,immmmmmm l^/f I Cjj^ p^l Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 1 51 01 08 Cornell University Library PQ 1682.Z5S64 Readings. 3 1924 011 510 108 RABELAIS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.G. 4- NEW YORK • THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY \ CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS J TCR.ONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALT. RIGHTS RESERVED RABELAIS READINGS SELECTED BY W. F. SMITH, M.A. SOMETIME FELLOW OF ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE WITH A MEMOIR BY SIR JOHN SANDYS, Litt.D. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1920 PREFATORY NOTE SOON after the publication Qi Rabelais in his Writings, Mr W. F. Smith agreed to edit for the University Press a selection from Rabelais's great romance. As he was then living at Cheltenham, he asked me to select from the revision of his annotated translation in the library of St John's College such notes as seemed desirable for the purpose. This I gladly agreed to do. Unfortu- nately, the exigencies of the times made it impossible for the Press to begin the printing before last October ; except for a couple of specimen pages Mr Smith never saw his book in type, and I have had to pass it through the press without his supervision. I have occasionally given the substance of his notes instead of his actual words, and in two or three places I have added a very modest quota of my own, but the notes to all intents and purposes are solely the fruits of Mr Smith's ripe learning and know- ledge of his subject. i The text for Gargantua and Pantagruel is that of F;ran9ois Juste, Lyons, 1542, and for Books III and IV, that of Michel Fezandat, Paris, 1552. Gargantua has been printed from the new edition of the CEuvres de Yranqois Rabelais edited by Abel Lefranc and other distinguished Rabelaisians (Gargantua 1912-13), and the other books from the edition published by Jouaust, 4 vols., 1885, controlled by that of Marty- Laveaux, 6 vols., 1868-1903. ARTHUR TILLEY. Cambridge, April, 1 923- MEMOIR William Francis Smith, the elder son of the Rev. Hugh William Smith of St John's College, was born on October 20th, 1842, at Brackley in Northamptonshire. Educated at Shrewsbury, he had nearly attained the age of twenty when he came into residence in October, 1 862, as the holder of one of the best of the "Open Exhi- bitions" awarded for Classics. As an Old Salopian, he long retained a vivid memory of that great head-master, Dr Kennedy, of whom he had many a happy story to tell in the company of his College friends. Outside the walls of St John's, his closest friend was John Maxwell Image of Trinity, who was bracketed second in the Classical Tripos of 1865. W. F. Smith himself won the second place in the following year, and both were elected Fellows in the same year as myself — 1867. From 1870 to 1892 he was one of my most loyal colleagues as a classical lecturer, the favourite subjects of his public lectures being Sophocles and Plato, and Aristophanes and Plautus. On the coming in of the New Statutes, in 1882, he married a devoted and accomplished wife, who shared his wide interest in modern languages. He applied the highly-trained aptitude of a classical scholar to the ac- quisition of an accurate knowledge of early French literature. Among his favourite authors was Montaigne, but he concentrated all his published work on Rabelais. He was in the best sense of the term a homo unius libri. His "new translation" with notes, and with letters and documents illustrating the author's life, was published by subscription in two handsome volumes in 1893. Two selected portions of the translation were privately printed in small quarto with vellum covers, "the first edition of book iv" in 1 899, and " Rabelais on Civil and Canon Law" in 1 90 1. Shortly before 1908, when I came to the subject Vlll W. F. SMITH of Rabelais in the course of my History of Classical Scholarship, I was fortunate enough in inducing my friend to write on my behalf a notice of that author, as a student of the Greek and Latin Classics, which fills more than two pages in the second volume. Late in life he produced a compact and comprehensive work entitled Rabelais in his Writings, published in an attractive form by the University Press in 191 8. The most obviously competent notice, that in The Lancet of 4 May, 191 8, is known to have been written by the late Sir William Osier. Two quotations from that notice must suffice : Of these illuminating studies [those of Abel Lefranc and others in the ten volumes of Les Etudes rabelaisiennes\ Mr Smith, himself a participator, has taken full advantage in a work just issued from the Cambridge Press. First of all a humanist, Rabelais can only be interpreted by a fellow-student who knows the highways and byways of ancient literature. It will please our French colleagues not a little to find an Englishman so thoroughly at home in every detail relating to one of their greatest authors.... We trust this admirable study of the great Chinonais may awaken a renewed interest among us in the writings of a man who has instructed, puzzled, and amused the world, and who has helped "to pass on the torch of learning and literature to many leading spirits of other ages and countries." The epilogue to Mr Smith's book ends with a tanta- lising paragraph beginning with the words: "As he borrowed freely from other sources, ancient and modern, so his own books have supplied much matter and many ideas to writers who succeeded him." Among these writers mention is briefly made of Bran t6me and Pasquier, Montaigne and Moliere in France; and, in our land, of Ben Jonson and Nashe, Bacon and Burton, Sir Thomas Browne and Samuel Butler (the author of Hudibras), and lastly Lawrence Sterne and Walter Scott. Mr Smith might easily have written a whole chapter on these imitators, with details as to the indebtedness of each. It was only with the author of Hudibras that he dealt fully in the second chapter of the eighth volume of the Cambridge History of English Literature. W, F. SMITH IX He was also interested in the printed sources of Rabe- lais, and made a comprehensive collection of about 250 volumes, including facsimiles or reprints of early editions and copies of the authorities used in his writings. In 1919, by his own gift, this valuable collection found a per- manent home in the Library of his College. In the same year Mr Smith deposited with the Librarian of the College a complete revision of his annotated translation of 1893. This represents the ripe result of many years of continued study of his author, and it is much to be hoped that it may be published in a way that would be worthy of the translator's memory. After the termination of the College Lectureship in 1892, as the climate of Cambridge was little suited to a valetudinarian who was liable to attacks of bronchitis and rheumatism, Mr and Mrs Smith lived more and more abroad, either in Switzerland (mainly on or near the Lake of Geneva) or in Italy (chiefly in Rome or Florence). A man of alert and inquiring mind, a de- lightful converser, an admirable correspondent, and an accomplished linguist, Mr Smith undoubtedly gained much, in mental as well as bodily health, by not re- maining permanently in Cambridge. In the cosmopo- litan society of cultivated scholars in other lands his interests perceptibly expanded, while his general char- acter mellowed and ripened during his long residence abroad. After the outbreak of the War in August, 1914, Mr and Mrs Smith left Florence for Geneva, and ultimately for England. Their return restored Mr Smith to the full use of his books, of which he had retained only a very limited selection as his travelling library. They settled down for a time, mainly at Malvern, and also at Bath and Cheltenham, and Oxford and Cambridge. His familiarity with Rabelais as a humanist and a physician led to his receiving kind encouragement from the late Sir William Osier, who interested himself in a proposed new edition of the translation of Rabelais. X \V. F. SMITH Mr Smith's special study of the old Greek physicians, who were among his author's sources, prompted him to form a design for translating some of the more popular works of Galen, or selections from Hippocrates. But (owing partly to weakness of sight) it was too late even to begin to carry out either of these designs, especially as, in the early summer of 1919, there was a prospect of returning to the Continent, to a drier climate than that of England, which was denounced by my valetudinarian friend as hopelessly "water-logged." On May 24, Mr and Mrs Smith left England for France. Mr Smith had formally applied for the neces- sary passport with the express purpose of visiting places connected with his continued study of the life and writings of Rabelais. Rabelais never tires of speaking of Touraine, "the garden of France."^ Accordingly the travellers began with Tours. They then proceeded to the author's birthplace at Chinon, and, amid intense and exhausting heat, journeyed down to the sea at La Rochelle, with its lantern-tower of old renown, "the lantern of La Rochelle," which (as Rabelais himself says) gave Pantagruel and his fellow-travellers "a good clear light." ^ There they stayed until the middle of September, when they went on by easy stages to Pau. Early in November I wrote to Mr Smith enclosing a copy of the proposed book-plate for his gift to the Col- lege Library, while my main purpose was to break to him the news of the death of his friend John Maxwell Image. But he was already too ill to be told of the purport of any part of my letter. At the Hdtel de Jeanne d'Arc at Pau, he had been seized with a stroke of paralysis on October i6th. While his mind was wan- dering, his thoughts ran much upon his books, but the only person he then mentioned was "John Maxwell." After a severe illness lasting for six weeks, during which he was constantly tended by his devoted wife, he died on Friday, November 28th, the very day on which the I W. F. Smith's transl. vol. i, p. xxi. 2 ib. ii, 398. W. F. SMITH XI obituary notice of Mr Image appeared in the Cambridge Review. Thus these two loyal sons of Cambridge, these thoroughly patriotic and honourable Englishmen, who had been closely united for more than fifty years of an unbroken friendship which brightened and strengthened the lives of both, passed away in the same year of their age, and between the beginning and the end of the same month. They were "pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided."' J. E. Sandys. I will add a few words on Smith's services to the study of Rabelais. First and foremost is his translation. It has the advantage of being modelled on one of the greatest of English translations, that of Urquhart and Motteux; but Smith brought to his task a natural gift for writing pure and nervous English and an intimate acquaintance with Elizabethan literature. The result is that he ap- proaches Urquhart in spirit and has often independently hit upon a translation which is almost identical, word for word, with his. But his sense of scholarship has kept him closer to his text, and he has avoided the tendency to amplification which we find in Urquhart and still more in Motteux. It is a very notable piece of work, and deserves reprinting in a handier form than that in which it first appeared and with the revised notes which repre- sent more than a quarter of a century's faithful work. The most important feature of that work was the study of Rabelais's sources. In a letter written to me a few months ago, Smith said that he thought that he had dis- covered nearly all Rabelais's sources. What this means only students of that omnivorous "glutton of books" can appreciate; suffice it to say that it implies a search over nearly the whole field of classical literature (including I The above notice has been abridged from that in The Eagle for the Lent Term of ip'zo, which was an expanded version of the notice in the Cmnbridge Review of Feb. 6. S. b XII VV. F. SMITH medical writers like Hippocrates and Galen), over much juristical literature, and over a considerable range of literature more or less contemporary with Rabelais, both in Latin and in the vernacular. Some idea of Smith's work in this direction may be gathered from his Rabelais in his Writings, but the best example of his thoroughness is the long article on Rabelais and Erasmus which he contributed in French to the Revue des Etudes rabelat- siennes (vi, 215 and 375). Another important article traces the sources of "Rabelais's lists of fowls, fishes, serpents and wild beasts." This appeared in the Modern Language Review for October 1918 and is Smith's latest contribution to the study he loved so well. A. T. May^ 1920. FRANgOIS RABELAIS In the light of recent research Frangois Rabelais (born about 1490) proves to be the youngest of four children of Maistre Antoine Rabelais, senior avocat of the Chinon district and possessor of several properties and vineyards in the neighbourhood as well as of a house in the rue de la Lantproie in Chinon. As the youngest son, Frangois was destined for the ministry and received the tonsure about the age of seven. He was sent to school at the neighbouring Benedictine convent of Seuilly, where he was educated on a system such as that set forth in the fourteenth chapter of the Gargantua. After a few years he was removed, tradition tells us, to the Franciscan seminary of La Baumette near Angers, which had been founded by Rend, duke of Anjou and ex-king of Sicily, on the model of one called La Baume in Provence. There he is said to have made the acquaintance of JeanDu Bellay, the second of the brothers of the great Manceau family, who possessed large estates in the neighbourhood, and of Geoffroi d'Estissac. Du Bellay afterwards became Bishop of Bayonne and subse- quently of Paris, Limoges, and Le Mans, and Archbishop of Bordeaux, and Cardinal in 1535, while d'Estissac be- came Bishop of Maillezais, near the Franciscan monastery at Fontenay-le-Comte, where Rabelais was sent after he left La Baumette. The dates are uncertain, but his resi- dence at La Baumette is held by some to have terminated about 1511, by some about 1519. As a boy we may be pretty sure that he roamed about the countryside of Chinon visiting his father's various properties and taking part in the hawking and hunting parties in the neighbourhood, which being thick with forests and marshes was well adapted for such sports. At Fontenay-le-Comte he formed a friendship with "*2 XIV FRANCOIS RABELAIS Pierre Amy, one of the Franciscan brethren, and as Amy was a friend of Guillaume Bude, the great French scholar, and had taken up studies in Greek, Rabelais joined him in these studies. Amy induced Rabelais to write to Bud6 and the result is that we have a letter from him to the dis- tinguished scholar and two from Bud6 in reply, ranging in date from March 4, 1520 to January 27, 1524. Thus Rabelais and Amy were proceeding in their studies with the encouragement of the first scholar at that time in France, when their quiet was rudely interrupted by the conduct of the other brethren, who had been disturbed by the publication of the "Paraphrases" or explanation of the Pauline Epistles (Basle, 1 52 1 ) by Erasmus, which were decided to be heretical, and consequently involved all Greek books in the same censure. The two students were treated with some harshness and their books confiscated ; though they were afterwards restored through powerful influence, the position of the culprits could hardly be secure. Therefore Amy made his escape and Rabelais obtained from Rome an indult permitting removal to the Benedictine house at Maillezais, under the protection of the bishop, Geoffroi d'Estissac, his former friend, who was prior there. Here he enjoyed for some time the friend- ship of the bishop and his friends Andr^ Tiraqueau, Jean Bouchet and Amaury Bouchard, legal luminaries living in the neighbourhood. A curious matter occurred about this time in this small literary world. Tiraqueau had published in 15 13 and 1 5 16 a book entitled de legibus connubialibus, in which women had been held up to disrespect, and Bouchard had published a reply in 1 522. To this Tiraqueau had replied in 1524, and it is believed that a kind of court was held in which Rabelais and Amy were called in as arbitrators. In all probability this was the motive which induced Rabelais to take up the dispute later (1545) in his Third Book. An enlarged edition of Tiraqueau's book (1546) came out at the same time. Rabelais's Third Book at the end is greatly indebted to Tiraqueau's book, and it is FRANCOIS RABELAIS XV very probable that Rabelais saw it at the printers, while it was being produced, if he did not actually correct the proofs. But this is anticipating. The restless roving spirit of Rabelais now impelled him in the search of knowledge to visit the principal seats of education and learning — the Universities of France. Starting from Bordeaux, he passed by Toulouse and Montpellier — -where perhaps he made his first essay of medical study — up the Rhone to the North-west, where it is probable that he studied lawat Bourges andOrleans,and almost certain that he took up medical studies in earnest at Paris (1528-30). Thus he was able to take his degree as bachelor of medicine at Montpellier after only two months' residence, studies at the University of Paris being recog- nized at Montpellier as qualifying for a degree. At Montpellier he soon made himself a name by his courses of lectures as a bachelor of medicine, and two years later (1532), when he migrated to Lyons to get his lectures published by Sebastian Gryphius, the great printer, he was cordially welcomed and appointed physician to the Hospital in October at 40 livres a year instead of the usual 30. He now published an edition of Hippocrates's Aphorisms, and besides this an edition of the medical letters of Manardi, a distinguished Ferrarese physician, dedicated to Tiraqueau; an edition of the Testamentum Cuspidii, and a Roman contract of sale as specimens of genuine Roman antiquity. They turned out afterwards to be essays of the scholars Pomponius Laetus and J. Jovianus Pontanus,a fact revealed in a posthumous work of 1587 by Antonio Agusti'n, Archbishop of Tarragona. November 30 of the same year (1532) Rabelais wrote a letter to Erasmus overflowing with thanks to the great scholar for the help he had supplied to an unknown reader, and also warning him that an attack made on his Ciceronianus was not by Aleander but by J. C. Scaliger. By a strange chance this letter till recently has been looked upon as addressed to an unknown "Bernard Salignac," and has been a puzzle till the real addressee XVI FRAN(;OIS RABELAIS was made out by Prof. Ziesing of Zurich, where a copy of the original is preserved. In October 1532 Rabelais entered on his duties as physician to the Rhone-Hospital at Lyons, but it is almost certain that a month or so before this he had paid a visit to his native Touraine. He had nearly finished a giant- story, Pantagi'uel, to which he now added the final chapter or two and the Prologue. While he was on this visit a long and embittered lawsuit between his father Antoine Rabelais, as leader of the party of riparian owners on the Vienne and the Loire, culminated in a brawl be- tween the shepherds of Antoine Rabelais (Grandgousier) and the cake-bakers of Lerni who were tenants of Sc^vole, or Gaucher, de Sainte-Marthe (Picrochole), physician to the Abbess of Fontevrault, only a few kilometres distant. This seems to have fired Rabelais with the idea of writing another giant-story in which this contentious lawsuit should be represented in the guise of a tremendous war. The story was afterwards published under the title of Gargantua in 1 5 34. While following his occupation as physician at Lyons Rabelais devoted his leisure to humanistic studies as reader of the proofs to Gryphius, and to composing his Gargantua, employing in its composition a crude fabliau entitled Les grandes Cronicques du grant et enorme geant Gargantua which had a very large sale towards the end of 1532. This is recorded in the Prologue to the Panta- ^;7^^/ (published November 3,i532)as most successful and admirable. The Pantagruel is advertised as a book of the same kind, but more worthy of credit. But it nowhere says that the author is the same in the case of both books, though many critics have inferred that he is. The Panta- gruel is a giant-story of the usual kind, but interlarded with incidents derived from a curious book in macaronic verse by Merlin Cocai, the pseudonym of Theofilo Folengo, a monk who had emerged from the cloister and written a quantity of burlesque verses. There are also stories illustrating Paris University life. FRAN 3. 4. 6. 4 Nicol6 Tomeo Leonico (i.e. of Lonigo) taught Greek first at Venice (1404-6) and for the rest of his life at Padua. 5 Janus Lascaris (1445-1535), by birth a Greek, was a celebrated scholar who came to France from Italy in 1496. He helped Bud^ and Erasmus in their Greek studies. Charles VHI and Louis XH employed him on affairs of State. GARGANTUA 1 7 passaiges des auteurs anciens esquelz est faicte mention ou prinse quelque metaphore sus iceluy jeu. Semblablement, ou alloient veoir comment on tiroit les metaulx,ou comment on fondoit I'artillerye, ou alloient veoir les lapidaires, orfevres et tailleurs de pierreries, ou les alchymistes et monoyeurs, ou les haultelissier', les tissotiers, les velotiers, les horologiers, miralliers'-', impri- meurs, organistes^, tinturiers et aultres telles sortes d'ouvriers, et, partout donnans le vin, aprenoient et con- sideroient I'industrie et invention des mestiers. Alloient ouir les legons publicques, les actes solennelz, les repetitions, les declamations, les playdoyez des gentilz advocatz, les concions des prescheurs evangeliques*. Passoit par les salles et lieux ordonnez pour I'escrime, et la contre les maistres essayoit de tous bastons, et leurs monstroit par evidence que autant, voyre plus, en sgavoit que iceulx. Et, au lieu de arboriser, visitoient les bouticques des drogueurs, herbiers et apothecaires, et soigneusement consideroient les fruictz, racines, fueilles, gommes, se- mences, axunges, peregrines', ensemble aussi comment on les adulteroit. Alloit veoir les basteleurs, trejectaires et theriacleurs', et consideroit leurs gestes, leurs ruses, leurs sobressaulx et beau parler, singulierement de ceulx de Chaunys' en Picardie, car ilz sont de nature grands jaseurs et beaulx bailleurs de baillivernes en matiere de cinges verds. Eulx retournez pour soupper, mangeoient plus sobre- ment que es aultres jours et viandes plus desiccatives et extenuantes, affin que I'intemperie humide de I'air, com- municqud au corps par necessaire confinit^, feust par ce moyen corrigee, et ne leurs feust incommode par ne soy estre exercitez comme avoient de coustume. I Makers of tapestry. 2 Mirror-makers. 3 Instrument-makers. 4 Preachers of the Gospel. Cf. Garg. cc. xvii and XL. The early reformers called themselves "ceux de I'evangile." 5 Foreign unguents. 6 Tumblers, conjurors, and quack-salvers. 7 A yearly resort for actors, acrobats &c. I S GARGANTUA Ainsi fut gouverne Gargantua, et continuoit ce proces de jour en jour, profitant comme entendez que peut faire un jeune homme, scelon son aage, de bon sens, en tel exercice ainsi continue, lequel, combien que semblast pour le commencement difficile, en la continuation tant doulx fut, legier et delectable, que mieulx ressembloit un passetemps de roy que I'estude d'un escholier. Toutesfoys Ponocrates, pour le sejourner de ceste vehe- mente intention des esperitz, advisoit une foys le moys quelque jour bien clair et serain, auquel bougeoient au matin de la ville, et alloient ou a Gentily, ou a Boloigne, ou a Montrouge, ou au pont Charanton, ou a Vanves, ou a Sainct Clou^. Et la passoient toute la journee a faire la plus grande chere dont ilz se pouvoient adviser, rail- lans, gaudissans, beuvans d'aultant, jouans, chantans, dansans, se voytrans en quelque beau pr6, denichans des passereaulx, prenans des cailles, peschans aux grenoilles et escrevisses. Mais, encores que icelle journde feust pass^e sans livres et lectures, poinct elle n'estoit passde sans proffit, car en beau pr^ ilz recoloient par cueur quelques plaisans vers de Y Ag7-iculture de Virgile, de Hesiode, du Rusticque de Politian^, descripvoient quelques plaisans epigrammes en latin, puis les mettoient par rondeaux et ballades en langue fran9oyse. En banquetant, du vin aisgue^ separoient I'eau, comme I'enseigne Cato, De re rust, et Pline, avecques un guobelet de lyerre; lavoient le vin en plain bassin d'eau, puis le retiroient avec un embut; faisoient aller I'eau d'un verre en aultre; bastisoient plusieurs petitz engins automates, c'est a dire soy mouvens eulx mesmes. I Villages to the south and west of the University quarter of Paris, where it was usual to take a day's outing. 1 Politian's courses of lectures at Florence were often introduced by a poem in Latin hexameters. Four of these, Manto, Ruslicus (on Hesiod's Works and Days), Ombra and Lutritia have come down to us under the title oi Silvae. 3 Wine mixed with water. Aigue, ian and eve all occur in old French as equivalents for eau. Cf. aiguade in iv, 66, and Aigues-mortes on the coast of Languedoc. GARGANTUA I 9 Chapters XXV— XXXII relate the brawl between the cake- bakers of Lerne and Grandgousier's shepherds and the war resulting in the storming of the Abbey-Close and its defence by Brother John, the occupation of La Roche-Clermaud, the distress of Grand- gousier, his summons of Gargantua to help, his overtures through his envoy Ulrich Gallet, and his attempts to buy peace. CHAPITRE XXXIII Cofnnient certains gouverneurs de Picrockole^, par conseil precipite, le mirent au dernier peril Les fouaces destrouss^es, comparurent davant Picrochole les due de Menuail, comte Spadassin et capitaine Mer- daille, et luy dirent : "Cyre, aujourd'huy nous vous rendons le plus heureux, plus chevaleureux prince qui oncques feust depuis la mort de Alexandre Macedo." — Couvrez, couvrez vous, dist Picrochole. — Grand mercy (dirent ilz), Cyre^, nous sommes a nostre debvoir. Le moyen est tel : "Vous laisserez icy quelque capitaine en garnison avec petite bande de gens pour garder la place, laquelle nous semble assez forte, tant par nature que par les rampars faictz a vostre invention. Vostre armee partirez en deux, comme trop mieulx I'entendez. L'une partie ira ruer sur ce Grandgousier et ses gens. Par icelle sera de prime abordee facilement desconfit. La recouvrerez argent a I Picrochole (a word used by Hippocrates and Galen, signifying ill- tempered, choleric) represents Scevole (or Gaucher) de Sainte-Marthe, a physician of the Abbey of Fontevrault. He is called tiers de ce nom because his father and grandfather had occupied the same position at Fonte- vrault. He owned two estates adjoining those of Antoine Rabelais, one at Le Chapeau near Chavigny-sur-Loire, another at Lerne near La Deviniere. Sainte-Marthe had constructed a mill and made enclosures by piles and dams and otherwise, to the prejudice of owners of land on the rivers Vienne and Loire. These owners formed a company and chose Maistre Antoine Rabelais, the senior avocat, to defend their rights. It resulted in a protracted law-suit, which Fran9ois Rabelais describes in the Gargantua under the guise of a war with all its accompaniments of artillery, alarms, excursions &c. 1 From Kiptos, sometimes spelt Syre. 20 GARGANTUA tas, car le vilain en a du content; vilain, disons nous, parce que un noble prince n'a jamais un sou^. Thesau- rizer est faict de vilain. — L'aultre partie, cependent, tirera vers Onys, Sanctonge, Angomoys et Gascoigne, ensemble Perigot, Medoc et Elanes^. Sans resistence prendront villes, chasteaux et forteresses. A Bayonne, a Sainct Jean de Luc et Fontarabie sayzirez toutes les naufz, et, coustoyant vers Galice et Portugal, pillerez tous les lieux maritimes jusques a Ulisbonne'', ou aurez renfort de tout equipage requis a un conquerent. Par le corbieu, Hes- paigne se rendra, car ce ne sont que madourrez''! Vous passerez par Testroict de Sibyle', et la erigerez deux colonnes, plus magnificques que celles de Hercules, a perpetuelle memoire de vostre nom, et sera nommd ces- tuy destroict la mer Picrocholine. Passee la mer Picro- choline, voicy Barberousse" qui se rend vostre esclave.... — Je (dist Picrochole) le prendray a mercy. — Voyre (dirent ilz), pourveu qu'il se face baptiser. Et oppugnerez les royaulmes de Tunic, de Hippes, Argiere, Bone, Corone', hardiment toute Barbarie^ Passant oultre, retiendrez en vostre main Majorque, Minorque, Sardaine, Corsicque et aultres isles de la mer Ligusticque et Baleare. Coustoyant a gausche, dominerez toute- la Gaule Narbonicque", Provence et Allobroges, Genes, Florence, Lucques, et a Dieu seas'" Rome! Le pauvre Monsieur du Pape" meurt desja de peur. 1 Ung noble prince ung gentil roy N'a jamais ne pile ne croix. Le Roux de Lincy, Prov. Franc, ii, p. 96. 2 =Lancle.s. 3 Ulysses's town = Lisbon. 4 Loggeriieads. 5 = Seville. But Rabelais means the Sti-aits of Gibraltar. Apparently, under the influence of a mediaeval tradition which is represented in Dante, Inf. XX, 126, and XXVI, 118 (the famous passage about Ulysses), he is con- fusing Sibyle with Abyle = Lat. Abyla, the rock which forms with Calpa (Gibraltar) the so-called "pillars of Hercules." 6 The Turkish corsair, Khair Eddyn (1476-1546). 7 =Cyrene. 8 = the whole region of N. Africa— Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria and Morocco. 9 Gallia Narbonensis is Languedoc. 10 Gascon for sois. 11 Of. M. de I'Ours {Pant. t. iv), M. du Paige (ib. c. xvil), M. du Roy [ib. c. XXX). GARGANTUA 2 1 — Par ma foy (dist Picrochole), je ne lui baiseray ja sa pantoufle. — Prinze Italie, voyla Naples, Calabre, Appoulle at Sicile toutes a sac, et Malthe avec. Je vouldrois bien que les plaisans chevaliers, jadis Rhodiens', vous resis- tassent ! — Je iroys (diet Picrochole) voluntiers a Laurette^. — Rien, rien (dirent ilz) ; ce sera au retour. De la prendrons Candie, Cypre, Rhodes et les isles Cyclades, et donnerons sus la Morde. Nous la tenons. Sainct Treignan^ Dieu gard Hierusalem, car le soubdan n'est pas comparable a vostre puissance! — Je (dist il) feray doncques bastir le Temple de Salomon. — Non (dirent ilz) encores, attendez un peu. Ne soyez jamais tant soubdain a voz entreprinses. S^avez vous que disoit Octavian Auguste? Festina lente. II vous convient premierement avoir I'Asie Minor, Carie, Lycie, Pamphile, Celicie, Lydie, Phrygie, Mysie, Betune, Cha- razie, Satalie, Samagarie, Castamena, Luga, Savasta^, jusques a Euphrates. — Voyrons nous (dist Picrochole) Babylone et le Mont Sinay ? — II n'est (dirent ilz) ja besoing pour ceste heure. N'est ce pas assez tracass^ dea avoir transfret^ la mer Hircane^ chevauch^ les deux Armenies et les troys Arables ? 1 Knights of Rhodes, formerly of Jerusalem, where their first < Grand Master was Fra Gerardo (1113-20). Driven from Jerusalem they were established in Rhodes in 1310. On Jan. i, 1523, the Grand Master Villiers de risle Adam (i5'2i-34) and his followers nearly 5000 in number quitted Rhodes for ever, and on Oct. ■36, 1530, they took formal possession of Malta, which had been assigned to them by Charles V. 2 Loreto, whither the Virgin's house was believed to have been trans- ported by angels. 3 The Scottish saint, Ninian, called also St Ringan (cf. Scott's Pirate., c. xxv). 4 Bithynia, Sardis, Attalia (Acts xiv, 25) now Adalia in Pamphylia, Kastamoun (Castra Commeni), Sebaste in Cappadocia. Samagarie and Luga are unknown names. 5 The Caspian .Sea. 2 2 GARGANTUA — Par ma foy (dist il) nous sommes afifolez. Ha, pauvres gens ! — Quoy? dirent ilz. — Que boyrons nous par ces desers ? Car Julian Auguste' et tout son oust y moururent de soif, comme Ton diet. — Nous (dirent ilz) avons ja donn^ ordre a tout. Par la mer Siriace vous avez neuf mille quatorze grands naufz, chargdes des meilleurs vins du monde; elles arrive- rent a Japhes. La se sont trouvez vingt et deux cens mille chameaulx et seize cens elephans, lesquelz aurez prins a una chasse environ Sigeilmes^, lorsque entrastes en Libye, et d'abondant eustes toute la garavane de la Mecha. Ne vous fournirent ilz de vin a suffisance? — Voire ! Mais (dist il) nous ne beumes poinct frais. — Par le vertus (dirent ilz) non pas d'un petit poisson, un preux, un conquerent, un pretendent et aspirant a I'empire univers ne peut tousjours avoir ses aizes. Dieu soit loue que estes venu, vous et voz gens, saufz et entiers jusques au fleuve du Tigre ! — Mais (dist il) que faict ce pendent la part de nostre armee qui desconfit ce villain humeux Grandgousier? — Ilz ne chomment pas (dirent ilz); nous les rencon- trerons tantost. Ilz vous ont pris Bretaigne, Normandie, Flandres, Haynault, Brabant, Artoys, Hollande, Selande. Ilz ont passe le Rhein par sus le ventre des Suices et Lansquenetz', et part d'entre eulx ont domptd Luxem- bourg, Lorraine, la Champaigne, Savoye jusques a Lyon, auquel lieu ont trouv^ voz garnisons retournans des conquestes navales de la mer Mediterrann^e, et se sont reassemblez en Boheme, apres avoir mis k sac Soueve, Vuitemberg, Bavieres, Austriche, Moravie et Stirie ; puis ont donne fierement ensemble sus Lubek, Norwerge, I Julian the Apostate thus lost his army and his life 363 A.D. , owing to the treachery of the Parthians (Amm. Marcell. xxv, 3). 1 Arab. Sidjilmassa. A considerable place in the Middle Ages, now gone to ruin. 3 German foot-soldiers employed as mercenaries (Landsinechle). GARGANTUA 23 Swedenrich, Dace', Gotthie'^ Engroneland^ les Estrelins^ jusques a la mer Glaciale. Ce faict, conquesterent les isles Orchades et subjuguerent Escosse, Angleterre et Irlande. De la, navigans par la mer Sabuleuse^ et par les Sarmates, ont vaincu et domine Prussie, Polonie, Litwanie, Russie, Valache, la Transsilvane et Hongrie, Bulgarie, Turquie, et sont a Constantinoble. — Allons nous (^dist Picrochole) rendre a eulx le plus toust, car je veulx estre aussi empereur de Thebizonde''- Ne tuerons nous pas tous ces chiens turcs et Mahume- tistes ? — Que diable (dirent ilz) ferons nous doncques ? Et donnerez leurs biens et terres a ceulx qui vous auront servy honnestement. — La raison (dist il) le veult; c'est equity. Je vous donne la Carmaigne', Surie et toute Palestine. — Ha ! (dirent ilz) Cyre, c'est du bien de vous. Grand mercy ! Dieu vous face bien tousjours prosperer !" La present estoit un vieux gentilhomme, esprouv^ en divers bazars et vray routier de guerre, nommd Eche- phron^ lequel, ouyant ces propous, dist : "J'ay grand peur que toute ceste entreprinse sera semblable a la farce du pot au laict, duquel un cordouan- nier se faisoit riche par resverie ; puis, le pot cass6, n'eut de quoy disnerl Que pretendez vous par ces belles con- questes ? Quelle sera la fin de tant de travaulx et traverses ? I The name given to Denmark by Aeneas Sylvius (Pope Pius II) in his Cosmographie. 1 The southern part of Sweden. 3 Greenland. 4 The Baltic merchants of the Hanseatic League. 5 This the Ponttis Sabulosus of Ptolemy seems to be the Kattegat, Great Belt and the straits between Scandinavia and Denmark, all of which are full of shoals. 6 The empire of Trebizond, founded in 1204 by Alexis Comnenus after the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins, is frequently mentioned in the romances of chivalry. 7 Caramania. The modern Kirman, a province of Persia to the west of Beloochistan, reaching down to the Straits of Ormuz. 8 Gk. 'Bx^^pw {Od. Ill, 413), prudent, sensible. 9 This farce supplied Des Periers with his charming novel (xii) La laitUre et le pot au lait, afterwards popularized by La Fontaine. 24 GARGANTUA — Ce sera (dist Picrochole) que, nous retournez, re- pouserons a noz aises." Dont dist Echephron : "Et, si par cas jamais n'en retournez, car le voyage est long et pereilleux, n'est ce mieulx que des maintenant nous repousons, sans nous mettre en ces hazars ? — O (dist Spadassin) par Dieu, voicy un bon resveux! Mais allons nous cacher au coing de la cheminde, et 1^ passons avec les dames nostre vie et nostre temps a enfiller des perles, ou a filler comme Sardanapalus. Qui ne se adventure, n'a cheval ny mule, ce dist Salomon'. — Qui trop (dist Echephron) se adventure perd cheval et mulle, respondit Malcon^. — Baste ! (dist Picrochole) passons oultre. Je ne crains que ces diables de legions de Grandgousier. Ce pendent que nous sommes en Mesopotamia, s'ilz nous donnoient sus la queue, quel remede ? — Tres bon (dist Merdaille). Une belle petite com- mission, laquelle vous envoirez es Moscovites, vous mettra en camp pour un moment quatre cens cinquante mille combatans d'eslite. O, si vous me y faictes vostre lieu- tenant, je tueroys un pigne pour un mercier'! Je mors, je rue, je frappe, je attrape, je tue, je renye ! — Sus, sus (diet Picrochole), qu'on despesche tout, et qui me ayme si me suyve!" Gargantua comes from Paris to Parilld, near Chinon, and sends forward his scout Gymnast who falls in with a party of the enemy and scares them with his gymnastic feats. He himself goes on and demolishes the Castle at the ford of Veda, and comes to Grand- gousier in his Castle (la Devinifere) and is welcoined and entertained at supper (Chapters XXXIV— XXXVII). t The reference is to the popular Salomonis et Marculphi dialogus. 1 The episode of the advice of Echephron, indeed the whole chapter, is an adaptation and amplification of Plutarch, vit. Pyrrhi, c. 14, where the minister Cineas vainly attempts to dissuade Pyrrhus from attacking the Romans. 3 Comb for a Pedlar. In his excitement the speaker reverses the order of the words; he means that he would "kill a pedlar for a comb," i.e. he would take a man's life for the merest trifle. GARGANTUA 25 CHAPITRE XXXVIII Comment Gargantua m.angea en sallade six pelerins Le propos requiert que racontons ce qu'advint a six pelerins, qui venoient de Sainct Sebastien, pres de Nantes', et pour soy herberger celle nuict, de peur des ennemys, s'estoient mussez^ au jardin dessus les poyzars^, entre les choulx et lectues. Gargantua se trouva quelque peu alter^ et demanda si Ton pourroit trouver de lectues pour faire sallade, et, entendent qu'il y en avoit des plus belles et grandes du pays, car elles estoient grandes comme pruniers ou noyers, y voulut aller luy mesmes et en emporta en sa main ce que bon luy sembla. Ensemble emporta les six pelerins, lesquelz avoient si grand paour qu'ilz ne ausoient ny parler ny tousser. Les lavant doncques premierement en la fontaine, les pelerins disoient en, voix basse I'un a I'aultre: "Quest il de faire ? Nous noyons icy, entre ces lectues. Parlerons nous ? Mais, si nous parlons, il nous tuera comme espies." Et, comme ilz deliberoient ainsi, Gargantua les mist avecques ses lectues dedans un plat de la maison, grand comme la tonne de Cisteaulx, et, avecques huille et vinaigre et sel, les mangeoit pour soy refraischir davant souper, et avoit ja engoulle cinq des pelerins. Le sixiesme estoit dedans le plat, cachd soubz une lectue, excepte son bourdon qui apparoissoit au dessus, Lequel voyant, Grandgousier dist a Gargantua : "Je croy que c'est la une corne de limasson; ne le mangez poinct. — Pourquoy.' (dist Gargantua). Ilz sont bons tout ce moys." I St Sebastian's body was claimed to be at Piligny near Nantes (cf. c. XLV), though the same claim is made by Rome, Soissons and Narbonne (R. ). St Sebastien d'Aigne (cant. Nantes) on the left bank of the Loire was a celebrated resort for pilgrims [R. E. R. X, 106). ■2 Hidden. 3 Pea-straws. 2 GARGANTUA Et, tyrant le bourdon, ensemble enleva le pelerin, et le mangeoit tres bien ; puis beut un horrible traict de vin pineau', et attendirent que Ton apprestast le souper. Les pelerins ainsi devorez se tirerent hors les meulles de ses dentz le mieulx que faire peurent, et pensoient qu'on les eust mys en quelque basse fousse des prisons, et, lors que Gargantua beut le grand traict, cuyderent noyer en sa bouche, et le torrent du vin presque les emporta au gouffre de son estomach; toutesfoys, saultans avec leurs bourdons, comme font les micquelotz^, se mirent en franchise" I'orde des dentz. Mais, par malheur, I'un d'eux, tastant avecques son bourdon le pays a s^avoir s'ilz estoient en sceurete, frappa rudement en la faulte d'une dent creuze et ferut le nerf de la mandibule, dont feist tres forte douleur a Gargantua, et commenga crier de raige qu'il enduroit. Pour doncques se soulaiger du mal, feist aporter son curedentz et, sortant vers le noyer grollier'', vous denigea Messieurs les pelerins. Car il arrapoit I'un par les jambes, I'aultre par les espaules, I'aultre par la bezace, I'aultre par la foilluze'^, I'aultre par I'escharpe, et le pauvre haire qui I'avoit feru du bourdon, le accrochea par la braguette; toutesfoys ce luy fut un grand heur, car il luy percea une bosse" qui le martyrisoit depuis le temps qu'ilz eurent pass^ Ancenys'. Ainsi les pelerins denigez s'enfuyrent a travers la plante a beau trot, et appaisa la douleur. Whilst they are at supper the Monk is brought and made much of. He entertains the company with a Uvely conversation (Chapters XXXIX, XL). 1 Vin Pineau was of the growth of La Deviniere (Chapter V). 2 Pilgrims to St Michel sur nier in Normandy. They had to use their staves to leap over the sands at ebb-tide. 3 Put themselves in shelter. 4 Cf III, 32 fin. This is another allusion to La Deviniere. For grolk cf. G. 11 sub fi.n., IV, 52, noix grosltire iv, 63, prob. =a tree that j^roduced large walnuts which the rooks affected ; or grotle may be the target set up in this tree. 5 Pouch. 6 Botch. 1 A town in Brittany between Angers and Nantes. GARGANTUA 27 CHAPITRE XL Pourquoy les moynes sont refuyz du monde, et pourquoy les imgs ont le nez plus grand que les aidtres " FoY de christian ! (dist Eudemon) je entre en grande resverie, considerant I'honnestet^ de ce moyne, car il nous esbaudist icy tous. Et comment doncques est ce qu'on rechasse les moyens de toutes bonnes compaignies, les appellans troublefeste, comme abeilles chassent les freslons d'entour leurs rousches ? Ignavum fucos pecus (dist Maro), a presepibus arcent^!' A quoy respondit Gargantua : " II n'y a rien si vray que le froc et la cogule tire a soy les opprobres, injures et maledictions du monde, tout ainsi comme le vent diet Cecias^ attire les nues. La raison peremptoire est parce qu'ilz mangent la merde du monde, c'est a dire les pechez, et comme machemerdes Ton les rejecte en leurs retraictz, ce sont leurs conventz et abbayes, separez de conversation politicque comme sont les retraictz d'une maison. Mais, si entendez pour- quoy un cinge en une famille est tousjours mocqu^ et hersele, vous entendrez pourquoy les moynes sont de tous refuys, et des vieux et des jeunes. Le cinge ne guarde poinct la maison, comme un chien; il ne tire pas I'aroy, comme le beuf ; il ne produict ny laict ny layne, comme la brebis; il ne porte pas le faiz, comme le cheval. Ce qu'il faict est tout degaster, qui est la cause pourquoy de tous repceoyt mocqueries et bastonnades. Semblable- ment, un moyne (j'entends de ces ocieux moynes) ne laboure comme le paisant, ne garde le pays comme I'homme de guerre, ne guerist les malades comme le 1 Verg. Georg. IV, 168, /«<(roj= drones. 2 Kairias, Lat. Vulturnus = E.N.E. 28 GARGANTUA medicin, ne presche ny endoctrine le monde comme le bon dpcteur evangelicque^ et pedagoge, ne porte les commoditez et choses necessaires a la republicque comme le marchant. Ce est la cause pourquoy de tous sont huez et abhorrys. — Voyre, mais (dist Grandgousier) ilz prient Dieu pour nous. — Rien moins (respondit Gargantua). Vray est qu'ilz molestent tout leur voisinage a force de trinqueballer leurs cloches. — Voyre (dist le moyne), une messe, ones matines, unes vespres bien sonndez sont a demy dictes. — Ilz marmonnent grand renfort de legendes et pseaulmes nullement par eulx entenduz ; ilz content force patenostres, entrelard^es de longs Ave Mariaz, sans y penser ny entendre, et ce je appelle mocquedieu, non oraison. Mais ainsi leurs ayde Dieu s'ilz prient pour nous, et non par paour de perdre leurs miches^ et souppes grasses. Tous vrays christians, de tous estatz, en tous lieux, en tous temps, prient Dieu, et I'Esperit prie et interpelle pour iceulx, et Dieu les prent en grace. Main- tenant tel est nostre bon Frere Jean. Pourtant chascun le soubhaite en sa compaignie. II n'est point bigot; il n'est poinct dessird-; il est honeste, joyeux, delibere*, bon compaignon ; il travaille ; il labeure ; il defent les opprimez ; il conforte les affligez ; il subvient es souffre- teux ; il garde les clous de I'abbaye. — Je foys (dist le moyne) bien dadvantaige ; car, en despeschant nos matines et anniversaires on cueur, ensemble je fois des chordes d'arbaleste, je polys des matraz et guarrotz", je foys des retz et des poches k prendre les connis. Jamais je ne suis oisif. I See above, p. 17. 1 Manchets. 3 =dLi oii\ie Autores OctoMorales[ci. G.ii\), the Cock finding a jewel on a dung-hill remarks as follows : Si tibi nunc esset qui debuit esse repertor, Quem limus sepelit viveret arte nitor. 56 GARGANTUA CHAPITRE LVII Comment estoient reiglez les Thelemites a leur maniere de vivre TOUTE leur vie estoit employee non par loix, statuz ou reigles, mais selon leur vouloir et franc arbitre. Se levoient du lict quand bon leur sembloit, beuvoient, mangeoient, travailloient, dormoient quand le desir leur venoit ; nul ne les esveilloit, nul ne les parforceoit ny a boyre, ny a manger, ny a faire chose aultre quelconques. Ainsi I'avoit estably Gargantua. En leur reigle n'estoit que ceste clause : FAY CE QUE VOULDRAS, parce que gens liberes, bien nez, bien instruictz, conver- sans en compaignies honnestes, ont par nature un instinct et aguillon qui tousjours les poulse a faictz vertueux et retire de vice, lequel ilz nommoient honneur. Iceulx, quand par vile subjection et contraincte sont deprimez et asserviz, detournent la noble affection, par laquelle a vertuz franchement tendoient, a deposer et enfraindre ce joug de servitude; car nous entreprenons tousjours choses defendues et convoitons ce que nous est deni6. Par ceste liberty entrerent en louable emulation de faire tous ce que a un seul voyoient plaire. Si quelq'un ou quelcune disoit : "Beuvons," tous buvoient; si disoit: "Jouons," tous jouoient ; si disoit: "Allons a I'esbat es champs," tous y alloient. Si c'estoit pour voller ou chasser, les dames, mont^es sus belles hacquen^es avec- ques leurs palefroy gourrier', sus le poing mignonement enguantele portoient chascune ou un esparvier, ou un laneret, ou un esmerillon ; les hommes portoient les aultres oyseaulx^. Tant noblement estoient apprins qu'il n'estoit entre 1 Prancing. 2 i.e. the other birds used in falconry (see above, p. 52). GARGANTUA 57 eulx celluy ne celle qui ne sceust lire, escripre, chanter, jouer d'instrumens harmonieux, parler de cinq et six langaiges, et en iceulx composer tant en carme, que en oraison solue^. Jamais ne feurent veuz chevaliers tant preux, tant gualans, tant dextres a pied et a cheval, plus vers, mieulx remuans, mieulx manians tous bastons, que la estoient, jamais ne feurent veues dames tant propres, tant mignonnes, moins fascheuses, plus doctes k la main, a I'agueille, a tout acte muliebre honneste et libere, que la estoient. Par ceste raison, quand le temps venu estoit que aulcun d'icelle abbaye, ou a la requeste de ses parens, ou pour aultres causes, voulust issir hors, avecques soy il emmenoit une des dames, celle laquelle I'auroit prins pour son devot, et estoient ensemble mariez ; et, si bien avoient vescu a Theleme en devotion et amyti^, encores mieulx la con- tinuoient ilz en mariaige : d'autant se entreaymoient ilz a la fin de leurs jours comme le premier de leurs nopces. I Lat. carmen and oratio soluta. PANTAGRUEL In Pantagruel and Garganiua are several references to Les grandes C}-onicques dii grand et htorme G^ant Garganttia, a rough fabliau or giant story known to Rabelais, and possibly composed by him, in imitation of the popular stories. The prologue to Pantagruel is almost entirely taken up with commendations of it, declaring that more copies of it have been sold in two months than will be bought of Bibles in nine years. (The translation of the Bible into French by Le Fevre d'Estaples had been published in 1530 ; Les grandes Cronicques was published at the Lyons book-fair August 3, 1532, and the Pantagruel Nov. 3, 1532.) Rabelais nowhere asserts that he wrote Les grandes Cronicques. He strongly commends it and claims for Pantagruel that it is of the same stamp and still more worthy of credit. The first chapter gives the genealogy of Pantagruel after the manner of that in St Matthew. It contains fifty-nine names of giants, like the genealogy of the kings of France by Jean Bouchet from Pharamond to Charles VIII, with the addition of Grandgousier, Gargantua and Pantagruel. Hurtaly, the fourth giant, has been identified with Og the king of Bashan, who is said in Deut. iii, II to be the only one of the race of the giants that remained, and is spoken of in Gen. xiv, 13 as "one that had escaped," i.e. from the waters of the flood. The account of his sitting astride of the ark and steering it with his feet is taken from the Targum, or commen- tary, of the pseudo-Jonathan. CHAPITRE II De la Nativity du tresredoute Pantagruel^ Gargantua, en son eage de quatre cens quatre-vingtz quarante et quatre ans, engendra son filz Pantagruel de sa femme, nommde Badebec, fille du roi des Amaurotes'' en Utopie, laquelle mourut du mal d'enfant, car il estoit 1 The drought described in this chapter strikes the key-note of the thirst- producing qualities of Pantagruel. 2 The dimly-seen ones, from the city in More's Utopia. PANTAGRUEL 59 si merveilleusement grand et si lourd qu'il ne peut venir a lumiere sans ainsi suffocquer sa mere. Mais, pour entendre pleinement la cause et raison de son nom, qui luy fut baill6 en baptesme, vous noterez qu'en icelle ann6e feut seicheresse tant grande en tout le pays de Africque que passerent XXXVI moys, troys sepmaines, quatre jours, treze heures, et quelque peu d'advantaige sans pluye, avec chaleur de soleil si vehe- mente que toute la terre en estoit aride. Et ne fut au temps de Helye plus eschauff^e que fut pour lors, car il n'estoit arbre sus terre qui eust ny fueille ni fleur. Les herbes estoient sans verdure, les rivieres taries, les fon- taines a sec, les pauvres poissons, delaissez de leurs propres elemens, vagans et crians par la terre horrible- ment, les oyseaux tumbans de I'air par faulte de rosde, les loups, les regnars, cerfz, sangliers, dains, lievres, connilz, belettes, foynes, blereaux et aultres bestes Ton trouvoit par les champs mortes, la gueule baye^ Au regard des hommes, c'estoit la grande pitie. Vous les eussiez veuz tirans la langue comme levriers qui ont couru six heures ; plusieurs se gettoyent dedans les puys ; aultres se mettoyent au ventre d'une vache pour estre a I'ombre: et les appelle Homere Alibantes'^. Toute la contrde estoit a I'ancre. C'estoit pitoyable cas de veoir le travail des humains pour se garentir de ceste horrificque alteration, car il avoit prou affaire de sauver I'eaue benoiste par les eglises, a ce que ne feust desconfite^; mais Ton y donna tel ordre, par le conseil de messieurs les cardinaulx et du Sainct Pere, que nul n'en osoit prendre que une venue^ Encores, quand quelcun entroit en I'eglise, vous en eussiez veu a vingtaines de pauvres alterez qui veno- yent au derriere de celluy qui la distribuoit a quelcun, la gueule ouverte pour en avoir quelque goutellette, comme le maulvais Riche, afifin que rien ne se perdist. 1 Their mouth agape. 1 Homer (Od. vi, 201) speaks of Siepoi pparol, moist, juicy, vigorous, men. It is Eustathius, the commentator, who uses the word iKl^avres, the word of opposite meaning in explanation. 3 Dried up. 4 A lick. 6o t>ANTAGRUEL O que bien heureux fut en icelle ann^e celluy qui eut cave fresche et bien garnie ! Le philosophe raconte, en mouvent la question parquoy c'est que I'eaue de la mer est salde, que, au temps que Phebus bailla le gouvernement de son chariot lucificque a son fils Phaeton, ledict Phaeton, mal apprins en I'art et ne S9avant ensuyvre la line ecliptique entre les deux tropiques de la sphere du soleil, varia de son chemin, et tant approcha de terre qu'il mist a sec toutes les contr^es subjacentes, bruslant une grande partie du ciel que les philosophes appellent Via lactea, et les lifreloffres'* nom- ment Le chemin sainct Jacques, combien que les plus huppez poetes disent estre la part ou tomba le laict de Juno lors qu'elle allaicta Hercules'"- Adonc la terre fut tant eschaufte que il luy vint une sueur enorme, dont elle sua toute la mer, qui par ce est sal^e, car toute sueur est sal^e. Ce que vous direz estre vray si voulez taster de la vostre proprel Quasi pareil cas arriva en ceste dicte annee, car, un jour de vendredy que tout le monde s'estoit mis en devotion et faisoit une belle procession avecques force letanies et beaux preschans, supplians a Dieu omnipotent les vouloir regarder de son ceil de clemence en tel des- confort, visiblement furent veues de terre sortir grosses goutes d'eaue, comme quand quelque personne sue copieusement. Et le pauvre peuple commen^a a s'esjouyr comme si ce eust est6 chose a eulx profitable, car les aulcuns disoient que de humeur il n'y en avoit goute en Fair dont en esperast avoir pluye, et que la terre supplioit au deffault. Les aultres gens savans disoyent que c'estoit I Quack philosophers. Urquhart renders by huff-snuffs. 1 The via lactea was called St James's Path by the pilgrims to St James of Comportella. Cf. Dante, CubotVzo, ii, 15. Juno's Milk. This story is told in Paus. ix, 25, i. 3 Plutarch assigns to Empedocles the theory that the sea is the sweat of the earth, when it was parched up by the sun, and some Pythagoreans, assert that the Milky 'A'ay resulted from the burning up of the heavens by a star fallen from its place ; this occurred at the time when Phaethon fell from his chariot. Cf. Ovid, Met. 11, 1-366. PANTAGRUEL 6 I pluye des Antipodes, comme Senecque narre au quart livre Qucestionum naturalium, parlant de I'origine et source du Nil^; mais ils y furent tromp^s; car, la pro- cession finie, alors que chascun vouloit recueillir de ceste rosea et en boire a plein godet, trouverent que ce n'etoit que saulmure^ pire et plus salde que n'estoit I'eaue de la mer. Et parce que en ce propre jour nasquit Pantagruel, son pere luy imposa tel nom, car Panta en grec vault autant a dire comme tout, et Gruel en langue Hagarene^ vault autant comme altere, voulent inferer qu'a I'heure de sa nativite le monde estoit tout altere, et voyant en esperit de prophetie qu'il seroit quelque jour dominateur des alterez, ce que luy fut monstre a celle heure mesmes par aultre signe plus evident. Car, alors que sa mere Badebec I'enfantoit, et que les sages-femmes attendoyent pour le recepvoir, yssirent premier soixante et huyt tregeniers", chascun tirant par le licol un mulct tout charge de sel; apres lesquels sor- tirent neuf dromadaires charges de jambons et langues de boeuf fum^es, sept chameaulx chargez d'anguillettes^ puis XXV charret^es de porreaulx, d'aulx, d'oignons et de cibotz, ce que espoventa bien lesdictes sages-femmes. Mais les aulcunes d'entre elles disoient: "Voici bonne provision ; aussy bien ne bevyons-nous que lachement, non en lancement": cecy n'est que bon signe, ce sont aguillons de vin." Et, comme elles caquetoient de ces menus propos entre elles, voicy sorty Pantagruel, tout velu comme un ours, dont diet une d'elles en esperit propheticque : " II est ne a tout le poll ; il fera choses merveilleuses, et, s'il vit, il aura de I'eage'." Chapter III is concerned with the lamentations of Gargantua I Seneca ascribes to Euthymenes of Marseilles the theory that the rising of the Nile was due to the Etesian winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean on the other side of Africa. 1 Brine. 3 Arabic. 4 Carters. 5 Salted eels. 6 =landsman (Germ, for compatriot). 7 The Magi assured Astyages that the child Cyrus must needs be a king if he grew up and did not die too soon. Herod, i, 120. 62 PANTAGRUEL for the loss of his wife, and rejoicings at the birth of his son Panta- gruel. They are primitive and coarse. Two points of resemblance may be noted between Gargantua and Francis I — he did not attend his wife's funeral, like Francis in 1526, and he uses the exclamation, Foy dc gentilhomme ! CHAPITRE IV De V Enfance de Pantagruel Je trouve par les anciens historiographes et poetes que plusieurs sont nez en ce monde en fa^ons bien estranges, qui seroient trop longues a racompter': lisez le vij livre de Pline, si aves loysir. Mais vous n'en ouystes jamais d'une si merveilleuse comme fut celle de Pantagruel, car c'estoit chose difficile a croyre comment il creut en corps et en force en peu de temps ; et n'estoit rien Hercules, qui, estant au berseau, tua les deux serpens, car lesdictz serpens^ estoyent bien petitz et fragiles. Mais Panta- gruel, estant encores au berseau, feist cas bien espou- ventables. Je laisse icy a dire comment a chascun de ses repas il humoit le laict de quatre mille six cens vaches, et comment, pour luy faire un paeslon^ a cuire sa bouillie, furent occupez tous les pesliers* de Saumur en Anjou, de Villedieu"* en Normandie, de Bramont en Lorraine, et luy bailloit on ladicte bouillie en un grand timbre" qui est encores de present a Bourges pres du palays. Mais les dentz luy estoient desja tant crues et fortifides qu'il en rompit dudict tymbre un grand morceau, comme tresbien apparoist. I The seventh book of Pliny is devoted to anthropology in its regular course and also in its aberrations. 1 Cf. Plut. Amph. 1 1 24-1 135; Verg. Aen. Vlii, 288. 3 =mod. poelon {)^a\.. patella) = z. skillet or small frying-pan. 4 Braziers. 6 Villedieu-les-Poeles, in the department of La Manche. 6 This was a large stone vat or basin known as Vicuelk de pierte du geant (A. Lefranc in Rev. du xvp sihle, IV, 162-165). PANTAGRUEL 63 Certains jours, vers le matin, que on le vouloit faire tetter une de ses vaches (car de nourrisses il n'en eut jamais aultrement, comme diet I'hystoire), il se deffit des liens qui le tenoyent au berceau un des bras, et vous prend ladicte vache par dessoubz le jarret, et luy mangea les deux tetins et la moytie du ventre, avecques le foye et les roignons ; et I'eust toute devoree, n'eust estc^ quelle cryoit horriblement comme si les loups la tenoient aux jambes, auquel cry le monde arriva, et osterent ladicte vache a Pantagruel; mais ilz ne sceurent si bien faire que le jarret ne luy en demourast comme il le tenoit, et le mangeoit tresbien comme vous feriez d'une saulcisse, et, quand on luy voulut oster I'os, il I'avalla bien tost, comme un cormaran feroit un petit poisson, et apres commenga a dire: "Bon, bon, bon," car il ne s9avoit encores bien parler, voulant donner a entendre que il avoit trouv^ fort bon, et qu'il n'en failloit plus que autant. Ce que voyans, ceulx qui le servoyent le lierent a gros cables comme sont ceulx que Ton faict a Tain' pour le voyage du sel a Lyon, ou comme sont ceulx de la grand nauf Frangoyse qui est au port de Grace en Normandie^ Mais quelquefoys que un grand ours que nourrissoit son pere eschappa, et luy venoit lescher le visage, car les nourrisses ne luy avoient bien a point torchd les babines', il se deffit desdictz cables aussi facilement comme Sanson d'entre les Philistins, et vous print monsieur de I'Ours, et le mist en pieces comme un poulet, et vous en fist une bonne gorge chaulde* pour ce repas. Parquoy, craignant Gargantua qu'il se gastast, fist faire quatre grosses chaines de fer pour le Iyer, et fist faire des arboutans" a son berceau bien afustez''. Et de ces chaisnes en avez une 1 A small town in the department of La Drome on the left bank of the Rhone. Salt was laded on barges here and sent down the Rhone to Lyons. 2 In 1533 Francis I had constructed at Le Havre de Grace la Grande Fraiifoyse, which was said to have contained a tennis-court, a windmill, and a chapel. It foundered on leaving the harbour and could not be raised. 3 Chops. 4 A tit-bit; gorge chaude is a term of falconry, a piece of the quarry given to the hawk. 5 Arc-boutants =A'coTi% wooden girders. 6 Morticed. 64 PANTAGRUEL a la Rochelle, que Ton leve au soir entre les deux grosses tours du havre ; I'aultre est a Lyon, I'aultre a Angiers, et la quatre fut emport^e des diables pour Her Lucifer, qui se deschainoit en ce temps la, a cause d'une colique qui le tormentoit extraordinairement pour avoir mang6 I'ame d'un sergeant en fricassee a son desjeuner. Dont povez bien croire ce que diet Nicolas de Lyra' sur le passaige du Psaultier ou il est escript : Et Og regem Basan'^, que ledit Og, estant encores petit, estoit tant fort et robuste qu'i! le failloit Iyer de chaisnes de fer en son berceau. Et ainsi demoura coy et pacificque, car il ne pouvoit rompre tant facilement lesdictes chaisnes, mesmement qu'il n'avoit pas espace au berceau de donner la secousse des bras. Mais voicy que arriva un jour d'une grande feste, que son pere Gargantua faisoit un beau banquet a tous les princes de sa Court. Je croy bien que tous les officiers de sa Court estoyent tant occupes au service du festin que Ton ne se soucyoit du pauvre Pantagruel, et demou- roit ainsi a reailorum^. Que fist-il ? Qu'il fist, mes bonnes gens? Escoutez: II essaya de rompre les chaisnes du berceau avecques les bras, mais il ne pent, car elles estoyent trop fortes. Adonc il trepigna tant des piedz qu'il rompit le bout de son berceau, qui toutesfoys estoit d'une grosse poste de sept empans* en quarrd; et, ainsi qu'il eut mys les piedz dehors, il se avalla^ le mieulx qu'il peut, en sorte que il touchoit les piedz en terre ; et alors, avecques grande puissance, se leva emportant son berceau sur I'eschine ainsi lye comme une tortue qui monte contre une muraille, et, a le veoir, sembloit que ce feust une grande carracque" de cinq cens tonneaulx qui feust debout. En ce point entra en la salle ou Ton banquetoit, et 1 A Jew who turned Franciscan (1270-1340). He wrote a commentary on the Bible, which was in vogue till the Reformation. 2 Ps. 134, 11; 135, 20. 3 Out in the cold. The phrase comes from the University of Paris ; the proper form is ad reculum (Duchat). 4 Spans. 5 Slid down. 6 A carrack, or Spanish galleon. PANTAGRUEL 65 hardiment qu'il espoventa bien I'assistance ; mais, par autant qu'il avoit les bras lyez dedans, il ne povoit rien prendre a manger, mais en grande peine se enclinoit pour prendre a tout^ la langue quelque lippde. Quoy voyant, son pere entendit bien que Ton I'avoit laiss^ sans luy bailler a repaistre, et commanda qu'il fust desly^ desdictes chesnes, par le conseil des princes et seigneurs assistans : ensemble aussi que les medicins de Gargantua disoyent que, si I'on le tenoit ainsi au berseau, qu'il seroit toute sa vie subject a la gravelle. Lors qu'il feust deschaine, Ton le fist asseoir, et repeut fort bien, et mist son diet berceau en plus de cinq cens mille pieces d'un coup de poing qu'il frappa au millieu par despit, avec protestation de jamais n'y retourner. CHAPITRE V^ Des Faictz du noble Pantagruel en son jeune eage AiNSI croissoit Pantagruel de jour en jour et prouffitoit a veu d'ceil, dont son pere s'esjouissoit par affection naturelle. Et luy feist faire, comme il estoit petit, une arbaleste pour s'esbastre aprds les oysillons, qu'on appelle de present la grande arbaleste de Chantelle, puis I'envoya a I'eschole pour apprendre et passer son jeune eage. De faict, vint a Poictiers pour estudier, et proffita beaucoup, auquel lieu voyant que les escoliers estoyent aulcunesfois de loysir, et ne s9avoient a quoy passer temp, en eut compassion. Et un jour print d'un grand rochier qu'on nomme Passelourdin' une grosse roche 1 h tout = avec. 2 This chapter gives an account of Pantagruel's visit to his relatives in Poitou, and of his travels through France to see the Universities. It may be taken as a general account of Rabelais's own journeyings, as we learn from Antoine Leroy (cure of Meudon) in his Elogia Rabelifisiana : " Rabe- laesus Gallicas omnes scientiarura bonorumque artium academias sub Panta- gruelis nomine peragravit." 3 Passe Lourdin, a rock some distance from Poitiers, where the Univer- sity students made the freshmen walk over a ledge, overhanging a precipice, to test their head. 66 PANTAGRUEL ayant environ de douze toizes en quarr^, et d'espesseur quatorze pans, et la mist sur quatre pilliers au milieu d'un champ bien a son ayse, affin que lesditz escoliers, quand ilz ne s^auroyent aultre chose faire, passassent temps a monter sur ladicte pierre, et la banqueter a force flacons, jambons et pastez, et escripre leurs noms dessus avec un cousteau, et de present I'appelle-on la Pierre levee' Et en memoire de ce n'est aujourd'hui pass6 aulcun en la matricule de ladicte University de Poictiers, sinon qu'il ait bu en la Fontaine Caballine^ de Croustelles', passe a Passelourdin et montd sur la Pierre lev^e. En apres, lisant les belles chronicques de ses ancestres, trouva que Geoffroy de Lusignam, diet Geoffroy d la grand dent*, grand pere du beau cousin de la sceur aisnde de la tante du gendre de I'oncle de la bruz de sa belle- mere, estoit enterrd a Maillezays, dont print un jour campos' pour le visiter comme homme de bien. Et, partant de Poictiers avecques aulcuns de ses compaignons, passerent par Legugd", visitant le noble Ardillon abb6, par Lusignan, par Sansay, par Celles, par Colonges, par Fontenay-le-Conte', saluant le docte Tiraqueau', et de la arriverent a Maillezays, ou visita le sepulchre dudict Geoffroy a la grand dent, dont eut quelque peu de frayeur, voyant sa pourtraicture, car il y est en image comme d'un homme furieux tirant a demy son grand malchus' 1 A Druidic stone near Poitiers. 2 Nee fonte labra prolui caballino (Pars. Prol. 1. i). 3 A hamlet near Poitiers. 4 Geofifrey de Lusignan was the sixth son of Raymond and the fairy Melusine, and founder of the house of Lusignan in Poitou. Towards the end of the 14th century Jean d'Arras wrote the prose romance of Melusine (Geneva, 1478), of which Geoffroy ci la grande dent (Lyons, 1549) was a continuation. 5 A student's term = a day's outing. 6 At Ligugi was a priory of which two consecutive priors were friends of Rabelais: (i) Geoffroy d'Estissac, Bishop of MaiUezais, and (2) Antoine Ardillon, Abbot of Fontenay-Ie-Comte. 7 The itinerary is the one naturally taken from Poitiers to Maillezais. 8 Andre Tiraqueau, a learned jurisconsult and friend of Rabelais. 9 The name of the high-priest's servant is used for the sword that cut off his ear. PANTAGRUEL 67 de la guaine. Et demandoit la cause de ce. Les chanoines dudict lieu luy dirent que n'estoit aultre cause sinon que Pictoribus atque poetis, etc., c'est a dire que les painctres et poetes^ ont liberty de paindre a leur plaisir ce qu'ilz veullent. Mais il ne se contenta de leur responce, et dist : "II n'est ainsi painct sans cause, et me doubte que a sa mort on luy a faict quelque tord, duquel il demande vengeance a ses parens. Je m'en enquesteray plus a plein, et en feray ce que de raison^." Puis retourna non a Poictiers, mais voulut visiter les aultres Universitez de France, dont, passant a la Rochelle, se mist sur mer et vint a Bourdeaulx, on quel lieu ne trouva grand exercice, sinon des guabarriers" jouans aux luettes* sur la grave. De la vint a Thoulouse, oil aprint fort bien a dancer et a jouer de I'espee a deux mains, comme est I'usance des escholiers de ladicte Universite; mais il n'y demoura gueres quand il vit qu'ilz faisoyent brusler leurs regens tout vifz comme harans soretz", disant: "Ja Dieu ne plaise que ainsi je meure, car je suis de ma nature assez alter^ sans me chauffer davantaige." Puis vint a Montpellier, ou il trouva fort bon vins de Mirevaulx " et joyeuse compagnie, et se cuida mettre a estudier en inedicine ; mais il considera que I'estat estoit fascheux par trop et melancholicque, et que les medicins sentoyent les clysteres comme vieulx diables. Pourtant vouloit estudier en loix ; mais, voyant que la n'estoient que troys teigneux et un pel^ de legistes audit lieu, s'en partit, et au chemin fist le pont du Guard' et I'amphi- I Hor. A. P. 9. 1 In 1232 he caused the Abbey to be burned down, and had it rebuilt in expiation for his sins (Melusine, cc. xviii and xxviii). 3 Bargees. 4 A card-game. 5 Red -herrings. In 1532 Jean de Caturce, professor of laws at Toulouse, was burnt for heresy, and another professor, Jean de Boysonne, escaped by recantation. 6 A small town about 8 miles south of Montpellier, celebrated for its wine. 7 A Roman aqueduct, about 14 miles N.E. of Nimes; it is one of the most imposing monuments left by the Romans in France. S— 2 68 PANTAGRUEL theatre de Nimes en moins de troys heures, qui toutesfoys semble oeuvre plus divin que humain ; et vint en Avignon, oil il ne fut trois jours qu'il ne devint amoureux. Ce que voyant, son pedagogue, nomm6 Epistemon^ Ten tira, et le mena a Valence en Daulphin6 ; mais il vit qu'il n'y avoit grand exercice, et que les marroufles de la ville batoyent les escholiers, dont eut despit, et, un beau dimanche que tout le monde dansoit publiquement, un escholier se voulut mettre en dance, ce que ne permirent lesditz marroufles. Quoy voyant, Pantagruel leur bailla a tous la chasse jusques au bort du Rosne, et les vouloit faire tous noyer; mais ilz se musserent contre terre comme taulpes bien demye lieue soubz le Rosne : le pertuys encores y apparoist. Apres il s'en partit, et a troys pas et un sault vint a Anglers, oii il se trouvoit fort bien, et y eust demeur^ quelque espace, n'eust estd que la peste les en chassa. Ainsi vint a Bourges, oil estudia bien long temps, et profifita beaucoup en la faculty des loix''. Et disoit aul- cunesfois que les livres des loix luy sembloyent une belle robbe d'or triumphante et precieuse a merveilles, qui feust brodde de fange: "Car, disoit-il, au monde n'y a livres tant beaulx, tant aornes, tant elegans comme sont les textes des Pandectes ; mais la brodure d'iceulx, c'est assavoir la Glose de Accurse^, est tant salle, tant infame et punaise, que ce n'est que ordure et villenie." Partant de Bourges, vint a Orleans, et la trouva force rustres d'escholiers qui luy firent grand chere a sa venue, et en peu de temps aprint avecque eulx a jouer a la paulme si bien qu'il en estoit maistre, car les estudians du diet lieu en font bel exercice, et le menoyent aulcunes- foys es isles pour s'esbattre au jeu du poussavant; et au regard de se rompre fort la teste a estudier, il ne le faisoit 1 Epistemon is here mentioned for the first time. We learn he was a fellow-student of Rabelais (ill, 34) and was present with him at the death of Guillaume du Bellay (iv, 27). 2 It is very probable that Rabelais really did study law at Bourges, perhaps even under the great Alciati. 3 Accursius ('oO/J7os) is modelled on Merlin Cocai's Cingar, who in his turn is modelled on the Margutte of Pulci's Morgante Maggiore. 1 The Abbey of St Antoine was founded in 1198 and is now replaced by the hospital of the same name in the extreme east of Paris. The Court in Rabelais's time was in the Palais des Tournelles, which was taken down by Catharine de' Medici after the death of Henri II. Its site was occupied by the Place Royale, now the Place des Vosges. 3 A pastoral district N. W. of Orleans celebrated for its cider apples. 4 Here follow thirteen speeches made by Panurge in German, Unknown langu^e, Italian, English, Basque, Lantern language, Dutch, Spanish, Old Danish, Hebrew, Greek, French patois, Latin, all amounting to the same thing, an urgent request for food. The English was probably obtained from a Scottish archer of the guard, the German from a Swiss mercenary and the Basque from some Basque lacquey. It is very probable that th^ 76 PANTAGRUEL " Dea, mon amy, dist Pantagruel, ne s^avez vous parler fran^oys? — Si faictz tresbien, Seigneur, respondit le compaignon ; Dieu mercy! c'est ma langue naturelle et maternelle, car je suis n6 et ay este nourry jeune au jardin de France: c'est Touraine. — Doncques, dist Pan- tagruel, racomtez nous quel est vostre nom et dont vous venez, car, par foy, je vous ay ja prins en amour si grand que, si vous condescendez a mon vouloir, vous ne bougerez jamais de ma compaignie, et vous et moy ferons un nouveau pair d'amitie telle que feut entre Enee et Achates. — Seigneur, dist le compaignon, mon vray et propre nom de baptesmes est Panurge, et a present viens de Turquie, ou je fuz mene prisonnier lorsqu'on alia a Metelin en la male heure^ Et voluntiers vous racomp- teroys mes fortunes, qui sont plus merveilleuses que celles de Ulysses; mais, puisqu'il vous plaist me retenir avecques vous, et je accepte voluntiers I'offre, protestant jamais ne vous laisser, et alissiez vous a tons les diables, nous aurons en aultre temps plus commode assez loysir d'en racompter, car pour ceste heure j'ay necessity bien urgente de repaistre, dentz agues, ventre vuyde, gorge seiche, appetit strident, tout y est delibere. Si me voulez mettre en oeuvre, ce sera basme de me veoir briber. Pour Dieu donnez y ordrel" Lors commenda Pantagruel qu'on le menast en son logis et qu'on luy apportast force vivres ; ce que fut faict, et mangea tresbien a ce soir, et sen alia coucher en chappon, et dormit jusques au lendemain heure de disner: en sorte qu'il ne feit que troys pas et un sault du lict a table. suggestion of the polyglot speeches was taken from the speeches in various French patois uttered by Patelin of the well-known farce in his pretended delirium, in order to swindle the draper. I In consequence of a Papal bull in the jubilee year 1500, a French squadron together with Genoese, Venetian, and Portuguese ships, were despatched against the Turks, but they failed miserably before Mitylene. Panurge represents himself as one of the 32 prisoners taken by the Turks. ■2 The main idea of the story is that of Ulysses arriving at the Island of the Phaeacians, and Panurge's last speech is formed on the speeches of Ulysses in Od. xiv, 193-8 and Od. vii, 216-21. PANTAGRUEL ']'] This may be supplemented by the account of Panurge's appear- ance from Chapter XVI. Panurge estoit de stature moyenne, ny trop grand, ny trop petit, et avoit le nez un peu aquillin, faict a manche de rasouer, et pour lors estoit de I'eage de trente et cinq ans ou environ, fin a dorer comme une dague de plomb\ bien galand homme de sa personne, sinon qu'il estoit quelque peu paillard et subject de nature a une maladie qu'on appeloit en ce temps la Faulte d'argent, c'est doleur non pareille^; toutesfoys, il avoit soixante et troys manieres d'en trouver tousjours a son besoing, dont la plus honorable et la plus commune estoit par fagon de larrecin furtivement faict; malfaisant, pipeur, beuveur, bateur de pavez, rib- leur, s'il en estoit a Paris, Au demeurant le meilleur filz du monde^, et tousjours machinoit quelque chose contre les sergeans et contre le guet. The rest of the book may be summarized as follows : Chapter X is devoted to a tirade against the legal studies of the time, as being merely chicaneries and opinions of lawyers, civil and canon alike, instead of expositions and broad principles of equity. Chapters XT — XIII are the pleadings of two noble lords before Pantagruel and his judgment thereon. They are simply a tissue of incoherence, intended to ridicule the pleadings in use at that time. Chapter XIV is an extravagant story of Panurge, how he escaped from the Turks, who had taken him prisoner at Mitylene among thirty-two Frenchmen, who were in a papal expedition against the Turks in 1502. Chapter XV is an absurd scheme for building walls round Paris, Chapters XVI and XVII an account of Panurge and his tricks. I A good-for-nothing cheat, fin having the double meaning of "fine" and "crafty," and the other words referring to the worthlessness of a wooden dagger. ■2 A proverbial expression to be found in the refrains of many poets contemporary with Rabelais. 3 From Marot's Epistre au Roy, describing how he had been robbed by a rascally servant. 78 PANTAGRUEL Chapters XVIII — XX describe the contest between Thaumast (Sir T. More) and Panurge, as Pantagruel's deputy, in arguing by signs without words. Chapters XXI — XXII, a disgraceful adventure of Panurge. Chapters XXIII — XXVII, the journey from Honfleur to Utopia, round the Cape of Good Hope, the discomfiture of 660 l