lifillHfffiirKJWr'?!! rL' CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE WORDSWORTH COLLECTION FOUNDED BY CYNTHIA MORGAN ST. JOHN THE GIFT OF VICTOR EMANUEL OF THE CLASS OF I919 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924103708651 HISTORY OF CROSBY GARRETT, WESTMORLAND. THE AUTHOR. CROSBY GARRETT WESTMORLAND. A HISTORY OF THE MANOR OF CROSBY GARIRETT IN WESTMORLAND, WITH LOCAL . , CUSTOMS AND LEGENDS RY JOSIAH WALKER NICHOLSON. " Loveliest village of the plain ; Where heahii and plenty cheered the labouring swain, Where smiling spring its earliest labours paid, And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed." How often have I paused on every charm. The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm. The never-faiiing brook, the busy mill, The decent church that topt the neighbouring hill. The hawthorn bush, with seals beneath the shade, For talking age and whispering lovers made." KtKKliY STlil'HtiX : J. W. HRAITHWAITK & SONS. MAi-iiciiT SyuAi>:i':. IV 1.4. la ■ u /f' ih'c/ -X^ DEDICATION. ""PHIS LITTLE HLSTORY OF ONE OF THE MOST IXTEKESTIXO OF WESTMORLAND VILLAGES IS KESPECTFL'LLY DEDICATED TO SIR JOHN AND LADY HORSFALL, Lady Hoksfall s coxxectiox with Crosby Garrett as (jraxd-xiece of the late Rev. William Fawcett extitlixg her Ladyship axd Sir Johx to this REcot;xrnox as amoxust THE MOST DISTIXCillSHICD COXXECTIOXS OF THE VILLAGE OF CROSEY GaRRETT. CROSBY GARRETT. ix. FOREWORD. This volume cannot fail to be interesting to all wliose fortune it is to know and to love the village of Crosby Garrett, but Mr, Niciiolson's study of tlic antiquities of his native place is worthy of the attention of a far wider public. He has given us an eminently readable concrete example of the social and economic history of England, a dull enough subject in the abstract form in which it is usually presented. Tlie feudal system, with its land tenure based on service, has to be learned by every student of English constitutional history. How few are ever made to realise that in Crosby Garrett^ and jirobably in a few otiier j^laces, land was still held by " boons" or service rendered to a lord, along with money jiayments, till 1877. Mr. Nicholson's j^icture of the " statesman " is i:\v removed from the crude idea of the " serf " that we tind in some of the more popular representations of feudalism, and it is easy to see that the social position of the tenant, rendering " base '' services to a feudal lord, depended not so much on the baseness of those services, as on their relation to the value of his holding. It may be doubted whether the position of the " serf " was ever so uncomfortable as that of a freeman who, like most free men of the present day, owned nothing at all, but il's certain that when, as was usually the case, the value of the land increased, without any corresponding increase in tiie i")aymcnts and services to be lendered to the lord of the manor, the '^ serf " or " statesman " was X. CROSBY GARRETT. oil the Iiigli roucl lo prospciily. The disappearance of this chiss, like that of small laiidowuers in other jxuts of l'2nglaiicl, had apparently nothin;.^^ to do with the feudal services which remained in Westmorland to so recent a date. Not the least intereslint^ pait of Mr. Nicholson's woi k is the way in which he traces the social changes which have taken place in and around Crosby Garrett, and assigns them to their proper economic causes. It has been specially interesting to me lo note his exjilan- ation of the origin of the Westmoiland interest in lurnitnre, which still survives, even when furniture is not in any l.u-ge proportion made up of heirlooms that have come down in one family and one dwelling-house for many generations. It is to be hoped that Mr. Nicholson's examj^le will encourage those possessed of local lore in other parishes to attempt a similar task. Many custoins have died within the lifetime of the present generation. In a few years we may expect to see the disai')pearance of manorial rights, with all that they enshrine of an older social system. Our jnesent system of education makes us inclined to learn many things about many jilaces through the medium of books and newsjxijK'rs, but it is a powerful solvent of local tradition, and the traditions that are not now jMit into writing will soon l)e lost beyontl recovery. J. K. FOTIIKKIXGIIAM. CROSBY GARRETT. xi. PREFACE. I\ my Ciiily years I was imich interested in listen- ing to the stories told by old jieople of the doings ot" bygone days, particularly if they related to Crosln'. Scottish raids, Inuglars and highwaymen, ghost and witch stories all came in for a tmn. The sparing use of lea, when it cost eight shillings jkt poimd, the intro- duction of outside manufactured goods, the early days of railways, and the general }")erils of the roads in winter were recounted by the hreside for the edilication of the rising generation. Later, I started to make notes, and retain extracts fiom newsjiapers of events of special inteiest. 'J'he late Miss Isabella Richardson, of The Pump House, had a good collection of stories and legends of the past ; so had Mr. William Richardson, the last of that family at Crosby, but both of them were defective in general historical knowledge to back up their local information. This, however, was not lacking in Mr. Anthony Brunskill, who died August, 1894, as he had a mine of local information, and knew its relation to general events. He had made inquiries of old |K'ople, antl, as his forefathers had been long about Crosby, he w.is well lilted for gathering a colleclioji of folk-lore. xii. CROSBY GARRETT. Respecting this narrative, the part " Crosby Garrett since 1900 " was written abont twenty years ago, and it has been left very mucli as when first compiled. On taking up the whole subject, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. James Sagar, of Winton, with whom I have discussed most of the subjects, and he has given much valuable information. Then, after the sheets have been written, he has gone through most of them, to reduce errors to a minimum. I am also greatly indebted to Airs. Fotheringham, of Oxford, who kindly supplietl extracts from a valuable work, to which previously I had been unable to obtain access. Also to Mr. William Marker, Hartley, for allowing me a ))erusal of the original }")archment relating to Crosby Manor, &c. Here I may exj")lain that the late Captain Grimshaw, of Hutton Lodge, Soulby, made many extracts from this document, and, as Mr. Harker }">ossesses these, the work of summarising particulars w.is much expedited. Last, but not least, to Dr. Fotheringham, of Oxford University, who so readily agreed to write the Foreword. Many other friends have also kindly furnished me witli information, to all of whom I tender my best^ thanks. J. W. NiCHOLSOX. CROSBY GARRETT. xiii. Contents and Itist of Q^haptetrs, Foreword by Dr. Fotheriiii^ham, Oxford ... ix.-x. Preface ... ... ... ... ... ... xi.-xii. Introduction ... ... ... ... ... 1-7 Extract from Nicolson & Burns' "History of Westmorland" rclatinif to Crosby Garrett. Chapter I. Crosby Garrett 8-23 Situation. Elevation. Geoloi^y. Early Inhabitants, Celts. Sepulchral remains near Bents and at Raiset Pike. New arrivals Saxons, Danes, and Northmen. Names of places in the neit^hbourhood. Chapter II. Manor of Crosby Garrett ^4-3^^ Dividinii the County into Manors. Early Lords. Soulby and Musiiraves. Great disputes and litii^ation between tenants and Sir Phillip Musj^rave. Extracts from Decree in Chancery settinii forth particulars of Fines, &c., on Customary and Arbitrary Land. Amount paid to reduce Arbitrary Land to Indenture. Disputes with Crosby Tenantry. Descent of Freehold Land. Sale of Crosby Garrett INIanor, 1S77. Boons and Corn Mills. Chapter III. The Church ... ... ... 39-44 Early Christian Missionaries. Dedication to St. Andrew. Saxon and Norman. Lejiend as to buildin.^ on the steep hill. Difficulty in transporting material. Chapel Well. Old part of Church built for defensive purposes. Rejjisters. Chapter IV. Statesmen ... ... ... ... 45-55 Old Homesteads at Crosby Garrett. Ancient Cultivation, Travelling and transit of goods. Abolition of Compulsory Military Service. Clothing. Diet. Furniture. Imitation of Old Furniture. Chapter V. Social 56-62 Situation of the Statesmen at the beginning of the Seventeenth Century. Political and Religious Movements. Kaber Rigg Plot. Col. Richard Richardson. Rise <^f Nonconformity. Priest Jackson, xiv. CROSBY GARRETT. Chapter VI. Dvvellings ... ... ... ... 63-67 Dwelliiiiis prior to 1660. After 1660. Hearth Tax. Window Duty. Chapter VH. Crosby Garrett since 1800 ... 68-87 The Cluirch and Rectors. Rev. Wm. Bird, died hS22. Rev. Tlios. Bird, died IS.ll. Rev. Mark Xewhy, 18.^.^, until 1860. Rev. Isaac Smith, resi.^iied 1870. Rev. Georiie Ridley, 40 years Rector. Rev. X. Phillips, succeded Nov., ]*^^11. Dissenters. Independents and Baptists. Rev. Whn. Fawcett. Wesleyan Methodists. Chapter VIII 88-100 Schools and Schoolmasters. School taui^ht in Church. Masters Wilkin, Robert Metcalfe, John Brunskill. New School erected. Old premises sold. Waitby School, Masters Thos. Brunskill and William Waistell. Parish Clerks. Singinii at Funerals. Churchwardens. Overseers of the Poor. Parish Constables. Chapter IX. ... ... ... ... loi-iii A,u"riculture. Rise o{ Tenant Farmers. Increased Tillage. New Methods. Lime Burning. Draining. Implements. Harvest. Cattle and Sheep. Fairs. Farmhouses. Farm Buildings. Droughty Summers. Displacement of Farm Labourers. Chapter X. Railways ... ... ... 112- 118 North Eastern. Midland. Particulars of Works. Construction. Skeletons discovered. Chapter XI. ... ... ... ... 119-131 Fuel. Obtaining Coal from Stainmore. Difficult Journe^■s. Lighting. Flint and Steel. Matches, Rush-lights and Tallow Candles. Village Tradesmen. Village Blacksmiths. Joiners. Weavers. Miscellaneous Items. Balloting f( r Militia. Parliamentary Contests. Lowthers and Brougham, Early Newspapers. Post. Regulation of Common. &c. Richardson Faniilv. Dr. Morrison, of Chinese fame, CROSBY GARRKTT. XV lEfist of Illustrations. The Author An Ancient Staircase at Crosby Garrett Crosby Mill, showing Stepping Stones across ih Crosby Garrett Church ... Crosby Garrett Church, showing the Squint Smardale Viaduct Baptist Chapel, Crosby Garrett .. The Rectory, Crosby Garrett Rev. George Ridley The late Rev. Wm. Fawcett Wesleyan Chapel, Crosby Garrett Chapel House, Crosby Garrett .. Wailby School The late Mr. Thos. Brunskill .. Smardale Viaduct, Midland Railway The late Mr. Wm. Richardson .. Sheep Washing at Potts Valley.. Crosby Garrett Church— Interior Ri Page. Fronltspiece 22 38 39 41 55 60 68 80 84 85 86 93 95 114 118 128 130 CROSBY GARRETT. To prevent the necessity of having frequently, in different places, to quote from Messrs. Nicolson & Burn's excellent History of Westmorland, published 1777, an extract has been made of what a}ipears under the heading of Crosby Garrett, so that the reader may have full particulars. '' The church of this place standing on this top of a steep hill, or mound, hath caused that sometimes the village is called Crosby-on-the-Hill. Most commonly it is called Crosby Garret, supposed to be from a like reason, for as much as the highest rooms in houses are called garrets. But in reality Garret is no other than a corruption of Gerard, for it was always anciently written Crosby Gerard, most probably from the name of the owner. This parish is bounded on the East by the parishes of Musgrave and Kirkby Stephen ; on the South by the parish of Ravenstonedale ; on the West by the parishes of Ravenstonedale and Orton ; and on the North by parishes of Asby, Ormside, Warcop, Musgrave, and Kirkby Stephen. And containing about 59 families ; of which 9 dissenters. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew, on which festival they heretofore held their feast. 2 CROSBY GAKRETT. It is a rectory valued in the king's books at ;^I9 4s. 4^ci. The clear yearly value, as delivered in to the governors of Queen Ann's bounty ^47 2s. 6d. The late rector and lord of the manor, James Bird, gave £200 — unto which the governors of Queen Ann's bounty added ^200 — -wherewith land was purchased within the manor, which land the said Mr. Bird also enfranchised. It hath been all along in the patronage of the lord of the manor, and therefore the history of the church and the manor will best go together, and conduce in some measure to illustrate each other. The iirst account we have of either is in the year 1296, 25 Ed. I, when William de Souleby, lord of the manor, being then under age and in wardship to Isabella, daughter of the late Robert de Veteripont, and then widow of Roger de Clifford, she, the said Isabella, in right of her said ward, presented to the rectory of Crosby Garrett, one Thomas de Burgh sub Mora, who was thereupon instituted by Bishop Halton. In the next generation we find the manor of Crosby Garard in the hands of the Musgraves, j')robably by marriage of the heiress of Souleby (for there was a heiress of Soulcl:)y at that time, namely, Foban, daughter of the said Wm. de Souleby). And in the 8 Ed. 2, after the death of Robert de Chfford, son of the aforesaid Roger and Isabella, the inquisition finds that Richard de Musgrave, held of the said Robert, on the day of his death, the manor . of Crosby Gerard, the wardship whereof, together with Little Musgrave, which he then also held, was worth £t^^ a year. The said Richard held then also a moiety of the manor of Orton. And the cornage of all the three was 265s. 3d. In the 28 Ed. CROSBY GARRETT. 3, 3, Henry de Sandford was rector of Crosby Garard, having obtained in that year, from the bishop, a hcense of absence for the better following of his studies ; and three years after the like grant was renewed to him, on condition that he should cause divine service to be performed by a chaplain in the oratory of Robert de Sandford, his father, at Sandford, once or twice in each month. In the 43 Ed. 3, Peter Morland, John de Kabergh (probably as trustees in a settlement) and the prior of Watton held the manor of Crosby Gerard, paying 85s. 6^d. cornage. In the 5 Ric 2, on the death of the aforesaid Henry de Sandford, John de Calve was instituted to the rectory on the presentation of Thomas de Musgrave, Knight. In the 15 Ric 2, Thomas de Musgrave and the prior of Watton held Crosby Gerard by homage and fealty, and los. id. cornage. In the 10 Hen. 5, after the death of John de Clifford, Richard Musgrave held the manor of Crosby Gerard by homage and fealty, and the cornage of los. id. In the 31 Hen. 6 Richard Musgrave, Knight, held three parts, and the prior of Watton the fourth part of the said manor, paying cornage 85s. 6d. In the 38 Eliz., on the death of Lancelot Shaw, Rector of Crosby Gerard, Richard Fallowfield was instituted, on a presentation by Thomas Ambler, of Kirkby Stephen, yeoman, to whom this avoidance was granted by Humphrey Musgrave, late of Hartley, esquire, and dame Agnes, his wife. 4 CROSBY GARRETT. In the 12 Clia. i, on the death of Richard Fallow- field, Edmund Mauleverer was instituted on the presentation of Sir Piiilip Musgrave, baronet. Which said Sir Phihp Musgrave conveyed the manor and advowson to Sir Richard Musgrave, knight, his eldest son ; who had issue only two daughters, the elder of whom died an infant, and the other daughter (Mary) was married to John Davison, of Blakeston, in the county of Durham, esquire. In the time of Oliver Cromwell, Christopher Jackson was rector, who was ejected by the Bartho- lomew Act in 1662, he lived afterwards retired in Ravenstonedale, where he had a small estate. (Calamy's Account of Ministers ejected, page 753). He was succeeded by Thomas Denton. In 1702, Thomas Denton dying, Joseph ^Foster, M.A., was presented by Mary Davison, widow-mother and guardian of Thomas Davison ; which Thomas Davison, when he came of age, sold the manor and advowson to Thomas Gate, of Whitehaven, gentleman. In 1713 the said Thomas Gate presented James Lamb, M.A., to the rectory. In 17 1 7 William Bird, clerk, was presented by the same {matron ; who by his last will and testament devised the manor and advowson to the said William Bird. In 1742 the said William Bird resigning, presented his son and heir apparent. James Bnxl, M.A., to the rectory. CROSBY GARRETT. 5 In 1763 on the death of James Bird, James Fenton, clerk, was presented by Richard Burn, L.L.D., Anne Coulston, widow, of John Conlston, gentleman, trustees under the will of the said James Bird. In 1769 on the resignation of James Fenton, Wiiliam Bird, B.A., son and heir of the said James Bird, was instituted on a presentation by the said Richard Burn and Anne Coulston. The manor having belonged of early times to the lords of Soull:)y, and afterwards to the Musgraves, who resided elsewhere ; there is no tradition remaining where the manor house of Crosby Gerard stood. Within the manor there are about 40 tenements, only two or three of them are freehold, the rest customary, some l:)y indenture at an eight-penny line, and the others arbitrary. There is a small school at Crosby Garret, built at the expense of the inhabitants, and endowed from time to time by the charitable donations of divers persons. The following account is inserted, as well for a memorial of the said benefactors, as by way of precedent for the laudible purpose in other places : — ^ s d 1629, Ap. 12, given by Richard Fallowlield 300 parson of Crosby Garret, ^3. The use to go to the maintenance of a schoolmaster there ; and when there is no schoolmaster, to be given to the poor. The said ^3 to remain to the said use for ever. 6 2 Item by Henry Robinson to the same use 154 ,, Thomas Wilson ,, 13 4 I I o lO 6 3 o CROSBY GARRETT. 10 o ,, James Skaife, by an order to the same use 6 8 ,, Margaret, wife of James Richardson to the same use ,, Margaret Skaife to the same use ,, Thomas Johnson, by brder to the same use ,, Edward Skaife to the same use ,, John Skaife, Parish Clerk to the same use Overplus of the school house money by con- sent. Humphrey Bell. 1648. Given by John Symson, of Sandford, to the use of the school of Crosby Garret and Warcop 5s. a year to be paid one year to Crosby and another Warcop — due to be paid every Candlemas out of the lands of Robert Pearl and Bartholomew Skaife, of Sandford. And for want of a school at Crosby, the said 5s. to be paid to Warcop ; and for want of a school at Warcop, to be paid to Crosby. o o 1662. Ap. 26, given by — Richardson at his death for the use of the school £2^ and for repairing the wood bridge in the way to Smardale ;^i. o o 1664. Given by James Richardson, bailiff, by his last will and testament, for keeping a schoolmaster for advancing learning. 10 o 1667, •^P- 8, by Reginald Robinson, by his last will and testament, unto the school stock and poor of Crosby Garret los., viz 5s. each. CROSBY GARRETT. 7 I 10 o 1668. By John Skaife, by his last will to the school stock, for advancing learning £1. To Smaidale wood bridge los. 440 1668, Feby. 6, by general consent of all the inhabitants of Crosby Garret (except James Bell, Thomas Taylor, Thomas Robinson, of Pots, and Henry Robinson), to the school stock of Crosby Garret, for the advanciiag of good learning, ^4 4s., which they received of George Richardson, of Mazon Slack, for his privilege in the fell or common, and for a little parcel of ground for a garth beside his house. And it is the desire of the said inhabitants that the said sum be employed for the maintenance of a schoolmaster for ever. 5 4 1676, July 6, given by Elizabeth Robinson, widow, and Reginald Robinson, adminis- trators to the above said Henry Robinson, to the school stock of Crosby Garret, 5/4, being the whole w^hich the said Henry Robinson received and reserved as his part of George Richardson's money. 10 o o William Robinson, by his last will and testament." CROSBY GARRETT. CHAPTER I. Situation. — The parish of Crosby Garrett consists of two detached townships, Crosby Garrett and Little Musgrave, and it is about the former that we wisli to make some remarks. The viHage of Crosby is pleasantly situated in a hollow at the foot of the fell, which shelters it from southern storms ; Laydale protects on the west, and the church hill breaks the north-west winds. On a map which gives parochial boundaries, it will be seen that the township of Crosby Garrett resembles the shape of a boot, the heel being at Smardale Bridge, the toe at Sunbiggin Tarn, whilst the Potts Beck and Scandale River delineate the front and back parts. Before the advent of railways, no main road going thro.igh the place, it was very secluded, and had little intercourse with the outer world. Although there is no castle or' manorial hall at Crosby to attract antiqua- rinns, still there are many objects and incidents connected therewith which may be of interest to some people. Below are some elevations above sea level : — In the village where the road branches off | ^ r . to the railway station j ' Biggin Hill (in the Intake) ... ... 1017 ,, Great Ewe Fell ... ... ... 1198 ,, Nettle Hill ... ... ... ... 1254 „ the last being the highest ]^oint in the parish of Cros'iy Garrett. The area of enclosed land is about 2,017 acres, the fell, which is now a regulated common, being about 1,200. CROSBY GARRETT. 9 Geology. — Respecting the geological features of the neighbourhood, they cannot be better described than by giving an extract from an article written nearly fifty years ago by S. R. Pattison, F.G.S., on the '' Post Glacial Lake Basin in Westmorland." "The little village of Crosby Garrett, near Brough, "appears to occupy the site of a post glacial lake. '' Lower carboniferous strata compose the fell to the " south, the lowest beds being yellow earthy limestone. " Below this in all the gorges are deep red shales of the " uppermost Old Red, and on the summits of some of " the hills to the south are outlayers of the New Red ; " this drift lies in patches, and contains round sand- '' stones and numerous blocks of Shap granite. The " gullies coming down from Crosby Fell converge '' at the gate of the village, and show excavation in " boulder drift. The bed of the torrent is dry during " the greater part of the year ; it receives only the "surface water, which, as it falls swiftly down the " valley through the drift, makes rough work of its sides ''every freshet. Underneath the Church Hill, at the *' lower end of the village, the remains are visible of " the dam which once enlaked the little valley. It has " been clean cut through by the bursting of the lake, "and the banks of the excavation, and the bottom of " the old lake are now occupied by cottages and gardens. " Another small lake existed near the village, in fields " still called the Tarn Fields, but whilst the former must ''have been drained, probably in prehistoric times, '' (judging from the subsequent work of the torrent) " the latter has disappeared by artificial drainage into '♦Smardale Beck within a century." 10 CROSBY GARRETT. It may be stated, however, that many Shap Fell boulders are not visible near Crosby, but become more plentiful nearer Great Asby. Crosby was two or three miles south-east of the great ice current that swept many boulders over Stainniore, and dropped large numbers on this side of the Pennine Range. Some large blocks of limestone are near Crosby Fell Gate, and a person who was well versed in the rock formation of the locality, says they had been transported from Asby Scar. The making of the Midland Railway did not yield many new geological features, but it gave a good example of the uncertainty of trusting to the formation of the earth from outward appearances. At Smardale, above and below the viaduct, the beck fiows over beds of solid rock, but at the point where the bridge was built a break or fault existed, and this had subsequently been lilled with glacial debris. The result was that some of the foundations had to be carried down above 40 feet in this, until marl was reached. On the Crosby side of the tunnel, when the surface of the hard rock was exposed, it was found to be deeply dented and carved, as by the action of the glaciers. Layers of flint, which made havoc of the drills, were encountered amongst the thick beds of limestone rock. Also the remains of shell fish, apparently oysters, were embedded in the upper rocks in large quantities. In sinking for foundations for Crosby viaduct, similar marl was reached as at Smardale. At the station there is a deep cutting through glacial drift, but no Shap granite appears to have been found. At Gallonsay cutting there is a strange mixture of clay, limestone, marl, sand, and sandstone. It would appear that at some recent CROSBY GARRETT. ii period there has been a large slip of boulder clay from near the Grey Stones, which lias reached to near the Fell Gate, and partly hlled up the streams which drain ihe front of the Fell. Crosby Fell is a continuation of the same range as Ash Fell, the rocks of which have been thrown up by the fault running down the Lune Valley. Particulars as to this upheaval are admirably set forth in Mr. Braithvvaite's " Guide to Kirkby Stephen," where a special article on the geology of the district is included, from the pen of J. G. Goodchild, Esq., F,G.I„ F.L.S., — H.M., Geological Survey. Early Inhabitants (Celts). — After the Ice Age, a long period elapsed before the advent of man in these Northern climes, and in the meantime the valleys had become forests, and the hills were clothed with brush- wood almost to their summits. Authorities seem to agree that this locality gives no trace of Paleolithic man (Old Stone age), and such remains as are found belong to the Neolithic, or New Stone Period. It is not our intention to enter into the distinguishing features of the different waves of the Celtic race which immigrated to this island, as it is a subject of general interest to the whole country. The first inhabitants favoured hill districts for their settlements, and a locality which appears to have met with their approval presented itself in the high ground between Crosby Garrett and Ravenstonedale. Here, in two extensive pastures belonging the Earl of Lonsdale, named Intake and Severals, there are considerable traces of ancient British dwellings. If any such, or their burial mounds existed on the low-lying lands, the spade and plough 12 CROSBY GARRETT. have long ago demolished them. At that time the country abounded with wolves, bears, hyaenas, beavers, as well as with wild cattle, swine, and deer. These early inhabitants had some flocks and herds, and used their flesh and milk as part of their sustenance, also fishing and hunting would add to their support. The different kinds of wild fruit which grew in the woods at certain seasons would no doubt be gathered for their use. To protect themselves from the cold, the skins of wild animals would at first be used. The camps at the Intake and Severals appear as links in the chain of archaic inhabitants who occupied the hills across the centre of Westmorland. We have them at Ashfell and Waitby Common on one side, and at Linglow, near Great Asby, and in the neighbourhood of Crosby Ravensworth on the other. In the Intake two detached camps can be traced, and the elevation on which they are situated is still called Biggin Hill. (Biggin in Old Norse signifies a building). One of the sites is on rather a steep cliff" at one side, and a way appears to have been made down the declivity, towards two entrenched enclosures on the opposite side of the hollow, which no doubt were made for the protection of domestic animals. From what can be observed, the dwellings appear to have been of a very primitive type, and circular in form. Those in the Severals seem to be of later date, as stone has been extensively used. The foundations still remain, and some of the doorways may be traced. The stone in the locality crops out at the surface, and easily splits up into rough liags, which would be very serviceable for rude building purposes. CROSBY GARRETT. 13 The ruins cover a large area, and doubtless at one time sheltered a considerable population. All the remains are adjacent to Smardale Gill, and at a great elevation above the river Scandale. On viewing the sites the thought arises that safety from enemies was the iirst consideration in making the selection, and that a handy water supply for domestic use had not then become a burning question. One might, if needful, enter into many details as to the customs and manner of livelihood of these half civilised people, in what would then be a solitary district. The track from east to west, via Smardale Gill and Waitby Common, would in their earliest days, at least, be still unknown. The old tradition is that their settlements having been destroyed, they moved to the site of the present Newbiggin. How long these tribes dwelt here we have no exact records, but it must have been a considerable time, judging by the sepulchral remains they left on the neighbouring hills. It is quite possible they lived on, in these elevated parts, in a primitive manner, long after the adjoining valleys were peopled by a more civilized communi.ty. Probably in the course of time they melted into the surrounding population, and their language ceased to be discernable as that of a separate race. That was a slow progress. Their language is thought to have lingered in secluded places until the Reformation, when it was possibly destroyed by the ministrations of the Protestant clergy. (Diocesan Histories, Carlisle, by R. S. Ferguson, page 47.) Sepulchkal Remains. On Crosby Fell, near the Bents lime kiln, at an elevation overlooking the dwellings we have previously described, and also with 14 CROSBY GARRETT. a beautiful outlook across the vale of Raveustonedale, there is a " kirrock " stancUug ou a large cairn. The writer was present when this was opened in November, 1873, by Canon Greenwell, Durham, John Whitwell, M.P., Kendal, &c. This is described as "very enig- " matical, as no undisturbed body found in it, 34 feet "in diameter, 4 feet high, contained a burnt body, boy " (an Angle), with iron knife, buckle, shears, and bridle " bit. Mound previous to body, limestone flags in most "regular order. At 10 feet distance, 2 bodies and "others further off. No entire bodies, and none of " smaller bones met with at all. Inference — bodies "transferred here, somewhat similar instances seen '^ elsewhere." We may here mention that when Mr. Whitwell was examining this tumulus, Mr. Thomas Fothergill, Bents, presented him with the antlers of a red deer, which had been found when digging peats near Ewe Fell Mire. It had been a splendid animal, as the antlers when complete would measure about seven feet from tip to tip. At some distance from this cairn, William Mitchell Fawcett, Esq., Crosby Garrett, opened another, finding human remains. Behind Great Ewefell, near the wall dividing Crosby Garrett and Raveustonedale Commons, there are three more cairns. These were also examined by Canon Greenwell, and were found to contain the remains of many interments, also boars' tusks, and a hammer made from red deer's antlers. — "In the right "hand of the young man who had the hammer was a "piece of iron ore, no doubt the "steel" this Ancient " used to make lire with." CROSBY GARRETT. 15 The great place of interest, however, as a sepul- clual mound, was Raiset Pike. This was also examined by Canon Greenwell, who gives the results at great length in his valuable book on " British Barrows," published in 1878, from which we have already made quotations. Here, at Raiset Pike, the bodies had been cremated, and the trenches and flues were discovered that had been constructed to carry out the work of cremation. In summarising the results, the Canon says the parish of Crosby Garrett has produced a large number of interments. — '' They may be classified as " belonging to pre-Roman, Late Keltic, possibly of the " period of the early Roman occupation, and Anglican '' times. The Late Keltic burials were discovered in " 1873, in the Midland Railway cutting : 3 unburnt '' bodies, interred in a contracted position on their sides, " 3 feet underground, no apparent mound at the place. " A bronze armlet, oval section, and having a series of "notches in each side on one arm, much worn." When quarrying near the cairn not far from the Bents, Mr. James Haygarth found a polished stone implement, also an ancient piece of 'pottery, which had evidently been used as an urn to preserve the ashes of some cremated person. It, however, crumbled to pieces before it could be properly examined. At another time, when quarrying on the fell above Borrowans, he found the skeleton of an adult person. Tlie soil had been removed, and the body laid upon the rock, and then protected by stones carefully laid over in the form of a j\, and the soil levelled around. The tips of the stones were about level with the ^surface. When the Bents excavations were being made, the late Mr. John Fothergill, Brownber, speaking of Raiset Pike, said i6 CROSBY GARRETT. that the tradition was that a number of Scots, slain in battle, were buried beneath it. That about the beginning of the nineteenth century a number of natives, to satisfy their curiosity, opened into a part of it, and found a cist containing human remains. New Arrivals (Saxoxs, &c.) — It is no great stretch of imagination to suppose some of these Celts belonging to our Intake and Severals colonies had observed from the woods, Roman cohorts passing along the main road to or from Carlisle, or it may be that they had responded to some chieftain's call and made an attack on the Imperial legions. Later generations, however, had more disturbing elements to contend with, when the Saxons invaded tlie Eden Valley, and by their operations made it clear that they had come to stay. Tlie Saxons, with their superior tools, would commence to cut down the forest trees, and use the timber in constructing their new homesteads. It would have been very interesting if we had been so fortunate as to possess a snap-shot of the Saxons when they commenced to rear the rafters of their first dwellings, on the site of what was to become the village of Crosby Garrett. Then the garth would need attention, so that the flocks and herds could be gathered together for safety near their owners' dwellings. Land would be selected for cultivation, and the near and far, or low crofts cleared for hay and pasture, the wood making a handy supply of fuel. It is difficult to say what led to the selection of the site, as there was no gushing spring or sparkling stream, (as the beck soon runs dry in summer) to furnish a constant supply of water. The water supply is still a difficulty which is ever cropping up when there is a droughty summer. Perhaps the CROSBY GARRETT. 17 sheltered situation was the main attraction. It was more than could be expected that our older friends on the hills would always agree with the newcomers in the valleys, as at times their interests would clash. Some of these skirmishes would end in bloodshed, and the writer is inclined to come to the conclusion that the skeletons of three persons found buried near the Rock Cutting on the Midland Railway were the victims of some such encounter. As the years rolled on, further settlements of Danes and Norsemen came, it may be making suitable arrangements, and making their Biggins, Cotes and Scalings alongside the older settlers. By the time the men came who cleared the '' Thwaites," there was no room left for tliem near Crosby. In the meantime, other peaceful comers made their way through Cumberland and Westmorland. They were Christian missionaries sent out from the early religious houses, proclaiming the superiority of the Gospel over the Pagan deities of the Danes and Saxons. Here, as the name implies, they erected a cross as the emblem of their faith, and began to teach the unlettered villagers what it implied. We must leave the Church, however, for later notice, but we see how (whatever may have been its previous designation) it became known as the Cross village. After, to distinguish it from other Crosbys, the name of its chief or most important personage, Gerard, was added. By about 1000 a.d., we have our village community practically settled and the foundations laid of the statesmen's families — the Atkinsons, Bells, Graingers, Robinsons, Richardsons, Scaifes, Simpsons, Tailors, Waistells, Wilkins, &c., which were to last for centuries, dwelling on the paternal i8 CROSBY GARRETT. liomesteads, in many cases, down to the last century. At lirst the new colonists were practically freemen, clearing the lands of their choice and owning no overlord ; but this was not to continue for ever. The village communities began to hnd it was necessary to have some cohesion, and formed their " Hundreds," and elected their representatives to attend the Moot or Shire assembly. Slowly the feudal or manorial system crept on which was to rule their civil affairs, whilst the Ciinrch increased in power in ecclesiastical matters. The Anglo-Saxons were unlike the Romans, being no road-makers, but great in constructing dykes, and this brings me to call attention to the ditch and track which runs along Crosby Fell, on the brow facing Smardale Gill. It is traced near the Bullflatt allotment, and passes along in the Ravenstonedale direction. Another dyke branches off from it, across the Fell towards Borrowans. There is no tradition as to their being constructed, or for what purpose. Similar works exist in other parts of England, and have been described as being the archaic division of territories, also for use as roads, and likewise for military purposes, but this is a question we cannot settle. We would, however, point out the great labour required in construction, as the workmen's tools would be of an inferior character. Names of Places. — We have already offered some observations as to why the village of Crosby Garrett obtained its name. We also wish to draw attention to the names of other places and fields around the neighbourhood. The iirst three names we offer are Arklow, Catcrag, and Kil Hole, with Kil Garth adjoining, but whether philologists will agree with our surmises or not we cannot say. CROSBY GARRETT. 19 The word Ark is given by some authorities* as signifying a saciiiicial stone, and of course low is a hill ; if this construction is correct, it points out the place where the Anglo-Saxons offered sacrilice to their heathen deities. As there is no doubt but that there was a colony of Saxons here befoi-e the introduction of Christianity, what is more reasouable thau that they should have an appointed place for their worship ? Arklow is on the same range as the Church Hill, and the question arises to us, did the heathen lirst worship on the site of the present church, and subsequently have to take a back seat ? Probnbly all would not embrace Christianity at once, and those holders of the old faith selected Arklow as their sacred site. Also it may be that others gave an adhesion to both religions, as cases are recorded where tombstones have borne Christian emblems on one side and Pagan on the other. This shewed a keen desire on the part of our rude ancestors to stand well with both sides, and be right, whichever proved to be the true faith. Cat Crag.I — The woiel Cat is in many cases associated with the site of a battle. The field bearing this name runs up Booleflatt, from the railway tunnel and rock cutting, and not far from the foot of its slope, the skeletons of three persons were found when the railway was being constructed. As this is corroborative of a conflict, we will leave the matter there. * Canon Taylor, Words and Places, page 264, Everyman's Library Edition. t Canon Taylor, Words and Places, page 287, Everyman's Library Edition. Also a writer in the Yorkshire Post, Oct., 1912, uses it in the $ame sense on the " Battle of Reeth. " 20 CROSBY GARRETT. KiL Hole and Garth. — To the west of the church there are two fields contiguous wliicli have the name " Kil " associated with Hole and Garth. The prefix "Kil" originally denoted a hermit's "cell," though it was afterwards used to mean the "church" of which the hermit's cell was so often the germ : Canon Taylor, in Words and Places, page 309, Everyman's Library Ed. says — " In numerous village names which have this " prefix " Kil " possess a peculiar interest. They often " point out to us the earliest local centres from which " proceeded the evangelisation of the half savage Celts ; " they direct us to hallowed spots, where the first " hermit missionaries established each his lonely cell, " and thence spread around him the blessings of '' Christianity and of civilisation." Is it too much to say that here we have the site where these earliest pioneers of the Gospel formed their first abode ? Chapel Well. — Near the ford across the river Scandale, on the road to Smardale, there is a fine spring called Chapel Well, and the close in which it is situated has the prefix " Kil." We will refer to this place later, under the heading of the Church. Garths. — These Anglo - Saxons and Northmen dearly loved Garths, and at Crosby we have them in abundance. On both sides of the village they exist behind the homesteads. In some cases the dwellings are gone, but still the general plan of the "ancient tenements " can be traced. Crofts. — Outside the garths we have numerous crofts (signifying small fields near dwellings) ; these would be enclosed as the clearance proceeded and used as meadow or tillage land. Then we have some CROSBY GARRETT. 21 names with the prefix lay (a meadow), as Laygrim, Lay- dale and Laylands. Also we have names which indicate later cultivation, as Shareflatt and Wheat Close. Then the names of some early owners are preserved, as in Armaside, Molberside and Subside, " side '' signifying the belonging of so-and-so ; also Barnsha andGreenah, being Barnes' and Green's holding. Then we have Gallonsay, which may be construed as Gallons' possession. Keld, a spring, we have joined to two field names, viz., Keld Bank and Keld Tree. In Gooselands we are reminded of the time when nearly all cottagers kept geese, and here was the ground on which they had the right to pasture them in the summer months. Lineflat points out the spot where flax was grown, to be made into line for weaving purposes. In the Butts we have a reminder of the time when archery played an important part in the national defence. Here the youths of the village would assemble to carry out their practice with bow and arrows, as enjoined by the various statutes of that time. Yew trees flourish in the neighbourhood, so that there would be no lack of suitable branches for bows. " Mains " points out which was the most substantial house in the village, as it has been defined as " a farm attached to a mansion house for the occupation of the owner." A few names may be summarised as follows : — Borrowans or Borwans, a place cleared of debris ; Cote garth (in New Close), a hut or cottage. Tradition says the enclosure was made for soldiers' horses. Cringle mire, carving in the shape of a circle ; also helm refers to the shape of the ground. Then Jamie Hill recalls the Rev. James Bird, who restored the rectory and 22 CROSBY GARRETT. made a fish pond about 1740. The earth excavated was deposited at the lower part of the village. Knock Hill, west of the goods station, is an instance where the meaning of the original name has been lost, and an An Ancient Staircase at Crosby Garrett. addition made to explain it, as in this case. Knock in the Celtic means a hill, so that the name really is Hill-Hill. Millsty, a rough ascending path, between Smardale mill and Crosby ; Mazon Wath, a ford with CROSBY GARRETT. 23 the name of the original owner of the dvvelHng near ; Mellgates, between two roads ; Oiisenber, a liill for cattle to graze upon ; Oiiscale, a hut or shelter for cattle ; Stockber, a hill protected by a stockade ; Souterhow, a hill for sheep ; Wiend End, at the end of a narrow lane. Groups. — There are four fields running from Borrowans down to the Potts Beck which are known by the name of Groups, and this recalls tlie fact that in this country there are certain tenements known as Grouped Lands, because, although held by different people, one person accounted for the lot to the Lord of the Manor. May not this name have had a similar origin ? When the New Close was a stinted pasture, these fields formed a barrier between it and the Fell. There is another peculiarity about these Groups fields ; they are Dean and Chapter land, forming a detached portion of the Lordship of Morland, the Bailiff or Steward of which issues, for a small payment by the tenants, a toll-free certificate to all fairs and markets in England ; also passage over all bridges without let or hindrance. There are several names of which we have not been able to find the origin or meaning : — Bason potts, Coggie, Clockhendryans or Clockheneayans, Dringles- ber, Flodders or Flothers, Iddle-sticks, Signells, Northey, Outland and Unfangles. An examination of old deeds might in some cases yield interesting information, as the names have often become distorted and corrupted through lengthy usage. For instance, a field called Lows Gill has been changed into Lousy Gill by the public. 24 CROSBY GARRETT. CHAPTER II. Manor of Crosby Garrett. — This manor, we take it, does not differ much from many others in Cumberland and Westmorland, but an interest attaches to it owing to the fact that several boon services, due to the lord of the manor, were performed here long after they had been commuted elsewhere. Two of the services, namely, fetching boon coals from Stainmore pits and mowing the lords' meadows, were performed until 1877, when Miss Agnes Elyetson Thompson purchased the lordship and advowson. Crosby Garrett is in the Barony of Appleby, and Henry I. took possession, and carved out the several manors, each village in most cases becoming the nucleus of one such lordship. When the village was not in the centre of the area, it is interesting to note, in some cases, the care exercised in planning, so that the stock could come down to the village green without obstruction. Crosby was no exception to this rule, and four gateways were kept up to prevent the sheep and cattle straying into the lanes. Later a short piece of wall was erected at the Townhead, and one gateway shut the Fell off from the village. Crosby, along with the other manors in the Barony of Appleby, was granted by 4 John to Robert-de-Vipont. In an agreement dated 20, Edward I., it is entered as '' Crosseby Gerard." The tenures are freehold, customary and indenture. With the advent of the Normans, perhaps no extra- ordinary changes were at first introduced. Probably the chief or ruling thane of each parish or townshij^ CROSBY GARRETT. 25 was summoned to Appleby to meet the king's representa- tive, who explained that they and their retainers would be confirmed in their present holding, provided they agreed to military tenure, making certain payments and performing various services. It would also no doubt be pointed out that such a combined military service would provide greater safety in future to the district in the event of Scottish raids. Also, for most manors, the lord would promise to erect a mill, where the tenants could have their corn ground on certain conditions, and thus give relief to the females who had hitherto been the chief grinders with hand mills. Nicolson and Burn say that the manor of Crosby Garrett in early times belonged to the lords of Soulby, and later to the Musgraves. For a long period the information we have is scant, but, as time passed, the tenants would find their wants increase, and petition would be made to the lord for more arable land, also for definite rights for pasturage on the waste land which had been cleared of the timber and brushwood. No doubt these requests were granted on terms set forth by the lord and accepted by the tenantry. The incursions of the Scots, and the unsettled state of the Borders, would at times lead to the Crosby tenantry being summoned for active service along with those of the neighbouring manors. Mounted on strong galloways or nags, provisioned and armed with sword, bow or spear, the Richardsons, Robinsons, Tailors, &c., of that generation would make their way to Appleby and report themselves to their over-lord. With the accession of James I., in 1603, when England and Scotland came under one sovereign, the wars ought to have ceased and cattle raiding ended, 26 CROSBY GARRETT. but such was not tlie case. James wanted tlie lords to surrender their estates to liim, as the need for mihtary service against the Scots was alleged to be over. Some of the lords compromised with the king, and then in their turn sought to recoup themselves from their tenants. There were frequent litigations between the lord and tenantry as to the fines and dues payable. We can quite believe that the Crosby yeomen were not slack in attending meetings to defend their rights and supporting Anthony Wedtherell, Vicar of Kirkby Stephen in drawing up his celebrated remonstrance. They were quite the men to hold the doctrine that they won their lands by the sword, and were prepared to hold them by the same means. In Mannex's History of Westmorland, published 1849, it is stated that the Musgraves were in possession of this manor in 13 14. As just intimated, the early part of the seventeenth century was marked by great contentions between the lords and their tenants. Crosby Garrett, Hartley, part of Kirkby Stephen, Little and Great Musgraves, Soulby, and part of Bleatarn were manors held by Sir Phillip Musgrave. Several of the tenants in some of these manors made a combined movement against the new state of affairs, and filed a petition in Chancery. Some of the statements made are very interesting. The tenants' copy of the Decree in Chancery is in the Township chest at Hartley, in the custody of William Harker, Esq., and he has kindly allowed me to have a sight of it. It is an imposing document, consisting of six sheets of parchment, and is dated May i8th, 1636. It is verbose, and abounds in those repetitions which the legal profession of that day were so proficient in using. It commences by stating CROSBY GARRETT. 27 that John Petty, &c., Customary tenants within the manor of Hartley — Complainants — Exhibited their Bill of Complaints in the Honorable Court of Chancery against Sir Phillip Musgrave, Hartley Castle. It recites how that the said John Petty and the rest of the; said tenants, party to these presents, are severally and respectively seised to them their heirs and assigns for ever of and in the several messuages, lands, tenements, farmholds, hereditaments, &c., situate within the said manor aforesaid, by an " anncyent " (ancient) and here- ditary estate, these " tyme " out of the mind of man, had used and allowed with the said messuages, &c., and enjoyed them by and uuder the payment of certain annual rents, suits of Coiut, suits at the Lords Will and boous for the said messuages. Also how they had paid lines on the death of the lord, and change of the tenant by death or alienation, &c. Then it proceeds : — And Whereas now of late there were diverse questions debated and '' controverses " laid and mooted between the said Sir Phillip Musgrave and the said tenants, j-iarties to these presents for and concerning their pretended customs and Customary estate and concern- ing their arbitrary tines for the appeasing and ending whereof and for taking away all future questions and '' controverses " that may at any time hereafter arise respecting their estates as to fines, &c. They the said' tenants, parties to these presents upon covenant and promise made by the said Sir Phillip Musgrave that he would be content and pleased to allow, ratify and conlirm their estates to them and their heirs respec- tively by the same tenure, custom and services as they and their ancestors had formerly holden and enjoyed the same, saving the fines and services hereafter 28 CROSBY GARRETT. mentioned to be agreed upon, are contented, and do unanimously agree to yield and pay to the said Sir Phillip Musgrave for the present the sum of money as shall amount unto twenty years rent for every tenement and ever after upon the death of the lord, as is hereafter mentioned, and change of tenant by death or alienation a line certain of eight years rent and no more. Then the lord proceeds to covenant and grant for himself and heirs, to the tenants parties to these presents henceforth and forever hereafter peaceably and quietly have, hold, use, occupy, possess, inherit and enjoy their several messuages, &c. Yielding unto the lord their ancient and accustomed rents and fines, at the usual accustomed days and terms. Upon the death of the lord, his heir being of full age (21 years) and upon change of every tenant or tenants of the premises, or any part thereof by death or alienation the sum of eight years ancient rent only, and no more according to the proportion of the ancient yearly rent in the said schedule indented, expressed at the two several feasts of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, canonly called Candlemas Day, and Saint Peter, canonly called Lammas Day* then next ensuing such death or aliena- tion, by even and equal portions, the first payment of . the said eight years line to be paid at or upon the first of the said feasts, which shall first happen after such death or alienation. Also yielding their suite of Court as heretofore and suite at the Lords Will with reparations and mulctures accustomed, and all such * The first day of August is commonly called Lammas T)ay, but in the ancient church it was generally linown as Si. Peter in ihe Fetters, being the day of the commemoration of St. Peter's imprisonment. — From Whealley on The Book of Common Prayer. CROSBY GARRETT. 29 other duties, boons, customs and services as in the said schedule indented. Then it is admitted that any of the said Customary tenants may sell or mortgage their messuages or tenements without the licence and consent of the lord provided presentation is made at the next court, and payment of such fines as are set forth in these presents upon sale or death, and do Fealty to the lord for the lands whereof he shall be admitted tenant. Further the lord agrees within the space of five years after the date of these presents upon reasonable request of the said tenants, parties to this agreement, covenants carrying effect the terms as have been above specified. The costs to be paid by the tenants, and Sir Phillip Musgrave or his heirs shall not be compelled or demanded to travel forth out of Cumberland or West- morland for executing the same assurances. And, lastly, to enable the tenants to keep their messuages and tenements in repair, the lord grants to them all such woods, underwoods, and trees now or hereafter growing upon such premises, at their pleasures to fell, cut down and convert to their own use, and sell to one another within the said lordship, but not to strangers. Arbitrary Land. — Complainants by their said bill sheweth that they were severally and respectively seized to them, several messuages in the said manor, by an ancient customary and hereditary estate, there used time out of mind, by them and their ancestors had by the like time held and enjoyed the same under certain yearly rents, suite of Court, suite at the Lords' Will, and other boons and by paying upon the death of the lord (his heir being 21 years of age) and change of tenant by death or alienation such reasonable fine arbitrary 30 CROSBY GARRETT. as should he agreed upon betwixt the loi'd and tenant, together with ancient rents, boons and services. As controversies had arisen between the said complainants and defendant concerning the uncertainty of fines, &c., and for ending such disputes the complainants upon covenant made by the defendant that he would be pleased to allow and confirm their estates in the premises, to enjoy the same in certain course of cnstomary inheritance, and descend from ancestor to next heir as land, and to descend after the ancestors death, dying in possession, in default of male heir, to the eldest of his daughters, sisters or heirs females only, and not to them all equally as co-heirs according to the course of common law. Indenture Fixe. — The complainants covenant to pay to the defendant in present, the sum of twenty years rent for every tenement, and at the death of the lord (his heir being 21 years of age) and change of tenant by death or alienation, a fine certain of eight years ancient rent. That thereupon the defendant for the said considerations in the said bill and several indentures did agree that the said complainants, that they, their heirs and assigns should for evermore hold and enjoy their said tenements. Further it is stated that upon the death of the lord, and upon change of tenant by death or alienation, such reasonable fine arbitrary as shall be agreed upon betiveen lord and tenant. Further the document states that the said complainants have preferred their bill to this Court for consideration of certain customs contained in the Indentures and Schedule thereunto annexed and hereinbefore recited and the defendant having put in his answers to the said bill, doth confess the said schedule and indentures and CROSBY GARRETT. 31 is willing and consenting that according to the request of the complainants in their bill, the same should be ratified by the decree of this Court as by the Council of the said defendant was alleged. It is therefore this present Easter Term, that is to say on Monday the thirtieth day of May in the 12th year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord Charles by the Grace of God of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Decree Confirming Indentures, &c. — By the Right Honorable Thomas Lord Coventry, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and by the said High Court of Chancery ordered and decreed that the said Indentures and Schedules hereinbefore recited be ratified and confirmed and shall be observed, performed and kept by all the said parties to all intents and purposes according to the text and true meaning thereof. Memo. — Purchase money of Arbitrary lands to Indenture or eight penny fine certain, from Sir Phillip Musgrave by the tenants of the following townships : — £ s. d. Hartley ... ... ... 403 10 o Ky. Stevin ... ... ... 5^ 3 4 Soulby ... ... ... 313 10 o Crosby Garrett ... ... 397 i 8 From this it will be seen that Crosby tenantry availed themselves largely of the offer to improve their tenure. Some of the Deed is not good to decipher, but the names of Grainger, Richardson, Robinson, Tailor, &c., representing old Crosby families, were parties to the complaints, As explained in Nicolson and Burn's 32 CROSBY GARRETT. history, early in the eighteenth century the manor passed to the Bird family, and it used to be said that the Rev. William Bird, who succeeded to the lordship in 1769, offered to franchise the whole of the Crosby tenements for ;f 1,000, but the then holder of the Mains declined to join and the scheme fell through. After the Birds acquired the manor in 17 17, there was no friction between them and the villagers. In 1763 James Bird died, and was succeeded by his son William, but, being a minor, did not obtain full possession until 1769. William Bird died in 1822, devising the manor for three lives, the last tenant for hfe being William Crawford, who died 1874. The Birds were an ancient family, and settled at Croglin as early as 1200, and removed to Brougham Hall in the reign of Henry V. The last of the Birds at Brougham was James Bird, who possessed one third of the manor by inheritance, and the rest by purchase. He was steward to the Earl of Tlianet, and though he had nine sons who arrived at "man's estate," yet he died without a male heir, and the manor was sold by his three grand-daughters to John Brougham, Esq., of Scales, (commonly called Commissioner Brougham), who thus regained the ancient property of his family.* The hope expressed in the Decree of Chancery, that disputes and controversies might thereby be ended between the tenants and the lord was not fulfilled. By an agreement dated the thirtieth of April, 1678, we find the tenants combining at Crosby Garrett to resist a general fine which the Rt. Hon. Sir Richard Musgrave * History of Cumberland and Westmorland. Parson and White, Leeds, 1829, CROSBY GARRETT. 33 was attempting to levy. They agreed to defend any suite or action brought against them in Law or Equity, paying their proportions of costs according to the amounts of their ancient rents. Tliomas Atlcinson, Ed. Cleasby and Thomas Waistell are able to write their names ; all the rest sign by marks — Name. Amoun of Rent d. I Rob. Moss s. I Thomas Robinson 6 9 William Robinson, Potts 14 I Mich. Robinson, Potts ... 4 6 Will HowgiU ... 13 5 Thos Bonson ... 3 10 Eliz Aihridge ... 5 9 Mich Robartson I 3 Geo Blenham ... I 6 Thomas Richardson 9 Rob. Birkloch ... ... I 2 7 Thos Fothergill 4 Ed Simpson 12 2 Rich. Bell 4 9 Rich Johnson ... 3 4 Thos Hodgson... 3 Thos Robinson... 2 II Thos Robartson 10 9 Lant Whorton ... 14 Robert Wilkin... II 9 William Johnson I 8 William Parkin 12 3 Edward Tailor... ... 9 8 Thomas Atkinson 13 9 Richard Johnson Junr ... 14 7 34 CROSBY GARRETT. Name. Amount of Rent. s. d. John Tailor ... ... ...162 Thos Scaife ... ... ... 14 Thomas Wilkin ... ... 19 James Scaife ... ... ... 14 11 The above appointed solicitors and managers as follows : John Atkinson, Richard Richardson, Richard Laidinan, Richard Grainger, R. Dynold Robartson, Stephen Richardson, James Bell and Thomas Whorton. Descent of Freehold Land. — With reference to the descent of freehold land, previous to 1833 it passed by custom to the heir, and could not be devised other- wise. In connection with this, Mr. Thos. Bousfield (Great Musgrave) relates the following incident : " Mr. Peter Rowlandson had married a niece of Mr. James Tailoi-, of Mains, and wished her to have the Kil-Hole field, but, being freehold, he could not devise, as she was not his heir. He could, however, make a gift of it in his lifetime. He, his niece, with witnesses, repaired to the field, and, digging a sod, put it into her apron, and she carried it away as a sign of gift and taking possession. A short deed of gift, presented to the next Court, made the transfer complete." I am informed that in Swaledale the descent of freeholds, to the heir only, still holds good. Sale of Manor of Crosby Garrett, 1877. — In the announcement of the sale of this manor, which took place at Kirkby Stephen, September 3rd, 1877, it is stated that the land is of superior quality. The manor also abounds with minerals and limestone, and attached to the manor is a common or moor of about 1,800 acres, CROSBY GARRETT. 35 whicli comprises some excellent grouse shooting of considerable value. In the event of the above Common being enclosed, the lord of the manor would be entitled, according to the general custom of the County of Westmorland, to an allotment of at least one-sixteenth part in value as lord. The Customary and Indenture Rents, Boons and Services, amounting to about £2^ ]ier annum, are payable in right of the manor, and attached to which are the usual, and some peculiar manorial rights. Many estates within the manor are held of it, and give to the lord considerable advantages in dropping lines, the Customary lands paying an additional fine, (limited to two years' annual value), and the Indenture lands an eightpenny fine on change of tenant. In the Conditions of Sale, it was stated that the title as to, as well the advowson, shall absolutely commence with the will of William Bird in 1800, devising the property specifically by the description therein contained, &c. The vendors .claim title as descendants of the testator, the property having been held under his will since his death in 1822, until 1874, when the last tenant for life thereunder died. Miss Agnes Elyetson Thompson became the purchaser of the Lordship and Advowson for ^3,510. At the sale of the other freehold land at the same time, the Mains Garth, 2 roods 11 perches, was knocked down for ;^200. This appears to be a record price for Crosby land. On the death of Miss A. E. Thompson, Dec. 7th, 1908, the manor passed to her nephew, Richard Beau- ville Thompson. A Boundary Riding of the lordship took place in 1815, and another was not held until 36 CROSBY GARRETT. April 1 8th, 1878. On both occasions refreshments were provided for the attenders near Sunbiggin Tarn. Tradition says that a long time ago a wayfarer was found dead on the Moor, at a place where the boundary was then not clearly delined, and, as the Ravenstonedale authorities refused to bury him, Crosby did, and, in consequence, established their claim to a considerable tract of land. In Nicolson and Burn's History, Crosby Garrett is entered as paying 8/6 cornage and 55 bushels of oats to Aj^pleby Castle. The payment of these " Sargeant Oats " has for a long time been refused by the tenantry. Boons. — As previously stated, up till 1877 some of the services were still performed, and afterwards commuted to a payment. The number of boon mowings varied, as some holdings were only liable on alternate years, but were usually six or seven of about an acre each, which had to be mown by different tenants, according to custom. The rule being, if they were warned before sunset, the grass had to be cut by sunset the following day. The lord or his agent supplied three meals and three bottles of ale for each boon. The lirst meal had to be an ale posset. There were twelve or thirteen loads of boon coals payable from amongst the tenantry. The lord paid seven pence for each load, as well as givmg a pint of ale, the payment representing the cost at the pits on Stainmore. They were pack-horse loads of 6 pecks each. Some of the services had been commuted earlier, and the sums agreed upon were — Boon mowing, i/- each ; boon coals, 7d. per load ; shearing, 2d. per day ; harrowing, CROSBY GARRETT. 37 4cl. per clay ; and hens, 4d. each, Mr. T. Brenkley holds his land on " Foot-catch " tenure, which a well- informed gentleman used to say meant that the lord could send him messenger to Kirkby Stephen if required. It is easy to imagine how, when the lord or his bailiff resided in the Manor, and had a demesne, that he arranged with his tenantry for these services as part of their rent. In the earlier period the perform- ances were doubtless faithfully carried out, but in later years there begun to be a lot of grumbling. It has been hinted that some of the hens tendered were not very young, that bad coals were obtained to pay the boon, and that the mowing and shearing were roughly done. The boons above referred to were altogether different from another class which used to be common. For instance, if a peison was taking up the tenancy of an arable farm, his friends and neighbours sent their draughts, and gave him a boon day of ploughing. Similarly, if new premises were to be built, teams were sent to lead material. Manorial Corn Mills. — In each manor the lord usually provided a corn-mill for the use of his tenantry. At the north end of the village, adjacent to Crosby Beck, there are two or three fields called Millsteads, the name pointing to their being the site of a mill, but there are no remains, and no tradition. Crosby Mill, by Scandale River, would, however, be the manorial mill for centuries, but went into disuse about 1760, and was converted into a hand-loom weaver's shed. The race to Crosby Mill is still visible, and tiie bay was nearly opposite Smardale Mill. After the water had turned 38 CROSBY GARRETT. the former it ran forward, and carried Soulby Mill as well. This working arrangement had evidently been made when the same lord owned both manors. The Soulby people had later to construct a bay for their own mill. The tenantry were under obligation to keep the bay and race in repair by working boons. The miller was repaid for his services by taking a part of the corn sent to grind. This was termed ''mootering" it. fe, HGppr '^^ ^^i^^^^m H| in --i^ "aIJi ^^HhH^^^^^P ^HB ^F wM |||lH|B - - i i' ". ™ m 1 ^ I^^B' ^^,j ^^^^^^^^^^W^I-fSK "iM 1 ^gffi^v^ il 1^ CROSBY MILL, SHOWING STEPPING STONES ACROSS THE RIVER. After Crosby Mill went into disuse, Smardale was mostly used. Manorial laws set forth that the tenantry were under heavy penalties if they had corn ground at any other than the manorial mill. At the opposite side of the parish, the township of Little Asby had a mill on the Potts Beck, just above Waterhouses. This also went into disuse, and was dismantled about 1780, and the best machinery taken to Ormside. CROSBY GARRETT. 39 CHAPTER III. The Church. The chuich stands on a considerable hill, very steep on the sides towards the village, and sloping away towards the north-east. The situation is romantic, and a wide outlook across the Upper Vale of the Eden is obtained from its summit. For about 2 miles travellers on the Midland Railway catch frequent views of it, as tlie trains at this point take a circuitous course. The CROSBY GARRETT CHURCH. hill is rocky, composed of a yellow, earthy limestone, resting upon marl and sandstone, a most unsuitable site for a burial ground. With the Saxons and other Northmen came the worship of Woden, Thor and other heathen deities, and it may be this site was first used to offer sacrifice and adoration to them. We 40 CROSBY GARRETT. learn that earlier in the Christian Era some glimpses of the true liglit had flashed across from Ireland, for the beneht o£ the Celts. Now we are approaching the time when a strong light was to burst forth from lona, and its missionary monks were to go forth and preach the Gospel through this district. As has been previously stated, they erected crosses on their journeys, and tried to teach the unlettered heathen by means of illustrations and symbols, the beauties and superiority of the New Faith. The conflicts between the heathen and the followers of Christ led to herce wars throughout this country, and on a smaller scale there would be much dissension on this point between the village communi- ties. As a broad fact, Christianity prevailed throughout the land, and we can imagine some of those pioneers of the faith coming to Crosby, and persuading the people to erect on the top of this hill, a building dedicated to the worship of the true God, a very humble edifice, (according to our ideas) probably made with logs, watling, and a thatched roof. As time wore on, some monk skilled in architecture and building came along, and earnestly urged the people to contribute and assist in erecting a more substantial place of worship. This would result in the nave being built, and some of the masonry still remains. The legend is, that the church should have been built at the foot of the hill, but at night his Satanic Majesty came and carried the stones in a leathern apron to the top. For, thought he, the aged and infirm will never climb to the services, and so will the easier become my prey. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew, and R. S. Ferguson, in his Diocesan History of Carlisle, page 53, says such dedications are attributed to dates from 685 to the advent of the Normans into the Diocese in 1092. In CROSBY GARRETT. 41 the twelfth century the building was enlarged by the addition of the aisle on the North side, the old Saxon wall on that side being removed, and the three Norman arches inserted. In the fourteenth century the present chancel was built. This extension deprived one part of the congregation of their view of the altar, hence we find a squint, so that all the worshippers could see the elevation of the Host. In the south wall of the chancel there is a piscina, and on the opposite side an aumbry, CROSBY GARRETT CHURCH, INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING THE SQUINT. or closet for containing the chalice and other church vessels. Aumbries are rare in this part. Another object of interest is a transomed window at the south- west corner ; also there is a window on the south side, formerly containing seats for the ofticiating priests. Prior to 1863, there was a step down into the chancel from the nave, a very unusual arrangement. Tradition says that until the time of Queen Elizabeth the whole 42 CROSBY GARRETT. of the building was thatched, and then replaced by slates. This brings to our mind the great labour which would be required to transport them, as they have evidently come from the neighbourhood of Shap.* The roads across the hills would be mere tracks, and wheeled vehicles scarce. A person well acquainted with stone in the district, gave it as his opinion that most of the sandstone in the old part of the church had come from Groups Hollow, on the side of Potts Gill, some 2 miles away. This we might conceive as having been conveyed on sledges to the top of the Church Hill. On the road from Smardale to Crosby (as previously mentioned) there is a spring known as Chapel Well, and here, in the Kil-Garth, there has been a religious house, but in what exact form we cannot say. A person whose ojiiiuon carries some weight once suggested that a chajiel had probably stood here, by the Holy Well, connected with Smardale Hall, which is less than half a mile distant. Perhaps a cell sheltered some humble anchorite, but the building has disappeared, only the name remaining. This is one of the ecclesiastical wells which has been scliecUiled for protection in Westmorland. The water is good, and * In " Westmorland as it was," published 1825, page 1 39, there is a glimpse of how slates were conveyed long distances in the Longsleddale district. A yeoman took some tourists to see Langindale Slate Quarries. " What an excavation ! Now deserted ! Since he could remember, he had known them export slates through Mosedale and Mardale to a good extent. A galloway with half a load on each side trudged over the hills where neither carts nor sledges could pass. Forty of these galloways in a string went over the hills twice every day during summer, leaving the slate at a place where the carts could take it up. In winter the galloways were put out to grass where the snow did not lie long and where they could pasture at a trilling expense." CROSBY GARRETT. 43 when the Rev. Wm. Fawcett lived at Mossgill House, he had it brought from this spring for drinking purposes. The reign of Good Queen Bess appears to have been an important era in the history of Crosby Church, as another tradition says that the Chapel at the Well was dismantled in her reign, and the larger bell now in Crosby Church was obtained from there. Some 70 years ago, the late Mr. Richard Robinson and Thomas Brunskill copied the inscription on one of the two bells in the church tower, and, as there was then no interior access to the bell-loft, they had to get ladders and climb up outside, perched on one of which, Thomas Brunskill took a pencil fac-simile copy of the inscription, which reads in Latin: '' Campana Sancti Andrae " (a bell to Saint Andrew). Tliere is also an inscription on the other bell, but tiiey were unable to decipher it, the characters being Riuiic or other early lettering. Another point to which we would draw attention, is the defensive character which tlie early builders gave to this church. Nearer the borders, castles, peels and manorial halls innumerable existed for the safety of the inhabitants in times of Scottish raids, but at Crosby all these means of protection were wanting. The first stone- work was therefore erected with much solidity, and so as to be able to stand a siege better than the common dwellings of the villagers. The windows in the oldest part of the church are small and placed high, and altogether the high situation is suggestive of defence. Old tradition again says that when the beacon fires were burning in the North, Crosby and Soulby people, having gathered their stock into secluded folds, the able-bodied men assembled on Stockber Hill to await eventualities. If danger threatened, there was 44 CROSBY GARRETT. the church to shelter those left behind. The porch, from the date on the oak beam inside, does not appear to have been erected until 1662, this being the year when Priest Jackson was ejected from the living. This subject is dealt with later. In the porch there is a niche, which the present rector suggests may have been used as an " arms hole," the place where the priest in troublous times deposited his arms — pistol or dagger, or whatever weapon of defence he carried about with him. This is singular, as an extensive enquiry in the North has failed to bring to light the existence of any other similar holes. In the reign of Henry VIII. (1538) the compulsory provision and keeping of chinch registers was ordered. At Crosby the register for Marriages and Deaths commences 1539, and Baptisms in 1572. In the reign of Charles II. burials were ordered to be made in woollen, with a view to encourage the home industries, and some such interments are noted in the register. The plague visited Cumberland and West- morland severely at different times. In 1623 there was a great mortality in many parishes in these counties, as recorded in the registers, the death-rate being from three to live times the usual average. Crosby Garrett was one of the places which suffered from this terrible epidemic. The living has never been a rich one, and none of the Religious Houses ever thought it worth annexing, hence it remained a rectory. As to more recent alterations to the church, they are included under the heading of Crosby since 1800. CROSBY GARRETT. 45 CHAPTER IV. Statesmen. Situation of Old Homesteads at Crosby Garrett. — In looking around Crosby, an observer is still able to trace part of the plan which existed when the homesteads of the statesmen reached their full complement, in the seventeenth century. We still know the situations of some of the old well-known families, although several have been lost sight of, their houses demolished, and the lands sold and added to other holdings. The Tailors (later written Taylor) occupied the Mains. Then we pass up the lower side, to several dwellings now owned by C. Johnson, Esq., which belonged to different branches of Richardsons, except that to make room for the Prospect Villa, a house was removed which had been the seat of the Crosby family of Bells. The later Bells came from Soulby. Chapel House was owned by the Robinsons, whilst the "Yews," with I. S. 1684, reveals the habita- tion of the Scaifes. In one of the garths just above the viaduct, was the home of the Wilkins (a member of the family being the well-known schoolmaster at Crosby of later years), but the house has Ipng since been demolished, as have the two following, viz., Graingers', which stood in the Old House Land, opposite Gill Cottages, and Simpsons' in the Town Head Pasture, near the south-east end of the viaduct. At the entrance to Smardale Lane, there is I. T. 1691 on a lintel, which would suggest that its owner may have been a Taylor. Cottages have been built in some cases, as if for younger 46 CROSBY GARRETT. members of the family, who wished to stay near the paternal homesteads. Also several dwellings and en- closures have been made upon what would once be the village green, although the situation slopes much. Ancient Cultivation. — At different places near Crosby there are traces of an ancient mode of cultivation, or crossway of ploughing the land, which has left it in banks or veins. Good examples may be seen on the right hand, in going along the lane to Smardale. When it was started, or how the ground assumed its present form, we cannot say, as it is a subject on which there is much dispute. It may not be unreasonable to suggest that the Saxons followed this mode of tillage, and that the banks were formed through the inability of the early ploughmen to make a furrow both ways with their teams of oxen. Anyhow, this is the explanation old people used to give. Later, we have Lammas or town lands, set apart for cultivation, and tradition says the Flatts were once of this class. The fust one is named Dolly Flatt. May not this have been corrupted from Doles Flatt ? — the place where the poor people had their allotments. Wiend End and Mill Gates may have been worked as Lammas lands, as they are similar to the Flatts, having roads at both ends for easy access. For pasture, Barnska, Gooselands and Thornber would be open grounds, likewise Leydale, Molberside, Stub- side and Skaw Flatt would be in a similar condition. When these were allotted and fenced in, Bullflatt, Dringlesber and New Close would be fenced off from the Fell, and arranged as stinted pastures. Travelling and Transit of Goods.— Poor people travelled long distances on foot, whilst gentlemen rode CROSBY GARRETT. 47 on horseback, and, if needed, a lady was seated on a pillion behind. Illustrating the dangers to pedestrians, we give the following characteristic extract from Muker register, under date Nov. 23rd, 1641 : " Mabel Scaife, daughter of Bartholomew Scaife of Crosby Garrett, in Westmorland, who by travelling over the moors by the Temptiousness of the weather was perished and dyed." From time immemorial pack-horses had been the means of transport for goods which had to be conveyed a considerable distance. The ancient road from Kendal to Barnard Castle passed on the southern border of Crosby Garrett. On this route there were two inns within convenient distance, one near the Riggs, and the other at Smardale Bridge, and probably by this means articles and goods were obtained from Kendal, which could not be made or obtained in the immediate neighbourhood. We can imagine that such articles as kail pots, pie-pans, scythes, sickles and iron bars in small lots would be first imported into the district by this means. Also salt, spirits and certain articles of groceries in small quantities. Here we may say that this system of conveying by pack-horses lingered long in these hilly districts, and the late Mr. John Brunskill (schoolmaster) said he could remember several gangs passing over Waitby Fell after 1820. Also coals were brought to Kirkby Stephen for sale on ponies after 1850 ; also on the Fell sides, for conveying lead and ore, they were used until 1870, Conveyance by means of pack-horses was very slow and limited, and much of the want of enterprise by the statesmen may be attri- buted to the lack of means to transfer surplus produce to distant markets. The inhabitants of each village or district appear to have been largely dependent on their own exertions to supply their wants. Hard cash was 48 CROSBY GARRETT. scarce, and a good deal of baiter, termed " couping " and "swapping," took place. In tnne there sprung up a desire for better communication. The statesmen learned that there was a demand for cattle and sheep southward, and their surplus stock begun to be driven long distances, across broken ground and moorland. The Metropolis was not beyond their reach, and in the case of cattle, they were shod with thin strips of steel, to prevent them from being footsore. Abolition of Compulsory Military Training. — One of the early Acts of Charles II. abolished com- pulsory military service, as being due for the holding of land. This was one of the first causes which was slowly to lead to the great extinction of statesmen, and their merging into the two other classes of landlords and tenants. The process was slow but certain ; in many cases the statesmen began to mortgage their estates, and the eldest son found the inheritance badly encum- bered. Also legacies and annuities were left to the younger members of the family, which the property was quite unequal to meet, and after much struggling and heartbreaking, the patrimonial homestead had to be sold. The Crosby estates were small, from lo up to 60 acres, few or none exceeding the latter figure, before the stinted pastures were enclosed in 1850. The fields ainongst the old land were very small, and, although many hedges have been removed in recent years, they still present an unique appearance. On such small holdings it was not easy to earn a livelihood, but, if the father was industrious and sober, his sons obtained a good education at one of the Grammar Schools near, and, going out into the world, were often fairly successful, and the estate was saved to the family. CROSBY GARRETT. 49 Others, however, who had no grit in them, sunk lower and lower until they got into the hands of the lawyers, and in a generation or two the inevitable sale of the property had to be faced. • It was not until about the middle or latter half of the eighteenth century that the statesmen began to feel the great change that was coming. At that time the turnpike roads were opening up the country to a more extended trade, and more wool and farm produce was required by the West Riding, and those who availed themselves of the opening made money. More corn was grown, butter was made up into firkins, bacon was cured and sent off, more poultry kept, and the beginning of the nineteenth century found agriculture extending. Much has been written on the chief characteristics of the statesmen, then' great clinging to old ways and customs, their dislike of innovations, qualities which told against them in the struggle with the changing times. This, however, relates to a wider district than that now under consideration, and we must limit our remarks by briefly referring to their clothing, diet and furniture. Clothing. — This was made more with a view to being serviceable than ornamental, and was the produce of their own flock and hemp-rig. The spinning of yarn and thread formed a considerable item of female work during winter, and the monotony of the toil was often lightened by attending " f urth neets." The spinning wheel was made in a light and portable form, so that the spinner could easily carry it to a neighbour's house and thus manage to hold " crack" without neglecting business. A good spinning wheel, from its general usefulness, was deemed a very suitable marriage gift^to 50 CROSBY GARRETT. a bride. Two kinds of wheels were used, one for spinning " line,'' and the other for wool. In spinning flax the wheel was kept in motion by the spinner's foot, whilst the spinner teased out the raw material with her lingers into suitable quantities for twisting into thread. The thread as twisted wound itself roimd the " whirl," sometliing similar to a large bobbin. When a quantit}^ had been spun, it was reeled into hanks — twelve "cuts" a hank, ready for the weaver. The contrivance by which the reeling was performed indicated the quantity by sti iking every half " cut." Wool for spinning had iirst to be carded, which was performed by teasing it into long rolls between something similar to two stiff brushes. These rolls were twisted into yarn by means of a hand wheel, and then wound into clues ready for weaving. The materials, yarn or thread, were now handed over to the village weaver to be manufactured into either woollen cloth or coarse linen. The weaving was performed by means of hand looms, specimens of which are scarce. After the linen had been woven, it was well boiled with the embers of ash wood to remove all impurities. It was then " battled," which made it whiter and more pliable. This process was performed by beating it upon a large smooth boulder with a " battledoor " or batlet, an instrument similar to a heavy wooden spade. The battling was performed near a stream of water, from which supplies could be easily procured to pour on the web during the operation. Some of the stones still remain ; the former use of which is un lerstood by but few of the present generation. After bleaching about a fortnight it was ready to be transformed into family linen. Woollen webs, if not made from self-grey wool, were dyed blue. Crosby CROSBY GARRETT. 51 people used to tether their webs for bleaching purposes near the Grey Stones. We understand that it was a capital offence at that time to steal webs from bleaching grounds. Diet. — The fare of these statesmen was simple, but at the same time abundant and substantial. The number of meals was three a day : breakfast, dinner, and supper. During the laborious months of summer a fourth was introduced in the shape of luncheon, known under the various names of '^dautin," " baitin," "ten o'clocks/' and " drinkin." The labourers, if any, partook of the same repast as was prepared for the yeoman and his family. Most of the food consumed was produced from their own estate by means of their industry. Oats and barley of their own growth furnished meal for porridge and bread. Neighbours joined when oxen or sheep were slaughtered, and exchanged beef and mutton, as a whole carcase was often too much for one family. Pigs of their own feeding supplied bacon, whilst the dairy contributed its quota of milk, butter, and cheese. Their plots of cultivated land gave them sufficient vegetables. A few groceries and malt were all that was further necessary for their subsistence ; tea, coffee, and sugar, now so much used, were considered great luxuries by these people, and were only used on festive occasions. Salt, while subject to duty, was used with economy. Spirituous liquors were always kept in store to offer any casual guest. Most of these yeomen smoked. Oatmeal was made into haver and riddle cakes, occasionally into dumplings ; it was chiefly used however as the main ingredient in porridge and crowdies. Barley meal was principally used for making bread ; it was baked into 52 CROSBY GARRETT. large loaves, the cutting of which was no easy task. Flour was but sparingly used, as wheat was not largely grown. Cattle intended for winter's consumption were fattened during the summer months, and killed in autumn, to spare indoor keep. The tiesh was salted and dried, and bacon was afterwards smoked in open chimneys. Potatoes were the vegetable production most used. The malt required for brewing beer was purchased ready prepared. The breakfast was about eight in winter, and seven in summer, and this meal (which generally consisted of porridge and skimmed milk) was not partaken of until a portion of the usual day's work had been done. Twelve was the dinner hour all the year ; hung beef, or smoked bacon, potatoes and sometimes an oatmeal dumpling, furnished the usual course of dishes at this meal. It was customary on Mondays to boil the " pot," and make broth by boiling a joint of meat in the vessel. The broth was mixed up with oatmeal, and made into crowdies. Either porridge, or bread, cheese and milk formed the fare for supper, which was eaten about six, when their day's work was ended. Luncheon, which was furnished during the busy months, consisted of bread, cheese, and home-brewed beer. Furniture. — This was generally made of oak, in a strong, massive style, lasting many centuries, and was looked upon with particular interest by its owners, on account of its long use in the family. Grandfathers might be found sitting at the same tables which had been used by their grand sires ; grandmothers spun with wheels and baked with utensils which had been used by their grandmothers. Children and grand- children therefore who had the age and history of CROSBY GARRETT. 53 the household furniture handed down to them by a few stages, naturally felt as if it were inseparable from the interests of the family, and to sell or destroy it would be little short of sacrilege. Nor were means neglected for insuring the safe transmission of these treasured heir- looms ; for they were often bequeathed in a manner which showed tliey were considered of as much import- ance as the paternal dwelling or ancestral acres. So highly were these relics prized that nothing but the utmost poverty and embarrassment could induce the owners to sell them. Although so much value was placed on the household furnitiue by these yeomen, many articles were inferior in design and usefulness to those now found in the dwellings of the Inunbler classes. It is in the carving of oak panels that the handiciaft of their old workmen is seen to advantage. The sitting accommodation consisted of the sconce and longsettle, a few " coppy " stools and chairs. The sconce, which stood on one side of the lire, was a wood bench lixcd to the " liallan," also made of the same material. The longsettle was moveable, and stood on the opposite side. It had a sloping panelled back, and sometimes a drawer beneath the seat ; this and the sconce would each furnish sitting accommodation for three or four persons. The arm chair for the use of the good man of the house had a wood bottom, with arm rests and a tall sloping l)ack. The table stood before the window, and the family at meal times seated them- selves around it on forms. As mentioned when speaking of their dwellings, an oak chest helped to partition off a parlour, or in some cases a pantry. This chest contained numerous cupboards, with beautifully carved doors. A grandfather's clock, with brass dial, found a 54 CROSBY GARRETT. place against the wall, whilst in well-fiirnished houses there was a dresser with a rack fixed above, on which was displayed a valuable set of delf or pewter ware. Wooden bedsteads were used to sleep upon, and chaff bedsteads and straw mattrasses were in common use. The bedsteads were made with testers, and closely curtained around, or occasionally they stood in the corner oi the room, and were panelled in, witii folding doors, and lattice work to give ventilation. Neither must we omit to mention the meal ark, for which a suitable place to stand on had to be arranged. It was of oak, rather long and deep, but narrow, with lid and feet, and no provident householder, on the approach of winter, failed to have it tilled with dry, wholesome oatmeal. It is very interesting to come across a dwelling where the old oak furniture in its original simplicity, with a valuable set of pewter ware, is still preserved by the owner, in whose family it has remained for several generations. Huge horse pistols and old swords disphiyed over tlie fireplace remind us of the danger that former generations encountered from highwaymen and burglars. Much pewter was at one time sold to break up as old metal, the price being ruled by the apparent quantity of silver that entered into its composi- tion. For a considerable time there has been a great demand by antiquarian gentry for existing specimens of oak furniture, delf, and pewter ware, to stand in contrast with the modern furnishings of their mansions. So great has been the demand that much ingenuity has been used to make counterfeits. Unless the history of the articles were known even the most skilful have been deceived by appearances, as the art of staining, worm eating, and copying old carving has been carried out in CROSBY GARRETT. 55 great perfection. Old dates have been forged, and two or three pieces of an old cabinet have often been worked in with new material, so as to present such an appearance that only experts could detect the imposition. SMARDALE VIADUCT. 56 CROSBY GARRETT. CHAPTER V. Social. — Summing up briefly the situation at the beginning of the seventeentli century, we see how these statesmen had for centuries held their lands by rendering military service on the Borders, and by payment of an ancient rent, and performing certain boons. When, however, the first should have ceased by the union of the two Kingdoms, a fiesh trouble arose nearer home, respecting their holdings, which they justly claimed as their own. James I. set the mischief in motion by taking action against the overlords, they in turn attacked their tenants, by trying to dispossess or overload them with fines, and increase their archaic rents. The tenants, however, had learned by their previous strenuous lives, that their strength and safety lay in combination. The Musgraves of Hartley Castle, who owned Crosby, as well as other neighbouring manors in the Upper Vale of Eden, wished to tighten their hold upon their tenantry, but were strongly resisted, and much litigation followed. Finally, as previously shewn, the terms of agreement were enrolled in Chancery, by a deed, dated May i8th, 1636, and many statesmen of Crosby took advantage of its provisions, and during the five years allowed, reduced their lands to fine certain, and their descendants have since enjoyed the benefits won by their vigorous action. The deed throughout recites that it only relates to those who are " parties to these presents." Those who did not combine and pay as per offer, viz., 20 years' ancient CROSBY GARRETT. 57 rent, were left out, and their successors are still battling with their arbitrary fines and rents. In 1678 Crosby people were again up in arms against a fine which they said was not due. Amongst '"others is the name of " Lancelot Whorton," who was doubtless of the Wharton Hall, as some of the younger members of this family are stated to have settled at Crosby Garrett. There was the manorial court to deal with matters between the lord and his tenantry, but the latter had a meeting of their own, probably composed of all the ancient tenant holders, to settle the affairs of the village community. Tliey would deal with questions relating to llie cultivation of town fields and Lammas lauds. They would uiake regulations for stintiug their connnou jxistures, aj^poiut their parish officers, and it might be, elect a head or chairman to look after the interests of the villagers in general. Political and Rkligious Moylmknts. — Until tlie time of the Reformation the clergy were the great custodians of learning, but later Grammar Schools began to be established, the one at Kirkby Stephen dating back to the year 1566. This would give the statesmen's sons at Crosby a chance of education if they wished to avail themselves of it. The Reformation made little progress in this part during the early years of Queen Elizabeth's reign, as shown by the " Rising in the North," 1569. The Papists were strong, and the spread of Protestant principles was slow, even in the latter part of this Queen's reign. The advance of education, and the circulation of the Bible in the English language, Bryan Dale's Life of the Good Lord Wharton. Page 10. 1906 Ed. 58 CROSBY GARRETT. assisted to spread the views of the Puritan. The social and poHtical views of the people, together with their religious convictions, found the early years of the seventeenth century bristling with grave questions that led to strong actions. From Puritanism arose Independent, Presbyterian, and other dissenting communities. The dissensions between the King and Parliament led to civil war, and this brought Lord Wharton to the front, he raising a regiment of his own, consisting of 1,200 foot, and a troop of horse in support of the Parliamentarian cause. He, with his followers, was present at Edgehill, Oct. 23rd, 1642. No doubt Lord Wharton's force was largely recruited from this neighboiuhood. Several titles of local leaders, such as C.iptain Atkinson, Captain Waller, Colonel Richard Richardson (Crosby Garrett), and others, were no doubt acquired about this time, owing to their connection with the Roundhead army. Kabkk R[GG Plot. — The fact that Richardson was concerned in the Kaber Rigg Plot is our excuse for referring to that subject. We know that some of the Richardsons espoused the cause of the Independents, and we are told that one of the objects of the rising was to make Charles II. respect the Treaty of Breda, which granted liberty of conscience. We are informed, according to Capt. Atkinson's version, that the plot was first set on foot Feb., 1662-3, ^"^ '^^ ^^^"^t heard of it. from Richard Richardson ; that in April, 1663 he was requested by Capt. Spencer and Sergt. Richardson to assist for Westmorland. An Edward Richardson, D.D., of Leyden, previously of Ripon, is mentioned as a leading plotter. On Oct. 12th the Kaber Rigg rebellion began CROSBY GARRETT. 59 and ended. Capt. Atkinson had but a small following when he left his home in Malleistang. He was riding a white or grey horse, and had a case of pistols and a sword. The route was via a Scotch alehouse in Ravenstonedale and Smardale Bridge. The assembling was small, about 30 according to one witness. Accord- ing to Capt. Atkinson's list, Richardson, in pursuance of his promises, brought in two besides himself. Sergt. Richardson later in the list is remarked to have " tied." In a further list he is called by Goblad (a witness), Colonel Richardson, of Crosby Garrett.'"' So far as is known, he escaped the severe punishment that befel some of his fellow conspirators. There is a general belief that a skirmish or battle took place at Kaber Rigg, but such was not the case. The leaders found the muster was not equal to their expectations, so they all quietly dispersed. Sir Philip Musgrave, Lord of the Manor of Crosby Garrett, was very active in securiug the rebels. Here I may relate two incidents that Miss Isabella Richardson used to relate ; one was that soldiers were once quartered at Crosby and the ofticers stayed at the Mains. From this we might infer that, owing to the disturbed state of the country. Sir Philip thought to keep the people in check by sending a company of Militia or trained bands to stay for a time at the place that was deeply disaffected. The other incident was that one of the Richardsons was wanted for turning rebel, strict search being made for him, but he could not be found. He was, however, hiding in Potts Gill,, until he escaped further away, all who were in the * Condensed from an article in the " Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Proceedings, 1912," on the Kaber Rigg Plot, by Francis Nicholson, F.Z.S. 6o CROSBY GARRETT. know strictly keeping tlieir own counsel. Potts GilLat that time would be covered with trees and brushwood, and not present the bare appearance it now does. As shewing how information was handed down for long periods, the writer has heard Miss Richardson, who died Dec. 30th, 1873, say that one of her ancestors, then 19 years old, was in the neighbourhood of Clifton when tlie skirmish took place there in 1745, and she often heard him narrate some of the incidents of that stirring time. EH^^' ^^^n^ufe? s K^ -. . »! li^HVV'' -^ «^&^^ mt^mk"- •.\wm &' ' ^^^BWrjE-I^^A.^'i^ '^'*'* ' .^dmk^ an i^ H^RmbMB M Mm II r'^^f:. l\ ,,;-.* ^^M . . — ~ . ^ ■ M. Baptist Chapel, Crosby Garrett, Now, in resuming our narrative of the religious movements of that period, it may be stated that during the Cromwellian rule people of different religious views held livings in the Established Church. After the Restoration of Charles II., in 1660, there was soon a movement to clear out such as were considered intruders in the English Church. CROSBY GARRETT. 6i Until recently the usual narratives given by biographers and historians, concerning the Rev. C. Jackson, said that he was ejected from the living of Crosby Garrett under the Act of Uniformity, passed in the spring of 1662. This, however, is not strictly correct, as facts have come to light which put another aspect on the affair. In 1645 the Parliamentary Commissioners ejected the then Rector, Edmund Mauleverer, and the living was given to Bouslield, who was succeeded by C. Jackson. Immediately after his ejection, Mauleverer was presented to the living of Marske, in Yorkshire, which he retained until the Restoration, when he returned to Crosby Garrett. It would appear that Jackson, soon seeing a storm brewing, retired from the benefice, and the old incumbent was re-installed, as he is found signing his name as Rector of the parish June 7th, 1661. Jackson married Annie Taylor at Ravenstonedale, April 17th, 1664 ; the latter died Jan. 17th, 1689, and Jackson on May 29th of the same year, both being buried at Crosby Garrett. It might be Miss Taylor was a native of Crosby Garrett, as there was a well known family of yeomen of that name living in Crosby at the time. Rise of Nonconformity. — After Jackson's re- tirement, we are told that he obtained a livelihood upon a little estate in Ravenstonedale, doubtless as one of Lord Wharton's tenants, preaching occasionally, and laying the foundation of the Nonconformist meeting there. We further learn that Jackson was a native of Leeds, admitted to Magdalen Hall, Cambridge, 1652, at the age of twenty-one, graduated B,A., 1655, ^"uilding was re-opened on Oct. 23rd, 1912, CROSBY GARRETT. 87 the ceremony being performed by Mrs. Fotheringham, of Oxford, daughter of the late Mr. Joseph and Mrs. Atkinson, of the Limes, Crosby Garrett. The cost of work was £210, a large part of which has already been subscribed. On a tablet in the chapel the present building is put down as being erected in 18 13. Wesleyax Methodists. — We are unable to ascertain exactly when Wesleyan Methodists first held services at Crosby Garrett, but about 18 10 will not be far off the time. Preaching services were held in the dwelling now known as Chapel House, successively occupied by the Closes, John Barker, and Wm. Nicholson. The accommodation was small, and it was ultimately decided to erect a chapel. Foundation stones were laid Sept. 27th, 1882, by members of prominent Wesleyan families in the neighbourhood. The estimated cost of the building was ;^3io, and it was opened for Divine service in June, 1883. 88 CROSBY GARRETT. CHAPTER VIII. Schools and Schoolmasters. — Hitherto we have made no reference to the provisions made at Crosby for education, so that we have to refer to an earher period than our heading. Several towns and villages in Westmorland, notably during the seventeenth century, received handsome benefactions for the maintenance of small grammar schools. Crosby was not so favoured, although some of the contributions for educational purposes, according to Nicolson & Burn's History, date back as far as 1629. In the beginning of the eighteenth century Bishop Nicolson made a visitation of the parishes in his diocese of Carlisle, noting various particulars in his Miscellanv, which was afterwards published. Of Crosby the Bishop records that "In ye "west end, is a square part of ye north side railed in for "a school; wherein the children are taught by Joshua " Harrison, ye Parish Clerk. As schoolmaster he has a "standing salary of about ;^5, and the contributions "would amount to about to ye like sum." In comparing the school accommodation now made, with that prevail- ing two centuries ago, it is interesting for the present generation to note the progress that has been made. At the former period the village children gathered in the cold, damp, stone-flagged church, open to the slates, and no tire or artificial heating, with a few oak benches for seats, and a flat oak table to write upon. In 1777 there was a small school in the village, which, from what old people used to point out, was very small indeed. CROSBY GARRETT. 89 In many places the clergyman or curate taught the village school to increase his limited income, in other cases the schoolmaster had free "whittle-gait," or a few- goose gaits on the common alloted to him, but none of these arrangements appear to have existed at Crosby. It may be interesting to note here some of the duties a village schoolmaster generally undertook in olden times. He often had charge of the parochial books, as the Overseers of the Poor and Surveyors of the Highways were seldom able to read or write correctly. If a field required measuring he was em- ployed, and if a villager was likely to die, he it was who must draw up his will. If a farmer had a sale, the schoolmaster was in request to act as accountant. A century ago many of the children attended school for a very limited time, as their parents, either through poverty or not knowing the value of a good education, kept them at home to assist in cultivating the land. Children living in small hamlets had great difficulty in reaching any school, and, unless their parents could teach them, grew up to manhood in ignorance of scholastic attainments. Master Wilkin taught in the small old school at Crosby, and, according to report, with great success, so much so that in his time the building had to be enlarged. He is said to have had a hundred scholars, some of whom walked from places live miles distant. The number, however, must be somewhat exaggerated, as the build- ing when enlarged could hardly hold that number. He is said to have been a capital penman, and good at accounts. The old story was that if any of the youths went to London in search of a situation, and had a good 90 CROSBY GARRETT. recommendation from Master Wilkin, on applying to merchants and tradesmen hailing from this district, it was not long before they obtained employment. Then Humphrey Sheridan taught for a short time, without much comment. About 1820, Mr. Robert Metcalfe came and taught until 1863. There are still many people living who have a lively recollection of his mode of teaching — a great contrast from present-day methods. He believed in a liberal use of the rod, and kept a good birch one on hand. This he threw with a smack at any offender, and thev had to carrv it back to him and receive a thrashing. If thev delayed in returning the rod, the punishment was increased bv additional strokes admin- istered with the thick end. Another favourite mode of punishment was to make the offending pupil stand on one leg on a particular Hag in the school, holding a heavy book in his hand. Ears were pulled and boxed for small offences, and he used to talk about hanging the scholars up bv their thumbs. " Reading Made Easy," Markham's " Spelling Book," Walkingame's "Arithmetic " and Lindley Murray's " Grammar " were the school books in general use. The pupils were taught to write with quill pens ; steel ones were looked upon as an intolerable innovation. Mr. Metcalfe was a lover of snuff", and during school hours did not refrain from indulging in a pinch. The school house was then a wretched low building, with dwelling rooms above. In wet weather water ran down the back wall and out at the door. After his time the place was much im- proved, and there were various changes in the teaching staff. CROSBY GARRETT. • 91 In 1869 Mr. John Brunskill, a younger brother of Mr. Thomas Brunskill, so long Master of Waitby Grammar School, was appointed. He had been at one time Master at Great Asby, and also spent many years in Australia. When the enquiry was made after the passing of the Education Act in 1870, the school was certified as efficient, and Crosby escaped for a time having a School Board and erecting new premises. Mr. J, Brunskill resigned in 1891, owing to ill-health and advanced years. After this came an order from the Education Department for Crosbv to be formed into a School Board Area. The first appointment was made in 1892, and the members soon commenced work, and purchased a plot of ground, which in the railway times had been used as a stable yard. The new school and dwelling house had been completed by the termination of their term of office in 1895. The cost of the work was heavy, and the amount altogether spent was between seventeen and eighteen hundred pounds. At first a master was appointed, but since the County Council took over education, a mistress has filled the post of head teacher. The following report appeared in the "Mid- Cumberland Herald " for April 28th, 1894 :— "Sale of a " Westmorland School House for £2^^. An illustration " of what a past generation considers sufficient in the " way of school accommodation was furnished by the " sale on Saturday night last of the old school house at " Crosby Garrett. These old premises, which consist of " four bare walls, two windows and a door, have been " disused for several years, partly owing to their unsuit- " abihty, and partly owing to the decrepitude of the old 92 CROSBY GARRETT. " master, who, at over 80 years of age, was compelled to "relinquish his authority, and close the school. Some " time afterwards a School Board was formed as the " only way out of the difficulty, and a new school is now " in process of erection. The Charity Commissioners " had therefore ordered the sale of the old school, and "the principal villagers gathered once more in the " historic old building to witness its sale. Most of those " present had received such rudimentary education as " the times afforded within its unadorned walls, and the "auctioneer himself, Mr. A. T. Jordan, humorously " remarked that he had received many a whacking by " the side of the old pedagogue's desk. Mr. R. T. R. " \V. Hallam read the conditions, which were of the " usual description, and Mr. T. Brunskill commenced " the bidding at ^10. Mr. W. Nicholson advanced " another sovereign, and shortly after Mr. John Walker " entered the Held, but ultimately retired in favour of " the iirst bidder, who secured the premises for ^'25. " This price included a very linely-carved Jacobean oak " cabinet, which was subsequently purchased by the "auctioneer. The new school which is being built is "costing well over £1,000, at which there are many " groanings on the part of the overburdened ratepayers, " who complain loudly that the Education Department " has forced on them a scheme far too elaborate for the "wants of the village." Later, through the generosity of John Atkinson, Esq., J. P., The Prospect Villa, Crosby Garrett, the old school house was made with alterations into a village institute and reading room. CROSBY GARRETT. 93 Waitby School.— We must not fail to mention the Grammar School at Wealthy, as it was largely linked up with Crosby Garrett, since many of the more advanced pupils used to finish their education with two or three years' training at it. Mr. Thomas Brunskill was master here from 1820 until his death in i860. Since writing the above, we have been favoured with the following respecting Mr. T. Brunskill : — WAITBY SCHOOU " He was educated for the Church at a school at Orton, presided over by his uncle, the Rev. Thos. Moss, afterwards Vicar of Ravenstonedale. After completing his education, he accompanied his uncle on a tour in France and Italy, and afterwards was nominated by the then Rector of Crosby Garrett, the Rev. Wm. Bird (who was also Lord of the Manor), for the Curacy of that Church, but, as has been previously mentioned, the 94 CROSBY GARRETT. Mastership of Waitby Grammar School becoming vacant, he came forward as a candidate, and succeeded in obtaining the appointment after a very severe competi- tive examination of the candidates. During his tenure at Waitby Grammar School he turned out some notable scholars, who afterwards became famous in several professions." After Mr. Thomas Brunskill, Mr. William Waistell succeeded as Master in 1861. He had been at Durham College for some time, and, after he came, there was a good attendance of pupils from the surrounding villages. In 1867, Mr. Waistell was largely instrumental in having the school rebuilt. The old building was a wretched place, 14 feet by 14 feet 10 inches, very low, with a loft above. On this, coals, ling and firewood were stored, and, the boards being open, every time there was a movement above, down came a shower of dust on the scholars. It was a smoky place when any wind was blowing, the walls were black, and altogether the old place resembled a smithy. On being rebuilt the school w^as enlarged and made more suitable for present-day requirements. About 1890 Mr. Waistell resigned, and since then the school has had a chequered career, and has been closed since 1907. This has proved a great hardship to the inhabitants of the neighbouring hamlets ; the more aggravating since it is known that a good endow- ment was left for the benefit of this school.* The inscription on the old building reads : " This Schoole Built by Mr. James Highmore, Borne in Waitbye, Cloth Worker in London, for the use of Waitbye and *The County Council re-opened this School, April 1st, 1913. CROSBY GARRETT. 95 Smardale Anno Domini 1680." Another inscription was added, stating that, "This School was Rebuilt by Subscription a.d. 1867." THE LATE MR. THOS. BRUNSKILL. Mr. Highmore also left money for its endowment and this was laid out in buying an estate in Cautlev. On November i8th, 1863, the trustees sold this estate for ^1,955, and this was invested in Consols. This photo, taken in the early days of photography, has suffered severely in the process of engraving, but is the only one extant. 96 CROSBY GARRETT. Parish Clerks. — Our narrative would be incom- plete if we omitted to mention the parish clerks of Crosby Garrett, as they regarded themselves as second only to the clergy in the village community. Mr. George Lishman was clerk 54 years until 1830, and during his times notices of sales and other public announcements were duly made by him near the church door, as the congregation left morning service. Ben. Bellas suc- ceeded, but the time for crying such notices was about past, and he had very few, as Mr. Newby came soon after and {"irohihited them. In these clays it was the custom of the parish clerk to sing down the village in front of funeral processions. '' Priest L.'inty," whom we have previously mentioned, had a grudge a ' :^ M ■-. " jm i ^^m ■ i^f MhH|HBH|^^Mi™^^^^H|^ rJ ■»«:'-- '-^^iifi*^. ' * * ■ • . "V. ■■P^''''" ^^wKL ^ii W^..^.;r'^^.^^ a is* THE LATE WM. RICHARDSON who died in 1883, the last of the Crosby Richardsons. CROSBY GARRETT. 119 CHAPTER XI. Fuel. — So long as the inhabitants had the woods and forests near their dwelhngs, they had in them a plentiful supply of fuel. Our forefathers were handy at " stubbing " brushwood and trees, as by this method the roots were obtained for fuel, and the ground was prepared for arable or pasture land. As wood became scarcer, other kinds of fuel had to be seen after. In some respects, Crosby was badly situated, as there are practically no peat beds in the lordship, but " lingey turves " could be cut on the Moor, and in dry summers good supplies were obtained, but they made dirty fuel. Bringing coal from Stain more started at an early period, and pack horses or galloways were iirst used for its conveyance." The coal mining on Stainmore was an old industry, as when inquisition was made on the death of Roger de Clifford (1389) it was set forth that this lord of the Manor received for "a certain mine of " sea coal on Stainmore by the year 13/4." In Muker Church Register there is the record of the burial m 1641 of " Robert Grummell of Highbharpe near Stain- " more being slain at a shaft on Tan Hill by falling to " the bottom and dyed." Later, the farmers started to bring the coals with carts, but it was termed in the local dialect a "clashey" job, as a start had to be made soon after midnight, so that the pits might be reached early in the morning. *Eighty or ninety years ago hawkers went round selling coals con- veyed by this means, and at Kirkby Stephen this practice was continued until a later date. 120 CROSBY GARRETT. Late arrivals were often much delayed in obtaining a load, as collier law was strictly enforced — " First come, first served." The coal was bought by corve, not by weight. Before railways were made, Stainmore coal was carted long distances, a quantity going into Orton parish by way of Soulby and over Little Asbv Scar. Kaber and " Slip Inn " were busy places, as "bait " was required by the men and horses. Tljere were two hostelries at one time at each of the above. Many stirring tales were related of adventures on the Fells, caused by snowstorms coming on quickly, leading people, some to miss the way, and others to stick in bogs. There was often racing amongst the cartmen to the pits, and some who had three or four carts trained the horses to gallop in a row, and thus prevent any passing them. The late Mr. Thomas Brunskill, who died in 1889, had an uncomfortable adventure, but happily not attended with serious ill effects. He started on a hard and frosty night to go for coals, and when he reached the ford at Beckfoot, across the Eden, the river was partly frozen over. One of the horses was young and restive, and refused to follow the leading cart on account of the ice, and Thomas ultimately had to wade through knee-deep and lead it. In this con- dition he completed the journey, his trousers being frozen stiff. No one but a person with a robust constitution could have undergone such an ordeal — remaining hour after hour in wet and frozen clothes, without suffering severely. On another occasion, he had to abandon two loads of coal on the Fell, owing to a severe snowstorm coming on quickly. He returned to Crosby with the horses, and after a few hours' rest CROSBY GARRETT. 121 returned ag^iin, taking assistance, and was successful in recovering the stranded loads. Crosby people were not all teetotallers in these days, as one villager started off with his own horse and cart for coals, but did not return for about a fortnight, and then alone, having in the meantime sold his turnout and drunk the proceeds. Lighting. — In better ckiss houses oil lamps were used, but with the statesmen and labouring classes, the rush light was used to illuminate their dwellings. Not much light was required beyond that from the lire, as the employment was mostly carding wool, spinning and knitting, whilst some of the men folk made birch besoms, baskets and " swills,'"^'' or dressed Hail " sooples."t There were no daily newspapers or cheap magazines, and very few books for perusal in those days. When peat and turf were used the tire seldom went out during the night, but when a fresh light had to be obtained recourse was had to the fiint and steel. The sparks from these fell upon tinder, and splinters of wood dipped in brimstone being applied to the tinder, the needful flame was raised. This method of obtaining lire held good in remote districts until about 1850, and ten years later workmen might be seen lighting their pipes with Hint and steel, using brown paper that had been steeped in a mixture of water and salt petre. Lucifer matches were invented by John Walker, chemist, of Stockton-on-Tees, in 1827, but at lirst they were dear, and it was some time before they came into general use.:}: *" Swill " — To eedder talies 111. / a/, i^- i l • i i i j \y/ , j , ^ , ,. T^.f 1 £ n 1 Mr. K.irkby s Lakeland Words r Soople — 1 business end or a nail. ) JMr. Heavisides' pamphlet on the Invention of the Lucifer Match, 1909. 122 CROSBY GARRETT. Rush -Lights. — For making lights, rushes were cut ill the autumn, the outside peeled oi¥, and the cores dipped into melted fat. Stands, with clasps fastened on, were used to hold these rush-lights when burning, but at best the light was poor. Rush-lights went into disuse between 1840 and 1850. After these came tallow candles of different thickness, from eighteens to thirties for a pound. Every small town had one or more tallow chandlers, as at that time there was a big demand for candles to use in coal and lead mines. About i860 paraffin lamps came into general use. V I L L A G E T K A D E s M E X . — The blacksmith was an important person in the village community in olden limes, as he it was who forged their tools, attended to agricultural implements, and in fact was the handy man of the neighbourhood. Iron was scarce and dear, but he made the best of it, working up scrap whenever possible. Oak wood was much used for purposes of strength and endurance. When the great increase of ploughing came, it meant more work for the blacksmith, and with the advent of spring he was busy until late, sharpening or repairing the ploughman's outfit. More horses were kept, and hence more work in keeping them shod. The country smiths are not so numerous as they Avere, but still a number hold their own. Country joiners, like the blacksmiths, still remain in limited numbers, but there is not the quantity of work there was once, as much material is now received in a prepared state. In olden times, when new buildings were to be erected, trees were selected and cut down for the roofing, fioors, &c., and the joiner or sawyer, with an assistant, was at the sawpit for weeks, even months. CROSBY GARRETT. 123 cutting the logs up. Oak pegs were in general use for holding slates on the roof ; sometimes lead nails were used, and even sheeps' shank bones secured heavy grey slates in position in exposed situations. They had been used for the roof of the old school at Waitby. Hand-loom weaving was carried on at Crosby Mill, and also at a shed between the Chapel House and Fleece Inn, but this has all gone. At one time, at Kirkby Stephen and neighbourhood, a quantity of hand sewn boots were made to send away, but that has been reversed. The advent of railways has caused the decay of many local industries, and, with the introduction of machinery, has tended to reduce the rural population. Much of the land is let in farms of a suitable size, to enable the tenant and a small family to find emplovment upon it. There is no crying need for small holdings. More visitors might be induced to come into the district if it was well advertised. Many people in large towns like a quiet holiday in summer, " far from the madding crowd " who Hock to certain centres. At present, would-be visitors would find a difficulty in meeting with suitable accommodation. Miscellaneous Items. — Balloting for Militia. Although news was slow in reaching these isolated places early last century, still in time the stern reality of what was passing in the outside world was brought forcibly to the notice of the villagers. Some of the men of Crosby were balloted to serve in the Militia, to protect this country from Napoleon's threatened invasions. Every fifth man between 21 and 45 years of age was chosen by ballot, with a few exemptions, and there was no difficulty in obtaining parish con- 124 CROSBY GARRETT. stables, as they were excused. People paid into clubs which provided substitutes when any of the members were chosen. Wm. Richardson, of the "Pump House," was one who went to Appleby to drill, and in his later years told anecdotes to the rising generation sufficient to have been the experiences of half-a-dozen campaigns. Soon after Napoleon's downfall came the stirring Parliamentary contests between Mr. (afterwards Lord) Brougham, and two of the Lowthers for the representa- tion of the County of Westmorland. On one occasion, Mr. Brougham addressed an audience from the steps in front of the Fleece Inn. The Birds and Richardsons were Blues,'* and John Richardson especially, exerted liimself very actively for that party. Contests took phice in 1818, 1820 and 1826, and herewith we give a few particulars of the one in 1820 : — Day. Loi rd Lonsdale. Col. Lowther. Brougham. First 228 .. . 214 .. • 199 Second 468 .. . 436 .. • 473 Third 709 .. . 664 .. . 707 Fourth 926 .. . 861 .. • 934 Fiftii 1140 .. . 1053 .. 1126 Sixth 1374 •• . 1274 .. • 1^57 Seventh 1530 •• TOTALS. . 1412 .. • 1349 East Ward ... 399 •• • 367 .. • 540 Westward ... 417 .. • 399 .. • 215 Kendal Ward... 541 .. . 486 .. 500 Lonsdale Ward 173 .• 160 .. 94 1530 1412 1349 *In Westmorland, Blue represents the Whig or Liberal party, and Yellow the Tory or Conservative. CROSBY GARRETT. 125 The late Miss Isabella Ricbardson, of the Pump House, told some interestiug stories of these election times. It will be observed that on the close of the poll on the second day, of the 1820 election. Brougham was leading. This made the Crosby contingent of Blues quite excited ; they rode up the village in haste to the F'leece Inn, cheering and waving their hats. Someone who was a good hddler was sent for, and altogether an enjoyable evening was spent. Their rejoicings were premature, and on later days the scale was turned against them. Everybody who could went day by day to Appleby on liorse and foot. Now, 1826 was the droughty summer, and what with the excitement of the contest and hot weather, people had little rest. The breweries were unequal to the demand, and quantities of ale were swallowed before it was cool, this bringing on bowel troubles, &c. These elections created a desire for newspapers, and several of Crosby people joined and procured copies of one of those issued at Kendal, On the Saturday evening, when it arrived, there was quite a gathering to hear it read at the workshop of the late Richard Robinson. "Priest Lanty " went, and soon wanted to know if there were no reports of "good murdeis.'' After the first night the subscribers had it in turn, passing it on from one to another, so that the paper was often two or three weeks old before it was finally thrown aside. This continued down to the repeal of the Newspaper Stamp Duty, June 15th, 1855, when penny papers became possible, and, as the late Mr. Sweeten, of Penritli, commenced soon after to issue the "Advertiser," it took the field. The first regular postman for Crosby commenced to go to Brough in September, 1848. The journey 126 CROSBY GARRETT. tlieie and back was made in the early part of the day. Previously, the letters for Crosby were left at Kirkby Stephen until called for. In olden times, Crosby, like other villages, had places near that were said to be haunted by boggles and ghosts. Old people used to tell so many tales on this subject, that the young people scarcely durst leave home after dark. This timidity, however, does not appear to have been inherited by the present genera- tion. Shareflatt lield house was put down as one of the places haunted. The writer's father, many years ago, was returning from Soulby in the early hours of the morning on a moonlight night, and when near this place, saw something in the shade making peculiar capers ; on going nearer, however, he found that a donkey was enjoying a roll. Mr. Peter Rowlandson, who died December 9th, 1862, aged 89 years, took a prominent part in the public affairs of Crosby for a period of 60 years. It was said that he attended Brough Hill Fair and Crosby Church on Christmas Day for 60 years in succession. The writer can remember aged people who still used to calculate the seasons by the Old Style, and likewise gave expression in old Roman Catholic oaths, although they had no idea of the correct meaning of the words used. In 1 9 10, a person died who knew the old scoring numerals,* Yan, Tahn, Teddera, Meddera, Pimp, &c., and, on enquiring where she had learned it, said at Ravenstonedale, as old people used to count their " loups " when knitting by that method. *For full examples see Kirkby's " Lakeland Words," page 163. CROSBY GARRETT. 127 The custom of distinguishing people of the same name, by adding their father's as well was in use ; for instance, there were two William Richardsons, whose fathers' names were Edward and Richard, consequently one was Eddy William and the other was Dickey William. Some old people did not take kindly at first to the making of the Midland Railway ; they did not like the pulling down of dwellings and cutting up the fields, and " Shoemaker John," a nephew of " Priest Lanty's," gave it as his decided opinion that the Almighty never made the land to be dealt with in such a fashion. In 1883, the rights on the Common were settled by a Commission constituted by a local Act of Parlia- ment, and tiie management vested in a Board of Conservators. Previously, people had turned stock on the Fell without restriction, and it often happened that persons with only a small right kept more on than those who had a better claim. People molested the sheep, herding their own where they thought lit, without there being any authority to inter- fere. Under the Commissioners' Award, 24 acres of land on the Common, adjoining Dringlesber, were set apart as a recreation ground, and its limits marked by mere stones. It is nearly level, and, from its elevation, any who take the trouble to climb up from the village, are amply repaid on a clear day by the splendid view they obtain. The claim of cottagers for turbary rights on the Moor was also observed by this Award. Bullflatt, when in stints, was used as a pasture for milch cows. The 15th of June was the time for stinting, and until Brough Hill there was much work for the 128 CROSBY GARRETT. owners of the animals in going to milk. The pasture was about a mile long, and altogether it was an uneasy arrangement. At one time there were more dwellings in the neighbourhood of Crosby than at present. In the Potts Valley there was the corn mill at Waterhouses, and a dwelling each was situated at the upper part of Goodies Pasture ; also at Armaside and Starling Hills ; also SHEEP WASHING AT POTTS VALLEY. Little Asby in the past was a larger place. Richard Capstick, who died in 1865, aged 89 years, used to say he could remember when there were eleven dwellings at Smardale, but, several being empty, were pulled down, and the material used for erecting fresh farm buildings at Smardale Hall. Charles Gough, who perished when crossing Hel- vellyn in 1805, was at one time a resident at The Limes, CROSBY GARRETT. 129 Crosby Garrett. His body was not found until three months after the sad event, when it was still being guarded by his faithful dog. This incident has been celebrated in sweet and simple verse by Wordsworth, and in more stately phrase by Sir Walter Scott. The Richakdson Family. — We could not well close our narrative without making some special mention of the Richardson familv, different members of which were prominent people at Crosby for centuries. A centuiy ago they were numerous, and held consider- nb\e estates, and it would then have seemed incredible that the name should so soon have become extinct, William Richardson, the last, dying January 21st, 1883. Of course, there are Greenwoods and Johnsons who are lateral descendants. There were three or four families, but the relationship between them was lost. The Richardsons, of IMossgill House, appear to have had a connection with the W^cst Riding from an early period. Probal)ly the Edward Richardson, D.D., of Leyden, previously of Ripon, mentioned as a leading spirit in the Kaber Rigg Plot, was one of them. In turning over the Sedbergh School Register, 1546 to 1909, we lind two entries of the family, viz. : " Richardson, James, son of Lancelot Richardson, of .Crosby Garrett, Westmorland. Entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1691, age 20, B.A. 1694. A James Richardson was Prebendary of Lichfield, May 22nd, 1722." Also, " Richardson, John, born at Crosby Garrett, Westmorland, son of Joseph Richardson ; entered Queen's College, Oxford, 1757, B.A. 1761, M.A. 1764, died April 23rd, 1791. He is noticed in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' " There are several old 130 CROSBY GARKETT. wills, made by members of the Ricliardson family, preserved at Carlisle, a number of which are in Latin. The Greenwoods are a well - known Yorksliire family, tracing th.eir ancestry back to John Greenwood, of Badsworth, in the parish of Heptonstali, who married in or before 1619. After Mr. George Greenwood, of Hull, married ]\Iiss Nancy Richardson in 1804, the Greenwood family CROSBY GARRETT CHURCH- INTERIOR. became much associated with the village life of Crosby Garrett. Amongst George Greenwood's famih' there was a son named John, who married Miss fane Irving, and, amongst other children, there was a daughter named Rebecca, born in 1837, who spent most of her early days at Crosby Garrett. She married Mr. George Morrison, and George Ernest Morrison, their son, was born in 1862. CkOSBY GARRETT. 131 This person lias since gained a vvorki-wide reputa- tion as the celebrated "Times" Correspondent in China, and Political Adviser to the Chinese Govern- ment, and the following is his record as furnished by the usual works of reference : — Morrison, George Ernest, born at Geelong, Victoria, 4lh February, 1862. Educated at Melbourne and Edin- biu-gh Universities. Ciossed Australia on foot from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Melbourne, 1882-3. Speared in New Guinea, October, 1883 ; spear head extracted in Edinburgh, 1884. Graduated 1887. Crossed from Shanghai to Rangoon by land, 1894 > ''^s special for the "Times," travelled from Bangkok in Siam to Yunnan City in China and roimd Tonquin, 1896 ; and in 1897 crossed Manchuiia from Stretensk in Siberia to Vladivostok. Sent lirst authoritative account of Stoessel's surrender of Port Arthur. Married Miss J. Robin, August, 1912. Mrs. Morrison, Dr. Morrison's mother, accompanied by a bi other and sister, about two years ago, came over from Australia on a visit to England, and included Crosby Garrett in her toui", thus renewing her memories of her native village and the associations of her early life. It onlv remains to add, for the benefit of the general reader, that Crosby Garrett, although off the main track of the great highways, is, as explained in the text, i^ossessed of a station of its own on the Midland Railway ; and that Smardale Station, between Kukby Stephen and Tebay (N.E.R.), is only a mile distant. 132 CROSBY GARRETT. ERRATA. P. 8, last line. For "about 1200," read "about 1800." P. 13, line 24. " Discernable" should be " discernible.'' P. 20, line 8. Strike out the third word, "In.'' P. 23, line 19. After " payment," insert " of lords rent." P. 29, line II. Read thus, "covenants to giving effect to." P. 30, line 21. For " that," read "with." P. 34, line 18. Read " He and his niece." P. 44, line 6. " Present " should be " late." P. xii., line 2. For " 1900," read " 1800." CROSBY GARRETT. 133 INDEX. Abolition of compulsory mili- tary service. 48 Agriculture. 101 Ambler. Thomas. 3 Ancient cultivation. 46 dyke, 18 Arbitrary land. 29 Arklo\v,"l9 Arvel bread, 97 Asby, Great. Baptist chapel, 84 , school. 90 , Little, corn mill. 38 Scar. 11 Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 82 Askam-cum-Irelelh, 81 Atkinsons, 17 Atkinson, Capt., 58 B Barker, John, 78, 86 Baptists, 82 Bells. 17 Bellas, Ben, 94 Benefactors to school, 5 Benton and Woodiwiss, 113 Bents, sepulchral remains, 13 Bird family, 32 , James. 2. 4 , Rev. Wm.. 4, 5. 12, 68 , Rev. Thomas, 71. 12 Biggin Hill. 12 Birks chapel, 82 Bishop Nicolson, 87 Percy, 11^ Blacksmith, the village, 122 Boons, 36 Boundary riding, 36 Borrowans. 18 Brunskill, Thomas, school- master, 43, 11, 90. 92 Brunskill, John, 47. 90 , Anthony, 97, 100 , Thomas, senr.. 120 . Thomas, junr.. 100 Brougham, Commissioner, 1)2 Bulged staircase. 67 Burgh, Thomas de, 2 Burn, Richard, L.L.D., 5 Butts, 21 Bushhy, Mr., 115 Calve, John de, 3 Capstick, George, 107 Cattle and sheep, 107 Cat Crag. 19 Celts, early inhabitants, 11 Chapel house, 45, 86 • well, 20 Christian missionaries, 17 Church, the, 39 , the bells, 43 porch, 44 - - register.'', 44 Churchwardens, 98 Clay floors. 65 Clark. Robert, 101 Clifford, Roger de, 1 , John de. 3 Clothing, 49 Close, Poet, 70 , Wm.. 97. Common, rights settled. 127 Coulston. Anne, 5 , John, 5 Coventry. Rt. Hon. Thomas Lord, 31 Crawford, William, 1^2, IS Cromwell, Oliver. 4 Crofts. 20 Crosby Garrett, situation. 8 134 CROSBY GARRETT. Crosby Garrett, chapel. 82 , elevations. 8 • , Manor of, 24 Gerard. 1 on-the-Hill, 1 mill. 2>7 Cross Bank Inn, 12 ■ . villas^e, 17 Davison, Mary, 4 , Thomas, 4 Dean and Chapter land, 2}) Decree of Chancery. 26 Dedication of Church to St. Andrew. 1 Denton, Thomas. 4 Descent of Freehold land, 34 Diet, 51 Dolly Flatt, 46 Draining. 103 Dringlesber. 77 Droaghtv summers. 109 Dwellings before 1660, 63 since 1660, 64 Elections. 1818 26. 124 Ely. Diocese of. '^2 Ewe Fell Mire, 14 Fairs, 107 Fallowheld. Richard. 3 Farmhouses and outbuildings, 108 Farm labourers, displacement of, 110 Fawcett, John. D.D.. 83 , Rev. William. 83 ■ , Mr. William Mitchell, 14. 84 Fenton, James, 5, 68 Firbank, Joseph, 115 Florence. 84 Fothergill. Mr. John, 15 . Thomas, 14 Fotheringham, Mrs., 85 Foster, Joseph. 4 Fuel, 119 Furniture. 52 Frumentv. 78 Gate w a vs. 24 Garths. 20 Gate. Thomas. 4, 74 Geology. 9 . post glacial lake. 9 Graingers, 17 Green well. Canon, 14 , British barrows, 15 Greenwood, Miss Deborah, 83 , (Oxenhope), 84 , Mr. George, 82. 129 Gough, Charles, 128 Groups, 22i H Halton, liishop, 2 Hallam, Mr. R. T. R. W.. 91 Harker, Mr. William, 26 Harrison. Joshua, )i7 Harvest. 105 Havgarth. James, 15 Hebden Bridge, 83 Henderson, Mr. George. 76 Hearth Tax, 67 Highmore, Mr. James. 93 Hilton. Vicar of. 82 Human remains discovered, 116 Hutchinson, Rev. J., 7?> I Implements, agricultural, 104 Indenture fines. 30 Independents. 62, 82 Intake, Celtic dwellings, 11 Jackson. Christopher, 4, 61 Jamie Hill, 21 Jordan, Mr. A. T., 91 CROSBY GARRETT. ^35 K Kabergh. John dc, 3 Kaber Kigg Plot, 58 Kent, Rev. C. W., 85 Kil Hole and Garth, 20 • Kirk Steel," 11 Lamb. James, 4 Lammas lands, 46 Lidget Green, 83 Limes, Tlie, 85 Lime burning, 103 Lighting, 121 Lishman, George, 94 Lucifer matclies, 121 M Mains farm house, 64 cottage, 66 Manor House, no trace of. 5 of Crosby Garrett, 24 , Sale of, in 1877, 34 Manorial corn mills, 37 Manor of Morland, IZ Mauleverer, Edmund, 4, 61 Metcalfe, Mr. Robert, 89. 95 Midland Railway, 10, 113 Militia, Balloting for the, 123 MirHeld, 80 Morland, Peter. 3 Morrison, Dr. George Ernest, "Times" Correspondent in China, 130 Mortuary fee, 95 Moss, Rev. Thomas, 92 Musgrave, Richard de, 2 , Thomas de, 3 , Richard, 3, 4 , Humphrey, 3 , Sir Phillip, 26 N Names of places, 18 Needfire, 109 New arrivals, Saxons, 16 Newby, Rev. Mark, 75, 103 Nicolson and Burn's " History of Westmorland," 1 Nicholson, John, 97 , William, 86, 91 Old homesteads, 45 Old house land, 45 Overseers of the poor, 98 Pack horse road. 47 Parishes bounding Crosby Garrett, 1 Parish constables, 99 clerks, 94 Percy, Bishop, 12, Petty, John, and others, T] Philiips, Rev. R., 1$^ 81 Plague, ravages of the, 44 Powley, John, 12 Political and religious move- ments, hi Postman, first po.stman, to Crosby Garrett, 125 Potts Gill, 59 ■' Priest Lanty. 69, 94 R Railway, South Durham, 112 , Midland, 112 Raiset Pike, 15 Rannel Bauk, 65 Ravenstone, 82 Raven sthorpe, 80 Rectory, The, 68 Richardsons, 17 Richardson, Colonel R., 58 , Edward, D.D., 58 , Miss Isabella, 59, 125 • , Miss Nancy, 83 , Mr. John, 11 ■ , Mr. Lancelot, 69 , Mr. William, 78 family, 129 Ridley, Rev. George, 80 Robinsons, 17 136 CROSBY GARRETT. Robinson. Richard, 43 Rowlandson, Peter, 34, 70, 78, 107, 126 Riishlij^hts, 122 Sandford, Hcnrv de, 3 , Robert de', 3 Saxons, 16 Scailes, 17 Sepulchral remains, 13 School, benefactors of, 5 Schools, 87 School house, sale of a, 90 Schoolmasters, 87 Severals, Celtic dwellings, 11 Sewell, Mrs., 80 Shap Fell boulders, 9 Shaw. Lancelot, 3 Simpsons, 17 Smardale Gill, 13, 11 Mill, 11. 101 Wood bridjje. 6 Viaduct (Midland), 114 Smith, Rev. Isaac, 79, 98 Souleby, William de. 2 Spencer, Capt., 58 Spinning. 50 Stockber Hill, 43 Tailors. 17 Taylor, Anne, Thanet, Earl ^ Thompson, Miss Agnes Elyet- son, 24, 61 • , Richard Beauville, 35 , Matthew, Esq.. 81 Thwaites, 17 Trade, improvement in, 49 Travellins;' and transit of goods, 47 Town head pasture, 45 Veteripont, Robert de, 2 Village tradesmen, 121 W Wainsgate chapel, 83 Waitbv common, 13 school, 91 Waistells, 17 Waistell. William. 93 Waldegrave, Bi;hop, 79 Waller, Capt., 58 Waterspout, 11 Watton. Prior of, 3 Weaving, 50 Weatherell. Anthony. 26 Weslevan Methodists, 86 Wharton, Lord, 58 Whitwell. John, M.P., 14 Wilkins. 17 Wilkin, schoolmaster, 88 Wilson, Rev. J. J., 82 Window Peeper, 67 Tax, 67 Winton cliapel, 84 J. W. Bkaithwaite & Sons, Printers, Kikkby Stephen,