being a very long" time acquiring a depth of ninety- 
 five feet. 
 
 -:)y 
 
REMARKS ABOUT ANCIENT CENTRAL AMERICA 
 
 When the conquest .of- virgin Yucatan by the 
 Spanish Christians was .made they found and 
 burned twenty-seven large MSS. of deerskins. Later 
 a priest .named Lando found and preserved a MS. 
 which is known to be 1300 years old. It is called the 
 Troob MS., and in it is found a confirmation of the 
 great island Atlantis. The Maya priests made good 
 paper from barks and roots of certain trees on which 
 they wrote about their various sciences. Archaeology 
 was one-of their studies, so were medicine, astronomy,, 
 chronology and geology. Maya history tells us about 
 the. history of Yucatan. That country fairly over- 
 flowed with people 20,000 years ago. Some of them 
 emigrated to South America. Others went across the 
 narrow strip of land connecting Yucatan with Africa, 
 and hundreds of thousands were drowned when that 
 island sank beneath the sea. There are undoubted 
 evidences that the Mayas were in the Mississippi val- 
 ley 30,000 years ago. Their graves have been found 
 at the Bayou Labourche in Louisiana in excavations 
 sixty feet below the surface. These graves were cov- 
 ered with oyster-shells, as though from the beach of 
 the ocean. From the house and temple builders of 
 South America the Mayas wandered to the Mississippi 
 and became mound builders. Their language habits 
 and complexion changed. They overran the Ohio, 
 Mississippi and Missouri valleys and the great copper 
 mines of the northern lakes. They built their mystic 
 mounds in several places in parts of forty-seven tri- 
 angles with the described lines half a mile in length. 
 By means of mounds they divided a circle into frac- 
 tions with mathematical exactness. They also had 
 instruments for establishing the true meridian. -Pro- 
 fessor Walters took observations on the North star. 
 He found the variations of the needle at that point to 
 be 9° 11' 14". This meridian cut the center of a row 
 of small mounds for more than a mile. This un- 
 doubtedly shows a knowledge of astronomv. Pro- 
 fessor Walters says there were many renegade immi- 
 
 ~S6— 
 
grations from Yucatan before ifie main overflow. 
 From tfiese, mixed witfl more Mongolian-looking 
 tribes from Befiring Straits, came the Zunis Moquis, 
 Pueblos, etc. But with upspringing of the mound 
 builders, these tribes sank into the background. The 
 mound builders were pushing to the West. The 
 Mayas (main overflow) to the East. At first they 
 were 500 miles from each other. The line of battle 
 reached from Nebiaska to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Strangely diverse weapons are found in mounds facing 
 each other at Neosho (Kansas.) In the eastern 
 mounds are weapons of granite and quartzite. In 
 the opposite ones obsidian arrow-heads and gl'ass- 
 spear- heads. 
 
 Note — Here is the earliest mention made of glass. 
 The mound builders were making maple sugar at the 
 time the attack look place. The crystallization of 
 the sugar carbon was the same as now. The skeletons 
 were of small, compact-built men. A great many 
 skulls were of the Egyptian type— long and narrow. 
 Some skeletons were taller than others. These were 
 the Mayas. They were narrow skulled, long from 
 the frontal to the occipital bones, with high cheek 
 bones, strong jaws and teeth, sharp protruding chins 
 and large physique. Knives made of flint and teeth 
 are common. Bones of birds were found in some 
 vessel^ of large size. There were bowls and pieces. of 
 pottery. The skulls belonged to the Maya-Toltec 
 race, prognathous, coarse, occipital. 
 
 The following is taken from the Los Angeles 
 Herald of March 8th, 1901: 
 
 A man prospecting about the base of Mt. Ranier, , 
 Oegon', at length reached a point 7500 feet above (. 
 the sea level. In rough granite covered with a crust 
 of rough lava he discovered an opening which showed 
 evidences of human handiwork. The cave was 12 
 feet high and from 8 to 60 feet in width. The walls 
 had been polished and covered with many hiero- 
 glyphics, and figures made by human hands. The 
 main passage was explored for a distance of five 
 
 —57— 
 
miles. Passages led off in many directions. There 
 were boiling water springs, blocks of ice, sulphur 
 springs, cold and hot springs. Two tubs had been 
 cut out of stone near them. There was a well thirty 
 feet deep with a circular stairway leading to the bot- 
 tom. After devious windings about the bottom of 
 this well an immense underground lake was discov- 
 ered, and at the very entrance was a canoe, appar- 
 ently of cedar, but petrified, and chained to the wall 
 by a heavy metal staple swivel. The bank of the 
 lake was explored a mile and a half one way and a 
 little over that distance the other, but its extent could 
 not be determined. Another passage led to a flight 
 of stone steps down a distance of sixty feet. Along 
 these were several vaults. One of them had a small 
 lid resting loosely against the main slab, which en- 
 closed it. On removing it and entering, the chamber 
 seemed dry, but was immensely cold with much ice 
 inside. On a large slab, side by side, were two huge 
 human figures, that of a woman measuring over 
 seven feet and of a man seven feet ten inches in 
 length. Both bodies were frozen solid and in a per- 
 fect state of preservation. The man had a black 
 beard and long dark hair, and on his left wrist was a 
 gold band an inch and a half wide and a quarter of 
 an inch thick. On the band were engraved an ante- 
 lope and a number of characters. The woman had 
 long hair, and from one ear hung a heavy pendant of 
 gold. Near the body were the dismembered skeletons 
 of two children and there were numerous bones 
 throughout the cave. There were metallic v^essels of 
 different kinds and tools, several hammers weighing 
 from twelve to fifteen pounds. The above story is 
 told with a minuteness of detail and with great 
 plausibility. 
 
 PREHISTORIC BA.TTL1' GROUND OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 (Taken from the New York Journal, December 5th, 
 A. D. 1897, Prof. M J. McGee, author of the 
 United States Bureau of Ethnology.') 
 The story of the prehistoric battle in Arkansas is 
 
 -s8— 
 
certainly veiy extraordinarv. They could not have 
 been Indians. An entire confederacy of Indians in 
 this country never numbered more than 30,000 souls 
 including women and children, and that number 
 means a maximum of 6000 available fighters. The 
 largest war party ever gathered on the plains con- 
 sisted of about 1000 Kiowas, Comanches and Kiowas- 
 Apaches. The migration of the aborigines of this 
 country was made by small parties and by short 
 journevs. Acres of skulls are found. There are 
 75,000 sl<eletons of men, women and children, almost 
 every one pierced by an arrow or javehn. It was 
 fought, says Professor Walters, archaeologist, on the 
 banks of the Arkansas river in Indian Territory, be- 
 tween the mound builders and the Mayas, that"^ won- 
 derful race that swarmed through the narrow neck of 
 the isthmus from Yucatan, overran Mexico and fought 
 the native races (mound builders?) back from the 
 lower Rocky mountains to the Mississippi river. 
 These relics were first noticed in building the Kansas 
 City, Pittsburgh and Gulf railway through the 
 Choctaw nation. He has established the line of 
 crude fortifications by means of which they (the 
 mound builders) defended themselves from the great 
 lakes southward. Up from Yucatan the Mayas were 
 coming year by year. Here were the descendants of 
 that great island of Plato, the lost Atlantis, also re- 
 ferred to in the inscriptions of Yucatan, overflowing 
 northward to beat down the more rude, the more 
 agricultural, but far less civilized mound builders. 
 This was 12,000 years ago, i. e., about 4000 years be- 
 fore the Adamic creation. The descendants of the 
 Mavas existed in the Toltecs, and in the cross-bred 
 differentiated mound builders, the Aztecs. Professor 
 Walters found thirty acres literally paved with these 
 relics. It could not be a burying place, for it was in 
 the quarternary period. Almost all the skulls had 
 been pierced with darts and arrow-heads. In one 
 large head he found thirteen agate arrow-heads, a 
 chief's, undoubtedl}^ who died fighting desperately. 
 
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All the thousands of skeletons were found buried be- 
 neath sand, and above the sand were two distinct 
 strata formed in different geological periods. 
 
 Ndte — The mound builders may have been an 
 offshoot from the Mayas' and emigrated early into the 
 states/ bt#t"tlt^W- mounds, crossed the Mississippi and 
 reached the great lakes, when they were driven back 
 by Tartars or yellow invaders till they met the Mayas 
 in Arkansas. (Just as the Matabeles in Africa were 
 an offshoot from the Zulus.) From what is known of 
 the history of Egypt and even from what is shadowed 
 and outlined by hoary hieroglyphics all is as the pass- 
 ing of a decade to the hist6ry of the Mayas. It may be 
 asserted fronr-relics that ^e have an authentic lineage 
 reaching back to the period of 9700 years, or to the 
 remotes! of the Egyptian shepherd kings. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS AND PHENOMEMA 
 PREVIOUS TO SHOWING THE INTERMITTENT DES- 
 TINIES OF THE EARTH. 
 
 The ecliptic is the apparent path of the sun or 
 the path the earth appears to xiescribe to an observer 
 placed as the sun. It is a celestial circle. The 
 equinoctial is the earth's equator extended to the 
 stars or zodiac and is a celestial circle. The ecliptic 
 makes an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 8', 
 which is the sun's greatest declination. The points 
 where these two circles cross are nodes, or equinoctial 
 points. The earth's orbital path is concentric with 
 the earth's celestial equator or equinoctial circle. In 
 astronomy the precession of the equinoxes (the 
 equinoctial points or nodes of equal day and equal 
 night on the earth) is a slow but continual shifting 
 of the equinoctial points from east to west. The 
 earth moves from west to east. The amount of pre- 
 cession or shifting annually is (equal daA' and equal 
 night take place sooner every year by 5010") 5O10", i. e., 
 the sun appears to make its revolution sooner every 
 year by 5O10", or makes its revolution in the- zodiac 
 sooner than it would if it did not move and there 
 
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Cornell University Library 
 E 61.L21 
 
 Relics of ancient America 
 
 3 1924 028 710 618