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THE EMPEROR CHARLES Y. 
 
LONDON" 
 
 PKINTIiD BT SPOTIISWOODE AND CO. 
 
 NEW-STREET SQUABS 
 
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. 
 
 RECENTLY DISCOVERED IX THE POTTCGUESB 
 
 tlXGUi&E BY BAEOK KEEVYIf DB LETTEXLIOVE, MEMBER 
 
 OF TUB ROYAL ACADEMY OF BELGIUM. 
 
 TUE EKGLISH TRANSLATION EY 
 
 LEONAED FEANCIS SIMPSON, 
 
 M.R.S.L. 
 
 COPYRIGHT EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, & GREEN 
 1SG2. 
 
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES V. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE VOYAGES AND EXPEDITIONS UNDER- 
 TAKEN' BY THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. SINCE HIS 
 DEPARTURE FROM THE STATES OF FLANDERS (WHERE 
 HE WAS BORN ON FEBRUARY 24. 1500, ACCORDING TO 
 ROMAN STYLE, AND WHERE HE WAS EDUCATED), 
 AFTER THE DEATH OF KING PHILIP HIS FATHER, 
 WHOM GOD HAVE IN HIS GLORY! WHICH HAPPENED 
 IN THE YEAR 1516. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Ixtroductiox .... Pages xi. — xlviii. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 War in Flanders. — League between the Emperor Maximilian and 
 Henry of England against the King of France. — Capturo of 
 Terouane. — Surrender of Touruay.— ^ Charles assumes the Title of 
 King 1516. — He assembles the Cortes of the Kingdoms ofCasfille - 
 atrValladolid. — Death of the Emperor Maximilian. — X!harles_is_ 
 e lected Emp eror.— Visits England. — Has an Interview with Henry 
 VTII. — Visits Flanders. — Commencement of the Reformation. — 
 Luther. — War with France. — Siege of Pavia. — Visits England a 
 second time. — Francis I. is made Prisoner. — The Battle of Bicocca. 
 — Capture of Genoa.— Peace with France. — Birth of Philip, Prince 
 of Spain (1527).— The Pope made aPrisoner . 3—17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Birth of a Second Son. — Concludes Peace with Venice. — Death of the 
 Prince of Orange. — Siege of Vienna by the Turks. — Convocation 
 of a Diet at Augsburg. — The King of the Romans. — Holds a 
 Chapter of the Golden Fleece. — The Diet at Ratisbon. — Defeat of 
 the Turks. — Interview with the Pope. — Holds the Cortes at 
 Monzon. — Expedition to Tunis. — Pope Paul succeeds Clement. — 
 Barbarossa. — Sackjif-Jr-uais. — Visits Italy a third time. — Death 
 of the Queen of England. — Interview with Pope Paul (1636). — 
 Antonio de Leyva. — The Count de Buren. — Capture of Montreuil. 
 — Peace with France. — Is attacked by French Galleys . 18 — 34 
 
viii Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 •Second Interview with the Pope. — Offensive League against the 
 Turks. — Interview between Charles and Francis I. — Charles 
 returns to Spain. — Convokes the Cortes at Toledo. — Capture of 
 Castel-Nuovo. — Death of the Empress (1539). — The Refo rmatio"- 
 — Appoints Prince Philip Governor of the Spanish Dominions 
 duringhis Aljscnce. — Visits the King of France. — Visits Flanders. — 
 Count Egmont.— The Duchy of Gueldres.— The rJuTceofCle.ves.— 
 M. de Granvclle. — The Queen of Hungary (1541). — Expedition to 
 Algeria.-^The Spanish Fleet dispersed by a Tempest. — Gives up 
 the Expedition. — Convokes the Cortes of Castille at Valladolid. — 
 Has a severe (the Ninth) Attack of Gout. — Holds the Cortes at 
 Monzon. — Renewal of War with France. — Pope PauL — Diet at 
 Nuremberg. — Visits Italy again (1543) Pages 35 — 51 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Barbarossa joins the King of France. — Visits the Rhine. — Capture of 
 Duren. — Submission of the Duke of Cleves. — He restores Gueldres 
 to the Emperor. — Visits the Netherlands. — Siege of Landrecies. — 
 Visits the Rhine and Spires. — Surrender of Luxembourg. — Capture 
 of Saint Dizier. — The King of England lays siege to Boulogne. — 
 Advance into France. — Reaches Epernay . 52 — 67 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Negotiations for Peace continued. — Charles consults the King of 
 England. — Mission of the Bishop of Arras. — Surrender of Bou- 
 logne to the King of England. — Surrender of Soissons to Charles. 
 — Henry consents to Peace. — Conclusion of Peace. — M. d'Orleans 
 and M. de Vendome visit the Emperor. — Charles disbands his 
 Army. — Is laid up with Gout at Ghent. V— Convocation of 
 the Council - of Trent. — The JJiet of WoTmT. — Secret Treaty 
 against the Protestants. — The Pope's Legate is alarmed. — He 
 refuses to join the Treaty without seeing the Pope. — The Pope 
 convokes a Consistory and preaches a Crusade against the Pro- 
 testants. — Death of the Duke of Orleans . . . 68—84 
 
Contents. 
 
 IX 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Emperor proceeds to Bruges. — Charles holds a Chapter of the 
 Golden Fleece at Utrecht, — Visits the Duchy of Gueldres. — The 
 Electors request Explanations respecting a League against the 
 Protestants. — The Emperor denies its Existence. — Progress of the 
 Reformation. — The Sraalcalde League. — The Diet of Ratisbon. 
 — The Pope's Emissaries endeavour to persuade the Emperor to 
 take up Arms. — Duke William of Bavaria joins the secret League. 
 - The Protestants prepare for the worst./ — Charles concludes an 
 
 Armistice with the Turk. — Commencement of Hostilities against 
 the Protestants. — The Protestants capture Eiissen and Clusa. - — - 
 Charles resolves, living or dead, to remain Emperor of Germany. — 
 The Emperor marches on Neustadt . . Pages 85 — 101 
 
 CIIAPTEE VII. 
 
 The War with the Protestants. — Charles crosses the Danube. — The 
 Protestants at Ingulslildt: — Count de Buren. — Position of the 
 Emperor's Army. — A Night-Assault. — The Protestants bombard 
 the Imperial Camp for eight consecutive Hours. — Retreat of the 
 Protestants. — Surrender of Neuburg. — Arrives at Maresheim. — 
 The Emperor hears Mass in the expectation of a, great Battle. — 
 The Protestants occupy the Heights near Nordlingen. — The Em- 
 peror prepares for Battle. — Is dissuaded from crossing the River. 
 — The Duke of Brunswick is killed in a Skirmish. — Surrender of 
 Donauwerth to the Emperor . . 102 — 117 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Emperor crosses the River. — Surrender of Hastat. — Surrender 
 of Dillingen. — Surrender of Laubingen and Gondelfingen. — 
 Skirmish with the Enemy. — Crosses the Brenz and encamps at 
 Sontheim. — Lays an Ambuscade for the Protestants. — The Pro- 
 testant Position at Giengen. — The Papal Troops leave the 
 Imperial Camp. — The Protestants wish to treat for Peace. — The 
 Elector of Saxony is defeated by Duke Maurice. — Dissensions in 
 the Protestant Army. — They raise their Camp and retire to 
 
Content?. 
 
 Heydenheim. — The Imperial Army pursues them. — A Battle 
 imminent. — Is prevented hy a Snow-storm. — Surrender of 
 Nordlingen and other Towns. — The Protestants capture Gmundt. 
 — Dispersion of the Protestant Army. — John Frederick of Saxony 
 retreats to G-otha. — Surrender of Frankfort and of Ulm 
 
 Pages 118—134 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Emperor enters Wiirtemberg. — Augsburg and Strasburg sur- 
 render. — Death of the King of England. — The Elector of Saxony 
 reassembles an Army. — Pope Paul recalls his Italian Auxiliaries. 
 Defeat of the Imperialists under Margrave Albert of Brandenburg. 
 — Death of the Queen of the Romans. — The Emperor is taken 
 seriously ill at Nordlingen. — Death of tie King of France. — The 
 Protestants encamp near Meissen, on the Elbe. — Surrender of 
 Meissen to the Imperialists. — The Protestants take up a Position 
 at Muhlberg. — The Emperor resolves to give Battle. — A dense 
 mist conceals his Movements. — The Protestants are taken by 
 surprise and commence retreating. — The Imperialists cross the 
 River. — Commencement of the Battle. — /The_Emper pr attacks the > 
 Protestant Armv with Cavalry only/ — Duke Maurice defeats the 
 Protestant Horse. —( Total Defeat of th eProtestants. i — Capture of 
 Duke John Frederick of Saxony and of Duke Ernest of Brunswick, 
 April 24 .... . . 135—150 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Siege of Wittenberg. — The Town capitulates. — Surrender of other 
 Towns. — Duke Maurice is appointed Elector. — War in Bohemia. 
 — Convocation of a Diet. — Submission of the Elector of Saxony 
 and of the Landgrave of Hesse. — MVit^jy P r,-inT,jTq) the Imp erial 
 Troops. — Distur ba nces in Italy ^ — Con spiracy of Fiesco. — The 
 StaRS - tsf the Empire submit to the Council. — Revolution at 
 Placentia. — Charles's Nephew is appointed King of Bohemia. — 
 The Emperor returns to the Netherlands . . 151 — 161 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 BARON KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE. 
 
 POE some years the attention of the most 
 eminent minds has been earnestly directed 
 to the study of the history of the sixteenth 
 century, and Charles V., who occupies the first 
 place in that history, is indebted to a greater 
 impartiality, as well as to the revelations of a 
 great number of unpublished documents, for 
 a tardy justice to his memory. Where it had 
 been agreed to accuse him of ambition, sin- 
 cere convictions have been recognised, which 
 neither numerous obstacles nor long sufferings 
 could alter ; and his abdication itself, by show- 
 ing him superior to all the grandeurs he had 
 traversed, has shed a calm and serene halo 
 upon the last years of his life, of which there 
 are few examples in the agitated career of the 
 rulers of the world. 
 
xii Introduction. 
 
 In our days, it is no longer the case that 
 historiographers alone and official coronistcs are 
 consulted ; men study especially those intimate 
 narrators -who, without burnishing their narrative 
 by a pomp which always excites some mistrust, 
 adhere strictly to truth. At times it is necessary 
 to refer to the confidential reports of the skill- 
 ful negotiators of Venice to j udge the Emperor 
 at the apogee of his power ; again, to follow 
 him in the repose which he sought in the shade 
 of a cloister, we must interrogate the re- 
 membrances of those Hieronymite monks who 
 saw him day by day bending towards the 
 tomb where their prayers were to follow him. 
 The same interest is attached to the familiar 
 letters written by his most faithful servants, 
 and among those there are none more valuable 
 than the letters addressed to Louis de Praet by 
 William van Male, who close to his person 
 had admired the glory of the Emperor before 
 climbing with him that rough pass of Puerto- 
 Novo, when Charles V. exclaimed, ' This is 
 the last pass that I shall have to cross before 
 that of death ! ' 
 
 William van Male was born at Bruges. His 
 
Introduction. xiii 
 
 family does not appear to have belonged to 
 the ancient noblesse, and he was poorly pro- 
 vided with the gifts of fortune. For a long 
 time his sole occupation had been to shut 
 himself up in his library, which he afterwards 
 called ' the dear prison of his youth.' Finally, 
 he found himself reduced to seek his fortune 
 in Spain, and attached himself to the Duke 
 of Alba, who was then only the generous and 
 brilliant Captain, who was called 'the father 
 of the soldiers ; ' through him he was enabled 
 to gain admission to the cabinet of the Em- 
 peror, not to solicit the honour of girding on 
 a sword, but to consult a manuscript relating 
 to the Avar in Germany, by Don Louis d'Avila, 
 much more complete than that which had been 
 published in Spanish in 1548. "William van 
 Male managed so well that he was allowed to 
 translate it into Latin, and, thanks to the re- 
 commendation either of the Duke of Alba,* 
 or of Louis d'Avila himself, Cosmo de Medici 
 — the great Cosmo, as Brantome calls him — 
 accepted the dedication of that work, which 
 
 * Cosmo de Medici had- married a cousin of the Duke of 
 Alba, Eleanor of Toledo. 
 
xiv Introduction. 
 
 narrated in a pure and elegant style the events 
 which had recently taken place. 
 
 On the conclusion of a dedicatory epistle to 
 the Duke of Florence, William van Male 
 expresses himself as follows : — 
 
 If it is thought that I do not reply completely 
 enough to the reproaches which might be addressed 
 to me, people must at least bow before the sound 
 judgement and high intellect of the illustrious Sei- 
 gneur de Praet. The latter, always animated by an 
 admirable zeal for learned men, has kindly consented 
 to read this book before it was published, and passed 
 the file of his enlightened mind over those parts 
 which appeared to him rough and unpolished.* 
 
 It will be readily understood that William 
 van Male attached much value to the approval 
 of Seigneur de Praet, who was a Knight of the 
 Golden Fleece, at the head of the Finances of 
 
 * Qua ratione, si obtrectatoribus per me non factum est satis, 
 vereantur sane necesse est IILustriss. D. Pratensis acerrimum 
 judicium et gravitatem. Is enim pro incredibili quadam erga 
 studiosos omnes humanitate, libellum prius quain ederetur, 
 diligenter perlegit, quaeque inexpolita et rudia viderentur, iis 
 perspicacissimi ingenii sui limani addidit. Ipse itaque celsitu- 
 dinem tuam in partem defensiouis juvabit, si vitilitigatorum 
 tjedio et molestia affectus, eos ad tantam Principis viri dignita- 
 tem et eruditionem relegaveris. 
 
Introduction. xv 
 
 the Netherlands, and who, moreover, held the 
 office of Grand Bailiff of Bruges.* 
 
 To this testimony of the honourable relations 
 of the translator of Louis d'Avila's work, a few 
 lines must be added, in which he proclaims the 
 mission incumbent upon letters of perpetuat- 
 ing the glory of the Emperor, and wherein he 
 insists upon the legitimate authority of the his- 
 torian, when it has been his lot to take a striking 
 part in the exploits narrated in his recital. 
 
 * Louis de Flandre, Seigneur de Praet, descended from" 
 Louis de Male, last Count of Flanders. His mother, Isabella 
 of Burgundy, was, also in illegitimate line, the great-grand- 
 daughter of Philip the Good ; her grandmother, Louise de la 
 Gruthruse, was the sister of that illustrious Seigneur de la 
 Gruthruse, who was not less honoured by the hospitality he 
 gave to King Edward at York than by the protection he ac- 
 corded to letters by having MSS. copied and enriched with 
 sumptuous miniatures. Louis de Praet shared the same taste3. 
 Xenophon, Plato, Polybius, Cicero, Seneca, were his favourite 
 authors : he corresponded with Vives and Viglius, and the 
 historian of the Counts of Flanders, Jacques Meyerus, ad- 
 dressed an ode to him, in which he says — 
 
 ' All the Muses bear thee up towards heaven. The histo- 
 rians who relate thy great deeds, and the poets that sing them, 
 call you their father and their Mecsenas. You are our glory 
 and the honour of our country, you who count among your 
 ancestors the kings and princes whom Flanders has obeyed. How 
 can I praise you sufficiently ? The nobility of thy origin is 
 heightened by so many virtues, it is revealed to the world by 
 so many brilliant acts, that even should old Homer, the bard 
 of the kings of Greece, return among us, his lays would not 
 suffice for thy glory.' 
 
xvi Introduction. 
 
 It is probable that William van Male returned 
 to Brussels with the Duke of Alba and the son of 
 Charles V. Van Male, -who aspired to write the 
 contemporary annals of the Netherlands, doubt- 
 less did not foresee the future when he saw that 
 young prince, who was afterwards Philip II., 
 preside at a festival between the Duke of 
 Alba and the Counts of Egmont and of Homes, 
 in that great square at Brussels, where after- 
 wards . . . But then his country presented 
 . itself only to the heart of Yan Male surrounded 
 by images of prosperity and of happiness,* and 
 he entreated Louis de Praet to find for him some 
 honourable position, which might lead to his 
 appointment as Belgian historiographer of the 
 Emperor. 
 
 It was about the Easter festivities of 1550 
 that Louis de Praet obtained for William van 
 Male the situation of Ayuda de Cdmara in 
 the Emperor's household, and Charles V., who 
 was fond of literature, and regretted that he 
 had not cultivated letters sufficiently during his 
 youth, took him at once into his intimacy. Did 
 
 * Malinasum tuum plane beaveris. — Lett res de Guillaume 
 vim Male, published b_v M. de Beift'enberg, p. 10. 
 
Introduction. xvii 
 
 Charles V. confine himself to repeat to William 
 van Male certain recitals which he had borrowed 
 from Louis d'Avila ? Did he ask him to explain 
 to him, according to the Latin text, the commen- 
 taries of Caesar, which he only knew from a 
 translation in the tongue of Dante and of Mac- 
 chiavelli ? It is only allowed to suppose so : 
 but what we know with more certainty is, that 
 the Emperor honoured him daily with long 
 interviews, that Van Male was incessantly occu- 
 pied reading or writing under his dictation near 
 his table or at the fireside, even at night at his 
 bedside,* and that he was, in some measure, as 
 he himself expresses it, tied to a post by his 
 functions and occupations. - }" 
 
 On May 31, 1550, Charles V. left Brussels 
 for Germany on important business. On reach- 
 ing Cologne he embarked on June 14 on the 
 Ehine, and took five days to reach Mayence. 
 William van Male, who accompanied the Em- 
 peror, hastened to write to Mayence to his 
 
 * Quotidianum colloquium ... ad forum. In lectione 
 nocturna . . . — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, pp. 26, 27, 
 35, 45. 
 
 f- Tanquam ad palum alligatus. — Ibid., p. 54. 
 
xviii Introduction. 
 
 illustrious friend, Louis de Praet ; but this letter, 
 the loss of which cannot be too much regretted, 
 no longer exists, and we only know its contents * 
 from a rapid recapitulation f which Van Male 
 inserted in another letter, also addressed to 
 Seigneur de Praet, and written at Augsburg; on 
 July 17, 1550. We reproduce it here, borrow- 
 ing the faithful translation of it, published by 
 M. Mignet: — 
 
 In the leisures of his navigation on the Rhine, 
 the Emperor, having plenty of leisure time on board 
 ship, undertook to write his journeys and expeditions 
 from the year 1515 up to the present moment The 
 work is admirably polished and elegant, and the style 
 attests great strength of mind and eloquence. Surely, 
 I should not easily have imagined that the Emperor 
 possessed such qualifications, as he has avowed to 
 me himself that he was indebted for nothing to 
 education, and that he had acquired them entirely by 
 his own meditations and labour. As regards the 
 weight and value of the work, they consist especially 
 
 * Intelligo nullas e meis [litteris] tibi redditas esse . . . 
 Scripseram fusissinie . . Despero hujus infortunii memor 
 quod litterse niese suit interceptse. — Lettres de CruiUaume van 
 Male, pp. 11, 12. 
 
 t Brevem anaceplialeosim. Ibid., p. 12. 
 
Introduction. xix 
 
 in that fidelity and that gravity to which history 
 owes its credit and its power.* 
 
 William van Male added in a postscript : — 
 
 The Emperor has allowed me to translate his 
 work as soon as it has been revised by Granvelle and 
 by his son. I have resolved to adopt a new style, 
 which partakes at the same time of Titus Livius, 
 of Caesar, of Suetonius, and of Tacitus ; but the 
 Emperor is unjust towards us and our century when 
 he wishes his work to remain secret, and protected 
 by a hundred keys.f 
 
 If anyone is desirous of knowing what Wil- 
 liam van Male meant by this new system of 
 
 * Scripsi e Mogunciaeo Csesaris iter; liberalissimas ejus 
 oecupationes in navigatione fluminis . Rheni, dum otii occa- 
 sione invitatus, scriberet in navi peVegrinationes suas et expedi- 
 tiones, quas ab anno XV. in prassentein usque diem suscepisset 
 . . . Libellus est mire tersus et elegans, utpote magna in- 
 genii et eloquentiae vi conscriptus. Ego certe non temere cre- 
 didissem Csesari illas quoque dotes inesse, quum, ut ipse mihi 
 fatetur, nihil talium rerum institutione sit eonsecutus, sed sola 
 meditatione et cura. Quod attinet ad auctoramentum et 
 gratiam, vide, obsecro, quibus fulcris innitentur, scilicet fide 
 et dignitate, quibus potissimuni duobus et commendatur et 
 viget historia. 
 
 f Csesar indulsit mihi libri sui versionem, ubi fuerit per 
 Granvellauum et filium recognitas. Statui novum quoddam 
 sciibendi temperamentum effingere, mLxtuni et Livio, Cssare, 
 Suetonio, et Tacito. Iniquus est tamen Caesar nobis et saeculo, 
 quod rem supprimi velit et servari centum clavibus. — Lettres 
 de Gutiloume van Male, p. 13. 
 
 a2 
 
xx Introduction. 
 
 interpretation, he may refer to what lie himself 
 
 wrote on the subject of the narrative of Don 
 
 Louis d'Avila : — 
 
 It is right that deeds which have surpassed what 
 has been most famous in divers countries should be 
 narrated in a celebrated language, and understood 
 by all nations. Perhaps I may be accused of em- 
 ploying a new and too free system of translation ; 
 I have followed the exact text before me, without, 
 however, holding myself bound to give it literally, 
 but without altering the sense, even when I have 
 not adopted the same order and the same words. 
 
 The conqueror of Barbarossa, like the con- 
 queror of Gaul, had endeavoured, to quote an 
 expression of Montaigne, to recommend, not his 
 sayings, but his acts.* Van Male wished this 
 book to offer, at the same, time, a model to war- 
 riors and to historians ; f his idea, therefore, was 
 to give to the Commentaries of the Emperor a 
 classical tinge of Latin literature to bring the 
 ancient and the new Caesar into approximation. 
 
 * Si les gestes de Xenophon et de Cesar n'eussent de men 
 loing surpass*) leur eloquence, je ne croy pas qu'ils les eussent 
 jamais escripts ; ils ont cherche 1 a recommander non leur dire, 
 mais leur faire. — Essais, i. 39. 
 
 f Les commentaires de Cesar, dit Plutarque, ont et4 loues 
 par les meilleurs esprits de son temps, comme un modele par- 
 fait de ce genre d'ouvrage, et comme egalement propres a 
 former les historiens et les guerriers. 
 
Introduction. xxi 
 
 At Augsburg Charles V. closeted himself 
 with Van Male to dictate to him, four hours 
 consecutively. It was here that he completed 
 the work which extended from 1516 to the 
 month of September 1548. Did the Emperor, 
 in terminating his recitals at the end of the year 
 1548, consider them as given summarily in the 
 most clear and precise form in the instructions 
 which he transmitted to his son on January 18 
 of that same year ? * There also he dwelt upon 
 the infirmities which tormented him, the dangers 
 which he had braved, the uncertainty of God's 
 intentions towards him, before tracing the rules 
 which his successor would later have to adopt in 
 his policy. First, it was an absolute devotion to 
 religion, which, without weakness as without 
 usurpation, should maintain the hopes attached 
 to the convocation of the Council of Trent : 
 abroad it was a prudent and skillful system, 
 which should not compromise the relations with 
 France, and should seek the friendship of Eng- 
 land ; at home a generous and conciliating 
 
 * Sandoval (edition d'Anvers), ii. p. 475 — Papiers iEtat de 
 Granvelle, iii. 267. I have seen an Italian translation of these 
 instructions in the Vatican Library, No. 756. 
 
xxii Introduction. 
 
 government in Germany, active and vigilant in 
 Italy, wise and enlightened in the ^Netherlands, 
 which had always shown themselves hostile to 
 foreign rule ; * finally, he recommended to him, 
 everywhere and always, the love of peace, which 
 the very experience of wars ought to render 
 more intense, economy in the administration of 
 the finances, impartiality in that of justice, sup- 
 pression of abuses, respect for the rights of all 
 men. In these instructions, as in his Commen- 
 taries, Charles V. had incessantly before his eyes 
 the instability of human things, f 
 
 William van Male assures us, moreover, that 
 Charles V. wished to continue his Commen- 
 taries up to the last moment. % Doubtless he 
 could not find time, and the dictations which 
 have been preserved to us occupied in 1550 
 and in 1551 the greater portion of the leisure 
 hours he had at his disposal at Augsburg, under 
 the refreshing shade of the Fugger Gardens. § 
 
 * Los de alii no pueden bien suffrir ser governados poT 
 estrangeros. 
 
 f La continua instabilidad y mudanca de las cossas ter- 
 renas. 
 
 \ In praesentern usque diem. — Lettres de Guillaume van 
 Male, p. 12. 
 
 § I dare not say all those leisure hours, as I find from a 
 
Introduction. 
 
 xxi 11 
 
 Did the Emperor carry out the more or less 
 vague promise which he made at Mayence? 
 Did he commence submitting: his work to the 
 revision of his son, then in his twenty-third 
 year, and to that of Granvelle? The negative 
 seems but little doubtful, for nothing has been 
 found in connection with such a communica- 
 tion. The last lines of the postscriptum of the 
 letter of July 17, already announced, as M. 
 Mignet shrewdly observes, that the Emperor 
 had altered his intention, and on reading the 
 later letters of Van Male, we only find him 
 somewhat laboriously occupied with the publica- 
 tion, which the Emperor had imposed upon him, 
 of his translation of the ' Chevalier delibere ' of 
 Olivier de la Marche. It seemed that Charles V., 
 on the point of touching upon the most difficult 
 period of his life, endeavoured to draw himself 
 away from modern history, troubled, agitated, 
 disturbed, replete with struggles, harassed by 
 hesitation and doubts, to find recreation in the 
 
 note for which I am indehted to the kindness of our learned per- 
 petual secretary, M. Quetelet, that Hulsius mentions a treatise 
 which Charles V., about the same time, is said to hare com- 
 posed on artillery ; viz. ' Discorso de l'artilleria de l'imperadore 
 Carlo V., scritto a mano, 1552.' 
 
xxiv Introduction. 
 
 fables of chivalry, which itself was already 
 nothing more than a poetical fiction. 
 
 Nevertheless, at the end of the year 1551, 
 Charles V. took up his residence at Inspnick, 
 where he was nearer to Italy ; but he soon 
 regretted having done so. The distance he was 
 at from the centre of Germany encouraged the 
 efforts of his enemies, and the absence of any 
 army which might have protected him made 
 him in some measure a prey to their audacity. 
 
 On April 4, 1552, Charles V. wrote thus to 
 his brother, the King of the Eomans : — 
 
 I find myself actually without power or authority. 
 I find myself obliged to abandon Germany, not 
 having anyone to support me there, and so many 
 opponents, and already the power in their hands. 
 What a fine end I shall have for my old age ! . . . 
 Everything well considered, recommending myself 
 to God, and placing myself in His hands ; seeing at 
 this hour the necessity of submitting either to great 
 shame or of placing myself in a great danger. I 
 prefer taking the part of the danger, as it is in the 
 hand of God to remedy it, than to await that of 
 shame, which is so apparent.* 
 
 * Lanz. Corresp. des Kaisers Karl V., iii. p. 161. Bucholz, 
 Geschickte der Regierung Ferdinand des Ersten, ix. p. 549. 
 
Introduction. xxv 
 
 The following is the text of the Emperor's 
 letter : — 
 
 Je me trouve presentement desnue de forces et 
 desauctorise. Je me vois force d'abandonner l'Alle- 
 mayne pour n'avoir mil qui se veidle declarer pour 
 moy, et tant de contraires, et ja les forces en leurs 
 mains. . . . Quelle bel fin je feroie en mes vieulx 
 jours ! . . . Le tout Men considere, me recom- 
 mandant a Dieu et me mettant en ses mains, voyant 
 a cette heure necessite de recevoir une grande honte 
 -ou de me mettre en ung grand danger, j'ayme 
 mieulx prendre la part du danger, puisqu'il est en 
 la main de Dieu de le remedier, que attendre celle 
 de la honte, qui est si apparente. 
 
 Six weeks afterwards, Charles V. was com- 
 pelled precipitately to leave Inspruck during 
 the night, not to fall into the hands of his 
 enemies. 
 
 Under these grave circumstances, Charles V., 
 threatened in his authority and in his liberty, 
 was concerned about the fate reserved to his 
 memoirs, in which he had explained the secrets 
 of his pohcy, and judged the faults of the Pro- 
 testant princes of Germany. He thought it 
 prudent to intrust them to some devoted ser- 
 vant, who could take them to Spain beyond all 
 
xxvi Introduction. 
 
 danger, and he added a few lines addressed to 
 his son, in which he revealed to him the import- 
 ance of tliis deposit, which was not to be opened 
 until at an epoch or on an eventuality which he 
 meant to indicate. In the midst of the alarms 
 and emotions of Inspruck those lines remained 
 incomplete ; but, despite the French and Turkish 
 galleys which were cruising in the Mediter- 
 ranean, the mission was faithfully executed, and 
 the narrative dictated by Charles V. to Van 
 Male was remitted (everything at least announces 
 it) to the young Prince of Spain. 
 
 As soon as the troops of Maurice of Saxony 
 had entered Inspruck, they pillaged everything 
 which had belonged to the Emperor. His 
 books and papers, which were in Van Male's 
 house, shared the same fate. Were the Protes- 
 tants aware, from the letter Van Male wrote at 
 Mayence, which was intercepted, as he relates, 
 of the existence of the imperial work? It 
 would doubtless have been the most precious 
 part of the booty which they made. 
 
 Between the flight from Inspruck, which 
 aroused the indignation of Don Juan of Austria, 
 and the abdication of Brussels, so easily accepted 
 
Introduction. xxvii 
 
 by Philip II., there was no time for the continua- 
 tion of the Commentaries : each day had its 
 combats and its dangers, or at least its struggles, 
 of every description, and its renewed agitations. 
 But what happened later at Yuste ? Opinions 
 are divided : we shall endeavour to explain our 
 own. 
 
 Charles V. had the fixed intention of com- 
 pleting in silence and in peace the work 
 which he had commenced in the midst of Avars 
 and of political struggles. He wished to show, 
 by justifying his conduct towards popes and 
 kings, that in the religious troubles of Ger- 
 many, as in the great wars against France, he 
 always remained what he had been on the burn- 
 ing shores of Tunis and of Algeria — the real 
 chief and legitimate representative of the Chris- 
 tian polity, which was violently threatened at 
 home as well as abroad.* He hoped, he said 
 in a letter, every sentence of which we shall 
 have carefully to consider, to do something 
 
 * ' The Emperor,' writes Tiepolo, 'neglects nothing of what we 
 have a right to expect from a Christian Emperor full of zeal 
 for faith and for the Church.' (See Clironiqtie de Charles- 
 Quint, par M, Pichot, p. 149.) 
 
xxviii Introduction. 
 
 which God should not judge useless to His 
 service. 
 
 He took with him into his retreat his able 
 Secretary, William van Male, and, declaring that 
 he had resolved no longer to occupy himself 
 with the affairs of the present, he had an- 
 nounced immediately on his arrival in Spain, 
 that he intended sending away all his attend- 
 ants, with the exception of Van Male,* that is 
 to say, to be able to shut himself up with him 
 as he did at Augsburg, and the better shielded 
 against all ideas of vanity, as these memoirs of 
 his life would be traced at the foot of his 
 tomb. 
 
 However, other occupations came to inter- 
 rupt these plans, and Van Male, who became 
 such a favourite that he excited all the jealousy 
 of the Spaniards, seemed to have shared his 
 days in reading to the Emperor during his 
 dinner, and in drawing up bulletins relative to 
 his health, which were addressed regularly to 
 the Secretary of State, Don Juan Vasquez.f 
 
 * Lettre de Gastelu, du 11 Oct., 1556. — Hetraite et Mort de 
 Charles- Quint, par M. Gachard, i. pp. 18 and 19. 
 
 f Lettre de Guillaume van Male, du 11 Avril, 1557. — • 
 Gachard, lietraite et Mort de diaries- Quint, ii. p. 167. 
 
Introduction. xxix 
 
 There were two distinct periods in the sojourn 
 of Charles V. at Yuste (St. Just). During the 
 first, still dreaming of the restoration of his 
 strength and health, which had been prema- 
 turely weakened, he wished to create for him- 
 self in his solitude, less sombre than it was at 
 a later period, commodious buildings, gardens 
 planted with lemon and orange-trees, sparkling 
 fountains and basins full of trout. In the 
 second, struggling in vain against the malady 
 which ravaged his body without affecting the 
 vigour of his intellect, he beheld only in the 
 remembrances of his glory his weaknesses and 
 his miseries, and his mind, absorbed by pious 
 meditations, detached itself from earthly things. 
 Read through the letters (and they are very 
 numerous) which were written at Yuste by the 
 attendants of Charles V. ; you will find therein 
 all the incidents, all the episodes, of his daily 
 life, but you will not find any trace of the 
 historical dictations to William van Male ; and 
 if there may be a few allusions, far from re- 
 compensing on a large basis the apology of that 
 most chequered life, they are reduced to broken 
 fragments. 
 
xxx Introduction. 
 
 Charles V., it is true, was occupied at times 
 with, thinking what judgement posterity would 
 pass upon him ; but at those moments he re- 
 commended to be collected carefully the vast 
 compilations of Florian Ocampo and of Gines 
 Sepulveda.* However, it so happened that he 
 said to Father Francis de Borgia, whom he had 
 charged with a mission to Portugal — 
 
 Do you think that there is any sign of vanity in 
 writing one's own acts ? You must know that I have 
 related all the expeditions (jomadas) that I have 
 undertaken, with the causes and motives which urged 
 me to them, but I have not been actuated, in writing, 
 by any desire of glory, or any idea of vanity, f 
 
 It is impossible for us not to see in these 
 words of Charles V. "an allusion to his work of 
 1550, which he had entitled ' Summario das 
 Viages e Jornadas,' adding thereunto a letter 
 protesting that he had not composed it out of 
 vanity. It appears that Charles V., in forgetting 
 
 * Lettre de l'Empereur, du 9 Juillet, 1558. — Gachard, 
 Retraibeet Mart de Charles- Quuit, i. p. 310. 
 
 t Kibadene3Ta, vida del P. Francisco de Borja, p. 113. ; 
 Sandoval (eel. d'Anvers), ii. p. 617. Compare what Sepulveda 
 says : ' that Charles V. saw a proof of ambition in the en- 
 couragement which certain princes granted to recitals which 
 were favourable to them.' 
 
Introduction. xxxi 
 
 at Yuste all his great and glorious acts, has given 
 the strongest proof of humility, and the Pre- 
 sident of the Council of Castille, Juan de Vega, 
 on hearing of his death, wrote — 
 
 No noise of his armies, with which he had often 
 made the world tremble, had followed him to the 
 monastery of Yuste ; he had forgotten his steel-clad 
 battalions and his floating banners as completely as 
 if all the days of his life had been passed in that 
 solitude.* 
 
 The testimony of Ambrosia de Morales is still 
 much more precise than that of Juan de Vega. 
 Ambrosia de Morales, who wrote in 1564, six 
 years after the death of Charles V, affirms that 
 his Commentaries were not composed at Yuste, 
 but in Germany. ' What (he says) ought espe- 
 ' cially to excite admiration is that this Prince 
 ' himself, in the midst of the fury of his wars,f 
 ' drew up an exact and sequent narrative of his 
 * acts.' 
 
 In the enumeration of the books found at 
 Yuste after the death of Charles V. we find the 
 
 * Sandoval, Vida del Emp. Carlos V. en Yuste (<5d. d'Anvers), 
 p. 619. 
 
 t En toda la braveza de sus guerras. 
 
xxxii Introduction. 
 
 following : — A book of memoirs (Memorias),wit\\ 
 a golden pen. Did this book of memoirs con- 
 tain tlie Commentaries ? Was that golden pen 
 the Emperor's pen, left forgotten between two 
 unfinished pages? It must be observed that 
 Granvelle designates the Commentaries as Me- 
 moires, and the place itself which this notice 
 occupies in the inventory, side by side with the 
 Emperor's papers, and the maps which he con- 
 sulted, is of some importance. But how comes 
 it that the notary or clerk who, in describing the 
 cups and spoons, always points out what use 
 was made of them by the Emperor, could have 
 forgotten to add that those memoirs were neither 
 accounts nor notes (the word Memorias signifies 
 both), but the autobiography of Charles V. ? 
 
 There were also at Yuste a portfolio of black 
 velvet and papers intrusted to the care of 
 William van Male. This doubtless contained 
 the political correspondence of Charles V., but 
 Quijada took from him at the same time, and 
 almost forcibly * (Van Male complained of it 
 bitterly), the sheets which contained the text of 
 
 * Quasi por fuerca, Lettre du Cardinal de Granvelle, du 7 
 Mars, 1561. — Papiers cFJStat de Granvelle, vi. p. 200. 
 
Introduction. xxxiii 
 
 the Commentaries, such as they had been written 
 under the Emperor's dictation. 
 
 ' That is my work! ' exclaimed Van Male;* and 
 here again it can only be question of an un- 
 finished manuscript in many points, as Van 
 Male assured us that the greater portion of* it 
 was engraven on his memory.f 
 
 What became of those manuscripts, complete 
 or incomplete, left such as they issued from the 
 first dictation, or partially revised and touched 
 up ? Did Phihp IT. destroy them ? We dare 
 not either accuse him of it or absolve him of it. 
 Assuredly he would never have authorised their 
 publication; but he allowed Morales, his historio- 
 grapher, to quote the memorable example of 
 Charles V. writing his own history, and the 
 very preservation of the manuscript sent from 
 Inspruck is an irrefutable argument. J 
 
 * Diziendo que eran sus travajos. — Papiers <TEtat de Gran- 
 velle, vi. p. 200. 
 
 t Tenia en la memoria buena parte. — Ibid. 
 
 % Does the codicil of Philip II., which orders certain 
 papers to he burnt after his death, refer to the Commentaries 
 of Charles V ? This appears to me very difficult of admission. 
 Could Phillip II. have designated the work of his father by 
 these terms, as vague as they are disdainful : 'Papeles de otras 
 qualesquier personas especialmente de los defunctos' ? and how is 
 it compatible with that system of reserve which is applicable to 
 
 b 
 
xxxiv Introduction. 
 
 Did Van Male, who had returned to Spain 
 laden with rewards, and who, moreover, had the 
 distinguished honour of being mentioned in the 
 will of Charles V., execute from gratitude* his 
 project of taxing his memory for the elements 
 of a new text of the Commentaries. - }* Did he 
 
 all important papers that are to be preserved : ' Papel de impor- 
 tancia que convenga guardar.' 
 
 * Por nieinoria. — Papiers dEtat da Cardinal de Granvelle, 
 vi. p. 290. 
 
 f M. Arendt fancies to have found in the long account of the 
 capture of Hesdin and Terouanne, by Sepulveda, an extract 
 from the Commentaries of Charles V., completed at Yuste. If 
 those Commentaries had devoted sixteen long chapters to the 
 capture of those two towns, what extent would it not be 
 necessary to attribute to them ? It appears only that Van 
 Male had pictured to Sepulveda that campaign as of very great 
 importance, and that he had promised him a detailed narrative 
 of it. But there is not the slightest allusion to a source which 
 would have been treated with the utmost respect. If Sepulveda 
 had thought to attain from Van Male the communication of a 
 fragment of the Co mm entaries of Charles -V., would he not 
 have solicited that of some other more important portion ? It 
 must also be observed that Sepulveda's letter was published in 
 1557. Now, of two things, one — either he would not have 
 dared to mention the communication of Charles V., who was 
 still alive, if he had prohibited it, or, had he authorised it, 
 his generosity (humanitatem) would have been extolled. 
 Charles V. was not present at those two sieges, and all that 
 we know gives rise to the belief that he only related at any 
 length those expeditions in which he took a direct and im- 
 mediate part. It is, however, easily understood that Van Male 
 could procure from his friends in Ilander3 some detailed nar- 
 rative of an expedition of which they were witnesses. M. de 
 
Introduction. xxxv 
 
 take advantage of his leisure hours in his native 
 land to compose that Latin translation, Avliich 
 would at the same time have recalled the great 
 actions of modern times and the most perfect 
 literary works of the ancients ? We are reduced 
 to the testimony of Cardinal de Granvelle,* who 
 relates that Van Male complained at not having 
 been able to commence his work, because he 
 had always been unwell, and suffering since his 
 return. In fact, Van Male died on January 1, 
 1561, two years and three months after him 
 whom he loved to call his master.f 
 
 Van Male, as we also learn from Cardinal de 
 Granvelle, had many friends,! with whom he 
 
 Reiffenberg observes (Introduction to 'Van Male's Letters,' p. 20) 
 that many -well-informed persons had promised to provide him 
 with, reliable and circumstantial accounts. Macchetus, pub- 
 lishing; in 1555 a narrative of that campaign, at which he was 
 present, says that there exist others where the same facte will 
 be found with more details (Incidentals). 
 
 * Que esperava algun dia escrivir algo por memoria de su 
 amo, lo qual dezia que no havia aun empezado por haver es- 
 tado por aca siempre achacoso y doliente. — Papiers cFJEtat du 
 Cardinal de Granvelle, vi. p. 290. 
 
 t Herus mens. — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, p. 47. 
 Su amo. — Papiers d'Etat de Granvelle, vi. p. 290. 
 
 % He sabido que mucho antes que muriesse, rasgo y quemo 
 muchos papeles, y que viviendo se havia quexado muchas vezes 
 a algunos amigos suyas. — State Papers of Cardinal de Granvelle, 
 vi. p. 290. 
 
 b2 
 
xxxvi Introduction. 
 
 repeatedly conversed respecting this work, 
 which would have fulfilled the dream and 
 desire of his whole life.* Incontestably these 
 rumours, these intentions, found an echo in 
 other countries, which had also been witnesses of 
 the exploits of Charles V., and no astonishment 
 can be felt if they were known in Italy. 
 Venice, whose affairs were, according to Co- 
 mines, ' more wisely managed than by any other 
 living prince,' was not ignorant of anything 
 which occurred in Europe. In 1559, Marco- 
 Antonio da Mula was sent on an extraordinary 
 mission of the Kepublic to the Netherlands, and 
 each day its merchants exchanged long letters 
 between Antwerp, the Queen of the Scheldt, and 
 Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic. 
 
 At the very hour Van Male was breathing 
 his last, a Venetian gentleman, Louis Dolce, ob- 
 serves in a life of Charles V. that he was a good 
 French scholar. 
 
 * It was probably only after the return of Van Male to the 
 Netherlands that the report was spread in various quarters that 
 Charles V. had dictated his Commentaries, and that they 
 were to he translated into Latin. In 1559, Zenocams is still 
 ignorant of their existence, but, however, he alleges, in denial, 
 the considerations which alarmed the conscience of Charles V. . 
 ' Veritus ne laudis proprise avidus a Deo censeretur.' 
 
Introduction. xxxvii 
 
 It is said (he adds) that he composed in that 
 language some very fine commentaries of the acts 
 which he had performed, and, as I am informed, 
 they are actually being translated into Latin, and 
 will be published.* 
 
 All Italy was still full of the memory of 
 Charles V., and both Bernardo Tasso, whose 
 illustrious son called glory the shadow of a 
 dream, and Girolamo Buscelli, who had for a 
 long time been engaged in collecting biographies 
 of illustrious men, entertained the idea of 
 writing his history. Kuscelli repeated what 
 Dolce had said, giving more or less exactly the 
 name of the translator : — 
 
 It is hoped that the Commentaries translated 
 into Latin by William Marinde will shortly appear. 
 
 Dolce had announced that a translation was 
 under preparation. Kuscelli, who wrote from 
 the same city, and at the same period, goes 
 farther : he asserts that it is being printed. It 
 
 * Alcuni bellissimi commentari delle cose da lui fatte, i quali, 
 conie odo, hora si traducono in latino e si darano fuori. 
 
 In 1565 Dolce published a new edition of his book. The 
 sentence which refers to the Commentaries of Charles V., which 
 is both vague and ambiguous, was not modified. Nothing 
 farther was known at Venice from 1561 to 1565. 
 
xxxviii Introduction. 
 
 is doubtful whether any such translation ever 
 was made, but it appears to us perfectly inad- 
 missible that it was actually sent to the press at 
 Venice. Would William van Male, who had 
 received the appointment of Major-Domo of the 
 palace at Brussels, and drew a pension, have- 
 dared surreptitiously to make a publication at 
 Venice which would have called down upon 
 him the anger of Philip II. ? * The whole, 
 moreover, is reduced to the very suspicious 
 authority of Brant6me, who has exaggerated, 
 without understanding them, the data collected 
 by Dolce and Buscelli : — 
 
 It is said that the great Emperor wrote a book 
 with his own hand, as Julius Cssar did in Latin. I 
 do not know whether he did so, but I have seen a 
 letter published amongst those of Belleforest, which 
 he has translated from Italian into French, which 
 testifies to it having been turned into Latin by 
 William Marinde ; which I cannot quite believe, as 
 all the world would have hastened to buy a cop3 r , 
 like bread in time of famine ; and certainly the 
 
 * We should be more inclined to admit that the reports 
 spread at Venice, contributed to the search which took place 
 amongst Van Male's papers after his death. 'He entendido,' 
 wrote Philip II. to Cardinal de Granvelle, when he sent him 
 the order to make the search without delav. 
 
Introduction. xxxix 
 
 desire of possessing so great and rare a book would 
 have made the price very high, and everyone would 
 have liked to have his own copy. 
 
 For three centuries, with the exception of 
 the vague indication of an impression said to 
 have been made at Hanau at the commence- 
 ment of the seventeenth century, under the 
 auspices of a son-in-law of William the Silent,* 
 all the questions which refer to the translation 
 of Wilharn van Male have remained veiled in 
 the same darkness ; but these very mysteries 
 seem to have added to the interest, and it must 
 be stated to the honour of the country of 
 Charles V., that the first learned body of Bel- 
 gium has taken the most prominent part in 
 
 * Teissier, who has been copied by all those who have spoken 
 of the edition of the Commentaries of Charles V. at Hanau, 
 confines himself to say — ' Carolus Quintus seripsit de propria 
 vita libellum qui prodiit Hanovue, 1602.' But is there not an 
 error here, which may veiy easily be explained if we substitute 
 the name of the Emperor Charles IV. for Charles V. ? In fact 
 a life of Charles IV., written by himself, was published at 
 Hanau in 1602, and is to be found in a collection of the his- 
 torians of Bohemia. I am indebted for this information to Dr. 
 Hoffinann of Hamburg. The collection is that of Marquard 
 Freher, and the life of Charles IV. is thus designated : — 
 ' Caroli Bohemiae regis et postea imperatoris de vita sua com- 
 mentarius ab ipso scriptus.' It seems to me very difficult not 
 to recognise in this title of a work published at Hanau in 1602 
 the source of Teissier's mistake. 
 
xl Introduction. 
 
 the efforts that have been made to fill up the 
 blank. 
 
 In 1845, M. Gachard, whose name will 
 always remain associated to the researches which 
 have spread so bright a light upon the history 
 of the sixteenth century, entertained the Eoyal 
 Academy of Belgium with his investigations 
 at Simancas, at the Escurial, and at Madrid, 
 respecting ' a document, the discovery of which 
 would have excited universal interest ; ' and he 
 dwelt upon how much was to be regretted ' the 
 loss of those memoirs traced by the hand of 
 the most powerful of monarchs, and perhaps 
 of the most profound political genius of the 
 sixteenth century.' Fourteen years which the 
 learned Keeper-General of the Archives of the 
 Kingdom had devoted to new studies, which had 
 remained fruitless on one single point, though 
 so fruitful on every other, had passed by, when 
 the examination of the same question was taken 
 up by M. Arendt, in a notice which attracted 
 public attention in the highest degree. 
 
 Assuredly the honour of discovering the 
 'Commentaries of Charles V.' is due legitimately 
 to my honourable colleagues of the Eoyal 
 
Introduction. xli 
 
 Academy of Belgium, and if a chance has de- 
 cided it otherwise, it is doubtless that we should 
 have it in our power here to proclaim all that 
 is due to their excellent labours. 
 
 Moreover, we hasten to say so ; we have not 
 had the good fortune to disinter the actual 
 text of the Commentaries of the celebrated 
 Emperor. We have sinrply discovered a trans- 
 lation in the Portuguese language, — a transla- 
 tion which was the only work in the southern 
 tongue inscribed in the great inventory [grand 
 inventaire du fond francais) at the Imperial 
 Library at Paris, where, however, a reference 
 is given to the Spanish division, No. 10,230. 
 It is this error which probably has so long con- 
 cealed it from the curious eye of researchers.* 
 
 The manuscript, which is in elegant and 
 polished handwriting, bears the following 
 title : — 
 
 ' Historia del invictissimo Emperador Carlos- 
 
 * My researches at Paris were connected ■with the publica- 
 tion of various of our ancient authors of the fifteenth century, 
 which was intrusted to me by the Academy. I cannot suffi- 
 ciently acknowledge the obliging kindness with which MM. the 
 Guardians of the Imperial Library facilitated my numerous 
 investigations. 
 
xlii Introduction. 
 
 Quinto, Rey de Hespanha, composta por Sua 
 Majestade Gesarea, como se vee do papel que vai 
 em a segidnte folha, traduzida da linr/oa francesa 
 e do propria original, em Madrid, anno 1620.' 
 
 That is to say : — 
 
 'The History of the most invincible Emperor 
 Charles V., King of Spain, composed by his Imperial 
 Majesty (or his Cesarean Majesty, as Brantome 
 styles him), as is shown by the paper on the follow- 
 ing page, translated from the French, and from the 
 original at Madrid in 1620.' 
 
 Thus in 1620, in the reign of Philip HX and 
 under the ministry of the Duke d'Uzeda, the 
 original manuscript of the Commentaries still 
 existed at Madrid : what has become of it since ? 
 Did some prejudice of national honour cause 
 it to be destroyed when the grandson of a 
 King of France came to occupy the throne of 
 Charles V. ? Has it been the foot-ball at the 
 commencement of this century of some of those 
 soldiers, who little thought they were avenging 
 the vanquished of Pavia when they made their 
 weapons clang in the caverns of the Escurial, 
 where reposes the rival of Francis I. ? Or is 
 it, on the contrary, preserved amongst a lot of 
 
Introduction. xliii 
 
 secret archives? Spain, we hope, will deem 
 these doubts worthy of solution. 
 
 However, the weakness and the decay of the 
 monarchy under Philip m. may explain, at the 
 same time, how the public mind looked back 
 with a feeling; of sorrow and regret toward the 
 reign of Charles V., and how the documents 
 which remained hidden from the Sandovals and 
 Sepulvedas were allowed to be seen by the 
 Coronistes, their successors. In 1623, Gilles 
 Gonzalez d'Avila, Historiographer of Philip HI., 
 again affirmed the existence of the Commen- 
 taries, and perhaps he saw them. The translation 
 into Portuguese is easily explained.* Portugal 
 was still united to Spain, and it was about the 
 same period that Francis d'Andrada and An- 
 tonio de Souza wrote in Portuguese the ' Life of 
 King John HI.,' so intimately connected with 
 that of Charles V. It will have been seen that 
 our manuscript announced a note which was to 
 establish its authenticity. It is, in fact, to be 
 
 * If a publication did take place at Hanau, and if it is poste- 
 rior to 1602, as would be supposed by seeing it mentioned for 
 the first time in a catalogue of 1705, would it not have been 
 in the Portuguese language ? Emmanuel of Portugal married, 
 in 1646, a daughter of the Count of Hanau. 
 
xliv Introduction. 
 
 found in the second sheet, and is conceived in 
 these terms : — 
 
 ' Treslado do pa/pel que esta em o principio desta 
 historic/,, escritto per mao propria do Emperador 
 Carlos V. em a lingoa Castelhana, o qual papel 
 Sua Majestade mandou d'A lemanha com a rnesma 
 historic/, a el rey Don Philippe sen fillio que entdo 
 era principe de Hespanha.'' 
 
 Which translated means : — 
 
 ' Copy of a paper placed at the commencement of 
 this history, which was written in Spanish in the 
 r inanu-proprio of the Emperor Charles V., and 
 which was sent to Germany with this same history, 
 hy His Majesty, to his son the King Philip, then 
 still Prince of Spain.' 
 
 Immediately afterwards follow a few lines 
 addressed by Charles V. to the Prince of Spain, 
 and they give a summary of the history of the 
 composition of the Commentaries. As we learn 
 from Van Male's recital, they were commenced 
 on the Rhine when Charles V. went up it with 
 his son,* then completed at Augsburg, which 
 confirms the ingenious conjectures of M. Arendt. 
 Charles V. protests Ids good faith, which modern 
 
 * Quando \enimos. 
 
Introduction. xlv 
 
 historians are disposed to admit. lie declares 
 that he has not written from vanity, and we 
 know how all his historiographers attribute the 
 honour to him of having been at the same time 
 great and modest in his successes.* In address- 
 ing posterity he places himself under the eye 
 of God. It is God whom he invokes to grant 
 him time to complete his work, that it may serve 
 His glory; it is under the protection of God 
 that he hopes to be delivered from his anxieties 
 and troubles, the trace of which is to be found 
 in these unfinished lines. 
 
 Here we are on the threshold of the Commen- 
 taries. The reader is doubtless impatient to 
 pass it, and we shall content ourselves with 
 adding to this introduction a few words, not to 
 judge the work of Charles V., but to explain, 
 under the circumstances when it was written, 
 what it ought to be, and what in fact it is. 
 
 For the more distant period, the Emperor, 
 assisted by Van Male,f and attaching himself 
 
 * Inanis glorias et falsae laudis contemptor. — Septdveda. 
 
 t Qua, in re usus est opera, mea et suggestione, nam velut 
 nomenelator revocabam in memoriam si quid sentirem aut 
 effluere aut prsetermitti. — Lettres de Guillaume van Male, 
 p. 12. 
 
xlvi Introduction. 
 
 especially to dates and facts, is satisfied with 
 grouping some details together, and enume- 
 rating his numerous crossings of the sea, which 
 he alluded to so eloquently in his abdication 
 speech, when drawing a brilliant picture of the 
 past, combining with them the cold and sombre 
 images of the future, and pointing out what 
 would be the last. But as soon as he touches 
 upon the era of the memorable campaigns in 
 France and Germany, we recognise in the 
 narrator as great a skill in strategy as in 
 politics. Despite the obstacles multiplied by 
 the violent attacks of his enemies or by their 
 disguised subterfuges, he, unaided, sufficed for 
 that task, too immense, as Mignet observes, 
 for one man ; and it is especially in these Com- 
 mentaries that he will be found firm in his con- 
 victions and in his projects, and struggling 
 courageously, though infirm and ill, against the 
 most formidable leagues, and against the most 
 audacious outburst of the liberty of the human 
 mind, which discarded all principle of authority. 
 As regards the form, it is a methodical nar- 
 ration without adornment, in which perhaps may 
 be discovered some imitation of the immortal 
 
Introduction. xlvii 
 
 work of CEesar.* It recalls the assertion of 
 Sepulveda, that the Emperor loved truth in all 
 its simplicity : — 
 
 ' simplicis veritatis amantissimus.' 
 
 We have endeavoured to preserve to him that 
 character, by following a system contrary to 
 that of Van Male, by faithfully reproducing the 
 sense and even the phraseology of the narration 
 which we have before us. The importance of 
 this historical document, which we only know 
 by a first translation, appeared to us to demand 
 that the one which we now publish should re- 
 nounce elegance of style to be the more faithful. 
 It would have been an easy task for us to 
 add numerous notes to every page, and to 
 compare the narrative of the Emperor with 
 that of contemporary historians. We have not 
 done so out of respect to his memory. It is 
 said that Don Louis d'Avila, in his retreat at 
 Placentia, had placed between the busts of 
 
 * Charles V., like Caesar, speaks of himself only in the third 
 person, and the opinion of Cicero upon the Commentaries of the 
 conqueror of Gaul must not he forgotten : — ' Commentaries 
 quosdam scripsit rerum suaruin, valde probandos. Nudi enini 
 sunt, recti et venusti, omni ornatu orationis detracto. Nihil 
 enim est, in historia, pura et illustri brevitate dulcius.' 
 
xlviii Introduction . 
 
 Augustus and Antoninus that of Charles V., with 
 this inscription : — 
 
 ' Carolo Quinto — ed e ccssai questo. 1 
 
 (To Charles V. — that name suffices.) 
 
 Like Louis dAvila, we think that, after hav- 
 ing announced the Commentaries of Charles V., 
 there is nothing to be added to the title. It is 
 just that the voice of the Prince, Avhom the faith- 
 ful Quijada called ' the greatest man that ever 
 lived or ever will live,' should be heard after 
 three centuries of silence, free and unshackled 
 by murmurs and contradictors. At a later 
 period history will resume her rights, but 
 henceforth, before appreciating the political 
 career of Charles V., it will be necessary to study 
 his own judgement of it at a moment when, the 
 better to interrogate his conscience, he was pre- 
 paring voluntarily to relinquish the most vast 
 power that ever was known. 
 
CHAELES V. 
 
 to ms sox 
 
 PHILIP PRINCE OF SPAIN. 
 
 rS history is that which I composed in 
 French, when we were travelling on the 
 Ehine, and which I finished at Augsburg. It 
 is not such as I could wish it, but God knows 
 that I did not do it out of vanity, and if He has 
 been offended at it, my offence must be 
 attributed rather to ignorance than to malice. 
 Similar things have often provoked His anger : 
 I should not like this to rouse His ire against 
 me ! In these circumstances, as in others, 
 reasons will not be wanting to Him. May He 
 moderate His anger, and deliver me from the 
 dilemma in which I see myself! 
 
 I was on the point of throwing the whole 
 into the fire ; but, as I hope, if God gives me 
 
 B 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 life to arrange this history in such guise that 
 He shall not find Him self ill served therein, 
 and that it may not run the risk of being lost 
 here, I send it to you that you may have it 
 kept down there, and that it may not be 
 opened until * . . . 
 
 I the King. 
 
 Inspruck, 1552. 
 
 * Esta listeria es la que yo hize en romance, quando venimos 
 por el Rio, y la acabe en Augusta. Ella no esta. heclia como queria, 
 y Dios sabe que no la hize con vanidad, y si della el se tarro por 
 ofendido, mi ofensa fue mas por ignorancia que por malicia. Por 
 cosas semejantes, el se solia mucho enojar: no querria que por esta 
 lo uviesse heeho agora conmigo. Ansi por esta como por otras 
 ocasiones, no le faltaran causas. Plega a el de templar su yra, y 
 sacarme del trabajo en que me veo. Yo estUTe por quemarlo todo ; 
 mas porque, si Dios me da yida, confio ponerla de manera que el no 
 se deserrira della, para que por aca, no ande en peligro de perderse, 
 os la embio para que por aca no ande en peligro de perderse, os la 
 embio para que agays que alia sea guardada, y no abierta hasta. . , 
 
 Yo El Key. 
 
 En Inspruck, 1552. 
 
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES V 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 War in Flanders. — League between the Emperor Maximilian and 
 Henry of England against the King of France. — ^ Capture of 
 Terouane. — Surrender of Toumay. — Charles assumes the Title of 
 King 1516. — He assembles the Cortes of the Kingdoms of Castille 
 at Valladolid — Death of the Emperor Maximilian. — Charles is 
 elected Emperor. — Visits England. — Has an interview with Henry 
 VnL — Visits Flanders. — Commencement of the Reformation. — 
 Luther. — War with France. — Siege of Pavia. — Visits England a 
 second time. — Francis I. is made Prisoner. — The battle of 
 Bicocca. — Capture of Genoa. — Peace with France. — Birth of Philip 
 Prince of Spain (1527). — The Pope made a Prisoner. 
 
 AFTER the death of King Philip, there were at 
 intervals various wars in the States of Flanders, 
 which we call the Netherlands. One of those wars 
 was that undertaken by the Emperor Maximilian, in 
 concert with King Henry of England, against Louis, 
 King of France. By the prudence, as well as by the 
 habitual bravery of the Emperor,* the French were 
 
 * Pola prudencia como polo esforco costumado do Emperador. 
 B 2 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 defeated whilst endeavouring to relieve Terouane. 
 After the capture of that city, siege was laid to 
 Tournay, which, shortly afterwards, also surrendered. 
 The result was, that the Archduke Charles, grandson 
 of the Emperor, proceeded to Tournay, which was 
 then in the hands of King Henry, and to Lille, 
 where he had his first interview with the same King, 
 and where, amongst other things, his emancipation 
 was discussed and resolved upon. This took place 
 
 1515 in the year 1515, during which he was immediately , 
 recognised as Lord of the said States of Flanders. 
 Shortly afterwards, the same Archduke sent ambassa- 
 dors to King Francis of France, who at the same period 
 had inherited that kingdom, on the death of King 
 Louis. These ambassadors negotiated and concluded 
 peace. In the same year, His Majesty visited a portion 
 of the States of Flanders, and whilst making that 
 visit, there arrived at the Hague, in Holland, M. de 
 Vendome, sent by the King of France to ratify that 
 peace. That portion of his States which he had not 
 time to visit this year, was visited by him in the 
 
 1516 following year, 1516, and he held his first Chapter 
 of the Order of the Golden Fleece at Brussels. This 
 was the year of the death of the Catholic King ; and, 
 dating from that moment, the Archduke assumed 
 the title of King.* 
 
 * E d'entao por diante o Aichiduijue tomou o titulo de Key. 
 
Assumes the title of King. 
 
 At the same period he recovered, not without 
 some resistance, Ms domains in Friesland : then the 
 King of France, on the occasion of his recent acces- 
 sion, expressed a desire to open other negotiations 
 with His Majesty,* which took place at Noyon, at 
 the same time and in the same year. The King of 
 France sent the Seigneur d'Orval to ratify what had 
 been newly agreed upon. His Majesty remained 
 in the Netherlands until September 8, 1517, upon 1517 
 which day he embarked at Flushing for Spain, and 
 he left for the first time, in his absence, Margaret, 
 his aunt, Governor of his States. 
 
 This same year, His Majesty maintaining the peace 
 concluded in France, and the friendship of the King 
 of England,! embarked, as already stated, at Flush- 
 ing, crossed the ocean, and for the first time saw 
 Spain, where his sojourn was to be prolonged till 
 1520. Continuing his journey to Tordesillas, he 
 went to kiss the hands of the Queen his mother, 
 and starting from thence, he proceeded to Mojados, 
 where he met the Infant Don Ferdinand, his brother, 
 whom he welcomed with great fraternal love. $ 
 At this time Cardinal Fray Francis Ximenes, 
 whom the Catholic King had instituted Governor of 
 
 * Despois el Eey de Franca desejou de trattar de novo com Sua 
 Majestade, por causa da nova successao. 
 
 f Continuando a paz feita em Franca e amizade com el Key 
 d'lngla terra. 
 
 J Com grande e fraternal amor. 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 his kingdoms, died. Continuing bis journey, His 
 Majesty arrived at Valladolid, where he assembled 
 the Cortes of the kingdoms of Castille ; and he was 
 recognised as King conjointly -with the Queen bis 
 mother.* 
 
 At this time the King of France intimated to His 
 Majesty a certain intention and wish to go to war 
 with the King of England, to recover, he said, the 
 town of Tournay, which, as has been seen, had been 
 captured. To which His Majesty repbed in terms 
 in keeping with the conventions he had concluded 
 with the two Kings. This reply, though moderate, 
 just, and reasonable, was interpreted in such guise 
 that the King of France felt insulted, and, shortly 
 afterwards, he commenced war. On the other hand, 
 the English monarch did not display the gratitude 
 which such a reply deserved. For soon the twc? 
 Kings came to an agreement, and formed an alli- 
 ance, taking little into account the conventions which 
 had been concluded between them and the Catholic 
 King. In consequence of this agreement and this 
 alliance, the town of Tournay was restored to the 
 French, f 
 
 * E foi jurado por Eey juntamente com a Eainha sua mai. 
 
 + El Eey de Franca fez advertir a Sua Magestade de eerta tencao 
 sua e vontade que tinha de fazer guerra ao Eey d'lnglaterra por 
 cobrar, segundo dizia, a Tornay que, como dantes se disse, fora 
 tomada. Ao que Sua Magestade respondeo confonne os concertos, 
 que tinha feitos com os dittos dous Eeys. A qual Tesposta, ainda 
 
Charles is elected Emperor. 
 
 At this time, that is to say in the year 1518, His lflis 
 Majesty, and the Infant his brother, left Valladolid, 
 for Saragossa; and during this journey he parted 
 company with the Infant at Aranda, who, leaving 
 that town, embarked at Santander, going by sea to 
 Flanders, where he was received by Madam his aunt. 
 His Majesty continued his journey to Saragossa, 
 where, in the same manner, he convoked the Cortes, 
 and was recognised as King.* 
 
 In the year 1519 His Majesty assembled the 1519 
 Cortes at Barcelona, where the same ceremony took 
 place. On his way he learnt the death of the 
 Emperor Maximilian, his grandfather; and, whilst 
 holding the Cortes, the news reached him of his 
 election to the Empire, which Duke Frederick, Count 
 Palatine, was charged to announce to him. From 
 thence he left for Corunna, to embark to receive the 
 Imperial Crown at Aix-la-Chapelle.t 
 
 His Majesty embarked at Corunna, leaving as 
 governor Cardinal de Tortosa, to whom he after- 
 wards gave as adjuncts the Constable and the Ad- 
 miral of Castille, Don Inigo de Velasco, and Don 
 
 que branda, justa, e conforme a razao, foi tomada de sorte que el 
 Rey de Franca se resentio tee pouco despois comecar a guerra, e o 
 Ingrez nao teve o reconhecimento que a tal resposta merecia, porque 
 logo se concertaram e unirao ambos, fazendo pouco caso dos con- 
 certos, que estavam feitos entre elles e o Key Catholieo. 
 
 * Onde da mesma maneira ajuntou cortes, e foi jurado por Rey. 
 
 t A primeira coroa. 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Frederick Henriquez. Having crossed the ocean a 
 second time, lie landed for the first time in England, 
 where he had his second interview with the King, 
 and, despite what has been said above, a closer 
 alliance was negotiated and concluded with the 
 said King.* From thence he crossed over to his 
 States of Flanders, where he was received by Madam 
 his aunt, and by the Infant his brother. This was 
 the first return of His Majesty to his States of 
 Flanders : a third interview was the result, at 
 Gravelines and at Calais, between the Emperor and 
 King Henry of England. He then continued his 
 journey to Aix-la-Chapelle, where he was crowned. 
 He again appointed Margaret his aunt Governor of 
 Flanders ; he also left his brother the Infant there, 
 and held his first Diet at Worms. This is the first 
 time that he visited Germany and the Ehine. 
 About this time the heretical doctrines of Luther 
 in Germany, and the Communidades in Spain, began 
 to manifest themselves.f 
 
 His Majesty, being at the said Diet, sent for his 
 brother, who from thence went to marry the sister 
 of King Louis of Hungary, according to what had 
 been settled by the Emperor Maximilian. 
 
 During this same Diet, Robert de la Mark com- 
 
 * Mais particular paz. 
 
 t Come9aram a pullular as heregias de Luthero em Alemanha e 
 as communidades em Hespanha. 
 
Visits England and Germany. 
 
 menced hostilities.* This act had its origin in the 
 reply, mentioned above, which in 1518 the Catholic 
 King Charles had addressed from Valladolid to the 
 King of France. Not only could that King not 
 conceal his mortification and little satisfaction it 
 gave him, but it gradually increased, especially when 
 the Catholic King was elected Emperor.f 
 
 He was continually making complaints and such 
 unreasonable proposals, and in such exorbitant terms, 
 that the Emperor could neither accept them nor 
 condescend to notice them.f From this reason and 
 from other practices, and other communications which 
 the King of France entertained in Italy and in Spain 
 with the Commuwidades,§ war commenced in 1521 
 between His Majesty and the King of France, in 
 which Eobert de la Mark lost the greater portion 
 of his domains, which were taken from him by 
 Count Henry of Nassau, then Captain-Greneral of 
 the army. These wars lasted till 1525. For this' 
 reason the Emperor was obliged to close the Diet at 
 Worms. By so acting, he rather did what he could 
 
 * Comecou a mover guerra. 
 
 t Da qual niio soo mente nao pode dissimular o desgosto e pouca 
 satisfacao que tinha, mas cada dia ia em crescimento, e muito mais 
 despois que o ditto Key Catholico foi eleito em Emperador. 
 
 j E lhe foram continnamente feitos requerimentos, e postas con- 
 dicoes tao desarrezoadas e per termos tao exorbitantes que nao pode 
 oir, nem coudescender nellas. 
 
 § Pola qual causa, e outtras pratticas e intelligeneias que havia 
 em Italia, e em Hespanha com as communidades. 
 
io Charles the Fifth. 
 
 than what he wished and had resolved to do,* and 
 he left to oppose those hostilities. 
 
 1521 His Majesty returned by the Khine, into his States 
 of Flanders for the second time. At this period the 
 Communidades were suppressed in Spain, and the 
 French beaten and/ driven out of the kingdom of 
 Navarre, which they had occupied in like manner as 
 they had established themselves at Fontarabia. All 
 these things occurred before the close of the year. 
 
 At this time the King of France sent an army 
 into Lombardy. It laid siege to Pavia, which was 
 defended by the Marquis Frederick of Mantua. An 
 army having been assembled, in virtue of the league 
 entered into by the Emperor with Pope Leo and the 
 Venetians, the French were driven out of the Duchy 
 of Milan. Prosper Colonna was chief of the army of 
 the League; and, in virtue of the same League, the 
 Duchy of Milan was given to Duke Francis Sforza. 
 
 At the same time, by the Emperor's orders, 
 the Count of Nassau laid siege to the town of 
 Tournay, which was surrendered by the French to 
 His Majesty, who had occupied it since they received 
 it from the King of England, into whose power it 
 had previously fallen. The army of the King of 
 
 1522 France again attempted, in 1522, to reenter the 
 Duchy of Milan, but Prosper Colonna and the army 
 of the League made so valiant a resistance that the 
 
 * Mais como pode que como desejava e determinava fazer. 
 
Commencement of the Reformation. 1 I 
 
 French lost the battle of Bicocca. The capture of 
 Genoa followed. 
 
 The Emperor, for the third time, leaving the 
 government of Flanders to his aunt, embarked at 
 Calais, and, for the second time, visited England, 
 where he had his fourth interview with the King. 
 Having remained there some days, he embarked at 
 Southampton, crossed the ocean for the third time, 
 and arrived a second time in Spain, where he again 
 went to kiss the hands of his mother the Queen, and 
 where he remained till 1529. At the very time of 
 his arrival, Pope Adrian, who had been elected on 
 the death of Pope Leo, embarked at Barcelona for 
 Eome. His Majesty continued his journey to Valla- 
 dolid, where he assembled the Cortes to complete the 
 reconciliation of past differences, excepting a few of 
 the more culpable from the general pardon granted 
 to all those who had offended him. 
 
 In the year 1523, during the war with France, the 1523 
 Emperor entertained certain communications and 
 certain correspondence * with Duke Charles of Bour- 
 bon, who felt himself injured by some acts of injustice 
 done towards him.f This is why he entered the 
 service of His Imperial Majesty. The Emperor 
 proceeding to Pampeluna with an army to invade 
 
 * Teve algua eommunicao e intelligencia. 
 
 f qual se tinha por injuxiado de algus aggravos que lhe foram 
 feitos. 
 
1 1 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 France, gave the command of it to Don Inigo de 
 Velasco, Constable of Castille, who penetrated into the 
 kingdom, and who on his return recaptured Fonta- 
 rabia. 
 
 1524 This achieved, the Emperor returned in 1524 to 
 the kingdom of Toledo. He was taken ill with fever, 
 
 1525 which he got rid of early in the following year, 1525. 
 At this time the King of France laid siege to Pavia, 
 which was held by Antonio de Leyva, and, in the 
 battle fought in front of that city, the King was 
 made prisoner by the Duke of Bourbon,* Captain- 
 Greneral of the Emperor, Charles de Lannoy, his 
 Viceroy at Naples, and Don Francis d'Avalos, 
 Marquis of Pescaria, his principal captains. The 
 King was taken by the Viceroy of Naples into Spain 
 to Madrid, where he fell sick, and the Emperor 
 went to pay him a visit. This is the first time they 
 met. 
 
 Whilst the Emperor was in the said city of Madrid, 
 peace was negotiated and concluded with the said 
 King, and his marriage with the Queen-widow of 
 Portugal, Eleanor, sister of the Emperor. At the 
 same time the Duke of Bourbon also arrived, who 
 returned soon to Milan, having been invested with 
 that state by His Majesty. 
 
 1526 In 1526 the Emperor left Toledo for Seville, 
 
 * Pelo dantes ditto duque de Borbon. 
 
Siege of Pavia by Francis the First 13 
 
 where lie married. On his journey, he received the 
 news of the death of his sister the Queen of Den- 
 mark. In the same city of Seville, he was visited 
 by his brother-in-law, the Infant Don Louis of 
 Portugal, who accompanied the Empress his sister. 
 This was the first time His Majesty saw the said 
 Infant. At the same time he set at liberty the King 
 of France,* receiving in exchange two of his sons as 
 hostages, conformable to the conditions of the conven- 
 tions made at Madrid. The latter, shortly afterwards, 
 renewed the war, and His Imperial Majesty received a 
 message of defiance f at Grenada, consequent upon a 
 league concluded between Pope Clement, who had 
 been elected on the demise of Adrian, the Kings of 
 France and of England, and the Signoria of Venice. 
 His Majesty sent a reply to- that defiance. 
 
 In the same city the news reached the Emperor 
 that his brother-in-law, King Louis of Hungary, had 
 been defeated by the Turks and had perished. This 
 is why His Majesty convoked the general Cortes of 
 all his kingdoms of Castille, to concert measures to 
 remedy such a state of things, and to organise the 
 necessary means of defence against the Turks. His 
 Majesty was in this city, in 1527, when his son Philip 1527 
 Prince of Spain was born. About the same time, 
 and in the same city, he received the news that the 
 army raised by the Duke of Bourbon had entered 
 
 * Soltou. t Foi desafiado. 
 
14 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Eome, after an assault, in which the said Duke was 
 killed, and that Pope Clement was shut up * in the 
 fort of St. Angelo. A guard was placed in the fort 
 by the Prince of Orange, who, after the death of the 
 Duke of Bourbon, took command of the army. 
 
 The Pope remained in the said fortress until, 
 having come to terms with the army,f he was by 
 His Majesty's orders set at liberty. 
 
 At the same time, in the city of Burgos, the Em- 
 peror received a message of defiance from the Kings 
 of France and of England, under the pretext of the 
 detention of Pope Clement.:}: His Majesty replied that 
 there were no grounds for such an act, as the Pope 
 had already been liberated ; and that the fact of the 
 detention of the Pope ought to be reproached less to 
 the Emperor than to those who had compelled him 
 to raise for his defence so many soldiers who did not 
 obey him well.§ 
 
 All this having taken place, His Majesty returned 
 
 to Madrid, where he convoked the Cortes of the 
 
 kingdoms of Castille, where his son Philip was 
 
 recognised || Prince of the said kingdoms. In the 
 
 1528 year 1528, His Majesty, on his way to Valladolid, 
 
 * Eneerrado. 
 
 f Tee que tendo se coneertado com o exereito. 
 
 \ Sob color da detencao do papa Clemente. 
 
 § E o que tinha acontecido de sua detencao fora mais por culpa 
 daquelles o obrigaram a mandar para sua defensao tanta gente de 
 guerra que nao foi bem obedecido, que por sua. 
 
 || Foijurado. 
 
The Pope made a Prisoner. 15 
 
 experienced a first attack of gout. He received the 
 news that an army sent by the King of France into 
 Italy, under the pretext of delivering Pope Clement, 
 (who, as has already been said, had been libe- 
 rated,) * had advanced to invade and attack the 
 kingdom of Naples ; that it had already conquered a 
 large portion of it, and had laid siege to the capital, 
 into which the army which was before Home had 
 withdrawn. In that army were the Prince of 
 Orange, Don Alphonso d'Avalos, the Marquis du 
 Gruast, Alarcon, who had occupied the castle of St. 
 Angelo, and Don Hugo de Moncada, who was in 
 the said city of Naples, happening to be there at the 
 time of the death of the Viceroy Charles de Lannoy ; 
 and as each laid claim to the supreme command, 
 they were not on very good terms with each other. 
 Nevertheless they performed their duty so well that, 
 with God's blessing, the said kingdom and capital 
 were defended, and the French army vanquished 
 and routed.f During this siege, Don Hugo de 
 Moncada attacked the galleys belonging to the 
 squadron of Prince Doria; but Hugo de Moncada 
 was killed, and most of his galleys captured. 
 
 His Majesty, conformably to the resolution he 
 had taken, proceeded to Monzon to hold the Cortes 
 of the three kingdoms of Aragon. This done, he 
 
 » Com cor de querer livrar o papa Clemente, o qual, como fica 
 ditto, estara ja li-vre. f Eotto e desbaratado. 
 
1 6 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 returned to Madrid, where the Empress was residing, 
 who had given birth to the Infanta Dona Maria, her 
 first daughter. Soon after envoys arrived from 
 Prince Doria, who, from certain reasons and bad 
 treatment he had received,* offered to join His 
 Majesty with his galleys and with those he had cap- 
 tured at Naples. His Majesty willingly accepted 
 the offer, which was most welcome to him, and indis- 
 pensable for the success of the plans he had in view.f 
 
 From this city the Emperor proceeded to Toledo ; 
 and in this town he charged the Empress to govern 
 in his absence all his Spanish dominions, which he 
 resolved to leave, animated by the desire of counter- 
 acting as much as possible the errors in Germany 
 which, owing to the wars he had been engaged in, 
 he had only been able to remedy imperfectly.^ He 
 also wished, by resisting the attacks incessantly 
 directed against him on the Italian side, at the same 
 time to assume the crowns which he had not yet 
 received, and finally to be in a better position to 
 oppose the Turk, who, it was said, was advancing 
 against Christendom. 
 
 From these various motives the Emperor left the 
 
 * Por alguas causas e mao trattamento que lie fora feito. 
 
 t qual Sua Majestade acceitou de boa vontade por este offereci- 
 mento lie ser de muito gosto e necessario para u que trattava fazer 
 e que cada dia se lie podia offerecer. 
 
 1 Po lo desejo que tinha de dar a melhor ordem que lhe fosse 
 possivel aos erros antes dittos de Alemanha que, eomo esta ditto, Sua 
 Majestade deixara o remedio imperfeito. 
 
Visits Italy. 17 
 
 city of Toledo for Barcelona, where Prince Doria 
 shortly afterwards arrived with his galleys. Here 
 he got his fleet into order so as to embark, as 
 already stated, and have himself crowned in Italy, 
 despite the league already mentioned which had been 
 formed against His Majesty, and which, at the same 
 moment, was beginning to break up : for, whilst he 
 was still at Barcelona, negotiations were set on 
 foot between Pope Clement and His Majesty. Here 
 the news came that M. de Saint Pol had been 
 defeated in the states of Milan, and that he was the 
 prisoner of Antonio de Leyva, Governor of those 
 states. At the same time, his aunt Margaret was 
 negotiating at Cambray a peace with the Queen 
 Regent of France, mother of the King. This done, 
 His Majesty embarked and set sail with his whole 
 fleet, landing for the first time in Italy. Whilst 
 cruising along the French coast, he received the 
 report that peace had been concluded ; but he only 
 received the confirmation of it on his arrival at 
 Savona, He consequently sent Seigneur de la 
 Chaulx, one of his household, from Genoa to ratify it. 
 From Genoa he proceeded farther into Italy, where 
 he learnt that the Turks had entered Hungary and 
 laid siege to Vienna. This led to the first interview 
 between Pope Clement and the Emperor at Bologna, 
 where His Majesty experienced a second attack of gout. 
 
1 8 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Birth of a Second Son. — Concludes Peace with Venice. — Death of the 
 Prince of Orange. — Siege of Vienna by the Turks. — Convocation 
 of a Diet at Augsburg. — The King of the Romans. — Holds a 
 Chapter of the Golden Fleece. — The Diet at Katisbon. — Defeat of 
 the Turks. — Interview with the Pope. — Holds the Cortes at 
 Jdonzon. — Expedition to Tunis. — Pope Paul succeeds Clement. — 
 
 ; Barbarossa. — Sack of Tunis. — Visits Italy a third time. — Death 
 of the Queen of England. — Interview with Pope Paul (1536). — 
 Antonio de Leyva. — The Count de Buren. — Capture of MontreuiL— 
 Peace with Prance. — Is attacked by French Galleys, 
 
 AT Bologna the Emperor was informed that the 
 Empress had given birth to a second son, Fer- 
 dinand, whose death was announced to him the 
 following year at Augsburg. To be more free to 
 oppose the Turks and to leave Italy tranquil,* he 
 assumed the crowns that belonged to him, in the 
 said city of Bologna.f 
 
 He concluded peace with the Venetians, and again 
 intrusted the states of Milan to Francesco Sforza. 
 After a long war waged by the Pope and His Majesty 
 against the Florentines, in which the Prince of 
 
 * E por Sua Majestade fiear mais livre parar resistir ao Tureo e 
 per deixar Italia quieta. 
 t Suas Coroas. 
 
Convocation of a Diet at Augsburg. 1 9 
 
 Orange, who was already Viceroy of Naples, fulfilled 
 the functions of Captain-General, the House of the 
 Medici was reestablished in Florence, and Duke 
 Alexander invested with that state. In this expedi- 
 tion the Prince of Orange was killed. He was 
 replaced in his command by Don Ferdinand de 
 Gonzaga, and in the government of Naples by Car- 
 dinal Caracciolo, until His Majesty should decree 
 otherwise. 
 
 , Meantime so valiant a resistance was made by the 
 King his brother, and by those who were with him 
 at Vienna, that the Turk, as well from this reason 
 as from the information he received of the great 
 preparations that were being made to oppose him, 
 thought fit to withdraw. At the same time the 
 Emperor asked His Holiness to convoke and assemble 
 a general council, as most important and necessary to 
 remedy what was taking place in Germany, and the 
 errors which were being propagated throughout 
 Christendom,* To this effect His Holiness appointed 
 a Legate to attend the Diet at Augsburg, and there 
 to adopt all such resolutions as might seem best 
 suited for such an object. 
 
 These matters settled, the Emperor, taking leave 1530 
 
 * Como de cousa mais principal e necessaria r o- Emperador solli- 
 citou a Sua Santitade que, para remedio da Germania e dos erros 
 que iao multiplieando em a Christandade, quisesse, como unico e 
 principal remedio, conTOcar e celebrar hiap concilio geral. 
 
 c 2 
 
io Charles the Fifth, 
 
 of the Pope, left Bologna to proceed to the Diet 
 which he had convoked at Augsburg-. Here he was 
 joined by the Pope's Legate to consider the remedies 
 for the said errors, and at the same time to provide 
 for and obviate the evils which were feared on the 
 part of the Turk. The Emperor, passing through 
 Mantua and the territories • of Venice, arrived at 
 Trent and in Germany for the second time. During 
 this voyage he met the King his brother, and they 
 proceeded together to the said Diet of Augsburg, 
 where good measures were concerted against the 
 Turk, which were afterwards carried out at Ratis- 
 bon. At this time he entered into negotiations 
 with the electors.* As the Emperor, because of the 
 great kingdoms and large domains whieh God had 
 given to him, could not prolong his sojourn in the 
 empire as long as he desired and was suitable,! the 
 question of the election of his brother as King of the 
 Eomans was brought forward. On the closing of the 
 Diet they all started together, and for the third time 
 the Emperor visited the Rhine, following it up to 
 Cologne. It was here that (owing to the plague 
 prevailing at Frankfort) the election of the King 
 his brother as King of the Eomans was concluded on 
 1531 the proposition of His Majesty. From the said city 
 of Cologne the Emperor proceeded to Aix-la-Cha- 
 
 * Prattica et intelligencia. f Quanto desejeva e convinha. 
 
The King of the Romans. 1 1 
 
 pelle to crown the said King. This being done, the 
 King and the electors commenced treating their 
 private interests, and the Emperor returned a third 
 time into his states of Flanders to put things into 
 order there, as well on account of his long absence, as 
 in consequence of the death of Margaret, his aunt, 
 the news of which reached him on his journey down 
 the Ehine. So as to place everything in the best 
 order, he intrusted the management and direction of 
 affairs to his sister, the Queen of Hungary. This 
 having been all settled and completed, he made a 
 tour through his states, visiting a portion of his 
 domains. It was with the assistance and in company 
 of the said Queen that he took all the measures that 
 appeared to him most suitable and most necessary. 
 Amongst other things he held a third chapter of the 
 order of the Golden Fleece at Tournay. 
 
 At the commencement of this year the Emperor, 1532 
 leaving for the first time the Queen of Hungary, his 
 sister, in the government of the said states of Flanders, 
 started the fourth time for the Khine, so as to enter 
 Germany a third time, as well as to see whether he 
 could not hit upon some means of putting a stop to 
 the heresies that were spreading there* as to oppose 
 the invasion of the Turk, who, as was announced, was 
 preparing to invade Germany with a great army. 
 
 * Por ver se podia fazer algua cousa de proveito para remedio das 
 heregias que ha via nella. 
 
ii Charles the Fifth. 
 
 For this purpose the Emperor convoked an Imperial 
 Diet at Eatisbon, to carry into execution what had 
 been agreed upon, as has already been said, at 
 Augsburg. During this journey, whilst out hunting, 
 he had a fall from his horse and hurt his leg ; ery- 
 sipelas having ensued, he suffered from it the whole 
 time he was at Eatisbon. He also experienced a 
 third attack of gout. His nephew the Prince of 
 Denmark died in the same city. 
 
 Whilst His Majesty was thus laid up, the Diet 
 discussed what remedy could be applied to the state 
 of religious matters, and the certain news arrived of 
 the advance of the Turk with the object mentioned 
 above. For this reason, His Majesty, conjointly 
 with the King of the Eomans, his brother, appealed 
 to the states of the empire, who showed themselves 
 full of zeal in the performance of their duty. 
 Beligious matters were therefore left aside, as there 
 was no time to discuss them,* and they were left 
 in their actual state. Such an army was assem- 
 bled by the empire, as well as by their Majesties 
 the Emperor and the King of the Eomans that 
 the "Turk, who wished to besiege Vienna, where 
 the Emperor and the King of the Eomans had 
 anticipated him with their troops, finding that a 
 portion of his troops which had advanced on different 
 
 * Pola brevidade do tempo. 
 
Invasion of the T^irks. 23 
 
 points, had been routed by Count Frederick Palatine, 
 the General of the Imperial army, resolved to beat a 
 retreat, which resolve he carried out near Neustadt 
 In fact the Turk, having crossed the Drave and the 
 Save, returned to Constantinople with great loss and 
 damage to his followers. From this moment his 
 power was no longer so much feared.* 
 
 In the same summer, by the Emperor's orders, 
 Prince Doria attacked the maritime possessions of 
 the Turk; he captured the town of Coron in the 
 Morea, where he left a garrison ; he captured, more- 
 over, many other plaees, and did great destruction. 
 
 The Emperor, seeing that at this moment there 
 • was nothing more to be done against the Turk, that 
 the season was too far advanced to reconquer Hun- 
 gary, and that the plague was devastating the army, 
 resolved to dismiss all his troops, so as to avoid 
 needless expense. This was done without disorder. 
 Only the Italians, whom His Majesty had re- 
 solved to leave in Austria for the defence of that 
 state, excited by some evil-intentioned persons, 
 mutinied without any motive, and returned home. 
 Nevertheless the Emperor, prosecuting his plans, 
 soon set out to visit Italy a second time, and from 
 thence Spain, which he had a great desire to do, 
 as he had been absent four years from the Empress 
 
 * Que foi principle- para dalli em diante menos estimar suas forcas. 
 
24 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 his wife. He also desired on his journey through 
 Italy to have a second interview with Pope Clement, 
 as well to consider the convocation of the Council 
 to remedy the state of religious matters as to con- 
 cert resistance to the Turk, and also to secure peace 
 and tranquillity in Italy. His Majesty continuing 
 his journey through Friuli arrived at Bologna, 
 where he saw His Holiness a second time, without, 
 however, so much result from the interview as His 
 Majesty had expected ; * and he left for Genoa, where 
 he shortly afterwards embarked. 
 
 1533 The Emperor for the third time crossed the sea, 
 and, touching Spain for the third time, disembarked 
 at Barcelona, where the Empress, with the Prince of 
 Spain and the Infanta Dofia Maria, her children, 
 were waiting to receive him. Having remained in 
 that town for some days, the Emperor proceeded to 
 Monzon to hold the Cortes of his three kingdoms of 
 Aragon. As soon as the Cortes were over, their 
 Majesties started for and arrived at Toledo in the 
 
 1534 year 1534. Here another Cortes was held, after 
 which their Majesties proceeded to Valladolid, where 
 in regular course of time she was delivered of a son. 
 From thence, owing to the plague prevailing there, 
 they proceeded to Palencia, where the Emperor 
 experienced a fourth attack of the gout. In the 
 
 * Donde nao resultou inteiro effeito do que Sua Majestade pre- 
 tendia. 
 
Expedition to Tunis. 15 
 
 same year he left that city for Madrid, and spent the 
 winter in the kingdom of Toledo. At this period 
 was conceived and prepared the expedition to Tunis, 
 which that very summer Barbarossa had conquered 
 with a large Turkish army. 
 
 His Majesty, leaving for the second time the 1535 
 Empress, who was enceinte, in charge of all his king- 
 doms of Spain, left Madrid and arrived at Barcelona 
 to start on the expedition to Tunis. For this object 
 he assembled in the said city of Barcelona a great 
 number of vessels of war, some sent by the King of 
 Portugal, his brother-in-law, others from Malaga 
 and from other points of the Spanish coast. Here 
 also arrived the galleys of Prince Doria, His Majesty's 
 Lord High Admiral. When all these vessels were 
 assembled, as well as the Seigneurs, gentlemen, and 
 nobles,* the gentlemen of the court, and the military 
 and naval officers, the Emperor embarked for the 
 third time at Barcelona for Tunis. Whilst the Em- 
 peror was occupied with these matters, the Infant 
 Don Louis of Portugal, his brother-in-law, having 
 learnt that the expedition undertaken by His Majesty 
 was directed against the infidels, being a high- 
 minded Christian prince,f he joined the expedition at 
 Barcelona, where the Emperor still was, accompanied 
 by many of the leading personages of the kingdom 
 
 * Os senhores, gentilzhomiz et fidalgos. 
 
 f Como principe christao e de grande animo. 
 
id Charles the Fifth. 
 
 of Portugal. This is the second time they met. 
 The Emperor received him, and treated him during 
 the whole duration of the expedition as a brother 
 ought to treat a brother,* and to the best of his 
 means. 
 
 All the preparations having been completed, they 
 embarked in the spring ; having set sail, they were 
 driven by stress of weather to Majorca, where the 
 Emperor arrived for the first time with his whole 
 fleet, and then to Minorca, where he also arrived for 
 the first time. From thence steering towards Sar- 
 dinia, where he also touched for the first time, he 
 there found all his officers, ships, and men, who had 
 made the island a chief point of rendezvous. Here 
 he was joined by six galleys sent by Pope Paul, who 
 had been elected Pope on the death of Clement. 
 This junction having taken place, they all sailed 
 from the island of Sardinia, first recommending them- 
 selves to God, by whose favour and grace they hoped 
 before daybreak to touch the African coast.| In the 
 morning the Emperor with his galleys discerned the 
 land, and he awaited the ships that were behind- 
 hand at Port Farino. Then, after having made a re_ 
 connaissance as to best point for landing, he for the 
 first time set foot on African soil, with his whole 
 
 * Como hum irmao dere fazer a ontro. 
 
 f Encommendando se primeiro .a Deus, com cujo favor e graca 
 chegaram antes do dia a terra de Africa. 
 
Sack of Tunis. 27 
 
 army, commanded by General Marquis du Guast. 
 After being delayed by some skirmishes, be besieged 
 Goulette for some days with heavy artillery,* and 
 finally carried it by storm. 
 
 At this time the Emperor received the news that 
 the Empress had given birth to the Infanta Dona 
 Juana, her second daughter. A few days afterwards, 
 leaving Goulette and the fleet well provided for, he 
 advanced towards Tunis with his infantry and cavalry 
 and some pieces of artillery. Whilst advancing, 
 Barbarossa made a sortie from Tunis with a large 
 body of Moors on horse and foot, supported by nu- 
 merous artillery, and attacked the Emperor between 
 some pits and swamps, where he had halted to rest 
 his army. 
 
 The Emperor took possession of the ground, and 
 compelled the enemy to withdraw, with the loss of 
 their artillery and of a portion of their troops. His 
 Majesty also suffered some loss on his side ; on the 
 same day Barbarossa beat a retreat toward Tunis. 
 At daybreak next morning, the Emperor drew up 
 his army in order of battle and advanced against 
 the said city of Tunis, and neither Barbarossa nor 
 his men could prevent him forcing an entrance 
 with his army. After having sacked the town 
 and liberated the Christian slaves, he restored 
 
 * Com grande batteria. 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 it to Kong Hassan, and, having returned to La 
 Goulette, which he fortified, he embarked with the 
 intention of taking the city of Africa.* He was pre- 
 vented from doing so by contrary winds. Leaving 
 Calybia, wbich is also on the coast of Africa, he again 
 made sail, and landed for the first time in Sicily. 
 Having held an assembly there, and having given 
 suitable orders for the welfare of that kingdom, where 
 he left Don Ferdinand de Gonzaga as Viceroy, he 
 crossed the straits of Messina and proceeded to 
 Naples via Calabria. This was his third visit to 
 Italy. During this journey he had a fifth attack of 
 the gout at four different intervals. Whilst at 
 Naples the Emperor convoked an assembly, in which 
 he discussed the affairs of the kingdom. Here he 
 received news of the death of the Queen of England, 
 of the Prince of Piedmont, who was in Spain, and 
 of Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan. 
 
 Meantime Francis, King of France, commenced 
 a third war, with a view to seize the states of the 
 Duke of Savoy. This compelled His Imperial Ma- 
 jesty to leave Naples as soon as possible to take the 
 necessary measures to meet that invasion, 
 1536 The Emperor visited Eome, where he had his first 
 interview with His Holiness Pope Paul, as much 
 with a view to negotiate peace,, for which propositions 
 
 * Mehedia — the ancient Aphrodisium. 
 
Enters France with an Army. 29 
 
 had been made to him, as to induce him, should it 
 not be concluded, to take the part of the Duke of 
 Savoy, who, besides being a vassal of the empire, was 
 married to his sister-in-law and cousin-german, the 
 Infanta Dofia Beatrice of Portugal. All these 
 matters were discussed at Rome, and led to various 
 negotiations, but did not end in anything.* A cor- 
 respondence ensued, which the Emperor declined to 
 reply to, as beneath his notiee.f He therefore 
 resolved to follow up his plans. Having made all 
 possible arrangements, and desirous of finding the 
 most suitable means to restore to the Duke of Savoy 
 the greater portion of his estates, of which he had 
 been forcibly despoiled, he left a portion of his 
 army near Turin and advanced another army through 
 the Netherlands, the command of which he intrusted 
 to the Count of Nassau, so as to alarm and do harm 
 to the enemy. Finally he accompanied the re- 
 mainder of his troops, the command of which he 
 gave to Antonio de Leyva, and advanced as far as 
 Aix in Provence. This was the first time he entered 
 France with an army.J However, as the season was 
 far advanced, and it was necessary to oppose an 
 attack from the enemy, he withdrew with his whole 
 
 * Em Roma se trattou e praticou desta materia, e passaram muitas 
 cousas que nao foram mais palvras sem effeeto. 
 
 t Donde se seguiram taes eseritturas que Sua Majestade nao quis 
 tomar cuidado de lhes responder, com a cousas muito frivolas. 
 
 \ Que foi a primeira vez que entrou em Franca e com exereito. 
 
30 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 army to Nice. From thence he proceeded to Genoa, 
 where he dismissed and sent home all that portion 
 of his army which was superfluous or useless. He 
 took care to provide for the safety of the frontiers of 
 Piedmont, of Montferrat, and of the state of Milan, 
 of which he appointed the Marquis du Guast Gover- 
 nor and Captain-General. He then embarked at 
 Genoa and returned to Barcelona. This was his 
 fourth visit to Spain. 
 
 1537 The Emperor proceeded by post to Tordesillas, 
 where the Queen his mother and the Empress his 
 wife were residing. From thence he went to Valla- 
 dolid, where he convoked the Cortes. For the sixth 
 time he experienced a severe attack of the gout. He 
 received the news that Duke Alexander de Medici 
 had been treacherously killed, and he conferred the 
 state of Florence upon Duke Cosmo de MedicL At 
 this time the Difant don Louis of Portugal came to 
 Valladolid to visit His Majesty and the Empress. 
 It was the third visit which he paid to their Majes- 
 
 i ties. A few days afterwards the Emperor, leaving 
 the Empress enceinte, proceeded to Monzon, where 
 he convoked the ordinary Cortes. At this time 
 the King of France,, with troops hastily levied, in- 
 vaded Flanders, and successively took Hesdin and 
 Saint Pol, which latter town was soon recaptured by 
 assault by an army assembled by the Queen of 
 Hungary, commanded by General Count de Buren. 
 
Peace with, France. 3 1 
 
 At the same time this army took Montreuil, and 
 defeated Annibal, who was endeavouring to throw 
 provisions into Terouane, then besieged. Never- 
 theless the city was relieved, the siege raised, and 
 Montreuil abandoned. 
 
 The King of France, finding that the lands of the 
 Duke of Savoy, which he had conquered in Piedmont, 
 were wanting in provisions, and hard pressed by the 
 Imperialists, and that, moreover, he had no means of 
 coming to their support unless he could get rid of 
 the resistance he encountered in Flanders, proposed 
 a general armistice, which the Emperor had some 
 difficulty in accepting, as he was aware of the sad 
 condition of the territory which the King of France 
 occupied in Piedmont. It resulted from these nego- 
 tiations that the Emperor, having been informed of 
 the sad condition of the said lands, and knowing that 
 his forces were such as to render it impossible for 
 them to receive succour, and from other reasons, 
 concluded a general armistice with the said King, 
 excepting only Piedmont. It happened, however, 
 that the King of France sent so many men and troops 
 into Piedmont that those lands were succoured. 
 
 The Cortes being closed, the Emperor returned by 
 post to Valladolid to see the Empress, who had just 
 been brought to bed of her fourth son, the Infant 
 Don Juan, who died shortly afterwards. Almost at 
 the same time died the Infanta Dona Beatrice of 
 
32 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Portugal, Duchess of Savoy. The Empress suffered 
 much after her confinement, and since then until the 
 day of her death was in very bad health. Whilst the 
 Emperor was at Monzon negotiations for peace were 
 opened between His Majesty and the King of France. 
 The result was a conference between their respective 
 ambassadors, which were, on the Emperor's side, Covos, 
 Grand Commander of Leon, and M. de Granvelle, and 
 on the King's side the Cardinal de Lorraine and the 
 Constable of France ; and as there were some hopes 
 of an interview between their Majesties, the Emperor 
 posted back to Barcelona to see what the negotiations 
 had led to. However, Pope Paul observing that no 
 conclusion had been come to, wished to interfere, 
 offering to proceed in person to Nice, whilst the 
 Emperor should go to Villafranca, and the King of 
 France to Antibes; to which the Emperor agreed, 
 because he was always inclined towards peace.* 
 
 Meantime the Emperor visited Perpignan and the 
 frontier of Eousillon; on his return he found bis 
 brother-in-law, the Infant Don Louis of Portugal. 
 This prince, from his good inclinations and a desire 
 to work in the service of G-od and to do good,| had 
 proceeded to Barcelona in all haste to see if he could 
 be of any service in helping to the conclusion of 
 
 * Por ser sempre iuelinado ao bem da paz. 
 
 t Pola boa inelinacio e desejos que tirha de se empregar em 
 eousas do servico de Deus e ser causa d'alguin bem. 
 
Truce with France. 33 
 
 peace. He was welcomed and entertained by His 
 Majesty in the most hospitable manner. But, con- 
 sidering that the journey to Nice had already been 
 agreed upon, and that His Holiness wished to act as 
 a mediator in this matter, His Majesty thought that 
 it was more advisable the Infant should not leave 
 Barcelona. He therefore returned. This was the 
 fourth visit to His Majesty. 
 
 As already stated, the Emperor had posted to 
 Barcelona; and there, conformable to his intention 
 of seeing what would ensue from these conferences, 
 he embarked for Nice. Whilst he was yet at Bar- 
 celona, negotiations for an armistice had been opened 
 between His Majesty and the King of France, and 
 the Emperor thought there was no inconvenience in 
 doing so, as he was going to Nice to treat for peace. 
 He therefore gave his assent on the point of embark- 
 ing, and sent his ratification, although he had not yet 
 received that of the King, because he could not have 
 been informed of it in time. At the same time a 
 report was spread that a Turkish fleet was proceed- 
 ing eastward, and with the purpose of preventing 
 this journey to Nice. His Majesty having arrived 
 at Pomegues,* near Marseilles, discerned some latine 
 sails coming eastwards. The Emperor, aware that 
 a short time previously the King of France had sent 
 
 * In insulas quae sunt ante Assiliam, rulgo Pomegas dictas. 
 Sepulveda, xviL 9. 
 
 1538 
 
34 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 some of his galleys in that direction, and fancying 
 that the vessels seen were of that number, made 
 the usual signals to them, so as to enter into con- 
 versation, and ascertain what news they had of 
 the Turkish fleet. But the said galleys either did 
 not or would not understand the signals; and 
 as they knew nothing of the armistice, and were 
 enemies, they opened fire u23on the galleys of the 
 Emperor, and by hard rowing endeavoured to reach 
 the French coast. His Majesty, perceiving this, 
 ordered his galleys to give chase, and captured four 
 of them in the open sea ; but he did not follow those 
 that had gained the land. The Emperor severely 
 reproached the captains of the galleys which he had 
 captured for the fault which they had committed, and 
 informed the Governor of Provence of this mistake, 
 and of the disorder which had ensued, making him 
 acquainted, moreover, with the armistice which 
 had been concluded at Barcelona, of which the 
 Governor had not received any intimation. Agreeable 
 to this truce, the Emperor restored the four cap- 
 tured galleys, and shortly afterwards he received the 
 ratification of the same by the King of France. 
 
Second Interview with the Pope. 3 5 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Second Interview "with the Pope. — Offensive League against the 
 Turks. — Interview between Charles and Francis I. ■ — Charles 
 returns to Spain. — Convokes the Cortes at Toledo. — Capture of 
 Castel-Nuovo. — Death of the Empress (1539). — The Reformation. 
 ■ — Appoints Prince Philip Governor of the Spanish dominions 
 during his absence. — Visits the King of France. — Visits Flanders. — 
 Count Egmont. — The Duchy of Gueldres. — The Duke of Cleves. — 
 
 M. de Granvelle. — The Queen of Hungary (1541) Expedition to 
 
 Algeria. — The Spanish Fleet dispersed by a tempest. — Gives up 
 the Expedition. — Convokes the Cortes of Castille at Valladolid. — 
 Has a severe (the Ninth) Attack of Gout. — Holds the Cortes at 
 Monzon. — Benewal of War with France. — Pope Paul. — Diet at 
 Nuremberg. — Visits Italy again (1543). 
 
 THE Emperor continued his journey to Nice, 
 where he had a second interview with His Holi- 
 ness, and, after having kissed his feet, he discussed 
 with him the different negotiations for peace with the 
 King of France, who had also arrived at Saint 
 Laurent. However, the conclusion of a truce was 
 all that was effected, and various motives led to it.* 
 The Emperor being at Villafranca, near Nice, and 
 desirous of seeing the most Christian Queen his sister, 
 as it was a long time since he had seen her, that 
 Princess, anxious to conciliate and comply with the 
 
 * Paras as quaes se averem de fazer ouve algiias razoes. 
 D 2 
 
j6 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 wishes of the Emperor her brother and of the 
 King her husband, proceeded to Villafranca with 
 Madame la Dauphine, the actual Queen,* Madame 
 Margaret,! and many other ladies and high per- 
 sonages of France. As she found the time she 
 spent with him extremely short, she returned a 
 second time with a less numerous suite, and passed 
 one night in the same city. The Queen having 
 left, and the armistice having been concluded, the 
 Emperor accompanied His Holiness as far as Genoa, 
 where he experienced his seventh attack of the gout. 
 This was his fifth visit to Italy. At this time the 
 Pope, the Emperor, and the Signoria of Venice con- 
 cluded an offensive league against the Turk ; after 
 which His Majesty embarked at Genoa to return to 
 Spain. 
 
 As it had been agreed that an interview should 
 take place between His Majesty and the King of 
 France, His Majesty announced that on his return 
 he should cruise along the French coast and stop at 
 the port of Aigues-Mortes. The King at once, in a 
 small boat, paid the Emperor a visit on board his 
 galley, and the latter, in return for so great an act of 
 courtesy, and to show equal confidence,! paid a visit 
 to the King in the town of Aigues-Mortes. He 
 
 * Catherine of Medieis. 
 
 t Margaret, daughter of Francis I., afterwards Duchess of Sayoy. 
 
 J Por pagar tao grande cortezia e mostrar a mesma confianca. 
 
Interview between Charles V. and Francis I. 37 
 
 stopped there till the following day, well treated and 
 feasted by the King, who, not satisfied with the 
 courtesy he had already shown to the Emperor, 
 insisted upon accompanying the Emperor in bis gig, 
 with his two sons, Monsieur le Dauphin and Mon- 
 sieur d'Orleans, other princes of the blood, and high 
 personages, to Ms galley. They all went on board, 
 and great compliments were exchanged on all sides,* 
 and various propositions were made, and the result 
 was (as from the said visits and armistice) a great 
 continuation of good friendship and greater confi- 
 dence.! This was the second time that His Imperial 
 Majesty saw the King of France, and the first time 
 that he set foot in that kingdom as a friend. The 
 Emperor again set sail, and returned for the fifth 
 time to Spain. He landed at Barcelona and left for 
 ValladoUd, where he found the Empress much better 
 than when he left her, but still indisposed. To 
 put into execution the league which he had con- 
 cluded, he for a second time convoked the general 
 Cortes of all his kingdoms of Castille at Toledo, 
 where their Majesties were residing, and where the 
 support and assistance were discussed which it was 
 possible and suitable to grant. In the same year a 
 great dearth prevailed in Sicily. It was here prin- 
 cipally that the fleet had to procure its provisions ; 
 
 * Muitos comprimentos. 
 
 t Hua grande continuafio de boa amizade e major eonfian^a. 
 
2 8 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 and, although the Emperor was quite prepared on his 
 part, the Pope and the Venetians were of the opinion 
 that it was not to be thought of to carry out this year 
 the projected enterprise, and the contributions from 
 the Cortes demanded by His Majesty were ceased to 
 be levied. It however happened that His Holiness 
 and the Signoria of Venice, deeming that it was not 
 advisable to allow the year to pass by without doing 
 something, united their fleets and sent them to 
 oppose and fight the Turk by sea as well as by land. 
 The result of this expedition was the capture of 
 Castel-Nuovo.* 
 1539 The sufferings of the Empress continued, and her 
 malady made daily progress, especially since it was 
 ascertained that she was again enceinte : the Emperor 
 remained the greater part of the year 1539 at Toledo. 
 The state of the Empress grew worse, and having 
 given birth to a fifth son it pleased God to call her 
 unto himself, and it may be held for certain that he 
 did so in his great mercy. This death caused great 
 sorrow to everyone, especially to the Emperor, who 
 ordered everything to be done that is customary and 
 suitable under such circumstances. 
 
 Since the interview at Aigues-Mortes, negotiations 
 had continued without interruption for the conclusion 
 of a satisfactory and permanent peace between the 
 
 * Castel-Nuovo, in Dalmatia, at the Mouths of Cattaro. 
 
Death of the Empress. 39 
 
 Emperor and the King of France. As it happened 
 that at this period certain innovations commenced to 
 show themselves in Flanders, from which His Majesty 
 had been absent since the year 1531, he deemed that 
 his absence might be an obstacle to the remedy which 
 those evils required, and give rise to other and still 
 greater ones.* The Emperor had lost his companion ; 
 he was animated by a great desire to do everything 
 that was possible to obtain a good result, and the 
 conclusion of peace ; and although he felt that the 
 Prince his son was still much too young to govern 
 in his absence and to replace the Empress in her 
 functions, and despite the other inconveniences which 
 were represented to him and brought to his notice, 
 he hearkened only to the good and sincere intention 
 he had to do good, and to fulfill his duties towards 
 his subjects so as to prevent them suffering greater 
 inconveniences and giving rise to more scandals.f He 
 was also desirous of bringing to a conclusion certain 
 matters which he had left in suspension in Germany. 
 He had formed the design of embarking at Barcelona 
 for Italy ; but at the same time the King of France 
 
 ~* Naquelle tempo se eommencao a mover alguas novitades nos 
 estados de Flandres, e que estando sua Majestade Imperial ausente 
 d'elles desdo anno de xxri., sua longa absencia podia fazer falta 
 para remedio dos males que hayia e dar occasiao a outros maiores. 
 
 f Pospondo tudo a bca *> verdadeira intencao que tinha de bem 
 fazer e comprlr com o que devia a Beus vasallos por eritar que nao 
 caissem em outros maiores inconvenientes e escandalos. 
 
4-0 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 sent him many pressing invitations to visit his king- 
 dom, offering all security and a hearty welcome, whilst 
 on the contrary he would have been much grieved 
 had His Majesty shown any mistrust or acted other- 
 wise.* The Emperor therefore decided on taking 
 his departure from Spain, leaving for the first time 
 the government of his kingdoms to the Prince his 
 son, despite his youth. 
 
 At the end of this year the Emperor put this reso- 
 lution into execution, and, on the word and the 
 promise of the King of France (with whom a truce 
 had been concluded at Villafranca, near Nice), he 
 passed through his kingdom, where His Majesty was 
 feted and well received. This was the third interview 
 between their Majesties, the third time that His 
 Majesty set foot in France, and the second time that 
 he entered the kingdom as a friend. 
 1540 The Emperor visited Flanders for the fourth time. 
 Here he took the most prompt measures possible to 
 put a stop to the disorders which had sprung up 
 there.f 
 
 He commenced the fortress of Ghent, assembled 
 the estates, and visited the greater portion of the 
 domains. During this visit he experienced at the 
 
 * Offerecendo lhe toda seguranca e bom trattamento e que do 
 eontrario receperia grande pezar e sentimento polas monstras que 
 Sua Majestade daria de desconfiaruja. 
 
 t Proveo 6 remedio 6 mais prestes que pode as desordes que 
 havia. 
 
Visits Flanders. 41 
 
 Hague, in Holland, an eighth attack of gout, and 
 conformably to the intention he entertained, and 
 to the desire which had always animated him to 
 conclude a good peace, he offered to the King of 
 France, immediately he had arrived in the said states, 
 such favourable conditions, that he was surprised to 
 find they were not accepted and the desired peace 
 not concluded.* 
 
 Some time previously Count Charles of Egmont 
 had died, after having for many years ruled the 
 duchy of Grueldres, which, however, did not belong 
 to him. More than that, he had seized upon every 
 opportunity to develope and increase his power, and 
 at various periods he had attempted to get possession 
 of Friesland, Overyssel, and Groningen, from which 
 he was always driven back by the Imperialists, and 
 which territories were in the peaceful possession of His 
 Majesty. Not content with this, he made war against 
 the Bishop of Utrecht, who was a prince of the empire, 
 and took the town of Utrecht from him by force. 
 As soon as the Emperor heard of this, to whom the 
 Bishop had sued for assistance (an obligation to which 
 he was bound as lord of the fief), and it was all the 
 stronger, as it was necessary to maintain tranquillity 
 in the Netherlands,! he concerted measures with the 
 
 * Offerecrndo lhe tao grandes partidos que se maravilhou de nao 
 serem d'elle aceeitados e de se nao seguir a paz desejada. 
 f Nos Payses-Baixos de haver quieta^ao. 
 
42 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Bishop, and came to bis assistance in such guise that 
 the said Count Charles of Egmont was driven out of 
 Utrecht by the Imperial troops. The Emperor, who 
 proceeded there in person shortly afterwards, ordered 
 a new fortress to be constructed there, and for this 
 purpose obtained from the Pope and from the empire 
 all the necessary acts and ratifications. 
 
 After the death of Charles of Egmont, Duke William 
 of Cleves seized upon the government of the duchy 
 of Gueldres, asserting a claim to it. His Imperial 
 Majesty, seeing how matters stood, and how he con- 
 sequently ought to and could act, made him offers, 
 the conditions of which were such that they ought 
 reasonably to have been accepted. But, at the 
 request, and through the intrigues of France (the 
 French were dissatisfied, although without grounds, 
 with the terms of the peace, which were not conform- 
 able to their wishes and designs),* the Duke, who 
 moreover was young and followed the counsel of his 
 mother, would not accept them. The Emperor having 
 thus achieved all that was to be done in the states 
 of Flanders, and having convoked a Diet at Ratisbon, 
 where he wished distinctly to show Iris claims relative 
 to the duchy of Gueldres, resolved to leave for the 
 said Diet, as akeady, whilst in Spain, he had opened 
 
 * Como por os Francerez ficarem discontentos (ainda que sem razao) 
 das condi^es da paz por nao serem todas conformees a sua vont&de e 
 ao que tiuliam proposto. 
 
The Diet of Ratisbon. 43 
 
 negotiations on the subject with the states of the 
 empire. The King of the Komans came to visit his 
 brother in Flanders, and the deputies of the empire 
 assembled at Worms to deliberate upon this question. 
 The Emperor, finding that all was not quite settled 
 in the Netherlands, requested the King his brother to 
 remain there during his absence, and he also charged 
 M. de Granvelle and his other ministers to push on 
 matters whilst he was attending the said Diet. How- 
 ever, as this assembly at Worms, and the negotiations 
 which took place, did not lead to the result which he 
 had anticipated, everything was reserved for the 
 future Diet of Eatisbon. 
 
 The Emperor, leaving for the second time the 15il 
 government of the Netherlands to the care of the 
 Queen of Hungary, proceeded to the Diet at Eatis- 
 bon, for the first time passing through the state 
 of Luxembourg. This was the Emperor's fourth 
 visit to Germany. He had convoked this Diet 
 chiefly to establish concord and to effect a remedy 
 in the state of religious affairs. After various de- 
 bates, the Emperor observed that the princes of the 
 empire had not attended this Diet, and that they 
 were still far from a conclusion, and still more so 
 from the means of execution which ought to be 
 adopted ; * moreover, the report was current that 
 
 * Que avia pouco de conclusao e menos d'execiujao que coavinka 
 fazer. 
 
44 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 the Turk intended to invade Austria, and no order 
 had been given to oppose that invasion and to take 
 the necessary measures of defence. Already, before 
 this news was received, the Emperor, from various 
 reasons which actuated him, had on his return to 
 Spain made great naval preparations for an expedi- 
 tion to Algeria. He therefore left Katisbon before he 
 was fully informed of the invasion of the Turk, and 
 started for Italy to embark, and commence the said 
 enterprise. This was His Majesty's sixth visit there. 
 Immediately on his arrival, positive news was re- 
 ceived that the Turk was making great preparations 
 to invade Hungary. From this reason the Emperor 
 proceeded to Lucca, where he had his third inter- 
 view with Pope Paul to arrange the means for 
 organising a defence against the Turk. But finding 
 that this interview and these negotiations led to no 
 result, he proceeded to Spezzia, a port in the Gulf 
 of Genoa, to wait there until his fleet was in perfect 
 readiness. Already the equipment and preparations 
 for this fleet had occupied more time than was neces- 
 sary ; and although the season was almost past, never- 
 theless, as the outlays incurred could not be turned 
 to any other account, and from other reasons which, 
 as already said, actuated the Emperor, considering 
 that weather is in the hands of God,* he embarked 
 at the said port of Spezzia for Corsica, which he saw 
 
 * Considerando que o tempo estaTa em mao de Dens. 
 
Expedition to Algeria. 45 
 
 for the first time, and from thence for Algiers, 
 touching at the island of Sardinia, at Majorca, and 
 at Minorca, for the second time. This was the 
 eighth time that he crossed the Mediterranean, and 
 the second time that he landed in Africa. During 
 this journey the weather was seasonable. The 
 Spanish fleet also arrived, and after a few skirmishes, 
 when the troops were already suitably posted to 
 attack the town, and provided with everything that 
 was necessary to open their batteries, so fierce a 
 tempest arose on sea that many vessels perished, 
 and the army on land also suffered considerably. 
 
 Nevertheless the men mutually assisted each 
 other, and the best order possible was organised, as 
 well to resist the fury of the sea as the attacks of the 
 enemy by land. Finally the annoyances became so 
 great that the Emperor deemed it the wisest plan to 
 relinquish the expedition and put to sea. But this 
 could not be done immediately, as the tempest had 
 not subsided. He was therefore obliged to march 
 twenty miles by land, to cross two large rivers, so as 
 to reach Cape Matafous, where he reembarked. 
 
 The whole time the army was on land (it remained 
 there twelve days before reembarking) it suffered 
 from great want of provisions, because, as already 
 said, the weather was so boisterous that nothing 
 could be got from the ships. After those twelve 
 days the Emperor set sail during a great storm, and 
 
1542 
 
 46 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 was compelled to touch at Bougie. The winds were 
 so contrary, and he was retained so long, that he and 
 his troops suffered much from the scarcity of provi- 
 sions ; and the evils would have been still greater 
 had the fine weather not returned. The tempest was 
 so fierce that everyone sought shelter where best he 
 could, and many ships were driven in directions 
 quite contrary to where they wished to go. Never- 
 theless the troops recovered so well that, without so 
 much loss as might have been expected from such 
 weather, they all returned to the appointed rendez- 
 vous. The Emperor dismissed the superfluous men 
 and those least wanted, and the others returned to 
 their garrisons. The Emperor, having embarked at 
 Bougie, arrived with fair weather at Majorca for the 
 third time, from whence Prince Doria returned to 
 Genoa with his galleys, after passing by Barcelona. 
 
 The Emperor, with the Spanish galleys, touched for 
 the first time at Ivica ; for the ninth time he navi- 
 gated the Mediterranean. He arrived at Carthagena : 
 this was his sixth visit to Spain. He then continued 
 his route as far as Ocafia, where he met his children, 
 the Prince of Spain and the Infantas. 
 
 In the commencement of the year 1542, the 
 Emperor proceeded to Valladolid, to hold the Cortes 
 of the kingdom of Castille. Here he experienced a 
 ninth attack of gout, and at the monastery of La 
 Mejorada he suffered from it generally in nearly all 
 
The Cortes of Castille and of Aragon. 47 
 
 Ms limbs. At this time negotiations were on foot 
 for the marriage of the Prince his son -with the 
 Infanta Doha Maria of Portugal, and of Prince Juan 
 of Portugal with the Infanta Dona Juana, second 
 daughter of His Majesty. 
 
 As soon as the Cortes had terminated, the Emperor, 
 although unwell, proceeded as quickly as he could, 
 passing through Navarre, to hold the Cortes of the three 
 kingdoms of Aragon at Monzon, with the intention of 
 returning as soon as possible to Germany to provide 
 some remedy for the affairs of religion, and to recover 
 by all means in his power the duchy of Gueldres, 
 which belonged to him. The King of France, how- 
 ever, seeing the bad success which had attended the 
 Emperor in his enterprise against Algiers, and fancy- 
 ing that the outlays he had been put to must have 
 drained his finances, commenced by making a small 
 complaint, and the Emperor replied to him by offering 
 all the justifications to which he was bound by the 
 conditions of the truce concluded at Nice.* The 
 King of France nevertheless transmitted to him from 
 all parts the assurance that he had not the slightest 
 intention of going to war with him ; f but he suddenly 
 attacked the Emperor in the Netherlands, Martin 
 
 * Algiia fraea queixa a qual se tinham offerecido todas as justi- 
 fieaxjoes que o Emperador polas condicjoes da tregoa feita em Niza 
 estava obrigado. 
 
 t Assegurando o de todas as partes que nao tinha intento de lhe 
 fazer guerra algiia. 
 
48 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Van Kossem commencing operations in Gmeldres, 
 M. d'Orleans in Luxembourg, and M. de Vendoine 
 in the states of Flanders and in Artois. Moreover, 
 he ordered his son the Dauphin to lay siege to 
 Perpignan, and proceeded himself as far as Narbonne 
 to stimulate the enterprise. Nevertheless, by the 
 grace of God, the Emperor, and those who had the 
 management of his affairs, set things so well in order, 
 and organised so able a defence, that this time the 
 said King did nothing of importance. 
 
 At this period Pope Paul, not satisfied with having 
 issued a bull, which was a testimony of his good will, 
 hut which had scarcely any other effect, convoked a 
 general Council at Trent, and at the same time sent 
 his Legates to His Majesty and to the King of France, 
 not only to invite them and to exhort them to peace, 
 but also to restrain them by ecclesiastical censure if 
 they would not obey his behest to conclude a truce. 
 This happened, as already said, at the period His 
 Majesty was attacked, and when the French were 
 repulsed on all sides and compelled to withdraw. 
 His Imperial Majesty, seeing with what intentions 
 His Holiness wished to effect a peace between their 
 Majesties, and that thereby His Imperial Majesty 
 would have been mulcted and dispossessed of all that 
 had been taken from him by a sudden and unexpected 
 invasion, did not think it either equitable or suitable 
 to accept such propositions of peace; but he feltindig- 
 
Pope Paul. 49 
 
 nant, and obliged to reconquer what belonged to him, 
 and to show his resentment for such an injury. The 
 Emperor therefore rejected the said propositions, and 
 would not hearken to them at all.* He somewhat 
 drily dismissed the Legate, who had addressed him in 
 a tone without that respect which was due to His 
 Majesty, f He however still protested that he was, 
 as he always had been, inclined to treat for peace, 
 provided that the adverse party was governed by 
 reason, and provided that the peace was sure and 
 suitable to the service of God and to the welfare of 
 Christianity.! 
 
 The Cortes of Aragon having terminated, the Em- 
 peror left for Barcelona. He had sent the Prince 
 his son from Monzon to Saragossa, that he should be 
 recognised Prince of that kingdom ; from thence His 
 Majestyproceededwithhimto Barcelona, where he was 
 
 * Vendo Sua Magestade imperial a tencao, com que Sua Santitade 
 queria trattar de por em paz Suas Magestades, pela qual Sua Magestade 
 Imperial ficara aggravado, e desapossado do que per aquella subita 
 e repentina invasao lie fora tornado, nao lhe parecendo nem justo, 
 nem convenient^ acceitar taes modos e meios de paz, antes sentindo 
 se mais stimulado e forcado a recobrar o seu e mostrar o sentimento, 
 que tinha de hum tal aggravo, refusou os dittos modos propostos e 
 de nenhua maneira os quis ouvir. 
 
 f Despedio assaz seccamente ao legado o qual tambem tinha usado 
 de termos pouco graves, nem guardava o respeito que a Sua Magestade 
 Be devia. 
 
 J Offerecendo se com tudo de estar, como sempre esteve, prestes 
 para trattar da paz, com tanto que a parte contrariase accommoda sea 
 razao, e ella fosse segura e conveniente ao servico de Deus e bem 
 da Christandade. 
 
50 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 also recognised. Having passed through Valencia, 
 where the same ceremonial was observed, the Emperor 
 took the direction of Alcala to see his daughters. Here 
 the affiance per verba de futu.ro of his daughter 
 the Infanta Dona Juana took place with Prince Don 
 Juan of Portugal, according to what had been agreed 
 upon. This done, the Emperor proceeded to Madrid, 
 which city he left as soon as he could, because he 
 much desired, according to his first intention, to 
 return to Germany. In fact he had convoked a Diet 
 at Nuremberg, to discuss defensive measures against 
 the Turk, and matters of religion. The Xing his 
 brother and M. de Granvelle proceeded there, in the 
 name of His Majesty, with many others of his 
 ministers whom he had sent there. The Emperor, 
 having terminated all that he had to do in the 
 kingdoms of Spain, commenced his journey, having 
 left for the second time during his absence the 
 Prince, his son, Governor of the said kingdoms. He 
 therefore left Madrid, and arrived at Barcelona, 
 which city he would willingly have left earlier, but 
 1543 various obstacles prevented his embarking before 
 May l,"and in consequence of storms and boister- 
 ous weather he was not able to gain the open sea 
 
 till the 19th of that month, when the weather 
 
 t 
 
 was still unsettled and doubtful. When off Po- 
 megues, near Marseilles, some French galleys sallied 
 out and commenced skirmishing, supported by the 
 
Diet at Nuremberg. 5 1 
 
 land batteries ; but they were so ably responded to 
 that they were compelled to retreat, and place them- 
 selves under the protection of the artillery on shore. 
 The Emperor, not wishing any delay, continued his 
 journey to Genoa. This was the tenth time he 
 crossed the Mediterranean, and the seventh time he 
 landed in Italy. 
 
 e 2 
 
52 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Barbarossa joins the King of France. — Visits the Rhine. — Capture of 
 Duren. — Submission of the Duke of Cleves. — He restores Gueldres 
 to the Emperor — Visits the Netherlands. — Siege of Landrecies. — 
 Visits the Rhine and Spires. — Surrender of Luxembourg. — Capture 
 of Saint Dizier. — The Ring of England lays Siege to Boulogne. — 
 Advance into France. — Reaches Epernay. 
 
 WHILST passing in front of Nice the Emperor 
 learnt that the galleys of France wished to 
 capture the castle of that town, and whilst His 
 Majesty was landing at Genoa Prince Doria ap- 
 proached with his galleys to watch the movements 
 of those of France. Observing that they came with 
 the intention of executing the project attributed to 
 them, he attacked them so briskly that he captured 
 four of them. At this period His Majesty learnt 
 that Barbarossa was expected with a large fleet to 
 support the King of France. 
 
 This Barbarossa arrived later, remained at Toulon 
 during the whole time the war against the Emperor 
 lasted, and returned without having performed any 
 act of importance. His Majesty proceeded to 
 Busseto, where he was joined by His Holiness, as 
 much to discuss the affairs of Germany as to see if 
 
Fourth Interview with the Pope. 53 
 
 there were no possible means of concluding a peace.* 
 This was the Emperor's fourth interview with Pope 
 Paul, and he experienced a tenth attack of gout. A 
 few days afterwards, perceiving how little good re- 
 sulted from this interview, he continued f his journey 
 towards Germany, where he found himself for the 
 fifth time. 
 
 As the Diet had not been long sitting, and the 
 Emperor, in a time so replete with troubles, did not 
 see any chance of regulating and discussing the 
 affairs of religion, he continued Ms journey as far as 
 Spires, where he made all the necessary preparations 
 to enter the campaign with a good army, at the 
 head of which he placed Don Ferdinand de Gron- 
 zaga. He was desirous of resenting the injuries and 
 damage perpetrated by the King of France, who 
 had penetrated into the territory of Hainault as far 
 as Binche, and had taken Landrecies, which he was 
 fortifying. He was also compelled to do so by the 
 war waged against him by Duke William of Cleves, 
 who had taken up arms at the instigation of the King 
 of France, and in concert with him. On his way, the 
 Emperor heard of the defeat and route of the Duke's 
 troops at Heinsberg. Nevertheless His Majesty, on his 
 
 * Para se verem ambos assi polas cousaa d'Alemanha, como por' 
 ver se haveria algiine modo de paz. 
 
 t Poucos dios despois vendo o pouco effeito, que daquella vista 
 resnltava. 
 
54 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 arrival at Spires, wished, the better to justify him- 
 self, to propose to the electors, who had assembled on 
 the banks of the Rhine, to treat with the said Duke 
 of Cleves by means of a pacific arrangement as 
 regarded the duchy of Gueldres. This proposal did 
 not meet with a good reception, and the only plan 
 left for him was to reassemble his army and ad- 
 vance with it (this was the sixth time he was on the 
 Ehine) as far as Bonn, from whence he took the 
 direction of Duren. Having there made a recon- 
 naissance of the ground, he established his batteries, 
 bombarded the town, and carried it by storm. The 
 Prince of Orange then came up with his army from 
 the Netherlands. The two armies having united, 
 and Duren having been captured, as already stated, 
 with other possessions and lands appertaining to the 
 duchy of Gueldres, as also to the duchy of Cleves and 
 of Juliers, His Majesty took the direction of Rure- 
 mond, which immediately surrendered, and from 
 thence he advanced in the direction of Venloo. 
 And as Duke Henri of Brunswick arrived as a 
 friend of the said Duke of Cleves, the Emperor 
 demonstrated and exposed to him his error, ex- 
 horting him to renounce it. At this time the mother 
 of the Duke of Cleves died. This latter recos:- 
 nised the bad counsel he had received, and the wisest 
 men of the states of Gueldres also entreated him to 
 withdraw from the danger he was in, and to follow 
 
Submission of the Duke of Cleves. 55 
 
 better advice ; lie did so, and came and threw him- 
 self at the feet of His Majesty, confessing his fault 
 and asking pardon. He handed over and restored 
 the whole state of Gueldres to the Emperor. But 
 the Emperor, considering that the error of the Duke 
 originated rather in his youth than from any evil 
 inclination or wish to do evil, ordered the towns and 
 localities taken from him in other territories to be 
 restored to him. Not content with what he had 
 done, and seeing the Duke's repentance, and how 
 well he persevered in his good intentions, he took 
 his marriage into hand ; in fact he gave him in 
 marriage bis niece, a daughter of the King of the 
 Romans. This marriage increased the obligations of 
 the said Duke towards His Majesty, and the love 
 of His Majesty for that Prince. At the com- 
 mencement of the spring the King of France, to 
 be the first in the field, and to be enabled to oppose 
 superior forces to the Emperor, brought forth two 
 armies destined to wage war in the Netherlands. A 
 portion of one of these armies, in which the King 
 was present in person, occupied Landrecies, and the 
 other portion established itself in the neighbourhood 
 whilst the fortifications were strengthened. The 
 two sons of the King had meantime marched on 
 Binche, from whence they were driven back with loss, 
 without having accomplished anything. Finally, 
 M. d' Orleans joined the other army, which was at 
 
56 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Luxembourg. This town, not being in a state of 
 defence, bad surrendered, and bad been fortified 
 by the French. At the same time happened what 
 has already been related before of the war that 
 the Duke of Cleves, at the instigation of the same 
 King, had commenced in Brabant. The Emperor, 
 having put an end to that war of Cleves, and having 
 taken possession of Gueldres, as already stated, left, 
 suffering from the gout, Venloo for Diest, where the 
 Estates of the Netherlands were assembled. They 
 granted him a large subsidy, on the footing of the 
 one granted to him the preceding year. This was 
 the fifth visit of His Majesty to the Netherlands. 
 The King of France, apprised of all these facts, 
 withdrew withhis troops into his kingdom, after 
 having fortified Landrecies. 
 
 This done, the Emperor, leaving under the walls of 
 Landrecies the army which was in the Netherlands, 
 with the gendarmerie which the King of England 
 bad sent to him in virtue .of conventions which had 
 been concluded, ordered the army which he had with 
 him to march, as also that which bad arrived from 
 England, as far as Guise. But as the season was 
 already advanced, and the weather inclement, be 
 soon ordered it back to join that before Landrecies. 
 The Emperor, although suffering much from the 
 gout, left Diest to attend the siege ; and knowing that 
 the King of France was assembling new troops to 
 
Siege of Landrecies. , 57 
 
 relieve the besieged, lie did not wish to be absent 
 from his armies. He therefore established his 
 quarters at Avesnes, although, as already stated, 
 suffering from the gout, and he remained there until 
 the troops sent to the succour of the garrison of 
 Landrecies had withdrawn. This was his tenth 
 attack of the gout. 
 
 The King of France, knowing that his troops 
 were in danger and in want of provisions, proceeded 
 with his army to Chateau-Cambresis, from whence he 
 sent a heavy body of cavalry to reconnoitre the 
 ground, so as to attempt to succour the garrison of 
 Landrecies. To prevent this the armies of the 
 Emperor formed a junction, and made such a resist- 
 ance that this cavalry did not attain its object and 
 had little subject of congratulation.* It is true that 
 during this time some French knights, with sacks of 
 gunpowder and a small supply of provisions, of which 
 the besieged stood much in need, succeeded in en- 
 tering Landrecies at a point where there was no 
 obstacle, which rallied the besieged a little. As the 
 season was advanced and the weather bad, and as, 
 moreover, the chief object of the Emperor, when he 
 ordered his army in France to besiege Landrecies, 
 was to compel the King to give battle, f he ordered 
 his army to decamp, and approached France. 
 
 * Nem tene muito de que se ja^tar. 
 
 t Forfar el rey de Franc^ a lie dar batalha. 
 
58 , Charles the Fifth. 
 
 On the same day the Emperor, still unwell and 
 carried in a litter, left Avesnes and passed the night 
 at Quesney. From thence he rejoined his army, 
 which had already taken up a position opposite that 
 of the King of France. On the following morning 
 His Majesty, leaving his quarters, advanced with all 
 his men within cannon range of the enemy, close to 
 the King's camp, and offered him battle. A few 
 skirmishes and discharges of artillery took place on 
 "both sides, and finally a bold charge against the 
 French, who had the worst of it, and they thought it 
 advisable not again to leave their entrenchments. The 
 Emperor, finding they would not come out, advanced 
 with his army close up to the enemy's camp. The 
 following day was passed in skirmishing: at night-fall 
 the King withdrew with his army, and retreated as 
 far as Guise. The Emperor, through the negligence 
 of his scouts, was ignorant of this retreat until the 
 following day; the result was that he could not 
 come up with the King and his army.* He ad- 
 vanced as far as a wood or thicket, to a distance of 
 
 * Movendo ao outro dia pela manhaa, Sua Magestade do ditto 
 alojamento se foi por com toda sua gente a tiro de bombarda, junto 
 ao arraial del Rey e Ilie apresentou batalha. E com algiias es- 
 caramueas e tiros d'artilheria de hua e outra parte e com hua bon 
 earga, que se deu aos Franceses daqual elles ficarem com o peor, se 
 contentaram por entonces e tinerao por bem nao sair do arraial. E 
 vendo o Emperador que elles nao fariam outra cousa, se foi por com 
 sua gente bem junto ao campo enemigo ; o outro dia se passou com 
 algiias escaramucas, e vindo a noute el Rey com seu esercito se 
 
Operations after the Siege. $y 
 
 three leagues, but he could not, owing to the dis- 
 order of his matchlock-men (who most of them were 
 followed or accompanied by more baggage than 
 soldiers ought to have), attempt to cross the wood 
 with his army. A few light cavalry and matchlock- 
 men, and a disorderly few, traversed the thicket. 
 M. le Dauphin observed it, and having collected his 
 French gendarmes he turned round and charged Ms 
 pursuers. The latter sought refuge in the thicket, 
 and then returned to the infantry. It may easily be 
 believed that, if the Emperor had had his matchlock- 
 men, with whom he could have passed through the 
 thicket in safety, he might have attained in part the 
 object of his desires ; * but as nothing else was to be 
 done on this day, and as it was already late, he left 
 the thicket, and established his quarters in the very 
 camp and on the very spot which the King of 
 France had left. He arrived there at one hour after 
 midnight. 
 
 The Emperor remained some days at Chateau-Cam- 
 bresis, to see if he could not undertake something 
 against his enemy. But the latter resolved to dis- 
 band his army at once, and sent the troops back to 
 their garrisons. The Emperor, considering also that 
 
 partio, e se foi tee Guisa. E nao sabendo o Emperador por des- 
 cuido dos seus desta partida atee a outro dia pela manhaa, foi no 
 alcance del Eey com sua gente. 
 
 * Chegara em parte ao fim do seus desejos. 
 
60 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 the festival of All Saints had already passed, deter- 
 mined to do likewise ; and consequently he proceeded 
 to Cambray, and from thence to Brussels, -where he 
 was taken ill (not from the gout) and was laid up 
 during the rest of the year. At the end of this same 
 year the Princess of Spain, the Infanta Dona Maria 
 of Portugal, was, conformably to the engagements 
 which had been made, taken to Castille and handed 
 over to the Prince of Spain at Salamanca, where 
 their nuptials were solemnised, after having been 
 contracted per verba de presenti. 
 1544 The Emperor, leaving the Queen of Hungary his 
 sister, for the third time, Governor of the Nether- 
 lands, left Brussels, and for the sixth time went up 
 the Ehine as far as Spires. This was also the sixth 
 time that he entered Germany, where he had con- 
 voked a Diet with a view to explain to the electors of 
 the empire the causes which had induced him to 
 undertake the Gueldres expedition and to march 
 against the King of France, causes which have been 
 briefly given above, but which were more developed 
 in the proposition then made. And seeing that at 
 this moment there did not appear any likelihood of 
 the Turk advancing against Christendom, and that it 
 was also impossible to do anything in matters of 
 religion,* or to discuss any important affairs, he 
 demanded a subsidy against the King of France, who 
 
 * E tambem que a cerca da religiao nao se podia fazer. 
 
Visits the Rhine and Spires. 6 1 
 
 had seized upon various towns and lands of the 
 empire, and who daily accomplished or negotiated 
 things to its great detriment.* This having been 
 well considered and fully appreciated, all granted 
 good aid to His Imperial Majesty. 
 
 Whilst the Emperor was on his way to Spires, Pope 
 Paul sent Cardinal Farnese to His Majesty, under 
 colour and pretext of making representations to him, 
 and of endeavouring to treat for peace. The Emperor, 
 well aware that these were emj)ty words and sheer 
 pretexts, would not allow himself to be caught, nor 
 relinquish the plans and pursuit of the enterprise 
 which he had commenced to recover, the territory of 
 which he had been despoiled. Thus he soon dis- 
 missed the said Cardinal, declaring that he was always 
 willing to negotiate for a sincere, good, and perma- 
 nent peace, f Then, supported and strengthened by 
 the aid he had received from the empire, he com- 
 menced reassembling his army. 
 
 * Contra el Eey de Franca o qual tinha tornado alguas Cidades e 
 terras do Imperio, e fazia e trattara cada dia cousas em grande 
 detrimento. 
 
 f Indo o Emperador por caminho para Espira, reo ter com sua 
 Magestade o Cardinal Earnes da parte do Papa Paulo sob color e 
 sombra di amoestar e querrer trattar de paz. E conhecendo Sua 
 Magestade que nisto nao havia mais que palavras sem algua mostra 
 de boa conelusao, nao se quis deixar levar d'ellos, nem d'esecutar a 
 intencao, e seguir a boa causa, que tinha e a impresa comecada, por 
 recobrar o que Hie fora tornado. E assi dispedio logo ao ditto 
 Cardeal, offerecendo se de estar sempre prestes para entender e 
 trattar de hua xerdedeira, boa, segura e finna paz. 
 
6z Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Meantime the Emperor received the news that 
 the army which he had in Italy had been defeated 
 near Carignano. It was at a bad time, and under 
 bad circumstances.* Whatever might come of it, 
 having previously learnt that the city of Luxembourg, 
 although carefully fortified, was short of provisions, 
 and that the King of France was endeavouring to 
 throw supplies into it, he ordered, in all haste, Don 
 Ferdinand de Gonzaga, to whom he had entrusted 
 the command of his army, to prevent any supplies 
 reaching that city. This General, with a small body 
 of men, performed his mission so well that the city 
 shortly surrendered. 
 
 The Emperor soon reinforced his army in such 
 guise that his said Captain-General captured in a 
 few days many towns and strongholds on the French 
 frontier on the Lorraine side, and laid siege to Saint 
 Dizier. On his part, the Emperor left Spires and 
 passed through Metz, to join him with the remainder 
 of the army. This was the fourth time that His 
 Majesty entered France, and the second time as an 
 enemy. Fire was opened against Saint Dizier, the 
 assault given, and the town captured in a few days. 
 At this siege, the Prinee of Orange was struck by a 
 cannon-ball in the trenches, and died shortly after- 
 wards. 
 
 According to what had been agreed upon between 
 
 * Que foi em mao tempo e occasiaS. 
 
The King of England lays siege to Boulogne. 62 
 
 His Majesty and the King of England, the said King 
 had come in person with a large army to molest and 
 attack the kingdom of France,* and His Majesty had 
 also sent to him the forces he had promised by the 
 said convention, under the orders of M. de Buren. 
 The said King had stopped at the siege of Boulogne 
 and of Montreuil ; and during the long lapse of time 
 during which His Majesty was before Saint Dizier, 
 the King of France had leisure to assemble his whole 
 army, and to garrison the greater portion of the 
 frontiers of his kingdom. The Emperor, ta king all 
 this into consideration, observing moreover that he 
 had not at his command as sufficient a supply of 
 provisions as he required, and that the season was far 
 advanced, found difficulties for any ulterior enterprise. 
 However, not to leave the King of England alone 
 against his enemy, he would not retire with his army. 
 Already previously, during the siege of Saint Dizier, 
 he had captured "Vitry, defeated the French light 
 cavalry there, and made other incursions. The 
 Emperor, leaving the town of Saint Dizier and other 
 more important places in a good state of defence, 
 and persevering in the intention already mentioned 
 above of employing every means to bring the King 
 of France to give battle, f resolved to penetrate into 
 
 * Molester e offender o reino de Franca. 
 
 f De por todos modos e meios tirar e trazer el rhe de Franca a lhe 
 dar batalha. 
 
64 CharleS'the Fifth. 
 
 the interior of that kingdom as far as he could, 
 always seeking the said King and his army.* Con- 
 sequently, the Emperor, passing by Vitry, established 
 himself in a plain near Chalons. Here some good 
 skirmishes took place, where the French gained 
 nothing, and where they had no reason to be satisfied 
 with the pistols and small matchlocks of the German 
 horsemen, f But as Chalons had a strong garrison, 
 and there was a French army at three short leagues 
 from it on the other side of the Marne, considering, 
 moreover, that the Emperor and his army had no 
 other provisions to depend upon except what they 
 found in the country villages and small towns, it 
 appeared to His Majesty that he ought not to make 
 a longer stay in this locality.! And although he had 
 marched during the whole of the day upon which he 
 arrived there, he left with his whole army at ten 
 o'clock in the evening ; and so quick was the advance, 
 that at daybreak he found himself in view and in 
 face of the spot where the French had taken position 
 with their entrenchments, carefully fortified, espe- 
 cially on the side on which the Emperor had arrived. 
 
 * Determinou d'eutrar o mais que pudesse per dentro daquello 
 reino, indo se sempre inegando e buseando ao ditto Eey e seu 
 exercito. 
 
 f Nem ficaram muito contentes dos pistoletes cm pinquenos area- 
 buzes dos Alemaes de cavallo. 
 
 I A Sua Magestade pareceo que nao convenha fazer mais longa 
 demora no quelle lugar. 
 
Advance into France. 6$ 
 
 The Marne flowed between the two armies. His 
 Majesty might certainly have crossed the Marne, as 
 there was a wooden bridge, which, although broken 
 down, might have been repaired so as to allow the 
 passage of the infantry. There was also one where 
 both cavalry and infantry might cross. But when that 
 was accomplished, there would still have been much 
 to be done, to the great disadvantage of the Emperor's 
 troops. For supposing the bridge and ford crossed 
 (which could only be done in file), it would have been 
 necessary to reform in order, as a fine open plain lay in 
 front which could be swept by the enemy's artillery. 
 It would have then been necessary to advance to the 
 attack under continual fire; and when all this was 
 done there was still a branch of the Marne, which, 
 though narrow, was deep, and offered some difficult 
 points which could not be overcome without disorder. 
 Then it was necessary to climb a hill or mound to 
 reach the enemy, who counted a good number of 
 Swiss in his ranks. The Emperor saw that all these 
 difficulties rendered it impossible to put the army in 
 good order of battle ; he therefore persisted in the 
 resolution which he had taken to make a long march 
 that day to get ahead of the French army. In fact 
 it was the Emperor's intention to advance, so as to 
 find the places he passed through undefended, and 
 he hoped that he should force the French to ad- 
 vance so far as to offer him the opportunity he 
 F 
 
66 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 desired. On the same morning Count William of 
 Fiirstenberg, not knowing what he was about,* 
 crossed the above-mentioned ford, and fell into the 
 hands of the French. On the other hand, Prince 
 de la Eoche-sur-Yon, whilst endeavouring to join the 
 French camp with his company, came across some 
 Imperial light horse, who pursued him and charged 
 in such guise that he, his lieutenant, and many others 
 were made prisoners and his men put to flight. 
 
 On the same day, the Emperor continued to 
 advance, and almost reached Ay, where he was 
 stopped by the had state of the road and the nume- 
 rous streams. Moreover, his rear-guard did not 
 arrive till ten in the evening. Thus the army had 
 been marching for twenty-four hours, and on the pre- 
 ceding day it had performed the same march. If it 
 is permitted to form a judgement on what might 
 have happened if the Emperor had that day reached 
 Epernay, which was only a short French league 
 farther on (the thing was impossible), so as to 
 have enabled the army to cross the river on the 
 morrow over the stone bridge of that city, and by 
 the boats constructed on the same river, he might 
 have, by following the ridge of hill above men- 
 tioned, attacked the French camp by the slopes, 
 which had not yet been fortified, and God would 
 
 * Nao sabendo o que fazia. 
 
Capture of Chateau-Thierry. 6j 
 
 have given the victory to whom it pleased Him.* 
 However, in consequence of the obstacles already 
 mentioned, the Emperor did not reach Epernay till 
 the evening of the following day, and he proposed in 
 council what has been related above. But this pro- 
 ject could not be carried out, because, in consequence 
 of the delay of this day which had been lost, the 
 French had time to fortify all the slopes as they had 
 done on the other side ; of which fact the Emperor re- 
 ceived speedy information. In consequence the Em- 
 peror left Epernay, advancing always with great dili- 
 gence and precaution.! But the road offered great 
 obstructions, owing to the numerous streams and 
 rivulets that intersected them. In some localities 
 they were so bad that it was often necessary to 
 make long detours, so that, when it was hoped to get 
 over two or three French leagues during the day, it 
 happened that, owing to the circuitous road taken, 
 not more than one was accomplished. This de- 
 cided the Emperor to send forward in advance a 
 good number of men without their baggage, that 
 they might capture (and they did capture it) the 
 town of Chateau-Thierry. The Emperor followed 
 them as fast as he could, always with the intention, 
 of advancing farther and continuing his route. 
 
 * E Deus dera a victoria a quem fora servido, 
 ■j" Com granda pressa e cuidado. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Negotiations for Peace, continued. — Charles consults the King of 
 England. — Mission of the Bishop of Arras. — Surrender of Boulogne 
 to the King of England. — Surrender of Soissons to Charles. — 
 Henry consents to Peace. — Conclusion of Peace. — M. d' Orleans 
 and M. de Vendome visit the Emperor. — ■ Charles disbands his 
 Army. — Is laid up with Gout at Ghent. — Convocation of the 
 Council of Trent. — The Diet of Worms. — Secret Treaty against 
 the Protestants. — The Pope's Legate is alarmed. — He refuses to 
 join the Treaty without seeing the Pope. — The Pope convokes a 
 Consistory and preaches a Crusade against the Protestants. — 
 Death of the Duke of Orleans. 
 
 "VTOW it must be known that, during this expedi- 
 -*- ' tion of the Emperor into France, the King's 
 ministers never ceased to negotiate daily, and to offer 
 proposals for peace ; and the Emperor, who was, and 
 always had been, desirous of peace,* had not re- 
 jected them. If at the outset the King's ministers 
 had spoken of peace, they did so much more eagerly 
 when they saw that His Majesty had passed Chalons 
 with his whole army.f They therefore continued 
 
 * Aoque Sua Magestade como quem Ihe era e fora sempre tao 
 
 •f" E so de principio elles trattavam e pratticavam de paz, muito 
 mais e com maiior istancia o fizeram, quando viram Sua Magestade 
 passar de Chalon com seu exercito a tanto se continuaram, « tao 
 grande calor se deu a estas pratticas de paz, que vieram quasi a con- 
 cordar nos artigos et eondicoes della. 
 
Negotiations for Peace. 69 
 
 these negotiations, and displayed such zeal that the 
 articles and conditions of peace had almost been 
 settled. Nevertheless, as the King of England was 
 before Boulogne, as already stated, and as His 
 Majesty, who had advanced so far into the interior 
 of France, had no news of what he was doing, and 
 had no means of sending him any information as 
 regards his own acts, he could not, according to the 
 conventions concluded with the said King, sign a 
 peace with the King of France without the know- 
 ledge and the consent of the King of England. To 
 effect this, the ministers of the King of France 
 allowed the Bishop of Arras, the Emperor's minister, 
 to proceed, on the part of His Majesty, to inform 
 the King of England of what was actually taking 
 place. The Emperor informed him that if with his 
 forces he would on his side penetrate farther into 
 France, he was ready on his part to push forward 
 his advance and his enterprise until the two armies 
 should form their junction before Paris, or in any 
 locality deemed most suitable.* Should he not 
 accept this proposal, he asked his consent that His 
 Majesty might negotiate for peace, including him 
 according to what had been agreed upon before- 
 hand. 
 
 * Offereeendo che que se com suas forcas e gente queria da sua 
 parte entrar mais per Franca, que o Emperador da sua continuaria 
 seu caminho e empresa atee se arrem ajuntar os dous exercitos la 
 para a parte de Paris, ou aonde melhor parecesse. 
 
jo Charles the Fifth. 
 
 However, during this time the King of England, 
 continuing the siege of Boulogne, pressed the place 
 so hard that it was compelled to surrender, which 
 naturally gave him great satisfaction.* Finding the 
 season far advanced, and considering the great out- 
 lays this war had cost him, he came to the conclu- 
 sion that he had neither the necessary means nor 
 resources to advance farther into France,"}' and con- 
 sented that the Emperor should conclude peace. 
 
 Now, whilst the Emperor was awaiting, as already 
 stated, a prompt reply from the King of England, 
 he found that he could not remain longer in the 
 locality where he was, owing to the want of all 
 necessary things, experienced by his army, and he also 
 found that it would be difficult for him to continue 
 to advance. In fact, from the motives indicated 
 higher up, he could not have been more rapid in his 
 movements; and the hostile army being unfettered 
 in its action, owing to the river which separated it 
 from the Emperor, had time to gain the advance and 
 organise its forces. The result was that the Em- 
 peror, in want of provisions, which it was impossible 
 for him to procure so far in the interior of France 
 (from Chateau-Thierry to Paris there are scarcely 
 
 * Doque elle, e com justa cousa, estava mui contente. 
 
 f E vendo a sazao ir deelinando muito, e os grandcs gatsea uq 
 fizera nesta guerra, nan ter as commodidades e apereebimentos ne- 
 cessarios para poder entrar mais per Franca. 
 
Surrender of Boulogne ; conclusion of Peace. 7 1 
 
 twenty short leagues), could not remain long enough 
 to attack those places which would have defended 
 themselves — a point of the highest importance.* The 
 Emperor weighed all these considerations, the more 
 so as the soldiers' pay was in arrear, and the money 
 requisite to pay them was to be had in the Nether- 
 lands ; but there was no means of conveying it, and 
 his determination was almost imposed upon him by 
 necessity, as well to obtain sooner the reply of the 
 King of England as to approach the Netherlands, 
 where he could more easily procure money and 
 other indispensable things, and also to organise his 
 plans better, according to the reply he should receive 
 from the King of England. He therefore left 
 Chateau-Thierry, taking the road to Soissons, which 
 surrendered on his approach. From this place he 
 could carry out the propositions which he had made 
 to the King of England, as well and even better 
 than he could have done at Chateau-Thierry. 
 
 Meantime the reply of the King of England 
 arrived. As already said, he consented that the 
 Emperor should conclude peace. Peace having been 
 concluded, M. d'Orleans arrived on a visit to the 
 Emperor. M. de Vendome also arrived soon after- 
 wards, and the Emperor continued his journey with 
 his whole army as far as Cateau-Cambresis, where 
 
 * Cousa que fora da grande importancia. 
 
72 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 he paid it off and dismissed it, and from thence 
 he proceeded to Cambray, where he found his sister 
 the Queen of Hungary, as also the hostages that 
 were to be handed over to him. With all this com- 
 pany he returned to Brussels. This was the sixth 
 time that he revisited his states of Flanders. Shortly 
 afterwards he received there Her Most Christian 
 Majesty and M. d'Orleans, accompanied by many 
 lords and ladies, who had left after having been 
 hospitably entertained for some days. The Empe- 
 ror turned his attention to the affairs of his states 
 of Flanders with the intention of visiting them. 
 He therefore left Brussels, where he had been 
 threatened with an attack of the gout, for Ghent 
 In this city he experienced so severe an attack of 
 gout, that from December till Easter he suffered 
 from it extremely, although the regime and diet he 
 submitted to for the first time were most severe : 
 this was his eleventh attack of gout. 
 
 The Emperor had intended visiting Germany 
 about this time to restore order.* For it must be 
 known that, since the year 1529, when, as already 
 stated, he visited Italy for the first time, and had an 
 interview with Pope Clement, he never ceased when- 
 ever he saw either Pope Clement or Pope Paul, and 
 in every journey, and at every Diet in Germany, and 
 
 * Para trattar de sen remedio. 
 
The Emperor and the Pope. 73 
 
 at every time and opportunity, continually to solicit, 
 either personally or through his ministers, the con- 
 vocation of a general council to provide a remedy 
 for the evils which had arisen in Germany, and for 
 the errors which were being propagated in Chris- 
 tendom.* 
 
 As regards Pope Clement, owing to various diffi- 
 culties of a personal nature, and despite the promise 
 he had made to His Majesty to convoke such 
 a council within the delay of one year, it was 
 never possible to make him fulfil it.f His successor 
 Pope Paul declared at the commencement of his 
 Pontificate that he had promised to announce and 
 convoke the council immediately, and exhibited a 
 lively desire to provide a remedy for the evils which 
 had befallen Christianity, and for the abuses of the 
 Church; nevertheless those demonstrations and first 
 zeal gradually cooled down, and, following the steps 
 and the example of Pope Clement, he temporised 
 
 * Porque heder saber, que como ja se disse, desdo anno 29 que foi 
 a primeira vez que passou a Italia e se via com o Papa Clemente 
 nunqua deixou todas as vezes, que se vio assi com o mesmo Papa 
 Clemente como com o Papa Paulo, e em todas seus caminhos, e 
 dietas, que tinha feito na ditta Germania, e em todos os outros 
 tempos e occasioes de continuamente sollicitar hora em persoa, hora 
 per meio de seus ministros, coneilio geral para remedio da ditta 
 Germania e dos erros, que iam multiplicando na Christandade. 
 
 t Quanto ao Papa Clemente, por algus inconvenientes, che havia 
 em sua pessoa, sem embargo da promessa, que tinha feito a Sua 
 Magestade de dentro de hum anno eonvocar o ditto coneilio, ja mais 
 foi possivel aceabar com elle, que o quisesse executar. 
 
74 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 with soft words, and always postponed the convo- 
 cation and meeting of the council,* until, as already 
 observed above, he sent to Monzon, where the King 
 of France commenced the war in 1542 — a bull of 
 convocation of the said council at Trent. The time 
 and opportunity show what his real intentions were. 
 God knows them, and they are easily discernible in 
 what then took place, and by His Majesty's reply, f 
 Nevertheless, in consequence of changes which oc- 
 curred in affairs — changes far different from what 
 had been calculated upon by discerning minds — 
 matters were arranged,! an d were in such guise 
 conducted that the said convocation was held. The 
 council met and continued for a long time to sit at 
 Trent, until the said Pope Paul, from certain reasons 
 (God will it that they were good ones !) wished to 
 transfer it to Bologna.§ His Holiness therefore, 
 
 * A Papa Paulo, ainda que no prineipio de seu Pontifieado pub- 
 licasse que tinha promettido de logo publicar e convocar concilio, e 
 mostrasse grandes desejos de reinediar a Christendada e abusos da 
 Igrega, com tudo despois com o tempo aquellas mostras e ardor pri- 
 meiro se foi es friando, e seguiado os passos e exemplo do Papa 
 Clemente, com boas palavTas prolongou, e entretene sempre a con- 
 vocao e ajuntamente do concilio. 
 
 t A sazao e opportunidade do tempo mostram bem, com que 
 tencao isto era, e Deus o sabe, e pelo que entao passou, e sua 
 Magestade respondeo, se pode claramente entender. 
 
 \ Con tudo polas mudancas que nos negocios sobrevieram bem 
 differentas do que algus agudos engenhos tinbao discorrido, as cousas 
 se ordenaram- 
 
 § Atee que o ditto Papa Paulo por respeetos, que o moveram (os 
 
The Diet of Worms. 75 
 
 entertaining towards the Emperor the sentiments 
 alluded to above, and seizing the opportunity of the 
 propositions made by His Majesty at the Diet of 
 Spires, addressed to him a brief, little in accordance 
 with the sentiments which His Majesty had professed 
 during the whole of his life.* The Emperor declined 
 giving a reply, as it could not be done without com- 
 promising the honour and authority of the two heads 
 of Christianity, and he was much grieved that the 
 Protestants took advantage of this opportunity to 
 reply to the Pope in the name of His Majesty, f The 
 Emperor followed up what had been resolved upon 
 at the Diet of Spires relative to the assembling of 
 another Diet at Worms ; but this latter having been 
 convoked, the Emperor, in consequence of being laid 
 up, could not proceed there on the day appointed. 
 He therefore requested the King his brother to go 
 there in his stead ; and he also sent M. de Granvelle 
 there that they might attend it and hasten to discuss 
 
 quaes Deus que forsem bons) trattou do avocar e transferir a 
 Bolonha. 
 
 * E tendo Sua Santitade 'para com o Emperador a tencao, que 
 acima se mostrou, e tomando occasiao da prattica, que Sua Magestade 
 fes na dieta de Spira, ehe escreveo hum breve bem differente de 
 profissam, que Sua Magestade fizera toda sua vida. 
 
 t Ao qual Sua Magestade nao quis responder por quanto se nao 
 podia bem fazer, guardando o decora e aucthoridade das duas 
 cabecas da Ckristandade, c lie pezou bem da occasiao, que com 
 grande audacia tomaram as protestantes de lhe responder em nome 
 de Sua Magestade. 
 
7 6 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 and settle the business in hand, adopting the best 
 expedient possible.* 
 1545 With the object above mentioned in view, the 
 Emperor left Brussels for Antwerp, although still 
 suffering from the gout and the medical treatment 
 he had undergone, and there he received a visit from 
 M. d'Orleans. Leaving, for the fourth time, the Queen 
 of Hungary, his sister, Governor of the states of Flan- 
 ders, he proceeded by the Ehine to Worms. This was 
 the seventh time that the Emperor performed this 
 journey. He entered Germany with the intention 
 and lively desire to remedy what was taking place, 
 which he hoped to do more easily by means of some 
 amicable -arrangement, as he was at peace with the 
 King of France, and there was no appearance of the 
 Turk attacking Germany. But as he knew and had 
 seen the great arrogance and the obstinacy of the 
 Protestants, he feared that no good result would be 
 obtained, f He had always maintained the conviction, 
 with many others, that it "was impossible to lower 
 by means of severity such obstinacy and so great a 
 power as that possessed by the Protestants : he was 
 therefore perplexed how to act in a matter which it 
 was so necessary and so important to see settled.^ 
 
 * E indo ganhando tempo enca minhar em e ordinarem as cousas 
 tomando o mais breve e melhor expediente que podesse ser. 
 
 f Mas eomo Sua Magestade tiuha entendido e visto a grande 
 soberba e obstinacao dos protestantes, receava que por virtude 
 nenhua cousa fizessem, que conveniente fosse. 
 
 \ E por quanto Sua Magestade tivera sempre, e muitos outros 
 
TJie Diet of Worms. 77 
 
 But God, who never forsakes those who have recourse 
 unto Him, even when they do not deserve it,* was not 
 satisfied with granting the grace to the Emperor to 
 give him Grueldres so promptly. The experience of 
 what was occurring also opened the Emperor's eyes 
 and enlightened his mind, so that no longer did it 
 seem to him impossible to subjugate such pride by 
 force, but on the contrary it seemed to him most 
 easy, under suitable circumstances and by proper 
 means.f As this matter was one of the highest im- 
 portance and of such great weight, he would not 
 take upon himself to decide it, and he communicated 
 it only (because of the secrecy it was necessary to 
 maintain) to a few of his most trustworthy ministers, 
 who had experience of the past, and to whom in 
 consequence he communicated his plans.'J Their 
 advice agreed with His Majesty's opinion, but the 
 
 tinham para si que via impossivel per via de forea abaixar hum tao 
 obstinado e grande poder, qual era a que os protestantes tinham, se 
 achava perplexo acerca do que poderia fazer, por remediar eousa que 
 tanta conTinha importava. 
 
 * Mas Deus que jamais desampara aquelles, que a elle recorrem, 
 ainda que o nao merecam. 
 
 t Mas como a experiencia do que possava lie abrio os olhos, e 
 allumiou o entendimento de sorte, que dalli pordiante nao soo nao 
 lhe pareceo impossivel, poder per via de forea domar tao grande so- 
 berba, mas o teve por muy facil, emprendendo o em tempo e modo 
 conveniente. 
 
 J E por o negocio ser de grande importancia e peso, nao querendo 
 fiar de si, soo a resolucaft delle, a, communieou com algus poucos de 
 sens ministros mais fiels por cousa do segredo, que convinha se 
 tivesse, e que tambem tinham experiencia do passado, aos quaes por 
 cousa della se representou o mesmo. 
 
78 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Emperor postponed the execution of the plan, hoping 
 that it would be sanctioned by the Diet of Worms, 
 and foreseeing that in default of restoring order in 
 Germany by quiet and pacific means it would be 
 necessary to have recourse to arms, according to 
 circumstances and opportunities.* 
 
 The Emperor, as already said, continued his 
 journey to Worms, where he found but few princes 
 of the empire, but many representatives or com- 
 missaries with whom he commenced negotiating, 
 continuing what had already been concluded in a 
 conference previously held in the same city. But 
 the slackness and carelessness which they displayed 
 in this negotiation clearly denoted with what in- 
 tentions and in what spirit they treated these 
 matters.} The Emperor, perceiving this, com- 
 municated his idea and the considerations explained 
 above to the King of the Romans, his brother, who 
 had come to the Diet as a brother and a prince 
 much interested in this question.} The latter, with 
 the zeal which he displayed in all things connected 
 
 * E Sua Magestade deixou a exeeuc^io para quando e conforme no 
 que se podesse resolver na dieta de Vormes, porque nao podendo por 
 bons meios e modos pacificamente reduzir Alemanha, entao se Tiria 
 as armas e forca, segundo e tempo e opportunidade que se offerecesse. 
 
 f D'onde se seguia tao fraca e fria negocia^ao, que se via clara- 
 mente, com que ten^o e animo se trattara de taes negoeios. 
 
 | que vendo Sua Magestade e vindo nesto tempo a dieta el Rey 
 de Eomanos, seu irmao como a irmao e a quem o negocio grande- 
 mente toccava, communicou sea parecer a discurso acima ditto. 
 
Secret Treaty against the Protestants. 79 
 
 ■with the service of God, and with a great desire to 
 remedy such great evils, seeing the obstinacy of the 
 Protestants, and the small or no results that were 
 obtained by acting towards them by measures of 
 kindness, approved the Emperor's project as prac- 
 ticable, and agreed to it.* The Emperor considered 
 that time and opportunity were propitious and 
 favourable to the accomplishment of this project, 
 and that to this end it was proper and necessary that 
 he should have the support of the spiritual and 
 temporal power of the Pope, as being the person 
 most concerned in putting in order and procuring a 
 remedy for such great evils, f Their Majesties there- 
 fore agreed upon it between them, swearing to 
 secrecy, and on the condition that, should the secret 
 not be kept, they should not be bound to what might 
 have been revealed ; and they resolved to communi- 
 cate their determination to Cardinal Farnese, grand- 
 son and legate of Pope Paul, who, at this period, 
 
 * qua! com o fervor que tern nas cousas, que sao de servico de 
 Deus, e grande desejo do remedio de tao grandes males, vendo a 
 obstinacao dos protestantes, e o poueo ou nenhum effecto, que se 
 seguia de proceder com elles per modos e termos brandos, achou o 
 ditto discurso do Emperador, fundado em razao e possibilidade, e se 
 conformou com elle. 
 
 t E considerando, que o tempo e opportunidade era mui propieia 
 e accommodada para executar o ditto discurso, e que para este effeito 
 convinha a era necessario que o Papa concorresse e ajudasse com suas 
 forcas spirituaes e temporaes, como aquelle que estavamais obrigado 
 a dar ordem e procurer remedio a tantos males. 
 
80 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 arrived in the city of Worms.* Consequently, after 
 having sworn to secrecy, and accepted the above- 
 mentioned condition, they communicated to him 
 that, if His Holiness would, as has been said, give 
 them the support of his spiritual and temporal 
 power, their Majesties, considering that kind and 
 conciliating measures were of no avail, and that the 
 obstinacy and the insolence of the Protestants in- 
 creased daily to such a degree that it could no longer 
 be tolerated, would undertake by force to remedy 
 and obviate their obstinacy and their insolence.f 
 Cardinal Farnese was so startled at this overture 
 that, although he had previously declared that he 
 was provided with full powers to discuss everything 
 connected with the remedy for existing evils, he 
 would not take any steps in going further into the 
 conclusion of this matter.^ And as their Majesties 
 
 * Suas Magestades assentaram ambos entre si, de com juramento de 
 segredo e eondicao, que se este se nao guardasse, elles nao estariam 
 obrigados a cousa, che tivessem ditta, e offerecida communiear sua 
 determinacao com o cardeal Fames, neto e entonces legado do Papa 
 Paulo, que neste tempo chegou ao mesmo lugar de Vormes. 
 
 f E assi, despois que declaron a Suas Magestades com o juramento 
 e eondicao dantes ditta lhe proposeram e offerecevao que se Sua 
 Santidade quisesse ajudar, como ditto he, com suas forcas spirituaes 
 e temporaes (visto com os modos e meios suaves e de concordia nao 
 tiuham lugar, e a obstinacao e insolencia dos protestantes ia cada dia 
 crescendo de sorte que se nao podia j a soffrer) Suas Magestades em- 
 prenderiam por via di forca remediar e obviar a taes obstinates e 
 insolencia 
 
 J Do qual offerecimento o ditto Cardeal ficou tao espantado, que 
 dizendo dantes, que trazia amplos poderes para trattar de tudo o que 
 
The Pope convokes a Consistory. 8 1 
 
 said that, as he would not take any farther steps nor 
 take any resolution upon himself, it would be best to 
 consult His Holiness without delay by an express 
 messenger who would bring back his reply, he posi- 
 tively declined to do anything, but he wished himself 
 to be the messenger, saying that he would make 
 good haste ; and in fact it was such as suited a person 
 of his authority, but not such as the importance of the 
 matter demanded.* The first thing he did on arriving 
 at Eome was to go against his oath, and against the 
 condition imposed by His Majesty. In fact, His 
 Holiness immediately convoked a consistory, where 
 there are always conflicting opinions and parties, and 
 he communicated to it the offers of the Emperor.f 
 The Pope chose as his legate the same Cardinal 
 Famese, and as Gonfaloniere or General of the 
 Church his brother Duke Octavio ; other captains 
 and officers were immediately appointed; the drum 
 
 tocasse ao remedio dos presentes males, nao quis passar Tna.is ao 
 diante na conclusao deste negocio. 
 
 * E dizendo lhe Suas Magestades, que ja que nao possava mais 
 avante, nao querendo per si coneluir nada, o melhor seria consultar 
 com toda diHgencia Sua Santidade per hum proprio, que lhe 
 trouxesse a resposta, de nenhum modo o quis fazer, mas elle mesmo 
 quis ser o messageiro, dizendo que faria boa diligencia, a qual foi tal 
 qual a hum personagem de sua auchtoridade eonvinha, mas nao a que 
 a qualidade de negocio requeria. 
 
 f Porque tanto que chegou a Eoma, a primeira cousa que se fez 
 foi ir em tudo contra o juramento e condicao, que Sua Magestade 
 tinha posto ; porque logo Sua Santidade chamou o consistorio onde 
 sempre costuma haver opinoes e bandos contrarios, as qual commu- 
 nicou o offerecimento. 
 
 * a 
 
82 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 was beaten to bring men to the Papal standard, 
 calling upon them to join this holy expedition and 
 avenge the sack of Koine.* 
 
 His Majesty considering that, when the above 
 proposal was made to Cardinal Farnese, it was near 
 the festival of St. John, and that with all the speed 
 the Cardinal could display the reply would arrive 
 too late and the season would be too far advanced 
 to commence assembling an army, and to make the 
 necessary preparations for so great an undertaking, 
 presuming also that the secret would not be kept, 
 sent an express to His Holiness representing to him 
 that the plan could not be carried out this year, but 
 that it was necessary the secret should be kept close, 
 as otherwise he should not hold himself bound by the 
 offers he had made.f As the secret was violated, 
 and as the Protestants were warned, the Emperor 
 thought fit to act in such a manner that they added 
 no faith to the report which was circulated.! The 
 
 * Publicando que vinhani a esta sancta empresa e ^ tomar vin- 
 ganca do Sacco de Roma. 
 
 f Vendo Sua Magestade Imperial que quando proposo acima ditto 
 ao Cardial Fames era pelo St. Jao, e que conforme a dilegencia que 
 o ditto Cardeal podia fazer, a resposta veria ja fora de tempo e em 
 sazao muito adeantado para eom^ar a trattar de por em ordem o 
 exercito, e apprector as cousas eonvenientes a tal negocio, presumindo 
 tambem que o segredo se nao guardaria, despachou hum proprio a 
 Sua Santidade advertido o que por este anno a ditta determina^o se nao 
 podia executar e que por tanto se guardasse bem o segredo, porque 
 d'outra maueira nao se tinha por obrigado aos offerecimentos que fizera. 
 
 \ E por quanto o segredo se rompeo, e os protestantes foram 
 
Leaves Worms and returns to Netherlands. 83 
 
 Emperor also saw that at the said Diet nothing would 
 be done except to waste time (he however wished it 
 to sit until he had received the Pope's answer), and 
 he confined himself to short and curt communi- 
 cations,* postponing the negotiations for a Diet 
 convoked to meet the following year at Ratisbon. 
 
 Meantime a conference was held in the same city 
 as to the best means for remedying these differ- 
 ences, f During this Diet the Emperor received the 
 news that the Princess of Spain, his daughter-in-law, 
 had been delivered of a son, who was afterwards 
 called Don Carlos, and four or five days afterwards 
 he received the very different news of the death 
 of the same Princess, which naturally caused him 
 great grief. At the same time the King of the 
 Eomans also received the news of the death of his 
 eldest daughter, which afHicted the Emperor as much 
 as if he had been her own father. 
 
 All these things terminated, the Emperor left 
 Worms, and for the eighth time, taking the Rhine 
 route, he returned for the seventh time to the Nether- 
 lands, where he found the Queen of Hungary his 
 sister at Louvain, and from thence he proceeded to 
 Brussels, where he received the news of the death of 
 
 advertidos, se teve contudo tal modo, que a fama que coma nao foi 
 per elles corda. 
 
 * Lhe fez hira breve e serra prattiea. 
 
 t No mesma lugar se fez hum colloquio a cerca dos modos, que 
 poderia haver para remedio destas differencas. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 the Duke of Orleans, eight days before the anni- 
 versary of the peace of Crespy, one of the conditions 
 of which was, that the duchy was to be conferred 
 upon him. This death came opportunely, for, as 
 it was natural, it may be believed that God had 
 resolved it in His secret judgements.* 
 
 * A qual morte veo a tempo, que sendo natural pode parecer, que 
 foi ordenada de Deus por seus secretos juizos. 
 
The Emperor proceeds to Bruges. 85 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Emperor proceeds to Bruges. — Charles holds a Chapter of the 
 Golden Fleece at Utrecht — Visits the Duchy of Gueldres. — The 
 
 Electors req uest F,Tr planat ,JOTis_resjectiTig n T>ag-im against, the Pro- 
 
 testajt.q — -Thajg mppi-ni- Hprii pgjtsTVdgfpTir'B — Progress of the Be- 
 formation. — The Smalcalde League.— The Diet of Batisbon. — The 
 Pope's Emissaries endeavour to persuade the Emperor to take up 
 Arms. — Duke William of Bavaria joins the Secret Deague. — 
 The Protestants prepare for the worst. — Charles concludes an 
 Armistice with the Turk. — Commencement of Hostilities against 
 the Protestants. — The Protestants capture Fiissen and Clusa. — 
 Charles resolves, living or dead, to remain Emperor of Germany. 
 — The Emperor marches on Neustadt. 
 
 THE Emperor now proceeded to Bruges, where 
 different grand personages arrived both from 
 France as well as from England, charged, in conse- 
 quence of this change, to modify, correct, and draw 
 up anew the conventions concluded between the 
 three monarchs ; * but, not being able to come to 
 any agreement on the subject, they had recourse to 
 the expedients that suited them best. And hence- 
 forth the treaties of peace concluded between their 
 Majesties were maintained as much by the dissimu- 
 lation of some as by the tolerance of others.f 
 
 * Para per occasiao desta mudanca, innovar, mudar, e fazer de 
 novo. 
 
 t Assi pola dissimulae.ao d'alguas d'ellas, come pola tolerancia 
 d'outras. 
 
86 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 This done, the Emperor left for Bois-le-Duc, to 
 proceed from thence to Utrecht to hold a Chapter 
 of the Golden Fleece. But at Bois-le-Duc he was 
 attacked by the gout, so that he was obliged to 
 remain there, and to postpone the Chapter to some 
 other time. Shortly afterwards, feeling better, he 
 held it at Utrecht, where he had a relapse. The 
 Chapter over, and having somewhat recovered, he 
 left Utrecht to visit his possessions in the state of 
 Grueldres, which he occupied again in virtue of his 
 ancient claim to it. The necessity he was under of 
 taking the field against his enemies had prevented 
 him from going there at the time the duchy was re- 
 stored to him. Having paid this visit, he continued 
 his journey as far as Maestricht, still very weak from 
 his last attack of gout, which was the twelfth. In 
 this city he received deputies from some of the 
 Electors and Princes of the empire. They said that 
 they had been informed that His Majesty was com- 
 ing to Germany at the head of an army — something 
 quite new, and which scandalised the greater portion 
 of that country.* They explained their mission on the 
 grounds of a report in circulation, and which had its 
 origin in what had taken place at Rome in the pre- 
 ceding year at the time of the journey of Cardinal 
 
 * DIzendo, que foram advertidos, que Sua Magestade vinha com 
 mao armada a Grermania, cousa nova, e que muito escalandissava » 
 maior parte Julia. 
 
Alarm of the Protestants. 87 
 
 Farnese, and in the arrival of various ambassadors 
 which His Holiness had sent the Emperor in the 
 Netherlands, and at Utrecht, who solicited, and with 
 great demonstrations of goodwill eagerly demanded 
 the execution of the offer made by His Majesty, and 
 who thereby displayed much vehemence and little 
 discretion, which latter was most requisite to carry 
 out the design.* For this reason, and to give ad- 
 ditional assurance to those who put no faith in this 
 rumour, the Emperor declined concluding anything 
 with the ambassadors of His Holiness,! putting 
 them off and adjourning them until! he should be 
 at Eatisbon. To the deputies of the Princes he re- 
 plied that they might see for themselves, and give 
 their own testimony; that he was not accompanied 
 by a more numerous suite than usual ; that it was 
 his wish to settle the affairs of Germany rather by 
 the means of peace and concord than by force and 
 discord ; and that this was a sure thing, in keeping 
 with his intentions and desires ; for he never wished 
 
 * Fundando sua ambaixada sobre algum rumor, que corria, e 
 procedera da quelle, que o anno passado fizera em Roma, por causa 
 da ida do Cardeal Farnes, e d'algus ministros, que Sua Santidade 
 tinha mandado ao Emperador aos Paeses-Baixos e a Utrech, os quaes 
 istavam e sollieitavam com grandes mostras de boa TOntade a execucao 
 de offerecimento que Sua Magestade tinha feito, e por esta causa 
 usavam de mais vehemencia e de menos segreto do que a execucao 
 do negocio convinha. 
 
 t Pola qual razao, e por mais Terdadeiramente certificar os que nao 
 criam o ditto rumor, o Emperador nao quis entao concluir cousa 
 algua com os ministros de Sua Santidade. 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 to have recourse to arms unless he found that all other 
 means were to be despaired of, and that he was com- 
 pelled to adopt such a step.* 
 
 As at the same time His Majesty was informed 
 that the conference which had assembled at Katis- 
 bon was to be broken up by the Protestants, he 
 entreated the said commissaries to continue that 
 conference untill he should be able to attend it in 
 person at the said city of Ratisbon. They held 
 out some hope that they would do so, and proposed, 
 so as the better to continue it, and to find some 
 means of agreement, that Frederick Count Palatine, 
 then an Elector, should visit His Majesty at Spires, 
 and take with him the Landgrave of Hesse, to whom 
 His Majesty should give a safe-conduct pass. To 
 this the Emperor willingly consented, for in his 
 opinion it was far more necessary to ask safe con- 
 ducts from the Protestants than to give them.f In 
 fact, it was not less dangerous for him, considering 
 that the secret had been badly kept, to undertake 
 this journey with a small escort, than to wage war 
 
 * E assi mesmo respondeo aos commissarios dos Principes, que 
 elles mesmos podiam ver a ser testemunhas, que nao levava consigo 
 maior companhia da que sempre costumava levar, e que desejava mais 
 dar medio as cousas da Germania per meio de paz e coneordia, que 
 per forca e discordia, e que iste era cousa eerta, eonforme sua tencao 
 e desejo, porque jamais quis usar das armas, se nao desesperado de 
 todos los outros meios, e forcado e constrangido a usar d'eHas. 
 
 t Sendo Ihe a elle eonforme- seu parecer mais necessario tomar lo 
 dos protestantes que dar Ihe a elles. 
 
The Reformation. 8 9 
 
 openly.* The Emperor felt himself more perplexed 
 and uncertain how to act than he was in 1539, when 
 he decided in traversing France.f Nevertheless, he 
 thought it advisable to try means of kindness and 
 moderation to reestablish order in Germany, before 
 being driven to the necessity of taking up arms ; and 
 this resolution he adopted, in the hope that it would 
 lead to a good result, and holding himself prepared 
 for either eventuality.^ 
 
 After what had occurred, as already related, the 
 Emperor took his departure for Maestricht, leaving, 
 for the fifth time, the government of the Nether- 
 lands in the hands of his sister, the Queen of 
 Hungary, and, passing for the second time through 
 Luxembourg, he continued his journey to Spires. 
 This was the eighth time he entered Germany. 
 There the said Elector Palatine, with the said Land- 
 grave of Hesse, declared that if the League of Smal- 
 calde had given him the cavalry he had asked for, he 
 would have escorted and conducted the Emperor 
 despite himself to Trent ; which he could easily have 
 
 * Porque nao tinha por menos perigo, supposto o pouco segredo 
 que se guardara, fazer este caminho com tarn pequena companhia, 
 que de emprendar a guen-a publicamente. 
 
 f E se achou mais perplexo e irresoluto de fazer esta determenacao 
 do que esteve em se resolver de passar por Franca em o anno de 30. 
 
 \ Contudo porque convinha tentar por meios brandos e suaves de 
 reduzir Alemanha, ou per neeessitade tomar as annas, Sua JMagestade 
 se determinou na foram dicta, para bom effeito, e execucao ou de hua, 
 ou de outra cousa. 
 
90 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 done, considering the force he had asked for, and 
 the small suite which, for the reasons mentioned 
 above, the Emperor had with him.* But God, who 
 rules and ordains all things, willed it otherwise ; and 
 this was not the only fault and the only error which 
 God, who blinded them, allowed them to commit in 
 their affairs, but it was the first of a great number 
 which they afterwards committed towards their God 
 and towards their Emperor, and which were the cause 
 of their total ruin.f In the interviews which the said 
 Landgrave had with His Majesty at Spires, and in 
 the propositions which he made, he displayed so 
 much insolence that His Majesty dismissed him with 
 a few words.J For, although he pretended to be 
 ignorant of the fact that those of his party who at- 
 tended the said conference had been recalled, and had 
 withdrawn, whilst His Majesty knew the contrary, 
 and whilst he expressed the hope that, if they had 
 
 * Aonde o ditto elector Palatino com ditto LantsgraTe declarou, 
 que se 03 da ligua Esmalcalda llie deram a gente de cavallo, que 
 pedia, houvera de accompanliar e levar ao Emperador, inda que nao 
 quisera, atee Trento, a qual cousa fora assaz facil de fazer, visto a 
 companbia que pedia, e a pouca que polas razoes acima dittas, Sua 
 Jtfagestade quisera levar consigo. 
 
 t Mas Deus que governa e ordena todas as eousas dispos d'outra 
 maneira. E nao foiesta a soa falta e erro, que cegando os permittio 
 que fizessem em seus negocios, se bem foi premeiro de muitos, que 
 despois commeteram para com seu Deus e seu Emperador, das quaes 
 procedeu sua total ruina. 
 
 \ Nas propostas e pratticas que o ditto Lantsgrave teve com Sua 
 Magestade em Espira, mostrou tao grande insolencia, que Sua Ma- 
 gestade em poucas palavras o despedio. 
 
Tlie Diet of Ratisbon. 
 
 left, he would endeavour to bring them hack to 
 Katisbon, where a Diet had been convoked, he 
 nevertheless did nothing of the sort, and the con- 
 ference was broken up and dissolved. The Emperor 
 therefore continued his journey to Eatisbon. There 
 he found only the commissioners of the states of the 
 empire, but not a single prince ; but the Elector of 
 Mayence arrived there a few days afterwards, as 
 much on private business as respecting the convoca- 
 tion of the Diet, as a short time previously he had 
 been elected, on the death of the Cardinal, Elector of 
 Mayence. However this may be, the Emperor was 
 obliged to open the Diet, and to make his proposals 
 to those who were present ; but they were received 
 so coldly, matters were treated with so much negli- 
 gence, and the Protestants continued to display so 
 much arrogance, that the Emperor came to the 
 decided conviction that measures of kindness would 
 be of little avail, and that he would be compelled, 
 much against his inclination, to have recourse to 
 more rigorous measures.* 
 
 At this time the Pope's emissaries and some 
 ecclesiastics were incessantly endeavouring to in- 
 duce the Emperor to take up arms against the 
 
 * A qual foi tao friamente tomada e os negocios com tao grande 
 negligeneia trattados, e pelos protestantes continuada hua tao grande 
 arrogancia, que Sua Magestade julgava e via claramente, que os re- 
 medios brandos serviram de pouco, e ainda que muito contra sua 
 yontade, seria forcado usar d'outros mais fortes. 
 
92 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 Protestants.* His Majesty, however, hesitated, as 
 much on account of the greatness and difficulty of 
 such an enterprise, as also to have time to consult 
 the King his brother, whom he daily expected.f As 
 already stated, the secret had been badly kept ; the 
 Protestants were on their guard, and were commencing 
 their preparations and armaments, not wishing to be 
 taken by surprise ; they even thought of surprising the 
 others4 The Emperor was unwilling to do anything 
 to create agitation in Germany, but all admitted that 
 any further delay on his part might make him lose 
 many advantages which he might otherwise obtain.§ 
 As soon as his brother the King had arrived, he 
 made him acquainted with the exact state of affairs ; 
 and as a long time previously Duke William of 
 Bavaria had offered his services, requesting and 
 endeavouring to persuade their Majesties to take up 
 arms, as the sole remedy for so much insolence,! 
 
 * Neste tempo os ministros do Papa e algus eeclesiasti cos nao 
 cessaram de sollicitar ao Emperador, que quisesse concluir os con- 
 certos com sen amo, e comecar de tomar as armas contra os protes- 
 tantes. 
 
 t O que todavia Sua Magestade dilatava assi pola grandeza e 
 difficuldade da empresa, eomo por se resolver com el Eey seu irmao- 
 
 \ Porque, como ditto he, o segredo se guardara mal, e os protes- 
 tantes audavam sobre aviso, e comecayam de se prover e annar, 
 como aquelles, que nao soomente nao quersam ser tornados desaper- 
 cebidos, mas ainda trattaram de tomar aos outros descuidados. 
 
 § que Sua Magestade nao tinha feito per menos alterar a Ger- 
 mania atee que todas viram que nao podia o fazer, e que porter tanto 
 esperado, perdera muito da yentagem, que podera ter. 
 
 || Como muito tempo antes o Duque Guilhelmo de Bavera se tinha 
 
The League against the Protestants. 93 
 
 their Majesties entered into negotiations with him 
 to induce him to join the alliance or league proposed 
 by the emissaries of the Pope ; * but, notwithstanding 
 the zeal and energy he at first had displayed in this 
 matter, he cooled down so much, that he was the 
 cause that its conclusion was postponed loDger than 
 was necessary.f At last an alliance was made with 
 him, from which little profit was derived except that 
 his country supplied the Imperial army with provi- 
 sions. The churchmen were also called upon to 
 come forward and join the League. But when it 
 came to the point of assembling and adopting a 
 conclusion, though they had displayed immense zeal 
 before, their hearts failed them, either from fear of the 
 Protestants, or from reluctance to enter into so great 
 an enterprise, or from other considerations, and they 
 did not venture to join the League.^ They consented, 
 however, to contribute a sum of money, in virtue of 
 an agreement passed in preceding Diets, a contribu- 
 tion to which the Protestants not only did not hold 
 
 offerecido, incitando e induzido Suas Magestades a tomar as annas 
 como unico remedio de tantas insolencias. 
 
 * No concerto, ou ligua, que os do Papa sollicitaram e offereciam. 
 
 t Mas mostrando se de principio tao sollicito e quente no negocio, 
 se esfrion de sorte, que por sua causa se dilatou a conciusao mais 
 doque conTinha. 
 
 J Os quaes da mesma maneira antes de vir a obra, se tinham 
 mostrado niuito desejos, mas quando se veo ajuntar e coneluir, ou 
 por receo que tivessem dos protestantes, ou per medo d'entrar em 
 hua tao grande cousa, ou por outros respeitos, nao se aventuraram, 
 nem atreveram e entrar na liga. 
 
94 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 themselves bound, but which moreover they op- 
 posed,* preventing many from paying their share. 
 Thus the Protestants, by these preparations, had 
 gained the advantage which the Emperor might have 
 had over them had the secret been well kept. From 
 all these reasons this affair incurred great difficulties 
 and risks. Yet the Emperor felt that it would be 
 difficult to avoid carrying out what had been agreed 
 upon, that time was being lost, and that the longer 
 it was delayed the more public would it become, 
 the more difficult and perilous.f He, moreover, took 
 into consideration, as already said, that he was at 
 peace with France, and that King Francis was much 
 hampered by the war he was waging with the King 
 of England ; % that it was rumoured that the Turk 
 was engaged in wars at home ; that consequently it 
 might be presumed, "with some probability, that no 
 danger was to be feared from that quarter. More- 
 over, to make matters more sure, the Emperor and the 
 
 * Do qual os protestantes nao soo nao fizeram easo para contri- 
 buirem, mas antes contra vinham, e iao a mao a algus por pagarem 
 sua parte. 
 
 f Assi ainda que polo apparalho dantes ditto, os protestantes tinham 
 ganhado e tornado a ventagem sobre o Emperador, que elle podera 
 tomar sobre elles, se segredo se nao rompera, e por todas estas cousas 
 o negocio ficara mais diffieultoso e arriscado, com tudo vendo Sua 
 Magestade, que ja mal se podia eseusar d'execucao do que estava trat- 
 tado, e que o tempo se hia passando e que quanto mais se tardava, 
 tanto a cousa mais se publicavajdiffieultava e se fazia mais perigosa. 
 
 J E el Bey Francisco may gastado por causa da guerra que tere com 
 el Rey d'Inglaterra. 
 
League with the Pope. g$ 
 
 King of the Eomans had sent emissaries to the Turk 
 to negotiate, should such a step seem advisable, an 
 armistice with him, which in fact was afterwards 
 concluded. He moreover observed that the Pro- 
 testants had cast off all shame, and were actively 
 enlisting troops, with a view to accomplish their 
 designs.* Their Majesties therefore resolved to 
 conclude with the Pope, and put into execution that 
 which necessity compelled them to do, and which 
 had been the object of such lengthened negotiations.! 
 In fact, matters had already so far advanced, that had 
 the Emperor not gone into the enterprise, the organ- 
 isation of the Protestants would have enabled them 
 to carry out the plan recommended by the Landgrave, 
 as narrated before.:}: 
 
 Immediately after the arrival of the King at 
 Ratisbon, the Queen, his wife, came there with her 
 daughters ; and Duke William of Bavaria and Duke 
 William of Cleves also arrived with their wives and 
 children, and other princes of the empire. In the 
 
 * E considerando ultimamente que os protestantes tindam ja de 
 todo perdido o vergonha e com toda a pressa faziam geute, e punham 
 por obro seus desenhos. 
 
 t Se determinaram Suas Magestades de coneluir com o Papa, e dar 
 execucio a que a uecessidade os obrigava, e estava trattado havia 
 tanto tempo. 
 
 J Por que as cousas estavam ja tanto avante, que se o Emperador 
 nao dera principio a empresa, os protestantes estavam em tal ordem, 
 que poderam por em execu^ao o conseUao, que dautes se disse, que o 
 Lantsgrave lies tiuha dado. 
 
g6 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 same city were celebrated the nuptials of Duke 
 Albert of Bavaria and of Duke William of Cleves 
 with two daughters of the King and Queen of the 
 Romans. When the nuptials were over, the Queen 
 and her daughters, the dukes and duchesses, and 
 newly-married couples, left. Then the King and 
 Duke Maurice took their departure to attack, each 
 on their side, the lands of John Frederick of Saxony, 
 which they carried out in such guise that, after 
 defeating his army, they took from him a large 
 portion of his domains. It was at Eatisbon that the 
 Emperor commenced assembling his army, entering 
 into negotiations for that purpose with various 
 princes, captains, and warriors ; so that in a few days 
 he assembled a certain number of German soldiers, 
 who were joined by the Spaniards who were in 
 Hungary. 
 
 The principal towns of Suabia, which belonged to 
 the League of Smalcalde, had previously received a 
 letter written by the Emperor, in which he told them 
 that he was informed that they were assembling 
 troops, in consequence of a report which was spread 
 that he intended to wage war against them for the 
 sake of religion, and in which he assured them that 
 the report was false, that he had not entertained the 
 idea of waging war, especially against those who had 
 obeyed him, and who had done nothing against the 
 Imperial authority, and that consequently, if they 
 
The Smalcalde League. 97 
 
 disbanded their army and gave proof of obedience, 
 they might come to terms with His Majesty; but 
 the deputies which they sent about this time showed 
 so much obstinacy, and in their insolence they 
 replied with so much arrogance, that His Majesty 
 dismissed them as they deserved.* In like mannei 
 the Protestant commissioners who were at the Diet 
 waited one day upon His Majesty, and, referring to 
 the rumours of war that were in circulation, re- 
 quested him to make known his intentions.j His 
 Majesty replied to them that he did not wish to go 
 to war, unless compelled to do so to uphold his 
 authority, which was daily attacked and attempted 
 to be lowered and diminished.! As soon as they 
 had received this reply, all the Protestants withdrew 
 
 * Neste tempo os deputados das principaes cidades de Sueyia, que 
 cram da liga Esmalcaldiana, sobre hiia carta, que u Emperador 
 escrevera dizendo lies, como fora avisado, que faziam gente de guerra 
 por algua fama que corria, que lb.es queria fazer guerra por causa da 
 religiao, assegurando lie qua tal fama era falsa, e que elle nao tinia 
 pensamento de fazer tal cousa, principalmente contra aquelles, que 
 lhe fossem obedientes, e nao fizessem contra a auctboridade Imperial, 
 e que por tanto s' elles eram destes, desfizessem o exercito, e se mos- 
 trassem obedientes, "vieram ter com Sua Magestade, es com grand© 
 obstinacao em sua insolencia responderam mui soberbamente. que 
 vendo o Emperador, os despedio, como elles mereciam. 
 
 t E propondo lie a fama, que corria de guerra, pediram que oa 
 certificasse de sua tencao. 
 
 \ Que elle nao queria fazer guerra senao forcado por conservar sua 
 aucthoridade, contra a qual via que cada dia se attentava, e trabaliava 
 pola abaixar e deminuir. 
 
 H 
 
Charles the Fifth. 
 
 without even taking leave.* The Emperor, seeing 
 that the Diet might already be considered as ter- 
 minated and broken up, had a short and curt 
 explanation with those who remained.! Then the 
 men of arms that the said towns had levied were 
 taken to Fiissen, under the pretest of preventing the 
 entrance of foreign soldiers into Germany. They 
 took Fiissen and another fortress called Clusa, which 
 belonged to the King of the Eomans, so that they 
 were the first to commence hostilities and open the 
 war.| They also committed a serious error in their ' 
 bad designs and evil inspirations, by taking that 
 road instead of that of Eatisbon (it was the second 
 error that they committed by the will of God who 
 blinded them) ; for at this period His Majesty was 
 not yet in a position to offer them any formid- 
 able resistance. § The Emperor, aware that the 
 Italians, whom the Pope had sent under the orders 
 of Cardinal Farnese, as his Legate, and of Duke 
 Oetavio as his Gonfaloniere, were on their way, as 
 
 * E tendo esta resposta todos os protestantes se foram sem dizerem: 
 A Deus. 
 
 t Com os que ficaram fez hua breve o serra prattica. 
 
 J Demodo que elles foram os primeiros, que comecaram a offender 
 e a romper a guerra. 
 
 § E nao erraram pouco por seguir sua maa tencao, e maos prin- 
 cipios em tomar antes este caminho, que o de Ratisbona (e foi este 
 o segundo erro que fizeram por permissao de Deus, que os eegou) por 
 que Sua Magestade nao estava ainda aquelle tempo bem apercebido 
 para Ikes resistir, como eonvinua. 
 
War with the Protestants. gg 
 
 also the Spaniards, who were to come to Lomhardy, 
 considered what difficulties they would have to en- 
 counter in forming a junction with him; he also 
 observed that John Frederick of Saxony and the 
 Landgrave were already at Donauwerth with their 
 whole army, and that if they were to place them- 
 selves between His Majesty and his troops, those 
 forces would be divided, and each corps consequently 
 weaker; and although some of his advisers were 
 scrupulous, out of respect for His Majesty's reputa- 
 tion, about leaving Eatisbon, the Emperor paid no 
 heed to such vanities.* He was decided when he con- 
 ceived this enterprise with the principal object which 
 determined him to do so, to lead it to a successful 
 issue whatever might happen, as he resolved, living 
 or dead, to remain Emperor in Grermany.t He 
 therefore resolved to quit Eatisbon, leaving it pro- 
 vided with a good garrison, and to proceed to Land- 
 shut, a town of the Duke of Bavaria. He arrived 
 there with the few troops that were with him ; but, 
 seeing the multitude of enemies that awaited him 
 there, he held council with the Duke of Alba, whom 
 he had appointed his Captain-General, and with other 
 
 * Hao fazendo easo dest-as vaidades. 
 
 f Estando determinado quando propos de seguir esta emprese, 
 vista a causa principal por que a emprendia, de fir ao fim della, 
 qualquer cousa que ouvesse d'accontecer, por que tiiiha proposto e 
 assentado dentro de si, viTO ou morto, ficar Emperador em Ale- 
 
 ma n"ha 
 
ioo Charles the Fifth. 
 
 captains, as to the best fortified position to occupy, 
 and the best measures to be adopted, as well to 
 resist the enemy, as to await the arrival of his troops, 
 who, in consequence of the length and difficulty of 
 the journey, did not arrive so promptly as all 
 desired. 
 
 At this time the Protestants who had taken Ehain, 
 a domain of the Duke of Bavaria, were advancing on 
 Ingolstadt, a town belonging to the same duke, into 
 which the Emperor had placed some troops. They 
 sent him by a trumpeter and a page, according to 
 their custom, a letter, as long as it was insolent, of 
 which His Majesty took no heed, and to which he 
 did not take the trouble to reply.* As they had 
 entered into this path, it would have been better for 
 them if they had adhered to their defiance, throwing 
 off all reserve and carrying out their threats, than to 
 waste their time in such empty fanfaronades.f God 
 blinded them ; he allowed this to be the third fault 
 which they committed, that they might not obtain 
 the object of their perverse designs.^ The Emperor, 
 
 * Lhe mandaram per hum trombeta e hum page, couforme sen 
 costume, hua carta bem comprlda, e nao menos desavergonaada, da 
 qua! Sua JIagestade nem tomou pena de lhe responde. 
 
 t Melhor fora para elles, ja que estavam postos em tal caminho, 
 de seguir sua pouca vergonha no cartel, e executar os fios, de que 
 nelle usavam, que despois de se terem mostrado tao braros e iuso- 
 entes firarem quaes ficarem. 
 
 \ Deus os cegou e permittie, que esta fosse a terceira falta, que 
 lelles commetteram por nao chegar ao fiia de sua perversa tencao. 
 
War with the Protestants. 101 
 
 turning this time and advantage to account,* hastened 
 the arrival of the Papal troops, as well as of those of 
 the other Italian princes, of the Spaniards, who had 
 been called from Lombardy, and of some Germans, 
 who, in consequence of impediments and obstacles 
 caused by the advance of the Protestants, had not 
 been able to arrive sooner. They all reached Land- 
 shut, and the Emperor immediately commenced to 
 march with all the troops he had assembled, in the 
 direction of Neustadt, a town belonging to the Duke 
 of Bavaria, with the intention and wish of establish- 
 ing his head-quarters there, to entrench himself and 
 gradually approach the enemy, which he could not 
 do at the present moment, from a scarcity of pro- 
 visions, because, as the war had only just commenced, 
 the necessary measures had not yet been completed 
 to provide the army abundantly with all that it 
 stood in need of. Consequently the Emperor left 
 Neustadt for Eatisbon; and there he so well or- 
 ganised matters, that no further want of provisions 
 was felt ; at least nothing worth mentioning. In the 
 same city arrived the Spaniards, who came from 
 Naples by the Adriatic ; and also Marquises John 
 and Albert of Brandenburg, and the Master of 
 Prussia, with all the German cavalry they could 
 collect, thereby rendering service to His Majesty, j 
 
 * E assi tendo dado esta commodidada e espago ao Emperador. 
 t D'onde Sua Magestade tinha bem que fazer. 
 
io2 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The War with the Protestants. — Charles crosses the Danube. — ■ 
 The Protestants at Ingolstadt. — Count de Buren. — Position of the 
 Emperor's Army. — • A Night Assault. — The Protestants bombard 
 the Imperial Camp for eight consecutive Hours. — Retreat of the 
 Protestants. — Surrender of Neuburg. — The Emperor arrives at 
 Maresheim. — Hears Mass in the Expectation of a great Battle. — 
 The Protestants occupy the Heights near Nordlingen. — The 
 Emperor prepares for Battle. — Is dissuaded from crossing the 
 Eiver. — The Duke of Brunswick is killed in a Skirmish. — Sur- 
 render of Donauwerth to the Emperor. 
 
 "VTEVEETHELESS the Protestants imagined in 
 -*- ' their arrogance that the Emperor was beating a 
 retreat, and getting away from them, and they crossed 
 to the other side of the Danube to occupy the hills, 
 which, on that side, dominate Eatisbon, so as to bring 
 their artillery into play, which they held in high ac- 
 count,* against the Emperor's army, which had its 
 quarters there, and could not take up any others, 
 except on the banks of the river. But the Emperor, 
 having, as already said, made all his arrangements for 
 provisions, and not wishing to lose time or remain 
 distant from his foes,f left Eatisbon, and proceeded 
 
 * Para dalli jogar da artilharjia, de que elles faziam grande caso. 
 t E nao querendo perder tempo, nem es tar longe de seus adver- 
 saries. 
 
Charles crosses the Danube. 103 
 
 by marches to Neustadt. Whilst he was on the road, 
 his enemies took the one which we have indicated 
 higher up, and they arrived within three leagues of 
 Eatisbon; but finding that their plan had failed, 
 and that they were marching through a difficult 
 and mountainous country, they feared lest the 
 Emperor should attack them in the flank, and cut 
 off their supplies. They therefore retraced their 
 steps as quickly as they could, to gain a narrow and 
 difficult pass near a place called Perengries, at two 
 German leagues' distance from Neustadt, at which 
 latter place, as already stated, the Emperor had 
 arrived with his army. In consequence of not having 
 been informed of the enemy's movements by those 
 who were aware of them, and whose duty it was to 
 give the information* of the advantage he would 
 have had in attacking the enemy in a spot so disad- 
 vantageous for them, the Emperor lost an excellent 
 opportunity ; but it was not through his fault-f 
 
 His Majesty now crossed the Danube, and pitched 
 his camp in an excellent and strong position op- 
 posite Neustadt. The enemy, having got through 
 the defile already mentioned, continued their march, 
 and encamped near the Danube, at two leagues 
 nearer to Neuburg than to Ingolstadt. The Emperor 
 
 * Por falta de nao Ber advirtido per aquelles que sabdam, 
 podiam e o deviant advirtir. 
 
 ~f Que todavia se nao perdeo por sua culpa. 
 
104 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 was anxious to attack them, despite the great dis- 
 proportion of strength,* as much with a view daily 
 to gain ground, as to facilitate the movements of 
 M. de Buren, whom he had charged to assemble a large 
 number of Germans, both horse and foot, which he 
 had done, bringing with him also other German 
 horsemen, sent by Duke Henry of Brunswick and 
 other captains in the service of the Emperor. This 
 cavalry, which the Protestants had prevented passing, 
 had, from this reason, joined M. de Buren, to ad- 
 vance with him and join His Majesty together. The 
 Emperor, carrying out his intention and above- 
 mentioned plan, left the camp near Neustadt, to 
 assume a position near Ingolstadt, where he would 
 have his face turned towards the enemy, f the Danube 
 on his left, the town of Ingolstadt in his rear, and 
 on his right an open plain. But as this position 
 offered some difficulties, the Emperor had another 
 excellent and strong one in reserve between Neustadt 
 and Ingolstadt. The Emperor having made a recon- 
 naissance of the one he had the intention of occu- 
 pying before Ingolstadt, sent some light horse to 
 skirmish as far as the enemy's camp, which had the 
 effect of making them move ; and it was deemed 
 certain that they were advancing straight to take 
 up a position close to the encampment which His 
 
 * Ainda que se arhava bem differente em for^as. 
 t A cara para o campo dos enemigos. 
 
Position of the Emperor's army. 105 
 
 Majesty had resolved to occupy : this they could 
 easily have done, because they were much nearer to 
 the spot, and were greatly superior in numbers. 
 This induced the Emperor to halt and establish his 
 camp in the locality which he had kept in reserve, 
 as already said, until he had esactly ascertained the 
 enemy's intentions. Finding that they returned to 
 the quarters which they had left, he immediately 
 advanced with his army, and occupied the position 
 he wished to take before Ingolstadt; and he did so 
 with such speed, that he arrived there, though at a 
 late hour, the same day. During the whole of this 
 night (which did not pass without some noise, as the 
 multitude who followed could scarcely find their 
 quarters in the dark) he ordered trenches to be dug, 
 in so far as time allowed it ; and what could not be 
 done during the night was completed, as far as 
 possible, at daybreak. 
 
 For some days the two camps remained close to 
 and opposite each other, and a few skirmishes took 
 place, in which, with God's blessing, the enemy 
 always had the worst of it.* Nevertheless, they came 
 and established themselves one league nearer to His 
 Majesty. Anight assault caused them great damage, 
 and on the following day a good skirmish ensued ; 
 on the day following that, very early in the morning, 
 
 * Sempre leraram o peor. 
 
106 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 they advanced with the whole of their army and 
 artillery in good order, within cannon-range, towards 
 the Imperial camp. The Emperor, having been 
 immediately informed of this by his general, the 
 Duke of Alba, donned his armour, mounted his 
 charger, and ordered the duke at once, without 
 making any noise or causing any alarm,* to put the 
 whole army in order of battle. The Emperor had 
 scarcely shown himself, and the order which he had 
 given had scarcely been executed, when the enemy, 
 who had already established a portion of their artil- 
 lery on a ridge, which was very convenient for them 
 for this purpose, opened fire with that artillery, and 
 with a number of other guns placed at different 
 points, upon the camp and army of the Emperor, with 
 such good will, that from eight o'clock in the morn- 
 ing till four o'clock in the afternoon, they fired from 
 eight hundred to nine hundred rounds of heavy 
 artillery ; an event hitherto unprecedented, for never 
 had an army in the open field been exposed to such 
 a fire, without being protected by entrenchments. 
 Nevertheless, the soldiers of the Emperor supported 
 it so well that not one of them displayed the slightest 
 semblance of fear, and, by God's blessing, the said 
 artillery did not do much harm. The enemy suffered 
 much more from the artillery with which the Imperial 
 
 * Sem estrondo e eem torcar alarma. 
 
TJie Protestants bombard the Imperial Camp. 107 
 
 army replied to them. It was reported that they 
 had the plan of ceasing the fire of their artillery and 
 attacking the Emperor's camp. It is possible that 
 they had good reason not to do so ; at all events, 
 they must not he blamed for not having done so.* 
 
 Thus passed this day, and the enemy returned to 
 their quarters which, meantime, they had repaired. 
 
 The Emperor ordered all his men to sleep in the 
 trenches, that, on any alarm, the horsemen should 
 proceed on foot to the trenches, and that everything 
 should be done to strengthen them; which order 
 was cheerfully obeyed. During that night and on 
 the following day, when the artillery of the enemy 
 was silent, these trenches were placed in so good a 
 state of defence, that they offered perfect protection 
 to all within them. 
 
 At the same time one of the trenches was ex- 
 tended in the direction of the enemy's camp, which 
 caused them some annoyance, as they sent out 
 troops to prevent the work and report upon its pro- 
 gress. From this trench 800 Imperialists armed 
 with muskets sallied forth, and a skirmish ensued. 
 The enemy finding that the Imperialists were in the 
 open plain, sent three squadrons of cavalry aganst 
 them; but the Imperialists not only held their ground, 
 
 * Se disse que elles determinaram de cessar com a artilheria e 
 aceommetter o arraial do Emperador ; pode ser, que andaram melhor 
 em nao fazer, ao menos nao se devem culpar por que o nao fLzeram. 
 
io8 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 but made so brilliant a charge, that the enemy was 
 routed and took to flight after great loss,* and they 
 then returned to the trench. Thus passed the 
 second day. 
 
 On the third day, at the same hour as before, the 
 enemy again opened their fire from their artillery ; 
 but they did nothing more nor less than on the first 
 day. The men passing to and fro in the interior of 
 the camp were more exposed to danger than the 
 men in the trenches, and the Emperor's artillery did 
 more damage to the enemy on this day than on the 
 first. During the night false alarms were given 
 them, which gave them little rest. On the fourth 
 day they remained quiet, and nothing took place, 
 except the exchange of a few shots and some skir- 
 mishes. On the fifth day, dissatisfied and fatigued 
 from the trouble and work they had undergone, and 
 anxious, moreover, at the increasing extent of the 
 trench, knowing that it could not fail to cause them 
 great damage, they sent forward their heavy artillery 
 during the night, at the same hour upon which it 
 arrived on the first day, and they decamped on the 
 sixth. They withdrew with their squadrons in good 
 order, and marched to the camp, situated at two 
 leagues from Ingolstadt, where they had previously 
 established themselves. From thence they proceeded 
 
 * De sorte que rompendo se e abrindo se mostraram as costas, com 
 grande damno. 
 
Advance of Count de Bur en. ' 109 
 
 two leagues farther, and encamped at Neuburg, 
 where they remained for some days. The Emperor 
 meantime did not move from his camp, awaiting 
 advices from Count de Buren, and from the troops 
 he hrought with him, so as to he able to regu- 
 late his line of action; for he was of the opinion 
 that he had done enough with such inferior numbers, 
 both as regards his entrenchment and the number 
 of his troops by compelling the enemy, which had 
 come to attack him with so much fury, to leave their 
 positions and beat a retreat.* 
 
 Nearly at the same time the Emperor and the 
 Protestants received the news that M. de Buren had 
 operated the junction which he had been ordered 
 to make, and that after having held a general in- 
 spection of his troops at the other side of the Bhine, 
 he was advancing to cross that river to join His 
 Majesty. The Protestants, who were daily and more 
 exactly informed of the movements of M. de Buren,t 
 had placed a large body of troops on the Rhine, on 
 the Frankfort side, to prevent M. de Buren from 
 crossing. The latter, however, displayed so much 
 courage and activity, that he forced the passage in 
 
 * Por que lie parecia, que tinna assaz feito de havendo tao grande 
 differeri9a do seu campo e gente a dos enemigos que o -vieram com 
 tanta braveza accommetter, faser los deixar o 6eu alojamento a 
 retirar se. 
 
 t Os Protestantes que mais partieularmente e que cadia dia sabiao. 
 
no Charles the Fifth. 
 
 spite of the enemy.* The Protestants on being in- 
 formed of this left Neuburg, where they had their 
 camp, and took the direction of Bendingen, a domain 
 of the Duke of Bavaria, an excellent position for 
 an advance, and to close the road by which Count 
 Buren intended joining the Emperor. But as to 
 perform this march it would be necessary to leave at 
 a distance the principal towns of Suabia which, as 
 may be believed, were but little reassured at seeing 
 the Emperor and his army so close to them, they 
 altered their resolution, and returned to establish 
 themselves at Donauwerth, which they had left at 
 the onset They would have done much better for 
 the success of their plan if they had returned to 
 Neuburg, where they were more capable of keeping 
 the Emperor at check than at Donauwerth. This 
 was the fourth and not the least mistake which they 
 committed.]' 
 
 At this time the Emperor received the news that 
 Count de Buren had crossed the Ehine, and that he 
 was gradually advancing to form a junction with His 
 Majesty. He was also informed of the design of the 
 Protestants when they took the road to Bendingen; 
 and this caused him considerable anxiety, as he felt how 
 important it was that Count de Buren should arrive 
 
 * qual contudo teve tanto esforco e pos tanta diligencia que 
 apezar delles e per forca o passou. 
 
 t Che foi o quarto, e nao menor erro, que commetteram. 
 
Pursues the Protestants. 1 1 1 
 
 without accident* Consequently the Emperor re- 
 solved to advance on the rear of the Protestants, and 
 so to regulate his marches, and take up well fortified 
 positions, that the Protestants could not give battle 
 to the Count without being immediately obliged to 
 come to blows with His Majesty; and, should they 
 turn round against the Emperor, the Count would 
 find the road free and open to form his junction with 
 him.f The Count made such good speed that he 
 arrived with all his men safe and sound before In- 
 golstadt, at the Emperor's camp. The latter having 
 made in person a reconnaissance of the town of 
 Neuburg, crossed the Danube with his whole army, 
 near the camp, in front of Ingolstadt, and marched 
 against the said town of Neuburg, where there were 
 four bodies of infantry, which surrendered. The 
 Emperor left a garrison in Neuburg, and after hav- 
 ing made all necessary arrangements, he encamped 
 in the Danube, at a place called Maresheim, a good 
 league from Donauwerth, where the enemy, as already 
 stated, had an entrenched camp, and where they had 
 been reinforced by the troops which they had left 
 
 * Visto quanto importava que o ditto conde Tiessa seguramente. 
 
 f Para o que o Emperador tinha determinado de indo nas costas 
 dos Protestantes fazer jornadas tao proporeionadas, e tomar sempre 
 alojamentos tao fortificados, que os Protestantes, nao podessem pelejar 
 com o conde, que subito nao ouvessem tanibem de vir as maos com 
 Sua Magestade, ou, se virassam sobre Sua Majestade, o conde fieasse 
 o camlnho lrrre e desembaracado, para se poder vir ajuntar com Sua 
 Magestade. 
 
ii2 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 in the rear to close the passage against M. de Buren ; 
 and although the camps were so close to each 
 other during the few days passed in this position, no 
 engagement took place.* 
 
 This induced the Emperor to hit upon another 
 plan. He left his position at Maresheim, and leav- 
 ing the Danube, upon which he had always held his 
 camp, and leaving his enemies to the left, he reached 
 a place in the Neuburg territory called Monheim. 
 On the following day, which was the eve of St. 
 Francis, starting from thence he went and established 
 himself near a small mountain, situated opposite 
 Ettingen and Nordlingen, upon which he placed a 
 portion of his artillery, pitching his camp round it. 
 Having done this, the Emperor at dusk was informed 
 that the drums of the enemy were heard. The 
 sound came from a wood which lay between the 
 Emperor and the enemy; the darkness increased, 
 and at the same time a mist arose : these various 
 causes rendered it impossible to ascertain what the 
 enemy was doing. The sound of drums was heard 
 during the whole night, and during the morning of 
 the following day, which was the festival of St. 
 Francis. During the night the army and the Cap- 
 tain-General remained in camp to ascertain the 
 movements and intentions of the army. The Em- 
 
 * Jamais se poderam morder. 
 
Expected Battle. 113 
 
 peror, who two days previously had an attack of the 
 gout in the foot, was himself up during a greater 
 portion of the night, to receive any information that 
 might be acquired, and to give the necessary orders ; 
 and though suffering great pain, he was up again 
 before daybreak. He confessed himself, and heard 
 mass, holding it for certain that on that day a 
 battle would be fought. Despite the mist and 
 despite the pain he experienced, he mounted on 
 horseback; and leaving the camp he rode up the 
 mountain upon which he had placed his artillery, 
 that he might sooner be informed of what was taking 
 place ; but he suffered so much from the gout that 
 he was obliged to have a linen pad to his stirrup 
 to rest his foot, and he rode thus the whole day.* 
 All this time nothing could be ascertained respect- 
 ing the enemy's movements, owing to the mist which 
 had arisen the preceding night, and which became 
 so dense that it was impossible to see two yards 
 before one as long as it lasted, and it did not clear 
 off till ten o'clock in the morning. It was then 
 ascertained that the enemy had passed through the 
 wood already mentioned, and that they occupied the 
 ridge of hills which stretch as far as Nordlingen, 
 upon which they had posted all their squadrons in 
 good order. It is true that the last of the rearguard 
 
 * Que for forcado por hum len<jol sobro o arcao da sella em que 
 respousasse o pee, e assi o trouse todo o dia. 
 
1 14 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 and some others who were still in the ravine between 
 the wood and the mountain had to sustain such a 
 charge from the Imperial light horse, that they took 
 a much hastier movement than the ordinary step to 
 the mountains to join the main body of their army.* 
 In the interval the Emperor had ordered his whole 
 army to leave the camp. As soon as the fog had 
 cleared off, he drew up his squadrons in line of 
 battle; and having been advised that the enemy's 
 army was in sight, he advanced in good order and at 
 a measured step in the enemy's direction. He took 
 up his position on a small hill, which was nearer the 
 river, so as to be better able to see and give the 
 necessary orders. Here were assembled the Duke of 
 Alba his general, and many other captains and high 
 personages, discussing and saying each what he 
 thought most advisable. The Emperor, who owing 
 to his being so unwell, could not attend to work as 
 was his wont,f found that the majority of his cap- 
 tains were of the opinion that the river ought to be 
 crossed and battle given, or at least that a num- 
 ber of horsemen supported by infantry should be sent 
 across to charge the rearguard, and ascertain the 
 enemy's position, at the same time to keep the army 
 ready, as it was, to make a movement as soon as it 
 
 * Hiia tal earga que elles se retiram mais que de passo para as 
 montanhas. 
 
 t Nem trabalhar como costumava fazer. 
 
Protestant Position at Nordlingen. 115 
 
 was necessary. As the Emperor, as already said, 
 had not made a very careful study of the ground, 
 and that all were agreed upon the necessity of giving 
 battle, he adopted that opinion, and at once ordered 
 the cavalry to cross the river. But whilst on the 
 point of addressing his soldiers, to encourage them 
 to advance to the battle, a better counsel was given 
 him by one of the grandees of his house,* who 
 explained to him the topography of the ground, and 
 the impossibility of crossing the river to give battle, 
 without running the evident and almost certain danger 
 of defeat, owing to the great advantage which the 
 enemies would have. The Emperor fully understood 
 this, and immediately ordered the cavalry, which had 
 already with some difficulty crossed the river, to be 
 recalled ; and it recrossed with still greater difficulty, 
 as the passage was a very bad one ; and the whole 
 army returned to camp. As regards the enemy, they 
 continued their march until they had established 
 themselves on the high ground already spoken of, 
 near Nordlingen. 
 
 Ought the river to have been crossed and battle 
 given ? On this point there was then, there has been 
 since, and there are still to-day great discussions and 
 divers opinions. The Emperor marched later to 
 make a minute and careful examination of the 
 
 * Lhe foi dado outro pareoer melhor de hum grande de sua casa. 
 I 2 
 
1 1 6 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 ground, with no one to influence Ms opinion. The 
 result was that His Majesty, and all tliose who were 
 of the opinion that the river ought not to be crossed, 
 and that battle ought not to be given, were con- 
 firmed in their view, which ceased to be doubtful ; 
 and the thing appeared to them the more impossible, 
 as it was far more easy for the enemy than for the 
 Emperor to have given battle. Those who on that 
 day had recommended battle, avowed, when they 
 had studied the ground, that their advice was worth- 
 less, and those who after the discussion expressed 
 their opinion that it would be wrong not to give 
 battle, confessed their mistake, also, as soon as they 
 had visited the ground. Those who have not seen it, 
 and who still maintain the opinion that battle ought 
 to have been given, would do well to visit the spot ; 
 and should they still persist in their idea, it would 
 be advisable for them to represent to themselves 
 exactly the army which was on the other bank : * this 
 might probably modify their opinion. 
 
 As already said, the Emperor returned to sleep that 
 night in camp ; but finding that the enemy were farther 
 off than he wished, he broke up the camp in the 
 morning, and pitched his tents on the banks of the 
 river, which the evening before had been the object of 
 so much discussion ; and it was then seen which advice 
 was the best. The camp included two small hills 
 
 * Faram bem d'imaginax o que esercito estara em contrario. 
 
Surrender of Donauwerth. 117 
 
 close to each other, and most favourably situated. 
 When the Emperor took up these quarters, some 
 Protestant horsemen came down from the mountains 
 into the plain, and a body of Imperialists immedi- 
 ately crossed the river. A smart skirmish ensued, 
 in which a number were killed on either side, but 
 the loss of the Protestants was much more severe 
 and important. Among others who fell was the 
 Duke of Brunswick. However, it was already late, 
 and the Emperor could not advance to support his 
 men which the enemy could do, as he should have 
 been obliged to cross the river. The Emperor, 
 moreover, wished to fix his camp and ordered the 
 skirmish to cease. At various times he examined, 
 and ordered to be examined, different points, to see if 
 there was any means of doing harm to the Protes- 
 tants, but not finding any he secretly considered and 
 weighed his plans ; * at last he resolved to send the 
 necessary number of troops to attack Donauwerth, 
 an Imperial city, which the enemy had left when 
 they advanced on Nordlingen, and where they had 
 left a garrison entrusted with its defence. Conse- 
 quently at nightfall he ordered the said troops to 
 depart, who reached their destination at daybreak, 
 and who at the first assault carried the outskirts. 
 The city capitulated shortly afterwards. 
 
 * Cuidou e pratticou em segredo o que Be poderia fazer. 
 
1 1 8 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 The Emperor crosses the River. — Surrender of Hastat. — Surrender 
 of Dillingen. — Surrender of Laubingen and Gondelfingen. — 
 Skirmish with the Enemy. — Crosses the Brenz and encamps at 
 Sontheim. — Lays an Ambuscade for the Protestants. — The Pro- 
 testant Position at Giengen. — The Papal Troops leave the Imperial 
 Camp. The Protestants wish to treat for Peace. — The Elector of 
 Saxony is defeated by Duke Maurice. — Dissensions in the 
 Protestant Army. — They raise their Camp and retire to Heyden- 
 heim. — The Imperial Army pursues them. — A Battle imminent 
 Is prevented by a Snow-storm. — Surrender of Nordlingen and 
 other Towns. — The Protestants capture Grmundt. — Dispersion of 
 the Protestant Army. — John Frederick of Saxony retreats to 
 Grotha. — Surrender of Frankfort and of Ulm. 
 
 AFTER the surrender of Donauwerth, His Majesty 
 left his camp, and proceeded to that city with 
 the intention of following the Danube on the Ulm 
 side, to see if there were any means of cutting off 
 the enemy's supplies, and the hope of weakening 
 them and exhausting them (and the inhabitants 
 of the town of Ulm with them), by obliging them 
 to abandon the mountains and come to some spot 
 where it would be more easy to give them battle.* 
 
 It must be understood that, to go to Donauwerth, 
 the Emperor had necessarily to cross the river with 
 his army, and place himself in line in the open plain 
 
 * Onde mais facilmente che les podesse dar batallia. 
 
Surrender of other Cities. .119 
 
 near the Protestant camp. Although bridges of 
 boats had been established for crossing the river, 
 and although the fords were better known than when 
 they first arrived, the passage was nevertheless so 
 difficult (and there were still other rivers to cross on 
 the other side), that if the enemy had entertained 
 any great desire to fight, they might have done so on 
 that day with great advantage : * therefore, it may be 
 said, without knowing the motives that guided them, 
 that this may be counted as the fifth error which 
 they committed.! 
 
 The Emperor, finding that the Protestants would 
 not move, advanced in good order to the camp, which 
 was on the Danube, between Donauwerth and Hastat. 
 Those who occupied it abandoned it, and the inhabit- 
 ants of Hastat brought the keys of their city to the 
 Emperor, who, on the following day, advanced on 
 Dillingen, which followed the example of Hastat. 
 He then established himself near Laubingen, a do- 
 main belonging to Duke Otho Henry of Bavaria, 
 where there were four German detachments, and, 
 that evening, they showed an intention of defending 
 themselves. 
 
 The Emperor, having been informed that the 
 
 * Que se os enemigos tiveram grande vontade de pelejar, elles o 
 poderam fazer neste dia com grande ventagem sua. 
 
 t Pelo que se pode julgar, sem saber as eausas que a isto os 
 moveram, se posse esta contar pola quinta falta ou erro que elles 
 commetteram. 
 
i ao Charles the Fifth. 
 
 enemy wished to come to the support of this town, 
 and take up a position on some high ground at the 
 verge of a forest, ordered, although some distance 
 from the town, that on the following day at day- 
 break the whole army should hold itself ready to 
 advance on whatever point he might think it advis- 
 able. He started himself early with the Duke of 
 Alba, his general, and many of his council, to ascer- 
 tain which would be the most advantageous position 
 to assume to attack the enemy as they emerged from 
 the said forest. Whilst on his way, some of the 
 inhabitants of the town came and surrendered it 
 to His Majesty. The inhabitants of Grondelfingen 
 did the same. Those of Laubingen informed him 
 that the four detachments had withdrawn, and crossed 
 the bridge over the Danube before daylight, with 
 some pieces of artillery, and with one of the captains 
 of the League who had arrived there the evening 
 before, and had prevented them surrendering at once ; 
 and they added, that with those four detachments 
 and artillery they had taken the Augsburg road. 
 
 On the receipt of this news, the Emperor, observ- 
 ing that he was not aware of any movement having 
 taken place in the Protestants' camp, rejoined the 
 army, and passing by Laubingen, in which town he 
 left a sufficient garrison, he ordered some light-horse 
 to cross the river in pursuit of the said four detach- 
 ments. They came up with them, and, after a skirmish, 
 
The Emperor arrives at Sontheim. ill 
 
 pressed them so closely that they abandoned their 
 artillery, which was brought to the Emperor. In his 
 eagerness to advance, the Emperor marched so ra- 
 pidly, that on the same day he crossed the river Brenz, 
 and pitched his camp at Sontheim, a town situated 
 on the bank of another river, which runs towards 
 Ulm. On arriving there, the Emperor was informed 
 that some of the enemy's horse was in the vicinity, 
 in a small Imperial town named Griengen, on the 
 said river Brenz. His Majesty sent his General there 
 with a suitable force, but as soon as the horsemen 
 perceived him they beat a retreat. Some of the 
 enemy's gendarmes were in the same town: these 
 latter, hoping or knowing that their whole army 
 would arrive on the following day, dissimulated, as 
 it was already late when they were summoned to 
 surrender, giving their word that they would sur- 
 render on the morrow, and thus gained a night by their 
 deceit. That same night, the Emperor having come 
 to the camp, he sent out spies in various directions 
 to learn something of the enemy's movements. Some 
 came back without any news, and others were made 
 prisoners by the enemy's videttes. The Emperor 
 was consequently irresolute and undecided how to 
 act in the morning ; he did not know whether it would 
 not be better to take the direction of Ulxn and steal 
 a march upon the enemy, or stop where he was, 
 because, by making haste, they might also have 
 
122 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 taken up a position which would have cut off his 
 supplies. 
 
 The Emperor, being in this doubt, received the 
 news that the Protestants were on their march ; but 
 he did not yet know where they wished to establish 
 themselves. Consequently the Emperor and his 
 General and many other personages went to recon- 
 noitre the movements of the enemy, who were 
 advancing in good order to take up a position at 
 Giengen. The Emperor, not having placed his army 
 in order of battle, on the contrary, being ready to 
 march on the opposite bank to that occupied by the 
 enemy towards Ulm, returned to the camp and 
 ordered his troops back to their' quarters ; the enemy 
 did the same. 
 
 The Emperor, having ascertained the position and 
 plans of the enemy, resolved that day to lay a good 
 ambuscade for them, but it was not well carried out. 
 
 It is presumed, however, that, had it been so, it 
 would have been attended with good results; for, 
 despite the carelessness with which it was done, the 
 Imperial musketeers did so much havoc among the 
 enemy that they always remembered that day. In 
 fact, whenever afterwards the Emperor wished to lay 
 an ambuscade, such as it ought to be, taking advan- 
 tage of a favourable opportunity, and sending out 
 skirmishers to attack the enemy, it was never pos- 
 sible to induce any number of them to go far from the 
 
The rival Armies at Giengen, 1 2.3 
 
 camp. The failure of the ambuscade is perhaps also 
 to be attributed to the fact that Giengen is situated 
 in a hollow, and the Protestants had their camp on 
 the banks of the river, on the side opposite to that 
 upon which His Majesty had his. On this side of His 
 Majesty's camp there was a mound, which dominated 
 Giengen as well as the Protestant camp. The latter 
 therefore crossed the river, and took possession of 
 that mound with a considerable force ; and as it 
 was difficult to come to their support from one camp 
 to the other, they entrenched themselves strongly in 
 that position, and from their encampment they 
 discovered a portion of the ambuscade which had 
 been laid. The result was that His Majesty ordered 
 the troops employed in it to return to camp. "With 
 a view to try every means to annoy the enemy, a 
 night assault was resolved upon; but the enemy 
 were on the alert, and took their precautions so well, 
 that it was wisely given up. As the Protestants 
 occupied the mound already mentioned above Gien- 
 gen, on the same side of the river as the Imperial 
 camp, and as His Majesty occupied another mound 
 in the same manner, on the side where the Pro- 
 testant quarters were, for many reasons, as soon as 
 they arrived at Giengen, it was resolved to fortify 
 the mound which was opposite the Imperial camp, 
 to lodge the Italians there who had remained : for 
 most of them had left, complaining of bad treatment 
 
1 24 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 and bad pay. Those who remained were disaffected, 
 so much so that when the Pope's Legate left, having 
 been recalled by His Holiness, they endeavoured to 
 seize upon the opportunity of returning to their 
 country, at the very moment when it was desirable 
 to increase the numerical strength of His Majesty's 
 army, because the Protestants were receiving nu- 
 merous reinforcements from Wiirtemberg, and were 
 placing a garrison in a fort under construction. 
 Out of the 4,000 men belonging to His Holiness, 
 3,000 one morning took their departure. The Emperor 
 was thus frustrated in his plans,* as he had not suffi- 
 cient troops left to garrison the fort which he had com- 
 menced, and which consequently was left unfinished. 
 The season was already far advanced, as it was 
 near the festival of All Saints, and the rains had 
 commenced. The Emperor, finding that from his 
 camp he could do no harm to the enemy, resolved, 
 after some petty skirmishes, to recross the river and 
 take up his quarters near Laubingen. He therefore 
 broke up his camp and advanced in good order, 
 expecting the enemy to try their fortune, which, 
 according to some, they might have and ought to 
 have done. J However, from good reasons of their 
 own, they did not move on that day, and the 
 
 * Ficou frustrado de seu intento. 
 
 t Se 08 nemigos quereriam tentar a fortuna, o que algus querem 
 que elles poderam e deveram fazer. 
 
The Protestants wish for Peace. 125 
 
 Emperor continued to march to the spot where he 
 wished to establish himself. The rain and bad 
 weather continued. Moreover, the ground was heavy 
 and damp, and the Imperial camp full of mud. 
 Although the enemy's camp was on the heights, it 
 was not, as was learnt afterwards, in a better con- 
 dition.* This explains why, the whole time the 
 Emperor was in camp, nothing of importance was 
 achieved. On the contrary, at the same period the 
 Protestants wished to treat for peace ; but His Majesty, 
 finding that no suitable agreement could be come to, 
 broke off the negotiations. Whilst His Majesty was 
 at the said camp, he received the news that John 
 Frederick of Saxony had been defeated by the troops 
 of the King and of Duke Maurice. 
 
 In consequence of the inclemency of the weather, 
 and from other reasons which actuated some persons, 
 it was the general opinion that the Emperor ought 
 to place his troops in garrison. In this manner he 
 would have closely pressed the Protestants, especially 
 the towns held by them, for these garrisons would 
 have cut off all their provisions and supplies, and 
 thus harassed them considerably ; but the Emperor 
 considered that the whole good effect of his enter- 
 prise consisted in dispersing the army of the Protes- 
 tants, and in separating their forces: he fancied 
 
 * Nao ficaram de melhor conditio. 
 
1 16 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 that placing Ms army in garrisons was to divide, 
 weaken, and break it up.* The Emperor repeatedly 
 had quarters examined which appeared advantageous 
 and suitable for wintering and keeping the enemy at 
 bay, until it was seen which of the two armies would 
 be the first to relinquish the struggle or obliged to 
 disband itself.f He then left the above-mentioned 
 locality, because it was damp and muddy, and con- 
 sequently not very agreeable or advantageous for an 
 army; and he looked out for another position free from 
 humidity, strong, and well situated to suit and satisfy 
 his soldiers.^ It has been maintained that on that 
 day the Protestants might again have given battle 
 with advantage.§ If that was the case, and if they 
 committed an error, the fault must rest with him 
 who committed it.|| His Majesty resolved therefore 
 to carry out his enterprise to the end, and to perse- 
 vere until one of the two armies should be obliged 
 to disband, either by compulsion, bad weather, 
 famine, or any other calamity .1T 
 
 * Mas considerando Sua Magestade que todo "bom effeito de sua 
 empresa consistia em romper exereito e dividir as forcas dos pro- 
 testantes, pareceo che que per seu em gamicoes seria dividilo, 
 diminuilo e rompelo. 
 
 ■(■ Atee yer qual dos dons -exereitos se dexixaria primeiro, ou seria 
 forcado a se desfazer. 
 
 I Paro outro enxuto, forte, de bello assento, e agosto e satisfa^ao 
 dos soldados. 
 
 § Querem dizer. 
 
 || Se assi lie e se commeteram erro, se deve deixar ao que nisso ha. 
 
 *[ Sua Magestade determinou seguir sua empresa atee fim e 
 
Occupation of Nordlingen. 1 27 
 
 The Emperor was informed that there was another 
 spot in an excellent situation, where he might, by 
 keeping close to the enemy, cause them some damage, 
 and acquire such an advantage over them as to 
 compel them to break up and separate ; * and he 
 resolved to carry out this enterprise within a brief 
 delay. But as the matter was one of high impor- 
 tance and not without its diffi culties, and as no one 
 ought to undertake an arduous and perilous enter- 
 prise without the necessary preparations, the Emperor 
 put off its execution to an opportune moment. Now, 
 it so happened that at the same time the town of 
 Nordlingen offered to surrender, and the Emperor 
 thought that, by occupying it, he should find another 
 means of annoying the enemy, leaving it optional 
 to adopt and take either measure. The Emperor 
 admitted the good position and the great advantages 
 of this locality, and endeavoured to turn it to account 
 to overthrow his enemy. Like others, who also after- 
 wards examined it, he deemed that it was feasible, 
 and practicable, provided that it was well executed. 
 
 The Protestants thought that the march of the 
 Emperor on Laubingen was the result of some 
 necessity or discouragement ; f but on finding that 
 
 persistir atee que hum dos dous exercitos fosse per for^a, por ruim 
 tempo, per fame, on por outra qualquer necessidade constrangido a 
 se desfazer. 
 
 Que por forca os levaria debaixo, e faria romper e diyidir. 
 f Procedera de algua necessidade ou desfallecimento. 
 
128 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 the Emperor occupied the quarters above indicated, 
 they found themselves deceived in their hopes. Thus, 
 when they learnt that His Majesty was again ap- 
 proaching them, they displayed much less energy 
 and courage than formerly,* and, despite the skir- 
 mishes opened by the Emperor, and the opportunities 
 he offered them to leave their camp, there was no 
 means of inducing them to do so.f Already dif- 
 ferences and disputes had arisen amongst them ; the 
 Imperial cities were weary of the heavy sums levied 
 upon them, and the other members of the League 
 could not provide them.} Consequently the Protes- 
 tants sent away their heavy artillery; and finally, 
 on the morning of November 22, wearied and 
 worn by labour, bad weather, and by many other 
 annoyances, and from other motives which they knew 
 better than anyone else, they raised their camp and 
 withdrew to the mountains at the other side of the 
 Brenz, under the protection of a castle situated on 
 the frontier of Wiirtemberg, called Heydenheim. 
 
 On the preceding night, the Emperor had been 
 informed by a spy that the heavy artillery of the 
 Protestants had left ; and, fearing what actually did 
 
 * Mostroram logo muito menos spiritos e corageia do que d'antes 
 tinliam. 
 
 t Nao ouTe remedio para os tira fora. 
 
 \ E tendo ja passado entrelles algiias contradicoes e disputas, e 
 enfadando se as cidades imperiaes dos grandes gastos e despesas que 
 faziam, e nao podendo os outros da liga supprir os gastos. 
 
Retreat of the Protestants. 129 
 
 occur, he sent back the same spy to the enemy's 
 camp with orders to return, no matter at what hour, 
 and report what they were doing. This spy, who 
 left at midnight to give the information, related that 
 at that hour they were on the move, but as he had 
 met troops on his road, he was obliged to turn back, 
 and, owing to the darkness of the night, and the fog, 
 he had lost his way ; so that he did not reach the 
 Emperor's camp until His Majesty had left it. 
 Whether he told the truth, or whether these were 
 only false excuses, the result was that he returned 
 very late, and not in time to be of any service ; for 
 the Emperor, having been informed about ten o'clock 
 in the mor ning that the Protestants, as stated, had 
 left, at once sent his General with a small body of 
 horse and musketeers to ascertain the truth.* His 
 Majesty followed him with other knights, leaving 
 orders for the whole of the cavalry to advance 
 promptly, and for the whole of the infantry to be 
 prepared to act at a moment's notice. Having 
 passed the camp abandoned by the Protestants, 
 they were pursued, until one of their squadrons,! 
 which served as a rear-guard, was come upon, with 
 which a skirmish ensued, so that all their army 
 formed in line of battle, and commenced to march 
 
 * Cum algiis eayallos, e arcabuzeiros desmandados. 
 ■f" Assi despois de ter atravessado o seu campo, os protestantes 
 dos atee foram segui se ver hum dos seus esquadroes. 
 
 E 
 
130 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 to sustain the struggle.* After some discussion as 
 to what ought to be done, the Emperor ordered all 
 the cavalry to stop where it was, in view of the 
 enemy ; and as it was already late, he returned im- 
 mediately to his camp to order the infantry and the 
 artillery to advance, as his intention was to establish 
 that very night his whole army so close to the 
 enemy that he could attack them at daybreak. The 
 infantry and artillery immediately began to advance, 
 following His Majesty, who served as a guide,f and 
 they arrived, one hour after midnight, where the main 
 body of the troops were quartered, and where they 
 rested, each man as best he could, according to time 
 and place, without leaving his detachment the re- 
 mainder of the night. 
 
 The Emperor had proceeded forward to rejoin 
 his General closer to the enemy ; but when the day 
 broke upon which he hoped to carry out his designs, 
 a heavy fall of snow succeeded the severe cold of the 
 preceding . night, and the Emperor, seeing that his 
 soldiers, having only their arms with them, bad 
 nothing to protect them from the cold and from 
 hunger,| resolved to return to the camp which Jie 
 had left the evening before : and it is well he did 
 
 * E common a eaminhar para ter mao, e sostentar a escaramuca. 
 t Seguendo a Sua Magestade que servia di guia. 
 \ Vendo que os soldados nao tiuham outro reparo contra fomes e 
 frio que suas armas. 
 
Nordlingen and other Cities surrender. 131 
 
 so, as the Protestants were so well posted that, had 
 it been the finest weather in the world, nothing could 
 have been attempted against them with any success. 
 
 The Emperor, on his return to camp, did not remain 
 there long, but immediately advanced to prevent 
 the Protestants gaining some strong and favourable 
 position;* for at this moment they sought for support 
 in the strength and situation of the ground, and were 
 in the midst of mountains, and in steep and difficult 
 paths. This induced the inhabitants of Nordlingen, 
 and of other towns and castles where they had left 
 troops, and who saw themselves abandoned without 
 hope of help, to submit to His Majesty. The Em- 
 peror, whose object was rather to scatter and dis- 
 unite the Protestants than to take vengeance on the 
 said places,f accepted their submission, and took the 
 road to Nordlingen. 
 
 As already said,, the winter had set in severely. 
 The soldiers were fatigued and worn out, and the 
 .majority, or nearly all, were of the opinion that it 
 would be well if the Emperor remained satisfied with 
 the results obtained, and were to place his troops to 
 garrison on the frontier and allow his army to re- 
 pose. The Emperor would willingly have done so, 
 as well to spare his troops, as not to appear to follow 
 
 * Que nao tornassem para a terra bea o grossa. 
 f Cuja tencao sendo mais accobar de romper e diTidir a os pro- 
 testantes, que tomar vingan$a dos dittos higares. 
 
 K 2 
 
132 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 only his own counsel ;* but he foresaw to what in- 
 conveniences it would lead, and thus the fruit would 
 be lost of all the successes already obtained, for the 
 Protestants had agreed between themselves that they 
 would go with their whole army, and take up their 
 quarters in Franconia, to reprovide themselves with 
 money, men, and supplies, so as to recommence the 
 struggle with renewed obstinacy. He therefore re- 
 solved, much against his will, to follow his own 
 opinion.! To this must be added the important 
 consideration, that he had some reason to hope that 
 if the two armies continued on the road which they 
 were following — the one always in the track of the 
 other, at a distance of four, five, or six leagues — 
 an opportunity might offer itself, by approaching 
 the enemy as near as possible, and by marching 
 during a whole night, the nights being long, of at- 
 tacking them at daybreak. His Majesty therefore 
 started, following the road to the right through a 
 good country, in the direction of DingelspuheL That 
 town had also joined the League, and, although it 
 held out a long time before it returned to its duty, 
 it at last surrendered. The Emperor then advanced 
 on Eotenburg, which had not joined the League, 
 and which also sent a deputation to meet His 
 Majesty. The_ Protestants marched through amoun- 
 
 * Como por nao seguir quasi soo opiniao. 
 
 t Se determinou bem contra sua vontade de seguir sua opiniao. 
 
Dispersion of Protestants. 133 
 
 tainous country, making circuits and returning on 
 their steps, so that they had to endure much more 
 fatigue and embarrassment than the Imperial army. 
 To show that they were doing something, they attacked 
 and captured Grmiindt, an Imperial town, which had 
 always remained faithful, and which still adhered to 
 the ancient religion; therefore the Emperor after- 
 wards indemnified it handsomely for all that it had 
 suffered, at the cost of those who had been the cause 
 thereof. 
 
 The Protestants found that, by the plan adopted 
 by the Emperor, their own projects were discon- 
 certed, and that they were obliged to separate and 
 dissolve,* as on the road which it was following the 
 army of the Emperor did not deviate from the direc- 
 tion indicated above. The Protestants daily dis- 
 persed, leaving behind a portion of their artillery 
 and baggage, so that in a short time their army 
 was completely broken up. All that remained 
 consisted of a small body of troops under John 
 Frederick of Saxony, who, through a woody and 
 mountainous country, succeeded in crossing the 
 Maine, and sought refuge at Gotha, a stronghold 
 in his estates. The Emperor, the better to ascer- 
 tain what was actually taking place, sent on Count 
 de Buren with the men that remained under his 
 
 * Ficaxam frustrados de seus intentos e constrangidos a se romper 
 ou dividir. 
 
134 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 orders from Eotenburg, and he did not meet with 
 the same obstacles which he had to contend against 
 on his arrival. Already the Imperial city of Frank- 
 fort had announced that it submitted to the Emperor, 
 and, after having received a garrison, it sent deputies 
 to perform the act of submission. This having been 
 done, the Emperor, finding that he did not meet with 
 any further resistance, and that, on the contrary, 
 many towns which had been hostile to Mm com- 
 menced to treat for their submission, halted a few 
 days at Eotenburg, where he placed his soldiers 
 under cover, and allowed them some repose. Here 
 he had an attack of the gout ; but as soon as he felt 
 a little better, and the army had rested and restored 
 itself, he advanced towards the town of Halle, in 
 Suabia (which had joined the League, but which 
 recognised its error), where he had another attack 
 of gout. In this town the Elector came to greet him, 
 regretting that he had not done better.* The in- 
 habitants of Ulm also returned to obedience, avowing 
 their fault. A garrison was placed in the city. 
 
 * O Elector veo alii fazer a reverencia, bem pezaroso de o nao tar 
 feito mellior. 
 
Wurtemburg surrenders. 135 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Emperor enters Wiirtemberg. — Augsburg and Strasburg 
 surrender. — Death of the King of England. — The Elector of 
 Saxony reassembles an Army. — Pope Paul recalls his Italian aux- 
 iliaries. — Defeat of the Imperialists under Margrave Albert of 
 Brandenburg. — Death of the Queen of the Romans. — The Em- 
 peror is taken seriously ill at Kordlingen. — Death of the King of 
 France. — The Protestants encamp near Meissen on the Elbe. — 
 Surrender of Meissen to the Imperialists. — The Protestants take 
 up a position at Miihlberg. — The Emperor resolves to give Battle, 
 — A dense Mist conceals his Movements. — The Protestants are 
 taken by surprise and commence retreating. — The Imperialists 
 cross the River. — Commencement of the Battle. — The Emperor 
 attacks the Protestant Army with Cavalry only. — Duke Maurice 
 defeats the Protestant Horse. — Total Defeat of the Protestants. — 
 Capture of Duke John Frederick of Saxony, and of Duke Ernest 
 of Brunswick, April 24. 
 
 THE Emperor, having somewhat recovered from 
 the gout, started for Heilbron, a town which had 
 also joined the League, and which had acted like most 
 of the others, and he sent forward his General into 
 the state of Wiirtemberg. As soon as he had entered 
 it, in a few days all the towns in the plain surrendered 
 to him. The Duke of that state sent a deputation 
 to enter into negotiations, and, after an exchange of 
 propositions and replies, an arrangement was con- 
 cluded, and the Duke was received by the Emperor, 
 to whom he did obedience. The Emperor was again 
 tormented by the gout at Heilbron; and it lasted 
 
136 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 so long that, even when he left for Ulm, where he ar- 
 rived early in the year 1547, he had not yet recovered 
 his health. As happened in his previous attack, he 
 had continued relapses ; so that this may be considered 
 his thirteenth attack of gout. At last he resolved 
 to master it by strict adherence to treatment and 
 - diet. Meantime the inhabitants of Augsburg, also 
 admitting their error, waited upon His Majesty, and 
 tendered their obedience. A garrison was sent also to 
 their city. The inhabitants of Strasburg followed their 
 example. The news of the death of the King of 
 England reached His Majesty about the same time. 
 1547 Whilst the Emperor, as already said, was at Ulm, 
 where he was awaiting the fine season, to place him- 
 self under a regular system, and assure his conva- 
 lescence,* each day brought him news after news 
 that John Frederick of Saxony (who, it will be re- 
 membered, had only preserved with him a small body 
 of troops from the great Protestant army, with which 
 he had retired to Grotha) was reinforcing himself 
 and constantly increasing the number of his men. 
 Not only did he wish'to attempt to reconquer what 
 the King of the Romans and Duke Maurice had 
 deprived him of, but moreover he was exerting him- 
 self, and making preparations to seize upon their pos- 
 sessions, to excite and agitate their subjects, and to 
 
 * Esperando sazao arromodada para se por em regimento, e se 
 curar para effeito e fim. 
 
Surrender of Augsburg and Strasburg. 137 
 
 do them as much harm as he possibly could.* The 
 King of the Komans and Duke Maurice kept His 
 Majesty daily informed of what was taking place; 
 and it was agreed that a portion of the army which 
 remained with the Emperor, which, from the fatigues 
 it had undergone, was considerably diminished, should 
 be sent in that direction ; what had still more con- 
 tributed to reduce it was, that it happened precisely 
 at this time that Pope Paul (in addition to all the 
 bad acts he had done, as in part already related, and 
 which he afterwards did by writing certain things 
 to the Swiss, which he thought would be very pre- 
 judicial to the Emperor f) charged his Nuncio to 
 inform His Majesty that he recalled all the Italian 
 soldiers whom he had hitherto paid. Despite all the 
 Emperor's entreaties that he would not do so, and that 
 he would associate himself to the honour of victory,! 
 the Pope would not hearken to him, and the said 
 Italians withdrew. 
 
 The Emperor therefore found himself much put 
 out § on finding that, on the one hand, it was difficult 
 to separate his troops, and on the other that his 
 
 * Trabalhava e procuraYa de tomar o seu delles, e coneitar e alterar 
 seus subditos e em fim de Uies fazer o peor que podesse. 
 
 t Alem de todos os officios qne o Papa Paulo tinha feitos como em 
 parte acima se eontem, o despois fez escrevendo aos Suicos algua 
 cousa, que euidava ser de grande prejuizo. 
 
 J Por mais que o Emperador instou que tal nao fizesse e que 
 quisesse ter parte na honra da "Victoria. 
 
 § Confuso. 
 
ij8 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 health required careful treatment,* and he did not 
 know what to decide upon. However, seeing the 
 success of John Frederick, and, later, the defeat and 
 the captivity of the Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, 
 who had been sent by the Emperor with a body of 
 horse and foot to the support of the King bis 
 brother, and of Duke Maurice ; having at the same 
 time learnt the death of the Queen of the Eomans, 
 his sister-in-law, and considering the sorrow and 
 affliction which the King her husband felt at it, he 
 resolved (as much to console him as to assist him f ) 
 to adjourn the treatment and diet which the state of 
 his health required. He therefore deemed it advis- 
 able to leave at Augsburg, at Ulm, and at Frank- 
 fort, the garrisons which he had placed there, and 
 left at once with the rest of his army ; and as not 
 only was it not advisable to divide it, but, on the 
 contrary, it was necessary to increase it, he raised' a 
 new regiment of Germans. Having done this he 
 took his departure from Ulm, and, on reaching 
 Nordlingen, he was taken so ill from all the suffer- 
 ing and fatigue which he had undergone, that he was 
 compelled to remain some days there. However, 
 seeing the inconveniences which might result from 
 too long a delay, he started again, as best he could, 
 carried in a litter,:}: and continued his journey to 
 
 * Que sua saiide pedia cura. 
 
 t Assi polo consolar em hum caso, como polo adjudar em outro. 
 
 J Em liteira e eouse pode. 
 
Is seriously indisposed. 139 
 
 Nuremberg, where he was received as in a city which 
 had not taken part in the League, and which had 
 never been hostile to him. Here he had a relapse, 
 so that he was obliged to remain there longer than 
 he wished. However, he made such an effort * that, 
 sometimes in a litter, sometimes otherwise, he reached 
 Egra. During this journey he met with the King 
 his brother and Duke Maurice, and the son of the 
 Elector of Brandenburg. The latter, from the 
 affection his house had always shown towards that 
 of Austria, and leaving all questions of opinion aside, f 
 had agreed with the King of the Eomans to provide 
 him with troops, and to assist him in this war, which, 
 as has been said, was not engaged only with Duke John 
 Frederick, but which had disturbed to such a point the 
 populations of Bohemia, that they wished to partici- 
 pate in it more than became them4 Whilst their 
 Majesties were at Egra, they received the news of 
 the death of the King of France. They so settled 
 their affairs that, a few days afterwards, they left 
 with all their troops. The Emperor had previously 
 issued orders to the Duke of Alba, his general, and 
 to other captains, to remove certain obstacles which 
 might delay the march : they performed their duty 
 
 * Contudo se esforeou e fez tanto. 
 
 t Segundo a affeic^o que sua casa tirera sempre a de Austria, 
 deisando todas as opinions suspensas. 
 
 } Mas tambem elle tinha de tal modo concitado aos de Boemia qua 
 si quiseram metter mais nella do que lies estava bem. 
 
140 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 so well that they subjected all the towns and places 
 of the opposite party which were on their passage, 
 and the garrisons which occupied them were routed 
 and their colours taken from them. Their Majesties 
 left on the day following, so that after nine days 
 they reached Somhof, a property belonging to Duke 
 Maurice. As soon as they arrived there, Duke 
 Maurice and the Duke of Alba went to reconnoitre 
 the lower part of the river to see what ought to be 
 done. On their return, after some reports and some 
 false alarms, they acquired the certain information 
 that Duke John Frederick had his camp at Meissen, 
 on the other bank of the Elbe,- at three good leagues 
 from the spot mentioned above, where their Majesties 
 were staying. As the soldiers had marched during 
 these nine days almost without stopping, the Em- 
 peror thought it as well that they should repose 
 the day after their arrival, as an opportunity might 
 offer itself, which in fact was the case, of striking a 
 blow.* During this day of repose given to the 
 army, the Emperor, not to remain idle, and to be 
 informed of the enemy's movements, sent out re- 
 connaissances on two sides. One party went straight 
 to Meissen, where they did not see the enemy's 
 camp, because, as they convinced themselves, they 
 had decamped during the night. That town sur- 
 
 * De fazer algua bom negocip. 
 
Surrender of Meissen. 141 
 
 rendered, but they found the bridge broken and 
 burnt. The other party, who had gone up the river,* 
 discovered the enemy's army in march on the other 
 bank of the river; and about three o'clock in the. 
 afternoon they saw the advanced guard establish 
 itself on a spot on the left bank of the Elbe, called 
 Miihlbergj at three leagues from the camp of their 
 Majesties ; and they judged from the baggage that ac- 
 companied it that the rear-guard could not take up its 
 quarters before midnight. This various information 
 reached the Emperor almost at the same time, about 
 five o'clock in the afternoon ; and God knows how 
 sorry he was at having stopped that day, as it ap- 
 peared to him that the following day would be too 
 late to reach the enemy ; but God in his goodness 
 willed that it should be so.f 
 
 The Emperor calculated that the army of the 
 Protestants had marched nearly twenty-four hours, 
 and that it was impossible for them to dislodge at 
 once and do a long day's march ; he had also been 
 informed the day he arrived at Somhof that there 
 were one or two fords near or opposite Miihlberg, 
 where the river was passable, though broad and deep. 
 He therefore sent without delay for the King his 
 
 * Os que foram contra a corrente do rio. 
 
 t Deus sabe se se arrependeo bem de Be ter detido aquelle dia, por 
 que Ihe parecia, que nao haveria tempo ao outro dia para poder 
 alcancar aos enemigos, o que todavia Deus por sua bontade remediou. 
 
142. Charles the Fifth. 
 
 brother and Duke Maurice, to whom, as also to his 
 General, he communicated what his ideas and plans 
 were.* Although he met with opposition from some, 
 especially because they did not believe there was 
 any ford, his opinion was nevertheless approved by 
 the others, and prevailed. To compensate for and 
 repair the fault which he thought he had committed 
 by not starting on that day, he wished to leave at 
 once at that very hour with his whole army, leaving 
 behind the invalids and baggage; but he found 
 oppftnents,f because the camp was surrounded by a 
 rivulet and difficult to be got out of, so that, as it was 
 already night, an exit from the camp could not be 
 done without much confusion and disorder. The 
 Emperor giving in to this opinion, seeing that it was 
 reasonable, resolved to postpone the departure till 
 the morning. And so as not to be wanting in any- 
 thing of which he might stand in need, he ordered 
 his General to take along with him some pieces of 
 light artillery from the camp, and all the boat and 
 pontoon carriages. In fact, should one of the fords 
 not be practicable, he wished to throw over a bridge 
 of boats to send promptly across a sufficient body 
 of infantry to support the cavalry, which was to cross 
 by the other ford ; and should that not answer, he 
 resolved at last to attempt (by crossing the river 
 
 * que tinha no pensamento e rontade de fazer. 
 t Mas foi lie isto contrariado. 
 
The Protestants at Miihlberg. 143 
 
 somehow or other) every means to inflict as much 
 damage and do as much harm as possible to the 
 Protestants. 
 
 Having adopted this resolution, and everything 
 which ought to be done during the night having 
 been performed, the Emperor retired to rest till 
 midnight. He then got up and gave the signal to 
 saddle,* so that everything might be ready for march- 
 ing at daybreak. Before dawn he sent forward the 
 Duke of Alba with some light horse and mounted 
 musketeers to reconnoitre the enemy's movements 
 and position. The Emperor, after having heard 
 mass with the King his brother and Duke Maurice, 
 followed him with the advanced guard, and, having 
 set his whole army, or at least the greater portion of 
 it, in movement, as was required, he commenced 
 the march at the first rays of dawn (which at this 
 season breaks about three o'clock in the morning), 
 and at eight o'clock in the morning took up a po- 
 sition opposite the enemy's camp. 
 
 During the whole of that morning there was a 
 dense mist, which was a great obstacle to the march, 
 and the Emperor was much annoyed at the em- 
 barrassments and delays which under these circum- 
 stances the fog occasioned him. The fog still 
 prevailed when they arrived opposite the enemy's 
 
 * E logo fez dar sinal a cellare. 
 
1 44 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 camp, so that nothing could be discerned. However, 
 the Emperor placed everything in the hands of 
 God, that, whether he should be preserved or perish, 
 His will should be done,* and God in His mercy 
 deigned all of a sudden to clear away the fog, and 
 give such a clear sky, that it was discovered that the 
 supposition which His Majesty had made on the 
 previous day had been realised ; for not only had 
 the enemy not taken their departure, nor were they 
 making any show of moving, but they were not 
 aware of the arrival of their Majesties with an army ; 
 and, moreover, the fog which had impeded the march 
 of their Majesties was favourable to them by pre- 
 venting the enemy discovering the Imperial army 
 up to this moment, which, despite the fog, had ad- 
 vanced in such good order that every man was in 
 the rank allotted to him. 
 
 Their Majesties and Duke Maurice proceeded in 
 advance to examine the resources and the nature of 
 the ground. The Emperor's General brought him 
 a report of his observations, still maintaining his 
 doubts as to the existence of a ford. Consequently, 
 their Majesties took the direction of a small village 
 in the vicinity, to find some one to point them out 
 the ford, and they succeeded so well that they met 
 a young peasant on an ass, who had crossed it the 
 
 * Contudo pondo o Emperador tudo nas maos de Deus para que 
 Be os quisesse conserva on arruinar, sua Tontade fosse feita. 
 
Advance on the Protestant Camp. 145 
 
 preceding night, and offered to point it out to them. 
 Their Majesties sent him on to the General; and 
 whilst their Majesties and Duke Maurice were eating 
 a mouthful,* they sent forward a strong body of 
 matchlock-men to open the ball as soon as the fog 
 cleared.f 
 
 As soon as the fog cleared off the enemy dis- 
 covered what they had not yet seen ; for they fan- 
 cied that the troops which had arrived at the bank 
 of the stream they had seen were not more nu- 
 merous than those which they had seen the evening 
 before, and of which they made no account. But 
 as soon as they recognised what they had by no 
 means expected, they immediately commenced taking 
 down their tents and flags, mounting their horses, 
 and placing themselves in marching order. They 
 moreover sent their pontoon boats down the river in 
 the direction of Torgau and Wittenberg, towns which 
 belonged to John Frederick of Saxony, thinking 
 thereby to save them. 
 
 Their Majesties had already left the village, where 
 they had breakfasted, to give the necessary orders. 
 Some Hungarians, light horse, and mounted mus- 
 keteers, were ordered in all haste opposite Torgau ; 
 and when they arrived there a skirmish ensued, in 
 which the troops at Torgau sent them some volleys 
 
 * Temiam hum bocado. 
 
 t Paraque, tanto que a nevoa caisse, come$assem a festa. 
 
 L 
 
146 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 of artillery. During their march their Majesties 
 were informed of what was taking place, and of the 
 measures taken to save the boats. The Emperor 
 then ordered his General to throw forward the 
 above-mentioned musketeers, whom His Majesty 
 met ; they at once returned towards the river, some 
 of them wading into it, and opened fire. The 
 enemy, despite the resistance they made with their 
 artillery and musketry, were compelled to abandon 
 their boats, and some Spanish musketeers, who had 
 swam across the river with their swords between' 
 their teeth, brought them to their Majesties on the 
 bank. Meantime a portion of the enemy's army had 
 commenced leaving the banks of the river : this 
 allowed the young peasant above-mentioned to point 
 out the ford. The Emperor immediately ordered 
 the Hungarians, some light horse, and the musketeers, 
 to attempt the passage, which they did bravely. 
 Finally, after a double volley on either side, the 
 enemy deemed it prudent to leave the river, and this 
 was doubtless the sixth error which they committed.* 
 For had they made a stand and attempted to defend 
 the river, it would have been impossible on that day 
 to have found the ford or to dislodge them, and the 
 night would have enabled them to place themselves 
 
 * Esta se pode bem contar, e sem duvida ter pola sua sexta falta 
 e erro. 
 
Passage of the Elbe. 147 
 
 in safety. They must know best what induced them 
 to do this.* 
 
 The enemy having abandoned the river to the 
 Emperor, he was eagerly entreated to allow the 
 cavalry to cross and pursue them. But, considering 
 that it was by his determination and advice that the 
 army had been led there, he replied that he had not 
 acted thus to receive an insult, but rather, with God's 
 blessing, he hoped to obtain the honour of victory.! 
 He held this language because the enemy was as 
 strong as he was in cavalry, and had moreover five 
 to six thousand infantry with artillery, which His 
 Majesty could not have so promptly at hand, as a 
 little time was requisite to throw over the bridge, 
 which was too short for so broad a river ; and whilst 
 this was being done, the Emperor sent one of the 
 principal personages of the army % to the other bank, 
 with the express order to inform him as soon as the 
 enemy was a short league distant from the river.' 
 For he was convinced (taking into consideration the' 
 impediments occasioned to their march by the 
 Hungarians and the light horse) that that distance 
 was not too great, after effecting the passage, to 
 come up with them. If, on the contrary, they 
 
 * EUes devem saber o que os moveo a fazer isto. 
 
 f Mas considerando que por sua determinaeao e parecer tinha la 
 levado o exercito, respondeo que nao fizera isto para receber affronta, 
 antes entendia com o favor de Deus alcancar a honra da victoria. 
 
 J Alg i'ia, pessoa principal 
 
148 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 ■wished to make a stand against the Emperor, the 
 bridge was already so far advanced, and such dili- 
 gence had been shown, that infantry and artillery 
 were ready to sustain the combat. 
 
 As soon as the Emperor received the information 
 he was waiting for, he immediately ordered all the 
 Hungarians and light horse to advance with the 
 whole of the vanguard, with which was Duke Maurice, 
 and which was commanded by the Duke of Alba. 
 Their Majesties having left sufficient troops to 
 guard the camp, followed them immediately with 
 the main body, and they made such good speed that, 
 after three German leagues, they came up with them. 
 Although some thought it hazardous to attack with 
 cavalry only, without infantry and artillery, as the 
 enemy was strongly entrenched in a position near a 
 swamp, the Emperor considered, nevertheless, that 
 it was already late, and that it was impossible, after 
 the distance they had gone, for the infantry and 
 artillery to follow up. He considered also that it 
 was important to put an end to this war, and that, 
 if the enemy escaped this time, it might be CDntinued 
 longer than it ought. He moreover discovered a cer- 
 tain fear amongst the enemy,* and he saw by their 
 movements that they were disconcerted and taken 
 by surprise;! he therefore resolved to do his best 
 
 * .Certo pavor. 
 
 t Como attonitos e pasmados, 
 
Battle of Muhlberg. 149 
 
 with the cavalry he had with him. Consequently he 
 ordered his General to advance and reconnoitre the 
 enemy's position and movements. The latter found 
 them such that at the entrance of a wood (where 
 their infantry were posted in good order with some 
 artillery) he charged with Duke Maurice and the 
 vanguard. The enemy's horse were hroken, and 
 carried disorder among the infantry, and those who 
 escaped took to flight. As, owing to the swamp, 
 their Majesties could not keep the main hody' in 
 that order which they had maintained in the open 
 country, they were obliged to follow the vanguard, 
 which they did to keep up the habitual order, and 
 to serve as a reinforcement and support if required. 
 The enemy was pursued for nearly a good German 
 mile ; and when their Majesties pulled up, they were 
 informed that Duke John Frederick had been taken 
 prisoner. The Duke of Alba having returned from 
 the pursuit (it lasted the whole night and a portion of 
 the following day), the Emperor charged him to seek 
 out John Frederick, and the Duke of Alba brought 
 him and presented him. The Emperor entrusted 
 him to the watchful custody of the said Duke, with 
 an escort of soldiers sufficient to guard him in safety. 
 Duke Ernest of Brunswick was also brought as a 
 prisoner to His Majesty, and handed over to the 
 same custody. These orders having been given, 
 their Majesties, with the troops which they could 
 
1 50 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 reassemble, and which were returning from the pur- 
 suit, started on their return to the camp, which was 
 on the other side of the river, and on their way they 
 met the infantry and light artillery, which had fol- 
 lowed them as rapidly as was possible. They were 
 entrusted with the care of the chariots and baggage 
 which had remained on the road, and after having 
 marched three more good German leagues, the 
 bridge was crossed, and the camp reached about 
 midnight. This occurred on April 24. 
 
Siege of Wittenberg. 151 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Siege of Wittenberg. — The Town capitulates. — Surrender of other 
 Towns. — Duke Maurice is appointed Elector. — War in Bohemia. 
 — Convocation of a Diet. — Submission of the Elector of Saxony 
 and of the Landgrave of Hesse. — Mutiny amongst the Imperial 
 Troops. — Disturbances in Italy. — -Conspiracy of Fiesco. — The 
 States of the Empire submit to the Council. — Revolution at 
 Placentia. — Charles's Nephew is appointed King of Bohemia. — 
 The Emperor returns to the Netherlands. 
 
 THEIR Majesties remained two days in the camp. 
 On the third day they left for Torgau, which at 
 once threw open its gates to the Emperor. During the 
 march, all the flags and standards taken in the battle 
 were presented to him. Their Majesties continuing 
 their march, pitched their camp opposite Wittenberg, 
 where they received the news of the defeat, near 
 Bremen, of Duke Henry of Brunswick. The siege 
 of Wittenberg took place in the usual manner. The 
 Elector Margrave of Brandenburg proceeded to the 
 Emperor, and negotiations were commenced for an 
 arrangement, as well on the part of John Frederick 
 of Saxony, as on that of his wife and children, who 
 were inside the town ; and the result of these nego- 
 tiations was, that the town capitulated. Other towns 
 also surrendered, others were demolished, all accord- 
 
152 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 ing to what had been agreed upon ; and, according 
 to the same conventions, the said Duke continued to 
 remain guarded at the Court of His Majesty, who 
 gave the title of Elector, and the appointments 
 belonging to it, to Duke Maurice, for the good ser- 
 vices which he had rendered him, and for the good- 
 will and affection he entertained and showed towards 
 him.* The Emperor ordered to be set at liberty 
 the Marquis Albert of Brandenburg and Duke Henry 
 of Brunswick, and others who had been made pri- 
 soners previously. 
 
 The King of the Eomans and the Elector, Duke 
 Maurice, with the troops which they had brought 
 with them, left Wittenberg two days before the 
 Emperor's departure ; the King to put down the 
 disturbances in Bohemia, and the Duke to put his 
 affairs into order, according to what had been agreed 
 upon by common accord, f 
 
 The Emperor, considering that it was a long time 
 that he had been carrying on these two . wars, and 
 that there did not remain any leader of importance 
 who could take the field against him, resolved to 
 disband his troops, and wished to terminate what 
 remained to be done by friendly measures, and by 
 
 * Polaa bonos servieos, que Ihe fizera e boa vontade e affeicam, que 
 lie tinha e mostrava. 
 
 t ■ Por seguvar suas cousas conforme as que entre todos estaya con- 
 certado. 
 
Submission of the Landgrave of Hesse. 1 53 
 
 a general conference of the Deputies of the Empire. 
 He resolved upon the convocation of a Diet, and for 
 that purpose he left for Halle in Saxony, where he 
 was received with complete obedience. During this 
 journey a deputation arrived from the inhabitants 
 of Bohemia, requesting from the Emperor, and also 
 from the King his brother, the necessary troops and 
 means to pacify that kingdom : this the Emperor 
 granted at a later period. 
 
 Before the departure of the Emperor from "Wit- 
 tenberg, certain conditions or offers of reconciliation 
 and amende honorable had been proposed by the 
 Electors of Saxony and of Brandenburg, in the name 
 of the Landgrave of Hesse ; but the Emperor rejected 
 them, because they were of too general a nature and 
 offered little importance or guarantee.* Another 
 document was then submitted to him, which, after 
 having been approved by the same Electors and by. 
 the Landgrave, was examined by the Emperor, who 
 accepted it to content all parties.! The conditions 
 having been ratified by all parties concerned, the 
 Landgrave of Hesse waited upon His Majesty in the 
 town of Halle, where he admitted his error, and did 
 act of obedience as he ought to do.J The Emperor 
 
 * Per serem nrasto geraes, e de pouca emportaneia e seguranra. 
 f E faem visto e considerado de Sua Magestade polos eontentar a 
 todos quis arreitar. 
 
 J Eseguindo a disposicjao delle sendo per todos ratificado, o ditto 
 
154 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 ordered his general to keep him guarded, which, 
 according to the stipulations, he ought and had a 
 right to do.* And although then and afterwards 
 the said Landgrave and the Electors have pretended 
 that the Emperor acted wrongly, by giving to the 
 document signed an interpretation conformable to 
 his own wishes,t it cannot, nevertheless, be denied, 
 that the Emperor could not have acted otherwise 
 than he did, and that what he did do was in keeping 
 with the convention.! 
 
 A great number of princes and towns of the 
 North, who had adhered to the Smalcald League, 
 and who had taken part in the said wars, admitting 
 their error, tendered their submission to the Emperor ; 
 and the other cities, which had not joined the league, 
 and had not taken part in the wars, sent deputies to 
 to do the due and customary homage and tender 
 submission.§ 
 
 As is often the case with soldiers who, as soon as 
 they are unemployed, feel the want of doing some- 
 thing, it happened that as the Emperor had no work 
 
 Lantsgrave se veo appresentar na ditta cidade de Alia a Sua Majes- 
 tade onde despois deronhecer sua culpa, e dar a obedieneia que 
 devia. 
 
 * Que conforme ao ditto papel se devia e podia fazer. 
 
 f Interpretando o escritto confonnea seus desejos. 
 
 X Contudo nao se pode negar que o Emperador pode fazer o que 
 fez, e que o que fez foi conforme ao papeL 
 
 § Para lhe fazer e dar adevida e costumada obediencia, e reeon- 
 herimento. 
 
Disturbances in Italy. 155 
 
 for them,* they mutinied amongst themselves, 
 nation against nation, and differences arose which it 
 was no easy task to settle. Nevertheless, the Em- 
 peror regulated all, and established such good order 
 that, having found the time and means to separate 
 them, he assigned them different habitations, so that 
 all differences and all the causes of disturbance van- 
 ished. Having done this, the Emperor started for 
 Nuremberg, and, according to the intentions spoken 
 of above, he convoked a Diet at Augsburg. 
 
 After these two great victories, which Grod, in His 
 boundless goodness, designed to grant to the Em- 
 peror,! he received from various countries a great 
 number of embassies, and some brought him ex- 
 pressions of congratulation which by no means came 
 from the heart.} In fact, the machinations which 
 were then discovered, before and afterwards; the 
 agitation which manifested itself at Naples; the 
 conspiracy of Count Fiesco at Genoa ; the isolated 
 movements, caused perhaps by foreign intrigue, 
 which broke out at Sienna, and other events al- 
 ready mentioned, sufficed to indicate the existence 
 
 * Como he eousa ordinaria entre os soldados, que quando estao 
 ociosos, buseam em que se empregar, nao tendo o Emperador cousa 
 em que os occupar. 
 
 *f" Estas duas tao grandes victorias alcan^adas, que Deus foi servido 
 por sua immensa condade de dar aoEmperador. 
 
 I A]gus Hhe man rlaTaTTi dar os parabems, que estavam bem peza- 
 rosos. 
 
156 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 of a -wish and attempt to disturb and prevent the 
 accomplishment of so good a work, and at the same 
 time the prosperity of the Emperor's affairs.* 
 
 There were some persons who abstained from 
 taking a greater share in events, despairing of success. 
 But later they were so sorry for it that, in endea- 
 vouring to find a remedy, they destroyed what they 
 had done and established, and matters changed to 
 this point that they were obliged to modify their 
 designs and dissimulate their wishes. If those persons 
 are not such as they ought to be, may God remedy 
 it, as He has done for the past, by regulating matters 
 in such guise that their desires shall not be accom- 
 
 plishecLf 
 
 All this having been done, the Emperor left Nurem- 
 berg, where he had an attack of the jaundice. He had 
 almost recovered, when, having continued his journey 
 as far as Augsburg, he had a relapse, and he was so 
 
 * Porque pelas pratticas, que naquelle tempo, hum pouco antes e 
 despois, se descobriram, assi da inquietaeao que ouve em Napoles, 
 como da quella que o conde de Fiesco fez em Genova, e doutras 
 paxoes particulares, que por ventura per instigacao d'algus se moveram 
 entre os de Sena, et outras de que se tern feito mencao, se pode bem 
 julgar a tencao e vontade, que ha;via de perturbar e impedir tao boa 
 obra, e as cousas do Emperador. 
 
 t Taes pode ser dexeiram de se metter mais neste negocios, des- 
 confiando do bono successo delles, dos quaes despois arrependimento 
 foi tal, que querendo remediar, perderam o que tinham feito e posto 
 da sua parte, e as cousas se trocaram de maneira que ellas foram. 
 forcados a mudar seus desenhos e dissimular suas vontades. Se ellas 
 nao sao quaes derem ser, Deus o queira remediar, como fezo passado, 
 ordenando as cousas de maneira, que seus desejos nao teveram effeitoi 
 
Diet at Augsburg. 157 
 
 weakened by it that lie suffered from it a long time 
 after his arrival. Before he was perfectly convalescent, 
 he made his proposition to the Diet, to take into 
 consideration a remedy for the affairs which were 
 brought before it, and which all tended to the service 
 of (rod, to the welfare, tranquillity, and union of 
 Germany, and to its defence against whomsoever 
 should dare to attack it.* The Diet had already 
 commenced its sittings when the King of the Romans 
 arrived, who had succeeded in subjecting Bohemia 
 to obedience to him. The Queen dowager of Hungary 
 arrived a little later at the same city of Augsburg, on 
 divers matters upon what she had to settle at this time. 
 After the jaundice, the Emperor had an attack of 
 the gout ; and although it was not so general as his 
 previous attacks, he suffered from it at various 
 intervals and divers parts, so that it lasted till the 
 spring of 1548. This was his fourteenth attack; 
 and, in the spring, to hasten his convalescence, he 
 took a concoction of China-wood.f 
 
 During the Imperial Diet of Augsburg various 
 hostile machinations were set on foot, tending to 
 prevent the good results alluded to higher up.J In 
 
 * Para que se tratasse do remedio das cousas nella eontendas, as 
 quaes todas eram encaminhados ao servico de Deus, bem, tranquilli 
 dode, « uniio de Germania, e defensao contra os que a quiessem 
 offender. 
 
 t Saxifrax (?). 
 
 J Duruado a ditta dieta imperial, ouve algdas pratticas todas 
 contrarias e para impedir o bem effeito do que arima se trattou. 
 
158 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 this same Diet the Emperor succeeded in inducing the 
 States of the Empire to submit to the Council, which, 
 he had always claimed, as stated previously, ever since 
 1529.* But at the moment when that council con- 
 voked at Trent was called upon to exercise the 
 highest influence, Pope Paul, by a motu proprio, 
 wished to transfer it to Bologna, and convoke it 
 himself, God knows with what intentions.f The 
 Emperor, seeing the great evils that might arise 
 therefrom, opposed it, and consequently prevented it, 
 insisting so strongly that the said council remained 
 at Trent} 
 
 The Emperor had recovered from the jaundice, 
 and one day, whilst out hunting with a view to 
 regain strength, he received certain news from Pla- 
 centia, which informed him that, in consequence of 
 the severity of Duke Peter Louis, son of the said 
 Pope Paul, and the hardships he inflicted upon the 
 inhabitants, they had risen against him, and having 
 taken possession of the town, they offered to hand it 
 over to whomsoever offered them the most favourable 
 
 * Tamhem eoneilio, que, como ditto he, desde u anno 29 o 
 Emperador tinha sempre procurado, e tanto feito, que pelos estados 
 do Imperio na ditta dietta se acceitou. 
 
 f No mesmo tempo, quando se havia de dar maior calor, o Papa 
 Paulo de seu motu proprio tentou de transferir a Bolonha, e ayocar 
 a si : com que tencao isto fosse, Deus o sabe. 
 
 I Vendo c Emperador o grande mal, que disto poderia resultar, o 
 contradisse, e impedio sempre, c de tal modo persistio, que ditto 
 eoneilio esta em Trento. 
 
Revolution at Placentia. 159 
 
 conditions. The governor of the state of Milan 
 accepted, in the name of His Majesty, the proposi- 
 tions made to him, before anyone could enter the 
 Duchy of Placentia. The Emperor, from the reasons 
 mentioned, and also to preserve and guard the rights 
 of the Empire,* ratified and confirmed that treaty. 
 
 Despite all this, and despite the machinations 
 alluded to above, suitable measures were taken at 
 the Diet of Augsburg, to attain the object of its 
 meeting ; and, as regards religion, a regulation was 
 adopted, which was to be observed until the Council 
 at Trent should have pronounced itself.f 
 
 At the same time the German soldiers who formed 
 the Emperor's body-guard mutinied. This produced 
 more scandal than danger,! as, on investigating the 
 cause of the mutiny, it was found that it was to be 
 attributed to the interests of some isolated individuals 
 rather than to the ill-will of the soldiers. 
 
 The Diet adopted all the resolutions that it could,§ 
 and as it had been sitting a long time, the Emperor;, 
 on the advice of the King his brother, and of the 
 
 * Polas causas dittas, e tamben por eonserva e guardar o direito 
 do Imperio. 
 
 f Nao obstante tudo isto e as pratticas dantes dittas, se trattou na 
 ditta dietta o que eonvinha para o effeito e fim polo qual se ajuntara, 
 e quanto a religiao, hum modo de viver atee que o concilio se cele- 
 brasse em Trento. 
 
 \ Que foi causa de maior scandalo que de perigo. 
 
 § E tendo se concluido nella o quo entao se pode eoncluir 
 
160 Charles the Fifth. 
 
 said Estates, addressed to it a good proposition ; * the 
 Diet then broke up, and the members returned home. 
 
 Before the departure of the King, the Emperor's 
 brother, their Majesties agreed upon the marriage of 
 the eldest daughter of the Emperor with the eldest 
 son of the King his brother, who assumed the title 
 of King of Bohemia; and as the Emperor enter- 
 tained the intention and the desire to send for his 
 son, the Prince of Spain, that he might visit his 
 States and make the acquaintance of his vassals,f he 
 begged the King his brother, and the King his son- 
 in-law, to proceed to Spain, for the marriage of the 
 said son-in-law, and that he should remain there in 
 the name of Emperor, to govern those kingdoms 
 during the absence of the Prince his son ; to which 
 they consented. Thus the said King of Bohemia 
 left Augsburg, and passing through Italy, embarked 
 at GTenoa, landed at Barcelona, and from thence 
 posted to Valladolid, where the nuptials were cele- 
 brated. The King of the Bomans also left shortly 
 afterwards to look after his interests ; the Emperor 
 remained a few days longer to complete what still 
 remained to be done. 
 
 After arranging all his affairs^ the Emperor took 
 his departure from Augsburg, after leaving two 
 thousand Spanish troops in garrison in three strong- 
 
 * Hua boa prattica. 
 
 t Para ver aquelles terras e ser conherido de seus vassallos.. 
 
Returns to the Netherlands. 1 6 1 
 
 holds of Wurtemberg, and after having withdrawn 
 the troops which had been sent to Augsburg. Hav- 
 ing thus provided for the welfare and good order 
 of public affairs,* he took the road to Ulm, from 
 which city he also withdrew the garrison, taking a 
 portion of it with him. He then took the direction 
 of Spires, by the Ehine to Cologne. This was the 
 ninth time that he made this journey, and the eighth 
 time he visited the Netherlands. 
 
 The Emperor found the Queen his sister at Lou- 
 vain, from which city he proceeded to Brussels, to 
 look after his own affairs as well as to attend to 
 those of his States of the Netherlands. 
 
 * Deixando a republics bem provida e ordenada. 
 
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