CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 924 050 426 778 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924050426778 / THE ESSAYS OF ELIA AND E L I A N A ■BY CHARLES LAMB LONDON : GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET COVENT GARDEN 1890. LONDOK : FEINTED BY 'WILLIAM CLOWBS AND SONS, LIMITED, STAUFOBD STBEBT AND CHABINO CROSS. NOTICE. The present edition of Elia's Essays is by far the most complete ever published. Some fine passages have been restored to the "Essays of Elia;" and "Eliana" consists of papers contributed to various magazines and miscel- lanies which are almost unknown to readers of the present day. The chief alterations Charles Lamb made in his prose writings were in the way of excision. His Essays, when republished in a collected form, were carefully, even ruthlessly, relieved of all redundancies. Some passages, however, were evidently withdrawn for purely personal reasons, and these have been restored, with a few cha- racteristic notes, which, although they may have seemed to Lamb too trifling to stand in his collected Essays, will be extremely interesting to every lover of Elia. The other suppressed passages have, as a rule, been given in the Appendix. Almost the only exception is in the Essay on " Books and Eeading." To these " Detached Thoughts " (as they really are) we have ventured to restore some passages of biographical rather than literary value. In every case the restored passages have been enclosed in brackets. CONTENTS. A BIOGEAPHICAL ESSAY ON ELIA PAGB THE ESSAYS OF ELIA. the south-sea house oxford in the vacation . Christ's hospital five and thirty years THE two races OF MEN NEW year's eve .... MRS. battle's opinions on whist A CHAPTER ON EARS .... ALL fools' day a quakers' meeting .... the old and the new schoolmaster imperfect sympathies witches, and other night fears valentine's day .... my relations .... mackery end, in hertfordshire my first play modern gallantry . the old benchers of the inner temple AGO 1 9 16 30 35 42 49 54 58 63 72 81 87 91 97 102 107 111 Tiii CONTENTS. TAOI GRACE BEFORE MEAT 123 DREAM -CHILDREN : A EEVERIh 130 DISTANT CORRESPONDENTS 134 THE PRAISE OF CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS .... 140 A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAY OF BEGGARS, IN THE M]'> TROPOLIS 148 A DISSERTATION UPON ROAST PIG . . . .156 A bachelor's complaint of THE BEHAVIOUR OF MARRIED PEOPLE 163 ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTORS . . . . .171 ON THE ARTIFICIAL COMEDY OF THE LAST CENTCKY . 183 ON THE ACTING OF MUNDEN 195 THE LAST ESSAYS OF ELIA. PREFACE jji BLAKESMOOR IN H SHIRE 199 POOR RELATIONS 204 DETACHED THOUGHTS ON BOOKS AND READING . .211 STAGE ILLUSION 218 TO THE SHADE OF ELLISTOS 2,22 ELLISTONIANA . . .... 224 THE OLD MARGATE HOT 230 THE CONVALESCENT 238 SANITY OF TRUE GENIUS ... . 243 CAPTAIN JACKSON . • . , . 246 THE SUPERANNUATED MAN . . . , 260 THE GENTEEL STYLE IN WRITING .... 268 CONTIiSfTS. ix FAOE BARBARA S 263 FHK TOMBS IN THE ABBEY 269 AMICUS REDIVIVnS 271 SOME SONNETS OF SIR PHILIP SYDNEY .... 276 NEWSPAPERS THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AGO .... 285 BARRENNESS OF THE IMAGINATIVE FACULTY IN THE PRODUCTIONS OF MODERN ART .... 292 THE WEDDING 304 REJOICINGS UPON THE NEW YEAr's COMING OF AGE . 310 OLD CHINA 315 THE CHILD ANGEL ; A DREAM 321 CONFESSIONS OF A DRUNKARD 324 POPULAR FALLACIES: I. THAT A BULLY IS ALWAYS A COWARD . . 333 II. THAT ILL-GOTTEN GAIN NEVER PROSPERS . 334 III. THAT A MAN MUST NOT LAUGH AT HIS OWN JEST f&.. IV. THAT SUCH A ONE SHOWS HIS BREEDING THAT IT IS EASY TO PERCEIVE HE IS NO GENTLEMAN 335. V. THAT THE POOR COPY THE VICES OF THE RICH tb VI. THAT ENOUGH IS AS GOOD AS A FEAST . . 337 VII. OF TWO DISPUTANTS, THE WARMEST IS GENE- RALLY IN THE WRONG .... 338 Kin. THAT VERBAL ALLUSIONS ARE NOT WIT, BE- CAUSE THEY WILL NOT BEAR A TRANSLATION 339 IX. THAT THE WORST PUNS ARE THE BEST . . ib. X. THAT HANDSOME IS THAT HANDSOME DOES . 342 XI. THAT WE MUST NOT LOOK A GIFT HORSE IN THE MOUTH 344 XII. THAT HOME IS HOME THOUGH IT IS NEVER SO HOMELY 34g CONTENTS. PAOK XIII. THAT YOU MUST LOVE ME AND LOVE MY DOS 350 XIV. THAT WE SHOULD RISE WITH THE LARK . 354 XV. THAT WE SHOULD LIB DOWN WITH THE LAMB 356 XVI. THAT A SULKY TEMPER IS A MISFORTUNE . 358 ELIANA. THE GENTLE GIANTFSS THE REYNOLDS GALLERY ■ . GUY FAUX . . , A VISION OK HORNS THE GOOD CLERK, A CHARACTER REMINISCENCE OF SIR JEFFERY DUNSTAN ON A PASSAGE IN " THE TEMPEST " THE MONTHS ... BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF MR. LISTON . AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MR. MUNDEN . THE ILLUSTRIOUS DEFUNCT .... THE ASS IN RE SQUIRRELS ESTIMATE OF DEFOe's SECONDARY NOVELS POSTSCRIPT TO THE " CHAPTER ON EARS " ELIA TO HIS CORRESPONDENTS UNITARIAN PROTESTS ON THE CUSTOM OF HISSING AT THE THEATRES CAPTAIN STARKEY ..... A POPULAR FALLACY: THAT A DEFORMED PERSON LORD .... LETTER TO AN OLD GENTLEMAN WHOSE EDUCATION BEEN NEGLECTED . ON THE AMBIGUITIES ARISING FROM PROPER NAMES IS A HAS 363 367 368 377 383 390 392 395 400 407 411 417 420 422 424 426 428 433 439 443 446 452 CONTENTS. 3fl TAGB ELIA ON HIS "CONFESSIONS OF A DRUNKARD " , . 453 THE LAST PEACH 455 REFLECTIONS IN THE PILLORY . . " . . 457 cdpid's revenge 46C THE DEFEAT OF TIME; OR, A TALE OF THE FAIRIES . 476 A DEATH-BED 483 APPENDIX ^^^ TO ELIA. Rlu, thy reveries and vision 'd themes To Care's low heart a luscious pleasure prove ; Wild as the mystery of delightful dreams, Soft as the anguish of remember' d love : Like records of past days their memory dunces, Mid the cool feelings manhood's reason bringx, As the unearthly visions of romances Peopled with sweet and uncreated things ; — And yet thy themes thy gentle worth enhances ! Then wake again thy wild harp's tenderest strings , Sing on, sweet bard ; let fairy loves again Smile in thy dreams with angel extacies ; Bright o'er our souls will break the heavenly strain Through the dull gloom of earth's realities. TO ELIA. Delightful author I unto whom I owe Moments and moods of fancy and of feeling. Afresh to grateful memory now Appealing, Fain would I " bless thee ere I let thee go I" From month to month has the exhaustless flow Of thy original mind, its worth revealing With quaintest humour and deep pathos healing The world's rude wounds, reviv'd life's early glow ; And mixt with this, at times, to earnest thought. Glimpses of truth, most simple and sublime. By thy imagination have been brought Over my spirit. From the olden time Of authorship thy patent should be dated, And thou with Marvell, Browne, and Burton mated. Bernard Barton. A BIOGKAPHICAL ESSAY ON ELIA, ONE of the great charms of the "Essays of Elia" ia the clearness with which they reveal the author's habits, opinions, and history. We are told about Elia's school-days, Elia's friends (almost the whole alphabet of capital letters comes in to represent them), and EUa's rela- tions. We are informed what books he liked best, and what dish he considered most delicious, "princess obsonio- rwrn." We are let into some of his weaknesses — that he was extremely fond of a pipe ; that he was by no means " incapable of Bacchus ;" that he loved lying in bed in the morning ; that he liked sweeps. So constantly, indeed, does this personal element enter into Lamb's writings, that a very interesting life might be compiled from them alone. The difficulty is to know what to receive as fact. Charles Lamb drew largely on his own history for the material of his Essays, but he did not render it literally as if he were writing an autobiography, and were bound to be strictly truthful and authentic. He modified and transformed his experiences so as to produce a good artistic effect. And the reader will often be puzzled to determine whether a statement made with every appearance of sincerity is really true, or is wholly or partially fictitious. In the Appendix to this volume an attempt has been made to show what pretensions the "Essays of Elia" have to biographical accuracy. It has also been thought that a slight outline of Lamb's history, by revealing some of the many beauties, and some also of the weaknesses of his character, would bring the reader into closer sympathy with Elia, and enhance his plea- sure in perusing the Essays. With this object the following xiv A BlaGMAPfflCAL ESSAY ON ELIA. brief and imperfect eketch has been written. Those who desire further information about this charming writer, and no less charming man, may turn to the " Recollections " of Lamb's friend, Mr. Procter ; or may spepd a pleasant hour in listening to Mr. Percy Fitzgerald's easy familiar chat. The inner life of Lamb, his moral and intellectual history, is best told in his own delightful correspondence. Charles Lamb was born on February 10th, 1775, in Crown Office Row, in the Temple ; and there he passed the first seven years of his life. He was the youngest child of Mr. John Lamb,* a clerk in the employ of Mr. Salt, one of the Benchers of the Inner Temple. Through life. Lamb retained a strong affection for the place where he was boJTi, and everything connected with it. Its antiquated monas- tic air had from childhood a deep attraction for him. He loved " its magnificent ample squares, its classic green recesses," its gardens, its fountain, and its sundial. It was to him " the most elegant spot in the metropolis." When a child, he was a frequent visitor at a fine old mansion in Hertfordshire, called Gilston,! where his grandmother was housekeeper. If we aie justified in receiving the touching retrospect in " Blakosmoor " as a substantially tnie account of his childish feelings (as it is almost impossible to help doing), this old house must have had a powerful influence on his mind. He was "a lonely child," he tells us, "and had the range at will of every apartment ;" he wandered through its lofty tapestried rooms, filled with antique moth-eaten furniture ; or lay dreaming in the stately gar- dens with his favourite Cowley in his hand ; he " knew every nook and comer, wondered and worshipped every- where." In 1782, when just seven j'ears old, Charles received a presentation to the foundation of Christ's Hospital, where he remained till he was fourteen. Little is known of his school-days. He was naturally of a shy and retiring dis- position, and all the influences to which he had been ex- posed had tended to confirm his reserved and solitary * Lo\ol, of the Essay " On some of tlie old Benchera," && t Blakesmoor in H sbii-e. A BIOGBAPEIUAL ESSAY ON ELIA. x habits, and to foster his early taste for quiet and studious employments. An incurable impediment in his speech, which any excitement rendered painfal, and the delicacj' ot his frame, tended to separate him still more from the other boys, and may account for the fact that no intimacy sprang , up, at that time, between him and any of his schoolfellows. A kindly feeling, however, was felt for him by his com- panions, and he made some acquaintances at Christ's Hos- pital, whose friendship in later years strengthened his taste for literature, and wiiose society afforded some of the keenest delights of his life. In his studies he progressed well, especially in Latin composition ; and would most likely have taken an exhibi- tion and entered into holy orders (as he himself tells us), had not the impediment in his speech proved an insuperable obstacle. He was therefore compelled to relinquish all thoughts of the quiet scholastic life which even then must have been intensely attractive to him, and to turn his mind to the uncongenial realities of business. He did this with a quiet fortitude which distinguished him through life, and which we cannot too much admire. It may, perhaps, not seem to many a very extraordinary sacrifice for a lad to give up the hope of a learned education, and settle to the dry labours of the desk; but to Lamb, we cannot doubt it was a bitter disappointment, and very hard indeed to bear. He alreafly loved learning and the ancient seats of learning, with a more than boyish affection. And it was not merely that he had to give up his favourite pursuits, to lose his only congenial associates, and to see them entering on a course of life from which he was debarred, but that he had to turn from those tantalising visions of loved studies and pleasant companionship, to an employment that was utterly distasteful to him ; for which he felt, whether rightly or not, that he was unfit ; and from which he paw not even a distant prospect of release. The first three years after he left Christ's Hospitnl, in 1789, were spent in the employ of the South Sea Company, where his brother John (his senior by twelve years) held a position of trust. And though his life at this time must xvi A BIOGBAFEWAL ESSAJ ON ELIA. have been rather dully passed between the routine of a dis- tasteful business, and the somewhat wearisome exactions 'however cheerfully submitted to) of a home where his father was sinking into second childhood, and his mother was a confirmed invalid, yet it was not altogether unenlivened by congenial companionship. Pleasant Jem White, im- mortal benefactor of chimney-sweepers, was his frequent companion. And there was the constant intercourse with his sister Mary, which now, perhaps, in the dearth of other outlets for the tenderness of which his heart was full, pro- duced that deep-seated affection whose history will live as long as the Essays of Elia. With Coleridge, Lamb had occasionally met, while he was pursuing his studies at Cam- bridge ; but it was not till ho came to live in town, when Charles was at the India House, that the intimacy sprang up between them which has since become so celebrated. Lamb always looked back with affectionate regret to the evenings they used to spend together at this time, in a little smoky public house called the " Salutation and Cat," in Smithfield, " beguiling the cares of life with poesy." Their friendship from that time was uninterrupted, and they died within a few weeks of each other. Lamb, indeed, never fully recovered from the shock of Coleridge's death. He would continually exclaim to his friends, in a half humour- ous, more than half melancholy, under - tone of assumed surprise or incredulity, " Coleridge is dead ! Coleridge is dead !" And almost the last words he wrote were a tribute to the memory of his friend, perhaps the most eloquent and touching ever paid by one noble-minded man to another. Great as was the influence the more eager and expansive intellect of Coleridge undoubtedly had on Lamb's mind, it is impossible to acquiesce in Sir Thomas Talfourd's opinion, that to him " the world is probably indebted for all that Lamb has added to its sources of pleasure." The genius of Elia was too original to have long lain dormant, even if it had not been aroused by contact with a more active and in some respects, a greater spirit. Coleridge merely gave an impulse to Lamb's powers, which, had they never met, the natural growth of his understanding would certainly have A BIOGBAPHICAL ESSAY ON ELIA. xvii developed in time. Nor, indeed, were Lamb's finest writ- ings produced till he had come under more varied intel- lectual influences than the society of Coleridge, however vast his powers, and however extensive his erudition, could possibly have supplied. The poetical talent which now became apparent, was probably awakened less by the society of Coleridge, than by an attachment Lamb formed, late in the year 1795, for a young lady living in the neighbourhood of Islington. We know little of the history of his love. He speaks frequently in his Essays of Alice W n, " the fair-haired maid," " with eyes of watehet hue ;" but whether the half-indicated name was a real or assumed one, or whether her name was Anna, to whom some of his love sonnets are addressed, perhaps no one can now determine. Whether his suit prospered or not, we cannot toll. There is a hint in one of Lamb's letters to Coleridge, that a short period of insanity, from which he suffered in 1796, was produced by this love affair. " My mind ran upon you in my madness," he writes, " as much, almost, as upon another person who 1 am inclined to think was the more immediate cause of my temporary phrensy." However it was, the wooing was of short duration. In the autumn of 1796 came the tragical event that clouded, if it did not altogether sadden, the whole of his after life ; and, in view of the responsibilities which it entailed, he relinquished an attachment which he felt would interfere with their fulfilment. There was an hereditary tendency to insanity in the Lamb family. Charles himself, it has been said, had for a short time suffered from it, and had spent six weeks in an asylum at Hoxton. The malady next seized his sister, with fatal violence. Mary Lamb, worn down with a con- etant and harassing struggle with poverty (for they were very poor), had been for some time in bad health, which at last resulted in madness. On the 22nd of September, in a fit of sudden phrensy, she seized a knife from the dinner- table and stabbed her bedridden mother to the heart. At the coroner's inquest, which was held next day, the jury returned a verdict of lunacy; and Mary Lamb woa xviii A BIOORAPSICAL ESSAY ON ELLA. removed to an asylum, where she gradually recovered her reason. Charles at first bore this sudden and awful blow with an unnatural calmness, which perhaps preserved him from mad- ness. The responsibility that was thrown upon him, how- ever, soon called forth the latent strength of his character. He felt, to use his own words, that he "had something else to do than regret." He saw that if his father was to have those comforts which his age and infirmities rendered indispensable, and if his sister was ever to be restored to the soothing occupations and endearments of home, instead of being permanently consigned to a mad-house, it must be through his own exertions. His brother John, though hold- ing a lucrative place in the South Sea House, with a selfish- ness which, notwithstanding Charles's affectionate excuses, it is impossible to forgive, never even hinted a desire to share the heavy burden which was thus cast upon him. Charles Lamb felt that he could not contemplate any con- nection which would interfere with the performance of these sacred duties ; and, in accordance with this conviction, his love for the unknown " fair-haired maid " was deliberately and resolutely sacrificed. During the few months that his father survived Mrs. Lamb's death, Charles gave up almost the whole of hi.s precious leisure to him, and complied cheerfully with all his childish caprices. A letter to Coleridge, dated December 2nd, 1796, gives us a glimpse of the trials he had to undergo to humour and amuse his father. " I am got home," he writes, " and, after repeated games of crib- bage, have got my father's leave to write awhile ; with difficulty got it, for when I expostulated about playing any more, he very aptly replied, ' If you won't play with me, you might as well not come home at all.' The argument was unanswerable, and I set to afresh." Charles Lamb's first care, on Mr. Lamb's death early in 1796, was to release his sister from confinement. This was opposed hj his brother John, and some other members of the family, who thought that, as there could be no assur- ttnce given that her madness would not return, she ought A SIOGBAPMICAL EUSAT ON ELIA. six to be placed under permanent restraint. But Charles was resolute ; and, on his entering into a solemn engage- ment that he would take care of her and support her through life, he was permitted to remove her to his home. From that time they were hardly separated for a day, except when the return of Mary Lamb's illness rendered it necessary that she should be placed under temporary re- straint. His income at this time was only a little more than a hundred a-year ; but he always had a resei-ve fund suf6- cient for these emergencies. He watched over his sister's health with painful care ; and through life bore the heart- breaking anxiety occasioned by her precarious state, and frequent relapses — and which, to a man of his exquisite sensibility, must have been so much more terrible than the presence of any actual misfortune — if not without a murmur, yet with a loving effort to spare Jier the knowledge of the anguish he sometimes endured. Perhaps this life-long de-> votion was more truly heroic even than the sacrifice of his love. Many a man capable of the one act of self-abnega- tion might yet have missed this loving " to the level of every day's Most qiiiet need." Mary Lamb was always conscious of the approach of her illnesses, and submitted voluntarily to medical treatment. Charles Lloyd once met the brother and sister in the fields near Hoxton, both weeping bitterly, walking hand in hand towards the asylum. Charles Lamb's first efforts in literature were poetical. In 1797, in conjunction with Coleridge and Charles Lloyd, he published a few poems and sonnets ; and, in 1798, ap- peared a little volume entitled "Blank Verse, by Charles Lloyd and Charles Lamb." His poetry never excited much attention ; and though it was perhaps undeservedly sneered at by reviews, there can be little doubt it would have been forgotten long ago if it had not been written by the author of the " Essays of Elia." His sonnets can hardly be called more than pleasing ; but some of his miscellaneous pieces, such as " Hester," " The Old Familiar Faces." " The Faro- XX J. BIOGBAPHICAL ESSAY ON ELIA. well to Tobacco," " On an Infant Dying as soon as Bom," are certainly far above the average of modern verse. In 1798, also, appeared the simple and touching tale, "Bosamimd Gray;" and the following year found Lamb busy with his tragedy, " John Woodvil." It was submitted when finished to John Kemble, who was then manager of Uniry Lane Theatre, but was rejected. The farce, " Mr. H.," Lamb's only other considerable dramatic attempt, met with scarcely a better fate. It was accepted, produced, and decisively damned on the first night. The " Essays of Elia,'' on which alone Lamb's claim to a name great in literature can be founded, were almost all published during the last fourteen years of his life. He was then in the maturity of his powers, and he poured forth his original thoughts and quaint fancies with a richness and variety which no other essayist has ever rivalled. He had every qualification for an essayist. He had learnt English from the best teachers — the old writers ; and he had been an apt scholar, — not accumulating merely, but assimilating what he learnt. His early style (as in " John Woodvil," for instance,) is often antiquated; but in the "Essays ol Elia " there is no trace of an exoessive or servile adherence to the manner of his models. Few writers, indeed, have had a more real command of English than Lamb had. He was not restrained or impeded by the exigencies of the language ; he rather controlled it, and moulded it, so to speak, to his purposes. It might be possible, by a careful study and imitation of Addison or Goldsmith, to form a good indepen- dent style of composition. Their English is flexible ; it can adapt itself, without much diificulty (except, of course, on account of its surpassing beauty), to the peculiarities of other minds. It is not so with Charles Lamb's writings. His style is rigid, and cannot be copied or adapted. It is Elia'a English. To imitate it would be mere mimicry. Sometimes it almost seems as if the impediment in Lamb's speech had influenced his style. His sentences are often very short, with frequent and long pauses ; — but brilliant, suggestive. His ideas succeed each other with wonderful richness and profusion : they seem to spring perfect from . A BIOOBAFHICAL ESSAi ON ELM. xxi the brain. But these curt and broken sentences are merely used by Elia as means to produce a desired efl'ect. The pauses were the " halting-stones and resting-places " of hif wit. There were no ''ligaments" that bound him when the pen was in his hand. No one could write more sweef or flowing English than he. It would be useless to cite instances of Elia's wonderful refinement of thought and mastery of expression. The essay on the popular mistake, " that we should rise with the lark," is perhaps his masterpiece in this respect. What an array of fast-flocking, delightful images, too delicate almost for laughter, does this inimitably witty little piece conjure up before the mind! The pathos and the humour of Elia are alike admirable. It cannot be said that he excelled more in the one than in the other ; for it is impossible to compare styles so dissimilar as, for instance, the " Disser- tation upon Eoast Pig," and the thoughts upon the homes of the poor, " that are no homes," and the children of the poor, that are never young. Both are perfect in their way. In the richness of his humour and the depth of his pathos Elia stands, amongst essayists, unrivalled — " With tears and laughters for all time." It would be tedious to enlarge further on the various characteristics of this delightful author. It should never be forgotten that the " Essays of Elia " require to be studied in order to be thoroughly understood and enjoyed. It is a great mistake to suppose that they are a light and flimsy sort of reading, that is to be carelessly glanced through and then laid aside : this is to miss their greatest beauties and their highest use. Even a short sketch of Lamb's life, such as this, would be culpably imperfect did we omit all mention of those companions whose afiection cheered and brightened his existence, and made it, on the whole, a happy one. It seems, in reading his life, as if no one else can ever have had such love and honour paid him, — such troops of almost idolising friends. No mere eccentricity of cha- racter or opinion debarred any ooe from Lamb's intimacy. xxu A BIOGRAFHICAL ESSAY ON ELIA. The list of his friends includes Coleridge, Wordsworth, Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, Godwin, Bernard Barton, Talfourd, Southey, Thelwall, Manning, Charles Lloyd, H. C. Eobin- son. Dyer, Barry Cornwall,' and a host of others. All these men, celebrated or unknown, with their conflicting opinions, various oddities, and repelling differences, seem to have gathered round Charles Lamb as a common centre where the discordant elements could meet in harmony. It was this made Lamb's Wednesday evenings so delightful. There is a weakness of Charles Lamb's, closely con- nected with his social habits, which ought not to be un- noticed — his fondness for spirituous liquors. This failing of his has often been greatly exaggerated, but there is no doubt it existed. The fact seems to be that Lamb had a constitutional craving for exhilarating drinks ; and the relief they gave him from the dreadful anxiety and depres- sion caused by his sister's precarious health and often- recurring illness, tempted him to indulge in them to an ixtent which, — while it would have been moderation to a stronger man, — to his delicate and sensitive organization was excess. It was not the mere excitement of drinking that fascinated him : it was the relaxation, the forgetful- ness of care, the confidence, the ready flow of words to embody the conceptions of his ever-fruitful fancy, that gave an almost irresistible charm to brandy-and-water At one time, he and his sister resolved to give up alco- holic drinks altogether. As for Mary, he informed Miss Wordsworth, " she has taken to water like a hungry otter. I, too, limp after her in lame imitation, but it goes against me a little at first. I have been acquaintance with it now for full four days, and it seems a moon. I am full of cramps and rheumatisms, and cold internally, so that fire won't warm me ; yet I bear all for virtue's sake." Total abstinence plainly did not agi-ee with him, and was soon given up. Another of Lamb's weaknesses was smoking. Of this habit, after several fruitless attempts, he really suc- ceeded in breaking himself His " Farewell to Tobacco," written during one of these ineffectual struggles, shows with what feelings Lamb regarded the " Great Plant." A SIOGBAPITIGAL ESSAY ON ELIA. xxiii Some ft-agments of Lamb's stammering talk, in which thought and feeling and quaint humour so strangely mingled, have been presei"ved. They are, naturally, almost all pieces of broad fun, and can give no idea of the ordinary style of his conversation. The maddest quibble even he ever uttered was surely the answer he gave to a lady who had been boring him with a rather fatiguing dissertation upon her love for her children : " And pray, Mr. Lamb," said she at last, " how do jom like children ?" " B-b-boiled, ma'am !" In 1825 Lamb was released from his drudgery at the India Elouse, and retired upon a pension amounting to two-thirds of his salary. He survived nine years. The illness that ultimately proved fatal was caused bj' a fall, which induced erysipelas in the head. He sank rapidly, and died on the 27th of December, 1 834, only five days after the accident occurred. His sister Mary survived him several years. I think Charles Lamb's right place in literature is with Goldsmith, and a few others, among writers that we love. There may be loftier niches in the Temple of Fame, but none, we may be sure, in which Elia would rather have chosen to stand. We read Shakespeare, and the deepest impression left on our mind is a feeling of wonder that one human mind could ever have conceived and written his plays and poems. Do we love Shakespeare ? Does any one ever feel intimate with him? Do we attempt to shape him in the mind's eye at all ? Is he not rather an abstraction — the dramatist — the vague outlines of whose form we never try to resolve into something clear and definite ? Of course we have all seen pictures of Shakespeare: massive fea- tures, surmounted by a lofty forehead ; a pointed beard. We recognise him at a glance. But does the familiar face ever rise up before us in reading his plays ? Do we ever think of Shakespeare then ? And do we feel anything like the pleasure in a portrait of Shakespeare that we do in looking at Goldsmith's ugly face, redeemed by its touching expression of impending pain ? Do we love Milton? I think not. We reverence him. When we read his sonnet on his blindness, or on his de- ceased wife, is not the natural emotion of pity for the man xxiv 4 HJOGBAPEICAL JSSSAY ON ELIA. ' altogether overwhelmed by our admiration of the power d the poet ? It would not be so if we really loved him. Dc we feel anything like the interest 'in Shakespeare's or in Milton's life that we do in GoldsmitJi's ? And does not the interest we do feel arise from curiosity rather than affection ? We may know too much of them. They do not appeal to us as men, but as writers. We can derive no additional pleasure from their works by knowing their history ; but it might be a severe shock to discover that they were subject to the common weaknesses and failings of mankind. It is better our thoughts of them should be vague. But with Goldsmith and Oharles Lamb it is not so. We cannot know too much of them. We cannot spare one touch from the picture ; not even a defect. They appeal to us not only as writers, but as men. We do not feel it a shock to discover their weaknesses. They live in their writings ; they become our friends ; they possess our hearts by virtue of their complete humanity; they reconcile us with the imperfections of our common nature ; their very failings endear them to us the more. There may be a literary immortality superior to this, but there can hardly be one more attractive. The heights on which Shakespeare and Milton stand are lofty, unattainable, dazzling — but cold ; they are too high for sympathy to reach. For Charles Lamb we love to anticipate a warmer place — a home in the popular heart. The Essays will be like the books of which Elia speaks so delightfully :^" How beau- tiful to a genuine lover of reading are the sullied leaves and wom-out appearance, nay, the very odour (beyond russia), if we would not forget kind feelings in fastidiousness, of an old circulating-library ' Tom Jones ' or ' Vicar of Wakefield ! ' How they speak of the thousand thumbs that have turned over their pages with delight ! . . . . Who would have them a whit less soiled ? What better condition could we desire to see them in? " H. S, THE ESSAYS OF ELIA. THE SOUTH-SEA HOUSE. READEE, in tty passage from the Bank — where thou hast been receiving thy half-yearly dividends (supposing thou art a lean annuitant like myself) — to the Flower Pot, to secure a place for Dalston, or Shacklewell, or some other thy suburban retreat northerly — didst thou never observe a melancholy-looking, handsome, brick and stone edifice, to the left, where Threadneedle Street abuts upon Bishops- gate ? I dare say thou hast often admired its magnificent portals ever gaping wide, and disclosing to view a grave court, with cloisters and pillars, with few or no traces of goers-in or comers-out — a desolation something like Bal- clutha's.* This was once a house of trade — a centre of busy inter - ests. The throng of merchants was here — the quick pulse of gain — and here some forms of business are still kept up, though the soul be long since fled. Here are still to be seen stately porticos ; imposing staircases, offices roomy as the state apartments in palaces — deserted, or thinly peopled with a few straggling clerks; the still more sacred interiors of court and committee rooms, with venerable faces of beadles, door-keepers — directors seated in form on solemn days (to proclaim a dead dividend) at long worm-eaten tables, that have been mahogany, with tarnished gilt- leather coverings, supporting massy silver inkstands long * I passed by the walls of Bftlclutha, and they were desolate.- B 2 THE S0DTH-8EA BOUSE. since dry; — the oakeu wainscots hung with pictures of deceased governors and sub-governors, of Queen Anno, and the two first monarchs of the Brunswick dynasty ; — huge charts, which subsequent discoveries have antiquated ; — dusty maps of Mexico, dim as dreams, and soundings of the Bay of Panama ! The long passages hung with buckets, appended, in idle row, to walls, whose substance might defy any, short of the last, conflagration : — with vast ranges of cellarage under all, where dollars and pieces of eight once lay, an " unsunned heap," for Mammon to have solaced his solitary heart withal — long since dissipated, or scat- tered into air at the blast of the breaking of that famous Bobble. Such is the South-Sea House. At least such it was forty year3 ago, when I knew it — a magnificent relic ! What alterations may have been made in it since, I have had no opportunities of verifying. Time, I take for granted, has not freshened it. No wind has resuscitated the face of the sleeping waters. A thicker crust by this time stagnates upon it. The moths, that were then battening upon its obsolete ledgers and day-books, have rested from their depredations, but other light generations have succeeded, making fine ftetwork among their single and double entries. Layers of dust have accumulated (a superfcetation of dirt !) upon the old layers, that seldom used to be. disturbed, save by some curious finger, now and then, inquisitive to ex- plore tie mode of book-keeping in Queen Anne's reign ; or, with less hallowed curiosity, seeking to unveil some of the mysteries of that tremendous hoax, whose extent the petty peculators of our day look back upon with the same expression of incredulous admiration and hopeless ambition of rivalry as would become the puny fece of modern con- spiracy contemplating the Titan size of Vaux's superhuman plot. Peace to the manes of the Bubble ! Silence and destitu- tion are upon thy walls, proud house, for a memorial ! Situated, as thou art, in the very heart of stirring and Jiving commerce— amid the fret and fever of speculation— with the Bank, and the 'Change, and the iTidia House about THE S0UTB.-8EA E0U8E. 3 thee, in the heyday of present prosperity, with their im- portant faces, as it were, insulting thee, their jpoor neighbour out of business — to the idle and merely contemplative — to such as me, old house ! there is a charm in thy quiet : — a cessation — a coolness from business — an indolence almost cloistral — which is delightful ! With what reverence have I paced thy great bare rooms and courts at eventide ! They spoke of the past: — the shade of some dead accountant, with visionary pen in ear, would flit by me, stiff as in Hfe. Living accounts and accountants puzzle me. I have no skill in figuring. But thy great dead tomes, which scarce three degenerate clerks of the present day could lift from their enshrining shelves — with their old fantastic flourishes and decorative rubric interlacings — their sums in triple columniations, set down with formal superfluity of ciphers — with pious sentences at the beginning, without which our religious ancestors never ventured to open a book of business, or bill of lading — the costly vellum covers of some of them almost persuading us that we are got into some better library — are very agreeable and edifying spectacles. I can look upon these defunct dragons with complacency. Thy heavy odd-shaped ivory-handled penknives (our an- cestors had everything on a larger scale than we have hearts for) are as good as anything from Herculaneum. The pounce-boxes of our days have gone retrograde. The very clerks which I remember in the South-Sea House — I speak of forty years back — had an air very dif- ferent from those in the public offices that I have had to do with since. They partook of the genius of the place ! They were mostly (for the establishment did not admit of superfluous salaries) bachelors. Generally (for they had not much to do) persons of a curious and speculative turn of mind. Old-fashioned, for a reason mentioned before; humourists, for they were of all descriptions ; and, not having been brought together in early life (which has a tendency to assimilate the members of corporate bodies to each other), but, for the most part, placed in this house in ripe or middle age, they necessarily carried into it their separate habits and oddities., unqualified, if I may so speak, B 2 8 THE SOVTR-SEA HOUSE. Chatham, and Shelhurne, and Eockingham, and Howe, and Burgoyne, and Clinton, and the war which ended in the tearing from Great Britain her rebellious colonies, — and Keppel, and Wilkes, and Sawhridge, and Bull, and Dun- ning, and Pratt, and Eichmond — and such small politics. A little less facetious, and a great deal more obstre- perous, was fine rattling, rattleheaded Plumer. He was descended, — not in a right line, reader (for his lineal pretensions, like his personal, favoured a little of the sinister bend) — from the Plumers of Hertfordshire. So tradition gave him out ; and certain family features not a little sanctioned the opinion. Certainly old Walter Plumer (his reputed author) had been a rake in his days, and visited much in Italy, and had seen the world. He was uncle, bachelor-uncle, to the fine old whig still living, who has represented the county in so many successive parliaments, and has a fine old mansion near Ware. Walter flourished in George the Second's days, and was the same who was summoned before the House of Commons about a business of franks, with the old Duchess of Marlborough. You may read of it in Johnson's Life of Cave. Cave came off cleverly in that business. It is certain our Plumer did nothing to discountenance the rumour. He rather seemed pleased whenever it was, with all gentleness, insinuated. But besides his family pretensions, Plumer was an engaging fellow, and sang gloriously. Not so sweetly aang Plumer as thou sangest, mild, child- like, pastoral M ; a flute's breathing less divinely whispering than thy Arcadian melodies, when, in tones worthy of Arden, thou didst chant that song sung by Amiens to the banished duke, which proclaims the winter wind more lenient than for a man to be ungrateful. Thy sire was old surly M , the unapproachable church- warden of Bishopsgate. He knew not what he did, when he begat thee, like spring, gentle offspring of blustering winter: — only unfortunate in thy ending, which should have been mild, conciliatory, swan-like. Much remains to sing. Many fantastic shapes rise up, but they must be mine in private : — already I have fooled OXFORD IN TSE VACATION. 8 the reader to the top of his bent ; — else could 1 omit that strange creature WooUett, who existed in trying the ques- tion, and bought litigations /■ — and still stranger, inimitable, solemn Hepworth, from whose gravity Newton might have deduced the law of gravitation. How profoundly would he nib a pen — with what deliberation would he wet a wafer ! But it is time to close — night's wheels are rattling fast over me — it is proper to have done with this solemn mockery. Eeader, what if I have been playing with thee all this while — peradventure the very names, which I have sum- moned up before thee, are fantastic — ^insubstantial — like Henry Pimpernel, and old John Naps of Greece : Be satisfied that something answering to them has had a being. Their importance is from the past. OXFOED IN THE VACATION. CASTIN G a preparatory glance at the bottom of this article — as the very connoisseur in prints, with cursory eye (which, while it reads, seems as though it read not), never fails to consult the quis sculpsit in the comer, before he pro- nounces some rare piece to be a Vivares, or a WooUet— methinks I hear you exclaim, Eeader, Who is Elia ? Because in my last I tried to divert thee with some half- forgotten humours of some old clerks defunct, in an old house of business, long since gone to decay, doubtless you have already set me down in your mind as one of the self- game college — a votary of the desk — a notched and cropt scrivener — one that sucks his sustenance, as certain sick people are said to do, through a quill. Well, I do agnise something of the sort. I confess that it is my humour, my fancy — in the fore-part of the day, when the mind of your man of letters requires some relax- ation (and none better than such as at first sight seems most abhorrent from his beloved studies )— to while away 10 OXFOBD IN TSE VACATION. some good hours of my time in tlie contemplation of indigos, cottons, raw silks, piece-goods, flowered or other- wise. In the first place »*««** and then it sends you home with such increased appetite to your books *«*«***» not to say, that your outside sheets, and waste wrappers of foolscap, do receive into them, most kindly and naturally, the impression of sonnets, epigrams, essays — so that the very parings of a counting-house are, in some sort, the settings up of an author. The enfranchised quill, that has plodded all the morning among the cart-rucks of figures and ciphers, frisks and curvets so at its ease over the flowery carpet-ground of a midnight dissertation. — It feels its promotion. ******** So that you see, upon the whole, the literary dignity of Elia is very little, if at all, compromised in the conde- scension. Not that, in my anxious detail of the many commodities incidental to the life of a public office, I would be thought blind to certain flaws, which a cunning carper might be able to pick in this Joseph's vest. And here I must have leave, in the fulness of my soul, to regret the abolition, and doing-away-with altogether, of those consolatory inter- stices, and sprinklings of freedom, through the four seasons, — the red-letter days, now become, to all intents and pur- poses, dead-letter days. There was Paul, and Stephen, and Barnabas — Andrew and John, men famous in old times — ^Wewere used to keep all their days holy, as long back as ■P'hen I was at school at Christ's. I remember their effigies, i!y the i^^d token, in the old Baskett Prayer Book. There hung Peter in his uneasy posture — holy Bartlemy in the troublesome act of flaying, after the famous Marsyas by Spagnoletti. — I honoured them all, and could almost have wept the d&t'alcation of Iscariot — so much did we love to keep holy memories sacred : — only methought I a little grudged at tiie coalition of the hetter Jude with Simou — ■Blubbing (as it were) their sanctities together, to make up OXFOBD IN TEE VACATION. U one poor gaudy-day between them — as an economy un- worthy of the dispensation. These were bright visitations in a scholar's and a clerk's life — " far off their coming shone." — I was as good as an almanac in those days. I could have told you such a saint's-day falls out next week, or the week after. Perad- venture the Epiphany, by some periodical infelicity, would, once in six years, merge in a Sabbath. Now am I little better than one of the profane. Let me not be thought to arraign the wisdom of my civil superiors, who have judged the further observation of these holy tides to be papistical, superstitious. Only in a custom of such long standing, methinks, if their Holinesses the Bishops had, in decency, been first sounded — ^but I am wading out of my depths. I am not the man to decide the limits of civil and eccle- siastical authority — I am plain Blia — ^no Selden, nor Arch- bishop Usher — tiiough at present in the thick of their books, here in the heart of learning, under the shadow of the mighty Bodley. I can here play the gentleman, enact the student. To such a one as myself, who has been defrauded in his young years of the sweet food of academic institution, nowhere is so pleasant, to while away a few idle weeks at, as one or other of the Universities. Their vacation, too, at this time of the year, falls in so pat with ours. Here I can take my walks unmolested, and fancy myself of what degree or standing I please. I seem admitted ad eundem. I fetch up past opportunities. I can rise at the chapel-bell, and dream that it rings for me. In moods of humility I can be a Sizar, or a Servitor. When the peacock vein rises, I strut a Gentleman Commoner. In graver moments, I proceed Master of Arts. Indeed I do not think I am much xxnlike that respectable character. I have seen your dim-eyed vergers, and bed-makers in spectacles, drop a bow or a curtsy, as I pass, wisely mistaking me for something of the sort. I go about in black, which favours the notion. Only in Christ Church reverend quadrangle I can be content to pass for nothing short of a Seraphic Doctor. The walks at these times are so much one's own, — the 12 OXFORD IN THE VACATION. tall trees of Christ's, the groves of Magdalen ! The halls deserted, and with open doors, inviting one to slip in un- porceived, and pay a devoir to some Founder, or noble or royal Benefactress (that should have been ours) whose portrait seems to smile upon their over-lookef". beadsman, and to adopt me for their own. Then, to take a peep in by the way at the butteries, and sculleries, redolent of antique hospitality : the immense caves of kitchens, kitchen fire- places, cordial recesses ; ovens whose first pies were baked four centuries ago; and spits which have cooked for Chaucer ! Not the meanest minister among the dishes but is hallowed to me through his imagination, and the Cook goes forth a Manciple. Antiquity ! thou wondrous charm, what art thou ? that, being nothing, art everything ! When thou wert, thou wert not antiquity — then thou wert nothing, but hadst a remoter antiquity, as thou calledst it, to look back to with blind veneration ; thou thyself being to thyself flat, jejiine, modem ! What mystery lurks in this retroversion ? or what half Januses * are we, that cannot look forward with the same idolatry with which we for ever revert ! The mighty future is as nothing, being everything ! the past is everything, being nothing ! What were thy Aark ages ? Surely the sun rose as brightly -then as now, and man got him to his work in the morning ? Why is it we can never hear mention of them without an accompanying feeling, as though a palpable obscure had dimmed the face of things, and that our ancestors wandered to and fro groping ! Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me, are thy repositories of mouldering learning, thy shelves What a place to be in is an old library ! It seems as though all the souls of all the writers, that have bequeathed their labours to these Bodleians, were reposing here, as in some dormitory, or middle state. I do not want to handle, to profane the leaves, their winding-sheets. I could as soos dislodge a shade. I seem to inhale learning, walking * Januges of one face.— SiE Thomas Bbottni:. OXFORD IN THE VACATION. iS amid their foliage ; and the odour of their old moth-scented coverings is fragrant as the first bloom of those sciential apples which grew amid the happy orchard. Still less have I curiosity to disturb the elder repose of MSS. Those varice lectiones, so tempting to the more erudite palates, do but disturb and unsettle my faith. I am no Herculanean raker. The credit of the three witnesses might have slept unimpeached for me. I leave these curiosities to Person, and to G. D. — whom, by the way, T found busy as a moth over some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom-explored press, in a nook at Oriel. With long poring, he is grown almost into a book. He stood as passive as one by the side of the old shelves. I longed to new-coat him in russia, and assign him his place. He might have mustered for a tall Scapula. D. is assiduous in his visits to these seats of learning. No inconsiderable portion of his moderate fortunes I appre- hend, is consumed in journeys between them and Clifford's Inn — where, like a dove on the asp's nest, he has long taken up his unconscious abode, amid an incongruous assembly of attorneys, attorneys' clerks, apparitors, pro- moters, vermin of the law, among whom he sits, " in calm and sinless peace." The fangs of the law pierce him not— the winds of litigation blow over his humble chambers — the hard sheriff's ofSoer moves his hat as he pasqpe — legal nor illegal discourtesy touches him — none thinks of offer- ing violence or injustice to him — you would as soon " strike an abstract idea." D. has been engaged, he tells me, through a course ot laborious years, in an investigation into all curious matter connected with the two Universities; and has lately lit upon a MS. collection of charters, relative to C , by which he hopes to settle some disputed points — ^particu- larly that long controversy between them as to priority of foundation. The ardour with which he engages in these liberal pursuits, I am afraid, has not met with all the en« couragement it deserved, either here or at C . Your caputs, and heads of colleges, care less than anybody else about these questions. — Contented to suck the milky foun- 14 OXFOBD IN THE VACATION, tains of their Alma Maters, ■without inquiring into the venerable gentlewomen's years, they rather hold such curiosities to he impertinent — unreverend. They have their good glebe lands in manu, and care not much to rake into the title-deeds. I gather at least so much from other sources, for D. is not a man to complain. D. started like an unbroke heifer, when I interrupted him. A priori it was not very probable that we should have met in Oriel. But D. would have done the same, had I accosted him on the sudden in his own walks in Clifford's Inn, or in the Temple. In addition to a pro- voking short-sightedness (the effect of late studies and watchings at the midnight oil) D. is the most absent of men. He made a call the other morning at our' friend M.'s in Bedford Square ; and, finding nobody at home, was ushered into the hall, where, asking for pen and ink, with great exactitude of purpose he enters me his name in the book — which ordinarily lies about in such places, to record the failures of the untimely or unfortunate visitor — and takes his leave with many ceremonies, and professions of regret. Some two or three hours after, his walking desti- nies returned him into the same neighbourhood again, and again the quiet image of the fireside circle at M.'s — Mrs. M. presiding at it like a Queen Lar, with pretty A. S. at her side— striking irresistibly on his fancy, he makes another call (forgetting that they were " certainly not to return from the country before that day week ") and dis- appointed a second time, inquires for pen and paper as before : again the book is brought, and in the line just above that in which he is about to print his second name (his re-script)— his first name (scarce dry) looks out upon him like another Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own duplicate! — The effect may be con- ceived. D. made many a good resolution against any such lapses in future. I hope he will not keep them too rigorously. For with G. D. — to be absent from the body, is some- times (not to speak it profanely) to be present with the Lord. At the very time when, personally encountering OXFORD IN TEE VACATION. 15 thee, he passes on with no recognition or, being stopped, starts like a thing surprised — at that moment, reader, he is on Mount Tabor— or Parnassus — or co-sphered with Plato — or, with Harrington, framing " immortal common- wealths" — Revising some plan of amelioration to thy country, or thy species peradventure meditating some individual kindness or courtesy, to be done to thee thyself, the returning oonscioiisness of which made him to start so guiltily at thy obtruded personal presence. [D. commenced life, after a course of hard study in the house of "pure Emanuel," as usher to a knavish fanatic schoolmaster at * * * , at a salary of eight pounds per annum, with board and lodging. Of this poor stipend, he never received above half in all the laborious years he served this man. He tells a pleasant anecdote, that when poverty, staring out at his ragged knees, has sometimes compelled him, against the modesty of his nature, to hint at arrears. Dr. * * * would take no immediate notice, but after supper, when the school was called together to even- song, he would never fail to introduce some instructive homily against riches, and the corruption of the heart oc- casioned through the desire of them — ending with " Lord, keep Thy servants, above all things, from the heinous sin of avarice. Having food and raiment, let us therewithal be content. Give me Agur's wish" — and the like — which, to the little auditory, sounded like a doctrine full of Christian prudence and simplicity, but to poor D. was a receipt in full for that quarter's demand at least. And D. has been under-working for himself ever since; — drudging at low rates for unappreciating booksellers, — wasting his fine erudition in silent corrections of the classics, and in those unostentatious but solid services to learning which commonly fall to the lot of laborious scholars, who have not the heart to sell themselves to the best advantage. He has published poems, which do not sell, because their character is unobtrusive, like his own, and because he has been too much absorbed in ancient literature to know what the popular mark in poetry is, pven if he could have hit it. And, therefore, his verses 16 CMMST'S HOSPITAL are properly, what he terms them, crotchets; voluntariet) ; odes to liberty and spring; eifusions; little tributes and offerings, left behind him upon tables and window-seats at parting from friends' houses; and from all the inns of hospitality, where he has beenj courteously (or but toler- ably) received in his pilgrimage. If his muse of kindness halt a little behind the strong lines in fashion in this excitement-loving age, his prose is the best of the sort in the world, and exhibits a faithful transcript of his own healthy, natural mind, and cheerful, innocent tone of con- versation.] D. is delightful anywhere, but he is at the best in such places as these. He cares not much for Bath. He is out of his element at Buxton, at Scarborough, or Harrowgate. The Cam and the Isis are to 'him " better than all the waters of Damascus." On the Muses' hill he is happy, and good, as one of the Shepherds on the Delectable Mountains ; and when he goes about with you to show you the halls and colleges, you think you have with you the Interpreter at the House Beautiful. CHEIST'S HOSPITAL FIVE AND THIET? YEARS AGO. IN Mr. Lamb's " Works," published a year or two since, 1 find a magnificent eulogy on my old school,* such as it was, or now appears to him to have been, between the years 1782 and 1789. It happens, very oddly, that my own standing at Christ's was nearly corresponding with his ; and, with all gratitude to him for his enthusiasm for the cloisters, I think he has contrived to bring together what- ever can be said in praise of them, dropping all the other side of the argument most ingeniously. I remember L. at school; and can well recollect that he Lad some peculiar advantages, which I and others of his * BecoUeotions of Christ's Hospital. FIVE AND THIRTY YEARS AGO. 17 schoolfellows had not. His friends lived in town, and were near at hand ; and he had the privilege of going to see them, almost as often as he wished, through some invidious distinc- tion, which was denied to us. The present worthy sub- treasurer to the Inner Temple can explain how that hap- pened. He had his tea and hot rolls in a morning, while we were battening upon our quarter of a penny loaf^— our crug — moistened with attenuated small beer, in wooden piggins, smacking of the pitched leathern jack it was poured from. Our Monday's milk porritch, blue and tasteless, and the pease soup of Saturday, coarse and choking, were en- riched for him with a slice of " extraordinary bread and butter," from the hot-loaf of the Temple. The Wednesday's mess of miUet, somewhat less repugnant (we had three banyan to four meat days in the week) — was endeared to his palate with a lump of double-refined, and a smack of ginger (to make it go down the more glibly) or the fragrant cinnamon. In lieu of our half-pickled Sundays, or quite fresh boiled beef on Thursdays (strong as caro equina), with de- testable marigolds floating in the pail to poison the broth — our scanty mutton scrags on Fridays — and rather more sa- voury, but grudging, portions of the same flesh, rotten- roasted or rare, on the Tuesdays (the only dish which excited our appetites, and disappointed our stomachs, in almost equal proportion) — he had his hot plate of roast veal, or the more tempting griskin (exotics* unknown to our palates), cooked in the paternal kitchen (a great thing), and brought him daily by his maid or aunt! I remember the good old relative (in whom love forbade pride) squatting down upon some odd stone in a by-nook of the cloisters, disclosing the viands (of higher regale than those cates which the ravens ministered to the Tishbite); and the con- tending passions of L. at the unfolding. There was love for the bringer ; shame for the thing brought, and the manner of its bringing ; sympathy for those who were too many to share in it; and, at top of aU, hunger (eldest, strongest of the passions!) predominant, breaking down the stony fences of shame, and awkwardness, and a troubling over- consciousness. c 18 CHRIST'S HOSPITAL 1 -was a poor friendless boy. My parents, and those vrho should care for me, were far away. Those few acquaintances of theirs, which they could reckon upon as beiag kind to me in the great city, after a little forced notice, which they had the grace to take of me on my first arrival in town, soon grew tired of my holiday visits. -They seemed to them to recur too often, though I thought them few enough ; and, one after another, they all failed me, and I felt myself alone among six hundred playmates. the cruelty of separating a poor lad from his early homestead ! The yearnings which I used to have towards it in those unfledged years ! How, in my dreams, would my native town (far in the west) come back, with its church, and trees, and faces ! How I would wake weeping, and in the anguish of my heart exclaim upon sweet Calne in Wiltshire ! To this late hour of my life, I trace impressions left by the recollection of those friendless holidays. The long warm days of summer never return but they bring with them a gloom from the haunting memory of those whole-day-leaves, when, by some strange arrangement, we were turned out, for the live-long day, upon our own hands, whether we had friends to go to, or none. I remember those bathing-excur- sions to the New Eiver, which L. recalls with such relish, better, 1 think, than he can — for he was a home-seeking lad, and did not much care for such water-pastimes : — How mer- rily we would sally forth into the fields ; and strip under the first warmth of the sun ; and wanton like young dace in the streams ; getting us appetites for noon, which those of us that were penniless (our scanty morning crust long since exhausted) had not the means of allaying — while the cattle, and the birds, and the fishes, were at feed about lis, and we had nothing to satisfy our cravings — the very beauty of the day, and the exercise of the pastime, and the sense of liberty, setting a keener edge upon them ! — How faint and languid, finally, we would return, towards night-fall, to our desired morsel, half-rejoicing, half-reluctant, that the hours of our uneasy liberty had expired ! It was worse in the days of winter, to go prowling about the streets objectless — ^ivering at cold windows of print FIVE AND THIItTT YEARS AGO. 19 Bhops, to extract a little amusement; or haply, as a last resort, in the hopes of a little novelty, to pay a fifty-times repeated visit (where our individual faces should be as well known to the warden as those of his own charges) to the Lions in the Tower — to whose lev^e, hy courtesy immemo- rial, we had a prescriptive title to admission. L.'s governor (so we called the patron who presented us to the foundation) lived in a manner under his paternal roof. Any complaint which he had to make was sure of being attended to. This was understood at Christ's, and was an effectual screen to him against the severity of masters, or worse tyranny of the monitors. The oppressions of these young brutes are heart-sickening to .call to recollection. I have been called out of my bed, and waked for the pjurpose, in the coldest winter nights — and this not once, but night after night — in my shirt, to receive the discipline of a leathern thong, with eleven other sufferers, because it pleased my callow overseer, when there has been any talking heard after we were gone to bed, to make the six last beds in the dormitory, where the youngest children of us slept, answerable for an offence they neither dared to commit, nor had the power to hinder. — The same execrable tyranny drove the younger part of us from the fires, when our feet were perishing with snow ; and, under the cruelest penalties, forbade the indulgence of a drink of water, when we lay in sleepless summer nights, fevered with the season, and the day's sports. There was one H , who, I learned in after days, was seen expiating some maturer offence in the hulks. (Do I flatter myself in fancying that this might be the planter of that name, who suffered — at Nevis, I think, or St. Kitts, — some few years since ? My friend Tobin was the benevo- lent instrument of bringing him to the gallows.) This petty Nero actually branded a boy, who had offended him, ^vith a red-hot iron ; and nearly starved forty of us, with exacting contributions, to the one half of our bread, to pamper a young ass, which, incredible as it may seem, with the connivance of the nurse's daughter (a young flame of his) he had contrived to smuggle in, and keep upon the c 2 20 GBBI8T8 E08PITAL leads of the ward, as they called our dormitories. This game went on for better than a week, till the foolish beast, not able to fare well but he must cry roast meat — happier than Caligula's minion, could he have kept his own counsel — but, foolisher, alas ! than any of his species in the fables — waxing fat, and kicking, in the fulness of bread, one unlucky minute would needs proclaim his good fortune to the world below; and, laying out his simple throat, blew such a ram's horn blast, as (toppling down the walls of his own Jericho) set concealment any longer at defiance. The client was dismissed, with certain attentions, to Smith- field ; but I never understood that the patron underwent any censure on the occasion. This was in the stewardship of L.'s admired Perry. Under the same facile administration, can L. have for- gotten the cool impunity with which the nurses used to carry away openly, in open platters, for their own tables, one out of two of every hot joint, which the careful matron had been seeing scrupulously weighed out for our dinners ? These things were daily practised in that magnificent apartment, which L. (grown connoisseur since, we presume) praises so highly for the grand paintings " by Verrio and others," with which it is " hung round and adorned." But the sight of sleek well-fed blue-coat boys in pictures was, at that time, I believe, little consolatory to him, or us, the living ones, who saw the better part of our provisions carried away before our faces by harpies ; and ourselves reduced (with the Trojan in the hall of Dido) To feed otir mind -with idle portraiture. L. has recorded the repugnance of the school to gags, or the fat of fresh beef boiled ; and sets it down to some superstition. But these unctuous morsels are never grateful to young palates (children are universally fat- haters), and in strong, coarse, boiled meats, unsalted, are detestable. A gag-eater in our time was equivalent to a goule, and held in equal detestation. suffered und"* the imputation: _ _ _ ,^^^^^^.^ He ate Grange flesh. FIVE AND TBIBTY YEABS AGO. 2I He was observed, after dinner, carefully to gather up the remnants left at bis table (not many, nor very choice fragments, you may credit me) — and, in an especial manner, these disreputable morsels, which he would convey away, and secretly stow in the settle that stood at his bed- side. None saw when he ate them. It was rumoured that he privately devoured them in the night. He was watched, but no traces of such midnight practices were discoverable. Some reported, that, on leave-days, he had been seen to carry out of the bounds a large blue check handkerchief, full of something. This then must be the accursed thing. Conjecture next was at work to imagine how he could dispose of it. Some said he sold it to the beggars. This belief generally prevailed. He went about moping. None spake to him. No one would play with him. He was excommunicated ; put out of the pale of the school. He was too powerful a boy to be beaten, but he underwent every mode of that negative punishment, which is more grievous than many stripes. Still he persevered. At length he was observed by two of his schoolfellows, who were determined to get at the secret, and had traced him one leave-day for the purpose, to enter a large worn-out building, such as there exist specimens of in Chancery Lane, which are let out to various scales of pauperism, with open door, and a common staircase. After him they silently slunk in, and followed by stealth up four flights, and saw him tap at a poor wicket, which was opened by an aged woman, meanly clad. Suspicion was now ripened into certainty. The informers had secured their victim. They had him in their toils. Accusation was formally preferred, and retribution most signal was looked for. Mr. Hathaway, the then steward (for this happened a little after my time), with that patient sagacity which tempered all his conduct, determined to investigate the matter, before he proceeded to sentence. The result was, that the supposed mendicants, the receivers or purchasers of the mysterious scraps, turned out to be the parents of , an honest couple come to decay, — whom this seasonable supply had, in all proba- bility, saved from mendicancy ; and that this young stork^ 22 GBHIBTS HOSPITAL at the expense of his own good name, had all this while been only feeding the old birds!— The governors on this occasion, much to their honour, voted a present relief to the family of , and presented him with a silver medal. The lesson which the steward read upon eash judgment, on the occasion of publicly delivering the medal to , I believe, would not be lost upon his auditory. — I had left school then, but I well remember . He was a tall, shambling youth, with a cast in his eye, not at all calculated to con- ciliate hostile prejudices. I have since seen him carrying a baker's basket. I think I heard he did not do q.uite so well by himself as he had done by the old folks. I was a hypochondriac lad ; and the sight of a boy in fetters, upon the day of my first putting on the blue clothes, was not exactly fitted to assuage the natural terrors of initiation. I was of tender years, barely turned of seven ; and had only read of such things in books, or seen them but in dreams. 1 was told he had run away. This was the punishment for the first offence. — As a novice I was soon after taken to see the dungeons. These were little, square, Bedlam cells, where a boy could just lie at his length upon straw and a blanket — a mattress, I think, was afterwards substituted — with a peep of light, let in askance, from a prison-orifice at top, barely enough to read by. Here the poor boy was locked in by himself all day, without sight of any but the porter who brought him his bread and water — who might not speak to Mm ; — or of the beadle, who came twice a week to call him out to receive his periodical chastisement, which was almost welcome, because it separated him for a brief interval from solitude : — and here he was shut up by himself of nights, out of the reach of any sound, to suffer whatever horrors the weak nerves, and superstition incident to his time of life, might subject him to.* This was the penalty for the second * One or two instauoes of lunacy, or attempted suicide, accordingly, at length convinced the governors of the impolicy of this part of the sentence, and the midnight torture to the spirits was dispensed with. — This fancy of dungeons for children was a sprout of Howard's brain; for which (saving the reverence due to Holy Paul) methinks I could ■willingly spit upon his statue. FIVE AND TSIBTX YEAS8 AGO. 23 offence. Wouldst thou like, reader, to see what became of him in the next degree ? The culprit, who had been a third time an offender, ana whose expulsion was at this time deemed irreversible, was brought forth, as at some solemn auto da fe, arrayed in uncouth and most appalling attire- all trace of his late " watchet-weeds " carefully effaced, he was exposed in a j acket, resembling those which London lamplighters for- merly delighted in, with a cap of the same. The effect of this divestiture was such as the ingenious devisers of it could have anticipated. With his pale and frighted fea- tures, it was as if some of those disfigurements in Dante had seized upon him. In this disguisement he was brought into the hall (Zi.'s favourite state-room), where awaited him the whole number of his schoolfellows, whose joint lessons . and sports he was thenceforth to share no more ; the awful presence of the steward, to be seen for the last time ; of the executioner beadle, clad in his state robe for the oc- casion; and of two faces more, of direr import, because never but in these extremities visible. These were gov- ernors ; two of whom, by choice, or charter, were always accustomed to of&ciate at these Ultima SwppUcia ; not to mitigate (so at least we understood it), but to enforce the uttermost stripe. Old Bamber Gascoigne, and Peter Aubert, I remember, were colleagues on one occasion, when the beadle turning rather pale, a glass of brandy was ordered to prepare him for the mysteries. The scourging was, after the old Eoman fashion, long and stately. The lictor accompanied the criminal quite round the hall. We were generally too faint with attending to the previous disgusting circumstances to make accurate report with our eyes of the degree of corporal suffering inflicted. Eeport, of course, gave out the back knotty and livid. After scourging, he was made over, in his San Benito, to his friends, if he had any (but commonly such poor run- .agates were friendless), or to his parish officer, who, to enhance the effect of the scene, had his station allotted to him on the outside of the hall gate. These solemn pageantries were not played off so often 24 GHBISrS HOSPITAL as to spoil the general mirth of the community. We had plenty of exercise and recreation after school hours ; and, for myself, I must confess, that 1 was never happier than in them. The Upper and the Lower Grammar. Schools were held in the same room ; and an imaginary line only divided their bounds. Their character was as different as that of the inhabitants on the two sides of the Pyrenees. The Eev. James Boyer was the Upper Master ; but the Eev. Matthew Feilde presided over that portion of the apartment, of which I had the good fortune to be a mem- ber. We lived a life as careless as birds. Wo talked and did just what we pleased, and nobody molested us. We carried an accidence, or a grammar, for form ; but, for any trouble it gave us, we might take two years in getting through the verbs deponent, and another two in forgetting all that we had learned about them. There was now and then the formality of saying a lesson, but if you had not learned it, a brush across the shoulders (just enough to disturb a fly) was the sole remonstrance. Feilde never used the rod ; and in truth he wielded the cane with no great good will — holding it " like a dancer." It looked in his hands rather like an emblem than an instrument of autho- rity ; and an emblem, too, he was ashamed of. He was a good easy man, that did not care to ruffle his own peace, nor perhaps set any great consideration upon the value of juvenile time. He came among us, now and then, but often staid away whole days from us ; and when he came, it made no difference to us — he had his private room to retire to, the short time he staid, to be out of the sound of our noise. Our mirth and uproar went on. We had classics of our own, without being beholden to " insolent Greece or haughty Eome," that passed current among us Peter Wilkins — the Adventures of the Hon. Captain Eobert Boyle— the Fortunate Blue-coat Boy — and the like. Or we cultivated a turn for mechanic and scientific operations; making little sun-dials of paper; or weaving those in- genious parentheses, called cat-cradles; or making dry peas to dance upon the end of a tin pipe ; or studying the art military over that laudable game " French and English," FIVE AND TMIBT7 TEAKS AGO. 25 and a hundred other such devices to pass away the time — mixing the useful with the agreeable — as would have made the souls of Eousseau and John Locke chuckle to have seen us. MatthewFeildebelonged to that class of modest divines who affect to mix in equal proportion the gentleman, the scholar, and the Christian ; but, I know not how, the first ingredient is generally found to be the predominating dose in the composition. He was engaged in gay parties, or with his courtly bow at some episcopal levee, when he should have been attending upon us. He had for many years the classical charge of a hundred children, during the four or five first years of their education ; and his very highest form seldoai proceeded further than two or three of the introductory fables of Phsedrus. How things were suffered to go on thus, I cannot guess. Boyer, who was the proper person to have remedied these abuses, always affected, perhaps felt, a delicacy in interfering in a province not strictly his own. I have not been without my sus- picions, that he was not altogether displeased at the con- trast we presented to his end of the school. We were a sort of Helots to his young Spartans. He would some- times, -with ironic deference, send to borrow a rod of the Qnder Master, and then, with Sardonic grin, observe to one of his upper boys, " how neat and fresh the twigs looked." While his pale students were battering their brains over Xenophon and Plato, with a silence as deep as that enjoined by the Samite, we were enjoying ourselves at our ease in our little Goshen. We saw a little into the secrets of his discipline, and the prospect did but the more reconcile us to our lot. His thunders rolled innocuous for us ; his storms came near, but never touched us ; contrary to Gideon's miracle, while all around were drenched, our fleece was dry.* His boys turned out the better scholars ; we, I suspect, have the advantage in temper. His pupils tannot speak of him without something of terror allay tng their gratitude; the remembrance ofFeilde comes back with all the soothing images of indolence, and summer * Cowley. 26 CHRIST'S B08PITAL slumbers, and work like play, and innocent idleness, and Elysian exemptions, and life itself a " playing holiday." Though sufficiently removed from the jurisdiction of Boyer, we were near enough (as I have said) to understand a little of his system. We occasionally heard sounds of the Ululantes, and caught glances of Tartarus. B. was a rabid pedant. His English style was crampt to barbarism. His Easter anthems (for his duty obliged him to those periodical flights) were grating as scrannel pipes.* — He would laugh — ay, and heartily — but then it must be at Plaocus's quibble about Bex or at the tristig> severitas in vultu, or inspicere in patinas, of Terence — thin jests, which at their first broaching could hardly have had vis enough to move a Koman muscle. — He had two wigs, both pedantic, but of different omen. The one serene, smiling, fresh powdered, betokening a mild day. The other, an old dis- coloured, unkempt, angry caxon, denoting frequent and bloody execution. Woe to the school, when he made his morning appearance in his jpassy, or passionate wig. No comet expounded surer. — J. B. had a heavy hand. I have known him double his knotty fist at a poor trembling child (the maternal milk hardly dry upon its lips) with a " Sirrah, do you presume to set your wits at me ? " — Nothing was more common than to see him make a headlong entry into the school-room, from his inner recess, or library, and, with turbulent eye, singling out a lad, roar out, " Od's my life, sirrah " (his favourite adjuration), " I have a great mind to whip you," — ^then, with as sudden a retracting im- pulse, fling back into his lair — and, after a cooling lapse of some minutes (during which all but the culprit had totally forgotten the context) drive headlong out again, piecing out his imperfect sense, as if it had been some Devil's Litany, • In this and everything B. wag the antipodes of his coadjutor. Wliile the former was digging his brains for crude anthems, worth a pig-nut, P. would be recreating his gentlemanly fancy in the more flowery waits of the Muses. A little dramatic effusion of his, under the name of Vertunmus and Pomona, is not yet forgotten by the chroniclers of that sort of literature. It was accepted by Garrick, but the town did not giro it their sanction. — B. used to say of it, in a way of half-compli- ment, half-irony that it was too classical for representation. FIVE AND THIRTY YEABS AGO. 27 with the expletory yell — " avd I will too." — In his gentler moods, when the rdbidus furor was assuaged, he had resort to an ingenious method, peculiar, for what I have heard, to himself, of whipping the boy, and reading the Debates, at the same time ; a paragraph and a lash between ; which in those times, when parliamentary oratory was most at a height and flourishing in these realms, was not calculated to impress the patient with a veneration for the diffuser graces of rhetoric. Once, and but once, the uplifted rod was known to fall ineffectual from his hand — ^when droll squinting W having been caught putting the inside of the master's desk to a use for which the architect had clearly not designed it, to justify himself, with great simplicity averred, that he did not hiow that the thing had been forewarned. This exquisite irrecognition of any law antecedent to the oral or declara- tory, struck so irresistibly upon the fancy of all who heard it (the pedagogue himself not excepted) that remission was unavoidable. L. has given credit to B.'s great merits as an instructor. Coleridge, in his literary life, has pronounced a more in- telligible and ample encomium on them. The author of the Coimtry Spectator doubts not to compare him with the ablest teachers of antiquity. Perhaps we cannot dismiss him better than with the pious ejaculation of C. — ^when he heard that his old master was on his death-bed : " Poor J.. B. ! — may all his faults be forgiven; and may ho be wafted to bliss by little cherub boys, all head and wings, with no hottoms to reproach his sublunary infirmities." Under him were many good and sound scholars bred. — First Grecian of my time was "Lancelot Pepys Stevens, kindest of boys and men, since Co-grammar-master (and in- separable companion) with Dr. T e. What an edifying spectacle did this brace of friends present to those who re- membered the anti-socialities of their predecessors ! — You never met the one by chance in the street without a wonder, which was quickly dissipated by the almost immediate sub- appearance of the other. Generally arm-in-arm, these kindly coadjutors lightened for each other the toilsome duties of 28 CBBIST'S HOSPITAL their profession, and when, in advanced age, one found it convenient to retire, the other was not long in discovering that it suited hita to lay down the fasces also. Oh, it is pleasant, as it is rare, to find the same arm linked in years at forty, which at thirteen helped it to turn over the Gicero Be Amicitid, or some tale of Antique Friendship, which the young heart even then was burning to anticipate ! — Go- Grecian with S. was Th , who has since executed with ability various diplomatic functions at the Northern courts. Th . was a tall, dark, -saturnine youth, sparing of speech, with raven locks. — Thomas Fanshaw Middleton followed him (now Bishop of Calcutta), a scholar and a gentleman in his teens. He has the reputation of an excellent critic ; and is author (besides the Country Spectator) of a Treatise on the Greek Article, against Sharpe. — M. is said to bear his mitre high in India, where the regni novitas (I dare say) BufBoiently justifies the bearing. A humility quite as pri- mitive as that of Jewel or Hooker might not be exactly fitted to impress the minds of those Anglo- Asiatic diocesans with a reverence for home institutions, and the church which those fathers watered. The manners of M. at school, though firm, were mild and unassuming. — Next to M. (if not senior to him) was Eichards, author of the Aboriginal Britons, the most spirited of the Oxford Prize Poems ; a pale, studious Grecian. — Then followed poor S , ill-fated M 1 of these the Muse is silent. Finding some of Edward's race Unhappy, pass their annals by. Come back into memory, like as thou wert in the day- spring of thy fancies, with hope like a fiery column before thee — the dark pillar not yet turned — Samuel Taylor Coleridge — Logician, Metaphysician, Bard ! — How have I seen the casual passer through the Cloisters stand stiU, intranced with admiration (while he weighed the dispro- portion between the speech and the garb of the young Mirandula), to hear thee unfold, in thy deep and sweet intonations, the mysteries of Jamblichus, or Plotinus (for even in those years thou waxedst not pale at such philo- JftVB AND THIRTY YEARS AGO. 29 Bophic draughts), or reciting Homer in his Greek, or Pindar while the walls of the old Grey Friars re-echoed to the accents of the inspired charity-hoy ! — Many were the " wit-comhats " (to dally awhile with the words of old Fuller), between him and C. V. Le G , " which two 1 behold like a Spanish great galleon, and an English man of war : Master Coleridge, like the former, was built far higher in learning, solid, but slow in his performances. C. V. L., with the English man of war, lesser in bulk, but lighter in sailing, could turn with all times, tack about, and take advantage of all winds, by the quickness of his wit and invention." Nor shalt thou, their compeer, be quickly forgotten, Allen, with the cordial smile, and still more cordial laugh, with which thou wert wont to make the old Cloisters shake, in thy cognition of some poignant jest of theirs ; or the anticipation of some more material, and, peradven- ture practical one, of thine own. Extinct are those smiles, with that beautiful countenance, with which (for thou wert the Nireus formosus of the school), in the days of thy maturer waggery, thou didst disarm the wrath of infuri- ated town-damsel, who, incensed by provoking pinch, turn- ing tigress-like round, suddenly converted by thy angel- look, exchanged the half-formed terrible " hi ," for a gentler greeting — " hless thy handsome face !" Next follow two, who ought to be now alive, and the friends of Elia — the junior Le G and E ; who impelled, the former by a roving temper, the latter by too quick a sense of neglect — ill capable of enduring the slights poor Sizars are sometimes subject to in our seats of learn- ing — exchanged their Alma Mater for the camp ; perishing, one by climate, and one on the plains of Salamanca : — Le G , sanguine, volatile, sweet-natured ; F , dogged, feithful, anticipative of insult, warm-hearted, with some- thing of the old Eoman height about him. Fine, frank-hearted Fr , the present master of Hert- ford, with Marmaduke T , mildest of Missionaries — and both my good friends still — close the catalogue of Grecians »n my time. BO THE TWO EACES OF MEN. THE humau species, according to the best theory I can form of it, is composed of two distinct races, the men who borrow, and the men who lend. To these two original diversities may be reduced all those impertinent classi- fications of Gothic and Celtic tribes, white men, black men, red men. All the dwellers upon earth, " Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites," flock hither, and do naturally fall in with one or other of these primary distinctions. The infinite superiority of- the former, which I choose to desig- nate as the great race, is discernible in their figure, port, and a certain instinctive sovereignty. The latter are born degraded. "He shall serve his brethren." There is something in the air of one of this cast, lean and sus- picious; contrasting with the open, trusting, generous manners of the other. Observe who have been the greatest borrowers of all ages — Alcibiades— Falstaff — Sir Eichard Steele — our late incomparable Brinsley — what a family likeness in all four ! What a careless, even deportment hath your borrower ! what rosy gills ! what a beautiful reliance on Providence doth he manifest, — taking no more thought than lilies ! What conteimpt for money, — accounting it (yours and mine especially) no better than dross ! What a liberal confound- ing of those pedantic distinctions of meum and tuvm ! or rather, what a noble simplification of language (beyond Tooke), resolving these supposed opposites into one clear intelligible pronoun adjective! — What near approaches doth he make to the primitive community, — to the extent of one half of the principle at least. He is the true taxer who " calleth all the world up to be taxed ; " and the distance is as vast between him and one of us, as subsisted between the Augustan Majesty and the ijoorest obolary Jew that paid it tribute-pittance at Jeru- TEE TWO MACES Of MEN. 31 salem ! — His exactions, too, have such a cheerful, voluntary air! So far removed from your sour parochial or state- gatherers, — those ink-horn varlets, who carry their want of welcome in their faces ! He cometh to you with a smile, and troubleth you with no receipt ; confining himself to no set season. Every day is his Candlemas, or his Feast of Holy Michael. He applieth the lene tormentwm of a pleasant look to your purse, — which to that gentle warmth expands her silken leaves, as naturally as the cloak of the traveller, for which sun and wind contended ! He is the true Pro- pontic which never ebbeth ! The sea which taketh hand- somely at each man's hand. In vain the victim, whom he delighteth to honour, struggles with destiny ; he is in the net. Lend therefore cheerfully, O man ordained to lend — that thou lose not in the end, with thy worldly penny, the reversion promised. Combine not preposterously in thine own person the penalties of Lazarus and of Dives ! — but, when thou seest the proper authority coming, meet it smil- ingly, as it were half-way. Come, a handsome sacrifice ! See how light Tie makes of it ! Strain not courtesies with a noble enemy. Eeflections like the foregoing were forced upon my mind by the death of my old friend, Ealph Bigod, Esq., who parted this life on Wednesday evening ; dying, as he had lived, without much trouble. He boasted himself a descen- dant from mighty ancestors of that name, who heretofore held ducal dignities in this realm. In his actions and sentiments he belied not the stock to which he pretended. Early in life he found himself invested with ample revenues • which, with that noble disinterestedness which I have no- ticed as inherent in men of the great race, he took almost immediate measures entirely to dissipate and bring to nothing : for there is something revolting in the idea of a king holding a private purse ; and the thoughts of Bigod were all regal. Thus furnished, by the very act of dis- fumishment ; getting rid of the cumbersome luggage of riches, more apt (as one sings) To slacken virtue, and abate her edge, Than prompt her to do aught may merit praise, S2 THE TWO RAGES OF MEX. he set forth, like some Alexander, upon his great enterprise, " borrowing and to borrow ! " In his periegesis, or triumphant progi'ess throughont this island, it has been calculated that he laid a tythe part of the inhabitants under contribution. I reject this estimate as greatly exaggerated : — ^but having had the honour of accom- panying my friend, divers times, in his perambulations about this vast city, I own I was greatly struck at first with the prodigious number of faces we met, who claimed a sort of respectful acquaintance with us. He was one day so obliging as to explain the phenomenon. It seems, these were his tributaries; feeders of his exchequer; gentlemen,, his good friends (as he was pleased to express himself), to whom he had occasionally been beholden for a loan. Their multitudes did no way disconcert him. He rather took a pride in numbering them ; and, with Comus, seemed pleased to be " stocked with so fair a herd." With such sources, it was a wonder how he contrived to keep his treasury always empty. He did it by force of an aphorism, which he had often in his mouth, that " money kept longer than three days stinks." So he made use of it while it was fresh. A good part he drank away (for he was an excellent toss-pot), some he gave away, the rest he threw away, literally tossing and hurling it violently from him — as boys do burrs, or as if it had been infectious, — into ponds, or ditches, or deep holes, inscrutable cavities of the earth ; — or he would bury it (where he would never seek it again) by a river's side under some bank, which (he would face- tiously observe) paid no interest^but out away from him it must go peremptorily, as Hagar's offspring into the wilderness, while it was sweet. He never missed it. The streams were perennial which fed his fisc. "When new sup- plies became necessary, the first person that had the felicity to fall in with him, friend or stranger, was sure to contribute to the deficiency. For Bigod had an undeniable way with him. He had a cheerful, open exterior, a quick jovial eye, a bald forehead, just touched with grey (cana fides). He anticipated no excuse, and found none. And, waiving for a while my theory as to the great race, I would put it to the TSE TWO RACES OF MEN. 33 most Tintheorising reader, who may at times have disposable coin in his pocket, whether it is not more repugnant to the kindliness of his nature to refuse such a one as I am de- scribing, than to say no to a poor petitionary rogue (your bastard borrower), who, by his mumping visnomy, tells you that he expects nothing better ; and, therefore, whose preconceived notions and expectations you do in reality so much less shock in the refusal. When I think of this man ; his fiery glow of heart ; his swell of feeling ; how magnificent, how ideal he was ; how great at the midnight hour ; and when I compare with him the companiops with whom I have associated since, I grudge the saving of a few idle ducats, and think that I am fallen into the society of lenders, and little men. To one like Elia, whose treasures are rather cased in leather covers than closed in iron coffers, there is a class of alienators more formidable than that which I have touched upon ; I mean your borrowers of hooJcs — those mutilators of collections, spoilers of the symmetry of shelves, and creators of odd volumes. There is Comberbatch, matchless in his depredations ! That foul gap in the bottom shelf facing you, like a great eye-tooth knocked out — (you are now with me in my little back study in Bloomsbury, reader I) — with the huge Switzer-like tomes on each side (like the Guildhall giants, in their reformed posture, guardant of nothing) once held the tallest of my folios. Opera Bonaventurm, choice and massy divinity, to which its two supporters (school divinity also, but of a lesser calibre,— Bellarmine, and Holy Thomas), showed but as dwarfs,— itself an Ascapart ! — that Comber batch abstracted upon the faith of a theory he holds, whicla is more easy, I confess, for me to suffer by than to refute, namely, that " the title to property in a book (my Bona- venture, for instance), is in exact ratio to the claimant's powers of understanding and appreciating the same." Should he go on acting upon this theory, which of our shelves is safe ? The slight vacuum in the left-hand case — two shelves from the ceiling—scarcely distinguishable but by the quick 34 THE TWO BA0E8 OF MEN. eye of a loser — was whilom the commodious resting-place of Brown on Urn Burial. 0. will hardly allege that he knows more about that treatise than I do, who introduced it to him, and was indeed the first (of the moderns) to dis- cover its beauties — but so have I known a foolish lover to praise his mistress in the presence of a rival more qualified to carry her off than himself.- — Just below, Dodsley's dramas want their fourth volume, where Vittoria Corombona is ! The remainder nine are as distasteful as Priam's refuse sons, when the Fates borrowed Hector. Here stood the Anatomy of Melancholy, in sober state. — There loitered the Complete Angler ; quiet as in life, by some stream side. In yonder nook, John Buncle, a widower-volume, with " eyes closed," mourns his ravished mat/C. One justice I must do my friend, that if he sometimes, like the sea, sweeps away a treasure, at another time, sea- like, he throws up as rich an equivalent to match it. I have a small under-coUection of this nature (my friend's gather- ings in his various calls), picked up, he has forgotten at what odd places, and deposited with as little memory at mine. I take in these orphans, the twice-deserted. These proselytes of the gate are welcome as the tme Hebrews. They stand in conjunction ; natives, and naturalised. The latter seem as little disposed to inquire out their true lineage as I am. — I charge no warehouse-room for these deodands, nor shall ever put myself to the ungentlemanly trouble of advertis- ing a sale of them to pay expenses. To lose a volume to C. carries some sense and meaning in it. You are sure that he will make one hearty meal on your viands, if he can give no account of 'the platter after it. But what moved thee, wayward, spiteful K., to be so impor- tunate to carry off with thee, in spite of tears and adjurations to thee to forbear, the Letters of that princely woman, the thrice noble Margaret Newcastle — knowing at the time, and knowing that I knew also, thou most assuredly wouldst never turn over one leaf of the illustrious folio :— what but the mere spirit of contradiction, and childish love of getting the better of thy friend ?— Then, worst cut of all ! to trans, port it with thee to the Galilean land— NEW TEAlt'S EVE. 33 Unworthy land to harbour such a sweetness, A virtue in which all ennobling thoughts dwelt, Pure thoughts, land thoughts, high thoughts, her sex's wonder ! -hadst thou not thy play-books, and hooks of jests and fancies, ahout thee, to keep thee merry, even as thou keepest all companies with thy quips and mirthful tales ? Child of the Green-room, it was unkindly done of thee. Thy wife, too, that part-French, hetter-part-Bnglishwoman ! — that she could fix upon no other treatise to bear away, in kindly token of remembering us, than the works of Fulke Greville Lord Brook — of which no Frenchman, nor woman of France, Italy, or England, was ever by nature constituted to com- prehend a tittle ! Was there not Zimmerman on Solitude ? Eeader, if haply thou art blessed with a moderate collec- tion, be shy of showing it ; or if thy heart overfloweth to lend them, lend thy books ; but let it be to such a one as S. T. C. — he will return them (generally anticipating the time appointed) with usury ; enriched with annotations, tripling- their value. I have had experience. Many are these precious MSS. of his — (in matter oftentimes, and almost in quantity not unfrequently, vying with the ori- ginals) in no very clerkly hand — ^legible in my Daniel ; in old Burton ; in Sir Thomas Browne ; and those abstruser cogitations of the Greville, now, alas ! wandering in Pagan lands. — I counsel thee, shut not thy heart, nor thy library, against S. T, C. NEW YEAE'S EVE. EVEEY man hath two birth-days : two days at least, in every year, which set him upon revolving the lapse of time, as it affects his moral duration. The one is that which in an especial manner he termeth his. In the gradual de- suetude of old observances, this custom of solemnizing our proper birth-day hath nearly passed away, or is left to children, who reflect nothing at all about the matter, nor understand anything in it beyond cake and orange. But D 2 S8 NEW YEAR'S EVE. the birth of a New Year is of an interest too wide to be pretermitted by king or cobbler. No one ever regarded the rirst of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam. Of all sound of all bells— (bells, the music nighest border- ing upon heaven) — most solemn and touching is the pea\ which rings out the Old Year. I never hear it without a gatheriag-up of my mind to a concentration of all the images that have been diffused over the past twelvemonth ; all I have done or suffered, performed or neglected, in that re- gretted time. I begin to know its worth, as when a person dies. It takes a personal colour; nor was it a poetical flight in a contemporary, when he exclaimed I saw the skiits of the departing Year. It is no more than what in sober sadness every one of us seems to be conscious of, in that awful leave-taking. I am sure I felt it, and all felt it with me, last night ; though some of my companions affected rather to manifest an ex- hilaration at the birth of the coming year, than any very tender regrets for the decease of its predecessor. But I am none of those who — Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. I am naturally, beforehand, shy of novelties ; new books, new faces, new years, — from some mental twist which makes it difficult in me to face the prospective. I have almost ceased to hope ; and am sanguine only in the pro- spects of other (former) years. I plunge into foregone visions and conclusions. I encounter pell-mell with past disappointments. I am armour-proof against old discourage- ments. I forgive, or overcome in fancy, old adversaries. I play over again /or love, as the gamesters phrase it, games for which I once paid so dear. I would scarce now have any of those untoward accidents and events of my life re- versed. I would no more alter them than the incidents of some well-contrived novel. Methinks, it it better that I NEW YEAR'S EVE. 37 should have pined away seven of my goldenest years, when I was thrall to the fair hair, and fairer eyes, of Alice W — ^n, than that so passionate a love adventure should be lost. It was hotter that our family should have missed that legacy, which old Dorrell cheated us of, than that I should have at this moment two thousand pounds in banco, and be without the idea of that specious old rogue. In a degree beneath manhood, it is my infirmity to look back upon those early days. Do I advance a paradox when I say, that, skipping over the intervention of forty years, a man may have leave to love himself, without the imputation of self-love ? If I know aught of myself, no one whose mind is intro- spective — and mine is painfully so — can have a less respect for his present identity than I have for the man Elia. I know him to be light, and vain, and humoursome ; a noto- rious * * * ; addicted to * * * * ; averse from counsel, neither taking it, nor offering it ; — * * * besides ; a stam- mering buffoon ; what you will ; lay it on, and spare not -■ I subscribe to it all, and much more, than thou canst be willing to lay at his door — but for the child Elia — that " other me," there, in the background — I must take leave to cherish the remembrance of that young master — with as little reference, I protest, to his stupid changeling of five-and-forty, as if it had been a child of some other house, and not of my parents. I can cry over its patient small-pox at five, and rougher medicaments. I can lay its poor fevered head upon the sick pillow at Christ's, and wake with it in surprise at the gentle posture of maternal tender- ness hanging over it, that unknown had watched its sleep. I know how it shrank from any the least colour of false- hood. — God help thee, Elia, how art thou changed ! — Thou art sophisticated. — I know how honest, how courageous (for a weakling) it was — ^how religious, how imaginative, how hopeful ! From what have I not fallen, if the child I remember was indeed myself, — and not some dissembling guardian, presenting a false identity, to give the rule to my unpractised steps, and regulate the tone of my moral being ! That I am fond of indulging, beyond a hope of sympathy, 38 NEW BEAM'S EVE. in such, retrospection, may be the symptom of some sickly idiosyncrasy. Or is it owing to another cause : simply, that being without wife or family, I have not learned to project myself enough out of myself ; and having no off- spring of my own to dally with, I turn back upon memory, and. adopt my own early idea, as my heir and favourite ? If these speculations seem fantastical to thee, reader (a busy man, perchance), if I tread out of the way of thy sympathy, and am singularly conceited only, I retire, impenetrable to ridicule, under the phantom cloud of Elia. The elders, with whom I was brought up, were of a character not likely to let slip the sacred observance of any old institution ; and the ringing out of the Old Year was kept by them with circumstances of peculiar ceremony. — ^ In those days the sound of those midnight chimes, though it seemed to raise hilarity in all around me, never failed to bring a train of pensive imagery into my fancy. Yet I then scarce conceived what it meant, or thought of it as a reckoning that concerned me. Not childhood alone, but the young man till thirty, never feels practically that he is mortal. He knows it indeed, and, if need were, he could preach a homily on the fragility of life ; but he brings it not home to himself, any more than in a hot June we can appropriate to our imagination the freezing days of Decem- ber. But now, shall I confess a truth ? — I feel these audits but too powerfully. I begin to count the probabilities of my duration, and to grudge at the expenditure of moments and shortest periods, like misers' farthings. In proportion as the years both lessen and shorten, I set more count upon their periods, and would fain lay my ineffectual finger upon the spoke of the great wheel. I am not content to pass away " like a weaver's shuttle." Those metaphors solac« me not, nor sweeten the unpalatable draught of mortality. I care not to be carried with the tide, that smoothly besffs hiunan life to eternity ; and reluct at the inevitable course of destiny. I am in love with this green earth ; the face of town and country ; the unspeakable rural solitudes, and the sweet security of streets. I would set up my tabernacle here. I am content to stand still at the age to which J am NEW THAB'S EVE. 39 arrived ; I, and my friends : to be no younger, no richer, no handsomer. I do not want to be weaned by age ; or drop, like mellow fruit, as they say, into the grave. — Any alteration, on this earth of mine, in diet or in lodging, puzzles and discomposes me. My household-gods plant a teirible fixed foot, and are not rooted up without blood. They do not willingly seek Lavinian shores. A new state of being staggers me. Sun, and sky, and breeze, and solitary walks, and sum- mer holidays, and the greenness of fields, and the delicious juices of meats and fishes, and society, and the cheerful glass, and candle-light, and fireside conversations, and in- nocent vanities, and jests, and irony itself — do these things go out with life ? Can a ghost laugh, or shake his gaunt sides, when you are pleasant with him ? And you, my midnight darlings, my Folios ; must I part with the intense delight of having you (huge armfuls) in my embraces? Must knowledge come to me, if it come at all, by some awkward experiment of intuition, and no longer by this familiar process of reading ? Shall I enjby friendships there, wanting the smiling in- dications which point me to them here, — the recognisable face — the " sweet assurance of a look ?" — Tn winter this intolerable disinclination to dying — to give it its mildest name — does more especially haunt and beset me. In a genial August noon, beneath a sweltering sky, death is almost problematic. At those times do such poor snakes as myself enjoy an immortality. Then we expand and burgeon. Then we are as strong again, as valiant again, as wise again, and a great deal taller. The blast that nips and shrinks me, puts me in thoughts of death. All things allied to the insubstantial, wait upon that master feeling; cold, numbness, dreams, perplexity; moonlight itself, with its shadowy and spectral appear- ances, — that cold ghost of the sun, or Phoebus' sickly sister, like that innutritions one denounced in the Canticles : — I am none of her minions — I hold with the Persian. "Whatsoever thwaxts, or puts me out of my way, bringa 40 NEW TEARS EVE. death unto my mind. All partial evils, like humours, run into that capital plague-sore. — I have heard some profesg an indifference to life. Such hail the end of their existence as a port of refuge ; and speak of the grave as of some soft arms, in which they may slumher as on a pillow. Some have wooed death but out upon thee, I say, thou foitl, ugly phantom ! I detest, abhor, execrate, and (with Friar John) give thee to six score thousand devils, as in no instance to be excused or tolerated, but shunned as /an universal viper; to be branded, proscribed, and spoken «vil of! In no way can I be brought to digest thee, thou tllin, melancholy Privation, or more frightful and confounding Positive I Those antidotes, prescribed against the fear of thee, are altogether frigid and insulting, like thyself. For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall " lie down with kings and emperors in death," who in his lifetime never greatly coveted the society of such bed-fellows ? — or, forsooth, that "so shall the fairest face appear?" — ^why, to comfort me, must Alice W — n be a goblin ? More than all, I conceive disgust at those impertinenj; and misbecoming familiari- ties, inscribed upon your ordinary tombstones. Fjvery dead man must take upon himself to be lecturing me witib his odious truism, that "Such as he now is I must shortly be." Not so shortly, friend, perhaps, as thou imaginest. In the meantime I am alive. I move about. I am worth twenty of thee. Know thy betters ! Thy New Years' days are past. I survive, a jolly candidate for 1821. Another cup of wine — and while that turncoat bell, that just now mournfully chanted the obsequies of 1820 departed, with changed notes lustily rings in a successor, let us attune to its peal the song made on a like occasion, by hearty, cheerful Mr. Cotton. THE NEW YEAR. Habe, the cock crows, and yon bright star TeUs US, the day himself a not far ; And see where, breaking from the night. He gilds the western hills with light. NEW TEAIt'S EVE. 41 With him old Janus doth appear, Peeping into the future year. With such a look as seems to say The prospect is not good that way. Thus do we rise iU sights to see. And 'gainst ourselves to prophesy ; When the prophetic fear of things A more tormentiag mischief brings, More fuU of soul-tormenting gall Than direst mischiefs can befall. But stay ! but stay ! methinks my sight, Better informed by clearer light. Discerns sereneness in that brow That all contracted seemed but now. His revers'd face may show distaste, And frown upon the ills are past ; But that which this way looks is clear. And smiles upon the New-born Year. He looks too from a place so high, The year lies open to his eye ; And all the moments open are To the exact discoverer. Yet more and more he smiles upon The happy revolution. Why should we then suspect or fear .The influences of a year. So smiles upon us the first morn, And speaks us good so soon as born ? Plague on't ! the last was ill enough. This cannot but make better proof; Or, at the worst, as we brush'd through The last, why so we may this too ; And then the next in reason shou'd Be superexcellently good : For the worst ills (we daily see) Have no more perpetuity Than the best fortunes that do fall ; Which also bring us wherewithal Longer their being to support. Than those do of the other sort : And who has one good year in three. And yet repines at destiny, Appears tmgrateful in the case. And merits not the good he has. Then let us welcome the New Guest With lusty brimmers of the best : Mirth always should Good Fortune meet, And renders e'en Disaster sweet : And though the Princess turn her back, Let us but line ourselves with sack, We better shall by far hold out. Till the next year she face about. i2 MBS. BATTLE'S OPINIONS ON WEI8T. How say you, reader— do not these verses smack of the rough magnanimity of the old English vein ? Do they not fortify like a cordial ; enlarging the heart, and productive of sweet blood, and generous spirits, in the concoction? Where be those puling fears of death, just now expressed or affected ? — ^Passed like a cloud — absorbed in the purging sunlight of clear poetry — clean washed away by a wave of genuine Helicon, your only Spa for these hypochondries. And now another cup 0/ the generous ! and a merry New Year, and many of them to vou aU, my masters ! MES. BATTLE'S OPINIONS ON WHIST. ' A CLEAE fire, a clean hearth,* and the rigour of the Xjl game." This was the celebrated wish of old Sarah Battle (now with God), who, next to her devotions, loved a good game of whist. She was none of your lukewarm gamesters, your half-and-half players, who have no objection to take a hand, if you want one to make up a rubber ; who affirm that they have no pleasure in winning ; that they like to win one game and lose another ; that they can while away an hour very agreeably at a card-table, but are indifferent whether they play or no ; and will desire an adversary, who has slipped a wrong card, to take it up and play another, f These insufferable triflers are the curse of a table. One of these flies will spoil a whole pot. Of such it may be said that they do not play at cards, lout only play at playing at them. Sarah Battle was none of that breed. She detested them, as I do, from her heart and soul, and would not, save upon [* This was before the introdxietion of rugs, reader. You must re- member the intolerable crash of the unswept cinders betwixt your foot and the marble.] [t As if a sportsman should tell you he liked to kill a fox one day and lose him the noxt.J MMS. BATTLES OPINIONS ON WHIST. 43 a striking emergency, willingly seat herself at the same table with them. She loved a thorough-paced partner, a determined enemy. She took, and gave, no concessions. She hated favours. She never made a revoke, nor ever passed it over in her adversary without exacting the utmost forfeiture. She fought a good light : cut and thrust. She held not her good sword (her cards) " like a dancer." She sate bolt upright ; and neither showed you her cards, nor desired to see yours. All people have their blind side — their superstitions ; and I have heard her declare, under the rose, that Hearts was her favourite suit. I never in my life — and I knew Sarah Battle many of the best years of it — saw her take out her snuff-box when it was her turn to play ; or snuff a candle in the middle of a game ; or ring for a servant, till it was fairly over. She never introduced, or connived at, miscellaneous conversa- tion during its process. As she emphatically observed, cards were cards ; and if 1 ever saw unmingled distaste in her fine last-century countenance, it was at the airs of a young gentleman of a literary turn, who had been with difficulty persuaded to take a hand ; and who, in his excess of candour, declared, that he thought there was no harm in unbending the mind now and then, after serious studies, in recreations of that kind ! She could not bear to have her noble occupation, to which she wound up her faculties, con- sidered in that light. It was her business, her duty, the thing she came into the world to do, — and she did it. She unbent her mind afterwards — over a book. Pope was her favourite author : his Eape of the Lock her favourite work. She once did me the favour to play over with me (with the cards) his celebrated game of Ombre in that poem ; and to explain to me how far it agreed with, and in what points it would be found to differ from, tra- drille. Her illustrations were apposite and poignant ; and I had the pleasure of sending the substance of them to Mr. Bowles ; but I suppose they came too late to be inserted among his ingenious notes upon that author. Quadrille, she has often told me, was her first love ; but whist had engaged her maturer esteem. The former, she 44 MRS. BATTLE'S OPINIONS ON WHIST. said, was showy and specious, and likely to allure young persons. The uncertainty and quick shifting of partners — a thing which the constancy of whist abhors ; the dazzling supremacy and regal investiture of SpadHle — absurd, as she justly observed, in the pure aristocracy of whist, where his crown and garter give him no proper power above his brother-nobility of the Aces ; — the giddy vanity, so taking to the inexperienced, of playing alone ; above all, the over- powering attractions oi a, Sans Prendre Vole, — to the triumph of which there is certainly nothing parallel or approaching, in the contingencies of whist ; — all these, she would say, make quadrille a game of captivation to the young and enthusiastic. But whist was the solider game : that was her word. It was a long meal ; not like quadrille, a feast of snatches. One or two rubbers might co-extend in dura- tion with an evening. They gave time to form rooted friendships, to cultivate steady enmities. She despised the chance-started, capricioiis, and ever-fluctuating alliances of the other. The skirmishes of quadrille, she would say, reminded her of the petty ephemeral embroilments of the little Italian states, depicted by Machiavel : perpetually changing postures and connexions; bitter foes to-day, sugared darlings to-morrow ; kissing and scratching in a breath; — but the wars of whist were comparable to the long, steady, deep-rooted, rational antipathies of the great French and English nations. A grave simplicity was what she chiefly admired in her favourite game. There was nothing silly in it, like the nob in cribbagO' — ^nothing superfluous. No flushes — that most irrational of all pleas that a reasonable being can set up : — - that any one should claim four by virtue of holding cards of the same mark and colour, withoiit reference to the play- ing of the game, or the individual worth or pretensions of the cards themselves ! She held this to be a solecism ; as pitiful an ambition at cards as alliteration is in authorship. She despised superficiality, and looked deeper than the colours of things. — Suits were soldiers, she would say, and must have an uniformity of array to distinguish them : but what should we say to a foolish squire, who should claim a Mns. BATTLE'S OPINIONS ON WHIST. i5 merit from dressing up his tenantry in red jackets, tkit never were to be marshalled — never to take the field ? — She even wished that whist were more simple than it is ; and, in my mind, would have stripped it of some appen- dages, which, in the state of human frailty, may be venially, and even commendably, allowed of. She saw no reason for the deciding of the trump by the turn of the card. Why not one suit always trumps ? — Why two colours, when the mark of the suit would have sufSciently distinguished them without it ? " But the eye, my dear madam, is agreeably refreshed with the variety. Man is not a creature of pure reason — he must have his senses delightfully appealed to. We see it in Roman Catholic countries, where the music and the paintings draw in many to worship, whom your quaker spirit of unsensualising would have kept out. — You your- self have a pretty collection of paintings — ^but confess to me, whether, walking in your gallery at Sandham, among those clear Vandykes, or among the Paul Potters in the ante-room, you ever felt your bosom glow with an ele- gant delight, at all comparable to that you have it in your power to experience most evenings over a well-arranged assortment of the court-cards ? — the pretty antic habits, like heralds in a procession — the gay triumph-assuring scarlets — the contrasting deadly-kiUing sables — the ' hoaiy majesty of spades ' — Pam in all his glory ! — • "All these might be dispensed with; and with their naked names upon the drab pasteboard, the game might go on very well, pictureless. But the beauty of cards would be extinguished for ever. Stripped of all that is imagina- tive in them, they must degenerate into mere gambling. Imagine a dull deal board, or drum head, to spread them »n, instead of that nice verdant carpet (next to nature's), fittest arena for those courtly combatants to play their gallant jousts and tumeys in ! — Exchange those delicately- turned ivory markers — (work of Chinese artist, unconscious of their symbol, — or as profanely slighting their true appli- cation as the arrantest Epbesian journeyman that turned out those little shrines for the goddess) — exchange them for 46 MBS. BATTLE'S, OPINIONS ON WSISr. little bits of leather (our ancestors' money), or chalk and a slate !" — The old lady, with a smile, confessed the soundness of my logic ; and to her approbation of my arguments on her favourite topic that evening, I have always fancied myself indebted for the legacy of a curious cribbage-board, made of the finest Sienna marble, which her maternal uncle (old Walter Plumer, whom I have elsewhere celebrated), brought with him from Florence : — this, and a trifle of five hundred pounds, came to me at her death. The former bequest (which I do not least value), I have kept with religious care ; though she herself, to confess a truth, was never greatly taken with cribbage. It was an essentially vulgar game, I have heard her say, — disputing with her uncle, who was very partial to it. She could never heartily bring her mouth to pronounce " Go " — or " That's a go." She called it an ungrammatical game. The pegging teased her. I once knew her to forfeit a rubber (a five-dollar stake) because she would not take advantage of the turn-up knave, which would have given it her, but which she must have claimed by the disgraceful tenure of declaring " two for his heels." There is something extremely genteel in this sort of self-denial. Sarah Battle was a gentlewoman bom. Piquet she held the best game at the cards for two per- sons, though she would ridicule the pedantry of the terms —such as pique — repique — the capot — they savoured (she thought) of afieotation. But games for two, or even three, she never greatly cared for. She loved the quadrate, or square. She would argue thus : — Cards are warfare : the ends are gain, with glory. But cards are war, in dis- guise of a sport : when single adversaries encounter, the ends proposed are too palpable. By themselves, it is too close a fight ; with spectators, it is not much bettered. No looker-on can be interested, except for a bet, and then it is a mere affair of money ; he cares not for your luck sympa- theticaMy, or for your play. — Three are still worse ; a mere naked war of every man against every man, as in cribbage, without league or alliance ; or a rotation of petty and con- tradictory interests, a succession of heartless leagues, and MBS. BATTLE'S OPINIONS ON WBIST. 47 not mucli more hearty infractions of them, as in tradrille. — But in square games (she meant whist), all that is possible to be attained in card-playing is accomplished. There are the incentives of profit with honour, common to every species — though the latter can be but very imperfectly enjoyed in those other games, "where the spectator is only feebly a participator. But the parties in whist are specta- tors and principals too. They are a theatre to themselves, and a looker-on is not wanted. He is rather worse than nothing, and an impertinence. Whist abhors neutrality, or interests beyond its sphere. You glory in some surpris- ing stroke of skill or fortune, not because a cold — or even an interested — ^bystander witnesses it, but because your 'partner sympathises in the contingency. Tou win for two. You triumph for two. Two are exalted. Two again are mortified ; which divides their disgrace, as the conjunction doubles (by taking off the invidiousness) your glories. Two losing to two are better reconciled, than one to one in that close butchery. The hostile feeling is weakened by multiplying the channels. War becomes a civil game. By such reasonings as these the old lady was accustomed to defend her lavourite pastime. No inducement could ever prevail upon her to play at, any game, where chance entered into the composition, for nothing. Chance, she would argue — and here again, admire the subtlety of her conclusion ; — chance is nothing, but where something else depends upon it. It is obvious that cannot be glory. What rational cause of exultation could it give to a man to turn up size ace a hundred times to- gether by himself? or before spectators, where no stake was depending ? — Make a lottery of a hundred thousand tickets with but one fortunate number — and what possible prin- ciple of our nature, except stupid wonderment, could it gratify to gain that number as many times successively without a prize? Therefore she disliked the mixture of chance in backgammon, where it was not played for money. She called it foolish, and those people idiots, who were taken with a lucky hit under such circumstances. Games of pure skill were as little to her fancy. Played for a stake, 48 MBS. JBATTLE-a OPINIONS ON WSI8T. they were a mere system of over-reaching. Played for glory, they were a mere setting of one man's wit, — his memory, or combination-faculty rather — against another's ; like a mock-engagement at a review, bloodless and profit- less. She conld not conceive a game wanting the spritely infusion of chance, the handsome excuses of good fortune. Two people playing at chess in a comer of a room, whilst whist was stirring in the centre, would inspire her with insufferable horror and ennui. Those well-cut similitudes of Castles and Knights, the imagery of the board, she would argue, (and I think in this case justly) were entirely mis- placed and senseless. Those hard-head contests can in no instance ally with the fancy. They reject form and colour. A pencil and dry slate (she used to say) were the proper arena for such combatants. To those puny objectors against cards, as nurturing the bad passions, she would retort, that man is a gaming animal. He must be always trying to get the better in something or other: — that this passion can scarcely be more safely expended than upon a game at cards : that cards are a temporary illusion ; in truth, a mere drama ; for we do but play at being mightily concerned, where a 'few idle shillings are at stake, yet, during the illusion, we are as mightily concerned as those whose stake is crowns and kingdoms. They are a sort of dream-fighting ; much ado ; great battling, and little bloodshed ; mighty means for disproportioned ends : quite as diverting, and a great deal more innoxious, than many of those more serious games of life, which men play without esteeming them to be such. With great deference to the old lady's judgment in these matters, I think I have experienced some moments in my life, when playing at cards /or nothing has even been agree- able. When I am in sickness, or not in the best spirits, I sometimes call for the cards, and play a game at piquet for love with my cousin Bridget — Bridget Elia. I grant there is something sneaking in it ; but with a tooth-ache, or a sprained ankle, — when you are subdued and humble, — you are glad to put up with an inferior spring of action. A VBAFTEU ON EARS. 49 There is sucli a thing in nature, I am convinced, as skit wldst. I grant it is not the highest style of man — I deprecate the manes of Sarah Battle — she lives not, alas ! to whom I should apologise. At such times, those terms which my old friend objected to, come in as something admissible. — I love to get a tierce or a quatorze, though they mean nothing. I am subdued to an inferior interest. Those shadows of winning amuse me. That last game I had with my sweet cousin (I capotted ner) — (dare I tell thee, how foolish I am ?) — ^I wished it might have lasted for ever, though we gained nothing, and lost nothing, though it was a mere shade of play : I would be content to go on in that idle folly for ever. The pipkin should be ever boiling, that was to prepare the gentle lenitive to my foot, which Bridget was doomed to apply after the game was over : and, as I do not much relish appliances, there it should ever bubble-, Bridget and I should be ever playing. A OHAPTBE ON EAES. I HAVE no ear.— Mistake me not, reader — nor imagine that I am by nature destitute of those exterior twin appendages, hanging ornaments, and (architecturally speaking) handsome volutes to the human capital. Better my mother had never borne me. — I am, I think, rather delicately than copiously pro- vided with those conduits; and I feel no disposition to envy the mule for his plenty, or the mole for her exactness, in those ingenious labyrinthiae inlets — those indispensable side -intelligencers. Neither have I incurred, or done anything to incur, with Defoe, that hideous disfigurement, which constrained him to draw upon assurance — to feel " quite unabashed,"* and • [" Earless on high stood, unabashed, Defoe."— Jwiciad.] E 50 A CHAPTER ON EABS. at ease upon that article. I was never, I thank my stars, in the pillory ; nor, if I read them aright, is it within the compass of my destiny, that I erer should he. "When therefore I say that I have no ear, you will imder- stand me to mean — for music. To say that this heart never melted at the concord of sweet sounds, would be a foul self- libel. " Wetter parted from the sea " never fails to move it strangely. • So does " In infancy." But they were used to be sung at her harpsichord (the old-fashioned instrument in vogue in those days) by a gentlewoman — the gentlest, sure, that ever merited the appellation — the sweetest — why should I hesitate to name Mrs. S , once the blooming Fanny Weatheral of the Temple — who had power to thrill the soul of Elia, small imp as he was, even in his long coats ; and to make him glow, tremble, and blush with a passion, that not faintly indicated the day-spring of that absorbing sentiment which was afterwards destined to overwhelm and subdue his nature quite for Alice W n. I even think that sentimentally I am disposed to harmony. But organically I am incapable of a tune. I have been practising " God save the King " all my life ; whistling and humming of it over to mj'self in solitary corners ; and am not yet arrived, they tell me, within many quavers of it. Yet Jiath the loyalty of Elia never been impeached. I am not without suspicion, that I have an undeveloped faculty of music within me. For thrumming, in my mild way, on my friend A.'s piano, the other morning, while he was engaged in an adjoining parlour,— on his return he was pleased to say, "he thought it could not he the maid J" On his first surprise at hearing the keys touched in some- what an airy and masterful way, not dreaming of me, his suspicions had lighted on Jenny. But a grace, snatched from a superior refinement, soon convinced him that some being^-technically perhaps deficient, but higher informed from a principle common to all the fine arts — had swayed the keys to a mood which Jenny, with all her (less culti- vated) enthusiasm, could never have elicited from them. I mention this as a proof of my friend's penetration, and not with any view of disparaging Jenny. A CHAFTER ON EARS. 51 Scientifically I could never be made to understand (yet have I taken some pains) what a note in music is ; or how one note should diifer from another. Much less in voices can I distinguish a soprano from a tenor. Only sometimes the thorough-bass I contrive to guess at, from its being supereminently harsh and disagreeable. I tremble, how- ever, for my misapplication of the simplest terms of that which I disclaim. While I profess my ignorance, I scarce know what to say I am ignorant of. I hate, perhaps, by misnomers. Sostenuto and adagio stand in the like rela- tion of obscurity to me ; and Sol, Fa, Mi, Be, is as conjur- ing as BaraUpton. It is hard to stand alone in an age like this, — (constituted to the quick and critical perception of all harmonious com- binations, I verily believe, beyond all preceding ages, since Jubal stumbled upon the gamut,) to remain, as it were, singly unimpressible to the magic influences of an art, which is said to have such an especial stroke at soothing, elevating, and refining the passions. — Yet, rather than break the candid current of my confessions, I must avow to you that I have received a great deal more pain than pleasure from this so cried-up faculty. I am constitutionally susceptible of noises. A carpenter's hammer, in a warm summer noon, will fret me into more than midsummer madness. But those unconnected, unset sounds, are nothing to the measured malice of music. The ear is passive to those single strokes ; willingly enduring stripes while it hath no task to con. To music it cannot be passive. It will strive — mine at least will — spite of its inaptitude, to thrid the maze ; like an unskilled eye pain fully poring upon hieroglyphics. I have sat through an Italian Opera, till, for sheer pain, and inexplicable anguish, I have rushed out into the noisiest places of the crowded streets, to solace myself with sounds, which I was not obliged to follow, and get rid of the distracting torment of endless, fruitless, barren attention ! I take refuge in the unpre- tending assemblage of honest common-life sounds ; — and the purgatory of the Enraged Musician becomes my paradise. I have sat at an Oratorio (that profanation of the pur- E 2 52 A CHAPTER ON MAMS. poses of the clieerful playhouse) watching the faces of the auditory in the pit (what a contrast to Hogarth's Laughing Audience !) immoveable, or effecting some faint emotion- till (as some have said, that our occupations in the next world wiU be but a shadow of what delighted us in this) I have imagined myself in some cold Theatre in Hades, where some of the forms of the earthly one should be kept up, with none of the enjoyment ; or like that Party in a parlour All silent, and all damked. Above all, those insufferable concertos, and pieces of music, as they are called, do plague and embitter my apprehension. — Words are something; but to be exposed to an endless battery of mere sounds ; to be long a dying ; to lie stretched upon a rack of roses ; to keep up languor by unintermitted effort ; to pile honey upon sugar, and sugar upon honey, to an interminable tedious sweetness ; to fill up sound with feeling, and strain ideas to keep pace with it ; to gaze on empty frames, and be forced to make the pictures for yourself ; to read a book, all stops, and be obliged to supply the verbal matter ; to invent extempore tragedies to answer to the vague gestures of an inexplicable rambling mime — ^these are faint shadows of what I have undergone from a series of the ablest-execvted pieces of this empty instrumental music. I deny not, that in the opening of a concert, I have expe- rienced something vastly lulling and agreeable: — after- wards followeth the languor and the oppression. — Like that disappointing book in Patmos ; or, like the comings on of melancholy, described by Burton, doth music make her first insinuating approaches : — " Most pleasant it is to such as are melancholy given, to walk alone in some solitary grove, betwixt wood and water, by some brook side, and to meditate upon some delightsome and pleasant subject, which shall affect him most, amdbilis insania, and mentis gratissimus error. A most incomparable delight to build castles in the air, to go smiling to themselves, acting an infinite variety of parts, which they suppose, and strongly A CHAPTER ON MARS. 53 imagine, they act, or that they see done. — So delightsome these toys at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even whole years in such contemplations, and fantastical meditations, which are like so many dreams, and will hardly be drawn from them — winding and un- winding themselves as so many clocks, and still pleasing their humours, until at the last the scene turns upon a SUDDEN, and they heing now habitated to such meditations and solitary places, can endure no company, can think of nothing but harsh and distasteful subjects. Tear, sorrow, suspicion, svbrusticus jpudor, discontent, cares, and weariness of life, surprise them on a sudden, and .ttiey can think of nothing else : continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plague of melancholy seizeth on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal object to their minds ; which now, by no means, no labour, no persuasions, they can avoid, they cannot' be rid of, they cannot resist." Something like this " scene turning " I have experienced at the evening parties, at the house of my good Catholic friend Nov ; who, by the aid of a capital organ, himself the most finished of players, converts his drawing-room into a chapel, his week days into Sundays, and these latter into minor heavens.* When my friend commences upon one of those solemn anthems, which peradventure struck upon my heedless ear, rambling in the side aisles of the dim Abbey, some five- and-thirty years since, waking a new sense, and putting a soul of old religion into my young apprehension — (whether it be that, in which the Psalmist, weary of the persecutions of bad men, wisheth to himself dove's wings — or that other, which, with a like measure of sobriety and pathos, inquireth by what means the young man shall best cleanse his mind) — a holy calm pervadeth me. — I am for the time rapt above earth, And possess joys not promised at my birth. But when this master of the spell, not content to havo * I have been there, and still would go 'Tis like a little heaven below. — Db. Watts. St ALL FOOLS' BAY. laid a soul prostrate, goes on, in his power, to inflict more bliss than lies in her capacity to receive — impatient to overcome her " earthly " with his " heavenly," — still pour- ing in, for protracted hours, fresh waves and fresh from the sea of sound, or firom that inexhausted German ocean, above which, in triumphant progress, dolphin-seated, ride those Arions Haydn and Mozart, with their attendant Tritons, Sack, Beethoven, and a countless tribe, whom to attempt to reckon up would but phmge me again in the deeps,— I stagger under the weight of harmony, reeling to and fro at my wits' end ; — clouds, as of frankincense, oppress me — priests, altars, censers, dazzle before me — the genius of Ms religion hath me in her toils — a shadowy triple tiara invests the brow of my friend, late so naked, so ingenuous — ^he is Pope, — and by him sits, like as in the anomaly of dreams, a she-Pope too, — tri-coroneted like himself! — I am converted, and yet a Protestant; — at once malleus Tiere- ticorum, and myself grand heresiarch : or three heresies centre in my person : — I am Marcion, Ebion, and Cerinthus — Gog and Magog — what not ? — till the coming in of the friendly supper-tray dissipates the figment, and a draught of true Lutheran beer (in which chiefly my friend shows himself no bigot) at once reconciles me to the rationalities of a purer faith ; and restores to me the genuine unterrify- ing aspects of my pleasant-countenanced host and hostess. ALL FOOLS' DAY. THE Oompliments of the season to my worthy masters, and a merry first of April to us all ! Many happy returns of this day to you — and you — and you. Sir — nay, never frown, man, nor put a long face upon the matter. Do not we know one another ? what need of ceremony among friends ? we have all a touch of that same — you understand me — a speck of the motley. Beshrew the man who on such a day as this, the general festival. ALL FOOLS' DAT. gg should affect to stand aloof. I am none of those sneakers. I am free of the corporation, and care not who knows it. He that meets me in the forest to-day, shall meet with no wise-acre, I can tell him. Stultus sum. Translate me that, and take the meaning of it to yourself for your pains. What ! man, we have four quarters of the glohe on our side^ at the least computation. Pill us a cup of that sparkling gooseherry — we will drink no wise, melancholy, politic port on this day— and let us troll the catch of Amiens — due ad me — due ad me — how goes it? Here shall he see Gross fools as he. Now would I give a trifle to know, historically and authentically, who was the greatest fool that ever lived. T would certainly give him in a bumper. Marry, of the present breed, I think I could without much difficulty name you the party. Eemove your cap a little further, if you please : it hides my bauble. And now each man bestride his hobby, and dust away his bells to what tune he pleases. I will give you, for my part, The crazy old church clock, And the bewildered chimes. Good master Empedocles,* you are welcome. It is long since you went a salamander-gathering down .ffitna. Worse than samphire-picking by some odds. 'Tis a mercy your worship did not singe your mustachios. Ha ! Cleombrotus ! f and what salads in faith did you light upon at the bottom of the Mediterranean ? You were founder, I take it, of the disinterested sect of the Calenturists. 'Gebir, my old free-mason, and prince of plasterers at Babel,| bring in your trowel, most Ancient Grand ! You have claim to a seat here at my right hand, as patron of Ihe stammerers. You left your work, if I remember Hero- [* He who, to be deem'd A god, leap'd fondly into Etna flames — ] Lt He who, to enjoy Plato's Elysium, leap'd into the sea — | [X The builders next of Babel on the plain Of Senaai— 1 56 ALL FOOLS' SAT. dotus correctly, at eight tundred miUion toises, or there' aTDOTit, above the level of the sea. Bless us, what a long hell-rope you must have pulled, to call your top workmen to their uuneheon on the low grounds of Shinar. Or did you send up your garlic and onions by a rocket ? I am a rogue if I am not ashamed to show you our Monument on Fish-street HUl, after your altitudes. Tet we think it somewhat. / What, the magnanimous Alexander in tears ? — cry, baby, put its finger in its eye, it shall have another globe, round as an orange, pretty moppet ! Mister Adams ' odso, I honour your coat — pray do us the favour to read to us that sermon, which you lent to Mistress Slipslop — the twenty and second in your portmanteau there — on Female Incontinence — the same — it will come in most irrelevantly and impertinently seasonable to the time of day. Good Master Eaymund LuUy, you look wise. Pray correct that error. Duns, spare your definitions. 1 must fine you a bumper, or a paradox. We will have nothing said or done syllo- gistically this day. Eemove those logical forms, waiter, that no gentleman break the tender shins of his apprehen- sion stumbling across them. Master Stephen, you are late. — Ha ! Cokes, it is you ? — Aguecheek, my dear knight, let me pay my devoir to you. — Master Shallow, your worship's poor servant to com- mand. — Master Silence, I will use few words with you. — Slender, it shall go hard if I edge not you in somewhere — You six will engross all the poor wit of the company to- day. — I know it, I know it. Ha ! honest E , my fine old Librarian of Ludgate, time out of mind, art thou here again ? Bless my doublet, it is not over-new, threadbare as thy stories : — what dost thou flitting about the world at this rate ? — -Thy customers are extinct, defunct, bed-rid, have ceased to read long ago. — Thou goest still among them, seeing if, peradventure, than canst hawk a volume or two. — Good Granville S , thy last patron, is flown. King Fandion, he is dead. All thy friends are lapt in lead, — ALL FOOLS' DAT. sj Nevertheless, noble .E , come in, and take your seat here, between Armado and Quisada ; for in true courtesy, in gravity, in fantastic smiling to thyself, in courteous smiling upon others, in the goodly omature of well-ap- parelled speech, and the commendation of wise sentences, thou art nothing inferior to those accomplished Dons of Spain. The spirit of chivalry forsake me for ever, when I forget thy singing the song of Macheath, which declares that he might be ha^y with either, situated between those two ancient spinsters — when I forget the inimitable formal love which thou didst make, turning now to the one, and now to the other, with that MalvoHan smile — as if Cer- vantes, not Gay, had written it for his hero; and as if thousands of periods must revolve, before the mirror of courtesy could have given his invidious preference be- tween a pair of so goodly-propertied and meritorious-equal damsels. * # * * To descend from these altitudes, and not to protract our Fools' Banquet beyond its appropriate day, — for I fear the second of April is not many hours' distant — in sober verity I will confess a truth to thee, reader. I love a Fool — as naturally, as if I were of kith and kin to him. When a child, with child-like apptehensions, that dived not below the surface of the matter, I read those Parables — not guess- ing at the involved wisdom — I had more yearnings towards that simple architect, that built his house upon the sand, than I entertained for his more cautious neighbour: I grudged at the hard censure pronounced upon the quicit soul that kept his talent; and — prizing their simplicity beyond the more provident, and, to my apprehension, some- what tmfeminine wariness of their competitors — I felt a kindliness, that almost amounted to a tendre, for those five thoughtless virgins. — I have never made an acquaintance since, that lasted: or a friendship, that answered; with any that had not some tincture of the absurd in their characters. I venerate an honest obliquity of understand- ing. The more laughable blunders a man shall commit in your company, the more tests he giveth you, that he wiU not betray or overreach you. I love the safety which a SS A QUAKEB8' MEETING. palpaUe hallucination warrants; the security, which a word out of reason ratifies. And take my word for this, reader, and say a fool told it you, if you please, that he who hath not a dram of folly in his mixture, hath pounds of much worse matter in his composition. It is ohserved, that " the foolisher the fowl or fish, — woodcocks, — dot- terels — cods'-heads, &c., the finer the flesh thereof," and what are commonly the world's received fools hut such whereof the world is not worthy? rmd what have been some of the kindliest patterns of our species, but so many darlings of absurdity, minions of the goddess, and her white boys ? — Eeader, if you wrest my words beyond their fair construction, it is you, and not I, that are the A^ril Fool. A QUAKERS' MEETING. Still-bom Silence ! thou that art Flood-gate of the deeper heart ! Offspring of a heavenly kind ! Frost o' the mouth, and thaw o' the mind ! Secrecy's confidant, and he Who makes religion mystery ! Admiration's speaking'st tongue ! Leave, thy desert shades among, Keverend hermit's hallow'd cells, "Where retired devotion dwells ! With thy enthusiasms come, Seize our tongues, and strike us dumb ! * ry EADER, would'st thou know what true peace and quiet Xw mean ; would'st thou find a refuge from the noises and clamours of the multitude; would'st thou enjoy at once solitude and society; would'st thou possess the depth of thine own spirit in stillness, without being shut out from the consolatory faces of thy species ; would'st thou be alone and yet accompanied ; solitary, yet not desolate ; singular yet jiot without some to keep thee in countenance ; a unit • From " Poems of all sorts," Dy Eichard Eleokno, 1658 A QUAKEB8' MEETING. 59 in aggregate ; a 'Simple ia composite : — come with me into a Quakers' Meeting. Dost thou love silence deep as that "before the winds were made ?" go not out into the wilderness, descend not into the profundities of the earth ; shut not up thy case ments ; nor pour wax into the little cells of thy ears, with little-faith'd self-mistrusting Ulysses. — Eetire with me into a Quakers' Meeting. For a man to refrain even from good words, and to hold his peace, it is commendable; but for a multitude it is great mastery. What is the stillness of the desert compared with this place? what the uncommunicating muteness of fishes? — here the goddess reigns and revels. — " Boreas, and Cesias, and Argestes loud," do not with their interconfounding uproars more augment the brawl — nor the waves of the blown Baltic with their clubbed sounds — than their oppo- site (Silence her sacred self) is multiplied and rendered more intense by numbers, and by sympathy. She too hath her deeps, that call unto deeps. Negation itself hath a positive more and less; and closed eyes would seem to obscure the great obscurity of midnight. There are wounds which an imperfect solitude cannot heal. By imperfect I mean that which a man enjoy eth by himself. The perfect is that which he can sometimes attain in crowds, but nowhere so absolutely as in a Quakers' Meeting. — Those first hermits did certainly understand this principle, when they retired into Egyptian solitudes, not singly, but in shoals, to enjoy one another's want of conversation. The Carthusian is bound to his brethren by this agreeing spirit of incommunicativeness. In secular occasions, what so pleasant as to be reading a book through a long winter evening, with a friend sitting by— say, a wife— he, or she, too, (if that be probable,) reading another without interruption, or oral communication? — oan there be no sympathy without the gabble of words ? — away with this inhuman, shy, single, shade-and-cavern-haunting soli- tariness. Give me. Master Zimmerman, a sympathetic solitude. 60 A QVAKEM8' MEETING. To pace alone in the cloisters or side aisles of some cathedral, time-stricken ; Or under hanging mountains. Or by the fall of fountains ; is but a vulgar luxury compared with that which those enjoy who come together for the purposes of more complete, abstracted solitude. This is the loneliness " to be felt."-^ The Abbey Church of Westminster hath nothing so solemn, so spirit-soothing, as the naked walls and benches of a Quakers' Meeting. Here are no tombs, no inscriptions. Sands, ignoble things, Dropt from the ruined sides of kings — but here is something which throws Antiquity herself into the fore-ground — Silence — eldest of things — language of old Night — primitive discourser — to which the insolent decays of mouldering grandeur have but arrived by a violent, and, as we may say, unnatural progression. How reverend is the view of these hushed heads, Looking tranquillity ! Nothing-plotting, nought-caballing, unmischievous sy- nod ! convocation without intrigue ! parliament without debate ! what a lesson dost thou read to council, and to consistory ! — if my pen treat of you lightly — as haply it will wander — yet my spirit hath gravely felt the wisdom of your custom, when, sitting among you in deepest peace, which some out-welling tears would rather confirm than disturb, I have reverted to the times of your beginnings, and the sowings of the seed by Fox and Dewesbury. — I have witnessed that which brought before my eyes your heroic tranquillity, inflexible to the rude jests and serious violences of the insolent soldiery, republican or royalist, sent to molest you — for ye sate betwixt the fires of two persecutions, the outcast and ofi-scouring of church and presbytery. — I have seen the reeling sea-ruffian, who had wandered into your receptacle with the avowed intention of disturbing your quiet, from the very spirit of the place A QUAKERS' MEETING. CI receive in a moment a new heart, and presently sit among ye as a lamb amidst lambs. And I remember Penn before his accusers, and Pox in the bail dock, where he was lifted up in spirit, as he tells us, and " the Judge and the Jury became as dead men under his feet." Header, if you are not acquainted with it, I would recom- mend to you, above all church-narratives, to read Sewel's History of the Quakers. It is in folio, and is the abstract of the journals of Pox and the primitive Priends. It is far more e'difying and affecting than anything you will read of Wesley and his colleagues. Here is nothing to stagger you, nothing to make you mistrust, no suspicion of alloy, no drop or dreg of the worldly or ambitious spirit. You will here read the true story of that much-injured, ridiculed man (who perhaps hath been a byword in your mouth) — James Naylor : what dreadful sufferings, with what patience, he endured, even to the boring through of his tongue with red-hot irons, without a murmur ; and with what strength of mind, when the delusion he had fallen into, which they stigmatised for blasphemy, had given way to clearer thoughts, he could renounce his error, in a strain of the beautifuUest humility, yet keep his first grounds, and be a Quaker stUl ! — so different from the practice of your common converts from enthusiasm, who, when they aposta- tize, apostatize all, and think they can never get far enough from the society of their former errors, even to the renun- ciation of some saving truths, with which they had been mingled, not implicated. Get the writings of John Woolman by heart ; and love the early QuaJiers. How far the followers of these good men in our days Have kept to the primitive spirit, or in what proportion they have substituted formality for it, the Judge of Spirits can alone determine. I have seen faces in their assemblies upon which the dove sate visibly brooding. Others, again, I have watched, when my thoughts should have been better engaged, in which I could possibly detect nothing but a blank inanity. But quiet was in all, and the disposition to unanimity, and the absence of the fierce controversial 62 A QUAKEB8' MEETINQ workings.-'— If the spiritual pretensions of the Quakers have abated, at least they make few pretences. Hypocrites they certainly are not, in their preaching. It is seldom, indeed, that you shall see one get up amongst them to hold forth. Only now and then a trembling, female, generally ancient, voice is heard — you cannot guess from what part of the meeting it proceeds — with a low, buzzing, musical sound, laying out a few words which " she thought might suit the condition of some present," with a quaking diffidence, which leaves no possibility of supposing that anything of female vanity was mixed up, where the tones were so full of ten- derness, and a restraining modesty. — The men, for what I have observed, speak seldomer. Once only, and it was some years ago, I witnessed a <8ample of the old Foxian orgasm. It was a man of giant stature, who, as Wordsworth phrases it, might have danced " from head to foot equipt in iron mail." His frame was oi iron, too. But Ae was malleable. I saw him shake all over with the spirit — I dare not say of delusion. The strivings of the outer man were unutterable — he seemed not to speak, but to be spoken from. I saw the strong man bowed down, and his knees to fail — his joints all seemed loosening — it was a figure to set off against Paul preaching — the words he uttered were few, and sound — he was evidently resisting his will — keeping down his own word-wisdom with more mighty effort than the world's orators strain for theirs. " He had been a wit in his youth," he told us, with expressions of a sober remorse. And it was not till long after the impression had begun to wear away that I was enabled, with something like a smUe, to recall the striking incongruity of the confession — understanding the term in its worldly acceptation — with the frame and physiognomy of the person before me. His brow would have scared away the Levities — the Jooos Eisus-que — faster than the Loves fled the face of Dis at Enna. — By mt, even in his youth, I will be sworn he understood something far within the limits of an allowable liberty. More frequently the Meeting is broken up without a word having been spoken. But the mind has been feci. THE OLD AND TEE NEW 80H00LMASTEB. 63 You go away with a sermon not made with hands. Yon have been in the milder caverns of Trophonius ; or as in some den, where that fiercest and savagest of all wild creatures, the Tongite, that unruly member, has strangely lain tied up and captive. You have bathed with stillness. — O, when the spirit is sore fretted, even tired to sickness of the janglings and nonsense-noises of the world, what a balm and a solace it is to go and seat yourself for a quiet half-hour upon some undisputed corner of a bench, among the gentle Quakers ! Their garb and stillness conjoined, present a uniformity, tranquil and herd-like — as in the pasture — " forty feeding like one." — The very garments of a Quaker seem incapable of receiv- ing a soil ; and cleanliness in them to be something more than the absence of its contrary. Every Quakeress is a lily ; and when they come up in bands to their Whitsun conferences, whitening the easterly streets of the metro- polis, from all parts of the United Kingdom, they show like troops of the Shining Ones. M THE OLD AND THE NEW SOHOOLMASTEK. Y reading has been lamentably desultory and imme- ^,^ thodical. Odd, out of the way, old English plays, and treatises, have supplied me vnth most of my notions, and ways of feeling. In every thing that relates to science, I am a whole Encyclopaedia behind the rest of the world. I should have scarcely cut a figure among the franklins, or country gentlemen, in king John's days. I know less geo- graphy than a schoolboy of six weeks' standing. To me a map of old Ortelius is as authentic as Arrowsmith. I do not know whereabout Africa merges into Asia; whether Ethiopia lie in one or other of those great divisions ; nor can form the remotest conjecture of the position of New South Wales, or Van Diemen's Land. Yet do I hold a cor- 04 THE OLD AND THE NEW 8CH00JMASTER. respondence witli a very dear friend in the first-named of these two Terras Incognitse. I have no astronomy. I do not know where to look for the Bear, or Charles's Waia ; the place of any star ; or the name of any of them at sight. I guess at Venus only by her brightness — and if the sun on some portentous morn were to make his first appearance in the West, 1 verily believe, that, while all the world were gasping in apprehension about me, I alone should stand un- terrified, from sheer incuriosity and want of observation. Of history and chronology I possess some vague points, such as one cannot help picking up in the course of miscellaneous study ; but I never deliberately sat down to a chronicle, even of my own country. I have most dim apprehensions of the four great monarchies ; and sometimes the Assyrian, sometimes the Persian, floats as first in my fancy. I make the widest conjectures concerning Egypt, and her shepherd kings. My friend M., with great painstaking, got me to think I understood the first proposition in Euclid, but gave me over in despair at the second. I am entirely un- acquainted with the modem languages ; and, like a better man than myself, have " small Latin and less Greek." I am a stranger to the shapes and texture of the commonest trees, herbs, flowers — not from the circumstance of my being town-bom — for 1 should have brought the same in- observant spirit into the world with me, had I first seen it " on Devon's leafy shores," — and am no less at a loss among purely town objects, tools, engines, mechanic processes. — Not that I affect ignorance — but my head has not many mansions, nor spacious ; and I have been obliged to fill it with such cabinet curiosities as it can hold without aching. I sometimes wonder how I have passed my probation with so little discredit in the world, as I have done, upon so meagre a stock. But the fact is, a man may do very well with a very little knowledge, and scarce be found out, in mixed company ; everybody is so much more ready to pro- duce his own, than to call for a display of your acquisitions. But in a tete-a-tete there is no shuffling. The truth wUl out. There is nothing which I dread so much, as the being left alone for a quarter of an hour with a sensible, well-informed ' THE OLD AND THE NEW 80H00LMASTEB. G5 man, that does not know me. I lately got into a dilemma of this sort. — In one of my daily jaunts between Bishopsgate and Shacklewell, the coach stopped to take up a staid-looking gentleman, about the wrong side of thirty, who was giving his parting directions (while the steps were adjusting), in a fane of mild authority, to a tall youth, who seemed to be neither his clerk, his son, nor his servant, but something partaking of all three. The youth was dismissed, and we drove on. As we were the sole passengers, he naturally enough addressed his conversation to me ; and we discussed the merits of the fare ; the civility and punctuality of the driver; the circumstance of an opposition coach having been lately set up, with the probabilities of its success— to all which I was enabled to return pretty satisfactory answers, having been drilled into this kind of etiquette by some years' daily practice of riding to and fro in the stage aforesaid — when he suddenly alarmed me by a startling question, whether I had seen the show of prize cattle that morning in Smithfield ? Now, as I had not seen it, and do not greatly care for such sort of exhibitions, I was obliged to return a cold negative. He seemed a little mortified, as well as astonished, at my declaration, as (it appeared) he was just come fresh from the sighl;, and doubtless had hoped to compare notes on the subject. However, he assured me that I had lost a fine treat, as it far exceeded the show of last year. We were now approaching Norton Falgate, when the sight of some shop-goods ticketed freshened him up into a dissertation upon the cheapness of cottons this spring. I was now a little in heart, as the nature of my morning avocations had brought me into some sort of familiarity with the raw material ; and I was surprised to find how eloquent I was becoming on the state of the India market ,- when, presently, he dashed my incipient vanity to the earth at once, by inquiring whether I had ever made any calculation as to the value of the rental of all the retail shops iH London. Had he asked of me what song the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, I might, with Sir Thomaf Biowne, 66 THE OLD AND TEE NEW SCHOOLMASTER. have hazarded a " wide solution." * My companion saw my embarrassment, and, the ahnshouses beyond Shoreditch just coming in view, with great good-nature and dexterity shifted his conversation to the subject of public charities ; which led to the comparative merits of provision for the poor in past and present times, with observations on the old monastic institutions, and charitable orders ; but, finding me rather dimly impressed with some glimmering notions from old poetic associations, than strongly fortified with any speculations reducible to calculation on the subject, he gave the matter up ; and, the country beginning to open more and more upon us, as we approached the turnpike at Kingsland (the destined termination of his journey), he put a home thrust upon me, in the most unfortunate position he could have chosen, by advancing some queries relative to the North Pole Expedition. While I was muttering out something about the Panorama of those strange regions (which I had actually seen), by way of parrying the ques- tion, the coach stopping relieved me from any further ap- prehensions. My companion getting out, left me in the comfortable possession of my ignorance ; and I heard him, as he went off, putting questions to an outside passenger, who had alighted with him, regarding an epidemic disorder that had been rife about Dalston, and which my friend assured him had gone through five or six schools in that neighbourhood. The truth now flashed upon me, that my companion was a schoolmaster ; and that the youth, whom he had parted from at our first acquaintance, must have been one of the bigger boys, or the usher. — He was evi- dently a kind-hearted man, who did not seem so much desirous of provoking discussion by the questions which he put, as of obtaining information at any rate. It did not appear that he took any interest, either, in such kind of in- quiries, for their own sake ; but that he was in some way bound to seek for knowledge. A greenish-coloured coat, which he had on, forbade mc to surmise that he was a clergyman. The adventure gave birth to some lefleotiong * Urn Burial. THE OLD AND TEE NEW SOEOOLMASTEB. 67 on the difference between persons of his profession in past and present times. Eest to the souls of those fine old Pedagogues ; the breed, long since extinct, of the Lilys, and the Linacres : who be- lieving that all learning was contained in the languages which they taught, and despising every other acquirement as supeificial and useless, came to their task as to a sport ! Passing from infancy to age, they dreamed away all their days as in a grammar-school. Eevolving in a perpetual cycle of declensions, conjuga,tions, syntaxes, and prosodies ; renewing constantly the occupations which had charmed their studious childhood ; rehearsing continually the part of the past ; life must have slipped from them at last like one day. They were always in their first garden, reaping harvests of their golden time, among their Flori- and their Spici- legia; in Arcadia still, but kings ; the ferule of their sway not much harsher, than of like dignity with that mild sceptre attributed to king Basileus ; the Greek and Latin, their stately Pamela and their Philoolea ; with the occa- sional duncery of some untoward tyro, serving for a refresh- ing interlude of a Mopsa, or a clown Damoetas ! With what a savour doth the Preface to Colet's, or (as it is sometimes called) Paul's Accidence, set forth! "To ex hort every man to the learning of grammar, that intendeth to attain the understanding of the tongues, wherein is con tained a great treasury of wisdom and knowledge, it would seem but vain and lost labour ; for so much as it is known, that nothing can surely be ended, whose beginning is either feeble or faulty; and no building be perfect whereas the foundation and groundwork is ready to fall, and unable to uphold the burden of the frame." How well doth this stately preamble (comparable to those which Milton com- mendeth as "having been the usage to prefix to some solemn law, then :&rst promulgated by Solon or Lycurgus ") correspond with and illustrate that pious zeal for con- formity, expressed in a succeeding clause, which would fence about grammar - rules with the severity of faith- articles ! — " as for the diversity of grammars, it is well pro- fitably taken away by the King's Majesties wisdom, who F 2 G8 THE OLD AND THE NEW SCHOOLMASTER. foreseeing the inconvenience, and favourably providing the remedie, caused one kind of grammar by sundry learned men to be diligently drawn, and so to be set out, only everywhere to be taught for the use of learners, and for the hurt in changing of schoolmaisters." What a gusto in that which follows: "wherein it is profitable that he (the pupil) can orderly decline his noun and his verb." His noun! The fine dream is fading away fast ; and the least con- cern of a teacher in the present day is to inculcate gram- mar-rules. The modern schoolmaster is expected to know a little of everything, because his pupil is required not to be entirely ignorant of anything. He must be superficially, if I may so say, omniscient. He is to know something of pneumatics ; of chemistry ; of whatever is curious or proper to excite the atteiition of the youthful mind ; an insight into mechanics is desirable, with a touch of statistics ; the quality of soils, &c., botany, the constitution of his country, cum multis aliis. You may get a notion of some part of his expected duties by consulting the famous Tractate on Education, addressed to Mr. Hartlib. All these things — ^these, or the desire of them — he is expected to instil, not by set lessons from professors, which he may charge in the bill, but at school intervals, as he walks the streets, or saunters through green fields (those natural instructors), with his pupils. The least part of what is expected from him is to be done in school-hours. He must insinuate knowledge at the mollid iempora fandi. He must seize every occasion — ^the season of the year — the time of the day — a passing clond — a rainbow — a waggon of hay — a regiment of soldiers going by — to inculcate some- thing useful. He can receive no pleasure from a casual glimpse of Nature, but must catch at it as an object of in- struction. He must interpret beauty into the picturesque. He cannot relish a beggar-man, or a gipsy, for thinking of the suitable improvement. Nothing comes to him, not spoiled by the sophisticating medium of moral uses. The Universe — that Great Book, as it has been called— is to TEE OLD AND THE NEW SOSOOLMASTER. 69 Mm, indeed, to all intents and purposes, a book out oJ ■whicli he is doomed to read tedious homilies to distasting schoolboys. — Vacations themselves are none to him, he is only rather worse off than before ; for commonly he has some intrusive upper-boy fastened upon him at such times ; some cadet of a great family ; some neglected lump of nobility, or gentry ; that he must drag after him to the play, to tho Panorama, to Mr. Bartley's Orrery, to the Panopticon, or into the country, to a friend's house, or his favourite water- ing-place. "Wherever he goes this uneasy shadow attends him. A boy is at his board, and in his path, and in all his movements. He is boy-rid, sick of perpetual boy. Boys are capital fellows in their own way, among their mates ; but they are unwholesome companions for grown people. The restraint is felt no less on the one side than on the other. — Even a child, that " plaything for an hour," tires always. The noises of children, playing their own fancies — as I now hearken to them, by fits, sporting on the green before my window, while I am engaged in these grave speculations at my neat suburban retreat at Shackle- well — by distance made more sweet — inexpressibly take from the labour of my task. It is like writing to music. They seem to modulate my periods. They ought at least to do so — for in the voice of that tender age there is a kind of poetry, far unlike the harsh prose-accents of man's conver- sation.^ — I should but spoil their sport, and diminish my own sympathy for them, by mingling in their pastime. I would not be domesticated all my days with a person of very superior capacity to my own — not, if I know myself at all, from any considerations of jealousy or self-compa- rison, for the occasional communion with such minds has constituted the fortune and felicity of my life — but the habit of too constant intercourse with spirits above you, instead of raising you, keeps you down. Too frequent doses of original thinking from others restrain what lesser portion of that faculty you may possess of your own. You get entangled in another man's mind, even as you lose yourself in another man's grounds. You are walking with a tall varlet, whose strides out-pace yours to lassitude. 70 THE OLD AND TEE NEW SCEOOLMASTEB. The constant operation of such, potent agency -would re- duce me, I am convinced, to imbecility. You may deiive thoughts from others ; your way of thinking, the mould in which your thoughts are cast, must be your own. Intellect may be imparted, but not each man's intellectual frame. — As little as I should wish to be always thus dragged up- ward, as little (or rather still less) is it desirable to be stunted downwards by your associates. The trumpet does not more than stun you by its loudness, than a whisper teases you by its provoking inaudibility. Why are we never quite at our ease in the presence of a schoolmaster ? — because we are conscious that he is not quite at his ease in ours. He is awkward, and out of place in the society of his equals. He comes like Gulliver from among his little people, and he cannot fit the stature of his imderstanding to yours. He cannot meet you on the square. He wants a point given him, like an indifferent whist-player. He is so used to teaching, that he wants to be teaching you. One of these professors, upon my com- plaining that these little sketches of mine were anything but methodical, and that I was imable to make them other- wise, kindly offered to instruct me in the method by which young gentlemen in Ms seminary w^ere taught to compose English themes. The jests of a schoolmaster are coarse, or thin. They do not tell out of school. He is under the restraint of a formal or didactive hypocrisy in. company, as a clergyman is under a moral one. He can no more let his intellect loose in society than the other can his inclinations. He is forlorn among his coevals ; his juniors cannot be hi friends. " I take blame to myself," said a sensible man of this profession, writing to a friend respecting a youth who had quitted his school abniptly, " that j our nephew was not more 'attached to me. But persons in my situation, are more to be pitied than can well be imagined. We are sur- rounded by young, and, consequently, ardently affectionate hearts, but we can never hope to share an atom of their affections. The relation of master and scholar forbids this. Mow plea^ng this must be to you, how I envy your feeHngs I my THE OLD AND THE NEW SCHOOLMASTER. 71 friends -will sometimes say to me, when they see young men whom T have educated, returp after some years' absence from school, their eyes shining with pleasure, while they shake hands with their old master, bringing a present of game to me, or a toy to my wife, and thanking me in the warmest terms for my care of their education. A holiday is begged for the boys ; the house is a scene of happiness ; I, only, am sad at heart. — This fine-spirited and warm-hearted youth, who fancies he repays his master with gratitude for the care of his boyish years — this young man — ^in the eight long years I watched over him with a parent's anxiety, never could repay me with one look of genuine feeling. He was proud, when I praised ; he was submissive, when I reproved him ; but he did never love me — and what he now mistakes for gratitude and kindness for me, is but the pleasant sensation which all persons feel at revisiting the scenes of their boyish hopes and fears ; and the seeing on equal terms the man they were accus- tomed to look up to with reverence. My wife, too," this interesting correspondent goes on to say, " my once darling Anna, is the wife of a schoolmaster. — When I married her — knowing that the wife of a schoolmaster ought to be a busy notable creature, and fearing that my gentle Anna would ill supply the loss of my dear bustling mother, just then dead, who never sat still, was in every part of the house in a moment, and whom I was obliged sometimes to threaten to fasten down in a chair, to save her from fatigu- ing herself to death — I expressed my fears that I was bring- ing her into a way of life unsuitable to her ; and she, who loved me tenderly, promised for my sake to exert herself to perform the duties of her new situation. She promised, and she kept her word. What wonders will not woman's love perform ? — My house is managed with a propriety and decorum unknown in other schools ; my boys are well fed, look healthy, and have every proper accommodation ; and all this performed with a careful economy, that never de- scends to meanness. But I have lost my gentle M^less Anna ! When we sit down to enjoy an hour of repose after the fatigue of the day, 1 am compelled to listen to what 72 IMPERFECT SYMPATSIES. have been her Tiseful (and they are really useful) employ- ments through the day, and what she proposes for her to- morrow's task. Her heart and her features are changed by the duties of her situation. To the boys, she never appears other than the master's wife, and she looks up to me as the hoys' master ; to whom all show of love and affection would be highly improper, and unbecoming the dignity ol her situation and mine. Yet this my gratitude forbids me to hint to her. For my sake she submitted to be this altered creature, and can I reproaohher for it ?" — For the communication of this letter I am indebted to my cousin Bridget. IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. I am of a constitution so general, that it consorts and sympathiseth with all things ; I have no antipathy, or rather idiosyncrasy in anything. Those natural repugnancies do not touch me, nor do I behold with pre- judice the French, Italian, Spaniard, or Dutch. — Beligio Medici. THAT the author of the Eeligio Medici mounted upon the airy stilts of abstraction, conversant about notional and conjectural essences ; in whose categories of Being the possible took the upper hand of the actual ; should have overlooked the impertinent individualities of such poor concretions as mankind, is not much to be admired. It is rather to be wondered at, that in the genus of animals he should have condescended to distinguish that species at all. For myself — earth-bound and fettered to the scene of my activities, — Standing on earth, not rapt above the sky, 1 confess that I do feel the differences of mankind, national or individual, to an unhealthy excess. I can look with no indifferent eye upon things or persons. Whatever is, is to me a matter of taste or distaste ; or when once it becomes indifferent it begins to be disrelishing. I am, in plainer words, a bundle of prejudices — made up of likings and dislikings — the veriest thrall to sympathies, apathies, IMPEBFECT 8TMPATEIES. 73 antipathies. In a certain sense, I hope it may be said of me that I am a lover of my species. 1 can feel for all indif- ferently, but I cannot feel towards all equally. The more purely-English word that expresses sympathy, will better explain my meaning. I can be a friend to a worthy man, who upon another account cannot be my mate or fellow. I cannot lihe all people alike.* I have been trying all my life to like Scotchmen, and am obliged to desist from the experiment in despair. They cannot like me — and in truth, I never knew one of that nation who attempted to do it. There is something more plain and ingenuous in their mode of proceeding. We know one another at first sight. There is an order of imperfect intellects (under which mine must be content to rank) which in its constitution is essentially anti-Caledonian. The owners of the sort of faculties I allude to, have minds rather suggestive than comprehensive. They have no pretences to much clearness or precision in their ideas, or in their manner of expressing them. Their intellectual * I would be understood as confitiing myself to tlie subject of imperfect sympathies. To nations or classes of men there can be no direct antipathy. There may be individuals born and constellated so opposite to another individual nature, that the same sphere cannot hold them. I have met ■with my moral antipodes, and can believe the story of two persons meet- ing (who never saw one another before in their lives) and instantly fighting. We by proof find there should be 'Twixt man and man such an antipathy, That though he can show no just reason why For any former wrong or injury, Can neither find a blemish in his fame, Nor aught in face or feature justly blame, Can challenge or accuse him of no evil. Yet notwithstanding hates him as a devil. The lines are from old Heywood's " Hierarohie of Angels," and he sub- joins a curious story in confirmation, of a Spaniard who attempted to assassinate a king Ferdinand of Spain, and being put to the rack could give no other reason for the deed but an inveterate antipathy which he had taken to the first sight of the king. ■ The cause which to that act compell'd him Was, he ne'er loved him since he first beheld him. 74 IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. wardrobe (to confess fairly) has few whole pieces in it. They are content with fragments and scattered pieces of Truth. She presents no full front to them — a feature or side-face at the most. Hints and glimpses, germs and crude essays at a system, is the utmost they pretend to. They beat up a little game peradventure — and leave it to knottier heads, more robust constitutions, to run it down. The light that lights them is not steady and polar, but mutable and shifting : waxing, and again waning. Their conversation is accordingly. They will throw out a random word in or out of season, and be content to let it pass for what it is worth. They cannot speak always as if they were upon their oath — ^but must be understood, speaking or writing, with some abatement. They seldom wait to mature a proposition, but e'en bring it to market in the green ear. They delight to impart their defective discoveries as they arise, without waiting for their development. They are no systematizers, and would but err more by attempting it. Their minds, as I said before, are suggestive merely. The brain of a true Caledonian (if I am not mistaken) is con- stituted upon quite a different plan. His Minerva is born in panoply. You are never admitted to see his ideas in their growth — if, indeed, they do grow, and are not rather put together upon principles of clock-work. Tou never catch his mind in an undress. He never hints or suggests any- thing, but unlades his stock of ideas in perfect order and completeness. He brings his total wealth into company, and gravely unpacks it. His riches are always about him. He never stoops to catch a glittering something in your presence to share it with you, before he quite knows whether it be true touch or not. Tou cannot ciy halves to anything that he finds. He does not find, but bring. Tou never witness his first apprehension of a thing. His under- standing is always at its meridian — you never see the first dawn, the early streaks. — He has no falterings of self- suspicion. Surmises, guesses, misgivings, half-intuitions, semi-consciousnesses, partial illuminations, dim instincts, embryo oonceptionB, have no place in his brain or vocabu- lary. The twilight of dubiety never falls upon him. Is IMPERFECT STMPATEIES. 75 he orthodox — he has no doubts. Is he an infidel — he has none either. Between the affirmative and the negative there is no border-land with him. Tou cannot hover with him upon the confines of truth, or wander in the maze of a probable argument. He always keeps the path. You can- not make excursions with him — for he sets you right. His taste never fluctuates. His morality never abates. He cannot compromise, or understand middle actions. There can be but a right and a wrong. His conversation is as a book. His affirmations have the sanctity of an oath. You must speak upon the square with him. He stops a meta- phor like a suspected person in an enemy's country. " A healthy book !" — said one of his countrymen to me, who had ventured to give that appellation to John Buncle, — " Did 1 catch rightly what you said ? I have heard of a man in health, and of a healthy state of body, but I do not see how that epithet can be properly applied to a book." Above all, you must beware of indirect expressions before a Cale- donian. Clap an extinguisher upon your irony, if you are unhappily blest with a vein of it. Eemember you are upon your oatL. I have a print of a graceful figure after Leonardo da Vinci, which I was showing ofi' to Mr. * * * * After he had examined it minutely, I ventured to ask him how he liked my beauty (a foolish name it goes by among my friends) — when he very gravely assured me, that " he had considerable respect for my character and talents " (so he was pleased to say), " but had not given himself much thought about the degree of my personal pre- tensions." The misconception staggered me, but did not seem much to disconcert him. — Persons of this nation are particularly fond of affirming a truth — which nobody doubts. They do not so properly affirm, as annimciate it. They do indeed appear to have such a love of truth (as if, like virtue, it were valuable for itself) that all truth becomes equally valuable, whether the proposition that contains it be new or old, disputed, or such as is impossible to become a sub- ject of disputation. I was present not long since at a party of North Britons, where a son of Burns was expected ; and happened to drop a silly expression (in my South British 76 IMPERFECT STMrATMIES. way), that I wished it were the father instead of the son— when four of them started up at once to inform me, that " that was impossible, because he was dead." An imprac- ticable wish, it seems, was more than they could conceive. Swift has hit off this part of their character, namely their loYe of truth, in his biting way, but with an illibe- rality that necessarily confines the passage to the margin.* The tediousness of these people is certainly provoking. 1 wonder if they ever tire one another ! — In my early life I had a passionate fondness for the poetry of Burns. I have sometimes foolishly hoped to ingratiate myself with his countrymen by expressing it. But I have always found that a true Scot resents your admiration of his compatriot even more than ho would your contempt of him. The latter he imputes to your " imperfect acquaintance with many of the words which he uses ;" and the same objection makes it a presumption in you to suppose that you can admire him. — Thomson they seem to have forgotten. Smollett they have neither forgotten nor forgiven, for his delineation of Eory and his companion, upon their first introduction to our metropolis. — Speak of Smollett as a great genius, and they will retort upon you Hume's History compared with Ms Continuation of it. What if the his- torian had continued Humphrey Clinker ? I have, in the abstract, no disrespect for the Jews. They are a piece of stubborn antiquity, compared with which Stonehenge is in its nonage. They date beyond the pyra- mids. But I should not care to be in habits of familiar intercourse with any of that nation. I confess that I have not the nerves to enter their synagogues. Old prejudices cling about me. I cannot shake off the story of Hugh of * There are some people who think they sufficiently acquit them- selves, and entertain their company, with relating facts of no conse- quence, not at all out of the road of such common incidents as happen every day ; and this I have obseiTed more frequently among the Scots than any other nation, who are very careful not to omit the minutest circumstances of time or place ; which kind of discoiu'se, if it were not alittle relieved by the uncouth terms and phrases, as well as accent and gesture, peculiar to that country, would be hardly tolerable. — Mints towards cm Essay om Conversation. IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. 77 Lincoln. Centuries of injury, contempt, and hate, on the one side, — of cloaked revenge, dissimulation, and hate, on the other, between our and their fathers, must and ought to affect the blood of the children. I cannot believe it can run clear and kindly yet ; or that a few words, such as candour, liberality, tlie light of the nineteenth century, can close up the breaches of so deadly a disunion. A Hebrew is nowhere congenial to me. He is least distasteful on 'Change — ^for the mercantile spirit levels all distinctions, as all are beauties in the dark. I boldly confess that I do not relish the approximation of Jew and Christian, which has become so fashionable. The reciprocal endearments have, to me, something hypocritical and unnatural in them. I do not like to see the Church and Synagogue kissing and con- geeing in awkward postures of an affected civility. If they are converted, why do they not come over to us altogether ? Why keep up a form of separation, when the lile of it is fled ? If they can sit with us at table, why do they keck at our cookery ? I do not understand these half conver- tites. Jews christianizing — Christians judaizing — ^puzzle me. I like fish or flesh. A moderate Jew is a more con- founding piece of anomaly than a wet Quaker. • The spirit of the synagogue is essentially separative. B would have been more in keeping if he had abided by the faith of his forefathers. There is a fine scorn in his face, which nature meant to be of Christians. — The Hebrew spirit is strong in him, in spite of his proselytism. He cannot conquer the Shibboleth. How it breaks out, when he sings, "The Children of Israel passed through the Eed Sea!" The auditors, for the moment, are as Egyptians to him, and he rides over our necks in triumph. There is no mistaking \aax. B has a strong expression of sense in his coun- tenance, and it is confirmed by his singing. The founda- tion of his vocal excellence is sense. He sings with understanding, as Kemble delivered dialogue. He would sing the Commandments, and give an appropriate charac- ter to each prohibition. His nation, in general, have not over-sensible countenances. How should they ? — but you seldom see a silly expression among them, — Gain, and the 78 IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. pursuit of gain, sharpen a man's visage. I never heard of an idiot being born among them. — Some admire the Jewish female-physiognomy. I admire it — but with trembling, Jael had those full dark inscrutable eyes. In the Negro countenance you will often meet with strong traits of benignity. I have felt yearnings of tender- ness towards some of these faces — or rather masks — that have looked out kindly upon one in casual encounters in the streets and highways. I love what Tuller beautifully calls — these "images of God cut in ebony." But I should not like to associate with them, to share my meals and my good nights with them — because they are black. I love Qiiaker ways, and Quaker worship. I venerate the Quaker principles. It does me good for the rest of the day when I meet any of their people in my j)ath. When I am ruffled or disturbed by any occurrence, the sight, or quiet voice of a Quaker, acts upon me as a ventilator, lightening the air, and taking off a load from the bosom'. But I cannot like the Quakers (as Desdemona would say) " to live with them." I am all over sophisticated — with humours, fancies, craving hourly sympathy. I must have books, pictures, theatres, chit-chat, scandal, jokes, ambi- guities, and a thousand whim-whams, which their simpler taste can do without. I should starve at their primitive banquet. My appetites are too high for the salads which (according to Evelyn) Eve dressed for the angel ; my gusto too excited To sit a guest with Daniel at his pulse. The indirect answers which Quakers are often found to return to a question put to them may be explained, I think, without the vulgar assumption, that they are more given to evasion and equivocating than other people. They naturally look to their words more carefully, and are more cautious of committing themselves. They have a peculiar character to keep up on this head. They stand in a manner uj)on their veracity. 4- Quaker is by law exempted from taking an oath. The custom of resoi-t- ing to an oath in extreme cases, sanctified as it is by aU IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. 79 religious antiquity, is apt (it miist be confessed) to introduce into the laxer sort of minds the notion of two kinds of truth — the one applicable to the solemn affairs of justice, and the other to the common proceedings of daily intercourse. As truth bound upon the conscience by ail oath oan be but truth, so in the common affirmations of the shop and the market-place a latitude is expected and conceded upon questions wanting this solemn covenant. Something less than truth satisfies. It is common to hear a person say, " You do not expect me to speak as if I were upon my oath." Hence a great deal of iaoorrectness and inadvertency, short of falsehood, creeps into ordinary conver- sation ; and a kind of secondary or laio-truth is tolerated, where clergy- truth — oath-truth, by the nature of the circum- stances, is not required. A Quaker knows none of this dis- tinction. His simple affirmation being received upon the most sacred occasions, without any further test, stamps a value upon the words which he is to use upon the most indifferent topics of life. He looks to them, naturally, with more severity. You can have of him no more than his word. He knows, if he is caught tripping in a casual ex- pression, he forfeits, for himself at least, his claim to the in- vidious exemption. He knows that his syllables are weighed — and how far a consciousness of this particular watchful- ness, exerted against a person, has a tendency to produce indirect answers, and a diverting of the question by honest means, might be illustrated, and the practice justified by a more sacred example than is proper to be adduced upon this occasion. The admirable presence of mind, which is noto- rious in Quakers upon all contingencies, might be traced to this imposed self-watchfulness — if it did not seem rather an humble and secular scion of that old stock of religious constancy, which never bent or faltered, in the Primitive Friends, or gave way to the winds of persecution, to the violence of judge or accuser, under trials and racking examinations. " You will never be the wiser, if I sit here answering your questions till midnight," said one of those upright Justicers to Perm, who had been putting law-cases >vith a puzzling subtlety. "Thereafter as the answers 80 IMPERFECT SYMPATHIES. may be," retorted the Quaker. The astonishing composure of this people is sometimes ludicrously displayed in lighter instances. — I was travelling in a stage-coach with three male Quakers, buttoned up in the straitest nonconformity- of their sect. We stopped to bait at Andover, where a meal, partly tea apparatus, partly supper, was set before us. My friends confined themselves to the tea-table. I in my way took supper. When the landlady brought in the bill, the eldest of my companions discovered that she had charged for both meals. This was resisted. Mine hostess was very clamorous and positive. Some mild arguments were used on the part of the Quakers, for which the heated mind of the good lady seemed by no means a fit recipient. The guard came with his usual peremptory notice. The Quakers pulled out their money and formally tendered it — so much for tea — I, in humble imitation, tendering mine — ^for the supper which I had taken. She would not relax in her demand. So they all three quietly put up their silver, as did myself, and marched out of the room, the eldest and gravest going first, with myself closing up the rear, who thought I could not do better than follow the example of such grave and wai-rantable personages. We got in. The steps went up. The coach drove off. The murmurs of mine hostess, not very indistinctly or ambigu- ously pronounced, became after a time inaudible^ — and now my conscience, which the whimsical scene had for a while suspended, beginning to give some twitches, I waited, in the hope that some justification would be offered by these serious persons for the seeming injustice of their conduct. To my great surprise not a syllable was dropped on the subject. They sat as mute as at a meeting. At length the eldest of them broke silence, by inquiring of his next neighbour, " Hast thee heard tow indigos go at the India House?" and the question operated as soporific on my moral feeling as far as Exeter. 81 WITCHES, AND OTHEE NIGHT FEAES. WE are too hasty when we set down our ancestors in tho gross for fools, for the monstrous inconsistencies (as they seem to us) involved in their creed of witchcraft. In the relations of this visible world we find them to have been as rational, and shrewd to detect an historic anomaly, as ourselves. But when once the invisible world was sup- posed to be open, and the lawless agency of bad spirits assumed, what measures of probability, of decency, of fit- ness, or proportion — of that which distinguishes the likely from the palpable absurd — could they have to guide them in the rejection or admission of any particular testimony ? — That maidens pined away, wasting inwardly as their waxen images consumed before a fije — that com was lodged, and cattle lamed — that whirlwinds uptore in diabolic re- velry the oaks of the forest — or that spits and kettles only danced a fearful-innocent vagary about some rustic's kitchen when no wind was stirring — ^were all equally probable where no law of agency was understood. That the prince of the powers of darkness, passing by the flower and pomp of the earth, should lay preposterous siege to the weak fantasy of indigent eld — has neither likelihood nor unlike- lihood a priori to us, who have no measure to guess at his policy, or standard to estimate what rate those anile souls may fetch in the devil's market. Nor, when the wicked are expressly symbolised by a goat, was it to be wondered at so much, that he should come sometimes in that body, and assert his metaphor. — That the intercourse was opened at all between both worlds was perhaps the mistake — but that once assumed, I see no reason for disbelieving one at- tested story of this nature more than another on the score of absurdity. There is no law to judge of the lawless, or canon by which a dream may be criticised. I have sometimes thought that I could not have existed in the days of received witchcraft ; that I could not have slept in a village where one of those reputed hags dwelt. Our ancestors were bolder or more obtuse. Amidst the 82 WITCHES, AND OTHER NIGHT FEAB8. universal belief that these wretches were in league with the author of all evil, holding hell tributary to their mut- tering, no simple justice of the peace seems to have scrupled issuing, or siUy headborough serving, a warrant upon them — as if they should subpcena Satan ! — Prospero in his boat, with his books and wand about him, suffers himself to be conveyed away at the mercy of his enemies to an unknown island. He might have raised a storm or two, we think, on the passage. His acquiescence is in exact analogy to the non-resistance of witches to the constituted powers. — "What stops the Fiend in Spenser from tearing Guyon to pieces — or who had made it a condition of his prey that Guyon must take assay of the glorious bait — we have no guess. We do not know the laws of that country. From my childhood I was extremely inquisitive about witches and witch-stories. My maid, and more legendary aunt, supplied me with good store. But I shall mention the accident which directed my curiosity originally into this channel. In my father's book- closet the history of the Bible by Stackhouse occupied a distinguished station. The pictures with which it abounds — one of the ark, in par- ticular, and another of Solomon's temple, delineated with all the fidelity of ocular admeasurement, as if the artist had been upon the spot — attracted my childish attention. There was a picture, too, of the Witch raising up Samuel, which I wish that I had never seen. We shall come to that hereafter. Stackhouse is in two huge tomes ; and there was a pleasure in removing folios of that magnitude, which, with infinite straining, was as much as I could manage, from the situation which they occupied upon an upper shelf. I have not met with the work from that time to this, but I remember it consisted of Old Testament stories, orderly set down, with the objection appended to each story, and the solution of the objection regularly tacked to that. The ohjection was a summary of whatever diffi- culties had been opposed to the credibility of the history by the shrewdness of ancient or modem infidelity, drawn up with an almost complimentary excess of candour. The solution was brief, modest, and satisfactory. The bane and WITCEES. AND OTHMt NIGHT FEARS. 83 antidote were both before you. To doubts so put, and ao quashed, there seemed to be an end for ever. The dragon lay dead, for the foot of the veriest babe to trample on. But — like as was rather feared than realized from that slain monster in Spenser — from the womb of those crushed errors young dragonets would creep, exceediag the prowess of so tender a Saint George as myself to vanquish. The habit of expecting objections to every passage set me upon stai-ting more objections, for the glory of finding a solution of my own for them. I became staggered and perplexed, a sceptio in long-coats. The pretty Bible stories which I had read, or heard read in church, lost their purity and sincerity of impression, and were turned into so many historic or chro- nologic theses to be defended against whatever impugners. I was not to disbelieve them, but — the next thing to that — I was to be quite sure that some one or other would or had disbelieved them. Next to making a child an infidel is the letting him know that there are infidels at all. Credulity is the man's weakness, but the child's strength. 0, how ugly sound scriptural doubts from the mouth of a babe and a suckling ! — I should have lost myself in these mazes, and have pined away, I think, with such unfit sus- tenance as these husks afforded, but for a fortunate piece of ill-fortune which about this time befell me. Turning over the picture of the ark with too much haste, I un- happily made a breach in its ingenious fabric — driving my inconsiderate fingers right through the two larger quadru- peds, the elephant and the camel, that stare (as well they might) out of the two last windows next the steerage in that unique piece of naval architecture. Staokhouse was henceforth locked up, and became an interdicted treasure. With the book, the objections and solutions gradually cleared out of my head, and have seldom returned since in any force to trouble me. But there was one impression which I had imbibed from Staokhouse which no lock or bar could shut out, and which was destintd to try my childish nerves rather more seriously. — That detestable picture ! I was dreadfully aKve to nervous terrors. The night- time, solitude, and the dark, were my hell. The sufferings G 2 84 WITCHES, AND 0T3EB NIGHT FEAB8. I endured in this nature would justify the expression. I never laid my head on my pillow, I suppose, from, the fourth to the seventh or eighth year of my life — so far as memory serves in things so long ago — without an assur- ance, which realized its own prophecy, of seeing some fright- ful spectre. Be old Stackhouse then acquitted in part, if I say, that to his picture of the Witch raising up Samuel — (O that old man covered with a mantle !) — I owe — not my midnight terrors, the hell of my infancy^ — hut the shape and manner of their visitation. It was he who dressed up for me a hag that nightly sate upon my pillow — a sure bedfellow, when my aunt or my maid was far from me. All day long, while the hook was permitted me, I dreamed waking over his delineation, and at night (if I may use so bold an expression) awoke into sleep, and found the vision true. I durst not, even in the day-light, once enter the chamber where I slept, without my face turned to the Tvindow, aversely from the bed where my witch-ridden pillow was. Parents do not know what they do when they leave tender babes alone to go to sleep in the dark. The feeling about for a friendly arm — the hoping for a familiar voice — when they wake screaming — and find none to soothe them — what a terrible shaking it is to their poor nerves ! The keeping them up till midnight, through candle-light and the unwholesome hours, as they are called, — ^would, I am satisfied, in a medical point of view, prove the better caution. — That detestable picture, as I have said, gave the fashion to my dreams — if dreams they were — for the scene of them was invariably the room in which I lay. Had I never met with the picture, the fears would have come self-pictured in some shape or other — Headless bear, black man, or ape — but, as it was, my imaginations took that form. — It is not book, or picture, or the stories of foolish servants, which create these terrors in children. They can at most but give them a direction. Dear little T. H., who of all children has been brought up with the most scrupulous exclusion of every taint of superstition — who was never WITCBE8, AND OTjIEU NIGHT PEAKS. 85 allowed to hear of goblin or apparition, or soaraely to be told of bad men, or read or hear of any distressing story — finds all this world of fear, from which he has been so rigidly excluded ah extra, in his own " thick-coming fan- cies ;" and froir. his little midnight pillow, this nurse-child of optimism mil start at shapes, unborrowed of tradition, in sweats to which the reyeries of the cell-damned mur- derer are tranquillity. Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimseras dire — stories of Ce- Iseno and the Harpies — may reproduce themselves in the brain of superstition — but they were there before. They are transcripts, types — the archetypes are in us, and eternal. How else should the recital of that, which we know in a waking sense to be false, come to affect us at all ? — or Names, whose sense we see not, Pray us with things that be not ? Is it that we naturally conceive terror from such objects, considered in their capacity of being able to inflict upon us bodily injury ? — 0, least of all I These terrors are of older standing. They date beyond body — or, without the body, they would have been the same. All the cruel, torment- ing, defined devils in Dante — tearing, mangling, choking, stifling, scorching demons — are they one half so fearful to the spirit of a man, as the simple idea of a spirit unem- bodied following him — Like one that on a lonesome road Doth walk in fear and dread, And having once turn'd rovmd, walks on And turns no more his head; Because he knows a Mghtful fiend Doth close behind him tread.* That the kind of fear here treated of is purely spiritual— that it is strong in proportion as it is objectless upon earth — that it predominates in the period of sinless in- fancy—are difBculties, the solution of which might afford some probable insight into our ante-mundane condition, and a peep at least into the shadowland of pre-existence. * Mr. Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. 86 WITCHES, AND OTHER NIGHT FEAHB. My night-fancies have long ceased to be afflictive. I confess an occasional nightmare ; but I do not, as in early youth, keep a stud of them. Piendish faces, with the ex tinguished taper, will come and look at me ; but I know them for mockeries, even while I cannot elude their pre- sence, and I fight and grapple with them. For the credit of my imagination, I am almost ashamed to say how tame and prosaic my dreams are grown. They are never ro- mantic, seldom even rural. They are of architecture and of buildings — cities abroad, which I have never seen and hardly have hoped to see. I have traverseo, for the seeming length of a natural day, Bome, Amsterdam, Paris, Lisbon — ^their churches, palaces, squares, market-places, shops, suburbs, ruins, with an inexpressible sense of delight — a map-like distinctness of trace, and » day -light vividness of vision, that was all but being awake. — I have formerly travelled among the Westmoreland fells — my highest Alps, — but they are objects too mighty for the grasp of my dreaming recognition ; and I have again and again awoke with ineffectual struggles of the inner eye, to make out a shape, in any way whatever, of Helvellyn. Methought I was in that country, but the mountains were gone. The poverty of my dreams mortifies me. There is Coleridge, at his will can conjure up icy domes, and pleasure-houses for Kubla KJian, and Abyssinian maids, and songs of Abara and caverns. Where Alph, the sacred river, runs, to solace his night solitudes — when I cannot muster a fiddle. Barry Cornwall has his tritons and his nereids gam- boling before him in nocturnal visions, and proclaiming sons bom to Neptune — ^when my stretch of imaginative activity can hardly, in the night season, raise up the ghost of a fish-wife. To set my failures in somewhat a morti- fying light — it was after reading the noble Dream of this poet, that my fancy ran strong upon these marine spectra ; and the poor plastic power, such as it is, within me set to work to humour my folly in a sort of dream that very uight. Methought I was upon the ocean billows at some VALIUNTINE'S DAT. 87 sea miptials, riding and mounted high, with the cnstomary train sounding their conchs before me, (I myself, you may be sure, the leading god,) and joUily we went careering over the main, till just where Ino Leucothea should have greeted me (I think it was Ino) with a white embrace, the billows gradually subsiding, fell from a sea roughness to a sea calm, and thence to a river motion, and that river (as happens in the familiarization of dreams) was no other than the gentle Thames, which landed me in the wafture of a placid wave or two, alone, safe and inglorious, somewhere at the foot of Lambeth palace. The degree of the soul's creativeness in sleep might furnish no whimsical criterion of the quantum of poetical faculty resident in the same soul waking. An old gentle- man, a friend of mine, and a humorist, used to carry this notion so far, that when he saw any stripling of his ac- quaintance ambitious of becoming a poet, his first question would be, — "Young man, what sort of dreams have you?'' J have so much faith in my old friend's theory, that when I feel that idle vein returning upon me, I presently subside into my proper element of prose, remembering those eluding nereids, and that inauspicious inland landing. VALENTINE'S DAY. HAIL to thy returning festival, old Bishop Valentine ! Great is thy name in the rubric, thou venerable Arch- flamen of Hymen ! Immortal Go-between ; who and wnat manjier of person art thou ? Art thou but a name, typi- fying the restless principle which impels poor humans to seek perfection in union? or wert thou indeed a mortal prelate, with thy tippet and thy rochet, thy apron on, and decent lawn sleeves ? Mysterious personage ! Like unto thee, assuredly, there is no other mitred father in the calendar ; not Jerome, nor Ambrose, nor Cyril; nor the consigner of undipt infants to eternal torments, Austin, whom all mothers hate ; nor he who hated all mothers. Origan ; nor 88 VALENTINE'S DAT. Bishop Bull, nor Archbishop Parker, nor Whitgift. Thou eomest attended with thousands and ten thousands of little Loves, and the air is Bruah'd with the hiss of rustling wings. Singing Cupids are thy choristers and thy precentors ; and instead of the crosier, the mystical arrow is home before thee. In other words, this is the day on which those chaxming little missives, ycleped Valentines, cross and intercross each other at every street and turning. The weary and all for- spent twopenny postman sinks beneath a load of delicate embarrassments, not his own. It is scarcely credible to what extent this ephemeral courtship is carried on in this loving town, to the great enrichment of porters, and detri- ment of knockers and bell-wires. In these little visual interpretations, no emblem is so common as the Jieart, — that little three-cornered exponent of all our hopes and fears, — the bestnck and bleeding heart ; it is twisted and tortured into more allegories and affectations than an opera- hat. What authority we have in history or mythology for placing the headquarters and metropolis of god Cupid in this anatomical seat rather than in any other, is not very clear ; but we have got it, and it will serve as well as any other. Else we might easily imagine, upon some other system which might have prevailed for anything which our pathology knows to the contrary, a lover addressing his mis- tress, in perfect simplicity of feeling, " Madam, my liver and fortune are entirely at your disposal;" or putting a delicate question, " Amanda, have you a midriff to bestow ?" But custom has settled these things, and awarded the seat of sentiment to the aforesaid trisingle, while its less for- tunate neighbours wait at animal and anatomical distance. Not many sounds in life, and I include all urban and all rural sounds, exceed in interest a knock at the door. It " gives a very echo to the throne where hope is seated." But its issues seldom answer to this oracle within. It is so seldom that just the person we want to see comes. But of all the clamorous visitations the welcomest in expecta- VALENTINES DAT gg tion is the sound that ushers in, or seems to usher in, a Valentine. As the raven himself was hoarse that announced the fatal entrance of Duncan, so the knock of the postman on this day is light, airy, confident, and befitting one that bringeth good tidings. It is less mechanical than on other days; yon will say, " That is not the post, I am sure." Visions of Love, of Cupids, of Hymens ! — delightful eternal commonplaces, which "having been will always be;" which no school-boy nor school-man can write away ; having your irreversible throne in the fancy and affections — what are your transports, when the happy maiden, open- ing with careful finger, careful not to break the emblematic seal, bursts upon the sight of some well-designed allegory, some type, some youthful fancy, not without verses — Lovers all, A madrigal, or some such devise, not over-abundant in sense — ^young Love disclaims it, — and not quite silly — something between wind and water, a chorus where the sheep might almost join the shepherd, as they did, or as I apprehend they did, in Arcadia. All Valentines are not foolish ; and I shaU. not easily forget thine, my kind friend (if I may have leave to call you so) E. B . E. B. lived opposite a young maiden whom he had often seen, unseen, from his parlour window in C e Street. She was all joyousness and innocence, and just of an age to enjoy receiving a Valentine, and just of a temper to bear the disappointment of missing one with good humour. E. B. is an artist of no common powers ; in the fancy parts of designing, perhaps inferior to none ; his name is known at the bottom of many a well-executed vignette in the way of his profession, but no further ; for E. B. is modest, and the world meets nobody half way. E. B. meditated how he could repay this young maiden for many a favour which she had done him unknown; for when a kindly face greets us, though but passing by, and never knows us again, nor we it, we should feel it as an obligation : and E. B. did. This good artist set himself at 90 VALENTINE'S DAY. work to please the damsel. It was just before Valentine's day three years since. He wrought, unseen and unsus- pected, a wondrous work. We need not say it was on the finest gilt paper with borders — ^fuU, not of common hearts and heartless allegory, but all the prettiest stories of love from Ovid, and older poets than Ovid (for E. B. is a scholar). There was Pyramus and Thisbe, and be sure Dido was not forgot, nor Hero and Leander, and swans more than sang in Cayster, with mottoes and fanciful devices, such as be- seemed — a work, in short, of magic. Iris dipt the woof. This on Valentine's eve he commended to the all-swallow- ing indiscriminate orifice (0 ignoble trust !) of the common post ; but the humble medium did its duty, and from his watchful stand the next morning he saw the cheerful messenger knock, and by-and-by the precious charge deli- vered. He saw, unseen, the happy girl unfold the Valen- tine, dance about, clap her hands, as one after one the pretty emblems unfolded themselves. She danced about, not with light love, or foolish expectations, for she had no lover ; or, if she had, none she knew that could have created those bright images which delighted her. It was more like some fairy present ; a God-send, as our familiarly pious ancestors termed a benefit received where the bene- factor was unknown. It would do her no harm. It would do her good for ever after. It is good to love the unknown. I only give this as a specimen of E. B. and his modest way of doing a concealed kindness. Good morrow to my Valentine, sings poor Ophelia ; and no better wish, but with better auspices, we wish to all faithful lovers, who are not too wise to despise old legends, but are content to rank themselves humble diocesans of old Bishop Valentine and his true church. 91 MY EELATIONS. I AM arrived at that point of life at which a man may account it a blessing, as it is a singularity, if he have either of his parents surviving. I have not that felicity — and sometimes think feelingly of a passage in " Browne's Christian Morals," where he speaks of a man that hath lived sixty or seventy years in the world. " In such a compass of time," he says, " a man may have a close apprehension what it is to be forgotten, when he hath lived to find none who could remember his father, or scarcely the friends of his youth, and may sensibly see with what a face in no long time Oblivion will look upon himself." I had an aunt, a dear and good one. 8ho was one whom single blessedness had soured to the world. She often used to say, that I was the only thing in it which she loved ; and, when she thought I was quitting it, she grieved over me with mother's tears. A partiality quite so exclusive my reason cannot altogether approve. She was from morning till night poring over good books and devo- tional exercises. Her favourite volumes were, " Thomas a Kempis," in Stanhope's translation ; and a Eoman Catholic Prayer Book, with the matins and complines regularly set down — terms which I was at that time too young to understand. She persisted in reading them, although ad- monished daily concerning their Papistical tendency ; and went to church every Sabbath, as a good Protestant should do. These were the only books she studied; though, 1 think at one period of her life, she told me, she* had read with great satisfiiotion the " Adventures of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman." Finding the door of the chapel in Essex Street open one day — it was in the infancy of that heresy — she went in, liked the sermon, and the manner of worship, and frequented it at intervals for some time after. She came not for doctrinal points, and never missed them. With some little asperities in her constitution, which I have above hinted at, she was a steadfast, friendly being, and a fine oW Christian. She was a woman of strong sense, 92 ULY UELATIOAS. and a shrewd mind — extraordinary at a repartee ; one of the few occasions of her breaking silence — else she did not mnch value wit. The only secular employment I remem- ber to have seen her engaged in, was the splitting of French beans, and dropping them into a china basin of fair water. The odour of those tender vegetables to this day comes back upon my senses, redolent of soothing recollections. Certainly it is the most delicate of culinary operations. Male aunts, as somebody calls them, I had none — to re- member. By the uncle's side I may be said to have been born an orphan. Brother, or sister, I never had any — ^to know them. A sister, I think, that should have been Elizabeth, died in both our infancies. What a comfort, or what a care, may I not have missed in her ! — ^But I have cousins sprinkled about in Hertfordshire — besides two, with whom I have been all my life in habits of the closest inti- macy, and whom I may term cousins par excellence. These are James and Bridget Elia. They are older than myseK by twelve, and ten, years ; and neither of them seems dis- posed, in matters of advice and guidance, to waive any of the prerogatives which primogeniture confers. May they continue still in the same mind ; and when they shall be seventy-five, and seventy-three, years old (I cannot spare them sooner), persist in treating me in my grand climac- teric precisely as a stripling, or younger brother ! James is an inexplicable cousin. Nature hath her uni- ties, which not every critic can penetrate ; or, if we feel, we cannot explain them. The pen of Yorick, and of none since his, could have drawn J. E. entire — those fine Shan- dean lights and shades, which make up his story. I must limp after in my poor antithetical manner, as the fates have given me grace and talent. J. E. then — to the eye of a common observer at least — seemeth made up of contra- dictory principles. The genuine child of impulse, the frigid philosopher of prudence — the phlegm of my cousin's doc- trine, is invariably at war with his temperament, which is high sanguine. With always some fire-new project in his brain, J. E. is the systematic opponent of innovation, and MT BELATIONH. 93 crier down of everything that has not stood the test of age and experiment. With a> hundred fine notions chasing one another hourly in his fancy, he is startled at the least approach to the romantic in others ; and, determined hy his own sense in everything, commends you to the guidance of common sense on all occasions. — With a touch of the eccentric in all which he does or says, he is only anxious that you should not commit yourself by doing anything ahsurd or singular. On my once letting slip at table, that I was not fond of a certain popular dish, he begged me at any rate not to say so — for the world would think me mad. He disguises a passionate fondness for works of high art (whereof he hath amassed a choice collection), under the pretext of buying only to sell again — that his enthusiasm may give no encouragement to yours. Yet, if it were so, why does that piece of tender, pastoral Domenichino hang stiH. by his wall ? — is the ball of his sight much more dear to hitn ? — -or what picture-dealer can talk like him ? Whereas mankiad in general are observed to warp their speculative conclusions to the bent of their individual humours, Ms theories are sure to be in diametrical opposi- tion to his constitution. He is courageous as Charles of Sweden, upon instinct ; chary of his person upon principle, as a travelling Quaker. He has been preaching up to me, all my life, the doctrine of bowing to the great— the neces- sity of forms, and manner, to a man's getting on in the world. He himself never aims at either, that I can dis- cover, — and has a spirit that would stand upright in the presence of the Cham of Tartary. It is pleasant to hear him discourse of patience — extolling it as the truest wisdom — ■ and to see him during the last seven minutes that his dinner is getting ready. Nature never ran up in her haste a more restless piece of workmanship than when she moulded this impetuous cousin — and Art never turned out a more elaborate orator than he can display himself to be, upon his favourite topic of the advantages of quiet and con- tentedness in the state, whatever it be, that we are placed in. He is triumphant on this theme, when he has you safe in one of those short stages that ply for the western road. 04 MY BELATIOm. in a very obstructing manner, at the foot of John Murray's street — ^where you get in when it is empty, and are ex- pected to wait till the vehicle hath completed her just freight — a trying three quarters of an hour to some people. He wonders at your fidgetiness, — "where could we be better than we are, thus sitting, thus consulting f — " prefers, for his part, a state of rest to locomotion," — with an eye all the while upon the coachman, — till at length, waxing out of all patience, at your want of it, he breaks out into a pathetic remonstrance at the fellow for detaining us so long over the time which he had professed, and declares peremptorily, that " the gentleman in the coach is deter- mined to get out, if he does not drive on that instant." Very quick at inventing an argument, or detecting a sophistry, he is incapable of attending you in any chain of arguing. Indeed, he makes wild work with logic ; and seems to jump at most admirable conclusions by some process not at all akin to it. Consonantly enough to this, he hath been heard to deny, upon certain occasions, that there exists such a faculty at all in man as reason ; and wondereth how man came first to have a conceit of it — enforcing his negation with all the might of reasoning he is master of. He has some speculative notions against laughter, and will maintain that laughing is not natural to him — when per- adventure the next moment his lungs shall crow like chanticleer. He says some of the best things in the world, and declareth that wit is his aversion. It was he who said, upon seeing the Eton boys at play in their grounds — What a pity to think that these fine ingenuous lads in a few years will all he changed into frivolous Members of Parliament ! His youth was fiery, glowing, tempestuous — and in age he discovereth no symptom of cooling. This is that which I admire in him. I hate people who meet Time half way. I am for no compromise with that inevitable spoiler. While he lives, J. E. will take his swing. — It does me good, as I walk towards the street of my daily avocation, on some fine May morning, to meet him march- ing in a quite opposite direction, with a jolly handsome presence, and shining sanguine fe,ce, that indicates some MY BELATlom. 95 purchase in his eye — a Claude — or a Hobbima — for much of his enviable leisure is consumed at Christie's and Phillips's — or where not, to pick up pictures, and such gauds. On these occasions he mostly stoppeth me, to read a short lecture on the advantage a person like me possesses above himself, in having his time occupied with business which he must do — assureth me that he often feels it hang heavy on his hands — wishes he had fewer holidays — and goes oif — Westward Ho ! — chanting a tune, to Pall Mall — perfectly convinced that he has convinced me — while I proceed in my opposite direction tuneless. It is pleasant, again, to see this Professor of Indifference doing the honours of his new purchase, when he has fairly housed it. You must view it in every light, tUl he has found the best — placing it at this distance, and at that, but always suiting the focus of your sight to his own. You must spy at it through your fingers, to catch the aerial perspective — though you assure him that to you the land- scape shows much more agreeable without that artifice. Woe be to the luckless wight who does not only not respond to his rapture, but who should drop an unseasonable inti- mation of preferring one of his anterior bargains to the present! — The last is always his best hit — his "Cynthia of the minute." — Alas! how many a mild Madonna have I known to come in — a Eaphael ! — keep its ascendancy for a few brief moons — then, after certain intermedial degrada- tions, from the front drawing-room to the back gallery, thence 'to the dark parlour, — adopted in turn by each of the Carracci, under successive lowering ascriptions of filia- tion, mildly breaking its fall — consigned to the oblivious lumber-room, go out at last a Lucca Giordano, or plain Carlo Maratti ! — which things when I beheld — musing upon the chances and mutabilities of fate below hath made me to reflect upon the altered condition of great personages, or that woeful Queen of Eichard the Second — set forth in pomp, She came adorned hither like sweet May ; Sent back like Eallowmass or shortest day. With great love for you, J. E. hath but a limited sym- 9G MT RELATIONS. pathy with what you feel or do. He lives in a world of his own, and makes slender guesses at what passes in your mind. He never pierces the marrow of your habits. He vvdll tell an old-estahlished play-goer, that Mr. Such-a^one, of So-and-so (naming one of the theatres), is a very lively comedian — as a piece of news ! He advertised me but the other day of some pleasant green lanes which he had found out for me, Imowing me to he a great walker, in my own immediate vicinity — ^who have haunted the identical spot any time these twenty years ! — He has not much respect for that class of feelings which goes by the name of senti- mental. He applies the definition of real evil to bodily Buiferings exclusively — and rejecteth all others as imagi- nary. He is affected by the sight, or the bare supposition, of a creature in pain, to a degree which I have never witnessed out of womankind. A constitutional acuteness to this class of sufferings may in part account for this. The animal tribe in particular he taketh under his especial protection. A broken-winded or spur-galled horse is sure to find an advocate in him. An over-loaded ass is his client for ever. He is the apostle to the brute kind — ^the never-failing friend of those who have none to care for them. The contemplation of a lobster boiled, or eels skinned aliiie, will wring him so, that " all for pity he could die." It will take the savour from his palate, and the rest from his pillow, for days and nights. With the intense feeling of Thomas Clarkson, he wanted only the steadiness of pursuit, and unity of purpose, of that " true yoke-fellow with Time,'' to have efiected as much for the Animal as lie hath done for the Negro Creation. But my uncontrollable cousin is but imperfectly formed for pur- poses which demand co-operation. He cannot wait. His amelioration-plans must be ripened in a day. For this reason he has cut but an equivocal figure in benevolent Booieties, and combinations for the alleviation of human sufferings. His zeal constantly makes him to outrun, and put out, his coadjutors. He thinks of relieving, — while they think of debating. He was black-balled out of a society for the Eelief of «.■.*., MACKEET MND, IN HEBTFOBDSHIEE. 97 because the fervour of his humanity toiled beyond the fonnal apprehension and creeping processes of his asso- ciates. I shall always consider this distinction as a patent of nobility in the Elia family ! Do I mention these seeming inconsistencies to smile at, or upbraid, my unique cousin? Marry, heaven, and all good manners, and the understanding that should be be- tween kinsfolk, forbid ! — With all the strangenesses of this strangest of the Elias — I would not have him in one jot or tittle other than he is ; neither would I barter or exchange my wild kinsman for the most exact, regular, and every way consistent kinsman breathing. In my next, reader, I may perhaps give you some account of my cousin Bridget — if you are not already sur- feited with cousins — and take you by the hand, if you are willing to go with us, on an excursion which we made a summer or two since, in search of more cousins — Through the green plains of pleasant Hertfordshire. MACKEEY END, IN HEETPOEDSHIEE. BEIDGET ELIA has been my housekeeper for many a long year. I have obligations to Bridget, extending beyond the period of memory. We house together, old bachelor and maid, in a sort of double singleness ; with such tolerable comfort, upon the whole, that I, for one, find in my- self no sort of disposition to go out upon the mountains, with the rash king's oifspring, to bewail my celibacy. We agree pretty well in our tastes and habits — yet so, as " with a difierenoe." We are generally in harmony, with occasional bickerings — as it should be among near relations. Our sympathies are rather understood than expressed ; and once, upon my dissembling a tone in my voice more kind than ordinary, my cousin burst into tears, and complained that I was altered. We are both great readers in different directions. While I am hanging over (for the thousandth time) some passaae in old Burton, or one of his strange a 98 MAVKEBY END IN BEBTFOBDSEIBE. contemporaries, she is abstracted in some modern tale or adventure, whereof our common reading-table is daily fed with assiduously fresh supplies. Narrative teases me. I have little concern in the progress of events. She must have a story — well, ill, or indifferently told — so there be life stirring in it, and plenty of good or evil accidents. The fluctuations of fortune in fiction — and almost in real life — have ceased to interest, or operate but dully upon me. Out-of-the-way humours and opinions — heads with some diverting twist in them — the oddities of authorship, please me most. My cousin has a native disrelish of anything that sounds odd or bizarre. Nothing goes down with her that is quaint, irregular, or out of the road of common sympathy. She " holds Nature more clever." I can pardon her blindness to the beautiful obliquities of the EeKgio Medici ; but she must apologize to me for certain disre- spectful insinuations, which she has been pleased to throw out latterly, touching the intellectuals of a dear favourite of mine, of the last century but one — the thrice noble, chaste, and virtuous, but again somewhat fantastical and original brained, generous Margaret Newcastle. It has been the lot of my cousin, oftener perhaps than I could have wished, to have had for her associates and mine, free-thinkers — leaders, and disciples, of novel philosophies and systems ; but she neither wrangles with, nor accepts, their opinions. That which was good and venerable to her, when a chUd, retains its authority over her mind still. She never juggles or plays tricks with her imderstanding. AVe are both of us inclined to be a little too positive ; and I have observed the result of our disputes to be almost uniformly this — that in matters of fact, dates, and circum- stances, it turns out that I was in the right, and my cousin in the wrong. But where we have differed upon moral points , upon something proper to be done, or let alone ; whatever heat of opposition or steadiness of conviction I set out with, I am sure always, in the long-run, to be brought over to her way of thinking. I must touch upon the foibles of my kinswoman with a gentle hand, for Bridget does not like to be told of her MAOKEBY END, IN HEBTFOBDSHIBE. 99 faults. She hath, an awkward trick (to say no worse of it) of reading in company : at which times she will answer yes or wo to a question, without fully understanding its purport — which is provokiiig, and derogatory in the highest degree to the dignity of the putter of the said question. Her presence of mind is equal to the most pressing trials of life, but will sometimes desert her upon trifling occasions. When the purpose requires it, and is a thing of moment, she can speak to it greatly ; hut in matters which are liot stuff of the conscience, she hath been known soinetimes to let slip a word less seasonably. Her education in youth was not much attended to ; and she happily missed all that train of female garniture which passeth by the name of accomplishments. She was tumbled early, by accident or design, into a spacious closet of good old English reading, without much selection or prohibition, and browsed at will upon that fair and wholesome pas- turage. Had I twenty girls, they should be brought up exactly in this fashion. I know not whether their chance in wedlock might not be diminished by it, but I can answer for it that it makes (if the- worst come to the worst) most incomparable old maids. In a season of distress, she is the truest comforter ; but in the teasing accidents and minor perplexities, which do not call out the will to meet them, she sometimes maketh matters worse by an excess of participation. If she does not always divide your trouble, upon the pleasanter occa- sions of life she is sure always to treble your satisfaction. She is excellent to be at a play with, or upon a visit ; but best, when she goes a journey with you. We made an excursion together a few summers since into Hertfordshire, to beat up the quarters of some of our less-known relations in that fine com country. The oldest thing I remember is Mackery End, or Mackarel End, as it is spelt, perhaps more properly, in some old maps of Hertfordshire; a farm-house, — delight- fully situated within a gentle walk from Wheathampstead, I can just remember having been there, on a visit to a great-aunt, when I was a child, under the care of Bridget ; h2. 100 MAGKEBY END, IN EEBTFOBDSHIBE. who, as I have said, is older than myself by some ten years. I wish that I could throw into a heap the remainder of our joint existences, that we might share them in equal division. But that is impossible. The house was at that time in the occupation of a substantial yeoman, who had married my grandmother's sister. His name was Gladman. My grandmother was a Bruton, married to a Field. The Gladmans and the Brutons are still flourishing in that part of the county, but the Fields are almost extinct. More than forty years had elapsed since the visit I speak of ; and, for the greater portion of that period, we had lost sight of the other two branches also. Who or what sort of persons inherited Mackery End — ^kindred or strange folk — we were afraid almost to conjecture, but determined some day to explore. By somewhat a circuitous route, taking the noble park at Luton in our way from St. Albans, we arrived at the spot of our anxious curiosity about noon. The sight of the old farm-house, though every trace of it was effaced from my recollections, affected me with a pleasure which I had not experienced for many a year. For though I had forgotten it, we had never forgotten being there together, and we had been talking about Mackery End all our lives, till memory on my part became mocked with a phantom of itself, and I thought I knew the aspect of a place which, when present, how unlike it was to that which I had conjured up so many times instead of it ! Still the air breathed balmily about it ; the season was in the " heart of June," and I could say with the poet. But thou, that didst appear so fair To fond imagination, Dost rival in the light of day Her delicate creation I Bridget's was more a waking bliss than mine, for she easily remembered her old acquaintance again — some altered features, of course, a little grudged at. At first, indeed, she was ready to disbelieve for joy ; but the scene soon re-confirmed itself in her affections — and she traversed svery outpost of the old mansion, to the wood-house, the MACKEhY END, IN HEBTFOUDSSIRE. 101 orchard, the place where the pigeon-house had stood (house and birds were alike flown) — with a breathless impatience of recognition, which was more pardonable perhaps than decorous at the age of- fifty odd. But Bridget in some things is behind her years. The only thing left was to get into the house — and that was a difficulty which to me singly would have been insur- mountable ; for I am terribly shy in making myself known to strangers and out-of-date kinsfolk. Love, stronger than scruple, winged my cousin in without me ; but she soon returned with a creature that might have sat to a sculptor for the image of A^'elcome. It was the youngest of the Gladmans ; who, by marriage with a Bruton, had become mistress of the old mansion. A comely brood are the Bru- tons. Six of them, females, were noted as the handsomest young women in the county. But this adopted Bruton, in my mind, was better than they all — more comely. She was bom too late to have remembered me. She just recollected in early life to have had her cousin Bridget once pointed out to her, climbing a stUe. But the name of kindred and of cousinship was enough. Those slender ties, that prove slight as gossamer in the rending atmosphere of a metro- polis, bind faster, as we found it, in hearty, homely, loving Hertfordshire. In five minutes we were as thoroughly acquainted as if we had been bom and bred up together ; were familiar, even to the calling each other by our Christian names. So Christians should call one another. To have seen Bridget and her — it was like the meeting of the two scriptural cousins ! There was a grace and dignity, an amplitude of form and stature, answering to her mind, in this farmer's wife, which would have shined in a palace — or so we thought it. We were made welcome by hus- band and wife equally — we, and our friend that was with us. — I had almost forgotten him — but B. F. will not so soon forget that meeting, if peradventure he shall read this on the far distant shores where the kangaroo haunts. The fatted calf was made ready, or rather was already so, as if in anticipation of our coming; and, after an appropriate glass of native wine, never let me forget with what honest 102 MY FIBST PLA7. pride this hospitable cousin made us proceed to Wheat- hampstead, to introduce us (as some new-found rarity) to her mother and sister Gladmans, who did indeed know some- thing more of us, at a time when she alraost knew nothing. — With what corresponding kindness we were received by them also — how Bridget's memory, exalted by the occasion, warmed into a thousand half-obliterated recollections of things and persons, to my utter astonishment, and her own — and to the astoundment of B. F. who sat by, almosi the only thing that was not a cousin there, — old eifaced images of more than half-forgotten names and circum- stances s'till crowding back upon her, as words written in lemon come out upon exposure to a friendly warmth, — when I forget all this, then may my country cousins forget me ; and Bridget no more remember, that in the days of weakling infancy I was her tender charge — as I have been her care in foolish manhood since — in those pretty pastoral walks, long ago, about Maokery End, in Hertfordshire. MY FIRST PLAY. A T the north end of Cross-eourt there yet stands a portal, pL of some architectural pretensions, though reduced to humble use, serving at present for an entrance to a printing- office. This old door-way, if you are young, reader, you may not know was the identical pit entrance to old Drury — Garrick's Drury — all of it that is left. I never pass it without shaking some forty years from off my shoulders, recurring to the evening when I passed through it to see my first play. The afternoon had been wet, and the con- dition of our going (the elder folks and myself) was, that the rain should cease. With what a beating heart did I watch from the window the puddles, from the stillness of which I was taught to prognosticate the desired cessation ! I seem to remember the last spurt, and the glee with which I ran to announce it. MY FIRST Play. los We went ■witL. orders, which, my godfather P. had sent ■as. He kept the oil shop (now Davies's) at the corner of Featherstone- buildings, in Holborn. F. was a tall grave person, lofty in speech, and had pretensions above his rank. He associated in those days with John Palmer, the come- dian, whose gait and bearing he seemed to copy ; if John (which is quite as likely) did not rather borrow somewhat of his manner from my godfather. He was ; also known to and visited by Sheridan. It was to his house in Holborn that young Brinsley brought his first wife on her elope- ment with him from a boarding-school at Bath — the beau- tiful Maria Linley. My parents were present (over a quadrille table) when he arrived in the evening with his harmonious charge. From either of these connections it may be inferred that my godfather could command an order for the then Drury-lane theatre at pleasure — and, indeed, a pretty liberal issue of those cheap billets, in Brinsley's easy autograph, I have heard him say was the sole remuneration which he had received for many years' nightly illumination of the orchestra and various avenues of that theatre — and he was content it should be so. The honour of Sheridan's familiarity — or supposed familiarity — was better to my godfather than money. F. was the most gentlemanly of oilmen ; grandiloquent, yet courteous. His delivery of the commonest matters of fact was Ciceronian. He had two Latin words almost constantly in his mouth (how odd sounds Latin from an oilman's lips !), which my better knowledge since has enabled me to correct. In strict pronunciation they should have been sounded vice versd — but in those young years they impressed me with more awe than they would now do, read aright from Seneca or Varro — in his own peculiar pronunciation, monosyllabically elaborated, or Anglicised, into something like verse verse. By an im- posing manner, and the help of these distorted syllables, he climbed (but that was little) to the highest parochial honours which St. Andrew's has to bestow. He is dead— and thus much I thought due to his memory, both for m^ first orders (little wondrous talismans I — 104 MY FIRST FLAT. slight keys, and insignificant to outward. i;iglit, but opening to me more ttan Arabian paradises !) and, moreover, that by his testamentary beneficence I came into possession of the only landed property which I could ever call my own — situate near the road-way village of pleasant Pucke- ridge, in Hertfordshii-e. When I journeyed down to take possession, and planted foot on my own ground, the stately habits of the donor descended upon me, and I strode (shall I confess the vanity ?) with larger paces over my allotment of three quarters of an acre, with its commodious mansion in the midst, with the feeling of an English freeholder that all betwixt sky and centre was my own. The estate nas passed into more prudent hands, and nothing but an agrarian can restore it. In those days were pit orders. Beshrew the uncomfort- able manager who abolished them ! — ^with one of these we went. I remember the waiting at the door — not that which is left — but between that and an inner door in shelter — when shall I be such an expectant again ! — with the cry of nonpareils, an indispensable play-house accompaniment in those days. As near as I can recollect, the fashionable pronunciation of the theatrical fruiteresses then was, " Chase some oranges, chase some numparels, chase a bill of the play ;" — chase pro chuse. But when we got in, and I beheld the green curtain that veiled a heaven to my imagination, which was soon to be disclosed — the breathless anticipations I endured ! I had seen something like it in the plate prefixed to Troilus and Cressida, in Eowe's Shakspeare — the tent scene with Diomede — and a sight of that plate can always bring back in a measure the feeling of that evening. — The boxes at that time, full of well-dressed women of quality, projected over the pit ; and the pilasters reaching down were adorned with a glistening substance (I know not what) under glass (as it seemed), resembling — a homely fancy — but I judged it to be sugar- candy — ^yet to my raised imagination, divested of its homelier qualities, it appeared a glorified candy! — The orchestra lights at length rose, those " fair Auroras !" Once the bell sounded. It was to ring out yet once again — and. MY FIB8T FLAY. 105 incapaUe of the anticipation, I reposed my shut eyes in a sort of resignation upon the maternal lap. It rang the second time. The curtain drew up — ^I was not past six years old, and the play was Artaxerxes ! I had dabbled a little in the Universal History — the ancient part of it — and here was the court of Persia. — It was being admitted to a sight of the past. I took no proper interest in the action going on, for I understood not its import — ^but I heard the word Darius, and I was in the midst of Daniel. All feeling was absorbed in vision. Gorgeous vests, gardens, palaces, princesses, passed before me. I knew not players. I was in Persepolis for the time, and the burning idol of their devotion almost converted me into a worshipper. I was awe-struck, and believed those significations to be something more than elemental fires. It was all enchantment and a dream. No such pleasure has since visited me but in dreams. — Harlequin's invasion followed; where, I remember, the transformation of the magistrates into reverend beldams seemed to me a piece of grave historic justice, and the tailor carrying his own head to be as sober a verity as the legend of St. Denys. The next play to which I was taken was the Lady of the Manor, of which, with the exception of some scenery, very faint traces are left in my memory. It was followed by a pantomime, called Lun's Ghost — a satiric touch, I appre- hend, upon Eich, not long since dead — but to my appre- hension (too sincere for satire), Lun was as remote a piece of antiquity as Lud — the father of a line of Harlequins — transmitting his dagger of lath (the wooden sceptre) through countless ages. I saw the primeval Motley come from his silent tomb in a ghastly vest of white patchwork, like the apparition of a dead rainbow. So Harlequins (thought 1) look when they are dead. My third play followed in quick succession. It was the Way of the "World. I think I must have sat at it as grave as a judge; for I remember the hysteric afieclations of good Lady Wishfort affected me like some solemn tragic passion. Eobinson Crusoe followed ; in which Crusoe, man Friday, and the parrot, were as good and authentic as in the 106 MY FIBST FLAY. story.- — The clownery and pantaloonery of these panto- mimes have clean passeij out of my head. I helieve, I no more laughed at them, than at the same age I should h^ve been disposed to laugh at the grotesque Gothic heads (seeming to me then replete with devout meaning) that gape, and grin, in stone around the inside of the old Bound Church (my church) of the Templars. I saw these plays in the season 1781-2, when I was from six to seven years old. After the intervention of six or seven other years (for at school all play-going was inhi bited) I again entered the doors of a theatre. That old Artaxerxes evening had never done ringing in my fancy. I expected the same feelings to come again with the same occasion. But we differ from ourselves less at sixty and sixteen, than the latter does from six. In that interval what had I not lost ! At the first period I knew nothing, understood nothing, discriminated nothing. I felt all, loved all, wondered all — Was nourished, I could nctt tell how — I had left the temple a devotee, and was returned a rationalist. The same things were there materially ; but the emblem, the reference, was gone ! — The green curtain was no longer a veil, drawn between two worlds, the un- folding of which was to bring back past ages, to present a " royal ghost," — ^but a certain quantity of green baize, which was to separate the audience for a given time from certain of their fellow-men who were to come forward and pretend those parts. The lights — the orchestra lights — came up a clumsy machinery. The first ring, and the second ring, was now but a trick of the prompter's bell — which had been, like the note of the cuckoo, a phantom of a voice, no hand seen or guessed at which ministered to its warning. The actors were men and women painted. I thought the fault was in them ; but it was in myself, and the alteration which those many centuries — of six short twelvemonths — had wrought in me. — Perhaps it was fortunate for me that the play of the evening was but an indifferent comedy, as it gave me time to crop some unreasonable expectations, which MODERN GALLANTHY. 107 might have interfered with the gemiine emotions with which I was soon after enahled to enter upon the first appearance to me of Mrs. Siddons in Isabella. Comparison and retrospection soon yielded to the present attraction of the scene ; and the theatre became to me, upon a new stock, the most delightful of recreations. MODEEN GALLANTEY. IN comparing modem with ancient manners, we are pleased to compliment ourselves upon the point of gal- lantry; a certain obsequiousness, or deferential respect, which we are supposed to pay to females, as females. I shall believe that this priaciple actuates our conduct, when I can forget, that in the nineteenth century of the era from which we date our civility, we are but just begin- ning to leave off the very frequent practice of whipping females in public, in common with the coarsest male offenders. I shall believe it to be influential, when I can shut my eyes to the fact, that in England women are still occa- sionally — hanged. I shall believe in it, when actresses are no longer subject to be hissed off a stage by gentlemen. I shall believe in it, when Dorimant hands a fish-wife across the kennel ; or assists the apple-woman to pick up her wanderipg fruit, which some imlucky dray has just dissipated. I shall believe in it, when the Dorimants in humblei life, who would be thought in their way notable adepts in this refinement, shall act upon it in places where they are not known, or think themselves not observed — when I shall see the traveller for some rich tradesman part with his ad- mired box-coat, to spread it over the defenceless shoulders of the poor woman, who is passing to her parish on the roof of the same stage-coach with him, drenched in the rain — 108 MODERN GALLANTRY. when I shall no longer see a woman standing up in the pit of a London theatre, till she is sick and faint with the exer- tion, with men about her, seated at their ease, and jeering at her distress ; till one, that seems to have more manners or conscience than the rest, significantly declares " she should he welcome to his seat, if she were a little younger and handsomer." Place this dapper warehouseman, or that rider, in a circle of their own female acquaintance, and you shall confess you have not seen a politer-bred man in Lothbury. Lastly, I shall begin to believe that there is some such principle influencing our conduct, when more than one-half of the drudgery and coarse servitude of the world shall cease to be performed by women. Until that day comes, I shall never believe this boasted point to be anything more than a conventional fiction ; a pageant got up between the sexes, in a certain rank, and at a certain time of life, in which both find their account equally. I shall be even disposed to rank it among the salutary fictions of life, when in polite circles I shall see the same attentions paid to age as to youth, to homely features as to handsome, to coarse complexions as to clears to the woman, as she is a woman, not as she is a beauty, a fortune, or a title. I shall believe it to be something more than a name, when a well-dressed gentleman in a well-dressed company can advert to the topic of female old age without exciting, and intending to excite, a sneer :■ — when the phrases " anti- quated virginity," and such a one has " overstood her mar- ket," pronounced in good company, shall raise immediate offence in man, or woman, that shall hear them spoken. Joseph Paice, of Bread-street-hill, merchant, and one of the Directors of the South Sea company — the same to whom Edwards, the Shakspeare commentator, has addressed a fine sonnet — was the only pattern of consistent gallantry I have met with. He took me under his shelter at an early age, and bestowed some pains upon me. I owe to his precepts and example whatever there is of the man of business (and MODERN OALLANTBY. 109 that is not much) in my composition. It was not his fault that I did not profit more. Though bred a Presbyterian, and brought up a merchant, he was the finest gentleman of his time. He had not one system of attention to females in the drawing-room, and another in the shop, or at the stall. I do not mean that he made no distinction. But he never lost sight of sex, or overlooked it in the casualties of a dis- advantageous situation. I have seen him stand bareheaded — smile if you please — to a poor servant-girl, whUe she has been inquiring of him the way to some street — in such a posture of unforced civility, as neither to embarrass her in the acceptance, nor himself in the offer, of it. He was no dangler, in the common acceptation of the word, after women ; but he reverenced and upheld, in every form in which it came before him, womanhood. I have seen him — nay, smile not — tenderly escorting a market-woman, whom he had encountered in a shower, exalting his umbrella over her poor basket of fruit, that it might receive no damage, with as much carefulness as if she had been a countess. To the reverend form of Female Eld he would yield the wall (though it were to an ancient beggar-woman) with more ceremony than we can afford to show our grandams. He was the Preux Chevalier of Age ; the Sir Calidore, or Sir Tristan, to those who have no Calidores or Tristans to defend them. The roses, that had long faded thence, still bloomed for him in those withered and yellow cheeks. He was never married, but in his youth he paid his addresses to the beautifiil Susan Winstanley — old Win- stanley's daughter of Clapton — who dying in the early days of their courtship, confirmed in him the resolution of perpetual bachelorship. It was during their short court- ship, he told me, that he had been one day treating his mistress with a profusion of civil speeches — the common gallantries — ^to which kind of thing she had hitherto mani- fested no repugnance — but in this instance with no eifect. He could not obtain from her a decent acknowledgment in return. She rather seemed to resent his compliments. He could not set it down to caprice, for the lady had always shown herself above that littleness. When he ventured on 110 MODERN GALLANTBY. the following day, finding her a little better humoured, to expostulate with her on her coldness of yesterday, she con- fessed, with her usual frankness, that she had no sort of dislike to his attentions ; that she could even endure some high-flown compliments; that a young woman placed in her situation had a right to expect all sort of civil things said to her; that she hoped she could digest a dose of adulation, short of insincerity, with as little injury to her humility as most young women ; but that — a little before he had commenced his compliments — she had overheard him by accident, in rather rough language, rating a young woman, who had not brought home his cravats quite to the appointed time, and she thought to herself, "As I am Miss Susan Winstanley, and a ygung lady — a reputed beauty, and known to be a fortune — I can have my choice of the finest speeches from the mouth of this very fine gentleman who is courting me — but if I had been poor Mary Such-a- one (naming the milliner), — and had failed of bringing home the cravats to the appointed hour — though perhaps I had sat up half the night to forward them — what sort of com- pliments should I have received then ? — And my woman's pride came to my assistance; and I thought, that if it were only to do me honour, a female, like myself, might have received handsomer usage ; and I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex, the belonging to which was after all my strongest claim and title to them." I think the lady discovered both generosity, and a just way of thinking, in this rebuke which she gave her lover ; and I have sometimes imagined, that the uncommon strain of courtesy, which through life regulated the actions and behaviour of my friend towards all of womankind indiscri- minately, owed its happy origin to this seasonable lesson from the lips of his lamented mistress. I wish the whole female world would entertstin the same notion of these things that Miss Winstanley showed. Then we should see something of the spirit of consistent gal- lantly ; and no longer witness the anomaly of the same man — a pattern of true politeness to a wife — of cold con- TEE OLD BENCHERS OS- TEE INNEB TEMPLE. IH tempt, or rudeness, to a sister — the idolater of his female mistress — the disparager and despiser of his no less female aunt, or unfortunate — still female — maiden cousin. Just so much respect as a woman derogates from her own sex, in whatever condition placed^ — ^her hand-n^aid, or depen- dent — she deserves to have diminished from herself on that score ; and probably will feel the diminution, when youth, and beauty, and advantages, not inseparable from sex, shall lose of their attraction. What a woman should demand of a man in courtship, or after it, is first — respect for her as she is a woman; — and next to that — to be respected by him above all other women. But let her stand upon her female character as upon a foundation ; and let the attentions, incident to individual preference, be so many pretty additaments and ornaments — as many, and as fanciful, as you please — to that main structure. Let her first lesson be with sweet Susan Winstanley — to reverence Tier sex. THE OtD BENC&EES OF THE INNBE TEMPLE. I WAS bom, and passed the first seven years of my life, in the Temple. Its church, its halls, its gardens, its foun- tains, its river, J had almost said — for in those young years, what was this king of rivers to me but a stream that watered our pleasant places ? — these are of my oldest recollections. I repeat, to this day, no verses to myself more frequently, or with kindlier emotion, than those of Spenser, where he speaks of this spot : There when they came, whereas those bricky towers, The which on Themmes brode aged baok doth ride, Where now the studious lawyers have theu- bowers, There whylome wont the Templer knights to bide, Till they decayed through pride. indeed, it is the most elegant spot in the metropolis. What a transition for a countryman visiting London for the first time — the passing from the crowded Strand or Fleet 112 THE OLD BENCHERS OF TEE INNER TEMPLE. Street, by unexpected avenues, into its magnificent ample squares, its classic green recesses ! What a cheerful, liberal look hath that portion of it, which, from three sides, over- looks the greater garden ; that goodly pile Of bunding strong, albeit of Paper bight, confronting with massy contrast, the lighter, older, more fantastically-shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with the cheerful Orown-Office-row (place of my kindly engendrure), right opposite the stately stream, which washes the garden- foot with her yet scarcely trade-polluted waters, and seems but just weaned from her Twickenham Naiades ! a man would give something to have been born in such places. What a collegiate aspect has that fine Elizabethan hall, where the fountain plays, which I have made to rise and fall, how many times ! to the astoundment of the young urchins, my contemporaries, who, not being able to guess at its recondite machinery, were almost tempted to hail the wondrous work as magic ! What an antique air had the now almost effaced sun-dials, with their moral inscriptions, seeming coevals with that Time which they measured, and to take their revelations of its flight immediately from heaven, holding correspondence with the fountain of light ! How would the dark line steal imperceptibly on, watched by the eye of childhood, eager to detect its movement, never catched, nice as an evanescent cloud, or the first arrests of sleep ! Ah ! yet doth beauty like a dial hand Steal from his figure, and no pace perceived ! What a dead thing is a clock, with its ponderous em- bowelments of lead and brass, its pert or solemn dulness of communication, compared with the simple altar-like struc- ture and silent heart-language of the old dial ! It stood as the garden god of Christian gardens. Why is it almost everywhere vanished? If its business-use be superseded by more elaborate inventions, its moral uses, its beauty, might have pleaded for its continuance. It spoke of mode- rate labours, of pleasures not protracted after sunset, of THE OLD BENCHEMS OF THE INNER TEMPLE, HS temperance, and good hours. It was the primitive clock, the horologe of the first world. Adam could scarce have missed it in Paradise. It was the measure appropriate for sweet plants and flowers to spring by, for the birds to apportion their silver warbUngs by, for flocks to pasture and be led to fold by. The shepherd "carved it out quaintly in the sun;" and, turning philosopher by the very occupation, provided it with mottoes more touching than tombstones. It was a pretty device of the gardener, recorded by Marvell, who, in the days of artificial gardening, made a dial out of herbs and flowers. I must quote his verses a little higher up, for they are full, as all his serious poetry was, of a witty delicacy. They will not come in awkwardly, I hope, in a talk .of fountains and sun-dials. He is speaking of sweet garden scenes : — What wondrous life is this I lead ! Kipe apples drop about my head. The luscious clusters of the vine Upon my mouth do crush their wine. The nectarine, and curious peach. Into my hands themselves do reach. Stumbling on melons, as I pass, Insnared with flowers, I fall on grass. Meanwhile the mind from pleasure less Withdraws into its happiness. The mind, that ocean, where each kind Does straight its own resemblance find ; Yet it creates, transcending these. Far other worlds and other seas ; Annihilating all that's made To a green thought in a green shade. Here at the fountain's sliding foot, Or at some fruit-tree's mossy root. Casting the body's vest aside, My soul into the boughs does glide ; There, like a bird, it sits and sings. Then whets and claps its silver wings, And, till prepared for longer flight, Waves in its plumes the various light How well the skilful gardener drew Of flowers and herbs, this dial new Whrae, &om above, the milder sun Does tiu'ough a fragrant zodiac run : 114 THE OLD BENCEEES OF TEE INNER TEMPLE. And, as it works, the industrious bee Computes its time as well as we. How could such sweet and wholesome hours Be reckoned, hut with herhs and flowers?* The artificial fountains of the metropolis are, in like manner, fast vanishing. Most of them are dried up or hricked over. Yet, where one is left, as in that little green nook behind the South-Sea House, what a freshness it gives to the dreary pile ! Four little winged marble boys used to play their virgin fancies, spouting out ever fresh streams from their innocent- wanton lips in the square of Lincoln's Inn, when I was no bigger than they were figured. They are gone, and the spring choked up. The fashion, they tell me, is gone by, and these things are esteemed childish. Why not, then, gratify children, by letting them stand? Lawyers, I suppose, were children once. They are awakening images to them at least. Why must everything smack of man, and mannish? Is the world all grown up ? Is childhood dead ? Or is there not in the bosoms of the wisest and the best some of the daild's heart left, to respond to its earliest enchantments ? The figures were grotesque. Are the stiff-wigged living figures, that still flitter and chatter about that area, less Gothic in appearance ? or is the splutter of their hot rhetoric one-half so refreshing and innocent as the little cool playful streams those exploded cherubs uttered ? They have lately gothioised the entrance to the Inner Temple-hall, and the library front; to assimilate them, I suppose, to the body of the hall, which they do not at all resemble. What is become of the winged horse that stood over the former ? a stately arms ! and who has removed those frescoes of the Virtues, which Italianised the end of the Paper-buildings ? — my first hint of allegory ! They miist account to me for these things, which I miss so greatly. The terrace is, indeed, left, which we used to call the parade; but the traces are passed away of the footsteps which made its pavement awful ! It is become common * From a copy of verses entitled " The Garden." TBJE OLD BMNCBEBS OF THE INNER TEMPLE. 115 and profane. The old benchers had it almost sacred tc themselves, in the forepart of the day at least. They might not he sided or jostled. Their air and dress asserted the parade. You left wide spaces betwixt you when you passed them. We walk on even terms with their succes- sors. The roguish eye of J 11, ever ready to be delivered of a jest, almost invites a stranger to vie a repartee with it. But what insolent familiar durst have mated Thomas Coventry ? — whose person was a quadrate, his step massy and elephantine, his face square as the lion's, his gait peremptory and path-keeping, indivertible from his way as a moving column, the scarecrow of his inferiors, the brow- beater of equals and superiors, who made a solitude of children wherever he came, for they fled ]|is insufferable presence, as they would have shunned an Elisha bear. His growl was as thunder in their ears, whether he spake to them in mirth or in rebuke ; his invitatory notes being, indeed, of all, the most repulsive and horrid. Clouds of snuff, aggravating the natural terrors of his speech, broke from each majestic nostril, darkening the air. He took it, not by, pinches, but a palmful at once, — diving for it under the mighty flaps of his old-fashioned waistcoat pocket ; his waistcoat red and angry, his coat dark rappee, tinctured by dye original, and by adjuncts, with buttons of obsolete gold. And so he paced the terrace. By his side ar milder form was sometimes to be seen; the pensive gentility of Samuel Salt. They were coevals, and had nothing but that and their benchership in common. In politics Salt was a whig, and Coventry a staunch tory. Many a sarcastic growl did the latter cast out — for Coventry had a rough spinous humour — at the political confe4erates of his associate, which rebounded from the gentle bosom of the latter like cannon-balls from wool. You could not ruflSe Samuel Salt. S. had the reputation of being a very clever man, and of excellent discernment in the chamber practice of the law. I suspect his knowledge did not amount to much. When a case of difficult disposition of money, testamentary or other- ynse, came before him, he ordinarily handed it over, with a I 2 116 THE OLD BENCHERS OF THE INNER TEMPLE. few instructions, to Ms man Lovel, who was a quick little fellow, and would despatcli it out of hand by the light of natural understanding, of which he had an uncommon share. It was incredible what repute for talents S. enjoyed by the mere trick of gravity. He was a shy man ; a child might pose him in a Bainute — indolent and procrastinating to the last degree. Yet' men would give him credit for vast application, in spite of himself. He was not to be triisted with himself with impunity. He never dressed for a dinner party but he forgot his sword — they wore swords then — or some other necessary part of his equipage. Lovel had his eye upon him on all these occasions, and ordinarily gave him his cue. If there was anything which he could speak unseasonably^he was sure to do it. — He was to dine at a relative's of the unfortunate Miss Blandy on the day of her execution ; — and L., who had a wary foresight of his pro- bable hallucinations, before he set out schooled him, with great anxiety, not in any possible manner to allude to her story that day. S. promised faithfully to observe the injunction. He had not been seated in the parlour, where the company was expecting the dinner summons, four minutes, when, a pause in the conversation ensuing, he got up, looked out of window, and pulling down his ruffles — an ordinary motion with him — observed, " it was a gloomy day," and added, " Miss Blandy must be hanged by this time, I suppose." Instances of this sorf are perpetual. Yet S. was thought by some of the greatest men of his time a fit person to be consulted, not alone in matters pertaining to the law, but in the ordinary niceties and embarrassments of conduct — from force of manner entirely. He never laughed. He had the same good fortune among the female world, — was a known toast with the ladies, and one or two are said to have died for love of him — I suppose, because he never trifled or talked gallantly with them, or paid them, indeed, hardly common attentions. He had a fine face and person, but wanted, methought, the spirit that should have shown them off with advantage to the women. His eye lacked lustre. — Not so, thought Susan P ; who, at the advanced age of sixty, was seen, in the cold evening time, THE OLD BENGEEBS OF THE INNER TEMPLE. 117 unaccompanied, wetting the pavement of B d Eow, with tears that fell in drops which might be heard, because her friend had died that day — he, whom she had pursued with a hopeless passion for the last forty years — a passion which years could not extinguish or abate ; nor the long- resolved, yet gently-enforced, puttings off of unrelenting bachelorhood dissuade from its cherished purpose. Mild Susan P , thou hast now thy friend in heaven ! Thomas Coventry was a cadet of the noble family of that name. He passed his youth in contracted circumstances, which gave him early those parsimonious habits which in. after life never forsook him ; so that with one windfall or another, abOut the time I knew him, he was master of four or five hundred thousand pounds ; nor did hg look or walk worth a moidore less. He lived in a gloomy house opposite the pump in Serjeant's-inn, Fleet-street. J., the counsel, is doing self-imposed penance in it, for what reason I divine not, at this day. C. had an agreeable seat at North Cray, where he seldom spent above a day or two at a time in the summer ; but preferred, during the hot months, standing at his window in this damp, close, well-like mansion, to watch, as he said, "the maids drawing water all day long." I suspect he had his within-door reasons for the preference. Hie currus et arma fuere. He might think his treasures more safe. His house had the aspect of a strong box. C. was a close hunks — a hoarder rather than a miser — or, if a miser, none of the mad Elwes breed, who have brought discredit upon a character which cannot exist without certain admirable points of steadiness and unity of purpose. One may hate a true miser, but cannot, I suspect, so easily despise him. By taking care of the pence he is often enabled to part with the pounds, upon a scale that leaves us careless generous fellows halting at an immeasurable distance behind. C. gave away 30,000Z. at once in his life- time to a blind charity. His house-keeping was severely looked after, but he kept the table of a gentleman. He would know who came in and who went out of his house, but his kitchen chimney was never suffered to freeze. Salt was his opposite in this, as in all — never knew what 118 THE OLD BENCEEB8 OF TEE INNER TEMPLE. he was wortli in the world ; and having but a competency for his rank, which his indolent habits were little calcu- lated to improve, might have suffered severely if he had not had honest people about him. Lovel took care of every thing. He was at once his clerk, his good servant, his dresser, his friend, his "flapper," his guide, stop-watch, auditor, treasurer. He did nothing without consulting Lovel, or failed in anything without expecting and fearing his admonishing. He put himself almost too much in his hands, had they not been the purest in the world. He resigned his title almost to respect as a master, if L. could ever have forgotten for a moment that he was a servant. I knew this Lovel. He was a man of incorrigible and losing honesty. A good fellow withal, and " would strike." In the cause of the oppressed he never considered in- equalities, or calculated the number of his opponents. He once wrested a sword out of the hand of a man of quality that had drawn upon him, and pommelled him severely with the hilt of it. The swordsman had offered insult to a female — an occasion upon which no odds against him could have prevented the interference of Lovel. He would stand next day bareheaded to the same person modestly to excuse his interference — for L. never forgot rank where something better was not concerned. L. was the liveliest little fellow breathing, had a face as gay as Garrick's, whom he was said greatly to resemble (1 have a portrait of him which confirms it), possessed a fine turn for humorous poetry — next to Swift and Prior — moulded heads in clay and plaster of Paris to admiration, by the dint of natural genius merely ; turned cribbage boards, and such small cabinet toys, to perfection ; took a hand at quadrille or bowls with equal facility ; made punch better than any man of his degree in Etigland ; had the merriest quips and conceits ; and was altogether as brimful of rogueries and inventions as you could desire. He was a brother of the angle, moreover, and just such a free, hearty, honest companion as Mr. Izaak Walton would have chosen to go a-fishing with. I saw him in his old age and the decay of his faculties, palsy-smitten, in the last sad THE OLD BENGEEBS OF THE INNER TEMPLE. 119 stage of human weakness — "a remaant most forlorn of what he was," — yet even then his eye would light up upon the mention of his favourite Garrick. He was greatest, he would say, iti Bayes — "was upon the stage nearly through- out the whole performance, and as busy as a bee." At intervals, too, he would speak of his former life, and how he came up a little boy from Lincoln, to go to service, and how his mother cried at parting with him, and how he returned, after some few years' absence, in a smart new livery, to see her, and she blest herself at the change, and could hardly be brought to believe that it was " her own bairn." And then, the excitement subsiding, he would weep, till I have wished the sad second-childhood might have a mother still to lay its head upon her lap. But the common mother of us all in no long time after received him gently into hers. With Coventry and with Salt, in their walks upon the terrace, most commonly Peter Pierson would join to make up a third. They did not walk linked arm-iii-arm in those days — "as now our stout triumvirs sweep the streets," — but generally with both hands folded behind thetii for state, or with one at least behind, the other carrying a cane. P. was a benevolent, but not a prepossessing man. He had that in his face which you could not term unhap- piness; it rather implied an incapacity of being happy. His cheeks were colourless, even to whiteness. His look was iminviting, resetiibling (but without his sourness) that of our great philanthropist. I know that he did good acts, but I could never inake oiit what he was. Contemporary with these, but subordinate, was Daines Barrington — ■ another oddity — he walked burly and square — in imi- tation, I think, of Coventry — howbeit he attained not to the dignity of his prototype. Nevertheless, he did pretty well, upon the strength of being a tolerable antiquarian, and having a brother a bishop. When the accotlnt of his year's treasurership came to be audited, the following sin- gular charge was unanimously disallowed by the bench: " Item, disbursed Mr. Allen, the gardener, twenty shillings for stuff to poison the sparrows, by my orders." Next tc 120 TEE OLD BSNOBEBS OF TEE INNER TEMPLE. him was old Barton — a jolly negation, who took upon him the ordering of the bills of fare for the parliament chamber, where the benchers dine — answering to the combination rooms at College — much to the easement of his less epi- curean brethren. I know nothing more of him. — Then Read, and Twopeny — Read, good-humoured and personable — Twopeny, good-humoured, but thin, and felicitous in jests upon his own figure. If T. was thin, Wharry was attenuated and fleeting. Many must remember him (for he was rather of later date) and his singular gait, which was performed by three steps and a jump regularly suc- ceeding. The steps were little efforts, like that of a child beginning to walk ; the jump comparatively vigorous, as a foot to an inch. Where he learned this figure, or what occasioned it, I could never discover. It was neither graceful in itself, nor seemed to answer the purpose any better than common walking. The extreme tenuity of his frame, I suspect, set him upon it. It was a trial of poising. Twopeny would often rally him upon his leanness, and hail him as Brother Lusty ; but W. had no relish of a joke. His features were spiteful. I have heard that he would pinch his cat's ears extremely when anything had offended him. Jackson — the omniscient Jackson, he was called — was of this period. He had the reputation of possessing more multifarious knowledge than any man of his time. He was the Friar Bacon of the less literate portion of the Temple. 1 remember a pleasant passage of the cook apply- ing to him, with much formality of apology, for instructions how to write down edge bone of beef in the bill of commons. He was supposed to know, if any man in the world did. He decided the orthography to be — as I have given it — fortifying his authority with such anatomical reeisons as dismissed the manciple (for the time) learned and happy. Some do speU it yet, perversely, aitck bone, from a fanciful resemblance between its shape and that of the aspirate so denominated. I had almost forgotten Mingay with tha iron hand — but he was somewhat later. He had lost his right hand by some accident, and supplied it with a grappling-hook, which he wielded with a tolerable adroit- rHE OLD BENCEEB8 OB TEE INNER TEMPLE. 121 ness. I detected the substitute before I was old enough to reason whether it were artificial or not. I remembel the astonishment it raised in me. He was a blustering, loud-talking person ; and I reconciled the phenomenon to my ideas as an emblem of power — somewhat like the horns in the forehead of Michael Angelo's Moses. Baron Maseres, who walks (or did till very lately) in the costume of the reign of George the Second, closes my imperfect recollec- tions of the old benchers of the Inner Temple. Fantastic forms, whither are ye fled ? Or, if the like of you exist, why exist they no more for me ? Ye inexpli- cable, half-understood appearances, why comes in reason to tear away the preternatural mist, bright or gloomy, that enshrouded you ? Why make ye so sorry a figure in my relation, who made up to me — to my childish eyes —the mythology of the Temple ? In those days I saw Gods, as " old men covered with a mantle," walking upon the earth. Let the dream of classic idolatry perish, — extinct be the fairies and fairy trumpery of legendary fabling, in the heart of childhood there will, for ever, spring up a well of innocent or wholesome superstition — the seeds of ex- aggeration will be busy there, and vital — from every-day forms educing the unknown and the uncommon. In that little Goshen there will be light when the grown world flounders about in the darkness of sense and materiality. While childhood, and while dreams, reducing childhood, shall be left, imagination shall not have spread her holy wings totally to fly the earth. P.S. — I have done injustice to the soft shade of Samuel Salt. See what it is to trust to imperfect memory, and the erring notices of childhood ! Yet I protest I always thought that he had been a bachelor! This gentleman, E. N. informs me, married young, and losing his lady in childbed, within the first year of their union, fell into a deep melancholy, from the effects of which, probably, he never thoroughly recovered. In what a new light does this place his rejection (0 call it by a gentler name !) of mild Susan P , unravelling into beauty certain pecu- 122 THE OLD BENCHERS OF THE INNER TEMPLE. liarities of this very shy and retiring character ! Hence- forth let no one receive the narratives of Elia for true records ! They are, in truth, but shadows of fact — veri- similitudes, not verities — or sitting but upon the remote edges and outskirts of history. He is no such honest chronicler as E. N., and would have done better perhaps to have consulted that gentleman before he sent these incondite relniniscences to press. But the worthy sub- treasurer — who respects his old and new masters — would but have been puzzled at the indecorous liberties of Elia. The good man wots not, peradventure, of the licence which Magazines have strrived at in this plain-speaking age, or hardly dreams of their existence beyond the Oentleman's — his furthest monthly excursions in this nature having been long confined to the holy ground of honest Urhan's obituary. May it be long before his own name shall help to swell those columns of unenvied flattery ! — Meantime, ye New Benchers of the Inner Temple, cherish him kindly, for he is himself the kindliest of human creatures. Should infir- mities overtake him — he is yet in green and vigorous senility — make allowances for them, remembering that " ye yourselves are old." So may the Winged Horse, your ancient badge and cognizance, still flourish ! so may future Hookers and Seldens illustrate your church and chambers ! so may the sparrows, in default of more melodious quiristers, unpoisoned hop about your walks ! so may the fresh-coloured and cleanly nursery-maid, who, by leave, airs her playful charge in your stately gardens, drop her prettiest blushing courtesy as ye pass, reductive of juvenescent emotion ! so may the younkers of this generation eye you, pacing your stately terrace, with the same superstitious veneration with which the child Elia gazed oi the Old Worthies that solemnized the parade before ye ! 123 GEACE BEFOEE MEAT. THE custom of saying grace at meals had, probably, its origin in the early times of the world, and the hunter- state of man, when dinners were precarious things, and a full meal was something more than a .common blessing ! when a belly -fall was a wind-fall, and looked like a special providence. In the shouts and triumphal songs with which, after a season of sharp abstinence, a lucky booty of deer's or goat's flesh would iiaturally be ushered home, existed, perhaps, the germ of the modern grace. It is not otherwise easy to be understood, why the blessing of food — the act of eating — should have had a particular expression of thanks- giving annexed to it, distinct from that implied and silent gratitude with which we are expected to enter upon the enjoyment of the many other various gifts and good things of existence. I own that I am disposed to say grace upon twenty other occasions in the course of the day besides my dinner. I want a form for setting out upon a pleasant walk, for a moonlight ramble, for a friendly meeting, or a solved problein. Why have we none for books, those spiritual repasts — a grace before Milton — a grace before Shakspeare — a devotional exercise proper to be said before reading the Fairy Queen? — but the received ritual having pre- scribed these forms to the solitary ceremony of mandu ca- tion, I shall confine my observations to the experience which I have had of the grace, properly so called ; com- mending iny new scheme for extension to a niche in the grand philosophical, poetical, and perchance in part here- tical, liturgy, now compiling by my friend Homo Humanus for the use of a certain snug congregation of Utopiat Eabelsesian Christians, no matter where assembled. The form, then, of the benediction before eating has its beauty at a poor man's table, or at the simple and unprc- vocative repast of children. It is here that the grace becomes exceedingly graceful. The indigert man, who hardly knows whether he shall have a meal the next day 124 OBACE BEFOBE MEAT. or not, sits down to his fare with a present sense of the blessing, which can be but feebly acted by the rich, into whose minds the conception of wanting a dinner could never, but by some extreme theory, have entered. The proper end of food— the animal sustenance — ^is barely contemplated by them. The poor man's bread is his daily bread, literally his bread for the day. Their courses are perennial. Again, the plainest diet seems the fittest to be preceded by the grace. That which is least stimulative to appetite, leaves the mind most free for foreign considerations. A man may feel thankful, heartily thankful, over a dish of plain mutton with turnips, and have leisure to reflect upon the ordinance and institution of eating ; when he shall confess a perturbation of mind, inconsistent with the pur- poses of the grace, at the presence of venison or turtle. When I have sate (a rarus hospes) at rich men's tables, with the savoury soup and messes steaming up the nostrils, and moistening the lips of the guests with desire and a distracted choice, I have felt the introduction of that ceremony to be unseasonable. With the ravenous orgasm upon you, it seems impertinent to interpose a religious sentiment. It is a confusion of purpose to mutter out praises from a mouth that waters. The heats of epicurism put out the gentle flame of devotion. The incense which rises round is pagan, and the belly-god intercepts it for its own. The very excess of the provision beyond the needs, takes away all sense of proportion between the end and means. The giver is veiled by his gifts. You are startled at the injustice of returning thanks — for what ? — for having too much while so many starve. It is to praise the Gods amiss. I have observed this awkwardness felt, scarce consciously perhaps, by the good man who says the grace. I have seen it in clergymen and others — a sort of shame — a sense of the co-presence of circumstances which unhallow the blessing. After a devotional tone put on for a few seconds, how rapidly the speaker will fall into his common voice ! helping himself or his neighbour, as if to get rid of some GBACE BEFORE MEAT. 125 uneasy sensation of hypocrisy. Not that the good man was a hypocrite, or was not most conscientious in the discharge of the duty; but he felt in his inmost mind the incom- patibility of the scene and the TJands before him with the exercise of a calm and rational gratitude. I hear somebody exclaim, — Would you have Christians sit down at table, like hogs to their troughs, without remembering the Giver? — no — I would have them sit down as Christians, remembering the Giver, and less like hogs. Or, if their appetites must run riot, and they must pamper themselves with delicacies for which east and west are ransacked, I would have them postpone their bene- diction to a fitter season, when appetite is laid ; when the still small voice can be heard, and the reason of the grace returns — with temperate diet and restricted dishes. Glut- tony and surfeiting are no proper occasions for thanks- giving. When Jeshurun waxed fat, we read that he kicked. Virgil knew the harpy-nature better, when he put into the mouth of Celseno anything but a blessing. We may be gratefully sensible of the deliciousness of some kinds of food beyond others, though that is a meaner and inferior gratitude : but the proper object of the grace is sustenance, not relishes ; daily bread, not delicacies ; the means of life, and not themeans of pampering the carcass. With what frame or composure, I wonder, can a city chaplain pro- nounce his benediction at some great Hall-feast, when he knows that his last concluding pious word — and that in all probability, the sacred name which he preaches — is but the signal for so many impatient harpies to commence their foul orgies, with as little sense of true thankfulness (which is temperance) as those Virgilian fowl ! It is well if the good man himself does not feel his devotions a little clouded, those foggy sensuous steams mingling with and polluting the pure altar sacrifice. The severest satire upon full tables is the banquet which Satan, in the " Paradise Eegained," provides for a tempta- tion in the wilderness : A table rioMy spread in regal mode With dishes piled, and meats of noblest sort 126 GBAOJi! BEFORE MEAT. And savour ; beasts of chase, or fowl of game, In pastry built, or from the spit, or boiled, Gris-amber-steamed ; all fish from sea or shore. Freshet or purling brook, for which was drained Pontus, and Lucrine bay, and Afric coast. Tlie Tempter, I warrant you, thought these cates would go down without the recommendatory preface of a bene- diction. They are like to be short graces where the devil plays the host. I am afraid the poet wants his usual decorum in this place. Was he thinking of the old Eoman luxury, or of a gaudy day at Cambridge? This was a temptation fitter for a Heliogabalus. The whole banquet is too civic and culinary, and the accompaniments alto- gether a profanation of that deep, abstracted, holy scene. The mighty artillery of sauces, which the cook-fiend conjures up, is out of proportion to the simple wants and plain hunger of the guest. He that disturbed him in his dreams, from his dreams might have been taught better. To the temperate fantasies of the famished Son of God, what sort of feasts presented themselves? — He dreamed indeed, As appetite is wont to dream, Of meats and drinks, nature's refreshment sweet. But what meats ? — Him thought he by the brook of Cherith stood, And saw the ravens with their homy beaks Food to Elijah bringing even and morn ; Though ravenous, taught to abstain from what they brought." He saw the prophet also how he fled Into the desert, and how there he slept Under a juniper ; then how awaked He found his supper on the coals prepared, And by the angel was bid rise and eat, And ate the second time after repose. The strength whereof sufficed him forty days : Sometimes, that with Elijah he partook, Or as a guest with Daniel at his pulse. Nothing in Milton is finelier fancied than these temperate dreams of the divine Hungerer. To which of these two GBAGE BEFORE MEAT. 127 visionary banquets, think you, would the introduction of what is called the grace have been the most fitting and pertinent ? Theoretically I am no enemy to graces ; but practically I own that (before meat especially) they seem to involve something awkward and unseasonable. Our appetites, of one or another kind, are excellent spurs to our reason, which might otherwise but feebly set about the great ends of preserving and continuing the species. They are fit blessings to be contemplated at a distance with a becoming gratitude ; but the moment of appetite (the judicious reader will apprehend me) is, perhaps, the least fit season for that exercise. The Quakers, who go about their business of every description with more calmness than we, have more title to the use of these benedictory prefaces. I have always admired their silent grace, and more because I have observed their applications to the meat and drink following to be less passionate and sensual than ours. They are neither gluttons nor wine-bibbers as a people. They eat, as a horse bolts his chopped hay, with indif- ference, calmness, and cleanly circurastances. They neither grease nor slop themselves. When I see a citizen in his bib and tucker, I cannot imagine it a surplice. I am no Quaker at my food. I confess I am not indif- ferent to the kinds of it. Those unctuous morsels of deer's flesh were not made to be received with dispassionate services. I hate a man who swallows it, affecting not to know what he is eating. I suspect his taste in higher matters. I shrink instinctively from one who professes to like minced veal. There is a physiognomical character in the tastes for food. holds that a man cannot have a pure mind who refuses apple-dumplings. I am not certain but he is right. With the decay of my first innocence, I confess a less and less relish daily for those innocuous cates. The whole vegetable tribe have lost their gust with me. Only I stick to asparagus, which still seems to inspire gentle thoughts. I am impatient and querulous under culinary disappointments, as to come home at the dinner hour, for instance, expecting some laS OBACE BEFORE MEAT. savoury mess, and to find one quite tasteless and sapidlesS4 Butter ill melted — that commonest of kitchen failures — puts me beside my tenor. — The author of the Eambler used to make inarticulate animal noises over a favourite food. Was this the music quite proper to be preceded by the grace ? or would the pious man have done better to postpone his devotions to a season when the blessing might be contemplated with less perturbation ? I quarrel with no man's tastes, nor would set my thin face against those excellent things, in their way, jollity and feasting. But as these exercises, however laudable, have little in them of grace or gracefulness, a man should be sure, before he ventures so to grace them, that while he is pretending his devotions otherwhere, he is not secretly kissing his hand to some great fish — his Dagon — with a special con- secration of no ark but the fat tureen before him. Graces are the sweet preluding strains to the banquets of angels and children ; to the roots and severer repasts of the Chartreuse; to the slender, but not slenderly acknow- ledged, refection of the poor and humble man : but at the heaped-up boards of the pampered and the luxurious they become of dissonant mood, less timed and tuned to the occasion, methinks, than the noise of those better befitting organs would be which children hear tales of, at Hog's Norton. We sit too long at our meals, or are too curious in the study of them, or too disordered in our application to them, or engross too great a portion of those good things (which should be common) to our share, to be able with any grace to say grace. To be thankful for what we grasp exceeding our proportion, is to add hypocrisy to injustice. A lurking sense of this truth is what makes the performance of this duty so cold and spiritless a service at most tables. In houses where the grace is as indispensable as the napkin, who has not seen that never-settled question arise, as to who shall say it? while the good man of the house and the visitor clergyman, or some other guest belike of next authority, from years or gravity, shall be bandying about the office between them as a matter of compliment, each of them not unwilling to GSACE BEFORE MEAT. 129 shift the awkward burthen of an equivocal duty from his own shoulders ? I once drank tea in company with two Methodist divines of different persuasions, whom it was my fortune to intro- duce to each other for the first time that evening. Before the first cup was handed round, one of these reverend gentlemen put it to the other, with all due solemnity, whether he chose to say anything. It seems it is the custom with some sectaries to put up a short prayer before this meal also. His reverend brother did not at first quite apprehend him, but upon an explanation, with little less importance he made answer that it was not a custom known in his church : in which courteous evasion the other acquiescing for good manners' sake, or in compliance with a weak brother, the supplementary or tea grace was waived altogether. With what spirit might not Lucian have painted two priests, of his religion, playing into each other's hands the compliment of performing or omitting a sacrifice, — the hungry God meantime, doubtful of his incense, with expectant nostrils hovering over the two flamens, and (as between two stools) going away in the end without his supper. A short form upon these occasions is felt to want re- verence ; a long one, I am afraid, cannot escape the charge of impertinence. I do not quite approve of the epigram- matic conciseness with which that equivocal wag (but my pleasant school-fellow) C. V. L., when importuned for a grace, used to inquire, first slyly leering down the table, "Is there no clergyman here?" — significantly adding, " Thank" G ." Nor do I think our old form at school quite pertinent, where we were used to preface our bald bread-and-cheese-suppers with a preamble, connecting with that humble blessing a recognition of benefits the most awful and overwhelming to the imagiaation which religion has to offer. Non tunc illis erat locus. 1 remember we were put to it to reconcile the phrase "good creatures," upon which the blessing rested, with the fare set before us, vdlfully understanding that expression in a low and animal sense, — till some one recalled a legend, which told S 130 DBEAM CHILDREN; A BEYEBIE. howj iu the golden days of Christ's, the young Hospitallers were wont to have smoking joints of roast meat upon their nightly hoards, till some pious benefactor, commiserating the decencies, rather than the palates, of the children, commuted our flesh for garments, and gave us — Jiorresco referens — trousers instead of mutton. DEEAM CHILDKEN; A EEVEEIE. CHILDEEN love to listen to stories about their elders, when they were children ; to stretch their imagination to the conception of a traditionary great-uncle, or grandame, whom they never saw. It was in this spirit that my little ones crept about me the other evening to hear about their great-grandmother Field, who lived in a great house in Nor- folk (a hundred times bigger than that in which they and papa lived) which had been the scene — so at least it was generally believed in that part of the country — of the tragic incidents which they had lately become familiar with from the ballad of the Children in the Wood. Certain it is that the whole story of the children and their cruel uncle was to be seen fairly carved out in wood upon the chimney- piece of the great hall, the whole story down to the Eobin Eedbreasts ; till a foolish rich person pulled it down to set up a marble one of modem invention in its stead, with no story upon it. Here Alice put out one of her dear mother's looks, too tender to be called upbraiding. Then I' went on to say, how religious and how good their great-grandmother Field was, how beloved and respected by everybody, though she was not indeed the mistress of this great house, but had only the charge of it (and yet in some respects she might be said to be the mistress of it too) committed to her by the owner, who preferred living in a newer and more fashionable mansion which he had purchased somewhere in the adjoining county ; but still she lived in it in a manner as if it had been her own, and kept up the dignity DREAM CBILDBEN ; A BEVBBIE. 131 of the great house in a sort while she lived, which after- wards came to decay, and was nearly pulled down, and all its old ornaments stoipped and carried away to the owner's other house, where they were set up, and looked as awk- ward as if some one were to carry away the old tomhs they had seen lately at the Abbey, and stick them up in Lady C.'s tawdry gilt drawing-room. Here John smiled, as much as to say, " that would be foolish indeed." And then I told how, when she came to die, her funeral was attended by a concourse of air the poor, and some of the gentry too, of the neighbourhood for many miles round, to show their respect for her memory, because she had been such a good and religious woman; so good indeed that she knew all the Psaltery by heart, ay, and a great part of the Testa- ment besides. Here little Alice spread her hands. Then I told what a tall, upright, graceful person their great- grandmother Field once was ; and how in her youth she was esteemed the best dancer — here Alice's little right foot played an involuntary movement, till, upon my look- ing grave, it desisted — the best dancer, I was saying, in the county, till a cruel disease, called a cancer, came, and bowed her down with pain ; but it could never bend her good spirits, or make them stoop, but they were still up- right, because she was so good and religious. Then I told how she was used to sleep by herself in a lone chamber of the great lone house ; and how she believed that an appa rition of two infants was to be seen at midnight gliding up and down the great staircase near where she slept, but she said "those innocents would do her no harm;" and how frightened I used to be, though in those days I had my maid to sleep with me, because I was never haK so good or religious as she — and yet I never saw the infants. Here John expanded all his eyebrows and tried to look coura- geous. Then I told how good she was to all her grand- children, having us to the great house in the holydays, where I in particular used to spend many hours by myself, in gazing upon the old busts of the twelve Caesars, that had been Emperors of Eome, till the old marble heads would seem to live again, or I to be turned into marble with K 2 132 DREAM CHILDBMN ; A REVERIE. them ; how I never coiild be tired with roaming about that huge mansion, with its vast empty rooms, with their worn- out hangings, fluttering tapestry, and carved oaken panels, with the gilding almost rubbed out — sometimes in the spacious old-fashioned gardens, which I had almost to myself, unless when now and then a solitary gardening man would cross me — and how the nectarines and peaches hung upon the walls, without my ever offering to pluck them, because they were forbidden fruit, unless now and then, — and because I had more pleasure in strolling about among the old melancholy-looking yew-trees, or the firs, and picking up the red berries, and the fir-apples, which were good for nothing but to look at — or in lying about upon the fresh grass with all the fine garden smells around me — or basking in the orangery, till I could almost fancy myself ripening too along with the oranges and the limes in that grateful warmth — or in watching the dace that darted to and fro in the fish-pond, at the bottom of the garden, with here and there a great sulky pike hanging midway down the water in silent state, as if it mocked at their impertinent friskings, — I had more pleasure in these busy-idle diversions than in all the sweet flavours of peaches, nectarines, oranges, and such-like common baits of children. Here John slyly deposited back upon the plate a bunch of grapes, which, not unobserved by Alice, he had meditated dividing with her, and both seemed willing to relinquish them for the present as irrelevant. Then, in somewhat a more heightened tone, I told how, though their great- grandmother Field loved all her grandchildren, yet in an especial manner she might be said to love their uncle, John L , because he was so handsome and spirited a youth, and a king to the rest of us ; and, instead of moping about in solitary corners, like some of us, he would mount the most mettlesome horse he could get, when but an imp no bigger than themselves, and make it carry him half over the county in a morning, and join the hunters when there were any out — and yet he loved the old great house and gardens too, but had too much spirit to be always pent up within their boundaries — and how their uncle DREAM CHILDREN; A REVERIE. 133 grew up to man's estate as brave as he was handsome, to the admiration of everybody, but of their great-grand mother Field most especially; and how he used to carry me upon his back when I was a lame-footed boy — for he was a good bit older than me — many a mile when I could not walk for pain ; — and how in after life he became lame- footed too, and I did not always (I fear) make all owances enough for him when he was impatient and in pain, nor remember sufS.ciently how considerate he had been to me when I was lame-footod; and how when he died, though he had not been dead an hou r, it seemed as if he had died a great while ago, such a distance there is betwixt life and death ; and how I bore his death as I thought pretty well at first, but afterwards it haunted and haunted me ; and though I did not cjy or take it to heart as some do, and as I think he would have done if I had died, yet I missed him all day long, and knew not till then how much I had loved him. I missed his kindness, and I missed his crossness, and wished him to be alive again, to be quarrelling with him (for we quarrelled sometimes), rather than not have him again, and was as uneasy without him, as he, their poor uncle, must have been when the doctor took off his limb. — Here the children fell a^crying, and asked if their little mourning which they had on was not for uncle John, and they looked up, and prayed me not to go on about their uncle, but to tell them some stories about their pretty dead mother. Then I told how for seven long years, in hope sometimes, sometimes in despair, yet persisting ever, I courted the fair Alice W — n ; and as much as children could understand, I explained to them what coyness, and difficulty, and denial, meant in maidens — when suddenly turning to Alice, the soul of the first Alice looked out at her eyes with such a reality of re-presentment, that I became in doubt which of them stood there before me, or whose that bright hair was ; and while I stood gazing, both the children gradually grew fainter to my view, receding, and still receding, till nothing at last but two mournful fea- tures were seen in the uttermost distance, which, without •speech, strangely impressed upon me the effects of speech: 134 DISTANT COBRESPONDBNTS. " We are not of Alice, nor of thee, nor are we children at all. The children of Alice call Bartrum father. We are nothing; less than nothing, and dreams. We are only what might have been, and must wait upon the tedious shores of Lethe millions of ages before we have existence, and a name " and immediately awaking, I found myself quietly seated in my bachelor arm-chair, where I had fallen asleep, with the faithful Bridget unchanged by my side — but John L. (or James EUa) was gone for ever. DISTANT COKEESPONDENTS. IN A LETTER TO B. F. ESQ., AT SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. MY DEAE F.— "When I think how welcome the sight of a letter from the world where you were bom must be to you in that strange one to which you have been transplanted, I feel some compunctious visitings at my long silence. But, indeed, it is no easy effort to set about a correspondence at our distance. The weary world of waters between us oppresses the imagiuation. It is difficult to conceive how a scrawl of mine should ever stretch across it. It is a sort of presumption to expect that one's thoughts should live so far. It is like writing for posterity; and reminds me of one of Mrs. Eowe's superscriptions, " Alcander to Strephon in the shades." Cowley's Post-Angel is no more than would be expedient in such an intercourse. One drops a packet at Lombard Street, and in twenty-four hours a friend in Cumberland gets it as fresh as if it came in ice. It if only like whispering through a long trumpet. But suppose a tube let down from the moon, with yourself at one end and the man at the other; it would be some balk to the spirit of conversation, if you knew that the dialogue ex- changed with that interesting theosophist would take two or tlu-ee revolutions of a higher luminary in its passage. Yet, for aught I know, you may be some parasangs nigher DISTANT COBBESPONDENTS. 185 that primitive idea — Plato's man — than we in England here have the honour to reckon ourselves. Epistolary matter usually compriseth three topics ; news, sentiment, and puns. In the latter, I include all non- serious subjects; or subjects serious in themselves, but treated after my fashion, non-seriously. — And first, for news. In them the most desirable circumstance, I suppose, is that they shall be true. But what security can I have that what I now send you for truth shall not, before you get it, unaccountably turn into a lie? For instance, our mutual friend P. is at this present writing — my Now — in good health, and enjoys a fair share of worldly reputation. You are glad to hear it. This is natural and friendly. But at this present reading — your Now — he may possibly De in the Bench, or going to be hanged, which in reason aught to abate something of your transport (i.e., at hearing he was well, &o.), or at least considerably to modify it. I am going to the play this evening, to have a laugh with Munden. You have no theatre, I think you told me, in your land of d d realities. You naturally lick your lips, and envy me my felicity. Think but a moment, and you wiU correct the hateful emotion. Why, it is Simday morning with you, and 1823. This confusion of tenses, this grand solecism of two presents, is in a degree common to all postage. But if I sent you word to Bath or Devizes, that I was expecting the aforesaid treat this evening, though at the moment you received the intelligence my full feast of fun would be over, yet there would be for a day or two after, as you would well know, a smack, a relish left upon my mental palate, which would give rational encouragement for you to foster a portion, at least, of the disagreeable passion, which it was in part my in- tention to produce. But ten months hence, your envy or your sympathy would be as useless as a passion spent upon the dead. Not only does truth, in these long intervals, un- essence herself, but (what is harder) one cannot venture a crude fiction, for the fear that it may ripen into a truth upon the voyage. What a wild improbable banter I put upon you, some three years since, of Will WeatheraU 136 DISTANT 0UBBEBP0NDENT8. having married a servant-maid ! I remember gravely con- sulting you how we were to receive her — for Will's wife was in no case to he rejected; and your no less serious replication in the matter; how tenderly you advised an abstemious introduction of literary topics before the lady, with a caution not to be too forward in bringing on the carpet matters more within the sphere of her intelligence ; your deliberate judgment, or rather wise suspension of sentence, how far jacks, and spits, and mops, could, with propriety, be introduced as subjects ; whether the conscious avoiding of all such matters in discourse would not have a worse look than the taking of them casually in our way ; in what manner we should carry ourselves to our maid Becky, Mrs. William Weatherall being by; whether we should show more delicacy, and a truer sense of respect for Will's wife, by treating Becky with our customary chiding before her, or by an unusual deferential civility paid to Becky, as to a person of great worth, but thrown by the caprice of fate into a humble station. There were difiB- culties, I remember, on both sides, which you did me the favour to state with the precision of a lawyer, united to the tenderness of a friend. I laughed in my sleeve at your solemn pleadings, when lo! while I was valuing myself upon this flam put upon you in New South Wales, the devil in England, jealous possibly of any lie-children not his own, or working after my copy, has actually instigated our friend (not three days since) to the commission of a matri- mony, which I had only conjured up for your diversion. William Weatherall has married Mrs. Cotterel's maid. But to take it in its truest sensp, you will see, my dear F., that news from me must become history to you ; which I neither profess to write, nor indeed care much for reading. No person, under a diviner, can, with any prospect of veracity, conduct a correspondence at such an arm's length. Two prophets, indeed, might thus interchange intelligence with effect ; the epoch of the writer (Habakkuk) falling in with the true present time of the receiver (Daniel) ; but then we are no prophets. Then as to sentiment. It fares little better with DISTANT COBBESPONDENTS. 137 that. This kind of dish, above all, requires to be served up hot, or sent off in water-plates, that your friend may have it almost as warm as yourself. If it have time to cool, it is the most tasteless of aU cold meats. I have often smiled at a conceit of the late Lord C. It seems that travelling somewhere about Geneva, he came to some pretty green spot, or nook, where a willow, or something, hung so fantastically and invitingly over a stream — was it? — or a rock? — no matter — but the stillness and the repose, after a weary journey, 'tis likely, in a languid moment of his Lordship's hot, restless life, so took his fancy that he could imagine no place so proper, in the event of his death, to lay his bones in. This was all very natural and excusable as a sentiment, and shows his cha- racter in a very pleasing light. But when from a passing sentiment it came to be an act ; and when, by a positive testamentary disposal, his remains were actually carried all that way from England ; who was there, some desperate sentimentalists excepted, that did not ask the question, Why could not his Lordship have found a spot as solitary, a nook as romantic, a tree as green and pendent, with a stream as emblematic to his purpose, in Surrey, in Dorset, or in Devon ? Conceive the sentiment boarded up, freighted, entered at the Custom House (startling the tide-waiters with the novelty), hoisted into a ship. Conceive it pawed about and handled between the rude jests of tarpaulin ruffians — a, thing of its delicate texture — the salt bilge wetting it till it became as vapid as a damaged lustring. Suppose it in material danger (mariners have some super- stition about sentiments) of being tossed over in a fresh gale to some propitiatory shark (spirit of Saint Gothard, save us from a quietus so foreign to the deviser's purpose !) but it has happily evaded a fishy consummation. Trace it then to its lucky landing — at Lyons shall we say ? — I have not the map before me — jostled upon four men's shoulders — baiting at this town — stopping to refresh at t'other village — waiting a passport here, a license there ; the sanction of the magistracy in this district, the concurrence of the ecclesiastics in that canton ; till at length it arrives 138 DISTANT COBBtlSPONDENTS. at its destination, tired out and jaded, from a brisk senti- ment into a feature of silly pride or tawdry senseless affec- tation. How few sentiments, my dear F., I am afraid we can set down, in tlie sailor's phrase, as quite seaworthy. Lastly, as to the agreeable levities, which though con- temptible in bulk, are the twinkling corpuscula which should irradiate a right friendly epistle — your puns aiid small jests are, I apprehend, extremely circumscribed in their sphere of action. They are so far from a capacity of. being packed up and sent beyond sea, they will scarce endure to be transported by hand from this room to the next. Their vigour is as the instant of their birth. Their nutriment for their brief existence is the intellectual atmo- sphere of the by-standers : or this last is the fine slime of Nilus — the mdior lutus — whose maternal recipiency is as necessary as the sol pater to their equivocal generation. A pun hath a hearty kind of present ear-kissing smack with it ; you can no more transmit it in its pristine flavour than you can send a kiss. — Have you not tried in some instances to palm off a yesterday's pun upon a gentleman, and has it answered ? Not but it was new to his hearing, but it did not seem to come new from you. It did not hitch in. It was like picking up at a village ale-house a two-days' old newspaper. You have not seen it before, but you resiint the stale thing as an affront. This sort of merchandize above all requires a quick return. A pun, and its recog- nitory laugh, must be co-instantaneous. The one is the brisk lightning, the other the fi.erce thunder. A moment's interval, and the link is snapped. A pun is reflected from a friend's face as from a mirror. Who would consult his sweet visnomy, if the polished surface were two or three minutes (not to speak of twelve months, my dear F.) in giving back its copy ? I cannot image to myself whereabout you are. When I try to fix it, Peter WOMns's island comes across me. Some- times you seem to be in the Hades of Thieves. I see Diogenes prying among you with his perpetual fruitless lantern. What must you be willing by this time to give for the sight of an honest man! You must almost have DISTANT C0BBE8P0NDENTS. 139 forgotten how we look. And tell me what your Sydneyites do ? are they th**v*ng all day long ? Merciful Heaven ' what property can stand against such a depredation ! The kangaroos — your Ahorigines — do they keep their primitive simplicity un Europe-tainted, with those little short fore puds, looking like a lesson framed by nature to the pick- pocket ! Marry, for diving into fobs they are rather lamely provided d priori ; but if the hue and cry were once up, they would show as fair a pair of hind-shifters as the expertest loco-motor in the colony. We hear the most improbable tales at this distance. Pray is it true that the young Spartans among you are born with six fingers, which spoils their scanning? — It must look very odd; but use re- conciles. For their scansion, it is less to regretted ; for if they take it into their heads to be poets, it is odds but they turn out, the greater part of them, vile plagiarists. Is there much difference to see, too, between the son of a th**f and the grandson ? or where does the taint stop ? Do you bleach in three or in four generations? I have many questions to put, but ten Delphic voyages can be made in a shorter time than it will take to satisfy my scruples. Do you grow your own hemp ? — What is your staple trade, — ex- clusive of the national profession, I mean ? Your lock- smiths, I take it, are some of your great capitalists. I am insensibly chatting to you as familiarly as when we used to exchange good-morrows out of our old contiguous windows, in pump-famed Hare Court in the Temple. Why did you ever leave that quiet corner ? — ^Why did I ? — with its complement of four poor elms, from whose smoke-dyed barks, the theme of jesting ruralists, I picked my first lady- birds ! My heart is as dry as that spring sometimes proves in a thirsty August, when I revert to the space that is between us ; a length of passage enough to render obsolete the phrases of our English letters before they can reach you. But while I talk I think yoii hear me, — ■thoughts dallying with vain surmise — ■ Aye me I while thee the seas and sounding shores Hold far away. Come back, before I am grown into a very old man, so 140 THE PRAISE OF CHIMNET-8WEEPEB8. as you sliall hardly know me. Come, before Bridget walks on crutches. Girls whom you left children have become sage matrons while you are tarrying there. The blooming Miss W — r (you remember Sally W — r) called upon us yesterday, an aged crone. Folks whom you knew die off every year. Formerly, I thought that death was wearing out, — I stood ramparted about with so many healthy friends. The departure of J. W., two springs back, corrected my delusion. Since then the old divorcer has been busy. If you do not make haste to return, there will be little left to greet you, of me, or mine, [Something of home matters I could add ; but that, with certain remembrances never to be omitted, I reserve for the grave postscript to this light epistle ; which postscript, for weighty reasons, justificatory in any court of feeling, I think better omitted in this first edition.] THE PEAISE OF CHIMNEY-SWEEPEES. I LIKE to meet a sweep — understand me — not a grown sweeper — old chimney-sweepers are by no means attractive — but one of those tender novices, blooming through their first nigritude, the maternal washings not quite effaced from the cheek — such as come forth with the dawn, or somewhat earlier, with their little professional notes sounding like the peep-peep of a young sparrow ; or liker to the matin lark should I pronounce them, in their aerial ascents not seldom anticipating the sun-rise ? I have a kindly yearning towards these dim specks — poor blots — innocent blacknesses — I reverence these young Africans of our own growth — these almost clergy imps, who sport their cloth without assumption; and from their little pulpits (the tops of chimneys), in the nipping air of a December morning, preach a lesson of patience to mankind. When a child, what a mysterious pleasure it was to THE PBAISE OF CHIMNET-SirEEFEBS. Ul witness their operation ! to see a cHt no bigger than one's- self, enter, one knew not by what process, into what seemed the /awcea Avemi — to pursue him in imagination, as he went sounding on through so many dark stifling caverns, horrid shades ! to shudder with the idea that ".now, surely ]ie must be lost for ever !" — to revive at hearing his feeble shout of discovered day-light — and then (0 fulness of de- light !) running out of doors, to come just in time to see the sable phenomenon emerge in safety, the brandished weapon of his art victorious like some flag waved over a conquered citadel ! I seem to remember having been told, that a bad sweep was once left in a stack with his brush, to indicate which way the wind blew. It was an awful spectacle, cer- ,tainly ; not much unlike the old stage direction in Macbeth, where the " Apparition of a child crowned, with a tree in his hand, rises." Eeader, if thou meetest one of these small gentry in thy early rambles, it is good to give him a penny, — it is better to give him two-pence. If it be starving weather, and to the proper troubles of his hard occupation, a pair of kibed heels (no unusual accompaniment) be superadded, the demand on thy humanity will surely rise to a tester. There is a composition, the ground-work of which I have understood to be the sweet wood 'yclept sassafras. This wood boiled down to a kind of tea, and tempered with an infusion of milk and sugar, hath to some tastes a delicacy beyond the China luxury. I know not how thy palate may relish it ; for myself, with every deference to the judicious Mr. Bead, who hath time out of mind kept open a shop (the only one he avers in London) for the vending of this " wholesome and pleasant beverage," on the south side of Fleet Street, as thou approachest Bridge Street — the only Salopian house — -I have never yet adventured to dip my own particular lip in a basin of his commended ingredients — a cautious premonition to the olfactories constantly whisper- ing to me, that my stomach must infallibly, with all due courtesy, decline it. Tet I have seen palates, otherwise not uninstruoted in diete-tical elegancies, sup it up with avidity. 142 TBE PRAISE OF CHIMNETSWEEPEBS. I know not by what particular oonformations of the organ it happens, hut I have always found that this com- position is surprisingly gratifying to the palate of a young chimney-sweeper — ^whether the oily particles (sassafras is slightly oleaginous) do- attenuate and soften the fuliginous concretions, which are sometimes found (in dissections) to adhere to the roof of the mouth in these unfledged practi- tioners ; or whether Nature, sensible that she had mingled too much of bitter wood in the lot of these raw -victims, caused to grow out of the earth her sassafras for a sweet lenitive — but so it is, that no possible taste or odour to the senses of a young chimney-sweeper can convey a delicate excitement comparable to this mixture. Being penniless, they will yet hang their black heads over the ascending ' steam, to gratify one sense if possible, seemingly no less pleased than those domestic animals — cats — when they purr over a new-found sprig of valerian. There is some- thing more in these sympathies than philosophy can inculcate. Now albeit Mr. Eead boasteth, not without reason, that his is the only Salopian hmse ; yet be it known to thee, reader — if thou art one who keepest what are called good hours, thou art haply ignorant of the fact — he hath a race of industrious imitators, who from stalls, and under open sky, dispense the same savoury mess to humbler customers, at that dead time of the dawn, when (as extremes meet) the rake, reeling home from his midnight cups, and the hard- handed artisan leaving his bed to resume the premature labours of the day, jostle, not unfrequently to the manifest disconcerting of the former, for the honours of the pave- ment. It is the time when, in summer, between the expired and the not yet relumined kitchen-fires, the kennels of our fair metropolis give forth their least satisfactory odours. The rake, who wisheth to dissijiate hiso'emight vapoars in more grateful coffee, curses the ungenial fume, as he passeth ; but the artisan stops to taste, and blesses the fragrant breakfast. This is 8aloop — the precocious herb- woman's darling — the delight of the early gardener, who transports hie TME PRAISE OF CHIMNEY-SWEEPEBS. 143 smoking cabbages by break of day from Hammersmith to Covent G-arden's famed piazzas — ^the- delight, and oh! I fear, too often the envy, of the unpennied sweep. Him shouldst thou haply encounter, with his dim visage pendent over the grateful steam, regale him with a sumptuous basin (it will cost but three-halfpennies) and a slice of delicate bread and butter (an added halfpenny) — so may thy cu- linary fires, eased of the o'ercharged secretions from thy worse-placed hospitalities, curl up a lighter volume to the welkin — so may the descending soot never taint thy costly well-ingredienced soups — ^nor the odious cry, quick- reaching from street to street, oi the fired chimney, invite the rattling engines from ten adjacent parishes, to disturb for a casual scintillation thy peace and pocket ! I am by nature extremely susceptible of street affronts ; the jeers and taunts of the populace ; the low-bred triumph they display over the casual trip, or splashed stocking, of a gentleman. Yet can I endure the jocularity of a young sweep with something more than forgiveness. — ^In the last winter but one, pacing along Cheapside with my accus- tomed precipitation when I walk westward, a treacherous slide brought me upon my back in an instant. I scrambled up with pain and shame enough — ^yet outwardly trying to face it down, as if nothing had happened — when the roguish grin of one of these young wits encountered me. There he stood, pointing me out with his dusky finger to the mob, and to a poor woman (I suppose his mother) in par- ticular, till the tears for the exquisiteness of the fun (so he thought it) worked themselves out at the comers of his poor red eyes, red from many a previous weeping, and soot-inflamed, yet twinkling through all with such a joy, snatched out of desolation, that Hogarth but Hogarth has got him. already (how could he miss him?) in the March to Finchley, grinning at • the pieman — there he stood, as he stands in the picture, irremovable, as if the jest was to last for ever — with such a maximum of glee, and minimum of mischief, in his mirth — ^for the grin of a genuine sweep hath absolutely no malice in it — that I could have been content, if the honoiir of a gentleman 144 THE PRAISE OF CHIMNEY-SWEEFEBS. might endure it, to have remained his butt and his mockery till midnight. I am hy theory obdurate to the seductiveness of what are called a fine set of teeth. Every pair of rosy lips (the ladies must pardon me) is a casket presumably holding Buch jewels ; but, methinks, they should take leave to "air" them as frugally as possible. The fine lady, or fine gentleman, who show me their teeth, show me bones. Yot must I confess, that from the mouth of a true sweep a display (even to ostentation) of those white and shiny ossi- fications, strikes me as an agreeable anomaly in manners, and an allowable piece of foppery. It is, as when A sable cloud Turns forth her silver lining on the night. It is like some remnant of gentry not quite extinct; a badge of better days ; a hint of nobility : — and, doubtless, under the obscuring darkness and double night of their forlorn disguisement, oftentimes lurketh good blood, and gentle conditions, derived from lost ancestry, and a lapsed pedigree. The premattu-e apprenticements of these tender victims give but too much encouragement, I fear, to clan- destine and almost infantile abductions; the seeds of civility and true courtesy, so often discernible in these young grafts (not otherwise to be accounted for) plainly hint at some forced adoptions ; many noble Eachels mourn- ing for their children, even in our days, countenance the fact ; the tales of fairy spiriting may shadow a. lamentable verity, and the recovery of the young Montagu be but a solitary instance of good fortune out of many irreparable and hopeless defiUations. In one of the state-beds at Arundel Castle, a few years since — under a ducal canopy — (that seat of the Howards is an object of curiosity to visitors, chiefly for its beds, in which the late duke was especially a connoisseur)— encircled with curtains of delicatest crimson, with stariy coronets inwoven — folded between a pair of sheets whiter and softer than the lap where Venus lulled Ascanius — was discovered by chance, after all methods of search had THE PRAISE OF GHIMNET-8WEEPESS. 145 failed, at noon -day,, fast asleep, a lost chimney-sweeper. The. little creature, having somehow confounded his passage among the intricacies of those lordly chimneys, by some unknown aperture had alighted upon this magnificent chamber ; and, tired with his tedious explorations, was unable to resist the delicious invitement to repose, which he there saw exhibited ; so creeping between the sheets very quietly, laid his black head upon the pillow, and slept like a young Howard. Such is the account given to the visitors at the Castle. — But I cannot help seeming to perceive a confirmation of what I had just hinted at in this story. A high instinct was at work in the case, or I am mistaken. Is it probable that a poor child of that description, with whatever weari- ness he might be visited, would have ventured, under such a penalty as he would be taught to expect, to uncover the sheets of a Duke's bed, and deliberately to lay himself down between them, when the rug, or the carpet, presented an obvious couch, still far above his pretensions — is this probable, I would ask, if the great power of nature, which I contend for, had not been manifested within him, prompt- ing to the adventure? Doubtless this young nobleman (for such my mind misgives me that he must be) was allured by some memory, not amounting to full conscious- ness, of his condition in infancy, when he was used to be lapped by his mother, or his nurse, in just such sheets as he there found, into which he was now but creeping back as into his proper incimabida, and resting-place. — ^By no other theory than by this sentiment of a pre-existent state (as I may call it), can I explain a deed so venturous, and, indeed, upon any other system, so indecorous, in this tender, but unseasonable, sleeper. My pleasant friend Jem White was so impressed with a belief of metamorphoses like this frequently taking place, that in some sort to reverse the wrongs of fortune in these poor changelings, he instituted an annual feast of chimney- sweepers, at which it was his pleasure to oflSciate as host and waiter. It was a solemn supper held in Smithfield, upon the yearly return of the £iir of St. Bartholomew h 146 THE FBAISE OF CEIMNET-8WEEPEB8. Cards were issued a week before to the master-sweeps in and about the metropolis, confining the invitation to their younger fry. Now and then an elderly stripling would get in among us, and be good-naturedly winked at; but our main body were infantry. One unfortunate wight, indeed, who, relying upon his dusky suit, had intruded himself into our party, but by tokens was providentially discovered in time to be no chimney-sweeper, (all is not Boot which looks so,) was quoited out of the presence with universal indignation, as not having on the wedding gar- ment ; but in general the greatest harmony prevailed. The place chosen was a convenient spot among the pens, at the north side of the fair, not so far distant as to be impervious to the agreeable hubbub of that vanity, but remote enough not to be obvious to the interruption of every gaping spec- tator in it. The guests assembled about seven. In those little temporary parlours three tables were spread with napery, not so fine as substantial, and at every board a comely hostess presided with her pan of hissing sausages. The nostrils of the young rogues dilated at the savour. Tames White, as head waiter, had charge of the first table ; and myself, with our trusty companion Bigod, ordinarily ministered to the other two. There was clambering and jostling, you may be sure, who should get at the first table, for Eochester in his maddest days could not have done the humours of the scene with more spirit than my friend. After some general expression of thanks for the honour the company had done him, his inaugural ceremony was to clasp the greasy waist of old dame Ursula (the fattest of the three), that stood frying and fretting, half-blessing, haK-cursing " the gentleman," and imprint upon her chaste lips a tender salute, whereat the universal host would set up a shout that tore the concave, while hundreds of grin- ning teeth startled the night with their brightness. it was a pleasure to see the sable younkers lick in the unctuous meat, with Ms more unctuous sayings — how he would fit the tit-bits to the puny mouths, reserving the lengthier links for the seniors — how he would intercept a mor&el even in the jaws of some young desperado, declaring TSE PRAISE OF CEIMNEY-SWEEPEBS. 147 it " must to the pan again to be browned, for it was not fit for a gentleman's eating " — ^how he would recommend this slice of white bread, or that piece of kissing- crust, to a tender juvenile, advising them all to have a care of cracking their teeth, which were their best patrimony, — how genteely he would deal about the small ale, as if it were wine, naming the brewer, and protesting, if it were not good, he should lose their custom; with a special recommendation to wipe the lip before drinking. Then we had our toasts — "the King," — "the Cloth," — which, whether they understood or not, was equally diverting and flattering; and for a crowning sentiment, which never failed, " May the Brush supersede the Laurel ! " All these, and fifty other fancies, which were rather felt than com- prehended by his guests, would he utter, standing upon tables, and prefacing every sentiment with a " Gentlemen, give me leave to propose so and so," which was a prodigious comfort to those young orphans ; every now and then stuffing into his mouth (for it did not do to be squeamish on these occasions) indiscriminate pieces of those reek- ing sausages, which pleased them mightily, and was the savouriest part, you may believe, of the entertainment. Golden Ms and lasses must, Am chimney-sweepers, come to dust — James White is extinct, and with him these suppers have long ceased. He carried away with him half the fun of the world when he died — of my world at least. His old clients look for him among the pens; and, missing him, reproach the altered feast of St. Bartholomew, and the glory of Smithfifild departed for ever. L 1' 148 A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAY OF BEGGARS, IN THE METBOPOLIS. THE all-sweeping besom of societarian reformation — your only modem Alcides' club to rid the time of its abuses — is uplift with many-handed sway to extirpate the last fluttering tatters of the bugbear Mendicity from the metropolis. Scrips, wallets, bags — staves, dogs, and crutches — the whole mendicant fraternity, with all their baggage, are fast posting out of the purlieus of this eleventh per- secution. From the crowded crossing, from the corners of streets and turnings of alleys, the parting Genius of Beggary is "with sighing sent." I do not approve of this wholesale going to work, this impertinent crusado, or bdlum ad exterminationem, pro- claimed against a species. Much good might be sucked from these Beggars. They were the oldest and the honourablest form of pauperism. Their appeals were to our common nature; less revolting to an ingenuous mind than to be a suppliant to the particular humours or caprice of any fellow-creature, or set of fellow-creatures, parochial or societarian. Theirs were the only rates uninvidious in the levy, ungrudged in the assessment. There was a dignity springing from the very depth of their desolation ; as to be naked is to be so much nearer to the being a man, than to go in livery. The greatest spirits have felt this in their reverses ; and when Dionysius from king turned schoolmaster, do we feel anything towards him but contempt ? Could Vandyke ha ve made a picture of him, swaying a ferula for a sceptre, which would have affected our minds with the same heroic pity, the same compassionate admiration, with which we regard his Belisarius begging for an oholu ? Would the moral have been more graceful, more pathetic ? The Blind Beggar in the legend — the father of pretty Bessy — whose story doggrel rhymes and ale-house signs cannot so degrade or attenuate but that some sparks of a A COMFLAINT OF THE DECAY OF BEGGAS8. 149 lustrous spirit will shine through, the disguisements — this noble Earl of Cornwall (as indeed he was) and memo- rable sport of fortune, fleeing from the unjust sentence of his liege lord, stript of all, and seated on the flowering green of Bethnal, with his more fresh and springing daughter by his side, illumining his rags and his beggary — would the child and parent have cut a better figure doing the honours of a counter, or expiating their fallen condition upon the three-foot eminence of some sempstering shop-board ? In tale or history your Beggar is ever the just antipode to your King. The poets and romancical writers (as dear Margaret Newcastle would call them,) when they would most sharply and feelingly paint a reverse of fortune, never stop till they have brought down their hero in good earnest to rags and the wallet. The depth of the descent illus- trates the height he falls from. There is no medium which can be presented to the imagination without offence. There is no breaking the fall. Lear, thrown from his palace, must divest him of his garments, till he answer "mere nature ;" and Cresseid, fallen from a prince's love, must extend her pale arms, pale with other whiteness than of beauty, supplicating lazar arms with bell and clap-dish. The Lucian wits knew this very well ; and, with a con- verse policy, when they would express scorn of greatness without the pity, they show us an Alexander in the shades cobbling shoes, or a Semiramis getting up foul linen. How would it sound in song, that a great monarch had declined his affections upon the daughter of a baker ! yel do we feel the imagination at all violated when we read the " true ballad," where King Cophetua woos the beggar maid? Pauperism, pauper, poor man, are expressions of pity, but pity alloyed with contempt. No one properly contemns a Beggar. Poverty is a comparative thing, and each degree of it is mocked by its " neighbour grice.'" Its poor rents and comings-in are soon summed up and told. Its pre- tences to property are almost ludicrous. Its pitiful attempts to save excite a smile. Every scornful companion can 150 A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAY OP BEGCABB. weigh, his trifle-bigger purse against it. Poor man re- proaches poor man in the street with impolitic mention of his condition, his own being a shade better, while the rich pass by and jeer at both. No jascally comparative insults a Beggar, or thinks of weighing purses with him. He is not in the scale of comparison. He is not under the measure of property. He confessedly hath none, any more than a dog or a sheep. No one twitteth him. with ostenta- tion above his means. No one accuses him of pride, or upbraideth him with mock humility. None jostle with him for the wall, or pick quarrels for precedency. No wealthy neighbour seeketh to eject him from his tenement. No man sues him. No man goes to law with him. If I were not the independent gentleman that I am, rather than I would be a retainer to the great, a led captain, or a poor relation, I would choose, out of the delicacy and true greatness of my mind, to be a Beggar. Eags, which are the reproach of poverty, are the Beggar's robes, and graceful insignia of his profession, his tenure, his full dress, the suit in which he is expected to show himseK in public. He is never out of the fashion, or limpeth awkwardly behind it. He is not required to put on court mourning. He weareth all colours, fearing none. His costume hath undergone less change than the Quaker's. He is the only man in the universe who is not obliged to study appearances. The ups and downs of the world concern him no longer. He alone continueth in one stay. The price of stock or land affecteth him not. The fluctua- tions of agricultural or commercial prosperity touch him not, or at worst but change his customers. He is not expected to become bail or surety for any one. No man troubleth him with questioning his religion or politics. He is the only free man in the universe. The Mendicants of this great city were so many of her sights, her lions. 1 can no more spare them than I could the Cries of London. No corner of a street is complete without them. They are as indispensable as the Ballad Singer ; and in their picturesque attire as ornamental as the signs of old London. They were the standing morals, A COMPLAINT OF TRTS BEOAY OF BEGGAMS. 151 emblems, mementos, dial-mottos, the spital sermons, the books for children, the salutary checks and pauses to the high and rushing tide of greasy citizenry — Look Upon that poor and broken bankrupt there. Above all, those old blind Tobits that used to line the wall of Lincoln's-inn Garden, before modem fastidiousness had expelled them, casting up their ruined orbs to catch a ray of pity, and (if possible) of light, with their faithful Dog Guide at their feet, — whither are they fled ? or into what corners, blind as themselves, have they heen driven, out of the wholesome air and sun-warmth ? immersed between four walls, in what withering poor-house do they endure the penalty of double darkness, where the chink of the dropt halfpenny no more consoles their forlorn bereave- ment, far from the sound of the cheerful and hope-stirring tread of the passenger ? Where hang their useless staves ? and who will farm, their dogs? — Have the overseers of St. L — caused them to be shot? or were they tied up ii. sacks and dropt into the Thames, at the suggestion of B — the mild rector of ? Well fare the soul of unfastidious Vincent Bourne, — most classical, and, at the same time, most English of the Latinists ! — who has treated of this human and quadru- pedal alliance, this dog and man friendship, in the sweetest of his poems, the EpitoupMwm in Canem, or. Dog's Epitaph. Eeader, peruse it; and say, if customary sights, which could call up such gentle poetry as this, were of a nature to do more harm or good to the moral sense of the passen- gers through the daily thoroughfares of a vast and busy meti-opolis. Pauperis hie Iri leqniesco Lycisous, herilia, Dum vixi, tutela vigil oolumenque senectse, Dux csBco fidua : neo, me dueente, solebat, Prsetenso hinc atque hinc baoulo, per iniqua looormn Incertam explorare viam ; sed fila secutus, QusB dubios regerent passfts, vestigia tuta Fixit inoffenso gressu; gelidumque sedile In nudo naetos saxoi quS, prsetereuntimn 152 A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAY OF BEOGABa. Unda frequens confluxit, ibi miserisque tenebras Lamentis, noctemque oculis ploravit obortam. Ploravit neo frustra ; obolum dedit alter et alter, Queis oorda et mentem indiderat natura benignam. Ad latus interea jacui sopitua herile, Vel mediis vigil in somnis ; ad herilia jussa Auresque atque animum arreotus, seu frustula amicfe • Porrexitsooiasque dapes, seu longa diei Tsedia perpessus, reditum sub noote parabat. Hi mores, hseo vita fuit, dum fata sinebant, Dum neque languebam morbis, neo inerte senectS. Quae tandem obrepsit, veterique satellite csecum Orbavit dominmn ; priscl Bed gratia facti Ne tota intereat, lougoa deleta per annos, Exiguvmi huno Iras tumulum de cespite fecit, Etsi inopis, non ingratse, munusoula dextrse ; * Carmine signavitque brevi, dominumque canemque, Quod memoret, fidumqae Canem dominumque Benign um, Poor Irus' faithful wolf-dog here I lie, That wont to tend my old blind master's steps. His guide and guard ; nor, while my service lasted, Had he occasion for that staff, with which He now goes picking out his path in fear Over the highways and crossings ; but would plant, Safe in the conduct of my friendly string, A firm foot forward still, till he had reach'd His poor seat on some stone, nigh where the tide Of passers-by in thickest confluence flow'd : To whom with loud and passionate laments From morn to eve his dark estate he wail'd. Nor wail'd to all in vain : some here and there. The well-disposed and good, their pennies gave. I meantime at his feet obsequious slept ; Not all-asleep in sleep, but heart and ear Prick'd up at his least motion ; to receive At his kind hand my customary crumbs. And common portion in his feast of scmps ; Or when night wam'd us homeward, tired and spent With our long day and tedious beggary. These were my manners, this my way of life Till age and slow disease me overtook. And sever'd from ray sightless master's side. But lest the grace of so good deeds should die, Through tract of years in mute oblivion lost, This slender tomb of turf hath Irus reared, A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAT OF JBEGGAMS. 153 Clieap monument of no ungrudging hand, And with short verse inscribed it, to attest, In long and lasting union to attest. The virtues of the Beggar and his Dog. These dim eyes have in vain explored for some months past a well-kaown figure, or part of the figure, of a man, who used to glide his comely upper half over the pave- ments of London, wheeling along with most ingenious celerity upon a machine of wood ; a spectacle to natives, to foreigners, and to children. He was of a robust make, with a florid sailor-like complexion, and his head was bare to the storm and sunshine. He was a natural curiosity, a speculation to the scientific, a prodigy to the simple. The infant would stare at the mighty man brought down to his own level. The common cripple would despise his own pusillanimity, viewing the hale stoutness, and hearty heart, of this half-limbed giant. Few but must have noticed iim ; for the accident which brought him low took place during the riots of 1780, and he has been a groundling so long. He seemed earth-born, an Antseus, and to suck in fresh vigour from the soil which he neighboured. He was a grand fragment ; as good as an Elgin marble. The nature, which should have recruited his reft legs and thighs, was not lost, but only retired into his upper parts, and he was half a Hercules. I heard a tremendous voice thundering and growling, as before an earthquake, and casting down my eyes, it was this mandrake revUiag a steed that had started at his portentous appearance. He seemed to want but his just stature to have rent the offending quadruped in shivers. He was as the man-part of a centaur, from which the horse-half had been cloven in some dire Lapithan controversy. He moved on, as -if he could have made shift with yet half of the body-portion which was left him. The 08 xnblime was not wanting ; and he threw out yet a jolly countenance upon the heavens. Porty-and-two years had he driven this out-of-door trade, and now that his hair is grizzled in the service, but his good spirits no way im- paired, because he is not content to exchange his free air and exercise for the restraints of a poor-house, he is 154 A COMPLAINT OF TSE DECAY OF BE60AMS. expiating his contumacy in one of those houses (ironically christened) of Correction. Was a daily spectacle like this to be deemed a nuisance, which called for legal interference to remove ? or not rather a salutary and a touching object to the passers-by in a great city ? Among her shows, her museums, and sup- plies for ever-gaping curiosity (and what else but an accu- mula?tion of sights — endless sights — is a great city ; or for what else is it desirable?) was there not room for one Lusus (not Naturm, indeed, but) Acciderdium ? What if in forty-and-two-years' going about, the man had scraped together enough to give a portion to his child (as the rumour ran) of a few hundreds — whom had he injured ? — whom had he imposed upon ? The contributors had en- joyed their sigJit for their pennies. What if after being exposed all day to the heats, the rains, and the ft'osts of heaven — shuffling his ungainly trunk along in an elaborate and painful motion — he was enabled to retire at night to enjoy himself at a club of his fellow cripples over a dish of hot meat and vegetables, as the charge was gravely brought against him by a clergyman deposing before a House of Commons' Committee — was this, or was his truly paternal consideration, which (if a fact) deserved a statue rather than a whipping-post, and is inconsistent, at least, with the exaggeration of nocturnal orgies which he has been slandered with — a reason that he should be deprived of his chosen, harmless, nay, edifying way of life, and be committed in hoary age for a sturdy vagabond? — There was a Yorick once, whom it would not have shamed to have sate down at the cripples' feast, and to have thrown in his benediction, ay, and his mite too, for a companionable symbol. "Age, thou hast lost thy breed."— Half of these stories about the prodigioits fortunes made by begging are (I verily believe) misers' calumnies. One was much talked of in the public papers some time since, and the usual charitable inferences deduced. A clerk in the Bank was surprised with the announcement of a five- hundred-pound legacy left him by a person whose name A COMPLAINT OF THE DECAY OF BEaGABS. 155 he was a stranger to. It seems that in tis daily morning walks from Peckham (or some village thereabouts) where he lived, to his oEBce, it had been his practice for the last twenty years to drop his halfpenny duly into the hat of some blind Bartimeus, that sate begging alms by the way- side in the Borough. The good old beggar recognised his daily benefactor by the voice only; and, when he died, left all the amassings of his alms (that had been half a century perhaps in the accumulating) to his old Bank friend. Was this a story to purse up people's hearts, and pennies, against giving an alms to the blind ? — or not rather a beautiful moral of well-directed charity on the one part, and noble gratitude upon the other ? I sometimes wish I had been that Bank clerk. I seem to remember a poor old grateful kind of creature, blinking, and looking up with his no eyes in the sun — Is it possible I could have steeled my purse against him? Perhaps I had no small change. Header, do not be frightened at the hard words imposi- tion, imposture — give, and ask no questions. Cast thy bread upon the waters. Some have unawares (like this Bank clerk) entertained angels. Shut not thy purse-strings always against painted dis- tress. Act a charity sometimes. When a poor creature (outwardly and visibly such) comes before thee, do not stay to inquire whether the " seven small children," in whose name he implores thy assistance, have a veritable existence. Eake not into the bowels of unwelcome truth to save a halfpenny. It is good to believe him. If he be not all that he pretendeth, give, and under a personate father of a family, think (if thou pleasest) that thou hast relieved an indigent bachelor. When they come with their counterfeit looks, and mumping tones, think them players. You pay your money to see a comedian feign these things, which, concerning these poor people, thou canst not certainly tell whether they are feigned or not. 1_" Pray God, your honour, relieve me,'' said a poor beads- woman to my friend L one day : " I have seen better 156 A DISSERTATION UPON BOAST PIG. days." " So have I, my good woman," retorted he, looking up at the welkin, which was just then threatening a storm — and the jest (he will have it) was as good to the beggar as a tester. It was, at all events, kinder than consigning her to the stocks, or the parish beadle. — But L. has a way of viewing things in rather a para- doxical light on some occasions.] A DISSERTATION UPON EOAST FIG. MANKIND, says a Chinese manuscript, which my Mend M. was obliging enough to read and explain to me, for the first seventy thousand ages ate their meat raw, clawing or biting it from the living animal, just as they do in Abyssinia to this day. This period is not obscurely hinted at by their great Confucius in the second chapter of his Mundane Mutations, where he designates a kind of golden age by the term Cho-fang, literally the Cooks' Holiday. The manuscript goes on to say, that the art of roasting, or rather broiling (which I take to be the elder brother) was accidentally discovered in the manner fol- lowing. The swine-herd, Ho-ti, having gone out into the woods one morning, as his manner was, to collect mast for his hogs, left his cottage in the care of his eldest son Bo-bo, a great lubberly boy, who being fond of playing with fire, as younkers of his age commonly are, let some sparks escape into a bundle of straw, which kindling quickly, spread the conflagration over every part of their poor mansion, till it was reduced to ashes. Together with the cottage (a sorry antediluvian make-shift of a building, you may think it), what was of much more importance, a fine litter of new-farrowed pigs, no less than nine in number, perished. China pigs have been esteemed a luxury all over the East, from the reniotest periods that we read of. Bo-bo was in the utmost consternation, as you may think, not so much for the sake of the tenement, which his father - and he could easily build up again with a few dry branches, A DI8SEBTATI0N UPON BOAST PIG. 157 and the labour of an hour or two, at any time, as for the loss of the pigs. While he -was thinking what he should say to his father, and wringing his hands over the smoking remnants of one of those untimely sufferers, an odour assailed his nostrils, unlike any scent which he had before experienced. What could it proceed from?— not from the burnt cottage — he had emelt that smell before — indeed, this was by no means the first accident of the kind which had occurred through the negligence of this unlucky young firebrand. Much less did it resemble that of any known herb, weed, or flower. A premonitory moistening at the same time overflowed his nether lip. He knew not what to think. He next stooped down to feel the pig, if there were any signs of life in it. He burnt his fingers, and to cool them he applied them in his booby fashion to his mouth. Some of the crumbs of the scorched skin had come away with his fingers, and for the first time in his life (in the world's life indeed, for before him no man had known it) he tasted — crackling I Again he felt and fumbled at the pig. It did not burn him so much now, still he licked his fingers from a sort of habit. The truth at length broke into his slow understanding, that it was the pig that smelt so, and the pig that tasted so delicious ; and surrendering himself up to the new-born pleasure, he fell to tearing up whole handfuls of the scorched skin with the flesh next it, and was cramming it down his throat in his beastly fashion, when his sire entered amid the smoking rafters,' armed with retributory cudgel, and finding how affairs stood, began to rain blows upon the young rogue's shoulders, as thick as hail-stones, which Bo-bo heeded not any more than if they had been flies. The tickling pleasure, which he experienced in his lower regions, had rendered him quite callous to any inconveniences he might feel in those remote quarters. His father might lay on, but he could not beat him from his pig, til], he had fairly made an end of it, when, becoming a little more sensible of his situation, something like the following dialogue ensued. " You graceless whelp, what have you got there devour- ing ? Is it not enough that you have burnt me down three 158 A DIBSEBTATION UPON BOAST PIG. houses with, your dog's tricks, and be hanged to yon ! but you must be eating fire, and I know not what — what have you got there, I say ?" " father, the pig, the pig ! do come and taste how nice the burnt pig eats." The ears of Ho-ti tingled with horror. He cursed his son, and he cursed himself that ever he should beget a son that should eat burnt pig. Bo-bo, whose scent was wonderfully sharpened since moming, soon raked out another pig, and fairly rending it asunder, thrust the lesser half by main force into the fists of Ho-ti, still shouting out, " Eat, eat, eat the burnt pig, father, only taste — Lord!" — with such-like barbarous ejaculations, cramming all the while as if he would choke. Ho-ti trembled every joint while he grasped the abomin- able thing, wavering whether he should not put his son to death for an unnatural young monster, when the crackling scorching his fingers, as it had done his son's, and apply- ing the same remedy to them, he in his turn tasted some of its flavour, which, make what sour mouths he would for a pretence, proved not altogether displeasing to him. In conclusion (for the manuscript here is a little tedious), both father and son fairly set down to the mess, and never left off till they had despatched all that remained of the litter. Bo-bo was strictly enjoined not to let the secret escape, for the neighbours would certainly have stoned them for a couple of abominable wretches, who could think of improv- ing upon the good meat which God had sent them. Never- theless, strange stories got about. It was observed that Ho-ti's cottage was burnt down now more frequently than ever. Nothiag but fires from this time forward. Some would break out in broad day, others in the night-time. As often as the sow farrowed, so sure was the house of Ho-ti to be in a blaze ; an/i Ho-ti himself, which was the more remarkable, instead of chastising his son, seemed to grow more indulgent to him than ever. At length they were watched, the terrible mystery discovered, and fktheT and son summoned to take their trial at Fekin, then au A DISSERTATION UPON BOAST PIG. 159 inconsiderable assize town. Evidence was given, the obnoxious food itself produced in court, and verdict about to be pronounced, when the foreman of the jury begged that some of the burnt pig, of which the culprits stood accused, might be handed into the box. He handled it, and they all handled it; and btirning their fingers, as Bo-bo and his father had done before them, and nature prompting to each of them the same remedy, against the face of all the facts, and the clearest charge which judge had ever given, — ^to the surprise of the whole court, towns- folk, strangers, reporters, and all present — without leaving the box, or any manner of consultation whatever, they brought ia a simultaneous verdict of Not Guilty. The judge, who was a shrewd fellow, winked at the manifest iniquity of the decision : and when the court was dismissed, went privily and bought up all the pigs that could be had for love or money. In a few days his lord- ship's town-house was observed to be on fire. The thing took wing, and now there was nothing to be seen but fires in every direction. Fuel and pigs grew enormously dear all over the district. The insurance-offices one and all shut up shop. People built slighter and slighter every day, until it was feared that the very science of architec- ture would in no long time be lost to the world. Thus this custom of firing houses continued, till in process of time, says my manuscript, a sage arose, like our Locke, who made a discovery that the flesh of swine, or indeed of any other animal, might be cooked (burnt, as they called it) without the necessity of consuming a whole house to dress it. Then first began the rude form of a gridiron. Boasting by the string or spit came in a century or two later, I forget in whose dynasty. By such slow degrees, concludes the manuscript, do the most useful, and seem- ingly the most obvious, arts make their way among man- kind Without placing too implicit faith in the account above given, it must be agreed that if a worthy pretext for so dangerous an experiment as setting houses on fire (espe- cially in these days) could be assigned in favour of any 160 A DISSEBTATION UPON ROAST PIG. sulinary object, that pretext and excuse might be fotind in ROAST PIG. Of all the delicacies in the whole mundus edibilis, I will maintain it to be the most delicate — princeps obsoniorwm. I speak not of your grown porkers — things between pig and pork — ^those hobbledehoys — but a young and tender suckling — under a moon old — guiltless as yet of the sty — with no original speck of the amor immunditioe, the here- ditary failing of the first parent, yet manifest — ^his voice as yet not broken, but something between a childish treble and a grumble — the mild forerunner or prcdudivm of a grunt. He must he roasted. I am not ignorant that our ancestors ate them seethed, or boiled — but what a sacrifice of the exterior tegument ! There is no flavour comparable, I will contend, to that of the crisp, tawny, well-watched, not over-roasted, orach- ling, as it is well called — the very teeth are invited to their share of the pleasure at this banquet in overcoming the coy, brittle resistance — ^with the adhesive oleaginous — call it not fat ! but an indefinable sweetness growing up to it — the tender blossoming of fat — fat cropped in the bud — taken in the shoot — in the first innocence' — the cream and quintessence of the child-pig's yet pure food — the lean, no lean, but a kind of animal manna — or, rather, fat and lean (if it must be so) so blended and running into each other, that both together make but one ambrosian result or common substance. Behold him while he is " doing " — it seemeth rather a refreshing warmth, than a scorching heat, that he is so pas- sive to. How equably he twirleth round the string ! Now he is just done. To see the extreme sensibility of that tender age ! he hath wept out his pretty eyes — radiant jellies — shooting stars. — See him in the dish, his second cradle, how meek he lioth ! — wouldst thou have had this innocent grow up to the grossness and indocility which too often accompany maturer swinehood ? "Ten to one he would have proved a glutton, a sloven, an obstinate, disagreeable animal — A dissehtation ufon roast pig. lei wallowing in all manner of filthy conversation — from these sins he is happily snatched away — Ere sin could blight or sorrow fade, Death came with timely care— his memory is odoriferous — no clown curseth, while his stomach half rejeoteth, the rank bacon — no coalheaver bolteth him in reeking sausages — he hath a fair sepulchre in the grateful stomach of the judicious epicure — and for such a tomb might be content to die. He is the best of sapors. Pine-apple is great. She is indeed almost too transcendent — a delight, if not sinful, yet so like to sinning, that really a tender-conscienced person would do well to pause — too ravishing for mortal taste, she woundeth and excoriateth the lips that approach her — like lovers' kisses, she biteth — she is a pleasure bordering on pain from the fierceness and insanity of her relish — but she stoppeth at the. palate — she meddleth not with the appetite — and the coarsest hunger might barter her con - sistentiy for a mutton-chop. Pig — let me speak his praise — is no less provocative of the appetite than he is satisfactory to the criticalness of the censorious palate. The strong man may batten on him, and the weakling refuseth not his mild juices. Unlike to mankind's mixed characters, a bundle of vir- tues and vices, inexplicably intertwisted, and not to be unravelled without hazard, he is — good throughout. No part of him is better or worse than another. He helpeth, as far as his little means extend, all around. He is the least envious of banquets. He is all neighbours' fare. I am one of those who freely and ungrudgingly impart a share of the good things of this life which fall to their lot (few as mine are in this kind) to a friend. I protest I take as great an interest in my friend's pleasures, his relishes, and proper satisfactions, as in mine own. " Pre- sents," I often say, " endear Absents." Hares, pheasants, partridges, snipes, barn-door chickens (those " tame villatio fowl "), capons, plovers, brawn, barrels of oysters, I dispense as freely as I receive them. I love to taste them, as it M 162 A BISBEBTATION UPON BOAST FIG. were, upon the tongue, of my friend. But a stop must be put somewhere. One would not, like Lear, " give eveiy- thing." I make my stand upon pig. Methinks it is an ingratitude to the Giver of all good flavours to extra-domi- ciUate, or send out of the house slightingly (under pretext of friendship, or I know not what) a blessing so particularly adapted, predestined, I may say, to my individual palate. — It argues an insensibility. I remember a touch of conscience in this kind at school. My good old aunt, who never parted from me at the end of a holiday without stuffing a sweetmeat, or some nice thing, into my pocket, had dismissed me one evening with a smoking plum-cake, fresh from the oven. In my way to school (it was over London Bridge) a grey-headed old beggar saluted me (I have no doubt, at this time of day, that he was a counterfeit). I had no pence to console him with, and in the vanity of self-denial, and the very cox- combry of charity, school-boy like, I made him a present of — the whole cake ! I walked on a little, buoyed up, as one is on such occasions, with a sweet soothing of self- satisfaction ; but, before I had got to the end of the bridge, my better feelings returned, and I burst into tears, think- ing how ungrateful I had been to my good aunt, to go and give her good gift away to a stranger that I had never seen before, and who might be a bad man for aught I knew ; and then I thought of the pleasure my aunt would be taking in thinking that I — I myself, and not another — would eat her nice cake — and what should I say to her the next time I saw her — how naughty I was to part with her pretty present ! — and the odour of that spicy cake came back upon my recollection, and the pleasure and the curiosity I had taken in seeing her make it, and her joy when she sent it to the oven, and how disappointed she would feel that I had never had a bit of it in my mouth at last — and I blamed my impertinent spirit of alms-giving, and out-of-place hypocrisy of goodness ; and above all I wished never to see the face again of that insidious, good- for-nothing, old grey impostor. Our ancestors woro nice in their method of sa«rifiomg A BACHELOB'S COMPLAINT OB MARRIED PEOPLE. 16S these tender victims. We read of pigs whipt to death with something of a shoot, as we hear of any other obsolete custom. The age of discipline is gone by, or it would be curious to inquire (in a philosophical light merely) what effect this process might have towards intenerating and dulcifying a substance, naturally so mild and dulcet as the flesh of young pigs. It looks like refining a violet. Yet we should be cautious, while we condemn the inhtimanity, how we censure the wisdom of the practice. It might impart a gusto. — • I remember an hypothesis, argued upon by the young students, when I was at St. Omer's, and maintained with much learning and pleasantry on both sides, " Whether, supposing that the flavour of a pig who obtained his death by whipping (^per flagellationem extremam) superadded a pleasure upon the palate of a man more intense than any possible suffering we can conceive in the animal, is man justified in using that method of putting the animal to death ?" I forget the decision. His sauce phould be considered. Decidedly, a few bread crumbs, done up with his liver and brains, and a dash of mild sage. But banish, dear Mrs. Cook, I beseech you, the whole onion tribe. Barbecue your whole hogs to your palate, steep them in shalots, stuff them out with planta- tions of the rank and guilty garlic ; you cannot poison them, or make them stronger than they are — but consider, he is a weakling — a flower. A BACHELOB'S COMPLAINT OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF MAEEIED PEOPLE. A S a single man, I have spent a good deal of my time j\. in noting down the infirmities of Married People, to console myself for those superior pleasures, which they tell me I have lost by remaining as I am. I cannot say that the quarnuls of men and their wives 104 A BACHELOB'8 COMPLAINT OF ever made any great impression upon me, or had mucn tendency to strengthen me in those anti-social resolutions ■which I took up long ago upon more substantial considera- tions. What oftenest offends me at the houses of married persons where I visit, is an error of quite a different description ; — ^it is that they are too loving. Not too loving neither : that does not explain my mean- ing. Besides, vrhj should that offend me ? The very act of separating themselves from the rest of the world, to have the fuller enjoyment of each other's society, implies that they prefer one another to all the world. But what I complain of is, that they carry this preference so undisguisedly, they perk it up in the faces of us single people so shamelessly, you cannot be iu their company a moment without being made to feel, by some indirect hint or open avowal, that you are not the object of this prefer- ence. Now there are some things which give no offence, while implied or taken for granted merely ; but expressed, there is much offence in them. If a man were to accost the first homely-featured or plain-dressed young woman of his acquaintance, and tell her bluntly, that she was not handsome or rich enough for him, and he could not marry her, he would deserve to be kicked for his ill-manners ; yet no less is implied in the fact, that having access and oppor- tunity of putting the question to her, he has never yet thought fit to do it. The young woman understands this as clearly as if it were put into words ; but no reasonable young woman would think of making this the ground of a quarrel. Just as little right have a married couple to tell me by speeches, and looks that are scarce less plain than speeches, that I am not the Jtiappy man, — the lady's choice. It is enough that I know I am not : I do not want this perpetual reminding. The display of superior knowledge or riches may he made sufBciently mortifying, but these admit of a pallia- tive. The knowledge which is brought out to insult me, may accidentally improve me ; and in the rich man's houses and pictures, — his parks and gardens, I have a temporary ugufruct at least. But the display of married happiness TEE BEEAVIOUB OF MABBIED PEOPLE. 165 has none of these palliatives : it is throughout pure, un- reeompensed, unqualified insult. Marriage by its best title is a monopoly, and not of the least invidious sort. It is the cunning Of most possessors of any exclusive privilege to keep their advantage as much out of sight as possible, that their less favoured neighbours, seeing little of the benefit, may the less be disposed to question the right. But these married monopolists thrust the most obnoxious part of their patent into our faces. Nothing is to me more distasteful than that entire com- placency and satisfaction which beam in the countenances of a new-married couple, — in that of the lady particu- larly : it tells you, that her lot is disposed of in this world : that you can have no hopes of her. It is true, I have none : nor wishes either, perhaps : but this is one of those truths which ought, as I said before, to be taken for granted, not expressed. The excessive airs which those people give themselves, founded on the ignorance of us unmarried people, would be more offensive if they were less irrational. We will allow them to understand the mysteries belonging to their own craft better than we, who have not had the happiness to be made free of the company : but their arrogance is not con- tent within these limits. If a single person presume to offer his opinion in their presence, though upon the most indifferent subject, he is immediately silenced as an incom- petent person. Nay, a young married lady of my acquaint- ance, who, the best of the jest was, had not changed her condition above a fortnight before, in a question on which I had the misfortune to differ from her, respecting the pro- perest mode of breeding oysters for the London market, had the assurance to ask with a sneer, how such an old Bachelor as I could pretend to know anything about such matters ! But what I have spoken of hitherto is nothing to the airs which these creatures give themselves when they come, as they generally do, to have children. When I consider how little of a rarity children are, — ^that every street and blind alley swarms with them, — that the poorest people com- 166 A BAGHELOB'8 COMPLAINT UJT monly have them in most ahundance, — that there are few marriages that are not blest with at least one of these bar- gains, — how often they turn out Ul, and defeat the fond hopes of their parents, taking to vicious courses, which end in poverty, disgrace, the gallows, &c. — I cannot for my life tell what cause for pride there can possibly be in having them. If they were young phoenixes, indeed, that were bom but one in a year, there might be a pretext. But when they are so common ■ I do not advert to the insolent merit which they assume with their husbands on these occasions. Let them look to that. But why we, who are not their natural-born sub- jects, should be expected to bring our spices, myrrh, and incense, — our tribute and homage of admiration, — I do not see. " Like as the arrows in the hand of the giant, even so are the young children;" so says the excellent office in our Prayer-book appointed for the churching of women. " Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them." So say I ; but then don't let him discharge his quiver upon us that are weaponless ; — ^let them be arrows, but not to gall and stick us. I have generally observed that these arrows are double-headed : they have two forks, to be sure to hit with one or the other. As for instance, when you come into a house which is full of children, if you happen to take no notice of them (you are thinking of something else, periaps, and turn a deaf ear to their innocent caresses), you are set down as untractable, morose, a hater of chil- dren. On the other hand, if you find them more than usually engaging, — ^if you are taken with their pretty manners, and set about in earnest to romp and play with them, — some pretext or other is sure to be found for sending them out of the room ; they are too noisy or boisterous, or Mr. ■ does not like children. With one or other of these forks the arrow is sure to hit you. I could forgive their jealousy, and dispense with toying with their brats, if it gives them any pain ; but I think it unreasonable to be called upon to love them, where I see no occasion,— to love a whole family, perhaps eight, nine, TRE BEHAVIOUR OF MABBIED PEOPLE. 167 or ten, indisoriminately, — ^to love all tlie pretty dears, he- cause children are so engaging ! I know there is a proverh, " Love me, love my dog :" that is not always so very practicable, particularly if the dog he set upon you to tease you or snap at you in sport. But a dog, or a lesser thing — any inanimate substance, as a keepsake, a watch or a ring, a tree, or the place where we last parted when my friend went away upon a long ab- sence, I can make shift to love, because I love him, and anything that reminds me of him ; provided it be in its nature indifferent, and apt to receive whatever hue fancy can give it. But children have a real character, and an essential being of themselves : they are amiable or un- amiable pei- se ; I must love or hate them as I see cause for either in their qualities. A child's nature is too serious a thing to admit of its being regarded as a mere appendage to another being, and to be loved or hated accordingly; they stand with me upon their own stock, as much as men and women do. Oh ! but you will say, sure it is an at- tractive age, — there is something in the tender years of infancy that of itself charms us ? That is the very reason why I am more nice about them. 1 know that a sweet child is the sweetest thing in nature, not even excepting the delicate creatures which bear them ; but the prettier the kind of thing is, the more desirable it is that it should be pretty of its kind. One daisy differs not much from another in glory ; but a violet should look and smell the daintiest. — I was always rather squeamish in my women and children. But this is not the worst : one must be admitted into their familiarity at least, before they can complain of inat- tention. It implies visits, and some kind of intercourse But if the husband be a man with whom you have lived on a friendly footing before marriage — if you did not come in on the wife's side — if you did not sneak into the house in her train, but were an old friend in fast habits of intimacy before their courtship was so much as thought on, — look about you — your tenure is precarious — ^before a twelve- month shall roll over your head, you shall find your old 168 A BACMELOIt'S COMPLAINT OF friend gradually grow cool and altered towards you, and at last seek opportunities of breaking with you. I have scarce a married friend of my acquaintance, upon whose firm faith I can rely, whose friendship did not commence after th^ veriod of his marriage. With some limitations, they can endure that ; but that the good man should have dared ti enter into a solemn league of friendship in which they werp not consulted, though it happened before they knew him, — before they that are now man and wife ever met, — this is intolerable to them. Eveiy long friendship, every old authentic intimacy, must be brought into their ofiSce to be new stamped with their currency, as a sovereign prince calls in the good old money that was coined in some reign before he was born or thought of, to be new marked and minted with the stamp of his authority, before he will let it pass currtjnt in the world. You may guess what luck generally befalls such a rusty piece of metal as I am in these new mintings. Innumerable are the ways which they take to insult and worm you out of their husband's confidence. Laughing at all you say with a kind of wonder, as if you were a queer kind of fellow that said good things, hut an oddity, is one of the ways ; — they have a particular kind of stare for the purpose; — till at last the husband, who used to defer to your judgment, and would pass over some excrescences of understanding and manner for the sake of a general vein of observation (not quite vulgar) which he perceived in you, begins to suspect whether you are not altogether a humorist, — a fellow well enough to have consorted with in his bachelor days, but not quite so proper to be intro- duced to ladies. This may be called the staring way; and is that which has oftenest been put in practice against me. Then there is the exaggerating way, or the way of irony ; that is, where they find you an object of especial regard with their husband, who is not so easily to be shaken from the lasting attachment founded on esteem which he has conceived towards you, by never qualified exaggerations to cry up all that you say or do, till the good man, who undei' TEE BESAVIOUR OF UARBIED PEOFLE. 169 stands well enough that it is all done in compliment to him, grows weary of the debt of gratitude which is due to so much candour, and hy relaxing a little on his part, and taking down a peg or two in his enthusiasm, sinks at length to the kindly level of moderate esteem — that " decent affection and complacent kindness " towards you, where she herself can join in sympathy with him without much stretch and violence to her sincerity. Another way (for the ways they have to accomplish so desirable a purpose are infinite) is, with a kind of innocent simplicity, continually to mistake what it was which first made their husband fond of you. If an esteem for some- thing excellent in your moral character was that which riveted the chain which she is to break, upon any ima- ginary discovery of a want of poignancy in your conversa- tion, she will cry, "I thought, my dear, you described ' your friend, Mr. , as a great wit ?" If, on the other hand, it was for some supposed charm in your conversation that he first grew to like you, and was content for this to overlook some trifling irregularities in your moral deport- ment, upon the first notice of any of these she as readily exclaims, " This, my dear, is your good Mr. !" One good lady whom I took the liberty of expostulating with for not showing me quite so much respect as I thought , due to her husband's old friend, had the candour to confess to me that she had often heard Mr. speak of me before marriage, and that she had conceived a great desire to be acquainted with me, but that the sight of me had very much disappointed her expectations ; for, from her husband's representations of me, she had formed a notion that she was to see a fine, tall, officer-like looking man (I use her very words), the very reverse of which proved to be the truth. This was candid ; and I had the civility not to ask her in return, how she came to pitch upon a standard of personal accomplishments for her husband's friends which differed so much from his own; for my friend's dimensions as near as possible approximate to mine; he standing five feet five in his shoes, in which I have the advantage of him by about half an inch ; and he no more 170 A BACHELOB'B COMPLAINT OF MABRIED PEOPLE. tlian myself exhibiting any indications of a martial cha- racter in his air or countenance. These are some of the mortifications which I have en- countered in the absurd attempt to visit at their housep To enumerate them all would be a vain endeavour ; I shali therefore just glance at the very common impropriety of which married ladies are guilty,— of treating us as if we were their husbands, and vice versa. I mean, when they use us with familiarity, and their husbands with ceremony. Testacea, for instance, kept me the other night two or three hours beyond my usual time of supping, while she was fretting because Mr. did not come home, till the oysters were all spoiled, rather than she would be guilty of the impoliteness of touching one in his absence. This was reversing the point of good manners : for cere- mony is an invention to take off the uneasy feeling which we derive from knowing ourselves to be less the object of love and esteem with a fellow-creature than some other person is. It endeavours to make up, by superior atten- tions in little points, for that invidious preference which it is forced to deny in the greater. Had Testacea kept the oysters back for me, and withstood her husband's impor- tunities to go to supper, she would have acted according to the strict rules of propriety. I know no ceremony that ladies are bound to observe to their husbands, beyond the point of a modest behaviour and decorum: therefore I must protest against the vicarious gluttony of Oerasia, who at her own table sent away a dish of MoreUas, which I was applying to with great good-will, to her husband at the other end of the table, and recommended a plate of less extraordinary gooseberries to my unwedded palate in their stead. Neither can I excuse the wanton affront of But I am weary of stringing up all my married acquaint- ance by Eoman denominations. Let them amend and change their manners, or I promise to record the full- length English of their names, to the terror of all such desperate offenders in future. 171 ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTOES. THE casual sight of an old Play Bill, which I picked tip the other day — I know not by what chance it was Di eserved so long — tempts me to call to mind a few of the Players, who make the principal figure in it. It presents the cast of parts in the Twelfth-Night, at the old Drury- lane Theatre two-and-thirty years ago. There is something very touching in these old remembrances. They make us think how we once used to read a Play Bill — not, as now peradventure, singling out a favourite performer, and cast- ing a negligent eye over the rest ; but spelling out every name, down to the very mutes and servants of the scene ; when it was a matter of no small moment to us whether Whitfield, or Packer, took the part of Fabian ; when Benson, and Burton, and PhUlimore — names of small account — had an importance, beyond what we can be content to attribute now to the time's best actors. — " Orsino, by Mr. Barry more." — What a full Shaksperian sound it carries ! how fresh to memory arise the image and the manner of the gentle actor ! Those who have only seen Mrs. Jordan within the last ten or fifteen years, can have no adequate notion of her performance of such parts as Ophelia ; Helena, in All's Well that Ends Well; and Viola, in this play. Her voice had latterly acquired a coarseness, which suited well enough with her Nells and Hoydens, but in those days t sank, with her steady, melting eye, into the heart. Her joyous parts — ^in which her memory now chiefly lives — in her youth were outdone by her plaintive ones. There is no giving an account how she delivered the disguised story of her love for Orsiao. It was no set speech, that she had foreseen, so as to weave it into an harmonious period, line necessarily following line, to make up the music — yet I have heard it so spoken, or rather read, not without its grace and beauty — but, when she had declared her sister's history to be a " blank," and that she " never told her love," there was a pause, as if the story bad ended — and then the image of the " worm in the bud " came up as a 172 ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTORS. new suggestion — and the heightened image of " Patience " still followed after that, as by some growing (and not mechanical) process, thought springing up after thought, I would almost say, as they were watered by her tears. So in those fine lines — Eight loyal cantons of contemned love — Halloo your name to the reverberate hills — there was no preparation made in the foregoing image for that which was to follow. She used no rhetoric in her passion ; or it was nature's own rhetoric, most legitimate then, when it seemed altogether without rule or law. Mrs. Powel (now Mrs. Eenard), then in the pride of her beauty, made an admirable Olivia. She was particularly excellent in her unbending scenes in conversation with the Clown. I have seen some Olivias — and those very sensible actresses too — who in these interlocutions have seemed to set their wits at the jester, and to vie conceits with him in downright emulation. But she used him for her sport, like what he was, to trifle a leisure sentence or two with, and then to be dismissed, and she to be the Great Lady still. She touched the imperious fantastic humour of the character with nicety. Her fine spacious person filled the scene. The part of Malvolio has, in my judgment, been so often misunderstood, aud the general merits of the actor, who then played it, so unduly appreciated, that I shall hope for pardon, if I am a little prolix upon these points. Of all the actors who flourished in my time — a melan- choly phrase if taken aright, reader — Bensley had most of the swell of soul, was greatest in the delivery of heroic conceptions, the emotions consequent upon the presentment of a great idea to the fancy. He had the true poetical enthusiasm — the rarest faculty among players. None that I remember possessed even a portion of that fine madness which he threw out in Hotspur's famous rant about glory, or the transports of the Venetian incendiary at the vision of the fired city. His voice had the dissonance, and at times the inspiriting effect, of the trumpet. His gait was uncouth and stiff, but no way embarrassed by affectation j ON SOME OF TEE OLD ACTOBS. 173 and the thorough-'bred gentleman was uppermost in every movement. He seized the moment of passion with greatest truth ; like a faithful clock, never striking before the time ; never anticipating or leading you to anticipate. He was totally destitute of trick and artifice. He seemed come upon the stage to do the poet's message simply, and he did it with as genuine fidelity as the nuncios in Homer deliver the errands of the gods. He let the passion or the senti- ment do its own work without prop or bolstering. He would have scorned to mountebank it ; and betrayed none of that cleverness which is the bane of serious acting. For this reason, his lago was the only endurable one which I remember to have seen. No spectator, from his action, could divine more of his artifice than Othello was supposed to do. His confessions in soliloquy alone put you in posses- sion of the mystery. There were no by-intimations to make the audience fancy their own discernment so much greater than that of the Moor — who commonly stands like a great helpless mark, set up for mine Ancient, and a quantity of barren spectators, to shoot their bolts at. The lago of Bensley did not go to work so grossly. There was a trium- phant tone about the character, natural to a general con- sciousness of power ; but none of that petty vanity which chuckles and cannot contain itself upon any little successful stroke of its knavery — as is common with your small villains, and green probationers in mischief. It did not clap or crow before its time. It was not a man setting his wits at a child, and winking all the while at other children, who are mightily pleased at being let into the secret ; but a consummate villain entrapping a noble nature into toils against which no discernment was available, where the manner was as fathomless as the purpose seemed dark, and without motive. The part of Malvolio, in the Twelfth Night, was performed by Bensley with a richness and a dignity, of which (to judge from some recent castings of that character) the very traditon must be worn out from the stage. No manager in those days would have dreamed of giving it to Mr. Baddely, or Mr. Parsons ; when Bensley was occasionally absent from the theatre, John Kemble J74 ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTORS. fiiOTiglit it no derogation to succeed to the part. Malvolio is not essentially Indiorous. He becomes comic but by- accident. He is cold, austere, repelling ; but dignified, con- sistent, and, for what appears, rather of an over-stretched morality. Maria describes him as a sort of Puritan ; and he might have worn his gold chain with honour in one of our old roundhead families, in the service of a Lambert, or a Lady Fairfax. But his morality and his manners are misplaced in Illyria. He is opposed to the proper levities of the piece, and falls in the unequal contest. Still his pride, or his gravity, (call it which you will,) is inherent, and native to the man, not mock or afiected, which latter only are the fit objects to excite laughter. His quality is at the best unlovely, but neither buffoon nor contemptible. His bearing is lofty, a little above his station, but probably not much above his deserts. We see no reason why he should not have been brave, honourable, accomplished. His careless committal of the ring to the ground (which he was com- missioned to restore to Cesario), bespeaks a generosity of birth and feeling. His dialect on all occasions is that of a gentleman and a man of education. We must not confound him with the eternal old, low steward of comedy. He is master of the household to a great princess ; a dignily probably conferred upon him for other respects than age or length of service. Olivia, at the first indication of bis supposed madness, declares that she " would not have him miscarry for half of her dowiy." Does this look as if the character was meant to appear little or insignificant ? Once, indeed, she accuses him to his face — of what ? — of being " sick of self-love," — but with a gentleness and considerate- ness, which could not have been, if she had not thought that this particular infirmity shaded some virtues. His rebuke to the knight and his sottish revellers, is sensible and spirited; and when we take into consideration the unprotected condition of his mistress, and the strict regard with which her state of real or dissembled mourning would draw the eyes of the world upon her house-afiairs, Malvolio might feel the honour of the family in some sort in his keeping ; as it appears not that Olivia had any more ON SOME OF TEE OLD ACTOBS. 175 brothers, or kinsmen, to look to it — for Sir Toby had dropped all such nice respects at the buttery-hatch. That MalvoHo wajs meant to be represented as possessing estimable qualities, the expression of the Duke, ia his anxiety to have him reconciled, almost infers : " Pursue him, and entreat him to a peace." Even in his abused state of chains and darkness, a sort of greatness seems never to desert him. He argues highly and well with the supposed Sir Topas, and philosophizes gallantly upon his straw.* There must have been some shadow of worth about the man ; he must have been something more than a mere vapour — a thing of straw, or Jack ia office — before Fabian and Maria could nave ventured sending him upon a courting-errand to Olivia. There was some consonancy (as he would say) in the undertaking, or the jest would have been too bold even for that house of misrule. Bensley, accordingly, threw over the part an air of Spanish loftiaess. He looked, spake, and moved like an old Castilian. He was starch, spruce, opinionated, but his superstructure of pride seemed botto.med upon a sense of worth. There was something in it beyond the coxcomb. It was big and swelling, but you could not be sure that it was hollow. You might wish to see it taken down, but you felt that it was upon an elevation. He was magnificent from the outset J but when the decent sobrieties of the character began to give way, and the poison of self-love, in his conceit of the Countess's affection, gradually to work, you would have thought that the hero of La Mancha in person stood before you. How he went smiling to himself! with what ineffable carelessness would he twirl his gold chain ! what a dream it was ! you were infected with the illusion, and did not wish that it should be removed ! you had no room for laughter ! if an unseasonable reflection of morality obtruded itself, it was a deep sense of the pitiable infirmity of man's nature, that can lay him open to such * Clown. What is the opinion of Pythagoras concerning wild fowl ? Mai. That the soul of our grandam might ha,ply inhahit a bird. Clown. What thinkest thou of his opinion ? Mai. I think nobly of the sou], and no way approve of his opinion. 176 ON SOME OF TEE OLD AC TOSS. frenzies — but, in truth, you rather admired than pitied the lunacy -while it lasted — you felt that an hour of such mistake was worth an age with the eyes open. Who would not wish to live but for a day in the conceit of such a lady's love as Olivia? Why, the Duke would have given his principality but for a quarter of a minute, sleeping or waking, to have been so deluded. The man seemed to tread upon air, to taste manna, to walk with his head in the clouds, to mate Hyperion. ! shake not the castles of his pride — endure yet for a season, bright moments of con- fidence — " stand still, ye watches of the element," that Malvolio may be still in fancy fair Olivia's lord! — but fate and retribution say no — I hear the mischievous titter of Maria — the witty taunts of Sir Toby — the still more insup- portable triumph of the foolish knight — ^the counterfeit Sir Topas is unmasked — and " thus the whirligig of time," as the true clown hath it, " brings in his revenges." I confess that I never saw the catastrophe of this character, while Bensley played it, without a kind of tragic interest. There was good foolery too. Few now remember Dodd. What an Aguecheek the stage lost in him ! Lovegrove, who came nearest to the old actors, revived the character some few seasons ago, and made it sufficiently grotesque*; but Dodd was it, as it came out of nature's hands. It might be said to remain in puris naturoMbus. In expressing slowness of apprehension, this actor surpassed all others. You could see the first dawn of an idea stealing slowly over his coun- tenance, climbing up by little and little, with a painful process, till it cleared up at last to the fulness of a twilight conception — its highest meridian. He seemed to keep back his intellect, as some have had the power to retard their pulsation. The balloon takes less time in filling than it took to cover the expansion of his broad moony face over all its quarters with expression. A glimmer of tmderstand- ing would appear in a corner of his eye, and for lack of fuej go out again. A part of his forehead would catch a little intelligence, and be a long time in communicating it to the remainder. I am ill at dates, but I think it is now better than five- ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTORS. 177 and-twenty years ago, that walking in the gardens of Gray's Inn — they were then far finer than they are now — ths accursed Verulam Buildings had not encroached upon all the east side of them, cutting out delicate green crantles, and shouldering away one or two of the stately alcoves of the terrace — the survivor stands gaping and relationless as if it remembered its brother — they are still the best gardens of any of the Inns of Court, my beloved Temple not forgotten — have the gravest character ; their aspect being altogether reverend and law-breathing — Bacon has left the impress of his foot upon their gravel walks taking my afternoon solace on a summer day upon the aforesaid terrace, a comely sad personage came towards me, whom, from his grave air and deportment, I judged to be one of the old Benchers of the Inn. He had a serious, thoughtful forehead, and seemed to be in meditations of mortality. As I have an instinctive awe of old Benchers, I was passing him with that sort of sub-indicative token of respect which one is apt to demon- strate towards a venerable stranger, and which rather denotes an inclination to greet him, than any positive motion of the body to that effect — a species of humility and will- worship which I observe, nine times out of ten, rather puzzles than pleases the person it is offered to — when the face turning full upon me strangely identified itself with that of Dodd. Upon close inspection I was not mistaken. But could this sad thoughtful countenance be the same vacant face of folly which I had hailed so often imder circumstances of gaiety; which I had never seen without a smile, or recognized but as the usher of mirth ; that looked out so formally flat in Poppington, so frothily pert in Tattle, so impotently busy in Backbite ; so blankly divested of all meaning, or resolutely expressive of none, in Acres, in Fribble, and a thousand agreeable impertinences ? Was this the fe,ce — full of thought and carefulness — that had so often divested itself at wiU of every trace of either to give me diversion, to clear my cloudy face for two or three hours at least of its furrows ! Was this the face — manly, sober, intelligent — wnich I had so often despised, made mocks at, made merry with ! The remembrance of the 178 ON SOME OF THE OLD ACTORS. freedoms whicli I had taken with it came upon me with a reproach of insult. I could have asked it pardon. I thought it looked upon me with a sense of iajury. There is something strange as well as sad in seeing actors — your pleasant fellows particularly — subjected to and suffering the common lot; — their fortunes, their casualties, their deaths, §eem to belong to the scene, their actions to be amenable to poetic justice only. We can hardly connect them with more awful responsibilities. The death of this fine actor took place shortly after this meeting. He had quitted the stage some months ; and, as I learned afterwards, had been in the habit of resorting daily to these gardens, almost to the day of his decease. In these serious walks, probably, he was divesting himself of many scenic and some real vanities — weaning himself from the frivolities of the lesser and the greater theatre — doing gentle penance for a life O'*' no very reprehensible fooleries — ^taking off by degrees the buffoon mask which he might feel he had worn too long — and rehearsing for a more solemn cast of part. Dying, he " put on the weeds of Dominic." * If few can remember Dodd, many yet living will not easily forget the pleasant creature, who in those days enacted the part of the Clown to Dodd's Sir Andrew.^ — Eichard, or rather Dicky Suett — for so in his life-time he delighted to be called, and time hath ratified the appellation — lieth buried on the north side of the cemetery of Holy Paul, to whose service his nonage and tender years were dedicated,. There are who do yet remember him at that period — his pipe clear and harmonious. He would often speak of his chorister days, when he was " cherub Dicky." * Dodd was a man of reading, and left at his death a choice collection n.f old English literature. I should judge him to have been a man of wit. I know one instance of an impromptu which no length of study could have bettered. My merry friend, Jem White, had seen him one evening in Aguecheek, and recognising Dodd the next day in Fleet Street, was irrecistibly impelled to take off his hat and salute him as the identical Knight of the preceding evening with a "Save you, Sir Andrew." Dodd, not at all disconcerted at this imusual address from a stranger, with a courteous half-rebuking wave of the hand, put him oflf with an " Away, Fool." ON SOME OF THE OLD AOTOBS. 179 What clipped his wings, or made it expedient that he should exchange the holy for the profane state ; whether he had lost his good voice (his best recommendation to that office), like Sir John, " with hallooing and singing of anthems ;" or whether he was adjudged to lack something, even in those early years, of the gravity indispensable to an occupation which professeth to " commerce with the skies," — ^I could never rightly learn ; but we find him, after the probation of a twelvemonth or so, reverting to a secular condition and become one of us. I think he was not altogether of that timber out of which cathedral seats and sounding-boards are hewed. But if a glad heart — ^kind, and therefore glad — be any part of sanctity, then might the robe of Motley, with which he invested himself with so much humility after his depriva- tion, and which he wore so long with so much blameless satisfaction to himself and to the public, be accepted for a surplice — ^his white stole, and alhe. The first fruits of his secularization was an engagement upon the boards of Old Drury, at which theatre he com- menced, as I have been told, with adopting the manner of Parsons in old men's characters. At the period in which most of us knew him, he was no more an imitator than he was in any true sense himself imitable. He was the Eobin Goodfellow of the stage. He came in to trouble all things with a welcome perplexity, himself no whit troubled for the matter. He was known, like Puck, by his note — Ha ! Ha ! Ha ! — ^sometimes deepening to Ho ! Ho ! Ho ! with an irresistible accession, derived, perhaps, remotely from his ecclesiastical education, foreign to his prototype of — La ! Thousands of hearts yet respond to the chuckling La ! of Dicky Suett, brought back to their remembrance by the faithful transcript of his friend Mathews's mimicry. The " force of nature could no further go." He drolled upon the stock of these two syllables richer than the cuckoo. Care, that troubles all the world, was forgotten in his composition. Had he had but two grains (nay, half a grain) of it, he could never have supported himself upon those two N 2 180 ON SOME OF THE OLD AOTOJiS. spider's strings, wliicli served him (in the latter part of his unmixed existence) as legs. A doubt or a scruple must have made him totter, a sigh have puffed him down; the weight of a frown had staggered him, a wrinkle made him lose his balance. But on he went, scrambling upon those airy stilts of his, with Eobin Groodfellow, " thorough brake, thorough briar," reckless of a scratched face or a torn doublet. Shakspeare foresaw him, when he framed his fools and jesters. They have all the true Suett stamp, a loose and shambling gait, a slippery tongue, this last the ready midwife to a without-pain- delivered jest ; in words, light as air, venting truths deep as the centre ; with idlest rhymes tagging conceit when busiest, singing with Lear in the tempest, or Sir Toby at the buttery-hatch. Jack Bannister and he had the fortune to be more of personal favourites with the town than any actors before or after. The difference, I take it, was this : — Jack was more beloved for his sweet, good-natured, moral pretensions. Dicky was more liked for his sweet, good-natured, no pre- tensions at all. Your whole conscience stirred with Ban- nister's performance of Walter in the Children in the Wood — but Dicky seemed like a thing, as Shakspeare says of Love, too young to know what conscience is. He put us into Vesta's days. Evil fled before him — not as from Jack, as from an antagonist, — but because it could not touch him, any more than a cannon-ball a fly. He was delivered from the burthen of that death ; and, when Death came himself, not in metaphor, to fetch Dicky, it is recorded of him by Eobert Palmer, who kindly watched his exit, that he received the last stroke, neither varying his accustomed tranquillity, nor tune, with the simple exclamation, worthy to have been recorded in his epitaph — La ! La ! Bobby ! The elder Palmer (of stage-treading celebrity) commonly played Sir Toby in those days ; but there is a solidity of wit in the jests of that half-Falstaff which he did not quite fill out. He was as much too showy as Moody (who some- times took the part) was dry and sottish. In sock or buskin ON SOME OF TEE OLD ACTORS. 181 there was an air of swaggering gentility about Jack Palmei, He was a gentleman with a slight infusion of the footman. His brother Bob (of recenter memoiy), who was his shadow in everything while he lived, and dwindled into less than a shadow afterwards — was a gentleman with a little stronger infusion of the loiter ingredient ; that was all. It is amazing how a little of the more oi less makes a difference in these things. When you saw Bobby in the Duke's Servant,* you said, " What a pity such a pretty fellow was only a servant!" Wlieu you saw Jack figuring in Captain Abso- lute, you thought you could trace his promotion to some lady of quality who fancied the handsome fellow in his topknot, and had bought him a commission. Therefore Jack in Dick Amlet was insuperable. Jack had two voices, both plausible, hypocritical, and insinuating ; but his secondary or supplemental voice still more decisively histrionic than his common one. It was reserved for the spectator ; and the dramatis personce were stipposed to know nothing at all about it. The lies of Young Wilding, and the sentiments in Joseph Surface, were thus marked out in a sort of italics to the audience. This secret correspondence with the company before the curtain (which is the bane and death of tragedy) has an extremely happy effect in some kinds of comedy, in the more highly artificial comedy of Congreve or of Sheridan especially, where the absolute sense of reality (so indispensable to scenes of interest) is not required, or would rather interfere to diminish your pleasure. The fact is, you do not believe in such characters as Surface — the villain of artificial comedy — even while you read or see them. If you did, they would shock and not divert you. When Ben, in Lovo for Love, returns from sea, the following exquisite dialogue occurs at his first meeting with his father : — Sir Sampeon. Thou hast been many a weary league, Ben, sinoe I saw thee. Ben. Ey, ey, been. Been far enough, an tbat be all.— Well, father nnd how do all at home ? bow does brother Dick and brother Val ? * High Life Below Stairs. 182 ON SOME OF THE OLD A0T0B8. Sir Sampson. Dick I body o' me, Dick has been dead these two years, I writ you word when you were at Leghorn. Ben. Mess, that's true; Marry, I had forgot. Dick's dead, as you say —well, and how ? — I have a many questions to ask you — Here is an instance of insensibility which in real life would be revolting, or rather in real life conld not have co- existed with the warm-hearted temperament of the cha- racter. But when you read it in the spirit vidth which such playful selections and specious combinations rather than strict metaphrases of nature should be taken, or when you Baw Bannister play it, it neither did, nor does, wound the moral sense at all. For what is Ben — the pleasant sailor which Bannister gives us — but a piece of satire — a crea- tion of Congreve's fancy — a dreamy combination of all the accidents of a sailor's character — ^his contempt of money — his credulity to women — with that necessary estrange- ment from home which it is just within the verge of credibility to suppose migU produce such an hallucination as is here described. We never think the worse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his character. But when an actor comes, and instead of the delightful phantom — the creature dear to half-belief — which Bannister exhibited — displays before our eyes a downright concretion of a Wapping sailor — a jolly warm-hearted Jack Tar — and nothing else — ■ when instead of investing it with a delicious confasedness of the head, and a veering undirected goodness of purpose — he gives to it a downright daylight understanding, and a full consciousness of its actions ; thrusting forward the sensibilities of the character with a pretence as if it stood upon nothing else, and was to be judged by them alone — we feel the discord of the thing ; the scene is disturbed ; a real man has got in among the d/ramatis personce, and puts them out. We want the sailor turned out. We feel that his true place is not behind the curtain, but in the first or second gallery. 188 ON THE AETIFICIAL. COMEDY OF THE LAST OENTUEY. THE artificial Comedy, or Comedy of manners, is quite extinct on our stage. Congreve and Farquhar show their heads once in seven years only, to he exploded and put down instantly. The times cannot hear them. Is it for a few wild speeches, an occasional license of dialogue ? I think not altogether. The husiness of their dramatic cha- racters will not stand the moral test. We screw everything up to that. Idle gallantry in a fiction, a dream, the passing pageant of an evening, startles us in the same way as the alarming indications of profligacy in a son or ward in real life should startle a parent or guardian. We have no such middle emotions as dramatic interests left. We see a stage lihertine playing his loose pranks of two hours' duration, and of no after consequence, with the severe eyes which inspect real vices with their bearings upon two worlds. We are spectators to a plot or intrigue (not reducible in life to the point of strict morality), and take it all for truth. We substitute a real for a dramatic person, and judge him accordingly. We try him in our courts, from which there is no appeal to the dramatis personm, his peers. We have been spoiled with — not sentimental comedy — but a tyrant fkr more pernicious to our pleasures which has succeeded to it, the exclusive and all-devouring drama of common life ; where the moral point is everything ; where, instead of the fictitious half-believed personages of the stage (the phantoms of old comedy), we recognise ourselves, our brothers, aunts, kinsfolk, allies, patrons, enemies, — the same as in life, — with an interest in what is going on so hearty and sub- stantial, that we cannot afibrd our moral judgment, in its deepest and most vital results, to compromise or slumber for a moment. What is there transacting, by no modification is made to afiect us in any other manner than the same events or characters would do in our relationships of life. We carry our fire-side concerns to the theatre with us. We do not go thither like our ancestors, to escape from the pressure 184 ON THE ABTIFWIAL OOMEDl 1 of reality, so much as to confirm our experience of it ; to make assurance double, and take a bond of fate. We must live our toilsome lives twice over, as it was tbe mournful privilege of Ulysses to descend twice to the shades. All that neutral ground of character, which stood between vice and virtue ; or which in fact was indifferent to neither, where neither properly was called in question ; that happy breathing-place from the burthen of a perpetual moral questioning — the sanctuary and quiet Alsatia of hunted casuistry — is broken up and disfranchised, as injurious to the interests of society. The privileges of the place are taken away by law. We dare not dally with images, or names, of wrong. We bark like foolish dogs at shadows. We dread infection from the scenic representation of dis- order, and fear a painted pustule. In our anxiety that our morality should not take cold, we wrap it up in a great blanket surtout of precaution against the breeze and sun- shine. I confess for myself that (with no great delinquencies to answer for) I am glad for a season to take an airing beyond the diocese of the strict conscience, — not to live always in the precincts of the law-courts, — but now and then, for a dream-while or so, to imagine a world with no meddling- restrictions — to get into recesses, whither the hunter cannot follow me — Secret shades Of woody Ida's inmost grove, While yet there was no fear of Jove. I come back to my cage and my restraint the fresher and more healthy for it. I wear my shackles more contentedly for having respired the breath of an imaginary freedom. I do not know how it is with others, but I feel the better always for the perusal of one of Congreve's — nay, why should I not add even of Wycherley's — comedies. I am the gayer at least for it ; and I coidd never connect those sports of a witty fancy in any shape with any result to be drawn from them to imitation in real life. They are a world of them- selves almost as much as fairy land. Take one of their characters, male or female (with few exceptions they are OF THE LAST CENTURY. 185 alike), and place it in a modern play, and my virtuous indignation shall rise against the profligate ■wretch as warmly as the Catos of the pit could desire ; because in a modern play I am to judge of the right and the wrong. The standard of police is the measure of political justice. The atmosphere will blight it ; it cannot live here. It has got into a moral world, where it has no business, from which it must needs fall headlong ; as dizzy, and incapable of making a stand, as a Swedenbofgian bad spirit that has wandered unawares into the sphere of one of his Good Men, or Angels. But in its own world do we feel the creature is so very bad ? — The Fainalls and the Mirabels, the Dorimants and the liady Touchwoods, in their own sphere, do not offend my moral sense ; in fact, they do not appeal to it at all. They seem engaged in their proper element. They break through no laws or conscientious restraints. They know of none. They have got out of Christendom into the land — what shall I call it? — of cuckoldry — the Utopia of gallantry, where pleasure is duty, and the manners perfect freedom. It is altogether a speculative scene of things, which has no reference whatever to the world that is. No good person can be justly oifended as a spectator, because no good person suffers on the stage. Judged morally, every character in these plays — -the few exceptions only are mistakes — is alike essentially vain and worthless. The great art of Congreve is especially shown in this, that he has entirely excluded from his scenes— some little gene- rosities in the part of Angelica perhaps excepted — not only anything like a faultless character, but any pretensions to goodness or good feelings whatsoever. Whether he did this designedly, or instinctively, the effect is as happy as the design (if design), was bold. I used to wonder at the strange power which his Way of the World in particular possesses of interesting you all along in the pursuits of characters, for whom you absolutely care nothing — for you neither hate nor love his personages — and I think it is owing to this very indifference for any, that you endure the whole. He has spread a privation of moral light, I will call it, rather than by the ugly name of palpable darkness. 186 ON TEE ARTIFICIAL COMEDY over his creations ; and his shadows flit before you without distinction or preference. Had he introduced a good cha- racter, a single gush of moral feeling, a revulsion of the judgment to actual life and actual duties, the impertinent Goshen would have only lighted to the discovery of deformities, which now are none, because we think them none. Translated into real life, the ch