CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library PM 8956.S34 1887a Grammar with vocabularies of Volapuk th 3 1924 027 111 453 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027111453 GRAMMAR WITH VOCABULARIES OF yOLAPUK: >-' / V. '^ fv|4f)^^S^ft'^^3 y^'Zv/2. / PREFACE. "VoLAPiiK" (the Language of the World) was invented by Mr. J. M. Schleyer of Litzelstetten ; in Baden , Germany , and published in the year 1880. Since that time it has made rapid progress, and has already gained a firm footing in Germany , Switzerland , Holland , Hungary , Italy , France , Sweden and especially in Austria and in Syria and Arabia, having been introdused also into Russia (south), America , Asia , and the north of Africa. It does not aim at setting aside the many languages at present in use, but only at providing a common means of intercourse between all nations. It is quite unnecessary to explain to an enterprising nation like the British , what the advantages of a common language are. Many attempts have previously been made to compose such a language, but this', "Volapiik ," surpasses them all for brevity and clearness , and has been approved by high autho- rities of different countries. "Volapiik" has also the indispensable advantage of being ver.y easily and quickly learnt. Menade bal. Piiki bal. that is L — One Mankind. One Language. W. A. SEBET. GrLASGOW, 1887. CHAPTEK I. Alphabets (Lafabs). § 1.— World-alphabet (Volalafab). ■. For the viniTersal language (Volapiikiko). (1.) a, e, i, 0, u; a, 6, ii; = 8 vowels. (2.) 0, j, s, X, z; \ 1.' 1,' i' ^' ' > = 20 consonants, h, K, 1, m, n, I P, r, t, V, y; ) In all 28 letters. § 2. — Pronunciation of the 28 letters for the language of the world. (1.) All the vowels are pronounced long, full, and clearly, thus : — a, like the English o in father. e, , , ,, ,, a ,, sale. i, , > 1> t» e „ me. Of , ,, ,, „ no u, , ,. ,, „ to. fl, , I) :) a „ any. 0, , 5) German „ Schohe. 0, , French eu „ peu. ». , n )3 « 1. une. ^. > )) German « „ fiber. (2.) The pronunciation of the consonants in Volapuk will require a little care and practice at first, although they are very easy and clear. c, like the English j in John, /, „ >, sh „ shore, s, ,, ,, s ,, storm s, „ „ z ,, zero; when in the same syllable it stands before a vowel. 1 GEAMMAB OF VOLA.PUK. X, like the Bngliali x in box 2, )) ts „ rats. 2. German z ,, all cases. b, English b „ bleu. d, 1) d ,, dust. f- ,, f „ fast. 9' 51 g ., good. e ,, h „ here.^ h, German ch „ machen. Ji, broad Scotch gh in night k, English k in key. I, 1) 1, „ long. m, ., m „ morning. n. ,, n „ never. p. ,, p „ purse. r, i> r ,, rare. t, ?» t „ tune. ", w „ wish. y^ ,, y ,, yonder. § 3.— Writing of the letters. (1.) The letters shown in § 1 are written like the English letters. (2.) The capital letters are just the same as the English Ifctters, as : A, E, I, 0, U. C, J, S, X, z. B, D, F, G. H, K, L, M, N. P, R, T, V, Y. (3.) The capital letters for a, 5, u, are written thus — A, 0, ii. (4.) The capital letter for (') only gets a little teaTier ('). (5.) Besides these 28 letters, Volapiik has 10 other accents, only used, however, in translation, to interpret sounds and accents peculiar with some people or language; they are: a, say ao, for the English a in all. „ ta, U J) th „ the. f, „ la. „ French 11 „ fito. rr, „ ra, „ double r „ ferry ^, „ ma, , French m „ nom. A „ na, 1 >) n „ mon. GRAMMAK OP YOLAPUK. <7, say na, for the, English ng in song. /, „ sa, „ sharp sound before vowels. j, „ zya, „ Trench j in je. c, „ tzya, „ English ch „ cMld. CHAPTER II. Rules Concerning the Letters. (Noms Tonabas.) § 4. — In Volapuk every letter must be pronounced, none is mute. Ex. : — '■el, pronounced as hail, means hair. yel, „ „ yale, „ year. cil,^ „ „ jeel, „ child. plied, „ ' „ plee-aid, „ praise. bloda'et, „ „ blo-da-hate, „ hate between brothers. § 5. — In Volapuk every sound is written by only one letter, and every letter has only one. sound. § 6. — Each letter is pronounced in every case in exactly the same way. In Volapuk the vowels are always long (quite different from the English vowels. Ex. — See a in father, call, shall, pale, mare, &c.) § 7. — In every word the stress, the accent, must be put on ihe last syllable. (Only in poetry this rule allows some freedom.) § 8. — The softened vowels are a, 6, u — of which the a equals the French e, while the d and u are the very same as the German o and ii. § 9- — Volapuk has no q and no iv; qu is written kv pro- nounced" like qu in the English words — quite, question; w is written v, and pronounced like w in the English word — wisdom. § 10. — Volapuk avoids all sounds particular to one nation or country, therefor it has not the English th nor the French m and n as used 9,t the end of words, spoken through the nose; but in Volapuk all letters must be pronounced clearly. § 11- — The u always sounds as the English « in full, but never as in purity, miisic. § 12 — The letter J, without a point, sounds like zy, and not like dzy. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. § 13.— The a: always sounds like hs. § 14. — The z always sounds like ts. § 15.— The / is used instead of v and ph. § 16.— The g is like a soft k, as in good, gold, God. § 17.— The letter ' ' ■ (mark from the Greek) is a,lways pro- nounced as h, in half, her. § 18.— The letter h in Volapuk sounds, like the ch in the German language. § 19.— y, used for/, is always a sounding consonant, never a vowel. § 20. — Volapuk has no diphthongs as oa in broad, ou in found ; neither has it triphthongs as eau in beauty ; but every letter has its own sound, therefor geil (height) is pronounced gay-eel. § 21. — The unnatural sound of ng, as in long, song, does not exist in VolapUk; when required, it may be represented by the mark 7 (from the Greek). § 22. — To represent in Volapuk the letters ch, as sounding in the words — Charles, child, one writes a c with a mark at the top: c\ § 23. — The names of the 28 letters are as follows —ordei-ed . as in § 1 : — (1.) a (as a in father), e (as the English a), i (as the English e), oj u (as Q in cruel), a (as e in mess), 6 (as eu in the French adieu) •, u (as the French u in une). (2.) ja, sha, za, ksa, tsa ; ba, da, fa, ga, ha; ga (like the German ch), ka, la, ma, na; pa, ra, ta, wa, ya; in which the a is pronounced as the English letter a. CHAPTER III. Languages (Puks). § 24.— Advantages of our universal language (Bizugs Vola- pfika obsik). (1) Everybody knows that all living and ancient languages show quantity of faults and difficulties which it is useless to point out in this Grammar. GBAMMAR OF YOLAPiiK. (2.) The advantages of Volapiik are many, becaxise it avoida, or at least tries to avoid, all such puzzling rules. (3.) Volapiik is brief, and saves words to such an extent that its usefulness will soon be seen- in telegraphing, for instance. (4.) Although very brief, Volapuk is clear, plain, and distinct in its expressions, and as each expression has only one meaning, no mistakes can be; made. (5.) Volapuk is easily learnt, which certainly is one of its lest qualities. In fact, any person who knows his own language well, may learn, in one week, all the rules ofthe new language, as there are no exceptions or irregularities whatever. CHAPTER IV. WOELD GrRAMMAB (VoLAGLAMAT). § 25. — The English language is the basis, or rather the guide, for Volapuk, because it is the most wide spread language at the present day, notwithstanding the confusion of its spelling. Englishmen and people knowing the English language, will soon perceive their advantage at the learning of Volapuk, above people that can not speak English. § 26. — Like the Latin and the Russian languages, Volapuk has no Articles ;, those found in its dictionary are used for^ literal translation only, thus the word fat means father, and the father as well as a father. § 27. — If it is required to distinguish the sexes, the Noun itself shows the masculine, while the feminine is formed by placing the particle ji- (which has the same meaning and also the same pronunciation as the , English "she") or the particle of- directly before the Noun,only kept distinct from it by a hyphen ( - ). The neuter gender is formed by affixing the particle os to the noun, without any mark. § 28. — The plural of the neuter gender may be formed by writing 6ss, or oz. Ex. — this is good, atos bin6s gudik; thesg (things) are good, at6ss bin6ss (binoms) gudik; or, atoz b.noz gudik. § 29. — In Volapuk vowels or consonants are not doubled, aor is it allowed to put many of them together Yet in the 6 6EAMMAR OF VOLAPuK. possessive singular and plural the second syllable, is freely- added to the word. Ex. — vilaKS, freedom of will; yQAsusluk, dictionary, book of the words, vocabulary. § 30.— For the sake of children and old people, also for some Asiatic nations, Volapuk often avoids the letters r, rr, ',. h, c, ch, ng, th, jtj, &c. § 31. — Compound words (v5ds pekosiadol). (1.) All compound words in Volapuk take the a of the possessive singular; for example— householder, domakipel; dress- maker, klotamekel, and not klotasmekel. (2.) The possessive plural as, the adverbial o, or the .mark for the accusative z, and other such like, may be used, more clearly to denote the meaning of the word; or also to avoid ambiguity. (3.) In any case it may be better not to use compounds, but rather' to write: Mekel klotas; meaning: maker of dresses or klotasnjekel ;. meaning: of dresses the maker. § 32.— The five hissing letters (c, j, s, x z,) do not end words that can be conjugated, nor do they take the plural s, which would give an unnatural sound. § 33. — In Yolapuk nouns, as primitive words, are made monosyllabical if possible. § 34. — Volapuk has only one diminitive, that is, the addi- tional U. Ex. — dom, house; domjV, little, or small house. § 53.— (1.) All adjectives, numeral words, and pronoxms, are usually placed directly after their nouns ; and in that case they are not inflected to indicate number or gender, (same as in English Grammar). (2.) When used before, or without a noun, however, and also in poetry, and in such oases where clearness requires it, they must be changed, and take gender and number. § 36.- — The adverbs are the same as adjectives, and are placed after the verba. Should it be necessary to distinguish them from each other, the adjective, used as an adverb, takes an o, that is iko, ta the primitive word. Ex. : — Noun. Adjective. Adverb, gild. gaiik. guAiko, good(ness). good. well. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 7 (In poetry this o may be added to all adverbs, even when not actually required by this rule). § 37. — (1.) The digits, numeral words from 1 to 9 inclusive, never take the plural s. (2.) The words — "the ones", "the twos", &c.; are express- ed as: the numbers one, the numbers two, &6.; or as balel, telel, &c. § 38.— All tenfolds take the plural s. § 30. — All prepositions stand invariably before their noun. § 40. — The verb in Volapfik, for all forms of conjugation, has always the same affixes for each of the different persons in singular and plural. § 41. — In Volapuk all tenses (and persons) have their moods, particles, imperatives, and subjunctives. § 42.— Volapiik uses only one negative, while two negatives make a positive. § 43. — Conjunctions, used to join clauses, shall never be omitted. § 44.— Capital letters are used only at the beginning of "God", of the names opplied to the Deity, and also of individual persons, places, &c. § 45. — Volapuk gives all freedom in syntax, but the usual arrangement of the parts in a sentence is thus: — Noun, pronoun, . number, adjective; predicate (verb), adverb or preposition, with noun; extensions (4th, 2nd, 3rd case); principal clause, subordinate clauses. § 46.- The dictionary shows that the greater part of words for Volapiik are derived from the English, transforming those ending in s, z, or other hissing sounds; and also much Con- formity with the German, French, Spanish, and Latin languages may be observed. § 47. — Polysyllabic "primitives, beginning with p3,, pe, pi po, or pu, shall be used as little as possible, because they appear so much alike the future tense of verbs, that mistakes might be made. Rather use p6, pii, pla, pla, pli; or ba, bii. be. § 48.— Base rules (Lenoms, stabanoms). I. SufBxa (affixed syllables). (1.) a; e, and i stand with nouns. (2.) u and u ,, ,, adjectives. (3.) and 6 ,, „ pronouns, verbs, abverbs, and interjections. II, Prseflxa (paeflxed syllables) for verbs. 8 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPUK. (1.) a, ai, and pa, pai — in the present tense. (2.) a, e, i, and pa, pe, pi — in the perfect tense. (3.) 0, n, and po, pu — in the future tense. § 49.— Principal rules (Glenoms). [SnfExa and Praefixa.) A.ffixes and Prefixes. Formation of the plural (Fomam plunuma), (1.) The mark for the plural is the letter S. The | plural of all words is formed by adding S to the singular. Ex. — fbluk, brook; bel, mountain. (.bluks, brooks; bels, mountains, fblod, brother; dom, house, (^blods, brothers; doms, houses. Form the plural of — dog (dog); dlim (dream); dun (deed); fel (field); zib (food). (2.) This rule, having no exceptions, showa a very great advantage cpmpared with the irregularities of the English language; as, for example, in — man, men; box, boxes, child, children; sky, skies. knife, knives; foot, feet, staff, staves; potato, potatoes, tooth, teeth; mouse, mice, ox, oxen; goose, geese. § 50. — Formation of feminine nouns. (Fpmam vodas jilik.) To show a noun as feminine, the syllable fi- is prefixed to, but kept separate from, the primitive word. Ex. — pul, the boy; ji-pul, the girl, son, the son; ji-son, the daughter, gok, the cook; ji-gok, the hen. dog, the dog,; ji-dog, the bitch, blod, the brother; ji-blod, the sister, jeval, the horse; ji-jeval, the mare, fit, the milter; ji-fit, the spawner. kosen, the nephew; ji-kosen, the nice, stag, the hart; ji-stag, the roe. diinan, the man-servant; ji-dUnan, the maid-servant, golad, the buck: ji-golad, the doe. § 51-— To show a word as neuter, the syllable os is affixed to it, and not kept distinct. § 52.— (1.) The possessive singular always ends in a. Ex.— God, God; Goda, Gods. (2.) The objective singular always ends in e. Ex,— flen, the friend; flene, to the friend. GUAMMAll or VOLAPUK. 9 (3.) The accusative (4th case) singular always ends in i. Bz.— blod, the brother; blodi, the brother. Note. — The English language has only three cases: the nominative, the possessive, and the objective. Volapiik, hovsrever, has five cases to shovsr a difference in sentences, like — to the brother, and the brother, therefor it writes— 3rd case to the brother — blode. 4th „ the brother — blodi. (4.) The vocative or 5th case is denoted by an o placed before the noun like an interjection. Ex. — men, man: men! man! mens! men! man, man: man! man! mans! men! Note. — Mark the difference in Volapiik between — man, mans, and men, mens, man, mans — means: man, men. men, mens — means: human being, human beings. Ex. — Grood mothers make intelligent men of their sons. Mots gudik mekofs manis lisanik sonis ofsik. Women, boys, men, and girls are human beings. Voms, puis, mans, e ji-puls binoms mens. (5.) The possessive plural always ends in as. {a denotes the case, s the number.) Ex, — pen, pen (nib); penas, of the pens (nibs). (6.)- The objective plural always ends in es. (e denotes the case, s the number.) Ex. — dom, the house; domes, to the houses. (7.) The accusative (4th case) plural always ends in is. (i denotes the case, s the number.) Ex. — glat, the glass; glatas, the glasses. § 53- — (1.) In Volapiik diminutives are formed by affixing il to the primitive word. Ex. — dom, house; Aomil small hoiise. (2.) Adjectives are formed by adding ik to the primitive word, Ex. — good, goodness; gu&ik, good. (3.) The comparative degree is formed by adding ikum to the primitive word, or urn to the adjective. Ex — gudifc, good ; gndikum, better. (4.) The superlative degree is formed by adding ikun to the primitive word, or tin to the adjective. Ex. — gaAik, good; gndiikm, best. (5.) The numeral words when digits (from 1-9) end in I. 10 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. Ex bal, one; tel, two; kil, three. (6.) The numeral words when tenfolds end in Is. Ex.— baZs, ten; teZs, twenty; kife, thirty. (7.) The numeral words of order end in id when adjectives. Ex. — kil«a, the third. (8.) The numeral words of order when used as adverhs end in ido. , Ex.— kiMo, thirdly, in the third place. foKcfo, in the fourth place,, &c. (9.) The numeral words denoting repetition all end in na. Ex.— balna, once; telna, twice. kilsna, thirty times; folna, four times. ' (10 ) The numeral words denoting distribution take the letter a before them which is kept quite distinct. Ex.— a lul, every (each) five, a mal, ,, ,, six. (11.) The numeral words denoting a manifold, get the letters ik. Ex. — folik, fourfold; velik, sevenfold. (12.) The numeral words when nouns all end in el. Ex. — jeleZ, the eight; ziilel, the nine. (13.) In Volapuk, verbs are derived from the numeral words by adding ore to the numeral. This shows the verb in the infinitive mood. Ex. — tel, two; telon, to double. vel, seven; velon, to multiply by seven. (14.) The affixes for the verbs, are: — 1st person, oh. 2nd „ ol. 3rd „ om of on ok ons SlNGBLAE. Ex. (masculine). „ (feminine). ,, (neuter). ,, (indefinite). ,, (reflective). ,, (polite). Plural. Ex. 2nd (15.) 1st person, ohs, 2nd „ ols. 3rd „ oms (masculine). 11 II ofs (femlinine). — bino5, I am. duneZ, thou doest. iSfom, he loves, kano/, she can. dalos, it may. viloji, one will [self, letonofc, one lets one'si golons, you go. — nobis, we know. piikoZs, you speak, penoms, they write, givo/s , they (females) give. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 11 3rd person oks (reflective). Ex. — klotomofo, also. klotomsofc, they dress themselves. Signs for the tenses of the active verbs, to be prefixed to the verb in its conjugative form. (16.) In the imperfect or past tense, a. Ex. — afinoZ, thou finishedst. (17.) In the perfect tense, e. Ex. — egetom, he has got (received). (18.) In the pluperfect tense, i. Ex. — iplano/J she had planted. (19.) In the future tense, o. Ex. — oilinols, we shall or will drink. (20.) In the future perfect tense, u. Ex. — ukipoms, we shall or will have kept. Signs for the tenses of the passive verbs, to be prefixed to the verb in its conjugative form. (21.) In the present tense, pa. Ex. — ;paI6fols, thou art loved. (22.) In the imperfect or past tense, pa. Ex. — ^aselon, one was sold. (23) In the perfect tense, pe. Ex. — ^eliladoms, they have been read. (24.) In the pluperfect tense, pi. Ex. — pilogova, he had been seen. (25.) In the future tense, po. Ex. — ^ponulobs, we shall or will be renewed. (26.) In the future perfect tense, pu. Ex.— ^ustopon, one shall or will have been stopped. (27.) The sign for the subjunctive mood is the affixed syllable, la, kept distinct from the verb. Ex. — pelob-Zn, that I may pay. (28.) The affix for the imperative mood is the syllable Sd. Ex.— domolsoVf, stay in (also 5s! or oz!) (29.) The affix for a noun, to make it a verb in the infi- nitive mood, is the syllable on. Ex. : — lif, life ; Idf, love. lifon, to live; lofon, to love. (30.) The participle is always formed by the affix H. Ex. — fulpl, filling; lifol, living. (31.) The affix for the interrogative form is the syllable lif Ex.— fitoms-Zi.? are they fishing? or, do they fish? (32.) The affixed sign by which the name of a noun repro- duces that of a quality, a symptom of the mind, is the syllable dl. 12 GEAMMAE OF VOLAPuK. Ex. — kap, head; kapal, sense, genius; lad, heart; ladal, kindness, heartiness. § 54- — Proper names. (Nems lonik.) If it be required to make the plural of proper names that end in a hissing soiind, asc, j, s, x, z; such may be done by doubling the last letter, and pronouncing the word sharply. Ex.— Mice, Darius, Blejj. § 55. — Yet we may state that in Volapiik the rule for the plural of nouns is, without exceptions, by saying — (1.) In Tola;^uk the plural always ends in a hissing sound. (2.) If the singular of proper names ends already in (c, j, s, X, z), (wich is yery seldom the case in Volopuk), the last letter is doubled, and the word expressed short and sharply. (3.) If the singular does not end in c, j, s, x, or z, an s is added for the plural; and this, settles the rule for the plural altogether. § 56. — Names of individual persons. (Posodanems.) (1.) In Volapuk the second name of persons is put before their Christian names. Ex. — Not Joseph Bach, but Bach Joseph — Bah Yosef. (2.) Volapuk writes a name just as it sounds, exactly as it is read. Ex — Consn, Cems (Johnson, James). The Cases of Declination (Deklinafels). Singular (Banum). § 57. — Formation of the possessive case. Singular (whose) (Pomam, kimafala, banuma). The possessive singular always ends in a. Ex.— God, God; Goda, God's, of God. sil, heaven; sila, heaven's, pen, the pen; pena, of the pen. glat, the glass, glata, of the glass. flen, the friend; flena, of the friend. Make the possessive singular of — fil, fire; fin, end; fit, fish; flol, flower. § 58. — In Volapuk the possessive of names like Mary's, Ann's, &c., is formed by making them adjectives, as Marianik, Anaik, &c ; but one may also say — de Maria; of Mary, de Ana; of Ann, &c. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 13 § 59.— (1.) Compound expressions, like "a glass of water," may be given in three different ways, as — with the possessive (2nd case), glat vata; „ nominative (1st „ ), glat vat; with de — "of", glat de vat. While one may also say — glat fulik de vat, glass full of water. (2.) On the contrary, one writes for a beer-glass: bilaglat, or glat- al bill, or glat plo bil ; a wine-glass — vinaglat, or glat al vin, or glat plo vin. § 60. — Formation of the objective case singular (whom); (Fomam kimefala banuma). The objective singular always ends in e. Ex. — din, the thing; dini, to the thing, kap, the head; kapd, to the head, dut, diligence, dut^, to diligence, cil, a child; cil^, to a child, lep, the monkey; lep6, to the monkey. Make the objective singular of — flum, river; fint, flute; JFon, fountain; fot, wood; fut, foot; gad, garden. § 61. — In Volapiik the objective case is never explained by a word, as to in English. The objective case must always be formed by affixing the letter e, which may never be omitted. Ex. — I wish you vipob ons6. § 62. — Formation of the accusative (4th case), singular (whom). (Pomam kimifala banuma). The accusative, or 4th case singular, always end in i. Ex.— 1st case. 4th case, pen^d, the letter; penedi, the letter, kanel, the artist; kaneli, the artist, bakel, a baker; bafeeli, a baker bak, the back; baki, the back. Make the fourh case singular of — ■gal, gladness; gan, goose; gased, newspaper, glaf, sword; glid, salutation. Pi URAL (Plunum). § 63. — Formation of the possessive case plural (Fomam kimofala plunuma). The possessive plural always ends in as. 14 GEAMMAR OF VOLAPilK. Ex.— balib, the bearcf; balibas, of the beards, ban, bath; banas, of the baths, bat, enticing; batas, of enticings. Make the possessive plural of — bad, evil; bel, mountain; gun, coat; jepel, shepherd; juk, shoe; Jul, school; lad, heart. § 64— rormation of the objective case, plural (Fomam kimefala plunuma). The objective plural always ends in es. Ex. — ben, grace; ben&, to graces. bid, the kind; bid^s, to the kinds, bim, a tree; bimes, to trees bod, the loaf; bodes, to the loafs. Make the objective plural of— blig, duty; lak, lake; lam, arm; Ian, the soul: lin, a ring; \i6g, richness. § 65. — Formation of the accusative or 4th case plural. (Fomam kimifala plunuma). The accusative or 4th case plural always ends in is. Ex.— bluf, the trial; blufis, the trials, boed, a plank; boedis, planks, buk, book; bukis, books, bun, pear; biinis, pears, but, boot; butis, boots. Make the 4th case plural of — lit, light; I6d, dwelling; log, eye; lol, rose; Ion, law. § 66. — Formation of the vocative or 5th case, singular and plural. (Fomam kimofala banuma e plunuma). The vocative, or 5th case, for both singular and plural is simply a nominative with o placed before it, and kept separate. Ex. — cen, change; cen globol, fascinating change. Make the vocatives of — cal, vocation; lorn, home; lot, guest; fuf, grape, lut, air; mag, statue; mag, image. § 67. — When a note of exclamation (!) is written after the noun in Volapiik, the of the vocative may be ommitted. Ex. — deception! cit! But in conversation the o shall always be expressed. § 68. — Graduation of signification. (Xanumam suema). Vola- piik shows at least eleven different ways, by which gradually to increase the meaning of a word. Ex. — town, city; zif. (1.) miserable little town; luziiil. GRAMMAll OF VOLAPuK. 15 (2.) very small to-wn; smaziiil. (3.) small town; ziftV. (4.) miserable town; luziL (5.) small city; smazif. (6.) town; zif. (7.) miserable big town; lulezii. (8.) big town; lezii. (9.) miserable important town; luglezii'. (10.) important town -j-glezii. (11.) important big town; glelezif (legleziS). § 69. — Affixes for diminutives. (Finam smalama.) In Volapiik the diminutives of words are formed by adding the syllable il to them (in English, adjectives are generally used for that purpose). Ex. — bod, loaf; bodj7 small loaf, cog, joke; cogil, little joke cem, room; cemz7, small room (chamber), kanit, verse ; kanitiV, little verse, kat, cat ; katil, wee oat, kitten. Make the diminutives of — med, means; mot, mother; mud, mouth; mun, moon; naf, ship. § 70.— In Volapuk the inferior meaning (less or worse quality) of a word is shown by prefixing lu (being the reverse of le) to it Ex. — pak, spreading; iupak, pollution, sanel, doctor; Zusanel, quack. vat, water; iuvat, piss, biik, print ; Zubiik, waste paper. § 71. — Formation of adjectives. (Fomam ladyekas.) Adjec- tives always end in ik. Ex. — klif, rock; klift'^, rocky, kop, body; kopjfc, bodily, san, bliss; sanjfc, blissful, ston, stone; stonti, stony, klot, dress ; klotit, dressing, nat, nature; n&tik, natural. Make the adjectives of — nab, narrowness; nem, name, neflen, enemy; net, nation. § 72. — Different affixes of adjectives — ik, lik, nik, sik. Ex. — boad, wood; boadtfc, wooden. hoaAlik, woody. 16 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPUK. boadnifc, wooded, yel, year; yeh'fc, one year old. jelsik, yearly, annual. § 73. — Formation of the comparative degree of comparison. (Fomam liiena telid xanuma.) The comparative always ends in ikum [ih for the adjectiver um for the comparative). Ex.— ^koten, contentment ; kotenikum, more content, kud, care , kadikum, more careful, dan, thank ; danikum, more thankful, deb, guilt ; debikum, guiltier. Make adjectives in the comparative degree of — kol, colour ; nid, brilliancy ; nim, beast ; nil, proxi mity ; nom, rule ; nolud, north. § 74. — Formation of the superlative degree of comparison, (Fomam liiena kilid xanuma.) The superlative always ends in ikiin {ik for the adjective^ fin for the superlative). Ex. — def, defect ; deflkiin, most defective. dek, ornament ; dedikun, most ornamental, dib, depth ; dibikiin, deepest, div, value ; divikiin, most valuable. Make adjectives in the superlative degree of— dol, grief; not, knowledge: num, number ; nvil, newness; palet, party; p6k, fault. § 75. The above syllables um and Hn may be affixed to all participles as well; but, of course, without ik. Ex. — spalSl, excusably, spalBlum, more excusably. spalolun, most excusably. § 76. — Comparative and superlative degrees of nouns. (Pluluen e pliiluen subsatas ) Volapiik has also the comparatieve and superlative degree of nouns; but then care should be taken that no mistakes can be made with other similar words. § 77.— Volapiik makes adjectives of all nouns by the affix ik (lik, nik, sik). Ex. — cil=child; cilik=childish. ji-son— daughter , ji-sonik=(as a daughter). son=son; sonik=aB a son § 78. — The adjectives are usually placed directly after the noun to which they ijefer; and then they are not inflected to GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 17 ndicate gender, nnmber, or case, unless such be advisable for harmony, clearness in poetry, &c. They correspond in gender, nnmber, and case with their noun, when placed before it, or farther back from it. Ex. — (1.) Placed directly after the noun, unchanged — ji-gokes visedik, to the sensible hens, (gok, cock; ji-gok, hen; ji-goke, to the hen; ji- gokes, to the hens; vised, sense: visedik, sensible [adjective]). (2.) Placed farther back from the noun; changed for gender , number, and case like the noun, ji-gokes fol olas visedikes, to your four sensible hens. (If visedik had not been inflected, the meaning of the sentence would be — to the four hens of your sensible personalities). (3.) Placed before the noun, inflected — visedikes ji-gokes, to the sensible hens; which shows the same as under (1). § 79. — If a noun has two or more adjectives, the most particular one of these is placed before the noun , and inflected to correspond. Ex. — gletiks doms nulik, the big new houses. NB. — This arrangement is especially made to avoid accu- mulation of words ending in ik. NoMEEALS fNumavods). Numerals of Quantity (Stabanums). § 80.— Digits (Balelas nums). The numbers from 1 till 9 end in I, as: 1, bal. 4, fol. 7, vel. 2, tel. 5, lul. 8, jbl. 3, kiL 6, mal. 9, zul. § 81.— Changes. one (feminine) = ji-bal; of-bal (bal-ji, bal-of). one (neuter) = os-bal, bal-os (with a dash ( — )); (because balos means it unites). the ones (. . . .the others) = (balims . . . .votims). of the one = bala. of the one (feminine) = ji-bala. to the one (feminine) = ji-bale. the one (4th case feminine) = ji-baU). 18 GRASIMAR, OF VOLAPuK. § 82. — Tenfolds (Balselas nums). All tenfold s end in Is, as 10, bals. 40, Ms. 70, vels. 20, tels. 50, luls, 80, jols. 80, kils. 60, mals. 90, zuls. Hundred is called turn. thovisand ,, mil. million ,, balion. billion ,, telion. trillion ,, kilion. four million ,, folion. five ,, ,, lulion. thousand million is called baliad, &c. Then also balsion (decilion), telsion, ziilsion, &o. The binary numbers are formed thus : eleven, balsebal (10 and 1). twelve, balsetel (10 and 2). thirteen, balsekil (10 and 3), &a.^ 47536 is, in Volapiik, folsevelmil lultum kilsemal (40 and 7 thousand 5 hundred thirty and 6). How would you say in Volapiik?: 4 children; 8 dogs; 10 guests. 30 grapes; 50 ships; 100 means. 20 statues; 60 fishes; 1000 things. 90 letters; 1 million towns. § 83. — Comparison of tenfolds. In Volapiik tenfolds are compared thus: Possessive (2nd Case), of the twentyfold — telsa. of the twentyfolds — telsas (and not tolas, the / and s in tenfolds always stand together). Objective (3rd Case), to the thirtyfold — kilse. to the thirty folds — kilses, 4th Case (Accusative). the fortyfold — folsz. the ninetyfolds — ziilsis. § 84. — Ordinal numerals (Leodanums). AH the ordinal numerals end in id. Ex. — balid— the first. telsebalid— the twenty first, tumid — the hundredth, milid— the thousandth, balionid — the millionth. GICJ3U11B OF rOlaPOK. 19 i 85 — AdverbE of order (Xums laidrelilnk). All adverbe ;: ord«T end in ufo. Es. — ttlidv. in tbe second place. folido .. fonith Telidv .. seventt . bakido .. tenih kQtnmido in 4h£ thiee hundredlfa pl^cc. How wcTdd Ton saT in Tolapnk? in the £x?t place. fiSeenth place. „ ts-entvmntli place. § 86. — Adrerc'S of mnnber (Nnms denoama). 1 * TsLi adrerbs of nnmber end in na (equal to the Englidi Ex. — kilna. iliiee tunes; Inlna, £Te tunes. jolna, pight times; tekna, twentj times. J have been loved. pulofoa, it shall or will f pulofon, one shall or will \ pulofosok (reflective). / palofons, you (=thou) shall or will have been loved. Plural (plunum) — pulofobs, we ' j pulofols, you ( gjj^jj ^^ ^j^j j^g_^g ,^ggj^ j^^g^^ pulofoms, they (men) I pulofofs, they (women)j AoRlSTl. (Paitiips). pailofob, I am loved constantly. pailofob, I was loved constantly. peilofob, I have been loved constantly. piilofob, I had been loved constantly. poildfob, I shall or will be loved constantly. puilofob, I shall ot will have been loved constantly. Subjunctive Mood. (Mogabid). Present tense (patup). Singular (bannm) — palofob-la, I might be loved. Plural (plunum) — palofobs-la, we might be loved. AoRisTi 01 THE Subjunctive Mood. (Paitups mogabida). pailofob-la, I might be loved constantly. pail6fob-la, I would be loved constantly, peilofob-la, I might have been loved constantly, piilofob-la, I would have been loved constantly, poilofob-la, I shall or will be loved constantly, puilofob-la, I shall or will have been loved constantly. Othee Tenses. (Tims votik.) palcifob-la, that I was loved pe.ldfob-la, that I have been loved. pil6fob-la, that I had been loved. G,UAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 51 poldfom-la, that lie shall be loved. puldfof-la, that she shall have been loved. Optative (wishing form, vipabid.) palofobos! that I may be loved. pailbfolds, that thou mayest be loved constantly. palofomos! that he might be loved. peldfofds! that she may have been loved. pilofosos! that it might have been loved. pulofonsos! you (^ thou) shall, have, may be loved. Impeuative Mood. (Budabid.) palofobod! I must be loved ! p.ildfoldd ! be thou loved' ! pailofomod! he must be loved constantly! pailofomod! he vras to beloved constantly! peilofomod ! piilofomod ! poilofomod ! puilofomod ! palofomod ! pelofobcid ! ' pilofolod ! palofod ! pelofod ! Infinitive Mood. (Subsatabid.) palofon, to be loved. palofobon, my being loved. paldfons, to be loved multilaterally. paildfOn, to be loved constantly. peilofon, to have been loved constantly. pilofdn, (a being loved, that was). pelofon, to have been loved. pilofcin, (a being loved, that had been). polofon, shall be loved. pulofdn, shall have been loved. palofonod ! (imperative) np to be loved ! Supine. (Disoinabid.) al palofon, (so as) to be loved, al pailofdn, (so as) to be loved constantly, al palofcin, (so as) to be one, that was loved, al pelofon, (so as) to have been loved. 52 eKAMMAB OF VOLAPiiK. al pilofon, (so as) to be one, that had been loved. al polofdn, (so as) to (shall) be loved. al pulofon, (so as) (to shall have been loved). Pakticiple. (Ladyekabid.) palofbl, one, that is just loved. pailolol, one, that is just loved constantly. pililofol, one. that was 'loved constantly. palofol, one, that was loved. pelofol, loved. pelofolol, thou, loved (one). pilofol, one, that had been loved. polofol, one, that will be loved. pulofol, one, that shall have been loved. palofolod! (be, being loved). palofblon (to be one that is being loved). pelofolson (to be a loved one). Geiiundivum. (Mutabid.) polofol, one (person) to love; one, that must be loved. G-ERUNDIUM. (Mutabid in neud.) polofijlos binos, it is to love, one must love (it). Reflective Passive. palofobok (I am loved by myself), pelofolok (thou hast been loved by thyself). B.ECIPEOOAL Passive. palofobs fa obs, we are loved by each other — but on the contrary : palofobsok, we are loved by ourselves (each by his- self). Impeesonal Passive. patdtos, it is thundering. " IKTUANSITIVE Passive. pagolos — going, is getting done. pagolom — it is getting gone (in: one goes that road, the road is getting gone). GBAiniAR or TOLA.PUK. 53 IxTESEOGATiTE FoRM (Sakabid). pal6fob-li (li-pal6fob)? am I loved? (am I getting loved ?J Ikterbogatiox axd SrwuscTiTE Mooj) (SaK e mogabid). pal6fob-li-la (li-palofob-la) or (U-la-palofob)? might I be loved? iS'zGATiyE (Xoned). no palofob, ") _ , , pal6fob-no, I I am no< loved. Negative axd Istebbogation (Noned e ^k). no palofob-li? j no-li palofob? I li-no palofob? i am I not loved? pal6fob-li no? J Negattve, Ixteerogatios, axd SuBjrscTivE Mood (Noned, sak e mogabid). no pal6fob-li-la?'i pSdfoSi?'^?^"^^* I "«* ^« ^°^^^ li-la palofob no? § 155. — The forms of the Verb with 5 (Foms veliba ko S). (Verbum infinitum). (1.) Imperative Mood od. Ex. — sanolod, cure! (thou). (2,) Optative (wishing) os. Ex. — sanomoB. he may cure! (not: he might cure!) (3.) Infinitive Mood on. Ex. — sanon, to core. (4.) Supine (=the infinitive mood vrith /or, or to, or lo as): al. . .on. Ex. — al sanon, for to cure, so as to cure. (5.) Participles ol. Ex. — present participle: sanol, curing, past „ pesanol, cured. (6.) a. Gerendivnm (must) po...bl. li. — posanol, one that must be cured (not posanol, one that shall or will be cured). 54 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPllK. J. Gerendium (neutral) po. . .olos. Ex. — binos pdsanolos (posanol), it is one that must be cured. § 156. — Adverbs (Ladvelibs). (1.) When in Volapiik the adverbs are placed directly after the verb, they are the very same as adjectives, and, like these, usually end in ik (2.) When used alone, however (without any verb), they always end in iko; this o may be added in any case for clearness. (8.) Also in the comparative and the superlative degrees of comparison ,this o ma,y be added to the inflected forms of the adverb for clearness. Ex.— gudikt/mo, in a better way gudikano, in the best way. legxiAiVuno, the very best. § 157. (1.) In answers to questions like: how far? how high, long, deep, broad? how long? how much time?), &c., the 4th case (i) is used. Ex. — for a day (one day long), deli bal. four meters (long), metis fol. (2.) Only then the 1st case may be used when mistakes are not possible, as, for example, in: my friend ate no bread for three days, flen oba jio a/idom bodi dels kil, instead of delis kil. § 158. (1.) Adverbs derived from adjectives always end in iko. Ex. — jouiko, beautifully. (2.) Adverbs derived from nouns only take the o. Ex' — neito, at nights; delo, through the day. § 159. — The principal Adverbs in use (Gleladvelibs in geb) r deto, right(ly). diso, under, below. don down. ege/o, somewhere egelo, always, continually, ever. els, else, otherwise. era, thereof,' therewith, there- fore, thence, therein, there- over, thereto, hereof, hereby, thereby, &c. /alo, in case, further. ai, always, ever, continually. aliko, in any case. 6a, about, circa, perhaps. hegino, at first. ' heno, well. hifo, formerly, before. hise, first. bo, well, sure, certainly, likely, perhaps. hiio, formerly, before. denu, again, over again. desived, downwards. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiilC. 55 flanived, sideways, sideward. foviko, directly, presently, immediately. futo, afoot fiido, once, sometime, soon or late. ge, back. godelo, early, at mortings. 2, also. iko-li? how, how that, how so? is, here, there. jiinu, so far, thiis far. hikod? why ? kiiip? where? kiplad? where? kiplada? from where? kipladi? where to? kitimf when? koh(o), together. las, present, thereby. latiko, at last, lastly. Idto, lastly. leigo, also, ditto, as well, same. levem(o), extraordinary, un- commonly. li-, lik(o), liof how. lino, about, round about. lopo, up, above. model(oJ, to-morrow. mofo, away, gone. nedeto, left (handed). negelo, never, nevermore. negeo, nowhere. neito, at night, through the • night. nemo, per order, for, in name of. nesemop, nowhere. nesun, late, not early. nevelo, never. no, not, no. nu. now. ofen, often, repeatedly. poso, thereafter, then, after- wards. poio, occasionally. pozendelo, ia the afternoon, p.m. semap, somewhere si, yes. so, so, thus sdto, plenty. sun, soon, early, shortly. susi. suso, suswed, upwards. tan(o), then, thereafter, thereon. te, only, just, merely, but. tef(am)o, according to, about. ti, about, nearly to, only. tSbo,, difficult, hardly. tog(o), at once, at a time. tosna, this time tu, too. tudel(o), to-day, now-a-days. m, there. us, there usa, from there. vemo, vem, le . . very. vanliko, in vain. vOXopo, everywhere. vendelo, in the evening. vdn(o), once (past). voto, else, otherwise. ya, already. yesdel(o), yesterday. 20, about. zo, roundabout. 56 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. Preposition? (Piapods). § 160. — Prepositions in Yolapiik are always placed before the words whose relation to other words they point out. § 161. — The prepositions usually govern the 1st case (nomir native), and especially those answering to, whefe? from where? Ex. — in the town — in zif § 162. — Some of the prepositions answering to: where to? govern the 4th case, singular and plural. Ex — to the town — in zifi. They are : hevii, between. hif, before. da, through. dis, beneath. do, of, about. in, in, to, till. ju, till, to. kol, against. len, to. neb, next. oned, below. ove, ovie, over, up, above. pla, out (outside). po, after. su, up, on. to, against. zi, round. zii, roundabout. English to, till, is in Volapiik, ju „ iinto „ „ ju len. „ on till _ „ „ jii su. ,, till against ,, jii kol. § 163. — List of the principal Prepositions that require the nominative (1st case): ata/?anu, side (this side). ba, about. hu (buf), before, first (in value, rank). 6a! (btif ), before, first (in time). danu, thanks. di from, away from. dem(U), above, side, farther than. defii, for want of, for fault of. detii, right (handed). disii, beneath, under. do, of, about. du, while. dub, by. eiejlanii, side (other side). fa, by. in, in, at. kanii, on account of. ke, with. hia, according to. ko, with. kom, in face of. kos, toward. Id, near. len, till. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 57 linedii, -withm. lo, in view of. U, over, above. lopii, over, farther than. ma, after, according to. me, by means of. ndmii, on account of. nedetu, left-(handed). neleto, of, by, for. nen, without. nestu, saving, in spite of, not- withstanding. nil^ (nil), next. pla, in stead of. ple(plo), for. plo, out, beside. po(s), aft«r. p'dtii, occasional. sa, besides. se, out. segun, according to. sis, since. sukii, consequently. sumie, besides, except. sus, up, over, across. to, against. tefii, concerning. to, notwithstanding. tonii, according to. iino, in. within. ve, along. visii, opposite. zi, round about. Conjunctions. (Konyuns). § 164. — The principal Conjunctions in use (Glekonyuns in geb): ai, but, yet, however. as, as. a. . .a, (before vowels dd, . .dd), as well as. ds, as. hi, because, whereas. hiifo, before. das, that. dat, so that. deno, yet. do, as though, although. du, dii, while, whereas. e (before vowels ed), and. falo, in case of. ga, yet. i (before vowels id), also. ibo (ibd?), than. if, if • ifi, even though. jiis, till. ka, than (after the compara- tive degree). kelup, when, at what time. k'6, where. kii, when, at what time. na (before vowels nag), after, when. ni. . .ni, neither. . .nor. noe...soi, not only. ..but also. sis, since. sod, but, however. tos, nevertheless. a (before vowels Hd), or. u (before vowels ud), or. uf. . .ud, either or, if. . .then. ven, as, since, because. ye (before vowels yed), yet, nevertheless, but, however. 58 GUAMMAB OF VOLAPiiK. Intekjections. . (Linteleks). § 165. — The principal Interjections in use (Glelinteleks in geb) : adyo, adieu! good-bye! milo, devilish! a^, ah! \ . ^nS (mofo), away! begone! gee lafo, bravo ! i-^P '• ■ duso, mum! o, 0! oh! eko, behold! o, ah! indeed! eko, hark! pMo (so), hush? Ji, iie! fy! spido, sharp! get, pray ! why ! stopii, stop ! gololbz, begone! siiso, get up! avast! ISO, look here! takedo, st! hush! quiet! still! ladyulo, adieu ! good-bye ! vu, hu ! lifo (lifombd), hail ! yi, avaunt ! begone ! away ! lopb, up! (upwards). yo, clear out! clear up! lu, heigh! ho! hear! yu, help! mdj (majd), march! Some interjections may be in the passive form. Ex. — patakedo (taktdo), quiet! hush! st! paseilo (seilo), shut up! patlodo (tlodo), comfort! k\ An example of the formation of words and sentences in the language of the world (§am Volapukika fomama vodas e setas): I love all fellow-men of fhe whole world, especially those civilized that trust in the language of the world, as in one of the best means for the conjunction of nations. ■ Lofob kemenis valik, vola Iblik, pato etis pekulivol, kels konfidoms Volapuke as bale medas gndikiin netasfetani. love = l5f. ■I = ob. I love = lofob. all ^ val, valik (adjective). fellow-man =: kemen. fellow-men = kemens ; (4th case) = kemenis. I love all fellow-men = lofob kemenis valik; or, lofob valikis kemenis; or, kemenis valik lofob; or, valikis lofob kemenis; or, kemenis lofob valikis. GRAMMAR OP VOLAPiiK. 5& whole = 161, lolik (adjective). world = vol. of the world := vola of the whole world = vola lolik; or, lolika vola. specialty = pat. > especial (adj.) = patik. especially (adverb) '= patiko ; or, pato. those (demonstrative pronoun), etis (4th case plural, of et). civilization ^ kuliv; to civilise (verb) = kulivon; civilised present participle . of the passive form) = pekulivol. those civilised = etis pekulivol; or, pekulivolis et. that (relative pronoun, who) ^= kel, kels (plural). trust (confidence) =r konfid. to trust (verb) ^ konfidon. (they) trust (3rd person plural) =: konfidoms language = piik in the language = puke. the world = vol; (2nd case) ^ vola. that trust in the language of the world = kels (kel) kon- fidoms Volaptike. , as ^ as. one = bal. in one = bale. goodness (noun) = gud. good (adjective) = gudik. best (superlative degree) = gudikun. of the best (2nd case plural) = gudikiinas. means (plural) = meds; (■2nd case) medas. as in one of the best means = as bale medas gudikun; or, as bale gudikiinas medas. junction = tan con = fe . . . conjunction = fetan. for the conjunction (4th case) = fetani nation = net. of nations (2nd case plural) = netas. for the conjunction of nations = netasfetani; or (fetani netas). Remark. — The most practical and the usual way of writing the softened vowels a, 5, ii. is », o, and u. VODASBUK YOLAPUKIK-NELIJIK. VOLAPtJK— ENGLISH YOCABULAEY. a!, ah! a, each, a, per, for, towards, against, (every, (atel, every two). it. . .a (ad. . .ad) as well-as. ab, hut, though, however, adel, daily, every day. adelo, to-day, this day, now. Melo, yesterday, adyo!, good-bye, adieu. aJt, that one there, yon. ag!, ah! ai, continually, ai, lasting, always, usedto. . . aidundn, to do often, use to do. aikel, whosoever. aiikeZbs(t), whatsoever, which ever. aikitiOT, whenever, aiko, wheresoever. aiLik(o), however. aQimodi^, however much, al, to, towards, at, all, this way, hither, alik, each, every one. aliko, in any case, alim, every body, alina, every time, ate!, come on! go on! a/o/ob, I loved, I liked to. . . aloB, therefor thereby. als6, thus, so, whereas, since. aliipik, continual, a ma, according to. a mataa, every stxtimes. a mul, monthly, a month. an, arak, some, a few. a/neito, to-night, this night. anej'to, last night. apod, apple. apostel, apostle. apul, April. as(a), as, like. ...as, (2nd case plural). a segun, (a ma), accordingto. as?/, as if. iislik(6), same as, like. as(5, so, in such a manner, like. as sam (a. s; sambdl) for ex- ample, (ex), for instance. at, the next, this. at, just this one. ata^anik, from this side. a tel(ik) two by two, iu cou- ples, two at a time. ato, thus. atof (of-at), this (feminine) ffltof, just this (one) (of-at, ji-at). atos (os-at), this. that. a7os (os-at), just this. afoso, hereby, thus. ats, these augur, augur, soothsayer. a vel, seven at a time. a vig, a week, per week, weekly. a yel, a, vear, per year, yearly, annually. &yelo, in this year. styelo, (in) last year. 64 GBAMMAU OP YOLAPUK. ba, about, perhaps. bad, bad, badness, evil, disease, grief. iadal, bad temper, bad nature. 6ac/ikj bad. \>adilo, partly. badlik, bad. hadlikel, gloom3'per3on pessi- mist. hadloA, getting -worse, growing worse, deterioration, badlon, to get worse, grow worse, deteriorate. hadoi, wicked deed, villany. badoi, meanness. bad6n, to be bad, badly. badng, baseness, wickedness. baf, (foUA&vog), bass base. bafel (folidLa,vdgel), basist. bafo! bravo! ba/olik, honest,, just, virtuous, good. ba/bm, uniformity. ba/omik, uniform. i"/^S< honesty, uprightness goodness. 6q/umo, br.iver! juster! fea/uno! bravo! ! ! bagaf, paragraph. Jaik, eventual. bak, baking. bak, back. bafcapik, monocephalous. bakel, baker. baken, bakehouse, bakery. hakioed, backwards. Tasbkolumik, in one column. bakon, to bake. bakot, baking, batch. bakun, balcony. bakun, back-ground. bal, one. bal, berry. bal&&, harmony, unity. balaAal, the striving for unity. 6a/adik, solitary, unanimous. 6a/adon (balon), to unite. 6aZam, union, agreement, recon- ciliation, harmony, concur- rence, confomity. balam, explanation, solution, illustration, elucidatiou. balamon, to agree, concur. balsmum, unit, one, digit. bala,span, one horse carriage. Balears, Balearic isles. baleftafcik, stale. halebuk&i, old book trade. halebukel, old book merchant. baled, age, old age. baledamon, pension. bdledan, gray beard, old man. 6ai«rfanik, like an old man. baledaAi, oldness, antiquity: SffiMatav, archaeology. balerfeurik, old German. baWik, old, aged, elderly. bale(do) , old .... bdledon, to become obsolete, to grow old, hdledoti. antiquities. ftaWiip, high age. bale.9/iHk, old Greek balel, one (the cipher) baleia/', one and a half. 6a/elil, small one (cipher). balemaseZ, oldmaster, oldest master, headmaster. baliad, thousand million. balib, beard. balibA, barber. balibAon, to shave. GUAMMAK OF VOLAPUK. 65 ialibik, bearded. baliboa, to put on a beard, to grow a beard. balii, first. _ JaZidab, first fruit. baliiavSg, first voice soprano. SaZidna, first time. JaZidno, for tbe first time. iaZido, in tbe first place, primely, firstly. balif, union, concord. JaKfik, unanimous. JoHk, singular, plain. 6aZiko, simply, plainly. balikag, simplicity, ' plainness, candour. bain, a small one. 6aSm(e) 7:otim(i), each other, mutual. BaHmik votimik, the one the other. balion, million. baliondil, millionth, millionth part. 5aZionena, a million tiraes. balna,, once. Jotoabad, table of multiplica- tion. JaZnalido, for the first time. JaZnalik, single. JaZnaliko, at once, balmk, of one sort, indifferent. balo, at once, all at once. baloi (balad), harmony, union. baZo^ik, monocular, one-eyed. ftaZon (bofbn, klubon), to unite. bal-08 {oa-bal), the digit one. bal^emotol. only-born, bals, ten, balsa^uZ, decagon. balaeiaZ, eleven. halsedil, tenth part. balse/oZ, fourteen. balse/dZ, eighteen. balseizZ, thirteen. balsel, number of ten, ftaZselul, fifteen. ftaZselulid, fifteenth. 6aZsemal, sixteen. 5aZsena, tentimes. JaZsenalik, tentimes over. 5aZsenik, of ten sorts. SaZseniko, in ten different ways. balsetel, twelve. 5aZseieZad, a dozen. JaZsetela^wZ, dodecagon. 6aZsetel(^«'Z, twelfth part. balsetelel, a quantity of twelve, adozen, balseieZid, twelfth. balseteZidna, the twelfth time. balsefeZidno, for the twelfth time. balseieZik, twelvefold. balseicZ mil, twelve thousand. balse^«Zna, twelve times. balse^eZnik, of twelve sorts. balsefaZ tum, twelve hundred. balseteZiif, duodecimo. balseweZ, seventeen. haiseziil, nineteen. &aZsid, tenth. 6aZ«idna, tenth time. ftaZsidno, for the tenth time. JaZsido, in the tenth place. ftaZsik, tenfold. JaZsil, small ten. JaZsion, decilion. bals mil, ten thousand. bals tum, (ten hundred) thous- and. balsni, decimo. Baltasar, Balthazar. JaZiido, first, as yet. SaZiif, prime. 5aZugik, indivisible. 5 66 GBAMMAB. or YOLAPUK. ftaiiikoii, to simplify. halvia, solo. halutmk, first-named. balun, balloon, bakoftk, eaohoter. bam, bench, pew, bank, ban, bath, banik, bathing-, ban, ebb, reflux, banacem, bathroom. loa.na.loted, bath-hotel, banasft'f, bath-institution, ftaraon, to bathe, baniira, unit, banumik, single, baon, nobility. baonel, nobleman, noble, baron. baorak, noble. baonon, to nobilitate"; to en- noble, bap, lowness, meanness. 6apal, bad character. bapam., abatement. 6apik, bad, low, mean. bapbn, to debase, bar, bar, rod, Barbad, Barbados. Barbarans, Barbarian States. Barm, Lower-B,hine. Barselona, Barcelona Basa.'5(an), Lower Saxony. baseJion, to abdicate, baset, basket. bdsetel, basket-maker. based!, small basket. basiZaZiik, monosyllabical. basin, basin, bat (6aJam), bait, decoy. Batafan, Batavia. Batafel, Batavian. batSl, seduction, batan, batalion. bdt&zib, docoy, bait baton, to allure, docoy, bait. bauo^fik, unanimous. bayo^of, unanimity, harmony. Bayan, Bavaria. baj/eZik, one year "old. bazam, basar. beat, salvation, bliss. beatilk, blissful, blessed. 6eai!5n, to save. bed, bed. bedasio/, bedding, bed linen, bedUn, to make the bed. hedHnlam), service, attendance. Toedunon, to serve, assist, attend, hejeiiik, contestable, be/uZam, fulfilment, be/Mi!6n, to fulfil accomplish, beg, request, begging, entreaty, begin, beginning, commence- ment, beginsX, undertaker, beffinal, enterprising (mind), begm&TB., undertaking, beginei, beginner, novice, beginik, original, first. begino, originally, at first. beginon, to begin, commence start, undertake. be^juon, to present, endow, heglidaxa, salutation. heglidon, to salute. beg'dn, to pray, beg, desire. } bait, bite. beital, biting, sharpness, keen- ness. beiton, to bite. beitoi, bit, set of teeth. j bek, request, demand. hekipon, to keep. beHi^on, to war (against). befcZireon, to arrange, put al- right, adjust. befcioitam, dressing. GKA.MMAE OP VOLA.PUK. 67 feefcon, to demand, beg. \>ekonsal6n, to consult. bel, mountain, mount. heldbon, to make happy. bela,ioveg, road througli the mountains. 6eZem, range of mountains. befe/on, to animate, give life. belik, mountainous. Beljan, Belgium. Belj'dnel, Belgian. ielUn, to heighten, raise. bem, beam. bemaZ(am), characterizing. bemaZon, to mark, character- ize. hemedik, at ease, rich, well to do. bemu/am, contact. hemufon, to touch. ben, grace, favour, mercy. ftenal, graciousness, mercy. ftenat, welfare. bereemam, denomination. be»i«m6n, to name, denominate. Bengalan, Bengal. ienik, gracious, merciful. beno, good, well. beno\ well! binoA, benefit. benodel, benefactor. 6enodik, benefi.cent. 6enod8f, beneficence. ftenodon, to do good. 6enof, welfare, best. 6enon, to pardon, forgive. henosmel, fragrant smell. benoton, harmony. ben5iOJiam, tuning, making melodious. 'benotomk, harmonious benotonBl, melodious. benotonpn, to be harmonious. benotoreon, to make melodious. henovip, congratulation. benouz^el, well.wisher. benouJpSn, to congratulate. benug, welfare.' bepKfcam, bespeaking. bepaion, to bespeak. ber, bear. Berbaran, Barbary. BermudarezsuZs, Bermuda-Isles, Berta, Bertha. bes!Ou(sion), to afSrin, answer with yes. hesten, staining. hestemk, stained. besftmon, to honour. bet, garden-bed. beft'fcalik, eager, enthousiastic. hetikalon, to inspirit. beJoTiam, accentuation. hevikodaxa, victory, conquest. hevikodon, to conquer. beuoSadon, to workat, prepare. beuoiton, to call, appoint, con- voke. hevolekiin, to bringabout, cause. bevu, between, under. bevunetik, international. 6«uuno, meanwhile. bi, since, as, because. bib, bible. bibliogafik, bibliographieal. bid, sort, kind. bido, so to say , in some way. bied, bitterness. biednm., exasperation. bied&i, exasperation. biedik, bitter. biedon, to embitter, exasperate, inveterate. bien, bee. bienaffoOT, beehive. bienal, zeal of bees. 68 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. bien&p, breeding of bees. bif, before. bi/ik, former. bifo, former. bi/o\ first! 6j/oik, first. J^oin, curtain, big, thickness, higsbjined, thumb. 'biga^vaet, jelly. bigik, thick, big-otel leader. bigon, to make thick, to con- dense, thicken. bi'iiZ, fore-hell, bijop, bishop. by op, episcopal, bijxit, jewellery, bil, beer. bilel, brewer, bilen, brewery, biliad, billiards, biliet, note, bill, billet, bilod, bUe, gall, bilod&l, biliousness. bilon, to brew. bilot, brewing, bim, tree. bimaZam, branch of a tree. bimSblamik, branchy, bimawffifc, graftingwax. bin, the act of being. binel (the, one) being. 5melik, essential, imob, I am. binoh (binoms) they are. binon, to be. binoe (sibinos), it is, there is. hipolon, to carry at the front. hipiik, introduction, speech, biret, turban. hise . . . , fore . . . hiseitOTi, to lay before. hisespid'dn, to run before, (of clocks:) to go fast. hisiadon, to set before, bisierfcl, chairman, president, bisj'erfon, to preside. hisilab, prefixed syllable, biskit, biscuit, bisumon, to intend, bit, proceeding, doing. biton, to proceed, work, bitopon, to put before, bived (foi), ahead, bivedo! qo ahead! biye(d), however, but. hizif, suburb. hizug, profit, preference, hizugik, splendid, excellent. hizug'dt, excellence. hizug'on, to prefer, advantage, bla . . . , black . . . blabiik, black-printing. blad(-am), bellows, blowing, blad, breath, gasp, bladon, to blow, blad on, to breathe, bladot, blowing. Blafot, German Black Forest, blag, blackness. Blagamel, Black Sea. Blagan, Black, Moor negro. Blagan, Country of the moors, blagik, black, blaglik, blackish, blagbn, to blacken, black, bia/euaZ, black horse, blam, rebuke, reproof. blam(-am), blaming, blamel, blamer. blamik, blamable. blamon, to blame, blamon, to blame, censure, bled, leaf, sheet, bledeiA, bower, arbour. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPuK. 69 bledeaa, leaves. bledon, to turn over the leaves, run tkrough. blef, brevity, shortness, fole£k (neiojietfik) short. blefo, in short, to go short. blefbn, to shorten, abbreviate. blegon, to bend, bow. blein, blindness. bleinSl, blindness (mental). bleinsaa, blinding. hleitak, blind. bleinon, to blind, blindfold. blek. break, breach, rupture. blekam, breaking, refraction. bleMk, fragile, brittle. blekon, to break. blem, eavalling. blemel, cavalier. ble«enon, to have a presenti- ment of bletjOTO, lately, not long since, the otherday. blib, stay, residence. blibSn, to stay, reside. blig(8ot), duty. bUgal, notion of duty. bligam, obligation. bligat, obligation, hypotheca. bligik (sotik), duly. bligon, to oblige. blini(-am), outfit. blimon, to fit out, to give a dowry to. blin, contribution, quotation, producing. bUnon, to bring. blit, trowsers. blob, whale-oil. blod, brother. blodal, brother-hood. blodam, fraternization. blodem, brothers. blodik, brotherly. blodOn , to fraternize. blof, proof, testimony. blofam, proofing. blofbn, to prove, show. blog, sheet of paper. blon, brown, bay. blouj fair, flaxen. blonik, brownnish. blonik, fair, light. blonon, to colour brown. blonon, to make fair, blond. blot, bosom, breast. blotaklot , under- waist-coat , vest. ^ bloton, to show a high breast, to be proud, pigeon breasted, blud, blood, bludik, bloody, bludon, to bleed, bludot, blood, race, bluf, proof, trial, blufam, testing, bliif, experiment, blufik, standing the test. blufon, to try, test. blufon, to experience, bluk, brook. blukU, rillet. blum(-am), apparatus. blun(-am), delivery, bliinaim, term of delivery, bliinel, purveyor. bliinSn, to purvey, diliver. blunup, time of delivery, bo, well, certain, apparent, bo!, fun! foolishness! foUy! boad, wood. boadal, sillyness, stiffness, boadaiu/i fagot, bavin boadem, thicket, underwood, boadik, wooden. boadUk, wooded. 70 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPUK. boadnik, woody. boadon, to cut wood, to uproot (trees), bob, arob, bow. bob, exchange, bobik, bent, arcbwise. hohlod, brother-in law. bod, bread, bod, bird. bedaf, world of birds. hdda,bid, kind of birds. BodanZafc, Bodensea, Loch of Constanz. bSdav, ornithology, bodavel, ornithologist, bodel, breadmerohant. bodel, birdoateher, fowler, bodem, poultry, fowl, bodik, of bread, bodik, like a bird. bodoHj to earn bread. bodSn, to catoh birds. Bodugan, Portugal. Boduganel, Portuguese, boed, plank, board, boedik, to made of boards, boedon, to cover with boards, bof, span, team, bofam, teaming, bof, farce, trick, fun. ' bofel, droll, bufPoon, funny fellow, bofal, facetiousness. bofik, both, biifik, funny, merrj', witty, facetious, bofnik, both kinds. bbfBf, fun, facetiousness. bofbn, to team, bog, chest, coffin, box. bSg, press, cupboard closet, cabinet, bogik, like a chest. boin, borax. bok, case, sheath, bok, box. bolad, load. bSladik, loaded, heavy. boladon, to load. holed, presumption. boledik, arrogant, presump- tuous. Bolonya, Bolognia. bolot, impudence. bolBtik, impudent. bom, bone. bomauzV, vertebra. BQman, Bohemia. Bomanik, Bohemian. bomanik, Bohemian. bon, bean. boned, subscription. bonedel, subscriber. bonedon, to subscribe. bbnon, to favour. bos, something. boset, noise, ado, bustle, rumour, howling. bosetik, noisy. bSseton, to make noise. b6sin, porcelain, china. bosinel, china-man. bosinik, china-, of china, boso, somewhat. hot, boat: hotel, attendant in a coffee- house. boteldn, to attent, to wait upon customers in a cof- fee-house. hov, dish, plate. hovil, saucer. hredel, beltmaker. breden, beltmaking. brigan, brigade. brokel, broker. GEAMMAR OP VOLAPUK. 71 brokon, to be a broker. bu (buf), first, (in rank &c.) bu . . . . pre .... bu (buf), first (in time). bub, beef, ox, bvill. btiba (bubik), — beef. bud, hedge. bud, order, commandment. hxiisibid (grammar :) imperative mood. biidel, commander. biidik, commanding, imperious. bndon, to hedge in. budon, to order, command. bueg, beech. buegik, of beech wood. bufik, being before, first (in rank &c.) bufik, being before (in time). bufo, first (in rank, &o.) biifo, first (in time). blifoik, former, sooner. bufam(o), sooner, rather. btig, box. buig, shop; tent, stall. bujad, forest, wood. bujadik, woody. bujadem, grove. buk, book. biik, printing. buka . . ., book-. \)vka.dism, specification, cata- logue. lukakoleb, library., btjkama^, printing image. biikapewad, printed letters. bukasetom, publishing. bukasetel, publisher. bukatonel, bookbinder. bukatowen, bookbinding. bukaiandn, to bind books. bukaJec?, booktrade. bakafefZal, bookseller, publish- er, editor. bukate(?am, bookselling. bakaferfan, bookseller. bukaietZel, bookseller, stationer. bukatonaJ, letter ,printing letter. hukel, writer, author. btikel, printer, bookprinter. buken, printing-office. bukik (buka . . .), book- ; bukik, printing- ; bukil, small book. bukon, to book. bukon, to print. Bukovau, Bucowina, hiikuliv, modelling. biil, greens. bum, building, structure. hu-mamasel, architect, builder, surveyor. bumatetel, joiner, cabinet-ma- ker. bumof, building. bumon, to build. bumot, building. bun, leap, jump, spring, hound. bunel, jumper, springer. bun, pear. bundan, abundance. hundanon, to overfiow. hunojn, to jump, spring, leap. biio, first, afore. biir, office-table. but, boot. but, (small) boat. bntin, boot-jack, jack. 72 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. C. (pronounced aa: j) cad, importance. cacZik, important, i caf, kettle, boiler. caf, chafer, beetle. cal, oifice, profession, situ- ation. cal, commission, position, situ- ation, state. cal&hlig, duty of one's state. calaMod, colleague, fellow. caZal, knowing one's state. caZam, nomination. caZan, justice of peace. calasiez/el, fortune seeker. calel, functionary, officer. calik, official. colon, to be in function, to have a place as functionary. calon, to nominate. cam, chamois. cam, chamber, hall, council- chamber. carnal, counsellor of the empire, member of the council. can, ware, goods, merchandise. can, exchange, change (of mo- ney). canal, mind for business. 02ina,magad, store, warehouse magazine. canasecZam, exportation. canon, to change (money). ced, opinion. cedbn, to be of opinion, to think. cein(-am), change, alteration. cemon, to alter, change. eel, cherry. ceZaJim, cherry tree. cem,room, chamber, apartment. cemil, small room-, apartement. cen, change , transformation, metamorphosis. cenal, changeableness. ceraam, variation, change. cenon, to vary, change. cep(-am), thrashing. cep5n,'to thrash. - cet, chest. oid, chisel. ci&k, like a chisel. cif, chief, head-, manager. ce/al, chief-manager comman- der in chief; counoilj senator. ci/ajTo., chief-council. cifel, see: cif. cs/on, to manage, command. oig, cheek, jole. cil, child, cjVil, little child, baby. cjZad, filiation. dial, love for children. cUik, childish. cz7of, childishness, childhood. - cilug, filiation. cim, chimney. czmel, chimney-sweeper. cin, machine, engine. cman, machinist, engineer. Cman, China. Cindnel, Chinese. cmm&, Chinese, cintin&a, to make china-, por-, celain. cjnel, machine-maker, instru- ment-maker. cmif, machinery. cinik, machinal, mechanical. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 73 ciniif, mechanics. cmiifel, mechanician, engineer. cimiSk, mechanical. cihiifim, mechanism. cipsel,. heathen, vagabond. cipsen, vagrancy, vagabondry. cit, disappointment, (of others :) citam. citon, to disappoint, to frustrate. cod, justice. codacaZ, judicature. cddal uprightness. codat, judicatory, sentence. cMatam, name and reputation, name and fame. codaAon, to sentence, judge, define. codel, judge. cbdelik, judicial, justiciary. coden, court of justice, tribunal, jurisdiction. coifik, just, righteous. codoi, justice. codon (codoton), to judge, pro- secute one at law, execute. coduk, judicature. cog, joke, jest, irony. cogai, jester, wag. coga-vod, ftinny saying, pun. quibble, jest. co^'ik, joky, funny. co^on, to jest, joke. com, small room. cop, hew, hoe cop, gash, cut, felling. copon, to chop, hash, hew. copon, to hack, fell, cut. coti/on, to justify, answer for. cuk, ass. cuHk, like an ass, stupid. cukal, ass's head, dunce. cuken, drudgery. cui um, bigger ass, more stupid. cutun, biggest ass, most stupid person, cun, lent. cunah'm, shrove tide. Clin, chin, canal, intelligence, curaon, to fast, ciit, cheat, deception, trick, imposture. ciitei, cheater, imposter, deceiver, carik, deceitful, fraudulent - false, cheating, caion, to cheat, impose, deceive. da, by, (direction:) dai, da .... , there .... AaAal, separate thing, single thing. daftaZik, separate. Askbalo, separately. daSatod, singularity. Asibalon, to detail, sell in retail. daJe^on, to ask for. Aaduk, education. dadukah, pupil, daiufcav, art of educating, dadufevik, educational. Aa.dukeb, seminary. Aadukel, educator, tutor. di&dukik, tutelar, dadfwifcon, to educate, tutor. dam, perspective. .ySf^ram, capacitation. '"ajrik, distant, far off, remote. fdg\k, able, capable. fagoa, to remove, put away. fagon, to enable, qualify, ca- pacitate fal, case, adventure, chance. fdlam, felling, cutting down. aZim, failure. /aKp, epilepsy, falo, in case, for chance. falo . . . ud fa'.o ; either . . . or . . . whether ... or , . . Jalo, further, next, then, falo ! then ! further ! JaVan, to fall. falSn, to fell, cut down, fam, fame, reputation, fatmk., famed, praise-worthy. fama/MZik, glorious, renowned, famous. /aroSn, to- praise, vaunt, lamiil, family. famiilils., familiar, fan, capture, catch. fanon, to cath. fan, fantasy /ajrael, fantastic person. farak, captive, as a prisoner. /anon, to fantasy. /aniib, prison, dungeon.durance, jail. faon, falcon. faon, hawk. far, beakon, lighthouse. fased, joke, funny trick. fasedal, joker, funny person. fasedel, droll, buffoon. /asedik., facetious, merry, witty, funny. fasedoi, facetiousness. fasedon, to be merry, witty. fat, father, papa. fata,n, native country, father- land. fat, fate, destiny. fataxa, procreation, production . yaiamel, procreator, producer. /atanik, patriotic, native. fatasfcerf, pedigree, genealogical register. fatil, grandfather. y"arik, fatherly, paternal. /dtik, fatal. /aril, wee father, papa. faton, to become father, to procreate, fe, it is true, however, feb, profession, fnnotion, call- ing, yfeftik, professional, febul, February. fecen(am), exchange. fecemk, exchangeable. fecenoi, exohangeableness. fecenm, to exchange, fed, treaty, alliance, league covenant. 84 GRA-MMAB. OF VOLAPuK. fedian, signing of a treaty. /erfel, covenanter. fedon, to covenant, ally, fedot.... (dot!) fef, earnest. /e/ik, earnest, grave, serious. fefon, to be earnest, serious,- feg, 'art of fencing. fegeb, 'Use, consumption. fegebon, to consume, use. fegel, fencer. iegtv (-am), remission. fegivSn, to forgive. fegoVon, to pass by. iegolug, the past. feg'oZnp, (Grammar), Past tense. fegon, to fence. /«^dnam, circulation, feif, (music) pipe, flute, feifaja, fluting sound. feifon, to pipe, play the bag- pipe, fein, fineness, /emam, refinement. feinsX, tender-heartedness. - feimk., fine. feinUn, 'to refine, feit, fight. feink, contrary; repugnant. feitoti, to fight, contest, oppose. fe;'ofcon, to reject, abandon, fek, passion, feeling, /efcam, sensation, /efcamik, sentimental, fel, field. /eZad, furrow. /e/adon, to furrow, enridge. /eialaned, arable land. felamq;'aZ, fieldmarshal. fela^cnaZ, oommanderin chief, {eleig(-a,m), comparison. feleigik, comjiarable. feleigbn, to compare. 'felel, farmer, peasant, country- man, husbandman. felAik, clownish, rustical agrestic. feto^'on, to see wrong, to look wrong, mistake. /eZon, to farm, plough. fem, fermentation, commotion tumult, agitation. femin, yeast.. /em'on, to ferment; rise. fen(-am), fatique, weariness. /eneszam, denial. feneszel, denier. fenesion, to deny. fenig, penny, coin, medal. /enik, tired, weary, fatigued. /enSn, to tire. fenonSn, to deny ones self. feniil, fennel. iesed, expedition, exportation. fesezVon, to mislay. fesme&on, to taste, try. iestim, adoration. fesionam, petrifaction, petrifi- cation. festonon, to petrify. festiin, festoon, wreath. /estenSn, to wreath, crown with flowers. fet, fertility. fetore(-am), conjunction, con- juncture, binding. fetonod, bandage, band, tie, string. fetanog, union, binding. fetonSn, to unite, bind. fetik, fertile. fewoJon, to remove, transport; use, consume. fezogQn, to delay, relent. fi! fie! for shame! fiam, firm. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 85 fib, -vreakness, infirmity. Jib&\), feeble or frail person. JibaS, amphiby. fihaii, -weak-headiness _;?6ik, weak, infirm. j^66n, to weaken. ^6ug, weakness, debilitation, fid, food. fidacem, dining-room. fida/)/a/i, cabbage. Jidik, eatable. Jidon, to eat. fied, faith, trust, fidelity. Jiedhl, candour, cordiality, true- heartedness, loyalty. £ediTs., faithful, true, loyal, trusty. fiedon, to be faithful, true, loyal, fien, rent, interest, revenue. Jien&l, usury, ^snel, rent-payer. .^fienik, tributary. Jiendn, to pay rents, interest. : fif, fever, ague. Jifik, feverish, aguish. _yi/bn, to have the fever. fig. fig- Agsibim, flgtree. figaSW, figleaf. fik (kofik!) fikar, vicar. Fikop, Africa. Jikopel, African, _^fcopik, African (adj.) fikopon, to make an Afrikan subject. fikul, diificulty. Jikulaxa, aggravation _^fcuZik, diflBcult. fikulo, hardly, with difficulty. JikuKn, to make more difficult to aggravate. fil, fire. ^iab, match. filtihel, volcano, burning moun- tain. JUa-belon, to voloanize. SlaAelik, volcanic. filaJoatZ, firewood. filad, net. Filadelfia, Philadelphia Jilal, fiery spirit Fila,n, Terra del Fuego &\a,skut, fire-engine. filaiop, hearth, fire place fllaum, brandy, spirits. Jilei, fire, _/ifeden, distillery, fileiapiin, focus. Jiledin, fuel. _^tedon, to burn, scorch. filial, branch, branch office. ^iZik, firy, fervent, redbot. Filip, Philip, Jilistel, swell, Jilol (animating exclamation). filod, fear, respect, awe. filodoia., to stand in awe of, to respect, fear. JiKin, to stir, Hndle, make fire. filop, fireplace, hearth. filosop (sapav), philosophy. filosopou {sapavon), to philo- sophize. filosopA [sapavA), philosopher. filosop^ (sapavVs), philosophic. flm, firmness, solidity. fimam, affirmation, corrobora- tion. fimal, firmness, resoluteness, determiuateness. fimei, confirmation. Jimik, firm, solid. fimoA., fortress. firrion, to confirm, affirm, fortify. 86 GRAMMAR OF VOLASuK. fin, end. firiam, ending. finan, finances, public revenues, flnanav, administration of finan- ces, — of public revenues. Finan, Finland. Finmel, Pinlander. _^nanavel, financier. _^nap, toe. fined, finger. jfinedil, little finger. fineda'^fflV, thimble. _^nedam, handling, touching, contact, fitiedon, to touch, feel, handle. ji?mk, final. fino, finally, at last. Jinod, conclusion, ending. finon, to end, finish, conclude, fir, fir, firtree. Jirik, of firwood, firwooden. &stel, fixed star, fit, fish. fita.{, fish-world, fisk-kingdom. Jitel, fisherman. Jiten, fishery. Jitog, fishbone, fiton, to fish, fi'v, pool, fen, marsh. fivik, quaggy, fizir, oflScer. flab, patch, tatter, flad, bottle. flag(am;, claim, demand, flag, fiax. flagik, flaxen. flagase^, hypothesis, supposition. flagon, to claim, want, demand, summon. fldkik, declinable, flakon, (Grammar :) to decline, flam, flame, flamal, eager mind. Jlamsid, torch, link, taper. flamon, to flame, blaze, flan, flank, side, flanik, sideways, flan, freedom, flanam, prepayment. Flanan, Flanders, flanik, free, post-paid. iajiived, sideways. flano, aside. flanon, to put aside. flanu, from the side of. flap, blow, knock, slap. flapel, fighter, fiap, apoplexy, fit, palsy. Jlapen, fight, ^apik, ready for battle. flap'dn, to strike, beat, slap^, fied, load. Jied&vaTi, goods-cart. fledUn, to load, freight, fleg, articulation. flegik, articulate, flegon, to articulate. flek(-am), turning. flekon, to turn, twist, flem, picture-frame, flen, friend, ^enal, amicability. flenik, friendly, amicable, kind'^ FlenanJsuZs, Friendly Islands. flenot, friendliness, kindness. flenon, to make friends. Flent, France. Fleniei., Frenchman. flentik, French. flenton, to imitate the French-. men, to frenchify. flenng, friendship, amity. fleniignfed, alliance of friend.^- ship, flib, flea. &idel, Friday, GRAMMAR OP VOLAPiiK. 87 flWeZik, on Fridays, every Fri- day. flif, freshness. Jli/i^i, fcesli. Jli/al, freshness of the mind. JHfaxa, refreshment. flofo ! (animating exclamation). flifan, to refresh. fligat, frigate. flin, finch. flit, flight. flit&A, wing. Aitui, fly. flitamu^, bat, flittermouse, flin- dermouse. flito, in the flight, in the air. flito ! in a hurry ! fliton, to fly. flod, fi-ost. flodal, cold as ice. flodon, to freeze. flok, tress, braid. fioJcel, braider. flokdn, to braid, twist. flol, flower. flolik, flowery. flolU., floweret. flolaSM, leaf of a flower. flol&tim, Spring. flolaimik, vernal, of Spring. floled, blossom, flower. fiolim, to blossom, flourish. flom, forehead. flon, florin. flotap. . . (flotapiin !) flotap»n, freezing-point, point of congeliation. floton, to congeal, freeze. flub, meadow. fliiin (Fl), fluor. fluk, fruit. ffuk&A, product, flukaftm, a;utumn. flukaftmZatik, after-autumn. fluken, fruitshop. flukik, fruitful, fertile, feracious, fecund. flukon, to fructify, fecundify make fruitful, improliflcate. /?«fcop, barn, flul, plank. flulon, to cover with planks, to contabulate. flum, river. flumsuhed, bedding of a river, flumal, fluency. flumaVik, fluent, flowing, flum&pop, blotting-paper. flumik, river — flumm, float, raft _^Mmine], floater. flumlik, fluid, liquid. flumof' fluidity. flumon, to flow, stream. flun, influence. flunoB, to have influence, flut, flute. Jlutel, fluteplayer. flutdn, to playon the flute, to whistle, fo, afore, beforehand, before, fo. . . ., for. . , . pre. . . . fo, foremost, before, at the beginning, fo. . . . for. . . . foap, liver. fod(-am), promotion, advance. fodA, promoter. fodon, to promote, advange. foet, game, deer. foetel, hunter, gamepoacher. /oet&b, a tree plant or ft'uit growing at random, foezam, neglect. foetik, wild. foef6i, wildneas. 88 GEAMMAB OF VOLAPuK. /oeion, to grow wild. /oetal, game caught. fog, fog, mtst. fog, hammer. foget, forget. fogeok, forgetful. fogetot, forgetfulness. fogeton, to forget. /05'imik, foreign, strange. fogin, foreign country. fogir&b, stranger, alien. foginauM, strange word, exotic word. foginel, foreigner. fogimk, strange. foginon, to make strange, to alienate. fogino^, hospitium. f6^m(-am), forgiveness. fogivik, pardonable. fogivon, to forgive, pardon. fogon, to hammer, malleate. foi, ahead, to the front. foik, foremost. foin . . . . (bi . . . . !) fok, fork, prong. tokagoled, warm breakfast. foHk, forked, furcate. fokon, to work witha fork or prong. iokodutUn, to let, hire out. fol, four, f61(-am), observation, contem- plation. iolsbgul, quadrate, square, folum, quadruplication. folas^an, set of fourhorses. ioldil, fourth part. ioldilik, quadrifld, divided in four parts. folel, a four, number of four. foliA, fourth. folidLUvog, base. foMsivogel, base singer. foliisivogoa, to sing the base party. /oZidna, the fourth time. foliino, for the fourth time, folido, in the fourth place. folik, fourfold, quadruple. foliko in a fourfold way. folil, a small four. folion, quadrillion. folm«7, four thousand. iolmilid, four thousandth. folmiliAo, in the four thou- sandth place. folmeVna, four thousandth times, folmiVik, four thousand fold. /bZna, fovu- times. folnaXik, four times over. folmk, of four sorts. folno (/bZnaliko), for the fourth time. ^oZon, to quadruplicate, to mul- tiply by four. folon, to follow, fulfil, prac- tise, take care. fols, forty. /ofean, one forty years old. folsena,, forty times. /oZsenalik, forty times over. folsenik, of forty kinds. folsiA, fortieth folsiino, for the fortieth time. folsiAo, in the fortieth place. folsit, fortyfold. folstum, (forty times hundred) four thousand. folium, four hundred iditumiA, four hundredth. foltamido, in the four hun- dredth place. Mtunak, four hundred fold. foltomena, four hundred times. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK, foliumenalik, four hundred times over. toltum mil, four times hun- dred thousand folvS, quaver (music, f). folura, quartett. fom, form. fom, shape, figure, out. fomad, cheese. fomadel, cheese-maker. /omaliegik, rich in forms, fomaxa, formation. ioia.a,tid, science of geometrical forms. jomel, moulder, framer, deli- neator, draughtsman, sculp- tor, statuary. /omen, sculpture. ybmik, formal. /omlik, ceremonious. fomloi, formality, ceremonious- ness. /omod, model, pattern. fomon Qnagon), to dravr, form, frame, shape. fomm, to create, to give a form to. /omul, formula, form , formulary. fon, spring, fountain, well. , fdn; stove, oven, fbna^aJZ, fire-screen. /ona,A, spring, well. /dnam, firing. fonel, fireman. /omk, hot. Ponizan, Phenicia. fonogaf, phonography. fonogafel, phonograph. /bnSn, to throwup, to bubbleup, to spoutup. fonbn, to heat, warm. fop, fool, fop. /opal, a crackbrained person. /open, foolishness foppishness, fop&, foolish, mad. fopon, to banter; to make afool of on&self Foralbergan, Vorarlmount. fbse/(-am), guaranty, assurance, fose/el, guarantee, assurer. fose/5n, to guarantee, assure, fosin, phosphor, fosieraarfam, enforcement, fot, wood, forest, fotam, plantation with wood or trees. iot&lut, smell of wood. Fot&zifalak, Loch of the four Poresttowns Fotazi/s, Foresttowns. /otem, forestland, wood, frith, /orik, woody, frithy, /oril, grove, fotogaf, photography. fotogafud., photo. foiogafen, photographing. fotogaf A, photographer. jotogafik., photographic. /o<6n, to make woody, to cover with trees ; to afforest, fov, despatatoh, foviX, hurry. /owik, quick, hasty, agile, /buiko, at once, directly, this moment, /owiko ! quick ! speedy ! fovipedam, mechanic press. fovon, to continue, fovug, nimbleness, swiftness, quickness, rapidity. fovo, henceforth. fm'o\ quick! swift! foxaf, fox. foxa/al, fox-nature. /oa;a^ik, foxlike, fdyo ! ahead ! go on ! 90 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPliK. fcan, franc. Franan, Franoonia. Frananels, Frank-people. Franziaka, Frances. Freiburg, Friberg (in Baden). Fribur, Friberg (in Switserland). Friderik, Frederick. Frisan, Friseland. frisan&l, Friselarider. frod, rime, hoarfrost. frodon, to rime, freeze witli hoarfrost, frog, fr-og. Frtigan, Phrigia. fud.. . . . (kofud!) fud(o), once, sometime, soon or late. fiiden, future. fiidenik, friture, next. fiidSs., ftiture (soon and late), fiidiip (Grrd,mmar) friture tense, fuf, trick, prank, /w/ik, knavish, ftig, flight, escape, fugik, ftigitive. ftig, figure. fiigik, figurative. fugon, to flyaway, flee. fiigon, to figure. fuk (kofuk !) fal, fulness. Julik., full, filled, ftil, miser, niggard. fulsil, stinginess. fiilik, stingy, covetous. fulaionol, full-sounding. fulik (.... fulikik), . . . . ful. /«/on, to fill. fum, ant, emmet. fumon, to crawl with, swarm. fum, certainty, positiveness, precision, firmness. /ismat, solidity. fumik, certain, firm, sure. fun, corpse, dead body. fun, fund. /finam, fundament, foundation, edification. fiinsA,, chapter-house. /iinel, founder, edifier. funik, cadaverous. funaua&, hearse. /unlik, mortal, deadly, fatifer- ous. fun'dn, to kill, mortify, enecate. fiinUn, to fouud, institu.te, esta- blish, edify, build, fusud, natural philosophy, phy- sics. fiisiidik, physical. fuf, foot, paw, leg. fiit, foot (twelve inches). /uta,klota,m., covering for the foot, futel, walker; infantry. /uielSn, to foot, go on foot, walk. u/to, afoot. /iiton, to rest, acquiesce. G. ga!, get away! go on! gab, count, earl. gaief, counfy, earldom. gabik, belonging or relating to a count or earl, gad, garden. gadel, gardener. gad, plantation. gaden, gardening. gadsidomil, gardenhouse. gadSti, to garden. gag, obscenity, malice, igno- GKAMMAK OF VoLAPiiK. 91 miny, vulgarity, shamefalness debauchery. gag'm, disorderly conduct, vul- garity, fedity. gagS^, obscene, dirty, mean, shameful, vulgar. gagon, to live irregularly, to conduct one'sself vulgarly, shamefully &c. gal, watch, wake. galel, watchman, watcher. galik, watchful, gal, joy, gladness. gala_/bril, grove. ^aZal, cheerfulness, goodhu- mour, frisk. gdlsaa, rejoicing. Galan fPlent), Gallia. galamk, gallant, galaxiit, milky-way. galem, the guard, the watch. 5'aZemel, soldier ci the guard, galif, gallery. galik, glad, rejoiced, frisky, galit, nightingale, philomel. GaHzan (Austrian) Galilee. Galizian (Spanish) Gallic e. gdlo, (music:) B-sharp. galoion, B-sharp. galoA, plaisure. gaiaf, watchfulness. gdlokoji, to be glad. galon, to watch, ^lon, to rejoice, delight, galoianik, in B-sharp. galvan, galvanism. galvanik, galvanic, gam, bridegroom, gan, goose. ganQn, to shatter, gabble,gaggle. Ganiimed, Ganymede, gap, gap, opening, garanif, guaranty, fidejussion. garanoTu, to assure, guarantee. gased, gazette, newspaper. gazedik, news- gasedem, journalism. gasin, gas. gasinik, gaseous. gasina/hfiZfiflf, gas-works. gav, art . of engraving. gavel, engraver.; gavot, gavot. ge, back. geb(-am), use, application. ^e6ik, useful, suitable. gehliboTi, to remain. geblik (siidoiik), customary, usual. gebon, to use, apply. ged, grayness. gedi^, gray, hoary. gef, vessel (glas, pot, jug etc.) (o\ip, glass, pot, jug, barrel, &c.). ge^are, backside. geid, guide. geil, height. geila,, high- geilik, high. geilal, highmindedness, mag- nanimity. geila,Tii, heightening. gei&iino, at most. geilon, to heighten. geilug, highness. gel, organ. gelel, organbuilder. gel&mek, organ manufactory. gel&n, organist. gelaton, organtune. geleton, to leave behind. gelmin, sprout, descendant. gelminon, to sprout. gelogon, to look back, -behind. geliit, inheritance. 92 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPuK. gelwtB\, heir. geliitatZzY, hereditary, portion. geliidk, hereditable. geliiton, to inherit. gem, brothers and sisters. gemik, brotherly, sisterly. gen, gender, genus. gerak, sexual. genal, general. genalo, usually. Genef, Geneva. Genefatoi, Lake of Geneva. genial, genius. Genov, Genoa. Genovel, Genoese. Geogan, Georgia. geomet (roa/'av), geometry. geomete\(mafsi,vel) , geometrician. geomeA'k (ma/avik) geometrical. gepot .... (pot !) gepilk (gesag), answer. gepiiknonbl, negative answer, answer in the negative. gepUkon, to answer, respond, reply, german, German. gerudif(Grammar),gerundivum. gesa^r, answer, reply, gesa^on, to answer, reply, respond, get, receipt. getel. receiver, recipient geiawon, to return, gefefamik, reflective. geib-a, to get, receive, obtain. gev(-am), grant, gift. geveg, road back. gevbn, to grant. gi , re ■ gian, giant. gianaJeZem, Giant Mountains, gianafcodab, colossus, gianik, gigantic. gib, leech. gid, eq[uity, justice. gidsil, sense for justice. gidik, equitable, just, proper. Gido (Vitus) Guy. gif, moulded metal. gifaZeHk, of cast iron. gifel, founder. gifen, foundery. gifm, to found, oast, (metal). gig, gout. gigik, gouty. .... gik, some. gil, eagle. gilor, condor. gim, drill, bore. gimel, borer. gimefc5n, to arrange. gimoji, to drill, bore. gin, reel. gin'dii, to reel, jumble. git, justice. gita,y, jurisprudence. gitafezY, lawsuit, cause. gital, justness. gidk, just, exact, safe. gitlik, just, righteous. gito, aright gitoklddik, orthodox ^ gitoma/ik, lawful, legal, just. giton, to justify. giv, gift, present, donation. givel, giver, donor. givQi, liberality. gwdSk, liberal, bountiful, ge- nerous. givm, to give, grant. givon vobi, to give work, employ. glad, ice gladik, as ice, glacious. gladafteZ, ice berg, glacier. gladamei, frozen sea. Northern Ocean. GEAMMAB or VOLAPUK. 93 gladon, to freeze, congeal, gla- ciate. glaf, sword, glave. glam, dram (measure). glamat, grammar. glamaiik, grammatical. glan, gland, tonsil. ^^anik, scroftilous, glandulous. Glaego, Glasgow. glat, gratuity, free-gift. glat, glass. glatei, glazier. glatapan (-en), painting onglass. glaiasmeten, glass-manufactory glass-house. gldten, glazier'-shop. glatik(o), gratis, unrewarded. glatik, glass, of glass. gliit kamik, table glass. gldMk, glassy, vitreous. glato, unrewarded, gratis. glav, gravel. gle . . . , chief-, principal-, head-; main-fore. glebizM^, main profit. gledilo, principally. gledin, main thing. gledinik, principal, chief gledof, chief fault. gleinen, grinding. gleinbn, to grind, whet. gleip, catch, grasp, clutch. gleipon, to catch, grasp, clutch gripe. glek .... (glehik). g\ekik, universal-key, star- watchkey, masterkey. gleifcop, fine glass, - tumbler. glel .... (glelon !) glelon, fundamental law. glem, grain, com. glen, com. glemk, granular. glenom, principal rule. glenoTp, corn-floor, grange, gra- nary, corn-loft. glep .... (glepiin !) gleplisip (glestdb), principal axiom, maxim. gle^sin, main point. glesteniid, main power. glesiit, main road, highway. glet, greatness, size. Gleia. .... Great- (for names of towns &c.) Gleiabritan (Nely), Great-Bri- tain, (England). gletal, greatness of mind. gleta,Y, geometry. grZe^avel, geometrician. glet&Yih, geometrical. gleAiel, head-teacher. gletik, great, large, big. gleto .... great- grand-. gletob'idik, grand, proud, noble, haughty. gleton, to enlarge. gleguixnTp, diamond jubilee. glezif, capital, metropolis. glib, debauchery. glibei, rake. Swindler, fornicator, caitiff. glibi^s:, vulgar, foul. glid, bow, reverence, salutation. glida,m, welcome, salutation. glidoTn, to greet, salute. glif, grief, trouble, sorrow. gliftk., grievous, sorrowful, trou- blesome. glif'an, to trouble, vex, take care of, meddle with. Glik, Greece. glilcik, Grecian, Greek. glihan, to grecize. gliv, slate-pencil. glob, roughness, rudenesar 94 GRAMMAU OF VOLAPUIv. glob, bullet, ball, sbot. global, rough nature. globel, rough rude fellow. globik, rough, rude, rugged. glod, varnish. glodsl, hypocritical nature. glodon, to varnish. glof, crop, harvest, growth. glofaxd, growth. glof 'on, to grow. glof-ah, growth, increase glok, clock, watch. glok, clock, bell. gl'6k&gi/&i.{glbk2^) , bell-founder. glSkayj/en, bell-foundery. glokum, the ringing of bells. ^rMel, watchmaker. glokel, bell-ringer, chimer. glSkera, ringing. gloken, watchmaking. glok'dn, to ring the bells, chime. glol, glory, grandeur, glolaia, glorification. glolik, glorions, grand. plolo ! glory ! glolon, to glorify. glSp, round ball -bullet -globe. glopaxa, rounding. g'dpik, round, globulous, convex, glopnik, globular, roundish. glopon, to roll. glud, glue, lime, gludon, to glue, gum. gliig, church. 0'liiga,n, Ecclesiastical States. gi.iigik, ecclesiastical. glug'6i, devotion, piety. gliigom., ecclesiastical property, sacred-vessels, glum, dullness, muddiness. gliim, darkness, melancholy. glumiil, gloominess, dejection glumalik, gloomy, dejected. glumik, sorry, sad, pitiful. gliimik, dard, dull, gloomy, sad, melancholy, sullen glumiin to grieve, afflict, deject. glun, ground, 'glun, green colour. glmedi, verdure, vegetables pot- herbs. gliimk, green. ^'Zijnlik, greenish. glunon, to grow green, to die green, to sproutout. glup, group, crowd. glup'o'a, to arrange in groups. glut, glowing. glutsA, ardonr of the mind. gluton, to glow, be redhot, to heat, make redhot. gliizin, glycerin. gnob, button, knob, knot. g8, very; first. g6b, tail God, God. godaftodf, eucharist, the sacra- ment of the Lord's supper. godaSodfat, monstrance, aframe- work in the Roman Catho- lic church. godaJo&zal, Gorpus-Christi, a festival of the church of Rome. goAefel, grave-yard. godaZejjZ, extreme unction. godav, theology. go&iwat, baptism. godaaaiab, child or person to be baptized. godawatel, baptizer. godauaion, to baptize. Gode dani! Thanks God! gbdel, morning-time, betimes. g'ddelik, early, soon, betimes. godelo, early in the morning. GBA-MMAE OF VOLAPUK. 95 Oode loM! Grod be praised. ^odik, divine. f/odikxig, divinity. god6\ for Gods Sake! godoTi, to deify. Cfodug, deity, Godhead. God wiYomos! Godwilling! gof, gulf, bay. gok, cock. gol, gait, step, course, pace, gol, earliness. golad, be-goat. ■goladal, rudeness. ^olad&i, goatish. golei, breakfast. ^oZedon, to take breakfast. ^oZenik, transitory. ^olik, current, paceable. gSlik, early, betimes, soon. golin, gold (Ati, chemical). yolinel, gilder. ^olQn, to go. ^olog, oaktree, oak. gAogafiuk, acorn, golud, gold. goliidik, gold(en), of gold. goludaj (Goluda/o/.') GrolMajol, Gold-coast. ^oliidel, gold-smith. goliidea, alchymy. goliidon, to gild. goliifcoYam, gilded edge. goluTp, past, days gone-by. gon , walk , run , cource , race, ^onel, runner. gonon, to run, go. gon, favour, ^onel, fautor, favourer, ^omik, favourable, ^ronon, to grant; to favour, gospel, gospel. gospelA, evangelist, gospeller. gospeVik, evangelical (scriptu- ral). gospelmk, evangelical (protes- tant). got, Goth. ^orik, Gothic. got, bo'wel(s), gut. gov(-am), management. govA, manager, governer. gouem(o), very particularly. ^ouon, to govern, manage. Graubiindan, Grisons. grik, cricket. grikim, to chirrup, squeak chirp. Grdnan, Greenland. gub, oar, rudder, scull. gubel, oarsman, rower. gubon, to oar, row. guld, goodness. gud&, good. gudsmi, compensation, redress. gudii-O, well. giidikos, (something) good. gudiknia, better. gudikxim.iixa (gudxmiam), amend- ment. jru(if(ik)umel, improver. (jfu«Z(ik)um5n, to better, im- prove. guc&twa, best. ^u&kiino, in the best way. gudikwidn, to make as good as possible. gudiik, goodnatured. gudo, with good will, willingby. gud6\ good! alright! gudon, to make good, com, pensate, redress. gudqpenon, to credit, give credit-page. gued, goods, property, for- tune. 96 GRAMMAK OF TOLAPUK. guodon, to get wealthy, in easy- circumstances, gug, throat, gngap, larynx. gugon, to gargle, gnk, palate, canopy, guk, angle, corner. gulik, angular, gum, gum. glim, caoutchouc, india-rubher. giimnad, gymnasium, gun, coat. ^«nil, jacket. giin, -gun. g\ma,kikad, firelock. gmsijut, gunshot. giip. gypsum, parget. gtipel, plasterer. giipSn, to plaster. gur, ravine, defile. gwik, ravine-like. Gustaf, Gustavus. Gustnl, August (the month), gut, the tasting. ^M^on, to taste, try. gilt, love for arts, good taste, love for science, giiv, compensation. giivon, to compensate. 'Ag, the Hague, 'ag, lamenting, groaning, 'a^on, lo lament, 'ak, hatohel. 'dkon, to hatchel, rebuke, 'amoniim, harmonium, "an, Hanse. 'anazj/', Hanse-town. anik, Hanseaotic. 'Anofan, Hanover, ap, harp. 'npel, harper, harpplayer. apon, to play the harp, harp, 'at, hat, a,iajfabliid, hat manufactory, 'atel, hat maker, hatter. Avan, Havannah. avanik, Havannah- e6el, Hebrew. ebik, hebrew- 'Einrik, Henry. 'ekogaf(el), hectograph, el, hair. eZad, wig, periwig. 'e&t, headdress. ele\, hairdresser. etelon, to dress the hair. Bled, Helena, Helen. Elenil, Nelly. eZik, hairy. elbn, to cover with hair. Esan, Hessen. sanel, Hessian. esanik, Hessian- et, hate, hatred. eiik, hateful, odious eAik, hated, not liked. eiHt, hatefulness, odiousnesa. e<6n, to hate. leroniimus, Hierom, Jerome, Ipolut, Hippolyte. it, heat. itik, hot. itdl, passionateness. ita,ra, inflammation. itaim, summer. itsbtimaisten, freckle. itaftmik, summerlike. it'dn, to heat inflame. o ! hip ! GBAiniAR OF VOLAPUK. 97 'oenzolan, HohenzoUern. 'og, hole. 'ogon, to pierce, perforate, thirl, make full of holes, 'ol, an hour's walk. '81, hell. 'oltu/ul, perjury. ~oZik, asfaras anhour's walk. '^olik, hellish. ^ol'on, togo a distance of an hour, "^omopat, homeopathy. 'omdpatik, homepathical. "^on, horn (of beasts). 'on, horn (instrument of music), 'op, hop, whoop, i^orit, horizon, torj'rik, horizontal, ^iiazint, hyacinth, 'uit, oyster. '^uita.balib, oyster heard, 'uk, hook, hinge, handle, 'ukik, hinged, with a handle, 'ilm, hymn. 'umanist, humanist, 'usel, hussar, 'atik, hysteric. H. hem, chemistry. Aemav, knowledge of chemistry. Aemel, chemist heimk, chemical. ^emon^ to practise chemistry, heresaum, Xereswine. hinin, quinine. Hios, Chios. i (before vowels id), also. ibo, because, since, yet. ibo? then? why? id, See i. idelo, threedays ago, the second day before yesterday, ies, here, there. iel, he himself, if, if, when. ifi, althovigh. iko-li, how that? il, a little, a bit. ilofoh, I had loved,-liked. iio/ob-li? had I loved, had I liked, in, in. ineito, two nights before the last, the second night before last. zni, into, inward. ino, in, inside, within. inS ! (go) in ! (walk) in ! (go) ben ! Inozenz, Innocent. iniX, in it. is, there, here. isn, from there, therefrom. isi, thither, hither, that way. zsida, herethrough, through by this. isik, from there, from here. jsit, here, there. iso, here, there. it, self, just. ita, . . . {id . . , ito . . .), self . . . «Yal, consciousness. itasuk, self-interestedness selfish- ness, self-love, egotism. itSisiikA, egotist. 7 98 GRAMMAK OF VOLAPUK. 2«asKHk, egotistical selfisli. itik, substantial, independent. ito, liy itself. itoi, substantiality, indepen- dence. J. jad, shadow, shade. jad&, sbady. jadet, sunshade. JadoTi, to shade. jaf(-am), creation. jaf, business, profession, trade. fafik, of a business, of a trade professional, /a/ad, creature. _7'a/adik, of creature. jafsX, creative mind, /a/an, producer. jdf&m, man of business, /a/el. Creator (of the universe). jafik, creating, /a/on, to create, to bring forth, bring out. jafon, to keep busy with, jain, rope, cord. jainel, ropemaker. jainen, rope-works. Jamil, halter, rope, jak, shark, jal, peel, shell, bark, rind, husk, cod, cover, skin, /aZaf, world of testacious ani jalep, exertion. jalepik, exertive. Jalepon (topon), to exert, jalik, covered witha bark-shell- peel etc. Jalo-n, to peel, pare, shell, etc. .faman. Champaign, jamanaui'n, champagne-wine, jamep, hero. jamepal, heroism. jamepik, heroic. jan, hemp. janik, hemp-,- of hemp. jan, fetter, shackle, chain. /anon, to fetter, put on chains, shackle, jap, sharpness, keenness jap, roguery, villany. japal(-bf), acuteness, ingenuity subtlety. Japdlik, acute, ingenious subtle, sharpwitted. 'Japel, rascal, rogue, villain, /opik, sharp, keen, acute. jdpik, villanous, roguish. japon, to sharpen, whet, jed, throw, cast, jedba, to throw, cast, iiing jek, fright. jekaja, terror, jekamei^, bug-bear. jekik, easily frighted, shy, frightful. Jekoi, frightfulness. j'ekov., to frighten, terrify startle. jel, sheller, protection, defence. jelaib, protegee, client. jelafe'i;al, tutelar, mind, tutelar ghost. jelel, protector, defender. j'elon, to protect, defend; shelter screen, jem, shame, modesty, jemad, scheme, example. jemadik, schematic. jemik, ashamed, shamefaced bashful. GRAMMAK, OF VOLAPuK. 99 JemoA, shame, disgrace, infamy, scandel. _;Vmodel, violator. /emodik, shameful, ignominious. Jemodof, shamefulness, igno- miny. /emodon, to violate, slander defame, hrand, shame. Jemoi, modesty, timidity, hash- fulness. ;'emon, to he ashamed. jen, fact, history. jena6i(Z (Grammar). Indicative mood. jena&ufc, annals, history, re- cord. Jenel, doer, perpetrator. jenik, in fact, actual, real. Jen5f, reality, activity. 'jenon, to happen, come to pass, befall, occur. jenosod, be it firm ! be it esta- blished! amen! jep, flock, herd. Jepam, guard, care, protection. /epel, shepherd, herdsman. Jcpik, in flocks, in troops. fep'dn, to guard, watch, heed, tend, defend. jet (dujet !) jeval, horse, steed. Jevalal, captain of horse. jevalem, groom. Jevalel, cavalier, horseman. jevalil, little horse, pony. JevaloA, horse-road, tramway, horse-way. ji . . . (particle for feminine words). ji-a<(atof), this. fi-'Ati&toi, oi-at), just this. ji-bal, a, one (feminine). ji-haonel, baroness. ji-hlod, sister. ji-blodik, sisterly. ji-iZonik, fair woman or girl. ji-l)oMod, sister-in law. ji-botel, wife of an attendant in a coffe-house. ji-cif, wife of a manager or chief. ]i-daniidel, a dancer's wife, ji-dog, bitch, ji-diinun, a servants' wife. ^i-diinel, a maid-servant. ji-eZ, the (definite article), ji-ei {etofj, that, you. jif, sheaf ji-/af, mother, ji-fa^el, grand-mother. ji-/a,dk, motherly. ]i-fikope\, African woman. ji-flen (of-flen), lady-friend. ^i-gade\, gardner's wife. ^i-gam, bride; (of-gam), (bride of Heaven, nun), ji-jrofc, hen. ji-golad, she-goat, ji-jip, sheep. ^i-julel, scholar. ^i-fvehel, Swiss. ^i-kat, she-cat. ji-fceZ, who, that. ji-AeZa, whose, of whom, ji-fceZe, to whom, ]i-keli, whom (4th case). ji-fcmik, what like one? what kind of? ji-fciom (kiof), who? which? ji-kosen, niece, cousin. ji-kukel, cook's wife, jil, female (of animals). ji-Za6el {oi-label), proprietress. ji-ladal, darling, love, beloved. ji-lafa6Zo£?, see ^i-lublod. ji-lafason, see ji-lusore. ^i-lediik, grand-duchess. 100 GRAMMA.B OF VOLAPuK. ]i-lein, lioness. ji-lep, female ape or monkey. ji-leson, princess (wife of a prince). ji-iimep, empress. ji-Zo/al, see ji-ladal. ^i-lotel, wife of an innkeeper or hotelkeeper. ]i-hiblod {ji-lniMod), stepsister. ji-lapukel, gossip, ji-lu.sore (ji-lafaso»), stepdaugh- ter. ji-luson, datighter-in-law. ji-man, woman, female. ji-manik, feminine, female. ji-manbf, womanliness effemi- nateness. ji-rhasel, mistress. ji-matfil, sponse, consort, wife. ii-matiir, (married) martjrress. ji-matel, miller's wife. jin, shine, appearence. Jina.voba,A, mock-fight. ji-rae/, niece, cousin. jinik, apparent likely. jinoi, apparence. ji-nofc, aunt. jinon, to shine, ji-«unel, messenger's wife. ji-o&ik, my, mine (feminine). ji-oniika, of her. ji-onsik (ji-onsa), your. ji-o«, the same. ji-of, just the same. jip, ram. yipik, uncivil, rude. ji-pejin, she-pigeon. jipA, sheperd. j'ipen, sheepfold, cote. Jipil, lambkin. ^i-pul, little bride (of-pul, little girl). ji-sem JaZ, this or that (female). ji-soZ, mrs, mistress. ii-son, daughter. ji-sorean, daughter's husband. ji-sonil (of-sonil) little daughter,. ji-stdg, doe, hind. jit, shirt. ji-tidel, tutoress, lady teacher, teacher's wife, ji-un (of-un, uno/), a (feminine), ji-viud-el, widow. ji-xol(kun), cow. Jlesan, Silesia. Jlesmel, Silesian. Jlesdnik, Silesian (adj ). Jlesvig, Sleswick (town). Jlesvigan, Sleswick (country), jo! gorgeous! magnificent! job, shrub, bvish, arbuscle. jod, hail, jodon, to hail, jog, bulrush. jog, reed, cane, rush, thatch. Jogih, thatchen, of reed, jok, push, thrust, stab, shock, jog, jolt, bounce. j'okel, pusher, jolter. j'okik, pushing, stamping. /oHik, in a pushing way. jokolad, chocolate. jokoji, to push, jolt etc. jol, shore, coast, jol, eight. j6l3.gul, octagon jolan, shore-land. Jol&plad, place at the coast, jolftarton, eight million. joWeZik, every eighth day. joldil, eighth part. joldiipik, of eight hours, lasting eight hours. jiileA, (a number) eight, joroZik, a distance of eight hours. GBAMMAll OF VOLAPuK. 101 Join, eighth. /oZidna, eighth time joZidno, for the eighth time. JoliAo, in the eighth place. /oflk, eightfold, octuple. J6l}\, a small eight. jolion, octillion. johnil, eight thousand. /o/na, eight times. JoZnalik, eight times over. Jdlnik., eight kinds, Jolon, to multiply hy eight. joh, eighty. Jolsena, eighty times. yd/sid, eightieth. /oZsido, in the 80th place. yiiZsik, eightyfold. Jolson, to multiply by eighty. jotstum, (eighty times hundred) eight thousand. jolsydik, eighty years old octagenary. JoZtum, eight hundred. jolteraena, eight hundred times. joltemid, eight hundredth. joltemik, eight hundredfold. joYtum mil, eight times hundred thousand. /oZuf, octave. j'oliim., octet. jolyeZik, eight years old, oc- tennial jon, pointing. jon, beauty. JonafineA, fore-finger. jSnal, beauty of the mind. yoream, embellishment. yonel, , pointer, handle (of a clock or -watch). /onel, embellisher. Jonik., beautiful. jonon, to point (out), direct. Jonon, to embellish, jop, vault, arch. fipbn., to vault, arch. jot, shoulder. jot, lock. JotKn, Scotland. JotMnel, Scotchman, Scot. jotZanik, Scottish, Scotch. joto (Jino), finally. jot'on, to conclude, finish, give up, resign. jov, hubbub. Jovon, to cause sensation. ju; till. jueg, sugar. Juegaxa, edulcoration. juegs.rid, sugar-cane. j'uegel, confectioner. jeugelen, confectioner's shop sweety-shop. Juegen, confectionary sugar- bakehouse. juegenei, sugar-refiner. fuegik, sugar-sweet, sugared. juegil, sweety. juegon, edulcorate. jnit, enjoyment, fruition. fuiAk, plaisant. juMn, to enjoy. juk, shoe. jiik, (junuik), having been done, beensaid, excisted till now, &c. juk&i, shoe-maker. Juken, shoe-making, shoe- manufactory. Jukon, to make shoes, to be shoe-maker. Jul, school. jiil, defence, care, protection. j'ulel, scholar. jt'lel, defender, protector. yuZelik, scholar-like. j'uloii, to keep a school ; to 102 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPuK. dress, train, fik, to break (a horse). jiilon, to defend, protect, jvin, parings, remains cuttings, clippings, /unon, to flay, junti, so far, thus far. jiinuik, see jiik. jiip, wether, ram. jiis, till, jut, shot, jiit, a'uhbish. ka, than (after the compara- tive, kab, cable, kad, card, map. kadil, ticket, k^ld, cash. Kadalkivir, Guadalquiver. kadel, cashier, kadem, academy. kddik, in ready money, cash. kadin(cd), kadmium. kddon, to cash, kaed, map. kaedaionZei, atlas, kaen, technics. kaenSkY, technology. kaenel, technicus. kaemk, technical, kaf, coffee. kaf, trick, craft, cunning. Kaf an, Caffraria. Kafanel, Caflfre. kafi^, cunning, sly, crafty. keif on, to trick somebody. Kak, cacao. kal, account; calculation, kal, nursing, tending, kalad, character. kaladal, firmness of character. futel, shooter. juten, . shooting. Juton, to shoot (bullets). jiltotx, to throw down, fling ofi", (of animals) to bring forth. Jvaban, Suabia. Jvahdnei, Suabian. jvadan, squadron. Jveiz, Switzerland. Jveiz&n, (S:wiss) fariu. jveizik, Swiss. K. fcatotZalik, firm in character. kalad^ik, characteristic. kaladon, to characterize. /cnZam, bill, account, accompt. MZam, physic. kalnY, arithmetics. kalavel, arithmetician. kalel, accountant, reckoner, kaled, calender, kalep, carp, kalidop, kaleidoscope. Kalifonan, California, kalin (K), kalium. kalod, cold, coldness. kalod'Al, coolness. kalodik, cold. kalSn, to count, calculate. k&lon, to nurse, tend, kam, level, flatness, plain, kamad, companionship. kamadel, companion, comrade- kamaf, chameleon, kamel, camel, kamerel, chamberlain, kamin (ca), calcium. Kamjakan, Kamschatka. kamon, to make level, flat or plain, kan, art. GRAMJIAK OF TOLApiiK. 103 kan, cannon. kanad, channel, canal. kanadon, to channel. kana^radel, artificial gardener. kana^aden, artificial gardening. ianai, artist. tonal, love for arts. tonaZik, artful, artificial clever. Kanan, Canan, Holy Land. kanap«6, commerce in objets of art. kanartV, canary (bird). kanasZ/rf, polytechnic school school of fine arts. kanas^Ki, institution of arts. kanel, artist, fcanelik, artistic. kdnel, cannonier, gunner. Mnen, artillery. kanik, clever, canny, artful, kanit, chant, song. kanitel, chanter, singer. kanitem., song, ballad. kaniteiml, chansonette. kanitik, melodious. kaniton, to sing, ianon, to can, be able to. kdnQu, to cannon. kantop, canton. kanu, by force of- kaniid, uprightness. kaniidik, upright, just, true sincere; genuine, kanzel, officer at the chancery, kap, head. kapa^an, temple of the head. kapsii., common sense, intellect, iojoalik, intelligent, senseful. kapaftom, skull. Aopalnik, intelligible. kapahioi. intelligibility. kapebloa, to understand, jfopalub, apprehension. kapel, headman, captain Kapever, the Green cape. Cape Verd. kapikor, Capricorn. kapo. headlong. kapon, to behead, decapitate. kapul, chapel. karam, lozenge. Karan, Carinthia, Kaernthen. Karl, Charles. Karpat, Carpathian. kased, borough. kasen, casern, barracks. Kaspi?neZ, Caspien Sea. Kastilya, Castilia. kastof, catastrophe. kat, cat, male-cat, tom-cat. katad, capital. katadel, capitalist. katan, captain. katan, chestnut. katanafti'm, chestnut-tree. katar, catarrh. Katarin, Catherine. Katarinil, Kate, Kitty. katek, catechism. katekel, catechist. katil, kitten. ifcatolel, catholic (noun). A;atolik, catholic (adjective). fcatolim, catolicism. Kaukasan, Caucasus. kaut, caution, prudence care- fulness. kauto, take care! cautious! kauton, to be cautious. kav, cellar. kav, quay. haven, wine-cellar. kazet, accent. ke (before an o), ko, with. ke . . . ., com . . ., con .... keb, herb, plant, greens. 104 GEA.MMA.U OF VOLAPiiK. Kebek, Quebec. keftZmon, to bring with. 'keblod, colleague, brother, com- panion. keModoa, to fraternize. ked, row, ridge, series. Jcedov., to place in a row; to link together. kediliAel, partner, shareholder, partaker. kef, brush. Kefalon, Cephalonia. kefon, to brush. kegin (Hg), mercury, quick- silver. kein, loveliness, amability. keimk, lovely, kind, amiable. kek, cake. kel, who, which, that. kela., whose, of which. fceZas, whose (plural). kele, whom, whichto. keles, whom (plural). keli (plural kelis), (4th case of kel.) 'killed, compassion, pity, mercy. keK«c?ik, compassionate pitiful, merciful. 7ceZ-ji (ji-kel), 1st case fenimum) see kel. kel-oi (of-kel), (1st case fem. see kel). fceZos (os-kel), (1st case neuter, see kel). heloii (os-keli), 4th case neuter, see kel) keU, who, which, that (plural). fceZup (kii;, when. kem . . . (kemere!) kemen, fellow-man. Is.emena,l6f, love for fellow-men. ken, can. keofel, familiar friend, mate. keoZon, to be familiar', kep, cape. ker, pith, heart, marrow. kerik, pithy. kerub, cherub. ket, chain. fce^on, -jio chain. Kewo&el, co-operator, mate, fellow-workman. kezenodik, concentric. ki, (kio), which? what? kibid, howfar? kid, kiss. kidil, little kiss. kido^, to kiss. Men, knee. kieTi&stuI, kneelstool. kienQn, to kneel. kii, who? (which woman?) ki/sL, whose? (of which woman?) ki/B, who (plural)? (which wo- men ?) kik, key. kik&m, lock, doorlock. kikel, locksmith. kiken, locksmithy. - kikod, why? kikon, to lock. kil, three. kilah, three-twin child; tierce, triplet, kilMed, clover-leaf; card of clubs. kilag'MZ, triangle. kilospan, coach for horses. KilftaZod, Trinity. kildil, third part. kihl, a three, number of 8. kil e Za/ik, three and a half, kilidi, third. kilidLSbVog, tenor. kiliAna,, the third time. fa'ridno, for the third time. GBAMMAK OF VOLAPiiK. 105 ftifido, in the third place. kilik, threefold, triple. Miko, in a threefold' way, triply. Jciia, a small three. kilion,- trillion. kilmiZ, thee thousand. kilna,, threetimes. AiZnalik, threetimes over. Mnik, of three kinds. faVniko, in three different ways. Mlon (Miikon), to multiply by three, treble. }cils, thirty. kilsena., thirtytimes. kilsia, thirtieth. fczYsidna, the thirtieth time. A«7sidno, in the thirtieth place. kilsik, thirty fold. kiltom, three hundred. kiUumena, 300-times. kikumid, 300th. kikumido, in the 300th place. kiUumik, BOO-fold. kilium mil, three times a hun- dred thousand. Miif, terce (music). Milkon, see kilon. kilwn, tercet. kilurrmi, trio. kiljesdel (idelo), two days be- fore yesterday. kim., who? Mma, whose? kima/aZ, 2nd case, posssssive. kima/aZon, to form the pos- sessive (case). kime, whom? to which? kime/hZ, 3rd case, objective. kime/aZ8n, to form the objective. kim&ns, (kimna.), how often? how many times? kimensak, how many times over? kim/oZ, 1st case, nominative kim/a/on, to form the 1st case, to form the nominative. kimi, whom? (4th case). kimid, which of the number? famidik, how many fold? kimidoko, in how many diffe- rent ways? Kmidna, what turn? how many times? fcmidnik, how many sorts? fcimidno, how many times? 'kimifal, 4th case kimi/oZon, to form the 4th case, fc'mik, which ? what ? what kind of one? kimi^o, in what way, in what maimer, kimikos ,- what kind of a (neuter) , i:zmis, which ? (4th case plural). kimna, see fcimena. kima/aZ, ."bth case, vocative. kimo/nZon, to form the 5th case or the vocation. kima, wich men? \dmufal, 6th case, kimii/aten, to form the 6th case, kin, boldness, stoutness. .... kinan, (last syllables for the names of large countries). kinal, heroism, magnanimity, intrepidity, brave mind, feman, hazardous undertaking, kinan, country (large state), kinanazz/, imperial city. kinon, to hazard, risk, try. fcb(ki), what? what kind of a? klofi which (feminine)? fciofa? of which (fem)? kiofe, to which (fem)? fao/ik, what kind of a? kiofis, which (fem)? (4th case plural). 106 GB.AMMAB, OF VOLAl'UK. hiofs, wMoli (fern)? (1st case plural) . kiom, which? (1st case sing, maso). Mome, to whicli? (3rd case sing, masc). fa'omes, to wHch? (3rd case plural, masc). kiomi, -vrHch? (4tli case sing, masc). kiomik., what kind of a? kiomos (os-kiom), which? (neu- ter) fciop (kiplad), where. kios, what? neuter). kiosa., of what? (neuter). kiose, to what? (neuter). kiosi, what? (4th case neuter). kiosik, what kind of a? kip(-am), keep, keeping. kiplad, see kiop. kipladsii (kiopa), from where? from what place ? 'kipladi (kio^i), whither? where to? Mpoii, to keep, kis (kios), what ? kisa,, of what? fase, to what? kisi, what? (4th case), fasik, what kind of a? ktsiko, how? in what way? in what manner? kit, quittance, check receipt. kituw., acq^uittance, payment, kih'm (kitip), when? kitoji, to acquit, sign aspaid, settle- kiiXTp, see kiftm. klajl, class, klaf, crab. klafip, canker, cancer, klam .... (deklam !) klam, clamp, cramp, hook hinge; bracket, klan, the secret. klana/«fik, mysterious. kldnik, secret (adj). Hanoi, secresy, privacy. kldnoSk, private, secret. klanoion, to hide, conceal. klat, excellence. klate\, excellent writer. klatAik, classic. W«iik, projecting. klaut, shin; splint: rail(8); rim. kleb, starch, plaster. klebon, to paste, to glue. kled, cradle. kledoQ, to lull, cradle, rock. kleil, audibleness, clearness. kleilik, audible, clear, loud. kleilon, to clear, elucidate. klem(-am), abdication, resig- nation. klemoTi, to abdicate, renounce, yield. klen, maiz, maize. kler, clergy. kleud, convent, nunnery, cloister, monastery. kleud\k, conventional. kleudmk., monastic. klien, inclination, propensity. klierak, inclined. kliet, refreshment, comfort. klietik, refreshing. klleton, to refresh, quench. klif, rock, cliff. klir'aX, unshakableness. klifW, rocky, cliffy. kli/bn, to make unshakable. ' klig, war. kligal, warlike mind. kligik, warlike. GUAMMAB OF VOLAPUK. 107 kligoTi, to make war. klil, clearness. kHlam., clearing, enlightening. klifal, (daKial), clear head. klilaion, (vokal), vowel. klilik, clear. klilon, to enlighten, clear up. klim, vice, mischief. 'kliro.a.dun, wicked deed, crime, misdeed, trespass. klimSl, culprit, slave of vice. klimit, wicked. klimo'a, to serve vice. Win, purity, cleanness. klinaxa, puriiication, cleaning. klin'Al, clear heart, pure breast. Wanamop, place for purifying, purgatory. klirak, pure, clean. fcZmlik, clean, neat, trim. klMot, neatness, quaintness. klinoi, purity. klino . . . . , pure .... klinon, to purify, clean, klino^enon, to copy fair, klipit, ecliptic, kliv, slope. klivik, sloping, klod, faith, creed. Modal, faithfulness. Uodnt, credit. Hodel, tnte believer. klodik, faithful. klodia, credible. klodon, to believe, klof, cloth. klofik, of cloth, klokod, crocodile, klolin (cl) chlorine. k]omin(cr), chrome, chromium, klon, crown. Wonaleson, prince, hereditary. klonsiUtakip, lustre, gaselier. klonon, to crown. klop, harvest, crop. klopatim (Wojiup), harvest-time. klopon, to reap, gather. klot, clothes, dressing. fctoJad, garment, garb, apparel^ dress, gown. klota.-m, the dressing. klo&, dressing (adj) hloton, to dress, don. klu, thus, then. klii, according to, in conse- quence of. klub, club. kltfb, corporation. fcfc&al, social mind. kluhzxa, union. klub\k, club, kliibVs., corporative. kluVim, to unite. klud(-am)' consequence. kludT^, consequent. kludo, thus, then, consequently, kludon, to infer, come to a conclusion. kluf, nail. kluf&n, nail-maker. klu/el, nailer, nail-smith. klug, torsion. klugik, crooked, curved, bent, wry. klugoxL, to crook, bow, bend^ curve. kliil, clearness klilMX, clearness of mind. klu&, clear. kliilon, to clear. kliilukon, to be clear. klum, climate, clime. kliimik, of the climate. klupip, croup, angina. kluzif, cross. kluzifaue^, cross-road. 108 GEAMMAE OF VOLAPUK. kluzifdn, to cross. kluzuf, crucifix. kluziifon, to crucify. ko (beforean o: ke), -with ko CO together. ko, -where. Ma, from where. koas, sothat. koat (ko atos), so that, so as to. koazan, Croatia. kob(o), together, see em(o) and tugedik. kob, comb. kobin(co), cobalt fcoSon, to comb. koboton, (music:), accord. kocan, coachman, driver cab- man. kocanauaft, coach, cab, carriage. kocanon, to drive, guide ; to be coachman; to drivewitha carriage. kod, cause, reason; fault. kbd, sculpture k'ddah, image, statue, figure. kodabakbliim, a statue serving as column. kodaiare (plasiid), imitative art. fcotfam, causing. kodauoJad, carver's-work. kododi., inducement. hSd&i, sculptor, carver. kodem(-am); condemnation. kodermk, damnable. ■kodemon, to damn, to condemn kodemiib, damnation, candem- nation. kodeia, statuary's workshop. kodo, wherefore. kodon, to cause. kodon, to carve, sculpture. kodot, conduct, behaviour. ■kodotoji, to behave, conduct- one's self. kodu, by, in. kodut, hire, rent, kodiit, feu, rent, koduta/icn, rents (to be paid for hired houses etc.) kodiita/ien, rents (to be paid for feud farms etc.) kodutSin, lodger. kodutel, tenant. kodStel, farmer; one that has lands on hire, koduton, to hire, rent, let. koduton, to hire, rent, feu. kdef, confession. koefastoZ, confessional. i:o«/6n, to confess, koeg, cork, kof, mock, mockery, kof, cap, bonnet. kofskl, mocking nature. kofel, mocker, scoffer. kof&a., mockery, fco/ik, mocking, kofin, coffin. koJWk, teasing (for fun). kofion, to tease (for fun). kofon, to mock, jeer, scoff joke, ridicule, kofud, confusion, mess. fco/wcZam, confusion. kofiidik, confounded, perplexed, in a mess. kofudon, to confuse, confound, perplex. kofufc(-am), preparation. kofdkon, to prepare; construct, kog, cough. kogon, to cough, koi, (fceZopi), whither, koip, copy. kokaviV, ooncave-ous. fcokom, assembly, meeting. GRAMMAE. OF VOLAPUK. 109 kol, to . . . wards, towards, kol, .... contra. kol, colour, kolan, colonist. kolsistdf, paint. kolik, blooming, rosy, kolat, coal. kolataxKc?, carbonic acid carbo- nate. kolatel, chai'coal-biirner. kolatelakum, wood-pile (for burning coals). kolel, dyer. kolen, dyeing, dye-work(s). kolerip, cholera. kolin(c), carbon. kolon, to- dye. kdloiiiLstdf, dye. colour, koliim, column, koliim, column, pillar, fcotemaldp, chapital, top. .... kolumik, divided in co- lumns. koliim'OTi, to divide in columns, kolun, colony. koluniTs. (lovemelifc), colonial. Kom, in face of, in presence of. kom(nakom), arrival. kdmad, commandment. komadon, to command. komed(am), recommendation. komedii, recommendable. komedcra, to recommend, komfed, coffer, trunk, komip, combat, figbt, struggle. komipH, mind for combating, mind for fighting. komipA, combatant, fighter. komipik, ready for fighting. komipoa, to fight, combat, struggle. k;omit, order, commission. komitaA, commission, order. komita,di(i\, commissioner. komitA, onethat gives an order. komitem, committee. komiton, to ccmmissionate. kbmod, chest of drawers. komon, to come. komot, common, congregation. kompal, corporal. kompan, company (soldiers). komplig, complicateness. komun, commonness. komun, communion. komumik., common. komijnon, to communicate. kon(-am), anecdote, story, tale. kbn, coin, money. fconad, counter, medal. koncA., novel, narrative. kone\, relater, novellist. konfed, confeot. konfed&l, pastry-baker, confec- tioner. konfid, confidence, trust. konfidTik, full of confidence. konfidiik., confidential. konfidoTi, to trust, confide. konil, little story, konlit, collection. konleiel, gatherer, collector com- piler. konleton, to collect, gather com- pile, konod, office, countinghouse. konSm, economy. konomel, economist. konormk, economical. konon, to relate, tell, recite. konon, to coin, mint, stamp, konsal, consul, konsal,- advice, counsel. konscilal, counsellor, senator-. konsdlel, adviser. konsalein, congress. 110 GRAMMAU.OF VOLAPUK. Jconsdli^, advisable. konsalon, to advise. konsalop, town-liouse senate- liouse. konsef, conserve. konsefon, to conserve, konsid, consideration. konsidon, to consider, konsien, conscience. konsienik., consoientioixs. konsienoi, conscientiousness. .kontenQn, to content. konyvig(-am), conjugation, konyun, conjunction, konzed, concert. konzedon, togive a concert. konzedon, to act conjointly, kop, body, kop, cup. k'6pa,ro , drinking-bout, boozing- part^ , .kopamSkkalaTn., account of what bas been drunk, kopan, accompaniment. Jcopnn2il, co-partner. kopansklei, copartnership. _kopana.xa, (music) accompani- ment. Jcopanel, companion accompa- nier. kopanik, social, sociable. kopanora, society, fcqpanomik, social. kopanbn, to accompany attend, escort, vsrait on, go with. koparmg, sociableness. koped, (kupin), copper, brass. kopedik (kupinik), of copper cupreous, kopef, corporation, body fof several men). JcopA, licklip, gormand, tippler, drunkard. kSpen, the drinking, boozing. ■kopladnTca, connexion, erection, composition. ^opladon, to connect, erect compose, arrange. kopon, to corporify. kor, chorus, choir, quire. Korint, Corinth. Kordilyers, Cordilleras. kos(o),[totos(o)], contra, a.gainst. kos .... counter. kosad, "conversation. kosadon, to converse (with). kosek(-am), consecration; sanc- tification. kos6k(-am), consecration kosekasmofc, incense. kosekon, to sanctify, consecrate, initiate. kosek'on, to consecrate, dedicate. kdsen, nephew, cousin. kosenei, cousinship. kosiacZ(am), composition. kosiadon, to compose. kosit, possibility to agree, or to get gn with some body or something. kosit, condition, state. kositon, to get on with some- thing, or somebody; to ma- nage, agree with &o. kositon, to be in good condition. kbsom, custom. kosomik, usvial. kosomo, commonly. k'dsomon, to aooustom, to get used to. kosonat, consonant. kosiefem, constellation.asterism . fcosdk, costly. koston, to cost. kosum (-am), colleotiveness. kosum(-am), consumption. GUAMMAU OV VOLAPUK. Ill k'dsumA, consumer. kSsum'Cn, to consume. kot, main cause. kot, sharp edge (of knivesete). Jcdta,Tn, cutting. kdte\, cutter; cutting-article. -koten, content, contentation contentedness. kotenik, content, contented kotenon, to be content, to con- tent one's self. Jcotik, sharp, cutting. koton; consonance koton, to cut. kofopam, see kopladain. kotopon. see kopladon. kov, cover, envelop. kovad, overspread, cover. koven, comfoot, ease. kovenik, ' comfortable, easy. kovex, convex Jcovexik, convexed. ko!/umon, to join, unite; to fold (the hands) kraton, to scrible; scratch, scrawl, scrape. iren, pinnacle, battlement. kristad, crystal. "Kristus, Christ. Kristuscil, Infant-Christ. Tsiitt, Christian. krist&cil, Christian child. krifal, Christianism. Jcritik, Christianly. kriton, to Christianize. kriit, critic, criticism. kriit&a., criticizing. JcTuton, to criticize, judge. ku . . . ., cubic- kuad, quartz. kiib, cubic. kubadi cube. kud, care. kudadin, concern, affair matter. kudaZjwik, free of cares. ku<&, careful, anxious solicit- kudon, to care, take care. kiig, gherkin kuin, hundred- weight cwt. kuimk, weighing one cwt. A;iM'nlik(o), per cwt. kuk, kitchen. kufca/iZop, kitchen-fireplace kit- chen-fire, kitchen-furnace. kukA, cook. fcuten, cooking. kulak., citchen- kuklik, boilable, cookable. kuklit, cuckoo. kukon, to cook, boil (active) kukon, to cook, boil (intran- sitive). kul, path, way, road. kul, course. kulad, exactness. kulad\k., exact. kuladoi, precision accuracy. kiiieil, cubic mile. kulime<(omm), cubic millimeter. kuliv, civilization (in general). fcuZjuam, civilization (indivi. dual). kulivon, to civilize. kiiloi, current-price. kiilori, to pave, level, to make a path. kum, heap, pile. kiim, swarm, crowd. kumet, cubic meter. kumid, in piles, acerval. kumon, to acervate, heap up. kun (ji-xol), cow. kunon, to calve. kiin(o), on the very top, up- permost. kup, scoop, ladle. 112 GUAMMAB OF VOLAPuK. kupamoZ, sign, mark. kupin, (cu), copper (chemical). kupimk (kopedik), of copper, copper, of brass, brass. kupon, to dish up, draw up. kiipoji, to mind, remember, kurad, harness, arjEour, cuirass. Kuran, Courland. kus . . . . , (ekwso !) kusad, accusation, delation, indictment. kusadel, accuser, delator,^ in- dicter. kusadik, accusatory. kusadaa, to accuse, sue at law, delate, kut, court. kutaiZanel, purveyor to the court. VvAiagadA, court-gardener. kutajracZen, court-gardening. kutamayaZ, court-marshal. kutamzVen, court-butchery, kuv. brood, hatch. kuvon, to brood, hatch, breed> to sit on eggs, kvak, curds of milk. kvit, qiiince (-pear). la, (adverb), by, near. la .... , at by ... . lab, possession. lab, happiness. K6ad, blessing. lahadam, benediction. Zrjiiadik, blissful. ZaJadon, to bless. laisiva., taking, possession. labaswfc, avidity. labasiifcik, covetous, rapacious. IdbeA, property, possession. label, possessor, proprietor, owner. labem., fortune, wealth. ZaSemik, rich, mighty, able. labik, mighty (master ofit). labik, happy, blessed. Isbblin, see blin. laJKnon, to bring by, contri- bute. Idbo, happily. Idbon, to prosper, succeed. lab'dn, to possess, have labot, inn, tavern, public house. labotsma, harbouring, lodging. laboton, to lodge, harbour. lad, heart. lad, lady. ladal (ladan), lover, sweet- heart. ladal, fond love, heartiness. Zarfalik, hearty, kind. ladalod, disposition, mind. ladsAoi, conscientiousness. • ladet, address. ladet'6n, to address, direct. ZacZik, lovely, charming, dear,, beloved, pretty, good. Zaiflik, kind, hearty, cordiaL ZacZon, to love. ladvelib, (Grammar), adverb.. ladyek, adjective. ladyek'on, to adjunct, adjoin. ladyekaJirf, participle. ladyekaftidik, participial. ladyul, farewell. ladyulo, (adyo), adieu^ fare- well. ladyulbn. to say farewell. GUAMSfAR OP VOLAFUK. 113 laed, lath. laf, half [tAdil). la/a.... (la/i... lafo...) step — , half-. lafab, alphabet, ahece. laSaMod, stepbrother. laSaModot, stepsister. ]aia,fat {lujat), stepfather. lafamoJ (Inmot), stepmother. lafanepaZ, half orphan. lafamsuZ, peninsula. la fit, half. Za/Hk, half and half. laf on, to halve. lagat, lizard, newt, eft. lagiv, over-plus, boot, addition. lagiv'OTi, to add, give into the bargain, inclose. lag'on, to hang (active). Idgon, to hang (intransitive). lagun, lagoon, lagune. lagut, sp,lmon. lagiitaut, salmon-trout. lai, constantly, at any time. l&idun, perseverance, constancy, steadiness. l&idunon, to persevere, persist, continue. laig, sealing vrax. laik, persistent, continual. lain, wool. Zamik, wooUen. Zamin, flannel. lainliki, woolly. lak, lake, loch. laka, . . . loch. Zaifcel, hangman; hobgoblin pla- guy devil. lakeV6\ bij Jove! the devfl; deuced ! lakel whereby. lakif, lawsuit, action. Idk'on, to hadg up, hang. lakun, lacmus, litmus archil, turnsole. lal, lane, alley, walk. lal .... smalal\) laltig, (Grammar), article. laltiig, article, clause, line. lam, arm. lama/Ze^, elbow. lam, ham. lamatnk, almond. Ian, soul. lanav, psychology Zanavik, psychological. Ian, country, land. ZaTjam, landing. Zcmed, ground, field ; country. ZanecZal, rural simplicity. lanedapffliiel, country-clergy- man. lanedat, rural economy. lanedatik, rural economical. lanedsl, rural economist. lanediV, rural, rustic. Zanef, landscape, province. Zareefik, x'l'ovinoial. lanel, angel. ZaneZal, angelic nature. ZaneZik, angelic. lanem, nickname, surname. lanemam, nicknaming. lanemSn, to nickname. Zanik, psychical. lanim, courage. lanimam., encouragement. Zanimik, courageous. lanimbu. to encourage. Zanon, to animate, inspire. Zanon, to land. la.not, announcement, notice. lanoion, to announce lap, Alp. lap .... (lapoZ!). Zapel, one that lives in the Alps. 114 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUlC. lapik, alpine. lapin, prey, booty. lapmastifc, rapacity. lapinel, robber, pirate. lapinik, rapacious. lapinon, to rob, plunder, pirate. lapol, contribution. lar, arp (measure). laa(o), at it, present. lasam, assambly. lasamel, one wbo attends an asaambly. lasambn, to assemble. lasbed, asbest(os). lasei', approval. lasewam, aokno-wledgement. laseuamSn, to acknowledge. lasewon, to approve. lasig, indication, sbovring, as- signation, pointing out. iasigon, to point out, show, assign, indicate. Idson, to be at it, to be present or near it. lastin, elasticity. lastinik, elastic. lasuion, to be enclosed (in a letter). lasum, receival. lasumon, to receive, take up. laswrnon badlik, to take ill. lat(-am), detention. lat, last. latab, altar. laten, brass. latenik, brass (adjective). Zarik(o), late (nesun). Hdk, last. ladko, at last. Zarikiin, very last. Zdtikiino, at the very last, for the very last. latin, Latin. latinel, latinist. latinik, latin. latinbn, to latinize. Idtno, for the last time. lata, at last. latbn, to detain ' ones self, stay to long. latixRO, at the very last. laud, lark, sky-lai;k. lauk, lye, buck. laut, C[uality of designer, qua- lity of being contriver {rigA^g). lautA, designer, contriver, sche- mer. lautelm, to be the designer. lauton, to design, contrive scheme, plan. lav, lukewarmness, tepidity lamk, lukewarm, tepid lav, lava. fcik, lava-, of lava. lavog, advocateship. lavogeX, advocate, lawyer. lazet, lazaretto, lazar-house. le, more. le (strengthening prefix) arch-, head-, chief-, fore-. leaf, leopard. leb . . . (daleb !) leSafik, chief, eminent, sole. leia^nikna, a single time. leJearikiin, moat-blessed, lebegik, supplicating, lefce^on, to supplicate, implore beseech, entreat, lefien, favour, kindness. \ebemk, favourable, kind. lebeno, very good. lebijop, archbishop. lebifopik, archbishopical. lebldgik, pitchy, asblack as jet. leblam, reproach. GBAMMAU OF VOLAPUK. 115 \eblib6n, to remain, abide (le- dulon) . leblimon, to establisli. lehluk, shed-brook. \ehdh, bank; exchange. lebiid, conamandment. \ebiid&birl (G-rammar), Jussive.' leced, the approving. led, crimson, red. ledaem, sconce; poop. leda^/", scarlet-fever. ledai;Zo'", scarlet. Ledaniei, Eed Sea. ledek, ornament. ledib, abyss, gulf. le(Ek, red. \edmite\, right reverend, digni- tary. \edimiAk, eminent, dignified. \edivik, much esteemed. ledivodik, very affectionate. lecZiwon, to esteem, praise. ledlik, reddish. ledom, castle, palace. iedomel, oecupier of a castle or palace.' ledon, to colour (in) red. lediifik as hard as steel , as hard as stone, as hard as a rock. lediik, grand-duke. ^ediikik, grand-ducal. ledul, perseverance. ledfuZon, to persevere. let^araon, to do repeatedly, -of- ten (aiAinon). lef, lees, dregs, sediment. lefad, necklace, lace, cord. lefalon, to fall down with vehe- mence. l^/aZ6n, to throw down with vehemence. lefatel, great-grand father. lefid, meal, repast. lefikulik, very difficult. \efined, mid-finger. leflum, stream, big river. leflumon, to stream. leflnm, electric current. le/bn, strong well. le/opik, mad. le/opug, madness. le/owiko, swift as lightning (lelito). lefiid, the east. LeiiiAa.mel, East-Sea. lefuda^n, morning land the Orient. lefiidanel (lefiidel), Orientalist Easterling. Ie/Mii3,nik, eastern, oriental. le/isdanon, to orientalize. Lefuda/)Ze«s, East Prussia. leMdel, orientalist. le/iidik, east of, easterly. leful, perfeotness lefultijn, accomplishment, com- pletion, execution. le/«Sm, perfection. le/uZamof, practieableness. le/aZamon, to perfect. le/wtel, perfecter. lefulik, perfect. le/«Znik, complete. le/«Znbf, completeness. lefulon, to accomplish, finish, end. \eivived, eastwa,rd. leg, genuineness, reality, purity, legitimacy. Ie5rffi7(am), transport, rapture le^fciZik, transported, ravished with delight. legdlon, to transport, ravish with pleasure, legat, legacy, embassy. 116 GUaMMAR of VOLAPiiK. leffatel, embassador, envoy. legate-m, embassade (consisting of one or more persons) legeil, summit, top, spire, pike. legeiloji, to point high up.' legeilik, mucli elevated, exalted, sublime'. leget, receipt, reception. legik, genuine, pure, real le(/iw(-am), donation. \egivel, donor. legivbn, to present, give. legivoi, present; fee, drinkmo- ney, perquisite. \egle&, enormous, immense. leglif, grief, affliction. leglifik, grievous. \egli/oia, to grieve, sorrow, mourn, lament- ■]egudik, very good (le5cno). le'^apel, harper, harpist. le'^dt, helmet, helm. 16*^6;, lock, tress, curl ('eZem). let/, even. leig, equality, evenness, leigafen, parallel (noun) leiga'jenik, parallel (adjective). leigara, leveling leigama/ik, equal, of the same measure. leigik, similar, equal(iit). leigo, same, also (leiko) leigon, to level ; to be like, resemble. leigni, resemblance, likeness. le27;(o), also, (leigo). leil, mile, lein, lion, leit, lightness, leital, levity, fickleness. leitSlik, fickle, frivolous, light- minded. leitsim, alleviation, ease, relief. leitik, light (not heavy). leito, easily, lightly. leitiiii, to ease, lighten, alleviate. lejaf, wholesale business. lej'ain, cable, ship-rope. le;efc, frightfulness. , lejekik, frightful, terrible. , le;e&(ik)8f, frightfulness. le^efclik, dreadful, terrible. \ejeval, stallion. le/onik, charming, exceedingly beautiful. lejuit, great pleasure. lejul, university (niver). le;K7, shield, lek, echo, sound, lefcan, art, science. lekana, . . . , of science. lekanapUb, commerce in objects; of art and Science, le^anei, artist (kanal). lekanik, artificial, artful: scientific. leklodQn, to think of. lekog, dry-cough. \akciliim, pilaster, support. lefcon/!'i6n, to trust in, to rely (upon). lefcosj7am, 'reconciliation. XikosUel, mediator. lefcosiVBn, to reconcile, lektin, electricity. lektinA, electrician. Zefcimik, electric. lektinOn, to electrify, lei, iron. leZaJ, easiness, the state of being wealthy, moneyed. \e,ldh, blessedness, bliss, felicity , happiness. leZaftef, bondage. leZaJefik, being in bondage. leteMk, blessed, happy. GRAMMAR OP VOLAPiiK. 117 le'afcon, to make blessed or happy. \elnd, fervour, cordiality heartlyness. leladik, fervent, heart}'. lela^fifen, iron-foundery. leleg, purity. le.'e^ik, pure. \eleigik [leleigo), perfectly even, exactly the same. lelel, smith. ^eZelen, smithy, blacksmith- shop. leteii, iron-work. le/!ec?o ! alas ! lelieg, superfluous richness (-plulieg, inlieg). ieZik, iron, of iron. leWik, that may be heard, or learned or perceived. lelilon, to learn, hear, to be told. lelin, iron (Fl, chemical ferrie acid). leliotsku, (lioiaV), lieutenant- , -colonel. lelit, lightning. lelitarfufcam, lightning con- ductor. lelito (\e/oviko), swift as light- ning. leK^on, to lighten. lelod, railway. \elod .... (lod, lelod !) leZo/lik, most lovely, dearest. le%am, viewing. leloyon, to behold, view, look at. ielon, to forge. leZonon, to become, beseem, suit, be proper, decent. "lelot leloted!) Aeloted, large hotel. lelnliino, very least. \elm, magnifying glass. lelutavat, cloud. lelutSLvatik, clouded, cloudy. Islutaival'OTi, to cloud. lem, bargain, purchase. lemacem, shop. lernag, image, likeness. lemag'di, cLuality of the image. leman, rest, remainder, sur- plus. lemdnik, left, remaining. lemdnik.0, for the rest, besides, moreover ; (e lemdnikos etcetera, and so on). lemanon, to leave, to let remain. \emasel, (balemaseZ) , headmas- ter. \emeh (levaliid), omnipotence. lemafcam. Creation. lemefcel, Creato?- (of the Uni- verse). lemeHk, omnipotent almighty. lemefcSn, to create. Zemel, buyer, purchaser. lemel, ocean. lemelidlik, very meritorious. lemem, remembrance. lemcmon, to remember. ' lemesed, salary, pay, income. lemesedon, to give salary, keep in pay; pay. lemik, venal. Zemlik, eagerto buy, desirous to buy. lemod, large quantity. lemodik. (fcumik), enorm, cc- lassal, gigantic, piled up. lemocZikumo, much more. lemon, to buy, purchase. lemotbinzal, Christmas-festival, masmas, holiday, Christmas. tl8 GBAMIMAK OF VOLAP-ilK. lemo/, locomotive. leimifon, to shake. len, against, on . . . to, to. len, . ., (la . . .), ad . . . lenad, learning, improvement. lenadik (lenadazi/ik), studious, desirous to learn. lenadlik, to be learnfed, learn- able. lenadon, to learn, practise. len&iinBn, to bring on, bring nearer. lene/Zenik (ne/Zenalik), hostile inimical, adverse, lene^cnof (ne/?cnai), hostility enmity. leneZi/'ik, as deadas a stone. leneZamon, to lick lenemoc?o (Zuuno), in the least, lenepueciik, lewd, lustful. lenepueAig, lewdness, lasci- viousness, impurity, unchas- tity, debauchery, lechery, licentiousness , sensuality, profligacy. lenjrZurfBn, to fasten by glue or with lime. haniddn, East-India. \6niddmk, East-Indian. lenjVecZik, very interesting, highly important, lenitib, harpoon. lenitihik, having the form of a harpoon. \^yikor\fid'6ia., to trust to. lenieodOn, to regulate, lento^, glance, sight, lenio^am, viewing. lenZo^edbn, te view. Xenlogiin, to look at, behold. lenZo^ii, (preposition ;) asto, with respect or regard to. Ien^ leun, hip, haunch. \&valud (lemet), omnipotence. Levaliidel, Gfod almighty. • levaliidik, almighty, omnipo- tent. lewamik ('itik), hot. levat, high water. levelik, everlasting, constant. levelo{a.i), constantly. leveM, constancy, lasting. le«e»^(o), extraordinary, un- commpn. livemik, extraordinary. leuemuno (moduno), in the highest degree, at most. levikod, triumph. levip, eagerness, vehement, longing. levipik, eagerly. le«jpon, to earger, wish or long ardently. levisit, frequent visit. levitim, mass-offer. levitima.buk, mass book. le^are, gate, porch. lej/uftiip, gold jubilee. \ezib, disl^, repast, meal. leziid, sourness, austerity. leziidik, sour, harsh. lezMn, anger, offence. lezunik, offended, angry. lezunon, to take offence. li (lio), how ? li ? -li ? (interrogative particle, used when no other inter- rogations are expressed. liab, flax. liabasio/", linen. liaf,_ lily. Ua/ik, as white as lily, liliaceous. liam, lamb. liamSl, gentleness, affability. lidmil, lambkin. lian, verse. lianel, versifier. lidnon, to versify. liat, litre (french measure). lib, liberty, freedom. liba... (libi..., libo...), free... \iha.vU, voluntariness. libauz'flk, voluntarily, volun- tary. lihik, free. lib'dn, to set free, free, deliver, rescue, redeem, exempt. licep, liverwort. licinon, to descend, spring from; derive. lieb, grape. liebauaei, juice of grapes. liibA, vine-dresser, vintager. lied, adversity, trouble pain, sorrow. liedik, troubling; afflicted. ?n ! a.la.a! HedoA, passion. Uedon (su/6n), to suffer. lieg, richness. liegeaca., enrichment. tiegoi, richness of contents. liegoSk, rich in contents. Uegik, rich. liegon, to enrich. liel, (the) listening. Helm, to listen. GKAMMATi, OF VOLiPiiK. 121 lien, line. lienasium, ruler. liev, hare. Uf (nedeil), life. lifanunod, biography. li/iz^ik? how far? how far away? (place). lifamerf, victuals, provisions. lifa,se/am, life-assurance. li/ik, alive, living. Z^lik, lively. li/ovnod, he shall live ! lifbn, to live, exist. li/a&nik? how far? (time). lifixp, life, age. Ug, licLtior. liged, nicety, delicacy, dainty. ligedik, nice, delicious. ligletik {lioglenk.)'i how big? of what size? lik? (Zfto?, /w?), how? likad, relique. Iikik9, how situated? Ukof, quality. likofik, qualitative. lil, ear. lilad(-am), reading, lecture. liladel, reader. liladils., legible liladon, to read. lila/?ap, box on the ears. lilaa, to hear. liloi, hearing, lim, joint. limaxa., articulation. limep; emperor. limepik, imperial. Kmepon, to be emperor. limepnh, empire. limodik, how much? limodiTsioa, quota, limoc^of, quantity. lim6(7ofik, quantitative. limun, alms. bmunon, to give (an) alms. lin, ring. linq,d, alloy, contents. lina^ned, ring-flnger. lindif. indifference. lindi/ik, indifferent. lined, the interior. lineda,Tps, bowels, entrails. linedsA, boarding-school. UnediL, internal, interial. linedo (ino), inside. linedn, within. lineg, tongue linegik, smart with the tongue. Unegoi, fluency of speech. linegoTi, to tonque , chide, talk ; scold, prate. linik, shaped like a ring. linkip, innkeeper. linkipuva, lodging, harbouring. linhipou (Zo^elon), to lodge, har- bour. lino, roundabout. lintelek (Gtrammar), interjec- tion. linyelib, orange-colour. Unyelibik, orange-yellow. Ko?, how? Lion, Lyons. libtal, lieutenant-colonel. liotan, lieutenant. Hotanel, first lieutenant, chief- lieutenant. lip, lip.^ liped, ellipse Upedih, elliptic. lir, lute. ' lisan, sense. lisanik, sensible, senselul. Hsanon, to have sense. lised, catalogue, register, list roll, record. 122 GllAMMAR OF VOIAPUK. lisedel, registrar. liauii(o)?, how soon? lit, light. litiih, candle. , litafcip, candlestick. liial (daKzal, klilsuV), clear head. litHTo., sash, skylight, window. litamil, small window. lita/mag, photography. Ztfama^rad, photograph. Ut&magA, photographist. lita,m,agen, photographing. ' litaiRiijot, window-shutter, litanen, litany, litapoi, lamp, litasau, lantern, litasio/, luminous matter, literat, literature. Uteratel, man of literature, literatik, literary. litikj light, lit, bright (caused by light). liton, to light, lighten. Litu^n, Litthauen. litur, liturgy, lituric, liturgic. liv(-am), delivery. Livan, Livonia. livapi(fc(am), acquittal. liveitik'i, how far? (capacity). livem(o)?, how much? liver, livery. livi . . . (livo . . .), free . . . Uvik, free, easy, loose. Kulik, pardonable. livon, to free, loosen, release, discharge, separate. Uvvcp, leisure, vacant time. lo, in presence of, in face of, before, in sight of. 15, upper (for immaterial things; therefore different from sus). 16 . . . (lopa . . .), upper . . . lob, praise. lob, willingness, officiousness,. readyness. lobed, obedience. loiedik, obedient. lohedon, to obey. Zoiik, laudable, praise-worthyi,; Zo5ik (w7Bfik), willing. ZoHik, praiseworthy, commend- able. lobbn, to praise, laud, com- mend. lohvim, glory, honour, praise,, renown, fame. ZoSiin, gloriousness. lod(-am), load, cargo. lod, dwelling habitation. lodel, inhabitant, dweller, occupier, inmate. lodik, chargeable, that may be loaded. lodih, habitable. lodin (Eh), rhodirim. lodoi, habitableness. lodo], resident, living, staying.. lodon, to charge, load, freight, lade. lodon, to inhabit, dwell in, live in; stay, reside. loegava, observation, attention. loegbn, to observe, (see). loego^, observatory. loet, roast meat. Zoe^on, to roast. lof, ofFer, tender, proposal. lof, (tecZal), love. fo/ab, darling. Zo/abik, favourite. lof&diffik., amiable, lovable. Zo/a/uHk, charitable. Zo/al (lefan), lover, Zo/ik, lovely, dear, beloved. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 123- Zo/'lik (lesumik), lovely, amiable, pleasing, charming agreeable, nice, delectable, lo/'lof, charmingness. lo/bb, I love, I like. lofoo-la,, I might love, — like. Zq/bb-li?, do I love, do Hike. IS/ob-li-la? might I love , —like. I6f6b-ii no? (no Zii/ob-li?), do I not love? do I not like? Zo/obs, we love, vre like. lofoi, she loves, she likes. l6/ofs, they (those women) love, they like. lofdk, self-love. Zo/ol, thou loveat, thou Ukest. lofol, loving. lofols, you (men) love, -like. io/6liin(o), most loveU", love- liest. Zo/om, he loves, he likes. loforaoa, 'may he love, -like'. Zo/oms, they (those men) love. they like, lofon, to offer, hand over, give, reach. lo/on, one loves, one likes, a body likes. lofon, to love, like. lo/onoA, one must love, -like. lofons (polite singular), you love, you like. lof OS, it loves, it likes. Zo^OBok, it loves itself, it likes itself, log, eye. log, bone. logad, sight, vision. Zo^am, the seeing. Zojramik, optical. Zo^amikel, optician, logarit, logarithm. Zo^ed, twinkling, glance, look.- Zo^edon, to see, look, overlook, Zo^ik, visible. Zo^im, aspect; face. l6glet(o), extensively. logoi, face, countenance visage- Zo^of, visibility. logon, to see. Zii^ot, bones. lojop, lodge, box. lok, looking-glass. ZoJ;6n, to look into a looking- glass. lol, rose. 161, integer, whole. lol&i'ob, rose-stick, rose (the, plant). ZoZed, rose-colour, pink. ZoZedik, rose-coloured, pink. ZoZik, rosy. ZoZik, whole, integral. ZoZiko, altogether, enticely. ZoZil, little rose. ZoZo, in all. lom, birth-place ; home. lorn .... (lijmib !) Zomad, retum home, arrival at home. Zomik, native, birth, home. Lombadan, Lombardy. lomib (silai'az), rain. Zomt 6ad, umbrella, shade, screen, or guard for rain. I'dmiKk, rainy, wet, showery lomibon (silauaZSn), to rain. Zomik, birth-, home — I6min, element. Zommik, elemental. Zomived, homewards. ZoJTilik, homely. lombn, togo to stay, togo to live, to settle, to establish- one's self. 124 GBAMMAU OP VOLAPuK. lomu, at home. Ion, law. Ion (lab), property, fonam, resolution, appointment, definition, determination Londen, London. loned, length. lonedSA, lenity, clemency. lonedara., prolongation. lonedel, subject. lonedik, long. ■lonedH, sub-missive, subject obedient. .lonediknno, at the very longest, at the very last, at most. lonediik, oblong. lonedo, long (long time). -lonedoi, durability, lastingness. .fcnetZofik, lasting, durable, chro- nical, long. lonedon, to lengthen, prolong. lonedoftro(o), since long, a long time already.' lonedwp, tediousness, weariness. loned^^iV, tiresome. Zonef, kind, quality, nature disposition. fonefik natured. lonet, slenderness. Zonerik, slender lonik, lawful, legitimate, legal. lorak., propre, own. lonikncm, propre-name. Xonilof (ita,suk),. selfishness self- love, self-interestedness. l6niZo/ik, selfish. /onon (no^edon), to appoint de- termine, fix, settle. .lotion, to belong, appertain. iortng, peculiar singularity; peculiar accent. toniip, legal term. lop, opera. lop, top, spire, top-part. l^ps^ . . . {Ibpi .. ., lopo . . ., lo . . . .) top , upper .... lopal, (a)higher. Zopan, highland. lop&plen, surface. lopel (lopal), higher, superior. Lopelsasan, Upper-Blsace. ISpiiotel, chief-waiter. lopi/btel, chief-forrester. lopik, operatic. lopik, upper, highest, chief-, master-, fist. lopikap, head, chief, master. Zopiko {lopo), above, lip, up- stairs, on high. VdpTikon, uppermost /opikunel, highest, superior. lopimel, optimist lopimeKk, optimistic. Ib'gis'iit, main street. iBpih'd'el, headmaster' head- teacher. lopnik, above-cited, abov^- mentiohed, above. lopo, (adverb) see lopiko. lopci ! up ! Lbpoioj/dre, Upper-Bavaria. Lopocfeui, Upper-Germany.. lopoi, authority. lop'dJVs., official. \o^2klaned, highland. Loporm, (the) Upper-Rhine. Lopo^a/, Upper-Italy. lopv., above (preposition) KpiXn, summit, highest top. lopuno (kiino), (adverb) onthe very top. Zopvinu, (very) high,est, most high. lor, laurel. los . ., besides . . . LosS,n, Losanna. GEAMMAB OF VOLAPuK. 125' loset, lobster. lososit, frying sausage. Lostakin, Austria. Lostaki7iel, Austrian. lot, guest. lota.A, hospitality. Lotan, Lorraine, Lorane. loted, hotel, lodgement loiel, hotelkeeper. ZoJelain, harbouring. lotelou, to lodge, harbour. loter, lottery. lot&, hospitable. lotogat, spelling, ortUography. lotogafik, orthographic. loton, to lodge, stay. lotoTp, lodgement, inn. /offipik, inn. lotng, inn keeping, lodgement. loiiigik, lodgement. lov . , . (love ! ) lova^onon, to buzz, hum, tingle. love . . ., over. loverfu^'on, to lead over. lovedufcam, delivering, trans- 5-porting. love/?«mon (bundanon), to over- flovy. \oveg {bel&loveg), passage, pass, defile. loYegiviiu, to give over, deliver, reach love^oZam, the passing over. the going over. love^oZed, transition. love^oHk, transitive. lovej'ad, overshadovfing. love;ad6n, to overshadow. loYeleton, to leave, letpass. lovemeHk (kolumk), trans- marine, colonial, lovep . . . (loYepul !) lovepenad, superscription. loveptocZon, to put on the top;r or above. lovepoi(-am), translation. lovepoZBn, to translate. lovesez'sZon, to lay or put oii the top or above. loYesiadon, to place or put on the top or above. lovesumSn, to take a duty upon, one's self, take charge of. lovik, quietly. loYekliJd, superstition. loYeklodik, superstitious. lovon, to transcend, surpass. lovo;jwJ;bn, to lisp, lu, less, vrorse. lu . . ., dis-, re-, step-, chief, lii ! ho ! hollo ! hear ! lu . . ., ad . . ., as . . ., ap . . . lub, inferiority. Liiban, Lybia. lufte^on, to beg. Ixxblod (laSaUod), step-brother.. ]uUud2iflums, hemorrhoids. lubod, mould. Inbov )sma6oK), plate, luiiiifc, misprint, waste-paper. Incern (smasem) smallroom, side- appartment. Incif, chief, headman luciY, noodle, silly person, sim- pleton, ninny. Incilik, silly, lucj7al, noodledom silliness,. harmlessness. Incddnton, to assign, allot, lud .... Q-udom .') liid, rawness. ludas, suppose that, admitted. that, allowed. ludiebiik, copy. \ndevcd, hypocrisy. Liidia, Lydia. 126 GllAMMAR OF VOLAPUK, ludik, raw. ludom (smadom), cottage ludun, mean trick. liied, rudeness, uncivility. liiediTs., rude, imoivil. lueg(s), lung(s). liien, degree. liien&ra., graduation. luf, grape, -wine-grape. lufaperf, -wine-press. liif (lulM). lu/am, vintage, collecting of the wine-grapes, lu/at (lafa/ai), step-father, lu/at, father-in-law. lu/aiel, great-grandfather, (lii/a^al, -alel, -an, -anel). lu/el, heath, broom-ground. liy-'eZelik, clownish, rustic. 'bifenigA, miser, niggard scrapepenny. \vifid, glutton. IxsfidoTX, to gluttonize, eat to excess, eat voraciously. Zii/ik, as a truss, a form as a truss. \afils.vin, dram, drink, spirits. \nfil2iMinA, dram-drinker tip- pler, drunkard. ■lufon, to vintage. lug (WiY!) liig, mourning. \a.ge£k, grayish, grizzly. lugik, mournful, sorijy. lugil, vulture. \ugiv, addition, over-plus, hoot. lugivel, creditor, borrower. lu^Mjik, as a loan. lugivon, to lend, borrow. \\xgloi, brag, vaunt, boast. luglolel, boaster, swaggerer. Inglolon, to boast, swagger, brag, vaunt. lu^tenik {gliinlik), greenish. liigo, B flat (music). \ugod, idol, lu^ot^av, mythology, poly- theism. lugodsmk, polytheistic. Iwgodea, idola-try. hxgodon, to idolate, liigoi, mournfulness. lugoji, to mourn liigoton, B flat (music), lu'at (sma'^at), cap. luib, wheel. luiba/«fc,' felly, hoop of a wheel, strake. luibon, to provide with wheels. Luid, Lizzie. lu ik, y ly. luilon, to lull a sleep. luin (U), Uranium. lujamep, hero with the tongue boaster, vaunter. hij'eval, old horse. IvLjon, reference, luyonon, to refer, draw atten- tion. luk, hither, hitherward. luk . . . . , re- , trans-. luk, leer. liikel, one who leers or lays on the watch for. luka,, thence. \ukad, card, playing-card. l\ikada,pled, card-playing, game at cards \\ikalod {amgJcalod), coolness. hikalodik (smai'aZorfik), cool. lukalodori, to cool. Inkanelbn, to trifle. hikaniton, to howl, yelp, whine, whimper. luki, towards, to. (SttAMMAll or VOLAPiiK. 127 iukidLik, througli, by, passed througli. luki/a/on, to disli up. ■lukiloga,m., prospect, view. lukim, nearer. iukin (mi, mii), init. iuHnal, at it, present. i«fcino!;e(iibi), over (from one place to another), lukion, lyceum. ZuHs(!si), thither. -luldse(ina,] , out of it. faHsus, upwards, up. Jufcived, away, lukiueg', road hence. lukldnel, mysterious person. hiklof, rag, tatter, slut. lukomip, skirmishing, liifcomon, to getto(do), fall to, come to. .liikon, to he onthe watch, leer, peep. 'lakonfid6n(lekl6d6n), to think of, suppose of. lukrilt, cavillation. hikriit&i., cavilling, temper, oen- soriousness lukriitel, caviller, lufcr-wrik, censorious cavillous. hikriiion, to cavil. hxkiim, inside, in it, into. luKmo! come in! lul, five, liil, owl. Ixxlad'al, sadness, luteaalik, sad, mournful. Inlstgul, pentagon . luZofc, marsh, pool, fen. lufaHl, small marsh, small pool. luldil, fifth part. Mel, number five, a five. lulet, negligence. liUe<(-am), permission admiss- ion, allowance. hxletwca, neglect. luZedk, negligent. laletik, admissable, acceptable ; allowed. Iv-kmi, acceptableness, permis- sion. \nleton,,to neglect. lvLlet'6n{dal6n) , to admit perniit, allow. lulid, fifth. ZuZidna, the fifth time. lulidno, for the fifth time lulido, in the fifth place. lulieg, usury, hdiegel, usurer. hxliegon, to practise usury. lulik, five fold. lulik.0, in afivefold way. lulil, small five, the figure five. ZwHon, quintillion. luKsanel, cunning reasoner. luZz'sanon, to reason cunningly. Inlit, twilight, dimness. Inliton, to glimmer. Inlmily five thousand. lulna, five times. ZtiZnalik, five times repeated. lulmk, five sorts. lulno, for the fifth time. luZoJel, extoUer ; fiatterer, fawn- ,er, coaxer. l\xlog, gaping at. Inlogel, gaper. luZo^^on, to gape, open the movith in surprise or wonder, open the eyes widely. luloji, to multiply by five. lalon .... {lulon !) luls, fifty. lulsena,, fifty tinieis. lulsii, fiftieth. 128 GKAMMAtt OF YOLAPUK. lulsi&no, for the 50th time. lulsido, in the 50th place. ZuZsik, fiftyfold. lulsiko, in a fiftyfold way. liiltum, five hundred, lultamena, 500 times. lul««nAe25f, knightliness. mop .... (mopoV.). m^op .... (mopol !). mop2aii5n, to propagate, spread, mopcion, to carry away. mop«Hk, mor. Moor. Moran, Mauritania. morik. Moorish. Mosel. Moselle !Moskav, Moscow. mos mum, mummy. mumik, mummylike. mun, moon. miin, ore. 7?!tma, moon — miinaseJ, mine-pit, mine. ■mwndel, Monday. ■mandelik, Monday — mun&Zo, on Monday(s). mumk, moon — manik, of oro, metallic. miip, vaccination ; ingrafting, inoculation. miipoji, to vaccinate, ingraft, inoculate, mur, murmuring, grumbling. murik, peevish, grumbling, muron, to murmur grumble, miir, miimbling. miiroTi, to mumble, mutter, musam, entertainment, convers- ation (discourse). 7nusam'6n, to entertain, musif, mosaic, musig, music. musigadmel, music-seller. musigafoliit, quart (music i). musigajdliji, octave (music c). musigel, musician. musigon, to make music, musof, muse, mut, compulsion, mut, (the) being compelled to, constraint. miitaJtcZ (Grammar), Gerund^ gerundium. mutin, mustard, muton, to compel, constrain oblige. mJitSn, must, ought, to be obliged. GRAMMAU OF VOLAPUK. 139 H". na (before fowels: nag) after (that). .... na times, nab, narrowness. naiani, narrowing. nabik, narrow. nnJon, to narrow. nad, needle. nad, fir- wood. naed, once, (time(s)). naf, ship, vessel. nafaJj'm, mast. nafaccm, cabin. nafaZiVam, skylight. no/am, navigation. na/an, pilot. nafel, skipper, captain, ship- master. nafen, navigation, shipping. nafik, navigable. na/il, little ship, small vessel. nafin, sail. nafot, navigableness. nafoTi, to navigate, sail. nag, See na. nag(-en), sewing. nagacin, sewing-machine. na^on, to sew. nak, anchor. inJc'dm (kom), arrival. naHmon, to arrive. nofcon, to anchor. nal . . . ., — after, — again ; (po , pos ). nam, hand. nam, strength, power. namafci^f, kiss-hand. namal, strong hand, power, (person). namal, power of the mind. namscm., handling, use. namat, manufacture. nama?e^, glove. naniA, workman, worker, la- bourer. mamik, hand — namik, strong, powerful. namon, to handle, use, manage maintain. nambn, to strengthen. niimn, by force of; in virtue of. namnn, handicraft, profession, trade. nan .... (nanam !) nanam, reimbursement. nanamoxL, to reimburse. Nasan, Nassau. nat, nature. nat, native simplicity. nazal, naturalness. na. nod, witness. noehau, declaration. MoeGk, of the witwess (es). HotlasL, TO bear witness, testify, attest, declare, noeffid. testimony. no eslmffil, unstudied. noet. note, remark. Hoeiau, to note, take a note of; remark. nof(-am), affiront. insult. nq/hlo. not further, no more, no/el, affronter, insulter. no&on. to affiont, instilt. nog, yet; no nog, not yet. nogan, organ. nogamk. organic. noganoa, to organize. nog, egg. 10 146 GBAMMAR 01? VOLAPuK. nogik, oval; nogin (N), azote. noginik, azotic. nogon, (of hens and birds:) to lay (eggs), noin (No), norium. nok, rapping, knocking, nok, uncle, nokeb, neck, throat. «6fce6a'el, mane (of a horse, lion &c). nokebaifcM/, neck-cloth. nokehaliidi, hoarseness. nofceJaliidik, hoarse, noked, tie, cravat. TOoifcon, to knock, rap. nol, knovrledge. noZav, the knowing. n61ed(-am), infection, noledasm, original sin. noledik, infective, infecluous, noledon, to infect. nolel, learned man. jioZelik (pefe'rfol), learned. noZigik, worth knowing. nolik, scientific. nolo, wilfully, premeditately. noiai, eruditeness. no l6/oh-li, do I not love? do I not like? »offilik, wilful. nololo, willingly. nolQjx, to know, noliid, North, the North. Noludarfeuf. North-Germany. Noludafcep, North Cape. NoludameZ, North-Sea. NoliidameZop, North-America. NoliidH-n, the North, the North- ern Countries. NoliidareetZan, North-Nether- land. nolMik, northern. noKlefiid, north-east. noMefudik, north-eastern. noluuedl, northward. jLolvivesi'A, north-west. nolnvesiidik, north-western horn, rule. nom . . . (konom!). nomam, regulation. nomat, regularity, normality. nomik., normal. nomoA, mentioning. no miidikum, no more, no larger quantity. nomomaf, regularity. nomomafih, regular, momon, to rule, order, regulate. non(no5m), the not being, noned. denial nonel, denier, nonelik, denying. nomk, none. non6i, nothingness, nullity. nonUn- to deny. n<5p . . . (glenop\) noplu, not more (See no mod- ikum), Norman, Normandy. Norvegan, Norway. Norvegdnik., Norwegian, nos, nothing, raosam. annulmemt. nosanwm, nought, nosanwmon, to annul, raosel, nuUifier. nosik, good for nothing. nosiZaiel, poor person, one thas possesses nothing, noslik, good for nothing, nosdn, to annul, noson, to put out, quench, extinguish, not, information, not, nut. GRAMMAR OF YOLAPfiK. 147 notsAim, nut-tree. flofad, manifestation, ii^orma- tion. notam, Nota Bene, N.B,, ob- serve ■well. nofed, remark, note. noleddn, to remark, mind, ob- serve. notei, acqnainter, publisher, informer. notj^ (neiui). not a sii^letime, not once. nodk, kno'wn, public. notik, niittr. noflik, a^nvre. informed, con- scious, acquainted nofodf-am). annonncejuent. ijoten, to suanounce. notuf, note (sound in music). note/el, composer. notu/elon, to compose Xovaisan, Zembla >voTa. nooej^o (leno), not at all, bv no means. noceZo^, uutrutt. noviet, (the noble white). noi-o-li?. not true? not so? novul, November. noculii., Xorember. — nil. now, nu . . . (nul . . . new . . . nn. &r lenu. Xnban, Xubia. Xubanei, Nubian. nud, nose. nnd. nakednsK. bareness. nuda'on. rhinoceros. nM<£Ll, selfconceit, nut&lik, conceited. nidam, denudation. RMepamb\) . pan, pawn, pledge. pan(en), painting. panaxi, pawnbroker. panel, pawner, pledger. ^dnel, painter. panemon, to be called, named. panon, to pawn, pledge. pdnon, to paint ; to be painter. panunon,to get informed, learn, hear, betold, pap, poiJe. pap, papa. joa/jik, papal. papo/am, impoverishment. papo/ore, to grow poor, impo- verish. papxCo, popery. Par, Parcae, the Pates. par . . . (Par !) paradim, paradigm. Paris, Paris (man). Paris, Paris (city). PdrisA, Parisian. pasa^o! {sagbV), speak! paserfel, ambassador. pasei/b ! {seilb !) ! silent ! quiet ! hold your tongue! pasfcanon, to take offence, pat. speciality, particulaiity. pat, patent. Patagan, Patagonia. PatagdnA, Patagonian. Tjy&talcedo\ (takedb!), do not bother, or break your head ! don't be afraid! be easy! patik, particular, special, patiko, jiartioularly, especially principally. ^&tlodik (TpnUodo), comforted. pa(Zod!o! (tlodol), be comforted! pato, See patiko. paton, to separate, specify, plitbn, to patent. Tpsitiep, present tense, paiapik, presently, now-a-days. pattip, imperfect tense, paud, pause, interval, paudon, to pause, demur, paun, pound. pauno, a pound, per pound, pe, formerly, beforehand, pe . . . (prefix for the passive perfect tense. peb, pulse. Tpebal'ol, united. pecaZel, officer, funtionary. ped, press ; printing-press, peciam, pressure; print, printing. Tpedeiiilol, detailed. pedon, to press; to print, pe/anel, prisoner, pe/anol, caught, captive. 154 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPilK. pe^nol (pe^nik), ready, done, accomplished, over, past. po/?itad8l, pinioned, winged. pe/unol, killed, dead. pe/«raon (edeilSJi), to be dead. peil, pea. peilik, like peas(e) as a pea. pein, pine (tree). ^emik,' pine-(adjective). pejin, male pigeon. ■pekofiiJcol, ready, finished, made, accomplished. pekoszWol (pekoszacZik), com- plicated, intricate. 'pekukik, enough boiled. Tpehulivol, civilized, civil. pel (-am), payment. pelsl, paymaster, treastirer peZammol, animated, encou- raged. pelasewolo, acknowledged. pele^raZol, delighted. pelel, payer. "pelestimol, honoured. Tpelestolol (suMmik), exalted, sublime. peZii/ik, beloved, loved. peZo/ob, I have been loved. pelon, topay; cover (expenses). Pelopan, Peloponnesus. petewol, isolated, left. pem, mishmass, hodgepodge. ^emel, meddler. penak, mixed up, meddled. pemorik, born. pen (bpda/pen), pen, nib, writ- ing-pen. penad, writing. pen^Anmal, point or mark (in writing or for punctuation). penadan, secretary. pen&dapen, writing-pen. jpenadel, writer, author. penadik (penado), written, in writing. penam, the writing, method of writing. penat(-em), sketching with the pen. penntcm, to sketch or draw with the pen. pendik, perpendicular. pendul, pendulum, pened, letter. penedamafc, postage-stamp. penedil, note. penedo, per letter. penedug, correspondence, col- lection of letters. penei, writer. penera, writing materials penik, feathered. penil, feather. penod, communication in writ- ing. penodoTi, to communicate by writing, write (to somebody). jsereon, to write, penot, composition. pensit, brush, pencil. Pensulvan, Pensylvania. pep, pepper. pepamol, bound, sewn (of books). pepik, peppery. ^eplepalol, prepared. ■pepUvilegik{-ol), privileged. PeraSn, Persia. persanel, Persian. persanik, Persian (adjective). Peruan, Peru. perudmk, Peruvian. pesawik, put by, safe. pesecZel, missionary. peseseZSl (pise«eZ8l), soldout, all sold, sold to the last. peseifinol, expanded, extensive. GUAMMAE, OP VOLAPUK. 155 peseuam, proclamation, inform- ation. pesewel, acquaintance. pesewik, known. pese«o (adv.), as is known. pet (pickeA), proberL, saying. fetidol (raoZelik), learned. ■petidola.t, erudition, learning, pe««p (Grammar :), perfect tense. pez2S«mol, contained, inclusive. pezaJmol, surrounded. pi (vonik), before, in former days, late, formerly. pi . . . (prefix for the passive pluperifect tense). piamk, gradual. piarako, gradually, regularly. pianin, pianino. pianofod, piano-forte. picin, pitcb. picinekflam&A, pitcb-toroh. pid, pity. pidon, to pity. Piemotan, Piedmont. Piemoidnel, Piedmontese. pien, corpulence. pienik, corpulent. pif, marrow, , pitb. pigit, woodpecker. Pikardan, Picardy. piktels, Pict. pil . . . (lepil !) pi . . .-la, would bave been . . . ed. piZo/ob, I bad been loved. pin, tbe fat, grease. pinzxa, fattening. pinamit, lard. pimk, fat, greasy. pinOTO., to fatten. pip, (tobacco-)pipe. pipon, to smoke a pipe. pix-, pyramid. pit, spice. pink, pyramidical. pitHk, spiced, pit'o'n, to spice. pitap, pluperfect tense. pla, in stead of. pla, (plb), except, besides. plad, place. plad, fur. plad^, substitute. plad2denunA, (news)paper with advertisement for situations, vacant places etc. plad&ra. (iopam), placing. plado ! place ! make room ! pladon., to place, put, set. plaf, shyness. pZa/ik, shy. plaf on, to shun, eschew, avoid, flee from. plag(-am),practice. plag(-am), exercise, practice. plags^., practisant. plag&\, practising (doctor, law- yer, etc.) plagVs., practical. plagik, customary, usual, won- ted, common. plagon, to practise. pldgon, to perform. plak, experience, information. plakik, by experience. plak'on, to experience. plaknno, utmost. pla/eotZik, uncommon, extra- ordinary. plam, harness, trappings (of a horse). plan, plant. plan, elucidation, explanation. planagloi, vegitation. planum., planting. planHY, botany. planel, planter. 156 GEAMMAB OF VOLAPUK. planet, planet. planetik, planetary. pldnik, explicable. planon, to plant. pldnon, to elucidate, explain, illustrate. plapod (bipiik), preface, prelim- inary remark. plas, in stead of. plas, besidethat. plasz/", unless, except when. plasud, See kodakan. plasiidcik., plastic. plat, flatness, platik, flat. platin (PI), platina, platinum. platinik, of platina. platon, to flatten. plaud, plougb.- plaudA, ploughman, plougher, cultivator. 2-)laudon, to plough. pie. (before an o . . . ; otherwise plo), for. pled, play, game. pledducan, playthings, toy. pledadin, a toy, thing to play with. pledaso^'el, play-fellow. pledauoJad, musical work (for box, clock etc.) pledel, player. pleden, (the) playing. pled5n, to play. ploid, pride. pleidik, proud. pleidm, to be proud. pleit, vanity, haughtiness pleitik, vain, frivolous, haughty. plek, prayer, plekel, prayer, une who prays. plekbii, to pray. plem, horse-harness. plejn6n,to make horse-harnesses, plen, plain. plenik, plain, level, flat. plenipot (valiide\), authority, one who has power. plenbn, to flatten. plepad(-am), equipage, accout- rements, habiliments. plepadoTn, to equip, fit out. plepal(-sxa), preparation. plepalel, preparer. plepalih, preparative. plepal6n, to prepare. plese/bn (konsefon), to keep, ■ conserve. pleso, intentionally, on purpose, by design. Pleus (Kingdom) Prussia. Pleusan, (province) Prussia. Pleusel, Prussian. Pleusik, Prussian. pleyads, plejads. plid, approbation, pleasing. plidik, with pleasure, liking. plidi^mo, if you please; very welcome. plidoi, good pleasure, appro- bation. plidovL, to please, like. plied, praise. pliedik., praise-worthy, plied^Ti^ to praise, glorif}', com- mend, extol, pliem, implement. pliema, tools, utensils, imple- ments, instruments. plif, fold, plait, rumple. plifik, j)laited, rumpled, riiflled, full of folds. plifon, to fold, plait, ruffle, plim, compliment. plimik, complimental. plin, prince. GRAMMAS OF TOLAPUK. 157 fUmk, princely. plisen, tiie present. /iii>frf. herefoT. plob, worthiness, soliditr. plob, prosperity. ■plobey, interce^on. plode^Sn, to intercede. pIciKk, solid, worthy, excellent. plBbik, prosperous. jsfoio, thorongh. K'lid. snffli; ient. pIo£6n, to be worthy, good. pHaion, to prosper, thrive, suc- ceed, tend, avail. plod. .. (diplod!! plofed, professor. plofet, prophet. plofetacoZ, prophetic employ- ment. plo/eton. to prophecy. plog. prescription, plogam, programme. /..'■;7'Jmik, in accordance with The programme. plogik, inaccordance with the prescription. plig5ii, to prescribe. ploton, to plnck, pnll off. plotud, precaution, plotucfel, carefbl person, plol-udon, to take care, plom, plum, prone. plomibim, plnmtree plon, complaint, plon, evil, suffering, pfonik. plaintive, jptonon. to complain. plonon, 10 suffer, undergo, labour nnder. p!-;p. success. ptopon, to succeed, prosper, plopffi", intercession, mediati in. plopfikel, intercesor, mediator (one who speaks to help another), plopeixn. to "oe the intercessor or mediator plos, therefore that. plos en>. therefore, plosen, preposition. ploseimn, to propose. plotog. proces-verbal, protocol. ploiogik, as by proces-rerbal. plotogon, to make up a prcces- verbal, write a protocol. plovin, province ploviiaik... provincial ploDinim, provincialism. ploeod, » word in fevour oi, intercession plorOf/'Tn, to speak a word in fevour of. ploy eg. pro^jecticn. 158 GBiMMAU or VOLAPUK. ployegon, to project, plan, delin- eate, draw. plu, more than, more, all the (better), over. plu... plu..., the... the... plii, mostly. plud, the good pleasure, the pleasing. plild\}s., as liked, as wanted, as required, to please. pluKk, manifold. pluKen (Grammar!), compar- ative degree. ■pXulUenik, [in the comparative degree. pluZaenam, comparison. pluZfienam, forming of super- lative. plum {plumm), lead. pluma/ik, excessive. plurmk, of lead, lead — plumva. (Pb), lead (chemical). TgVxxmdd (inmod), immence crowd. plumon (ptominon), to lead, plumb. plunum (Grammatical:) plural, plural number. joZmo, the more . . . (the . . .). pliit, politeness. pZataa, doctrine of politeness. plubk., polite, courteous. pliiion, to be polite, be cotir- teous. po, after. po . . . (prefix for the passive first future tense,) . . . shall he. .. pb, at the end, aft. poded, starch. podediin, to starch. poed, poetry. voed^l, (great) poet. poedMXit poetizing. poedaa, (petty) poet. poedsAi, piece of poetry, poem. poedA, poet. poeden, poesy. poedik, poetical. poedon, to poetize. pof, sea harbour. pof, poverty. pofeg, (feb)i profession, funct- ion, calling. pofegik, professional. pofik, poor. j?o/lik, miserable. pof on, to be poor. pdfild, profit, use, gain. pofiidik, profitable, lucrative, useful. pifudXsii use pofiido, for the profit of, in behalf of. p'dfiidon, to he of use, give profits. pop, pock. p5i, aft, to the end, back. poik, placed at the end, ap- pended. pok, pocket. pok (dof), fault, disease, defect, _ pokag'Zoci;, pocket-clock, watch, pofcaZol (posanol), pupil. ^ofcan, juggler. poTcA, bag-manufacturer. poHk, defective, infirm. pokoTO., to pocket, put in the pocket pofcbn, to fail, mistake. pol, transportation. pol, wandering. polal, goods-transporter. jooZam, delivering, transporting. p67am, erring, straying. polaji, transporter. G11A,MMAR Ol' VOLAPUK. 159 Polan, Poland. Polanel, Pol-e, Polander. poldnit, Polish. ■golied, palanquin. polel, carrier, porter, bearer. polen, police. polenan, policeman. polenel, officer with the police. polenik, police- (adj). poUg, danger. poligik, dangerous. poZik, wandered. ■poliklod, misbelief, poliue^'am, ramble, roving. ■polofoh, I shall or will be loved. polon, to oarrj^. polon, to wander, err, stray. pd/ub, error. poind, loss poliidel, loser. polMik, having lost. poludon, to lose. poliiglot, polyglot, many-tong- ued. pom, fruit, pom, pump pomem, pumping arrangement. Pomeran, Pommerania. PomerdnA, Pommeranian. pdmet, promise. p'dmeton, to promise. p'dmik, fruit — (adj). pombia, to gather fruit, ^omon, to pump. Pompeyus, Pompey. pon, bridge. pBn, punishment, poread, fine; penitence, poraadik, penitent. pormAon, to atone for, gratify, pay a fine, .poraik, pvinishable. piinit, repentance. ptinitik, repentant. p'6nit'6i\, to repent, be sorry for. ^OTion, to make bridges; to lay a bridge across. ponBn, to punish; to fine. ponop, (Grammar:), pronoun. pop (net), people, nation. pop, paper. popacan, ppaper-ware, paper- goods. pSpa/aftted, paper-mill, paper- manufactory. popem, quire (paper) popik, of the people. popik, paper-, of paper. popot, style of people, particul- arity of people. por, portion, part. porik, partial, partly. pos, after (in time). pos . . ., ... after. Posan, Posna. posamol (pofcaZol), pupil. positenon, to deliver later on. pos6oned(-am), late order, ■gosilab, affix, lastsy liable. posfcfiro, late-swarm. poso, after that, then, further, there upon. posod, person. posodik, personal. posodoi, personality. posodbn, to personate ; to per- sonify. posperaad, appendix, postscript. pospoion, to sendafter. pot, post. pot, occasion, appropriateness. potucal, post-office. potafcatf, post-card. ■potaJcomit, post-officeorder ; P. 0. 0. potiil, post-officer. 160 C.KASEltAR OP VOLAPUK. potaiii . . . (potamo/i !). poftui, post-clavk. potananam, post-note. pota«ffltnb, phraseology. pol, boy, lad. pel, pettiness, insignificance, ttiflingnesj. puSk, puerfle, boyish, roathful, childish. j>ufik, trifling, weak insignific- ant, petty. pulit, pulley. pBliot, meann^, woitiilessne$-f, pOtefik, mean, worthleK. pn/o/ob, I shall or wfll have been loved. pun, fist. pfin, point. punA, punctuirt. punctuator. punik, big. pSno . . . point — punod, punctoation. pUnon, to punctuate. puod, corruption, rotteniie=-.s. putre&ction, cariouBne^!' . unsoundness. puodik, rotten. puoddn, to rot, putrefy. pup, doU. pup, puppet. pupnn, purple. pupunik, pnrplifih, purple. pur, powder; gunpowder. puron, to pulverize. pur, mine (digged to admit the use of gunpowder). Furenans, Pyrenees. put, paling, fense, gate. Putagoras, Pythagoras. putUp, second future tense. putupon, to put in the second fature tense. q= is not used in volapuk , but substituted by gv and kv. — - rab, raven, l^ban, Arabia, ro&inel, Arabian. ra&anik, Arabian (adj). rabat, discount, rabot. plane. 11 162 GUAMMAB OF VOLAPUK. i-ad(-am), radiation, radon, to radiate, raf, radish, rafin, paraftn. Bahel, Rachel, ral, paw, clutch, claw, raiik, with clutches. Baman, Armenia. ramdnel, Armenian. ramarak, Armenian (adj). ran, rennet, rap, file. rapon, to file, rat, rat. rat, riddle, enigma. ratik, enigmatical, obscure. rdtQn, to guess. Bazan, Bhetia. redak, redaction. redakel, editor. redakon, to be editor, reg, king. rej'akinan, kingdom, rc^ram, reign, government, re^an, regiment (soldiers). regik, royal. re^on, to beking, reign, govern. regul(el), regulator regulaxa, regulation. regulSn, to regulate, rekel, rector. rel, religion. reZad, religiousness, piousness, reiadik, religious, pious, refodon, to display piousness. reZal, mind for religion, religi- ous mind, relief, relief (in sculpture), re/ik (reZadik), religious, pious. relon, to be religious or pious, ren, reindeer, reposit, repository, ret, inferiority. reum, rheumatism. reumik, rheumatic. Reus, Reuss (the river). Reusan, Reuss (the contry). revid, revise. revidel, reviser. rewjrfon, to revise. rezip, reciprocity. rezipik, reciprocal. rib, rib. ribajok, stab in the ribs. rid, reed, cane, rush, thatch. ridih, reedy. ridik, of reed. rig, origin. r^ad, (the) original. rw^adik, original. rigal, originalist. rijralik, original, queer, peculiar. rigel, See lautel. n^'eliig. See laut. rigei, authority. r-15'ik, original, primitive. Rilan, Ireland. Rildnel, Irishman. rildmk, Irish. rim, rime, rhyme. rmel, rimer, rhymer. n'men, rhyming. nmon, to rhyme, rime. Rin, Rhine. Rimn, Rhineland. rmanel, Rhinelander. Rinay?e«s, Rhine-Prussia. 'RinastUk, the Rhinegau. rinik, Rhine (adj). rip, crib, manger. rit, sincerity. ritik, true, sincere. riv(-am), attainment. rmk, attainable. rivBn, to reach, attain. rS! caught! (exclamation). GKAJTMAR OF YOLAPuK. les r56(-am), rubbing. robbn, to rub. rod, (holy) order. rod, (temporal) order. Rodan, Rhone Bodanebd, Rhone-dale. Rodos, Rhodes. RoehsA, Rhodian. i<^, aTT(^ance, pretension. rol, list, roll. Rom, Rome. Jfomakinan, the Roman Empire. Romsm, Romogna. romanic, Romanic. romantik, romantic. romel, Roman. ramik, Roman (adj). roraSn, to romanize. ron, resin. ron, run, the act of running. ronsJail, rac^round. ronel, runner, racer. ronik, resinous. ronon, to run; run a rae«. rop(-am),strike,discontinuanee. ropon, to break off, stop, sus- pend, cease. ro^, raisin. Rosina, Rosalia. Rnan, Roan. rub, min, destruction. ruSon, to min, corrupt, spoil, destroy. rud, rood (measure). rud, tuhe, pipe. ruin, ruin(s). ruMiik, ruinous. rujip(s), measles. ml, roll, bundle. Ruman, Rumenia. Ruman&l, Rumenian. rumanik, Rumanian (adj). Rumelan, Rumelia. rumdanik, Rumelias. run, herring. rup, eruption (of the skin). rur, diarrhoea, flux. rut, rut, wheel-track. S. . . . s, (mark for the plural). sa, besides, -with. sa . . ., dis . . ., de . . . sab, sand. ^b, sahre, acimetar. sdhen, sabring. sabarej/am, reign mth the sabre. ^goUk, sandy. ^ smel, smell. smeloTa, to smell. smet, smalt. smetUn, to melt, smelt. smil, laughter. smilik, laughable. smilon, to laugh, smiv, grease, fat, tallow. smivel, one who greases. smiven, smearing, greasing. smivdn, to smear, grease. smok, smoke. smofcam, reeking, smoking. smokaitaiak, smoke-tobacco. smoka,tuhi\, censer. smokel, smoker. smokik, smoky. smokon, to smoke. smokon, to smoke; incense; fumigate, smoke-dry. smoton, to melt, dissolve, be- come liquid. smud(-am), smoothing. smudon, to smooth. smuf, slipperiness. smufils., slippery. smufdn, to make smooth. smul, smiling. smillon, to smile. sn., st {See sanikel). snat, honesty. snarik, honest. snek, snake. snek&fit, eel. sneko, to and fro. snekon, to rumple. snel, snail. snetep, snail-house. snil, seal. snilel, sealer. snilon, to seal. snip, fillip. snipon, to crarck with one's fingers. snob, knot, tie. snobik, knotty. snobon, to knot. snofip, cold, bad-cold. sndfon, to have a cold. so, so, thus. so! (takedo)), hush! soal, solitude. soal&cdn, personal cheque.; soalA, hermit. soaKk, solitary, lonely. soalon, to live as a hermit. sob, soap. soh&kukeD., soaphovise. sobid{o), asto, as far as, for as much as. sod (after a negative): but, yet, though, however. sod, soda. sodas, so that. sof, softness (of mind), gentle- ness, meekness. sdf, sofa. Sofia, Sophia. so/ik, soft, mild, meek, gentle. so/on, to hush, lull. sog, company. sog, committee. so^ik, social. sogon, to be comfortably or socially together. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPuK. 171 . . . soi . . ., but also. See noe. soif, (even) should it be ever so . . . soin, foras much as (veito as), sok, insect. siJHk, of insects, sol, sun. sol, gentleman. sola,disajn, sunset, solat, soldier. solatnlinkip, sutler. soMaiek, soldiery. solaxdn, sunrise. soldel, Sunday. aoldelik, Sunday- (adj). soldon, to solder. soled, pay. solei, dominion, monajchy. sotefik, dominant. s67el, ruler. soHk, sunny. solik, gentlemanlike. solon, to sun. solon, to rule, reign, govern, solud, solidness. soliidik, solid. soiiidon, to make solid. sdlvaa, great gentleman. solwn, greatest gentleman. solutik, loose, som, such, suchlike. s8m, just such, somin (Os), osmium, son, son. soneroik, so-called. somk (sona, . . .), son's, sonil, little son. sonlil, grand-son (nekel), sop, quill, sop, ditch, sopon, to ditch, sosit, sausage. sosjJel, sausage maker. sositon, to make sausages. sos«n(o), soon, directly. sosus, as soon as. sot, sort. sot, (blig), duty. sorik, sorted. sorik, duteous. soitm(o), sometimes, every now and then. sarin, assortment. soZon, to assort. sbton, to owe {debdn). sov, sower's seed. sbv . . . {sovem !) sova,fel, arable field. sowel, sower. so!;em(o), so much. s6vem{o), as much. soven, sowing. souon, to sow. spad, place, room, space. spad&niniit, capacity. sparfik, spacious, roomy, capa- cious. spadof, spaciousness, extensive- ness. spadon, to space. spadoTp, room, space. spag, spark. spagon, to sparkle. spal(-am), the treating with consideration or sparingly. spal, frugality. spdlel, sparer. spdlik, frugal, sparing, saving. spdlmk, scarce. spalnoi, scarceness, rareness, deficiency. spolSn, to spare, treat with consideration. spaten, to spare, save. spdluA, sparing, saving. spam, spasm, cramp. 172 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. «pamik, spasmodic. ^an, epau. Span, Spain. spana,va., stretching, tension. spanel, spanner. spanel, Spaniard. sparak, Spanisli. spatiSn, to span. spar, asparagus. spar, sparrow. spat, walk. spata,veg, walk, road for walk- ing. ipatA, walker spa&a, stick, walkingstick, gpaffin, to walk, go for a walk. sped, spear, lance, pike. spedel, lancer. spedon, to spear. spek, speckle, spel, hope, Spelakep, Cape of Good Hope. spelik, to be hoped. spelo, as is to be hoped. spelon, to hope. spen . . . (poB^ocnad !) sper, sparrowhawk. spetivo, relatively. spewai, specific weight. speuarik, by specified weight, SpifteZan, Spitsbergen. spid, speed, haste, hurry. spidoTo., to speed, despatch, hasten, hurry, accelerate. spidel, speeder, courier. s;j;rfik, speedy, quick, swift, hasty. spido, in a hurry, hastily. spido\ (JlMl vif6\), quick! spidano, in the greatest hurry. spig, corn-ear, spigSiTa, gleaning. spigon, to glean. spil, shedding, spilth. spilon, to spill, shed. spin, prickle, thorn. spinaxa, stab, sting, prick, stitch. spirak, prickly, sharp, thorny. spinon, to sting, prick, stab, stitch, put. spir, spice, spicery. spit, spirit. spidk, spirituous. spod, correspondence. spodskad, postcard. spod&\, correspondent. spodon, to correspond spon, bail, security. spbn, sponsorship. sponA, bailee, guarantee. spSnel, sponsor, godfather. sponon, to warrant a thing, be surety for one. sponon, to be sponsor. spor, spur. spuk QxitikaX), spook, spirit, ghost, hobgoblin, spukon, to haunt (as a ghost, spirit or spook). spul(-um), spun. spulA, spinner. s/)«ten, spinning-house. spulon, to spin. spun, spoon. sput, spittle, spit. sputoTCL, to spit. stab, ground, foundation. stab, ground, cause. staM\., stability, stableness. stab?Mum, number of quantity. staiel i/wnA), founder edifier. stabHk {plolo), thoroughly, solid. siajik, systematic. stefein, foundation, element. stabo (stabo), thoroughly, per- fectly. GBAMMAK OF VOLAPUK. 173 stahon, to found, ground, lay the foundation. stdla, on principle. Btad, state, condition. Btad, stage. sta<£ik, being in a state or in such and such condition. staiSk, stage- (adj). staMn, to be in a state or condition. staf, staff. staf, (military) staff. stafA, staff-bearer. gtafHk, staff-, of the staff. stag, stalk. stag, stag, deer. stajen, (railway-) station. slSjen, halt; state, pomp. stal, ray, beam, flash, spout. itoZik, beaming, radiant. slalon., to beam, shine, cast beams. stam, stem, trunk, stock. st%m, primitive (word), root. stan, stand, station. stan, flag, colour. stdnfA., ensign, comet, s^anik, standing. stonon, to stand. gtanap, standing-place, station. stap, stamp, mark. stapSn, to stamp, mark. star, stare, starling. gtorip, cataract (on the eyes). «/arop, stare-cage. statit, the statistic(s). ttatitA, statistician. statib^k, statistical. statud, statute. statucKk, inconformity to sta- tute. stand, dining-room, restaurant, eating-house. staudA, restaurateur. staudon, to keep a restaurant, keep an eating-house or din- ing-rooms. steb, stay, abode. siefton, to stay, abide, sojourn, sted, straightness. siei^l, uprightness in character. stetS)s., straight. stedo, straightway. stedan, to put aright, direct rightly. steif, the striving. steifal (susal), striving mind. stei/^m, endeavour. steifik, striving, contending. stei/Sn, to strive after, aim at, struggle for. steil, distillation. steil'on, to distil. stejen, station. stek, plan, draught. stel, star. stel?imaff, constellation. stein, starry, starred. stelil, little, star; asterisk. stelon, to glitter, star, glare, stem, steam. stem&hilen, steam-brewery. stema.hot, steamboat, steamer. stejnaftoiad, steam-navigation. stem&cin, steam-engine. stemafonam, heating by steam. stemik, steamy, steaming, steamed. stemon, to steam. sten, stain, spot, blot. stenal, blemish. stenik, stained, polluted. stenogaf(-ad, -am, -en), steno- graphy. stenagafel, stenographer. stenogafan , to write in shorthand 174 GRAMMAH OF VOLAPuK. stenoji, to stain, pollute, defile, .spot, blot. steniid, strength, power. steniidal, strength, of mind, power of the mind. stenfdalik, strong in mind. steniidik, strong. »teTO(iikum, stronger. steniid'oi, power. steniidon, to strengthen. s,tep, step, pace. stepik, step by step, going, slow- ly, ambling. stepo, step by step, gradually. stepo\ keep in step! sigpoja., to step, ijace, amble. ster, pile. stenk, in piles, piled. stib, pin, pencil, fescue, burin. stid, institution, institute. stief(-am), lameness stief on, to lame. stif, stiffnes. sti/ajva., , lameness. «ft/"ik, stiff, lame, stifon, to stiffen, grow lame. .stifakan, to make stiff. stig, sting, prickle, pin, spine, quill. ^tigaJptZ, gooseljerry. stigasDin, porcupine hystrix. stigik, stingy. ,,st^on, to incite, prick. ,^t;j)£(-en), stitching, embroidery. stikalekati, art of stitching. stikUTi, to stitch, embroider. stil, stillness, calm, silence. stila,l, quiet nature. sft7am, stilling, pacific. Stilsimel, the Pacific. stitSs., still, quiet, calm. sft76n, , to still, quiet, calm, ,fillay, lull, paciy. , stim, honour. stim^dig, dignity, respectability. stim&digTik, worthly, revereiid, honourable. stimaX, modesty, honesty, chastity. stirfok, modest, honest, chaste. stimon, to honour, respect, stin, istring. stinon, to string. stip(-am), condition, agreement, contract. sii]pik(o), conditional. stipoyif to stipulate, conditifin. Stiran, Styria. Stirdmk., of Stiria. stit, .institute. stits,vD., institution. ^titafaA, institutor. sfe'tampn, to institjite. vStof, cloth-stuff. st5f, stuff, matter, material. utof&can, drugs; groqery. s0/&n, druggist (drogel) ; grocer. si, morality. siidodi, custom, use, mode, fashion. siidGi, modesty, discretion. BudunQn, to make appear; suem, (the) comprehending. sueroad, conception, notion, ap- prehension, suemSl, ability in conception. suemik, comprehensible. »«emiko, in a comprehensive way. tuemSf, comprehensibleness, in- telligence, suomon, to conceive, understandt comprehend, siien, sedateness, composure, calmness. sHenaja, deliberation, consider^ ation. siienik, sedate, composed, calm. sienon, to consider, deliberate^ suet, sweat. auet&ban, sweating-bath. sue&\, zeal for servitude. siietik, sweaty. sueton, to sweat, suf, suffering, endiu-ance. su/a,A, patience, su/adik, patient(ly). sw/adon, to have patience. suf&dun&fom, deponent (Gram- mar). Sufaf . . . (sufa/bni!) sufafom, passive form. suf&fomik, passive. suf'al, tolerance, toleration, su/alik, tolerant. suf am, indulgence, su/ik, indulgent. STiflag, claim. suflagoTa, to claim. s«/on, to suffer, bear, endure,. tolerate. sngw{-&m), charge, commission, dedication. mgivoxi, to charge with, dedi^ cate, impose. sug'dn, to suck. suip&l, cleanliness, mind for neatness. SMipon, to sweep, clean, suk, succession. suk(-am), desire, inclination. . . . siik, . . . desire, siffcad, conclusion, consequence^, sufcal, suppleness, meekness. GKAMMAE. OF VOLAPUK. 177 s«ial, inquisitiveness. sufcalik, supple, meek. OTsialik, inquisitive, ferreting. .fukel, successor. stiikA, ferreter. sukem consequence. sukon, to follow. mkon. to ferret, search, seek. .««k(5t, cutting open. .sukoton, to cut open. nuku. (klii), in consequence of. sul, strainer, filter. sfil, heaven. sulel, strainer, filter. sillel, inhahitant of heaven. sulik, heavenly, celestial, ■tiilol for heaven's sake! suto^el, inspector. .*uten, to filtrate, filter. Sulud, the South. Suluda(feu<, South-Germany. suliida^ufcs, southern fruits. Suluda77!«Z, the South-Sea. SeludameZop, South-America, .tultidel, Southlander. .am, meddling, trouble. toJik, troublesome, difficult. tiilo, difficultly, with trouble. tobbn, to trouble one's self, to endeavour, putto, exert. tod, defiance. to^H, stubbornness, obstinary, headiness. todHaa, to defy, brave, tof, drop. tof, dewdrop, dew. to/"ik (o), by drops. tofon, to drop, trickle, drip. tofoD, to dew. tog (o), at once, suddenly, togaf, autograph, tok, barter, exchange, truck. 184 GEAMMAB OF VOLAPiiK. tolcon, to truck, barter, ex- change. tolad, duty (on goods, either imported or exported) tolad, inch. toladal, custom-oiEcer. toladi]i, subject to duty. toladon, to enter' (goods at the custom house). t6lat(-ani), treatment. tolaton, to treat. tolin (Th), thorium. tom, torture, vexation. torn, the pouring, the spilling. tomal, plaguy fellow. tomalen, vexation, teasing. Toman, Ottomanic Porte. tomel, teaser, vexer, tormenter. tomelik, teasing, vexing, tor- menting. tomet, pouring, spilling. tomet'on, to spill, overturn. Zomeffinok, to plunge or preci- pitate one's self. fomik, tormenting, teasing vex- ing. tormn, to vex, tease, plague, pester, torment, rack, tor- ture, martyr. ton, tune, sound. ton, toughness. ioreab, accent, letter. tonaihsbUen, line (printed or ■written). tonSibid, tune, (music;) key. tonaishin, drum, toned, ton. tomk, tuneful, good Sounding. ioraik, tough, clammy; tenacious. tonoi, sound. tonodsiY, phonics. tonodon, to sound, tinkle. tonon, to sound, give sound, (of clocks :) strike, (of bells :) ring. ton^n, to hold fast. tonix, according to. top, place, top, exertion, bent. topal, laoal. iopam, placing, location, topet, trumpet. topetel, trumpeter. topik, local. topbi, locality. topon, to place, locate. top'dn, to exert. topop, hall. Toran, Tauris. tos, in spite of. tosna (aiosna), this time. toanalik, at present, tot, thunder, toton, to thunder. tov(-am), lift, ioubn, to lift, heave. Trakan, Thrace, tril, tremor (in music). triloQ, to tremble (as sound). Tripolan, Tripoly. trof, simpleton. Troya, Troy. tu (iuvem), too, over, muchtoo. iual, exeroiveness. tub, tub, cask, barrel, coop, tub, small tub. tuhe\, cooper (for large things). tuhel, cooper (for small things). tuben, cooper's trade. tuboff, tiock (on a fust &c). tud . . . (tndel !). tud, trip, . tour. tndel, to-day, at present. tudel, tourist. tudelik, this day. tiidelo, now a days. GKAMMAll OF VOLAPUK. 185 tndunQn, to exaggerate. Tiiest, Thyestes. tuf, truss, bunch, bundle. tu/ik, like a bundle. tug, virtue. tugal, hero in virtue. tugal, zeal in virtue. tuged, community, connexion. tugedik, together, jointly, con- junctive(ly).. tugedo, together, jointly. lugik, virtvious. tugoi, honesty, virtvie, good- ness. tugon, to be virtuous. tu^onSn, to over flow, run over. tuig, twig, branch. tuigon, to graft. iuik, too much. tuk . . . (lamatuk!). tiik . . . (vatukon !). Tukan, Turkey. tiikanel, Turk. tiikamk, Turkish. tul (flek), turning. tul...(detiil!). tulanim, rashness, presumption, arrogance. iular, hectare (ha). tulel, turner. tulidi, hectoliter (hi). tulon, to turn. turn, hundred. tiim, tower, steeple. tumsbia, multiplication by hun- dred. tniadil, hundredth part. tumel, number of hundred. tumelik (atum), hundred at a time. temena, hundred times. tomenalik, hundred times re- peated. tomenaliko, for the hundredth time. temenik. See tumnik. tumiA, hundredth. temidna, hundredth time. tamidno , for the hundredth time. tomido, in the hundredth place, temik, hundred fold. temil, small hundred. tumin (y), yttrium. tum mil, hundred thousand. tomion, centillion. tumnik, of hundred kinds. tnmdd, numberless, quantity, abundance. tu modik (tuik), too much. tu modmk, too many sorts. tumHn, to multiply by a hun- dred. tiimbn, to heap up, pile up. tun, turner's trade. tim, tin, white-iron. t«mk, tin, made of tin-plate. tunon, to turn (work at a lathe). tup(-am), disturbance. tup, space of time, period. iupaii, trouble-feast. tupon, to disturb, interrupt. tur, gymnastic(s). Tiiran, Thuringia. tarel, gymnast, turner. lurik, gymnic, gymnastic. turoTO., to turn. Turus, Tyrus. tus&Z, tuesday. tasdelikf tuesday-, of tuesday. tasdelo, on tuesdays. tuspirfon, to overhasten. tut, tooth. tut . . . (potiit!). tutskdol, tooth-ache. tutal, mordacity, mordaoious- ness. 186 GRAMMAU OF VOLAPilK. tiitin (Ti), titanium. fotip, tooth-disease. tuton, to indent, get teeth; to notch. tuiop, excessive exertion, tuv, finding, tiiv, discovery. tuv%h, foundling. invat, inundation, .towel, finder. tuwem(o), too, much too, over . . . , see tu. tuvon, to find, meet. tuta«pzre, tooth-pick. tuta,Y, knowledge of a dentist, tiitef, guardianship. tiitefik, accorcing to guard- ianship. tiitel, guardian, tutor. tatik, toothed. U and U. u, or. u . . . (prefixed particle of the second future tense), . . , shall or -will have . . . ii (before vowels: ud), or. . . . ii, towards . . . . . . ub, . . . ness, . . . ism. ub, over (towards this side). . . . iib (. . . niib), . . . ty. iibi (lukmove), over (towards that side', thither), ud (before vowels), or see uf. iid, see vl. . . . iid, (affix of the names of the four climates). . . . udel (. . . el), . . . er ; ... tor. Uelsan, "Wales (the English Province), uf, whether, or. . . . uf, . . . y, . . . ty. iif, in case, if. uf ud, either ... or - . . . ug, . . . ness . . . iig, ... ship. . . . uk, . . . ty. . . . iik, (. . . ik), . . . some. Ukran, Ukraine. . • . ul, (affix for the names of the twelve months). nUalodik, very old, ancient. ulfat, ancestor. iilmag, primitive tjpe. iilma^ik, primitive, original, very first. Mlofdi), I shall or will have loved. Dliises, Ulysses, um, larger, more. . . . um (ikum), . . . er (affix of the comparative degree of ad- jectives and nouns), more . . , Umbian, Umbria, un, a, an (indefinite article) (wnom, omun); «nos, os-un; Only used when absolutely necessary, ex : I do not want «a» book, but that book). tin, largest, most. . . . iin (ikain), ... est (affix of the superlative degree of ad- jectives and nouns), most . . . ijno, within (a certain space of time); uno tim et, kel . . ., as long as (all the time, that . . .) unoi (of-un, ji-un), a, an (fem- inine indefinite article ; very seldom used). GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 187 imom, a, an. See un. unos (os-un), a, an (neutral indefinite article). ... up (. . . ep), (affix of the names of plants). up(o), every now and then. . . . lip, tense. IJpen, Tpres. Ural, the Ural, Ural Mount- ains. us (tls), the. usa, from there. Ksa, just from there. usi, thither. HA, just thither. Msida, there through, through there, usik (Jisik), from there, thence, ut, he, she, the one. lit, jest the one, the same. ... lit, (affix of the names of fishes. utoi {pi-ut, ji-ut), she, the one (feminine). ikoi ipi-iit, ji-ut), just she, just the one (feminine). uJos (os-uf), -what, that, which. ■iitoi {os-iit), just that which (neuter). Uvo, Tto. va, or. va . . ., square — va . . . {vail), all . . . vab, carriage, cart. vad . . . (kovad !) vad, perversity. vadat (/oZa^^an), quadrant, square. vadatainiZ, square-root. vadatik, square (adj). y'&delUk, daily, common. vacHk, wrong, perversed. vadon, to do or make wrong, vaet, sap, juice. vaetik, juicy, succulent, vaf, weapon. Ka/el, armed (person) weaponed person. I'o/'on, to arm. vag, emptiness. BO^al, state ofhaving few ideas, being empty-headed, vagam, emptying, vagik, empty. vagcin, to empty. vak, wax. yafcaitiap, wax candle. vakanup, vacation, holidays. yofcaniipon, to take holidays. KoM, wax candle-manufactu- rer. vdken, the making of wax candles. vaHk, waxen, wax. wafcop, wax candle-manufactory. ual, universe. val(-am), election; choice. valad, expectation. valadacem (valado-p), waiting, room. valadik, full of expectation. valadon, to expect, wait for, wait. walal, spirit that inspires the universe. ua7al, pictoresqueness. Valan, Wallachia. valanaS, gelding. valanel, Wallachian. valanik, Wallachian (adj). 188 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. valapiikeA, motto, characteristic ■word. y&leil, square mile. watel, elector. 'valem, universality, generality. tiatemik (uaiodik), general, uni- versal. wotemiko {fofudiV), for general use. Valenzia, Valentia. vaVik (waZugik), all, together. valik.0, in general. waZikodik, general, common. valimet, square millimeter (qmm). Valisan, (the Swiss canton :) Wallis, Wales. valmk, of all sorts, of all kinds, all kinds of. uatod, publishing, making gen- eral, generalization. uaZodat, universality. uaZodik, generalizing. valon, to generalize. vdVon, to elect, choose. valud, walrus, waltron, morse. valud, power, valudsl, power of the mind. valM^k, powerful. valiidon, to be powerful. I'aZug, state of being all together. valugik, together, all. valut, valuta. vam, warmth. vamal, warm-heartedness. vamiktnafel, warmth-meter, ther- mometer. vamel, warmer. vamei, square meter (qm), uamik, warm. vamilmei, square kilometer (qkm). uamon, to warm. \amulik., monthly, van, vanity, vainness, transit- oriness. uanam, frustration. vanelifiksizal, AU-Souls-day. vanik (g'otenik), vain, transit- ory, vanin (V), vanadium. uanlik(o), in vain. vanon, to frustrate, vaniil, vanille. vap, odour, perfume, scent, smell, fragrance, wapik, odoriferous, fragrant. vap'on, to spread odour. vasanikaxaZ, All-Saints' dag, All-Hallo w-feast . vasin (wa), wasium. vasoldelik, of Sunday, Sunday (adj). wasolrfeliko, every Sunday. vat, water. vat, weight. uaiab, weighing-scale. vatalxxbel, wave, billow. vais.glat, waterglass. vatam., watering. vataa, waterman, aquarious. Vatan, Vaud (the Swiss Canton). vatel, waterman. vatem, water (a running or a stil. water). vatik, watery, udtik, heavy, weighty. Vijtimo, at all times, ever, at every time. vatin (H), hydrogen. vatoi, moistness, humidity, dampness. wa^ofik, moist, damp, humid. vatoion, to moisten, wet, vat'on, to water, wet. vatm, to weigh (active verb). GRAMMA.R OF VOLAPuK. 189 eatopa, from all places from every where. vaiopi, to all places, to every where, all over. Y'atopo, every where. vafiikam, washing. »afuked, wash. Bortikel, washer. eamken, washing-house, laun- dry. vatukoTa, to wash. wafukSn, to weigh (intransitive verb). vaulbn, to bark. vaxin, polish. viixinbn, to polish. va^eHk (vaye&ik), yearly. vazemet, square Centimeter (qcm). ve, by, along. ve . . . , long .... vead, sheath. veadon, to envelop. veb, hovering. vehoB, to hover. ved, becoming. . . . ved, . . . ived, . . . wards. vedon, to become, get, arise. ved&a po/ik, to become, get or grow poor. veg, way. ueyad, cart-load, waggon- load. vegaxa, canal. vegamzveg, carriage road, high- way. uegamon, to drive. vegeA, railway; rut. »e^on, to ride, drive. veib, artery. veilon; to be of use, vein, vein. veit, remoteness, distance. vei&l, inflation (enlargement) of the heart. veita.m., inflation, swelling. veitik, remote, far, distant. veitikamo, farther away, farther^ veito as (som), for so far as. veitbn, to swell. Veixel, the Vistula (river). ■vekom, welcome. vefcombn, to welcome, vel, seven. \e\agul, heptagon. velat, truth, verity. velat, exactness, justness. vela&il, love for truth. veladk, true, veritable. veldak, exact, juct, correct, fair. velatiko, truly (vo). velatiko, verely, in truth, in- deed, really. velato, truly, iu truth. veldto (lepZeso, »oik), properly, especially. velatiin, to verify, testify, con-- firm, proof. velaton, to make correct, just, to agree on. ■veldU, seventh part. Yeldiia, small seventh part. velel, number of seven, a seveo. jiefelik (a vel), seven at the time. »etelil, small seven. velib (dunavob), verb. vein, seventh. vefidna, seventh time. velidaao, for the seventh time, »eHdo, in the seventh place. velik, sevenfold. veliko, in a sevenfold manner., vein, small seven. «eHon, septillion. ■velmil, seven thousand. 190 GllAMMAE OF yOLAPllK. velwiificl, seven thousandth. velm/ficlo, in the seven thous- andth place, velmjfik, seven thousand fold. velmj7na, seven thousand times. velna,, seven times. ueZnalik, seven times repeated. velmk, of seven sorts. weZniko, in seven different ways. velno, for the seventh time. velon, to multiply by seven. vels, seventy, velsebal, seventy one. nefeena, seventy times. weZsenalik, seventy times re- peated. ue?senik, of seventy sorts. velsiA, seventieth. velsiCinii, seventieth time. velsiAno, for the seventieth time. velsi&o, in the seventieth place. velsik, seventy fold. velson, to multiply by seventy. vels turn, (seventy times a hun- dred) seven thousand. Veltan, Valtalina. veltum, seven hundred. veltemena, seven hundred times. veUwmenalik, seven hundred times repeated. veltomid, seven hundredth. , velfawido, in the seven hund- redth place. velto7!ik, seven hundred fold. veUum mil, seven times a hund- red thousand. veUumon, to multiply by seven hundred. veliii, septime (music... h). w«Zum, septet (music). vem (levem), (also vemo, \evemo especially before vowels), very, particularly. ven, (conjunction) when, vencM, evening. Yendelajfid, eyening-food. vendelalefid, evening-repast. vendelas/eZ, evening-star. Yendelik, evening-(adj). ■vendelo, in the evening, at nights. Venezia, Venice. venod, poison; venom. venodiil, poisonousness, veno- mousness. venod'Aia, poisoning. uoreodfik, ^ poisonous, venomous. venodoii, to poison. ventem, inventory. vemtemik, inventorially. ventur, adventure. venture!, adventurer. venud, charm, attraction, love- liness, beauty. veniid, risk, hazardous under- taking. venudik, charming, lovely. veniid&, risky, hazardous. venudon, to charm, tempt, se- duce, entice. vemldon, (kinon), to risk, ven- tiire, hazard, try. vesdel, Wednesday. vesdelo, on Wednesdays. Vesfalan, Westphalia. vesfalanel, Westphalian. ves/aldnik, Westphalian (adj). Vesteman, Westermannland. vestig(-am), investigation. vestigel, investigator. vestigon, to investigate. vesiid. West. Vesud'ekB., the West (the Western countries). Yesiideut, West-Germany. vesUAla, west, western. GRAMMAR OK VOLAPfiK. 191 VesiiHirfin, West-India. VesuT, Vesuvians. vesuBed, Westwards, to the West. vet, heaviness. vetap . . . (vetapjin !) vetaj)//H, centre (point) of gravity ve&i, heavy. vet'an, to charge, load, burden. veut, importance, rank, dis- tinction, respect, credit, con- sideration reiidk, important, considerable. vexad (am), vexation, plague. vexadel, vexer, teaser. vearadea, vexation. vexa£k, vezing vexadon, to vex, tease. vi !, woe ! vid, breadth. fiaam, enlai-gement. ri£k, broad. vidon, to enlarge, make broader. vie . . ., white . . \iejeval, grey horse. viel, state of being many- coloured. vieSk, many-coloured. vien, wind. vienasel, youngman, ^!(nik, young, yunikum, younger, j^'inlik, }"outhfLil, juvenile. yunoTi, to grow young again. yunul (malul), June. yunul of June,. yusit, justice, course of law, administration of law. yitsitel, lawyer, jurist. yusite\&, jurisprudential. yusitik, judicial, legal, yut, linum (East Indian flax). za (ba), about za in . . ., about in . . . zab, oats. zabahul, oatmealpap. zad, delicacy. za(&l, tenderness, tender heait- edness. zadai,m, heart softening. zadel, spoiler. -zadel,' Saturday. Tadelik, of Saturday. za(fik, tender, delicate. zadlik, tenderlike. zadon (luzatfon), to spoil. zoik, see baik. Zakarias, Zacharias. zal, feast, festivity. zaZa/offif, feast-octave. zo7al, festive disposition. zdliTs., festive, sumptions, splen- did. zalon, to celebrate, hold a holiday. zam, cement. zan, quai-rel, strife. zonal, quarrelsome nature. zanik, quarrelsome. zaraon, to quarrel, dispute con- tend. zar, czar (Emperor of Russia). zasin (cs), cesium. ze, about, tolerable, pretty, rather. zeb, barley. zebum, brain(s). zed . . . (pozed !). zeSon, to stop, settle, finish. zeil, aim, butt. zeilap . . . (zeilapsin !). zeilapan, aim, mark. zeilon, to aim, design. zel, celebration. zelad, certainty, surety secur- ity, positiveness. zeladii., certain, sure, secm-e, positive. zelal, festive disposition. zeZik, festive, sumptuous splen- did zelin (ce), cerium. zel'OTi, to celebrate, hold. zem. mortar, lime. zemaf . . . (zema/on !). zema/on, limekiln zemet, centimeter (con). zemik, calcarious, like mortar. zen, ash. zenak . . . (zensikdl !). zen&kol (ged), ash-colour. zen&koKk, ash-coloured. zenrfeZ, noon. zendelafid, dinner, midday-food 198 GKAMMAB OF VOLAPuK. zendelik, midday — zendelmk, midday's — zendelo, at noon, in the afternoon zeneit, midnight. zeneitik, midnight — (adj). zenod, centre. zenodamel, mediteranian. zenodap . . . {zenod&pUn !). zenod&piin, centre (point). zenodsxeg, middleway, midway. zenod, central..., middle. zenodo, in the centre. zenodon, to centre. zenodvi, in the middle of . . . zeraBn, to burn to- ashes; to hestrew with ash. zep (-am), approbation, zepon, to approve, zesud, necessity, need. zesfldik, necessary, needful. zesudon, to be necessary, be needed, be needful. zet ... (pozet !). zi . . ., over . . ., about, zib, food, meat, 2z5am, feeding. zitem, dish. zib'on, to feed (somebody). zid, event, occurrence, accident. zid&, eventful. ziddn, to occur, happen, take place, befall. zied, lemon. ziedsAAm, lemon-tree. ziel, surrounder. zif, city, town. zif'iX, m.anners of the town. zi/'el, townsman, inhabitant of a town, zifik, townlike, citylike. zifil, little city, small town, zifleko, turned, round, wrench- ed, wrested. ziflehon, to turn about, turn; wrench, wrest. zifoD., to imitate town-people,. or the manners of the town, zigad, cigar. zigad)\., small cigar. zigolan, to go about, go round., zi^'onam, circiilation. zigonon, to turn or walk rounds to be in circulation, zik, zinc. zikiik, zincy, of zinc. zikxa. (zn), zinc. zik'&sx, to cover with zinc, zil, zeal. zilag, pair of compasses. zUagaX, circulation, currency. zilagbn, to measure with the compasses, zilak, company, circle, zilak, neighbourhood, district, environs. ziVal, zealous nature, zilek, orb, circuit, circle, curve^ ring. zileksbg, revolution, turn. zilekik, circular, orbicular. z«Vik, zealous, active, busy,. eager, diligent, zilin, cylinder. zilbi, zealousness, activity. zilogaxa, circumspection, pru- dence, caution. ziZof^amik (zilogik), circum-- spect, cautious, prudent. ziVon, to be zealous; to make- one'sself angry. zim, centime (coin). zi8b, cell. ziobap, cell (in anatomy). zw6ik (zidbapik), fullof cells. zispanQn, to overstretch, zisumon, to embrace, include.. . GllAMMAU OF VOLAPUK. 199 zit, case, matter, circumstance. zitat, citation. zitaton, to cite. ziton, to \>e the matter, be the case, happen, occur, take place. ziv, citizenship. ^iveg, round-about-way. ztwel, citizen. zivik, citizenlike, plain, civil. 22«on, to civilize. ^0, roundabout. zob, sable (animal). "zodiak, zodiac. zog, lingering, loitering. s6g(-am), neglect, omission. zo^al, loitering or glow nature. :zoge\, neglecter, one who omits or overlooks. zogoi, slowness. zog'on, to loiter, linger, lag, tarry, hesitate, (of clocks:) to delay. zQgbn, to neglect, omit, over- look. ^on, zone. zon, girdle. 20«on, to gird, gird about, sur- round with a girdlcj zoniil, belt, girdle. zop, pulpit. ■zSt, document, note. zu, besides, moreover. zii, roundabout. zii',.., ... roundabout. ^uafel, suave. ziid, pickle(s), (an) acid (noun). ziidai, sour nature. ziidik, sour. zMapik. abasement, lapam.. abasb, kofud&n. abashed, kofudik. abashing, ko/udik. abashment, jemOi. abasing, hapava. abatable, lumk. abate, lunon. abated, Zunik. abatement, lunnva. abater, 'lunel. abbreviate, hle/Qn. abbreviated, blefiV. abbreviation, ble/axa. abbreviator, We/"(am)el. abbreviatory, 6fey'(am)ik, abbreviature, . . . il. abdicant, klemel. abdicate, klemon. abdicated, klenak. abdication, klem, Aetlid. abdicative, AetUdik. abdicator, detlidel. abduce, kludbn, abduct, kludbn. abducsion, kludaxo. abed, bedo. abet, stigOTa. abetment, stigaxa. abetter, stigel. abettor, stigel. abhor, naudon. abhorrence, naud. abborrer, naudol. abide, blibon. abider, mnlodel. abiding, dul, blib, stab. ability, labera, talen, fag. abject, mojiitoTo.. abjure, kodemon. abjurer, kodemel. able, fdgik. ableness, fag. ablepsy. blein. abler, /ajrikum. ablest, fdgikwa. ablooate, iSkodutoa. ablocation, tokoduisna. ablution, klin&m. ably, fagiko, faglik. abnegate, feneswn. abnegation, fenesiam. abnegative, fenessamik. abnegator, fenesael. abnormal, nenomoma/ik ne- leodik. abnormity, nenomomaf. abode, steb, abodement, blesen, blesenam. aboding, blesenik. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPiiK. 203 abolish, noson, cle;a/on. aboliahable, nosik. abolisher, nosel. abolishing, 'de;a/am. abolishment, nosam. abolition , de/a/, le&giv. abolitionism, de/o/ai, abolitionist, de/a/el. abominable, 'etik abominableness, 'eiof. abominably, 'edko. abominate, 'effin. abomination, le/e^. aboriginal, rj^adik. abound, Imndanon. abounding, bundanik. about, ba, za. above, lopu. above-cited, lopnik. above-mentioned, loprdk.. abridge, blq/'6n. abridged, ble/ik. abridge)', ble/el. abridging, ble/ik. abridgment, ble/a,ja. abroad, selcinik. abrogate, de;'a/6n, ts,vok'6n. abrogating, Aej'afik. abrogation, de/o/am. abrupt, silpitik. abruptly, tuspid. abscess, zzoftap. abscind, dekotSn. abscission, defcdiam. absence, mo6m. absent, raobinik. absenter, moSmel. absolute, lolik. absolutely, loliko. absoluteness, ne/wm. absolution, livapaA;am. absolve, livapfifcon. absolver, livapfifcel. absolving, livapwHk. absorb, ninsugdn. absorbable, ninsu^rik. absorbed, mnsugbl. absorbing, ninsw^ik. absorption, ninsu(/am. absorptive, mnsugik. abstain, stonbu. abstainer, stonel. abstemious, stonik. abstemiously, s^dniko. abstention, sionam. absterge, ni/bn, klinbn. abstergent, nifik, klinbl. abstersion, ni/aza, klinaia. abstersive, nifik, klinbl. abstinence, stbn. abstinent, stonik, ma/ik. abstinently, mafo, stoniko. abstracted, edeilbl, soalik, abstraction, dezwjram. abstruse, dibalik. abstrusely, dibalo. abstruseness, dib&l. absurd, taszaraik. absurdity, tstsidnot. absurdly, taszaniko. absurdness, iasidnoi. abundance, bundan". abundant, iiezesudik. abundantly, bundaniko. abuse, mi^ebon. abused, ■pemigebbl. abuser, mi^ieftel. abusing, mi^eftol. abusion, mi^'efcam. abusive, migebik. abusively, mi^e&o. abusiveness, migeb. Abyssinia, Abiisan. Abyssinian, Abiisanik. Abyssinians, Abiisanels. academial, kademik. 204 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. academian, kademA. academic, hadevmik. academially, hadevrnko. academician, hademA. academist, hadem^. academj, kadem. accede, zepon. acceding, zepaxa. accelerate, sun'dn, vif'dn. accelerated, simol. accelerating, sunol, vifbl. acceleration, swnam, j;^am. aocelerative, suraamik, vifik sunik, vi/ayxiik accelerator, sunel, swnamel vife\, wj/amel. accent, kazet. accentor, k.azete\. accentual, kazedk. accentuate, kazetoTa. accentuation, beioiiam. accept, sumon. acceptable, liiierik. acceptableness, luletbi. acceptably, liileto. acceptance, sumam, laswm. acceptation, sumani. accepted, sum'61. accepter, sumel, accepting, sumik. acceptress, ji-sMwiel, of-sumel. access. Inlet. accession, liilet, \uleta,m, let. accident, zit. accidental, sidk. aoclimatie, fctemon. acclimatization, kliimam. acclimatise, fcfemon. acclimatizing, k'iimol. aoclyvity, xan, kliv, slop, aocommodable, gebik. accommodate, blimon.. accommodately, gebik, podk; segun, ma. accommodation, 6aZam. accompanied, kopanol. accompanier, kopanel. accompaniment, kopan(am). accompanist, kopanel. accompany, fcoparaSn. accompanying, kopanik. accomplice, keafeftel. accomplish, duinQn, le/«Z6n. accomplisbable, le/ulik accomplished, pe^'rtol. accomplisher, lefulel. accomplishing, \efulik. accomplishment, duin, le/ufom duinajW.. accord, haiaxa. aceordable, segun, ma. accordance, halaxa.. accordant, 6afamik. accordantly, ma, segun. accorder, ftaZamel, lekosUel. according, a ma, a segun. accordingly, ma, segun. accost, lenuorfSn. accostable, lenvodik. accoucheur, yufaiman. account, kal. accountant, fcaiel. account-book, kalaJufc. accouter, ludefcon. accoutered, lurfefcik. accoutering, lurfefcam. accoutrements, luafefc. accrue, rnddSn. accrument, modaxa.. accumulate, fcumon. accumulated, pefcumBl. accumulating, kumXA. accumulation, fcumam, accumulative, temik. accumulatively, kuimko. accumulator, /cumel. GBAMMA-R CF TOLAPUK. •203 accniacy, kolad. accmate, kula^k. accniatdy, itdado. accoratiiiess, knlad. accurse, kodemSai. accnsable, hUumk.. accnsaiioii, kusad. ac'CasatiTe, kimi/ai. accnsatonal, kusa£k.. accasatoiy, tusadoi. accuse, kusadon. accused, yekusadol. accuser, kusadeL accnsiiig, kusa£k. accustom, kosdrndn. accnstomable, kosomik. accnstoniaiilj, kosomo. accnstomary, koAnoSiL. accnstomed, kosoniOs.. acerb, leztitfik. acerbity, lezSd. acervute, kumon. ac^cency, zudof. acescent, zsd\jik. acetic, zu£k. acetic-acid, sK<6ii(p). acetous, zMinik, zu£k. ache, del, torn, achievable, dunlik. achievance, le/Wamof, dunillo. achieve, dunoTi. \efuldn. achieyement, don, jen dunam. achiever, dunel. aehieving, dunol. aching, doGk. adA, zad. acidefication, ziidaia. acidified, pezvdol. acidifier, zSdA. acidify, zudon. acidifying, zid6L acidimeter, zadamaf. acidity, zudof. acidness, zadot. acidulate, zudSn. axddolated, pezedol. acidnlating, zSdol. acidalons, zStDik. acknowledge, lageron; koefcm. acknowledger, MseceL acknowledgement, danai. acorn, gologa^ui;. acoustics, ZtZotav. acqnaint, peseeon, notCn. lenun- on, nunon. aqnaintance, not, pesetram, pe- sereL acquainted, pesecik, noOk. acquirable, ^eflik. acquire, ge&n. acquirement, getsaa, rob. acquirer, g^d.. acquiring, ^e]p, jip aright, efe. arise, sustonon, vedon. aristocracy, baon. aristocrat, noftel, haonel, baon. ajristocratic, nobik, iaonik. aristocratize, haonon. arithmetic, fcaZav. arithmetical, kalavik. arithmetically, kalamko. arithmetician, kalayel. arm, vaf. arm, lam. arm, vaf on. armament, vaSaMim. armature, »a/am. armed, va/ik. 218 GEAMMAB, OF VOLAPUli. Armania, Raman, armenian, ramarak. armillary, tobik, linik. armorial, vafils.. armour, kurad. amour bearer, vafel. arms, vafa. army, milit. aromatic, pitik, vapik. , aromatize, piton, vdpbn. aromatized, pitik. aromatizer, pitel. aromatizing, piliam. aromatous, vapik, pitik. around, zo, lino; zii, zi. arouse, stigon. arow, fcedik. arraign, kusad6n. arraigning, kusadik. arraignment, kusad. arrange, giraefcon. arrangement, lonmrn.. arranger, gimekel. arrant, badlik, mek'o&k'. array, dek, leod, klots.&. array, leod'on, dekiin, kloton. arrear, ret. , . arrival, k6m, na.kdm. arrive, nafcojnon. arrogance, rog. arroganoy, rog. arrogant, re^ik. arrogantly, rogiko. arrogantness, rogbi. arrogate, ro^on. arrogation, rog. arrogative, roglik. arrow, sagit. arrow, shaped, sagitik. arsenic, senin. art, kan. artery, veib. artful, kanik. artfully, ,i;aniko. artfttJ^ss, kan. article, yeg, laltiig. articular, ye^^ik. articulation, Zzmam. artilize, luifcareon, kanbn.. artillery kanen. , , artillery-man, kdnel. artisan, kareal. artist, kctnel, kanal. artiste, of-fcanal. artistic, tenalik, kanelik, artistically, fcgnaliko. artless, nekanik. artlessly, mkariiko artlessness, nekanbl. , as, as, as. asbestus, lasbed. ascend, xiinoTi. ascendency, flun, ascencion, a;»ned. ascent, xS,n, xdneA. ascertain, le.'ja^'on, lepwfcSn. ascertainer, saamel. ascertainment, \esag, lepuk. ascetic, soalel. ascribable, Zficorfatik. ascribe, liicodaibn. ascription, Kco'&tam. ashes, zen. ashore, lano. ashy, zenlik. asian, silopik. asiatic, silopik. aside, flano. asif, a.sif. ask, sdkon. askance, flano. asker, sakel. askew, tavelik. asking, sdkbl. aslant, tavelik. asleep, slipo. GKAMMAR OF VOLAIUK. 219 ?ilope, ^5ik. aspect, to^od. asperity, liied, jap, asperons, lue£k, j'apik. asperse, vaton, slanJoiL. asperser, iia/el, slan%\. asperrion, cofam, ilanam. aspersive, eodk. asphalt. s£al. asphaltic. s/alik. aspirate, sukaa. aspirated, sithaX. aspirating, sulak. afpiiation, sfik. aspire, stetfon. aspirer, steifA. aspiring, steifajs., steif. aspiring, steifik. a;pi?iiigly, steifo. aspiiingness. sleifdX, susdX. asquint, tavelik.. ass, cnk. assaxt, fotsttifen. assassin, niolodfA- assassinate, molodon. assassinated, molo^l. assassinating, molodSs^ assassination, nwlodmn. assassinator, nwlodA. assatilt; tep. assanlter, tepA. assay, blnf. assay, blufon. assayer, bh^el. assay-master, blufeh ass-driver, cuhel. assemblage, konlet. assemble, konleton. assembled, konletol. assembler, konJetel. assembling, ktmletsaa. assembly, konlet. assembly-room, korUetucem. assent, zep. assent, zepon. assentation, zepam. assentator, zepel. assenter, zepeL assenting, zepik. assentingly, zepo. assentive, zeplik. assentment, zep, zepava. assert, lesa^on, lepiikon. assertion, sisLva. assertor, lesc^el. assess, divon, duvoa. assessable, dieik, toladik. assessablv, AViko, tolado. assessment, rfipam. assessor, duve\. asseverate, noeloa. asseverated, noeZol. assCTerating, noelaxa. asseveration, noeZam. ass-head, cuHl. assidnity, eoftal. assidaons, vohik. assidnonsly, nobo assiduousness, dut. assign, lucot&ton. assignable, IncoJatik. assignation, fonam, lasig. assignee, ■pelasigel. assigner, lasigel. assignment, lasig. assignor, Zas^el. assimilate, leigon. a^imilation, leigara. assimilative, leigik. assimilatory, leig]ik. assist, yufon, Idson. assistance, yuf. assistant, yu/el. assister, yufel. assisting, y«/ik, yufoi. assize, blatnon, noledon. lonSn. 220 GRAMMAU OF VOLAPUk. assizer, lonel, hlamel. assizor, blamel. ass-like, cukik, associability, iaZamof . associable,' 6a?amik, kopa.nik associableness, Jcopanug. associate, kopanal. associate, tetanba, kluhon, hof on. balon. association, kopanow., fcZu&am. associative, halaniik. associator, Mubel. assort, sotHn. assorted, pesoiol. assortment, sotaxa.. assuage, piidbn, so/on, mildon. assuaged, sofik, pepwfZol, miidik. assuagement, mSifam. assuager, miidel, assuaging, miidik. assuasive, miidlik. assuefaction, k(5sbin. assuetude, sddod, kbsSm. assume, sumiin, niludon. assumer, swmel, niludel. assuming, sumol, ro^ik. assumption, nilud. assumptive, niludik. assurance, fSse/; lesag'. assure, Iesa5rbn,lepu^5n,fiise/0D. assiired, fose/ik. • assuredly, Vo. assuredness, sef, zelad, fum, assurer, fbse/el, se/el. astonisli, stunon. astonislied, pestonol. astonishing, stereik. astonishingly, stoniko. astonishment, stun, astound, stunon. astounded, stunik. astounding, stanol. astoundment, stun. astral, stelik. astray, polik. astrict, lenzugm. astricted, lenzugol. astriction, len^w^am. astrictive, lenzu^ik. astringe, kotareon, kozugon. astringer, kozugel. astronomer, stelxvel. astronomic, sfeZavik. astronomically, sfeZaviko. astronomize, stela,v'6n. astronomy, stelaY, asunder, livik. at, al; jil; in; su; len, zi, zu, do. athenian, otenel. athirst, nelilmik. athlete, komipel. athwart, tavelik. atilt, flano. Atlantic, mel atlantik. atlas, kaedafcomZe^. Atla^, Atlan. atlas, lesatin. atone, ^oraadon. atonement, pdn&di. atoner, ^onadel. atony, ^onad. atop, ktin, Kno. atramental, mgik. atrocious, le/eHik. atrociously, lej'ekliko. atrociousness, le/efcam. atrocity, lejekof. attach, ^mon. attachable, ^mik. attache, deputsil. attached, fimol. attaching, fimol. attachment, fled, fekum. attain, rivon, da^eton. attainder, rivel. attained, perjuol. GRAMMAR OF VOLAftiK. 221 attaiaing, rivol. attamment, riv&m.. attaint, jemodon. attainted, jemoiik. attainting, jemoAbl. attaintment, jemod. attainture, sten, kusad. attemper, meiladoa. attempered, meilado\. attempt, steif. attempt, steif on. attempted, steif 6\. attempter, steif A. attempting, steifaxa. attend, senitaa, loegaa. attend, kalon, hediinon. attendance, kal, berfanam. attendant, kdlA, diinA. attender, kdh\. attending, kdlol. attent, senitik.. attention, senit. attentive, senitik. attentively, senito. attentiveness, senit. attenuant, slemk. attenuate, sfenon. attenuated, slemik. attenuating, slenol. attenuation, sienam. attest, noelou. attestation, »oe/am. attester, noelA. attesting, noeZam. attestive, ncelik. attestor, noelel. Attica, Atikan. attire, klotad, klot, dek. attirer, dekel, klotel. attitude, fom. attitudinal, /omik. attorney, lavogel. attract, lenzugon. attractability, lenzu^am. attractable, \evizugik. attracted, lenzi^od. attracting, \ejizvg6\. attractingly, l&azugiko. attraction, lenzug. attractive, lexizugik. attractively, lenzu^iko. attractiveness, leiizug. attractor, len^i^el. attrahent, lenzu^ik. attributable, liicodsAik. attribute, liicodaton. attributed, liicof&tol. attributing, liicorfatik. attribution, lucorfatam. attributive, luco. blackguardism, jap, temip&i. black-horse, \A&jeval. blacksmith, lelel. blamable, blanak. blamableness, blamsna. blamably, fttamiko. blame, blam. blame, blamon. blamefal, blatmk. blamefally, blarmko. blamefulness, ftZajnam. blameless, neftZamik. blamelessly, neJZamiko. blamelessnesB, neftZom. blamer, blam&\. blameworthy, ftZamik. blaming, blam. blanch, »joak. blanch, vwton.. blanched, vi'itol. blanoher, viSiei. blanching, vioten. bland, meiladik. blank, vietik. blank, vanon. blanked, vanol. blanket, teg lainik. blankness, viet. blaspheme, sZanon. blasphemer, slanel. blaspheming, slan. blasphemous, sZanik. blasphemously, sZanliko, blasphemy. sZanam. blaze, flam, blaze, flamon. blazer, pakel. bleach, viot. 232 GBAMMAll or VOLAPUK. bleach, vtotoa. bleached, vid&. bleacher, vibtel, bleachery, vioten. bleachfield, viot. bleaching, viotum. bleak, neledik. bleakish, neZetflik. bleakly, neZetfliko. bleakness, neled. bleaky, neledik. blear, daegik, dagit. bleed, blud'on. bleeding, hluda-Ta. blemish, yemod. blemish, JemoAon. blemished, JemoAik. blemishing, Jemoium, blamishness, JemoAoL blemishment, jemoAnTn. blend, migon. blended, migik.. blender, migel. blending, mig&m.. blent, peroijrik. bless, labadon. blessed, labadVs.. blessedly, Zafeadiko. blessedness, \elab. blesser, ZaiJadel. blessing, Zaiad. blind, bleinik. blind, hlein&a.. blinded, hleimik. blinder, bleinel. blindfold, bleinon. blidfolded, bleinik. blindfolder, bleinel. blindfolding, bleinam. blinding, bleinam.' blindly, bleino. blindness, blein. ■bliss, beat. blissful, beadk. blissfully, beaAko. blissfulness, lelab. blissless, nefeearik. blissom, lenepuedon. blithe, gdlik. blitheful, gdlik. blithely gciliko. blitheness, gal. blithesome, gdlik. blithesomeness, gal. block, pulit, nelet. block, ninkikon. blockade, ninfctfcam. blockade, ninkikon. blockading, ninto'fcam. blockhead, stupeX. blockheaded, stupik. blockheadism, stupsjl. blockheadly, stupelik. blockish, stupik. blockishness, stup. blood, blud. bloodily, blu£ko. bloodless, nebludik. blood-letter, veinel. blood-like, bludlik. blood-sucker, gib. bloody, bludik. bloom, flol. bloom, folon. blooming, flolik. bloomingly, floliko. bloomingness, floloi. bloomy, Jlol^k. blossom, floled. blossom, flolon. blossomed, floleAik. blossoming, flol'ol. blot, sten. blot, stenon, miolbn. blotter, stenel. blotting-paper, flumapiip, ne- GllAMMAll OF VOLAPiiK. 233 lum&pb'p. blow, flap, blow, bladon, vieiton. blower, hladel, blowing, bladol, vienol. blowy, vienik blowzy, ledaciyii. blue, yulib. blue, yulibili. blue, yiUihon.. blue-coloured, yulibik, bluely, luyulibii.. blueness, yulib. bluff, globik. blu&ess, glob, bluish, layiUibik. bluishly, hiyulibo. blnislmess, hiyulib. blunder, pok. blunder, pokbn. blunderer, ^ojfcel, stupeh blunder-head, stopel. blunt, globik, nejapils.. blunt, nejapon. bluntly, globiko. bluntness, glob, nejap. bluntrwitted, ne;'apalik. blur, sten. blur, stenon. blurred, stenik. blush, ledon. blushful, le£k. blushing, ledaci^. bluster, luglol. bluster, hoseton, luglolbn. blusterer, lu^Zotel. blustering, lu^tofik. blusteringly, Ingiolo. blustrous, luglolik, bosetik. board, boed, flul ; niilud. board, Jlulon. boarded, Soetfik. boarding-house, nuludof. boarding-school, ntiUta celebrate, zelon. celebrated, pezeZol. celebrating, zelol. celebration, zel. celebrator, setel. celebrious, mdkab^k. celebriously, miikabo. celebrity, makab. celerity, spid, vif. celestial, siiKk. celestially, sillo. cell, ziob, szoftap. cellar, kav. cellular, ziob\k, ziofcapik, oelsitude, jrczVug. cement, zam. cement, zamon. ' cementation, zamam. cementer, zamel. cementing, zamam. cemetery, goda/eZ. cenobite, padA. cense, kosekasmofcon. cense, diiv. tlip,tolad. cension, duv. censoriousness, hlanAoi. censurable, fcZamik. censurableness, hlamoi. censurably, itomiko. censure, blam. censurer, hlamA. censuring, blam. cent, turn, zim. centage, tumafZa/w. centenary, tumA. centime, zim. central, zerwdik. centralization, zenod&va. centralize, zenodisn, centrally, zeraoiiiko. centre, zenodajjun. centre, zenod&n.. century, yeltom. ceremonial, zefik. ceremonially, zefiko. eeremonialness, zeloi. ceremonious, zeSk. ceremoniously, zeZiko. ceremoniousness, zeZof. ceremony, 'blig'aX. cereous, aafcik. ceruim, zelin. certain, zeZodik, /wmik. certainly, zelado. certainness, sef, fdm, zelad certainty, sef, film, zelad. certificate, Sosefaxa. certification, \esag, lepUk. certifier, siamel. certify, noelon, sion, besion. certitude, sef, zelad, film. cesarian, limepik. cesium, zasin. cess, diiv. cess, dtiv'dn. cessation, tak. cessibility, yiloi. cession, klem. cessionary, klemol, klemik. cbafe, vut, zun. cbafe, zunon, ddmoTo. cbafed, zureik. chafer, oaf. chagrin, leglif. chain, ket. chain, ketoa. GRAMMAK OF VOLAPtlK. 243 ■chain-cable, ketataJ. chained, fcerik. chain-work, fceten. chair, stul. chairman, bisierfel. chalice, gleiko;;. challenge kusad. challenge, kusadon. cbamher, cam, cem. chamberer; yofah. chamber-hanging, tap. chamberlain, kamerel. chamois, cam. champ, ieiton. ■champagne, jamanar/n. champaign, kam, plen. champain, jamanauiVt. chance, fat, neldb. chance, Jeniin, zidon. chanceful, poliffik. chancel, zop, chancery, kanzen. change, can, cein (am), cenam cen, vot, »o;am. change, canon, cenou, voton. changeability, cenal. changeable, cenalik, vodik, de- voiiik. changeableness, cenal. changeably, cenaliko. changeful, cenik, voi\ik. changefnlly, ceniko, wo^liko. changefulness, cenal. ■changeless, newoflik. changer, cemel, votel, dei'otel. channel, kanad. channel, Icanadin. channelled, kanadA, chant, kanit. chant, kanttbn. chanter, kanite\. chantreas, of-fconetel. •chaos, kofud. chap, slit, chap, slitoa. chap, man. chapel, kapiil. chapelry, kapiilam. chaperon, Wat, ama'at. chaplain, kapulel. chaplet, kopulil. chapman, malitel. chappy, slitik. chaps, luOTurfs. character, kalad. characteristic, kaladik. characteristically- kaladiko. characteristicalness, kala chesnut, katan. chest-nut-tree, katanaftzm. cheval, jeval. chevalier, momtel. chew, sidm'dn. chide, ilamon, chider, hlamel. chiding, blam, hlamaxn. chidingly, hlamiko. chief, cif, kapel. chiefly, pato, lepariko, lepato~ chieftain, lopifcajD, kapel. child, cil child-bearing, moiam, motoL childbirth, moiam. childhood, cilbi, cililg. childish, czlik. (.RA.MMAB OF VOLAPuK. 245 cTiilflishly, ciliko childiskness, cilot. childlike, lucifik. childly, ciliko. chiliad, milal, chill, kalod. chiU, kalo(Sk, lukalodik. chill, kalodon, flotdn. chilUness, kalodot, kalod. chillness, kalod, kalodot. chilly, koladii.. chimer, glokel. -chimney, cim. chimney-sweeper, «"mel. China, Cinan. Chinese, Cinanel. Chinese, cinanik. chink, slit. chink, tonon. chinky, slidk. chip, dil. chip, htekiin, japbn, hunon. chirp, grika.in.. chirp, grikon, yofon. chirper, grikel. chirping, grikaxa.. chirpingly, ^nkik. chisel, cid. chisel, cidon. chit, gelmin, cil, ^it&timasten. chit-chat, Inpukot. chitty, InaZik. chivalric, tnontielik. chivalrous, montielik. chivalrously, montielo. chivalry, montieloi. chloric, kloiin^. chlorine, Uolln. chocolate jokolad. choeolate-nut, kokafton. choice, val, sewa^ choicely, spaHko. choir, kor. choke, Xepedaa. choler, bilod , zun. cholera, kolerip. choleric, iilodik, zunik. cholericly, cunlik. cholericness, bilodA. choose, valoTx. chooser, »a7el. chop, slit. chop, copon. choral, torik. chord, stin. chord, s^inon. chorist, fa)rel. chorus, kor. chouse, cut, kaf chouse, kaf on. Christ, Kristus. christen, krit christening, godara^. christian, krit christianism, Artial. christianization, ^i^am. christianize, kriton. christianized, pefcritol. christianizing, hrito\. christianly, krifik. Christmas, lemoiofazdj. christmas-tree, kritaftim. chromate, klomin. chromatic, kUtmimk. chromic, klomin. chromium, klomin. chronic, lonedoHk. chuck, jok. chuff, ^Zo6el. chuffily, ghh^ik. chufBness, glob. chuffy, globik. church, glug. church-attire, gliigova., palot. churl, ^ZoJel. churlish, glohik, fiilik. 246 GRAMMAR OP VOLAPUK. churlisly, globlik. churlisness, globai, ful. churly, fulik, glohik. chymic, Aemik. chymist, hemel. cigar, zigad. cincture, z5n. cintured, sonik. cipher, nrnnsd, cipher, nujnatbn. circle, zilag. circle, zilagon, zulagon. circled, zilagik.. circlet, zilagil. circuit, zum, zilek&g. circquit, zulagon. circular, glopik. circularity, glop. circularly, ^Zo^nik, circulate, zillagon. circulating, zulagik. circulation, zilag&t. eirouinference, zum. circumferencial, zurmk. circumspect, kauUk. circumspection, kaut. circumspective, fcaurik. circumspectively, fcauriko. circumspectness, kaut. circumstance, dinad. circumstantial, imnrfik. cistern, vatataft. cital, blam. citation, suamam, zitat. cite, zitaton. citer, zitatA. citess, ji-si/', oi-sif. citizen,, sif, zz/el. citron, zied. citron-tree, ziedsibim,. citron-water, ziedavat. city, zif. city, nifik. civil, zivik, stidik. civilizable, kulivik. civilization, 22uet,toi/2«am,kuliv. civilize, kulivSn, zivdn, civilized, ■pekulivol. civilizer, kulivel. clack, Inpiikot. clad, klotik. claim, flag. claim, flagon. claimable, flagik, claimant, ^a^ik. claimant, flag A. claimed, pe/Za^ol. claimer, flagel. claiming, flagol. clam, klebon. clamant, luwofcik. clammy, lengludik. clamorous,' boserik. clamour, luwofcem. clamour, luuoMn. clamourer, luuoM. clamp, klam. clamp, kldmSn. clan, stam, gen. clandestine, kldno&k. clandestinely, fc/anofliko- clandestineness, klan'dt. clang, ton, tonoA. clang, tonbn. clangorous, tonik. clangour, ton. clap, flap, spid. clap, Jlapbn. claret, vin clarification, kliilian, clarified, kltilik, clarifier, kliilel. clarify, kliilon. clarifying, klulol. clarity, kliil. clash, jok. GKAMJfAR OF TOLAPiiK. 247 clash, jokon, tapiikon. clasp, nug. class, klad. class, kladon. classic, klatel. classic, klatehk. classification, kladani. clause, jot, fin. claustial, kleu£k. clausxire, ninfezXam. claw, ral. claw, Taliin. clay, tain. clay, iainon. clayey, tainlik. clean, n^lik, klinik. clean, suipon, klinon. cleaned, klinik.. cleaner, kliraknm. cleaner, klinel. cleaning, tfc'ream. cleanliness, su^al, klin, nifsil. cleanly, ifcnlik, nj/alik. cleanness, nifSl, netfeb. cleanse; suipon, ktlnon. cleanser, suy>el. clear, klUik, lilnik. clear, klUon, liboD, pldnon. clearer, pldnsl. clear-headed. He'Slik. clear-headedness, kli&l, daW^al. clearing, klin&TO.. clearly, kluliko. clearness, klil, kleil. cleave, slitan. cleaver, slitel. clef, Mk. cleft, slit. clemency, lonedal- clement, loneidimk. effeminacy, hivonAoi. effeminate, luromik. efform, fom. efformation, ybmam. effort, steif. effuse, mo/»(6n. effusion, mo/Ktam. egg, nog. egoism, itasSk. egoistic, itaswHk. egoistically, itasafriko. egotist, itasjjfcel. egress, se^oZ. egression, se^roZam. Egypt, Agupan. Egyptian, AgiipdnA. Egyptian, AgiipdnVs.. eight, jol. eighteen, haXsejol. eighteenth, balse/oZid. IS 274 GRAMMAR 01' VOLAPUK. eightfold, yd7ik. eighth, joliA. eighthly, joliio. eightieth, ydZsid. eighty, jols. either, alik, eject, nin/?um6n, sesiadon. elapse, iegonon. elapaion, fegon&m.. elastic, lastinik. elasticity, lastin. elate, pleitik, pleidils.. elation, pleid, pleit. elder, pael. elders, pal. elect, valoTL. election, vdl&xa. elector, valel. electric, lektini^. ■ electrician, leklinA. electricity, lektin. olectrification, lektinaxi\., electrize lektinoa. eleganze, dekof. elegant, dekik. elegantly, rfefciko. element, lomin. elemental, lominH. elephant, nelfan. elevate, modon, geilon. elevated, suhinaHe.. elevation, subim, geil&va.. elevator, lestoZel. eleven, bcdsehal. eleventh, haUebalid. ellipse, liped. elliptic, lipedik. elocution, sepuk. elongate, lonedba, inofon, elongated, lonediik. elongation, loneda>va. eloquence, paifcSf. eloquent, pukoH^n. else, voto, uodko. elsewhere, votHko. elucidate, pldnon, kleilon. elticidated, pldnik. elucidation, plan, nun. elucidator, plmel. elude, zigolon. elusion, zi^oZam. emanate, Aaglqfoa, sekon. emanation, sefcam . embank, mndamoTa. embarras, jemofon. embarrassed, /emik. embarrassment, jemiii. embassador, legatel. embasaadress,-ji-Ze5raam6n. established, .«?iVainol. establisher, s^ifamel. establishing, stit, stitam. establishment, stit, stiit estate, lab. tat. esteem, dig. \^lim esteem, \eda-bn. les^jmon. esteemable, rfiyik, les^/mik. esteemei", les^jrael. estimable, les^j'ntlik. estimate, dicon. estimation, diiv. et cetera, e Zemanikos. eternal, fenofik, duVtk. eternalist, tenaleX eternity, tennl. eternise, tenalLm eulogical, Zo&lik. eulogist, pliedel. eulogize, lohon, pliedon. eulogy, paan. euphonious' benotonik. euphony, benoton. Europe, Tulop. European, yulopA. European, yulop&. evacuate, vagbn. evacuated, vagi^s.. evacuation, wo^am. ^vacuator, wayel. eyade, 7.igol on, vitbn. evaded, zi^otel. evading, wirik. evangelic, gospelik. evangelical, gospelik. evangelicalism, ^o^e2ikam. evangelism, gospelSl. evangelist, gospele\ evangelization, ^ospeZam. evangelize, gospelon. evangelized, gospelol. evangely, gospel, evasion, vit, vitsna. eve, vended. Eve, Efa. even, ^eZik, as, a,slik even, leigon, kamon. evener, leigei, ka7ne\. evening, le.igara.. feamam. evening, vended evening-star, vendelasieZ. evenness, leig event, zid. eventful, :r/rfik. eventide, vendelafa'm. eventual, baik, zaik eventuality, z«ial. eventually, eventuo. eventuate, zidon. ever, egelo, \a,limo everlasting, levelik. everlastingness, levelaia. eversion, distuk, rfistafcam. every, a, alik, everybody, alim. evidence, klul, blof, noel. evident, hlofik. evidently, blo/o. evidentness, kleil evil, bad, nesan, ne/a6. evince, blofon. evincible, hlofik. evitate , vt'ton. 278 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPilK. evitation, vit, viiaia.. ewe, ji-jip. exact, kulad& exact, flagon, demanon. exacter, flag A. exaction, flagsum. exactitude, kulad. exactly, kulaAko. exactness, kulad. exactor, flagel. exactress, ji-^ag'el, oi-flagel. exaggerate, turfunon gletHn. exaggeration, glet&m.. exalt, le^aWn, loh'on.. exaltation, lob. exaltedness, siibim. exalter, lobA, legSXeV. examen, xamdn. examinate, xamon. examination, xam&Tn, examinator, .ramel. examine, xamm. examiner, .romel. example, sam. exasperate, biedon. exasperation, hiednm. exceed, lovbn. exceeder, lovel. exceeding, lovik, lew«m. exceedingly, lei;emo. exel, lovoa. excellence, hizugot. excellent, hizugik. excellently, hizugiho. except, pla, sumu, pldsif. except, eesumon. exception, sesum. excessive, ■phxmafiJc, levern. excessively, plumq/'iko. exchange, can. exchange, canon, exchanger, canel. excite, sHgon. excited, ^ofik. excitement, yof, yofol. exciter, stigA, yojfel, exciting, yofik. exclaim, aevokon. exclaimer, seuoifcel, exclaiming, seuofcam. exclamation, sevok. exclude, sefciion. excluded, seiftik. exclusion, sekikimn.. exclusive, sekiko. excommunicate, sekikoa, excommunication, se^ilam. excrement, miot. excursion, tiid. excusable, fo^'iyik. exousableness, iogivot. excusation, iogwa,-m. excuse, sekusad. excuse, fo^'won, iegivoa. excuser, fGgivel. execute, dun'on, lefuloa, /vnon-^ executer, rfunel, fune\. execution, le/uZam, /wnam. executive, le/Wik. exemplar, sam. exercise, plag. exercise, pldgdn, gehbn. exerciser, plag A. exert, iopon. exertion, t6p, jalep. exhaustion, letop, tufofii exhibition, seiopam. exhort, monedbn. exist, siMnon. existence, si&m. existing, siijnik. exit, iezug, segol. expand, veitbn. expanded, veitik, expanse, plen. expansibility, veitbi. GKAJIMAR OF TOLAPiiK. 279 expansion, veitaxa. expansive, veitik. expatiation, zilek?ig. expect, valadon. expectation, valad. expecter, valadel. expedience, spid, beginaja. expedient, spidii, vifik, sfcVik. expedition, sedam, skal. expend, segivSn. expense, se^iV. expensive, delidik. expeusiveness, delidod. experience, plak. experience, plakon. experiment, bluf. experimental, hlufik. expiration, Hn, _^nam. expire, ^non. explain, seplanim. explanation, seplanata. explicable, planik. explicate, sepZanon, ^te'non. explication, seplan, sepZanam. exploit, dun, feb, pofeg. exploration, d&vestig. explore, Aavestigon. export, sed, aesed, sesedam. export, sesedon. exportation, canase(fam, sesed, sesedaxa. exported, pesesedol. exporter, seserfel. exporting, sesecSk. export-trade, sesedajn. expose, septonon, fcmdn, veniidon. exposition, aetopaja. expositor, sepZanel. exposure, setopsmi. express, spztfel. express, sepiikon, sepe?6n. expression, seipe^ expressive, lebefonamik. expressly, pleso, desiniko. exquisite, hizugik.. exquisiteness, biztt^of. extaait, kddik. extad, veiton. extended, veitik. extender, veitel. extensibUitj-, seteraof. extensible, seienik. extensibleness, seienof. extension, seieraam. extensive, veitik. extensively, veito. extensiveness, veitaxaoi. extent, wesVamof. exterior, senedik. extern, senedik. external, senedik. extinct, de/a/ik. extinction, nosam. extinguish, nosOTi. extinguishable, jiosik. extirpate, nosanumon. extol, lobon, pliedon. extoller, label, pliedei. extolling, pliedik, loblik. extort, isimuton. extorter, damuiel. extortion, damuiam. extortioner, dam!( fig- fight, Bvasipuff, ara&komip. fight, komipon, flapoii. fighter, flapel fighting, flapen. fig-tree, jfigabim. figural, f^gik.. figuration, fom. figurative, fiigik. figure, fiig, fom. figure, fiiffon. file, rap file, rcipiyn. filer, rdpA. filial, ciftk. filially, ciViko. filiation, czYiig, cil&A.. filings, rdpot. fill, fulbn. filler, fulA. filter, sul. filth, miot. filthily, mjoriko, s^enikc. filthy, miohk, stemk. filtrate, sulbn. filtration, suZam. final, ^reik. finallj', Idto, latikmw, Inhko. finance, finanZN. finances, finan. financial, ^nareik. financialist, /nanavel. financier, ^nanavel, find, tuvbn.. finder, totiel. finding, tuv. fine, pon. fine, feimk, klilak, finely, feimko. fineness, fein, feiiiiX. finer, ^iinel. finery, magifea. finger, fined, fingered, Jinedik, finish, Jinon. finished, ^nik. finisher, ^nel. finishing, ^reik. fir, fir. fire, fll, filed. fire, _^/on, /on'on. fire-brick, JHnston. fire-engine, Jlla.cin. fireman, fonel. 284 eilAMMA.ll 01' VOLAPUK. firer, filel, firing, /cinam, Siaioad. firm, fiam. firm, fimih. firm, Jimon. firmly, fimiko. firmness, fim first, haliA, /oik. firstly, baliAo. fir-tree-fir. fish, fit, fish, fiton. fished, fitik. fisher, fitel. fisherman, fitel (in astronomy :) aifii. fishery, fiten. fishing, flts,m.. fiten. fishwife, ji- fitel, oi- fitel. fishwoman, ji-/tel, of-^.t. fan, bof, drol, cog. fanction, cal. functional, calik. functionally, cafiko. fanctionary, calel. fnndament, stab, stabin. fundamental, siaiik. funeral, sepanu. funnel, cim. fhnnily, 60/0. fanny, cogiik, 60/ik. far, plad. furious, vutJk. furiously, vuto, jmriko. fariousness, vutof. furnace, fon. furnish, mobon. furnished, mo6ik. furnisher, moiel. furniture, mohs. furrow, felad. furrow, feladoji. farrowed, feladik. furry, vieKk. farther, fcllo. fuj-ther, fodon. furtherance, fod, /dda.ui. furtherer, fbdel. fiirthest, fagikiiii. fury, vut, tikai. fuse, gi/en, smeton. fusible, smetik. fvisil, smerik. fusion, smetajn. fuss, hoset future, fiiden. future, ftidik, wonik. futurity, fiiden. fy! fi! G. gab, \apukaa.. gabble, lupjiifcot, hipuken. gabble, Xxxpiikon. gabbler, \apukA. gabbling, lupaiik, gad, stip. gadder, glibe\. gage, pan. gager, panA. gain, vob, pofiid. gain, po/adon, d3.geton. gain, «o6on, melitSn gainable, po/iidik:. gained, pepo/Brfol. gainer, vobel, pdfiidel, gainful, pd/iidik. gainfully, pofiidiko. gainfalness, pofiidoi. gaining, po/iidik. gainsay, ta,piik6n. gainsayer, tupukel. gainsaying, tapa'Hk. gairish, t/of ik. gairiskness, gal&l, yofSl. gait, gol, ^oZab. galacy, galaxiit. gale, vienH. Galician, galizamk. gall, bilod. gall, badug. gallant, 6a/6lik, galanik. gallantly, ^ratoniko. gallery, galif. galvanic, galvanik. galvanism, galvanim. galvanist, galvanel. 19 290 eRA-MMAB OP VOLAPUK. galvanize, galvanon. galvanized, galvamk. gamble, lupWon. gambler, lupWel. gambling, lupleden. game, foet, gaming, foetol. gander, gan. gang, goldn gaol, fantib. gaol, faniih'on. gaoler, faniibA. gap, gap. gape, manifon mud. gaper, luZo^el. gaping, gap. garb, klodnA. garden, gad. garden, gadon. gardener, gadel. gardening, gaden. gargle, gugiin. garment, klod&i. garmented, klodih. garnish, dek. gas, gasin. gaseous, gasirak. gash, kot.^ ,gasp, hmatemon. gasping, hmatemol. gassy, jrastnik. gate, leydja. gather, lasamon, konleton. gatherer, lasamel, honletA. gathering, lasam, konlet. gaud, dek. gay, yofi\. gayety, yof. gayly, yofo. gayness, yof. gaze, lufo^on. gazing, luio^ik, gear, klotsA. plem. gem, nobasion. gender, gen. gender, piilon, faton. general, waEkodik. general, genal. generality, uatem. generalize, waZon. generalizing, valoi. generally, kosbmo. generalness, valem.. generate, mofaton, mopaZon. generation, gen, mo/aiam. generator, /a/an. generosity, noJal, givot generous, no&ik, givofik. generously, «o6iko, givoio. generousness, «o6al, givoi. genial, gemk, nadk. genteel, plid\k, plUvs., pliitik. genteelly, plitiko, pluto. genteelness, pliMi, plut. gentility, plut gentle, pud\k. gentleman, sol, laonel. gentlemanlike, soZik. gentlemanliness, pliit. gentlemanship, pliit. gentleness, sof, mol. gentlewoman, ji-ftaonel. gently, moliV, sofik, dusik. gentry, pliit, baon. genuine, kaniidik. genuinely, kanudiko. genuineness, kaniid. geographer, to/edel. geographic, taleiik. greography, taleA. geology, tala,Y. geometric, geometik. geometrically, geometiko, maf- avik. geometrician, geometel, ma/avel. geometry, geomet, ma/av. GRAMMAR OF Y0I.4.PUK. 2f>l German, deutel. Germanik, deutik.. Germany, Deut. gesticulate, lepon. gesticulation, Zepen. gesticulator, lepel. get, geion, Aa,get6n. get up; sustonon. ghost, tikal, Vatikai. ghostly, ft"fcalnik. giant, gian. giantess, ot-gian. giantlike, giamk. giantship, gianoi. giddiness, TielevelQf. giddy, nelevelik. gift, giv. gigantic, ^lanik. gigantically, giano. gild, golildcm., golinon. gilded, yiegolinol. gilder, golinel. gilding, goUna,ra. ■ gipsy, cipsel. gird, zon. gird, sonon. girdle, zon. girdle, zonbn. girl, vomvl, oi-pul. girlish, of-puKk. girlishly, of-puHko. give, givon. given, pegizwol. giver, giv&i. giving, givam. glacial, fiotik. glacious, gladiik. glad, ^aZik. gladden, galon. gladdened, pe^rdWl. gladly, vilik. gladnes, gal. glance, nid. glare, stalm. glass, glat glass, gldtik. glasshouse, glatasmeien. glassy, gldtik glazier, gldtel. gleam, stal, nidara.. gleam, nirfon. gleamy, stalik, nidih. glee, yof. gleeful, yofik. glimpse, hilit, lunid. glister, nid. globe, glop. gloom, daeg, dag, glumkl. gloomily, jZumaliko. gloominess, glumal. gloomy, ^Zumalik, dagik. glorification, glola,va. glorified, -peglolol. glorify, glolon. glorious, ^ZoZik. gloriously, gloliko, glolo. gloriousness, glol. glory, glol, fam, ZoJiin. glory, famon. gloss, nid. glove, namaZe^. glow, glut. glo"W, gluton. glue, glud. glue, gludon. gluish, gludik glutton, \ufid gluttonize, hijidbn. gluttony, lu_^rfdf. go, goVoTi. goat, golad. goatish, goladik. goatishly, goladiko. goatishness, goladsil, hoadSl. gobble, lufidon. gobbler. Infidel, monalan. 292 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. God, God. goer', ^otel. going, (/oZik, goloX. gold,' golud (chem:) golin. golden, golwdHk.. goods, can. good, jr,udik. good-bye, adyo ! goodliness; gudxA.. goodly, gudSka. goodness, gud. goose, gan. gooseberry, stigajfi/. gorge, gug. gorge, lu^iion. gorgeous, ^Zoilik, magifHk, volad- ik, fcosrik. gorgeously, gloKko, magifo. gorgeousness, magif. gospel, gospel, gospeller, gospelel. ' gossip, lupukot. gossip, lujowfcon. gossiper, lupiifcel. gossiping, lupflfcam. gout, gig. gouty, ^i^rik. govern, 'govQa, regtin. governable, r-«^ik. government, gov. governor, 5'ouel. grab, kipoji, gleipon. grace, ben, gon, plittii. grace, rfe^on, 6o«6n, gonon. graceful, pliii^, plidik. gracefully, plito gracefulness, pliddi. gracious, Jenik, ^tinik. graciously, Jeno, gbnii. graciousness, g5n, ben, plidbi. grade, luen, dinit. gradual, sZepnik. gradually, siepniko. graduate, luenbn. graduation, /Sdam,, liiensim.,- .OTnamam, graft, tuigon. grafter, tuigel. grafting, tmga,Txi. grain, glem. grammar, glamat, graijnmarian, glamatel. grammatic, glamatik. grammatically, glamatiko. grand, gleAk. grand-daugbter, of-luson : ji- luson. grandeur, glet, magif. grand-father, fatel, (mother's,, father:) motel. grand-mother, ^i-/atel. grandness, glet. grandson, nekel, sorelil, luson. granite, dw fasten, grant, dal. grant, dalon. grape, lieb. grasp, gleip. ' , grasp, gleipon. grass, yeb. grassy, yeiik.. grate, blemon, nofon. grateful, damk. gratefully, dano. gratefulness, danoi. gratification, ^aZodam, \xizsed, giv, mesecZam. gratiiy, gUlon, Taesedbn. gratis, glatik, (ad :) glato. gratuity, le^iu. gratulate, benouzpon. gratulation, benouijpam. grave, sep. grave, cddik, /e/ik. grave, sep5n, gav'6n. gravel, glav. GRAMMAB or VOLAPUK. gravencs*. fef. gravitr. vet, vetapun. grar. gedik, zeuiUko&k grarish. luy«fik, zenaJt'oftb. graTiiesi, gel, zenaJcoh graze, lialadan. grazier, haladel- grease, smiT, pin grease, snuoon. greaseness. stenof. greasT. smir'ik. pirdk. mioOk. great, gledk. greatly, remo. gkSko greatness, glet. Greece, G^lik. greedily, inotialiko. greediness, monal. greedy, njonalik. Greek, glikel. Greek, gWak. green, glurak. greenish, ^ZunUk. la^2nnik greenness, glun. greens, teb. greet., glidoTi. greeting, glid. grief, glif. grieffiol, gli/ik. grieTance, nof, glif. grieve, glifoa., do/on, ^i«»i6n. grievons. doSk., gbamk. grievously, doGko. grievonsness, glif of. grinder, \etut. gripe, gleit gripe, gleipon. groan, 'ag. groan, 'agon. grocer, tedan, letefel. grocery, leiedasD. groom, jeixUaji, groove, seb. grope, lusenon- gross, glabik. grossly, ^fo&iko. grossness, glob. grotesque, seletBk. grotesqueness, seled. ground, glun. ground, sialon. group, glnp. group, glupon. grove, lal, fotiL grow, glofon. grower, glofel. growing, glofik. growth, glofam. grudge, 'et, lesun grudge, 'efon. grudger, 'efel, 'agel. grumble, siu^gon., guarantee, garauif. guaranty, ^oranon. guard, galeva, j'epaxa.. guard, j'epoD. jelon. guardian, tHiei. guardianship, tiief. guess, rat. gue^ rffton guest, lot. guidance, duhoi. guide, dufcel. guide, (iutodon. duiSn, diigon. guile, cut. gnilefnl, ciDk. guilefully, cito. guilefolnes, ciHof, guilt, deb. guilty, debik. guise, mod. gnlt, \edib, gof. gnlfy, lerfjftik. gull, cut. trof. gulp, lu. infinity, ne^n. infirm, _fihih, lusaunik. infirmary, malado]). infirmity, fib, lusoun. infirmly, ^6iko. infirmness, fib, ^6al. inflame, "^it, iiedon. inflamed, '^it, iiediTa. inflammation, ^iVam, Jiedam. inflect, dieklinbn. inflection, ieklin. influence, flun influencer, flunA. influential, ^unik. inform, nunodon, nunon, tidoa. information, nunod,kusad tida,m . informer, nunodel. ingenious, daiuwik. ingeniously, datayiko. ingeniousness, ia,tuva.\. ingenuity, da(uwal. ingenuous, kaniidik. ingenuously, kaniido. ingenuousness, kaniid. ingraft, miipon, mnpedon. ingrafted, mup&. ingrafter, mwpel. ingraftment, mup. ingratitude, nerfanof. inhabit, lodQji inhabitable, lodik inhabitant, lodei, Tunlodel. inhabited, lodik. inhabiter, lodel. inhabitress, ji-Zoflfel, oi-ldde\. inhalation, ninnatem. inhale, ninnafemon. inhaler, ninnatemel. S04 GUAMMAB OF VOLAPUK. inberit, gelUton.. inheritance, gelut. inheritor, geliitiV. inheritress, oi-geliitA \ ji-f/eWiel. inhuman, nemenik. inhumanity, liemer&l. inhumanly, neroeniko. inhume, sepon. inimical, ioelik, ne/?ereik. inimioally, iaeliko, nefleno. iniquit;^, necod. inject, nindufcon. injection, idnduk. injure, no/on, ddmon. injured, no/ik, ddmi^. injury, nof, no/am, damSLB\, injustice, necoc?. ink, nig inky, nigiTs.. inland, ninte'nik. inlander, mnl/inel. inlay, nmseitbu.. inlayer, ninseiYel. inlaying, ninsez'rik. inlet, mitlid. inmate, keninZorfel. inn, labot, lotop, inner, iino, ino. innermost, Unedik. innkeeper, lotel. innocence, nedeb. innocent, nedebik. innocently, nerfeJiko. innumerable, nenumik. innumerably, nenwmiko. innumerous, nerau??iik. inoculate, miipon. inoculation, miip. inoculator, mupel. inquest, xam. inquietude, tahedal. inquire, sakon, vestigon. inquirer, A&vestigei, sakei. inquiring, iciMk. inquiringly, saHko. inquiry, AsMestig, sak, insane, /opik. insanity, /opal, inscribe, lonedbn. inscription, tiad. insect, sok. insensibility, nesenof. insensible, nesenik. insensibly, nese»iiko. inseparable, neteilik.. inseparableness, neteilot. inseparably, -aeteiliko. inside, mo. insight, lesev. insignificance, neveUi, puloi. insignificant, neveiitik, pilloSk... insiped, nelanimik. insipidity, nelanim. insolence, ne;'emof, bolot. insolent ne/«mik, ioto'tik. insolently, ne/emiko, holotiko. inspect, beto^on, mmon. inspection, beZo^am, .TO'mani xam. inspective, a;dmik. inspector, xamel. inspectorship, a-amad. inspiration, ninnoiemam. inspire, ninnaJemon, lanimmi. inspired, Zanik, ■pelanimol. inspirer, tajiel. inspiring, Zaraik, beZi/ik. inspirit, fanSn, tomm6n,beZ^6n.. instance, dinad, pot. instant, timil. instantaneous, foviho. instantaneously, fovilco. instantly, foviko. instead, pla. instigate, stigQn. instigation, stiggjn. GRAJOIAB. OF VOIAPiiK. 305 instinctively, ne»«iiko. institute, stitaxaon. Institute, stid, kanas2u2. institution, stit, stitaxa.. institution, stitajnel, tide\. instruct, ttdon. instructer, ^el. instruction, tid, tidajin. instructor, tide\. instructress, of-a"del, ji-tidel. instrument, stum, instrumental, stumik. instnuuentallj, ^tumiko. insufficiency, ne«af. insufficient, nesodk. insufficiently, nesadko. insular, nisidel. insult, no/on. insult, nof. insultation, no/am. insulting, »o/ik. insnltinglj, nofiko. insurance, se/am. insure, sefon. insured, sefik. insurer, sefel. integer, lol. int^ral, lolik. int^rity, kaniid. intellect, kapal, lisan. intellection, sae-ma\. suem, su- emaA. intellectual, /isanik, kapdlik. intelligence, ifcapaliip. intelligent, iopalik. intelligently, kajj&liko, kap&lo. intelligibility, ifcapalnof. intelligible, iopalnik. intend, zeilon, diseinaa nUudon. intendedly, nolo, nolQlo. intense, mefcofik, l^feftk. intensely, mekbSko, leghto. intenseness, meJcaA, mekoi. intent, desan. intention, desan, desin. niludmn. intently, nolo, nololo. inter, «e/)5n. intercede, medim. intereeder, medel. intercession, ploBOtZ. intercessor, plojjuifcel. intercourse, tuged, interdict, sefcz/bam. interdiction, sekik&m. interest, fien, nited. interested, riitedlik.. interesting, nitedik. interestingly, nitediko. interfere, medon. interference, medaxa. interfering, medSl, interior, linedi'k. interjection, lintelek. internal, linedik. internally, Unedo, ino. international, bevunerik. interpose, medon. interposed, medol. interposition, med, medani. interpret, lovepoZon. interpretation, lovepoZam. interpreter, lovepotel. interrogate, xamdn. sakon. interrogation, sak. interrogative, :$a2dk. interrogative, saka/om, sakai/ti. interrogatively, saHko. interrogater, saiel. interrogatory, saka/bm. interrupt, nelet'on. interruption, neZefam. interval, paud. intervene, medon. intervening, medik. intervention, medajn. interventor, medel. 20 aos GRAMMAB OF VOLAl'UK. intimacy, konfiAoi. intimate, konfidiik intimate, ladlik. intimately, ladliho. intimation, lemun, notod. into, ini. intolerable, nesu/ik. intolerableness, nesu/of. intolerably, nesw/iko. intolerance, nesu/, nesii/am. intolerant, nestf/ik. intoleration, nest«/am. intomb, sepon. intonate, to'^on. intonation, tofam. intoxicated, (^Zmadik. intransitive, nedeklinik. intrepii, Jdrak, fcmalik. intrepidity, fc?nal. intricate, -pekosiadi^. intricately, pefcosiarfiko. introduce, ninrfufc5n, ninsecilon. introducer, mndukel. introduction, uinduk, nintfofcam. introductive, uindukik. introductively, ninrfuHko. intrude, sndlanQa. intruder, andlanel. intrusion, audlan. intrusive, andlanik. intrisuvely, andlaniko. intrusiveness, sndlanoL intrust, lenfcon^don. intrusted, l&aMonfidol. inundate, tuuaJon. inundated, tuuatik. inundation, tnvat. inutile, nepo/wrfik. inutility, nepofiid. invaluable, nelerftuik, invaluably, nelerfu'O. invariable, newodik. invariably, newodiko, invent, daZuwon, daft'fcon. invention, da,tuv, daiuuam. inventive, datowik, daij'Hk. inventively, datowiko. inventiveness, datowal. inventor, dafauel, &a,tikA. inventory, ventem. inventress, of-daiwuel, of-daft'M. inverse, vota^«Hk. inversion, vota;?efcam. invert, vota^eKn. inverted, vota/?eHk. invest, lin^mon. investigate, xamon, daivestigon. investigation, xam, aramam, isivestig. investigator, xamA, A9.vestigel. invincible, neuitodik. invincibleness, nevikodoi. invincibly, newftodiko. invisible, neto^'ik. invisibleness, neZo^of. invitation^ vud, rairfam. invite, viidon. invited, peuurfol. inviting, vUdik.. invooate, lenwofcon. invocation, lenwofc, lenjwJtani. involuntarily, nelibauzftko. in voluntariness, ne\iha,vil. involuntary, nelibausZik. involution, komplig. involve, kampligon. involved, -pekosiadih. involvement, kompliga.m.. inward, ini, Unediii. Ireland, RUan. Irish, rilamk. Irishman, rilanel. iron, lei. iron, lelik. irony, fco/en. irradiant, stalik. GRAJIMAB OF VOLAPUK. 307 irradiate, stolon. irradiation, steiam. irregular, nenomoma/ik. irregularity, nenomoma/of. irregularly, nomomq/'iko. irrigate, vatbn, lumon, vatoion. irrigation, yatam. irritate, stigon. irritation, stig, stigAva. irritatire. sZijyik. is, binoa. binom., binon, binoi, Islam, slam. Islamism, slamvig. Islamite, slamel. Islamitic, s?amik. Islamize. slamoa. island, nisul. islander, nisulel. isle, nisul. isolate, detiilbn. isolated, detulih. isolatedly, dettiliko, detiilo. isolation, detulsLin. issue, pub, sefl'tuam. issue, Anleton. it, os; osi; atos, os-a^ Italian, talel. Italian, Hk. .Jack, I'o-anil. jacket, gunil. jade bapbn. mikba. jam, konsef. jam, ^erfon. •lanuary-Tanul. .lapan, Tapan. Japanese, yapdnel. .Japanese, yopanik. jar, ken. jargon, pern, jeer, Jrofen. jeer, kq/bn. jeerer, ^o/el. jerk, flap. jerk, flapba, Inpiikbn. jest, fe>/en. jest, ko/bn. jester, km/el. jestfal, ko/iV. jesting, ko/i]L. jet, vatastoi'. Jew, j'udel. jewel, nobaston. jewelled, nobasionik. jeweller, nBbastonel. jewelry, noba.sions. Jewess, oi-yudel, ]i-yudA. Jewish, yurfik. Jewry, yud. job, vob. jobber, vobel. John, Yo'^an. Johnny, Yo'^anil. join, feianon. joinder, klub, Wu6am. joiner, labsl, cemel. joinery, taben, joint, snob. joint, fetonon, klubbn, balbn, bo fan. joke, cog. 308 GUAMMAB, or VOLAPUK. joke, cogoTu. joker, coge\. joking, cogik. jokingly, cojriko. jole-cig. joUiness, yof. jolly, yofik. jolt, jok. jolting, joMk. journalist, penelgasedik. journey, tav, ^Swil, tiid. journey, ttivon, taviloti, tud'on, jovial, yo/ik. jovialness, yo/dl, yof, gdl&\. jovially, yo/o. jovialty, yo/al, yof, gdla\. joy, gal. joy, gdlQn, gdlolnQn. joyful, gdlik. joyfully, galo. joyfulness, gal. joyous, giilik, jubilate, yuhim. jubilation, yiab. jubilee, yuhwp. judge, ciidel judge, cdrfon, corfofon. judgeship, cdda.cal, cddel&caL judgment, kaut, yusit. judicial, kautils., codelik. judicious, kautik, corfelik. judiciously, kau&o, corfelo>. judiciousness, kaut. jug, ken. juggle, ciitoTi. juggler, pofcan. July, yulul. jumble, pern. jump, bun. jump, bunbn. jumper, hunei. junction, klub&m. juncture, fcZuJam. June, yunul. jurist, gita,Yel, yusitel. juror, yulacodoiel. jury, yulacodiii. just, it. just, gidh., codik. justice, yusit, codiik. jvisticeship, yusitskcal, cdda,cat^ <:dde\s,cal. justifiable, cotifik. justification, gitskm. justifler, gitel. justify, giton, codHn. justle, /ofcam. jut, klaton. juvenije, yunlik. juvenileness, ywnal. juvenility, ^uraal. K. keen,, ieidk. keenly, heidko, heilo. keenness,. ieitSl. keep, kip'6n. keeper, kipel. keeping, kip. kettle, caf. key, kik. keybole, kikn'og. kick, jok, kick, Jokon. kicker, jokel. kid, ji-goladil. ■biill, funon. killer, funeh killing, /unal. GRiMMAE OF VOLAPUK. 3<:y kilogram, jnifflam. kiloliter, milidt. kilometer, mUmet. kin, Ufasa. gen. kind, sot. bid. Und, /fenik. kindly, pUSk.. feniV. kindness, JUnoi. king. reg. kingdom, re^kinan. kingly, re^ik. kiss. kid. kiss, kidoa. kisser, kidA. kissing, tuien. kitchen, kak. kitten, Jradl. knave. gUbA, luntan. knavery, jap. knavish, japik, glibeMik.. knavishly, japiko, Ininaniko knavishness, jap, japal. knee, kien. kneel, Jttenon. knife, neif. knight, montiel. knit, stogon. knotting, stog. knock, flap, nok. knock, flapon, jwkoD. knocker, fiapeV, nokei. knot, snob. knot, snohoTX. knotty, snoKk.. know, n«/on. knowledge, nol. known, nodk, peseoik. knulF, fop. la, ekol eko. labefy, fib in labial, mudskdiRk.. laborious, voKk.. laboriously, so&iko, voho. laborioosness, t^unof. labour, vob. labour. »o65n. labourer, vohA. labouring. !;o&ik. lace, tan, tiep. laced, fiepik. lacerate, dimuZon. lack, def. lack, defon, dofon, dafcJon, jielabon. lad, pnl ladder, xanafri'm ladle, kup. lady, lad. lag, latikun. lagger, zogel. lake, lak. lamb, liam. lame, sti/ik. lamely, sti/o. lameness, stif. lament, '^ag. lament, 'agon, lamentable, pi£k. lamentation, ^ag. lamenter, "^agel. lamenting, 'agik. lamp, litapol. lance, sped, lancer, spedel. land, 1-an; laned. land, Idnon. landing, lanam. lane, lal. 310 GUAMMAK OF VOLAPUK. language, puk. language-teacher, puka^jifel. languisli, lewip, languish, leuipon. languor, nedut. lantern, lit&sdv. lap. Turn. lapse, fal. lard, TpvoSjinit. larded, pinam««61. lardy, pinamztik. large, gletik.. largely, gleA)sio. largeness, glet. lascivious, lenepeudik. lasciviously, lenejyeudiko. lasciviousness, lenepeurfug. lash, flap. lasher, flapel. lass, jjoniul, of-pul. lassitude, fen. last, ladk. last, liulon, ledulQn. lasting, ai. lastly, Kriko, Zarikiimo, lato. last-night, araezVo late, latik. lateness,' lat. lathe, tunataJ. lather, skom. latin, latin. ' latitude, Tpovaffeilng, vid. latter, latikiin. laud, lob. laudable, loblik. laudableness, ZoHikam. laudably, Zoftliko. laugh, smilon. laughable, smilik. laughableness, smil&i. laughably, smiliko. laugher, smilel. laughter, smil. laundress, of-ra/ukel. lava, lav. lavr, Ion. lawful, lonik. lawfully, ' Zoniko- lawfulness, Zonal. lawless, neZonik. lawlessness, noZon(al).. lawyer, lonel, lay, seiton. lay, no^on. layer, nogel. laying, seitik. lazaret, lazet. lazily, neduto. laziness, nedut lazy, nedtirik. lead, plum, plumin. lead, dug, dugaxn, duk, (iafcum. lead, dugSn. leaden, plumik. leader, dugel. leading, dugol. leaf, bled, blog. leafy, blogi^s.. league, fed. leagued, fediTs.. leaguer, /edei. leak, voad. leak, voadik. leak, voadiin. leakage, voad. leakiness, voad. leaky, voadik. lean, nepznik. . leanness, nepin, nejo/cn. leap, gon. leap, gonba. leaper, ^onel. leap-year, yel del&B 3 6 ft. learn, lenadon, tidBn. learned, TpetidQl. learner, lenadel. GTIAMM-VR OF VOLAPUK. 311 learning, tidaj. tid&m. lease, kodut. lease, Icodutbn. least, luan. leather, skit. leathern, skitik. leathery, sMlik. leave, luv, lumxa, dal. leave, letxm, luvon. lector, liladel. lecture, lilad. lectnie, liladun. lecturer, liladel. leech, gib. left. pe/aTOl, nedeto, nedeftio, ne(2e2aliko, necferit, nedet&iik. left-handed, neu<^l. mitigation, madam, meilad, meiladaxa. mitigative, mtufik, meiZfwfik. mitre, bijopa'^oi. mis, migon. mixed, miyik. mixedly, ;je»ilik. mixer, migei. mixture, mig; pem. moan, '^ag. moan, '^agon. moat, sop. moat, sopbn. mob, Inpop. mobbish, lupopik. mobile, inu/ik. mobility, tmtfot. mock. kof. mock, kof on. mocker, ifco/el. mockery, kofen. mode, mo2ad. model, fomfA. model, fomoM.. modeller, fomA. modelling, /omam. moderate, ma/ik. moderate, maf^akan. moderately, mq/'lik. moderateness, mafoi. moderation, mafksa, mafod, jna/odam. moderator, ma/el, ma/odel. modem, moladik. modernization, moladsisi. modernize, moladaa. modernized, molcuEk. modemizer, moladA. modest, miikik, sUJak. modestly, mukiko, SKUK. pacific, piidik. pacifically, piido, piidiko. pacification, piidani, sftVam, pacificator, piideX. pacifier, piidel, kotenel. pacify, kotenon, piidm, stiion. pack, pak. pack, pakon. package, pakem. packed, -pepdkHl. packer, pakel. packet, paked. packet, fiiikil, pafcedil. pad, saed. pad, futoxi. padder, lapine:\. paddle, gulj. paddle, gubon. padlock, fcjfcam. padlock, kikon. page, bled, flan. page, hledon pageant, magif. pageant, \\imagifik. pageantry, lumagifen. pain, dol. pain, tomba, vexadon. painful feofat^ik, doKk. painfull}', rfoZiko. paintulness, fikul. pains, tob paint, kel. paint, panon. painted, panik. painter, panel. painting, pdnoi. paintress, ji-/)finel, of-panel. pair, telel, pal. pair, palon, palace, ledom. jjalanquin, polasfaZ. palate, smek. palatial, lerfomik. palatial, magifik., glolik.. palaver, lupiikot palaver, \upiik6xi. palaverer, hipiikel. pale, neledik. pale, budon. palely, neledo paleness, neM. paling, budol palish, ne/edlik. pall, hijop&mdned. pall, lesatbn. pallid, TudediV. pallidly, ntledo. pallidness, n&led. palm, pam. palm-tree, pamafctm. J palm, ciiton. palmer, pok&Ti. palmary, ciit. papable, senlik. papably, senliko. palpitate, nofcon, trilory. palpitating, nofcik. palpitation, nofcam. palsy, flap, palter, nes/urfSn. palterer, nestodel. paltrily, po/liko. paltriness, bap. paltry, po/lik, komumk.. pamper, zadon. pampered, lUxam\iV. pampering, 3arfam. pamphlet, pam. pamphleteer, vifapereadel. pan, gef. pancake, meled. pang, dol, tlep, tom. pang, tomm. panic, jek. pant, Xunatemon.. panter, stag. GRAMMAR 01' VOLAPiiK. pantry, lebog. papa, pap, fat. papacy, pnpah. papal, papik. papalize, ^ojoikon. papally, ^opiko, papo. pape, pap. paper, pop. paper-hanger, tdpel. paper-hangings, tap. papering, tdpol. paper-maker, popafahliidcX. paper- manufactorVipopa/hSiaJa!. paper-mill, popajn;;^ papilio, pah. parade, Inmagif, magif. paradigm, paradim. paradise, palad. paragraph, hagaf. paragraphic, haga/ik. paragraphically, bagafo. parallel, leigaiien. parallel, leigaZ?enik. parapet, hud. parapeted, JuaSk, parcel, pakil. parch, sigon. parching, s^ik. sigol. pard, leaf. pardon, fog to. pardon, {ogivon pardonable, fog'iBik. pardouableness, Sigivbi. pardonably, fo^iwo. parent, pael. parentege, gen. parental, fatik, paelik, i/jwrik. paring, jal. Paris, Paris. parish, pad. parish, pa£k. parishioner, parfeL Parisian, PSmel. paritor, nuuel. parity, leig. parley, musani. parley, musaimn. parlour, visil&cem parochial, paidik. parochialize, pddon. parochially, pado. parody, lepen. ' parol, murfik. parole, stimauorf. parricidal, fatawjotorfik. parricide, fat&mblod. parse, diliman. parsing, diimam. parson, pi-edA, pddel. parsonage, pad. parsonic, pddelik. parsonish, pddelH. part, dil. part, dilon part, teilon: livon. partage, &7am, diloi. partaker, kerfitedel. partaking, fetonam. parted, fogik. parter, rf(7el, teilel. partial dilo, paleAV. partialist, paletA. partiality, paletbi. partially, dilo. partibility, diloi. partible, rf/flk. participate, diliAon participation, dili^bi. participative, dilid. participator, fcopanal, kopuna\, kadilidel. participial, ladyekaftidik. participialize, ladyekaft/rfon. participially, ladyekaftirfo. participle, ladyekaAirf. particle, dilil. 336 GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. particular, patik. particularity, pat, daSaZod. particularize, detHlon. particularly, pato, ^adko. parting, dil&m.. parting, teilam, teil. partisan, ziipel. partisanship, ziipeliig. partition, dilam. partition, dilon. partitive, &7ik, dilbl. partly, dilik. partner, kediledel. partner, kopan&l. partnership, fcopanef. party, palet. pas, step, pass, belaloveg. pass, /enon, zidon, loYegoloyi. passable, golik. passably, goliko. passage, zid. passenger, tdvel. passer, zilag. passibility, sufam. passible, se«ik. passing, levem. passion, UedoA. passionate, 'zftk, Kerfodik. passionately, 'itiko. passionateness, 'ital. passive, sufikfomik. passively, sufo, sM/iko. passivit}'", suf&va.. pass-key, glekik. passless, neue^ik. passport, tavsipenoA. password, g!da,vdd. past, iegolug. past, efe^oZSl. paste, klebon. pastor, padel, fepel. pastorage, pad. pastoral, padelik., lanedik, pastorship, padelacoZ. pastry, bakoi. pasturage, meid, balad. pasture, meid, balad. pasture, meidon. pat, flapil. pat, flapon, nokon. patch, flabH. patch, Iximekon. patched, lumefcik. patcher, lumefcel. pate, kap; glop. patent, pat. patent, ^a^on. patented, pdAk. patentee, pai&n. patent-holder, pdtel. paternal, /atik. paternally, /ato, /ariko, paternity, fatef. path, SToasiveg. path, smaue^on, kulon. pathless, nefaZik. pathway, futauejr, smaveg. patience, sufad. patient, su/adik. patiently, sufado. patriot, fatanel. patriotic, fatdnelik. patriotically, fatdnelo patriotism, fatdnalot, patrol, zilek&g, galeva. patrol, zilekSigoTL. patron, Jelel, patronage, jel. patroness, ji-jele\; oi-jelel. patronize, JeWn. patronizer, jehl. „ pattern, sam, fbm. pattern, samBn, fomon. pattern-maker, fomel. pause, paud. GRAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 537 pave, siiton. paved, pesKJol. paver, siiiel. pavilion, tened. pavilion, tenedoTo.. paw, ral. pawn; pan. pawn, ^anon. pawnbroker, panam. pawnbroking, ^ananam. pawner, panel. pay, pel. pay, pelon. payer, pelel. paymaster, pelal. payment, pel, peZam. pea, peil. peace, piid. peaceable, padik. peaceableness, pudM. peaceably, pudiko, pUdo. peaceful, pfidik. peacefully, pudiiko, piido. peacefulness, taked, pudbi. peaceless, nepiiffik. peace-maker, pttdel. peacock, paf. peahen, ji-paf peak, piin, sped. peal, glokeTo.. peal, glok&a.. pear, bun. pearl, magab. pearl, magabon. pearl-diver, majrafiafitel. pearled, magdbik. pearly, magaiik. peasant, felel. meyel. peasant-like, /eZelik. peculiar, paAi., lonik. peculiarity, Zonug, iabaloA, pat. pecnliarize, deiiilon. peculiarly, pato. ped, ■p'&a.baset. pedant, pleidik. pedantic, pleidlik. pedantically, ^Ze;VZliko. pedantry, pleid. peel, jal. peel, jalon. peeled, j'alik. peeler, Jalel. peep, loged. peep, Zo^edon. peeper, Zo^'edel. peep-hole, loga.'^og. peer, baonei. peer, ftaonelon ■ peeress, ji-ftoonel. peerless, nefeZe?^ik. peerlessly, neieleigo. peerlessness, nefeZe^. peevish, todSlik, lezunik. peevishly, todaMko, lezuno. peevishness, todSl, leruncif. peg, piin. pegged, piirak. Peloponnesian, Pelopdnik. Peloponnesus, Felopan. pelt, skin, skun. pen, pen. pen, penoix. penal, ponik. penally, poniko. penalty, pon. penance, ponaA, pijn. pencil, pensit, stib. pencil, pensitbn. pencil, gliv. pencilled, pensitik. pencilling, pensit&ui. pendency, slop, pendent, slupik. pendulous, Idgdl. pendulum, pendiil. penetrate, dndlanoa. 22 338 GEAMMAE OF VOLAPUK. penetrating, durftonik. penetratingly, Andlano. penetration, dutftenam, penetrative, durftonik. pen-holder, penafcip. penitence, poraadof, pSnit, penitent, ponitik. penitent, ponitel. penitential, ponitik, ponadik. penitentially, ponadiko ponado. penitentiary, koefastoZ. penitently, ponito, ponado. penknife, penanciy. pen-maker, penamefcel. penman, penel. penned, penik. pension, baledamon. pension, baledamonon. pensionary, baledamonel. pensioned, baledamoraik. pensioner, b'aledamonel. pensive, ^Zwrnalik. pensively, glumalo. pensiveness, glumsl. pentagon, lulagul. pentagonal, lula^'wHk. pentagonally, lula^uZo. penurious, spalxiik. penurioualy, spaiZniko. penuriousness, spalndi. penury, daleb. people, net, pop. people, netorx. peopled, netik. pepper, pep. pepper, pepon. peppered, pepik. peppery, ^eplik. per, a. peraventure, bo, ba. perambulate, duspa^on. perambulation, Anspatsbm. perambulator, duspa^el, cil&vah. perceivable, senitik. perceivably, senito. perceive, semffin. perceived, pese/itVSl. perceiver, senzVel. percent, Aotum. perceptibility, suem, suemal. perceptible, suenak. perceptibly, suemo. perception, suem, sen, senam. perceptive, senik, senitSs.. perceptivity, sereo, s«reiko, senito. perchance, bo, ba. percolate, sulon. percolation, swZam percolator, sul. perdition, nib, Tcodemvh. perdu, Mrael. peremptorily, fmmo. codsXo. peremptoriness, film, peremptory, funak, co(Zatik. perfect, le/uZik. perfect, \efulxm., le/uZamon. perfecter, le/«Zel. perfectibility, \eful. perfectible, le/«Zik. perfection, \&ful, le/uZam, perfectionism, le/uZamlof. perfectionist, leyuZamel, perfective, le/uZamik. perfectively, le/«Zamo. perfectly, le/wZiko. perfectness, leful. perfidious, nefiediik. perfidiously, ne^etiiko. perfidiousness, nefied, perfidy, nejied. perforate, 'o^on. perforated, '^05'ik. perforation, '^o^am. perform, duinoa. performable, duinik. performance, dunxia. GRAMMAK OF VQLAPUK. 339 performer, dunel. performing, diinik. perfume, vap. perfume, rapon. perfttmed, ■pevapol. perfumer, vdpel. perfumery, ripen, peril, poiig- perilons. poliffik. perilously, poligo. perilousness, poltgof. period, tup. X)eriodic, tiipik. periodically, sotimo, tUpo. periphery, zum. perish, deilon perishahility, van, deSoi. perishahle, vamik, deilik. perishableness, van, deiloi. perishably, vano, deilo perished, edeilol- perishing, deilik. perishment, deS&ja periwig, "^eiad. peqore. 'olayuion- perjured, '^olayulik perjurer, 'olayufel. perjury, "^olayui. perk, lutfeiton. perk, bloton. permanence, dul- permanent, dulik. permanentlv, dulo. permission, \ulet, let. InZe^am. permissive, luiefik, ferik. permissively, Ifiteo. permit, luieion, d/ilon. permit, dal- permitter, Infefel, dalel. pernicious, ruMk. pemiciotKly, ru6iko, rubo. pemicionsness, ruboi, rid. perpend, Iconsidon. perpendicular, pendik. perpendicularity, pendikot. perpendicularly, pendiko. perpetrate, dunon. perpertration, tfunam. perpetrator, dunel. perpetual, ai. . . ; nezecSk, lereli^. perpetually, ai ; levelo. egelo, valimo. perpetuate, tenalon. perpetuation, tenafctm. perpetuity, tenal perplex, femik. perpexed, pe/emol. perplexedly, j'emo, kofudo. perplexedness, jem^f. perplexing, Jemik, kofudoi. perplexingly, jemo, kofudo. perplexity, jemoi. dev. perquisition, laramam. perquisitor, learaniel. perseverance, lerfuZam. persevere, \edul6n. persevering, leilona.ra preoccupanoy, bifaiam. preoccupation, biZafcam. preoccupied, bifajik. preoccupy, biZa66n. prepaid, bipe/ik. preparation, plepal pi'eparative, plepa&. preparatively, plepalo. preparatory, plspalik. prepare, plepalori, holiikon. prepared, ^%plepal6\. preparedly, plepaVik. preparer, plepahl. prepay, bipe^bn prepayment, hipel&va. preposition, plapod. prepositional, 'plapodik. prepossessor, hilabA. preposterous, i-arfik. preposterously, uaiiiko. preposterousness, vad. presage, pl'dfet&m.., GKAMilAR OF VOLaIUK. 349 presage, p/ii/eton. presageM, plofedk. presager, pte/e/el. presaging, plofetik. prescience, 'binol. prescient, binoZik. preseious, hinolik prescribe, plogon. prescribed, plog&. prescript, plog. prescription, plogam.. presence, plisen. present, plisenik. present, le^/cot, lof. present, nwion, lofon. presentable, moJik. presentation, legtvot lof. presentative, Zo/^ik, presenter, fo/el. presentiment, ble^en. presentimental, blesenik. presently, nn, pliseno. presentment, lof, lojava.. preservable, pfese/ik, konse/"ik. preservation, plese/a.m.. preservative, ples^ik. preserve, lesat;on, plesef on, kon- sefan. preserve, konsef. preserved, konsefH. preserver, konsefel, plesefel. preserving, konse/ik, plese/ii.. preside, hisiedon. presidency, hisiedam. president, hisiedel. presidential, bisieafelik presidentship, hisiedof. presider, hisiedel. presiding, hisiefSk. press, ped. press, pedon. pressed, pedii. presser, pede\. pressing, pedol. pressingly, petfiko. pression, pedain. pressman, pedei. pressure, pel, plofet. seethe , kilkmi. seize, sumon, gleipon.. seizer, sumA, gleipel. seizure, Zafeam. seldom, neo/en. select, seuaHk. select, sevdlon. selection, sewaZam. self, it. selfish, itasM'Hk. selfishly, itasafciko. selfishness, itasiik, iQnildf. self-love, itasafc, lomlof, I6f6k. sell, tedon., selon. seller, seZel. semblance, jin, leigiiA. semhlant, leigih. seminary, seminad. senate senat. senator, cifal seraatel. senatorial, senatelik, zelik. send, sedon, poton. sender, sedei. sensation, sen, senam. sense, sen, suem, suemal, ifcapal, suemSji, sien lisan. senseless, neZisamk, nesenik. senselessly, neZesaniko, neseniko. senselessness, nesen, neZjsare. sensibility, semi. sensible, senik, Zisareik, senidk.. sensibleness, senGi. sensibly, sereiko, Zisaniko, seniAko. sensitive, senik. sensitively, seniko. sensual, midSlik. sensualism, midal. sensualist, yofah. sensuality, midal. sensualization, mid<aa. sensualize, mid^lon. sensually, mtdaliko. sensualness, mz^al. sensuously, midaliko. sensuoussness, amidal. sentence, cMat, piiksdi, se^, sentence, cbd'dn, codofon, codaicm. sentential, piikedik. sententailly, pukediko. sententious, pukedTik.. sententiously, piikediko. sententiousness, pukedoi. sentient, senik, senamik. sentiently, senlik. sentiment, sen fek. sentimental, sereik. sentimentality, senof, senaL sentimentally, senlik. separability teildf. separable, iez'Zik. separably, teiliko. separate, teilou, livon. separated, teilik. separately, deiiilo. separateness, soal. separation, teilajn, teiL separative, teilik.. separator, teilel. sepiment, bud. September, setul. GKAMMAB OF VOLAPUK. 375 septenary, cetelik. septillion, velion. sepulchral, sepit. sepulchre, sep, \esep. sepnltnre, sepaxa. sequel, sek. sequence, sek. sequester, mopo2on. sequestration, Taopolam. sere, sigik. neZuniik. serene, klQik, daii^alik. serenely, hlibiik. sereneness, daZiSl, klil. serenity. Mil, A2tli&\. series, ked. serious, caeklot6n. shroudy, j'ulik. shrub, lu6m, smabim. Job. shrubby, lubimik, fobik. shrug, /oiam. shrug, joton, tforilon. shudder, diem. shudder, dlemon. shuddering, dlemik. shudderingly, dlemiko. shuffle, pemam. shufflle, lemu/on, pemon shuffller, \emufe\, pemel. ciitel. shuffling, kafik. shufflingly, ciltiko. shun, plafon, viton. shut, kikon. shutter, litaxn, lita,niii/ot. kikel. shy, plafik. shy, pla/6n, jedon. shyly, plaf iko, plaflik. shyness, plaf. Siberia, Sibiran. Siberian, Sibirdnel. Siberian, Sibvrdnik. 378 GEAMMAK OF VOLAPnK. sick, maladTik. ■ sicken, maladou. sickemng, naudSs.. sickliness, naud, maladoi. sickly, maladoSk.. sickness, malad, naud. siden, flan, sideways, /?Bnik. sieve, sib. sift, siJon. ' sifter, sibA. sightless, Meimk. sightliness, jon, venud. sightly, ySnik. sigil, snil. sign, maMn, diso^enon. signal, mak, mal. signal, mdkon. signature, disqpenam. signer, disqpenel, majfcel. signet, snil. significance, veiit. significant, veiitik significantly, veiito. signification, ma/am, veiit. significative, veiitik., wiaZamik. significatively, veiito. signify, malon, sinifon. silence, stil, nepiik. silence, nepfiion, stildn. silence! pafa&erfo, taked6\ silent, nepSHk, stilik ! silently, nepwHko, stiliko. silentness, stilQi, nepiikoioi. silk, satin, silken, satinik. silkiness, satinoi. silkman, satinaierfel silkworm, satin&xmm. silky, satinik. sillily, InaZiko. silliness, lucj'Wf. silly, lucz'Hk. silt, slam. silvan, fotik. silver, silef, silin(Ag.) silver, sile/ik, silver, sile/6n. silvery, silef ik. similar, leigik., ISnik, similarity, leig. similarly, leigo. simile, leiyViA. similitude, leigaA, ieleig. simple, 6aZnalik, balik, luaZik. simpleness, 6a/ikug, lua78f. simpleton, trof. simplicity, 5aZikug. simplification, finZiikam. simplify, Saffikon. simply, te, to. simulate, simulon. simulation, simul (szmuZam.Y simulator, simulel. simultaneously, togo. sin, sin. sin, sinon. since, also, ibo. since, sis. sincere, kciniidik, ra?/alik. sincerely, kdniido, nifalo. sincereness, kanudj nifal. sincerity, kantid, nifal. sinew, nev. sinful, sz'mik. sinfully, seraiko. sinfulness, sinot. sing, ^amVSn. singer, kanitel. singing, kauit. single, haladik., JaZnalik, soaZik, leSaHk. single, nepema^ol. single, Baffin, singleness, daSaZod, ianiid. GllAMJIAB OP VOLAPUK. 37» singly, lehalo, te. singular, banunzik, seledmk, patik.. singiilarist, selednah. singularity, h&num'di, selednoi. pat. singularly, pato, seledniko. sinister, vcidik, neteftik, doiik. sinisterly, neZafto, doiiko. sinistral, vddik, dobik- sinistrally, viidiko, neliibo. sinistrous, vodik. sink, dison. sinless, ne^mik. sinlessly, nesmiko. sinlessness, nesmof. ■ sinner, sznel. sinuate, di6/e^on. sinuation, Aiblegajn. sinuosity, klug. sinuous, klugik. sion, siop. sip, (ZZtnadil. sip, lui- smite, pSnina.. pudSn, flapon. smiter, pun, jlapel, pudel. smith, Wei. smithy, lelelen. smoke, smok. smoke, smokSrx, sm'dkoa. smoked, smoHk smoker, smokei., sm'6ke\. smokiness, smokoi. smoking, smokwoa. smoking room, smok&cem. smoky, smokXk, smolcik. smooth, sm«/"ik. smooth, smu/on. smoothly, smuflik. smoothness, smuf. smother, kofuda,vn., stom. smother, stomon, kldnSion- smoulder, lu_^ted6n. snail, snel. snake, snek. snaky, sneMk. snap, belt; tif, snap, suTOon, tifon, hlekcm. snapper, tiM, Mekei, beitel. snatch, m«e/am. snatch, mue/on. snatcher, mue/el. snatchingly, mtiefiko, sneak, slu^el. sneak, slupbn. sneaking, slup'61. sneakingly, slupiko. sneap, hlamon. sneer, kofon, befco/on, lu- smzVon. sneer, kofa,va., lusm^. sneerer, fco/el. sneering, kofik, lusmi?ik. sneeringly, ko/iko, lusmilo. sniff, natemon. snore, luna?emon. snorer, lunatemel. 382 GRAMMAB Or VOLAPUK. snort, natemon, snorting, natemik. snout, Inrmid. snow, nif. snow, nifon. snowy, nifik. snuff, tahakeA.. snuff, geb'6a tabak^A.. snuffle, sjjfcon, nudon. snuffler, siik&[, nudA. snuff, box, tabakeA&Vdk. so, also, aso, se kod at, sikod. soak, miiedon, kop6n. soaker, kopel, miiedel. soaky, miiediV. soapy, sobik. sober, mafik, /e/ik, siidik, soberly, mafiko. soberness, »ia/8f, siidoi. sobriety, siidoi, ma/of. sociability, kopanag. sociable, kopamk. sociableness, kopanng. sociably, kopaniko. social, kopamk. sociality, kopanag. socialize, kopanon. socially, kopaniko. socialness, kopanug. society, kopanom., klub. soflfa, sod. sofa, aof. soft, miedik, so/ik. soften, miiedbn, meilad6n. softened, miedik, so/ik. softener, miiedel, so/e\. \ softening, fibaxa, miidaxa, meilad, meiladSim.. softly, dus5! miiediko. softner, meitorfel. softness, zadal. sof. sobo! M! soil, miot, sten. soil, iieraSn, miotbu. soiled, miolXk, stenik. soiliness, miot, sten. sojourn, 6fa'68n. sojourner, hlibA. sojournment, 6Zt6am. solace, tlodou. solacement, tlod. solder, solddn. solderer. soldonA. soldier, solat. soldiery, solai&k. sole, soalik, leftaKk, ftaZadik. solely, soaliko. solemb, zelm. solemness, zel, zeloi. solemnity, zel, zeloL solemnizaton, zeZ. solemnize, zeZon. solemnly, zeliko, zetoik. soleness, soal. solicit, 6efc5n, hegbn, dieheffon, solicitant, bekel, begel. solicitation, beg. solicitor, fte^'el. solicitous, gli/ik. solicitously, glif lik. begiko. solicitude, glif-tlep. solid, soliidik.' solidity, solud, fwmili. solidly, solndSko. solidnesa, solud. solitaire, soatel. solitarily, soalKko. solitariness, soal, solitary, soaVik. solitude, soal, solo, baVixxa.. solvability, /"flmat. solvable, pliin^, fiimik. solvableness, /iiraat, planoi. solve, plan'6n. GRAMMAR OF TOLAPiiK. 383 solver, pldnel. some, ans, anik(s). somebody, ek, sembal. somehow, modo. sometiing, bos. sometime, senikitim. sometimes, sofomo. somewhat, bos, ioso. somewhere, sewop, egef(o). somewhereelse, uoriko. son, son. song, kanit, hanitem.. songster, kanitA. songstress, yi-kanitA, oi-lcanitA. son-inlaw, luson. sonorous, benoZonik. sonorously, benoioniko. sonorousness, benoZon . soon, suno, lesuno. soot, sut. sooth, vdauk. soothe, sft76n. soother, stilA soothing, sft'iam. soothingly, 5ft"fiko. sooty, surik. sore, doliSs.. sorely, tonals.. soreness, dol. sorrily, pofVik. sorrow, glnm, dol. sorrowful, pidik. sorrowfally, glurmk. sorrowfulness, ghm&X. sorry, glurmk. sort, sot, bid. sort, soton. sorter, sotel. sot, fop. sottish, fopik. tsottishly, /o;jiko. sottishness, fopea. .soul, Ian. sound, ton. sound, tonou. sounding, gldk&m. soundly, saunik. soundness, suan. soup, sup. sour, ziid. sour, zUdSs.. source, rig. souring, z«rfam. sourish, zawflik. sourishness, ziidimk. sourly, ziido. sourness, zildal. South, Sulud. south, suliidik. South-East, SuliiZe/arf. South-Easterly, sa]MefUdo. Sout-Eastern .., suluie/wd. South-West, SuliivesKd. South-west, suliiwsKdik. South-Westerly, suluuesfirfo. sovereign, solun. sow, sowon. sower, sowel. sowing, soaen. space, spad. spacious, spadOs.. spaciously, spado. spaciousness, spadoi, spadop. spade, sopon. span, span. span, spanon. Spanish, spdrak. spanner, spanel. spare, spaion, spaten. sparing, spaZiid. sparing, spaZik. spaningness, spal. spark, spag. sparkful, spagik.. sparkish, spajiik. sparkle, spag'on. 384 GBAMMAB OP VOLAPuK. sparkle, spag. sparkler, spagel. sparrow, sp^r. spatter, . sputon. spawn, smaf. spawn, sma/Hn. speak! sCigol paso^'oj speak, piikoiL, vodon. speaker, pilkel. spear, sped, spear, spedon. spearman, spedel. special, padk. specially, pa&o. specialty, pat. speck, spek. speckle, spek. spectacle, jov. spectacles, liin. spectator, Zo^edel. spectre, spuk, Intikal. speculate, sidmon, helogon. speculation, beZo^am ' speculatist, beZo^el. , speculative, beZo^ik. speculatively, heloglik, be%iko. speculativeness, siiimoi. speculator, beZo^el. speech, puk, sag, lenpiik. speech, pukon, lenp^fcon. speed, spid. speed, spidon. speeder, spidA. ' speedful, spidiik. speedily, spido. speediness, spid. speedy, spidik. spell, magug. spell, silaVoTi. speller, sildbA. spelling, sz7aJam, lotogaf. spend, ditMu. spendthrift, Zifcamel. spew, Xusput^To., sputon. spewer, luspuiel, sputA. spice, zib, spir, pit. spice, zibou, spirbn. spicer, zibel, spirel. spicy, piiik. spill, tometon. spin, spulon. spindle, sped. spinner, spulel. spinningworks ; spulen. spinster, ji-spulel, of-spulel. spirit, spit, tikal, Ian. spirit, Zanon. spirited, spitik. spirits, spit. spiritual, spiak, tikahiik.. spiritualism, siiimoi, val^. spirituality, iifcalnof spiritually, fo'telnik. spit, sped. spit, spedSn. spit, sputon. spite, 'et, ponit. spiteful, '^etik, badxigik. spitefully, "^eriko, ftarfugiko. spitefullness, ^etof, badng. spitter, spw^el. splash, fiv, lu?afcil. splendid, glolik, magifik. splendidly, gloliko. splendour, magif, nid. splice, sUton. splice, slita,m., splint, sUton. split, slit. split, sliton. splitted, slitik, splitter, slitel. spoil, lapin. spoil, lapinon, distukbn. spoiler, lapinel, distukel. spoilful, lapinik, distukik. GRAMMAH OF VOLAPUK. sponsion, spon. sponsor, sponel, sponel. sponsorial, sponehk. gponsorship^ spon. spoon, spun. spoon, spunon. spoonej', dfroZik. sport, pled, cog, drol, yagen. sport, pledon, bofon, yofaa. sport.er, kofal, fasedel. sportfiil drolii., yo/ik, bofiln. sportfally, drolmk, yofo. sportfalness, yof, 6o/en, sportsman, 6o/el, yagA. spot, jemoA, sten, plad. spot, stenon, miotozi. spotless, nestenik, nebe^fenik. spotlessly, nebesfeniko. spotlessness, nebesten. spotted, siemk, miotik. spotter, stenel, mtotel. spotty, sienlik, mioMk. spouse, ji-matel. spouse, Tnafokon, maton. spout, skut. spout, skuton. spray, tuigil. spread, fag. spread, veiton. spreader, veitel. spreading, veitaro. spree, fcopon. sprig, tu^ni- spriggy, toa/ik. spriglit, spuk, lu^i^al. spiightful, yofitk, Ufik. sprightfuUy, yofliko, yofo. sprightfulness, yof, yofaX. sprightliness, yof, gaJal. sprightly, yo/lik, lifiik.. spring, flolaiiOT. spring, flolaz/mik. spring, rig, bun, /oraad, fon. spring, feunon, ybnon. springer, 6unel. springing, feunik, fomk springtime, flola^jm. sprout, gelmin. sprout, gelmtniiTi. spume, skom. spume, skomon. spumy, skomik. spumous, skomik. spur, stigbii. spur, spor. sputter, sput. sputter, sp««6n. squabble, zan. squabble, zanon. squabbler, zanel. squadron, jvadan, skad. square, vadat, fola^ara. square, vadatik. squre, vadaton. squ'Erely, vadatlik. squaeak, luuofcem. squeak, lut'oMn. squeaker, luvokel. squeeze, pedsun. squeeze, pedon. squeezer, pedei. squeezing, ^erfik, pedaadk. squirrel, yat. stab, spinaja. stab, spinSu, dagoa. stabber, spinel. stability, fim, leveloi. stable, ^njik, leveKk, dulik. stableboy, jevala,n. stableness, fim, leoeKt. stag, stag, stage, stad, t«at. stagger, so^on. staggering, zog, dot. staggeringly, zoyiko. stagnancy, tak. 25 386 GBAMMAK. OF VOlAPtlK. stagnate, takon. stagnation, tnlc. stain, sten. stain, stenon. stained, stenik. stair, slab. stake, venud, kin&w.. stake, veniidon, fcmdn. stale, batasife. stall, buig. stallion, lejeval. stammer, stotbn. stammerer, stotel. stammeringly, stbdko stamp, penedtimak. stamp, stap, jok. stamp, stdpbn, rnakoji, jokon. stand, stan, storabp. stand, stanoa. standard, j/ia/am. standing, stanHX. standing, cal, stad. star, stel. starch, poded, kleb. starch, sftyik. starch, podedon. starcher, ]i-p6dedel, oi-podedel. stai'chness, stif, stenud(6f). stare, lufojram; star. stare, InZo^on. starer, luZog'el, staring, luiog'ik. staring, Inlog. staringly, luZo^iko. start, begin, jek. start, beginon, jekon. starter, beginel. starting, 5«^mik, jekik. startingly, ^eHik. startle, /efcSn. startle, jek, jekstxa. startling, jeHk. startlingly, j'eklik. starvation, deilam, (plo potiit). starve, deilon, (plo potiit) state, cal, stad, stajen, sied, tat. state, lesagQyi, lediikon. stateliness, cad, dinit. stately, gloliko, magiflik. statement, nomani. statesman, camel. station, stejen, cal, stad. station, pladon. stationary, stan, stonop. stationer, bukaseZel, popase/el. statistics, statit. statue, fcoflfab, koAsihakd lihu. stature, fom. statute, statud. stay, stop, ytif. stay, yufoa, stopon. stead, plad. steadily, leveliko, Jimiko. steadiness, flm, leveloi steady, _^mik. steatiy, fimon. steal, tifoTo.. stealer, tifel. stealing, tifo\. stealingly, ft/liko. stealth, tifen.. stealthful, tifl&. stealthy, ft/ik. steam, stem. steam, stemon, stomon. steam-boat, stemaio^ steam-engine, stemacm. steamer, stema5o<, steamy, siemik. steed, jeval. steel, 4ulin. steel, diilinik. steely, diiliniik. steep, miiedoa. steeple, tvim. steer, gub'na. GKAMMAR OF VOLAIUK. 187 stem, stam. stem, stopon. stench, lusmel. stenography, vifapenadav. step, step. step, slepoa. step-brother, Inblod. step-child, Incil. step-daughter, ji-liison, of-luson. step-father, \afat. step-mother, Imnot. step-sister, y.-hiblod-. oi-hxblod. step-son, luson. sterility, ae/et. stem, jalepik. st-emly, /atepiko. sternness-, jalep. stick, spatin. stick, klebon. sticky, klebik. stiff, sti/ilsi. stiffen, stifon. stiffener, slifel. stiffly, sti/aik. stiffness, stif. stifle, muedon, nefiedon. stile, put. still, stilik. still, stilcn. stiller, stilel. stilling, stilaxLi. stillness, stil itilly ! so ! takedo ! stimulant, stigik. stimulate, stigon. stimulation, stigdum. stimulative, stiglik. stimulator, stigel. sting, stig. sting, spitwn. stinger, fpinel, stigel. stingUy, motw-liko, fUliko. stinginess, ful. stingy, stigik, fiilik, 7»07»alik. stink, lasmel. stink, lusmelon, smelon badlik. stinkard, lusmefel. stint, lonam. stipend, leinesed. stipend, lemesedon.. stipple, piinon. stipulate, slipQa, stipulation, stip, stipa,m., stipulator, stipel, Zonel. stir, hoset. stir, mufon, miifon. stirrer, mti/el, mii/el. stirring, mu/ol, mvfo\. stirrup-xanamet^. stitch, stik. stitch, stikon. stitched, sfzAik. stitcher, stikA, oi-stikel, ji- stikei. stitching, s//ten. «tock, gleip, stam, stok. stock, blimrm, stokijn. stockfish, stokiit stocking, stog. stoke, Jil6Q, fonon. stoker, yonel. stomach, stomag. stone, aton. stone, stondn. stoner, stonA. stony, stonsik. stool, stal. stoop, don/uton. stop, stop, stop, stop, stopbn, stopon, neleton. stoppage, stopam, stop, stopper, stopel, stopel. store, cajo&magad, stok. store, stoion. stork, stor. storm, tep. 388 GUAMMAB OP VOLAPuK. storm, tepon. stormer, tepel. storminesa, iepoi. stormy, iepils.. story, mar, Insag, koned, kon. stout, Mnik, pienik. stoutly, kimko, Zanzmiko. stoutness, kin, dUfag. stove, fdn. stow, kumon. straggle, polon. straggler, polel. straggling, p67ik. straggling, polxih. stragglingly, ^joHko. straight, stedik. straighten, stedbn. \straigMly, stediko. straightness, sted. strain, pedTam. strain, pedoji. strainer, pedel. straining, pedaxa. strait, stedik. straitly, stedikO' straitness, sted. strand, jol. strand, jolon. strange, seledmk, fogimk. strangely, seZeefniko.' strangeness, seledabi, foginiit. stranger, fogine\, foginah, se- Zcinel. strangle, lepetfon. strangled, lepedik. strangler, leped&l, strangling, leped, leperfam. straw, stol. strawberry, ial&bdl. strawy,' stoZik. stream, le/lum, flum. stream, flumUn. streamer, flumel. streamlet, ,/Zumil. streamy, ^amik. street, sut. strength, stenildoi, stenud. strengthen, ndmon, stehudon, valiidon. strengthener, steniidel. strenuous, ba/olik, steniidik.' strenuously hafolo, sieniido,. strenuousness, ledul, zil. stress, leheZojiam, mefcad. stress, jembn. stretch, tienon, tenon. stretched, -petien&i. stretcher, tienel. strew, disipbn. strewing, disip, disip&ra.. strickt, kaludik. stricktly, kaludo. stricktness, kaludSt. stride, step, stride, stepQn. strife, dikod, zan; steif. strifeful, dikodik, zanik. strike, flapSja, ZonSn, (of clocks.) striker, flapel. strikingly, konsidiko. string, jain, tan, le/ad. string, benotonSn. stringy, jainik, tamk. strip, neie^on, niidon, jalaa. strive, steifan, zanSn, dikodfiT:\. striver, steif A; dikodel, aanel. striving, steif axa. stroke, jok, copamr stroke, /okon. stroker, j'okel, stroking, Joklik. stroll, pSliue^am, tudil. stroll, pOliBe^ron. stroller, ■pblivegel. strong, steniidik. namik. stronger, steniidikwm. GKAMMAK OF VOLAPUK. strongly, stenudo, namiko. strop, jaiml. structnral, 6untik. structure, bum, 6umot struggle, komip, steif struggle, komipon,' steifoa. straggler, komg>el, steifel. struggUng, komipik. strut, bldtam.. gtmt, bloton. strutter, ln^2o/el etabborn, kinik, totfalik. stubbornly, kiniko, toda^o. stubbornness, kin, todal. student, studel. studied, estn£k., pefufol. studious, studol, zUik. studiously, 2tZiko. studiousness, dut, dutot. study, stud. study, studon stuff, laklqf, stof, stof. stuff, /uldn. staffing, fulol. stumble, so^on. stump, netipik. stump, netipon. stumpy, jietipik.. stun, stundn stunning, stunik. stupe, ^toftel. stupe&ction, stun, nesen. stupefactive, stunik. stupefy, stunon. stupendous, siunik. stupendously, sturdko. stupendousness, stunot. stupid, stupik, globik. stupid, stupA, globel. stupidity, stup, stujal, glob, stupidly, stiqAik. stupidness, stup, glob. «tnpified, stunik. stupifier, stunel. stupify, stunon. stupor, nesen, stun, sturdily, ioloOko, ne/emiko. etardiness, bolot, ne/emof. sturdy, bolotik. stutter, stot. .stutter, stolon. stutterer, stotel stuttering, slotik. stutteringly, stotiko. style, stul, mod. style, tiddon, calan^mou. styUsh, cotfik. styHshuess, cad. suavity, Id/lot. subdue, lepeddn. subdued, l^etfik. subduer, lepedel- subject, lonedel, subyet. subject, yokiin, subyeton subjection, yoiam, subyetsna. subjective, yokik, subyetik. subjectively, yoHko, subyetiko. subjoin, la^iKon. subjugate, yokoa. subjugation, yokaia. subjugator, yokel. subjunctive. m6ga&«Z(ik). subline, cddik, subimik. sublimely, subimiko, bizu^lik. sublimeness, subim, cad. sublimity, subim, bizu^of. submission, lonedoi. submissive, Kne£k. submissively, ldne£ko. submiasiveness, Vinedoi submit, yoifcon, loveieton. subordinate, lonedik. subscribe, disopenon. subscriber, disqpenel. subscription,desqpen,disqpenam. subsist, siZimon. 390 GB.AMMAU OF VOLAPUK. subsistent, siimik. substance, itof, kop. substantial, iiik, kopik. substantiality, itof substantialize, volekon. substantially, itiko. substantive, itik substantive, subsat. substantively, itiko, substitute, pladal. substitute, pladaVdn. substitution, pladalimi. substract, lunon. subtile, slenik, /einik subtilely, sZeniko, feino. subtileness, slen, fein. snbtility, fein, slen. subtle, \w.hruti\L, ia/ik. subtleness, \x\.oisedx\g. subtlety, \avisedxig. subtract, lunon. subtracter, Z«nel. subtraction, lunaxa. suburb, \yi.zif. succeed, plop&xi, sukom. succeeder, swtel. success, fin, lab. successful, liiKk. successfully, te'ftiko. successfulness, lab succession, ked, suk, sukaxa.. snccessional, fcerfik', s«Hk. successive, tenfik, siiHk. sviccessively, kedWo. successor, sukdi. succour, yuf succour, yuf6n succoiirer, j/«/el such, som. suck, sugon. sucker, sugel. snckling, sugel. suction, sugoA. sudden, sitpttik. suddenly, siipito. suddenness, slipit. sue, \ehegm, plekm. suffer, s«/5n, liedoix. sufferable, sw/ik. sufferably, liedo, su/iko. sufferance, lied. sufferer, liedA, su/el. suffering, lied suffering, lied'ik. sufferingly, /zerfiko- suffice, satm, binon sdtik^ sufficiency, sat. sufficient, satik. sufficiently, sariko. suffix, plapod. suffix, pldpodon. sugar, jueg. sugar-cane, jueg&rid. sugar-work, juegea. sugary, jueg\\. suggest, mobon. suggestion, mo5am. suggestive, vinegSk., m,6b\k. suicide, iiam'dlod. suit, beg, pozet, gita/e?"?, keel- hlotsxa. suit, pot^n, iafemon, fcto^oii. suitable, polik. suitably, jooriko. suite, suk2iA, ked. sulkiness, hadwg sullen, 6a«?ugik. sullenly, 6a5(. tardy, zogiV, nedutik. tariff, taif. tarn, lulakii, fiv. tarnish, stenon, mioton tarnished, stenik, njjotik tarrier, zogel. tarry, zogSn. tarrying, zog. tart, konfed-ibakot, lehakoi. tart, lezudik. tartish, leziidlih. tartly, leziido. tartness, leziid. taste, smek. taste, mudon, giitOn, iesmekbn., tasteful, smekii.. tastefully, smeHko. tastefulness, smekbi. tasteless, nesmekik. tastelessness, nesmek. taster, blufel, fesm«tel guie\^ tastily, sineHik. tasting, blu/am. tasty, smefcik. tatter^ hiklof. tatter, slitbn- tattered, laklofik, sUtik^ tattle, lupiikot. tattle, lapiikbn. tattler, lapiikel. tattlery, \npiikoi. tattling, hipiikoi. tattlingly, hTpaJiotlik laj5?VAiko\. taunt, levemiXno, legeilii.. taunt, nof. taunt, no/On. taunter, no/el taunting, nofik. tauntingly, no/'iko taurus, xoil tavern, wmop, labot lotbp, taverner, loteh tavern-keeper, lotA, taw, jainbn. tawdrily, luma^zTikch tawdriness, ladekbi. tawdry, lamagi/ik. tawdry, Inmngifen. GEAMMAK OF VOLAPuK. 395 tawer, jaineh tawery, jainen. tawniness, taeninoi. tawny, taenimk. tax, tlip, diiv. tax, dimu. taxation, et6n. toaster, d\ina,pete\. tobacco, tabak. -tobbacconist, tabakel. tobacco-pipe, pip. to-day, adelo. toe, fin?i^. toed, flnapik. together, kobo. toil, tob. toil, t'dhon. toilsome, ioMk. toilsomely, <3&iko, [MAR OF VOLAPiiK. 403 "troublesome, toiik, holoAk troublesomely, tohtik, holadlik. troTiblesomeness, boladoi. troubling, bolaeSk. trousers, blit. trout, taut. trowsers, blit. truant, nei^utik, vagik. truce, vafa/ofc. trudge, i;umon. true, kdn!(di\, veladk. trueness. kanud, velat. truly, vdato. vo. tnunp, topet. trumpery, \adeb. trumpet, topet. trumpet, topeton. trumpeter, topetel. trunk, stam. komfed. truss, tuf truss, Idkon. trust, konfid trust, konfidoa.. trustee, tiitel truster, konfidel. trustful, konfidik. trustfully, konfido. trustfulness, konfidoi. trastily, fiedik, snaiik. trustiness, fied. trusty, fedik. truth, velat. truthful, veladk. truthfully, ve'atiko. truthfulness, vela&l. try, bia/oTi, stei/Sn. tub, tub. tube, rud. tubular, riidik. Tuesday, tnsrfeZ. -tug, zug. tug, zugou-: tenon. tugger, zugel, tenel. tuition, tef, te^am, jel. tumble, fal. tumble, faloTx. tumbler, falA; bilaglat. tumbling, faJLol. tumult, volut. tumult, voliUon. tumultuous, wo/uftk, tepik. tumnltuousily, voluAko, lepo. tnmultuousness, volittoi. tun, tub. tune, ton tune, benotdnon. tuneful, tonik benotonik. tunefully, benotoniko. tunefulness, benofon. tuneless, nobenotonik. tuner, benotonel. tuning, benoionol. tuning-key, ionaJcik. tunnel, ninoue^, jop. tunnel, ninooe^on, jopbn. tunnelling, /opam. tup, jup. turbid, nekliilik. turbidness, iiekiiil. turbulence, volutof, tepal. turbulent, tepik. turbnlently, tepiko, iepo. turf, r'dnaJcuI. turfy, yebik. Turk, tiikdnel. Turkey, Tukan. Turkish, tiikanik. Turkisly, takdno. turmoil, boset. turmoil, boseton. turn, tul, iulsbva, flek, Jleka,va.. turn, tunon ; tulon, fiekon. turner, . wanderingly, ^oZiko. wanly, nelet/lik. wanned, neledol. wanness, tmUdxiQ. want, def, ned, zesud. want, nedoji, zesudbn. wanting, netfik, sesidik.. wanton, lenej>ue<£k. wanton, nazesiUEk. wantonly, nezes^iflik. wantonness, lenepSedug. war, klig. war, kligSn. ward, jep, /epam. ward, j'epSn. warden, cif, cj^al, «/el warder, jepA. ware, can. warebonse, cana>na^a<2. war&re, klig. warily, kautik. wariness, kant. warlike, UigVik- warm, camik. warm, ramon. warmer, t»2inel. warmly, camlik. 4U GUAMMAE or VOLAPUK. warmness, vam, vamsl vamoi. warmth, vam. -warn, monedba. ■warning, monedaxa, moned. "Warrant, dalava warrant, garanon warrant, garanif. warrantor, garanel. warranty, garanif. warrior, kliffel wary, kautik wash, vataked. wash, waiukon. washer, vatukel. washerwoman, of-vaffikel. washhouse, uaffiken. washing, uafukol. waspish, beitalik. waspishly, beiiaiiko. waspishness, heita,\. wassail, kopen. wassail, kop6i\. wassailer, kopel. waste, distuk. waste, distukon, noson. wasteful, distukik. wastefuUy, distuklik wastefuljiess, distukal. waster, distukel. wastethrift, K.'camel. ■watch, -pokaglok. watch, gal. watch, galba. watcher, galA. watchful, gal\k.. watchfully, galiVo. ■watchfulness, galoi. watching, galik. watchmaker, glokea. watchman, galA. watchword, galauodf. water, vat. water, dhnado^, Iwvaton. waterfall, vata/aZ. wateriness, waiikSf. watering, dlinaxa.. waterish, «adk. waterman, uaiel. watery, vatik. wave, vatsduhel. wavelet, vatdluhelTl. wax, vak. wax, vdk'an waxen, vaJak. waxy, wa'Hik. way, veg we, obs weak, mjterfik. weaken, miiedian. weakling, mUedel. weakly, mieedo. weakness, mued. wealth, luxam. wealthily, luxamlik. wealthiness, lUxam'oi. wealthy, l&xanak. weapon, vaf. weaponed, vafiV. wear, polon. wearer, potel. wearied, femk. weariful, /enlik. wearily, feno. weariness, fen. wearisome, /enik. wearisomely, femiko. wearisomeness, fenoi, lonfidxi.y. wear}', /enik. weather, stom. weatherwise, storoavik, weave, vw6n. weaver, uiwel. weaving, viv. web, vivot webbed, uiwotik. webbing, uzuotam. GKAMMAR OF VOLAPUK. 415 ■Webby, ruotlik. wed, ma/on, mo/okon. wedding, mateA. •wedding-daT. mat(ei)adel. wedding-feast, mataioZ. wednesdar. vesdel. wee, smaSk. weed, lopJon. weed, \fjplan6n. weeder, laplanel. weeding, luplansan. weedy, Inplanlik. week, TTg. week-day, -vigadel weekly, a Tig; vigiko ween. fuZ« whomsoever, aikele. whoop, \avokeia. whoop, luvokon whose, kels., kelns, ki/a,, khis,^ whosoever, sdkel. why, ibo? kikod. wick, Inzin wicked, liadik. wickedly, had\ik. wickedness, bad, badug.. wicket, yanil. wide, veidk. widely, fagik. widen, veiton. wideness, veit. widow, ji-utwdek widow, viudon. widowed, oindik, widower, viudel. widowhood, viiid. width, veit. wield, namon. wieldy, yumik. wife, ji-mate\. wig, 'eZad. wild, foet, foet^i: wild, foetik. wilder, foetam. wilderness, foe^bt: wildly, foetlik. wildness, foetHf. wile, kaf. wilful, noZSlik. wilfully, nolo, noZOlo-, wilfulness, tod&\.. wilily, kd/iko. GBAIIMAB, OF VOLAl>iiK. 417 ■wiliness, Mfot will, vil. willj vilou. ■willing, wifik. , willingly, wtZiko. willingness, vil&\, viM, lob. ■willow, vilod. wily, fca/ik. win, pofidon, da^ezon. wince, jiaphu, jokiin. winch, jok. wind, vien. wind, <«Z6n, flekon, winder, tulel, flekel. windiness, vienbf. ■winding, tul, flei. windingly, teZiko, fleklik. window, litaja. window, litaw.6n. ■windpipe, h\ta,riid. windy, viemk. wine, Tin. ■wine-celler, kavcn. wine-glass, vma.glat. wine-measure, vinama/. wine-merchant, vina^erfel. wing, flitad. wing, flitbn, fliinAon. winged, flita.Aik. wingy, /liia.dik. wink, vineg. ■wink, vinegoB. ■winker, vinegel. winkingly, vinegiko. winner, piifiidel. winning, pofiidik. winningly, pqfiidiko. winter, nifaftm. winter, mt&tima,. wintery, nitniirmk. winy, vimk. wipe, suipon, svipon. wiper, suipel, svipel. wire, dlat. wire, telega/on. ■wiriness, dlatoi. wiry, dlatik. wisdom, lifised, sap. ■wise, visedik, sapik, wisely, visedlik, sa^lik. wish, vip. wish, vipon. wisher, vipel. wishful, vipik. wishfully, vipiko. wishfulness, vipbi. ■wisp, tuf. wisp, tu/bn. ■wistful, fefik. wistfully, /efiko. wit, lisan, kapal, fcapaliip. wit, noZon. witch, ot-magugel. witch, magiigbn. witchcraft, magiig. witchery, magiig. ■witching, maguffHs.. ■witohingly, ma^%iko. wite, hlambn. with, ko, la, ke. withal, leigo. withdraw, mojroZon, withdrawment, mojroZam. withe, vilod. wither, sigbn. ■withered, sigik. witheringly, sigiko. within, ino. ■without, nen. witness, noel. ■witness, noelon. witticism, fasedbi. wittily, kapdlik. wittiness, ^apaliip. wittingly, nolblik. witty, kapaMk, lisonik. viisedik. 27 418 JGIIAMMAK, OF VOLAPuK. wive, matokon. ■wizard, magilgel. wizardy, magiig. wizen, sigon. woe, misal, yam, woe! vi! woful. pidik, lilg\k, misaKk. woe, liigon. woefully, K^iko. woefulness, liig'di, miaal, yam. woman, ji-man, vom, womanisli, vomik, jiiik, ]i-man- lik. womanishly, vomiko, ^iliko. womanishness, vomoi. womankind, yovnagen. woman-like, vomlik, ji-marelik. womanly, vomik, filii. womli, vilm. wonder, milag. wonder, stunon. wonderer, siunel. wonderful, milagik. wonderfully, milagiko. wonderfulness, milagoi. wondrous, milaguik. wondrously, milagmko. wonted, aidunik. wontedness, kosomoi, siidoAof. woo, ladon, wood, boad. wood, fot. wood-cutter, boadel. wooden, hoadik. woodiness, /oiam. woodland, foteva.. woody, fodk, boadmk, wooer, ladan, lofan, ladal, lofal. woof, vivot. wooing, menalik. wooingly, menaliko. wool, lain. wooUed, lainik. woollen, lainik. wooUiness, lainof. woolly, lainik. word, vod. word, vod6n. wordy, uocZagik. work, vob. work, wo56n, aoftadon. worker, voieL working, w.oJadam. workingday, vigarfe/. workman, uo6el. workmanly, wofcelik. workmanship, fag. workshop, vobacem. world, vol. worldlihess, talal. worldly, volik. worldly-minded, talik. worldly-mindedness, talal. worm, vum. worm, vumon worrier, vexadA, worry, vexadoTo.. worryingly, vexaSiiko. worse, lu, feorfikum. worship, dinit, stim. worship, lepZefcon, stimbn, di- mton, worshipful, \estimik. worshipfully, lesimiko, worshipper, leplekel, lesfemel. worst, hadikmi. worth, tug, dig, v51ad, worthily, digiko. worthiness, dinit. worthless, nedigik, worthlessly, nedigiko. worthlessness, nedig(6f). worthy, dinitel. worthy, digik. wound, vun. wound, vunHn. GRAMMAR OF VOLi.PUK. 419 vonnded, tunik. vraDgle, dikod, zan wrangle, dikodon, zanon. ■vrraagler, zanel, dikodel wrangling, dUcodot. wrap J ueadon. wrapper, kov. wrapping, read, wrath, zun. wratkfiil, zunik. wratkftjlly, suniko. wiathfolnesB, zunSf. wreak, vindit, vut wreakfol, vindiiik. wreath, festun. wreathe, /estunon. wreathy, /estunik. wrestle, kouiip. wrestle, komipon. wrestler, komipel. wrestling, komip. wretch, glibel, luman. wretched, pidik, misalik. wretchedly, misaliko. wretchedness, misaloi. wri^le, fl^ik, yumik. Wright, mehel, vobe\. wring, tomon, vexudon. wringer. lome\ vexade\ writ, penad. write; penon. writer, penel, peniiiel writhe, ^^n, flekon. writing, penaxn. writing-stand, penem. written, pepenol, penik. wrong, bad, dam, vad wrong, mi, ladik. wronger, ddmei. wrongful, hadik, rfamik. wrongfully, ddmiko, 6odiko. wrongly, vadik. wroth, vudk. wrought, petioJol. wry, shbik, ne/omik. wryness, slob.' xylc^rapher, xuloga/el. xylographic, xulogafik. xylografically, xuhgafiko. xylography, xiilogaf, xilogafen. yacht, naf. yard, met. yam, yan. yawl, smana/- yawn, Irxlofflm. yawning, \ulog. yawningly, luZ<^iko. ye, ols. yea,, si, lese. year, yel yearly, a yel. yearly, yeliko. yearn, yamon. yearning, yamsaa yeast, lef. yeasty, le/'ik, feinik. yell, Iwjok. veil, luKoton yelling, luwofcik. yellow, yelib. 420 GUAJIMAB OF VOLAPilK. yellow-brass, laten. yellowish, hxyelibik. yerk, flap, yert, /ofcon. yes, si. yesterday, adelo. yet, ab, ibo. yield, yiton. yielding, piik. yieldingly, yiliko. yoke, yok. yoke, ^ofcon. yoking, ?/oHk. yolk, yenog. yon, aei. yonder, aet. yonker, yanol. yore, iegohig. you, ol, ole, oli, oIb, ons, onse^ onsi, onss, o«ses. young, yunik. younger, yunikma. youngest, ^Mrakiin. yoiingish, yunli\, youngling, yunel. youngster, pul, yunel. younker, yunel. your, ola,, o/ik, ols&, okik, onsav onsik. youth, yun. youtfhul, ^unlik. youthfully, yunliko. youthfulness, yunaA. youthly, ^wnik. zeal, zil. zealous, zilik. zealously, zzViko. zenith, I6p. zero, nosareMm. zest, vdp'oTi. zinc, zik. zinc, zikon. zincky, zikik. zincous, zikik. zion, slop, zodiac, zodiak. zodiacal, zodiakik. zone, zon. zoned, aonik. zonule, zonil. zoology, nimtiN. zoophyte, plananim. ERRATA FOB GRAMMAR . P^e Line Printed Read 22 33 day d<^ 34 24 Tho To 33 19 ne one ERRATA FOB YtJCABULART. Page Colnmn Line Printed Read 63 2 18 atafianik ataflanik 66 1 5 eachoter each other 66 2 1 baton baton 7» 2 17 falsel &lse. 80 2 38 dajet dnjet 104 2 35 for horses for 3 horses 111 1 31 krits krit 111 1 32 fcristacil kritacil 117 2 43 masmas Xma£ 129 1 37 dity dirty 1S7 2 1 monton moniton 153 2 24 pop POg 168 1 28 till tow till now. 176 2 1 suomon snemon 19a 2 38 of yoTB of yore. 197 2 3 yunnl ynniilik 203 1 21 Uofon blefon 21-i 1 15 angularily angularity 214 1 16 angnlari^ angularly 227 1 33 steoram stenam. 263 2 28 blof blofon, 30S 2 13 ^it "^itik 354 1 41 pnbKcy publicly 358 2 8 folal flilal 363 1 22 yifon yilon 332 2 16 solemb, zelin solemn zelik 393 1 4 veizel jveizel 396 2 22 bulfon blnfon 405 1 26 stemik stenik 407 1 16 nedanfo nedanof 416 1 3 nel kel 420 2 14 youtfhul youthfal «-,',:p>.-QiJ.r>r.-;5 g0mm