»■ i-i^l i .'^H ''^^1 '^H (5orncU Iniuctaitg library atliata, Sfeiu ^ork THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE COLLECTION CIVIL WAR LITERATURE THE GIFT OP JAMES VERNER SCAIFE CLASS OF 1889 1919 Cornell University Library E 47581 P41 Pennsylvania at Chickamauga and Chattano olin 3 1924 032 281 903 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032281903 // ■s^^, PENNSYLVANIA CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. CEREMONIES Dedication of the Monuments ERECTED BY THE Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANfA TO MARK THE POSITIONS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COMMANDS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLES. * There is a heritag-e of heroic example and noble obligration, not reckoned in the wealth of nations, but essential to life." A, 334-733 Entered according- to the act of Congress by the editor and compiler, Capt. Georg-e W. Skinner, Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania Chickaraaugra-Chattanooga Battlefields Commission. WM. STANLEY RAT, STATE PHINTEIt OP PENNSVLVANTA. 1900. Lieut. Edwin McC Bonn Sergt J H R Storey Capt. George W. Skinner, Secretary. Executive Committee of the Chicl 22 PENNSYLVANIA AT COMMITTEE FROM N. B. FORREST CAMP, CONFEDERATE VETERANS. J. L. Price, Chairman. Andrews, Garnett, Harkins, W. W., Dickinson, L. T., Middleton, H. M., CUft, M. H., Powell, S. F., Goulding, B. L., Russell, Milton, Henderson, B. T., Smart, J. P., Hill, Thomas, Shipp, J. F. OFFICIAL RECEPTION PROGRAMME. MASTER OF CEREMONIES. Mayor Ed. Watkins. MUSIC BY ORCHESTRA. Chickamauga Battlefield March, (Prepared especially for the occasion.) ADDRESS OF WBLCOME ON BEHALF OF THE STATE AND CITY. Mayor Ed. "Watkins. RESPONSES, Governor Daniel H. Hasting^s and Adjutant General Thomas J. Stewart, t ADDRESS ON BEHALF OF THE DEPARTMENT OP TENNESSEE G. A. R. Colonel H. B. Case. RESPONSE. General J. P. S. Gobin, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic. ADDRESSES ON BEHALF OF THE UNITED .CONFEDERATE VETERANS. Captain J. F. Shipp. Colonel L. T. Dickinson. RESPONSE. Captain George W. Skinner, Secretary of Executive Committee of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commission. At the conclusion of the speaking, Governor Hastings, Commander-ln-Chlet Gobin, and other distinguished visitors will hold an informal re- ception on the platform. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 23 ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON BEHAEF OF THE STATE AND CITY. Mayor Ed. Watkins, Presiding- OfBcer. YOUR EXCELLENCY, Governor of Pennsylvania and Staff, Ladies and Gentlemen:— It is my pleasure on behalf of the people of the State of Tennessee, and particularly of the city of Chattanooga, to extend to you, our distinguished visiting friends, a cordial welcome. We are extremely happy to have you with us on this occasion, and we trust that we may be able to make your stay pleasant and entertaining. We cannot more fittingly illustrate the pleasure it affords us than to say on behalf of the citizens of Tennessee, that we are a younger member in the sisterhood of states and, like the younger children at home, we are ex- tremely happy to have our older brothers from the great Keystone State with us on this occasion. Younger in the sisterhood of states, however, we say to our older brothers that when the next quarter of a century shall have rolled around it is our purpose and determination to have reached you in the race of progress, and then it can only be said that the two greatest states of the Union are the Keystone State of Pennsylvania, and the Volunteer State of Tennessee. Thirty odd years ago, when many of you were here, the circumstances and surroundings were vastly different. Martial music filled the air and the glitter and shine of musketry was seen from every hilltop. You then captured th'e city of Chattanooga by force of arftis, but to-day you have captured her through the avenues of that common loyalty to the National Government which is shared alike by the boys who wore the blue and the boys who wore the gray. Dixie and Yankee Doodle have become so blended into each other until it takes the com- bined strains of music emanating from both pieces to constitute the popular national air. No spirit of animosity between the once contending forces exists to-day. With all this we invite you to feel your perfect freedom within the greajt city of Chattanooga, because we have the most chivalric and the most gcnerou?. people in the world. Perhaps you may not understand exactly v/hy I should make this assertion. In the early days of Chattanooga we sent missionaries to the older states and gathered from their midst many of their best people and trans- planted them into Chattanooga— more than two hundred and fifty of our very best citizens came from your great State. Thus, bringing together the very best people from various sections of the country, we have built 24 PENNSYLVANIA AT up a city peculiar to itself, and, therefore, as the municipal head of the government, I am happy to say to you that we have the finest people in the world. Bright, flashing minds from different sections of the country have rubbed off the rugged edges of sectional prejudice and obstinate determination and have left the polished minds of the most loyal citizens of the nation. The commingling of our citizenship In this manner has blended the manners and habits of the various sections into a cultivated harmony. It is said on a public occasion of this kind it is not with entire good taste to render an apology for the surrounding circumstances, but I am con- strained to override the rules of propriety and say to you that we are extremely sorry that we have not present on this occasion the Hon. Robt. L. Taylor, the distinguished Governor of Tennessee, in order that he, as the head of the State of Tennessee, might extend to you a welcome which he, in his inimitable style, alone could do. He is so engaged in the per- formance of his official duties that it is impossible for him to be with us. Therefore, in behalf of the good people of Tennessee and in response to the express wish of the city government, I extend that cordial welcome which the good people of Chattanooga extend you, also on behalf of the people of the State of Tennessee. There is but one flag — the flag of our common country, which unfurls Itself above the heads of the soldiers of Pennsylvania and the soldiers of Tennessee. Let the invader who seeks to destroy our national freedom plant his footsteps upon this continent, and the boys who wore the blue and the gray will vie with each other as to the extent of their loyalty. Therefore, to you who constituted the soldiers of the Union army In 1863 when you occupied the hills and hollows which surround the city, on be- half of the Confederate soldiers of the State of Tennessee, I tender a most hearty and cordial welcome on this occasion. Every man and every woman in the great State of Tennessee echoes the welcome back as it stretches across hilltops and valleys. With pleasure we invite you to visit with freedom the historic places and spots which surround our beautiful city. "We ask you to go to the crest of towering Lookout, which lifts its peaks above our city, and there witness the panorama which stretches out before you, and which Is unequaled by any scenery upon the American continent. We ask you also to visit our beautiful cemetery where the silent dead, who fought for their country, slumber peacefully in Nature's most beauti- ful yard. We invite you also to visit the historic spots on Missionary Ridge and Orchard Knob and there behold the battle ground of the celebrated battle of Missionary Ridge between General Bragg and General Grant; but above all, do not neglect to follow the majestic Tennessee as she flows through the Cumberland Mountains, winding her way onward, in order that you may behold the prettJest river scenery in the world. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 25 I am not unmindful of the great honor that is conferred upon us by hav- ing this distinguished assembly of the people from one of the greatest states of the Union held in our city, and this reason makes us all the more anxious to have you feel and enjoy the freedom of our city and the hos- pitality of our people. As a distinct token of the pleasure and love which we maintain for you and of the welcome which we desire to extend to you, I herewith hand to your Excellency, the Governor of the great State of Pennsylvania, this key with the National colors attached thereto, and say to you that it will unlock to you every privilege and every right and every pleasure that Chattanooga can afford. Its size is emblematic of the fact that in order to enter the hearts of the good people of Chattanooga you require but little force. Take this as a memento of that warm appreciation which we have for you and for your citizens, and make your stay as pleasant as possible. RESPONSE. Governor Daniel H. Hastings. M": MAYOR, Ladies and Gentlemen:— "We, as representatives of Pennsylvania, come into the presence of this splendid representa- tive gathering with uncovered heads and warm hearts to return sincere thanks for your kindly welcome. We are here on a mission of love. We have been looking forward to this event for many months. We were compelled to wait till the government provided a, national park. We waited till the State of Pennsylvania provided transportation to the scenes of your conquest. More than that, Pennsylvania, claiming you as children, arranged to put monuments upon the field to be an everlasting memorial of your valor and the valor of your comrades who fell in battle. We wanted to visit the Centennial but were warned that we might be endangered by yellow fever; we had to husk our corn, make our apple butter, thresh our buckwheat, get our winter wood, and clothe our chil- dren for school. We could not come sooner. Words fail me to tell how glad we 'are to be with you. We are perhaps better acquainted with each other than with the younger generation. When these old soldiers of Pennsylvania return they may tell of visiting the national cemetery and finding the graves of brave men who fell on the battlefields. Mayhap when they return they may have to tell some widow and orphans the old, old story. No one can tell who ministered to youi: loved one in his last hours; no one can tell 26 PENNSYLVANIA AT who tenderly laid him to rest. Loving hearts will wonder who will deck his grave with flowers and bedew it with tears. We cannot find all the graves, but instead we can find representatives ot the splendid patriotic people of Tennessee who will send their love to the widows and orphans of Pennsylvania as we bring words of love to the widows and orphans of those who were our foes. I love to hear your mayor say what he did about this splendid city. I believe, strange as it may seem, that he told the truth, although he may be a politician, which I believe he is not. I overheard a confederate say to a federal to-day, "Tou won the law- suit." "Yes," was the reply, "but you got the mule!" Whatever may have divided the north and south, the east and west, we are to-day the greatest people on earth; under this beautiful emblem, representing one united country, we have better soil, more waterways, better mineral deposits, better educational institutions, better clothes, that fit us better, better food, that is cooked better, better wives and more politicians to the acre than any country on earth. Our visit here on this occasion will mark an epoch in our history; the State that furnished the woman who made this beautiful emblem of liberty and equality— the State where the Declaration of Independence was written, >vhere the Constitution was wrought— the great State of Pennsylvania would take you up as a younger sister and say to you as Ruth to Naomi: "Where thou goest, I will go; thy flag shall be my flag; thy God my God." We are here to pay tearful tribute as you have often paid tribute to your beloved dead— your patriotic dead. For I am free to say it would not have been possible to have gotten an appropriation for these monuments had we not been met by foemen worthy of our steel. At Appomattox the world was introduced to a new soldiery — the Ameri- can soldier — the grandest soldiery in the w-orld. All over this Union peace reigns. Let us foster peace. Not in the sense of blind security, but an intelligent peace. We are your older brothers. We congratulate you that you have reached a century of prosperous existence. We invite you native Penn- sylvanians, if you need help to come to the old Keystone State. In conclusion let me leave this sentiment with you: Only by that American patriotic thought, that proud devotion that should be given to that noble emblem— only as we bow in submission to that emblem, shall this western republic, so prosperous, so homogeneous, be assured that it shall never perish from this western world. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 27 RESPONSE. Bsig.-Genl. Thos. J. Stewakt, Adjutant Genbbai. of Pennsylvania. M" ■R. MAYOR, Ladles and Gentlemen: — I have been very deeply in- terested by the speeches made by those who have already ad- dressed this assemblage. I am glad to know that the best people in Tennessee and about Chattanooga are the good people who came from Pennsylvania some years ago. Pennsylvania has contributed so many good people to the various states of the Union that it is somewhat strange that we have such a goOdly number of good people still left in the old Keystone State, but I presume so long as states are admitted to the Union and so long as good people are wanted to build up commonwealths, Pennsylvania will be called upon to contribute her portion. Pennsylvania comes joyously and gladly to the State of Tennessee to place upon her hills and in her fields testimonials in granite and bronze to the heroism of Pennsylvania's sons, who, not only on the soil of Ten- nessee but on the soil of other states, stood for the unity of the Republic, the honor of the (Nation, and the glories and the promises of the Flag. Mountain and valley, hill and field round about tell the story of American valor in which Pennsylvania had a distinguished part. The days- in which they wrote the heroic chapters of the nation's history seem afar off and yet quite near. A new generation has come upon the scene of action since these fields trembled as it were beneath the tread of hosts of armed men, and the air was filled with the sulphurous smoke of battle. The boy born after the conflict that raged in and about Chattanooga has for many years enjoyed the 'privilege of American citizenship, and stood side by side with the soldier of the Republic at the ballot-box, and yet here to-day assemble the men of Pennsylvania who carried Pennsylvania's fiag in the Army of the Union in the 60's — men who fought at Orchard Knob and on Lookout's height, and who helped to carry the old flag above the clouds. This is a pilgrimage of peace. On the fields where in days gone by the sons of Pennsylvania met enemies, they will to-morrow meet friends. Not a, hostile shot will be fired on the hills or across the fields. The in- scriptions upon the monuments that pay tribute to the valor of the Ameri- can soldier will be read by "Yank" and "Johnny" alike, and no man who wore the grey or the son who may be at his side need blush to stand within the shadow of those monuments. The story they tell, the valor they commemorate, the tribute they pay to the memory of the men whose doing, daring and dying on these and other fields kept the land united. 28 PENNSTIiVANIA AT will teach patriotism and honor not only to this generation hut to all the generations that shall follow in the progress of the centuries. As citizens of Pennsylvania we appreciate the warmth of welcome given by the people of Tennessee, but amid the exceeding great pleasure of this occasion there is a. tinge of sadness in the fact that all who wished to come to this place on this occasion are not here. Many are detained by the infirmities of age, others by the varied misfortunes of life, but I am sutjs that to-day, in Pennsylvania, every man who. In the days of war, trod these fields will, in imagination, follow this goodly assemblage of Pennsylvanians and the people of Tennessee to-morrow to the various places designated for ceremonies in the unveiling and dedication of monumental tributes erected by the State of Pennsylvania to the patriot- ism and devotion of her sons. Let us hope that the land now united may be brought together in closer union by such patriotic gatherings and ceremonies as w^e indulge in this night and will indulge in to-morrow. Let tis hope that the bond between the States of Pennsylvania and Tennessee, already strong, may be strengrthened, and that the tributes paid to the valor of the American sol- dier, whether he wore the blue or whether he wore the grey, shall make the children of the future as brave as their fathers were in the past; and let us also hope that the mistakes of men, that on these and on other fields in armed conflict were corrected to their national betterment and in- dividual enrichment, may serve to keep the children of the years yet to be free from national error and make them in their day and time defenders of the flag and of the unity of the Republic ADDRESS— WELCOMING THE VISITORS ON BEHAI^F OF THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. Colonel Halbert B. Case, Commaxdbk of the Departuext of Texs«essee G. A. R. COMRADES from Pennsylvania, and Ladles and Gentlemen: — ^It is with profound pleasure that I am permitted, in the presence of this vast audience to extend to each and all of you the hand of welcome. As commander of this department of the Grand Army of the Republic, I extend to you. Governor Hastings, and to you, Commander-in-Chief, and to all your comrades and friends from Pennsylvania, a most cordial wel- come. Once before some of you came to our city and state. We were then known to the world as a hospitable people, and you found that we were indeed so. True, you were surprised at the intensity of our greeting in those days, from 1861 to 1865, and at the kind of welcome you then re- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 29 ceived, but you are compelled to admit that it was sincere. How changed is the form of our greeting and the manner of our reception now. Then we welcomed you with glistening bayonets, rattling bullets and roaring cannon, to fields of blood; now we bid you "turn in, and tarry till night, and wash your feet" and "we press you gSntly that you enter in," and to-night every home in Chattanooga is your hbme, to abide and to arise and go hence at your pleasure. We each say to you: "Tou must come home with me and iJe my guest; You will give joy to me, and I will do all that is in my power to honor you." As commander of this department I extend to you the friendly grasp of 38,000 citizens of Tennessee and their children and friends who rallied to the support of the same cause to which the great body of splendid men from Pennsylvania rallied in those dark days when the existence of this great Republic seemed to hang in the balance and when an omnipotent God alone could divine what was to be its destiny. These men of Tenn- essee marched with you to maintain the integrity of the Union and to keep unsullied the flag of the Republic, "that this nation, under God, might have a new birth of freedom, — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." There are no more loyal hearts in the world than are to be found in Tennessee. These lofty mountains and fertile valleys are to-day per- meated with a spirit of loyalty. Those dread years of fearful conflict,' when the children of a common parentage paused over the chasm they . had created between the two branches of the same people to determine what of the future, seem to the casual observer to cast a shadow over our erring brothers, and to mar their reputation for loyalty to the spirit of liberty and equal rights; but closer observation reveals" that it was not a want of loyalty, but a want of judgment as to its application that led our southern brethern to their determined effort to change the destiny of the Republic. But to-day that error is atoned for in a more intense loyalty than has ever been known before, and if the time shall ever come when our tri- colored banner shall need defense, or the Republic call for brave, true men to repel from our shores the invading hosts of a foreign nation, or it shall become necessary to rally on the tented field to preserve civil and religious liberty, the brave men of Tennessee, both the blue and the gray, will be found vying with the grand men of Pennsylvania in deeds of valor and courage. You, Oommander-in-Chief, have no more loyal com- rades to obey your commands than you have in this department of Tenn- essee, and when the time comes to join hands in the common cause of the Republic, it will be demonstrated that past differences are forgotten and that we are one united people. "We, in Tennessee, without regard to the past, yield to none in loyalty and in the love of civil and religious liberty. "We lo\e our land because it ]s our own. And scorn to give aught other reason why. Would shake hands with a king upon his throne, And. think it kindness to his majesty." 30 PENNSYLVANIA AT In those days in which the endurance, courage and valor of the sons of the Republic were put upon trial as never were like qualities of a com- mon ancestry tried before, this integral part of the Republic known as Tennessee was a great central battle ground of the contending forces. Two hundred and ninety-eight engagements of the great war were fought on Tennessee soil. The citizens of every state in the union lie in their last resting place within the boundaries of the State of Tennessee. Seven national ceme- teries are located within our borders, in which lie upward of fifty-eight thousand brave men who came from every quarter of the nation to defend a, common flag that civil and religious liberty might be handed down the cycles of time and preserved for a thousand generations yet unborn, but who went not back again. Dwelling in such a. land, inspired by the great men who were here be- fore us, cherishing the sacred soil in t\ hich sleep so many of your com- rades and of ours, we say to you in the beautiful words of Thomas Davis : "Come in the evening, or come in the morning; Come when you're looked for, or come without warning. Blessings and welcome you'll find here before you; And the oftener you come here the more we'll adore you." Again I say to you: Welcome. RESPONSE. Gen. J. P. S. GoBiri, Comuander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic. M' "R. MAYOR, Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I am very grateful to you for your kind words of welcome. So far as old soldiers are concerned they are welcome to each other wherever they meet. In this State of Tennessee, where repose fifty-eight thousand soldiers, it will always be a pleasure to visit. I am glad to be in the best state, and the best city, outside of Pennsylvania. I am glad to be with you and re- ceive your cordial greetings. As part of this great nation, state lines are obliterated. It is Tennessee always; but as a. part of the great American nation, state lines are of no consequence. I am pleased to note the cordial, earnest, sincere spirit of comradeship that is growing up between soldiers. I admire a fighter, whether in civil or military life. It takes fighters to govern a great nation like ours. After we meet here in friendly greeting let us not go home discussing whether it is better to live in Tennessee or Pennsylvania, the north or the south, but as Americans, representing the best qualities of American manhood and womanhood, let us be Joined in true citizenship and loy- alty forever. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 31 ADDRIJSS IN BEHAI,F UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS. Capt. J. F. Shipp, Commander of N. B. Forrest Camp Confederate Veterans. M' ' R. CHAIRMAN, Visiting Comrades, Ladies and Gentlemen: — Through the kindness of the local committee having in charge this reception in honor of our distinguished visitors from Pennsylvania, Colonel Garnett Andrews was to have delivered the address of welcome on the part of N. B. Forrest Camp. I have been absent from the city for some time and did not know until late this afternoon that on account of the sickness of Colonel Andrews I had been selected to take his place on this most delightful occasion. By reason of the short notice, lack of preparation and the lateness of the hour my remarks will be brief, but I assure you most cordial and hearty. AVere I prepared to make a speech I should find myself embarrassed in attempting to do so after listening to the fraternal' and patriotic addresses of Governor Hastings, General Stewart and General Gobin. Indeed it would be unjust to this Intelligent audience for me to mar the beautiful sentiments so eloquently expressed by those gentlemen. However it gives me great pleasure to speak a word of welcome as the Commander of N. B. Forrest Camp of Confederate Veterans and ex- tend to you a most cordial greeting and a most hearty welcome to this historic city made sacred by patriotic blood and famous by American valor. I reflect the sentiments of my comrades when I say we commend your people and your noble Governor for their generous commenioration of their fallen heroes and their greatful appreciation of their surviving veterans. It is_the highest evidence of a patriotic citizenship. In conclusion I wish to state N. B. Forrest Camp is keeping open house in honor of our visiting comrades and friends. You are all cordially in- vited to call at our rooms No. 9 East Eighth street, any time from 9.30 in the morning to 10.30 at night. You will find a committee from the camp in attendance to meet and welcome you. PENNSYLVANIA AT REMARKS. Col. I(. T. Dickinson, Adj. of N. B. Forrest Camp, Confederate Veterans. COMRADES of Pennsylvania: — I wish to add a word to the welcome extended to you by my comrade of N. B. Forrest Camp. We are pleased to have you with us, and we will endeavor while you are here to make your visit pleasant, and if we succeed it will afford us much pleasure. When you came to visit us thirty odd years ago we met you, and don't you forget it, we never failed to meet you, and we have no complaint to make of you on that score either, and we gave you the best we had in the shop. To-day we meet you and again give you the best we have, but it is of a different variety. Then you were all blue, we were all gray and a dead line marked the division. Now, thank God, we are all both blue and gray and the dead line is wiped out forever. For ne who wore the gray now wear the blue; we have taken the blue back into our colors; we are blue as far as the hand of man can make us; but look over the uncovered heads of the Grand Army of the Republic, the uncovered heads of the United Confed- erate Veterans, and you will see that the withering finger of time has touched us and we are all gray, a different gray from that we wore from 1861 to 1865, — a gray woven by a Divine hand. Therefore, we are all blue by the hand of man, but we are all gray by the hand of God. Thus united by all that's human and Divine no man, no set of men, no nation can put us asunder. RESPONSE. Captain George W. Skinner, Secretary Pennsylvania Chickamatjga- Chattanooga Battlefields Commission. M" ■R. CHAIRMAN, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades of the Blue and Gray:— I esteem it no light privilege to have been designated to reply to the eloquent addresses of welcome, to which we have just listened, coming from the lips of the two distinguished representatives of the N. B. Forrest Camp of Confederate Veterans of this city. We, of Pennsylvania, who have come here this week to formally dedicate the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 3S monuments which our Commonwealth has erected on these fields to the memory of those of her sons who fought here, and many of whom died here more than a third of a century ago, cannot fail to appreciate to the fullest extent the warmth and cordiality of the greeting extended to us by the men and women of this beautiful city, not only as testified by this mn.gniflcent audience of thousands, representing the best citizenship of the great State of Tennessee, but as manifested in the many other courtesies extended to us on your streets, in your public places and in your homes, since our coming into your midst. Especially do we appreciate the cordial greeting of these Confederate veterans, these men with whom we once contended in earnest and deadly battle on so many fields. They have buried the bitter memories of that great fratricidal strife and have com,e here to-night to extend to us a soldier's welcome. Those of us who stood face to face with them in the heat and flame of the great battles fought here in the fall of 1863, as well as in all the other great struggles of that greatest of all civil wars, know something of the meaning of the words "Confederate Veterans," for these words tell us of an army of men who fought as bravely and desperately as any army the world ever saw. Taking into consideration all the dis- advantages under which that great struggle was maintained on the part of our southern brethren, it has often been a matter of wonder and even amazement with me that they shouldxhave been able to protract the struggle as long as they did. With an army less brave and determined the war would have ended with the reverberation of the sounds of the last guri fired in the decisive battle of Gettysburg. But these Confederate soldiers seem to have been cast in a different mould from most other sol- diers, because they fought on with desperate courage long after it must have been known to every man in the ranks that success was utterly hopeless. To be welcomed and greeted, therefore, on an occasion like this, by so many of the surviving representatives of an army of men so dis- tinguished for their valor is as great an honor as my comrades of the Union army can hope to have accorded them anywhere, and I feel sure I utter the sentiments of every one of the more than two thousand Penn- sylvania veterans in this city to-night when I say to you. Captain Shipp and Colonel Dickinson, and to your comrades of the Confederate Veterans' Association, that we feel that there are no words in the English language strong enough to express our entire appreciation of this honor. Mr. Chairman: I confess to have had some doubts about my own identity since I came into this hail this evening. This immense audience of handsomely dressed ladies and gentlemen, these beautiful decorations, the inspiringmusic, andabove all else this mingling of the north and the south, "the blue and the gray," has somehow seemed to me to be a thing unreal and fanciful. It is all so different from what it was when, as a mere boy, I tramped into your city for the first time on the night of September 20, 1863, coming- with many of my comrades here, weary and footsore, and disheartened from the scene of cur disasters on the field of Chickamauga. Everything is so different to-night from what it was on that memorable 34 PENNSYLVANIA AT night that one might easily be excused for not wanting to credit the evi- dence of his own senses. Your city has changed wonderfully, so much so in fact that few of the old land-marks in the shape of buildings remain, and your people have changed just as wonderfully. Tou meet us now with friendship and smiles, instead of hatred and frowns, with plenty to eat and drink, instead of trying to starve us out as you attempted to do on our first visit, when you were not willing even that we should maintain "a cracker line" over yonder mountains. And what does it all mean? Why, it means that the war between the south and the north is over, that the issues that led up to that war are all dead and buried out of sight for- ever, and that we are now a great and strong nation, thoroughly united and welded together in every part, and ready in the near future, I trust and believe, to take the place designed for us by Almighty Power as the fore- most and grandest nation in all the world. In closing my remarks on this occasion, may I not express the hope and belief that if any portion of our people should again be called upon to take up arms that it will be in a war in which the sons of the Confederate veterans and the sons of the Union veterans can march shoulder to shoulder, and under the same flag. United as this country now is, north, south, east and west, we need fear no foreign foe. As Bismark once said of the great German Empire, I believe we can now safely say of our own beloved country, and that is that "We need now fear no power .but that of God." After again thanking you for all your courtesies, I desire, as secretary of the Pennsylvania Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commission, to extend to you all a cordial invitation to join with us in the various exercises to be held here during the next few days, not only within your city proper, but upon the field of Chickamauga, and at all other points in this vicinity where our Pennsylvania soldiery played a conspicuous part in all the great struggles fought out here, so near to your homes, so many years ago. CHATTANOOGA. PENNSYLVANIA DAY. NOVEMBER 15th, 1897. (35) 36 PENNSTLVANIA AT PENNSYLVANIA DAY. CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE, NOVEMBER 15th, 1897. FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY AND MONDAY MORNING. NOVEMBER 12, 13, 14 AND 16. Will be Devoted to Exercises by Regimental Associations in the vicinity of their respective monuments. CEREMONIES AT ORCHARD KNOB. Monday, November 15, 2 P. M, PRESIDING. Brevet Brigadier General William A. Robinson, Lieutenant Colonel, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. PRAYER. Rev. Thomas H. Robinson, D. D., of Pittsburgh, Pa. MUSIC. Medley of Patriotic Airs, By Fifth Regiment Infantry Band, U. S. A., from Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ga. TRANSFER OP MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOR. Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakeley, Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, President State Commission. MUSIC. Battle Cry of Freedom, By Fifth Regiment Infantry Band, U. S. A. ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYL- VANIA AND TRANSFER TO THE CARE OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Governor Daniel H. Hastings. MUSIC. Marching Through Georgia, By Fifth Regiment Infantry Band, U. S. A. ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Hon. John Tweedale, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, Chief Clerk, War Department. MUSIC. Patriotic Airs, By Fifth Regiment Infantry Band, U. S. A. ADDRESS. General Henry V. Boynton, President Chickamauga-Chat- tancoga National Military Park Commission. MUSIC. Auld Lang Syne, By Fifth Regiment Infantry Band, U. S. A. Remarks by Distinguished Survivors of the War. BENEDICTION. Rev. ,T. Thompson Gibson, D. D., formerly of Seventy-eighth Penn- sylvania Volunteers. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 37 INTRODUCTION. Bris.-Geni,. William A. Robinson, Lieut.-Col. 77th Penna. Volunteers. COMRADES: — We meet here to-day to perform a sacred duty. Four years ago our noble Commonwealth appropriated money and ap- pointed a commission to carry on the work of erecting monuments to the various organizations from the State that participated in the battles around Chattanooga. To-day at the call of the Governor, and with him, we meet that we may dedicate these monuments now erected to the mem- ory of those who thirty-four years ago fell in battle on these historic grounds. And not only to them, but-to you, the living, do we dedicate, to you who so many years ago stood with them shoulder to shoulder, offering your lives as freely as they in defense, of a flag which represents all that is dear to the American people. We build and dedicate to-day so that our children and our children's children in all the future may know what it cost in the nineteenth century to preserve and hand down to them unsullied so priceless a heritage. Men may come and men may go, generation will follow generation, while we, my comrades, with all who are with us to-day, shall be sleeping as our dead comrades sleep, but these granite rocks will stand through all future time to tell the story of your valor and sacrifices. Let us then, as we to-day consecrate these beautiful memorial stones, cherish the memory of those who fell in battle as well as those who have gone from us since. Let us keep our love for each other fresh and true and ever remember that the God given rights of freedom and a free home are ours and not forget the compensation that always follows thosi who, when their country called, came to its rescue. . And now, my comrades, in behalf of the Pennsylvania State Com- mission, I thank you for your presence here to-day and we rejoice with you that so many of us are living to take part in these exercises. The dedication ceremonies will now be opened -with prayer by Rev. T. H. Robinson, D D, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PRAYER- REV. T. H. Robinson, D. D., Pittsburgh, Pa. ALMIGHTY GOD, Thou art the King of kings, and the Governor over all the nations. We would evermore lift our hearts in prayer and *hanksgiving to Thee, lover of men and Father of all mercies. Especially do we bow before Thee this day in praise and thanks for this 38 PENNSYLVANIA AT great land that we are permitted to call our own. It is Thy gift. We hold it from Thy hands and under Thee. We rejoice in its length and breadth, in its valleys and mountains, its fitness for the abode of the many millions of Thy children now within its borders and of the countless millions that will here find a home in the coming generations. We rejoice in its plente- ousness, in its works of industry and art, its wide intercourse with the whole brotherhood of mankind, its growing richness and power. We praise Thee for its happy homes, its schools of learning, its just and wise laws and its banners of peace. We thank Thee that it is a land of polit- ical and religious liberty, a land of Sabbaths and Bibles, of gospel light and of holy worship to Thee, the living God. On this day and at this sacred spot our minds recall the sad and troubled days, when we cried to Thee amid the strangeness and perils of war, and sought the favor of the God of our Fathers. We remember before Thee, the great Disposer of all events, the strifes and alarms of the days when the very foundations of our country were shaken. Thanks be to Thy name that these days are past. Thanks be to Thy great goodness that Thou didst so 'order in Thy lofty purpose that this nation should not perish from the face of the earth. Thanks be to Thy name that men were willing to die that it should live. We praise Thee for the men who on this sacred ground, where we stand to-day, met the shock of battle, and here gave their best and their last, their lives, for their country. We remember them and honor them. We would have our children and the nation to its latest generations honor and remember them. Let the monuments that are lifted above their sleeping dust speak through the coming years of what they did and inspire all who look upon them with a like patriotic love and devotion. To their memory we gratefully dedicate this holy ground and pray that Thy lov- ing and providential power may preserve it from every ill. Look down, O Lo .d, in tender grace upoq the men who still survive and who were in the heart of the great conflict. Bless them and bless their homes with every needed good. Bless the whole country, O God. Thou dost shut none out of Thine in- finite heart. They are all Thy children. They are our brothers, and as we love Thee we would love them all. Fill our hearts with the charity of Him who died for us all. Thanks be to Thee, O God most high, for an undivided land and a united people. Thou hast given us peace; grant us also unity, stability and brotherly concord. Preserve us from all alienations. Let the nation never forget 6 God, how much it owes to Thee. So order and settle all things in Thy wise governance, that truth and .iustice, happiness and peace, may be established among us for all gen- erations. May the blessings of a pure trust in Thee reach every household, and the grace that bringeth salvation come into every heart and life, through Jesus Christ, our Lord and Saviour. Amen. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 39 TRANSFIJR OF THE MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEAETH OF PENNSYEVANIA. Lieut. -Col. Archibald Blakeley. M" "R. PRESIDENT :-There is but one Chattanooga, and we are in it to-day. We are on Orchard Knob, one of the many historic heights which surround the growing city now clustering around their feet. We are in the centre of a panorama in which nature exhibits her works in awe inspiring and majestic grandeur, bedeclted with scenes of ineffable beauty, peaceful as peace and noiseless as the footsteps of time! We are on sacred ground where Grant and Thomas trod with giant tread the mountain paths of the art of war and of military science. In the War of the Rebellion, from September 10 to November 27, 1863, over one hundred and fifty thousand armed men of the armies of the north and of the armies of the south engaged in a death struggle over these lofty mountains and rugged ridges, along these undulating valleys and plains, on the murky banks of the dark Chickamauga, and by the spark- ling waters of the beautiful Tennessee. This contest was made for the possession of Chattanooga, the geographical center of the Southern Con- federacy and the gateway to the central south. Battles were fought at Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Brown's Ferry, Orchard Knob, Missionary Ridge and Ringgold, all resulting in victories for the Union arms. The fields of these battles, except Ringgold and part of Chickamauga are within the range of our eyes from where we now stand. Governor Hastings, we are here to-day, because ;n that memorable con- test the sons of Pennsylvania were here; they were here in all arms and all grades of the land service; twelve regiments of infantry, three regi- ments of cavalry and two companies of artillery. The government of the United States purchased and acquired jurisdiction over the greater part of these battlefields and has marked upon them the battle lines and po- sitions of all troops of both armies and, as object lessons, they are now being visited and studied by historical and military students of our own and foreign countries. In the prosecution of this great work a Comriils- slon was organized and the grounds denominated "The Chickamauga and Chattan'ooga National Military Park," and invitations were extended to all the States, north and south, having troops in these battles, to erect upon their respective battle lines, monuments in commemoration of their ser- vices and for the perpetuation of the memory of them for all time. Gover- nor Pattison, your predecessor in office, responded to this call by appointing a Commission of one hundred of the survivors of the Pennsylvania troops engaged here, with instructions to visit these fields, ascertain, locate and 40 PENNSYL-\'ANIA AT mark their respective battle lines. This work was accomplished by that Commission three years ago last September-. On making its report the Legislature of our Commonwealth enacted a law authorizing the construc- tion of a monument upon the battle line of each Pennsylvania organiza- tion and appropriating money therefor. The Legislature also authorized and directed the appointment, by the Governor, of an executive committee of seven out of the one hundred commissioners, to direct and superintend the work authorized to be done. These bills receiving your approval, you appointed John H. R. Storey of our One hundred and ninth Infantry; Sylvester "W. McCluskey of our Forty-sixth Light Artillery; Thomas H. Rickert, of our Seventh Cavalry; Edwin lIcC. Boring of our Seventy- ninth Infantry; William A. Robinson and George "W. Skinner of our Sev- enty-seventh Infantry, and myself of our Seventy-eighth Infantry, to be known, as designated by the bill, "The Executive Committee oftheChick- amauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commission." "Within a week after our appointment, in July of 1895, your committee organized and from that time until the present day have diligently prosecuted the work entrusted to its hands. And although beset with many vexatious questions and de- lays it has been to us a labor of love, and the work being finished we are here to tender and turn over to you, as the Governor of the Common- wealth, the monuments censtructed under our superintendence. It is regrettable, however, to have to say that no monuments have been erected for the Seventy-third and One hundred and ninth Infantry. The principal battle line of the One hundred and ninth Infantry was at Ringgold outside of the present limits of the National Military Park. The Seventy-third Infantry fought a battle which brought renown upon itself and upon our arms at a position well out towards the north point of Missionary Ridge, being also outside of the present limits of the National Military Park. The representatives of the organizations of the survivors of these regi- ments refused to have their monuments erected, except upon their battle lines, and, inasmuch, if erected there, they would not be entitled to the protection of the Park Commissioners, they declined to have them erected under existing conditions. True, under the law we had the right to erect them, but from the begin- ning, knowing how near and dear this work was to the hearts of the sur- vivors of our Pennsylvania organizations, we determined to act in concert with those organizations and have done so throughout, therefore, yielding to the desires of the representatives of the Seventy-third and the One hundred and ninth, their monuments have not been erected. But we have, as you have seen, along the northern base of Orchard Knob, monuments to our Twenty-seventh, Forty-sixth and Seventy- fifth Infantry and to Battery E of our Forty-sixth Light Ar- tillery, commonly known as Knap's Battery. And, true, these monuments are not upon the technical and' actual battle lines where the organizations respectively fought, especially so with reference to Knap's Battery, which won fame and victory in the bloody midnight fight at Wauhatchie. But in a, larger, more comprehensive and better sense these monuments are CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 41 upon their battle lines and their battlefield, for the whole territory from Wauhatchie on the west, to Ringgold on the east, and from the Pigeon Mountains on the south to the north point of Missionary Ridge on the north, Is a battle line and a battlefield, on which men fought, men bled, and men died. And now, casting the eye to Lookout Mountain, we see upon the slope of the north point above the Craven House, the monuments to our Twen- ty-eighth and One hundred and Forty-seventh Infantry on their battle lines as they swept around that mountain point driving the enemy before them inch by inch from his well chosen line of defense. And away up in those dark, overhanging and frowning rocks constituting the "Lookout" of the monster mountain we have imbedded in them, bronze tablets as monuments to our Twenty-ninth and one One hundred and eleventh In- fantry, marking the positions attained by them, higher than those of any other troops, in that wonderful assault upon Lookout Mountain, known the world over as "The Battle Above the Clouds." Turning eastward across the Chattanooga valley and Missionary Ridge, to the field of Chickamauga at a point between Battlefields Station and the Bloody Pond, we have the monument to our Fifteenth Cavalry, on ground where it made a heroic but unsuccessful struggle under the eye and personal direction of General Rosecrans to rally the broken right wing of our army on Sunday morning of the Chickamauga fight. This regiment was known as the "Anderson Cavalry," named in honor of . General Robert Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter, and the first general commander of Union troops in Kentucky. Passing the Bloody Pond, the site of the Widow Glenn House and the Wilder column, we have on the Crawfish Springs road the monument to our Ninth Cavalry on ground where that regiment, as on many other hard contested fields, rendered notable and efficient service. This regiment was known as the "Lochiel Cavalry," so named in honor of our renowned Pennsylvania senator and statesman, the Honorable Simon Cameron. And now, eastwai'dly to the Chickamauga, at Reed's Bridge, we have the monument to our Seventh Cavalry at a point where it made de- termined resistance to the crossing of the Chickamauga by the troops of the enemy, giving our commanders several hours of much needed time to form for the impending battle. This regiment was familiarly known as the "Sabre Regiment," so named and known on account of its fighting with the sabre instead of the carbine. The position of this regiment as Its monument shows, was farther east than that of any other organization in the Chickamauga battle. Coming westward into the grounds occupied by the infantry lines, we have the monument to our Seventy-seventh Infantry, also farther east and farther into the enemy's lines than any other infantry organization. The monument is on the ground of the celebrated Saturday night fight, in 'which this regiment, cut off from its line and surrounded by superior numbers, fought a "lone" battle, inflicting heavy loss on the enemy but losing in killed, wounded and captured almost its entire strength. A 42 PENNSYLVANIA AT bronze panel in the tace of the monument gives a vivid picture of this strange engagement. Then passing up to the bloody line on the Kelly farm, we have the monu- ment to our Seventy-ninth Infantry, on ground held by it in a hard fought battle from Sunday morning until Sunday evening. This regiment was mostly from Lancaster county, and its survivors and the citizens of that county supplemented the State appropriation and placed upon their monument a bronze group representing the death of their young color bearer as the colors fell from his hands and were caught by the color guard as the brave Lancaster boy went down in death. Passing from the Kelly to the Brotherton farm, we have the monument to Battery B of the Twenty-sixth Light Artillery, commonly known as "Muehler's Battery," on one of its many battle lines, in the Brotherton field, between the Brotherton house and the Brotherton woods. And passing on towards the Bloody Pond to the Brotherton woods, we have in the now quiet and peaceful shades of that forest the monument to our Seventy-eighth Infantry on a battle line taken and held by it under fire from three o'clock on Saturday until nine and a. half o'clock on Sun- day morning of the Chickamauga battle, when it was ordered to other positions on the field. Tablets and markers have also been set showing other positions held on these fields by the troops from our State. Thus, you see that the men of Pennsylvania covered this entire arena of battle. In justice to our Commonwealth, I should add, what is well known history, the assault on Lookout Mountain was led by one of Penn- sylvania's greatest warriors, John W. Geary. Also that the Seventy- eighth Pennsylvania was the first regiment to cross the Lookout Mountain into the Chickamauga valley and received and delivered the first shots Srcd in the three month's fight on the 10th of September, 1863, at Dug Gap in the Pigeon Mountains, and that the parting shots in the great con- flict .were delivered by the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania with other Pennsylvania troops under our brave Geary as they poured their volleys into the fleeing army of Braxton Bragg at Ringgold in the clos- ing days of November. Before concluding, our committee and our Commission tender our thanks to the regimental organizations for their efllcient and intelligent help and co-operation. We must also thank Captain P. F. Wlehl and the Honorable H. Clay Evans, natives of Pennsylvania, now residents of Chattanooga. Whenever we came here they dropped all other duties to facilitate our labors and make our visits pleasant and enjoyable. And the thanks of the committee, the Commission, the survivors of these battles, and of all the people of our Commonwealth are due to our intelli- gent, great-hearted and accomplished Adjutant General, Thomas J. Stew- art, for his masterly execution of the laws for the transportation of the Governor, his staff, the Legislative committee and these old soldiers to this dedication. And to you. Governor Hastings, we are deeply indebted for your courtesies, your counsel and. your help. On two occasions you turned aside from the important duties of your high ofiice, came with us and CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 43 travelled over these fields, giving us the benefit of your counsel and cheer- ing us on to the successful completion of our work. When the coming years have wrinkled your brow and whitened your head, and you draw your mantle around you, awaiting the last call from the great Trinity of your faith and your religion, there is a trinity of words which, sounded in your ears, will quicken your slow pulse and strengthen your weak heart beats— Johnstown^Chickamauga— Chattanooga. Our thanks are due and we tender them most cheerfully to Edward Everett Betts, the painstaking and skillful engineer of this National Mili- tary Park. From the time that General Henry V. Boynton, the Chairman of the National Commission, fought and bled on these fields, he has made them a study, and in addition to his other world-wide attainments, he knows more of the battle lines, the positions and manoeuvres of the troops engaged here than any other living man. When our Commission came here three years ago last September, he met us with that modesty which characterizes all that he does, and laid all his knowledge of these fields at our feet, and from that day to this, whether here or in Washing- ton, or in the retirement of his summer home on the sea coast, all ques- tions, all queries have been promptly answered, and we feel and know that without his help our work would have been a failure. Our thanks and the thanks of all our people are due and are hereby tendered to him. And to the secretary of the Commission, Major Frank G. Smith, we tender our thanks, for we' and his country have found him in peace and in war faithful in all things. We must also congratulate the commission on the recent acquisition to its force of the distinguished soldier, scholar and citizen. Colonel Henry M. Duffleld. To General A. P. Stewart and Mr. J. P, Smartt, representing the Con- federate side of this Park Commission, we are indebtedyfor courtesies and kindness which prove that with them the bloody chasm has not been bridged, closed or healed but annihilated. We had expected to come to this dedication with words of praise and thankful hearts to one whose ears to-day are deaf in death. Away out on his native Sclota hills, the rustling autumn leaves cover the green grave of General James S. Fullerton. From the organization of the Commis- sion of this National Military Park, until his tragic death this summer amongst the fatal cliffs and waters of the Youghiogheny, he was its chairman. General Fullerton was cast in a great mould, with a, great mind in a large head, and a great heart in a large body. In all the re- lations of life, military, civil, social, as citizen, son, father, husband and brother, his work in life was conspicuous and merited, as it received, the praise of all. He was the incarnation of enthusiasm. He was always with us when we came upon these fields, and in describing them and help- ing us mark our lines his enthusiasm was irresistible. He never seemed to know or to consider an obstacle; success was ever before his eyes, and forgetting all else he reached out for success and victory. In battle his enthusiasm and determination especially marked him as he hurried the 44 PENNSYLVANIA AT legions of Gordon Granger to the salvation of Thomas' right, when struck by Longstreet's corps on Sunday afternoon of the Chickamauga tattle. When this miraculous battle of Missionary Ridge was fought, that ridge now before us was covered by the Confederate army from base to sum- mit, and from near Rossville Gap to Tunnel Hill, a. distance of about four miles. General Sherman's troops lay across the ridge on Bragg's right flank, where he fought hard to turn it but failed. >General Hooker had crossed from Lookout and enveloped Bragg's left flank at Rossville Gap, but failed to turn it. We were, in the closing hours of the day, without results. General Grant, standing on this Knob, ordered General Thomas, who stood beside him, to make a demonstration on Bragg's front, and take his rifle pits and works at the base of the ridge. The troops of General Thomas lay upon these plains fronting the army of Bragg on the Ridge. General Thomas ordered forward near one hundred regiments, a charg- ing line of nearly three miles front. With slow and measured step at first, but quickening under the thunder tones of the artillery of both armies, they broke into a quick, then a double quick, then a run— the works at the base were taken, and then on and up with the energy of infuriated manhood' It is said of General Fullerton, then on staff duty, that seeing a halt would be a defeat, and seizing the supreme moment of a supreme oppor- tunity, he flew swift as a weaver's shuttle, from regiment to regiment, from brigade to brigade, from division to division, shouting the hitherto ungiven and unauthorized command, "TaJce the Ridge! Take the Ridge! Take the Ridge, boys! Take the Ridge!" The boys took the ridge, and decided, we hope, for all time, the posses- sion of Chattanooga. Brave soldier, dear comrade and friend, farewell and farewell; wherever thy immortal/ spirit rests in the great universe of God, may His light and His love shine upon it. And may we not be allowed tO' hope and believe that his large, loving, soulful eyes, look down upon us now from the battle- ments of his home in the world of eternity, and that he knows what we do and what we say. Pardon me, Mr. President, comrades and friends: when the memories of those days, now long past, come to us, we seem lifted from earthly sur- roundings into a new environment and we know not when to stop. Would that 1 had angelic tongue or inspired pen to tell you what my eyes have seen and my ears have heard on these fields; but the tongue of man can- not utter them, and the pen of man cannot write them. And now, your Excellency, Daniel H. Hastings, Governor of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, on behalf of the Pennsylvania Chickamauga- Ohattanooga Battlefields Executive Committee and Commission, we tender you these monuments, erected to the Twenty-seventh, Twenty- eighth, Twenty-ninth, Forty-sixth, Seventy-fifth, Seventy-seventh, Sev- enty-eighth, Seventy-ninth, One hundred and eleventh and One hundred and forty-seventh regiments of Pennsylvania Infantry, the Seventh, CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 45 Ninth and Fifteenth Regiments of Pennsylvania Cavalry, to Battery B of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Light Artillery and Battery B of the Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Laght Artillery, with the hope and the prayer that they may stand here through all coming generations, unhurt by the hand of man, and unmarred by winter's cold or summer's heat. ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OE THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. Governor Daniel H. Hastings. FELLOW CITIZENS, Ladies and Gentlemen, Comrades:— The surviv- ing veteran soldiers of Pennsylvania who participated in the battles in and about Chattanooga thirty-four years ago have assembled here to-day to dedicate with appropriate ceremony the monuments erected by the authority of our Commonwealth in honor of the service here rend- ered to their country. With warm hearts and uncovered heads we salute the great State of Tennessee. The cordiality of our greeting, your unbounded hospitality and your knightly welcome have touched those chords of sympathy and fraternity which, better than words, are told in the trembling lips arid tearful eyes of those who are here from the north. Wherever in this great assemblage a gray uniform is seen we instinctively feel and know that the gray coat is buttoned across a breast that feels a soldierly sym- pathy; that the hand extended is the hand of welcome; that the words you utter are the words of sincerity and 'hospitality; that your sym- pathies are our sympathies; that our monuments are your monuments; and the flag that waves before us is the emblem of our common heritage and the shrine of our common devotion. Standing here on Orchard Knob, where once stood a, host of illustrious men, among them Grant, Thomas, Sherman, Sheridan and Granger, we turn to Lookout Mountain, standing as a silent sentinel of the heroic past, and we almost see the enduring bronze bolted to the rocks to tell the com- ing generations where brave soldiers scaled the heights, and among them Geary and his men of Pennsylvania. Yonder, through the mists and the scattering foliage of autumn, we catch a glimpse of monuments that mark the field of Chlckamauga; and there before us are the lowlands across which marched the armies that fought their way to the summit of Missionary Ridge. These are the fields once contested by Bragg, Longstreet, Polk, Brecken- ridge. Hood and Buckner, commanders and armies both of whose gal- lantry and courage evinced the characteristics that make the American soldier the peer of any since time began. 46 PENNSYLVANIA AT "WTiat a peaceful scene is now spread out befors us'- Time has healed all evidence ol" conflict. The seams and scars that the war once made have been effaced. Field and forest, farm and garden, ploughman and furrow, ripened fruit and autumn's mellowing colors of crimson and gold, and sunshine and shadow now decorate the valleys and mountains in nature's full uniform. To those of us who came to manhood in a later generation it is difficult to realize the emotions that stir the minds and hearts of those who come to visit these fields after an absence of thirty-four years. How different it must be to all of you. Tou stood upon these fields thirty-four years ago, and for y&u life was but a jest and death was king; j-our lives were placed in the hazard of conflict. Tou doubtless questioned, as you fought through these fields, whether you would ever again see the homes and loved ones whom you had left behind; you saw your comrades fall by your side and you heard the voice of your commander and pressed forward; you saw the battle's end; you endured the hardships of the camp and march and field until peace on her golden wings hovered over every battlefield. Since then you have waged the battles of life as best you could. But there is a tinge of sadness to this occasion, and in our hearts, for those upon whom infirmity has laid a heavj" hand, and for those who fought the battles of the nation more successfully than they have fought the battle for bread. In the deep regret we feel for their absence we know every one of them is with us in spirit. To-day the State that claims the honor of sending you to the field invites you to survey again the scenes of your devotion and %alor. You have followed again the battle line; you have dropped many tears of sympathy for the fallen comrades; you have fought the battles o%er again; you have met in loving and patriotic com- munion the brave men against whom you struggled, and tou have united to-day with them to drop leaves of healing upon the past and upon the future. You have seen the evolutions of a third of a century; and you doubtless wonder %vhy, in the providence of God, it became necessary long ago that veteran should struggle against veteran, battery against battery, or witness the charge of the war horse "whose neck is clothed in thunder," to perpetuate and strengthen a nation. How useless and reckless and unnecessary it all must now appear to you ! But out of the recollection of the thunder of battle, how grateful it must be to-day to the brave men who struggled on both sides to realize that out of it all has come a nobler and grander nation than before had ever been contemplated. Time is a healer as well as a destroyer. Time has cooled the ardor; has tempered the judgment; has healed the wounds and has mellowed— aye, obliterated all sectional animosities. Time was the hospital, the nurse, the christian commission, the holy evangel that sat by the bedside of war and restored to strength and beauty incomparable a nation almost di- vided. Time's cruel sentence is not yet executed, nor will it be for you until these hemic fields shall no longer be the witness of reunions such as these. But those who come after you will surely keep alive the story of your valor and devotion; and with them CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 47 "No more shall the war cry sever, Nor the winding river be red; They banish all anger forever, "When they laurel the graves of your dead. Under the sod and the dew. Waiting the judgment day — Love and tears for the blue. Tears and love for the gray." To-day as you visit the graves of your fallen comrades, you may say to your companions, "Here lies one who fought with me on other fields or climbed with me the heights of Lookout Mountain; who stood by my side on Chickamauga's field; or fell while scaling yonder Missionary Ridge." But the years will roll on and the boys and the girls now awaiting your return home, and other soldiers' orphans, may some day walk on these and other fields of conquest. One will say, "My father fell at Gettys- burg;" another, "My father fought with Grant at Shiloh;" another, "My father fell in the Wilderness;" another, "My -father rode with Sheridan;" and another, "My father went down in the Cum- berland." And for them the Society of the Cincinnati, the Order of the Loyal Legion and the Grand Army of the Republic will disclose a grander significance than ever before. Your pilgrimage here of love will solace many a widow's and a mother's heart. With them your devotion will be some recompense for those who would fondly kneel by the grass-grown mounds and bedeW with tears of !ove the resting places of the uncoffined and unshrouded dead. But when you and they are gone there will be others still to strew the flowers and cherish their memory. As the two Marys found their way to the sepul- chre of the Redeemer of mankind, so will the children of the future find their way to the graves of the men whose sacrifices redeemed a nation from bondage. Let us before these monuments, as before a shrine, mingle our tears and droop our flags and listen to the solemn dirge in memory of the patriotic dead, both north and south; let us again resolve that. the men who fell on these fields'shal) not have died in vain. Let us, as we contemplate the flag of our reunited country floating in peace above these fields, again re- solve that this land shall know no other banner than the stars and stripes, and that it shall forever float in triumph and in glory; that wherever it may lead we will follow, and may we maintain the pledge, as Ruth to Naomi, whither thou goest we will go, and where thou lodgest we will lodge; thy people shall be our people, and thy God our God. And now, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Battlefields Commission, for and on behalf of the State by which you were authorized to perform the work of erecting these memorials to perpetuate the memory of the Pennsylvania organizations who participated in the battles in and about Chattanooga, I accept the monuments, and I return to you all thanks for your labor of love so well and so ably performed. And to you, sir (turning to Mr. Tweedale), as the representative of the National Government, I commit their care and keeping. The state that was the keystone of the federal arch; that holds within her bosom the cradle of American liberty; whose fealty to the Constitution framed in our own Philadelphia has never 4S PENNSYLVANIA AT wavered; whose hills and valleys have re-echoed to the shock of war at Gettysburg, and whose sod gave sepulchre to heroic dead; whose sons have always rallied to the call of patriotism; and who have ever clung with loving tenderness to the flag of the fathers— that State now calls upon the nation, for whose perpetuity these men marched and fought and bled and died, to preserve these monuments as enduring witnesses of their courage and devotion; see to it that they are preserved to the latest generation; that no vandal hand shall mar their beauty; that they shall be perpetual reminders of American valor; and that those who live In Ihe years to come may know and understand that the victories won and the battles lost were accomplished by heroes who faced the north as well as the south in an unparalled struggle from out whose sacrifices and be- reavements there came the great advance in the world's civilization, and untold benefits to the human race. ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL GOVERN- MENT. G By B^n. John Tweedale, Co. I, 15th Pa. Vol. Cav. OVBRNOR HASTINGS, The Commissioners of Pennsylvania and ^ Comrades: — The Secretary of War takes the greatest interest in '-— ' everything pertaining to the late war, and he regrets exceedingly that he cannot be here to-day. Public duty demands his presence else- where. He has selected me to represent him on this occasion, not because I am near him in an officiq,l capacity, but because I was a private soldier in a Pennsylvania Regiment which participated in these battles. Not for anything I did, nor for anything meritorious in my record, but that I might stand here to-day as the representative of the men in the ranks, the men who toiled and suffered and died in obscurity, the men who made success possible. In order then that they may have recognition in these ofllcial cere- monies, the Chief Executive of the Nation, and the Secretary of War, both gallant soldiers, have selected one who was an enlisted man to perform th.pii honorable service. It therefore becomes my duty to accept for and in behalf of the Nation the monuments erected by the State of Pennsylvania to commemorate the deeds of her heroic sons upon these battlefields, and which you, sir, as the Chief Executive of the State, have just tendered to the United States of America. And in further performance of my duty, and in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary of War, I now transfer them to the custody of the Coron:issioners of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National a o o CHICKAMADGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 49 Military Park, compiised of comrades who bear the scars of the conflict, Ivnowing full well that they will be cared for as a priceless heritage— a heritage of heroic deeds performed that a "government of the people, by the people, and for the people might not perish from the earth." The crest of the wave of the conflict passed beyond the borders of the State of Pennsylvania; it broke and fell at Gettysburg; it left a record of heroism unequalled in the annals of war. Tennyson has immortalized the charge of the Light Brigade; history thrills us with the stories of Waterloo and Austerlitz, of Marengo, Grave- lotte and Sedan; — vivid pictures of gallantry in battle. The Light Brigade lost 36.7 pe; cent, at Balaklava, and the Third Westphalian lost 49.4 per cent, at Mars-la-Tour, the highest record of casualties reported in au- thentic history until our late war. At Gettysburg the One hundred and Forty-first Pennsylvania lost 75.7 per cent., the First Minnesota lost 82.0 per cent., and on the Confederate side the Twenty-sixth Nqrth Carolina lost 7L7 per cent., not including the missing in action. In Fox's book: "Regimental Losses of the Civil War," it is stated that in the battle of the first day Captain Tuttle's company of this regiment went into action with three officers and eighty-four men, all of the officers and eighty- three of the men were killed or wounded. In the presence of almost cer- tain death American soldiers stood and fought without flinching. "When can their glory fade, Oh, the wild charge they made- All the world wondered!" And what of Chickamauga? In 1890, the Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Representa- tives, composed of gallant soldiers who had seen service In the Union and Confederate armies, reported to the House a bill to establish a Na- tional Military Park at the battlefield of Chickamauga. In that report, after full and careful consideration the committee said: "The figures show Chickamauga to rank, tor the numbers engaged and the time ot their fighting, among the most noted battles of the modern world. The average losses on each side tor the troops which (ought through the two days were fully thirty-three per cent, while for many portions of each line the losses reached fifty per cent, and for some even seventy-five per cent. There is probably no other field in the world which presents more formidable natural obstacles to great military operations than the slopes ot lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, while there is no field that surpasses Chicka- mauga in the deadliness and persistence of the fighting." This is a calm statement of an historic fact back of which are the smoke and roar of conflict, the shrieks of the wounded, the groans of the dying, the agony in far-off homes, wives widowed, children fatherless, fathers and mothers bereft of sons in the twinkling of an eye, and myriads maimed for life— the fruit and flower of the Nation, its young manhood handicapped in the race for existence, but with the precious memory of duty well done at the cannon's mouth, and at the flaming throats of the guns. It does not come to each generation to be privileged to offer life that a nation may live. In our time the opportunity came and it was accepted. 50 PENNSYLVANIA AT Does any one doubt that history will repeat itself if the opportunity is again presented? The young men of the Nation are as patriotic, as eager as the men of '61, their hearts beat as true, and they enthuse as readily. Men grow languid in peaceful persuits, but the lethargy disappears as the mist before the rising sun when the Nation calls for help. The lessons of the war have been thoroughly taught in all our broad land. Memorial battlefields are an object-lesson and the monuments tell the story. Built of bronze and enduring granite they speak to the ages, to the millions of the future they convey a message of conflict, of sacri- fice, of heroism and of patriotism. When individual deeds shall have been forgotten these monuments will bear witness to humanity of the sacri- fice of self for the benefit of the State. But to the youth of the present generation thry speak of the heroism of their fathers. Let but the im- pression be vivid enough and the future is secure; and can anything be more impressive or more vivid than that which is taught by these monu- mental battlefields? The sacrifices which purified and strengthened the Republic in the days of 1861-65, are here perpetuated, and these silent memorials ai>peal to this generation with irresistible power. The story may be told differently— it is told differently, but the great facts remain, the confiict was waged, men of heroic mould went forth to meet death face to face in the enthusiasm of their young manhood, the union of states survived, and the flag of our country, respected and beloved throughout the land, waves over a brave, happy and reunited people. Decoration days come and go, the graves of our heroes are kept green, the flag floats over the school house, children absorb patriotism at the sight of each gray haired veteran with his army button, and come weal or woe the Nation's honor is secure. Sentiment endures in human hearts, it moves the world. Love of country animates the hearts of the people, the sun of our prosperity not yet at meridian lights the way to a future glorious with promise. Let us then who have borne the burden and heat of the day not lay down our arms fearful of the morrow, but let us rather relinquish them to the willing hands ready to receive them, and as the rising dawn of this new humanity illumines the land may we thank the Almighty Ruler of the Universe that He has vouchsafed to our beloved country the blessings of a people full of hope, resolute and eager to emulate the deeds of the fathers when necessity raquires. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 51 ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR BY THE CHICKAMAUGA-CHATTANOOGA NATIONAIy MILITARY PARK COMMISSION. Genebal Henry V. Boynton. COMRADES and Friends: — In such a presence, and among such scenes as surround us here, one may well wish for the graces of oratory. I am sure that all hearts in this vast audience of Northern and South- ern Americans heartily respond to the eloquent, forcible and essentially national sentiments of Governor Hastings' address. As I listeneiJ to its graphic reproduction of the main features of the great battle pageant which made this valley memorable forever, there came to my mind that striking passage in the speech of Governor Campbell, of Ohio, at the dedi- cation of this National Park, in which he applied the prophecy of Bzekiel over the Valley of Dry Bones to the sleeping dead of these great battle- fields. If some prophet of the god of battles could stretch forth his staff over these plains and ridges and mountains, and bid those who contended here to appear again,' breathe into them the breath of life, and cause them to stand up as armies what a tremendous scene would be enrolled before us! Here on this knoll would stand Grant, whose fame is assured; and Thomas whose fame is growing, and will continue to grow so long as history shall search for and record merit. There on the right would Hooker with his hosts be seen descending from the captured heights cf Lookout. On the left, brilliant Sherman, with the famous Army of the Tennessee; here in the center, Thomas' soldiers of the Cumberland, de- ployed as a storming army. There, stretched along the crest of Mis- sionary Ridge for eight miles, would stand Bragg's splendid army of seasoned veterans, with their banners, and gleaming rifles, and belching cannon. Then, as the six-gun signal sonnded from this knoll, would come the sweep of that cc^ntral host with a battle front of two miles and a half, onward to the ridge, upward to victory— thank God— equally for south and north— to a victory which was a long stride toward our present Union, and our giant nationality. But I have not felt that it would be fitting in one not versed in public speaking to trust himself on such an occasion as this to impromptu, speech, and so I have committed the brief remarks I propose to make to writing. That this National Park has been established is largely due to the valor of the sons of Pennsylvania on these and many other fields, and to the patriotism with which these Empire states of Tennessee and Georgia, with their sister seceding states, have accepted the decree of a great case. 52 PENNSYLVANIA AT brilliantly tried by both contestants in that high court of last resort where the sword decides. As Pennsylvania honors this project with the presence of her whole offi- cial household, bringing also the surviving veterans of Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, so we, in turn, rejoice to proclaim the honors due the second state in the Union— taut sec- ond to none in the practical exhibition of her patriotism and her prowess on every noted battlefield of the war. In the famiiliarity of our great family this State of Governor Hastings' is known as the Keystone State, and well does she deserve the name. But on these fields she established a new and prouder title to it. Never was more imposing arch erected since wars began than was traced upon the towering slopes of Lookout when the lines who wore the blue, contending long but at length successfully against the stout and desperate and mem- orable defense of Walthall, carried their banner to the foot of the pali- sades. You surviving Pennsylvania veterans, in common with the soldiers of two armies, lool^ed upward through the night of November 24, thirty- four years ago, and saw that arch of gleaming lights. There under the clilTs, at the highest point gained in the battle, those flashing guns were from the lines of Pennsylvania's Twenty-ninth and One hundred and eleventh — the keystone of that historic arch of battles whose fame will endure so long as Lookout stands on its firm fqundations. But with the morning light there came even a prouder sight for you, and all of us. "With the earliest rays of that beautiful dawn, calm and peaceful as if death had never stalked along the front of battle or the smoke of conflict obscured earthly vision— floated the flag of the Union from the summit of the palisades— above the keystone, above. the banners of all the states. And so it was everywhere— nation above state— until the war ended, and in its great heat not only had states been welded into a perpetual and in- dissoluble union, but into a nation which to-day presents the grandest example of concord and unity of purpose to be found on the planet. Standing in this southland, we rejoice with all its thoughtful men over results which have brought renewed and most vigorous life, disenthral- ment from old conditions, dignity to labor, unexampled development, and the spectacle of vast communities, thoroughly American, with faces set with high purpose toward the working out of national destiny. It Is a source of keen satisfaction to be afforded this opportunity to tes- tify before these veterans and their assembled friends to the invaluable and unflagging- support which the Governor of your Commonwealth has given to this park project, both in efficient action at home and encourag- ing visits to the field. At every point where his help has been requested his prompt response has placed the veterans of his state and all friends of the park under obligations which they gladly recognize and which they will always remember. <7t your State Commission it is true that no one of the twenty-six com- missions now co-operating with the National Commission has been more CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 53 active or efficient, more carefulof the interests committed to its keeping, more considerate of the wishes and plans of the National Commission, or more deserving of high praise at its hands. It is also a pleasure as well as a plain duty to testify in your presence to the intterest taken. in the promotion of this park project by President McKlnley and the constant support afforded by Secretary Alger, under whose especial direction the work of its establishment is rapidly and effi- ciently progressing. But, my friends, while there is a deep and abiding meaning in the fact Yhat Pennsylvania comes here to honor the military achievements of her sons and preserve their memory till the centuries shall have crumbled granite and wasted bronze, there is a deeper and more far-reaching mean- ing In the fact that all the states, of the south as well as the north, are engaged With equal enthusiasm under the same national authority in the samp T^ork. You have seen on the field of Chickamauga the guns of every Confed- er.'ite battery that fought there against the flag, re-established by the national government to mark the points of their fighting, and to tell to the ages the military skill and courage with which they were served. Tou have seen the state monuments of Tennessee and Georgia and Missouri rising along their former lines of battle. Tou have seen the multitude of tablets erected by a National Commission under the authority of Con- gress, which for each side alike commemorate a story of American valor, that is a national glory and a national resource as well, since in that story may be clearly read the military possibilities of a warlike future whose fitful gleams are playing even now like summer lightning around our whole horizon. Have you ever read of anything like our park In history? Did any nation ever exist where its establishment would have been possible? In the development of the race, union between warring states has never been complete before. But in the furnace of our contest every trace of dross was consumed, .and the forging of our battles was a, more perfect union and a stronger and a mightier one than the world has seen. We are all conscious of this, apd we glory in it. The world will learn' it whenever, as a united nation, we are called to righteous war. There is no element in all our work which glorifies the lost cause. Even those who upheld its tattered banners do not seek that. But every sol- dier who stood in the front against them till the union triumphed and we became brothers again, knows that the magnificent military skill, endur- ance and valor which rallied to support that cause incited the north to military efforts and deeds which had never even floated in its dreams be- fore. And so it came to pass that north and south, after a four years' course in their school of war, graduated this nation as a first class military power. And now we all know that the history which stands recorded on the fields around this city, repeating on monuments and tablets as it does the story of the unexampled development of American endeavor in battle, has carried this nation forward with striding steps far along the path of its great destiny. Our park first suggested that union by which the sol- 54 PENNSYLVANIA AT diers of the north and those of the south came together on a famous bat- tlefield to unite in an equal commemoration of American valor. The whole nation responded, and has well learned the lesson which such union teaches. We are now conscious of our military prowess. We remember the tre- mendous blows which each section struck on many fields when the na- tion stood divided. And veterans of both armies will be forgiven if in all their musings over the future they picture tO' themselves an American army in battle array, moving forward to accomplish its purposes under a coirimon flag, with the common inspiration of the veterans of Grant and Ijfie, Rosecrans and Bragg, of Thomas and Longstreet, of Wilson and For- rest and Wheeler. Unless all present signs of fast-growing jealousy of republican progress on the part of foreign powers fail and fade, there are veterans who will see this; there are armies of the sons of veterans who will take part in it, and be rendered invincible by the stirring mem- ories of those great military deeds which their fathers performed either under the stars and stripes or the battle banner of the south. But the winter of war has gone. The breath of spring has covered all our battlefields with flowers and verdure; and summer has ripened fra- ternal harvests into the majestic nationality in which we all take equal pride. In the beautiful language of a, true poet who was visiting the battlefield of Antietam when orchards were blooming, and the husband- man was busy everywhere: "There are domes of flowers where spread the white tent. There are ploughs in the tracks where the war-wagons went. There are songs where was only Rachel's lament." And now, sir (addressing Governor Hastings), commissioned by the Secretary of War, it becomes my duty, as it is my privilege, to receive these monuments with which Pennsylvania has honored her heroes, and by which gift she now honors the Nation, into the perpetual keeping of the Great Republic. After General Boynton's address. General J. P. S. Gobin asked the audience to join in singing the first stanza of "America." As they sang the last line the Chautauqua salute was given, and the national flag was unfurled from the rostrum. It was a beautiful and inspiring incident. ADDRESS. Hon. H. Clay Evans, Commissioner of Pensions. MR. CHAIRMAN, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania:— The good people of Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge have gathered here to- day to greet you, to welcome you on this historic, war-famed Orchard Knob, where Generals Grant and Thomas stood on that ever memorable afternoon of November 25, 1863; and from this knob witnessed the boys in blue climb to the top of yonder ridge in the face of shot and shell hurled CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. B5 down upon them from the battery crested summit; from here they wit- nessed the march of the stars and stripes to victory. I confess to no little embarrassment on this occasion, (with a military history so inconspicuous as mine,) surrounded as I am by men whose military services here and hereabouts contributed to make the name of the American soldier the proudest boast of a grateful Republic. You have come from your distant homes to visit the places' made dear to you by the hardships and dangers incident to camp and battle of a third of a century ago to commemorate the memory of your brave com- rades who stood with you then, many of whom, no doubt, have journeyed to that world where there are no wars. "When the Civil war began there were two things necessary to success- men and money. Money was necessary to buy commissary and quarter- masters' supplies, arms, ammunition, and all the paraphernalia necessary to equip an army; the amount of money necessary was in excess of any demands theretofore, and by many considered as Impossible to secure, but the great men of this nation, the statesman, the ofRcial, the accredited agents of the government, secured the necessary loans, and then promises were made that with the dawning of peace and the return of prosperity, which was sure to follow this, people would pay back these loans in the good hard yellow gold of the Republic. This promise has been kept, and I regard it as one of the brightest .pages in the history of this glorious Republic. Everywhere our praises have been sung, and while we, as citizens of this great government, take a commendable pride in the main- tenance of the honor and integrity of our people, we are particularly pleased at the' commendations from other nations. While the financial credit of this nation was so gloriously maintained there was another contract made, another promise far more sacred and inviolable than that for money. From the beginning to the ending of the war, from the first enlistment to the last, from the firing on Port Sumpter to the surrender at Appomattox, there was an appeal being made to the patriotism of the people, to the young men of the nation. Everywhere the promise went out, from the pulpit, from the press, from the Legis- lature, State and National, aye, from the people all, to those that would join the Union Army, go to the front and battle and save the nation, pre- serve the union of states, that they should be forever thereafter kindly and considerately cared for; the dead were to live always in the hearts of the living, the maimed should be appropriately provided for, and the return- ing heroes should be cared for and the wants of the widow and the or- phans were to be as sacredly provided for as were the ashes of the fallen husbands and fathers most vigilantly guarded. The first contract, the one for money, was made in the usual legal form, the second contract, that with the soldier, was made upon the field of battle; surrojinded by the rattle of musketry, the roar of cannon, the clashing of sabres, and signed with the bayonet dipped in blood. The first contract was carried out to the letter of the law. The second contract will be carried out to the fullest measure. This generous govern- 56 PENNSYLVANIA AT ment that you contributed so much to preserve; this government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish, but will carry out all its promises to its soldier defenders, and will all over this broad land, erect monuments, as you have done here, to the memory of its heroes, and their bravery and heroism shall be told to generations yet to come. ADDRESS. Brig-Genl. Thomas J. Stewart, Adjutant General of Pennsylvania. COMRADES, Ladies and Gentlemen:— With no thought of having a word to say on this occasion, assigned no duty, or place in the published order of exercises, the subject treated so fully and elo- quently by the able speakers who have already addressed you, leaves me at a. great disadvantage. But there is an inspiration about these scenes, these fields, and this day, which all must feel. We are removed by three decades from the great Civil war. In all the years of man, never had such a, conflict been waged. Never had better, braver, or more determined men met in battle. Never did victory or defeat mean so much. If victory came to Union arms, the great problem of universal liberty and the brotherhood of men was solved. Here men contended who were not enemies They were brothers, sons of the same soil, framers of the same laws — not men of different races. They had contributed as brethren in all that made American valor and American soldiership glorious. "Brothers in blood were the men of the blue and men of the grey." Men of the blue, this is your day, and this one of your fields of glory. There are other fields -where men just as brave as you stood with their faces illumined with the joy of battle. They were friendly rivals with you at the nation's altar of patriotism, and to-day your heart and your hand goes out to them in patriotic greeting and gratitude, but it was here and for you and yours that Heaven seemed to take the stars from the flag you carried, and lit up the clouds that rested on yonder mountain. It was you and your comrades, living and dead, of those days in 1863, that made Chattanooga, Chickamauga and Lookout Mountain fadeless and immortal, and gave new meaning and new glory to the American volun- teer soldier. Three decades have been woven into the life and the history of this Re- public since these and other fields ran red with blood — were strewn with dead and dying, with hopes that were shattered, with altars that were shivered, with hearts that were broken. Since then these fields have paid tribute to the husbandman and the seasons in their unceasing round CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 57 have covered soldiers' graves with flowers, and moistened them with dewy tears. They have been mantled with winter snow that in its spot- less white seemed to emblematize the sacrifice they made. Since death was king- on these fields ' 'The bayonet flattened has turned to a spade, A capital scythe, is the old sabre blade, "With the same martial strain. Thro' the rich golden grain. The veteran whistles, while cutting his way. Recalling war's harvest of blue and of grey." Over these fields swept that wave of patriotism, that gathered as the storm at sea, and that grew in intensity until it became liberty's cyclone and which moved on in its fury, the world breathlessly watching "Till down went the foes of this heaven cherished Nation, And slavery and disunion layburled 'neath war's desolation." Pennsylvania is here to-day to dedicate monuments on historic fields, to commemorate and pay tribute io the valor of her sons. When all here shall have passed frc.m worldly scenes, and for them life's accounts shall have been closed, these monuments will remain and be messengers to posterity. They will have the companionship of these everlasting hills, and like them will declare to generations yet unborn the history, the glory, the achievements, the sacrifices of the men who from Pennsylvania homes here on battle plain fought and died to secure for us and our chil- dren thro' all the coming years, the inestimable and manifold blessings of a free and a united country. We have waited long to pay the tribute, but to-day we come in peace. Many of the men in whose honor and to whose memory we raise these monuments have for more than thirty years been sleeping with those "Whose bones are dust, and whose swords are rust." To-day the bitterness of the strife is almost gone. The grey are here with the blue — conqueror and conquered — all full of gratitude for the safety in our homes, the glory in our flag, the hope in the future and the blessings that are secured and the institutions saved and made per- manent. The soldier in grey will learn lessons from this day and these monu- ments. Honest he may have been, but these monuments will remind him that in the clash of arms and holocaust of war his mistake was corrected to his enrichment and his betterment. With him we shared the penalty and the sacrifice; with us he shares the bles.'^lngs. About these monuments so grandly eloquent in magnificent silence will gather the ghostly sentinels of that army whose camping ground is beyond the stars, and who keep watch and ward above the nation's heroic dead. And here in years to come the living will gather, here rehearse the story, and exult, as we do now, in the continued enjoy- ment of the blessings and the institutions established by the fathers and saved by the blood of their sons. All hail to the north, all hail to the south! And now In the presence of these soldiers living, you of both armies. 58 PENNSYLVANIA AT and in the presence of that silent host invisible to our eyes, but who al- ways in garments of purity and peace attend these gatherings of their comrades of the "brave days of old," let all here consecrate themselves to the advancement, the unity, and the glory of the Republic for which all the soldier dead "gave the last full measure of devotion." Let patriot- ism and love of country burn and dwell in all our hearts and in the hearts of our children. Let us be Americans, and as Americans let our purpose, our efforts, our hopes, be for the growth and glory of the Republic. Let the flag, be the flag of all the people, and let the memories, and the glories that cluster rcund it, keep us united in that great spirit of national unity and national brotherhood that shall make every man a defender of his country's honor and glory, and keep us, one people with one country and one flag, keeping ever in mind the injunction "Be just and fear not. Let all the ends thou aimest at, Be thy country's, thy God's and Truth's." ADDRESS. General James W. IvAtta. COMRADES, Ladies and Friends: — It was my privilege to have served with the old Sixth Army Corps. I bring you friendly greetings and good cheer as hearty and as warm as when for your achievements the old Potomac Army fired its salutes of shotted guns — shotted when the enemy happeneil to be close enough to make the salute the more effective. This is a well chosen spot for these exercises. This amphitheatre at the base of yon battle-remembered hill top is indeed a very audience cham- ber; and the generous warmth of this soft November sunlight is Itself typical of a gonial southern welcome to all this goodly company. It was probably fitting that the soldiers of the great west should of themselves halt the enemy in his purpose not to be content until the great Ohio river was within his grasp. But nowhere, whether where the big guns thundered on the sea or the musketry rattled on the land was it the exclusive privilege of any particu- lar section to itself alone uphold the "starry banner of the free." And so it happened that on Chickamauga's famous day when that Confederate intent was foiled and that Confederate opportunity lost, there were with the patriot legions of the west a chosen few from the farther east, and Pennsylvania's contribution of three regiments of infantry, three regi- ments of cavalry, and a six-gun battery made that grand old Common- wealth no weak factor in the fight. "Discipline in war," my friends, has been defined to be, "a quantity measured by the endurance of loss under fire." As the Duke of Welling- CHICKAMAUjQA and CHATTANOOGA. 59 ton is said to have remarked at Waterloo, turning to his staff, as his grenadiers were stiffening- to resist another assault, "Hard pounding, gentlemen, hard pounding, but we'll see who can stand it longest." The phrase has potent application in this vicinity. It echoes over the mountain range, rolls across the valley, speaks spitefully in the timber. There are here everywhere in forest and stream, meadow and mountain, silent witnesses that plainly testify that the "endurance of loss under fire," here outrivaled the "discipline in war" of Britain's sturdy manhood or Frenchman's famous chivalry. It was "hard pounding" at Snodgrass Hill; it was "hard pounding" at Kelly's field; it was "hard pounding" at Wauhatchie; Wauhatchie where the big contingent from the Potomac Army first had speech with the enemy. They had sped the "parting guest" when Longstreet left them on the Rapidan, but gave no "welcome" to "the coming" when he again forced his attentions on them on the Tennessee. What a mighty feat of trans- portation! Two great army corps with all their impediments, without mishap or detention, in six days had spanned the barriers of a moun- tain and river, left the Atlantic seaboard, and were in action in the fast- nesses of the Cumberland. Somewhere I have read or heard the philosopher's deduction, "In peace there is nothing so becomes a man as modest stillness and humility." But how, amid such surroundings, can one heed the invocation? "General Taylor never found out up to the day of his death that he was beaten at Buena "Vista, because his opponent planted a force square in his rear. Instead of acknowledging the move and withdrawing from the game, as the rules would seem to demand, the general rudely faced about and went on with his work, on the common sense principle that he must clean everything out, whether in his front or his rear." You never knew when you were whipped out here in the west. You never were whipped. You drove Bragg from the ridge yonder; you held him at Chickamauga until you were ready to meet his investment, and when you opened your "cracker line" to Brown's Ferry, you had robbed him of the full fruits of his success. A guide in the Tower of London, pointing out a brass cannon in the ordnance room, said to a lady Ameri- can tourist, with an air of much consequence, "We took that gun from you at Bunker Hill." "You are welcome to the gun," was the prompt response, "we have the hill." So here "you are welcome to the ridge; we have the ferry." You proposed to move and did move on Buckner's works at Donelson, and forced him, as was the demand, to an unconditional surrender. You shut Pemberton up at Vicksburg and pounded and punished him so seriously that he yielded his sword and every man he had laid down his arms. You taught Longstreet a bitter lessorf at Knoxville, and he learned that earth works in east Tennessee were as impregnable as stone walls in Pennsylvania. You mashed Hood at Franklin and routed him "foot, horse and dragoons" at Nashville, and left him nothing but a rem- nant. You drove Johnson at a merry pace by Ringgold and Resaca, Snake Creek Gap and Big Shanty, snuffed the Bishop's candle out near 60 PENNSYLVANIA AT Kenesaw, and then, hurrying him rapidly across the Chattahoochee, you shut him tightly within his entrenchments at Atlanta. It was no better when the Richmond authorities forced .a change of commanders. At Peach Tree Creek you repelled Hood's assault; fightin'g first on one side of your, entrenchments and then upon the other, you successfully re- sisted his attack on the 22d of July, and then, forcing him to a general en- gagement at Tjovejoy Station and Jonesboro, he abandoned the great Georgia metropolis, and Atlanta, the "Gate City" of the South, was yours, all there was left of it. Regardless of a base, you struck out for the great big sea, presented Savannah to the nation as its Christmas gift, pressed through the Caro- linas and Virginia, until on the crowded highways of the National Capitol you found your reward in the paeans shouts and plaudits of a grateful people. And Pennsylvania comes here in perpetuation of this appreciation of a grateful people, in these times so different from those times, for "in peace," says the axiom, "children bury their parents, in war parents bury their children;" comes here upon these great battlefields and makes this her day, Pennsylvania's day at Chickamauga, Pennsylvania's day at Chattanooga. BENEDICTION. Rev. J. Thompson Gibson, D. D., of the 78th Pa. Vol. ALMIGHTY FATHER, again at the close of these services, we ac- knowledge Thee as our 'Creator, Preserver and Ruler. Thou art the God of nations, the King of kings, the Lord of hosts. Thou rulest in the armies of heaven and on this earth, controlling the affairs of men, making even the wrath of man to praise Thee, restraining the re- mainder 'Of wrath, working out always and everywhere Thine own wise and beneficent purpose. Bless, we pray Thee, these monuments. 'M'ay they ever be an encouragement and an inspiration to pure and noble deeds of righteousness. Bless the nation for which these brave men died. Pur- ify, elevate and preserve our country in peace and unity. Enable us all to recognize Thee as our Heavenly Father and all men everywhere as brothers. Now the God of peace, who brought again from the dead the Great Shepherd of the sheep with the blood of the eternal covenant, even- our Lord Jesus, make us all perfect in every good work to do his will,- working in us that which is well pleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. CEREMONIES AT THE DEDICATION OF THE REGIMENTAL MONUMENTS. ( 61) MM dedication of monument 27th RE^GIMENT infantry Orchard Knob, November 15th, 1897. ADDRESS OF PRIVATE JOHN EMHART. COMKADES: — We have assembled on this historic ground far from our homes, to dedicate this monument to the valor pf our dead com- rades, and to the heroism of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, and as chairman, I deem it my duty to make a few remarks. The State of Pennsylvania, by its Legislature, passed an act appro- priating one thousand Ave hundred dollars to each organization that took part in the battles around Chattanooga. The Governor was au- thorized to appoint a committee to erect monuments, and also appointed a committee of three of each organization to select a proper design. Tour committee has adopted this design which was approved by the Commis- sion. Comrades, this monument does not mark the position which the regi- ment held during the fight. The reason I will briefly explain. The posi- tion we held being on Tunnel Hill, that part of the battle ground not be- longing to the Government, and not being in possession of the Chicka- mauga-'Chattanooga Battlefields Commission, they decided to erect on Orchard Knob all monuments belonging to organizations whose positions are not included in the Battlefield Park Ground. "We all had wished it would mark the ground on which so many of our dear comrades gave their lives that the nation might live. And now, to the memory of our fallen comrades of the Twenty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and to the regiment in whose ranks they fell, we solemnly dedicate this monument. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN J. ADEIvSHEIMER. COMRADES:— If every man had cause to kneel in thankful prayer be- fore the Throne of Grace, we of the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, the few of us who are still left of a once powerful regi- ment have ample cause to lift our hearts in thanks to our Heavenly Father, who hath protected us to this day, who hath guided our footsteps to this sacred spot. Once before we had the honor to participate in a celebration of which to-day's is a worthy counterpart, when our own Keystone State, ever mindful of the honor due to her boys in blue, dedicated monuments on the battlefield of Gettysburg to such of her commands as had partici- (63) G-1 PENNSYLVANIA AT pated in that most memorable battle of the late war, and the Twenty- seventh Pennsylvania was there. The State of Pennsylvania again does herself proud by dedicating monuments to her sons, living and dead, who stood on these fields in the battles of Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, o.nd the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania again was there. Do you remember, comrades, how our corps commander. General Howard, came to us in the middle of the night, after the battle of Mis- sionary Ridge, before starting us on our march to Knoxville to the relief of General Burnside's Army, and made a little speech highly compliment- ing the conduct of the Twenty-seventh at the ridge? These are the General's own words: "The main attack was along the crest of the ridge. Lieutenant Colonel McAloon actually led his regiment (the Twenty-seventh) up that steep acclivity five or six hundred feet high, under a terrific fire of grape and musketry and stayed there until he was mortally wounded, as was Lieu- tenant Vogelbach and others." Again, in General Orders No. 32, issued from headquarters Eleventh Army Corps, December 17, 1863, in Lockout Valley, after our return from the Knoxville expedition, the General addressed the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania in the following language: — "Words cannot express the gratitude and praise due to a command that has so cheerfully suffered every hardship in order to perforna Its trust and secure to our country and to our cause results more glorious and more valuable than any of the war. The general will now only tender you his warmest congratulations and hearty thanks for the good name which you have won and secured in this eventful campaign. "We will not soon forget a battle which has cost us such precious lives as those of Lieutenant Colonel McAloon and the other dead. At the post of honor and duty these true and noble soldiers have with their blood enhanced the price of victory." So spoke General Howard of the Twenty-seventh generally and of our Lieutenant Colonel McAloon especially. Upon us devolves the sacred duty to forever cherish his memory. Having a monument way down east and a monument way out west, nearly a thousand miles apart, one might suppose the Twenty-seventh had been everywhere. No, my comrades! the Twenty-seventh was not everywhere. From the very nature and extent of territory to be covered no command could be everywhere. But the Twenty-seventh was very frequently where, as one of our men innocently remarked in June, '62, at the battle of Cross Keys away up in Shenandoah VaJley, when he received a bullet through his cheek, "By the Lord, I can't stand this; why, a fellow isn't safe of his life here." And the Twenty-seventh has been in numbers of such places where the same remark would hold good most emphati- cally. But the safety of our lives was not the subject tor consideration. There was another life at stake, of far greater importance to a far CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 65 greater number, than any one life of any mortal than many thousands of lives could ever be — the life of our country. That life was to be preserved, regardless of all consequences, that yet unborn generations might enjoy the blessings of the best government on earth. When in 1861 we were gathered around our flag, with heads bare and uplifted right hand we swore to protect our government against all its enemies, we did so full knowing the danger ahead. And in the full knowledge of all that was to be endured by way of hunger, thirst, heat, cold, exposure to inclemencies of the weather and privations of all kinds, we took that solemn oath, and with it came a full determination that we would succeed or die in the attempt! Did we succeed, my comrades? Let these monuments be our answer. We are standing to-day where we stood thirty-four years ago, with this difference however. Then it was as much as a man's life was worth to show his head above the breastworks; to-day we go forth throughout the length and breadth of our land with none to hinder, with none to molest. Then the armies of the north and the armies of the south were standing opposed to each other ready for the deadly conflict; to-day our friends from the south and we of the north stand united in one powerful army if needs be, knowing but one cause, and ready to march under one flag — the flag of our country. Coming here to-day to assist in the dedication of these beautiful monu- ments, erected by a grateful. Commonwealth to forever commemorate the deeds done by her faithful sons, the scenes enacted here years ago again pass as if in panoramic review before our minds. Again we hear the cannon's roar and the rattle of musketry; again we hear the shouts of encouragement of our commanding oflicers; again we hear the tri- umphant cheers of our men as they advance to the charge. The noise and confusion of battle ceases— we find ourselves in posses- sion of the field; but oh! at what a cost. All around us we see our fallen comrades and the moans of the wounded crying for help reaches our ears. The scene is heartrending. But we have become accustomed to these scenes, and as for tears or sentiment, we have not the time, for the next moment we may be called to other parts to repeat the same per- formance over again. Night overtakes us where we fought, and we sink exhausted to the ground with our -muskets clasped tightly in our arms, to snatch what rest we can, and to dream of our beloved ones at home. The scene changes. One quiet Sabbath morning the country is electri- fied by the news that Lee has surrendered at Appomattox and the war is about over. We see ourselves marching home to be welcomed by the multitude with loud hurrahs. We hear the bells ringing and their tones are sweetest music, for they are proclaiming peace throughout the land, and we my comrades are here to-day to sing glory to God who hath per- mitted us in our humble capacity to contribute our mite towards this priceless consummation. And to no one is this consummation of greater significance than to the members of the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania 66 PENNSYLVANIA AT Volunteers, a great many of whom came from foreign shores to become citizens of this great country. We came — not because we loved our Fatherland the less, but because we loved Liberty the more, and right here it will be well for us to re- member that only part of our obligation has been fulfilled. We swore to serve our government faithfully and we did so for three years. We also swore true allegiance to this government and from this obligation we can never be absolved except with our last breath, and not even then if we have failed to instil the spirit of loyalty, love of country and patriotism into the hearts of our children. At last we come to the saddest part of these entire proceedings. We have enjoyed immensely the opportunity of beholding some of the grand- est scenery not to be surpassed anywhere. Over yonder looms up majes- tic Lookout Mountain, a fair competitor for the glories of the Alpine Mountains in old Switzerland. We have received a new inspiration from visiting these battlefields and the beautiful cemeteries where our beloved dead rest in peace. We have been touched to the quick by the cordial re- ception and hearty welcome extended to us by the citizens of Chatta- nooga., and by the men who confronted us on those battlefields, which will form one of the sweetest recollections to be taken with us to our own homes. Pleasant as has been the opportunity to again touch elbows with our old comrades, and again feel the friendly grasp of each other's hand — sweet as it may have been again to look into each other's eyes and renew the memories of the day when you and I were young boys — a feel- ing of sadness steals over us when we refiect that for many of us this will have been the last meeting. Having already been favored beyond the general laws of nature, we may well be prepared to answer the last roll call, firmly relying the great goodness of our "Supreme Com- mander." HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* THE Twenty-seventh Regiment, a, part of the "Washington Brigade," commanded by Colonel William F. Small, was organized as a volunteer militia regiment, early in January, 1861. Charles Ange- roth was among the most active in promoting its formation. On the night of the 18th of April, Colonel Small, acting in compliance with orders from the Secretary of War, started with five companies, consisting' of about five hundred men, for Washington, and proceeded in company with the Sixth Massachusetts, Colonel Jones, by the Philadelphia, Wil- mington and Baltimore Railroad, occupying seventeen passenger cars. On their arrival at the President Street Station, horses were attached to the five foremost cars, containing seven companies of the Massa- •Extract from Bates' History oC Pennsylvania Volunteers. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 67 chusetts Regiment, and were drawn rapidly through the city to the Washington Depot. After the passage of these, the track was barricaded by the mob. The remaining companies of the Massachusetts Regiment, being well armed, forced their way through, joined their comrades and were hurried away by rail to Washington. The mob returning com- menced an attack upon Colonel Sm^ail's command which, being unarmed, was forced to retire, losing several killed and wounded. After the return of the companies to Philadelphia, the regiment was re-organized as light artillery, and Max Einstein was chosen Colonel, Charles Angeroth, Lieutenant Colonel and William Schoenleber, Major. Its services were then offered to the Governor, with a view to its being mustered into the three months' service, as a part of the Pennsylvania quota, but without success. Colonel Einstein then proceeded to Wash- ington and offered its services to the United States Government, which were accepted under the call for eighty thousand additional volunteers for a period of three years, its service to date from the 5th of May, 1861, and to be armed and instructed as light infantry. It was not, how- ever, mustered in until the 30th and 31st of Ma3\ A few days thereafter it received arms and accoutrements, and went into camp near Camden, N. J. The entire regiment was recruited in Philadelphia, in the dis- tricts of Northern Liberties and Kensington, and at least one-half of its members were German. A number of both officers and men had seen service in this country ^.nd in Europe. On the 17th of June, the regiment again received orders to proceed to Washington. Arriving at the Capitol on the 18th, it was placed in camp on Kalarama Heights, was subjected to strict military discipline, and was instructed in company and battalion drill, and in picket duty. Early in July the forces assembled in and abL'i 'Vashington were or- ganized under General M'Dowell and the Twenty-s venth Regiment was assigned to Blenker's Brigadef of the Fifth Division, encamped at. Hunter's creek, near Alexandria, which it was ordered to join. On the 15th the general forward m.ovement of the army towards Centreville commenced. In the battle which ensued at Bull Run, the Fifth Division was held in reserve on the Centreville heights, and did not become actively engaged. It remained in position until past midnight of the 21st, and until all the army had retired, when it marched to Alexandria, arriving on the afternoon of the 22d, bringing in abandoned horses and baggage wagons in considerable numbers, and one caisson. A few days later, the Twenty-seventh moved to Arlington Heights, where it encamped, and received pay from the date of its acceptance by the Government, on the 5th of May. From Arlington it was transferred to Roach's Mill, Virginia, where, early in the month of August, company P, commanded by Captain Spering, was detached and posted at the Wash- tOrganization of the First Brigade, Colonel Louis Blenker. Fifth Division; Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Eighth Regiment New York Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel Stahel: Twenty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colonel Von Steinwehr; Garabaldi Guard. New York Volunteers, Colonel D'Utassy; Twenty-seventh Regiment Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, Colonel Max Enstein. 68 PENNSYLVANIA AT ington Arsenal, where It remained during its entire term of service. Early in September, Lieutenant Colonel Angeroth and Major Scdioen- leber resigned, and Adolph Buschbeck and Lorenz Cantador, both of Philadelphia, were appointed by General McClellan to fill the vacan- cies. Subsequently, upon the muster out of Colonel Einstein, these gentlemen were appointed respectively Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain John N. Lang, of Company I, Major. In the latter part of September, by order of the War Departmen't, Company G-, Captain Bier- wirth, was transferred to the Sixty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment During the summer months and the early fall the regiment was en- gaged under the direction of the engineers, in building forts, clearing woods, and making roads; Forts Scott, Cameron, Blenker, and Barnard — elaborate and substantial structures — attesting the devotion and patriot- ism of the men of the Twenty-seventh, not less than the stern bravery which they afterwards exhibited on the battlefield. On the 8th of October It was ordered to Hunter's Chapel, Virginia, where it went into winter quarters. While ofC fatigue duty it Was in- structed in brigade and battalion drill, and for two months was engaged in out-post duty at Annandale. An attack was here made upon the pickets by rebel cavalry and artillery, but, finding the men on the alert, they withdrew to a distance and contented themselves with shelling the Union line. In the month of December, 1861, the officers received their commissions from the Governor of Pennsylvania, bearing date of the 5th of May, preceding, and in February, 1862, the regiment was provided with the State colors. In the organization of the army under McClellan, the Twenty-seventh was assigned to Stahel's Brigade,^ Blenker's Divi- sion, Sumner's Corps. On the 10th of March, 1862, orders were received to march with three days' rations, leaving knapsacks, tents, and all surplus baggage in camp, and taking only overcoats and blankets. Advancing through Fairfax to Centreville, the regiment was ordered to halt, while the re- mainder of the corps proceeded in the direction of Manassas. After a de- lay of some two weeks, it rejoined the command at Salem, Virginia. Here the men suifered much from the effects of the severe weather, a snow storm prevailing, which lasted three days, the men being with- out shelter, and obliged to encamp in the open field. Blenker's Division, having been transferred from the Army of the Potomac to Fremont's command, in the mountain department, marched to Paris' Perry on the Shenandoah river, with the design of joining it. The rebels had destroyed the ferry, and a considerable delay ensued, during ■n'liich the troops suffered greatly for want of food. The supply train had been ordered forward, but was unable to find the division, and had returned to Washington, leaving the command to eke out a, tOrganizatlon of Stahel's Brigade, Blenker's Division, Sumner's Corps. Twenty-sev- enth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Buschbeck: Klghth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colonel Wutschel; Thirty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteers. Colonel ]5'Utassey; Fortieth Regiment New York Volunteers De Kalh , Colonel Voii Gilsa. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 69 scanty subsistence by foraging. Rafts were constructed for the .pur- pose of crossing; but the sinking of the first that was freighted, and the drowning of eighty men of the Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania, caused the design of crossing upon rafts to be abandoned. The command then moved down to Snicker's Ferry, where it passed over in safety, and pro- ceeding via Berryville, went into camp at Wood's Mills, In the neigh- borhood of Winchester, where it rested for a, few days, and tlie regi- ment received two months' pay. Advancing through Winchester, it crossed the mountains, and halted for two days at Romney, where the men received new clothing. Resuming the march, the division passed through Petersburg and joined Fremont's army at Franklin. With the exception of fresh , beef, ' provisions were scarce, and salt was not to be had. But one and a half days' rations of bread were issued in ten days. While in camp at Franklin intelligence was received of the defeat of Banks, and of "his retreat down the valley pursued by Stonewall Jack- son. Freimont was ordered to hasten forward and endeavor to cut off the latter's retreat. For a week the army moved without cessation, passing through Petersburg, Moorefleld and Wardensville, several times fording deep and rapid streams, endeavoring by forced marches to gain the valley in advance of the enemy. Failing in this, his rear guard was encountered at Strasburg, and the race up the valley, through Bden- burg, New Market, Woodstock, Mount Jackson and Harrisonburg, was an exciting one. At Mount Jackson the enemy had destroyed the bridge over the Shenandoah as he retreated, and the pursuit was delayed till the ponto'on train could come ujp. On the night of the 4th of June, the Twenty-seventh Regiment was ordered to cross the river. Passing fifteen men at a time, they were, on landing, deployed as skirmishers and moved forward, the enemy's cavalry retiring nearly a mile and taking position on a hill. At noon on the following day the bridge was completed, and a part of the New York mounted rifles crossed; but they were scarcely over when the bridge suddenly parited, severing the detachment from the rest of the army. Companies A and B, 'Oif the TVenty-seventh, sent out as skirmishers, having already met and engaged the enemy. The continual rain which prevailed caused a, freshet, and, to increase the volume of water, the enemy liad cut a dam above. Soon the entire country around was flooded, cutting off the skirmishers, who had to be brought in by the cavalry. Fortunately the ground occupied by the regiment was high; still the men were obliged to stand during the night in water several inches in deptli. At noon next day the bridge was repaired and the army moved forward. At Harrisonburg, Bayard's Cavalry and the Bucktalls from McDowell's command, had a severe skirmish with the enemy, in which the rebel General AsTiby was killed. On Sunday, June 8th, Jackson took up a position at Cross Keys, five miles beyond Harrisonburg, and prepared to give battle to Fremont. Forming his line with the division of Schenck on the right, MUroy in the centre, and Blenker on the left, Fremont advanced to the attack. The Twenty-seventh Regiment held the right of General Stahel's Brigade. 70 PENNSYLVANIA AT Companies B and K, Captains Jatho and McAloon, were ordered forward as sliirmishers, and were soon exchanging shots with the enemy. Ad- vancing some distance through a wood, to a hill Wihere a battery was be- ing posted, the regiment was ordered to talce position for its support. For four hours the men lay under the heavy fire of the enemy's guns, the shot and shell flying thick and fast, killing and wounding at almost every discharge, and though this was their first real engagement, they held the position with the steadiness of veterans. Towards evening it was dis- covered that Fremont had re-oalled his forces and that the army had fallen back; but as the regiment had received no orders to retire, it re- mained until the enemy ha^ outflanked it, and had gained a position in its rear, which, during the day, had been occupied by the Forty-fifth New York as reserves, thus completely cutting it off from the main body. Soon the rebels were seen advancing. At this juncture, Colonel Busch- beck, discovering the state of affairs, faced the regiment about, and send- ing forward skirmishers, under Captain Jatho, commanded the men to charge bayonets. Attached to the regiment was the remnant of the Bucktails, about one hundred men. The Colonel gallantly leading, they advanced to the charge with cheers, driving the enemy from the woods and holding one of his entire brigades in check, until the battery was safe, when they retired unmolested, taking with them nearly all their wounded. Wihile marching to rejoin their cominand they were mistaken for the enemy, and fired upon by one of our own batteries, the belief prevailing that they had all been captured. As the column approached the point where the army was stationed it was met by Colonel Pilson, aid to Gen- eral Fremont, who had been sent to thank the regiment, in the name of the General, for its gallant behavior in saving its battery, and to cutting its way out when surrounded. The total strength in this engagement was six hundred. The loss was one ofllcer and fourteen men killed, three offi- cers and eighty-seven men wounded. On the following day the army followed the retreating enemy towards Port Republic; but, finding the bridge destroyed and Jackson escaped, General Fremont commenced a retrograde movement down the valley. At Mount Jackson a halt was made for a few days; but, hearing that the enemy were again advancing, the movement was continued to Middle- town, near "Winchester. General Fremont was here superseded in the command of the Mountain Department by Major General Franz Sigel. In the re-organlzation of the army which ensued, the Twenty-seventh was attached to the First Brigade, General Stahel, First Division, Gen- eral Sohenck, First Corps of the Army of Virginia, commanded by Gen- eral Pope. On the 7th of July, General Pope having ordered his scattered com- mands to concentrate for the purpose of meeting Lee's army, now released from the vicinity of Richmond by the withdrawal of McClellan, Sigel's column marched through Front Royal, up the Luray Valley to Milford, and thence across the Blue Ridge to Sperryvllle. The men suffered sev- erely on the march from the effects of the intense heat, and several were CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 71 prostrated by sun-Stroke, from the effects of which one, a private in Company I died. In the absence of Colonel Buschbeck, occasioned by sickness, the command devolved on Lieutenant Colonel Cantador. Re- maining at Sperryville till the 28th, the regiment moved to Miadison Court House, where it was joined by the Forty-fifth New York and the Mountain Battery, the whole under command of Colonel Cluseret, forming the extreme out-post of the army. On account of the exposed position here occupied, it was deemed prudent to fall back, and taking up a strong position tlie command encamped, from whence foraging parties were frequently sent out into the country occupied by the enemy but without meeting any resistance. On the 9th of August the regiment was ordered back to the division, then marching to Culpepper Court House, and rejoined it on the 11th, the day on which the battle of Cedar Mountain was fought. Colonel Busch- beck having returned, resumed command, and the regiment marched on the 13th to Crooked River Chapel, where it remained until the ISth. Shelter tents were here received, the command, since the 10th of March, having been almost continually on the move, fording streams, crossing mountains, and camping out in the most variable climate without shelter. On the 18th Pope commenced his retreat, the Twenty-seventh forming part of the rear guard, being almost continually under fire during the day, and at night obliged to make forced marches to re-join the retiring column. At Rappahannock station and at Freeman's Ford, the regiment .lay for two days exposed to a heavy artillery fire from across the Rappahannock, and was again under a hot fire at White Sulphur Springs. The columns of Lee, after spending several days in fruitless attempts to force a cross- ing on the lower Rappahannock, commenced to move (further north. At Waterloo bridge the Twenty-seventh stubbornly and successfully resisted the vigorous demonstrations of the enemy, and, late at night, after the whole army was at Warrenton, fell back, reaching the m^ain body at early dawn. The enemy followed close upon the retreat and were soon throw- ing their shells Into the Union ranks. From Warrenton the command moved to Gainesville. On the night of the 27th of August, Co.mpanies A, B, C and D were ordered out on picket duty, and on the following day captured a number of rebel jSitragglers. Jackson, "followed by Longstreet, having passed around via Thorough- fare Gap, was now between Pope's army and Centreville. At eight o'clock on the morning of the 28th the regiment moved in the direction of Ma- nassas Junction; but, before proceeding far, turned in the direction of Centreville. Arriving at Groveton, near Bull Run, the regiment was met by General Sigel, who led it off the road and personally posted it on a high hill, ordering the men to lie down and keep quiet. Scarcely had they gained their position when the enemy were heard marching up through the woods In front. They were allowed to approach unsuspecting until quite near, when the order was given, and infantry and artillery opened a murderous fire at short range. The attack was so sudden and unex- 72 PENNSYLVANIA AT pected that the survivors seemed completely bewildered, and were only able to fire a strangling: volley. Moving to the right and advancing a short distance, the line was re- formed on the old battle ground of Bull Run. The First Division of Slgel's Corp was posted on the left, and the Twenty-seventh Regiment was on the left of the division. The batteries were early engaged, and the infaritry was ordered forward. Companies I and K, Captains Ackley and McAIoon, being thrown out as skirmishers. Though encountering severe opposition, the line continued to advance and steadily drove the enemy, the batteries following up and shelling the hostile ranks when- ever an opportunity presented. Having driven the enemy back some three miles from the llrsit position, and pushed forward too far in ad- vance of the rest of the corps, the regiment was re-called; but by some mistake Captain Ackley, of Company I, not being notified of the with- drawal, continued to advance with his company, steadily driving the enemy's skirmishers. In the meantime, General Milroy being hard pressed, Stahel's Brigade was ordered to his support. By mistake of some staff officer, the column was led between the fires of our own and the enemy's batteries. The sight of the brigade in this perilous position, quickened the energies of the rebel gunners who plied the ranks furiously with shot and shell, our own guns, before which it was passing, being vigorously worked 'to silence them. The passage of this gauntlet of batteries was performed on the double quick, ^nd fortunately with but small loss. For half a mile the brigade was exposed to the enemy's Are, and It seems almost incredible that it should have escaped without utter annihilation. But the rebel gunners were too much excited to fire with precision, using principally solid shot, apparently short of shells, and entirely destitute of canister. Finding Milroy, with his brigade of loy^l Virginians, able 'to hold his own, the column was ordered to return to its former position on the left, and was there met by Captain Ackley, with his company. The Captain had advanced until the enemy discovered how insignificant a force was driving them, when they in turn assumed the offensive, and soon forced the company to retire, which was done in good order, but narrowly es- caped capture. The brigade now took position in line of battle in a wood, with Companies A and B of the Twenty-seventh thrown torward as skir- mishers. In front was an open field, and the rebels occupied a wood sev- eral hundred yards beyond. The skirmishers soon became engaged, but were unable to drive the enemy from their cover. While the skirmish was in progress, two pieces of a light battery were procured, charged with grape 'and canister, run out on the skirmish line and rapidly fired. These pieces, though twelve-pounders, could be easily worked by two men, and were very effective at short range. A few discharges were sufficient to clear the woods and the line was again advancing. Soon after, the victorious column was relieved by General McDowell's Corps. Retiring a short distance to the right rear, the command encamped for the night, well satisfied with the events of the day. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 73 On the 30th of August, the First Corps took position in the centre, with Porter's Corps on the Fight, which soon became engag-ed. The conflict in the centre did not commence till afternoon, when. Porter having been driven back, the enemy attempted to pass in front to re-enforce their right, now pressing heavily upon our left. For three hours the centre stood firm, holding its position on a high hill and successfully hurling back every onset ol the enemy. But towards evening, by the withdrawal of Porter's Corps, he W'as enabled to flank it on the right and to plant batteries to take the position, at the same time attacking it in front. At this juncture Companies I and K, Captains Ackley and McAIoon, were at the extreme front, supporting Battery B, Second United States Ar- tillery. A great number of the artillery men having been wounded and killed, infantry men from these companies took their places at the guns. The battle had now reached its height. The entire artillery of the First Corps, admirably -planted and served, had concentrated its flre on the advancing rebel masses. Our left and right had been driven back; the centre alone stood firm, the enemy straining every nerve to force it from the strong position it occupied. His batteries on our right having ob- tained the exact range, planted shot and shell in guick succession in the very midst of the line, one shell bursting among the color guard, killing one and wounding several. At the most critical moment of the battle Grcneral Schenck was wounded, when General Stahel assumed command of the division, and Colonel Busohbeck, of the brigade. Notwithstanding the desperate efforts made by the enemy to gain the centre, the ground was held until dark, and then, yielding to overwhehning odds, it retired in good order, crossing Bull Run bridge at midnight and with the excep- tion of a few of the Bucktaiils, the Twenty-seventh Regiment, was the last to cross. The bridge was then destroyed. On the following day the command fell back to Centreville, in the midst of a drizzling rain, and from thence through Vienna to Langley, the enemy following closely, and shelling the retiring column whenever an opportunity presented. At Langley, the regiment was for several days engaged in picket duty, when it fell back still further to the vicinity of Fort De Kalb. Captain Ackley, and twenty-flve men of Company C, were ordered to Washington on special duty, where they were kept several months. The regiment remained in the vicinity of Chain Bridge, several times shifting camp, and engaged in picket duty at Falls Church, until the 21st of September, when it was ordered to Centreville. On the 24th, the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania and Seventy-third Ohio, a section oi ar- tillery and a squadron of cavalry, all under Colonel Buschbeck, were ordered on a reconnoissance. At Bristoe Station, the rebel guard was captured. Finding a notice posted ordering rebel conscripts to assemble in a neighboring village on that evfening. Companies A and B were de- tailed to receive them; but only succeeding in capturing eight, the rest failing to appear. The next morning the rebel train approached within a quarter mile of the station, but the engineer perceiving that the place had fallen into other hands, hastily returned. 74 PENNSYLVANIA AT On the 26th of October, the Twenty-seventh was attached to the First Brigade* of the Second Division, Colonel Buschbeck being placed in com- mand. For two years it had Shared the fate of this brigade, to which it was originally attached. Upon its departure General Stahel expressed his regret for its loss, and paid a flattering tribute to its conduct in field and camp wliile under his command, and on leaving Centreville the whole brigade was drawn up in line, cheering heartily as the regiment passed by. Joining the Second Division, at Fairfax Court House, after a few days delay, it marched through Centreville, New Baltimore, Haymarket, Gainesville, to Thoroughfare Gap, where it encamped. Here an election was held for Major, to supply the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of John N. Dang, resulting in the choice of Captain Peter A. McAloon, of Company K. In the mea.ntime General Burnside had assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, and in the re-organization which ensued, the Twenty- seventh was attached to the Eleventh Corps. General Sigel was ap- pointed to the command of 'the reserve division, consisting of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, and General Stahel to the command of the Eleventh Corps. Remaining at Thoroug^ifare Gap until November 17th, the regi- ment fell back to the neighborhood of Germantown, where it went into winter quarters, but on the 5th of December it was ordered to move to Hibemia Hill, beyond Fairfax Court House. Here details were made from the regiment to build corduroy roads, which were continued until the 8th, when it marched in the direction of Fredericksburg. Passing through Dumfries and Stafford Court House, it arrived on the evening of the 15 th at Falmouth. Remaining in this vicinity, drilling and doing picket duty until the 13th of January, it was ordered to United States Ford, where it was detailed to build a road above the ford, and to clear away the neighboring hills for planting batteries. Engaged in this duty until the 17th, it was, on that day, ordered to accompany the pontoon train to Bank's Ford; but rain and night both setting in, and the road being obstructed by the artillery, advancing from an opposite direction, the column was unable to reach its destination, and morning found pon- toon train, artillery and troops Ingloriously stuck in the mud. For two days. In the midst of driving snow and rain, without shelter and with scarcely any fire, the men tolled in extricating the pontoons. During the first night no fire was allowed and the clothing of the men, which had be- come throughly drenched, was frozen stiff. Returning again to Falmouth on the 23d, the regiment went into winter quarters, but only remained till the 5th of February, when it wias ordered to Stafford Court House, where the corps was encamped. In the meantime General Burnside had been superseded in the com- mand of the Army of the Potomac by General Hooker, and by the middle 'Organization of the First Brigade. Twenty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- teers, Colonel Cantador; Seventy-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Moore; Twenty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colonel Soest; One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colonel Jones. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 75 of April, was opening the campaign of Ohancellorsville. On the 15th the brigade was ordered to Kelly's Ford, where it arrived on the following day and enoainped in the woods near by. Here it remained guarding the ford till the 28th, when the Fifth, Eleventh and Twelfth Ctorps arrived. On the nig'ht of the 29th the Twenty-seventh and the Seventy-third Pennsyl- vania Regiments crossed the river on pontoons, routed the enemy sta- tioned on the opposite bank, advanced some distance and remained out all night on the skirmish line. During the night and following day the rest of the army crossed, the two regiments first over remaining at the ford till all had passed, and following up and joining the army at Ger- mania Mills. Here the Twenty-seventh crossed the Rapidan, and, after a brief respite, continued the march, reaching Dodd's Tavern, near the Wilderness, late at night. Taking position early in the morning the men were ordered to throw up breast-works. On the 1st of May the enemy felt the line heavily, but did not succeed in breaking it. The regiment remained out during the following night on the skirmish line, and was re- lieved in the morning by the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York. The Second Brigade was, on the 2d of May, detached and ordered to the support of the Third Corps, under Sickles. In the afternoon the enemy succeeded in turning the right flank of the First and Third Divisions of the Corps, and attacked in overwhelming numbers under Stonewall Jack- son, driving them in the direction of Colonel Buschbeck's Brigade, now numbering but fifteen hundred muskets. Immediately on discovering the condition of affairs, he ordered the Twenty-ninth New York and the Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania to advance. Both went forward in gal- lant style and herocially endeavored to check the enemy's fierce onset, but in vain." The enemy literally swarmed on every side. After losing half their number, the two regiments were forced to retire, but contested every step of ground till they reached the Chancellor House,t where the corps re-formed and remained for the night. At ten o'clock on the same night the rebels made another furious assault upon the position held by •♦During: the time' occupied in the dispersion of Devon's and Schurz's Divisions, Stein- wehr had rapidly changed front and thrown Buschbeclt's Brigade into these works. The other brigade of his division had been sent to support Sicltles. Some of Schurz's men rally on Buschbeck, and for a short time the Confederate advance is arrested. — The Battlefields of Virginia (rebel), p. 60. tBxtract from General Von Steinwehr's report, dated Headquarters Second Division, iLleventh Corps, May S, 1S63. * i* ♦ Soon I heard heavy firing in that direction which showed that, a strong attack was made upon our corps. When I arrived upon tne field I found Colonel Buschbeck, with three regiments of his brigade, the Twenty-sev- enth and Seventy-third Pennsylvania and One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York, still occupying the ssme ground near the tavern, and defending this position with great firmness and gallantry. The attack of the enemy was very powerful, they emerged from the woods in close column and had thrown the First and Third Divisions, which retired towards Chancellorsville, in great confusion. Colonel Buschbeck succeeded to check the prcgress of the enemy, and I directed him to hold his position as long as pos- sible. His men fought with great determination and courage; soon, however, the enemy gained both wings of the brigade and the enfilading fire which was now opened upon the small force, and which killed and wounded nearly one-third of its whole strength, soon forced them to retire. Colonel Buschbeck then withdrew his small .brigade in perfect order towards the woods, the enemy closely pressing on. Twice he halted, faced around, and at last reached the rear of General Sickles' Corps, which had been drawn up in position near Chancellorsville. 76 PENNSYLVANIA AT Sickles and Pleasanton, and for nearly two hours made desperate at- tempts to break their lines, but were repeatedly repulsed with great slaughter and shortly before midnight sullenly retired. On the following mornijig, Sunday, May 3, the Twenty-seventh took position along a line of breast- works, leading to United States Ford; but beyond an occasional skirmish it was not engaged, though the battle raged heavily on the right throughout the entire day. On the 6th the re- treat of Hooker's army commenced, and on the 7th the regiment arrived at its old camp ground, near Stafford Court House. The rebel leader, now rejoicing in his strength, determined to assum'e the offensive, and commenced, early in June, his movement on Penn- sylvania. On the 12th of June the Eleventh Corps marched through Vir- ginia to Edwards' Ferry, where it crossed the Potomac and moved through Maryland to Emmittsburg, halting for a day. During the march the Eleventh Corps had been in the advance, but at this point the First Corps pushed ahead. The entire movement had been rapid, the men suf- fering greatly from heat, many of them foot-sore. On the 1st of July the corps was ordered to march in quick time to Gettysburg. On the way the sad intelligence of the fall of General Reynolds, then in chief command at the front, was received. Pushing forward more rapidly, it arrived in the village shortly after noon and the Twenty-seventh Regiment was ordered to take possession of the jail, church, and the school building at one end of the town and make preparations to defend the entrance from that direction. The First and Third Divisions, in position to the north of the town, being engaged and already hard pressed the First Brigade, now under command of Colonel Coatar, of the One Hundred and Thirty- fourth New York, was ordered forward to their support. Hastening through the town at a double quick, the Twenty-seventh went into posi- tion near a brick kiln, with the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth New York on the left. In deploying the latter regiment moved too far to the right, leaving a gap between it and the next regiment to the left, the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York. On perceiving this. Lieutenant Colonel Cantador ordered the second battalion of the Twenty-seventh to be thrown Into the gap, but, owing to the din and confusion of the battle, the order was only partially executed, and but about fifty men under Lieutenant Vogelbach reached the position. In moving they were obliged to cross an open field that was swept by the fire of Early's advancing troops, from which they suffered severely. These three small regiments fought desperately to hold their line, and until both flanks were turned, when they slowly retired, fighting their way to Cemetery Hill. Lieuten- ant Vogelbach, with a part of the Twenty-seventh and the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York entire, failing to perceive, until too late, that the brigade had fallen back, attempted to re-join it, but found themselves entirely cut off, the rebels being in advance of them pursuing our re- treating column into town. This fragment of the Twenty-seventh, how- ever, attempted to cut its way through, when Lieutenant Vogelbach, was CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 77 shot down, and the men, being without a leader, and entirely surrounded, were forced to submit to be talcen prisoners. The remainder of the regiment had forced its way back to Cemetery Hill, and was posted behind the stone walls to the left of the Baltimore pike. On the evening of the 2d, the enemy made a desperate assault on that part of the line, and attempted to take the battery which it was supporting. As the rebels were advancing to t'he attack, a mounted man in the national uniform, representing himself as a staff officer, rode up and ordered the regiment to fall back some distance to a wall in the rear. The order was given, but the greater part of the men refused to retire. The pretended officer discovering that his order was not obeyed, leaped the wall and galloped away towards Gettysburg, evidently a rebel in dis- guise. On seeing this, t'he men who had O'beyed the order and fallen back, advanced again to their old position, where their comrades were engaged. The enemy, in heavy force, rushed forward with the confidence of assured victory, and succeeded in crossing the wall, but could not drive our men from it. The conflict here was a desperate hand to hand encounter, the men clubbing their muskets, and the artillerymen their rammers. The rebels were at length forced back, leaving two regimental colors, and a number of prisoners. Here the brave Lieutenant Briggs, the Ad- jutant of the regiment, while in the very act of cheering on the men, was killed. On the 3d of July the regiment continued in position on Cemetery Hill, with the exception of a short time, when ordered to the assistance of a corps momentarily overpowered, and was for three hours exposed to a terrific artillery fire. During the night. Lieutenant Hannappel, of Com- pany K, pushed into the outskirts of the town, and on the morning of the 4th, the Twenty-seventh was among the first to enter Gettysburg, to the great joy of the inhabitants. What a morning was that for the people of this beleaguered town! ^or three wearisome days ol battle had they with bated breath awaited the issue of the conflict. In the grey dawn, they beheld with uncontrollable gladness the soldiers of the national army advancing on all their streets! Following up the enemy in his retreat, skirmishing ensued with his rear at Hagerstown and Funkstown. The loss of the regiment in this battle was two officers and twenty-two men killed, three officers and sixty-five men wounded, and one officer and forty-four men missing. The rebels having made good their retreat across the Potomac, hastened up the Shenandoa:h "Valley, while Meade retraced his steps through Lovottsville, Union, Upperville, and Salem, to Warrenton, holding the old line of the Rappahannock. Two months succeeding the battle of Gettys- burg was a period of great activity with the cavalry, the infantry being little engaged. On the 14th of September, while encamped at Greenwich, Virginia, one hundred and seventy conscripts were sent to the regiment. In the absence of Lieutenant Colonel Cantadbr, it was at this time com- manded by Major McAloon. Moving from Greenwich to Catlett's Sta- tion, it remained till near the close of September, when it was ordered to 78 PENNSYLVANIA AT ■Washington, and. the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, under command of General Hooker, were dispatched by rail to Nashville, to the support of Rcsecrans, occupying a precarious position at Chattanooga. An army of twenty thousand men with all its trains and material, was taken up at Washington, and in eight days set down at Nashville, in condition for effective service. On the 24 th of October, 1863, the regiment' was stationed at Bridgeport, Alabama. On the 28th, in pursuance of orders, it marched along the Cumberland river towards Chattanooga. On the 29th, the enemy was en- countered in the vicinity of Wauhatohie Creek, and soon driven back across the stream. As the column passed Lookout Mountain, it was con- tinually fired upon by the rebels posted on its summit, but without effect. The command encamped for the night near the river, having opened com- munication with Chattanooga. Shortly after midnight, it was aroused by the sound of heavy firing in the rear, and was ordered to the support of General Geary, who had been attacked. Moving at double quick time, the enemy was soon encountered, posted on a high, steep hill. The Seventy- third Ohio, and Thirty-third Massachusetts were ordered to storm the heights, and after three unsuccessful attempts, they at last succeeded in driving the enemy from his position. As the final charge was made, the Twenty-seventh advanced on their left and captured some prisoners. In the morning, breast-works were thrown up, whicli were shelled by the rebels on Lookout Mountain. The line was gradually pushed forward towards the mountain, till it reached to the creek, and was daily shelled by the rebels, but with little effect. Notice of the resignation of Lieu- tenant Colonel Cantador was received while here, and Major McAloon was appointed to succeed him, Captain Reidt, of Company C, being promoted to the Majority. Taking up the line of march on the 22d of November, and crossing the river twice on the way, the brigade arrived at Chattanooga the same evening, and encamiped for the night. On the following day, leaving knapsacks and tents in camp, and taking only overcoats and haversacks, it marched a short distance beyond the town and took position in line of battle, already formed. The skirmishers soon became engaged, and drove the enemy, capturiijg a number of prisoners. The Thirty-third New York having been driven back, a part of the Twenty^seventh Regi- ment was ordered to its support, relieving it, and remaining out all night on the skirmish line. In the morning, as the skirmishers were being re- lieved, the rebels opened fire on them. Im'mediately re-forming, they again advanced, and out-flanking the assailants, took some prisoners. On the same evening, the regiment moved to the left, along the river, and joined Sherman's forces, then advancing towards Missionary Ridge. The Seventy-third Pennsylvania held the right of the brigade facing the ridge, the Twenty-seventh the left. The entire ridge was covered with breast- works, well supplied with guns. Sherman, away to the left, was at- tempting to storm the mountain in his front. Shortly after noon, the Seventy-third advanced from the wood where it had been stat-' -^ '■" CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 79 the foot of the ridge and took possession of two block-houses. It was soon actively engaged, the rebels attempting to dislodge it. Companies A and B, of the Twenty-seventh, were ordered to its support, and advanced gal- lantly. The rest of the regiment, led by Lieutenant Colonel McAloon, followed, charging up the ridge to the left of the Seventy-third, and were joined on the way by the two detached companies. In the face of a hot fire of infantry and artillery, the column puslied forward, and without firing a shot, drove the enemy behind his last line of breast-works and to within a few paces of his battery. Too much exhausted by the charge up the rugged face cf the ridge to seize their advantage in time, the enemy rallied and was re-inforced. For two hours this position was held, and until every cartridge had been used, the right flank of the regiment turned, and two-thirds of its number either killed or wounded; then, and not till then, was it forced to fall back.* The brave Lieutenant Colonel McAloon was carried off the field with five wounds, from the effects of which he died on the 7th of December, 1863. He was succee'ded in com- mand by Major Reidt. The regiment advanced to the charge two 'hun- dred and forty strong. Of this number, one oflicer and forty-five men were killed, and six officers and eighty men wounded. On the 26th of November the regiment started in pursuit and subse- quently made a long and wearisome march under Sherman, to the relief of Burnside, at Knoxville, beleaguered by Longstreet. On the 13th of December it returned to the neighborhood of Chattanooga. The suffer- ings of the men in this mid-winter march, without shelter or blankets, were intense. Having been ordered to leave their tents and knapsacks in camp before going into battle, they had been put upon the march with- out being allowed the opportunity of obtaining them. During the re- mainder of the winter the regiment continued in camp near Lookout Mountain. In the re-organization of tlie army which ensued, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were consolidated, forming the Twentieth, under com- mand of General Hooker. Tlie Twenty-seventh Regiment was attached to the First Brigade of Geary's Division. On the 4th of May, 1864, an order was received to march. This had not been anticipated, and was the occa- sion of much ill feeling. The men had expected to be mustered out of service on the 5th of May, the day on which their services had been ac- cepted, and from which tliey had received pay, and they were disposed to assert by violence wliat they had thought to be therr rights; but a fair statement of their case by the commanding general of the division, caused better counsels to prevail. Falling into column as the army marched out, they shared in the 'honor as well as the hardships of that grand cam- "•Extract from General Sherman's Official Report. Bridgeport, Ala., December 19, 1S63. The brigade of Colonel Buschbeck, belonging to the Eleventh Corps, which were the iirst to come out of Chattanooga to my Hank, fought at the Tunnel Hill, in connection with General Ewlng's Division and displayed a- courage almost amounting to rashness. Following the enemy almost to the tunnel gorge, It lost many valuable lives. ♦ t • 80 PENNSYLVANIA AT paign on Atlanta, the blow which burst the bubble known as the Southern Confederacy. At Rocky Face, Dug Gap, Resaca and Dallas they fought with their accustomed bravery. At Dallas, on the 25th of May, their term having now fully expired, they received orders to proceed to' Phila- delphia to be mustered out of service. Arriving on the 31st of May, they were paid and received their final discharges on the 11th of June, 1864, having been absent three years, and in the service three years and two months. At their muster out they numbered three hundred and thirty-six officers and men. Of the officers who went out with the regiment, but one, a First Lieutenant, returned with it, now a. Lieutenant Colonel, in command of the regiment; all of the other officers had been promoted from the ranks. Its original strength was one thousand and forty-six, and it received, at various times, recruits and conscripts to the number of three hundred. Company F, numbering one hundred men, was detached for special duty at Washington, early in the war and never again returned. Company Q, having about eighty men, was transferred to the Sixty-ninth Penn- sylvania. One hundred and fifty officers and men were killed in battle. Two hundred and fifty died from disease and wounds. Four hundred were wounded in action. One hundred and fifty (mostly conscripts) de- serted; and two hundred and eighty were discharged for disability. In June, 1866, the regiment was temporarily re-otganized under the command of Captain Vogelbach of Company B, and participated in the ceremonies incident to the return of the flags to the Governor of the State, on the 4th of July. The old flag, with the names of the battles inscribed, was borne in the column by the remnants of a once strong regiment, and delivered to the Chief Executive, from whose hands they had received it. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 28TH regimi:nt infantry Near Craven's House, I,ookotjt Mountain, Tenn., November 15th, 1897. ADDRESS OF CORPORAE JOSEPH E. CORNET. COMRADES of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment, I greet you! For the fourth time we meet to renew out comradeship upon a former battlefield. In May, 1S65, we halted upon the bloody field of Chancellorsville, while returning home from the war. Then and there we took up the body of our gallant leader. Major Lansford P. Chapman, who died while leading us in a, charge, two years before. We have also met in reunion upon the fields of Gettysburg CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 81 a,nd Antietam. To-day, we meet where in our young manhood days we followed that gallant and brilliant Commander, Colonel Thomas J. Ahl, who led us above the clouds to battle with an almost unseen foe. It is my conferred duty to tell you that old story again after a lapse of thirty-four years. THE CAMPAIGN BEGUN. On Sunday morning, November 22, 1863, the Twenty-eighth Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry Regiment received orders to break camp pre- paratory to an onward movement. At 10 o'clock, under command of our leader, we marched to the recently vacsuted quarters of the Seventy-fifth Pennsylvania. Here we remained until Tuesday, November 24. At 6 o'clock that morning Colonel Charles Candy, commanding the brigade, the first of General John W. Geary's Second or White Star Division, Twelfth Army Corps, Gei;eral H. W. Slocum Commanding Corps, was ordered to report for instructions to General Geary. Colonel Candy moved the brigade as ordered, leaving such portions as were on picket to remain in the "Valley of "Wauhatchie. The picket line was very heavy as our troops were required to cover the recently vacated ground of the Eleventh Corps as well as our own. The Twenty-ninth Ohio Regiment and several companies of the Fifth Ohio Regiment of our brigade were the troops left behind. Before leaving camp we unslung our knap-sacks and piled them. One or two men from each company were detailed to remain in charge. The brigade then formed and moved in light march- ing order forward to the place designated by General Geary to meet the other two brigades of the division. Colonel Candy was ordered to form line for battle. The right of the leading regiment, en echelon, at about fifty paces interval to the troops on the right. The brigade moved forward in the following order: The One hundred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania, Seventh Ohio, Twenty- eighth Pennsylvania, Sixty-sixth and Fifth Ohio Regiments. After marching three-quarters of a mile. Colonel Oandy received instructions to change front to the left; with orders to have two regiments to scout the fields at the foot of Lookout Mountain and to uncover the fords so that troops could cross at or near the mouth of Lookout Creek. This duty having been satisfactorily performed, the two regiments rejoined the brigade. THE BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. The left of the brigade was then ordered: "About half wheel." Heavy and sharp firing was soon heard on the Point and prisoners began coming in. The Fifth Ohio numbered about fifty men and it was ordered to take charge of the prisoners and take them to the rear, which they did. In the meantime the troops on the right had attacked the enemy and driven him from the rifie pits with considerable loss in killed and wounded. Between two 'and three o'clock, Colonel Candy received an injury to his hip when he was disabled and compelled to retire from active duty. Colonel "William R. Creighton of the Seventh Ohio Regiment, one of the finest soldiers in the brigade, at once assumed command. The brigade 6 82 PENNS"XX,VANIA AT was then in this position: The Seventh Ohio and the One hundred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania occupied the rifle pits on the right and left of the road two hundred yards in advance of the White or Craven House. The Sixty-sixth Ohio and the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania ' were on the left, further down the mountain. A heavy fire resulted from the move- ments of the brigade which continued for some time. An irregular fire was kept up from both sides all the afternoon. After the two regiments first named had reached their position it was observed that the enemy was massing against our extreme right under the cliff. The Twenty- eighth was ordered to fill the gap and to dislodge the enemy which was done in gallant style. The rebel sharpshooters were now beginning to harass the command when a. portion of the Twenty-eighth was ordered to deploy and take position as sharpshooters, which they did. The Twenty-eighth remained in position until late at night when it was re- lieved by the Eighth Kentucky Infantry and descended the mountain to where the brigade headquarters were in order to make coffee and get a meal, the first since breakfast. The day was misty; in the morning as we moved forward a. cold, driz- zling rain set in. The mountain was covered with a heavy fog so that to a great extent things were felt rather than seen. At times, while fight- ing at the height of eighteen hundred feet above the bosom of the broad and meandering Tennessee, when the clouds lifted, we saw before us one of the most lovely stretches of landscape ever presented to man. Rug- ged mountains, hills, valleys, green fields, rivers and smaller streams, towns and villages .were unfolded beneath us as were never before un- folded to the gaze of soldiers in battle before, and it may be that in all the ages to follow us none will ever again be so blessed with such ro- mantic sight under similar circumstances. These magnificent views were only seen for a moment at a. time, however, as the heavy clouds would soon settle down again. After the regiment had been relieved from its position and had par- taken of supper there was a supplementary view presented to our ad- miring gaze, that is, to those of us who were able to keep awaJke to witijess it. We had had glimpses of the beauties of terra firma during the day; now, at night, we witnessed one of the spectacular scenes of Heaven, an eclipse of the moon. In this battle, while the Twenty-eighth did a, great deal of hard work, the regiment had but few losses. General Geary gives the losses of the division at Lookout Mountain as follows: Killed, two oflicers and twenty men; wounded, fourteen officers and 102 men; total killed, twenty-two; wounded, one hundred and sixteen; grand total, one hundred and thirty- eight. What the losses of the other troops co-operating with us were I am unable to say, but it is given that Hooker lost five hundred men killed and wounded in the battle. The Confederate losses, according to General Geary's report, were as follows: Killed, one hundred and twenty-five; wounded and left on field, three hundred; prisoners, one thousand nine hundred and forty. Tlie division captured two cannon, five battle flags CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 83 and two thousand eight hundred stands of arms. Lookout Mountain was a great victory for Fighting Joe, but he died recalling that General Grant had denied that there was a battle on Lookout Mountain. General Grant said: (page 306, Volume II, "Around the World with General Grant") "Th« battle of Lookout Mountain is one of the romances of the war. There was no such battle and there was no action even worthy to be called a battle on Lookout Mountain; it is all poetry." In Volume II, "Personal Me- moirs," pages 68 to 73, General Grant tells the story of the battle of Look- out Mountain, and in the index calls it the battle of Lookout Mountain, giving gallant Joe Hooker credit for all that was claimed for our popular general'; but this was done in 1885, six years after the herO' of the battle above the clouds was dead. MISSIONARY RIDGE. On the day after the battle of Lookout Mountain, Wednesday, No- vember 25, sometime before noon, we descended from the Palisades where we had had a view of the early movements in the battle on Missionary Ridge, seeing at a. distance of three miles the shifting of heavy masses of troops and the firing of guns all of which was pleasant enough to se^ and hear while occupying a position above and beyond the post of danger. Under the command of General Hooker who had as his flanking column Geary's Division, representing the Army of the Potomac; Osterhaus' Di- vision, from the Army of the Tennessee, and Graft's Division from the Army of the Cumberland, we moved rapidly towards Missionary Ridge where General Sherman, who had been lighting all day, we found had all he could do in his attack on Bragg to hold his own. Our forces under Hooker turned the enemy's left and won the day. Thousands of the Con- federates threw down their arms and one whole brigade surrendered to Hooker's command. The Twenty-eighth at first supported a battery of flying artillery and afterwards climbed the mountain without giving the enemy any chance to return our fire as he was on the run, and we had no losses on that day. While yet on the battlefield I asked a, Confederate prisoner, a young man of sixteen years, "Were you conscripted?" "No," he said, "they took me. Oh, I could have had a bran new, red fiannel shirt that was laying on the ground, if I'd only a know'd this." He was not a ^it afraid of what his fate might be in the hands of the Yankees; he only thought of that red flannel shirt. From Missionary Ridge to Pea Vine Creek the next day, where in the evening the enemy was met and a brief fight ensued, was a rapid march, as you all remember. RINGGOLD, GA. Up to this time the Twenty-eighth had done some Important work with- out suffering material' losses, but at Ringgold, which we reached at an early hour on Friday, November 27, we were destined to accomplish less but to lose many -officers and men killed and wounded. Osterhaus, we found skirmishing with the enemy, whose whole rear guard was on Tay- lor's Ridge, a wild, rugged and steep mountain. The Confederates were 84 PENNSYLVANIA AT located in a strong position on top of the mountain in great force. Orders were received to move to the left of the town and to charge up the ridge, Geary supposing it to bo held by a small force. The brigade was formed in two lines, the Sixty-sixth Ohio and the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, and the Seventh Ohio and One hundred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania. We moved towards the top of the ridge under heavy fire of musketry. On reaching the foot of the mountain the second line was moved to the left of the first and extended it, but the enemy reinforced his troops and had double the number we had while we had the work before us of climbing the ridge. We withheld our fire until we had gone half way up the moun- tain side; we were tired and our fire was not delivered with that accuracy and effect that might have been hoped for. It was as much as we could do to climb the rough and steep mountain-side without having to fight a larger army in front of us. The Seventh Ohio ascended on the side of a ravine and was moving nobly upward when the enemy threw troops on both flanks of it, placing that gallant regiiricnt between enfilading fires. The result was that all of its officers and many men were killed or wounded. The One hundred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania was advancing beautifully when the enemy threw troops on both sides of its flanks, and seeing the results of similar dispositions of the enemy on the Seventh Ohio, the regiment was withdrawn and fell back. It was just before this that Colonel Creighton, who commanded the brigade, learning of the death of Lieutenant Colonel Crane exclaimed, "There goes poor Crane." He too, fell, and as he did, said, "Tell my wife I died at-the head of my command." Colonel Ahl then took command of the brigade. Our regiment was on the right of the line. The Twenty-eighth fell back after the disasters on the left had occurred, in accordance with orders, but about twenty com- rades of company A who, with a few members of company F, and Ad- jutant Samuel Goodman not hearing the orders to withdraw, remained. Along with us was a color bearer with his colors and one comrade from an Iowa regiment. We remained in our advanced position sometime, deploying and acting as skirmishers. While here, Adjutant Goodman, who refused to get behind shelter though admonished by the men to do so, and who was standing flfty feet ahead of our thin line on a mountain road, was wounded in an arm. About this time I was startled by the cry of my nearest comrade, Pat McShay, who exclaimed, "I'll die, if I don't get a chaw of tobricco." I certainly was relieved of much anxiety when I heard the last part of his exclamation. I fired just after this and before I could get back under shelter again I was struck in the right breast by a spent ball. I saw the ball within six feet of me after it had hit me and I longed to pick it up for a. relic, but I was afraid I might pick up others that I didn't want for they were flying in 'profusion and promiscuously. At last the welcome sound of a Yankee cannon was heard, and it began to tire over our heads on the enemy. It was, I suppose, one of Knap's guns. We then fell back moving at a right shoulder shift, -stopping ever and anon to return the enemy's fire. Some of our men were wounded, I think. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 85 on this retreat, but I do not remember who or how many of them were shot as we retreated. Colonel Ahl reported the loss of the Twenty- eighth to be four officers \vounded and four men killed and twenty-eight men wounded; total, thirty-six. The list of killed was increased to ten by the death of six of the wounded comrades. The names of those killed and died of wounds were: Lieutenant Peter Kaylor, company F, but who commanded company T>; Sergeant Major Robert A. Kernihai'd, company A; Henry C. Fithian, John Hill and Charles T. Murphy, all of company D; Joseph "W. Stephens and John Lane, companj' F; James T. Brady, company G; Samuel Hamilton and James Dunn, company K. THE DIVISION'S LOSSES. General Geary's official report after the close of the campaign around Cliattanooga, has these statistics: Whole number of officers killed, five; number of officers wounded, twenty-nine; number of men killed, twenty-nine; number of men wounded (including many who died from their wounds) one hundred and fifty; total number killed, thirty-four; total number wounded, one hun- dred and seventy-nine; total killed and wounded, two hundred and three; number missing, probably killed, twenty-five. Grand total of losses, Geary's Division, two hundred and twenty-eight. At Missionary Ridge we helped to capture a Confederate brigade in ad- dition to which we took two hundred other prisoners. Geary's Division started in the campaign with three brigades, and we had one hundred and forty-one officers and two thousand eight hundred and eighteen men; total force, two thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine officers and men. Of the two thousand and twenty regiments mustered into the Union service during the war, the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania stands No. 124 in the list of killed. In its four years of active duty the regiment lost one hundred and fifty-seven killed, three hundred and ninety-four wounded, and thirty-five prisoners, the smallest loss in prisoners of probably any regiment that was constantly in active service in the Union army. The entire losses were therefore five hundred and eighty-six in action and one hundred and twenty- seven died from disease. Of the two thousand six hundred and sixty-five enrolled officers and men about one thousand joined the regiment when the war was practically over, and five companies were taken to form the nucleus of the One hun- dred and forty-seventh Pennsylvania and perhaps fifty were transferred to form the nucleus of Knap's Battery. Our regiment produced two major generals and two brigadier generals. IN CONCI.USION. Now comrades, when after four years of war, having been engaged In nearly thirty bakles and scores of skirmishes fought in many states, we returned home thirty-two years ago, we had with us some of the standbys 86 PENNSYLVANIA AT of our gallant regiment. In the generation that has since gone by, very many of them have passed from earth. As I remember them I win name a few: General John W. Geary, afterwards Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; General John Flynn, Lieutenant Colonel James Fltzpatrlck, Major J. D. Arner, Captain James Silllman, Captain James F. Knight, company F, General Hector Tyndale, Dr. H. E. Good- man, one of the ablest and noblest physicians in the land, "a good man and true" in more than one sense; Color Bearer Barney Lynch, who car- ried the colors in twenty-three battles, Colonel Thomas J. Ahl, and a host of others. Now, as we part, may God bless us each and all; may we meet in happi- ness when we cross that other picket line and hold that most glorious of all reunions in the Land higher above the clouds than any we ever oc- cupied in our marches, encampments and battles on earth. And now, I dedicate this monument in the name of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers. For ages after we have been en- tombed it will stand here and tell in brief the story of our prowess. HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* EARLY in June, 1861, Colonel John W. Geary obtained permission from President Lincoln to raise, in Pennsylvania, a regiment of volunteers to serve for three years. He accordingly established a camp at Oxford Park, in Philadelphia, and on the 28th of that month the Twenty-eighth Regiment, which was uniformed and equipped at his own e'xpense, was being mustered into the service of the United States. The regiment, when completed, consisted of fifteen companies, number- ing fifteen hundred and flfty-one ofiicers and men, brought together from various sections of the State; Companies A and N having been organized in Luzerne county; B, in Westmoreland; C, D, I, K, M and P, in Phila- delphia;' E, in Carhon; F, In Cambria and Allegheny; G, H and L, in Alle- gheny, and O, in Huntingdon. The field and staff officers were John W. Geary, Colonel; Gabriel De Korponay, Lieutenant Colonel; Hector Tyndale, Major; John Flynn, Ad- jutant; Benjamin F. Lee, Quartermaster; H. Earnest Goodman, Surgeon; Samuel Logan, Assistant Surgeon, and Charles W. Heisley, Chaplain. From surplus recruits a battery was formed and attached to the regi- ment, which was known as Knap's Battery of the Twenty-eighth Penn- sylvania Volunteers. Mr. Charles Knap, of Pittsburg, presented this company with four steel guns, which were subsequently exchajiged by the government for six ten-pounder Parrotts. Also connected with the regiment was Beck's celebrated Philadelphia Brass Band. •Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. 5 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 87 The uniform was of gray cloth, manufactured In the vicinity of Oxford Park, and furnished to the several companies as they were mustered in. This subsequently gave place to the blue regulation uniform. The arms were the Enfield rifle with the formidable sword bayonet. These were ob- tained of a firm in Philadelphia, who fortunately had them for sale, else the regiment would have been armed with the ordinary musket, altered from the flint to percussion lock, many of which were in possession of the government. Whilst Colonel Geary was actively engaged in forming, equipping and drilling his regiment, events were transpiring which demanded prompt and energetic action on the part of the Government relative to raising additional troops and hastening them to the field. On the 21st of July the disastrous battle of Bull Run was fought; and the panic which seized upon and disorganized a great portion of the army, spread its terrifying influ- ence through all parts of the Northern States, and had the effect to arouse the heads of the national departments to a realizing sense of the danger with which the country was threatened.' Re-inforcements were conse- quently ordered forward to join, as rapidly as possible, the defeated army at the front; and hence, in obedience to orders from General Scott, the Colonel, on the 27th, moved with ten companies of his command — leaving the other five, which were not yet in readiness for the field, in charge of Major Hector Tyndale, with orders to follow as soon as possible — and proceeded directly, by way of Baltimore, to Harper's Ferry, reaching there on the evening of the following day. Here he reported to Major General Banks, to whose command the regiment had been assigned, and was attached to the brigade commanded by Colonel Thomas, now a Major General of the United States army. The regiment encamped at Sandy Hook, opposite Harper's Ferry, until the night of August 13, when it marched to Point of Rocks, a distance of sixteen miles, arriving at ten o'clock oh the following morning, the roads being bad and the night dark and stormy. The duty here assigned it was to guard the frontier from Nolan's Ferry to the Antietam aqueduct, em- bracing numerous mountain gaps and roads, the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Potomac river and its op- posite banks, and the many islands with which it is studded, together with a number of ferries and fords. The telegraph and postoflices, being in the hands of suspected persons, were also taken in charge. To perform this duty, picket posts were established at every four hundred yards along a line of over twenty-five miles. The utmost vigilance was strictly enjoined and enforced. Scouting and reconnoitering parties of guerrillas and rebel cavalry prowled among the hills in the rear and on the opposite side of the river, who dailj' fired upon the picket's. Slight skirmishes were of constant occurrence. Rebel sympathizers, emissaries and spies existed among the residents, and a systematized plan of signalling was carried on between them and the Confederate troops; whilst, under various pretences, passes were obtained from otHcers at "Washington City, by women as well as men, by means of which communication was kept 88 PENNSYLVANIA AT up between the two shores of the Potomac, with the rebel troops and their sjTnpathizing- friends. All this required special watchfulness, and the whole system, with those engaged in it, was soon discovered and com- munication entirely broken up. Many arrests were made and the prisoners forwarded, with detailed accounts of their offences, to the head- quarters of the army. During this time large forces of the enemy were quartered in Lioudon county, Virginia, and distributed at various points in the neighborhood, who made frequent threatening demonstrations. On September 15,. a body of these troops attacked the pickets above Harper's Ferry, at Pitcher's Mills, w^here a spirited engagement took place, lasting two hours, in which the rebels were routed, after a loss, acknowledged by them, of eighteen killed, seventy-three wounded, and several prisoners. Two unmounted iron twelve-pounder cannon and two small brass mortars, with other effects were captured. On September 24, about five hundred rebels attacked Point of Rocks from the Virginia side, where another animated fight of two hours occurred, in which artillery and small arms were used. The enemy was driven with loss in killed and wounded, and the houses in which he took shelter were destroyed. A few days afterwards he was also driven, with some loss, from a for- tified position opposite Berlin. A similar affair took place at Knoxville on the 2d of October. Early in October secret organizations, regularly officered and prepared ■with arms and equipments, for rebellious purposes, were discovered in Frederick and adjoining counties in Maryland. The names of the parties were obtained and their premises searched. Their arms and accoutre- ments were found hidden in bams, and out-houses, and buried in the ground, at some distance from the homes of their owners. Two hundred sabres, four hundred pistols and full cavalry equipments for at least two hundred men, and about fourteen hundred muskets were captured. A detachment of the command having been or'dered to seize a quantity of wheat intended for the rebel army, at a mill near Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, Colonel Geary crossed \he Potomac with three companies and Li piece of artillery to assist in removing it, and to protect the operations. This labor, though pushed forward with great activity, occupied several days. It being completed, the Colonel had determined to re-cross the river on the 16th, but at seven o'clock in the morning his pickets stationed on Bolivar Heights, west of Harper's Ferry, were driven into the town of Bolivar by the enemy who approached from the west in three columns, consisting of one regiment of infantry, one of cavalry, and three pieces of artillery, commanded by General Ashby. His advanced guard of cavalry charged gallantly towards the upper part of the town, and his infantry and artillery took position on the heights from which the pickets had been driven. At the same time General Evans, with four regiments of infantry and four pieces of artillery appeared on Loudon Heights. Sharpshooters were stationed at eligible points to annoy our troops at the crossing of the Potomac, near the railroad bridge at Harper's Ferry. Hav- ing detached a portion of his command to defend the fords on the Shenan- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 89 doah, the Colonel remained with about five hundred men, with whom he resisted the enemy's charge. A second and third were made, each increas- ing in impetuousity, during which, in addition to artillery, the rebels were supported by their infantry on Bolivar Heights. They were each time repulsed. Under this Concentrated fire the troops held their posi- tion until eleven o'clock, when, having brought up a rifled cannon, Com- panies A and G pushed forward, turned the enemy's left flank, and gained a portion of the heights. A few well directed shots from this gun ait the same time silenced two of their pieces, and soon after they were in full retreat towards Charlestown. The standard of the regiment was then planted on Bolivar Heights. The victory over Ashby was complete. The rebels stated 'their loss to be one hundred and fifty killed and wounded. Eleven prisoners, one thirty-five pounder Columbiad, a wagon used for a caisson, with a large quantity of ammunition, and twenty-one thousand bushels of wheat were taken, besides which, one of their small guns was disabled. Three companies of the Third Wisconsin, and two companies of the Thirteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, acted under Colonel Geary's command in this battle, and were at the time com- plimented by him for their gallantry. After disposing of Ashby, attention was turned to General Evans, on Loudon Heights. His sharpshooters were soon driven from the east bank of the Shenandoah by the expert marksmen of the Twenty-eighth, and two of his guns were disabled by a fire from the artillery. A number of his men were killed and wounded, and finding that nothing could be accomplished, he returned to Dees- burg. This was the first victory after the Bull Run disaster. Before quitting the field the Colonel forwarded a dispatch to the Secretary of War, saying: — "I write upon the butt of a cannon captured from the enemy to inform you that we have gained a comjjlete victory over the combined forces of Ashby and Evans;" to which the Secretary facetiously replied, that it was "far more desirable to receive dispatches from the butts than from the muzzles of the cannon of the enemy." For this achievement the comimand received the thanks of the President, the Sec- retary of War, and the commander of the corps. General Banks wrote: — "You and your regiment receive commendations from all quarters." On October 21, under orders from Major General Banks, Colonel Geary reported at Edwards' Ferry with one thousand men, to participalte in the battle of Ball's Bluff, and on the 23d returned to the camp at Point of Rooks. The Maryland Legislature being in session at Frederick, and about to pass an ordinance of secession, a column of four thousand of the enemy attempt- ed, on the 30th, to cross the Potomac for the purpose of sustaining them in their rebellious act; but were met at Nolan's Ferry by the troops of Colonel Geary's 'command and driven back, thus effecting a. vastly im- portant event in the history of the war. Under date of October 21, in a letter to Colonel Geary, Governor Andrew G. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, says:— "The standard for your regiment is ready, and if I can leave Harrisburg, I will come and present it in person, as it would afford me much pleasure to express to you and the brave men 90 PENNSYLVANIA AT you comimand, my gratification and pride in all you have done since you left Pennsylvania." Pressing official business prevented the Governor from carrying out the intention expressed in this letter; but in the month of March following, he dispatched a messenger with the standard, who delivered it to the Regimental Quartermaster, Captain B. F. Lee, aA Harper's Ferry, by whom it was conveyed to Upperville, Virginia, and presented to the regiment, then stationed at that point. On the 31st a committee, consisting of Messrs. Jas. B. Nicholson, Samuel R. Hilt and Gilbert S. Parker, presented the regiment with an elegant suite of colors. State and National, the gift of a number of citizens of Philadelphia. The ceremonies attending the presentation were exceed- ingly interesting and impressive. The regiment was formed in hollow square. Mr. Nicholson 'made an eloquent and patriotic speech, to which Colonel Geary responded with much feeling and loyal enthusiasm. In the course of his remarks he assured the donors that he regarded the colors as a sacred trust, for whose preservation he would answer through every trial; that his command would protect them with their lives, and though they might be tattered and torn, would return them to be de- posited among the archives of the State. Beck's Philadelphia Brass Band perfoi-raed several national and soul-stirring airs, and Chaplain Heisley closed the imposing ceremonies with a fervent prayer. On November 10th an attack was made upon the pickets at Berlin, which was successfully resisted, the enemy suffering materially. On December 19, shells were thrown froim the Virginia side into the camp at Point of Rocks, when a section of Knap's Battery opened fire upon the rebels, who were in possession of four guns, with such effect as to scatter them and to cause considerable loss. An action occurred at Harper's Ferry dur- ing the latter part of this month, which lasted two hours. The enemy was defeated and a large portion of the town was burned. During the months of January and February, 1862, many prisoners were sent to the Provost Marshal. These were chiefly civilians, captured as spies, or caught in the act of co'mmunicating intelligence to the enemy. On January 31, a rebel flag, seized at Point of Rocks, was forwarded as a present from the regiment to the State of Pennsylvania. In pursuance of orders for the army to cross the Potomac, Colonel Geary concentrated his oomirand at Sandy Hook on the 24th of February. In endeavoring to stretch a rope over the river, a boat was upset by a sud- den storm of wind, and six men of Company P were drowned. The com- mand crossed on the two following days on large flat-boats and drove the enemy from Bolivar Heights. On the 28th, the regiment and battery, with four companies of the First Michigan Cavalry, crossed the Shenandoah by a rope ferry, and, at the P'Oirut of the bayonet, took possession of Loudon Heights. Leaving flve companies with Lieutenant Colonel De Korponay, to garrison the heights. Colonel Geary, with the main 'body, pushed forward, and on the morning of March 1, reached Lovettsville. The enemy stationed there, after a sharp skirmish, fled with great precipitation. Nineteen of his cavalry CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 91 were captured, with horses and arms, and a large quantity of other prop- erty. During the three succeeding days General A. P. Hill, with a force of four thousand men and thirteen pieces of artillery, was held in check. On the 3d, Lieutenant Colonel De Korponay, with his detachment, being relieved at Loudon Heights, re-joined the command. Informajtion being received on the 7th of March that a force of fifteen hundred rebel infantry, artillery and cavalry, were at Waterford, de- termined upon destroying that town and Wheatland, and also the railroad. Colonel Geary immediately put his cavalry" and artillery in motion, leav- ing instructions lor the infantry to follow, and entered Wheatland in time to frustrate these incendiary designs. The rebels stationed at Wheatland fled to Waterford, creating such a panic that the troops quar- tered there instantly decaniped and hastened to join General Hill, at Leesburg. At eleven o'clock at night Colonel Geary followed in pursuit to Waterford, and after resting three hours, pushed forward for Lees- burg. Having an exaggerated idea of the strengith of the advancing forces. General Hill, after burning his barracks and much valuable prop- erty, hastily evacuated the town and fled towards Middleburg, and at about sunrise on the morning of the 8th, Hill's retreating forces still in sight. Colonel Geary's command, after a forced march of sixteen miles over muddy roads, entered Leesburg without opposition, planting the Union flag upon Forts Johnson, Beauregard and Evans, and taking pos- session of all the public buildings. Ninety prisoners, seventy horses and a train of wagons containing officers' baggage and sutlers' stores were captured. The line of the enemy's retreat was marked with devastations hastily committed. Bridges were destroyed and mills, fences, granaries, barns, stacks of grain and hay, and the buildings upon the fair grounds were burned. In regard to this movement, General Banks, on the 9th. telegraphed to Colonel Geary, saying: — "I congratulate you on the occu- pation of Leesburg. It indicates the overthrow of the left wing of the rebel army on the Potomac, and will give joy to the country." And on the nth, he closed a congratulatory letter with the remark: — "I am greatly gratified with your occupation of the town so promptly." Leaving a garrison to guard the town, the main body of the command moved forward on the morning of the 12th, sixteen miles to Snickersville, having a spirited skirmish on the way. Atfter reconnoitering the moun- tains and country in this vicinity, it proceeded to Upperville, on the 14th, driving off Ashby's and the Sixth Virginia Cavalry, killing one officer and capturing twenty prisoners and a number of horses and equipments. The order preserved by the troops, their respect for persons and property, and their general praiseworthy deportment so commended them to the citizens, that a lively tTnion sentiment sprang up in all these villages and towns. Many came forward and took the oath of allegiance and desired the protection of the Union forces. A force of rebel cavalry was driven, on the 15th, from Ashby's Gap, to hold which and Snicker's Gap, was of essential importance to the troops operating against Winchester in the valley westward. At the same time 92 PENNSYLVANIA AT a flank movement was made towards Thoroughfare Gap, and the enemy, fearing an attack, burned an immense quantity of bacon there, and five thousand barrels of flour at Gainesville. The regiment was actively en- gaged for several successive days, and by the 20th it had taken possession of Rectortown, Piedmont, Markham, Linden and Front Royal, after much skirmishing, and taking many prisoners. Deeming Leesburg to be safe without a garrison, Lieutenant Colonel De Korponay, who had been left there with three companies, was ordered to join the main command. Which he did at Snickersville on the morning of the 25th, Colonel Geary having reached that point the day previous on his return from Aldie, where he had proceeded in obedience to an order of the 21st from Division Headquarters. At noon of the 25th tlie line of march was resumed and the command reached Philemont, and enca/mped at sunset. On the morning of the 26th it proceeded to Middleburg, where it encountered and repulsed about three hundred of the enemy's .cavalry, with a reserve of infantry, who had approached from the direction of Upperville. They retreated In great disorder to the mountains. An engagement also took place at Salem with rebel cavalry and infantry, who were driven with much loss in killed and wounded, and thirty pris- oners. The command lost three killed, ten wounded and nine prisoners. Remaining here a day and a half, in consequence of the existence of violent secession feeling, for the purpose of adopting means for the pre- servation of order, it left on the morning of the 29th, and reached White Plains, on the Manassas railroad, at two o'clock in the afternoon, driv- ing the rebel cavalry towards Warrenton. At White Plains, on the 1st of April, the command was menaced by sev- eral thousand rebel cavalry, who were approaching from the direction of Flint Hill. The position being difficult to defend, the camp was moved to Thoroughfare Gap, about five miles distant, where the enemy was un- willing to risk an attack. The next day Colonel Geary resumed the offen- sive. On the 3d, he moved ten miles to Greenwich, and on the 4th reached Catlett's Station, on the road to Warrenton Junction. The country was reconnoitered for a, considerable distance, and parties of rebel cavalry were encountered and defeated. Proceeding toward Warrenton at sun- rise on the 6th, he encamped about noon near the town. Dliring the morning's march about eight hundred rebel cavalry were driven from Warrenton across the Rappahannock, who burned the bridge at Water- loo to escape pursuit. Formal possession was taken of the town on the same day, where the flag of the Forty-sixth Virginia Regiment was captured. On the morning of the 7th the line of march was resumed but the progress was arrested by a severe snow storm, which continued four days with unabated violence, compelling the command to remain en- camped during that time about five miles from Warrenton, aifter which it proceeded, agreeably to orders, to White Plains, reaching its former position there on the 11th. On the 14th, it encamped in the vicinity of Rectortown. On that day, in a skirmish near Piedmont, with rebel cavalry, two of the advance guard of the regiment were killed. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 93 Upon its return to White Plains the command proceeded to examine the lines of the Manassas Railroad and to make needed repairs; also to re- construct the telegraph lines and re-build sundry bridges that had been burned or otherwise destroyed. Detachments were placed upon the rail- road from Salem to Linden, a distance of more than thirty miles, to guard the workmen employed in making repairs. The labor was extremely arduous. Bridges of considerable length were to be re-built, much of the requisite timber being cut in the neighborhood. The road is tortuous, winding along a broken country among deep ravines and wooded hills. The mountains are well adapted for the concealment of guerrillas and rebel cavalry with which they were infested, and always on the alert to destroy the work as it progressed, and annoy the operatives and their guards. 'A severe sitorm, which lasted from the 18th to the 22d, also con- tributed to retard the operations. The streams were greatly swollen, and bridges that had been re-built over Goose Creek, Bull Run and other places, were again swept away. Means of communication were very limited, supplies difficult to obtain, and to a great extent the troops were compelled to forage on an impoverished country. Still the workmen per- severed with unremitting toil, and by the 1st of May the telegraph lines were in operation and the railroad in working order. It is here worthy of remark, that notwithstanding the extraordinary services required of this command, so acknowledged by the Commanding General, compara- tively little sickness occurred, and the labors of the efficient surgeons, than whom none could have been more attentive to their duties, were by no means onerous. This was not only attributable to the rigid physical examination of the men before their admission into the several companies comprising the regiment, but also to the order and cleanliness of their camps and persons, and other sanitary measures adopted and observed after the regiment was organized. On April 25th, Colonel Geary received from the War Department the commission of Brigadier General of Volunteers. Gratifying as was this well-merited promotion to the Colonel and the officers and men of the Twenty-eighth, it was not more so than the fact, that by his and their earnest entreaty the regiment, of which he was so justly proud, was per- mitted to remain attached to his command; and so intimately inter- woven and blended together with their subsequent operations, that it is impossible to give a comprehensive account of the doings of the regiment independent of those of the brigades and divisions to which it was at- tached. A history of the one becomes necessarily a part and parcel of the others. Colonel Geary was succeeded in command of the Twenty- eighth by Lieutenant Colonel De Korponay, whose promotion to the rank of Colonel bears date of April 25, and who remained in command until the 30th of September following, when he was honorably discharged from the service.* Majfar Tyndale was promoted to the Lieutenant Colonelcy, »In taking command Colonel De Korponay addressed the- regiment as follows: "Soldiers of the Twenty-eighth:— Having, by Divine Providence, assumed the oom- m;incl of such noble material, composed of the finest men of the army, I promise you 94 PENNSYLVANIA AT who was succeeded by Ario Pardee, Jr., as Major of the regiment. Upon his tailing leave as commanding officer, the regiment complimented their late Colonel v/ith an elegant and costly sword, sash, epaulettes, and a full and splendid set of horse equipments. The ceremonies on the occa- sion of the presentation were unusually interesting and impressive. A congratulatory letter from Major General Banks was read, in which he says: — "I congratulate you on your late promotion, and regret only that your brigade is not to join us again. Our connection has been long, and to me most pleasant, and I shall be glad at all times to acknowledge the efficiency, alacrity and unsurpassed energy and ability with which you and your command have discharged all your duties." At the time of his promotion the line of railroad being guarded by Gen- eral Geary extended to Manassas, making a. distance in all of -flfty-two miles. His headquarters were one mile and a half from Rectortown, the troops occupying Front Roj'al, Shenandoah, Happy Creek, Linden, Mark- ham, Piedmont, Rectortown, Salem, "White Plains, Thoroughfare Gap, Manassas, and intermediate points. For their protection all available means were employed in the erection of block-houses, abattis and other necessary defences. On the 15th of May, company O, was ordered to Linden. A detachment of seventeen men, guarding the company wagon, reached there beifore the main body, which was on a train. They were attacked by rebel cavalry, who came upon them suddenly from different directions. The men re- sisted bravely, but after a stout defence, were overpowered, one being killed and fourteen taken prisoners, three of whom were wounded. The balance of the company coming up ths rebels fled under their Are with loss. On the 17th of May the command was re-attached to the division of General Banks, in telegraphing which fact he expressed his "very great gratification." About this time the enemy was actively engaged in making preparations to capture the commands of Generals Banks and Geary. His itroops were gathered in overwhelming force at Swift Run Gap, and moving down the valley by way of Luray, made a fierce attack at Front Royal, in which engagement a section of Knap's Battery took a conspicuous part. Rebel scouting parties were constantly seen along the entire line, and skirmishes between these and the pickets and scouts, at various points, were of daily occurrence. On the 24th, overwhelming forces of the enemy, appi'oaching from the north, south and west, the command was ordered to fall back to Manassas, whence, on the 28th, it advanced to Ashby's and other gaps in the Blue Ridge, to assist in sincerely that I will endeavor tci do ample justice to the position which is entrusted to my hands. May God Almighty guide and strengthen me in all my undertakings In which I may have to lead you, and may He never leave me to falter in gtiiding you to assured victory. "Having had a noble example before me in my predecessor, our beloved Brigadier Oeneral, and having been carefully trained under him, I hope that I will meet your cordial support nt all times, whether in peaceful or warlike associations." CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 95 expelling- Jackson from the upper valley, and preventing his return through the gaps. Position was resumed on the Manassas Gap Railroad on the 5th of June. The transportation and railroad property west of Rectortown, having all been removed east by order of General McDowell, and General Geary having, on the 23d, received orders to report with his whole command, to General Banks, at Middletown, the detachments were directed to join him at Snickersville; from which point they moved at one o'clock P. M., on the 26th, fording the Shenandoah at Snicker's Ferry, and passing through Winchester on the 27th, reached Middletown at four o'clock on the afternoon of the 29th. Here orders were received on the 30th to march at daylight on the following morning, July 1, with the whole comimand to a suitable position opposite Passage Creek near Buck's Ford, which order was promptly executed, the distance marched being four miles. By order of General Banks the post at Buck's Ford was broken up on the morning of July 6th, at five o'clock, and the command of General Geary proceeded to report to Brigadier General A. S. Williams, at his camp be- yond Front Royal, reaching there at three o'clock P. M., marching thir- teen miles, the weather being extremely warm. At 11 o'clock A. M., of the 7th it proceeded eight miles 'further through a heavy storm of hail and rain. Starting again at six o'clock on the morning of the 8th, it marched ten miles, passing through Flint Hill and encamping at Gaines' Cross Roads. The weather was so warm that three men died of sun- stroke. Remained in camp all day of the 9th. At three o'clock A. M., of the 10th, an attack was threatened by the enemy, when the 28th was formed in line of battle, in which position it remained for several hours. On this day an order was issued by General Williams to the effect that "the Twenty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers and Knap's Bat- tery, together with such other troops as might thereafter be added to General Geary's, would henceforth be known and designated as the Second Brigade of the First Division, Second Corps." The brigade left Gaines' Cross Roads on the morning of the 11th, and marched ten miles, passing through Amissville and Blackwell, and encamping one mile be- yond Hedgeman river. On the 12th it proceeded five miles further and encamped near Warrenton. At this date General Pope took command of the Army of Virginia, embracing the commands of Generals Banks, Fre- mont and Sigel, issued stringent orders relative to the conduct and move- ments of the corps. The officers were restricted to the smallest possible amount o* baggage, and the Siblej' tents gave place to simple shelter fonts. The line of march was resumed on the 16th, and the corps, passing Blackwell, reached Little Washington the same day, a distance of twenty- three miles, marching through a storm of rain, and wading several heavily swollen creeks. Here it encamped on the side of the Blue Ridge, and in the adjacent fields, where it remained till the close of the month with daily company, battalion and brigade drill. On the 28th the troops of the command were reviewed by General Banks, the review occupying 96 PENNSYLVANIA AT five hours. Five thousand men and fifty pieces of artillery were in line. On this occasion the Twenty-eighth Regiment made so fine an appear- ance as to attract the special attention of the reviewing General, and re- ceive from him the most fiattering commendation. On the 1st of August the entire corps participated in appropriate cere- monies on the occasion of the death of ex-President Van Buren, and on the 3d was reviewed by Major General Pope. On the 6th the Second Brlgiade struck oamp at Little Washington and moved towards Culpepper Court House, arriving there on the evening of the 8th, the brigade con- sisting of the Twenty-eighth Regiment, Knap's Battery, the Fifth, Sev- enth, Twenty-ninth and Sixty-sixth Ohio Infantry, and one company of the First Virginia Cavalry, numbering in all about two thousand one hundred effective men. It was here changed to order of General Banks, commanding Second Corps, to the First Brigade of the Second Division, under command of General Augur. On the 9th of August it marched for Orange Court House, the heat being so intense that several deaths occurred from sun-stroke. When four miles from Ctilpepper, the Twenty-eighth, Lieutenant Colonel Tyndale com- manding, was detached and ordered to re-take and hold at all hazards, the signal station on Thoroughfare Mountain, from which the signal officers had been driven. This order was successfully executed, and the signal station re-established, at that time a matter of vast importance. The re- mainder of the brigade under General Geary proceeded a few miles fur- ther, where the advance troops had taken position in line of battle near and beyond Cedar creek. They were immediately put in line and did good service in the fierce struggle that ensued. Knap's Battery gained fresh laurels for the splendid manner in which its guns were handled. In this battle General Geary was slightly wounded in the left foot and severely in the left arm, but remained on the field until nine o'clock in the evening, when he was compelled to retire from exhaustion produced by pain and loss of blood. The battle raged furiously from two o'clock P. M., until midnight, and was partially visible to the main body of the Twenty- eighth, who saw the bursting shells and heard the rattle of musketry and roar of cannon, without being permitted to take part in the strife. A number of their men, however, who were on guard duty with ammunition and other trains, rushed to the fields and shared the glory of the fight. Two of these were killed and two wounded. Knap's Battery lost seven wounded and one killed. At seven o'clock P. M., on the 10th, the regiment re-joined the brigade, which, in consequence of the wounds of General Geary unfitting him (or service, was then commanded by Colonel Candy of the Sixty-sixth Ohio Volunteers. Colonel De Korponay was in command of the regiment. On the 13th, six companies, under command of Major Pardee, were dis- patched to the Rappahannock bridge to guard its approaches. Here they remained until the 19th, when, after Generals Pope and Banks, with their commands, had crossed the bridge, they re-joined their brigade and passed the river early in the evening. During the remainder of the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 97 month the regiment was constantly in motion and was engaged in fre- quent skirmishes, some of them of considerable importance, in all of which it supported Knap's Battery. On the 30th It reached Bristoe Sta- tion and was the only regiment there. The enemy being reported as ad- vancing, orders were given on the morning of the 31st to destroy the trains of cars at that place, which were promptly executed by the speedy destruction by lire and otherwise, of five first class engines and one hun- dred and forty-eight cars, containing a large amount of government property. At noon it marched towards Bull Run and reached the bridge at six o'clock P. M., having been attacked several times on the march by rebel cavalry. On September 1, eleven non-coimmissioned officers and two privates were detailed, by order of Major General Banks, to go on a scouting ex- pedition in the direction of Leesburg, to ascertain the movements of the enemy. These men were carefully selected, as the expedition was one of great responsibility and danger. ' During the march they were several times pursued by parties oi the enemy's cavalry, and near Chantilly were fired upon. 'Having accomplished their object they proceeded to the Potomac, and crossed upon a raft which they hastily constructed, when, meeting a canal boat, they started upon it for Washington City, where they arrived on the 7tii, taking with them sixteen rebel prisoners whom they had captured on their expedition. One of the party, a private, was captured by the enemy. So admirably was this difficult duty performed, that the men were complimented by Brigadier General A. S. Williams in the following General Order: "The General commanding takes great pleasure in commending the conduct of Sergeant Bonsall and twelve men of the Twenty-eighth Penn- .sylvania Volunteers, who being detailed on important special duty, be- yond the lines of the army, discharged that duty promptly and faithfully, and, on their return, captured nineteen armed Confederates, sixteen of whom they brought safely to camp. This act is deemed worthy of special commendation as an example to their comrades." At four o'clock A. M., September 2, the regiment left Bull Run bridge, and commenced a long and toilsome march on the Antietam compaign, arriving at Antietam Creek and crossing at eleven o'clock on the night of the 16th. The men were so overcome with fatigue and loss of sleep that they stacked arms and threw themselves down upon the plowed fields to seek the repose they so greatly needed. During this tedious march of about one hundred and twenty-five miles, in the hottest season of the year, they passed through Centreville, Alexandria, Long Bridge, George- town, Tenallytown, Rockville, Middlebrook, Damascus, Ijamsville, Fred- erick and Boonsboro'. They also crossed the Cotoctin and South moun- tains, and waded the Monocacy and other streams. At daylight on the morning of the 17th the battle of Antietam began, and scarcely had the wearied troops time to partake of a hastily prepared meal, when they were ordered forward to take part in one of the fiercest conflicts of the war. The regiment got into position under a murderous 98 PENNSYLVANIA AT fire of grape and canister just as the exultant enemy, having driven back the main army, was rapidly advancing in large force, when Lieutenant Colonel Tyndale, in charge of the brigade. Major Pardee commanding the regiment, charged with fixed bayonets and cheeked his advance, and the Twenty-eighth, irstantly pouring in a destructive fire, caused him to waver and fall back. The fight continued until late in the afternoon, the regiment being under fire about eight hours. It captured two guns and five flags. Its loss in killed and wounded was two hundred and sixty-six. Among the latter was Lieutenant Colonel Tyndale, who was struck on the head with a Minie-ball. The wound was considered 'mortal but he subsequently recovered. On the 18th the enemy, under a flag of truce, retreated across the Potomac, and the division moved a short distance , to the right of Antietam. On the 19th Of September the Second Division again moved in advance, and on the 23d the Twenty-eighth Regiment, being the firs't to cross the river at Harper's Ferry, took position on Louden Heights, which the divi- sion held while the main body of the army encamped in Pleasant Valley, north of the Potomac. On the 25th, General Geary, who had been absent, on leave, in consequence of the wounds received at Cedar Mountain, re- turned with his arm still in bandage, and was enthusiastically received- by his command. He at once took charge of his brigade, and being senior oflicer present, under orders from General Sumner, he assumed. command of the Second Division, Twelfth Army Corps. On October 21, under orders from General McClellan, the division made a, reconnoissance in the- direction of Leesburg, and encountered and de- feated rebel cavalry near Wheatland, capturing a large number of pris- oners and horses with cavalry equipments. In this, the Twenty-eighth bore a conspicuous p-art, and upon its result the movement of General McClellan to the south of the Potomac was determined. On the 28th, Companies L, M, N, O and P, with another company that had been temporarily attached, were withdrawn from the regiment to form the One Hundred and Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, of which Major Pardee was promoted to the Colonelcy. General Mansfield, commanding the Second Corps, was killed at the battle of Antietam, and the corps, its number being subsequently changed to the Twelfth, was placed under command of Major General Slocum, General Geary taking command of the Second Division, his old brigade being placed in charge of Colonel Ruger, to which was attached the Twenty-eighth. General McClellan having advanced with the army, the Twelfth Corps -vs^as left to garrison Harper's Ferry, the Second Division encamping on Bolivar Heights. Frequent reconnoissances were made Dy it in advance, in which heavy skirmishing occurred. December 2, a reconnoissance was made tc^ Winchester, where the rebel General Jones, with superior numbers, after five engagements, continuing through three successive days, was defeated, and on the 5th the place was captured with one hundred and twenty-nine prisoners. On the 7th, the division returned to Bolivar Heights, having been absent five days CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 99 and travelled sixty-flve miles. The Twenty-eighth accompanied this expedition. Two days later the Twelfth Corps was relieved at Harper's Perry and ordered to join the army of General Bumside, to participate in the battle of Fredericksburg. The corps was afterwards ordered to Fairfax Station, the Twenty-eighth Regiment, with its brigade, being left to garrison Dumfries. On the 17th of December, thi/3 brigade was at- taelted by Stuart's Cavalry, twelve thousand strong, and eight pieces of artillery. After a desperate struggle the rebels withdrew, intending to renew the attack, but General Geary, attracted by the firing upon this portion of his command, hastened at night to its relief with the rest of his division, and encountered them at Occoquan, while marching to attack his camp, routing them and inflicting serious loss. In January, 1S63, the division moved to Acquia, and remained there until the latter part of April, principally engaged in fortifying the place, slashing the timber around it, and reconnoitering the surrounding country. Leaving there on the 27th of April, it made the famous forced march by way of Stafford Court House, to Kelly's Ferry, on the Rappa- liannock, and Germania Ford on the Rapidan, to Chancellorsville, during which the Twenty-eighth distinguished itself in skirmishing with and defeating the rebel cavalry upon the right flank, in the latter part of the movement. May 1, General Hooker gave battle to General Lee, at Chancellorsville, and the bloody three days' fight at that place ensued. In these terrific actions the Twenty-eighth Regiment took a, prominent part and added new laurels to those already earned on other sanguinary fields. When the command was ordered to fall back it remained with its division and did not quit the field until two hours after the other troops had retired. Its loss during these three days was over one hundred killed and wounded, out of three hundred engaged, it being one-fifth of the entire loss of the brigade. Among the killed was Major L. F. Chapman, w'ho was then in command of the regiment, and who was one of the most heroic and eflScient oflicers in the army. After the promotion of Colonel Geary, Major Chapman took great interest m keeping up the character the regiment had acquired for its admirable drill and discipline, and to his untiring exertions in this regard is owing much of its subsequent fame. First Lieutenant William C. Shields fell in this engagement and several other officers were wounded. The division captured five battle- flags. Its loss was one thousand two hundred and nine men killed, wounded and missing. At the battle of Chancellorsville the men of the Twenty-eighth Regiment performed a herculean task in the construction of their temporary breast-works. They were without spades, shovels or axes; but with an energy which signalized them during the war, they applied themselves to the arduous task with the only tools they could command, consisting of bayonets, tin cups and plates. With these alone their fortifications were constructed. Another incident occurred il- lustrative of their indomitable courage and heroic ardor. During the first day's fight they were designated to lead a charge against a, column 100 PENNSYLVANIA AT of the advancingr enemy who poured in upon them a perfect tornado of halls, dealing frightful destruction along their ranks. They were under a new oomimander who had never led them In the fight. As they faced the fearful volcano of death, they, for the first time, halted and wavered. General Geary, then commanding the division, witnessed their indecision, when he suddenly sprang from his horse, and brandishing his sword, leaped the breast-works, crying aloud, "Men of the Twenty-eighth, fol- low your old commander." His appearance and words operated like an electric shock. A tremendous shout ran along the line, 'and simultane- ously the men dashed forward with such impetuosity as to instantly stop the progress of and soon repulse the enemy. At dawn on the morning of May 5, the army re-crbssed the Rappa- hannock at United States Ford, below its junction with the Rapidan, and the regiment marched with its division to its former position and duties at Acquia. On .Tune 3, Colonel De Korponay having resigned, Captain Thomas J. Ahl, of Company H, was commissioned Colonel of the rfegi- ment; and on the 5th the Enfleld rifles with sword bayonets, with which it started from Philadelphia, were exchanged for Springfield muskets. The camp at Acquia was broken up on the 13th of June, and the Division marched through Stafford Court House, Dumfries, Dralnesville, Lees- burg, Poolesvllle, Point of Rocks, Petersville, Knoxville, Frederick and Llttlestown, reaching Gettysburg in time to participate in and share the glorious achievements of July 1st, 2d and 3d. In these brilliant engage- ments the Twenty-eighth again distinguished itself for its bravery and intrepidity. In consequence of heavy breast-works thrown up by order of General Geary, its loss was only twenty-five in killed, wounded and missing. TVo hundred prisoners and four thousand small arms were captured by the Second Division. The regiment, on the 4th, assisted to bury the enemy's dead (twelve hundred of whom lay in front of General Geary's lines), and gathered up five hundred of his musketk before its own works. ' The Twenty-eighth left the breast-works at Gettysburg on July 5, and marched to Littletown in pursuit of the retreating enemy; thence on the 8th marched thirty miles to Jefferson, on the 9th to Rohersville, 10th to Hagerstown, and 11th to Fair Play. Many of the men were barefooted and suffered considerably during this march of more than seventy-five miles. On the 13th the rebels crossed the Potomac, and on the 18th, the march being continued, the division encamped near Sandy Hook, where the regiment was provided with shoes and clothing. From this time the Twenty-eighth moved with its division southward across the Potomac, along the Blue Mountains, in pursuit of the retreating forces of General Lee, and marched thirty-five miles in one day to be present at an en- gagement with Lee's troops at Manassas Gap. Afterwards it proceeded, by way of Catlett's Station, to the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ferry, and was engaged in guarding the line of that river, near Ellis' Ford, during the month of August. In September there was a general forward movement of the army to the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 101 Rapidan, where the rebels were again met. The regiment remained at Raoooon Ford, dally skirmishing until the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were detailed from the Army of the Potomac, and ordered, under com- mand of General Hooker, to join the Army of the Cumberland, to aid in repairing the fearful disaster to our army at the battle of Chicka- mauga. The regiment took cars at Bealeton Station and proceeded via Washington and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the Ohio river at Bellaire, thence through Columbus, Indianapolis, Louisville and Nash- ville, to Murfreesboro', where it was engaged in a. fight with the rebel cavalry under General Wheeler, in which he was repulsed with heavy loss, and the railroad to Bridgeport was saved from destruction. It re- mained two weeks guarding the road from Murfreesboro' to Tullahoma. The Second Division of the Twelfth Corps, being selected by General Hooker for his advance movements towards Chattanooga, was relieved from guard duty by the First Division, and proceeded to the front at Bridgeport, Alabama. On the arrival of the Twenty- eighth, October 27 (it having been detained by obstructions thrown by rebels upon the track), General Geary, with the advance, had crossed the Tennessee river, and was one day's march ahead. On October 28th, the regiment made a forced march of twenty-eight miles and reached Wauihatchie on the morning of the 29th, after the battle at that place had been fought and won 'by a portion of the Second Division not numbering over fifteen hundred men, against a division of Longstreet's Corps, at least six thousand strong. After desperate fight- ing against such frightful odds for nearly four hours, the enemy was re- pulsed and fled in confusion, leaving his dead and many wounded on the field. One hundred and twenty-five prisoners were taken. This was a highly important victory, as upon it depended the subsistence of the Union army then at Chattanooga. Among the casualties none were more lamented or cast a, deeper gloom over the triumphant forces, than the death of a brave young officer, a youth of eighteen years, of hrightest promise and universally beloved. Captain B. R. Geary, of Knap's Battery, and son of the General, who tell, whilst sighting his gun, pierced by a rifle-ball through his forehead. After the battle Generals Grant, Hooker, Thomas, Howard, and other distinguished officers, rode upon the field to personally congratulate General Geary and his command for this un- surpassed achievement, and subsequently General Slocum wrote: — "I wish you and your command to know that I feel deeply grateful for their gallant conduct, and for the new laurels they have brought to our corps." To secure the advantages gained, it was necessary to fortify, cover and corduroy the road from Kelly's Ford to Brown's Ferry, on the Tennessee. The Twenty-eighth, in conjuction with detachments of other regiments, labored industriously at this work under a. bombardment of the enemy's artillery on Lookout Mountain. On the 19th of November, Colonel Ahl, who had been on detached duty for some time at Division Headquarters, returned and took command of the regiment, which on the 24th, joined the division at Lookout Creek, 102 PENNSYLVANIA AT near Wauhatohie, and with it crossed the creek about three miles above the point of Looltout Mountain. On the 24th, the Second Division having been selected to storm the rebel stronghold on the mountain, a line of battle was formed and the troops moved gallantly forward to the assault, which, after a terrible struggle, was entirely successful. Besides heavy loss in killed and wounded on the part of the enemy, one thousand nine hundred and forty prisoners were captured, together with nine battle flags, two pieces of artillery, forty thousand rations, two thou- sand stand of small arms and camp and garrison equipage sufficient for two Divisions. Among his killed was General J. H. Dane. This was the famous "Battle above the Clouds." Firing was kept up all night, dur- ing which the enemy fled from the mountain, and when, on the following morning, the smoke, mist' and clouds arose above its summit, and it was gilded by the rays of the rising^ sun, the stars and stripes with the beautiful and well known flag of the White Star Division, were seen float- ing in the breeze from the beetling cliff of Point Lookout, by the Union forces at Chattanooga, they simultaneously sent up loud and repeated shouts that reverberated over the hills and through the valleys for miles around. General Hooker hastened to compliment the wearied troops for their gallant and glorious work. November 25, the battle of Missionary Ridge was fought, the enemy defeated, and a large number of prisoners and three battle flags were captured by the Second Division. On the 26th the enemy was pursued through Ohickamauga and Pea Vine Valleys, losing many prisoners, with cannon and wagons; and on the 27tih was again defeated at the battle of Kinggold, where the Division captured three battle flags. In this latter conflict the regiment lost seven killed and twenty-seven wounded. Among the latter was First Lieutenant Peter Kahlor, of company F, a brave and gallant soldier, who had served in the Mexican War, and whose body bore marks of wounds received in several previous battles. He died soon after the flght, mourned by all his coTnrades. In his ofliciaJ report of these recent engagements. General Hooker, says: — "It has never been my fortune to serve with more zealous and devoted troops." On the 29th, General Grant, declaring that he wished to see the troops that fought the battle of Lookout Mountain, reviewed General Geary's Divi- sion in Wauhatohie Valley, where it remained several days. He was ac- companied by the members Oif his staff, and all the Generals of the com- bined Armies of the Cumberland and Tennessee. No troops could have been more highly complimented than were those of the Second Division on this occasion. The campaign ended, the Division went into winter quarters at Bridge- port. In December the Twenty-eighth, with many other regiments, re- enlisted for three more years, and soon after took their departure, on veteran furlough, for their distant homes. Upon the expiration of this time the command again concentrated at Bridgeport, whence It pro- ceeded on that long and toilsome march and unparalleled career of mill- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 103 tary brilliancy which terminated only with the overthrow of the rebel army and annihilation of the Southern Confederacy. On the ISth of March, 1864, Colonel Ahl resigned and was mustered out of the service, and on the following day Lieutenant Colonel John Flynn was commissioned Colonel. In April, the Twenty-eighth formed part of an excursion down the Tennessee river in the steamboat Chiokamauga, of which General Geary took charge in person, his force consisting of eight hundred men, with eight pieces of artillery. The rebels were^ met at Guntersville, where a contest took place, during which the town was partially burned and finally captured, the enemy retreating in confusion. The next day superior numbers were encountered and defeated near Tri- ano, and after destroying forty-seven scows with which the rebel troops purposed to cross the river, the expedition returned to camp with but few and trifling casualties. On the 4th of May, the Division marched twenty-two miles, the weather hot and sultry, through Whiteside and Lookout Valleys and over Look- out Mountain, encamping in Lookout "Valley. On the 5th, the march was resumed and continued to the Stli, when it reached Mill Creek and Snake Creek gaps at the foot of the Chattanooga Ridge. Here the skirmishers came upon the rebel cavalry pickets, and drove them from the moun- tain crest by the Dalton road. The enemy was in sight in large force and strongly fortified on Chattoogata, otherwise known as Rocky Pace Mountain. He was immediately attacked and the battle tliat ensued re- sulted in the capture of Snake Creek Gap, a formidable mountain barrier through which the entire Union army passed. He was again encountered on the 15th, strongly fortified on the Dalton road, near Resaca, and after a ha,rd day's fight, was defeated, though his numbers and advantages were vastly superior. Four pieces of artillery were C0.ptured by the Di- vision. On the 16th', , it pressed vigorously forward towards Atlanta, marching daily until the 25th, when Pumpkin Vine Creek was reached just in time to extinguish the burning timbers of the bridge which the enemy had fired. The bridge was immediately repaired, and the Twenty-eighth, being deployed as skirmishers, pushed forward on the double quick, and encountered the enemy in strong force, who was driven, after a hard fight, from his position which was immediately occupied by the trium- phant troops. On the same day an action commenced at New Hope Church, which continued for seven consecutive days, when the enemy was completely routed with heavy loss. During all this time the troops were under fire night and day, without an hour's relief. The contending lines were in close proximity, which fact, together with the uneven nature of the ground, demanded incessant watchfulness, no opportunity being afforded for proper shelter, rest or subsistence. On the 14th of June, the Division, still advancing, participated in the fiercely contested battles of Pine Knob, Pine Hill and Lost Mountain, at the commencement of which the rebel General Polk was killed by a shell from one of the guns of Knap's Battery. Constant skirmishes occurred through the following day, and on the 16th the battle of Muddy Creek was 104 PENNSYLVANIA AT fought, on the 19th that of Noses Creek, 22d K,olb's Farm, 27th Kenesaw Mountain, July 3, Marietta, all of which resulted in defeat and loss to the enemy. In the interim skirmishes and slight battles occurred until the close of the n:\onth. In all these engagements the Twenty-eighth Regiment bore a distinguished part. Still pursuing, our troops passed over a succession of works, elaborate and strong, consisting of breast- works, bastions, rifle-pits, abattis and palisades, from which the enemy was driven, and on the 5th of July, came in sight of Atlanta, to the speedy possession of which the troops looked forward with confidence. On the 19th of July, preparations were quietly and quickly made at Peach Tree Creek, to surprise the enemy and drive him from a prominent hill on the opposite side, which he held in force, being well protected with rifle-pits and breast-works. The creek was bridged and crossed by the Second Division, which threw up an extended Tete-de-Pont and rested for the night. The day following, the furious battle of Peach Tree Creek occurred, commencing with a fierce charge upon the front of the Divi- sion, continuing with unusual violence for several hours, and ending with the enemy's defeat. In this brilliant engagement another brave young oflJcer fell — Captain Thomas H. Elliott, Adjutant General on the staff of General Geary. He entered the service in the Twenty-eighth Regiment as First Lieutenant of Company H, and was promoted for mei-itorious conduct. He was a young man of fine literary attainments, a great favorite with his fellow-soldiers, fearless and courageous even to a fault. In his official report of this battle General Geary says: — "The ap- pearance of the enemy as they charged upon our front across the cleared field was magnificent. Rarely has such a, sight been presented in battle. Pouring out from the woods they advanced in immense gray masses (not lines), with flags and banners, many of them new and beautiful, while the General and Staff officers were in plain view, with drawn sabres flashing in the light, galloping here and there as they urged their troops on to the charge. The rebel troops alsio seemed to rush forward with more than customary nerve and heartiness to the attack. This grand dharge was Hood's inaugural, and his army came upon us that day full of high hope, confident that the small force in their front could not withstand them, but their ardor and corufidence were soon shaken." From this period until the 25th of August, when an engagement at Pace's Ferry resulted in another victory, and from that day to their victorious entry into Atlanta, the troops lay before that town, strength- ening their defences, extending and advancing their pickets, receiving and returning the fire of the enemy's artillery, and punishing him severely in numerous battles and skirmishes. On September 2, completely ex- hausted and thoroughly beaten and disheartened, the enemy sullenly evacuated Atlanta, and the conquering forces took possession, marching joyfully in, with colors flying, to the Inspiriting strains of patriotic music, the White Star Division having the advance. A brilliant sum- mary of the "hundred days' fight" of this eventful campaign is given in the following extract from General Geary's official report: — "Thus CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 105 gloriously ended the campaign, unequalled for brilliant victories, over seemingly insurmountable difficulties, and unsurpassed in history — a campaign -whicli will stand forever a monument' of the valor, endurance and patriotism of the American soldier; four months of hard, constant la'bor, under the hot sun of a southern summer, scarce a day of which was passed out of the sound of the crash of musketry and roar of artillery; two hundred miles travelled through a country, in every mile of which nature and art seemed leagued for defence — mountains, rivers, lines of works — a campaign in which every march was a fight, in which battles followed in such rapid succession, and were sO' intimately connected by an unremitting series of skirmishes, that it may properly be regarded as one grand battle, which crowned with grander victory, attests the skill and patience of the hero who matured its plans and directed their execution." From the date of its occupation until the ISth of November, the regi- ment remained at Atlanta, performing guard and fatigue duty, assisting to make reconnoissanoes, and taking part in foraging expeditions, the latter, not only feeding the garrison of Atlanta, but demonstrating the important fact that an army could move and subsist upon the resources of the country. On the 14th of November, the troops under General Iverson, supposing Atlanta to have been evacuated, made an attack upon the Union lines, near the Whitehall road (where the Twenty-eighth was stationed), and was repulsed with severe loss in killed and wounded and some prisoners. November 15, the camp was broken up and Sherman's famous "March to the Sea" commenced. This bold undertaking was of such stupendous magnitude, and encircled with so many and such tremendous obstacles, as to astonish the entire country and to strike terror into the heart of the confederacy. Many regarded it as an act of madness, whilst few dared contemplate its successful termination. Unincumbered with any super- fluity wf tents, baggage or provision trains, the brave and well-tried army marched day after day, scarcely halting for needed rest and nutri- ment, through sunshine and storm, heat and cold, over hills, streams, swamps and morasses, bivouacking at night along the roads, and sub- sisting Tnan and 'beast from the lands over which they passed, laying waste plantations of notorious rebel leaders and destroying immense depots of provisions intended for Lee's army, cotton, grain, cotton gins and mills and other rebel property, together with numerous bridges and many miles of railroad. Guerrilla 'bands and detachments of rebel cavalrj' that hovered about, were attacked and if not driven off, either captured or killed. The troops pushed forward with the utmost alacrity, enjoying the march as a grand triumphant passage through an enemy's country, rather than a severe and toilsome journey, full of privations, dangers and disasters. Onward they pressed regardless of labor, and in defiance of every obstacle, until, on the 10th of December, they approached the outer works of the enemy at Savannah, and encamped at a distance of three miles from the city, which was at once besieged. During the sue- 106 PENNSYLVANIA AT ceeding ten days the time was chiefly occupied in throwing up breast- works and erecting' fortifications, the troops being under fire from the enemy's batteries and a number of gun boats stationed in the river. Shot and shell were poured in upon them from sixty-four and tbirty- pounder siege guns and many pieces of light artillery. Still the work progressed steadily, the men laboring earnestly and with cheerfulness. On the night of the 20th, General Geary discovered that the enemy was evacuating Savannah, and at one o'clock in tbe morning of the 21st, he pushed forward to intercept the retiring forces and take possession of the town. Just outside of the city limits, he was 'met at two o'clock, by the Mayor and a delegation of the Board of Aldermen, bearing a flag of truce, who formally surrendered to him the place, presenting him with the following document: "Savannah, December 21, 1864. To General John W. Geary, Commanding U. S. Military Forces near Savannah: ■Sir: — The city of Savannah is being evacuated by the Confederate military and is now entirely defenceless. As Chief Magistrate of the city, I respectfully request your protection of the lives and private property of the citizens, and of our women and children. Trusting that this appeal to your generosity and humanity may favor- ably influence your action, I have the honor to be your obedient servant, R. D. ARNOLD, Mayor of Savannah." General Geary accordingly entered the city with his command, and just as the sun first gilded the morning clouds, the national colors, side by side with the White Star standard, were unfurled from the dome of the Exchange, and over the United States Custom House. The part assigned the Twenty-eighth, was the capture and occupancy of Fort Jackson. In the afternoon, other troops began to enter the town. Immense piles of ootton and other property, as well as several gun-boats in the river, had been set on fire by the retreating rebels, to the extinguishment of which the troops early and industriously applied themselves. Millions of dollars worth of property and seven vessels were saved to the Govern- ment, by their persevering exertions, pursued whilst under continued fire from the rebel gun-boat Savannah, which was subsequently driven ashore and blown up. In consideration of the services of his division on this occasion. General Geary was appointed Military Governor of Savan- nah. Being relieved by General Grover's Division, General Geary, on the 19th of January, 1865, received orders to join, with his command, the other divisions of Sherman's army, which had crossed the Savannah river and advanced to Perrysburg; tout In consequence of a severe storm which CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 107 overflowed the country, and rendered the roads impassable, he was de- tained in Savannah until the 27th, when, leaving the city at eight o'clock in the morning, by the Augusta turn pike, he started upon the "war piath through the Carolinas." Innumerable obstacles, both natural and artificial, were hourly en- countered and overcome. Streams and swamps were waded or bridged, and miles of indescribably bad roads corduroyed, before the troops could pass, whilst at every available point they were annoyed by the desultory firing and obstructions thrown in the way by squads of the enraged and now desperate, enemy. Frequent skirmishes occurred. Severe ones took place at the crossings of the North and South Edisto, and at Congaree and Black rivers, at all of which places the Twenty-eighth Regiment was among the first to cross. At North Edisto, Colonel Flynn and several of his men were wounded. General Geary in his official report says: — "This campaign, although in its general features of the same nature as that from Atlanta to Savannah, was one of much greater labor, and tested most thoroughly the power of endurance and elasticity of spirits among American soldiers. The distance marched was much farther, through regions presenting greater natural obstacles, and where a vindictive enemy might naturally be expected in force sufficient to harass our troops and interfere frequently with our trains. The season was one of unusual inclemency, during which the roads were in the worst condition. Tet my command marched from Savannah to Goldsboro, without very serious opposition and without a single attack upon the trains under my charge. 'The spirit of my troops throughout was confident and buoyant, expres- sive of that implicit trust in the Commander-in-Chief and belief in them- selves, which are always the presages of military success. It was their common experience to march at dawn or earlier, corduroy miles of road, exposed to drenching rains, or standing waist deep often in swamps, lift- ing wagons out of mire and quicksand, where mules could not obtain a foot-hold; and when the day's work was through, encamp late at night, only to repeat the process with the next day. Through this all they evinced a determination and cheerfulness which has added greatly to my former high appreciation of the same qualities shown by them upon so many battlefields of the past four years." Upon reaching Raleigh, negotiations were entered into between Gen- erals Sherman and Johnson, which resulted, on the 26th of April, in the surrender of the latter with his army. General Lee had already sur- rendered to General Grant, and soon after. Generals Kirby Smith and Dick Taylor laid down their arms, and the rebellion was crushed. Peace soon followed, and the troops of the Twentieth Corps, to which General Geary's Division was then attached, were marched to Washington by way of Richmond, and disbanded. During the four years' service of the Twenty-eighth Regiment, its casualties were about equal to the number of its original muster; and, although in Its organized condition it served in twelve different States of the Union, and was engaged in as many" skirmishes and battles as any 108 PENNSYLVANIA AT regiment In the United States Army, it never lost a, single wagon or ambulance or any other description of property, by allowing it to fall into the hands of the enemy. The officers were frequently changed in consequence of deaths, resignations and promotions, the regiment having had four Colonels, four Lieutenant Colonels and nine Majors. It also produced one Major General and three Brigadiers, viz: — Hector Tyndale, Ario Pardee, Jr., and John Flynn. The members of the regiment who remained at the close of the war were mustered out of the service on the 18th of July, 1865, and were heartily welcomed home, their privations, sufferings, labors and gallant services having endeared them in the warmest affections of the highly gratified and truly grateful loyal people of the country. Their soiled, torn and tattered flags, carried triumphantly through so ^many bloody battlefields, attesting the unfailing courage of the men who bore them, have received a hallowed place in the archives of the Commonwealth, whilst the brave and noble soldiers who fought beneath and around them, have returned to the peaceful pursuits of life and the enjoyment of the multiform bless- ings their struggles and triumphs have secured to their country and the world. DEDICATION OF TABLET 29TH REJGIMENT INFANTRY Palisades, Lookout Mountain, Tenn., November ISth, 1897. PRAYER BY BREV. I,T.-COL,. JESSE E. MIIyL,ISON. ALMIGHTY and most merciful God, who has declared that not even a sparrow falls to the earth without Thy notice, with reverence we would come into Thy presence and thank Thee that Thou hast in- spired men with the genious and skill to form and bring into existence this republican form of government, with its institutions of religious and political liberty, where all men may serve Thee according to the dictates of their own conscience without restraint, none daring to molest or make afraid. The seeds sown by our fathers and baptized by their blood have grown to be a forest of great trees, penetrating deep into the hearts of their loyal decendents, commanding the admiration of the world and the respect of all nations. We thank Thee that Thou hast given us a place in this blest land we have helped to save. We pray Thee to continue to perpetuate our free In- stitutions through all time, discourage defeat and crush out every effort to destroy one star that adorns the proud emblem of our national govern- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 109 ment, that has grown from thirteen to forty-flve states. May there be yet another added, and deliver the struggling libenty-loving heroes of Cuba from the tyranny of their oppressive masters and add to the banner an- other star that shall bring luster to the already brilliant galaxy, that so proudly floats over this land of the free and home of the brave. A few are assembled here to-day who thirty-four years ago climbed these heights and around this mountain in battle and were arrayed against the enemy of our common country. Many then in the strength and vigor of young manhood, who cast aside their civil pursuits, the work bench, the machine shop, the counting house, the agricultural im- plements, left their homes to assume the duty of soldiers for the defense of their country's honor. Many were killed and have gone to their reward. Many were wounded near this place, but a few are assembled here to-day to review the scene and take part in this ceremony. God bless these patriots who so gallantly risked their lives to defend the honor of their country and the dear old flag, and our institutions they so much loved. May their names and their fame go down through the ages to the coming generations as examples worthy of imitation. "We pray Thee to bless the President of the United States and his consti- tutional advisors, that they may wisely rule and perpetuate and hand down to posterity the blessed heritage of our institutions and may right- eousness cover the earth as the waters the great deep. And now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, we ascribe ever- lasting praise. Amen. ADDRESS OF CORPORAL WALLACE M. HOFFNER. COMRADES:— The old Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in recogniz- ing the hundreds of organizations sent out from within her borders to uphold the flag and maintain th° unity of our national govern- ment, remembered, among those who fought on this field, the old Twenty- ninth Regiment of Infantry. Having fought over the level plains of Virginia and defended our own firesides at Gettysburg, we willingly obeyed the orders that brought us to this field of operations, and on these heights, "above the clouds," thirty- four years ago, from our camp on the Raccoon Mountain, across the valley, we often discussed the practicability of capturing the position of the enemy on this mountain, and we decided it to be impossible. When we came to make the attempt, however, we found it to be one of the easiest jobs we had ever been called upon to undertake. The orator of the day, Colonel Rickards, will now tell you how the thing was done. PENNSYLVANIA AT ADDRESS OF COLONEL WILLIAM RICKARDS. LADIES, Fellow Citizens and Comrades: In looking back over the past thirty-lour years of our country's history this meeting recalls the words of a great poet who said, "There is a Divinity that shapes our ends rough hew them how we will." Thirty-four years ago these hills and valleys were the witnesses of terrible conflicts in which thousands of men laid down their lives in the effort to maintain what they considered a principle of right. Pour years of horrible war, involving a sacrifice of life and expenditure of means and effort never witnessed in the history of the world, represents the hewing to define the right principle, and settle the question: Shall we live as a nation with one country and one fiag or shall we divide and form two nations with antagonistic principles and undefined boundary? We had tried argument and compromise; having failed in these, we re- sorted to the force of arms to maintain the right as we believed it; and although the hewing was rough this meeting to-day of the men engaged In the hewing and of those who opposed them proves that the end has been shaped by a divine order. Those who were enemies to the death now meet as friends on this hal- lowed ground, claiming allegiance to one country and one flag. We acknowledge the courage and heroism of those with whom we con- tended and admit that the hewing was hard work; but the end shaped gives promise of a bright future. The advancement in every branch of business in the southern states, with the prosperity and wealth incident thereto, gives encouragement that the memory of the past struggle will be a blessing to posterity. That this memory may be preserved, the national government has ar- ranged to dedicate in localities of great interest the ground fought over as national parks; and have them so marked as to exhibit to posterity the heroism of our ancestors, and each state has also marked the localities in which her troops were engaged. We are here to-das' as citizens of Pennsylvania to dedicate the monu- ments placed to mark the localities of Pennsylvania troops in which our actions were most important or conspicuous. We have the honor to represent the Twenty-ninth Kegiment, Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry, which was organized in Philadelphia, Pa., in June, 1861, and during the balance of that year held various positions on the Potomac in Maryland. On February 21, 1862, it crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry into Virginia and took an active part in the Shenandoah campaign. In the battles of Front Royal and Winchester we were defeated and lost nearly two hundred by capture, the colonel, J. K. Murphy, and your speaker, captain of company I, among the number. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. Ill We were imprisoned at Salisbury, N. C, Belle Island and Llb'by 5'risons, Va., and exchanged September 3, 1S62. On September 4, 181)2, I was promoted lieutenant colonel and soon after took command of regiment attached to Third Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps. On May 1, 1863, Colonel Murphy having resigned on account of 111 health, I was promoted colonel. I commanded the regiment in the battles of Chancellorsville and Get- tysburg, in both of which it took an active part. The Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, having been detached from the Army of the Potomac and under command of General Joe Hooker, were ordered to report at Chattanooga. The Twenty-ninth took the train at Bealeton Station, Va., on September 28, 1863, arrived at Louisville, Ky., October 4, arrived at Nashville, Tenn., October 5, at 6 P. M., and was ordered by General Slocum to go to Murf reesboro ; arrived at 10 P. M., and reported to General Ward commanding who ordered me to take command of all troops of Twelfth Corps in Murfreesboro. On evening of 6th I turned over command to Colonel Geo. Oobham, who was my superior. On 10th marched to Fosterville and built a fort. October 21, left Poster- ville in train; arrived at Stephenson, Ala., on the 23d; on the 26th took up line of march for Bridgeport; arrived In the e^%ning, October 27; supplied each man with sixty rounds of ammunition; crossed Tennessee River on pontoon bridge; arrived at Shellmound at 2 P. M., October 28; heavy rain in morning, c'learing at noon. Our route was through mountain passes and along the banks of the Tennessee River and through Whiteside and brought us to Lookout Valley about three miles from Wauhatchie Junction on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. About half a mile beyond the junction we halted at the Kelly's Ferry road in full sight of the height of Lookout Mountain on which a signal flag could be seen announcing to the rebel headquarters our approach. Regiments of our division had been left at various passes and stations on the route and our force was much reduced. The troops under command of General Geary with us consisting of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry 383 One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, 125 One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteer In- fantry, 375 Seventy-eighth New York Volunteer Infantry 150 One hundred and thirty-seventh New York Volunteer In- fantry, 380 One hundred and forty-ninth New York Volunteer In- fantry, 200 Four. pieces Knap's Pennsylvania Battery. 1,613 Having halted at the Kelly's Ferry road the troops were ordered to 112 PENNSYLVANIA AT bivouac, in 'plain view of the Confederates on the mountain who could ccunt every man we had. General Geary sent for me and, remarking it was not my turn, said he wished I would take the picket as we were In close proximity to the enemy and it would require extra caution. The remark was complimentary to myself and my regiment. Of course 1 consented and accepted with thanks fof' the compliment and proceeded to post the regiment to the best advantage. I thought from the appearance there was a crossing where the railroad crossed, and that would probably be the place where troops would cross to attack us; but the general said the Eleventh Corps had passed there and would no doubt look out for that crossing. He thought back at the junction would be the important point as troops could be concealed up the valley and besides he had information there was no bridge at the railroad crossing. I therefore placed three companies at the junction, two at or near the creek on the railroad, and gave Captain Millison extra caution and di- rected him to deploy his reserve as skirmishers at the first alarm. Two companies were posted on the Kelly's Ferry road, two on the creek between our camp and the mountain and one at the base of Raccoon Mountain. I went to a small house below the railroad and on pretense of getting some bread had a conversation in which I learned there was a bridge over the creek and that Confederate troops had been over 'It that after- noon. I then went to the house where GeneraJ Geary said he had obtained his information, took the man to the , general's quarters and learned from him that he had not been explicit but that there was a bridge over the creek. Hastening to the picket, I moved them farther out at least three quar- ters of a mile from camp, repeating my former caution and direction. I stajted on my rounds and had reached the picket at the junction when I heard firing in direction of the bridge. Riding rapidly toward the firing I saw a, line of men moving from the creek. Captain Millison had deployed his reserves and was doing his best to hold them. I rode quickly to camp to report. Generals Geary and Greene were in the field and part of our force were in line facing the railroad bank. I re- pcjrted to the general that the enemy had crossed the railroad and were coming on our left and rear. There was a delay in giving orders to change front and, finding It neces- sary, I gave the order to change front to rear on right company. It was well and quickly executed and just in time' for the enemy, driving the Twenty-ninth pickets, came to the edge of the wood and opened fire. Gen- eral Greene was wounded in the face and the horses becoming unman- ageable from the fire in the dark started for the rear. Mine also wanted to go and, not being able to control it, I dismounted and, giving it a cut, sent it with the others and I took command of the field. Our line, as then CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 113 formed, was One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania on the right, rest- ing on the railroad; on their left the One hundred and ninth and the One hundred and thirty-seventh New York on left. The two companies of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania I posted on the railroad on right and rear of the One hundred anji eleventh Pennsylvania, and the One hun- dred and forty-ninth New York on their right. Knap's Blittery was posted in rear of the infantry on rising ground and fired over the heads of the line in front. The Confederate line overlapped ours and swung around on our flanks. The battery was firing with short fuses and some shells bursted in our line. They wer^ from the piece fired by Lieutenant Geary. I went to him and he cut a. longer fuse, asking how that was. I told him it was right and he put in another and gave the command to fire when he was struck in the forehead with a ball. I caught him on my arm. but he never spoke again. The enemy had now got a position on the railroad bank on our right, and were enfilading our line. Major Reynolds, chief of artillery. Twelfth Corps, was with us and I asked him to have the piece taken outside of the railroad but he objected, saying they would take it. I said if it was not done they would take us. Then he said there were no horses. I told him I would take the responsibility and furnish the force to move the piece, and calling Captain Millison to bring up his men we moved the piece back and over the railroad, and with two artillerists with that piece, who were not wounded, to help load and fire, we soon got the range and dro.ve the Confederates from the bank and Held and ended the fight. The result was a decisive victory for the Union troops, though gained at considerable loss. We buried one hundred and fifty-seven Confederates and had one hundred and thirty-five prisoners, with a loss on our side of ninety men and' officers killed and wounded. We encamped on the spur of Raccoon Mountain, from which we could look at the face of Lookout Mountain and over the valley. Wishing to get a better view of the position on November 8, I went with Doctor Bender to the summit of Raccoon Mountain from which I had a good view of Lookout and the valley. The Confederates had a, line of works on the slope above the crossing of the creek at the railroad and wagon road, and were at work strengthening their position. I drew a map in my diary which I completed on close observation. I conceived the thought that the mountain could be taken by a flank movement, from a crossing at the mill dam on Lookout Creek about two and a half miles from the mouth and moving along the slope near the palisade, whilst an attack was made at the railroad crossing. Those who crossed above would strike their works on the flank and some would be above and pass around their flank. • On the 13th, as oflicer of the day, I stopped at General Hooker's quar- ters. The general invited me to eat some pickled oysters. The general was looking at the Confederates working on the mountain. He said, "Colonel, that mountain ought to be in our possession and could be with 8 114 PENNSYLVANIA AT the troops I hava here in twenty-four hours. I would move a, force over the creek and drive them from their works." This gave me a chance to give my views. I said that a movement as he proposed would be attended with great loss. I then showed him my map and described the crossing by the mill dam, while the feint could be made at'bhe railroad crossing. He took the suggestion seriously, made some notes from the map, but said no more. On November 24, at one o'clock A. M, I received orders to call in my pickets and report at division headquarters with my regiment, with one day's rations and in light marching order, at four o'clock A. M. We were there on time. I met General Geary coming out, when he informed me we were going to assault Lookout Mountain. I said, "I have a favor to ask." "What is it," was asked? I said, "it is to give me the right in the movement." He said, "General Hooker has directed that you have the right." We wen± to the mill, as I had suggested to General Hooker, and our regimental pioneers, with those of the brigade, built a bridge on the breast of the dam and at eight o'clock A. M., of November 24, 1863, the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers moved over Lookout Creek and led the way to the palisade which surmounts the slope, followed by the One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, being the only regiment of the Second Brigade present, next the Third Brigade, and on the left the First Brigade. Having reached the palisades, the line fronted, I put out companies C and E, Captains Millison and Sorber as skirmishers. Our line swept the slope from the palisades to Lookout Creek. General Whitaker's Brigade of Fourth Corps was a reserve and followed at a distance of three or four hundred yards. We moved steadily on, meeting lines of skirmishers which we drove or captured, and often heavy defensive lines of the enemy which we invariably charged on, capturing or driving them. Near a large rock or offset in the palisade the skirmishers informed me a body of rebels were waiting to charge on my right flank. I changed front to rear on left company and charged on them. They fired one vol- ley which we returned with interest when finding, instead of striking and disorganizing a flank, they had met a. full front attack they threw down their arms and surrendered. I sent them to the rear with Sergeant Moore, company E, and four men who brought me a receipt from Lieutenant Jessup, Fifth Ohio, for three hundred and five men, a. colonel and major. Changing front, for- ward again we swept, on through abattis and rocks, to the point of the mountain, where at noon the flag of the Twenty-ninth Regiment, Penn- sylvania Volunteers was planted against the palisade in advance of all other troops, at the highest point accessible except by some route then unknown. We were now on the flank and rear of the enemy's works and above them. Troops on our left struck them in front, but, finding themselves outflanked, they did not hold them long but broke to the rear to the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 115 CraventHouse where they made a short stand. This was at 12 M. Their lines having been broken, Osterhaus and Wood could cross the creek and move up on their right flank and Geary's men on their front drove them hack to the rocks near the Summertown road. The Second Brigade was ordered to move close to the palisade on the east side. The slope was too steep to move on in line and we faced to the right, the Twenty-ninth leading, moved by the flank on a narrow path close to the wall of rock, the path admitting not more than two men abreast, a distance of five hundred yards, and were on the left flank of the enemy's line which was some two or three hundred yards below us. An order came to halt as we were far beyond our line. We captured four prisoners, skirmishers, and were closing up to arrange to open fire on the enemy below, when the heavy cloud came on the mountain and we could not see a man thirty paces from us. Where we halted there was a ridge on which I could form three com- panies and we dug steps and piled rocks making a defence against any movement of the enemy from the Summertown road, which I felt certain we were near. The other companies rested with, their backs against the palisade. A body of troops of the enemy advanced on our right and held a, position behind a ridge and kept us engaged in holding them back. There was considerable firing between the two sides far below us, but the enemy were only endeavoring to hold the position until they could move their material from the top of the mountain. If it had been possible to see ahead we could have moved on and captured all that was above the palisade. We lay in this position until 10 o'clock P. M., when, supposing we were tired out, other troops were sent to relieve us and we were ordered to move back to the west side of the mountain. The palisade mentioned is a solid wall of rock surmounting the slope for many miles. The only ascent as a road is on the east side, called the Summertown road. The wall is from sixty to one.hundred feet high. In looking over the report of the otficer commanding the reserve follow- ing in our rear at a distance of three or four hundred yards, I find it nec- essary to repeat most emphatically a portion of my statements. During the movement on the mountain from the beginning to the end of the battle the right of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment moved as close to the palisade as it was possible for men to move, and not a man passed between us and the wall of rock. No rebels were left behind the first line for the reserve to fight, and not a man of our troops at any time was on the right or in the front of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Vol- unteer Regiment. At noon, that is 12 o'clock M., the fiag of the Twenty- ninth Pennsylvania was^ close to the wall of rock where our tablet is placed. In passing around on the east side of the mountain we were close against the paJisade and in advance of all other troops; which position we held until 10 o'clock P. M., when we were ordered to move back. 116 PENNSYLVANIA AT Firing had ceased and the Confederates had been moving dqwn the Summertown road to leave the mountain. The Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania held the extreme right and the highest position gained on the day of the battle. I objected to moving back from the position we had obtained as I was satisfied that the enemy were only holding on until they could get off the top of the mountain and that as soon as that was done Lookout Mountain was in our possession. But it would have been an act of insubordination to refuse to obey the order. At day hreali; on the morning of the 25th some of my men who had been looking around came to me and said they had found a ladder in a nook or crevice of the palisade which led to the top. I immediately went with them and went up the ladder. It was in two parts, the first led to a ledge from which another led to the top. I went up to the top of the mountain. It was now getting light enough to see over the. face of it. There was not a man in sight. I went to the point under the large rock standing like an umbrella, and then to the east side and found we had been within two hundred yards of the road down the mountain, the day before. An officer and some seven or eight men came up the road with a flag, and waved it over the crest and there was a great hurrah from those below. The officer was from the Eighth Kentucky Regiment. The morn- ing was clear; the fog of the 24th had disappeared. The rebels had crossed over Chattanooga Creek and were burning the bridge. The sun rose bright over Missionary Ridge and firing had commenced there. Captain W. L. Stork of my regiment, acting aid on the staff of General Geary, came up the ladder, bringing the division flag. The Eighth Kentucky Regiment came up the Summertown road and took charge of the property left by the rebels. Descending by the ladder I rejoined the regiment and was ordered to march. We moved over the point of the mountain and down the Summertown road, rebuilt the bridge over Chattanooga Creek and, ascending Mission- ary Ridge at Rossville, struck the Confederates on their left flank, cap- turing a number and driving their army from the ridge. On the 26th followed the enemy and struck their rear at Pea Vi-ne, capturing some prisoners and several pieces of artillery. On the 27th they made a stand at Ringgold, forming their line on Taylor's Ridge. After a hard fight they were driven off, but the loss in our division was greater than in the battle of Lookout Mountain. As officer of the day, I went with General Hooker to General Grant's quarters. General Hooker wanted to follow the Confederates who were in sight and delayed with their trains stuck in the mud. But General Grant said if he could go forward without fighting he might go. When we came out General Hooker said it reminded him. of the man who told the boy he might go in to swim but he must not go near the water. Orders were issued to leave Ringgold at 2 o'clock A.- M., December 1, but to burn all mills, depots and public property. Just before starting it was said there was a mill beyond the gap which had not been de- stroyed and General Geary asked for volunteers to go and burn it. Three CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 117 men of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania stepped out and went to destroy the mill. We started, crossed the Chiokamauga at sunrise, through Kossville Gap around the foot of Lookout Mountain on the railroad, and reached our camp at the foot of Raccoon Mountain in Lookout Valley at 3.30 P. M., December 1, 1863. I cannot say too much in praise of the officers and men of my regiment. Where all did their full duty it would seem invidious to make distinctions. But will say I am proud of having the honor to command such a regiment. On the call for regiments to re- enlist for a second term of three years, the Twenty-ninth promptly answered the call and were re-enlisted and mustered in as veteran volunteers on December 9, 1863, — the first veteran volunteer regiment In the United States service. On December 12, we started home on veteran furlough. General Geary had the division paraded to give us a parting salute and sang "Auld Lang Syne." In Louisville the men were paid and drew new clothing and overcoats, and did not look like the war-worn veterans of the week previous. We arrived In Philadelphia on December 22, and received a glorious re- ception by the citizens and military and enjoyed their Christmas holiday very much. After the furlough, with many new recruits, we returned to the Held, by way of Pittsburg, Indianapolis, Louisville and Nashville by train and marched from Nashville, rejoining the division at Bridgeport, from which, with Second Division of old Twelfth Corps, we were consolidated with the Eleventh Corps and called Twentieth, very much to our discontent. We took up the march in the Georgia campaign, participating in all the battles of that memorable march. At Kenesaw mountain I was wounded and laid out for dead but, my constitution being stronger than Confederate shot, I am still alive and able to be with you to-day and assist in the ceremonies' which record your honor. Comrades, I have spoken thus far to prove our claim to the honorable position we hold,— a position which the government has recognized and acknowledged by authorizing the placing on the high point of Lookout Mountain the bronze tablet on which is inscribed the record which entitles us to that honor. Our great State of Pennsylvania, ever ready to support our national government and htonor Its worthy defenders, has taken upon herself the expense of the monuments placed to dfesignate the action of its imme- diate citizens who werf engaged here and has also furnished transporta- tion to the survivors that they may be present at the dedication of the monuments erected to preserve the memory of the days that tried men's souls. The rough hewing is over and time is giving the finer finish to the end. And when we shall have answered the last muster calls, and our posterity views these mementos of the past trouble, they will invoke blessings on 118 PENNSYLVANIA AT the men who offered their lives to preserve to them this glorious heritage of one country and one flag. NOTES FROM RECORDS OF THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, SERIES 1, VOL. 31, PART 2, SERIAL NO. 55. Page 329. Headquarters Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, Lookout "Valley, Tenn., November 24, 1863. Brigadier General Geary, Commarding Division: The major general commanding directs that you hold your command in readiness to march at daylight. The general is ordered to take Lookout Mountain. He also de- sires that you will cross Lookout Creek just above Wauhatchie near the mill. After crossing Lookout Creek, march down the valley, sweeping every rebel from it. A cor- responding crossing will be made down here. Make your movements with the utmost rapidity. General Whitaker is instructed to march to Wauhatchie and there report to you. W. H. LAWRENCE, Major and Ald-de-Camp. Page 108. Lookout Valley," November 24, 1863, 11 A. M. Major General Reynolds: I am in condition to cross the creek, but as it will be attended with some considerable loss, I have deemed it advisable to await the arrival of Geary's command down its right bank before doing so. I think he will be up as early as 12 o'clock. JOSEPH HOOKER, Major General Commanding. Lookout Valley, November 24, 1863, 12.15 P. M. Major General Reynolds: The valley is now clear. General Geary's division is on the crest of the slope of Lookout Mountain. JOSEPH HOOKER, Major General Commanding. Page 692. Extract from report of Brigadier General E. C. Walthall, C. S. Army: The Twenty-seventh and part of the Twenty-fourth Mississippi Regiment were put in position in rear of the picket line where, being sheltered from, the enemy's small arms and reserving their fire till the regiments and pickets in front had passed behind them in falling back, they delivered a destructive fire upon thti advancing lines. The front line wavered and was then broken at one point, but after falling back a short distance it was soon reformed and despite my rapid and well directed fire Inoved steadily and unwaver- ingly forward, pressing heaviest on my extreme left. Many officers and men were cap- tured because they held their position so long as to render escape impossible. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN lyOUIS R, FORTKSCUB. COMRADES of the Twenty-ninth Regiment:— Nearly thirty-four years have passed since you, remnant of a glorious command, charged among these rocks and boulders, and after a heroic struggle planted your regimental colors upon the apex of Lookout Mountain. How much of your success was due to the efforts of other commands CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 119 engaged in the assault we cannot now rehearse. That they assisted in the triumph and added inspiration to the movements, thereby increasing the distrust in the minds of the enemy as to their ability to withstand the onset, there can be no question of a doubt. But of this we do know and can therefore speak authoritatively, that the colors of your regi- ment were the first to reach and occupy the crest of the mountain, where the enemy had supposed themselves to be securely posted. Therefore much credit is due to the various commands participating in the charge and who by many acts of individual courage made possible the consummation of such a result; and all honor is due to the Twenty- ninth Regiment for their indomitable and intrepid heroism in leading in the attack and in maintaining that lead until' the accomplishment of the object. It was a notable victory; your line pressing forward to attack an enemy sheltered behind trees, eaxth and everything that would hide them from the advancing columns, while yourselves, unprotected in any manner, were compelled, thus exposed, to seek the foe and drive him from point to point. ******** m In all of the campaigns following this achievement your regiment bore a. conspicuous part, bearing the white star of the Twentieth Corps wher- ever the resolute and Invincible Sherman directed its movements. ******** It was but a short time after this, when nearing the completion of your original'term of enlistment, that the subject of re-enlisting for the war engrossed your attention and your prompt and enthusiastic response to the appeal of the government marks an important epoch in this regi- ment's history. The announcement of your desire to continue in the ser- vice until the end of the war was made on the 8th day of December (the official date in the War Department), and this fact stands as a monument to your lofty patriotism and zeal in behalf of the nation when sacrifices, such as this typified, were needed to strengthen the cause in which you were engaged. It was a grand and glorious privilege to have thus testified to the depth of your devotion by being the first regiment to respond and the auspicious example, so fittingly displayed, bore its fruits a. hundred fold in the spontaneous acceptance by others, at the government's suggestion, and their quickened desire to be sharers in the distinction and nobleness of purpose your unselfish act had inspired. It spoke volumes for your gallantry at so trying a period and deserves to be, and should be, commemorated in some enduring manner by the au- thorities at Washington, at Harrisburg, or by the city of Philadelphia, the home of this regiment, as an example of bravery and courage^ of which all should be justly proud. * * * * **'* ♦ Comrades; it is with pleasure that I greet you on this occasion. Here let us renew our fealty to each other. How few remain of the vast num- bers that formed the organization of which we are the survivors." 120 PENNSYLVANIA AT The names ol over twenty-five hundred men appeared upon its rolls dur- ing its more than four years of service, being augmented from time to time by recruits to replace those whom the fortunes of war had struck down. Its casualties during its service numbered in killed, wounded and prisoners eight hundred and seventy; and of those who returned to our grand old Commonwealth the colors entrusted to them, but a, corporal's guard now gathers here, spared by the great death reaper, that the lessons learned of which these ceremonies are a part, may not be forgotten, but transmitted to generations yet to come. Time has whitened and made rugged with premature age whatever manlj' beauty you once possessed. Those once strong athletic forms are shorn of their youth and a silvery tinge, an empty sleeve or a missing limb tell the story of the hardships of the soldier's life. The white frost of many seasons has replaced the vigor of early manhood and, bronzed with age that the changes of years have wrought, we meet here again, in the hour of profoundest peace, to dedicate to those of our comrades who have crossed the river of life, this memorial which a grateful Common- wealth, proud of their record, has appropriately raised. It was the speaker's privilege to have formed one of the number of the first company organized for this regiment, and can assert with positlve- ness that not forty-eight hours had elapsed after the firing upon Fort Sumpter before a roll was opened which formed the nucleus of this com- ma- 1. Within a very brief period thereafter this Regiment was mustered and at the front, so that its history is a continuous one from the be- ginning to the ending of the war. What a host of sagacious leaders pass in review before us as the memory pictures the commanding officers under whom the Twenty-ninth Regi- ment directly served. Commencing with the affable and moderately suc- cessful Banks, at the head of the corps, we find the gallant Slocum as his successor; while among those of lesser grade the names of Hamilton, Abercrombie, Williams, Geary, Kane and Barnum come in turn — from the victorious Meade upon the field of Gettysburg to that of Sherman and Grant upon these historic heights, each and all resolute, defiant, fear- less — never despairing of success but with dogged tenacity pressing for- ward with order and steadiness to reap to the full whatever advantage presented itself. That tenacity of purpose was never more strikingly shown than in the successes which followed the transfer of General Grant to Chattanooga. . An army, dispirited and starving, was hedged about by the forces of Bragg who had defeated the Union arms at Ohickamauga under Bose- crans and left them in a demoralized and disordered condition. Compe- tent authority had reported the Union army as bafHed and mismanaged and a strong hand was needed to bring order out of chaos and save it from annihilation. North Point of Lookout Mountain. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 121 It was at this important crisis that re-enforcements were found to be absolutely essential to prevent the enemy from inflicting an irreparable and dire calamity upon the country and to avert this threatening and crowning disaster two corps of the Army of the Potomac, which had valiantly stood between the north and the greatest general the south had produced, Lee, were ordered to this western country to flU the breach and thwart if possible this menacing catastrophy. Upon their arrival they were received with derision, ridicule and con- tumely, by their brothers in arms, and their first important step, and one that has since b^en spoken disparagingly of by the western troops, from the commanding general down, was their successful assault ajid occupa- tion of this stronghold, thus turning the left flank of Bragg's position and making possible the glorious victory which followed on Missionary Ridge. It is to the everlasting credit of the troops from the Army of the Potomac that they carried this position which had been determinedly held by the enemy against the western troops up to the very moment of the arrival of the two corps, and no argument, however specious, ought to or can deprive th,em of the full measure of honor for duties faithfully performed. In all of your subsequent career as soldiers of Sherman's army you tes- tifled in the most commendable manner that the same honorable im- pulses and zealous motives prompted you here that had governed your actions in the eastern army, a fact which the western troops were not slow to observe and approve, and posterity must accord to all alike the need of praise due for services worthily rendered. BENEDICTION BY LIEIIT.-COL. JESSE R. MILWSON: May the blessing of Almighty God and the communion of the Holy Spirit abide with these surviving members of the Twenty-ninth Pennsyl- vania "Veteran Volunteers, now and forevermore. Amen. HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT,* UNDER the call of the President of the 3d of May, 1861, for forty addi- tional regiments, authority was given to John K. Murphy, by the Secretary of War, to raise and organize a regiment for three years' service. The order to recruit was given on the 15th of May, and the work was commenced and vigorously prosecuted at the building then standing on the site of the present postofflce in the city of Philadelphia. On the 29th of June, Major C. F. RufC, of the regular army, received au- thority to muster the reginfient into the service of the United States, and •Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. 122 PENNSYLVANIA AT commenced July 1, mustering the companies as fast as filled and fully organized, the last being mustered July 29. The regiment was recruited, uniformed and rationed, previous to its muster, by the labor and at the expense of the officers, without any assistance from the Government. Tne uniforms, including caps, were of gray. It was at first known as the Jackson Regiment, but upon its organization was designated the Twenty- ninth of the line, and the following gentlemen were oommissioned field officers: John K. Murphy, Colonel; Charles A. Parham, Lieutenant Colo- nel; Michael Scott, Major. On the 16th of July the regiment went into camp at Hestonville near the city, where it was equipped and received military instruction. On the 3d of August, it broke camp and proceeded to Harper's Ferry, where it was attached to the command of General Banks, and was at first assigned to the Third Brigade.t General Hamilton commanding, subse- quently Colonel Gordon. It encamped in Pleasant Valley, where by care- ful instruction and drill, it was brought to a high state of discipline, and during the autumn and winter performed a great amount of marching between Darnstown, Dam No. 4, Ball's BlufC and Frederick. .Near the latter place it went into winter quarters, at Camp Carmel, on the 25th of February, 1862. But winter quarters in modern warfare means a shelter for one night or longer, according to circumstances. In this instance it meant the short period, for one night. On the 26th, breaking camp and crossing the Potomac on a pontoon bridge, at Harper's Ferry, it proceeded with the brigade to Winchester, where it arrived on the 12th of March, driving out Jackson and taking possession of the place. On the 1st of April, Banks' army advanced, pushing the enemy up the valley, until it arrived at Eden- burgh, where both the railroad and turnpike bridges were found de- stroyed. A skirmishing party was sent across the creek to dislodge a body of the enemy, so posted as to be very annoying to the troops as they approached the stream. In the skirmish which ensued, the Twenty-ninth lost two killed, James Martin, of Company G, and Gottlleo Spear, of Company I, the first casualties in action. As the command advanced iv pursuit of Jackson on the 19th, the Twenty-ninth, with the brigade, made a detour to the right, to flank the enemy who had taken position on Road's Hill. But discovering the movement in season he sought safety in flight. Marching to Harrisonburg, the army remained about two weeks, when it returned to Strasburg and commenced fortifying. Com- panies B and G of the Twenty-ninth, together with the First Maryland Regiment, under Colonel Kenly, had been detached and stationed at Front Royal. Jackson, having 'been re-enforced by Ewell and Edward John- son, had attacked and worsted the advance Divisions of Fremont's com- mand under Milroy and Schenck, at McDowell, and, by a rapid march tOrganization of the Third Brigade, Colonel George H, Gordon, First Division, Brigadier General A. S. Williams, Army of Major General N. P. Banks. Second Regi- ment Massachusetts Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel Andrews; Third Regiment Wis- consin Volunteers, Colonel Ruger: Twenty-seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteers, Colo- nel Colgrove; Twenty-ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Murphy. ' CHICKAM4|UGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 123 masked by his cavalry, approached Front Royal unexpectedly, quickly overpowered Kenly, after a brave resistance, scattering and capturing a large part of his command, and appeared upon the flank of Banks, threatening his comimunlcation with a force of twenty thousand men. At midnight of the 23d, Banks having been apprised of .the defeat of Kenly, commenced a retreat in the direction of Winchester, with the enemy in full pursuit, flushed with success on every hand. At three o'clock on the morning of the 24th, the Twenty-ninth reached Middie- town, and turning to the right on the road to Front Royal, met the fugitives 0'£ Kenly's command about flve Tniles out, who reported the enemy advancing in great force. Falling back to Middletown, it again joined the retreating column. An attack on the head of the train, threw it into confusion, causing considerable delay and the loss of some wagons; these were destroyed to keep them from falling into the hands of the enemy, who hovered on the right flank, keeping the column constantly engaged. The Twenty-ninth reached the hill near Winchester at seven P. M., the men lying on their arms during the night. At day -'break on the 25 th, the pickets reported the enemy advancing in force. The Second Brigade, under Colonel Gordon, occupied the ground on the right of the Strasburg road. A large body of the enemy having moved off to turn its right flank, the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania and the Twenty-seventh Indiana, Colonel Colgrove, were ordered to change posi- tion from the left to the right of the line to meet and check them. The flanking party consisted of the Louisiana Brigade, headed by the Tigers, and commanded by General Dick Taylor. As they came into the open field they were received with a destructive Are of musketry which checked their advance for a few minutes; but soon rallying, they de- ployed regiments to turn the flank of our weak line, which was at length compelled to retire. On reaching the rising ground it was found that the rest of the line had been forced back. Moving towards the town a stand was made behind a stone wall by the Colonel, together with what men remained, but they were soon surrounded and compelled to surrender. The remainder of the regiment, under Major Scott, withdrew with the Brigade. This engagement held the enemy in check flve hours, giving time for the train of nearly five hundred wagons t'o get well on the way towards the Potomac. The enemy made a vigorous pursuit, but the troops moving in three parallel columns, with an efficient rear guard for each, arrived at the river at nightfall and crossed in safety. Colonel Murphy, and others .of the Twenty-ninth who were taken prisoners, were sent to the rear, and on their way had a full view of the rebel forces as they rushed on, whooping an'd shouting, in pursuit of the national troops. Major Wheat, in whose charge the prisoners were placed, took Colonel Murphy and Captain Rickards, of Company I, to the Taylor House in Winchester, for breakfast, where he introduced them to Generals Ashby and Stonewall Jackson. Jackson appeared quiet and taciturn; but Ashby was choleric and gave vent to much bitter feeling 124 PENNSYLVANIA AT against the north, saying- that he would never be satisfied until he had them theke! at the same time stamping his foot upon the floor with great emphasis, illustraiting in his person the sentiment which inspired the re- bellion, and' which has been so aptly expressed by Horace: •" — ira, quse procudlt enses Bt mlseras inlmicat urbes." The prisoners from Front Royal were brought in during the day. Of the Twenty-ninth, there were, including those of the two companies captured at thait place, seven officers and one hundred and forty-eig'ht non-commissioned officers and privates. The men were organized into squads for drawing rations, and were placed under the charge of Sergeant Brown, of Company F. On the 30th the prisoners arrived at Harrison- burg, having marched seventy-six miles and received but four crackers per man during the four days march. Here the officers were paroled to report at Staunton on the 6th. At Waynesboro' the dead body of Ashby, killed at the battle of Cross Keys, was brought in. Here also. Colonel Kane, of the Bucktalls, wounded in the same battle, was added to the company of captive officers. The Twenty-ninth, under command of Major Scott, remained with General Banks, and upon the incorporation of his army with that of Fremont and McDowell, it moved from Winchester to the valley of the Rappahannock, and was present at the battle of Cedar Mountain, though not actively engaged, and suffered no loss. Early in September the regi- ment was on duty at Williamsport, Maryland, and on the approach of the enemy in the Antietam campaign, fell back to Hagerstown, and from thence to Chambersburg. On the 12th of September, Colonel Murphy, and other officers who had been prisoners of war with him, rejoined the regiment ajid advanced under orders from Colonel Wright, an aid to Governor Curtin, to Green- castle. Two days later the returned officers were notified by Governor Curtin that they were not exchanged, but only paroled, and ordered to . report at Oamp Parole, near Annapolis. On the 17th of Septemtoer, at the battle of Antietam, the Twenty-ninth was on provost and rear guard duty, and not actively engaged. After the battle it was stationed at Boonsboro, Maryland, in charge of the hospital and property collected from the battlefield. October 22, Colonel Murphy and other paroled officers, having been regu- larly exchanged, returned to the command. Greatly crippled by its losses, the scattered fragments were now gathered up and put once more in a condition of efficiency. On the 31st of October it marched to Hagers- town, where it was detailed for provost and guard duty. On the 10th of December, it struck tents and moving via Boonsboro and Pleasant Valley, crossed the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers on pontoon bridges, and joined the Brigade near Leesburg. Colonel Murphy, being the senior officer, assumed command of the Brigade. The battle of Prederlcks- •Hatred, which forges swords and sets at variance unhappy states. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHA-TTANOOGA. 125 burg was ifought on the same day. Marching via Gum Springs to Fair- fax Station, tents and all extra baggage were 'turne'd dn, and all who were unable to walk were sent to Alexandria in cars. On the 28th, the Corps marched in pursuit of the enemy's cavalry, which retreated rapidly, and crossed the Occoquan at Wolf's Ford, eluding pursuit. On the 19 th of January, 1863, the regiment was ordered to march with the Brigade, with all possible dispatch, towards Fredericksburg, as Burn- side was concentrating his forces for a secon'd advance. Tbe weather was clear and cold, the ground frozen, the marching good, except that the artillery and heavy loaded wagons occasionally cut through the frost and sank in the mud. Crossing the Occoquan, it marched via Dumfries to the Quintioo, now swollen by the incessant rains and filled with floating ice, which was, in consequence, passed with great difflcul'ty, and reached Stafford Court House on the 25th. The mud had by this time so deepened that the roads were impassible, and the prospect that all further forward movements would be suspended was clear. On the 3d of February the troops were ordered to build tents and put their camping ground in proper condition for winter quarters. On the same day Wm. Rickards, Jr., Cap- tain of Company I, was coonmissioned Lieutenant Colonel, to date from October 4, and, in the absence of Colonel Murphy, at once assumed com- mand. The camp was enlarged and improved, and details of men were kept daily at work to put it in good condition for health and comfort. On the 19th, Captain Zulich was appointed to bring in from Camps Con- valescent and Distribution all men fit for duty belonging to the corps. During the months of February and March little activity prevailed in the army other than that of organizing, drilling and perfecting the discipline of the troops. In the oamp of the Twenty-ninth great improvement was exhibited in the appearance and condition of the men, who manifested a pride in preserving a soldierly bearing, and in presenting to the eye of the inspector faultless arms and equipments. On the 19th of March, the di- vision was reviewed by General Hooker, now in command of the army, who met the commanders of regiments at the headquarters of General Slocum, and was personally introduced. He spoke of the necessity of us- ing all possible means for crushing the rebellion, and expressed a confi- dence in the efiiciency of his troops, and a hope that the next movement of the Army of the Potomac wooild be a successful one. On the 21st of March an order was received transferring the Twenty- ninth to the Second Brigade,* Second Division of the Twelfth Corps. On the 10th of April this corps was reviewed by President Lincoln, ac- companied by Generals Hooker and Slocum. The corps was drawn up in two lines of battalions by divisions closed in mass. The President "Organization of Second Brigade, Brigadier General Thomas L. Kane, Second Division ; Major General John W. Geary, Twelfth Army Corps; iVEajor General Slocum. Twenty- ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel William Rickards, Jr. : One Hundred and Ninfh Regiment Pennsylvania, Colonel Steinrook; One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel George A. Cobham; One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Hawley; One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunters, Colonel Higgins. 126 PENNSYLVANIA AT rode up and down, when the lines were broken into columns and passed in review. Previous to the movement General Sloeum called the field officers together and explained the manner in which the battalions would change direction by a flank to form column, and, fearing that all might not understand the explanation without a visible representation, called for a. regiment to volunteer to illustrate it. The Twenty-ninth was offered and immediately put in motion, executing the manoeuvre to the entire satisfaction of the General, and illustrating at the same time the efiiciency in drill to which it had attained. The necessary preparations were made, and on the 26th of April, orders were received to march on the Chancellorsville campaign. With three days' rations in haversacks and five in knapsacks, baggage reduced to the lowest limit, sixty rounds of ammunition in cartridge boxes and eighty per man in wagons, and of the four hundred and eighty-seven present for duty, leaving twenty sick in hospital, the march commienced. Passing through Stafford Court House and Hartwood, and crossing the Happa- hannock at Kelly's Ford, and the Rapidan at Gerraania Mills, the regi- ment reached Chancellorsville on the evening of the 30th. This route was pursued by Howard's Eleventh, Slocum's Twelfth, and Meade's Fifth Corps; Couch's Second Corps crossing at Banks' and United States Fords, shielded by the advancing column on the right bank. At nine A. M., the regiment, with the brigade, marched on the right of the Fredericksburg road, and soon met the enemy, who had a battery posted which opened heavily. Remaining in position about an hour, the brigade was ordered back to its former camp, which it immediately commenced to fortify. Intrenching tools could not be procured, and most of the work was done with bayonets and tin plates. At three P. M., the regiment was again ordered forward on the Fredericksburg road to take a battery posted in an annoying position. Arriving within charging distance, it was deemed inexpedient to make the attempt, and the regiment was ordered back with a loss of three men killed and five wounded. The pressure of the enemy under Jackson on the right of the Union line, at about five P. M., became so heavy that it was forced to give way, leaving the flank of the Twelfth Corps exposed. Geary's Division was irhmediately wheeled into position to check the enemy, swarming forth almost in the rear of Gen- eral Hooker's Headquarters. The firing was very heavy, and continued till eleven P. M., the men laying on their arms all night. On Sunday, May 'A, the battle opened early, and at seven A. M., the enemy had turned our right flank, and commenced a cross-fire which was very severe. The position being untenable, the division was ordered to retire by the United States Ford road, and take up a new position; but it was vigorously shelled, losing many while carrying the wounded from the hospitals which had been set on fire by the enemy's shells. At ten P. M., the regi- ment was ordered into position on a hill commanding the road, which was immediately intrenched. On the following morning the enemy at- tacked on the right, but was repulsed. Rations and ammunition (on ac- count of the nature of the ground) had to be distributed on pack mules. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 127 At daybreak on the 6th, the Twenty-ninth crossed the river and marched to Potomac Creelt, Hoolcer having decided to withdraw, leaving the dead on the field and the wounded unable to be moved, in the hands of the enemy. The less in the engagement was six killed and thirteen wounded. An examination was made of the ground at Acquia Ci-eek by Colonel Oobham, in command of the brigade, to determine the dispositions to be made in case of attack. • It was decided that Fort No. 1, should be oc- cupied by the Twenty-ninth and that the One hundred and ninth and One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania should take position in the rifle-pits. Colonel Murphy, who had been absent sick for more than two months, now resigned on account of disease contracted while a prisoner of war, and the regiment was notified of the fact May 8. The time of the One hundred and twenty-fourth and One hundred and twenty-fifth Pennsyl- vania Regiments of nine months' men having expired on the 11th of May, they left the brigade. On the 4th of June, the regiment being stationed at Acquia Creek, a beautiful flag prepared by ladies of Philadelphia, was presented, on their behalf, by H. M. Dichert, Esq., of that city, and was received for the regiment by General Geary. On the 11th of June, the regiment stripped to light marching order and commenced to move on the Gettysburg campaign. Passing through Staf- ford, Dumfries and Fairfax, it arrived at Leesburg on the 17th, and tak- ing possession of a rebel fortification, was employed in extending and strengthening it. At dawn of the 26th it moved to the Potomac and crossed at Edward's Ferry. The river is here four hundred and forty yards in width, and was spanned by two bridges of sixty-six boats each, Lee's main body, under Longstreet and Hill, had crossed on the 24th and 25th, and had pushed on in the path of Ewell, who moved a week earlier and was now at Carlisle and York. Hooker crossed with his army on the 25th and 26th, but one day later than Lee, designing to concentrate his main body at Frederick, while the Twelfth Corps with the division of General French, then at Harper's Ferry, was to strike at the rebel com- munications at Williamsport. With the 28th, came the change of com- manders, and a change of plans in so far as to abandon the movement to Williamsport, and to follow up the advancing rebel column by a line bearing further to the right. Moving on the 29th through Frederick and Bruceville, the Twelfth Corps arrived on the 30th at Littlestown, where the cavalry had a skirmish with a marauding party of the enemy, in which a few prisoners were taken. On the 1st of July, General Geary's Division pushed on in advance of the rest of the corps, and at about two miles from the battle-ground Kane's Brigade was detached and posted to prevent the enemy from turning the right flank of the army, while the remaining brigades hastened to the front and took position on the extreme left of the line, on and about Round Top. On the morning of the 2d, the Twenty-ninth with Kane's Brigade moved to the right and took position in a wood to the right of the Balti- more pike, on Gulp's Hill, where breast-works were thrown up across the head of a ravine which spreads to a large plateau on Rock Creek, covered 128 PENNSYLVANIA AT with a heavy growth of timber. At seven o'clock P. M., the brigade was ordered by General Geary to move rapidly to the left, to re-inforce the Third Corps. Fording the creek in the face of the enemy's shells, by which Sergeant Major Charles Latford was killed, and proceeding rap- idly about two miles in the direction of Round Top, the column was halted and ordered to return to the breast-works just vacated, the enemy in front of the Third Corps having been repulsed 'and the line made secure by fresh troops. The incidents of the return are best told in the words of Colonel Rlckards' report: — "We returned by the pike (Baltimore) and were about to enter the wood in which our breast-works were, when we were fired on, receiving a heavy volley from behind a stone wall at twenty-five paces distance, killing Lieutenant Harvey and three men, and wounding ten. Believing that we had been mistaken for the enemy by the Third Brigade of our own division, which had been left to hold a part of the line, I ordered my men not to fire, and gathering up our dead and wounded, I moved to the rear about one hundred paces, when I returned again to the wall and called to those behind it, telling them who I was, but was answered by another volley. I now received orders to join the brigade on the pike, and we moved to the woods on the left ot our trenches, when we found that the enemy had occupied them in our ab- sence, had advanced half a mile beyond our works, and were now con- fronting us. A party of skirmishers under Captain Johnson, of Company B, was immediately sent out by order of General Kane. The Captain and five of his men were captured." As soon as the position of the enemy was ascertained, a line of battle was formed at right angles with the original breast-works, and the men laid on their arms, the enemy keeping up occasional firing during the night, by w^hich one man, a private of Company K, was severely wounded. "At three A. M., of the 3d," says Colonel Rlckards, "observing objects moving about the enemy's position, I went to the centre of the brigade and met Colonel Cobham; while consulting we received a fire from the enemy, which extended across our front, fortunately doing no harm, but knocking the eagle from my right shoulder, and showing them to he in force. The fire was returned with spirit, but soon died away and all was again quiet." The Twenty-ninth occupied a part of the line which extended through a hollow, and was somewhat protected by a ledge of rocks. At half past three A. M., the contest opened, the enemy firing from t s and trees. The action soon became general and raged with unaoaiea lury, the troops being relieved as their ammunition was exhausted, and, when replenished, again returning to the line. The Twenty-ninth was relieved for this purpose, and was absent forty-five minutes, the men taking from sixty to eighty rounds each. At half past ten A. M., the enemy advanced to the charge, led by Stewart's Brigade moving at battalion front. It was a trying moment for the Twenty-ninth, but the men stood manfully to their ground, firing with great rapidity, and doing fearful execution. The rebel line came steadily on, though their ranks were perceptibly thinned, until within CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA.' 129 ten paces, when their column began to waver, and soon after fled in con- fusion, leaving their dead and wounded in frightful numbers on the field. Preparations were soon made to follow up this advantage, and General Geary's Division charged over the ground lately held by the enemy, rout- ing and driving them out and regaining the original breast-works. The fight still continued, the enemy taking refuge behind rocks and trees in front of the entrenchments, and keeping up a rapid fire. The Twenty-ninth having exhausted its last supply of ammunition, was re- lieved by the First Maryland, Colonel Maulsby, and moved out to re- plenish it, being heavily shelled while passing through an open field and losing one man- wounded. At half past two the regiment returned to the trenches, where the men were much annoyed by sharpshooters. At nine P. M., the enemy made another attack, which was promptly re- pulsed, and the firing ceased with the exception of an occasional shot. Precautions were taken to guard against surprise, and the men rested in the trenches upon their arms. Much speculation was indulged in by the officers during the night respecting the events of the coming day, many believing that the fig'Ming would be more sanguinary than on any previous one. With the dawn of July 4, came hope that the struggle was over, for silence continued to prevail. General Kane ordered Colonel Rickards to send out a party of skirmishers to ascertain if the enemy was still in front. Company B was accordingly detached for the pur- pose, and proceeded to examine the woods, where the enemy had been posted; but he had stealthily departed, leaving the ground strewn with his dead and wounded. Five hundred rebel dead were found and buried in front of General Geary's Division alone. The Twenty-ninth lost dur- ing three days in which it was engaged, fifteen killeid, forty-flve wounded and fourteen missing.* Following up the retreat of the rebel army the regiment arrived at Littlestown on the 6th, and Walkersville on the 8th. At Frederick, the brigade turned on the road leading to Middletown, and at a point about two miles out crossed the fields to the Harper's Feirry road, passing on the way a spy hanging on a locust tree. In the neighborhood of Bakersville •General Thomas L. Kane, who led the brigade in this battle, having been disabled by wounds and sickness, had been absent since the battle of Chancellorsville, and only re-jniT7'>d it on the evening or the 1st of July. He was obliged again to leave at the conclusion of the battle, and issued the following order, full of feeling and pathos: Headquarters, Second Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth Army Corps, Near I.,ittlestown, July 6, 1S63. Officers and Soldiers of the Second Brigade: The hard fighting seems over. If there is to be more of it soon I will he with you. If not, farewell, and may God bless and reward you for your noble conduct, but for which, neither I, nor any of the thousands of this army would have home, country, pride or honor to return to. If you should not see me again in the brigade I hope you will remember long and affectionately your friend and commander. > THOMAS L. KANE, Brigadier General of Volunteers. 130 PENNSYLVANIA AT some of the enemy's pickets were encountered, and the rebels were re- ported in force at Downsville. Arriving within two miles of that place, a line of battle was formed, the Second Corps on the right of the Twelfth, and breast-works were thrown up. On the Uth, the troops were again formed in line of battle, the Second Brigade being posted on the extreme left. On the 14th, the Second Division was ordered to support the First in the neighborhood of St. James College, and moved on up the hill, ex- pecting to receive the enemy's fire; but reconnoissances soon developed the fact that the rebel army had escaped across the river and was now in full retreat up the Shenandoah Valley. Passing Maryland Heights and Pleasant Valley, where the Twenty-ninth had its first camp on taking the field, it crossed the Potomac on pontoons at Harper's Perry, and the Shenandoah on a wire bridge, and passing around Loudon Heights halted at Hill's Lookout. On the 20th of July, the division moved by forced marches via Snickersville and Markham to Manassas Gap' for the pur- pose of cutting off portions of the retreating army. A spirited artillery duel occurred with the enemy's rear guard, but the main column had al- ready passed and was hastening on towards Gordonsville. The brigade was immediately ordered back to take another road by which to still over- take the foe, and marched twenty-fl,ve miles on the 24th; proceeding on the following day through Rectortown and White Plains, it arrived at the entrance of Thoroughfare Gap. A detail was here made of two non-com- missioned officers and four privates to bring in conscripts. Proceeding through the gap, the command moved hastily to Catlett's Station, and from thence to Kelly's Pord, on the Rappahannock. During the month of August, the first three days of which were remarkable for extreme heat, and during which the men suffered mugji, the regiment was kept actively engaged guarding the fords of the river. On the 16th of Sep- tember the regiment marched at four o'clock A. M., and crossed at Kelly's Pord. The weather was excessively hot and the ambulances were filled with the sick and exhausted men. The Twenty-ninth formed the rear guard of the division, and bivouacked at night on high ground about four miles east of Culpepper Court House. The cavalry was al- ready at Raccoon Ford on the Rapidan, engaging the enemy, the burst- ing of shells 'breaking the darkness with their lurid light. On the 21st, General Slocum visited the camp of the Twenty-ninth, and expressed his satisfaction with the condition in which he found it; he soon after issued a special order complimenting the regiment for its excellent dis- ciplin< soldierly bearing of the men. On tne 23a or September, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were de- tached from the Army of the Potomac, and ordered, under General Hooker, to Middle Tennessee, to re-inforce Rosecrans, lately worsted at Chickamauga. On the 26th, the regiment marched to Brandy Station, whence it proceeded by rail to Washington, and immediately moved by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Bellaire, where it crossed the Ohio River, and proceeded through Columbus, Indianapolis, Louisville and Nashville to Murfreesboro, arriving on the Bth of October. Here the CHICKAMAUGA ANB CHATTANOOGA. 131 regiment reported to General Ward, commanding the post, who directed Colonel Rickard'S to take charge of the troops of the Twelfth Corps then arrived. These consisted of the Twen'ty-ninth and One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania, Fifth Ohio and Seventy-eighth and One hu.ndred and forty-ninth New York. On the day previous the rebels had burnt abridge on the railroad two miles- below the town, capturing the guard, consisting of forty men, but were deterred from making a further advance by the timely arrival of the Twelfth Corps troops. On the 9th, the com- mand imarched to Christiana, arriving in the evening of the same day, and on the following morning, leaving the One hundred and eleventh, the Twenty-ninth and One hundred and ninth proceeded to Fostersville, a village on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, thirteen miles south of Murfreesboro, which they were ordered to fortify. The place is not easy of defence, the hills around overlooking the town, near enough for long rifle range, and very convenient for shells. Wheeler's rebel cavalry, four thousand strong, had passed through the place but a few days previous. On the 14th, General Geary and Colonel Cobham com- manding the brigade, were in consultation with Colonel Rickards re- specting the location and form of the fort. A pentagonal work, the sides thirty yards long and seven and a half feet high, with a ditch to cor- respond, was agreed upon. Five houses which had 'been damaged by the enemy had to be removed to make room for it. The ground was hard and obstructed by large stones, which very much impeded the work. The men labored with a hearty good will. To hasten its completion a requisition for negro labor and for ox.and mule teajms was made upon the proprietors of neighhoring estates, which were promptly furnished. When three sides of the fort were finished and the whole in prospect of speedy completion, the command was ordered to move by rail to Stephen- son, Alabama, much to the disappointment of the men, who had cherished a pride in having, when finished, a piece of work to be pointed to with satisfaction. The Twenty-ninth left in two detachments, the first under command of Lieutenant Colonel Zulick. At W^^artrace the trains halted, to let an express train pass bearing General Grant to the front. After consider- able delay in ascending the mountain, from the slipping of wheels and want of motive power, the trains passed the tunnel three and one-fourth miles long and were nearly down the long grade on the other side, when they were met by Colonel Innes, superintendent of military railways, who ordered the engineers to back the trains to the summit again to let four freight trains pass. Without taking advantage of the back ride, the Twenty-ninth alighted and inarched down to the foot of the mountain. At Stephenson, Alabama, a little muddy village of a score of habitations, the Twenty-ninth reported to General Hooker and encamped near corps headquarters. On the 26th, the regiment marched to Bridgeport, where General Geary and his brigade commanders had already arrived. Draw- ing three days' rations and sixty rounds of ammunition the regiment crossed the Tennessee River on pontoons, and proceeded to Shellmound, 132 PENNSYLVANIA AT where is located the celebrated Niek-a-Jack Cave, from which the rebels procured large quantities of saltpetre for the manufacture of gunpowder. Lieutenant Colonel Zulick was here detailed to superintend the work- ing party laying a pontoon bridge, and constructing a road leading to it. The line of march from Shellmound lay through mountain passes, and along the bank of the Tennessee riveri the rocky bluffs rising like a wall, to a height varying from ten to three hundred feet for many miles. Passing along, beneath the shadow of Lookout Mountain, the command* halted at Wauhatchie Junction. The TVenty-ninth was immediately ordered on picket duty. General Geary had designated Wauhatchie Junction as an important point, and three Companies, E, B and K, under command of Captain Rickards, were posted there with orders to throw up rifle-pits; two Companies, I and H, under Captain Stork, were sent out three miles on the Kelly's Ferry road; two Companies, A and F, under Lieutenant Coursault, were posted to cover the ground between the camp and Lookout Creek; two Companies, C and G, were pushed out a, half mile on the Brown's Ferry road, and Company D was ordered to the left, between Stork and Rickards, com- pleting a continuous line around the camp. General Geary, ever on the alert, had ordered this faithful picketing of his camp, knowing that his single division was isolated from the rest of the corps, but believing the enemy not to be nearer than Lookout Moun- tain; this impression was confirmed by the testimony of citizens. The man most relied on for the correctness of this report was a Mr. Rouden, a, magistrate living at the junction of the rail and the Kelly's Ferry road. Colonel Rickards, after posting his regiment, went to the house of this man, under the pretense of getting bread baked, but for the pur- pose of ascertaining more definitely the exact location of the enemy; and while in casual conversation with a woman, learned that Long- street's men had been on that ground the day before. Rouden was imme- diately taken in custody and brought to the tent of (General Geary, who soon drew out the important information that there was a bridge over the creek, and that Longstreet's men were at that moment lying just beyond it not more than a mile and a quarter from his camp. Precautions were immediately taken to prevent a surprise. Colonel Rickards was dis- patched as officer of the day for this purpose, found the road leading to the bridge, and posted his men on it three-fourths of a mile from camp, with instructions to be especially watchful. He ordered Captain Mlllison, in charge of the reserve, to hold them in readiness to deploy as skir- ■•Twenty-ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, three hundred and eighty-three men, Colonel William Rickards, Jr.; One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, one hundred and twenty-five men. Lieutenant Colonel Lewis "W. Ralston; One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, three hundred and sev- enty-five men, Ma.ior Thos. M Walker; Seventy-eighth Regiment, New York Volunteers, one hundred and fifty men; One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Regiment New York Vol- unteers, two hundred men; One Hundred and Second Regiment New York Volunteers. Lieutenant Colonel James C. Lane; One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteers, tliree hundred and eighty men. Lieutenant Colonel Charles B. Randall- Sixtieth Regiment New York Volunteers, Major Abel Godard. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 133 mishers on the least alarm. Proceeding on his rounds, he had visited the post at the junction, and was returning, when a rapid firing was heard which seemed to be in the direction of. the bridge, where the enemy- lay. Riding forward, he soon ascertained that the firing, which soon ceased, was beyond his pickets. Returning to headquarters to report, he found the command under arms and in line. All soon becoming quiet, after half hour, the men were sent to their quarters. They were scarcely in, when firing again commenced and now in earnest; for the rebels, hav- ing watched from the secure heights of Lookout Mountain the movements of General Geary, thought to surprise and crush him by a night attack, and were* now advancing in strtng force without skirmishe— Colonel Riekards rode quickly to the out-post, and met his men falling back, but in good order, contesiting the ground with great firmness and excellent effect, giving time for the main column to get into pos>ition. The One hundred and thirty-seventh New York was formed on the extreme left. One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania on the right. One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania in the centre, and the One hundred and forty-ninth New York on the railroad bank at right angles with the right of the One hundred and ninth. The two Companies, C and G, of the Twenty-ninth, which had been driven in from the bridge, were posted to support the bat- tery, and when -the enemy made a. strong demonstration on the right, were moved to the railroad bank. The attack was, made with rebel im- petuosity, and the men were falling rapidly, especially in the battery; the loss in horses was also very great, thirty-five being killed out of forty-eight. The sixty rounds of ammunition with which the men started was nearly exhausted, when the enemy made a fresh demonstra- tion on the right, and gained possession of the raiilroad bank, from which they delivered a galling fire, all efforts to dislodge them proving fruit- less. At this juncture a piece of the artillery was taken outside the railroad bank, at a crossing in the rear, which enfiladed the portion oc- cupied by the enemy. In the absence of horses to move it. Companies C and G, of the Twenty-ninth grasped the prolongs and soon had it posted, when a few well directed shots sent the enemy from the sheltered position to which he had clung with such desperate pertinacity. This had a de- pressing effect upon him, for his fire soon slackened, and the White Stars remained masters of the field.* Companies A and F, under Lieutenant Coursault, held the wood on the right of the railroad, and prevented the enemy from gaining the rear, behaving with much discretion and bravery. *Geary, meanwhile, had been fig:hting for three hours, without assistance, and, al- though at one time almost enveloped on three sides, finally succeeded in completely re- pelling the assault on his front. The moon shone fitfully into the valley, and the com- mands could often distinguish each other only by the fiashes of their firearms. The strange echoes of the cannon among the hills, and the muttering of musketry from every quarter, alarmed the teamsters of Geary's wagon train, who deserted their mules, and in the darkness and noise the animals became more frightened than their drivers; they soon broke loose, and witli their tacltle dangling and rattling about their heels, rushed in a body directly towards the enemy. This augmented the confusion of the rebels, who supposed it to be an attack of cavalry, and their rout was rendered inglorious by the assistance of a pack of mules. — Military History of Grant. Badeau, pages 449 and 450. 134 PENNSYLVANIA AT The enemy had already turned our left flank and captured the wagon train. But this instead of a. disaster was accounited a gain; for the enemy fell to plundering and was slaughtered in great num'bers by the artillery which was immediately turned upon him. Lieutenant Colonel Zulick, of 'the Twenty-ninth, comdng up soon after with a small force which he had collected, re-captured it and brought it to the rear. From the fact that the TWenty-nlnth Regiment was distributed around the camp on the picket line, the loss was comparatively light, and was principally in the two Companies, C and G, picketing the road on which th^ enemy advanced. The loss was one killed, five wounded and one missing. « The conduct of this handful of men, struggling in the darkness, In tangled wilds, on unknown ground, against a powerful, veteran division of Longstreet's army, familiar with every foot of ground and rejoicing in a knowledge of the weakness of its foe, was most heroic. The personal bravery and skill of the commander was everywhere manifest, and his presence felt in every part of the line. Often amidst the darkness was his voice heard ordering up fresh troops, which never came; but at every order .the men cheered the voice of theiw General most lustily,, the de- ception producing the same effect upon the imaginations of foe as though the solid columns were actuaJly moving forward and taking their places in the shattered lines. The battery, posted on a little knoll in the midst of the camp, did signal service, and was the special object of the enemy's fire, the rebel officers being repeatedly heard ordering their men to con- centrate their Are upon it. "The men and oflioers of Knap's Battery," says Colonel Rickards, "acted nobly. Lieutenant Geary, son of our Gen- eral, was killed at my side, shot through the brain at the instant he commenced fire after aiming his gun. His was a serious loss to the ser- vice; Captain At well was badly wounded in the hip and spine; most of the sergeants were killed or wounded. The infantry had sixty rounds of ammunition and none in the train. When this was expended the killed and wounded were searched for a supply." The attack was made by General Braitton of Longstreet's Corps, who on the evening previous, in company with Generals Polk, Longstreet, Breckinridge, Hood, Cheatham and Cleburne, from a lofty 'station on Lookouit Mountain, had W'atched the progress of Geary's troops, and had planned a surprise which it was confidently anticipated would anni- hilate it. None but White Stars were engaged who proved themselves equal in this fiery ordeal to thrice their number of the enemy's best troops. The first firing of the pickets commenced at half past eleven P. M., and the struggle ended at half past two A. M. The firing ceased and the command immediately commenced fortifying their position.* G^en- •The rebel authorities were greatly , chagrined at this achievement, and their news- papers were full of lamentations. Mr. Jefferson Davis had visited Lookout Mountain only a week before, and feasted his eyes with the sight of the national army, shut up Einiong the hills, like an animal ready for slaughter; and now, at a single stroke the prey had been snatched from his grasp. The door for relief was open, and from a be- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 135 eral Howard and stafC soon after rode in, and at Ave o'clock Hecker's Brigade of Howard's Corps arrived. General Hooker came at nine, ex- pressing much surprise at the eviidence of the hard fighting. The rebel killed left on the field were one hundred and fifty-seven, and one hun- dred and thirty-five prisoners were taJien, most of whom were wounded. Estimating the rebel wounded according to the usual ratio of killed to wounded, and their total loss could not have fiallen much short of one thousand. The rebel forces engaged numbered five thousand strong, w'hile the Union strength was only fourteen hundred and sixty-three, or Idttle exceeding thirteen hundred muskets, a number not much above the loss of the enemy. On the a;fternoon of the 29th, the regiment was relieved and marched to Wauhatchie Junction, being vigorously shelled on the way by the rebels on I/ookout Mountain, but without effect except in the wounding of two mules. The shelling was continued until the 31st, when the brigade was ordered ito take position' and fortify a hill at the foot of Raccoon Moun- tain, on the right of the Kelly's Ferry road facing Lookout. Ijookout Mountain-was still well fortified and firmly held hy the enemy. Gleged and isolated army, the force In Chattanooga had suddenly become the assailant. It was Bragg who was now on the defensive.— Military History of Grant, Badeau, page 451. ' The army felt as If It had been miraculously relieved. Its spirit revived at once, the depressior of Chickamautj-a was shaken off, and the unshackled giant stood erect.— Military History of Grant, Badeau, page 452. Extract from Major General Hooker's Report. Headquarters, Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, Army of the Cumberland, Lookout Valley, Tennessee, November 6, 1863. • * • During these operations, a heavy musketry fire, with occasional dis- charges of artillery, continued to reach us from Geary. It was evident that a formid- able adversary had gathered around him, and that he was battering him with all his might. Por almost three hours, without assistance he repelled the repeated attacks of vastly superior numbers, and in the end drove them inglorlously from the field. At one time Ihey had enveloped him on three sides, under circumstances that would have dis- mayed any officer except one endowed with an iron will and the most exalted courage. Such is the character of General Geary. With this ended the fight. We had repelled every attack, carried every point assaulted, thrown the enemy headlong over the river, and more than all, secured our new communications for the time being, peradventure, • * • The force opposed to us consisted of two of Longstreet's Divisions, and cor- responded in numbers to our corps. From the prisoners we learn that they had watched the column as It descended the valley, and confidently counted on Its annihilation. • * * JOSEPH HOOKER. Major General Commanding. Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. 7, Docs., p. 584. Extract from Major General Thomas' Report. Headquarters, Department of the Cumberland, Chattanooga, October 30, 1863. « • • The repulse by Geary's Division of greatly superior numbers, who at- tempted to surprise him, will rank among the most distinguished feats of arms of this war. GEORGE H. THOMAS, Major General Commanding. Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. .7, Docs., p. 5S8. 136 PENNSYLVANIA AT Its summit was only accessible for a. distance of twenty miles up the val- ley, by two or three trails admitting the passage of but one man at a time, and these were securely held. Its palisaded crest and steep, rugged, rocky and deeply furrowed slopes seemed of themselves to present insur- mountable obstacles to the advance of an assaulting column; to these were added almost interminable, well-planned and well-constructed de- fences. But a demonstration was to toe made upon it. On the 24th of November, the Twenty-ninth Regiment was ordered to report at division headquarters, without knapsacks and with one day's rations, for the purpose -of joining in the assault. The Second Division marched to Wauhatchie Junction at five in the morning, where the troops, to form the party, were drawn up between the railroad and the creek, the Second Brigade, coimposed of the Twenty-ninth q.nd One hun- dred and eleventh Pennsylvania (the One hundred and ninth being left to guard the camp), on the right, the Third Brigade in the centre and the First Brigade on the left. The pioneers and' a ftetail from the Twenty- ninth built a bridge across the creek, and the movement commenced at seven and a half o'clock A. M. The column advanced up the side of the mountain until the Twenity-ninth reached the wall of rocks which surmounts the slope, when it fronted and advanced in line of battle ex- tending from the crest to the flat near Lookout Creek; Whitaker's Brig- ade of the Fourth Corps followed as a second supporting line, at a distance of three or four hundred yards.* The side of the mountain is cut in deep ravines impeded by huge rocks; but the march was conducted in excel- lent order, the men scrambling over the obstructions and keeping their places in the line with an unabated ardor. Colonel Rickards deployed Companies C and E, Captains Millison and Sorber, as skirmishers, and soon met the skirmishers of the enemy, who became very troublesome, firing from their coverts behind rocks and hedges. After advancing about a mile, the reserve of the enemy's first line was met and the firing became continuous. At this point, leading on his men with determined bravery. Captain Millison was wounded in the arm and side, and was carried from the field. The enemy now appeared on the right of the line firing through a gorge, and soon after a large body passed down a slope leading to the flank. The Twenty-ninth was immediately ordered to change front to rear on left company, which was executed with skill and steadiness, the enemy meeting a full front when he expected to fall upon our unprotected roar. Their first volley was fortunately too high, when, finding a force unterrified and ready to receive them, they threw down their arms and held up their hands in token of surrender. The line was ordered to withhold its fire, when two hundred and seventy, in- cluding many ofTicers, were sent to the rear. The left wing, changing front forward, and the right moving by the left fiank, parallel to the ♦Geary's Division, supported toy Whitaker's Brigade of Cruft's Division, was ordered to proceed up the valley, cross the creek near Wauhatchie, and then march down, sweeping the retoels from the right barlk of the stream.— Military History of Grant, Badeau, page 488. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 137 crest of the mountain, the regiment again advanced. The enemy, se- creted in the gorges and behind rooks, now began to surrender in squads of from Ave to fifty. The captures becoming so numerous as to require too many men to send sufficient guards with them, they were sent bacli to General Whitalier's command for safe transfer to the rear. The line continued to advancet with surprising steadiness, and soon came in sight of the enemy's breast-works. The trees had been cut down with the expectation that they would form an insurmountable obstacle to further progress to an advancing column; but in the zeal and im- petuousity of the troops, the obstruction was scarcely noticed, crawling beneath or clambering over as best they could, and clinging close to the "White Star line. The ravine in the side of the mountain, which, from the opposite side of Lookout creek seemed an insignificant indentation, proved to be from fifty to one hundred feet, with precipituous sides. While the Third Brigade was attacking the enemy in the breast-works, the Second, which was far above them, pushed on to the point of the mountain where in the turn which it made it had the shortest line and arrived first, the colors of the Twenty-ninth being planted on the highest attainable point of the mountain, and from which the enemy was com- pletely outflanked. They had thought their position unapproachable, and were holding in fancied security their stronghold in the clouds, when the White Staj Division broke in to their rear, compelling the abandonment of their works and securing the virtual capture of the mountain. The Second Brigade halted h,ere, but skirmishers were sent out, who, with those of the Third Brigade, captured two' pieces of artillery which the enemy had posted on the hill east of the point. The Second Brigade was ordered to move on around the mountain, but found the hill too steep to move in line. Searching in vain for some pass by which to reach the heights above, it was met toy m, body of the enemy's skirmishers who were driven back and several captured. Advancing nearly half a mile, a heavy line of the enemy was discovered and dispositions were imme- diately made to attack upon the flank, while another line advancing from below, attacked in front; but heavy clouds settling down around the mountain so dense as to shut out the light of the midday, rendered it impossible to distinguish fi'iend from foe.* Though much annoyed by sharpshooters from the opposite side and from the summit of the moun- tain, the command was ordered to cease firing and to fortify wherever tSimultaneously with these operations, the troops of Geary were pushing up the mountain: his right pa.*5sed directly under the muzzles of the enemy's guns on the summit, climbing over ledges and boulders, up hill and down, dislodging the enemy wherever he attempted to make a stand.— Military History of Grant, Badeau, page 49S. *At two o'clock operations were arrested by darkness. The clouds which had moved over and enveloped the summit, and favored the movements of Hooker, had been gradu- ally settling, lower and lower, and from the moment that the peak of the mountain was rounded, it was only from the rattle of musketry and the flashes of Are through the clouds, or the occasional glimpses of lines or standards, as the fog rose or fell, that those In the valley could trace the progress of the battle. At four. Hooker informed his Immediate superior that his line was impregnable, and commanded the enemy's de- tenses with an enfilading flre. Lookout Mountain was carried.— Military History of Grant, Badeau. 138 PENNSYLVANIA AT space could be found for one stone to lay upon another. The friendly clouds so shielded the men that only one was hit. The Twenty-ninth re- mained in this position until nine o'clock P. M., when it was relieved, and moving to the slope of the mountain the men sat down to their first meal for the day. The loss was three killed and six wounded. The enemy evacuated his works which had now become untenable, and fled during the night. On the following morning a ladder was discovered which the enemy had used in climbing to the summit. Several parties from difCerent regiments were dispatched, 'by direction of General Geary, to ascend, who carried a flag with them and unfurled it upon the topmost height.. As it floated out upon ihe pure air of the mid-heavens, a cheer was sent up from the troops encamped below, awakening the echoes along all the hills, a fitting climax to the Battle Above the Clouds.f On the morning of the 25th, the brigade advanced diagonally across the Chattanooga Valley to Rossville Pass. The enemy was posted on Mis- sionary Ridge, with artillery, resisting the advance of Thomas and Sher- man. Moving north along the foot of the ridge, the brigade formed in line and advanced up the mountain till i't had reached a point in the rear of the rebels, when, finding themselves surrounded they began to throw tExtract from General Hooker's Official Report. • • "I During- the night the enemy had quietly abandoned the mountain, leav- ing hehind twenty thousand rations, the camp and garrison equipage of three brigades, and other material. • • • • JOSEPH HOOKER, Major General Commanding. Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol S, Does., p. 213. Extract from General Thomas' Offlclal Report. • • • By four o'clock on the morning of the 24th, General Hooker reported his troops In position and ready to advance. Finding Lookout Creek so much swollen as to be impassable, he sent Geary's Division, supported by Cruft's two brigades to cross the creek at Wauhatchle and work down on the right bank, while he employed the re- mainder of his force in constructing temporary bridges across the creek on the main road. The enemy being attracted by the force on the road until his column was directly on their left and threatened their rear. Hooker's movements were facilitated by the heavy mist which overhung the mountain, enabling Geary to get into position without attracting attention. Finding' himself vigorously pushed by a strong column on his left and rear, the enemy began to fall back with rapidity; but his resistance was ob- stinate, and the entire point of the mountain was not carried until about two P. M., when General Hooker reported by telegraph that he had carried the mountain as far as the road from Chattanooga Valley to White House. Soon after his main column coming up, his line was extended to the foot of the mountain, near the mouth of Chattanooga Creek. * • • Continuous and heavy skirmishing was kept up In Hooker's front until ten at night, after which there was an unusual quietness along our whole front. * • • Instructions were sent to General Hiooker to be ready to advance, on the morning bf the 25th, from his position on the point of Ix)Okout Mountain to the Sum- mertown road, and endeavor to intercept the enemy's retreat, if he had not already withdrawn, which he was to ascertain by pushing a reconnolssance to the top of Look- out Mountain. The reconnolssance was made as directed and It was ascertained that the enemy had evacuated during the night. • • • GEORGE H. THOMAS. Major General Commanding. Moore's Rebellion Record, "Vol. 8, Docs., p. SOS. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 139 down their arms and surrender.* An entire brigade was here captured and Its vacated quarters were occupied by the victorious column. On the following morning the command returned to the Rossville pass, mov- ing through, crossed Chiokamauga Creek at dark, attacking the rear of the enemy. At nine P. M., a heavy picket force of the enemy was met and captured with three brass pieces and several caissons. Remaining in line of battle during the night, at early dawn the pursuit was re- sumed. The roads were very heavy, and several caissons of Furguson's rebel battery, broken down and left by the way, were picked up. Heavy firing was heard in the direction of Ringgold, and the infantry was hurried forward, the artillery being detained for the building of the bridge across the Chickamauga. At the pass through Taylor's Ridge, near Ringgold, the enemy had made a stand, and was strongly posted in the gap in the form of the sides of an acute angle, and on the hills over- looking the town. The troops of the Fourth Corps were already engaged and had suffered severely. The First Brigade was ordered up the hill to the support of the regiments that had been driven back, but the enemy soon flanked their position and delivered a destructive Are, killing Colonel Creighton, I/ieutenant Colonel Crane and many other officers and men. The Second Brigade was then ordered by General Hooker to posi- tion in a small chaparral in front of, and to the right of the railroad de- pot, with Instructions to lie down, not to fire till the enemy came within short range, and to hold the position to the last extremity. The Twenty- ninth Iowa, occupying the right of the line, having lost its Colonel and being hard pressed, gave way, exposing the right flank; but at this junc- ture the Third Brigade came up, and following close the artillery, which was soon brought into position, ended the fight by a, few well directed shells. The attack had been made with infantry alone, as the bridge across Chickamauga Creek could not be completed in time to bring up the artillery. The enemy made this stand for the purpose of gaining time for bis trains to escape. On the 29-th, Colonel Rickards was ordered to proceed with his own regiment. Knap's Battery, and a train of twelve wagons to Chattanooga. A detail had been sent to take the severely wounded, by cars found standing upon the road, to Chickamauga Station. Having proceeded several miles over bad roads, an order was received to return with the battery, arriving again at Ringgold at dark after a hard and fruitless day's march. The regiment was quartered in the court house, the offi- ces being occupied by the officers. By order of General Hooker, the engines of a mill in the vicinity of Ringgold were taken down and sent to Chattanooga, the work being performed by details from the Twenty- ninth. From Ringgold, Geary's Division, returned around the foot of . Lookout Mountain to its old camp in Lookout Valley, having been ab- •But such was the Impetuosity of Hooker's advance that their front line was routed before an opportunity was allowed even to prepare a determined resistance. The bulk ot the rebel left now sought refuge behind a second line, and thence was driven out, till the flight became almost a runnln;' one— Military History of Grant, Badeau, page B13. 140 PENNSYLVANIA AT sent eleven days, lighting and marching over difRcult roads, the men without blankets, and many without shoes. The proposition of the government for veteran volunteers was pub- lished early in December, and measures were immediately taken by the offlcers of the Twenty-ninth to have it mustered as a veteran organiza- tion. On the 9th of December, it waS drawn up in line to receive the agents of the State of Pennsylvania, Dr. King, Surgeon General, Dr. Ken- nedy and Mr. Francis, sent by Governor Curtin, to look after the welfare of her soldiers. Eloquent speeches were made by each of them, which were responded to in behalf of the soldiers by General Geary. On the fol- lowing day two hundred and ninety members of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered for a second term as veterans, a number -consider- ably in excess of that required to secure the continuance of the or- ganization. The prompt action of the men secured to them the honor of forming the first veteran regiment in the service of the United States. On the 12th, the division was drawn up in line to give the regiment a. parting salute, when the General expressed his high appreciation of its past services, and his regrets at parting with it, but commended their determination to become veterans. On the 13th of December, the regiment moved by rail from Bridgeport, Alabama, and arrived in Philadelphia on the 27th. A committee of citizens met the train at White Hall, and upon its arrival in the city a salute was fired, and the military were out in large numbers for its escort to the National Guard Hall, where it was received in an address of welcome delivered by J. Price Wetherill, Esq. The stfeets were hung with evergreens and in many places where the procession was to pass, arches were erected and wreaths inclosing patriotic mottoes were suspended from prominent points, showing that the services of the sol- diers had not faliled of appreciation. After partaking of a fine collation at the Cooper Shop Refreshment Saloon, the men dispersed. The mem- bers of the regiment who had not been in the service three years and who had been left in the field, arrived on the 31st, having agreed to re-enlist after being two years in the service, and were given the same furloughs as veterans. During the veteran furlough the organization received many attentions from the people of Philadelphia. Bountiful entertain- ments were prepared for them on several occasions, and amidst the feasts and rejoicings of those days, alas! too short, they forgot their hard marches and their supperless nights. Recruiting stations were opened in Philadelphia, and on the 29th of February, the regiment rendezvoused at Chester, where recruits were sent as fast as procured. On the 31st of 'March, the regiment, consisting of twenty-one officers and five hundred and eighty-eight men, moved by rail to Louisville, Kentucky, 'and thence to Sherman's army, preparing to move on Atlanta and destined to attract the attention of the civilized world by the brilliancy of its achievements. The first sound that greeted the ears of the men on emerging from the cars, was the booming of cannon in the direction of TuUahoma. On the 2d of April, the command CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 141 drew three thousand rounds of ammunition and eight days' rations. The liolidays were over and earnest work was to begin. On the 9th of April, the command reached Bridgeport, Alabama, and reported to General Geary. It was assigned with the One hundred and eleventh Pennsyl- vania, to the Third Brigade, Second Division, Twentieth Corps, composed of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps consolidated, and commanded by General Hooker. Taking up the line of march on the 4th of May, over the old ground through Lookout Valley and across Lookout Mountain where the national banner was triumphantly planted a few weeks before, amidst a. storm of battle rarely equalled, it encountered the enemy in force at Buzzard's Roost. At Rocky Pace Ridge the regiment joined the division, where our troops had engaged the enemy with heavy loss. On the 9th the division was placed in line and breast-works erected, the Twenty-ninth being thrown forward as skirmishers. Heavy firing was at this time heard on the left of the line towards Tunnel Hill. Marching and fortifying by the way, and almost daily engaging the enemy, Geary's Division reached a point on the Dalton and Resaca road on the 14th, and was formed in line of battle. The Twenty-ninth took position on the ex- treme left of the army, and built strong breast-works facing north and east. On the following day it moved to the right of the Fourth Corps, a.nd was pushed forward to a hill in front of a strong breast-work of the enem.y, where he had made a. decided stand. General Geary ordered these works to be charged. Colonel Rickards pushed forward with the Twenty-ninth for this purpose and was met with a, most deadly fire, killing and wounding over sixty of his men. Finding it impossible to carry the works, the men were ordered to lie down and pick off the enemy as they showed themselves above their fortifications. But it was impossible to gain cover, and after a short time they were directed to fall back. This they did crawling on their hands and knees. At four P. M., the enemy assumed the offensive, Stephenson's Division charging on our front, but were handsomely repulsed. Soon after Colonel Ireland, then in command of the brigade, was wounded by a fragment of a shell, and Colonel Rickards, of the Twenty-ninth succeeded him. The brea.it- works were strengthened and the undergrowth in front cleared. Heavy firing continued for some time on the right, but at length died away. Hooker's Corps had taken four guns and some prisoners and compelled the enemy to abandon Resaca. The enemy continued to fall back behind fortified positions, and was steadily turned out of them by the manoeuvres of Sherman, until he reached a point in the rear of Pumpkin Vine Creek, which he stubbornly contested. Geary's Division of Hooker's Corps was the first to cross, reaching the burning bridge Just in time to save it from entire destruction and causing it to be quickly repaired. The Twenty-ninth, with the brigade, was ordered to advance at six P. M., on the 26th of May, upon the enemy's lines, and relieve the Fifth Ohio, which had been briskly engaged. The enemy's breast-works were within musket range, but it was dark and the men could only fire by the flash of his guns. The 142 PENNSYLVANIA AT Twenty-ninth had two men killed and thirteen wounded. On the follow- ing morning the regiment rejoined the brigade, which hacl failed to get into position on the previous evening, and moved to the right where it was engaged in fortifying. On the 27th, Sherman ordered all the batteries of the Fourth, Twentieth and Twenty-third Corps to open at seven in the morning, and continue their fire until nine. In- the meantime General Thomas was ordered to wheel to the right and take the heights com- manding the Marietta road, the Twenty-third Corps to support the Fourth, General McPherson joining the division of General Jeff. C Davis, to connect with Hooker, while the latter was to assault and gain such points in his Immediate front as he should deem advisable. The part of the line which he occupied being opposite the enemy's strongest works, it was not deemed prudent to assault, but to hold firmly his position. The skirmishers of the Twenty-ninth alone expended ten thousand rounds of ammunition. On the 28th, the regiment was relieved from the front by the One hundred and eleventh, having been four days under fire, and moved thirty paces to the rear, where it was engaged in con- structing breast-works to resist the shots which came thick and fast from the enemy's line. Several attacks were made during the day by his skirmishers, but were in every case repulsed. On the 1st of June, the division was relieved by the Fifteenth Corps, and moved to the left, having been eight days under fire, losing daily, the strain and excitement telling hea^aly upon the men. At noon of the 2d it was ordered to move across the Acworth road, through thick woods, and take position in line where a battle was raging with great violence. While moving a terrific thunder storm prevailed, attended with a deluging rain. In the midst of the storm the Twenty-third Corps charged the enemy and drove him from his 'breast-works, occupying a hill which commanded a ravine in front. The position of the Twenty-ninth was here on the extreme left of the line. The enemy finding himself out-flanked, fell back from his strong works at New Hope Church to others between Pine Hijl and Lost Mountain, and again awaited the onward march of the National army. On the 13th of June, the Twenty-ninth came into position in front of Pine Hill, where breast-works were thrown up and pickets posted. At noon of the 14th, the works having been completed, the batteries were brought into position, and soon silenced and drove away the enemy's guns on the hill. Knap's Battery, now commanded by Captain McGill, did excellent service. General Sherman was present in the works watching the effect of the shells on the enemy, who, as the batteries opened, scat- tered in a manner which did great credit to their capacity for locomotion. On the night of the 15th, the enemy evacuated Pine Hill, but imme- diately took a strong position to the right, on Kenesaw Mountain. The brigade was moved to a field on the right and front of Pine Knob, where it was formed in two lines and moved forward, driving the enemy's skir- mishers. While charging the rebel lines in this position, Colonel Rickards received a severe wound from an enemy's sharpshooter, supposed at the time to be mortal, and was borne from the field. The command of the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 143 Twenty-ninth then devolved on Major Millison, in the absence of Lieu- tenant Colonel Zulick. Upon his return the latter assunaed command, and subsequently upon the discharge of Colonel Rickards on account of his wounds, he was commissioned Colonel; Major George B. Johnson was promoted to be Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain Robert P. Dechert, of Company C, to be Major. The position at Kenesaw proved to be one of great strength, the enemy repelling every assault with great slaughter; but another flank movement by General McPherson's command brought him out of it in a single night. The Twenty-ninth lost two killed and a number wounded in the operations in front of Kenesaw. On the 22d of July, Sherman's army arrived in front of Atlanta. His left wing was heavily attacked by Hood, who had now succeeded John- son in command of the rebel army, but was repulsed with fearful loss. By skillful manoeuvering and hard fighting Sherman succeeded in so re- ducing the rebel force as to cause it to flee before him, and on the morn- ing of September 1, his triumphant columns entered the city of At- lanta, the prize for which during a hundred days he had marched and fought. In the battles before Atlanta the Twenty-ninth had three killed. The heavy flghtiag was now ended. On the Uth of November, com- menced the memorable march to the sea. It is unnecessary to detail the part which the Twenty-ninth had In this great movement — the long, wearisome 'marches, the frequent skirmishes, the hardsliips endured in crossing swamps and numerous and rapid streams, and the constant .watching to prevent surprise from an enemy ever vigilant, and smarting under the shame of being trampled beneath the feet of that triumphant army which he had rebelled against and defied. On the 20th of December, the army arrived at Savannah, which, after a feeble resistance, was cap- tured. Turning to the north, it pursued its triumphant course to Goldsboro', North Carolina, where it arrived on the 20th of March, 1865. Here the weary columns were allowed rest, and were supplied with cloth- ing, of which nearly all were in the most urgent need. On the 17th of July, the regiment was mustered out of service, near Alexandria, Vir- ginia. At a time when the success of the National cause seemed dubious, and the ranks of its army were being rapidly depleted by expiration of term of service of large numbers of its forces, upon the urgent plea of the Government for a renewal of their terms of service, the Twenty-ninth, first in the United States service, enrolled Itself as a veteran volunteer regiment. During the four years and one month it was in the field, it had a total membership of two thousand five hundred and seventeen, of which number seven hundred and seventy-eight were discharged at the expiration of their term of service, and one hundred and forty-seven were killed or died of wounds received in action. PENNSYLVANIA AT DE^DICATION OF MONUMENT 46TH RI^GIMENT INFANTRY Orchard Knob, November 15th, 1897. PRAYER BY REV. W J. TRIMBLE, D. D. ALMIGHTY GOD, Our Heavenly Father, God of our fathers, God of the storm and sunshine, of war and peace, we thank Thee lor our civil and religiious liberty. We thank Thee that through the dark night of our civil war Thou didst guide us to the light and joy of peace; may this peace remain our blessed heritage for years to come. God bless our beloved State in whose name we dedicate this monument to the mem- ory of our heroic dead. Bless, we entreat thee, these comrades gathered on this historic spot to carry out this sacred purpose of our great Com- monwealth! With whitened heads, tokens of their increasing years, we bow before Thee to-day. Oh hear us while we pray for one another, and for our beloved, land. God bless the widows and orphans left by dying soldiers to the nation's care and hasten, we pray Thee, the day of uni- versal peace and good will to men. Hear and answer we beseech Thee, as we pray in the name of our Great High Priest and Advocate to whom* with the Father and the Holy Ghost we give adoring praise. Amen-. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH MATCHETTE. DEAR FRIENDS and Comrades of the Forty-sixth Regiment Penn- sylvania Infantry: — It becomes our pleasant duty to-day to dedi- cate this our second monument to the memory of the old Forty- sixth Regiment. The first one was on that grand historic field of our own grand old Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the keystone of our glorious arch of states of the Union, on September 11th and 12th, 1889, at Gulp's Hill, where you fought and our comrades died fighting in the Army of the Potomac to stay the onward march of that victorious army of North- ern Virginia under its magnificent commander. General Robert E. Lee, and with our noble commander. General George G. Meade, overwhelmed that brave Army of Northern Virginia, driving them back into Virginia and the defences of Richmond. It was then comrades, through the vicissitudes of war which overtook the Army of the Cumberland, under General Rosecrans at Chickamauga. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 145 and compelled him to fall back upon Chattanooga, where he was hemmed in and besieged on all sides by the rebel army of General Bragg, that your noble "Star Corps" of the Army of the Potomac and the Crescent Corps were prdered to the south to assist the Army of the Cumberland, then under the command of that old war horse, General George H. Thomas ("The Rock of Chickamauga") which was sadly in need of bread. This was in the balmy* days of early autumn, 1863, the month of Sep- tember, when all nature smiled, and fields, orchards and woodland con- tributed their offering's for man's gratification, and sustenance rewarding the labor of the husbandman, and the skill of the artisan. The nation ha,d been filled with joy at the success of Meade's Army at Gettysburg, and Grant's capture of Vicksburg, and were looking eagerly for grand movements of her armies towards crushing out the last vestige of the rebellion. Theii came the orders to your Slocum, to prepare his men for change of location, and to break from the army with whom you had so long fought and marched, and to show your valor on other fields, win new trophies, other battle names on your banners and perchance to die, in the southland; but what mattered that, — your only desire was that your flag should wave triumphantly over every state of a restored Union, and asked for no rest until it was completely accomplished, when, you would lay down your arms and return to your homes and beloved ones, to enjoy the well earned applause of a nation redeemed. We knew not why these two corps (the Eleventh and Twelfth) were se- lected by the War Department for this work, but it was cheerfully obeyed, and on September 26, 1863, at Brandy Station, Culpepper -county, Va., ycu struck your tents, packed your knapsacks, «,nd with haversacks filled with ten days' rations of hard tack, pork, coffee and sugar, and crowded into freight cars as merry as boys going to a picnic party, soon were whirling in the direction of Washington City, and switched onto the old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Then speeded up the Potomac, through historic "Harper's Perry" where old John Brown opened the war, and near which place the poor old patriot was hanged by the Virginia chiv- alry in 1859. On through West Virginia we sped, over mountains and through tunnels until we reached the. O'hio river at Bellaire, crossing it on flat boats, and on through loyal Ohio to Columbus, along which route you were treated to an ovation by the loyal men, women and children, who filled your haversacks and stomachs with the best the land afforded; and your hearts with cheer and assurance of co-operation to maintain the union of States. So on to Indianapolis, Indiana, where you stopped and were royally fed by the good people of that beautiful city. We can never forget them, and their enthusiastic kindness to us, on our route all through the loyal States, even. into Kentucky, as we passed through Louisville, the Blue Grass region, and by the Mammoth Cave to Nash- ville, Tennessee, and finally landed at Stevenson, Alabama, and again to Bridgeport, Alabama, October 3, 1863, on the Tennessee river, and how your hearts bounded as you met the "Army of the Southwest" one thou- sand m.iles or more from your camp in "Old Virginia." 10 146 PENNSYLVANIA AT You realized your mission and knew that your old comrades of the Po- tamac Army would not be disappointed in your prowess, as you formed a conneoting link of the Grand Armies of the Republic forged to inaugurate the last grand struggle that was to crush out the Rebellion and re-estab- lish the national authority over all the Union, with no star missing on its banner. The Potomac boys had not long to wait, as Thomas with ihe Army of the Cumberland was besieged in Chattanooga a few miles away by the Rebel army under Bragg, and were short of rations. The first attack was mafie by the enemy on a portion of the Twelfth Corps, in Wauhatchie Valley, in the night, and was repulped. Then Hooker, "Fighting Joe," assaulted frowning Lookout Mountain and planted the flag on its crest above the clouds. The same time Sher- man and Thomas were storming Missionary Ridge, driving back the en- emy in disorder, southward into Georgia, and the "cracker line" was opened again along the Tennessee River, and the gateway to the south v."as secure in our hands. Your winter quarters came next, as you fell back along the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad to Decherd, Tennessee, the better to get sup- I'lies and guard the railroad. You all remember well that grand old winter at Decherd, in winter quarters. The ofHcers' balls, your love making to the dark eyed Tennessee girls, as you raided their homes, Invaded their firesides, exchanging your green- backs for their corn bread and pies. You remember the raids after guerrillas who Infested the country, es- pecially Lincoln county, picking up straggling soldiers, giving them their parole, returning to the regiment minus their buttons and cash. Then came the order from the War Department offering a bounty to all ■who would re-enlist for three years more, or the war, with a thirty days furlough thrown in, of which nearly all of you who could, took advantage and started for home. You know how quickly passed those thirty days with our dear friends at home, but how sad the parting again for the seat of war in Tennessee, in March, 1864, when you took up again your regular routine of duties until the order came from Sherman to move again to Chattanooga. In the meantime the old Twelfth Corps and Eleventh Corps were consolidated, forming the Twentieth Corps of the "Army of the Cumberland," under command of General George H. Thomas — Hooker commanding the corps. We took up our line of march, passing over the Cumberland Mountains and valleys of East Tennessee, to Shellmound and Nick-a-Jack Cave, and over the point of Lookout Mountain, into the Chattanooga Valley, where you soon found the enemy, and the ball was opened May 7 for the sum- mer campaign at Snake Creek Gap, and Resaca, May 15, and at Cassville, Culp's Farm, June 22, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Chattahoochee River, Peach Tree Creek, July 20; capture of Atlanta, September 4; losing in this summer campaign a very large portion of the regiment. After resting in the city of Atlanta until November 15, you CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 147 took up that grand campaign and march with Sherman to the sea, that shall forever live in song and story. Crossing the river after capturing Savannah, you drove the enemy before you through South Carolina — that hot bed of treason — and to Goldsboro, North Carolina, Raleigh and Greensboro, where Johnson surrendered to Sherman, April 26, 1865, and the war was over, thank God, after four long years of hardship and fatigue. Then came the march through Richmond to Washington, and the "grand review May 24th and 25th," and discharge at Alexandria, Va., July 16, 1865, and the return to our homes and loved ones again. * And now, my comrades, we have gathered here at Orchard Knob near the slope of Missionary Ridge, with Lookout Mountain soaring grandly in the distance to the clouds, the beautiful Tennessee winding its way around the hills, and peace and happiness reigning supreme. . We have come, thirty-four years after the conflict, to dedicate this beautiful monument to the memory of our noble Forty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Regiment. May the memory of this event go with us through life, and may it stand as a perpetual memorial to your valor and loyalty, and to the memory of our dead comrades who sleep their last sleep in this National Cemetery, and at Marietta, Ga. (where fifty-five are buried), or wherever they lay, until the last bugle calls them forth. With these few words, my comrades, I greet you and bid you farewell, praying that God will be your guard and guide until we all meet again in that grand army above, and pass a good inspection before the Great Commander. HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* AT a, moment of imminent peril, in April, 1861, five volunteer com- panies from Pennsylvania rushed to the rescue of the National Capitol, seriously menaced by traitors — the first troops to respond to the urgent call of the Government. Among the foremost of these companies was the Logan Guards, of Mifflin county. When the three months' service was ended', this company, recruited and re-organized, was again mustered for three years, as Company A, in the Forty-sixth Regiment. Company C, recruited in Northampton county, had served in the First Regiment, under Captain Selfridge, as Company A. Com- pany D, recruited in Dauphin county, had also served in the Fifteenth Regiment, as Company B. Many of the members of other companies, both officers and privates, had served in the first campaign, but the organizations of no other companies had been preserved. Companies B and P were recruited in Allegheny county, E in Berks, G and H in Potter, I in Luzerne, and K in Northumberland. Rendezvousing at Camp Curtin, the regiment was organized on the 1st of September, 1861, by the selection of the following field officers; Joseph P. •Extract from Bates' History ot Pennsylvania Volunteers. 148 PENNSYLVANIA AT Knipe, of Dauphin county, who had served during the three months' campaign on .the staff of General E. C. Williams, Colonel; James L. Sel- fridge, from Captain of Company C, Lieutenant Colonel; Arnold C. Lewis, Major. On the 22d of September, Major Lewis, while attempting to en- force discipline in a case of insubordination, was shot and instantly killed by a private of Company I, who afterwards suffered the extreme penalty of the law for his offense. Captain J. A. Matthews, of Company A, was promoted to Major. Upon the resignation of General Patterson, from the command of the Army 'of the Shenandoah, General Banks was appointed to succeed him. His forces were posted on the Upper Potomac, along the Maryland shore, in the neighborhood of Harper's Ferry. Soon after its organization, the Forty-sixth was ordered to General Banks' command. Upon its arrival it was assigned to the First Brigade,! of the Second Division, of his corps. Little of interest, save the usual drill and camp duty, and an oc- casional skirmish with the enemy, occurred until the opening of the spring campaign. In January, 1862, Stonewall Jackson, with a well ap- pointed force of all arms, having for some time occupied the Shenandoah Valley, had pushed out as far west as Hancock, where he was met and driven back by General Lander. Lander pursued, but soon after died, and was succeeded in command by General Shields, who continued the pur- suit to Winchester. On the 24th of February, General Banks commenced crossing the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, and occupied, in turn. Lees- burg, Charlestown, Martinsburg and Winchester. Shields continued the pursuit of Jackson as far as New Market, whence he returned to Winchester. In the meantime. Banks ihad dispatched one division of his corps to Centreville, and had himself departed for Washington. Con- sidering himself superior to the Union force remaining, Jackson turned upon Shields, and a severe engagement ensued in the neighborhood of Kernstown. Three companies of the Forty-sixth, under command of Major Matthews, arrived upon the Held in time to participate in the conflict. Jackson was beaten, and Banks returning, gave chase, which was continued to Woodstock. In this pursuit the Forty-sixth was con- spicuous. Colonel Knipe manifesting his usual enterprise and daring. Jackson, who was fearful of a union of the forces of Fremont and Banks, marched hastily across the mountain to McDowell, where he en- countered the head of Fremont's column, under Mllroy and Schenck, and defeated it, inflicting considerable loss. Returning with his char- acteristic celerity of movement, and masking his progress by his cav- alry, he fell suddenly upon Colonel Kenley, occupying an outpost at Front Royal, and, routing 'his small force, was making for the rear of Bank's army, before the latter was aware of an enemy's presence in his tOrganlzation o( First Brigade, Brigadier General S. "W. Cra-wford; Second Division, Briaradler General A. S. Williams. Forty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Joseph F. Knipe; Tenth Regiment Maine Volunteers, Colonel George Beale': lilth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers, Colonel George D. Chapman; Twenty-eighth New fork Volunteers, Colonel Dudley Donnelly; First Maryland, Colonel John Kenly; Bests' s Regular Battery. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 149 front. Turning his trains towards the Potomac, and dispersing the rebel cavalry, which appeared upon his rear. Banks commenced his re- treat down the valley. Finding that he must make a stand to save his trains, he drew up his little army in line of battle, in front of Win- chester, and with an entire force of only about seven thousand men, prepared to meet Jackson with not less than 'twenty thousand. For five hours the unequal contest was maintained, the. Forty-sixth holding its ground with unexampled coolness and bravery. At length, finding him- self outflanked and likely tO' be overpowered, he withdrew and made his way to the Potomac, where 'his trains had already arrived, and crossed in safety. In this engagement the Forty-sixth lost four killed, ten wounded, and three taken prisoners. The loss to the Union force in withdrawing through the streets of the town was 'considerable, the inhabitants, both male and female, vieing with each other in pouring forth insults and deadly missiles. "My retreating column," says Gen- eral Banks in 'his official report, "suffered serious loss in the streets of Winchester; males and females vied with each other in increasing the number of their victims by firing from the houses, throwing hand grenades, hot water, and missiles of every description." Upon the appointment of General Pope tO' the command of the army of Northern Virginia, the scattered forces upon the Rappahannock, the Shenandoah, and in West Virginia, were concentrated, and were or- ganized in three corps, commanded respectively by Sigel (formerly Fremont), Banks and McDowell. On the 7th of August, 1862, Crawford's Brigade was stationed at Culpepper Court House. The divisions of Ewell and Stonewall Jackson, followed by that of Hill, a, force twenty-five thousand strong, had already arrived upon the Rapidan, and had com- menced crossing, driving back 'the Union cavalry. On the 8th, Crawford •was ordered forward towards Cedar Mountain, and on the following morning Banks followed with the rest of his corps, consisting of seven thousand men. Jackson, having pushed forward his columns with celerity, had taken position with his artillery on Cedar Mountain, at an elevation of two hundred feet above the surrounding plain, but had kept his infantry masked under the shadow of the forests. Four guns had been advanced, farther to the front, and lower down the side of the mountain. These, with the more elevated ones, opened on Crawford's Brigade, and at five o'clock P. M., the Unian forces, in two columns, ad- vanced to the attack. The position of the Forty-sixth fell opposite tne enemy's a,dvanced pieces, and upon these the men charged with des- perate valor. But before reaching them, they had to pass an open field, now covered with shocks of full ripened wheat. Here th,ey were fearfully exposed, and the enemy's artillery, and his strong lines of infantry con- cealed from view, poured in a merciless storm of shot and shell. Three times was it led to the charge across that fatal plain, when Colonel Knipe fell severely wounded, and the regiment was withdrawn. "Had victory been possible," says Greely, "they would have won it. * * * The best blood of 'the Union was poured out like water. * * * Gen- 150 PENNSYLVANIA AT eral Crawford's Brigade came out of the fight a mere skeleton." The loss in the Forty-sixth was thirty killed, thirty-four severely wounded, and six prisoners. Among the killed were Lieutenants Robert Wilson, S. H. Jones and Wm. P. Caldwell, and among the wounded, Colonel Knipe, Major Matthews, Captains Lukenbaugh, Brooks and Foulke, and Ijieutenants Selheimer, Caldwell, Craig and Matthews. In the battle of Antietam, Bank's Corps was commanded by General Mansfield, and early in the day of September 17th, was led to the support of Hooker, battling with a heavy force of the enemy on the extreme right of the line, across Antietam Creek. Crawford's Brigade was sent to the support of Rickett's Division, and advanced, carrying the woods to the right of, and beyond the cornfield, and maintained its position until re- lieved 'by Sedgwick's Division of Sumner's Corps. The Forty-sixth was here led by Lieutenant Oolo^el Selfridge, Colonel Knipe still suffering from the effects of his wounds. The loss was six killed and three severely wounded. Captain George A. Brooks was among the killed. Soon after the battle of Antietam, Colonel Knipe was promoted to Brigadier Gen- eral, and assigned to the command of the Brigade; Lieutenant Colonel Selfridge was promoted to Colonel; Major Matthews to Colonel of the One hundred and twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, which was assigned to Knipe's Brigade; Captain William L. Foulke, of Company B, to Lieu- tenant Colonel, and . Captain Cyrus Strouse, of Company K, to Major. Upon the inauguration of the Fredericksburg campaign, the Forty-sixth, which was then lying with the division at Fairfax, was ordered forward, but did not arrive upon the field in time to be engaged. In the re-organization of the army, which was made upon the acces- sion of General Joseph Hooker to the chief command, Knipe's Brigade be- came the Second of the First Division of the Twelfth Corps, the division being commanded by General A. S. Williams, and the Corps by General Slocum. On the 27th of April, 1863, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, which had been lying near Falmouth during the winter, marched north to Kelly's Ford, where they crossed the Rappahannock, thence to Germania Ford, where they crossed the Rapidan, and arrived at Chancellorsville without encountering serious opposition. Here it was joined by the Fifth Corps, and on the 30th, by the Third Corps. There were three roads centering at Chancellorsville,* the main direction of each being eastward. Upon each of these Hooker ordered an advance on the morning of the 1st of May, Meade upon the left, Sykes, commanding a, division of regu- lars belonging to the Fifth Corps, in the centre, and Howard upon the rig-ht. At two oiclock P. M., the movement commenced, and after pro- ceeding some three miles the central column encountered the enemy in considerable force, and Knipe's Brigade was sent to its support, where it was engaged and lost some men; whereupon Hooker ordered a retro- grade movement and a concentration upon the line of the previous night with the Chancellor House as headquarters, Meade on the left, Slocum in the centre, and Howard, somewhat in the air, on the right. Desultory CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. . 151 fighting continued during the day of the 2d of May, when, at near night- fall, Stonewall Jackson, with twenty-five thousand men, burst like an avalanche upon Howard's Corps, resting unsuspicious of danger, and drove it, in rout and confusion in upon the centre. This brought the enemy upon Slocum's right, and during the early part of the night a sharp conflict was kept up, wherein Knipe's Brigade was engaged, losing many in killed and wounded, and a considerable number of prisoners. Here fell Major Strouse, his body riddled with bullets, while attempting to es- cape when called on to surrender. At midnight a counter charge was made by Birney's Division, and a part of the guns lost by Howard and his abandoned rifle-pits, were regained, and the enemy thrown into some confusion. On the morning of the 3d, Williams' Brigade was sent to the support of Birney; and here the battle raged with great fury, the enemy losing heavily, and being broken and driven in great confusion. Upon the return of Hooker to the north bank of the Rappahannock, the regi- ment occupied its old camp, where it remained until the advance of the army into Pennsylvania. The loss in the Chancellorsville campaign was four killed, a considerable number wounded, two severely, and two taken prisoners. Major Strouse and Lieutenant O. R. Priestly were among the killed. Early in June, Dee commenced a movement north, marching down the Shenandoah Valley, and crossing the Potomac at Williamsport. On the 1st of July, he met the Union army at Gettysburg. On the evening of the same day, the Twelfth Corps arrived upon the field, and was posted on the right of the line holding the summit of Culp's Hill, where a formid- able breast-work was thrown up. On the afternoon of the 2d, the First and Second Divisions were ordered to the support of the left, leaving their works unoccupied, save by a thin line of Green's Brigade, of the Second Division. During their absence, the enemy attacked and carried the left of the works,' and, upon their return at evening, they found the rebels in possession. Dispositions were promptly made to retake them. Before dawn of the 3d, a heavy fire of infantry and artillery was opened upon the enemy, and after an o'bstinate resistance of several hours, he was driven back at the point of the bayonet. The Forty-sixth held the extreme right of the line, and after the re-occupation of the breast- works, was pushed across an open space beyond Spangler's Spring, and held a piece of wood fringing Rock Creek. The loss, owing to the shelt- ered position which the regiment occupied, was inconsiderable. Upon the withdrawal of Lee into Virginia, the Union army followed up his line of retreat, at the same time covering Washington, until it reached the Rapidan. Here the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were de- tached from the Army of the Potomac, and ordered to the support of Rosecrans, in Tennessee and Northern Georgia. Marching to Wash- ington, the regiment proceeded by rail to Nashville. Here the First Di- vision was detailed to guard the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, from Tullahoma to Bridgeport. The country through which the road passes was- infested with guerrillas and rebel cavalry, ever watchful for 152 PENNSYLVANIA AT an opportunity to destroy the road, and to wreck the trains. It was vital to the existence of the army that this line should be kept open, and that it should be operated to its utmost capacity. The vigilance and fidelity with which this service was performed on the part of the Forty-sixth, elicited the warm approval of its superior officers. Early in January, 1864, a large proportion of the officers and men of the regiment, having re-enlisted for a second term of three years. Insur- ing its continuance as an organization, they were given a veteran fur- lough and proceeded to Pennsylvania.* Here its ranks were rapidly re- cruited, and upon its return the division rejoined the corps, in winter quarters; in and about Chattanooga. On the 6th of May, Sherman's army, seventy thousand strong,- with one hundred and fifty guns, broke up winter quarters and moved on the ever memorable Atlanta compaign. At Dalton, where Johnston, who commanded the rebel army, was first met, the enemy was turned out of a position^ strong by nature and well fortified, by a flank movement through Snake Creek Gap, which had already been captured by Geary's Division. Following up the retreaiting enemy, Sherman found him well en- trenched at Resaca, prepared to dispute his further progress. Here Sher- man again attempted a movement by the right flank; but Johnston, tak- ing advantage of his antagonist's weakened lines in front, delivered a heavy and well sustained attack, falling upon the divisions of Hooker and Schofleld. He found Hooker not unprepared for the encounter, and after a bloody conflict, Johnston was driven, with a loss of four guns and many prisoners. In this engagement the Forty-sixith participated, losing three killed and five wounded. Among the killed was Lieutenant John H. Knipe, of Company I. Pushing the enemy steadily back, on the 25th of May, the regiment was again engaged at Pumpkin Vine Creek and at New Hope Church. The country is here broken, and the enomy was well entrenched, his lines stretching 'across Lost, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, from Dallas to Marietta, presenting an unbroken front. From the 25th of May, until near the middle of June, Sherman, always fruitful in resources, operated against the enemy's lines, compelling him, by constant battering and picket firing, and by frequent assaults, gradually to give ground, taking first Pine Knob, then Lost Mountain, and at length the long line of breast- works connecting the latter with Kenesaw. Finally, on the 22d of June, the enemy, finding himself slowly but surely pushed from his strong •Youthful Veterans.— "The claim of Missouri to have the youngest veteran soldier, is disputed by the Keystone State. "We are informed that Henry Weidensaul, in his fourteenth year, entered the Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Infantry, participated in the battles of Winchester, Cedar Mountain, ChancellorsviUe, Gettysburg, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek: was wounded for the first time in tile last named fight, and re-enlisted last winter with the greater part of his regiment. He was sev- enteen years of age on the 1st of July last."— Liouisvilie Journal. Henry Weidensaul, named above, was a native of Morgantown, Berks county. He was first wounded at Cedar Mountain, in Au^st, 1SG2, where he was taken prisoner, and was confined in Libby Prison for nearly five weeks. He was again wounded at Atlanta. 3 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 153 position, suddenly assumed the offiensive, and made a, furious attack upon Hooker's Corps, in position-near the Ctilp House. It fell principally upon Knipe's Brigade, and was led by Hood, but signally failed. Hood was repulsed with heavy loss, including some prisoners. "Williams' Divi- sion," says General Thomas in his official report, "skirmished itself into position on the right of Geary's Division, the right of Williams resting at Gulp's House, en the Powder Spring and Marietta Road. About four P. M., the enemy, in heavy force, attacked Knipe's Brigade in its ad- vanced position, before his men had time to throw up any works, and persisted in the assault until sundown, when they withdrew, their ranks hopelessly broken, eaoh assault having been repelled with heavy loss." In the various engagements at Dallas, Pine Knob, Kenesaw Mountain and Marietta, in all of which the Forty-sixth participated, the loss was fourteen killed and about thirty wounded. Captain D. H. Chesebro and Lieutenant J. W. Phillips were among the killed. On the 16th of July, Sherman crossed the Chattahoochee river, and sweeping around to the left, began closing in upon Atlanta, McPherson reaching out to strike the Augusta Railroad. While these movements were in full progress, and the army only partially across Peach Tree Creek, a considerable stream running in a westerly direction in front of Atlanta, Hood again attacked, leading a, heavy force, and precipitating it with great violence upon the Union columns, falling principally upon Newton's, and upon Hooker's Corps. The Forty-sixth was much ex- posed, and suffered severely; but with ranks undismayed, led by Colonel Selfridge,' who was in the thickest of the fight, conspicuous by his white, flowing locks, encouraging and steadying his men, they hurled back the rebel hordes at the point of the bayonet. With columns sadly decimated. Hood retreated from the field, leaving five hundred dead, one thousand severely wounded, and many prisoners in the hands of the victors. The loss in the regiment was ten killed and twenty-two wounded. Captain S. T. Ketrer, Lieutenants H. J. Davis, Samuel Wolf, and David C. Selheimer, and Adjutant Luther R. Whitman, were among the killed. Shifting the Army of the Tennessee from the left to the extreme right, Sherman was preparing to cut off the railroads, and invest the city on the south, when Hood, detecting the movement, again fell upon the Union lines, only partially formed. The attack was.made with the rebel leader's characteristic impetuosity, but it fell like the beating of the mad waves of the sea against the immovable cliff. The regiment lost here six killed and a. considerable number wounded. On the 1st of September, Atlanta surrendered, and Sherman's victorious columns entered the city in triumph. The hard fighting of the regi- ment was now ended. General Knipe was here transferred to the com- mand of cavalry, and Colonel Selfridge to the Brigade, leaving Major Patrick Griffith in command of the regiment. On the 11th of November, Sherman commenced his m.arch to the sea. On the 21st of December, he reached Savannah, and, after a brief confiict at Fort McAllister, took 154 PENNSYLVANIA AT possession 'of the city. With tout a brief respite, he faced his columns to the north, and on the 17th of February, Oolumbla, the Capitol of South Carolina, was taken without resistance, and a month later he reached Goldsboro, the end of his hostile wayfaring. Johnston surrendered on the 26th 'Of April, and the army immediately commenced its homeward march. On the 16th of Jfily, 1865, the Forty-sixth Regiment, after nearly four years of faithful service, was mustered out near Alexandria, Virginia. historical sketch of 73d RDGIMENT infantry.*! THE Seventy-third Regiment, originally known as the Pennsylvania Legion, Forty-fifth of the line, was recruited in the city of Phila- delphia, during the months of June and July, 1861. It was organized on the 3d of August by the choice of the following officers: John A. Koltes, Colonel; G. A. Muehleck, Lieutenant-Colonel; Leopold Schott, Major; William Moore, Adjutant. A considerable number of both officers and men had belonged to militia rifle companies existing in Philadelphia. A oamp of rendezvous was established on Engle's and Wolf's farms at Lemon Hill. On the 24th of September the regiment, fully armed and equipped, left Philadelphia, and proceeded via Washington to Roach's Mills, Virginia, where it was assigned to General Blenker's Division. It was here largely employed in building forts, in which service General Blenker was eminent. Drill and discipline, when relief from fatigue duty permitted, was rigidly enforced. About the middle of October it moved to the neighborhood of Hunter's Chapel, where a new camp was estab- lished. A few days later it was pushed forward to Rose Hill, and placed upon the picket line. On the 25th, ex-Governor Pollock presented the com- mand with a set of colors in behalf of ladies of Philadelphia. The line of pickets was advanced sooji afterwards to Annandale, with headquarters at Fitzhugh's Farm, and remained in this position until the 16th of No- vember. On the 15th of January, 1862, the altered Springfield muskets with which it was originally armed were exchanged for Austrian rifled muskets. It numbered at this time eight hundred and flfty-flve rank and file. On the 18th, the State flags were presented to the Pennsylvania regiments of the brigade. The officers and color-guard of the Seventy- third alone were present upon the occasion, the rest of the regiment be- ing out upon the picket line. On the 3d of March, three hundred and •Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. tHave not yet erected monument on field. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 155 fifty men were added to its ranks, a part of what had been the Sixty- sixth Regiment, just then disbanded. The regiment moved with the army, on the 10th of March, upon the campaign to Manassas. The most of the army soon turned back, and proceeded to the Peninsula. Blenker's Division remained, and the regi- ment was engaged in picket and outpost duty, occasionally meeting bands of the enemy. After remaining in the neighborhood of Catlett's Station until the 6th of April, It returned through Warrenton and pro- ceeded with the division to West "Virginia, arriving at Petersburg on the 11th of May. The division was here reviewed by General Fremont, and was incorporated with the army of the Mountain Department. The ad- vance of this army under Milroy and Schenck having been defeated at McDowell by Stonewall Jackson, the balance of the command was moved hastily to Franklin to their support, arriving the day after the battle. For several days it was engaged in reconnoiterlng and fortifying the posi- tion, the men suffering greatly from hard marching and insufficiency of food. On the 25th, Fremont moved back to Petersburg, and proceeding via Moorefleld, crossed the mountains into Shenandoah Valley, but too late to intercept Jackson, who having defeated and driven Banks, was now hurriedly returning. On the 8th of June, Fremont came up with the enemy at Cross Keys, and a severe engagement ensued. The Seventy- third was held in reserve, and in the progress of the fight was moved from point to point of the line where most needed. Jackson retired across the Shenandoah River, burning the bridge after him, and Fremont r'eturned to Strasburg. The latter was superseded in command of the army soon afterwards by General Slgel. Until the 20th of July, the regiment was engaged in picket and guard duty at Luray, Thornton's Gap, and Sperry- viUe, when Slgel moved to the support of Banks who had been attacked and driven at Cedar Mountain. Wiien Pope's army, composed of the commands of Slgel, Banks and McDowell, began to fall back from the Rapldan, the Seventy-third was engaged with the rear guard In destroy- ing bridges, kindling decoy fires, and in obstructing the roads to impede the progress of the enemy. In this retreat it was frequently under fire, and at Freeman's Ford where General Bohlen was killed, it was for two days engaged on the skirmish line. The division arrived upon the plain of Manassas on the evening of the 28th of August. In the movements of that day, Adjutant Henry Bauers, while engaged in calling in the skirmishers, was captured. Early on the foUoT^'ing morning the battle was opened, near the little village of Grove- ton, the corps of Heintzelman, Slgel and Reynolds being confronted by Jackson and Longstreet. The Seventy-third, with a battery, was early in the day sent forward to meet the enemy, taking position on the left of the Centrevllle road, near the stone house, and until four in the after- noon was warmly engaged. It was then relieved and ordered to a position near the bed of a railroad which had been graded but never completed. The battle of the Union right was early renewed on the following day, and by three o'clock in the afternoon raged wi'th great violence, the enemy fol- 156 PENNSYLVANIA AT lowing up every advantage, and sweeping the field with grape and canister. The brigade, commanded by Colonel Koltes, had till this hour been held in reserve. It was now ordered forward to check the enemy's impetuous advance. Before a shot was fired it was discovered that the rebels were already in its rear, and it was obliged to change front. Mov- ing up the wooded side of a hill upon its flank, it soon opened upon their infantry. But their artillery, which had played upon It with frightful effect while making this movement, had thinned its ranks, and a, portion of it had already retired. Scarcely had the -line of battle been formed when Captain Augustus Brueckner, acting Major, and in commiand of the regiment, was killed. The clouds of smoke were so dense that friend could with difficulty be distinguished from foe. Colonel Koltes, seeing the critical position of his command, rode to the centre of his own regi- ment, and while in the act of rallying his men, and apparently about to lead them in a charge, was struck by a shell and instantly killed. Rider and horse sank upon the ground together, and neither moved afterwards. Taking up the body of their leader the men fell back and formed in line with a regiment of regulars, but were soon compelled to leave the field altogether. At night they bivouacked on Bull Run Creek, lying around the dead body of their Colonel, and on the following day reached the breast-works in front of Centreville. The loss in this disastrous battle was nearly half of its effective strength, being two hundred and sixteen in killed and wounded. The body of Colonel Koltes was taken back to "Washington, where it was embalmed and sent to Philadelphia for inter- ment. The regiment retired to the fortifications of Washington, where it re- mained until the beginning of winter. It was ordered to the front soon after the opening of the Fredericksburg campaign, and arrived at Fal- mouth just as the army,, after its repulse, was retiring across the river. It went into winter quarters near Falmouth, where, with the exception of the few days engaged in Burnside's second campaign, it remained with the army inactive until spring. On the 27th of January, 1863, Colonel Muehleck resigned, and Lieutenant Colonel William Moore was promoted to Colonel, Major Michael A. Strong to Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain David A. Shultz, to Major. The regiment now formed part of the First Brigade,* Second Division of the Eleventh Corps. The army having been completely re-organized by General Hooker, now in command, was re- viewed on the 10th of April by President Lincoln, preparatory to enter- ing upon the spring campaign. On the 13th, preliminary to a general movement to Chancellorsville, the Brigade was sent to Kelly's Ford with orders to hold the approaches, and prepare the roads leading to it. A detachment of two hundred and •Organization of the First Brigade, Colonel A. Buschbeclc; Second Division, General Von Steinwehr; Eleventh Corps, General Howard. Twenty-seventh Regiment Penn- sylvania Volunteers, Colonel A. Buschbeck; Seventy-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel William Moore; Twenty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteers. Colonel Soest; One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colone'l Jones. GHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 157 thirty men of the Seventy-third, under comnaand of Captain D. F. Kelly, was sent on the 20'th, to Rappahannock Station and Beverly Ford. On the 2Sth, Colonel Moore received instructions to cross the i;iver with his co'mmand in company with that of the One hundred and fifty-fourth New York, rout the enemy from his fortifications on the opposite shore, and hold the ground until the engineers could lay a bridge. Launching his pontoons unobserved in a little creek which empties Into the river a short distance from the ford, he moved quietly over under cover of darkness. As the companies leaped to. the shore they were deployed, the Seventy- third on the right, and advanced rapidly, driving the enemy's pickets who were taken completely by surprise, and in their haste to escape dropped their carbines without firing a shot. Colonel Moore sent a, de- taohment to Kellysville, but found it deserted. At midnight the Seventy- third was ordered to re-cross the river, and on the 30th re-joining the brigade, moved over with the corps, crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford, and arrived at the Chancellor House at midnight. The regiment acted on this march as a guard to the train of the corps, marching the whole distance as fiankers, a very laborious but thankless duty. During the following day the brigade was marched and counter-marched as rumors of attacks were brought from opposite parts of the field, desul- tory firing being kept up during the entire day. The Eleventh Corps finally took a position on the right of the army, in front of the turnpike leading from the Old Wilderness Tavern to Fredericksburg and com- menced fortifying it. Steinwehr's Division held to the left of the Corps, Buschbeck's Brigade being posted south of the Orange Plank Road, and Barlow's nofth of it. On the morning of the 2d, four pieces of the Sev- enth New York Battery, Dilgers, were posted on a slight eminence in the rear of the rifle-pits occupied by five companies of the Seventy-third, A, F, D, I and C, the remaining companies being posted In rear, connecting with the Twenty-seventh, placed in -division columns. The sound of working parties in the woods in front had been heard during the previous night, and during the day frequent rumors were brought that the enemy was moving atound to the right; but little heed was given to them. To- wards evening Schurz's Division on the extreme right was struck in fiank and rear "by a powerful force of the enemy, led by Stonewall Jackson. It fell like an avalanche upon Devens' Brigade which gave way in utter rout, and with such impetuosity was the advantage followed that brigade, after brigade yielded. At half past five the enemy, carrying all before him, had reached Buschbeck's Brigade. As he came within range, the ar- tillery opened with good effect and the infantry, taking shelter behind their slight breast-works, poured in round upon round in rapid succes- sion. Attacked in rear, they were obliged to take to the opposite side of their works from which they were faced. For a moment his advance was checked. But lapping around upon both flanks of this little command of less than two thousand men, with his overpowering numbers, it was in danger of being swallowed up in the mad onset. Already the artillery horses had been killed, and the enemy was upon the guns. Colonel 158 PENNSYLVANIA AT Moore, turning to Lieutenant Wild, who was conducting his men. out of the rifle-pits to the rear, ordered him and other officers near to form their "men in rear of a small log hut and then re-join the regiment.* As he was giving the 'command he was struck by a rifle ball passing through the left lung, inflicting a severe wound, supposed at the time to be mortal, and was left upon the field. Seizing two of the pieces the men dragged them away as they went babk. The brigade rested with the batteries near the Chancellor House during the night.f On the following day the corps held Its position in the new line covering "United States Ford, where, be- hind well constructed breast-works, it repulsed every attack of the enemy. On the morning of the 6th of May, the regiment retired with the army and returned to its old camp near Falmouth. The loss was thir- teen killed, fifty-four wounded and thirty-nine missing. Captain Gilti- nan was among the killed, and Colonel Moore, Lieutenant Colonel Strong, Major Shultz and Captain Leibfried among the wounded, the latter mortally. Remaining in camp until the 12th of June, it started on the Gettysburg campaign, and moved leisurely to the vicinity of Edward's Ferry. On the 24th it crossed the Potomac, and at three o'clock on the afternoon of the 1st of July, arrived at the battlefield. A considerable part of the corps was already engaged on the right of the town and hotly pressed. The First Corps, which had been engaged on Seminary Ridge, was soon driven back, and with the Eleventh retreated through the town In some confusion, retiring to Cemetery Hill, where the artillery, under General Steinwehr, had been posted earliei* in the day. As the rear of the Union forces was retiring from the town, closely followed by the enemy, the Seventy-third was ordered forward, and charged through the orchard just below the Cemetery, checking the pursuit and occupying the houses on either side of the Baltimore Pike. Companies A, F and D, under Captain D. F. Kelly, seized the house on the right of the pike; Companies E and H under Captain Kennedy, a house on the left, opposite Captain Kelly; Companies B, C and K, Captains Miller and McGovern, under Captain John Kelly, a stone wall on the left; and Companies G and I, Captains Wild and SchaefEer, the tavern at the foot of the hill, and at the junction of the Baltimore and Em.mittsburg pikes. A brisk fire was at once opened which completely swept all the approaches, and checked the •Buschbeok, holding with his brigade the extreme leJt of the Eleventh Corps, made a good flght, and only retired after both his flanks were turned, and then in good order.— Army of the Potomac, Swinton, page 286. tThree regiments under Colonel Euschbeck, and located on the left of the line, held their position bravely, and fought till they were completely outflanked. They held their ground so well, although compelled to take the outside of their defences (the enemy coming opposite to their proper front), that some of our artillery was enabled to bring a most destructive fire upon the rebels as they came tumbling and rushing furiously on. The artillery held to the last, anc! indeed some pieces were lost by the killing of the horses. Every efL'ort was made to rally the troops all the way along, and especially when any possible position presented itself, such as a fence or thick woods. All was In vain, and when Colonel Buschbeok had been forced to retire, General Howard then passed to the rear of Berry's Division, and there first sucoeeded in halting and rallying the corps.— Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. VI, page 592. CHJCKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 1B9 enemy's advance, the fire from the companies behind the stone wall prov- ing very effective. The Are from the houses occupied, commanded the streets and tops of the buildings in the town, and protected the cannoniers of Steinwphr's artillery on the heights above. On thg morning of July 2, the regiment was relieved by remnants of the One hundred and fifty- fourth, and One hundred and thirty-fourth New York, a large proportion of whose men and officers were lost in retreating through the town on the previous evening, and was posted on Cemetery Hill near the point where the line crossed the Taneytown road, and in rear of the batteries of the Fourth United States Artillery. The position which the corps here occu- pied was in the form of a letter V, the apex pointing towards town, the two receding lines being exposed to the same fire from opposite directions, the enemy's shells frequently passing over both lines towards his forces on the opposite side. At the close of the day, and when it was already quite dark, the enemy attacked the brigade battery posted on the right of the pike, with great impetuosity and daring. As the rebels approached under cover of the Cemetery Hill, Captain Kelly in command of the regiment, was not aware that a charge was being made, until they were already upon the guns and struggling with the troops in their support. Moving rapidly to their assistance, in connection with the Twenty-sev- enth Pennsylvania, it assisted in repulsing the attack upon the left and in bringing the guns into play. On the 3d, the regiment remained in the position held during the previous evening, and in the afternoon, while the fearful cannonade was in progress which preceded the final struggle, it was exposed to the fire of the enemy's guns from a circuit of two or three miles. On the morning of the 4th, sharp skirmishing was kept up until nine A. M., when, it having been discovered that the enemy was falling back, the Seventy-third was ordered into tin- town. His skirmishers kept up a steady fire as they were pushed bad' The streets were soon bar- ricaded, and were occupied by the brigatit=. Captain Kennedy who was field oflicer of the brigade, discovered soon after dark that his skir- mishers had withdrawn altogether. The regiment had no field officer in this battle, but was led by the senior Captain, D. F. Kelly. The loss was eight killed and twenty-six wounded. The regiment returned with the army into Virginia after the escape of luee, and moved with it to Bristoe Station, whence with the two New York regiments of the brigade, it returned to Catlett's Station, and after some delay at Manassas Junction, to Alexandria. Here it was engaged in guarding and conducting to the front the drafted men, who were be- ing received, armed, equipped, and assigned to regiments. Colonel Moore who had so far recovered from his wounds as to take the field, rejoined the regiment, and was placed in command of the entire force at Alexandria. Soon after the disasters at Chickamauga, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, under command of General Hoo«er, were ordered to Tennessee to the succor of General Rosecrans. The three regiments, under command of Colonel Moore, left Alexandria on the 26th of September, and on the 2d 160 PENNSYLVANIA AT of October, arrived at Bridgeport, Alabama, where they rejoined the corps. Here they remained doing picket and guard duty and repairing roads. They also made several very successful foraging expeditions into the enemy's country, receiving the thanks of General Howard in very flattering terms; for at this time man and beast were suffering greatly for want of food. On the 27th of October they moved on through Look- out Valley towards Chattanooga. As they passed the neighborhood of Wauhatchie the brigade encountered a body of the enemy, and after a sharp skirmish drove him across the creek, and burned the bridge. The loss in the Seventy-third was two killed and seven wounded. As the column moved along the valley the enemy fired upon it from the heights of Lookout with his artillery, but did little damage. Shortly after mid- night of the 29th, Geary's Division was attacked at Wauhatchie, and the regiment, with other forces, was ordered back to its support. On the way his forces were encountered and after determined resistance was driven from the heights on which he had intrenched himself. "The at- tack," says General Grant in his official report, "on Geary failed, and Howard's Corps which was moving to the assistance of Geary, finding that it was not required by him, carried the remaining heights held by the enemy west of Lookout Creek."* On the 22d of November, the brigade marched to Chattanooga. Colonel Moore, who was still suffering from his wounds, was obliged again to re- tire, and as the regiment had no field oflicers. Lieutenant Colonel Joseph B. Taft, of the One hundred and forty-third New York, was assigned to its command. The Thirty-third New Jersey had recently been added to the brigade. On the 24th, three regiments, the Seventy-third and Twenty- seventh Pennsylvania, and the Thirty-third New Jersey, under the per- sonal direction of General Howard, moved so^me four or five miles up the Tennessee river, where a junction was formed with the army of General Sherman. On the following morning the battle opened at an early hour, and at midday the regiment was ordered into line for the advance. The enemy, three-fourths of a mile away, occupied the summits of Mis- sionary Ridge with artillery and infantry in breast-works, with a line of infantry in rifle-pits at its base. In front was an open plane with no obstruction, except a slight feiice and a, dry ditch. The regiment ad- vanced at double quick, and soon upon the run, the shells from the enemy's artillery, and the steady flre from his rifle-pits sweeping the ranks with terrible effect. When within fifty yards of the rifle-pits his infantry behind them broke and fled up the hill. The abandoned works were soon occupied and a rapid flre opened. A house and out-buildings just in rear of this line was still occupied by the enemy; but from these he was driven, firing the buildings as he left them. This position the regiment held against every attempt to dislodge it. The ammunition was finally exhausted, and Colonel Taft, who had thrice sent for a fresh supply, started himself to secu^^i it and to ask for supports. He had •Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. VIII, page 193. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 161 scarcely moved from the works when he received a mortal wound. His last words were, "Hold this position at all hazards." "He pressed my hand,-" says Captain Kennedy, "and kept repeating the words, 'Hold the position at all hazards.' " A small quantity of ammunition was ob- tained from the bodies of the dead and wounded. At half-past four P. M., a brigade from the Western Army came to its support. In the most gallant manner it advanced, the brigade general at its head, each Colonel in front of his regiment, and as It passed at double quick, on a left half wheel, the men in the pits cheered loudly. But unfortunately it was almost immediately repulsed, and came back in utter confusion, about three hundred of its num.ber taking shelter behind the rifle-pits with the Seventy-third. Emboldened by this disaster, the enemy came out of his works, charged down the hill, flanked the position, and cap- tured nearly the entire party at its base.. Only about twenty-five of the regiment escaped. Eight officers and eighty-nine men were taken pris- oners. It entered the battle about three hundred strong. Captain Schaef- fer lost a leg. Captain Goeble, and Lieutenants Wild and Hess were wounded. Captains D. P. Kelly, John Kelly and John Kennedy, and Lieutenants McNiece, McGovern, Moore, Fontaine, and Dieffenbach were captured. The captured party was hurried away to Atlanta, and thence to Richmond, the officers being consigned to Libby, and the men to Belle Isle. The flag, in the confusion of the surrender, was torn from the staif, taken by Captain Kennedy, concealed about his person, and through the long (months of his imprisonment was studiously preserved from rebel eyes, arid brought safely home upon his release. It now has a place among the tattered ensigns in the archives of the State, an object of special interest to visitors at the Capitol. The few men who escaped capture, and the wounded and detached men who afterwards returned to the ranks, marched with Sherman, after the battle, to Bast Tennessee to the relief of Burnside, and endured great suffering on this march, which was made without overcoats or blankets. On their return they went into winter quarters near Chattanooga, and early in January the most of them re-enlisted, receiving a veteran fur- lough. They returned to Philadelphia under the charge of Major Charles C. Cresson, who had shortly before been promoted from Captain. At the expiration of the furlough, with a number of recruits, they returned to the front in time to join in the campaign to Atlanta. Buschbeck's Brigade formed the Second of the Second Division, under General Geary, of the Twentieth Corps, formed by tlie union of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps, and commanded by General Hooker. ^ In the fierce fighting of Sherman's advance in Georgia, where for a hun- dred days the rattle of musketry and roar of artillery was hardly hushed for a single hour, the regiment shared the fortunes of the White Star Division, and when danger was to toe met was with the foremost of that veteran legion. In the battle of Pine Knob, Captain Henry Hess, a. gal- lant officer, while in command of the skirmish line, was mortally wounded. 11 162 PENNSYLVANIA AT Urider the command of Lieutenant Colonel Cresson the regiment marched with the division to the sea, and north through the Carolinas to Raleigh, where Sherman received the surrender of Johnston, and the war was substantially closed. From Raleigh it marched to Alexandria, Vir- ginia, where on the 14th of July, 1865, it was mustered out of service. dedication of monument 75th RBGIME)NT infantry Oechakd Knob, November 14, 1897. ADDRESS OP CORPORAL, JACOB ULLMANN. COMRADES of the Seventy-fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Ladies and Gentlemen: — In conformity with the expressed desire of the Veteran Association of our regiment, 'I have the honor to offi- ciate to-day as chaiiman of the committee on dedication. The honor which my comrades have reposed in me I appreciate fully, yet I confess I am unahle in terms forcible enough to convey to you the deep gratifi- cation which I feel. The hand thankfully extended, the grateful expres- sive eye, oft are indicative of more emotion than an avalanche of words however well composed and oratorically delivered. Such is the case with me now. My earnest thanks which I now express to you for the honor conferred upon me ought to be equally convincing. Without trespass- ing upon the domain of our orators, I think it appropriate before com- mencing the exercises proper to comment upon your committee's work and decision. The monument within whose shadow we so reverently have gathered was constructed from the plans approved by our Veteran Association. I think we have just cause for congratulation, both because of Its- design and its execution. Its simplicity, not detracting, rather enhancing its dignity, must appeal to us all. It is in the fullest sense of the word a monument. No attempt has been made to gain architectural laurels and then be doomed to dismal failure. Such, I regret, has too frequently been the case in the erection of monuments. Tour committee had in mind a. memorial, which should withstand the onward march of time, and while still honoring our beloved dead should be without affectation and be as imposing and inspiring to-day as yesterday. It has unfortunately been my experience in viewing various battlefields to find that monuments over nicely constructed, bordering on the gaudy, sooner or later, both by exposure to time and weather, and to the onslaughts of the mischief seeker, have lost their original beauty, causing much anguish to their CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 163 erectors and expressions of regret from the sympathetic observer. Mani- festly such will not be the fate of our monument; it shall stand like Glb- ralter for all ages. From the distance the observer can see the coat of arms of the Keystone State, informing him that upon this sacred ground Pennsylvania's sons fought to uphold the national honor. And, too, may it tell that although not numerically strongest, our kinsmen, the patriotic Germans, contributed the largest percentage of the foreign forces enlisted in the service of the United States of America. In recognition of our great efforts, as well as those of other regiments, our great State, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, has donated the funds for the erection at this place of this monument, that we should honor with fitting cere- monies, those at whose side we so valiantly fought, who have shed here their life's blood. To the representatives of the people of our State — the Legislature and Governor of Pennsylvania, we are indebted for their magnanimous support of the measures of appropriation and thank them heartily. In conclusion, permit me on behalf of the committee on dedi- cation to thank the members of our veteran organization for the honor they have conferred on us, without egotism, fervently hoping that you will acknowledge that we have discharged our duties faithfully, and that your confidence has not been misplaced. I now have the honor to present our officiating Chaplain, Comrade Charles Preusch, who shall open the exercises with a prayer. PRAYER BY SERGEANT CHARLES PREUSCH. GOD! GOD! Mighty and merciful Ruler of the Universe, we, assem- bled upon this hallowed ground, reverently bow our heads at the realization of the great power and goodness that everywhere mani- fests itself. The mountains about us, the verdure-shorn fields, the silver river twining its way caressingly at the base of these great heights, trav- ersing noiselessly the broad expanse before us and losing itself in the dis- tance, proclaim the sublimity of your Divine presence. We thank Thee, Almighty God, for Thy unspeakable goodness in permitting us, this day, to assemble about this monument to honor our brethern, who have con- secrated this ground with their blood, — blood shed for the magnanimous cause of liberty and justice. In your infinite wisdom you had commanded us to unsheathe the sword, to carry the dreadful musket into our broth- er's territory, to invade his land, to forcibly enter his home and spread death and destruction before us. What a precious gift is peace! The sword long since rests in its scab- bard; the fearful roar of the cannon has long since been stilled. Mani- festations of fraternal relationship exist everywhere. Through Thy grace. Merciful God, the differing brothers have long since been recon- ciled. We have enjoyed bounteously of Thy goodness in the p'ast genera- tion. We beseech Thee, OGod, preserve for us this precious gift for all 164 PENNSYLVANIA AT eternity. Let not internal strife again visit our land; let not the seeds of discord germinate upon our soil, and may peace, from which unspeakable henefits flow, he maintained. We ask all in the name of Jesus Christ, Our Lord, Amen. ADDRESS OF PRIVATE JOHN ULIvMANN. COMRADES of the Seventy-flfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers: — From the cosy firesides of the Keystone State we have journied to the sunny south for a sublime purpose — the dedication of this memorial around which we are at present assembled. The deeds of great men, and of races of men, are immortal; they are perpetuated through all time by the pages of history, their praises are sung by the poets, and the sculptor hews from the shapeless masses of stone or gran- ite allegorical pictures of their deeds — admonitions to all posterity. The traveller, in Egypt, sees before him stupendous masses of stone — the vast and mysterious architectural evidences of a once powerful country; the pyramids, the ruins of Karnak and the sphinx testify to a glorious past. Majestically they stand, symbolical of eternity; for and from all time. We staiid speechless in the contemplation of the magnitude of this splendor. Friends, I ask you, are these not tangible evidences of the in- dustry and culture of a race now extinct? Let us cross the Mediterranean and journey to the former Mecca of Grecian learning, the famous Athens. Upon the Acropolis stands the ruins of a once imposing edifice — the glory of Athens — the Parthenon. We gaze with veneration upon this sublime structure and recall the glories of a once splendid state, and ponder well how this patriotic and liberty loving people, the most democratic of all European people — the moulders of human thought, the pioneers of all learning, had met decay. Such famous najnes as Homer, Aeschylus, Herodutus, Demosthenes, Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Ptolemy, of whom we all have hearJ, present themselves to our minds. We gaze thoughtfully upon these stately ruins, we view the territory about us, and think upon the heroic Greeks, who congregated here. The scene changes and we And ourselves in Rome. We stand before the Coliseum, whose lonely walls still tower with all their massive strength to greet the skies. The epoch-making men who were wont to congregate there, the great events that were concocted there, the causes which brought about the decline and fall of that great empire, which had for centuries dominated the entire world, present themselves to our minds. In the centre of the splendor of Paris, upon an elevation from which radiate one-half of the finest avenues in existence, the Champs Elysees, Garden of the Tuilleries, etc., stands the Triumphal Arqh of Napoleon, erected to commemorate the marvelous victories of Marengo, Jena, Rivoli, Austerlltz, Smolenck and Borodino. Upon the walls of this unsur- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 165 passable arch of grandeur are carved the numerous achievements of the French people, and. within Its walls are contained hundreds of names of illustrious Frenchmen. We are intoxicated by Its architectural beauty, and as a true Frenchman, momentarily forgetting our genealogy, we are thrilled with enthusiasm at the great victories it commemorates. But my friends and comrades contemplating the despotic character of its chief actor — the Man of Destiny, and the principles which he represented and exercised — the hopeless struggle of might against right — becomes manifest. The historical pictures which I have thus far drawn. Illustrate, distinctly and emphatically, the ostentatious and unstable form of des- potic or monarchial government. It is a great object lesson and worthy of serious contemplation. We see, as we scan the pages of history, the progressive steps that have been made by free institutions ; we behold the great sacrifices that have been spent to attain, defend and advance the precious and undying principle of liberty and equality. In the heart of the city of Boston stands the colossal monument of Bunker Hill. Upon the night of the 16th of June, 1775, the American patriots resisted the armed forces of despotic England. We are admonished by it to defend the glorious democratic principle for which these brave continentals have shed their blood. We are inspired by the patriotic accomplishments of Washington, Franklin, Greene, Morris and others. We, the few sur- vivors of the Seventy-fifth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, stand reverently upon this, our Bunker Hill. We come to honor those who have shed their blood to uphold this sublime principle; those who, oppressed by the tyrannical rule of the absurd, unjust, untenable Divine — right rule had left, discouraged and disheartened, their native lands to en- deavor in this land of greatest possibilities to lend their energies to the development of the imperishable form of government of, for and by the people. What our noble German brethren have done to preserve this grand Union, we expect in the dedication of this memorial to donate to posterity what the survivors have contributed. We point proudly to our tireless industry in the development of the industrial, commercial and agricul- tural advantages of our Great Republic and the allegiance which we, at this sacred shrine, assert anew. We are the descendants of a great peo- ple; we have contributed a recognized potent influence in developing this country. Our kinsmen navigate the great lakes; they are to, be found upon the cotton plantations of the sunny south. Their efficiency is felt in the great west; their astuteness of mind and vigor of body is acknowl- ledged in the great commercial and industrial walks of the east.- As the philosopher moralized before the Egyptian architecture, and before the Parthenon, the Coliseum and Napoleon's Arch, so shall he stop here and moralize. As they have withstood the onward march of time, so will this— they commemorating the former splendor of a declined people, this proclaiming the sacrifices that were offered in defending, upholding and preserving the Constitution of the United States of America. Vividly shall flash before his mind the names of great men of our race whom we have given this country and the great deeds which they have 166 PENNSYLVANIA AT enacted here. He shall review the history of Teutonic emigration from its exodus to his time. He shall speak of. Pastorius and his followers who with Penn laid the foundation of the great Keystone State. He shall proceed further in the pages of history and see the il- lustrious names of Sigel. Schurz, Blenker, Steinwehr and others, and shall visit the busy hives of industry, where their influence is felt. The cos- mopolitan character of his adopted land shall be shown him, and the ben- efits which have accrued by injecting into a nation's life the potent force of an indefatigable alien people, and the erection of a nation "conceived in Liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal," shall be shown him. More than a generation has passed since we, the survivors of the Seventy-fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, have met upon the battlefield of Chattanooga. Then, dressed in the arma- ments of war, at the point of the bayonet and the mouth of the cannon, we, my comrades, opposed upon these historic grounds our foe. Now we come offering our fraternal opponents the cordial hand of reconcllliation long since effected. The good fellowship now existing is to remain for time immemorial. The wound which had been infiicted by the struggle has long since healed. The advance which the United States of America have made since that bloody strife stands unparalleled in all history. New inventions and the refining influence of that great factor of civiliza- tion, "Journalism," have curtailed distance and leveled the characteristic peculiarities of various sections and states. The southern planter is thrown, through the agency of steam and electricity, into intimate rela- tionship with his brother of the north. The manufactured articles and in- digenous resources of the east are sent to the sturdy agriculturist of the west. 'We are one great family united under the glorious banner of the "stars and stripes." Fraternity exists throughout the length and breadth of our land. Sectionalism has been eradicated. The stars of the. south float proudly over the great industrial centres of the north; the stars of the west over the great commercial ports of the east. It is one flag, one country, now and forever. ADDRESS OF IvIEUTENANT T. ALBERT STEIGER. COMRADES: We have met here, on this beautiful Sabbath morning, in the Southland, to perform an especial duty, that most fittingly commends itself to our keeping, in honor and praise of our patriot dead, and in testimony of the valiant services of the living; while we alike give expression to our love, esteem and veneration for the things Divine as well as for the heroism of those of our departed comrades GHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 167 who lie buried within the surrounding fields, that constitute the battle grounds of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and of which this little knoll of Orchard Knob constitutes the initial point in that great and glorious action, which after a two days' most stubbornly contested battle, resulted in the capture of the stately mountain peak as well as the entire line of defences along the crest of Missionary Rddge. As we assemble then on this especial occasion, in performance of this laudatory service, it is but meet that we should feel ourselves impelled to give vent to our penned up ardor in eulogy of their noble virtues and heroic deeds. The people who constituted the population of the original thirteen colonies, together with their descendants, as well as those who have eml- gra/ted to this country and now make up the great population of over 70,000,000, were impelled to people this new country by the love of human freedom, and personal liberty. In their own native land they were placed under such restrictions that true lovers of human freedom could not enjoy the personal liberty which they so much loved. This great nation of ours was undisturbed by internal strife and had no fear of a disruption of this great Union until the public conscience real- ized that an element entirely inconsistent with human freedom and personal liberty was rapidly dominating a great part of national legis- lation and governmental policy. It became evident to many that this con- dition could not exist in harmony with human rights. Previous to 1860 this remained simply as an agitated question. From the south there was apprehensions that the institution of slavery, which they claimed as a consititutibnal right, could not continue to exist and the Southern states remain a part of the American Union. At first compromises were attempted, but In this case, as in all other cases where there is an attempt to compromise a great principle, there was a failure. There was, therefore, organized among Southern states- men a plan to carry ths Southern states out of the American Union, and the first overt act was displayed in firing upon the American fiag at Fort Sumpter, or to be more historically correct, the firing upon ithe flag of the "Star of the AWes't." The entire people of the United States were at once aroused and a determination was at once manifested by the people to take the side of the Union or ally themselves with those who sought to destroy the Union. Among the people of the North, Bast and West, and some sections of the Southwest, there was almost a universal de- termination to maintain the Union of the States. The Seventy-fifth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, composed almost exclusively of Germans by birth, were entirely American in sentiment and patriotism. Their love of human freedom, which brought them to this country, still animated them in favor of the American Union, the only true exponent of personal liberty and human freedom. They therefore very readily proffered their services in support of the cause espoused by the country of their adoption. In herewith presenting a descriptive statement of the military career of our regiment, we can but allude to the principal events associated with . Its ofiiclal distinction, and hence must necessarily refer our friends to 168 PENNSYLVANIA AT its own enlarged pages of history for a more detailed recital of its patri- otic services. The Seventy-fifth Kegiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, whose monument we are here assembled to dedicate, was recruited at Phila- delphia by authority of the Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, under the call, by proclamation of July, 1861, issued by President Abra- ham Lincoln in obedience to the Senate bill passed in extra session of Con- gress authorizing the enlistment of 500,000^ volunteers for a term of three years' service. Mr. Henry Sohlen, a prominent merchant and philanthropic citizen of Philadelphia, was commissioned as chief ofiicer in command of the same. The gentlemen filling the positions of field and staff officers were selected by Col. Bohlen, who recommended Francis Mahler, late a mili- tary officer and participant in the Baden revolution, for the position of Lieutenant Colonel, and Alvin von Matzdorff, late an officer and par- ticipant in the Mexican revolution under the command of General Walker, for that of Major of the regiment, while Roderick Theune was chosen as Adjutant and John Weik was appointed Quartermaster. Doc- tors Carl Bechen and Egon A. Koerper, both gentlemen of large ex- perience in their profession, were selected to fill the position of Surgeon and Assistant Surgeon, respectively, and Francis Koekeritz was, some time later, appointed chaplain of the regiment, which position he, how- ever, filled for only a short time. Recruiting commenced about the 20th day of July, 1861, and the com- panies were -mustered into the service of the United States upon the com- pletion of their maximum number of enlistments. Camp Worth, located in West Philadelphia, so named In honor of General Worth with whom Colonel Bohlen shared the dajigers of war during the Mexican campaign, was chosen as a ;;endezvous. Here the companies received their uniforms and accoutrements and were in- structed in military discipline and drill, both of which were highly cred- itable. The regiment was composed almost wholly of G«rmans, whose pre- vious military experience was very commendable, many having served in the German army, and its organization was therefore distinctively regarded as a German regiment. Colonel Bohlen, from hie ample private means, defrayed the expenses of organizing the regiment, which was originally known as the Fortieth Regiment of the Line in the contingent of volunteers from Pennsylvania. The regiment left Philadelphia for the field, about 800 strong, on September 26, 1861, proceeding direct to Washington and carrying with it the necessary camp and garrison equipage. The enlistments were continued however until the ranks of the several companies were filled to the maximum standard. Its first formal assignment was made to General Blenker's division, which It joined on September 29th while this . German division was encamped at Roach's Mills. Here it remained CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 169 until October 12th, when it was ordered to Hunter's Chapel, where It went into winter . quarters. On November 20, 1861, it took part in the grand review of the army, consisting of 70,000 men, by President Abra- ham Liincoln, under the immediate direction of Major General George B. McClellan commanding the army. December 1, 1861, Colonel Henry Bohlen, its honored commander, was promoted and commissioned a Brigadier General, and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Mahler succeeded him In command of the regiment. In February of 1862 the regiment received two guidons, the gift of Mr. George K. Ziegler, and -on March Bth it was made the recipient of a beautiful silk flag from the State of Pennsylvania, Governor Andrew G. Curtin making the presentation address, which was responded to by the officer in command, who pledged the earnest devotion and loyal support of the men for the flag of their adoption. v The regiment's flrst march of importance was made with the general advance of the army, March 10, 1862, when it proceeded to Burke's Sta- tion, by way of Annandale, and after a few days' detention it resumed the march on the 15th to Fairfax Court House, where It remained for eight days, and then proceeded to CentrevlUe, occupying the earthworks just vacated by the enemy. Here it remained for several days during which It suffered much from the scarcity of provisions. It continued its advance, reaching Worrenton Junction on the 26th, passing en route over the battlefield of the flrst Bull Run fight, on which traces of the sanguinary conflict of July 21, 1861, were distinctly visible. General Blenker's division having been ordered to report to General Fremont, in command of the Mountain department, It left oaimp at War- renton Junction on April 6, 1862, moving through Warrenton to Salem, where it bivouacked four days, taking shelter in the woods during a heavy snow storm. It proceeded on the 11th via UppervlUe to Paris, and from thence to Berry's Ferry. On the 15th of April it was ordered to cross the Shenandoah and move to Winchester, In pursuit of Stonewall Jackson's force, then confronting General Banks. An attempt to hasten the transfer of the men, by the use of an old ferry boat, resulted in the swamping of the overlog,ded scow and caused the loss, by drowning, of Captain Christian Wyck, of company K, and Lieutenant Adolph Winter, of company I, and F'irst Sergeant Joseph Tledemann, of company K, to- gether with fifty enlisted men of these two companies. Sergeant Tlede- mann, an expert swimmer, sacrificed his life In a vain effort to save that of his Captain. This sad calamity cast a gloom over the entire regiment, which, in fact, continued to haunt It most assiduously for many days. Leaving Winchester May 6, 1862, the regiment marched via Romney and Petersburg to Franklin. Here the great suffering from hunger en- tailed upon the men In consequence of the scarcity of provisions, which had to be brought from New Creek, 70 miles, over a rough mountain road, was almost beyond the possibility of human endurance. The men were here reduced to such pitiful straits that some of them, out of sheer desperation from hunger, had recourse to the use of such com as they could gather from the ground of the cavalry and wagon camps where. In 170 PENNSTI.VANIA AT fact, the kernels that had been trodden into the ground as a waste by the horses and mule teams, were eagerly sought after, and, upon being washed and roasted, it was eaten with a relish and in a slight degree served to appease their ravenous hunger; indeed, the suffering here en- dured for want of ordinary food will never be effaced from the memory of those who participated in these memorable privations, the severity of which are made more apparent when you reflect that eleven crackers in seven days were the allotted portion as falling to some of the men during these trying marches. The defeat of General Banks' troops made it necessary to retrace our steps. Returning to Petersburg, knapsacks were left, and the march immediately resumed. Moving rapidly onward through Moorefleld and "Wardensville, the rear of General Jackson's forces were encountered at Strasburg, when a short engagement took place, resulting in but few casualties. The bridge at Mount Jackson having been destroyed by the retreating foe, our onward march 'was somewhat delayed, but on the 6th day of June, 1862, the column was enabled to move towards Harrisonburg, and two days later, or June 8th, the regiment was engaged at Cross Keys, where it received its baptismal fire. After this action the army moved to Mount Jackson. Here Major General Carl Schurz succeeded General Louis Blenker in command of the division, and General Prans Sigel attained to General John C. Fremont's command. The army being here reorganized, the Seventy-fifth Pennsylvania was assigned to the Second brigade. Third division. First corps. Army of Virginia. It participated in all the movements of the Army of Northern Virginia, from Mount Jackson, July 6, 1862, through Middletown, Front Royal and Luray, crossing the Blue Ridge through Thornton's Gap, and moving onward, August 8th, to Culpepper Court House on the occasion of the battle at Cedar Mountain, thence to the Rappahannock via Culpepper, and which general movement finally culminated in the second battle of Bull Run, August 29 and 30, 1862, in which the regiment took a, most conspicuous part, gallantly charging the enemy against greatly superior numbers, and fighting under a most destructive fire until relieved by fresh troops when its supply of ammunition was almost exhausted. It was, without doubt, absolutely the last regiment that left the general field of battle, and crossed the Bull Run by wading through the stream. This was made necessary as the bridge had been burned in the night. It here sustained the loss of two ofllcers and twenty-eight men in killed, and five oflficers and ninety-eight men wounded. Lieutenants William Froehlich and William Bowen were among the killed. Colonel Francis Mahler, Captain Rudolph Schwartz, Adjutant Theune and Lieutenants liedig and Fromhagen were among the wounded. Of those conspicu- ous for coolness and courage, and deserving of especial honor, was Color Sergeant Robert Jordan, of company A, formerly an officer in the Schles- wig-Holstein army. He fell gallantly bearing aloft the flag of his adopted country. Especial mention was, moreover, made in official reports of the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 171 gallantry of Sergeants Charles Haserodt, of company A, color bearer; Eugene Wiegand and Jacob Maurer, of company B; John Emleben, who, though wounded, remained on the field and took the flag from the hand® of Sergeant Jordan as he fell; Louis Mahler and Jacob Pauley, of company D; George Brueckmann, of company F; Henry Schnell, of com- pany H, and Andrew Schmidt, of company I; also of Corporals Schweigert, Hanner, Abraham and Rosenthal, and Private Jacob Ull- mann. The latter comrade we have the extreme pleasure of greeting here to-day, as a participant in these ceremonial exercises. After the second battle of Bull Run the regiment remained in the defences about the capitol city of Washington, until November 1, 1862, when it advanced to Fairfax Court House, and thereafter participated in every general movement and action of the Army of the Potomac, including the march to Fredericksburg, the movement of General Burn- side to Falmouth, when the army was so thoroughly "stuck in the mud" as to preclude the possibility of rendering an effective campaign; fol- lowed by the flank movement incident to the battle of Chiajicellorsville, and culminating with the grand marches northward, and the routing of Lee's army from the soil of Pennsylvania. The latter grand move- ment began on June 12, 1863, when the army marched from its camps, in the vicinity of Stafford Court House, Brooks Startion, Falimouth, and, going northward, passed through Hartwood, Weaverville and Centre- ville. Crossing the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, on June 25th, it moved steadily onward through Middletown, Frederick City and Emmittsburg, finally reaching Gettysburg, on the morning of July 1, by way of the Taneytown road, after the most strenuous pursuit of a forced march of fourteen miles, with the marching column somewhat deflecting towards the Baltimore pike, and striking this highway near the southern ap- proach to the town; the formation of the troops in marching order bringing the Second brigade of the Third division. Eleventh corps, in the advance for the day, with the Seventy-fifth Pennsylvania leading the marching column. Passing through the town the regiment took position in a field north of the village, and to the right of the Carlisle road, where it was almost immediately thrown into action. In which it was subjected to such an enfilading fire, inflicted on the i>art of two opposing rebel regiments, which in their aggregate strength more than thrice outnumbered its own complement of men, that within the brief space of fifteen to twenty-five minutes the regiment sustained the unpre- cedented loss of nearly seventy-five per cent, of its enlisted men, and more than fifty per cent, of its commissioned officers, out of the number actually engaged on the first day's battle line, and I unhesitatingly de- clare that this statement as to the regimental losses cannot be refuted by any one conversant with the actual facts in the premises. And it is therefore its proud claim that it here sustained a greater loss in the num- ber of its killed and wounded, compared with those actually engaged in battle, than that incurred by any other regiment whose high laurels were achieved upon this pivotal field of carnage. 172 PENNSYLVANIA AT Among tne offic had rendezvoused, and returned, by a forced march of thirty-two miles, to camp. 188 PENNSYLVANIA AT General Blenker was here succeeded In command of the division by General Carl Schurz, and soon after General Fremont, at his own request, was relieved and General Franz Sigel directed to assume command of the Department. In the re-organization of the army which followed, the Seventy-fifth was assigned to the Second Brigade,* Third Division, First Corps of the Army of Virginia. Having previously marched to Middletown, near Winchester, on the 6th of July, the Seventy-fifth proceeded to Sperryville, via Front Royal and Luray, crossing the Blue Ridge through Thornton's Gap. Here it remained until the 8th of August, when it resumed the march to Cul- pepper Court House, on the occasion of the battle at Cedar Mountain. Late in the evening, too late to participate, the corps of Sigel arrived. On the field, where both parties claimed victory, the weary troops rested. The command now moved to the Rapidan, on the right of Pope's army. As Lee advanced Pope retreated, via Culpepper to the Rappa- hannock. On the 20th, Lieutenant Colonel Mahler was promoted to Colonel, Major Alvin von Matzdorff to Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain August Ledig to Major. At Freeman's Ford, on the 22d of August, the enemy was encountered, and a brisk skirmish ensued, in which Brigadier General Henry Bohlen was killed. Sigel, supported by Banks and Reno, marched up the left bank of the Rappahannock, and on the 24th occupied Sulphur Springs and Waterloo. On the 29th, the regiment advanced, at five A. M., with the division, and at seven the engagement became desperate. Steadily it gained ground, under a most destructive fire, • until Jackson was reinforced, and its supply of ammunition was nearly exhausted, when it was relieved while holding, against superior numbers, a position near the railroad cut. At eight o'clock on the m.ornIng of the 30th, it withdrew from its ad- vanced position to one in rear of the division of General Schenck, on an open space near Dogan's Farm, where it remained until four o'clock P. M. The command then advanced and occupied a position immediately in the rear of the brigade of General Stahel, which soon became engaged. The Second Brigade, Colonel Kryzanowski, was ordered tO' its support, and occupied an elevation to the left. It moved forward In fine style, the Seventy-fifth gallantly charging the rebel column, repulsing it with heavy loss, and gaining the crest of the hill. From this position it de- livered an effective fire, but was exposed to a raking fusilade from the combined forces of three of his infantry regiments, one of which made a furious charge, but was repulsed, and the position held. A well di- rected artillery flre from the enemy, and the withdrawal of the troops from the left, rendered it necessary, after having withstood the repeated attacks of an overwhelming force, to withdraw. It retired one hundred •Organization ol the Second Brigade, Colonel W. Kryzanowski, Third Division; Brigadier General Carl Scliurz, First Corps; Major General Franz Sigel, Army at Vir- ginia: Major General John Pope. Seventy-flftli Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel F. Mahler: Fifty-fourth Regiment New York Volunteers, Colonel Eugene A. Kozlay: Fifty-eighth Regiment New York Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Gellman. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 189 and fifty paces to the rear, when a rebel regiment was discovered in ambush, near by, lying upon the ground, in close column. A few volleys from the Seventy-fifth, with the assistance of the artillery which was turned upon it, threw it into disorder, and goon drove it in complete rout. The 'two wings of the army having been pressed back, the centre was compelled to yield, and to fall back towards Washington. The entire army withdrew during the night, which was very dark, and in the morn- ing Bull Run separated the hostile forces. The loss was two offlcers and twenty-eight men killed, and five offlcers and ninety-eight men wounded. Lieutenants Froelich and Bowen were among the killed, and Lieuitenant Colonel Mahler, Captain Schwartz, and Lieutenants Ledig, Ftomhagen, and Theune, among the wounded. Of those conspicuous for coolness and courage was Color Sergeant Robert Jordan, of Company A, formerly an ofticer In the Schleswig-Holstein army. He fell gallantly bearing aloft the flag of his adopted country. Especial mention was made, in official reports, of the gallantry of Sergeants Charles Haserodt, of Company A, color bearer, Eugene Weigand, and Jacob Maurer, of Company B; John Emleben, who though wounded remained on the field, and took the flag from the hands of Sergeant Jordan as he fell; Louis Mahler and Jacob Pauley, of Company D; George Brueckmame, of Company F; Henry SchmuU, of Company H, and Andrew Schmidt, of Company I; also of Corporals Schweigert, Hanner, Abraham and Rosenthal, and Private Jacob UUmann. The regiment remained in the defences of Washington until the first of November, when it advanced to Fairfax Court House, and from thence through Thoroughfare Gap to New Baltimore. On the 9th, it marched to Gainesville, where it remained u'htil the 18th, and then back to Centre- ville. While here, the regiment was strengthened by recruits and men returning from hospitals. The corps of General Sigel was, on the 14th, designated the Eleventh, of the Army of the Potomac. On the 9th of December the tents and surplus baggage were sent to Fairfax Court House, and the regiment marched, on the following day, towards Fred- ericksburg. It passed the Oocociuan at Davis' Ford, experiencing much difliculty in crossing the train. It proceeded through Stafford Court House and Brooks'. Station, and reached the Rappahannock, one mile from Falmouth, on the 15th. The attack on Fredericksburg had failed of success, and the regiment returned to Stafford Court House, where it remained until Burnside's second advance, on the 19th of January, 1863, which was cut short by a heavy rain storm, transforming the "sacred soil" into a dismal mud, through which the artillery and heavy caissons were dragged along with great difficulty. It then moved to Hartwood Church, four miles from Falmouth, in the direction of Banks' Ford, where it remained until the 6th of February, when it returned to Staf- ford Court House. The Seventy-fifth formed part of the Second Brigade, Third Division of the Eleventh Corps, the brigade being commanded by Colonel Kryzanowski. 190 PENNSYLVANIA AT Hooker had succeeded Burnside in command of the army of the Po- tomac, which, during the past two months, had become well organized and efiicient. The command moved early on the morning of the 27th from Stafford Court House via Grove Church and Morrlsville, and crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, the Seventy-fifth in advance. The march was continued on the 28th, in line of battle, driving the enemy until three o'clock on the following morning, when the regiment blv- oua.cked until daylight. The Twelfth Corps then led the advance, followed by the Eleventh, the Fifth bringing up the rear. It crossed the Rapidan at Germania Ford, and moved rapidly on to Chancellorsville. The regiment halted north of the Hawkins' Farm, near the plank road leading from Culpepper Court House to Fredericksburg. The flank movement of Hooker was a com- plete success, and inspired him with confidence in his ability to achieve a .signal victory. His order of May 30 says, "the operations of the last three days have determined that our enemy must either ingloriously fiy, or come out from behind his defences, and give us battle on our own ground, where certain destruction awaits him." On the morning of the 2d of May, the regiment was ordered to a posi- tion on the right of the division, which was apparently threatened, the Eleventh Corps occupying the right of the line of battle, which Lee de- termined to assail in flank and rear. The Seventy-flfth was formed on the left of the Twenty-sixth Wisconsin, with skirmishers thrown forward under command of Captain Schindlfer. The balance of the regiment, under command of Lieutenant Colonel von MatzdorfE, except a color- guard of sixteen men, was soon after ordered to the picket line, the Fifty- eighth New York relieving it. At a, little before night of the 2d of May, Stonewall Jackson, w-ith forty thousand men, fell suddenly like an avalanche upon the right wing of the Union army held by Howard's Corps. The shock was overwhelming, and the Seventy-flfth was among the first to feel its weight. Flanked and overborne, the command was compelled to retreat. In doing so some confusion ensued. In crossing an open field the regiment was much exposed to the fire of the advancing enemy. Many of the men became separated from the command, and Lieutenant Colonel von MatzdorfE and forty men were taken prisoners. The scattering fragments of the regiment occupied a position, in a line of rifle-pits, near the United States Ford, until eleven o'clock P. M., when it was relieved by the One hundred and twenty-fifth Pennsylvania, and as- signed to a position in the second line of battle, in support of a battery of the First Rhode Island Artillery. Among the wounded in this engage- ment was Captain "William Schindler, who received a severe flesh wound, the ball passing through both his legs. On the 6th, the command re-crossed the Rappahannock, and proceeded to its former camping ground, where it remained, performing the ordinary cam-p and guard duty, until it entered upon the Gettysburg campaign, which opened on the 12th of June. It then moved through Hartwood, Weaversville and Centreville, and on the 25th, crossed the Potomac CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 191 at Edwards' Perry. Passing through Middletown, Frederick City and Emmittsburg, it reached Gettysburg on the morning of the 1st of July, by the Taneytown Road, the Second Brigade of the Third Division in ad- vance, and passing through the town toolc position in a field, north of the village, to the right of the Carlisle Road. The First Corps had already engaged the enemy, and was hard pressed. After a brief rest, to recover from the fatigue occasioned by a forced march of fourteen miles, the Seventy-fifth, with the brigade, engaged the enemy, and after a severe conflict, in which the regiment, lost two officers and twenty-six men killed, six officers and ninety-four men wounded, and six prisoners, it fell back through the town with the remnants of the First Corps, and took position on Cemetery Hill. Colonel Mahler was wounded in the leg simultaneously with his horse, which fell upon him. Extricating him- self he proceeded, though suffering severely, to the left of the regiment, which was then exposed to an enfilading fire, and here while bravely cheering on his men, and urging them to stand firm against the advancing rebel lines, he was again wounded, and now mortally. He was imme- diately removed to the Corps Field Hospital, where he died on the morning of the 5th. The regiment retained its position on Cemetery Hill, under the fire of the enemy's artillery, during the two following Jays, and suffered some loss from his shells. Sergeant Frederick Wend- ler, of Company D, received a, wound from which he died , on the 4th. Among the killed during these three days' conflict, were Lieutenants Henry Hauschlld and Louis Mahler. Lieutenant William J. Sill was severely wounded in the leg, which was amputated; but he died on the 21st. The loss of the regiment was thirty-one officers and men killed, onp hundred wounded, and six taken prisoners. After a long weary march in pursuit of the retreating enemy, passing through Emmittsburg, Turner's Gap, and Middletown, the advance encountered and skirmished with the enemy's rear guard at Boonsboro', on the 8th, reached Hagerstown on the 12th, and Williamsport on the 14th, to find that Lee's army had escaped across the Potomac. On the 15th, the command returned to Hagerstown. As it moved through the town cheer upon cheer was given by the emergency militia, as the thinned ranks of the veteran army passed by. Having marched and counter- marched, during an almost constant storm of rain, it crossed the Potomac, at Berlin, on the 19th, passed through Lovettsville, and encamped near Waterford. It moved thence through White Plains, and New Baltimore, reaching Warrenton Junction on the 25th, where, with an occasional change of camp, it remained, doing picket and guard duty, until the 24th of September, when the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were ordered to Tennessee. The regiment left Washington on the 25th of September, and arrived at Bridgeport, Alabama, on the morning of the 2d of October. On the even- ing of the 19th it was ordered to join the Third Brigade, Colonel Hecker, Third, Division, which was composed of the Seventy-fifth, the Eighty- 192 PENNSYLVANIA AT second Illinois, Eighty-second Ohio, and Sixty-eighth New York. On the following morning the regiment reported to its new commander, and was ordered to picket and patrol duty along the mountain ridge. It proceeded on the 27th to guard the pontoon 'bridge across the Tennessee, during Hie passage -of the Eleventh, and part of the Twelfth Corps, and at evening went into bivouac at Shellmound. The brigade moved, on the following day, towards Chattanooga, and participated in the operations for the relief of the half famished Army of the Cumberland. At a little past midnight the regiment was aroused, and sent to the support of General Geary, who was engaged in a desperate midnight struggle with the veterans of Longstreet's Corps. It lay, protected by the railroad bank, under continuous fire, while the First Brigade was briskly en- gaged. With all the advantages in favor of the assailants — familiarity with the country, and the effects of a night surprise — the foe was repulsed and retired, leaving his killed and wounded on the field. Crossing the Tennessee, at Chattanooga, on the 22d of November, the regiment moved through the town, and bivouacked near Port Wood. It participated in all the movements and fighting of the division around Chattanooga, culminating, on the 25th, In carrying Missionary Ridge, and the complete rout of the enemy. On the 27th, the corps moved, the Third Brigade in advance, through Rossville to Red Clay, where it de- stroyed the railroad track and depot. It was ordered, on the next day, to the assistance of General Burnside, who was closely besieged at Knoxville. It proceeded by the way of Charleston, where it crossed the Hlwassee, but learning that the siege had been raised, the command re- turned to Cleveland on the IBth of December, and thence through the mountains to its former camp in Lookout Valley. On the 2d of January, 1864, the regiment was re-mustered as a veteran organization, and received its furlough for thirty days, seventy-five men, who chose not to re-enlist, being temporarily transferred to the Eighty- second Illinois. On the 8th of March, with its num'bers largely increased by recruits, it left Philadelphia, and proceeded via Louisville, Nashville and Stevenson to Bridgeport, from whence it returned to Nashville on the 31st of July, and encamped near Port Gillem. Here several companies were detailed to proceed to Johnsonville, to guard the trains on the North- western Railroad. On the 12th of October a reconnoissance was made for the purpose of ascertaining the whei-eabouts of a guerrilla band prowl- ing about the country. A small party was unexpectedly encountered, but was quickly put to flight, and its horses and effects captured. At the battle of Franklin, on the 30th of November, where the army of Hood received a, disastrous check In his advance upon Nashville, a mounted detachment of the Seventy-fifth occupied the town, and Com- panies A, C, P, G, H, I and K were encamped at, Port Granger, on the right bank of the Harpeth. It was under fire, but not actively engaged, and suffered no loss. Company E stationed at a point several miles south of the town on the Tennessee and Alabama Railroad, was captured.. At eleven o'clock P. M., the regiment reported at the headquarters of CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 193 General Schofield, and was assigned to the duty of guarding prisoners. Leaving Franklin at one A. M., unier command of Colonel von MatzdorfE, it marched to Brentwood, and on the 1st of December fell back to Nash- ville, and turned over the prisoners to the proper authorities. The mounted detachment, while performing provost duty in the town was frequently fired upon by the citizens, whereby it sustained some loss. It was soon after ordered as body guard to the general commanding, and moved to the opposite side of the Harpeth, where it remained until the 5th, and then joined the balance of the regiment at Fort Gillem. It re- mained In reserve during the engagement at Nashville on the 15th and 16th. On the 20th it was ordered to return to Franklin, and upon its arrival bivouacked upon its former camping ground. During the winter, and until the final surrender of the rebel armies, it was chiefly engaged in guarding trains, scouting, and provost duty. It was finally mustered out of service on the 1st of September, and on the 9th, left Murfrees'boro' homeward bound, arriving at Harrisburg on the 12th, with an aggregate number of two hundred and thirty-six officers and men. On the 4th of July, 1866, its tattered banner, carried through all its campaigns, was presented to the Executive for preservation in the archives of the State, and the colors presented by ladies of Philadel- phia, before leaving in 1861, were deposited in Independence Hall. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 77th RBGIMENT INFANTRY Brock's Field, Chickamauga Park, Ga., November I3tb, 1897. ADDRESS OF REV. J. COOPER. MEMBERS of the Seventy-seventh, and Dear Comrades:— I am proud • to be with you on this historic field of Chickamauga and so glad to look into your faces again. Proud and glad as I am to be in your midst, yet this occasion almost unmans me and the emotions of my heart are unspeakable. I am so glad to meet Colonel Robinson, who was a good soldier and a, courteous gentlemen; and it cheers my heart to be- hold the face of Captain Skinner, who never shirked duty and was always with the boys at the front. I wish Colonel Rose was here; he was a gentleman and a fighter and was loved and trusted by the boys. More than thirty years ago Chickamauga battlefield was a wild, weird scene, 13 194 PENNSYLVANIA AT where musketry rattled like a million snare drums and cannon roared like thunder in the heavens, and men fell like leaves from trees in an angry storm; soldiers, valiant and loyal, wrapped themselves in the drapery of dreamless sleep; tattoo sound-ed "lights out" and they lay down till the grand reveille of God shall make the earth and the sea give up their dead. This monument erected to the honor of the Seventy-seventh is a work of art and substantial beauty. "We look upon it as a fitting tribute to our fallen comrades and tears fill our eyes as we remember how we camped, marched, messed and went into battle, how our flag was torn with shot and Shell, and our comrades, bleeding and dying, gave inspiration to our gallant regiment contending for the Union and for the valor of the Keystone State. If our Seventy-seventh boys who sleep here on this field could see thro' the veil between them a,nd us, and hear what we say, understand what we feel and see our tears, all here would be a vision of joy to them. Tho' they fell at Ohickamauga, yet in fall- ing they ascended. If they can look down upon our country, they will rejoice and be glad that "old glory" waves peacefully and gloriously over the whole land and that thfe voice of the whole people is for perpetual peace and the pursuits of industry. They will know they died not in vain. And their comrades, now with armless sleeves, wounds and sha;ttered health, togeither with them, greet with awe and reverence this monu- ment which silently and eloquently stands for one of Pennsylvania's- heroic regiments. What a hallowed and memorable field this! How like a. river of peace is the quiet reigning here! As principal musician of the gallant Seventy-seventh, I knew most men in the regiment. Four long years I put you to bed at night and with reveille awakened you in the early morning; and, oh! how mad the boys were at the fife and drums, Just when they felt like having a good morn- ing's sleep! I was usually the first out of bed and often laughed with the drum major to see the boys coming out of their tents before sunrise. We are slowly and silently gathering to the shore dividing this world from the world eternal; tho' we did not fall in battle like our valiant comrades, still we shall face the last enemy. Death, and before him we shall go down and falling, we shall rise again in God's good pleasure. I admire and reverence this splendid monument erected to our heroic dead. In memory I recall many of the forms and faces of those who sleep on this beautiful, historic field. They were soldiers of whom any army would be proud, men whom the old Keystone State delights to honor. While the remnant of the Seventy-seventh abides on earth our sleeping comrades cannot be forgotten. When we have gone over to meet them, then, this monument will say to generations to come — a gallant, glorious regiment defended the flag and government of our fathers on this field. I would like to say more but emotion bids me weep, uncover my head and stand in silent awe and deep humility upon this sacred ground. I speak to men now at this monument who were as brave as those who fell; they were in the heat of battle; but they lived— some with armless sleeves, others with wounds or broken health. But at last we shall lie down in sleep, the grass and flowers for our CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 195 covering, resting In that undisturbed repose, until the angel of the res- urrection shall sound the reveille on that beautiful morning when all shall arise and the Father "shall wipe away all tears from our eyes" and bid us enter and welcome where eternal peace prevails. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE W. SKINNER. COMRADES of the Seventy-seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Vol- unteers: Nothing that has occurred in my whole life has afforded me quite so much gratification as the pleasure of meeting so many of you on t^is historic spot to-day. It is not to be wondered at that this should be so. For four years and more most of us here to-day knew no other homes than the tents and bivouac of the Seventy-seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, and no other friendships and associations than those formed by our connection with that regiment, amid all the perils and hardships endured by it, from the time it entered the service in September, 1861, until finally mustered out in January, 1866. Bound to- gether so closely, as we were in those stirring times, it could not have well been otherwise than that we should have grown to regard each other not only as comrades, but as brothers. The many years that have elapsed since our service ended have caused most of us who are still living to drift far apart, but the lapse of all these years has not driven from our hearts and minds the memories of the days when we were marching and fighting, and our comrades one by one were going down to death by our side with-, c-ut a cry, or a murmur of regret that it should be so. This occasion is peculiarly gratifying to me because, in connection with General Robinson, Colonel Blakeley, of the Seventy-eighth Regiment, and a few other good friends, I had labored for years to secure through the Legislature of our State the necessary appropriations not only to build these monuments to our Pennsylvania organizations, but to bring here free of expense, for the purpose of seeing them dedicated, all the sur- vivors of such organizations as are now residing within the limits of our State. In justice to General Robinson, I should say, that the suggestion that the State of Pennsylvania should be asked to do this, first came to me from him while I was a member of the House of Representatives al- most ten years ago. At first the proposition met with little favor at Har- rlsburg, but by persistent and oft-repeated effort, success was at last at- tained, and now to-day we have the satisfaction of seeing in place and ready to be formally dedicated fifteen splendid monuments to commem- orate the services of fifteen of the seventeen Pennsylvania organizations participating in the various engagements fought in this vicinity. It is a matter of regret to all of us that the two remaining regiments, the Sev- enty-third and One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania, have not yet been able to agree upon a suitable location within the National Park, for the monuments intended to be erected in their honor. It is to be hoped that at no distant day they too may have monuments in place similar to ours 196 PENNSYLVANIA AT and then the record of Pennsylvania on these fields will be complete, so far, at least, as these stately monuments can speak to future generations of the part her sons performed on these far distant fields of confiict. My comrades, it is usual on an occasion like this for some one to give at considerable length a resume of the operations of the regiment whose monument is about to be dedicated, but time will not permit of this to- day. This regiment was so long in the service — four years and almost four months— and participated in so many engagements and hazardous movements that to give anything like a complete history of its opera- tions would be to write a huge volume. Suffice it to say, that from the time the regiment reached Louisville, Ky., in October, 1861, down until the last armed foe had surrendered, or been driven from the field of action, it was almost constantly in the front of every military operation of any consequence in the division of the army to which attached. No other regiment from Pennsylvania, outside of those in the cavalry service, saw EG much hard marching or was kept so constantly in the immediate front of the enemy. Why, there was scarcely a week and surely not a whole month in all the years of its service when it was not so close to the front that an attack of some sort might not be expected. It was a frequent saying of our boys about the time we were mustered out that the Sev- enty-seventh had never had any "soft snaps." But I must hasten on; others are to speak, and other duties to be per- formed to-day. I need not speak to you men before me of the glorious part this regiment took in the Important battles of Shiloh, Corinth, La Verne, Stone River and Liberty Gap, and of the many smaller engage- ments in which you took part and which preceded your appearance on this field where we now stand, because most of you saw it all, and it is a part of the history of your country and your State. Before passing further, however, let me recall the compliment paid' us by General Rosecrans, while reviewing our brigade at Murfreesboro, in the spring of 1863. Pausing in front of the regiment as he rode along the lines, he said to Colonel Rose, our commanding ofHcer, "Colonel, I see that your regiment is all right. Give my compliments to the boys and tell them that I say, it was the banner regiment at Stone River; it never broke its ranks." Now, a few words as to the part performed by our regiment on this field. It was in these woods a short distance to our rear, that we first became engaged on that ever to be remembered 19th day of September, 1863. Tou remember how during the early part of the day our troops along this portion of the line steadily forced the enemy back, until being strongly reinforced about four o'clock in the afternoon the tide of battle turned upon us and we were met by one of the fiercest assaults ever made on a battlefield. As I remember it, the artillery fire for perhaps the space of a half hour was simply terrible. Trees were mown down like grain, and the smoke of the battle fell so thick amid the foliage that it was difficult to pierce the gloom with the naked eye for any great distance. Our regi- ment was in the dirt-ct line of the heaviest artillery and musketry fire. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 197 but it stood as firm as an adamantine rock while the assault lasted and until the enemy fell back. As night was then coming on most of us sup- posed that the confliot for ttoat day was over, but in this we were sadly mistaken. Darkness found us in an exposed condition with no connec- tion with our lines to the right of where we now stand and where the regiment then rested. It was into the gap thus left open that the enemy swept that night and we were soon engaged in a hand to hand contest with superior numbers both in our front and in our rear. But one result was possible with us in such an uneven conflict. Our regiment was simply wiped out of existence for the time being. A very few of us in the confusion and darkness of the night escaped, but the great ma- jority were either killed o^r captured. It was a sorry looking apology for a regiment that mustered in line of battle the next morning under Cap- tain Walker, less than fifty men left from that splendid organization which had so proudly marched into the battle less than twenty-four hours before. Few of the captured ever returned to us for they languished and died in the foul prison pens to which consigned. Out of ten enlisted men captured from my company, not one ever returned to home or friends. When wejooked into their faces in the gathering gloom of that evening here among these very trees beneath which we are now standing, we little dreamed that before the morning light those faces would pass from our earthly vision forever. The Seventy-seventh Regiment had been in many difficult and danger- ous places. Its ranks had been sadly thinned on many a battlefield, but its heaviest misfortunes came to it upon this spot. It is fitting, there- fore, that this monument to its patriotism and valor should stand here, facing as it does that other monument almost within reach of my hand, as I speak, which has been erected to mark the spot upon which fell and died General Preston D. Smith, the youthful and gallant commanding ofllcer of the forces which swept in upon us with such deadly effect. that night. He was shot by a member of my company and fell from his horse upon the very spot upon which that monument now stands. But my comrades, I know that I am talking to you this afternoon longer than I should. I should dearly love to stop with you here a while longer and speak of the many incidents connected with this part of the battle, to note the many acts of individual bravery here performed by com- rades of ours, but I dare not attempt to do so. Then, too, I should like to take you with me from this field to Chattanooga and Lookout Moun- tain, and then from Chattanooga to Atlanta, Ga., fighting almost every foot of the way for more than a hundred days, over more than a hundred miles, until we saw the "Gate City" fall, and then from Atlanta back to the terrific contests at Franklin and Nashville, where the Confederate forces under General Hood were so thoroughly broken and dispirited that they could never again rally to do battle under the fiag of trea.son, and then on through to East Tennessee, where we received the glad tid- ings at the surrender at Appomattox; but it would be a long journey and a journey so crowded with stirring incidents that nightfall would be here 198 PENNSYI.VANIA AT before the journey would be half ended or the tale half told. And even if it were possible to do this I should still be far from the end of the history of this grand old regiment of ours, which was called upon, after Lee's sur- render, to spend many months of service in the far off State of Texas, where the dangers which befell us from the diseases incident to a strange climate were almost as great and almost as fatal as were the dangers which confronted us while facing the armed foes of our country. 1 well remember, that during the single week we were encamped at Green Lake, Texas, fully a sccre of our comrades were stricken with and died from what in the parlance of that section was called "brake-bone fever." It then seemed to us hard indeed that so many brave boys who had escaped the danger of over half a hundred battlefields should have been compelled, months after the war was over and peace proclaimed, to yield up their lives amid the fever stricken swamps of an inhospitable climate, thousands of miles away from their homes and the friends who were looking and longing for their return. Now comrades, the temptation for me to continue talking to-day is very great. Bach face before me this afternoon brings up a flood of memories, and I fully realize that never again after we leave this spot will I look into all your faces again in this world, but I must allow others to talk to you. Here is Colonel Robinson, who at the time of the battle here commanded company E. He was wounded and captured here, and after spending more than a year in different Confederate prisons returned to us and became our lieutenant colonel, a;nd was afterwards breveted brigadier general. He must have a vivid recollection of much that oc- curred here. So, too, must Captain McDowell, who was the first to dis- cover the presence of the enemy on that eventful evening, and who also became a prisoner after having been wounded. Now I know both of these gentlemen have been little accustomed to speech-making, but they can at least stand up and let you look at them. They are not quite as young and good looking as when you last saw them on this spot, but their interest in you and in all that pertains to the his- tory and achievements of the regiment is as deep as ever and can only diminish with death. Now, comrades, good-bye. And as we leave this spot, let us hope that this monument may stand here for ages, telling to our children and to our children's children, if they should ever visit this field, that it was here their fathers fought, not in an unholy war of conquest, but in a great struggle for human liberty and for the preservation of the American Union. Our old soldiers are fast passing away and it will be but a few more years at best until the last one of the survivors of that grand old army, which a third of a century ago shook this continent with its firm and mighty tread, will have "passed from earth to his rest in the grave." When that time comes the deeds of the men who comprised that army can live only on the painter's canvass, in the sculptured bronze and marble, or in story and in song. Let us hope, that no lapse of time or change of CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 199 political conditions will ever cause the people of this beloved land of ours to forget the magnitude of the principles involved in that great struggle, and all that it cost in blood and treasure to maintain them. "Some -things are worthless, some so good. That Nations which buy, buy only with blood." ADDRESS OF GENERAL, W. A. ROBINSON. COMRADES: — As Captain Skinner has truly said, I am not accus- tomed to speech-making, and shall not attempt to begin that role now. I can at least, however, express my very great pleasure in being permitted to look again into the faces of so many of you. Some of you I have not seen since I parted with you on this ground over thirty-four years ago. It was my misfortune to fall into the hands of the enemy on that night, which we all remember so well, and when I returned to the regiment more than a year afterwards many changes had taken place; some were dead, and others of you had left the service on account of wounds or other disabilities. Those of us who have met here to-day should thank God that He has preserved us all these years, and has permitted us to revisit this spot to participate in these dedication ceremonies. "When I read in your faces and hear from your lips the gratification that you all feel over having this splendid monument erected in your honor by the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, I feel amply repaid for my share of the labors performed by the executive committee of the Chickamauga- Chattanooga Battlefields Commission. Only those who have served with me upon that committee can have any adequate conception of the amount of labor we have been obliged to perform, not only in locating positions, but in agreeing upon designs and in securing the necessary legislation and appropriation of n.oneys at Harrisburg. Now that our labors of more than four yeafs of hard active effort have been crowned with success, we certainly have cause for feeling like congratulating ourselves. It is a pleasure to us to see this historic field crowned with so many Pennsyl- vania monuments, and it is a greater pleasure to us to know that our work is approved by you in almost every particular. Of course, in the performance of our duties we have been assisted in many ways by others, T.ot only by comrades of other regiments and other states who fought with us on this field, but by distinguished gentlemen of our own State, who aided us in securing the proper legislation to carry our plans into effect. While I cannot here attempt to mention all who have assisted in this direction, I feel that I should not neglect to make public acknowledg- ment of the aid and sympathy given us at various times by Governor Pat- tison. Governor Hastings, General Boynton, Senator James G. Mitchell and Representative William T. Marshall, the two latter gentlemen be- ing, respectively, chairman of the Senate and House Appropriation Com- 200 PENNSYLVANIA AT mittees. Then, too, we were fortunate in having Captain Skinner, in the House of Representatives while this legislation was being asked for, and if he had not done his whole duty by us we would certainly have had him court marshaled and shot. Now, my comrades, instead of attempting to make any further remarks of my own, I am going to have read and included as the remaining portion of my speech, a letter from one who was well known to you all in the days of your service, who was your commanding officer when you entered this fight, who was captured here and who, after several months confine- ment in southern prisons, returned totake command of you in many other engagements before the close of the war. He was every inch a soldier. After our regiment was mustered out in 1866, he sought and obtained a commission in the regular army and has but recently been placed on the retired list after more than thirty years service under the "old flag.*' I know you will join with me in expressing many regrets that he could not be with us to-day and I feel that you will all be interested in receiving his message to you which I now ask the chairman to have read. LETTER FROM COLONEL THOMAS E. ROSE. Vernal. Utah, September 15, 1897. To my Comrades of the Seventy-seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry: My Dear Comradea: A letter that I have just received from Comrades W. A. Robinson and G. W. Sliinner, informs me that the Pennsylvania Monuments on the battlefield of Chickamauga, Ga., are to be dedicated on the loth of November, and kindly Invites me, on behalf of the comrades of this regiment, to come and assist in the dedication. Nothing could give more heartfelt delight than to be with you there to assist in this T.'ork but it is impossible for mo to be there. I should love to see the monuments. I have the photographs of the one to be dedicated to the memory of the Seventy-seventh. It is beautiful and appropriate* and from the picture of the surroundings and from letters that I have received from time to time in regard to It, It Is excellently located. I feel under great obligations to Colonel W. A, Robinson and other comrades of the regiment, for the untiring' care and attention that they have given to the design and preparation, and to the selection of the location of this beautiful monument. It grieves me sadly that I could not have been with them, to assist them all through this arduous work; but I have the satisfaction to know that 'it could not have been better done and may be would not have been done so well. Still; the pleasure it would have been to me to have assisted them In any work of benefit, or honor, to my comrades, would have been unbounded; and I feel a great grief In having to forego the pleasure it would give me, to be with you on the occasion of the dedication of these monuments. • There is hardly a week or a day passes, that the familiar face of some comrade of the Seventy-seventh does not come vividly to my mind. E3ven as I write this letter they all appear to be standing around me, the living and the dead, watching the words as they come from my pen. But they appear as they did in the days of their early manhood. They appear as they did when I saw them bid farewell to their dearest kindred and homes, when life was dear and sweet, to go forth to encounter the hardships, privations and dangers, of a long and exhausting war. As they did when I saw thera on the weary march from midnight to midnight, Tramp! Tramp! no rest for days and nights together; through rain and sleet and snow; through wintry blasts and under the summer's burning sun; In sweltering heat and dust as dense as atmosphere could hold, on narrow roads, through dense forests, over mountain passes, climbing, and plunging through swollen streams; as when I saw them on the lonely picket in the face of the gravest danger; as when I saw them on every battlefield, fighting In the very jaws of death, with all the detperation of men struggling for their lives— not for fame or glory— but to save their country; as when I saw them receiving dreaAful wounds, and being carried from the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 201 field In agony; as when. I saw them lay down their young:, sweet lives on bloody fields, often right by my side; as when I saw them, with despairing- countenances, in prison pens and horrid dungeons. And also when I saw them, in the hour of their final triumph, with victory on their banner, when the war clouds broke and peace once more reigned over our Country. These scenes have long since passed; and many of the actors have passed away. But I was with them all in every vicissitude, from first to last; and their familiar forms and faces may well come vividly to my memory, as I saw them then, though I was to live for a thousand years. Those of the actors who still remain have passed from youth and vigoftjus manhood to old age. I have no doubt they are greatly changed in appearance; and the contrast between the vision I have related, and the reality, if all the survivors were now to meet, • would probably cause, for a moment, a feeling of sadness in our hearts; but the great joy that would be produced by such a meeting would quickly over-balance any such feeling; for the same hearts beat in those bosoms with a friendship for each other and a love for our country, that time can never remove. In consideration of the deeds and sacrifices that I have related, our countrymen have seen fit to honor us by erecting these beautiful monuments, and well, I think, they may see fit to do so. Not for our sakes only, but for their' s and future generations. As the story of Lexington, Bunker Hill, Monmouth, Saratoga, Torktown and other battles of the Revolution, came to our childhood's ears to remind us, that, by the struggles and sacrifices of our forefathers, they erected for us, out of thirteen poor, dis- united and dependent colonies of England, a great and glorious country of freedom, so let these beautiful monuments on the battlefields of Shiloh, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Vicksburg and other great battles of the war, remind our children and future genera- tions thn.t, by our struggles and sacrifices, we erected and perpetuated for them, out of a country that was in the very throes of dissolution and death, one of the foremost na- tions cf the earth. To future generations, if they have the same patriotism and love of country that burns within our breasts, which God grant they may ever have, it will be the very foremost nation of the earth, even if it is not now. Much has been said of the vast power of England even by Americans. The great Daniel "Webster said "She is a power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drum beat, following the .sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." Now it is true that our country is not a power that has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, but her influence is none the less feJt In every land and sea and dime. She, indeed, has no drum beat following the sun and keeping company, with the hours; but as the morning sunbeams first reach her glad shores at the eastern sea and advance from meridian to meridian lighting up fir clad hills, great valleys, lakes, rivers, vast plaiijs and snow capped mountains, until they touch with a crimson glow the waters of the western ocean, they are followed and the hours are accompained by the awaken- ing hum of peaceful industry, and songs of joy and gladness from the midst of sur- roundings which contain all that is dear to the heart of man; not from detached and distant posts over Intervening stretches of barbarism; but over one whole, united and enlightened country that extends from ocean to ocean and from the burning tropics to the frozen regions under the midnight sun. My comrades, it was to assist In preserving and perpetuating this great country that we banded together, in the hour of its direst peril, under the name of the Seventy-sev- enth Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry and were so organized; and while battling for our country for four years, until she emerged from every danger, we formed a friendship and love for each other which will continue as long as life tasts. It is In honor of this band of devoted friends that this beautiful monument has been erected and dedicated; and, after the last of us shall have passed through the dark valley to the great beyond, may this beautiful monument still stand, and may it long be remembered of us how well we loved and served our country. Very respectfully. Your obedient sen'ant and affectionate comrade, THOMAS E. ROSE, Colonel, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infanti-y. 202 PENNSYLVANIA AT HISTORICAL SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* ON THE 1st of August, 1S61, Frederick S. Stumbaugh, a citizen of Chainbersburg, received authority from the War Department to recruit a regiment, to be composed of eight companies of infantry, and one of artillery. A camp of rendezvous was established at Cham- bersburg, and subsequently at Camp Wilkins, near Pittsburgh. The men were principally recruited in the counties of Franklin, Cumberland, Alle- gheny, Lancaster, Huntingdon, Blair, Fulton and Luzerne. Company G, raised at Scranton, was composed of Welchmen, or of Welch descent, noted for their stern bravery, as were the men generally of this regi- ment, well proved on many a hard fought field. A body of men known as Company H, though never fully organized on account of lack of num- bers, continued with the regiment some time, marched hundred of miles, and was actually engaged in one battle, but was never paid, and was finally disbanded. The company of artillery was recruited at Erie, under Captain Muehler, which received some accessions from a company re- cruited at Chambersburg, under Captain Housum. It remained with the regiment until the beginning of the year 1862, when it was detached, and never afterwards rejoined it. In October, 1861, a regimental organization was effected by the choice of the following officers: Frederick S. Stum- baugh, Colonel; Peter B. Housum, of Franklin county. Lieutenant Colonel; Stephen N. Bradford, of Luzerne county, Major. While at Camp Wilkins, company and regimental drill was studiously prosecuted, and the command was assigned to a, brigade composed of the Seventy- seventh, Seventy-eighth and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Regiments, under command of Brigadier General James S. Negley. On the 18th of October, the regiment moved by transport to Louisville, and thence marched south on the line of the Louisville Railroad to the north bank of the Nolln river, where it was encamped for a month, and subsequently at Camp Negley, a mile south of the stream. Here the regi- ment was detached from Negley's Brigade, and assigned to Wood'st when it moved to the camp of the latter, five miles east. Proceeding leisurely forward, and spending considerable time in camps by the way, the regi- ment arrived at Nashville, on the 2d of March, 1862, the capture of Forts Henry and Donaldson, two weeks earlier, by General Grant, having opened the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, and prepared the way for its occupation. Soon after his victories of the 16th of February, General Grant, crossing over to the Cumberland river, moved up with his com- •Bxtract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. tOrganizatlon of the Fifth Brigade (subsequently the Second), General Thomas J. "Wood, Second Division; General A. M'Dowell M'Cook, Buell's Army (subsequently the Twentieth Corps). Seventy-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Fred- erick S. Stumbaugh; Twenty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, CJolonel John F. Mil- ler; Thirtieth Regln-ent Indiana Volunteers, Colonel Sion S. Bass; Thirty-fourth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Edward N. Kirk. "3 3 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 203 mand, first encounterifig opposition at Pittsburg Landing. At the same time General Buell commenced a co-operative movement south, along the line of the Nashville and Decatur Railroad, but was much delayed in building bridges and repairing the road. Before Grant had his army concentrated. General Albert Sidney Johnson, in chief command of the rebel army, at Corinth, Mississippi, twenty miles away, having gathered all together, moved stealthily up, and attacked the Union forces, repos- iug unsuspicious of danger, on the morning of Sunday, April 6. The ad- vance division of General Buell's column had reached Savannah, eight miles from the Ijanding, on the evening of the 5th. The dull sound of musketry, and the heavy booming of cannon heard on the following morn- ing, told to the quick apprehension of the soldiers that the battle had been begun. Sending messengers in hot haste to his other divisions, moving toilsomely forward, to hasten on, Buell pushed forward with the head of his column, Nelson's Division, up to the point opposite the Landing, where he was to cross, but did not reach the field until near evening, and until the fighting of the day was nearly over. Of the five divisions which Grant had upon the field three had been routed, and two forced back; but mass- ing his artillery he had succeeded in checking the enemy's fierce onset, when Nelson went into position, and helped to preserve a, firm front. During the night other of Buell's forces began to arrive. Crittenden came first, followed by McCook. The rest of his forces were too far away to be of any avail, though two brigades of Wood's Division arrived as the battle was closing-. The Seventy-seventh was far back when the battle began, but throwing aside every incumbrance, and taking a full supply of ammunition, it moved upon the first intimation of need, and after a forced march of twenty miles arrived at Savannah at midnight. Standing in the pelting rain, awaiting transportation, until four on the morning of the 7th, it embarked on the Crescent City, and at seven steamed off. At eight it reached the Landing and debarked, and making its way, with difficulty, up the steep and slippery banks, moved to the scene of action. During the early part of the day it was held in reserve, though exposed to a severe fire. In the progress of the fight the enemy's cavalry charged upon it, but was handsomely repulsed. It was finally moved to the right, and formed on the left of Rousseau's Brigade. Here the enemy's sharpshooters, concealed behind trees, were very troublesome, picking off officers with unerring aim. Two companies, A and B, were deployed as skirmishers, and advanced, clearing the woods and securing immunity from peril. In the final charge the regiment was in the front, and took many prisoners, among them Colonel Battles, of the Twentieth Tennessee. At three P. M., the battle was over, the enemy retiring. The loss was three killed, and seven wounded. It was the only Pennsylvania regiment in this battle. For eight days the regiment remained on the field, during which time it rained almost Incessantly. On the 14th, the tents having been brought up, it moved on several miles, to escape the horrid stench of that bloody field. "While here much sickness prevailed, which resulted in fatal fevers. 204 PENNSYLVANIA AT Lieutenant Colonel Housum fell a victim to its feligrhting influence, and was obliged to retire from the field, leaving Major Bradford in command, Colonel Stumbaugh, since the battle in which Colonel Kirk was wounded, having been in command of the brigade. It was not until the beginning of May that the army moved in pursuit of the enemy, and another month expired before the Seventy-seventh reached the works about Corinth. On the 28th of May, there was considerable skirmishing on its front, and it was engaged in throwing up breast-works. Early on the morning of Friday, the 3CM;h, a, heavy explosion was heard in the direction of the town, and upon advancing it was found that his fortifications were de- serted. General Pope, who had joined Grant, was sent in pursuit of the retreating rebels, and Buell commenced the march back into Tennessee. McCook's Division kept upon the right flank, proceeding along the line of the Memphis and Tennessee Railway, and passing through luka, Flor- ence, Athens, Bridgeport, to the Cumberland Mountains, and thence north to Nashville, reaching the city early in September. General Bragg, who now held command of the rebel army opposed to Buell, having collected a formidable force, had entered Tennessee, and was making for Kentucky, Louisville, seemingly his objective point. To prevent its occupation Buell, leaving only a small force for the defence of Nashville, hastened with the main body to its protection. By the 26th of September, the regiment had reached the neighborhood of the city, Bragg having been beaten in the race. Resting but four days it about faced, and moved with the army in search of the enemy, Buell having resolved to offer battle. The division moved upon the extreme left of the column, in the direction of Frankfort, and first encountered the enemy's pickets at Fern Creek, and again at Claysville, where a spirited skirmish occurred. On the 8th of October, tlie day on which the battle of Perry- ville was fought by the main body of the army, the division, having advanced a few miles beyond Frankfort, returned, it having been ascer- tained that Kirby Smith, with a heavy rebel force, was In front, and manoeuvring to cut it off from the main column. Recrossing the river it moved on the Danville road, and at Lawrenceburg encountered the rebel vanguard. Skirmishing ensued at intervals, but by a. forced march it succeeded In eluding pursuit and in defeating his purposes. Moving back to the neighborhood of Nashville the regiment rested until the opening of the winter campaign. In the meantime Buell was super- seded by Rosecrans, and Colonel Stumbaugh having resigned, the com- mand of the regiment devolved on Lieutenant Colonel Housum. During the later part of November, the brigade was several times sent out on reconnoitring expeditions, in which the enemy was met, and on the 27th had a hot skirmish near Lavergne. On the 26th of December, the regiment broke camp, and joined in the grand movement of the army in the direction of Murfreesboro. On the following day skirmishing commenced, and the enemy was driven, until the 30th, when he was found In force covering the town, his left resting on the right bank of Stone river. McCook's Corps immediately went into CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 205 /►osition In his front, Johnson's Division on the extreme right, the Sev- enty-seventh on the left, and joining the right of Davis' Division, which stood next. The position of the regiment was upon the edge of a cedar bralce, with a cornfield in front, the sRirraish line of the enemy resting on the opposite side. In this position it remained nearly twenty-four hours with little firing, though the enemy was in close proximity. During the night the movement of his forces, just in rear of his front line, could be distinctly heard. This intelligence was communicated to Colonel Housum by the officer in command of the skirmishers of the Seventy-seventh, and Captain Robinson met General McCook about midnight, and informed him that he was sure that the enemy was massing his troops for an at- tack. The Colonel accordingly ordered his men to stand to arms, and there was no more sleep during that night. The other regiments of the division, unwarned or unsuspicious of danger, were still resting with arms stacked, when at daylight Hardee's Corps broke like a whirl- wind upon Johnson's Division. The Seventy-seventh was ready for the onset, and poured in a destructive fire. Not so the troops upon the right, who, were doubled up, and broken like a leaf in the hand of the destroyer. The battery horses were unhitched, and a part of them were, at that moment, being led away to watering. The Brigade Battery, Bdgarton's, was captured, and turned upon the Union forces. The right of the divi- sion had been driven and dispersed, and now a heavy column of the enemy made a determined attack upon the right of Davis' Division, which also gave way. Heavily pressed in front, with both flanks ex- posed, the Seventy-seventh was forced to retire a short distance, but reformed on the right of Davis, on a, line at right angles to the original position, facing to the west, to meet the fresh onset of the enemy on the right flank. Five hundred yards away was a rebel battery, and a short distance from it were Bdgarton's guns. Colonel Housum determined to recapture them, and ordering a charge, led his regiment on with un- faltering bravery, swept the enemy before him, and recovered the lost pieces. Not satisfied with his success, he pushed on towards the rebel guns; but here he was met by a powerful body of the enemy's supports, and was hurled back, losing all he had gained. In this last desperate encounter, Colonel Housum was killed. His last words, addressed to his Adjutant, were "Davis, I am wounded. Stay by the brave boys of the Seventy-seventh." Again reforming on the right of Davis' Division, under command of Captain Thomas E. Rose, the regiment continued the fight until overborne by weight of numbers, this division, also, was forced back, and took up a position on the right of the Nashville Turnpike, and just in rear of the rising ground whereon was massed the artillery which finally checked the rebel onset, and which has since been selected as the last resting place of the men who fell on that ever memorable field. During the night, and the following day until noon, it remained at the front, and was frequently engaged. It then moved back, and was posted in the position which it occupied on the previous day, where the brigade was gathered under command of Colonel J. B. Dodge, of the Thirtieth 206 PENNSYLVANIA AT Indiana. The fighting on the 2d af January, the third day of the battle, on the left and centre was very severe; but the enemy, broken and dis- pirited, was forced to yield, and during the night hastily withdrew from the field. At Murfreesboro, on th^20th of March following, when Gen- eral Rosecrans was reviewing the array, preparatory to his second grand advance against Bragg, as he came to the Seventy-seventh, in passing along the line, he halted in its front and said, "Colonel, I see that your regiment is ^11 right. Give my compliments to the boys, and tell them that I say 'It was the banner regiment at Stone River.' They never broke their ranks." After the battle, and until the middle of February, the regiment was engaged in guard, scout and foraging duty. It then went into camp at Murfreesboro, and was employed, until the opening of the summer cam- paign, in erecting fortifications. In the meantime Captain Rose was com'missioned Colonel; Captain Frederick S. Pyfer, Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain Alexander Phillips, Major, Major Bradford having resigned. On the 24th of June, the regiment broke camp, and moving by the Shelby- ville Pike, the whole army being in motion, encountered Cleburne's Divi- sion of the rebel army at Liberty Gap. Colonel Miller, of the Twenty- ninth Indiana, in command, formed the brigade on the right of Willick's, which was in advance, and was first engaged. The enemy occupied a high hill, abrupt of ascent. The Seventy-seventh, in conjunction with the Twenty-ninth Indiana, charged and carried the heights, routing the enemy, and driving him to the next range, a mil^ distant. During the ensuing night the enemy was reinforced, but on the following morning the Union line moved forward to attack. The Seventy-seventh was ob- liged to move over a level ploughed field, now trodden into deep mud. In passing this it was exposed to a hot Are, from which many fell, among them Colonel Miller, Colonel Rose succeeding him in command of the brigade. For nearly two hours the battle raged with unabated fury, when the enemy was again routed, and put to fight. The regiment lost one-third of its effective strength, Lieutenant Williami H. Thomas being among the killed, and Captain Kreps among the badly wounded. Soon afterwards the rebel leader commenced his retreat towards Chat- tanooga, and Rosecrans followed in pursuit, intent on again bringing him to bay. On the 30th of August, the regiment reached Stevenson, and on the following day crossed the Tennessee Kiver. Passing over Sand and Lookout Mountains, the brigade moved down to near Rome, Georgia; but soon after returned, and ascending Lookout, passed along upon its sum- mit, remaining some time near the falls of Little River, and on the 17th of September descended into McLemore's Cove, where it went into line in the enemy's front. On the 19th, changing rapidly several miles to the left, where the fighting was very heavy, it was ordered into positon, and charged, driving the enemy nearly two miles. The Seventy-seventh was on the extreme right of the division, and had attained a position con- siderably in advance of the Itroops on its right. But as the enemy seemed thoroughly beaten, no immediate evil resulted. General Williok, CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 207 however, immediately ordered Colonel Rose to send out a detachment to the right to ascertain how wide was the gap between his troops and next of the line. Two companies, under Lieutenant Colonel Pyfer, were dis- patched, who soon returned reporting the distance a mile and a quarter. General Willick ordered the position to be held, and said that troops would be sent to fill the gap. Just at dark a heavy rebel column of fresh troops attacked with great violence. That fatal gap was not filled, and the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, and Seventy-ninth Illinois, with fianks exposed, were left to battle alone with an overpowering hostile force. With a coolness and courage rarely paralleled, the men held their ground, and wh6n at length outfianked, and the line enfiladed, there were signs of wavering, the officers seized the colors, and with unwonted heroism, and daring, inspired the men, by their example, with fresh enthusiasm to maintain the fight, and to hold the ground. The action became desperate, and hand to hand, and to distinguish friend from foe was difiicult. In the midst of the fight the rebel General, Preston Smith, was shot down by Sergeant Bryson, the General having taken the Ser- geant for one of his own men, and being In the act of striking him with his sword for some conceived offence. But the odds were too great, and that little band of heroes was forced to yield, all the field offlcfers, seven line officers, and seventy men of the Seventy-seventh falling into the hands of the enemy. Those who escaped retired during the night, and under the command of Captain J. J. Lawson took part in the fierce fight- ing of the following day. On the 21st they retired, with the army, to Chattanooga, and were engaged' in fortifying, and in repelling the ad- vance of Bragg. On the 26th of October, the command moved to the summit of Walden's Ridge, and thence, by Jasper and Shellmound, to Whiteside, where it remained until the close of the year. In January, a large proportion of its members re-enlisted, and were given a veteran furlough. Upon their re- turn to the front, in April, they found Sherman preparing for his Atlanta campaign. At Tunnel Hill, on the 7th of May, they first encountered the enemy, from which position he was driven, and on the following day at Rocky Face Ridge, the contest continuing until the morning of the 13th. At Resaea, and at Kingston it lost severely. Again on the 25th, at New Hope Church, they were warmly engaged. Temporary breast- works were erected, and for three days the fighting continued. On the 4th of June they were moved three miles to the left, where again the ground was hotly contested. At Acworth, on the 0th of June, Colonel Rose, after his long confinement as prisoner of war, rejoined his regiment, and re- sumed command. From the 19th to the 23d, it lay close up to the base of Kenesaw Mountain, where it was hotly engaged, and was exposed to a terrible fire of artillery, losing heavily. On the 24th, with the entire corps (it being now in the Third Brigade, First Divison of the Fourth Corps), it moved to the right, and for four days had sharp fighting. A desperate assault was then made upon the fortifications, which was re- pulsed; but the lines still held their position close up to the enemy's 208 PENNSYLVANIA AT works until July 3, when he again retreated. At Smyrna the enemy made a stand, and the brigade was ordered to assault his works. They were gallantly carried and occupied. At the Chattahoochee River the regiment was kept busy for several days in skirmishing, and at Peach Tree Creek, on the 20th and 21st, was hotly engaged. The enemy now retired to his fortifications about Atlanta, and for a month the regiment was constantly employed in the operations of the investment. Captain John E. Walker was killed on the 5th of August. On the 25th of August, it moved to the Montgomery Railroad, and was employed in destroying the track. On the 1st of September it struck the Macon road, and assisted in effecting its destruction for'a long distance. At J'onesboro the comimand went into position on the left of the Four- teenth Corps! The enemy was driven to his second line of works, from which he opened a heavy flre. Halting for the troops to come up, prepa- rations were made for renewing the engagement in the morning; but when morning came it was discovered that he had retired. At Lovejoy the regiment was warmly engaged on the 2d, 3d, 4th, and evening of the 5th of September. On the 3d, Major Phillips lost an arm, and Lieutenant !H. R. Thompson was killed. After the fall of Atlanta, Hood, now in command of the rebel army, moved north upon Sherman's communications. Sherman followed as far as Gaylesville, Alabama, where, finding that he could not bring his ad- versary to battle, he sent Stanley with the Fourth Corps, and Schofleld with the Twenty-third, to report to Thomas, in command at Nashville, while he turned back with the balance of his army to Atlanta, and sub- sequently to the sea. With the Fourth Corps the regiment moved to Pulaski, on the Nashville and Decatur Railroad, arriving on the 3d of November. Three weeks later it retired to Columbia, and here the enemy again made his appearance, and was warmly greeted, not having been seen for a, month. His main columns approached on the Waynesboro road, and the Seventy-seventh, with other troops, was posted on an eminence commanding it. Without attempting to force his way in front, he designed, by a flank movement, to cut off the Union forces from their way of retreat to Nashville, and thus beat them in detail. In this he came nigh being successful. Remaining until after dark, on the 29th, the regiment moved in rear of the column, and succeeded in eluding the rebel chieftaia, and safely reaching Franklin. Here it was decided to make a stand, the lines were established, and temporary breast-works thrown up covering the town, which is situated in an elbow of the Har- peth River. The First Division of the Fourth Corps was posted on the right of the line, covering the roads leading west, with its right resting on the river. The Seventy-seventh was deployed as skirmishers, connecting on the left with the skirmishers of the Twenty-third Corps. Scarcely had the line been posted, four companies upon the outer line, and the re- maining ones in close proximity in reserve, before the enemy came up in line of battle, and commenced a furious attack. The skirmishers upon the right, not having got into position, gave way, and his line pushed on in pursuit. The Seventy-seventh maintained, heroically, its rosition CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 209 against overwhelming odds, until nearly surrounded, but succeeded in cutting Its way back, bringing in all its wounded and some at its dead. It was now posted behind the breast-works, on the left of the Thirtieth Indiana, where it remained until the close of the battle. At midnight the forces withdrew across the Harpeth River, and retired to Nashville. Hood followed, and sat down in front of the town. Having gathered in and re-organized his forces, mounting what he could, Thomas marched out on the 15th of December, and attacked him in his entrench- ments. The regiment moved on the Granny White Pike, and was en- gaged with the troops on the right, that stormed the heights where the rebel lines were first broken. At night it moved three miles to the Frank- lin Pike, and at daylight, with ofther troops, attacked the enemy in the new position to which he had' withdrawn. In moving over the hill, to the right of the pike, it was exposed to a, terrible cross fire of grape and canister, losing heavily. Colonel Rose having his horse killed under him, and Lieutenant Baldwin being killed. But undismayed it pushed forward, carried both lines of the enemy's works, and captured one of the batteries from which it had suffered so severely in advancing. The rebel army was completely routed, losing heavily in men and material. The pur- suit was vigorously pushed, but swollen streams, and almost impassible roads, delayed the column. The Seventy-seventh followed up, occa- sionally skirmishing with his rear guard, until it reached Huntsville, Alabama, where it rested. On the 13th of March, 1865, the regiment broke camp, and moved to Strawberry Plains, East Tennessee, where it was joined by three new companies under Captains Rohrbacker, Bell and Shock. Two week,'? later it pushed on to Bull's Gap, and here received two more companies under Captains Brauff and Shaw. On the 25th of April, the regiment re- turned, by rail, to Nashville. 'While here Major William A. Robinson was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain J. J. Lawson to Major. In the re-organization of the forces, which was here made, the regiment was assigned to the First Brigade of the First Division of the Fourth Corps, and Colonel Rose placed in command of the brigade. Lieutenant Colonel Robinson of the regiment. The rebel armies east of the Mississippi, thoroughly beaten, had laid down their arms, and surrendered to the victors; but on the west they still preserved a hostile front. The Seventy-seventh, with other forces was accordingly, ordered to Texas. Moving by rail to Johnsonville, it proceeded, by transport, to New "Orleans, where it bivouacked for three weeks on the field of Jackson's victory, and thence by steamer, to In- dianola, Texas, arriving on the 27th of July. From here it marched to Green Lake, where a halt of ten days was made, and then proceeded to Camp Stanley, four miles above Victoria, on the Gaudaloupe River. Here it remained until the 1st of October, when it returned to Victoria. On the 5th of December, It received orders to return home, and breaking camp, marched to Indianola, a distance of fifty miles, where it embarked, and on the 16th of January, 1866, arrived in Philadelphia, and was finally mustered out of service. 14 210 PENNSYLVANIA AT dedication of monument 78th R1:GIM1)NT infantry Brotherton's Woods, Chickamaoga Park, Ga., November 14, 1897. PRAYER BY REV. J. THOMPSON GIBSON, D. D. OLiORU, we adore Thee as the King, eternal, immortal, invisible; the only wise God. We worship Thee as our Creator, Preserver and Bountiful Benefactor. We thank Thee that in Thy gracious provid- ence we have been given a home in this great and good land, where we have civil and religious liberty, where the civil government is the ordinance of brod for justice, where our religious, civil and social institu- tions are leavened and moulded by the gospel of Christ. We confess be- fore Thee our unworthlness, our selfishness and our failure to use the high privileges and opportunities as we should have done. We confess that as a nation we sinned against Thee, the King of kings and Lord of lords; that as a nation we degraded the ordinance of God for justice and made it a. means of enslaving and oppressing our fellowmen. We rec- ognize Thy mighty hand and outstretched arm in the deliverance wrought for the enslaved people by the blood shed on this and other consecrated battlefields. We recognize Thy hand in controlling and bringing to a right issue the great war in which It was our lot to take part. We thank Thee for the courage, patriotism and devotion to right principles that char- acterized the lives of the brave men who fell on this field for the preserva- tion of our government and the interests of human liberty. We pray Thee to forgive all the wrong that has been done by the nation, and help us as a nation in the future to do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with Thee. AVe pray for a bless^ing upon the families and friends of those who fell on this field. We pray for a blessing upon those who are suffering while they still live from the wounds received here. We pray for a. special blessing upon the nation that has been preserved through this sacrifice of blood and treasure. In Thy presence and on this Thy holy 'day, we set apart and dedicate to the memory of those who died, this goodly monument. May it stand for centuries to testify to the courage and devotion of those who died here for a great cause. May it ever be to all beholders an inspiration to noble deeds of sacrifice for the preservation of all our national blessings and for the establishment of whatever will tend to the greater liberty and the nobler development of our fellowmen. Enable those of us v.rho are assembled here to-day to reconsecrate our- selves to Thy service in life. Make us all true, faithful, courageous sol- diers of the Lord Jesus Christ; and, under the leadership of the great Captain of our salvation, help us ever to do our duty on the side of right CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 211 and trjjth and justice, in love to our lellowmen and love to Thee. May the God of peace who brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus Christ, that Shepherd of the sheep through the blood of the everlasting covenant, make us all perfect to do his will, working in us, that which is well pleas- ing In his sight through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen. (The audience joined Rev. J. Thompson Gibson, D, D., in ofEeiring this prayer.) ADDRESS OF PRIVATE R. P. SCOTT. COMRADES of the Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania: — We are met on a great battlefield of the late war, on ground that has been made both historic and sacred by the courage, suffering and sacrifices of the brave, loyal men — living and dead— who engaged in the bloody struggle, for the maintenance of constitutional government, the establishment, and preservation of unqualified universal human freedom and liberty within our national borders, which took place here on the 19th and 20th days of September, A. D. 1863, to dedicate this monument, erected by the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, as a tribute in grateful remembrance and affectionate regard for her noble, patriotic, brave sons who bared their bosoms to the storm of battle and defended the national honor on this line on those fateful days. At Kittanning, Pennsylvania, in the fading purple of a beautiful Oc- tober afternoon, 1861, surrounded by the eternal hills of the picturesque Allegheny, respjendent in the crimson and golden glory of autumnal foliage, a, thousand men and boys, with 'iincovered heads and uplifted hands, promising to bear true faith and allegiance and defend her against all enemies, were mastered into the military service of the United States, for three years, or during the war. Having received uniforms, arms and equipments, the regiment moved on the 14th of October, 1861, to Pittsburgh, and a few days thereafter, on North Commons, Allegheny city, in the presence of thousands of the loyal men and women and amidst the shouts and applause of the youth and be?iuty of that loyal city, received its colors from the hands of Pennsyl- vania's grand patriot and war Governor, A. G. Curtin, and was by him designated and christened the Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania. On the 18th of October, 1861, the regiment, accompanied by the Seventy- seventh and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania and Muehler's Battery, all under command of Brigadier General James S. Negley, moved by river transportation to Ijouisville, Kentucky, and on the 24th the regiment was moved by rail to Camp Nolin, Kentucky, on the line of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, where the duties, difficulties and sorrows, as well as the pleasures and joys incident to a soldier's life, fairly begun, and after many days and nights of sore trial, toil, hardship and suffering arrived at Nashville, Tennessee, March 2, 1862. 212 PENNSYLVANIA AT It is not my purpose, indeed, I will not now undertake the task oj giving in detail the movements or the services of the regiment. Suffice to say, that its work and worth is part ol; the nation's history, and the services rendered the government by it at Nashville, Lavergne, Hermitage Ford, Stone River, (where, among others, my boyhood friend, playmate, "my pard," Corporal "W. J. Moore, gave his young life to his country), Hoover's Gap, Dug Gap, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, June 1, 1864. Kenesaw Mountain, dark in Its glory, and the raid to Flor- ejice, Alabama, after its term of enlistment had expired, together with the record of its noble dead who are sweetly sleeping under the laurel and by the rivers of the south, from Louisville, to the gates of Atlanta, attest its great glory and your manly courage and unselfish devotion. Of your journey down the historic Cumberland, up the broad Ohio magnificent in her green islands, the beautiful towns and cities which nestle on her banks, to Pittsburgh and thence to Kittanning, the cradle of regimental birth, the muster out, and the return to the loved ones at home there to enjoy the honors so well and worthily won, I shall not speak. You all re- member it better than I can repeat it here. Comrades, more than a third of a century has passed since last we stood on this line. Then dark, angry clouds hung over us. This ground was convulsed with the mad rush of contending armies and the terrible shock of battle. But to-day how different; all is changed; the heavy tread of hostile armies is no longer heard in the valleys, the sound of war has ceased to reverberate among these mountain ranges, the sword has been sheathed, and all nature is enjoying the sweet repose of this holy day. Yes, thank 'God, the angel of peace has spread her white wings over our blessed land and we now know but one flag — the stars and stripes— emblematic of the unity of a great nation. Since the day you stcod here in the full flush, strength and pride of young manhood, touching elbow to elbow, waiting with bated breath, beating heart, and strong steady nerve the onslaught of the enemy, many of our comrades, high as well as humble in rank, have lain down and fallen into that dreamless sleep which knows no waking in this world, and though they have put on the garb of immortality and returned to the dust, their faces are to us unchanged and may it not be possible that they are with us, in spirit, to-day and know what we do and say here. Looking into your faces to-day, perhaps for the last time in this world, I am sensibly reminded that time is slowly but surely laying his hand heavily upon us .and that we too shall soon join our departed comrades in a fairer clime, where generous fruits on trees immortal grow near the river, shining brighter with the christian's hope. In all ages and in all times, great military achievements have been the .glory of the people, and all nations, whether civilized or uncivilized, have fondly cherished the memory of the patriot dead in the erection of pyramids and tombs, and preserved the fame of great chieftains and war- riors by the construction of monuments and triumphal arches. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 213 In our own land many monuments 9,nd tombs have been erected to perpetuate the memory and preserve the fame of great warriors and stajtesmen at Arlingiton, Gettysburg, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chat- tanooga, Atlanta, Vicksburg. Here and elsewhere, a grateful republic has erected tombs and monuments in recognition of the merit, and to per- petuate the memory, courage, bravery and skill of all her soldiers, regard- less of rank, and as the nation's tribute in loving remembrance and affec- tionate regard for those who, having faithfully and heroically performed their duty, made their sacrifices and gave their lives that this nation might not perish from the earth, fill the patriots graves of the nation, which graves, with grass overgrown, form the foot-stool of Liberty's throne and each a rock in the temple of Right. Therefore, my comrades, it is not strange, yea, it is altogether fitting and proper that we, the survivors of the old Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, should meet here to-day, a. period of more than thirty-two years since the last gun was fired in that long and bloody conflict which brought more sadness, suffering and desolation to all the people than any war of which modern history has made record, to dedicate, not as a tribute to the memory or fame of a great chieftain or warrior, but to the fame, memory, patriotism and gallantry of all the members— living and dead — of the old Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania Infantry, who served their country in Its hour of peril, 1861-1865, this handsome monument, grand in propor- tion, magnificent in design, and artistic in workmanship, and yet of so little intrinsic value when compared with the great cost in blood and treasure, sacrifice, misery and suffering of the solid foundation upon which it rests. And while we dedicate this beautiful monument as a tribute to the fame and memory, greatness and worth of the members of the old Seventy- eighth Pennsylvania, many of whom gave the last full measure of devo- tion to their country and its free institutions, whose sons went down in blood into the valley of the shadow of death on the picket line or on some one of the fiercely contested battlefields of the war. or died from disease or wounds or from cruelty and torture infiicted on them in the prison pens of the south, and whose honored dust is now entombed beside that of their kindred in our own sacred cities of the dead, or are calmly, peace- fully sleeping in nameless graves on the hillside, on the plain, by the rivers or in the valleys under a southern sky 'neath the sod, under the dew, waiting the judgment day, we should not forget that it stands, not only to glorify our gallant dead, but to honor our heroic living as well. Moreover, it will stand as a memorial, to honor the loyal fathers and Spartan mothers of Pennsylvania who bade their sons, in God's name, go and come back in glory or come not again, to honor the wives who wept for husbands that did not return, to honor the children whose only heritage is their brave heroic father's name, and as an imperishable record perpetuating for all time and to all succeeding generations the evidence of the great sacrifice which was made here for the elevation of humanity and the preservation of the 214 PENNSYLVANIA AT Union and the Constitution, so they may not perish from the hearts and minds of men. This monument, erected and now being dedicated as a, tribute of loving affection by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to her soldiers of the old Seventy-eighth Infantry, who, leaving those near and dear to them and homes of comfort and happiness to uphold and defend with their strong arms the honor of the flag upon whose azure field Heaven hath set her stars and maintain for ever the imion of the states, endured sufferings, hardships and privations in the camp, on the battlefield and in the prison pens of the south with a cheerfulness and fortitude worthy of the highest admiration, not only recalls to memory afresh their sacrifices, loyalty and noble, unselfish devotion, which many of them sealed with their lives that this fair land, made more glorious by their sacrifice and hallowed mem- ory, might have a name the greatest among the nations of the earth, but reminds us that they gave their services and lives on the field of honor in defence of the Constitution, the chart of liberty, justice and humanity, the doctrines and principles of which are so dear to every American heart, the superstructure of which was planted on these solid foundations to become the guiding star, the beacon light for all generations, and to secure which our forefathers shed their best blood, and by which we are enabled to teach the world those lessons of free government and fraternal peace that give a national character strength and endurance. Therefore, comrades and friends, standing within the shadow of this monument, we this day should resolve more highly to value and more fully to ajipreciate the great privileges and blessings we, as American citizens, enjoy; we should consider well their great cosit in blood and treasure and how we can best perpetuate and hand them down not only to our children but to future generations. These ceremonies here to-day will not prove an idle, unfeeling show, if we lay to heart their true meaning and significance; feel a deeper love, and have a more sacred reverence for the Union and Constitution; feel that our flag, the most beautiful and glorious of all flags, which you, my comrades, followed in many long and weary marches, defended in many fiercely contested battles, and finally carried in triumph to victory, is the symbol of all that we are as a nation, that it means that all distinctions f c unded upon race or blood have been forever expunged from out statute books, that it nieans freedom of thought, speech and action, and that every man shall be protected in his person and estate, both on land and sea, that it means peace and good order and that the laws of the land shall be fearlessly, faithfully and honestly administered and executed everywhere and, finally, that it is the emblem of the nation's greatness and glory, and that beneath its starry folds is protection and safety for the humblest citizen. Then, my comrades and friends, with feelings of deepest gratitude, which are the noblest impulses of the human heart, we make this ofEering, dedicate this monument to the brave, loyal and patriotic men who served their country in the old Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, In the dark days CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 215 of 1861-1865, and consecrate it to the hallowed memory of those who died in defense of the Union and Constitution, and who, their life's work done, lie calmly, sweetly sleeping in their silent graves waiting and watching with the Christian's hope for the dawn of resurrection morn' and the coming of Him who hath said, "I am the Resurrection and the Life." And, though this granite may crumble, and their memories be forgotten of men, their heroism, their noble deeds, the great work which they did for the elevation of mankind, the glory of their country and its free insti- tutions, will shine and grow brighter and brighter as the ages pass, and their names will stand for all time in bold relief, in letters of unchang- ing lustre, upon the scroll of fame in the long roll of patriots who have died in defense of their country. ADDRESS OF IvIEUT.-COL. ARCHIBALD BLAKELEY. COMRA.DES: — I regret that my duties as president of the State Com- mission compelled me to be on the general field yesterday and thus prevented my attendance at your re-union in our old camp (Stark- weather) on Lookout Mountain. At the public reception in Chattanooga last night, Governor Hastings authorized me to announce that he, with his staff, would be with us to- day, at this regimental dedication, and I so announced. T6-day, however, the Governor is sick and unable to come. But we have. with us sev£ral members of the legislative committee who will ad- dress you. This is Sunday and there' has been some criticism of your action in se- lecting Sunday for this meeting of the survivors of the Seventy-eighth Regiment. I think the objection groundless. What could be more conducive to high, holy and deeply spiritual con- secration of ourselves to our duties to Almighty God, man, family country and home than this meeting on this day and at this place ? Our memories run back In hallowed thoughts to Sunday morning of September 30, 1863, when we stood upon this ground, the central point in one of the greatest battles of our civil war. Can any one of us ever forget the awe inspiring stillness that held us spell bound from dawn to the first gun that awakened the opposing armies to action? "There was silence deep as death; And the boldest held his breath." Can any of us fail to reflect here and now that over a half of those who stood with us here and then, have' passed from time to eternity? Can any of us turn from the thought that we too, will soon tread in their paths and vanish from the scenes of this life? 216 PENNSYLVANIA AT "When I remember all The friends so linked together, I've seen around me fall, Like leaves in wintry weather; I feel- like one who treads alone Some banquet hal! deserted. Whose lights are fled, whose garlands dead, And all, but he, departed." Comrade Scott has eloquently referred to the possible invisible pres- ence of the spirits of our departed comrades. Methinks I see Slrwell, BonnafCon, Jordan, Torbett, Dave Brinker and hosts of others, rank and file, here then, now dead, but we see them, greet them this moment as of the living. Aye, and who of us dare hide the un- bidden tears which fall from all eyes as we look on the sweet face' of the great hearted and great souled. Father Christy, now too, resting in the bosom of the Great Father of All. This day, this place, this service, and these memories, are more to me and to you than tlje eloquence of the preacher or stateliest service in vaulted church or towered cathedral. And how blessed we are to have with us in this presence. Comrades Gib- son and Lusher, now giants in the ministry of God's Heavenly mysteries, as they were brave and strong in earthly battle. The members of the Seventy-eighth Regiment were men ■ of muscle, brain, brawn and heart. That you hewed your way through battle to vic- tory is now common history. In the over three years yo'u marched, camped and fought in the States of Kentucky, Tennessee-, Alabama and Georgia, your intelligence, humanity, and gentlemanly conduct, com- manded the respect of all citizens of these states with whom you became acquainted. The prayers of the people, black and white, followed you from camp to camp in all your wanderings for the help you unstintedly gave to a helpless and impoverished people. If any survivor or descend- ant of a member of the Seventy-eighth will start in at Louisville and fol- low our long trail through all these states, he will find the latch string out and all homes open for his entertainment. The monument to the Seventy-eighth Regiment should have been on the battle-field of Stone River, for there your prowess, at an opportune moment, turned the tide of battle and won the victory. No state or other provision being made for the erection of monuments there, we seized the opportunity presented for the erection of the present one now being dedicated. Under the laws and regulations of the Chicka- mauga- Chattanooga National Military Park inscriptions on monuments erected here are llanited to the Chickaraauga-Chattanoioga campaign and battles. Therefore we have said nothing in inscription not authorized by the law under which we have our existence. x\nd now, my comrades, as there are many things which the commander of troops must know and which especially the men In the ranks-'do not know, I deem it due to you and to history that I should state fully the part you took in the great transaction on these fields in the autumn of 1863. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 217 After the close of our TuUahoma campaign of that year, we rested at Dechert, Tennessee, from July 4, to August 16, and on the latter date we set out on the Chattanooga campaign. Crossing the spurs of the Cum- berla.nd Mountains we descended into Crow Creek Valley and resting- a few days at Cave Springs, Alabama, we resumed our march on Sep- tember 1, late in the evening, passing through Stevenson, crossing the Tennessee river on pontoon bridges at midnight, Jhence up the Tennessee Valley to near Bridgeport. Then climbing the Raccoon Mountain you bivouacked on its summit in the evening of the 3d at the side of a mountain. stream running through a deep ravine which was found to be impassable. Lieutenant Brinker, of "C" company, with a requisite force, was detailed to bridge the ravine. Commencing at 5 P. M., within ten hours a bridge, one hundred and sixty feet long and thirty-five feet high at the highest point, was com- pleted, oyer which Negley's Division and others of the Fourteenth Army Corps passed in safety. A large frame sawmill stood at the bottom of and about the center of the ravine. Brinker and his men tore off its roof and rafters and adopted the frame work as a center pier and the tall pine trees in the vicinity were felled and used for sleepers from -the sides to the center, and thus the bridge was completed in the few hours mentioned. For this work. Lieutenant Brinker and his men were complimented in general orders. On the morning of the 4th we marched from the top of the Raccoon Mountains, descending their eastern slope and debouched into Lookout Valley at Brown's Springs, thence up the valley at the head of the column to a mill on Lookout Creek. This mill was filled with corn, wheat and rye. Under orders, we halted here. I placed Captain Marlin, of "A" com- pany, in charge and we ground out all the grain in the mill, scoured the valley for more, gathered and ground all the grain we oould fiind, turning over the product to the passing army. We left the flour unbolted as the soldiers could bake It better than bolted flour. "^e sent a bag of the unbolted wheat flour to General Thomas and he often spoke of It afterwards, saying it made the sweetest and best bread he had ever tasted. We also gathered and turned over all the cattle we could find fit for beef. We were careful, however, to leave with each family enough for their support. When the army had passed we were to follow. We selected the best ground we could find for camping, but the best was low and damp. When we came to leave we had sixteen men unable to march and we had no transportation for them. I, therefore, detailed Dr. W. S. Hosack. a 218 PENNSYLVANIA AT private in "G" company, a physician, however, of known ability, to re- main and take charge of our sack comrades, erecting tents on a hillside, leaving them provisions and medicines. My orders to march were of a nature that made It impossible to make other provisions for our sick. Our brigade was at the head of the column eight to ten miles away. News came that Bragg had evacuated Chat- tanooga and was retrea^ting towards Atlanta and we were to immediately cross Lookout Mountain to follow him, and I was ordered to make forced marches past the column to reach my brigade at Johnson's Crook in the Lookout range, to cross with it, and therefore we did the best that could have been done for' the sick. The misfortunes of war which immediately followed gave the enemy Lookout Valley and Hosack and his men were captured. Hosack was taken to Libby Prison, and after being kept there quite a while was exchanged as a surgeon, he carrying out in one of the back buttons of his coat the resignation of Major Harry White as a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania State Senate. Major White had been captured in the Shenandoah Valley and taken to Libby Prison, in Richmond, Va., and was a fellow prisoner with Dr. Hosack. When the Pennsylvania Legislature met the absence of Major White enabled the anti-war party in the Senate to tie the government on all war questions, which left the State powerless to help on the great cause of the Union for which we were fighting. The Confederates were advised of this and refused to exchange White or allow him to communicate with his people. When Hosack was to leave Major White wrote his resignation on tissue paper and, cutting off a back button of Hosack's coat, the stuiRng was taken out and the resignation paper placed in it and the button sewed on again. Dr. Hosack's home was at Dayton, Pa., and passing through Indiana, Pa., the button was delivered to Major White's farther, the Honorable Thomas White, who delivered it to Governor Curtin, who then declared a vacancy and ordered a special election. Dr. St. Clair, a loyal Union man, was elected, sworn in, and the deadlock in the General Assembly of the great State of Pennsylvania was broken. How ignorant we were of the important results that followed the detail of Dr. Hosack to remain and care for our sick comrades under the shadow of the moun- tains and dark forests of Dade county, Georgia, in the early days of Sep- tember, 1863! We struck out for our brigade and reached it in time to cross the moun- tain with it after resting over night in Johnson's Crook. We came down the eastern slope of the mountain and on the night of the 9th bivouacked at Stephens Gap. On the morning of the 10th, under the belief that the enemy was in full retreat, Negley's Division moved forward on the road leading through Dug Gap in the Pigeon Mountains to Lafayette, Ga. General Negley, being assured that there was no enemy in the way, led off with his staff and Colonel Sirwell, commanding the brigade, followed with his staff. We came next; I being informed that no skirmishers were needed. It was a most lovely morning, crisp and beautiful. I rode out with most thankful heart that Chattanooga had been surrendered to us with- out the great battle we all expected. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 219 When we struck the cedar thickets near the Chickamauga, in Dug Gap, the enemy's pickets opened fire on us; the division and brigade com- manders, with their staffs whe'eled, rushed back on us pell mell, yelling, "Into line, Colonel; Into line!" The road was narrow, dense cedars with their sharp, dead, under limbs on either side, the ground rough and rocky. We were, of course, marching by the flank, and to give room, to form I gave the command, "Into line, double quick on rear company." Bullets were flying through the cedars thick as flies and dropping all around us. All the company commanders repeated correctly my order for formation, except Dieutenant Black, the commander of company "I," who gave the order for the direct formation on the first company. This knocked the regiment into pie for the moment, and we had some difllculty in forming the line as promptly as desired. Lieutenant Black was an intelligent and faithful oflicer, but was confused by the sudden call and never tired apologizing for and explaining his mistake. I was riding an active, strong, young horse, which I had bought from Captain Cummins when he resigned at Decherd, and in the confusion I felt the horse give way and supposing him to have been shot I sprang from him, giving entire attention to getting the regiment into line, and was astonished to find myself swearing at the top of my voice, which amazed me as I deprecated it and had forbidden swearing; but I shall never for- get the quizz'ical look of Lieutenant Mechling, of "B" company, who called out, "All right. Colonel, but you'd a never got 'em in line if you hadn't swore 'em in." The difficulty with my horse was this: His hind feet and legs had gone down in a crevice of the earthrock. We got him out but his back was sprained and he never recovered to be fit for use. We then moved forward on the left of the road, crossing the Chicka- mauga to the left of the stone fences, then through a large field of corn into a dense forest and emerged into the open fields around the Widow Davis' House, and through these fields to the top 'of a high knob east of her house, dislodging and driving the enemy's pickets as we advanced. The view from this knob satisfied us all that Bragg was not re- treating, but had turned upon us to destroy us piece-meal as we came down from the mountain; and more, that our division was surrounded by an overwhelming force of the enemy and no troops in the valley to help us. We were soon retired from the knob, taken back and posted in the woods adjoining and west of the road running north from the Widow Davis' House. At dark we were again moved northwestwardly three- fourths of a mile and assigned a position in the woods, our front to the north. At midnight we were moved an eighth of a mile' southwestwardly and posted in a dense undergrowth, with front to the north. This movement bf our regiment, as well as the movement of the whole brigade made at that time, was so quietly done that our own pickets did not know of it until next morning. Early in the forenoon of the 11th a vigorous attack was made on that part of our division fronting east, the enemy occupying the hills we had 220 PENNSYLVANIA AT held for awhile the day before. This attack on the east line was, I believe, made to cover an attack on our front later in the day. A force, consist- ing of at least four regiments, with a skirmish line followed by a line of sharpshooters covering infantry troops, massed and deployed, at- tacked our picket line with great energy. We had on that line eight non- commissioned ofBcers and sixty men under Lieutenant Brlnker of "C" company, and Lieutenant Anchors of "E" company, all under command of Major A. B. Bonnaffon. The enemy advanced in some instances to. within thirty paces of our line, but our position had been carefully selected and was firmly main- tained for four hours, with the loss lof . but two men killed and two wounded. The Eleventh Michigan Infantry had a line on our left, and the Seventy- fourth Ohio one on our right, with both of which we connected at first, but at 12.30 P. M., they were withdrawn without notice and at 1.30 P. M., our flanks were swung back to better positions which was the only change in our position from first to last. At 2 P. M., troops under General Stark- weather arrived and relieved us and I was ordered to fall back to General Negley's headquarters at the creek crossing. Major Bonnaffon, Lieutenants Brinker and Anchors with the men under their command, deserve especial honorable mention for their work of that day, which I also said in my official report. From General Negley's headquarters, we recrossed the creek at the same place we had crossed it the day before. We then deployed and moved through a large field of corn, but meeting no enemy we were withdrawn and supported Captain Schultz' Battery in action on ■a, hill on the north of the road and west of the creek and house known as the White House. After some time we retreated with the division to the foot of Lookout Mountain, under fire, the enemy pressing us closely. We reached the mountain about dark. The extrication of our division from the environment of Dug Gap by General Negley was to my mind the most masterly piece of generalship I saw during the war. We lay at the foot of the mountain behind rudely constructed breast works until the morning of the 17th, when the march was resumed In a, northeasterly direction, and at evening halted on ground partly occupied by troops of General Crittenden, where we rested until the evening of the 18th and then marched two miles eastwardly through a wilderness of standing trees, fallen trees, thick underbrush and hideous rocks until after dark. We then halted and lay there for a short time, when Major Lowrie, division adjutant, with a staff officer, whom I understood to be from General Thoma^, arrived. This staff officer said that a special and precarious movement had been assigned to me. With Major Lowrie we stepped aside, and he pointed out a star, which he said was about due west. When he was satisfied that he and I were looking at the same star, he said that the order was that I should move my regiment in the direction of that star a certain distance, I cannot now recall the dis- tance, but it was less than two miles' but over a. mile and a half. He CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 221 further stated that the star was supposed to be due west and my course was to veer south of west somewhat; that in that movement I would meet no enenay, but when I had covered the first distance I was to halt and face south as near as I could and then to look out for the enemy; that in the movement south I should advance with a full skirmish line and pro- ceed until we struck the Chickamauga; that there was one or two ford- ings on the Chickamauga, and if we did not strike them at first we should send out reconnoitering parties until they were found. He stated further that General McCook, with the Twentieth Corps; would be on the march all night, coming down from McLemore's Gove on the road along the northwestern side of the Chickamauga to the expected battle of the next day, and that a large body of rebel troops were also moving to the expected battle on the road running along the southeastern side of the Chickamauga; that it was feared that the rebels, with their superior knowledge of the country, would undertake to cross at one or both of these fordings and strike McCook's flank to keep him from the contest that was clearly coming. It was further ordered that there was to be no surrender and no retreat of my command; that the ford should be held and McCook protected if it cost the life of every man in the command. I called Major Bonnaffon and Adjutant Torbett and communicated the order to them. We selected a well known marcher from "C" company, I think. I took the direction a little south of the star, the marcher called off his steps, Torbett kept count and BonnafCon took charge of the regi- ment. When we had made our first distance, we halted, faced south, de- ployed eight companies with two in reserve and marched south at least a mile and struck the Chickamauga and one of the fordings. We soon found the other, but the approaches to it were such that it was not deemed Important. We made a prop'er disposition of our force, and all were ordered to be quiet and await results. We reached the Chickamauga at or near midnight, and soon heard the tramp of the southern troops on their march to the battle. Later, we heard the tramp and rumble of McCook's Corps, his road being perhaps a mile from the Chicka- mau'ga, while the road on which the rebels were marching was quite close to the stream. I shall never forget that night and the meditations the conditions pro- duced. We were in the solitude of a wilderness, and in absolute darkness, a thousand miles away from our northern homes where loved ones thought of us and prayed for us. The rebel force was evidently so strong that had it resolved to carry the ford we would have been swept out of existence. McCook's men would not have understood the fight, and being a mile away could not have reached us in time to help us. Thus the sleepless moments passed away, listening to the solemn and ominous sounds of the opposing columns hastening to the carnival of death that followed. Morning came and all was safe so far. I then placed an officer on McCook's line of march to call on his troops for help, if firing was heard at the fording. We also felled trees to blockade the fording at both sides and sent Captain Ayres 222 PENNSYLVANIA AT on a reconnaisance across the stream, who reported that the last rebel column had passed soon after daylight. My order was that when General McCook's Corps had passed I was to follow him, rejoining my brigade wherever found. I should say here that when I received the order to go to the fordings I asked why the order did not come from Colonel Sirwell, my brigade commander, to which Major Liowrie replied that Colonel Sirwell had been apprised of the order. The last of General McCook's column passed near noon, and I followed it and jjassed it in action between Crawfish Springs and the Widow Glenn house. General Jeff. C. Davis' Division was engaged in a sanguinary conflict in a dense woods between Crawfish Springs and the Widow Glenn House. Our line of match being near the edge .of these woods, we were marching by the flank and really under fire. The proximity of the fight, the roar of battle, the presence of the wounded in all their bleeding and mangled forms, I feared would make even the heroes of Stone River quail. Some were cheerful, others quiet and meditative, but determination was on the brow of each and all. This, with their eager and buoyant step, satisfied me that the Seventy-eighth would do its duty. We found the brigade on a ridge or hill north of the Widow Glenn House. This ridge was then covered with trees. Colonel Sirwell, commanding the brigade, and General Negley, commanding the division, were both there. East of this ridge there was a large field or fields of perhaps twenty-five acres, in which was the ruins of an old tannery. This field is now known as the Dyer field. East of the Dyer field was a tract of forest, perhaps thirty acres. This forest is the one in which we now stand and known as the Brotherton woods. During the 18th and the forenoon of the 19th, our forces held these woods but had been driven out. The purpose now was to retake them. It was near 3 P. M. and yt)u were all tired and hungry. As soon as we arrived at theridge. Colonel Sirwell and General Negley standing together. Colonel Sirwell stated that he had sent the Twenty- first Ohio across the fleld into the edge of the woods, that it was having a hand. to hand fight and he feared it would be driven back, and he wanted me to cross the field at once and help the Twenty-first Ohio as best we could. Bullets and shot and shell were coming out of the' woods covering the Dyer field as well as the place where we stood. Seeing that we would have to go I asked how I should make the charge. General Negley said cne way and Colonel Sirwell Said another way. One said by right of com- panies, the other said in company column. I immediately cut the gordian knot. We had arrived by the flank and halted in that form, the men lying and sitting down to rest. I mounted my horse and commanded "Attention, countermarch, march, front, forward, en echelon, double quick, march." I doubt if any troops in any country in any age ever marched better or quicker to the call than you did. When we had passed down the steepest part of the Dyer field, the enemy's shots were so high we were In but little danger, when the pace was slackened and we struck the woods, company by, company, in splendid order. The Twenty-first Ohio was in line firing. The responsive fire came out of and through the underbrush, but we could not see the enemy. The CHICKAMAUGA ^ND CHATTANOOGA. 223 Twenty-first was losing men rapidly. "We laid down flat on the ground with guns charged and bayonets fixed, ready for anything that might come. We laid there until dark. You -will well remember how close the shots were. They cut off the little hazel bushes. Sergeant Smith, of H company, was lying on his face looking forward and a ball passed clear through his tent then in a roll on his back. Lieutenant Frank Mechling laid down behind a low rotten stump with his head against it. and a rebel bullet chucked right into the stump, when Mechling, with a, courage and recklessness that never failed him, got up, took out his pen knife and dug the ball out of the rotten stump and held it up laughing and saying, in his peculiar way, what would have happened if the ball had gone into his bald head instead of the stump. I laid do'svn in my place back of the regiment with my hands under my head to enable me to watch the front and threw my right leg and foot across on my left leg and ankle. One of the rebel balls struck the sole of the right foot at the toe which changed its direction and it zapped right over my head. I mention these because they came under my observation. All will recollect, however, the many close calls we had that evening, but I think none were hurt. By evening. Colonel Sirwell had his whole brigade over and after dark we pressed our line forward to where this monument now stands and here we remained, strong, undaunted and ready for the fray, when at 9.30 A. M. of the 20th our whole division was ordered out of line to another part of the field. From what I have since learned I suppose our destination was to help Thomas in his struggle on the .left. We never got there. How the division, and, to some extent, the brigade were broken, I do not know. One thing, however, is historically ascertained' and stated, and that is, the troops of Sirwell's brigade were the first to reach Snodgrass Hill and the last to leave. You, my comrades, were the first there, where for two hours you defended a battery firing over us from the Snodgrass House, and the Twenty-first Ohio was prac- tically torn to pieces on the hill after the general fight was ended, the Twenty-first declining to leave the field without orders from G-eneral . Brannan, under whom it had been temporarily placed. I have always regretted the fortune of war that took Negley out of line here where we no'w stand. Wood, who was in reserve, should have been sent to Thomas instead of Negley, and I have sincerely ^■egretted the fortune that took us away from Snodgrass Hill. We were • strong and in splendid condition and exactly where we were afterwards needed. True, many of us would have fallen had we re- mained at either place, but we were here to fight and if need be to die, and we ought to have had, a chance. I need not recount the fiery road we had to travel from our position here to Snodgrass Hill. You will re- member how the rebel artillery got our range and played on us as we passed along the high ridge to the Snodgrass Hill. A solid shot passed over the mane of my horse in front of the pommel of the saddle. I dis- mounted and passed the horse to an orderly. Soon, I partly fell forward or felt that something had pushed me foi-ward and looking back I noticed 224 PENNSYLVANIA AT the front division had momentarily stopped. My sensation of falling for- ward and the sensation of the men was produced by the concussion of a cannon ball passing between us. It is unnecessary for me to follow our various formations, movements and positions on the hills .after leaving our line here. In the last brigade line we had the center, the Twenty-first Ohio on our right, and the Thirty- seventh Indiana on our left. We, that is the Seventy-eighth, were or- dered forward and placed in front of Bridge's Battery to defend it, the battery having just commenced firing from a position in front of the Snodgrass house. After firing quite a while the battery moved off lo the rear without indicating to me what its orders were. Soon after the bat- tery left there was a lull in the fight in our Immediate neighborhood, the firing on the left was heavy, on the right irregular and passing to our rear. Our position was advanced and we did not connect with any one. Placing Major Bonnaffion in command, I rode back to the place of our last brigade formation and all were gone and, so far as I could see, Negleys whole line on the foot hills was gone and the light all broken up. Return- ing to the regiment I found the enemy closing In on It. After consultation with Major Bonnaffon, we concluded to move back in the effort to find our division and brigade, and at this time A.'L. Weir, an orderly on Colonel Sirwell's staff, rode down from the rear and called out, "Colonel Blakeley, Colonel Sirwell orders to retreat by the right of regiment," but Weir retreated so promptly we did not have a chance to ask where the brigade was. Placing Bonnaffon in charge of the rear skirmish line, we moved about due west or south of west from the Snodgrass House. In about eight hundred to one thousand paces we met General Negley alone. He took us to the foot hills looking south and placed us between two of them with the command td hold the chasm between them at all hazards as it was apprehended the enemy might attempt to break through it. I massed the regiment back of the chasm and Major Bonnaffon threw a skirmish line forward over the hills, but immediately called me to the front, where we saw a large body of rebel troops advancing about in our direction, but apparently in a disorganized condition. Bonnaffon wanted to charge on them, saying we could drive them Into the Chickamauga. I answered we might easily do that, but we would be gobbled up in turn. I rode back and sat on my horse looking on you men of the Seventy-eighth with a sad, sad heart. It was clear that our brigade and division had been scattered. From the time I was placed in front of Bridge's Battery I had not seen a. brigade commander or ofllcer and did not see one thereafter until Colonel Sirwell arrived on the Dry Valley road all alone at dark. I had not seen the division commander or any of his staff from the time we left the line in the Brotherton woods until he ordered us to the defense of the chasm before us. To remain where we were was to invite certain destruction. I knew nothing of the general lines or conditions of the contest. Indeed I was seriously considering Bonnaffon's proposed charge when I noticed a horseman on the hills back of us who seemed to have halted and looking CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 225 at us. Finally he rode down slowly and I recognized him as one of Gen- eral Thomas' staff. He exclaimed, "My God!- Colonel! What are you do- ing here"" I answered I was here by command of Major General Negley to defend that chasm at all hazards, to which he replied that we were utterly out of line and out of reach of line; that General Negley's Di- vision was all gone and I could not then safely get to Thomas, as the enemy was between us. He gave me the direction to McFarland's Gap, where I would strike the Dry Valley road and could be of use there in protecting tl^e trains and batteries rushing down the Dry Valley road. I informed Major Bonnaffon of the order and we moved across the hills to the Dry Valley road, Major Bonnaffon following with the skirmishers; but we were not molested, and the rebel force we saw in the fields did not discover us as our position was in the woods. After we had marched perhaps a mile through the woods on our way to the gap we found Gen- eral Niegley, who was accompanied by an orderly, and moved with us to the Dry Valley road. When I reached the valley road, I found it and the valley full of strag- glers, trains, wagons, and batteries, all struggling for Chattanooga. I divided the regiment with Major Bonnaffon, who threw his part in the rear of the straggling column to prevent attacks from the enemy and with the balance of the regiment I moved rapidly to a point near Rossville and -forming across the road aVid valley passed the wounded and am- bulances to Chattanooga, but halted everything else. Captain MoCanna, of "B'' company, had charge of the gate am'd he did the job well. By dark we had halted and partly reformed about five thousand men with seven batteries and trajins with ammunition, forage, rations and baggage. On Monday, the Twenty-flrst, we occupied six different positions in the movements and manoeuvres on Missionary Ridge, the last of which was on and across the ridge on the left of our brigade, uniting with General Beatty's right. This latter position was assigned me at 12 M. and I was placed under command of General Beatty. That portion of the ridge which we held with Gfeneral Beatty was covered with heavy timber and • the general directed a reconnoisance to be made on my front. This duty was assigned to Captain Ayres, who went -o. mile south along the top of the ridge, carefully noting the itopogra;phy of the country, location of fields, fences, etc. For this, as well as the reconnoisance made by Captain Ayres on the morning of the 19th, he deserves great credit for the valuable information obtained and the discretion and ability displayed in obtaining it. On the night of the 21st we fell back with the general movement of the army to Chattanooga. In the latter part of this movement and the for- mation of the lines for the defense of Chattanooga on the 22d, you were under the command of Major Bonnaffon, 1 having, for the time, command of the brigade. During the movements and actions just described, you were never for an Instant broken. In the engagement at and the movements and re- treat from Dug Gap, in the trying scenes and complications of the battle 15 226 PENNSYLVANIA AT of Chickamauga, and especially in the critical work you had in hand that afternoon and evening, you moved calmly and with the marked precision of dress parade. From Cave Springs to Chattanooga, but one man to my knowledge left the ranks without leave. And right here let me say that as we stood here in line of battle on Sun- day morning of September 20, 1S63, our surgeon came to me and reported that Sergeant Smith, of H company, and Corporal Borland, of F company, were foot sore and without shoes and unable for duty. I had these non- commissioned officers brought before me and on investigation was satis- fied the surgeon's statement was correct and gave them permission to go to the rear. Corporal Borland reminded me that the rules and orders required a written permit from the commander of the regiment to protect the soldier from arrest by the provost marshal. I had neither pencil nor paper, and on inquiry could get none near me. Our pickets were then ex- changing shots and a. general engagement expected any moment, there- fore I said to Smith and Borland, "go, and I will protect you." Sergeant Smith and Corporal Borland reported soon after we reached Chattanooga and told me that a provost marshal had overhauled them and taken their names, company and regiment. A few mornings thereafter you were in line in a drenching rain to move in force to the picket line. I was mount- ed and had just given the command to move when an orderly rode up and handed me an order to send Smith and Borland in arrest to the provost marshal's headquarters. This, of course, meant that they would be thrown into the lousy Chattanooga Jail to await a trial by court mar- tial, and I refused to send them, saying I would be responsible for them and would call and explain their case when I returned from picket the next morning. We had been on the picket line, with Bragg's array right in front of us, about two hours when an order came placing me in arrest for disobedience of orders in not sending to headquarters the corporal bodies of Smith and Borland. I explained the matter to Major BonnafEoa, who took command, and I went to quarters. I had not thought of them repeating the command to Major BonnafEon, but they did and the Major refused, and he came to quarters in arrest a few hours later than I did. We were court martialed and fined a month's pay, but, thank God, they never got Smith and Borland and I was well pleased with the result. You will so well remember our sufferings in Chattanooga during the siege there that I need net repeat them. That we were permitted to see the historic charge and battle of Hooker's troops on Lookout, the battle above the clouds, and that superb charge by the troops under General Thomas driving the enemy from his stronghold on Missionary Ridge, thus wrest- ing forever the stronghold of Chattanooga from the enemy, was glory enough for the lifetime of any man. We set out to take Chattanooga; we took it and we held it. The day after the battle on Missionary Ridge, General Starkweather's brigade, In which we were, was sent on a reconnoisance up Lookout Mountain and south along the mountain a distance of twenty-five miles to report any movement of the enemy on the mountain or in sight thereof. This accomplished, General Starkweather was instructed to leave the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 227 Seventy-eighth Pennsylvgjiia, the Twenty-first Wisconsin, the remnants of the Fourth Wlscoi/Sln, a battery, etc., all under command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakeley, Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, to establish a camp on the mountain, fortify, picket and defend It, and take charge of, list and Inventory all public and private property found on the mountain and to make report. This was considered all throiigh the army as a marked compliment to the Seventy-eighth Regiment and its commander. All property was inventoried, cared for and accounted for and all orders and Instructions faithfully executed. Your pleasant and most enjoyable soldier and social life spent upon Lookout Mountain from December 1, 1863, to May 12, 1864, was due to the splendid record you had made in all duties to which you had been called. And knowing as we do, that— "All that tread the globe are but a handful to the tribes That slumber in its bosom," we, the handful, will soon slumber with the tribes and our work pass to judgment. HISTORICAI< SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* THE companies composing the Seventy-eighth Regiment rendezvoused at Camp Orr, on the Allegheny River, immediately above the town of Kittanning, Armstrong county. They were recruited under the direction of "William Sirwell; Companies B, F, G, I and K, in Armstrong county, C and E in Clarion, A in Indiana, D in Indiainai and Cambria, and H in Butler. Recruiting commenced on the 14th of August, 1861. By the middle of September the companies were all in camp, and a month later were mustered into the service of the United States. Having received clothing, arms and accoutrements, the companies moved on the 14th of October from Camp Orr, to Pittsburgh, and on the 18th, the regiment was organized by the selection of the following field officers: William Sirwell, of Armstrong county. Colonel; Archibald Blakeley, of Butler county, Lieutenant Colonel; Augustus B. Bonnaffion, of Allegheny county, Major. On the 18th of October, 1861, the regiment, accompanied by the Seventy- seventh, and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania, and Muehler's Battery, all under command of Brigadier General James S. Negley, moved by trans- ports to Louisville, Kentucky. On the 24th, the brigade was transferred by rail to Nolin's Station, on the line of the Louisville and Nashville Rail- road, where it was attached to A. McDowell McCook's Division, of the Army of the Cumberland. At Camp Nevin, and subsequently at Camp Negley, on the south side of Nolin Creek, the regiment was thoroughly drilled. The Seventy-seventh Regiment was here transferred to Gen- eral Thomas J. Wood's Brigade, and the First Wisconsin and the Thirty- •Bxtract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.' 228 PENNSYLVANIA AT eighth Indiana were added to Negley's Brigade. The mortality, owing to the unhealthy location of the camp and the excessive wet weather, was very great. About the middle of December, the brigade moved to Bacon Creek, and thence to Munfordsville, encamping on the north bank of the Green River, and was engaged in drill, and in picketing the south bank of the stream, while the workmen were employed in rebuilding the railroad bridge. On the 14th of February, 1862, the spring campaign opened, and MoCook's Division, breaking camp, marched northward with a, view of taking boats at "West Point, on the Ohio, and joining Grant in his move- ment on Fort Donelson. But on arriving at Upton Station, the order of advance was countermanded, and one to countermarch, and proceed to Nashville, was received. The route was principally along the railroad. At Bowling Green a halt was made until a pontoon bridge could be brought up, and laid across Barren River. The di^asion arrived at Edge- field, opposite Nashville, on the 2d of March, and on the 7th crossed the Cumberland, and encamped in Camp Andy Johnson, two miles south of the city. When Buell moved to the support of Grant, at Pittsburg Landing, he left Negley's Brigade to guard the line of communication from Nashville to the front. The Seventy-eighth was detailed upon the railroad from Nashville to Columbia, with headquarters at Franklin. On the 1st of May, the regiment rendezvoused at Columbia, and was ordered to Pu- laski, to garrison that place. On the 12th, General Negley passed, through Pulaski on an expedition against rebel cavalry, in which the Seventy- eighth joined. After severe skirmishing the enemy was driven, and finally escaped across the Tennessee River, at Rodgersville, Alabama. Returning, the Seventy-eighth was again stationed at Pulaski, and sub- sequently was ordered to return to Rodgersville, where it was engaged in garrisoning the town, and in guarding the passage of the river, at Lamb's Ferry. While here several incursions were made across the river, in which prisoners and rebel property were captured and brought ofE. On the 18th of July, the regiment was relieved, and ordered to guard the Tennessee and Alabama Railroad, from Columbia to Elk River. Two weeks later the scattered detachments were hastily called in to Co- lumbia, and the march northward commenced, the Seventy-eighth acting with the rear guard of Buell's Army in Its race with Bragg for Kentucky. On its arrival at Nashville, it was assigned to Miller's Brigade of Neg- ley's Division, and ordered to occupy the defences of the city. During the absence of the main body of Buell's Army, in its movement north, Nashville was practically in a state of siege, the enemy in considerable force hovering about it, intent upon its capture, and watchful at all points for a favorable opportunity to strike. The garrison was frequently at- tacked, and sharp fighting ensued. At Lavergne, on the 7th of October, Generals Palmer and Miller attacked Anderson's Camp, routing the rebel force, and capturing some men, with guns, stores, provisions, and tents, the Seventy-eighth performing a conspicuous part, bearing oft two com- missioned officers of the Thirty-second Alabama, and a number of CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 229 privates. It was also engaged aJt Neely's Bend, White Creek, Charlottes- ville and Franklin Pike, in minor encounters, which for the most part re- sulted in favor of the Union arms. These were usually brought on by ag- gressive movements of our forces for their own security, or by sallies into the country for supplies for the starving garrison. "While besieged in this city," says a member of the command, "affairs wore a gloomy aspect. Shut out from the world, with no news for months from the army, or from home, surrounded by a vindictive enemy, resolutely determined to capture the Capitol with the Executive members of the Government, pompelled to fight for every mouthful of food we ate, the condition of the garrison be- came every day more critical. Yet no one was discouraged, and all were determined to stand by the city, with full faith that under the gallant Negley and Palmer, it would be successfully held. Our expectations were not disappointed, and on the morning of the 26th' of October, we saw from our fortifications the victorious legions of Rosecrans approaching the city." The regiment remained at Nashville, engaged in provost guard duty, until the 12th of December, when with the army it mioved to Camp Ham- ilton, six miles south of the city. Here Miller's Brigade was assigned to the Eighth Division, commanded by General Negley. On the 26th, the army entered upon an offensive campaign and came up with the rebel army, under Bragg, at Stone River. The rebel force was drawn up a short distance out of Murfreesboro, in a lunar shaped line, covering all the ap- proaches to the town from the north, the right resting across Stone River. Finding that Bragg was disposed to give battle, Rosecrans pushed for- ward his columns, and on the morning of the 31st had his forces in hand, ready for the onset, MeCook, with the divisions of Johnson, Jeff. C. Davis, and Sheridan on his right, reaching out to, and covering the Franklin Pike, Thomas, with the divisions of Negley and Rousseau, in the centre, and Crittenden, with Palmer, Wood, and Van Cleve on the left, resting on the river. At sunrise Rosecrans had thought to cross the stream, and strike heavily the rebel right, but at that hour the rebel chieftain attacked the Union right. Trusting that McCook could hold him in check, and not realizing that the attack was a determined one, and in concentrated force, Rosecrans was still intent upon carrying out his original plan of battle. But events soon convinced him that the attack on his right was in earnest. Bragg had massed his troops, and was making a, desperate assault. Too weak to withstand the shock, Johnson, Davis, and Sheri- dan were, in turn, forced to give way, losing largely in artillery. Negley stood next. The fighting on his front had already become desperate. "Pushing out," says an eye witness, "to the cedar forest, where Neg- ley's gallant division was struggling against great odds, trusty Sheridan was met, bringing out his tried division in superb order. Negley was still fighting, desperately, against odds. During all this period Negley's two gallant brigades, under valiant old Stanley, and brave John F. Miller, were holding their line against fearful odds. When the right broke, Neg- ley had pushed in ahead of the right wing, and was driving the enemy. The Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, Thirty-seventh Indiana, Twenty-first, 230 PENNSYLVANIA AT Seventy-fourth, Eighteenth, and Sixty-ninth Ohio, the famous Nineteenth Illinois, and Eleventh Michigan, with Knell's, Marshall's, Shultz's and Bush's Batteries, sustained one of the fiercest assaults of the day, and the enemy was dreadfully punished."* At nightfall the right and centre had heen driven back, but the army still occupied a good defensive posi- tion. Bragg sent off to the rebel Capitol glowing bulletins of his victory, supposing that Eosecrans was so utterly broken that he would take to flight under cover of the darkness. In the morning, however, to his astonishment, he found Rosecrans still stubbornly holding his ground, and ready for battle. It was New Tear's Day, 1863, and neither party seemed disposed to strike. Rosecrans, still intent on his original plan, threw a portion of his troops to the right bank of the river for the pur- pose of turning the enemy's right, and reaching Murfreesboro in his rear. "Sharp demonstrations were made along the whole line, but nothing de- cisive was attempted until three o'clock in the afternoon, when the rebels suddenly burst upon Battery Six (late Van Cleve's), in small divi- sions, on the other side of Stone River, and drove it pell-mell, with con- siderable loss, to this side. The enemy, as usual, had massed his army, and advanced in great strength. Negley's Division, supported by that of Da\'ls, and St. Clair Morton's pioneer battalion, was immediately sent forward to retrieve the disaster. A sanguinary conflict ensued, perhaps the most bitter of the whole battle. Both sides massed their batteries, and plied them with desperate energy. The infantry of either side dis- played great valor; but Negley's unconquerable Eighth Division resolved to win. The fury of the conflict now threatened mutual annihilation, but Stanley and Miller, with the Nineteenth Illinois, Eighteenth, Twenty-first and Seventy-fourth Ohio, Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, Eleventh Michi- gan and Thirty-seventh Indiana charged simultaneously, and drove the enemy rapidly before them, capturing a battery, and taking the flag of the Twenty-sixth Tennessee, the color sergeant being killed with a bayonet. The banner is the trophy of the Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania. The fire of our batteries exceeded in vigor even the cannonading of Wed- nesday. At about sunset the whole rebel line receded, leaving about four hundred prisoners in our custody."* The Seventy-eighth lost, in this en- gagement, one hundred and ninety men in killed and wounded. Captain "William S. Jack was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Matthew J. Hal- sted among the killed. After the occupation of Murfreesboro, which occurred on the 5th, the regiment wSiS assigned to provost guard duty, the victorious army en- camping around about the town. The army was here organized in three corps, the Fourteenth commanded by General Thomas, the Twentieth by General McCook, and the Twenty-first by General Crittenden. The Sev- enty-eighth was assigned to the Third Brigade, Colonel Miller, Second Di- vision, General Negley, Fourteenth Carps. On the 20th of April, the regi- ment was relieved from provost guard duty, and joining the brigade set vigorously at work preparing for an active campaign. About the middle •Moore's Rebelllop Record, Vol. VI, page 163, Docs. xCHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 231 of June, Colonel Miller was relieved of the command of the brigade for other duty, and Colonel Sirwell succeeded him, Lieutenant Colonel Archi- bald Blakeley taking- command of the regiment. On the 24th of June, the summer campaign opened, the Army of the Cumberland moving upon the rebel intrenched position at TuUahoma. In the manoeuvres, by which the enemy was turned out of his strong- hold, and forced to retreat across the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River, the regiment participated, but without serious loss. On the Sth of July, the reginfient, with the balance of the corps, went into camp at Dechard, where the troops were engaged in general field and camp duty, and organizing and drilling for the fall campaign. Bragg was well seated in his chosen position at Chattanooga, protected by the mountain fastnesses, and in apparent security from attack. On the 15th of August, Rosecrans broke camp, and set forward In search of the rebel army. He was under the impression that the rebel leader was averse to fighting, and only intent upoli covering Rome and Atlanta. That he might cut off Bragg's way of retreat, and bring him to bay, he resolved to cross the Tennessee, and strike boldly out over the mountains to La- fayette. Pollowlng, for the most part, the line of the Nashville and Chat- tanooga Railroad, the regiment moved with the army, crossed the Ten- nessee River, on the night of the 1st of September, at Stevenson, Alabama, passed up the south side of the river to a, point opposite Bridgeport, and thence across Sand Mountain range, where were encountered almost insurmountable difficulties in making the transit, the men tugging at the guns when the strength of the beasts failed. In passing to the eastern slope the column encountered an impassable gorge, a hundred feet wide and fifty deep. Company C, of the Seventy-eighth, under command of Lieutenant Brinker, was ordered forward to bridge it, and by morning had the work completed, over which the whole army passed. Descending into Lookout Valley, the regiment was ordered to take possession of a mill on the way, and while a portion of the command was riding hither and thither In the valley, gathering in grain, the remainder wels grind- ing and delivering it to the passing army. With Thomas' Corps it took the van, and pushed on over Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge into McLemore's Cove, in the valley of the Chi-ckamauga, Negley's Divi- sion moving rapidly out towards Lafayette. At Dug Gap, In Pigeon Mountain, the range which shuts in the Chiokamauga Valley on the east and separates it from (the valley of the Pea Vine, the enemy was unexpect- edly met, and the division soon found itself confronted by an overpower- ing force. The dispositions were quickly made to check his advance. A detachment of the Seventy-eighth, of less than a hundred men, held, for over two hours, a massed force of the enemy, successfully baffling every attempt to advance. Baird's Division finally came up, and enabled it to withdraw in safety. During the night of September 11, the two divisions retreated to the base of Lookout Mountain. The loss here was four, killed and wounded. 232 PENNSYLVANIA AT It was now apparent to Rosecrans, that Bragg, instead of being intent upon retreating, was determined to fight, and the unwelcome intelligence was borne to him that his adversary had been reinforced by Walker, from Mississippi, Buokner, from Bast Tennessee, and a powerful veteran corps under Longstreet from the Army of Virginia. Quickly summoning in his scattered forces, he prepared for the worst. The chief danger now was that Bragg would interpose, and cut off the way to Chattanooga. The general movement was accordingly to the left, while a bold front was kept towards the Chickamauga. Until the morning of the 17th, the regiment remained at the foot of the mountain, when the corps of McCook having crossed the Lookout and Missionary Range, it moved up towards Rossville some six miles, and on the 18th was deployed along the Chickamauga River, to prevent the crossing of the enemy to intercept the movement of McCook to connect with Thomas. The pight was fearfully cold, and the movemetits were made in the darkness, through an almost impen- etrable jungle. Heavy firing on the morning of the 19th, far to the left, showed that the enemy had crossed the stream in force, and was strug- gling with Thomas for the possession of the Rossville road. In the after- noon the regiment was withdrawn, and passing Crawfish Spring, and in rear of General Jeff. C. Davis' Division, which was hotly engaged, was pushed to the front, and, after a sharp skirmish, held the ground until dark. The men lay upon their arms on the field where they had fought, and early on the morning of the 20th the fight was renewed. Through the entire day the battle raged with unceasing violence, the combatants mani- festing a desperation rarely paralleled. The right of the Union line was broken and driven in confusion. But the left, where Thomas stood, though forced back from its original position, remained firm. The divi- sion fell back to a position assigned to it at Rossville Gap, where it re- mained until the night of the 21st, when the whole army retired to Chat- tanooga. On the following morning a. battle line was formed in front of the town, and the day was spent in momentary expectation of an at- tack. For several days succeeding the men worked day and night on the fortifications. The enemy contented himself with closely investing the town. On the 10th of October, the farewell order of General Negley, to his divi- sion, was received, and the regiment was soon after transferred to the Third Brigade, General Starkweather, of the First Division, General, Richard M. Johnson, of the Fourteenth Corps, General John M. Palmer. The brigade was composed of the Seventy-eighth and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania, Twenty-first and Seventy-fourth Ohio, the First and Twen- ty-first Wisconsin, Thirty-seventh Indiana, and the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois. Colonel Sirwell resigned on the 17th of November, and was succeed- ed by Lieutenant Colonel Archbald Blakeley. From the 22d of October until the 23d of November, the Army of the Cumberland was closely be- sieged. Day and night, shot and shell were plunged into the camp from all the prominent positions on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, the troops, the greater part of the time, in a state of seml-starvatlon. In the meantime General Rosecrans had been superseded by- General CHICKAMAUGA and CHATTANOOGA. 233 Grant, and reinforcements and supplies toeg'an to arrive. On the 23d, 24tli and 25th days of November, were fought the decisive battle of L/ook- out Mountain, and Mission Ridge, which swept Bragg from all his strong- holds, environing the town, and gave his columns to precipitate re.treat. In the contest in front of Missionary Ridge the Seventy-eighth partici- pated, but without serious loss. On the 29th, the brigade was sent on a reconnoissance to the summit of Lookout Mountain. Ascending by the Summertown road, it proceeded as "far south as Johnston's Crook, whence it returned to Summertown, ar- riving on the 2d of December. The Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, and the Twenty-flrst "Wisconsin, under command of Colonel Blakeley, were as- signed to duty on this, now historic mountain, the field of the famous "Battle above the Clouds." " As the range extends south, and directly into the rebel lines, the position was isolated and exposed. Colonel Blakeley immediately surveyed, and laid out a line of earthworks, across the mountain, wliich was rapidly thrown up and rendered the position easily defensible. Supplies had to be brought up the mountain, by the one narrow winding road, upon mules scarcely able to walk. Notwithstand- ing the scarcity of provisions, and the heavy details for picket and fatigue duty, the men bore all cheerfully, and performed every duty with alacrity. On the 8th of April, 1864, Colonel Blakeley resigned, and the command devolved on Colonel Sirwell, who had been recom'missioned, and was now remustered. At the opening of May, the regiment broke camp on the mountain, and rejoined the brigade at Graysvllle. In the hard fighting of the campaign which ensued, the Seventy-eighth bore well its part, participating in the engagements at Tunnel Hill, and Buzzard Roost Gap, on the 7th of Maj-, at Resaca, on the 14th, at Dallas, on the 17th, at New Hope Church, on the 1st of June, and in the protracted struggle before Kenesaw Mountain. While yet in front of Kenesaw, the regiment re- ceived orders on the 21st of June to proceed to Chattanooga, for the pur- pose of guarding trains while on their way to the front. For three months it was thus employed, at the expiration of which, it was ordered to Tulla- homa, and was assigned to the Fourth Division of the Twentieth Corps. But on the 24tih of September, when on the eve of moving, the order was countermanded, and one was received directing it to move to Athens, Alabama. Arrived at Decatur, its destination was again changed, and it was now directed to report, without delay, to Geiieral Rousseau, at Nashville. Upon its arrival it was pushed forward to Pulaski, arriving there at noon of the 27th, and in time to participate in an action which de- feated the enemy who had assumed a bold front, and was threatening the place. On the 29th it returned by rail to Nashville, and was immediately ordered to Tullahoma, which was now threatened by the enemy, arriving the same night. Remaining but for a day, it returned to Nashville, and was again sent south as far as Franklin, where it was mounted, and moved with the force under General Rousseau, against the rebel cavalry harassing southern Tennessee. The enemy fled before him, and was driven across the Tennessee River into Alabama. The regiment re- turned to Nashville, arriving on the 17th of October, sdx days after its 234 PENNSYLVANIA AT term of service had expired. On the following day K received orders from Major General Thomas, relieving- It from duty In the Department of the Cumberland, and directing its return to Pennsylvania, for muster out. It embarked immediately, and moved, by the Cumberland and Ohio Rivers, to Pittsburgh, and thence by rail to Kittanning, where on the 4th of November, It was mustered out of service. The recruits and veteran volunteers remained at Nashville, under command of Lieutenants Torbett and Smith. To these, the Governor of Pennsylvania assigned eight new companies, bringing the recruited force up to the minimum regimental strength, and subsequently com- missioned Major BonnafEon Colonel, Henry W. Torbett, Lieutenant Col- onel, and Robert M. Smith, Major. The new regiment, as thus or- ganized, remained on duty at Nashville, and participated with the Army of the Cumberland under Thomas in that brilliant campaign near the close of the year, 1864, which swept the rebel army from Tennessee, and was finally mustered out of service on the 11th of September, 1865. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 79TH regimi:nt infantry Eelly Field, Chickamatjga Park, Ga., November 13th, 1897. ADDRESS OF HON. EDWIN K. MARTIN. COMRADES of the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, Ladies and Gentlemen: — When the historian comes to write a truthful nar- rative of the civil war, focussed by the lens of time, the refractions of nearness dispelled, then will Chickamauga stand forth in its real pro- portions as that struggle the consequences of which to the Confederacy were more momentous than any other battle of the rebellion. The fall of Vicksburg paralyzed the south on the Mississippi, but it shortened its line of battle and concentrated its resources. The defeat at Gettysburg simply restored the status quo at Richmond, while the capture of Chattanooga laid bare the vitals whereby the heart's throbs forced lifeblood through the entire southern system. With its mountain surroundings, Chattanooga constituted at once the gateway and the citadel of the south. Here were yet undisturbed the fertile fields, the workshops, the factories that supplied the great armies at the front and repaired the waste of war. Here was grouped that powerful combination of state governments, whose adhesion and cohesion alone made resistance possible. Georgia, Alabama, the Carolinas were all outflanked when Chattanooga, the objective of Rosecrans' great campaign, was evacuated— were all un- covered when victory became barren of results at Chickamauga, for no part of the Southland had been so powerfully guarded by nature against invasion. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 235 Just as the vital organs of the human body are encased in stronger tis- sues, so the vital organs of the Confederacy were ribbed by mountain ranges nearly impassable. Southerners have complained that their rivers run the wrong direction for defense; not so the rooky spurs of the lower Alleghanies that hemmed in the garden and the granary of the south. These ranges were pierced at a. single point, and Lookout Mountain towered beside that opening, rude, sombre, gigantic, its crown of basaltic rock two thousand feet above the sea giving an impressiveness to the en- tire region inspired scarcely anywhere else on the continent. It has been likened to a crouching lion as it kept watch and ward over the last stro/ig- hold of the Confederacy. The comparison, however, fails when we re- member it more like a volcano belching death and destruction into our camps at its feet. But this could not last forever, and there came a time when in the shifting lights and shadows, columns of blue scaled Its seamed and furrowed sides, and Union bayonets glistened on its rocky pinnacles. Then as the morning sun glanced on the shining eagles of the north sweeping its summits, the setting sun of destiny threw its slanting rays over the Confederacy of the South. All that came after Chattanooga was the twilight of the rebellion. The capture of Atlanta, the march to the sea, the surrender at Appomattox, were the evening of the days of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. The Confederate General Johnson de- clared "the army that covered the central point at Chattanooga was the true shield of the Confederacy." Lieutenant General Longstreet gave up the mournful secret when in 1879 he said: "The last hope of the Con- federacy expired with the failure of our array to prosecute the advantage gained from the Federals at Chickamauga." Lieutenant General Hill, an- other of the most brilliant officers of the Confederacy, significantly adds: ■'There was no more splendid fighting in '61 when the flower of the south- ern youth was in the field, than was displayed in those bloody d&ys of Sep- tember, '63. But it seems to me that the e}tm of the southern soldier was never seen after Chickamauga — the brilliant dash which had distin- guished him was gone forever. He was too intelligent not to know that the cutting in two of Georgia meajit death to all his hopes. He fought stoutly to the last, but with the sullenness of despair and without the enthusiasm of hope. That barren victory sealed the fate of the Southern Confederacy." To this testimony the Confederate General Loring adds: "We would. gladly have exchanged a dozen of our previous victories for that one failure. No man in the south felt that you had accomplished anything until Chattanooga fell. It was the closed doorway to the in- terior of our country. It caused us to experience for the first time a diminution of confidence." "The 19th and 20th of September, 1863," says the Compte de Paris, "proved to be the two last brilliant days in the history of the Confederacy; after that all was defense." After thirty-four years of strife, in other fields, my comrades, we have stepped aside from the battle of life to recall a memory of the past; to perpetuate our part in these great events beside an enduring monument erected here by our noble Commonwealth. Then we came to this field, not 236 PENNSYLVANIA AT as the guests of a great Commonwealth, but as her soldiers, toiling in weary lines over mountain paths that were almost inaccessible, crossing rivers, fording streams, subsisting on the coarsest food, sleeping by our stacked arms on the cold earth. We were guided on that long and ex- hausting night march by the flashes of the carbines of the cavalry who hung on the narrow flank towards the enemy. We were veterans, sea- soned in many campaigns, or the experiences would have been appalling even before a shot was fired. There had been a serious blunder some- where and it had to be atoned for by extraordinary exertion on the part of the soldiers. Tou are the living witnesses of how they proved equal to that task. That grey dawn on the 19th of September, 1863, lives in my memory as scarcely any other event of a lifetime. Somehow we felt ourselves in the presence of great events. Ordinary fighting we had had for months. It was incident to the campaign. But here was battle in the air. The Sev- enty-ninth Pennsylvania belonged to Baird's Division of the Fourteenth Army Corps, Thomas' Corps. The history of that division is the history of our part in these events. It has been told and retold with particularity by the government in its official reports, by individuals on one occasion and another. This beautiful monument, one of the handsomest of the group of shafts that mark the most serious fighting of one of the severest battles of the war, if not the severest, was fashioned from an episode that occurred in our regiment in the night fight of September 19, when Clay- borne's belated columns struck our front. It had been a day of fighting for position; the prelude of a yet greater day on the morrow. Each side had brought its troops cautiously to the front, had felt his foe and was awaiting developments. There had been heavy losses already, though it was only the gathering of the storm. In those mountains the nightfall came early in the September day, and the sjm had already sunk behind the fringe of dark forest. There was something terribly oppressive about those deep, dark woods; something which one could feel but not describe. Men who were there have often spoken of it since that night. Perhaps physical exhaustion played its part. We had not slept for two nights. We had scarcely eaten for twenty-four hours. Our canteens were empty. Perhaps the sombre un- certainty of the morrow enveloped us. Men dropped down to rest where their ranks were formed but there was to be no rest. There were shots on the picket line — that was nothing unusual — but they grew more frequent. The trained ear of the old soldier reads the story of the rifle's note with the facility that a. telegraph operator reads the clicking instrument. A shell adds its fearful screech to the voice of the coming battle. The tired line springs to its feet, stands for a moment at "attention," then the order to advance is given, and the demons on both sides are let loose. A fight in the broad day under the open Heaven, with your foe in plain sight, is bad enough. But a night fight is horrible! Put the com,batants in a woods so dense that the foliage obscures the Heavens, so black that you cannot distinguish friend from foe, then open the throats of ten thou- sand rifles, and you have it. The pall of night conceals everything except CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 237 the fierce lightning of the muskets, and angry shriek of the shells, the demoniac cries of the combatants, the voices of the dying. While the night fight was at its heighth and our brigade was advancing to meet the enemy, a shell exploded beside the colors and killed Sergeant Dostman. As the fiag fell from his dying grasp, before it could touch the earth, it was seized by one of his comrades of the colpr guard and borne forward with the column. At such an hour and amid such surroundings the incident was created which the sculptor seized and set in bronze as a perpetual testimony to the worth and the valor of the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry on Chickamauga field. It is an appro- priate thought, fittingly preserved, and Pennsylvania is honored in having the bravery of a brave event handed down to history with the other miracles of valor that were enacted here on the 19th and 20th of Sep- tember, 1863. But this was not the only part of this field upon which the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania was entitled to write its story in bronze. You will pardon me if I refer briefly to the part it took under General Thomas on the 20th of September in the heroic defen,se of the Horseshoe Ridge which saved the army and saved the day. Perhaps in all the history of our war no fight was made with more des- perate energy and no greater results hung tremblingly in the balance than during the rebel assaults upon Thomas' line along Snodgrass Hill, on "the Horseshoe Ridge," as the Compte de Paris calls it. This fated ridge might be called the Hill of the Atonement, since on its seared sides Thomas and his veterans made bloody amends for all the blunders of the Chattanooga campaign. For while it is true, in brilliancy of conception, in, obstacles overcome, in consummate manoeuvring and in boldness of execuitlon, the Chattanooga campaign is hardly to be surpassed, it had its lamentable side, and repairing blunders in the face of the enemy is expen- sive and costly work, as many of the graves in this National cemetery will testify. It is now past noon on the 20th of September; a. crisis has come in the second day's fight. The right wing is 'annihilated, the splendid corps of Crittenden and McCook have been swept in ruin from the field, back into the gaps of the ridges that cover Chattanooga. In their flight they have carried with them besides their own commanders, the general of the army. To all intents and purposes at this hour Chickamauga is a lost field. Rosecrans so telegraphed the war department at Washington. To the trained ear of his chief of staff. General Garfield, however, there are still sounds of orderly resistance on the left where Thqmas stood. Can it be that Longstreet's veterans have not swept all before them in that re- sistless charge that penetrated the fatal gap of General Wood? With the instincts of a soldier the chief of staff follows the sound of the cannon and finds Thomas alone, the focus of the fight. Besides his corps are some fragments of the army. Beyond them a semi-circle of destruction. Rebel forces that have flooked from the four corners of the Confederacy, flushed v/ith victory, are engaged in a supreme effort to redeem Chattanooga, and half the Federal army gone. The Confederate line in front of Bumside at Knoxville has been stripped to contribute to Rosecrans' defeat here. 23S PENNSYLVANIA AT Some of Pemberton's freshly paroled men from Vicksburg, in obedience to the desperate behests of the Confederacy, are here; Longstreet's eight brigades; the veterans of Fredericksburg and Antietam and Gettysburg are here to strike Thomas' devoted flank with the momentum of the tidal wave that elsewhere on the field has lifted and borne everything from its pathway. Again and again with shout and yell they press forward bent on our annihilation. But that slender line with its flanks wrapped about the hill, its ranks rooted to the earth, is as immovable as the ridges it oc- cupies, and while ammunition lasts, brute force could only pound itself to pieces against it. Now that the battle chorus has been hushed these thirty-four years we can look with undisturbed serenity on the valor of an enemy who threw line after line against that terrible front only to be driven back, leaving windrows of death behind. But a great catastrophe was impending. The ammunition was running low. The cartridge boxes of the dead and wounded had been emptied. Men looked into each other's faces and inquired What next. To scfme regiments Thomas had already given the order to fix bayonets, but bayonets alone would never hold that hill against such fearful odds. Strange things occur in human history, and none stranger than the ap- pearance at this moment on the right of the staggering line, of a small band of reinforcements. At first they were thought to be a fresh line of the enemy, but by and by the red and -blue battle flag containing the white crescent of Gordon Granger came out like a message from the sky. They brought ammunition. They brought hope. It was Blucher and night at the same moment. The army was saved. Chickamauga passed into history as a barren victory for the Confederacy — the path to the sea remained open. Thom'as has been called the "Rock of Chickamauga." I recall the old hero on the battlefield during one of the ordeals of that two days' fighting— his ranks had been heavily pressed — in places they were broken — the enemy had followed his advantage and his bullets were cutting the leaves from the trees above the General's head. On his old familiar steed he sat; not a muscle of his face moved while he issued orders to restore the line in the quiet conversational tone that politeness prescribes for a ladies' drawing-room. It was the discipline of a lifetime concentrated on a. moment. There is no figure in military history more sublime than that of General Thomas in the midst of this line of fire that nearly encircles the Horseshoe Ridge, not only wrenching victory from the jaws of defeat, but in that awful hour making amends for the sins of a whole campaign; for Halleek's misconceptions and blunders at Washing- ton; for Rosecrans' excessive confidence that in the face of his foes scat- tered his army over sixty miles when it should have occupied six; for the failure of Burnside to co-ojberate from Knoxville; or of Grant from Vicksburg. It has been said of Thom.as as was said of Massena, "He was endowed with that extraordinary firmness and courage which seemed to increase in excess of danger." His was ithe equal mind that was never lost in CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 239 disaster, the unconquerable will, the steadfast purpose, the dauntless courage, the limitless resources. The Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania belonged to that portion of the line which flred the opening and the closing shots at Chickamauga. This monument commemorates an event that happened midway between those two periods, and though erected on the historic ground Thomas alone held on the afternoon of September 20, we dedicate it here to-day to give per- petual expression to the heroic deeds and patriotic sacrifices of our com- rades throughout the entire contest, and on every part of the field; so that in the long hereafter when the sons of the Keystone State wandering among these mountains, and through these valleys and along these streams made sacred by the heroism of other days, shall ask what part our great Commonwealth had in making memorable this field, they will be led to this spot and here will be recounted to them with pride the eloquent story of their fellow citizens who in 1863, believing they were right, stood before death without a quiver. There has been much effusive talk about the right and the wrong, the sacredness and the sinfulness of each cause arbitrated here, and eloquent men have brought forth the faded olive branch of history and waved it in the faces of friend and foe to the disgust of both. There is another class of men, nursing the prejudices of the past and trying to vitalize them because other mistaken men died for them, until we sometimes feel constrained to cry out at the injustice that is wrought in the attempt to uphold these battered follies and crimes. But let us be patient. There must necessarily be a little friction between the incoming and the outgo- ing generations, just as the waves heave and toss long after the storm has passed. History has written a decree, but we are yet much too near these events to comprehend it; too busy with the glory of them— with Sherman's march to the sea and Sheridan's ride in the valley, and Thomas' stand'at Chickamauga, and Grant's prowess before Richmond; and on their side, the children of the Confederacy, with Stonewall Jack- son's brave marches and General Lee's brave defenses. You and I will soon be dead. These monuments will crumble and decay, but the eternity of right abides forever. Irrespective of the right or wrong of that war, it left one stern legacy to the American people which both sides can take pride in. It taught each to respect the other, to rightly estimate the other's sturdy qualities and thereby created a foundation for national unity in mutual respect. Our civil war when it shall be fully understood will stand forth as a unique chapter in the world's history, for within a generation of the sound of its closing guns, communities of men from both sections lived side by side, perpetuating the war's memories and forgetting its passions— nay, in some instances, they laid their trophies on a common altar. When England conquered the Highlands she held them by force for fifty years, as she now holds India; as Germany holds Alsace, and Lor- raine; as Spain holds Cuba and the Philippines. Our policy was different, and to-day instead of having a physical union maintained by bayonets in one-half of our land, we are securing a union of hearts which fosters af- 240 PENNSYLVANIA AT fection and promotes loyalty and which no Mason and Dixon's line will ever again keep asunder. General Rosecrans said In Chattanooga in 1889, "It took great men to win that battle, but it takes greater men still, to wipe away all the ill- feeling which naturally grows out of such a contest." Yet I believe the dedication of t^is field two years ago to the dead of both sides did more to obliterate old prejudices than any other event since the war, because In that dedication the valor and sincerity of the rank and file of the south was recognized, and this fact, the most sensible of southern people have been content to recognize as the only legacy history could fairly accord them. If a foreigner had stood upon this field two years ago and wit- nessed the commingling of the veterans of the north and tlhe south, he must have felt that here, where the mountains of the Appalachian ranges begin to fade away into the plains of Georgia and Alabama, there has also faded away another great barrier— sectionalism— which threatened to be a mountain range of discord between us for a century, but which under the benignant policy of the north and the kindlier impulses of the south, has scarcely outlasted a generation. General FuUerton said upon that occasion, recognizing this fraternal spirit: "These monuments do not tell of death, but of resurrection— of a new birth— the resurrection of the nation— of a people at last united in in- ti^rests, in heart, in sentiment— of one flag and of one glorious destiny." If that is so of the granite and marble and bronze scattered along these memorable fronts of war, how much more is it true of the Pennsylvania monument we dedicate here to-day. It is an allegory that, interpreted in its broadest lines, becomes eloquent. A color sergeant falls; the flag never touches the earth, but is seized by a comrade and flung into the front rank of battle. So that bronze says; so these living witnesses say. Henceforth the flag of freedom leaguered with bayonets and shotted guns, riddled with bullets and torn with the storms of battle on a hundred blood-soaked fields, though often in peril, shall never again touch the earth, because thousands of brave arms north and south will be outstretched to bear it to victory or die under its righteous folds. It is this thought that makes America master of the future, and with her sons north and south, east and west, once more gathered together, who can doubt henceforth she will be Invincible. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF REGIMENT. IN the early part of August, 1861, Henry A. Hambright, of Lancaster, was authorized by the Secretary of War to recruit a regiment. With the exception of Company D, which was recruited in Washington county, the companies were all raised in Lancaster county. As fast as organized they were sent to Camp Wilkins, near Pittsburgh, and on the nth of October the last company had arrived. . The regimental organiza- *Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Voluntettrs. a n CHICK AMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 241 tion was effected by the selection of the following field oflficers: Henry A. Hambright, of Lancaster, Colonel; John H. Duchman, of Lancaster, Lieutenant Colonel; William S. Mellinger, of Monongahela City, Major. The officers and most of the privates had served in the three months' campaign. Brigadier General James S. Negley was assigned to the command of the 'brigade composed of the Seventy-seventh, Seventy- eighth and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Regiments, and on the afternoon of the 17th of October, it left camp and marched to Allegheny City, where the State colors were presented by Governor Curtin, who accompanied the presentation with a stirring address. On the following day the brigade marched through the city of Pitts- burgh, and embarked upon a' fleet of steamers bound for Louisville, Ken- tucky. A short time before starting the deck of the steamer. Sir William Wallace, on which was a part of the Seventy-ninth, gave way with a, tremendous crash, seriously injuring Adjutant C. R. Prailey, so much so as never after to return to the regiment. Daniel Landis, of Company B, and Daniel Clemens, leader of the band, also suffered some injuries. Soon after its arrival, the brigade proceeded by rail to Camp Nevin, on Nolin Creek, and three weeks later across the stream to Camp Negley. On the 17th of December it moved south, and after some delay at Bacon Creek it continued the march to Camp Wood, near Munfordsville, on the north bank of Green River. It was here engaged in drilling, and in picket, guard, and scout duty. Upon the opening of the spring campaign. General A. McDowell Mc- Cook, to whose division Negley's Brigade had been assigned, was ordered to proceed north via the Ohio River, and join Grant in his movement upon Ports Henry and Donelson. At Bacon Creek the order was counter- manded, and the division returned to Nashville. It remained in camp near the city until the 29th of March, when the Seventy-ninth was ordered to Columbia. Soon after its arrival a detachment under Captain Ken- drlck, of Company A, was sent out to repair the lines of telegraph between Columbia and Pulaski. While busily engaged in this duty it was sud- denly pounced upon by a squad of Morgan's Cavalry, and nearly the whole party captured. As soon as intelligence reached headquarters, four companies 'under com^mand of Major Mellinger, a squadron of cav- alry, and a section of artillery, were dispatched in pursuit. When near Pulaski, the prisoners, who had been paroled, were met on their way back to camp. Mellinger moved forward to the town, encountering a few rebel pickets who fled rapidly as he approached, and occupied it without opposition. He was soon after relieved by Colonel Sirwell of the Sev- enty-eighth and returned with his command to camp. The Union forces in eastern and central Kentucky had at first been under the command of General Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, but sub- sequently under General Sherman. The latter upon being relieved at his own request, was superseded by General Buell. Early in April the main body of the Army of the Ctimberland moved to Pittsburg Landing, to the support of Grant, but the Seventy-ninth was left as a. guard upon the 16 242 PENNSYLVANIA AT Nashville and Decatur Railroad. On the 10th of May, General Negley, made an expedition to Rodgersville, Tennessee, the advance brigade con- sisting of the Seventy-eighth and Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania Infantry, two battalions of cavalry and a section of artillery, all under command of Colonel Hambright. The enemy was discovered upon the opposite side of the river, which is here about seven hundred yards wide. The brigade was hastily formed, the Seventy-ninth in advance, and opened fire. The enemy took shelter in some log huts standing along the shore, but were driven out by a few well directed shells. On the IBth the command moved on towards Florence. Before starting a detachment of eighty men, under command of Captain Klein, of Company F, was sent down the river in boats for the purpose of capturing and destroying rebel crafts and contraband property, Hhat they should find on the way. In passing the Muscle Shoals, which extend ten or twelve miles, many difficulties were encountered, the boats grounding and the men being compelled to leap into the water and work their way through as best they could. Nine boats were destroyed and a rebel scout captured. From Florence the command returned again to Columbia. On the 29th of May, General Negley was ordered to proceed with an in- dependent force consisting of infantry, cavalry, and artillery across the mount-ains to Chattanooga. Colonel Hambright was now in command of the brigade which formed part of the force, and Major Mellinger of the regiment. The enemy's pickets were first encountered at Walden Ridge. They fell back, as Negley advanced, upon their main body under com- mand of General Adams, drawn tip in line of battle ready to dispute the passage of Sweden's Cove. Three companies of the Seventy-ninth, under Captain Klein, were thrown forward as skirmishers, which scoured the hills and brought in a few prisoners. The cavalry was held under cover in the timber, and the artillery, which had been brought up and ad- vantageously posted, opened Are. A few shells sent the enemy flying in confusion, when the cavalry emerging from the woods, gave chase. Two miles out he was overtaken when a spirited skirmish ensued in which his loss was considerable. Without further opposition the command advanced, and arrived in front of Chattanooga on the 7th of June. The enemy was found on the opposite side of the river, well entrenched, close to the 'bank, and on the summit of the hill overlooking the stream, and prepared with artillery to dispute the crossing. Hambright's Brigade was ordered forward to reconnoitre the ford. Sypher's and Nell's sec- tions of artillery were brought into position, with the Seventy-ninth in support. Company A, Captain Benson, being thrown forward to the river bank to act as sharpshooters and to pick off the enemy's gunners. The Fifth Kentucky Cavalry, Colonel Haggard, and the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, Major Wynkoop, were thrown to the rear under cover, and out of the range of the enemy's guns for the protection of flanks and rear. His infantry soon opened from his entrenchments, and his artillery, consisting of one twenty-four pounder, one eighteen pounder, and four smaller pieces, was served with spirit. The Are was promptly returned, and for flve hours a brisk cannonade was kept up, silencing his guns, and CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 243 causing him to beat a hasty retreat. The loss in the Seventy-ninth was one wounded.* The 'object of this expedition was a diversion in favor of G.eneral Smith, who was attempting to force his way through Cumber- land Gap, into East Tennessee. The end having been accomplished. Gen- eral Negley returned with his command to Shelbyvllle, having been absent but fourteen days, had two engagements with the enemy, and performed a toilsome march of two hundred and eighty-four miles. The 4th of July was .celebrated by the command with becoming honors, raising a National flag, firing salutes, and parading. Hon. Edmund Cooper delivered an oration, after which the command was treated to a dinner prepared by the citizens. To this date the following changes in the regiment had occurred: seven men had deserted, thirty-three had died, and flfity-one had been discharged, leaving nine hundred and seven, of whom fifty were in hospitals. Early in July, Major Mellinger, with four companies was ordered to Wartrace to reinforce General Barnes, who, having left a small force to hold the place, had gone in search of the enemy. A few days later the entire regiment was ordered forward. A detachment of two companies was sent to Duck River with orders to fortify the south bank, erect a stockade on the north bank, and protect the railroad bridge at that point. It soon became evident that the posi- tion mitst be abandoned, and before the works were completed, an order was received to reduce them, and retire with the regiment to TuUahoma. Upon its arrival it was assigned to a brigade composed of the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Nineteenth Regulars, commanded by General William S. Smith. From TuUahoma the brigade proceeded to Manchester, where a detachment of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry was engaged In picket duty. On the 8th of August the regiment was ordered to Nashville, and upon its arrival encamped on College Hill, south of the city. The enemy hovered about the Capitol, and made frequent attempts to capture the place and destroy the railroad. The regiment was sent by General Mil- ler on the 20th, to the support of a party of Indiana troops defending the trestle-work of a bridge near Gallatin, and threatened by a superior force. Before Its arrival the enemy had succeeded in destroying it, but could not overpower the guard. It was, subsequently, again ordered to Gallatin to the support of the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, which had been attacked by Morgan's bands, but did not arrive in time to have a part in the engagement. After remaining a. few days it returned again to Nashville, and was assigned to the Third Brigade, General Stark- weather, First Division, General Rousseau, Fourteenth Corps, A. Mc- Dowell MoCook. The brigade was composed of the Seventy-ninth Penn- •Extract from, Gei:eral Negley's Offlclal Report.— Our expedition into East Tennessee has proved successful. We are returning with eighty prisoners, including a number of prominent otBcers; also captured a drove of cattle and a large quantity of horses intended for the rebel army. The defeat of General Adams' rebel forces in Sweden's Cove was much more complete than reported. He escaped without sword, hat or horse. We silenced ths enemy's batteries at Chattanooga on the evening of 7th, ELfter a fierce cannonading of three hours. We opened on the 8th at nine A. M., and continued six hours upon the town and rifle-pits, driving the enemy out and forcing him to abandon his works and evacuate the city. He burnt several railroad bridges to prevent pursuit- Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. V, p. 187, Docs. 244 PENNSYLVANIA AT sylvania. First Wisconsin, Seventeenth Kentucky, and Fourth Indiana Battery. About this time the regimental band was muste-red out by general order of the War Department, and returned home. Early in September the movement of Buell's Army north commenced. Bragg with a strong force had broken into Kentucky, ravaging and de- stroying on every hand, and was directing his course towards Louisville. Buell made forced marches to reach it in advance of him and was success- ful, arriving in front of the town on the 26th. Foiled in his purpose, Bragg soon turned back, and, having collected Immense stores, began to make his way south. Encumbered with his trains, his progress was .slow. Buell moved in pursuit and came up with him near Perryville. To save his trains Bragg was obliged to turn and give battle. Artillery fir- ing commenced early on the morning of the Sth of October. Rousseau's Division was hastened forward and drawn up in line, Barnes' and Lytle's Brigades on the right, Harris' in the centre, and Starkweather's on the left, with Terrill's Brigade of Jackson's Division on the left, In front of, and somewhat in advance of the 'main line. Favored by irregularities of ground, and woods in his front, the enemy was enabled to approach upon the left in heavy force unobserved, and at a little after noon, fell upon Terrill's Brigade in great violence, accompanied with unearthly yells. This brigade, composed of raw troops, staggered under the terrible blow, and soon fled in confusion. General Jackson was killed by the first vol- ley.* Starkweather's Brigade stood in rear of Terrill, the First Ken- tucky and Fourth Indiana Batteries on the hill, the Twenty-first Wis- consin in front, the Seventy-ninth Pennsylvania, the First Wisconsin, and Twenty-fourth Illinois in rear and in support of the batteries. As soon as the panic stricken troops of Terrill had passed to the rear, the enemy followed up his advance, with intent to crush and turn McCook's left, but was met by Starkweather who stood firm. The batteries of Bush and Stone did fearful execution, and the infantry poured in a steady fire. Three times the rebels charged with determined valor, but were as often bloodily repulsed. At length, the ammunition having been exhausted, the infantry retired to replenish it, the guns were moved back near Russell's House, and the infantry again returned to its place in the line. The battle raged upon the right with equal violence, and the line was carried back; but the divisions of Mitchell and Sheridan, of Gil- bert's Corps, stubbornly held their ground and the enemy was at length forced to give up the contest. Upon advancing on the following morning, it was discovered that he had fled during the night. The Seventy-ninth lost in this engagement, thirty-seven killed, one hundred and forty-nine wounded, and three missing, an aggregate of one hundred and eighty- nine. Captain Samuel J. Boone and Lieutenant Henry J. Test, were of the killed. •He was struck In the right. breast by a piece of an exploded shell, and, with the ex- clamation "Oh God!" fell from his horse and died without a struggle. Even the enemy paid a tribute to his gallantry. Terrill also fell directly after, and M'Cook's left flank was uncovered and would have been destroyed with the loss of the train, but for the pluck of Starkweather's men.— Harper's Pictorial History, Part I, p. 314. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 245 The army followed up the retreating- rebels, harrasslng their rear, passing Drainesville, where a large number of their wounded were found, Stanford, Crab Orchard, Lebanon, and Bowling Green, at' which place the pursuit was stayed, and General Buell was superseded by General Rosecrans. While here sanitary stores from the "Patriot Daughters of Lancaster" were received. On the 9th of November the brigade, under command of Colonel Hamibright, was sent to Mitchellsville with orders to guard the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The regiments were de- tailed along the road, the headquarters of the Seventy-ninth being at Camp McCloud, six miles south of Mitchellsville. A month later the brigade was summoned to join the main body of the army encamped at Nashville, and aboVt to start on the campaign of Stone River. Upon its arrival Rousseau's Division was assigned to General Thomas' Corps. On the 27th, the division left camp and marched down the Franklin Pike, thence across to Nolansville, and to the Murfreesboro Pike, at a point about ten miles north of Murfreesboro, where a junction was formed with the main column on the evening of the 29th. Early on the following morning the army moved forward, the advance soon encountering the enemy's skirmishers, who fell back before it. Late in the evening the brigade was dispatched to Jefferson, on the Stone River Pike, to protect the train and cut off the retreat of the rebel cavalry. On Tuesday, the SOlh, the wagon train belonging to the brigade separated from the niain train and followed the column to Jefferson. While on the way it was at- tacked by Wheeler's Cavalry, and before help could be obtained twenty- two wagons, containing stores and camp equipage, were burned, and six men captured. On the following morning the brigade crossed the Stone River Bridge and moved on towards Murfreesboro. Two miles out, a number of stragglers were met who reported Rosecrans' Army cut to pieces and retreating towards Nashville. Soon an orderly came who directed the brigade to return and join the division, which was accomp- lished before nightfall. It was moved into a thicket of cedars and posted to repel an attack. The following day, January 1, 1863, was spent in feel- ing the enemy and reconnoitring. Early next morning the enemy opened' a, brisk fire. The infantry was. rapidly moved forward and the engage- ment, which soon became general, raged with unabated fury for four hours. The Third Brigade was in line with the left resting on the pike, the Seventy-ninth in support of Loomis' Battery. The rebel guns, half a mile distant, opened a rapid fire upon It, to the sort annoyance of the supports, but was finally silenced. In the afternoon the enemy made a fierce assault upon the left, but was met and driven by Negley's com- mand. During the evening the brigade was moved to the front line, the Seventy-ninth occupying a rifle-pit which was hastily thrown up after darkness had set in. Companies C, E, H and I were thrown out as post pickets, but the enemy having learned their position, posted a battery so as to command it and drove them out, gaining possession of the cedars and holding them until the following evening. During the night he was dislodged, but before morning had withdrawn, leaving his dead unburied. The loss of the regiment was two killed and ten wounded. 246 PENNSYLVANIA AT The casualties up to this time had been as follows: nine commissioned oflicers had resigned; one died of disease; two killed in action; three wounded in action; one captured; thirty-seven enlisted men killed in ac- tion; one hundred and fifty-six enlisted men wounded; seventeen died from wounds received in action; fourteen captured, paroled and ex- changed; six captured, paroled and not exchanged; one hundred and three discharged for disability; eighteen, members of band, mustered out; forty died of disease; fifty-three deserted and two transferred; six- teen recruits received. It numbered at this time thirty-five commissioned officers, and six hundred and eighty-eight enlisted men, of whom twenty- five officers and four hundred and eighty-four men were present for duty. One hundred and forty-eight were sick, of whom seventy-six were wounded. The remainder were on detached duty. Of the one hundred and three men discharged for disability, thirty-five were for wounds. After the battle the regiment went into camp at Murfreesboro, where supplies of clothing, and a, beautiful flag, the gift of citizens of Lan- caster, were received. Foraging expeditions were frequently sent out, occasionally meeting parties of the enemy. On the 19th of April, the Third Brigade, in company with other troops under command of General Rey- nolds, was ordered to McMinnvllle. Two cotton mills, several grist mills, and a large amount of stores, including twenty-five thousand pounds of bacon, were destroyed, and sixty prisoners taken. The command moved to Liberty, where a large steam flouring mill was destroyed and a large amount of forage and provisions collected, and dispatched to the army. On the 1st of June, the division was reviewed by General Rousseau, and on the 24th, the summer 'Campaign opened. By skilful manoeuvring the enemy was turned out of his position, and sent flying across the moun- tains to Chattanooga, which he was determined to hold. Rosecrans fol- lowed on, crossed the Tennessee River, at Bridgeport, struck boldly out across the mountains, and arrived on the 17th upon the Chickamauga Creek in rear of the rebel army. Bragg, taking the alarm, evacuated Chat- tanooga, and moved out to, and beyond Ringgold, where, having been heavily reinforced, he faced about, assumed the offensive, and gathered in his forces for a decisive battle. Negley had been sent on the 12th to Dug Gap, to cut off Bragg's way of retreat by the valley beyond, but en- countered obstinate resistance, and it now became fully evident that he intended to fight. The Third Brigade, now changed to the Second, was sent to Negley's relief, who T\ias thereby barely enabled to get off in safety. On the ISth, the army was massed in the valley beyond Crawfish Spring, across the Rossville Road, covering Chattanooga. The First Di- vision, now commanded by General Baird, marched during the entire night to reach its position. At eight o'clock on Saturday, the 19th, a dull heavy sound w CO (U ^O 3 •^ < 0_ O c ET. 3 CD w (Ti 3 c o 1Q 01 s z CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 309 Seventeenth Regiment of Tennessee Infantry the advance on Johnson's left, near Pea Vine Bridge, Lieutenant Oolonel Martin, with a, detachment of John Morgan's' Cavalry (the remnant that were not captured in Mor- gan's Ohio raid) on the right. Captain Heber S. Thompson, with one hundred men of the Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, at seven A. M., was east of Pea Vine Church; his advance of four men, Corporal John Williams, Privates Amandus Womer, Samuel Waters and John Ward, on the road, one hun- dred yards west of Pea Vine Creek. Lieutenant Colonel Watt W. Floyd and Adjutant McCormick of the Seventeenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteer Confederates, were in front of Captain McDor.ald's company to observe and try to effect a crossing of Pea Vdne Creek at the bridge. Private Samuel Walters, company F, Sev- enth Pennsylvania Cavalry, at a house about a hundred yards from the creek, took aim and fired his Smith breech loading carbine at the two Con- federate ofHcers, who retreated and reported to Brigadier General John- son at Peeler's Mills. Captain McDonald moved his company of Con- federates forward towards Pea Vine Creek. Captain Thompson's advance moved towards the creek, sustained by sixteen soldiers at a trot. As the advance reached the west bank of Pea Vine Creek, Morgan's Confederate Cavalry fired a volley, killing John Ward and wounding Corporal John Williams. Captain Thompson advanced his command until halted by Everett's Battery, (Battery E, Ninth Georgia), who opened with three pieces, killing Owen Brennan, company F; Jacob Stroup, company H; wounding Daniel King, mortally, and John Lynch, company F, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. This was the actual opening of the great battle of Chickamauga. Captain Thompson held his advance position, skirmishing with the Confederates who he prevented from crossing Pea Vine Creek until ten A. M. Colonel R. H. G. Minty moved the brigade from Reed's Bridge to the east slope of Pea Vine Ridge where line of battle was formed. Lieutenant T. D. Griffin, with two guns, Chicago Board of Trade Battery, commenced firing, causing the enemy to halt and adjust his lines. At eleven A. M., Brigadier General Johnson received orders fr6m General Bragg "to move forward and cross Reed's Bridge." General N. B. Forrest, with the Sev- enteenth Tennessee Regiment, moved to the right of Minty as a. flank movement to gain Lambert's Ford, Chickamauga Creek. This movement being observed by Minty, he moved the brigade to the rear and formed on the west slope of Pea Vine Ridge. As the enemy moved forward he re- ceived re-enforcements, augmenting his force to ten thousand. A stub- born fight ensued. Minty, with nine hundred and seventy-three (973), rank and file, held the enemy at bay until one o'clock P. M. At this hour General Bragg sent Brigadier General Johnson a peremptory ordf-r to "take Reed's Bridge re- gardless of the forces in your front. The army is waiting on you to cross the Chickamauga Creek." In compliance with the order, Johnson moved forward to Reed's House, west of Pea Vine Ridge. Minty formed his 310 PENNSYLVANIA AT brigade of cavalry on the plateau in a semi-circle, the right and left rest- ing on the creek. A regiment, six companies and two pieces of artillery, from Wilder's Brigade of piounted infantry, arrived as re-enforcements. Minty ordered Colonel Miller down the west side of the Chickamauga to protect the left flanks at two thirty o'clock P. M. The enemy charged but were halted by the Chicago Board of Trade Battery from the west side of of Chickamauga Creek. The Fourth Michigan Cavalry commenced cross- ing the frail, dilapidated Reed's Bridge, followed by the Fourth United States Cavalry (regulars). The Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry crossed after the Fourth United States Cavalry had crossed. Captain Percy H. White, commanding company A, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, partly dismantled Reed's Bridge under a severe artillery fire from Bedsloe's Missouri Battery. The brigade was formed at Jay's Saw MiH, west of Chickamauga Creek. Colonel Miller's command of mounted infantry was recalled. The Seventeenth Tennessee Confederates crossd Reed's Bridge at three thirty o'clock P. M. General Hood, of Longstreet's Corps, arrived with re-en- forcements and assumed command and moved up the Chickamauga Creek to a position east of the Viniards House. Minty, Wilder and two in- fantry regiments of Dix's Brigade formed line of battle west of the Viniards House at dusk. At sunset a brigade of the reserve corps commanded by Colonel Daniel McOook arrived at Jay's Saw Mill, two hours after Minty had moved to make a. conjunction with Wilder's Brigade. McCook had a flght with McNair's Confederate Brigade at dusk. At nine o'clock P. M., the Confederates charged Minty and Wilder at the Viniards House and were repulsed. The line of battle held the po- sition until four o'clock A. M., September 19, when it was relieved by Major General Palmer's Division, Twenty-first Army Corps. Minty retired to the rear of General Rosecrans' headquarters, "The Glenn House," to feed and groo^m the horses, and the men to cook break- fast. At twelve M., moved out as guards to ammunition train, with orders to report to General Gordon Granger, bivouacked near Rossville. At five A. M., Sunday, September 20, moved to Missionary Mills on the left of the reserve corps. Scouts and patrols were sent east of Chickamauga Creek, to Chickamauga Station in Georgia. At three o'clock P. M., moved to the Red House Bridge, met Scott's Division of Confederate Cavalry, skirmished and drove them a mile east of the Chickamauga Creek, thereby preventing an assault on tl^e left and rear of General Thomas at Cloud's Springs. At night, held the front at McAfee's Church on the Ringgold road. General Thomas, during the night, moved the Army of the Cum- berland from Snodgrass Hill to Missionary Ridge, east of Rossville. Minty's Brigade of cavalry was three miles in front of the army until ten fifteen A. M., September 21, when attacked by General Forrest's com- mand. A stubborn resistance was maintained against a force trebly CHICKAMAtTGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 311 outnumbering Minty's Sabre Brigade; retiring to Rossville Gap, fighting with desperation, on Missionary Ridge the brigade made a last stand, being shelled vigorously by three batteries. Barnett's Second Illinois Battery of the Reserve Corps came to Minty's assistance. At one o'clock P. M., orders were received to retire. In doing so the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry received a volley from the rear, de- livered by an Ohio regiment of infantry, wounding a number of horses. During the engagement on Missionary Ridge, Captain David G. May, company K, and Private Andrew Lavette, company E, were killed, and a number wounded. Moving to the rear of the army, a halt was made at Rossville, where Lieutenant Bernard Reilly, Jr., company P, was wounded. From Rossville, the brigade moved to the left of the army, taking posi- tion on Missionary Ridge, and holding it until Tuesday morning, Septem- ber 22, then being withdrawn to a position west of Rossville. Skirmished, up to noon, to the Watkins House, two miles west of Chatta- nooga. Towards evening orders wore received to move to Chattanooga. The Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry was assigned to the duty of rear guard, arriving at Cameron Hill at seven P. M. At eight o'clock P. M., the Fourth Michigan and Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry were or- dered to work in the trenches, doing so until sunrise September 23. The Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry opened and closed the battle of Chickamauga and was engaged and under fire five days, from seven A. M., Friday, September 18, to Tuesday evening, September 22. The com- mand behaved itself with unusual bravery, receiving praise from the commander of the army and the commanders of division and brigade. Every officer and soldier of the Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Cav- alry who was engaged in this memorable battle did his whole duty, of which he and the State of Pennsylvania can truthfully say, "well done, brave, true and loyal soldiers." Private Samuel Waters, company F, fired the first shot and John "Ward was the first killed in the opening skirmish of the battle of Chickamauga. To Pennsylvania belongs the honor of opening and closing^ the battle. ADDRESS OF LIEUT.-COL. CHARIvES L,. GREENO. COMRADES: — As we stand here upon this ground to-day, we can hardly realize that more than thirty-four years have passed since we were engaged in the fearful battle of Chickamauga; but such is the case. As we look into each others faces we recognize the fact that v?e are not the boys of eighteen and twenty years of age that we were at that time. We are men on the shady side of life, but the ties of friend- ship are as strong to-day as they were when we were sharing together 312 PENNSYLVANIA AT the hardships of the war. We are together again for a few hours to dedicate this beautiful monument that our grand old State of Pennsyl- vania has placed here in commemoration of the services rendered by our regiment in the battle. We feel sincerely grateful to our State for her generous recognition. The five days that we as a regiment were engaged in this battle, with its sufferings and hardships, will never be forgotten. I say five days' battle, for to us it was five full days of fighting, although history records only three. The events of the first two days were of no less, if not greater, importance than any days of the battle. Is it possible to imagine what the result would have been! It was disastrous as it was. The battle of Chickamauga was a drawn battle. Our forces retreated, but we held Chattanooga. But consider what would have been the con- sequences had we, I refer to our brigade, and General Wilder's, failed to hold in check the overwhelming Confederate forces during those two days that are not mentioned in history! Had they succeeding in crossing Chickamauga Creek and attacking our left at the time ordered by Gen- eral Bragg, there would have been a different history of the battle of Chickamauga, if not of the United States. As memory recalls to our minds our brave comrades who fell in the battle, it causes feelings of great sadness. We can never forget genial, brave Captain May, loved by every one. I was in pleasant conversation with him just a few moments before he was shot down. Nor can we, of company H, forget Private Stroup, who fell at the very co-mmencement of the battle when with Oaiptain Thompson. He was probably the second man who was killed in the battle. He was a bright active boy of about eighteen years of age; a brave soldier, always ready for duty. I met his mother three years ago at Pittsburgh at the reunion of our regi- ment. She is la nice, cultured old lady. She spoke in the higliest terms of her boy, and said she had always prayed God that she might live long enough to meet me and thank me for the kind letter I wrote her after the death of her son. There are many events of the battle that are not recorded in history, that I have picked up since, that to me are very interesting. It was my pleasure to entertain at my home, for a number of days, Gen- eral Minty. He related to me this "incident of the battle: After we had covered the retreat of our forces back to Chattanooga, he reported to General Rosecrans that he was there with his brigade. General Rose- crans then referred him to General Garfield for orders. General Garfield s.aid to him: "General Rosecrans directs that you take your brigade and return on the same road as rapidly as possible, and when you reach the enemy's lines, charge with your entire brigade as far as you can go, and then get back as best you can." This order was a great surprise to Gen- eral Minty. Tou remember how completely exhausted men and horses were at that time. Nevertheless he started to obey the order. ' CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 313 General Garfield told him to report to General Thomas on his way back. He did so, and General Thomas, without any hesitation, countermanded the order and directed General Mlnty to go into camp with his brigade. Thus, comrades, each one of us has personal reasons for feeling grateful to our brave General Thomas. For, had we made the charge as di- rected, not many of us would be here to-day. General Minty also stated to me that he visited General Rosecrans' headquarters about midnight after the firsit day's engagement, when we had been so hard pressed the entire day by the Confederate forces that outnumbered us at least ten to one, and after learning definitely that the enemy had been re-enforced by Longstreet with his command. He met there Generals Rosecrans, Crit- tenden and Garfield and other officers, yet he could not convince them that there was anything in our front but an insignificant cavalry force. Therefore, we can readily see how ill prepared would the left of our army have been to have resisted these forces, had we not held them In check the time we did. But this, in substance at least, is Included in Captain Vale's admirable address and I will not pursue the subject further. We are proud of the record of the old Seventh, not only in the battle of Chickamauga, but in the more than one hundred other engagements in which we had a part. We never failed to meet the expectations of our superior officers in the performance of any duty assigned to us. We are here, a goodly number, I am glad to say, just for a few hours; many of us meeting for the first time since we were mustered out at Harrisburg at the close of the war. To say that I am rejoiced to look into your faces again, and again take you by the hand, but^falntly expresses my feelings. Now, in conclusion, remember, one and all, that my home is in Cin- cinnati and my latch-string is always out. Do not fail to visit me whenever it is possible for you to do so. I trust that we shall so spend the remainder of our days that when the final "muster out" comes we shall all be united again in that world where wars are un- known. I thank you for your kind attention. ADDRESS OF MAJOR CHARJ^ES C. DAVIS. COMRADES of the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry and Fellow Citi- zens:— Over thirty-four years ago, and near this spot, we en- countered men worthy of our steel. On one side the Union forces, who were fighting for the 'preservation of the Union and our "starry banner," on the other, the southern forces, under Bragg, Longstreet, Hill, Pope and Buckner. The fight began early on the morning of September 18, 1863, by driving .n our outposts, viz: Minty's Brigade consisting of the Seventh Penn- 314 PENNSYLVANIA AT sylvania. Fourth United States, Fourth Michigan, one battalion of the Third Indiana, all cavalry, and the Board of Trade Battery of Chicago. Minty was in command and our whole force numbered less than two thousand men. General N. B. Forrest advanced rapidly with a force of six thousand Confederate cavalry. He had been ordered to attack us and ride over Mintys command. This was seven A. M. Let us see how near he fulfilled his order. Minty was ready for him and brought him to a. dead halt with our carbines. The Confederate batteries opened on us with shot and shell, but our own Chicago battery soon silenced their guns. Hour after hour the fight continued and not untU four P. M., of that day, when General Johnson of the Confederate forces and several forces of infantry came to Forrest's assistance, did we fall back to the ground on which we now stand and where this beautiful monument is being dedicated. It was here we still held the Confederates when we received the orders from General Palmer to fall back towards Lee & Gordons Mill, which we did very reluctantly, still fighting our way. We went into camp after dark within one mile of said mills, and, comrades, you all know what a cold night it was for that season of the year in the State of Georgia. No fires were allowed, no match to be struck, and our guns pointed to the enemy during the night. Comrades of the Seventh Pennsylvania, you know how tired and worn out we were after marching all of the night of the 17th to join our brigade a. half mile south of Chickamauga Creek. But you all know when duty calls, 'tis ours to obey. At four o'clock in the morn- ing of the 19th we fell back to a cornfield and you all know how, when you had fed your horses with the corn gathered in that field, the boys chewed at the hard corn, as our three days rations which had been issued to us previous to the engagement had ran out. The battle of the 19th was soon on and raged with terrible fury during the entire day. We were sent for, about noon of this day, by General Rosecrans to come to his headquarters, at the Widow Glenn's, which is near what is now called Bloody Pond. While there, we were ordered to move to Ross- Tille Gap, as General Forrest was attempting to flank the Union forces, and it was here, on the night of the 19th that we, for the first time in two days, laid down and closed our eyes in sleep. On Sunday, the 20th, For- rest again attempted to fiank the Union forces, but without success, as Minty and his command were watching him closely. We arose early on this morning and the boom of General Thomas' guns on Snodgrass Hill and Kelly's farm was the first sound which greeted our ears upon awak- ening. Tlie battle continued all day with terrific fury and the slaughter in front of General Thomas' Corps was terrible. On the morning of the 21st, when our army was falling back to Chat- tanooga, you all know the position we held on Missionary Ridge near the gap. Minty received orders to hold the enemy with his brigrade until General Granger could get his infantry and artillery into line at our rear, and how the enemy attacked us with overwhelming numbers, with CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 315 all arms of the service! How we fought! It was here that Captain May, of the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, laid down his life, and many more lives were lost this day for the perpetuation of our country. We re- mained until ordered to fall back, as Granger was ready to receive them with his corps and defeated the enemy. On the morning of the 22d we fell back into Chattanooga, the enemy having neither captured us nor driven us into the Ten^iessee River as they had promised to do. The Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry fired the first shot and lost the first man in the opening of the flght on the 18th, and was the last regiment to leave the field at the end of the battle. This regiment was known to all as the Great Sabre Regiment of the Army of the Cumberland and, comrades and citizens, when we meet here- after let us meet, as we have to-day, with the open hand of friendship; let us be loyal and forever defend one country and one flag. HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* THE authority to raise this regiment was given on the 27th of Au- gust, 1861, to William B. Sipes, of Philadelphia, by the Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. Companies A and F, were recruited in Schuylkill county, B in Lycoming and Tioga, C in Tioga and Bradford, D in Northumberland and Montour, E in Clinton and Centre, G in Chester, H in Montour and Luzerne, I in Dauphin, K in Cumberland, L in Berks, and M in Allegheny. The companies were recruited, for the most part, by their officers and at their expense, the grade of their commissions depending, as a general rule, upon their success in securing men. Their military experience was in general lirmited to the three months' service. The companies rendezvoused at Camp Cameron, near Harrisburg, where a regimental organization was effected, and the following field officers were commissioned: George C. Wynkoop, of Pottsville, Colonel; William B. Sipes, of Philadelphia, Lieutenant Colonel; James J. Seibert, of Phila- delphia, James Given, of West Chester, and John B. Wynkoop, of Potts- ville, Majors. Colonel Wynkoop had been connected with the! State militia, as an officer of cavalry, for more than twenty years, had served as Brigadier General of Volunteers in the three months' service, and it was by the active exertions of Lieutenant Colonel Sipes, who had little military experience beyond that of the three months' service, that he was selected to lead the regiment. Clothing was promptly issued to the men upon entering camp, and the regiment was regularly exercised in dismounted drill. Side arms were received while at Camp Camei'on, and horses were supplied, but not issued until after leaving it. •Extract from Bates' History ot Pennsylvania Volunteers. 316 PENNSYLVANIA AT On the 18th of December, the colors were presented by Governor Curtin, from the steps of the State Capitol, and on the following day, in pursu- ance of orders from the Secretary of War, the regiment started for Louisville, Kentucky, where, upon its arrival, it reported to General Buell, in command of the Department of the Cumberland, and was placed in camp of instruction at Jeffersonville, Indiana. Belgian Rifles were is- sued, but were s8on after condemned and turned in, and subsequently the Smith and Burnside carbines were given. Towards the close of January, 1862, the regiment broke camp, and, moving leisurely southward, through Kentucky, arrived at Nashville, Tennessee, soon after its occupation by Union forces. Here the three battalions were separated, the first, under Major Wynkoop, being as- signed to General Negley's Brigade, and sent with him to Columbia; the second, under Colonel Wynkoop, to the command of General Dumont, garrisoning Nashville; and the third, under Major 6iven, to Colonel Duffleld's command, two companies being stationed at Murfreesboro, and two at Lebanon. The duty imposed, at this time, consisted in scouting in Western and Middle Tennessee, and as far east as the Cumberland Mountains. On the 1st of May, Captain Newlin, with Company F, while scouting on the Tennessee and Alabama Pike, was met by a party of the enemy, under the rebel chieftain Morgan, near Pulaski, and was driven back in the direction of Columbia, with a loss of two taken prisoners. Halting at Pulaski for a day, Morgan moved in the direction of Murfreesboro, and was met by the Third Battalion and driven in the direction of Lebanon. On the afternoon of the 4th, the Third was reinforced by the Second Battalion, and some Kentucky troops, and continued the pur- suit to Lebanon. At daybreak of the 5th, it having been ascertained that Morgan was comfortably housed in the town, General Dumont, who was in command, determined to attack. Moving forward with as little noise as possible, the Second Battalion in advance, the pickets were met about a mile from town, and the charge sounded. Morgan was taken entirely by surprise, but, throwing his men into the Court House, Academy and buildings surrounding the square, which commanded the principal streets, offered obstinate resistance. The contest lasted nearly two hours, during which repeated charges were made with the sabre. Morgan was nnally compelled to yield, and, drawing off the remnant of his com- mand remaining, retreated rapidly towards Carthage, hotly pursued by the Seventh. One hundred and seventy prisoners were taken. The loss in the Seventh was three killed, thirteen wounded, and three taken prisoners. Major Given was among the prisoners, and Adjutant R. F. Moson among the wounded. On the 1st of June, the First Battalion, under Major Wynkoop, moved with Negley's column for Chattanooga. At Sweden's Cove a skirmish ensued, in which the rebel cavalry was routed. After demonstrating in front of Chattanooga, with the design of drawing rebel troops from Cumberland Gap, the command returned to Shelbyville. On the 6th, the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 317 Third Battalion was sent out from Murfreesboro, encountered the enemy under Forrest, near McMinnville, and drove him into the Cumberland Mountains. About two weeks later, this- battalion, with two companies of the Fourth Kentucky Cavalry, were met by Forrest at Readyville, and were driven back in the direction of Murfreesboro, with a loss of six taken prisoners. Taking advantage of the information gained from some Union scouts whom he had captured, Forrest made a sudden dash upon Murfreesboro, on the 13th of July, surprised the garrison, consisting of Companies B, G, L. and M, under Major Seibert, the Ninth Michigan Infantry, Second Minnesota Infantry, and the Fourth Kentucky Battery, all under command of General Crittenden, and, after a hard contest, last- ing nearly eight hours, compelled its surrender. A court of inquiry, ap- pointed by an order from headquarters of the Department of the Cum- berland, reported, after a careful'examination, "that the Seventh Penn- sylvania Cavalry was immediately overpowered. Officers and men who were able to reach the Infantry joined and fought in the ranks." The cavalry was now kept actively employed in defending the flanks of the army against the irregular bands of the enemy's horse that were prowling on every hand. On the 1st of July, the First Battalion, under comnaand of Major Wynkoop, moving with General Smith's Brigade, oc- cupied Manchester. On the following day, Captain C. C. Davis, of Com- pany I, with nine men, was captured while on the picket line. Early in July, the Second and Third Battalions, under Lieutenant Colonel Sipes, led the advance of General Dumont's expedition, across the Cumberland Mountains, to Pikeville, where the enemy was met and routed. Shortly afterwards, the same battalions formed part of General Nelson's com- mand in his advance from McMinnville to Sparta. At Calf Killer River, Forrest "was overtaken and a, sharp engagement ensued, in which the battalion lost three men taken prisoners. The enemy's cavalry having become very troublesome, General Richard Johnson was ordered to move, with a provisional brigade, consisting of the Second Battalion of the Seventh, the Fourth Kentucky Cavalry, and two companies of the Third Indiana Cavalry, in pursuit. Following him up for about ten days, he was overtaken at Gallatin, on the morning of the 21st of August. The forces of Morgan and Forrest were united, and greatly outnumbered the Union command. A member of the Seventh thus describes the battle which ensued: "General Johnson, steadily re- pressing the desire of his subordinate oflicers to charge vigorously, formed his men instead, in line, under Are, after the manner of infantry; in a few minutes ordered a retrograde movement over an open fleld; dismounted the men, and ordered an advance on foot, each man leading his horse; mounted them again to fall back; divided the command and sent each company to a detached and isolated position, all under Are of the entire rebel force, and held them thus until nearly surrounded, when he drew all together and ordered a. retreat. At this stage of the battle I was shot and left on the field, but, from reliable sources, I learn that after retreating about two miles, the command was halted, dis- 318 PENNSYLVANIA AT mounted, formed in line and held the enemy in check until the flanks were turned, when another retreat was ordered. In which Lieutenant Nicholas A. Wynkoop, son of the Colonel, Battalion Adjutant, and, at the time, acting Ald-de-Camp to General Johnson, was killed. Arrived near the Cumberland River, another line was formed, dismounted, and the flanks being entirely uniruarded, Morgan was enabled to throw forces to the rear to cut off retreat, and pressed heavily on all sides, when General Johnson surrendered. When it became manifest that the Gen- eral purposed to yield to the enemy. Colonel Wynkoop gathered to- gether such of his command as he could mount, and, with the Colonel of the Third Indiana, assuming a, bold front, succeeding in cutting his way out, and reached Nashville. The loss in the brigade was about forty killed, and three hundred wounded and captured. The weather being very warm, many of the wounded died in rebel hands, though, so far as my experience and observation extended, every possible care and attention to our wounded was given by the rebel surgeons, and citizens of the place." When Buell, in September, made his retrograde movement through Kentucky, and subsequently his advance, the First Battalion, under Major Wynkoop, accompanied him, participating in the battle of Perry- ville, losing four men wounded, and three taken prisoners. The Second and Third Battalions remained with the garrison at Nashville, and was attached to General Negley's command. They were employed in scout- ing and foraging, and in assisting to defend the city. Early in November, 1862, General Rosecrans, who had superseded Gen- eral Buell in command of the Army of the Cumberland, made a. com- plete re-organization. Up to this time the cavalry had not been formed in brigades and divisions, but had been scattered over Tennessee, Ken- tucky, and a portion of Alabama, doing very hard duty but accomplishing very little. General D. S. Stanley was now assigned to the command of the cavalry, and made a thorough organization of it for efficient service, the Seventh being assigned to the First Brigade* of the Second Division. Little of importance transpired to break the monotony of the picket and outpost duty, except that foraging was always accompanied by fighting, until the 26th of December, when the army advanced on the enemy at Murfreesboro. The First Brigade led the centre on the Nashville and Murfreesboro Pike, the regiments alternating daily, which brought the Seventh at the head of the column on the 27th. The entire march from Nashville to Stone River was a continuous battle, between the cavalry of the two armies. Upon the arrival of the division at Stone River, on the 29th, the resistance was found too strong for the cavalry to move, and it was withdrawn to the right flank and rear. On the 30th, a battalion of the Seventh Pennsylvania, and one of the Third Kentucky, formed a •Organization of the First Brigade. Colonel R. H. G. Mlnty, Second Division; Fourth Regiment United States Cavalrj-. Captain M'Intyre; Fourth Regiment Michigan Cavalry. Colonel Mlnty: Third Regiment Indiana Cavalry, Colonel Kline; Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Cavalry, Colonel George C. Wynkoop. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 319 chain of vldettes in rear of the line of battle, with orders to drive up all stragglers. On the same day, "Wheeler captured the train of the Twenty- eighth Brigade, on the Jefferson Pike, between Stewart's Creek and Lavergne. Taking a battalion of the Seventh and the Fourth Michigan, Colonel Minty moved to its relief. "I met the enemy," says Colonel Minty in his report, "who were chiefly dressed in our uniforms. The Sev- enth Pennsylvania drove them until after dark." On the 31st the brigade, now reduced to about nine hundred and fifty men, took position, after crossing Overall's Creek, about three quarters of a mile from the Mur- freesboro and Nashville Pike, Captain Jenning's Battalion being posted in the woods near the right of the Fourth Michigan. "The enemy," says Colonel Minty, "advanced rapidly with two thousand five hundred cav- alry, mounted and dismounted, and three pieces of artillery, all under command of Generals Wheeler, Wharton and Buford. They drove back the Fourth Michigan to the line of the First Tennessee skirmishers, and then attacked the Seventh Pennsylvania with great fury, but met with a determined resistance. I went forward to the line of dismounted skir- mishers, and endeavored to move it to the right to strengthen the Sev- enth Pennsylvania, but the moment the right of the line showed itself from behind the fence where it was posted, the whole of the enemy's fire was directed on it, turning it completely around. At this moment the Fifteenth Pennsylvania gave way and retreated rapidly, leaving the bat- talion of the Seventh Pennsylvania, and the dismounted men, entirely un- supported, and leaving them, no alternative but to retreat." When, on this day, the right wing of the army was driven back in confusion, many of the men of the battalion, on the line of the vldettes, were captured by the enemy while endeavoring to drive forward the straggling in- fantry. After the battle was over, and the enemy was making the best of his way from the field, the cavalry was sent in pursuit. "About six miles out," says Colonel Minty, "we met the enemy in force; a sharp skir- mish ensued. The Fourth Cavalry, First Tennessee Infantry, and the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, having to bear the brunt of the fight on our side; the enemy was driven from the field with heavy loss, and we returned to within a mile and a half of Murfreesboro and went into camp." The loss of the regiment, in this entire battle, was two killed, nine wounded, and fifty missing. On the 31st of January, the First Brigade was ordered to proceed to Rover and break up a rebel outpost. Arriving near the place, his pickets were encountered and driven in by the Fourth Michigan, when the Sev- enth Pennsylvania was ordered to draw sabre and charge, which was executed with a cheer, breaking the rebel line and utterly routing his entire command. The pursuit was maintained for ten miles, causing a loss of half his force. After scouting inside the rebel lines for two weeks, inflicting considerable damage upon the enemy, the brigade re- turned to camp at Murfreesboro. Shortly afterward, learning that the enemy had re-ocoupled Rover in force, and had strengthened it by an intrenched infantry and artillery camp at TJnionville, a town five miles 320 PENNSYLVANIA AT from Rover, and sixteen from Shelbyville, where a large part of the rebel army was in camp, General Sheridan was ordered to move with his division to Bagleville, three miles west of Rover, for a diversion in favor of the cavalry. When, 'therefore, at sunrise on the 4th, the First Brig-ade attacked the enemj' at Rover, the surprise was complete. After a sharp skirmish the pickets were driven in, and the Seventh was ordered to charge with the sabre. It was made in column, half platoon front, and received the concentrated Are of over two thousand rifles; but without faltering, be.ing supported by the Fourth United States on the right, and the Fourth Michigan on the left as carbineers, it dashed forward, broke the centre of the rebel line, and drove it in confusion towards Unionville. Not satisfied with his success. Colonel Minty threw the flanking regiments into columns, on roads parallel with the pike on which the Seventh was moving, and, sounding the charge along the whole line, burst upon the astonished rebels at Unionville, entering their camp on the heels of the flying fugitives from Rover. But little resistance was offered, only one regiment of infantry attempting to form line, the artil- lery having been moved the day before to resist the threatened advance of Sheridan. The Seventh charged through the camp, and then gave chase to the rebel cavalry retreating towards Shelbyville. The loss of the Seventh was two killed and seven wounded. From Unionville the command marched, the same day, to Bagleville, where it joined Sheridan, and with him proceeded to Franklin, then to Co- lumbia, skirmishing with Van Dorn and Forrest at Spring Hill, and Rutherford Creek, and returned to Murfreesboro via Franklin, reaching camp on the 15th of March. The command was engaged with Morgan at Snow Hill, near Liberty, on the 3d of April, with a loss of one killed and one wounded; fought Duke's Brigade on the 20th; assisted in the capture of McMinnville, May 6; repelled a rebel demonstration on Mur- freesboro on the 14th; and fought Morgan at Alexandria on the 3d of June, in all of which the Union forces were victorious except the last. A little later Colonel Wynkoop was honorably discharged, and Lieutenant Colonel Sipes was commissioned to succeed him. On the 24th, General Rosecrans commenced his advance on Tullahoma and Shelbyville. The cavalry, under General Stanley, moved on the right flank .of the army. On the morning of the 27th, Colonel Minty was ordered to charge and carry Guy's Gap, on the Murfreesboro Pike. With the Fourth Michigan Cavalry leading the advance, and the First Division supporting the flanks, he moved rapidly on through the gap, driving the rebels towards Shelbyville, and making captures on every hand. Ar- rived within five miles of the town, the enemy opened with artillery from his intrenchments. Colonel Minty promptly deployed the Fourth Mi- chigan, and Fourth United States, as skirmishers, mounted, and held the Seventh in column. The advance was sounded, when, from some cause, the men commenced cheering, the skirmish line charged, and Colonel Minty, taking advantage of the favorable moment, ordered the Seventh to charge also. Dashing forward with wild shouts, the intrench- OHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. S21 jments were stormed and taken, with many prisoners, and, nerved by their success, pushed on after the flying foe. A mile from town a rebel regl- • ment was hemmed in, in an open field, and captured, offering little re- sistance. As the troops advanced towards the town, they were sud- dently checked by the rapid fire from a battery of six pieces, posted in the public square. Colonel Minty at once brought up two pieces of ar- tillery, and, directing the Fourth United States and the Fourth Michigan to take a parallel street to the right, Colonel Jordan, with the Ninth Penn- sylvania Cavalry, of the First Division, the first street to the left, and three companies of the Seventh, under Captain Davis, to take the centre, the signal to charge was given. The Seventh was obliged to move in the face of the rebel guns, which were trained full upon it, and were served with great rapidity, at first dealing shot and shell, and then double shotted canister. But, unmindful of the storm, Davis dashed up the narrow street, filling it from curb to curb, the shouts of the men ringing above the noise of battle. As they came near, they were saluted by a shower of bullets from the rifles and pistols of the enemy. A short run brought the column hand to hand with the hostile force, and a brief struggle ensued over the guns; but the slash of the sabre, and the rapid rounds from pistols and carbines proved too much for rebel valor. He was driven in confusion, and the powerful battery was captured, as few have been, by a direct charge of cavalry. After the loss of his artillery, a panic seemed to seize the enemy, and he fled in consternation to the bank of Duck River, a mile away, where he attempted to form a line to cover the passage of his trains. But it was a vain attempt. Charge after charge was delivered with an impetuosity inspired of success, and, finally, a wagon having been overturned upon the bridge, in wild affright the rebels broke, and threw themselves by hundreds into the river, where large numbers were drowned. Shelbyville, with all its military stores, fell into "Union hands, and a powerful impetus was given to the retreat of the entire rebel army. Wheeler's boasted cavalry was broken, and never afterwards recovered from the "blow. Lieutenants Amos B. Rhoades, and Francis W. Reed were among the killed in this engage- ment. On the Third of July, the regiment was engaged in a skirmish at Elk River, on the 17th of August, at Sparta, and, early in September, moved, with the army on the Chickamauga campaign. The march was weari- some to man and beast, obliged to move with rapidity, and to cross rugged mountains. From the 18th to the 22d, in the preliminary opera- tions, and during the progress of the battle, the regiment was in con- stant motion, and performed important service. On the 1st of August, it marched with the cavalry in pursuit of Wheeler, passing through Bast and Middle Tennessee, into Alabama. This march lasted eighteen con- secutive days and nights, with little rest, and frequent running fights. Early in the year 1864, while stationed at Huntsville, Alabama, a large part of the regiment re-enlisted and was given a veteran furlough. Upon returning, the numbers having been swelled by recruits to about eighteen 322 PENNSYLVANIA AT hundred, rank and file, it was stationed at Columbia, where it was ordered to drill and make preparation for the opening of the spring cam- paign. While upon furlough, Colonel Sipes drew Spencer carbines, im- proved sabres and horae equipments for the entire regiment, and, when freshly mounted, as it was at Nashville, it was well prepared for active service. On the 30th of April, the regiment, under command of Colonel Sipes, broke camp, and, Joining Garrard's Division, set forward with Sherman towards Atlanta. On the 15th of May it was engaged at Rome, and on the 27th, at Dallas and Villa Rica Road, at the latter place, having a sharp skirmish, losing three killed, six wounded, and one taken prisoner; at Big Shanty on June 9, with one killed, two wounded and two prisoners; at McAfee Cross Roads, on the 11th, with two killed, and four prisoners; at Monday Creek, on the 20th, with one killed, ten wounded, and six prisoners; at Kenesaw Mountain on the 27th; in a raid on the Augusta and Atlanta Railroad on the ISth of July; in a raid on Covington, and the destruction of the railroad, on the 21st; at Plat Rock, on the 28th, with a loss of two wounded; and on the' 1st of August entered the trenches in front of Atlanta. On the 17th, it moved with Kilpatrick on his raid; on the 19th had a skirmish at Fair burn and Jonesboro; and, on the 20th, a sharp engagement at Love joy Station, in which Captain James G. Taylor and Lieutenant Chauncey C. Hemans were among the killed. The loss in this raid was five killed, twenty-four wounded, and fifteen missing. On the 12th of October it was engaged in the battle at Rome, and, on the following day, made a charge with the sabre on in- fantry, routing them and capturing two pieces of artillery, losing one killed and four wounded. Two weeks later it .was engaged at Lead's Cross Roads, which closed the campaign. The regiment having suffered severely in men, horses, and equip- ments, during a campaign rarely equalled for severity, was no longer fit for the field, and was ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, to be remounted, equipped, and prepared again for active duty. While here, many of the officers, whose three years' term of service had expired, were mustered out. Promotions were, accordingly, made, and, as re-organized, the field officers were, Charles C. McCormick, Colonel; James F. Andress, Lieutenant Colonel; Benjamin S. Dartt, Charles L. Greeno, and Uriah C. Hartranft, Majors. After the battle of Nashville, in which General Thomas defeated and put to rout the rebel army under Hood, the regiment was stationed at Gravelly Springs, Alabama, on the Tennessee River, where it was en- gaged in drilling and completing its organization and equipment for the spring campaign of 1865. On the 22d of March, it joined the command of General James H. Wilson, and with it set out on the expedition from Eastport, Mississippi, across the Gulf States. On the 1st of April, it was engaged in the battle of Plantersville, Alabama, and on the following day, arrived in front of Selma. The position of the regiment in the line of march for that day. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 323 was the third, in the advance brigade of General Long's Division; but, upon arriving near the city, it was ordered to the front to lead the as- sault upon the works. "I directed General Long," says General Wilson in his report, "to assault the enemy's works by moving diagonally across the road upon which his troops were posted. * * * Fearing that this affair (the coming up of the enemy in his rear), might compromise our assault upon the main position. General Long, with admirable judg- ment, determined to make the assault at once, and, without waiting the signal, gave the order to advance. The troops dismounted, sprang for- ward with confident alacrity, and in less than fifteen minutes, without even stopping, wavering, or faltering, had swept over the works and driven the rebels in confusion towards the city. * * * The distance which the troops charged, exposed to the enemy's fire of musketry and artillery, was six hundred yards. Particular attention is invited to that part of General Long's report which describes the assault. He states that the number actually engaged in the charge, was one thousand five hundred and fifty, officers and men. The portion of the line assaulted was manned by Armstrong's Brigade, regarded as the best in Forrest's Corps, and reported by him at more than fifteen hundred men. The lo.ss from Long's Division was forty killed, two hundred and sixty wounded, and seven missing. General Long was wounded in the head. Colonels Miller and McCormick in the leg, and Colonel Briggs in the breast. I doubt if the history of this, or any other war, will show another instance in which a line of works so strongly constructed, and as well defended as this, by musketry and artillery, has been stormed and carried by a single line of men without support." The regiment was fearfully ex- posed, and lost heavily in killed and wounded. Lieutenant Jacob Sig- mond was among the killed. Colonel McCormick fell severely wounded at the foot of the works, as the regiment, in advance of all others, was about entering- the fortifications. The command now devolved on Lieu- tenant Colonel Andress, and under him the regiment participated in the engagement near Columbus, on the 16th of April. On the 20th it arrived at Macon, Georgia, where, the war having substantially closed, it re- mained until the 13th of August, when it was mustered out of service. dedication of monument 9th regiment cavalry Near Widow Glenn's House, Chickamauga Park, Ga., November ISth, 1897. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN H. B. WALTMAN. COMRADES:— Having been selected as your master of ceremonies on this, the occasion of the dedication of the monument erected by the generosity of our great State upon this historic field, to mark the position of the Ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Cavalry, and to 324 PENNSYLVANIA AT commemorate the heroic deeds of our gallant command, it becomes nec- essary for me to attempt to make a speech. Most of my old comrades know that I am not a public speaker, but no matter how deficient I may be in this respect it strikes me that upon such an auspicious occasion as this, when we, the survivors of the gallant Ninth Cavalry, here assembled upon this historic field of Chickamauga, the theatre of bloody strife over thirty years ago in which we all were participants, the recollections of which are now at this remote period since the war still so fresh in our memories, that even the most common- place speaker would not refuse to make the attempt. While the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sent into the field, in defense of the Union, hundreds of thousands of her brave sons, cpm- posing regiments, that achieved distinction upon many battlefields in the war of the rebellion, nevertheless it is a fact that has never been disputed, that our own, the gallant Ninth, ranks second to none in point of service; or the bravery of men and officers. How well we remember the brave, dashing and intrepid Kilpatrick, who so often led us to victory. He placed a, high estimate upon the value of our services, as was often testified by him when he selected the old Ninth for a leading part in every hazardous enterprise to be undertaken or when any important movement was to be made requiring the presence of brave men and rough riders. The compliments he lavished upon our brave boys are familiar to all of us and form a part of the history of the regiment. It is a great pleas- ure and satisfaction for me to be here with you, my old comrades, to-day and to participate in the dedicatory ceremonies, as also to meet with you once more as we did in camp and field, recognizing that we cannot do so many years longer. Therefore, I am rejoiced to be here and proud to say I was a member of the Ninth Cavalry, and we can leave no richer heritage to our children than the record made by our regiment, and the fact that each and every one of us contributed to that imperishable record. When we went out in defense of the dear old flag, we were, many of us, mere boys; to-day we appear together as old gray haired men, with the weight of many years heavy upon us. Our ranks since the war have been thinned by death, and we all must sooner or later answer the last roll call. No more will we respond to the old familiar call of "boots and saddles," but ere long "taps" will be sounded for us, and let all be ready to obey the last summons. Thanking you, dear comrades, for the honor conferred in selecting me as your presiding officer on this great occasion, we will now proceed with the business on hand. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 325 PRAYER BY LIEUTENANT ISAAC D. LANDIS, ADJUTANT. ALMIGHTY GOD and Father of all, who rulest over nations and in- dividuals, who g'overneth and controUeth the actions of the spheres and elements, as well as overruleth the actions of the hearts of men, who puttelth down one and upholdeth the other, we come into Thy pres- ence with grateful hearts this day. After many years we have been spared to return to this place in peace, the scenes of carnage and internecine strife and Its cause have given way to peace, prosperity and fraternity; our national unity preserved, and the national sin of slavery expiated for, in blood and suffering. We thank Thee for a united country, and pray that this nation, founded on the prin- ciples of religious liberty, and acknowledging Thee as Supreme Ruler of all, may never again be disturbed by the desolation of war, but may ever stand a God-fearing and God-honoring republic. We have come together this day to honor those of our regiment who have given their lives, and blood and service to their country on this field, by the erection and dedication of this beautiful monument to their mem- ory, and pray this service of love and consecration may be acceptable to Thee. Our hearts are made sad in the memory of those who gave up their lives, and the many sad homes and heart-aches of loved ones bereft, and pray the consolations of Thy grace may have healed all wounds. And now, our Father, may we all be impressed with the exercises of this day. We who survive must soon follow those of our comrades who have been ^called from this stage of action, and appear before Thee in judg- ment. We pray that we may all be enlisted under the banner of Jesus Christ as the Captain of our salvation, fight the good fight of faith, and come up before Thee to hear the welcome plaudit, "Come ye blessed of my Father, enter into the joys of thy reward," and we will accord to Thee all praise through eternity. Amen. ADDRESS OF MAJOR [SIMON B. CAMERON. MEMBERS of the Ninth Pennisylvania, "Lochlel" Cavalry, Ladies and Gentlemen :— It is but proper that in my opening remarks to you, survivors of the gallant old Lochiel Cavalry, and your friends who have come here with you to the battlefield of Chickamauga to assist in dedicating this monument, that I go back to that memorable Septem- ber and October in 1861, when you were in rendezvous at "Camp Cam- 326 PENNSYLVANIA AT eron." Many of you remember the little fellow about six or seven years of age who almost daily rode into your camp on a Shetland pony and mingled with you. No doubt but the recollections of your own little bairns at home made you treat that little fellow with the kindness you did. And that laddie is here to-day in the full vigor of manhood to assist you— you faithful old soldiers of this Grand Republic— to dedicate this mag- nificent monument, not only out of respect to you who are present, but to reverence, the memory of those absent. When we first met you knew not what war was; to-day we are on the other side of that terrible struggle to uphold the unity of this country, and you, who passed through it, can truthfully say, as did that hero of many a hard fought battle when asked, "What is war?" answered, "War is hell." But let us go back to "Camp Cameron" and follow youfrom there on down to the never to be forgotten bloody field of Chickamauga. We read of no famous charge like the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, nor do we read of any cowardly retreats, but what you did do reminds me of the remarks of General Webb at the "high water mark" monument dedicated some years ago at Gettysburg when he was called upon to tell what his men did at the Bloody Angle. He said, "We didn't do much. We were ordered to occupy a certain position. We did so. The enemy at- tacked us; we didn't advance because we couldn't; we didn't retreat be- cause we wouldn't. We just staid there." And that, my friends, means far more than any brilliant charge you have ever read of. That does not mean a point gained by a wild charge when men's excitement drives all thought of danger away, but it does mean calmly and deliberately settling down to the fact that before the sun sets many of this command will be lying on this field cold in death— "We just staid there." True, indeed, as you think of the days when this battle of Chickamauga was fought, there is not one among you but that can remember of a friend and companion at his right or at his left but that did stay there. Proud then, indeed, should each and every one of you be that you are members of an organi- zation that could stay there. Comrades of the Grand Army of the Republic, it was with sincere re- gret that your Commander-in-Chief, General Gobin, was unable to be with you to-day, but a previous engagement compels his presence else- where. My Commander-in-Chief, the Governor of our dear old Com- monwealth, Governor Hastings, is suffering from a slight indisposition or he would have been with us. Soldiers of the war of the rebellion from Pennsylvania, you should feel proud to-day, for, as you gaze upon this monument, you cannot but real- ize that Pennsylvania has again shown her appreciation of what you did towards saving this country from destruction. The money for its pur- chase and erection was appropriated by the Legislature of our State, as well as the money to furnish transportation to you, her heroes, giving an opporftunity of once more seeing (this field where so many of your com- rades fell never to rise again. This is hallowed ground on which we stand, made so by the noble brave who fought and died here, as well as those who yet live. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 327 This monument, then, is not in memory only of those who are gone, but of you, as well, who stand around me to-day. T'ou are as much heroes as those who are gone. Our Father in Heaven saw fit to spare you, perhaps to make use of you again. When I meditate my feelings almost overpower me. Thirty-four years ago you were twelve hundred strong. To-day but one hundred and sev- enty-five answered to the roll call. Thirty-four years ago he whom you honored by naming your regiment after his home was leaving nothing undone to make you of the "Lochiel Cavalry" as comfortable as it were possible and not onls'' you but every man who from our Keystone State took up arms to defend this land. Now he is gone! A father and an uncle rest in soldiers' graves to-day. Is it any wonder I shed tears with you? But I thank God that they, like you and your com- rades, were men brave enough to offer their services for the Union. In closing, men of the "Ninth Pennsylvania Lochiel Cavalry" and those of us who are here to join you in dedicating this beautiful monument, let us turn our heads heavenward and with sight almost able to penetrate the great beyond, methinks, — for we are on hallowed ground —thank Him who doeth all things wisely and well, for permitting us to be here to-day and for our noble land, and may we, when the last roll call comes, be once more united with those brave men who have only gone be- fore. ADDRESS OF MAJOR M. A. GHERST. MEMBERS of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry Association, Ladles and Gentlemen: — Many agreeable duties have I met, many pleas- ures have greeted me in the past, and many happy incidents have punctuated my busy and somewhat eventful life, but I am sure, that few, if any, have left fonder recollections, than will this opportunity of meet- ing and joining with you in these exercises. The invitation to address j'ou came to me as a great surprise, and I scarcely know what to say, but dull, indeed, would be the mind, unfeeling and callous the heart, that would fail to respond to the patriotism that seems to fill the very air we breathe, standing, as we do, on the soil made sacred by your deeds of valor and heroism, and by the blood of the men who here gave their lives that the Nation might live. Yesterday we were strangers, you and I, but strangers now no longer. I feel that while my service was far removed ■ from yours, I am now one of you. The comradeship that binds us one to another makes our hearts responsive, and tears unbidden start when memories of those other days come trooping up before our visions. We have met to dedicate this monument to the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. To the casual observer it will only be so rriuch bronze and granite. The future visitor to this battlefield may pause and read the inscription that 328 PENNSYLVANIA AT directs attention to its purpose. He may even admire and commend its stately proportions and graceful symmetry. He may perhaps wonder and marvel at the munificence of a grateful State, whose Legislature saw fit thus to express a, sentiment of devotion due the living and the dead who struggled here. To you and to me,' my comrades, to your kindred, to your sons and your daughters it is vastly more significant. As we stand in the shadow of this monument our minds turn back to a period when all was peace. We recall happy homes and firesides undisturbed by the tread of armies, the sound and crash of battle, or even the thoughts of war and bloodshed. Actuated and impelled by the hopes and ambitions of youth we see the young men of the land striving to excel in whatever directions the duties of life might lead. But a change came. A cloud of war darkened the horizon. After years of threatening of nulli- fication and secession, one state after another left the great sisterhood of states, built up a Confederacy, and fired upon Fort Sumter. The echoes of that shot startled the loyal people of the land. Responding tc the call of the President, we watch the gathering of vast armies. They come from the north, the east, and the west, and sweeping southward, like mighty streams, they meet the tide of battle upon Confederate soil. Then they surged back and forth like angry waves of a storm driven sea. Now they struck the very gates of the rebel Capitol, and again they were dashed against the rock-bound hills of our own State at Gettysburg. Thus for four long years that crimson tide ebbed and flowed, and as each wave receded it left upon the strand the blighted hopes of many a fond wife and doting mother. I need not remind you of the advance of our army and its first repulse at Bull Run. To the subsequent campaigns on the peninsula with their disastrous results I need but refer. The dis- appointment over the failures at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were too keen to be so easily forgotten. The defeat of Lee at Antietam by McClellan, and the victory of Meade at Gettysburg over the flower of the rebel army, formed the silver lining to the lowering clouds that hung over the nation. The capture of Fort Donelson and the brilliant and matchless campaign that resulted in the downfall of Vicksburg placed the silent Grant first among the greatest soldiers the world ever saw. Sher- man's triumphant march to the sea, Shferidan's dashing exploits in the Valley, and the persistency and unyielding tenacity of Grant, as he pushed Lee from every stronghold in those successive movements that ended at Appomattox, challenged our admiration. Let me here pause a moment to say that while I yield to no man in my respect and reverence for the illustrious leaders whose names illumine the pages of American history and illustrate American valor, the men who carried the guns, who swung the sabers, who manned the batteries, and rallied on Snodgrass Hill gave to Thomas the imperishable title of the "Rock of Chicka- mauga." The men in the ranks that extended from Culp's Hill to Round Top, and who rolled back the flood of secession at Gettysburg, made the name of Meade a household word. The sailors who followed the fortunes of the CHIGKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 329 navy gave us a Porter and a Farragut. The army that marched from Atlanta to the sea made Sherman the invincible hero. The fame of Sheri- dan was made possible only by the men who followed wherever he led. The men in the ranks, who stodd and fought and died at Vicksburg, and from the Wilderness to Appomaittox, imimortalized the name of Grant. The valor of the American soldier stands without parallel in the history of warfare. Could the deeds of heroism of the individual be written, they would Compare In brilliancy with those of the most illustrious chieftain. After four years of carhage the clouds of war finally broke and the sun- shine of peace again illuminated the land. Then back across the Potomac came that victoriQus army, marched out Pennsylvania Avenue, passing in review before the leaders whom the army and the nation had learned to Inve, on to their homes, were mustered out, disbanded and became ab- sorbed in the great citizenship of the land. The rejoicings over the dawn of peace and, with it, the return of that matchless army, were tempered with sadness be'oause of the many who never came back. As those shat- tered remnants swung out Pennsylvania Avenue, amid the plaudits of assembled multitudes, there were many left behind on crutches, many with empty sleeves, but sadder still, thousands who did not survive the horrors of prison life, and the countless thousands of our comrades whose bodies strewed every battlefield of that great struggle. Comrades, the touch of whose elbows would never again be felt, and the sound of whose voices would never again be heard. They would answer to their names on earth no more. You recall the weariness of the march, the discom- forts of the bivouac, the dangers of the picket line, the awful carnage of the battlefield, but you live to enjoy the full fruition of all you did, all you suffered and all you sacrificed. They suffered all you did in life but im- measurably greater was their sacrifice when they gave their lives that future generations might enjoy, to the fullest extent, the heritage of free- dom left by our fathers. We can never appreciate the loss to the widows and orphans, the mothers, the sisters and the sweethearts of the land. How great must have been their sufferings, how anxious their watching for good tidings from the field of battle, how strong their hopes, but how inexpressably keen their disappointment because their loved ones never came back. The multiplied thousands of graves scattered all over the lend speak with silent eloquence of the homes broken, the firesides deso- lated, and the hopes blighted. Every bullet, as it filled its fatal mission, struck some fond, waiting, loving heart at home, and left a wound that eternity alone can heal. My friends, let me say in conclusion that while the bitterness and asperity of those days have passed away, while we can now calmly, coolly and dispassionately discuss the issues then in- volved, no distorted history, no apologies, no false teachings, can ever change the indisputable fact, that the men whose names we honor and whose memories we thus perpetuate, were right, their cause was just, while those in gray, who sought the destruction of the fairest land God ever created and fostered, were wrong, their cause inexcusable, unjustifia- ble and without reason. My comrades, as we separate, and journey to- 330 PENNSYLVANIA AT wards our respective homes, let us pledge renewed devotion to the mem- ory of our comrades. Our friendship began when, with uplifted hand, we swore allegiance to our flag and country. This friendship was sealed in blood and should be as lasting as life itself. Ijet no act of ours ever cast a stain on the fair escutcheon of the American soldier. Let us point to his patriotism as a, guide for future generations. May we so act our liart in life that when the final summons comes we can leave a legacy richer far than gold, a character pure, transparent and spotless, and a reputation, bright and untarnished. Then, when the last duty has been performed, the last roll call answered, the last faint expiring echoes of taps — the soldier's good night — blending with the first notes of the re- veille of the resurrection morning, and we hear the commendations of duties well performed, we can feel that enshrined in the hearts of a grate- ful people are the memories of the men who saved the flag from dishonor, and with them, thus honored and revered, will be that host of true devot- ed, loyal women, who by their sacrifices and labor at home, their ministra- tions in the hospitals, and, above all, by their prayers, made possible the grand achievements of the noblest army ever marshalled by mightj chieftains, and future generations will call blessed, the ancestry that left to them a country with a record so grand and glorious, and possibilities unparalled in the history of nations. ADDRESS OF SERGEANT JOSEPH TIMMONS. COMRADES Of the Ninth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Cavalry:— As your adjutant on this occasion, it is my happy privilege to call the roll and hear you answer to your names once more, at the base of this beautiful monument and on this historic field. There is no more fitting place for the erection of this monument than this spot. This valley constituted the base of operations of the First Cavalry Division for nearly two months. Here many of our brave com- rades of the Ninth bit the dust and now here, after thirty-four years, the great Ruler of the universe has permitted a favored few of us to make this pilgrimage for the purpose of dedicating this beautiful monument erected by the grand old State of Pennsylvania. Here, on this bloody field, men fought as with the desperation of des- pair. You will remember that night never brought relief, but from sun- rise to sunrise the gallant old Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, during the three days of this great battle, were constantly in the saddle. When the sun had sunk behind the mountains and the smoke, eddying off along the hills like a dense and heavy canopy over the scenes, as if to hide from the eye of heaven the surging combatants and heaps of slain, the combat deepened and the infernal dogs of war played the same carnage as in the broad light of day. The English bards delight to sing the praises of Waterloo, but behold CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 331 a greater than Waterloo. The losses at that memorable battle, in 1815, were fourteen per cent., while the losses at Chiokamauga were twenty- one per cent., and General Brag-g, in his report to the Confederate War Department, places his loss at thirty-five per cent. There is a degree of sadness connected with these ceremonies which you and I, as survivors, fully appreciate. I refer to the absent ones. Those who have passed to the other side have answered the last roll call and are encamped to-day on Fame's eternal camping ground, with Lin- coln, Stanton, Thomas and our own gallant Kilpatrick, but their deeds live with us and have made an indelible impression on our minds and will live with us and long after we are gone. This battlefield, as we knew it thirty-four years ago, was an open forest with an undergrowth of sage brush and broken timber, a very uninteresting spot indeed. Lately it has been transformed into a beauti- ful White City, with macadamized roads and battle scarred monuments announcing the splendor and glory of the past. All this has been accom- plished by a grateful Nation. The war is over and we are a reunited country, the strongest in the whole world. Our flag commands respect in every part of the globe. Our countrymen, whom we were compelled to fight, fully recognize that the Union and the Constitution are one and inseparable, now and forever, and, while we moisten with our tears the ashes of our fallen comrades, we can well say: "TKe graves of the dead with the grass overgrown Shall still be the footsteps of Liberty's throne." As I remarked before, it has been my happy privilege to call the roll this morning and find that one hundred and seventeen comrades have an- swered to their names. There will never, at any future time, so many of us assemble together. The footprints of time are laying their marks upon us and those of us who joined the regiment beardless youths are now decrepit old men. However, right here, one happy thought presents itself. The scars and blood of the war are gone; sweet, gentle peace and time have healed them all. , We are here to-day on a mission of love, with our hearts overflowing with the milk of human kindness, and we, being the victors, can afford to forgive and forget. We are also bequeathing to our children a glorious heritage and, as time rolls on, future generations will appreciate the sacrifice that this generation has made in order to perpetuate one of the best governments on the face of the earth and point with pride to that grand old flag, the stars and stripes, and say: "Let it float, let it float to the breezes unfurled, The pride of the veterans, the boast of the world." I cannot close these remarks without referring to that great and good man, the Chief among ten millions, and the one of all men with gentle heart and firm hand, with malice towards none and charity for all, full of good words and works, who, upon the field of Gettysburg, urged his coun- trymen, "That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain— that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— 332 PENNSYLVANIA AT and that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth." He was the greatest man the world has pro- duced within six hundred years. He was a born leader of men. In vain we search the pages of history to find the record of a greater man. Plain, simple, lovable, unshorn of his originality, a burden bearer for others, al- ways recognizing the Confederates, even those in arms, as his country- men. Such a man was Abraham Lincoln. Notwithstanding, the genera- tion that produced this great man, produced his assassin. "When prostrated over the defeat of some part of the army, a friend, who was intimate with the martyred President, would see him retire to the sanctity of his chamber to pray or read his favori'te poem by Knox, the closing of which is: " 'Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath. From the blossoms ot health, to the paleness of death. From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud; Oh, why shculd the spirit of mortal be proud." HISTORICAL, SKETCH OF REGIMENT.* THE Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry, Ninety-second of the line, at first known as the Lochiel Cavalry, was organized on the 29th of Au- gust, 1861, in compliance with an order of the Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, with Edward C. Williams, of Harrisburg, as Colonel; Thomas C. James, of Philadelphia, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Thomas J. Jordan, of Harrisburg, as Major. Under this authority, the oflicers above named appointed the necessary line officers, and directed them to proceed at once to recruit men for their respective companies. The place of rendezvous was at Camp Cameron, near Harrisburg. The regiment was composed of twelve companies, principally raised in the counties of Dauphin, Luzerne, Lancaster, Huntingdon, Perry, Cumberland, Mifflin, Blair, Wayne, Chester, Lehigh, Susquehanna, and in the city and county of Philadelphia. The field and many of the line officers and privates bad served for the short term in 1861, and Colonel Williams had served in the militia as early as 1832; had served with General Scott, in Mexico, from the capture of Vera Cruz to the first surrender of the Capitol, re- ceiving a wound at the storming of Chepultapec; and had commanded, with the rank of Brigadier General, the brigade known as the Scott Legion of Philadelphia, in the three months' service. By the 1st of October the companies were full, and the men, by drill and discipline, fitted for the field. On the 20th of November, by order of the Secretary of War, the regiment moved by rail to Pittsburgh, and thence by Imat to Ixjuisville, Kentucky, where, upon its arrival, it was ♦Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. JHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 333 reported to General Buell, in command- of the Department of the Cum- berland, and placed in camp at Jeffersonville, Indiana, opposite to Louis- ville. Mounted drill was at once commenced, a. school (or officers estab- lished, and by the 10th of January, 1862, by constant hard work and strict discipline, the regiment had acquired such proficiency that it was ordered to the front, the enemy occupying the line of Greene River. On the ad- vance of Generals Buell and Mitchell, in the early part of February, upon General A. Sidney Johnston's position at Bowling Green, in com- pliance with an urgent request made by citizens, and the Legislature of Kentucky, the regiment was ordered to remain for the protection of the State, and was posted, the First Battalion, under command of Colonel Williams, at Grayson Springs, the Second, under Ljeutenant Colonel James, at Calhoun, in "Western Kentucky, and the third, under Major Jordan, at Bacon Creek, on the line of the Louisville and Nashville Rail- road. On the 5th of March, the regiment was ordered into Tennessee, the First Battalion to Springfield, the Second to Clarksvllle, and the third to Nash- ville. Soon after reaching Nashville, the Third Battalion was moved to Gallatin, and on the 4th of May, it first met the enemy under Morgan, at Lebanon, where, with the Seventh Pennsylvania and the Third Ken- tucky Cavalry, it most signally defeated that daring partisan, captur- ing two hundred and nine-ty-three of his men, with Lieutenant Colonel Wood, Morgan's second in command, Morgan himself narrowly escaping capture l^y the fleetness of his celebrated steed, to the Cumberland River, which he swam, leaving the animal a. prize to the regiment. On the 14th of May, the Third Battalion marched from Lebanon to Living- ston, in Overton county, after Morgan, who was again in the field, and at Spring Creek came upon his rear guard, where, after a spirited action, the guard was captured, with the Quartermaster of Morgan's Brigade. Pushing on after Morgan, who declined fighting, he was lorced to the Cumberland Mountains at Sparta, where his command scattered upon the various roads leading to Chattanooga. On the 3d of June, the Third Battalion marched from Lebanon, Tennessee, to Tompkinsville, Ken- tucky, and on the 6th, Captain Hugh McCullough was warmly engaged at Moore's Hill, defeating Colonel Hamilton, who had a largely superior force, with a loss of the leader, Captain McCullough, and four men killed, and ten badly wounded. Captain McCullough, a, brave and competent officer, was shot through the stomach, while leading his men to the charge. On the 9th of July, 1862, Morgan, with a force of over two thou- sand men, advanced against Tompkinsville. To meet this force Major Jordan, who was in command of the post, had but two hundred and thirty, and after maintaining an unequal contest for two hours, finding himself being surrounded, he retired to Burksville, Kentucky. In this engagement fifty-seven of the enemy were killed, and one hundred and forty wounded, while the loss iiTthe battalion was only ten killed, four- teen wounded, and nineteen taken prisoners. Among the latter was 334 PENNSYLVANIA AT Major Jordan, who had his hors^ killed in the action. Lieutenant Aaron Sullivan was among the killed. In the meantime the First Battalion remained at Springfield, and the Second at Clarksville. Finding that the enemy was penetrating Ken- tucky in large force, the regiment was again united under Colonel Wil- liams, at Lebanon, Kentucky, early in August, and was employed in keeping the State clear of Morgan and his bands, and in watching the advance of Kirby Smith. After the disastrous battle of Richmond, Kentucky, on the 30th, in connection with the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry, it covered the retreat of General Nelson to Louisville, fighting daily the enemy's advance under Jenkins and Colonel Scott, of the First Louisiana Cavalry, who displayed great activity, attacking at every favorable point. At Shelbyville it had a sharp encounter, defeating Jenkins, killing twenty-seven of his men, and capturing forty-four. After, reach- ing Louisville it was employed in guarding the roads in the direction of Tennessee, on which General Buell was marching for the relief of Ken- tucky. Upon General Buell's arrival, in conjunction with the Second Michigan, it took the advance to Perry ville, and by its boldness in pushing the enemy's rear, brought on the sanguinary battle fought there, sustaining the fire of his infantry until relieved by McCook's Corps. It then formed on the right of the line, and by its steadiness, foiled every attempt of the enemy's cavalry to turn its fiank. In this action it had ten killed, and twenty-seven wounded. In general orders issued after the action. General Buell says, "The Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry be- haved most bravely, being at one time compelled to stand for three- quarters of an hour under the concentrated fire of three batteries of the enemy's artillery, and only retiring when ordered to do so." By hard service the regiment had by this time become much weakened, and about one-half of the men were dismounted. It was accordingly ordered to Louisville for fresh horses and equipments. After receiving these, in com.pany with the Second Michigan, it marched to Nicholasville, to prepare for a raid into Bast Tennessee, upon the railroads com- municating with the rebel Capitol, by which succor should be prevented from reaching General Bragg before the advance of Rosecrans to Stone River. On the 22d of December, the expedition, under command of Gen- eral Carter, left Nicholasville, and on reaching Big Hill, all the com- m.issary stores, and one hundred rounds of ammunition per man were distributed, roads and civilization were left behind,, and the command took to the. deer-paths of Pine, Cumberland, and Clinch Mountains. To one unacquainted with the way, it is difficult to form any adequate con- ception of the hardships which the troops encountered on this march. These mountains, cheerless and dark, and savage as when Boone first saw them, are at this point one hundred miles wide, and- can only be crossed by following the paths worn by the deer and the Indian ages before. Over these paths, in single file, marched the regiments, travel- ing day and night, swimming the Cumberland and Clinch Rivers, and fording the numerous creeks on the route, until the 1st of January, 1863, CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 335 when it reached the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, at the bridge spanning the Watauga. This was defended by a company of about one hundred strong, from the oorrjmand of General Humphrey Marshall, well entrenched. As time was all important, the cavalry was dismounted, the place carried by assault, and the bridge, a structure of two long spans, was burned. As it was deemed unwise to cumber the column with prisoners, the captured party was at once paroled, and the command moved down the railroad ten or twelve miles to the point where it crosses the Holston River. The bridge here was defended by a force of two hundred and fifty men, having stockades and entrenchments skilfully constructed for its defence. Without delay these were stormed, and the entire rebel force taken prisoners. In this action the Ninth lost six killed and twenty-five wounded. Among the latter was Sergeant Ellis T. Hamersly, who was shot through the thigh, the missile inflicting a painful and dangerous wound. All the badly wounded were left with the paroled enemy, the command being without ambulances, with the exception of Sergeant Hamersly, who resolutely refused to remain, and succeeded in keeping his horse and moving with the column until it reached Kentucky. After leaving the Holston Bridge, and destroying a trestle work of nearly a mile across a swamp, the command faced for Kentucky, and by skilful strategy, joined with signal enterprise and rapidity of movement, succeeded in eluding the enemy, eight thousand strong, under Marshall, and recrossed the Cumberland Mountains, re- turning by the same paths by which it advanced. The success of this raid, in the face of a greatly superior force of the enemy, was the cause of so much chagrin to the rebel chieftains, that Marshall, the com- mander, was relieved and never afterwards restored to his command. The regiment reached Nicholasville from this raid on the night of the 13th of January, with two-thirds of its men dismounted, the animals, for more than one hundred miles while crossing the mountains, being without food. In the meantime Colonel Williams, for some cause of difficulty involving a question of rank, had resigned, and Lieutenant Colonel James, on the 13th of January died. Major Jordan was accord- ingly promoted to Colonel. After a few days rest, the regiment marched to Louisville, where it was remounted, and thence by rail to Nashville. On the 8th of February, two days after its arrival, it proceeded, by order of General Rosecrans, to Franklin, where, after a sharp skirmish, Gen- eral Forrest's Brigade of the enemy was driven from the, town. Colonel Jordan's command here formed the right wing of the army of the Cum- berland, which was now confronting the enemy at Liberty on the left, Shelbyville and Tullohoma in the centre, and Triune and Franklin on its extreme right. At Spring Hill, fourteen miles in front of Franklin, was the extreme of the left wing of the enemy, commanded by General Van Dorn, Wheeler and Forrest commanding divisions under him, with a force of twelve thousand cavalry. The advance brigade of this force was at Thompson's Station, nine miles out on the Columbia Pike, the Eighth Mississippi doing picket duty three miles nearer Franklin, and the Fourth 336 PENNSYLVANIA AT Mississippi performing the same duty Ave miles to the right, on the Carter's Creek Pike. For eighteen days, the Ninth, aided hy three hun- dred men from the Second Michigan Cavalry, without other support, con- fronted this strong rebel force, and dally, to deceive the enemy, made strong attacks upon his advance positions. This bold strategy was en- tirely successful, and the weakness of the post was not discovered by Van Dorn, until the morning of the 4th of March, when he advanced in force to storm the place; but a division of infantry, under Colonel John Coburn, of Indiana, having reached Franklin during the night of the 3d, the whole command marched out on the morning of the 4th, and four miles from Franklin met the enemy. After a hotly contested engage- ment, which lasted fro-m nine in the morning until three in the afternoon, the enemy was finally driven back to his position at Thompson's Station. In this action, the regiment suffered severely, having twelve killed and fifty-one wounded. On the following morning. Colonel Coburn, who 'had assumed command, determined to pursue and drive the enemy from the Station, his chosen ground. Immediately after daylight, Colonel Jordan was ordered to advance with his regiment, and drive the enemy into position. As Jordan moved out, skirmishing opened, and every moment became heavier. At the hills in front of the Station the enemy made ii determined stand, but the First Battalion, under Lieutenant Colonel Savage, and the Second under Major Detweiler, by a most gallant charge, drove him from his position, and held the ground until the infantry had formed and advanced to their relief. This action proved disastrous to the Union arms, and Colonel Coburn, with three thousand eight hundred infantry, was captured. Colonel Jordan, with the cavalry, fought his way back to Franklin, bringing off two hundred and twenty prisoners, together with the entire artillery and baggage train of the army and all the wounded that the ambulances could bear. For the heroic part borne by the regiment in this action, it was mentioned honorably in special ordeis by General Rosecrans. In the campaign against Bragg in Tennessee, which culminated in the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment took part, and with the First Brigade, First Division of the Cavalry under General Stanley, led the advance of our army. In the initial movements it fought in the battles of Rover, Middletown, and Shelbyville, and at the latter place charged the left flank of the enemy, while the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry charged the centre, and in a most stubborn hand-to-hand encounter, suc- ceeded in capturing nearly a thousand prisoners, with the enemy's bat- tery, breaking up entirely his cavalry organization, and driving the few who escaped as mere fugitives upon the main force at Tullahoma. Among the killed was Captain Gilbert Waters. It also participated in the action at Elk River, and by passing the stream above the right flank of the enemy, and boldly attacking him, forced him from his position at the fords in front of General Turchin, enabling his command to pass the river and follow the retreating columns. At Cowan, a few days later, near the foot of the Cumberland Mountains, the regiment captured two CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 337 hundred of the rear guard of Bragg as he was passing. A few days previous to the battle of Chiekamauga, it penetrated to a. point near Lafayette, Georgia, and captured hy a gallant charge, a part of the ad- vance guard of General Ixjugstreet, then marching from the army of Lee in Virginia, to reinforce Bragg, and was thus enabled to give Rose- crans the first positive information of Longstreet's presence. At Chieka- mauga, the regiment held the right of our line, and after the defeat of McCook's Corps, closed on the right of General Thomas, and defended his flank during the remainder of the battle. For its conduct in this des- perate encounter it received from General Thomas a complimentary notice, and Colonel .Jordan was commended" for his gallantry in the most flattering terms. During the winter of 1863, and spring of 1864, it was in East Tennessee, and fought in the battles of Dandrige, New Market, Mossy Creek, and Fair Garden, capturing at the latter place the artillery of the enemy. The regiment having re-enlisted was given a furlough of thirty days, and returned to Pennsylvania early in April. By the latter part of May it was again in the field at Louisville, having recruited its thinned ranks in the meantime, to twelve hundred men. While at Louisville receiving arms and horses, General John H. Morgan made his last raid into Kentucky, and was pushing for Frankfort, at which place he designed crossing the Kentucky River, and then by overpowering the detachments scattered along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad as guard, breaking up the track, and burning the bridges, cut off Sherman, who was then tar on his march to Atlanta, from his base of supplies, and compel him to fall back to Chattanooga. Colonel Jordan at once volunteered to de- fend Frankfort, and seizing all the horses necessary to mount his com- mand, and arming his men with common muskets, he marched by night to the Capitol, fifty-four miles, and successfully held the place, com- pelling Morgan to abandon his well laid scheme, and fall back towards Pound Gap, near which place he was badly defeated by General Bur- bridge, who had a division of cavalry in his rear. The regiment soon after marched to Nashville, and thence to Chat- tanooga, arriving on the 2d of September. Here it was ascertained that the rebel Gener3.1 Wheeler was crossing the mountains into Middle Ten- nessee, with all his cavalry. By order of General J. B. Steedman, then in command at Chattanooga, the regiment at once started in pursuit, cross- ing the mountains direct to McMinnville, thence to Murfreesboro, where it arrived on the 5th. On the morning of the 6th, it marched out twelve miles on the Woodbury and McMinnville Road to Readyville, where it attacked and utterly defeated General Dibberel's Brigade of Wheeler's command, taking two hundred and ninety-four prisoners, a large pro- portion of whom were wounded with sabre cuts. The charge in this action was led by Major D. H. Kimmel, in a most gallant manner. The next day by order received by telegraph from General Thomas, Colonel Jordan was placed in command of all the cavalry in Tennessee, and di- rected to pursue the retreating enemy. He marched the same afternoon, ?2 338 PENNSYLVANIA AT and at Woodbury, just at dusk, met and defeated a part of the rebel General Williams' Division, under Colonel Anderson. On the following morning' he continued the pursuit to McMinnville, and the day follow- ing to Sparta, General Williams constantly avoiding action, though he had more than double the force under Colonel Jordan. At Sparta the enemy took to the mountains and passed into East Tennessee. For this conduct in refusing to fight. General Williams was placed under arrest by General Wheeler, from which he was not released until the end of the war. In acknowledgment of the good conduct of Colonel Jordan and the troops under his command, of which the Ninth Pennsylvania con- stituted two-thirds, complimentary orders were issued by General Van Cleve at Murfreesboro, General Milroy at Tullahoma, and General Steed- man at Chattanooga. The regiment then marched to join General Sherman at Marietta, Georgia, and on the 14th of November, started on its march with that great ehiefltain to the sea. Previous to moving, it wais assigned to the First Brigade, Third Division of Cavalry, the whole under command of General Judson Kilpatrick, and was assigned to th6 right wing of the army, under General Howard, leading his advance to Macon and Milledge- ville. On the 16th, the first day out from Atlanta, it encountered General Wheeler, who, with his cavalry occupied the old works cf the enemy at Liovejoy's Station, on the Macon Railroad. The position was a formidable one, having been well entrenched by General Hood. As the brigade moved to the attack, the enemy opened a. galling Are from four guns; but after a short and sharp encounter, by a most gallant charge, the regiment gained a lodgment in the works, driving the enemy from his guns, and capturing them with more than three hundred prisoners. The guns were at once manned by the regiment and were retained by it until the end of the war. They were the same guns that had been surrendered to the superior forces of the enemy near Macon, by General Stoneman, some months previous. Early in December, while marching on Macon, it skirmished heavily with the enemy, and with the brigade pushed the cavalry of Wheeler within the defences of the city. On the day following, in conjunction with Walcott's Bfigade of Wood's Division, Fifteenth Corps, it fought in the battle of Bear Creek or Griswoldville, defeating Wheeler, but'Uot without severe loss, having ninety-flve men killed and wounded. Moving through Milledgeville to the left flank of our army, it demonstrated in the direction of Augusta, and after crossing the Ogeechee at the falls, turned southeast towards Millen, one of the prison-pens for Union soldiers. When within one day's march of Waynesboro, Wheeler made a sudden night attack, but was defeated, though he followed up the command closely to Waynesboro, where he again made a fruitless night attack. On the day following, it having been discovered that the Union prisoners had been removed from Millen, and the necessity for proceeding further in this direction obviated, the command turned towards Louisville, Georgia, to form a junction with General Baird's Division of Infantry, CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 339 which would cross the Ogeechee at that point. During the day Wheeler followed closely, and at Buckhead Creek made a heavy attack upon the Ninth, which was in the rear, in the hope of cutting it off from the rest of the column already across the stream. By a bold charge the enemy was beaten off, and the regiment was enabled to join the remainder of the command now in line of battle and awaiting attack. It had scarcely gained its position, when the enemy advanced, but was met with such a galling fire, that he was compelled to draw off, and the brigade marched on unmolested to Louisville. In all these engagements, Wheeler's cav- alry outnumbered that opposed to him. TWO days later, the infantry having come up, it again moved on Waynesboro. General Dibberel's Division of Wheeler Cavalry, was found in line of battle at Buckhead Church, and defeated. Pushing forward from its camp at Waynesboro, where it remained one day, the command on the following morning again attacked Wheeler, who had barricaded himself within cannon shot of our front. The Ninth Pennsylvania had the centre, while the Ninth Ohio was on the right, and the Fifth Ohio on the left, with the Third and Fifth Kentucky and Eighth Indiana in reserve. In this order the command moved over a beautifully undulating plain, and in twenty minutes the barricades were stormed, and Wheeler was in full retreat. At Waynesboro he again made a stand, and after a severe action, he was driven from the town, and retreated across Briar Creek, on the road leading to Augusta. On the same day the command faced towards Savannah, where it arrived with the whole army on the 21st of December. After a month's delay, the regiment again took the field, and entering South Carolina at Sister's Ferry, marched through Robertsville and Barnwell to Blackville, on the Charleston and Augusta Railroad, where it encountered and defeated a portion of Wheeler's command, and follow- ing the railroad towards Augusta, two days later, developed the strength and position of the enemy at Polecat Ponds, near Aiken, where he had been re-enforced by Hampton's Division. On the day following, Wheeler and Hampton attacked with their whole force, but were signally de- feated. Without pausing, the brigade moved towards Columbia, the Capitol of the State, and after taking Lexington, and capturing a portion of Wheeler's rear guard, moved in the direction of Charlotte, North Carolina, as far as Black Stake's Station, on the Columbia and Charlotte Railroad, where it met and defeated a force of the enemy. Crossing the Catawba at Rooky Mount, and marching thence by Lancaster and Chester- field Court House, it entered North Carolina, crossing the Great Pedee River near the southern line of the State, and occupied Rockingham. On the morning of the 11th of March, the command reached Fayette- ville, the enemy retiring, skirmishing slightly. After a few days of rest, it moved towards Goldsboro, and on the 16th at Averysboro was engaged in a most determined action, lasting from six in the morning until two in the afternoon, against a division of the rebel army led by McLaws, which resulted in the capture of a large number of prisoners, with Gen- 340 PENNSYLVANIA AT eral Ehett, of the First Brigade South Carolina Heavy Artillery. In this action Captain E. A. Hancock, of the Ninth lost a leg, and Captain John Boal was killed; and in the brigade, every twelfth man was killed or wounded. The infantry coining up, took up the fighting, and carried the rebel breast-works, capturing the artillery and a large number of pris- oners. In February Colonel Jordan was promoted to Brigadier General, the command of the regiment still resting with Lieutenant Colonel Kim- rael, who had been promoted to that rank in September previous. On the 17th, the command marched towards Bentonville, on the left flank of the Twentieth Corps, and with it participated in the battle which ensued on the 19th, the cavalry assisting materially in securing a tri- umph on that hotly contested field. After refitting and resting near Goldsboro, the cavalry on the 9th of April, again took the field, and while the infantry moved directly on Johnston's position at Smithfield, it moved by a more circuitous route, by the old battlefield of Bentonville, to reach the rear of the enemy, and capture Raleigh. To accomplish this pur- pose required constant marching, day and night. On the morning of the second day, the cavalry struck the head of the enemy's retreating columns, and after a fierce and sanguinary conflict, compelled the enemy to march by the flank, between Raleigh and the Neuce River, towards Hillsboro. In this action. Assistant Surgeon James Moore was wounded in the left lung, while gallantly assisting, by his presence, in urging on the men. On the morning of the 13th, the First Brigade, under General Jordan, entered Raleigh, the city having been surrendered promptly by the civil authorities on his approach. Passing through the city, the enemy under Wheeler and Hampton, was found in position on the Hillsboro Road, and was immediately attacked. In the engagement which ensued, the Ninth bore the brunt of the action. The enemy fell back, hotly pursued by the cavalry for ten miles, to Morrisville, where he again made a stand. The line was quickly formed, the charge sounded, and the position carried, the enemy retreating in the wildest confusion over the plain, broken into fragments by the plunging flre of the artillery from the heights over- looking the valley. The columns being again formed started in pursuit, when a flag of truce was dfscovered approaching. It was received by the Ninth, under which was delivered the letter of General Joseph B. John- ston, directed to General Sherman, asking for a meeting to determine the terms of surrender of the army under his command. This was the last fighting done, and the last guns fired in Sherman's command, were from the battery of the Ninth Pennsylvania Cavalry. From Morrisville the command marched to Durham, and the escort to General Sherman when he proceeded to the Burnett House to meet General Johnston, and again upon the occasion of agreeing to the terms of surrender, was furnished by this regiment, Major John M. Porter being in command. After the surrender, the command moved through Greenville to Lexington, where it remained until the 18th of July, when it was mustered out of service. Returning to Harrisburg, it was finally disbanded, and the war-worn veterans retired to their homes and the peaceful avocations of life. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 341 DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 15th rkgiment cavalry Dyer Field, Chickamauga Park, Ga., November 13th, 1897. THE DEDICATION of the monument of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry on the battlefield of Chickamauga, on November 13, 1897, brought together eighty-one survivors of the regiment, and a considerable number of friends, including the wives and daughters of several of the members. Headquarters were established at the Read House in Chattanooga; a large American flag was displayed and above it the signal flag used on Kenesaw Mountain by Comrade Frankenberry, when he waved the famous message of Sherman to Corse, on October 3d and 4th, 1864, "Move your command to AUatoona. Hold the place. I will help you." At one thirty P. M., the survivors of the regiment, with their friends, assembled and marched in a body to the Central Station, and taking a special train on the Chatta;nooga, Rome and Southern Rail- road were transported to the battlefield. Arriving at Battlefield Station, the march was resumed to the monument near the Dyer House, and but a short distance from the station. Governor Daniel H. Hastings, of Pennsylvania, and members of his staff and friends, arrived at the same time. Including the wives and daughters of the members who attended, and their friends— some of them residents of Chattanooga — there were nearly one hundred and fifty persons at the dedication. In opening the exercises. Lieutenant Colonel Charles M. Betts, President of the Sur- vivors' Association of the regiment, spoke as follows; — ADDRESS OF L,IEUT.-COL,. CHARLES M. BETTS. COMRADES and Friends:— We have assembled on this occasion to re- call the memories of scenes transacted on this historic ground more than one-third of a century ago. On the 20th day of September, 1863, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, our regiment (the Fifteenth Penn- sylvania Cavalry) was in line, our right resting near the brow of this knoll, when the break occurred in the front line and the brave men of our 342 PENNSYLVANIA AT army were driven back in ponf usion. We moved ' from here to the rear through the gap we see from here, and soon after were formed in open order on the side of one of the adjacent hills, and tried to stem the tide of retiring soldiers without success. Again, still further to the rear, renewed efforts were unavailing, and our command was moved over to the Chattanooga Valley, and remained there in line of battle until after dark, to protect the right flank and the wagon trains of our army, and on being relieved, marched to Chattanooga. It is not my intention or desire to go into any of the detajils of this great battle of the war, and the part we took in it will be alluded to, no doubt, by those who will be called upon later. Suffice it for me to say that we were here to do any duty for which we might be called upon by our superior officers. Being attached to the headquarters of the commander of the Army of the Cumberland, General William S. Rosecrans, we had been extremely active on the campaign from Murfreesboro, Tennessee, to this point, as the means of communication between the different corps commanders and the general commanding, often widely separated by high mountains and rough roads, and on this particular occasion many of our men were on active duty with the other generals commanding corps and divisions of this army. Our government having converted this battlefield into a National Park. and our great State of Pennsylvania having erected monuments to des- ignate the positions of her regiments and batteries in the conflict, we are assembled here to testify our appreciation of this legislation, and to thank the Great Ruler of the Universe that we are permitted to enjoy the bless- ings of peace and reunited country. I will now call on Sergeant Joseph R. Lonabaugh to offer prayer. Sergeant Lonabaug^'s prayer was eloquent and entirely extempore. He began with an acknowledgement of God, as God, in all the works of His hand; thanked Him for mercies bestowed upon us as individuals and as a nation; for the plenteous harvests of the past year; for the peace that reigns over us as a nation, and for the comforts and blessings of a united people; for the continuance of these blessings and for Divine wisdom to rest upon the President of the United States, his Cabinet and Congress; the Governor of our own loved Commonwealth, his advisers and Legislature, and upon those in authority everywhere in this broad land; and upon us that we may lay hold on eternal life, as revealed to us through the mercies of His Son. And then he said: "Grant, oh Lord, that when our shelters are pitched in the last bivouac on the field of the battle of life, and our bodies are lain down in the long rest, may north and south, east, and west alike hear the sound of taps melt away into the reveille of that glorious land of peace beyond all strife and turmoil. These acknowledgments we make, these thanks we offer, these mercies we crave in the name of Thy dear Son, our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ." A hearty and grand "Amen" came from every one present at the close of this most Impressive prayer. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 343 The monument had been draped with the American flag, and Colonel Betts here called upon Miss Mary S. Anderson, Miss Liaura E. Hanson and Miss Caro L. Betts, who came forward, and gracefully pulling the strings, it was unveiled and greeted with much applause. Colonel Betts then said: I now have the honor of introducing to you the Honorable Daniel H. Hastings, Governor of our grand Common- v/ealth of Pennsylvania. Governor Hastings spoke with much feeling, and in an eloquent and ap- propriate address commanded the close attention and intense interest of all present. He expressed himself as much gratified that the oppor- tunity was afforded him to speak to the survivors of the great battle of Chickamauga, and the other battles in and about Chattanooga, at the dedication of their several monuments; and stated that he thought it proper that these monuments, commemorative of the brave and loyal deeds of her sons, should be erected at the expense of the State. In the course of his speech he said: "I have seen a picture of you and yours in many a Pennsylvania home. That picture is in every home of the grand old Commonwealth. It is of the young wife, with babe in her arms, or the dear mother at the door of her home. I see you for the first time clad in your soldier coat of blue, and see you looking back for a last sad glance at your loved ones, and often, indeed, did it prove to be the last glance, and the dear ones who waited and watched, waited and watched for your return, in vain. Their only consolation was that a precious life had been freely given up on the sacred altar of the country." The Governor's ad- dress was greeted with much applause and many cheers. The Governor has since written: "I am very proud of the monument erected by your regiment, and I was greatly touched with the deep earnestness that per- vaded the dedicatory exercises." Colonel Betts: It now gives me great pleasure to present to you Lieu- tenant John F. Conaway, the secretary of our association, as the orator of this occasion. ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT JOHN F. CONAWAY. COMRADES of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry:— Whatever may have been our thoughts on the morning of Sep- tember 20, 1863, when we were drawn up in line of battle at this place, one of the most remote was that thirty-four years afterwards we would assemble, as we do to-day, to dedicate this monument or tablet which now stands before us, and I must say that I consider it a glorious 344 PENNSYLVANIA AT privilege to be permitted to speak to you on this occasion as comrades and survivors of a loyal volunteer regriment of cavalry that passed through nearly three years of continuous, active service in the field, in the greatest war of modern times. As a part of the Army of the Cumberland, it took us nearly three months to reach this field from the place of our last previous and, to us, most serious encounter with the enemy on the battlefield of Stone River, a distance, by rail, of not much over one hun- dred miles. There were great obstacles to be overcome at that time, however, and only those who actively participated can fully comprehend and appreciate the hardships, trials and dangers we were called upon to encounter and endure in that grand campaign. To-day, after a pleasant journey of about thirty hours, some of us with our wives and grown-up children, and many of us having traveled over a thousand miles from our homes in Pennsylvania and other states, we have come to this historic locality to assist in the dedication of the monuments, so generously pro- vided by our grand Commonwealth, of the Pennsylvania commands en- gaged at Chickamauga and the other great battles in and about Chat- tanooga, but more particularly are we here to dedicate this monument of our own regiment. It is a matter of history and will be remembered by all who participated, that under the gallant and able leadership of our Colonel, afterwards Brevet Brigadier General, Wm. J. Palmer, we took an important part in the events preceding and those immediately leading up to this most sanguinary conflict; and on the battlefield itself we were actively engaged in detachments on nearly, if not quite, every part of it, but on the morning of the second day of the battle we moved with Gen- eral Rosecrans from the Widow Glenn's House, about a mile distant, and were concentrated right about where we now stand. So it has been deemed proper that our monument should be erected here. I have no pur- pose, my comrades, to attempt a description of the battle of Chicka- mauga, nor could I do so with satisfaction to you or to myself, but I wish to say a few words In relation to the part we performed here. When we recall the events of the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, many of them transpiring on this spot and in sight of where we now stand, we cannot fail to realize that it borders on the miraculous that any of us are alive to-day to take part in these exercises. Every man has his own story to tell, and many of the events that occurred here have been vividly recalled and described by several of our comrades at the annual reunions of our Survivors' Association, twenty-four of which have been held up to this time. I need not mention names — indeed, were I to do so, it would be necessary for me to mention. the name of every man of the command who was present in this battle, for I believe there was not one of our regi- ment who participated, but who was called upon to perform some spe- cially important and dangerous duty at some time or other, from the be- ginning of the battle up to the time when we were compelled to leave the field, either alone or in company with one or two others, or with a larger detachment. Nearly all, if not all, of the orders of General Rosecrans, both verbal and written, directing the movements of corps, divisions. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 345 brigades and regiments, were entrusted to members of our regiment for safe delivery. It was a duty, comrades, tliat took us to the farthest front, into the thickest of the tight, into the greatest possible danger, and the record has yet to be made that the confidence thus reposed in the Fif- teenth Pennsylvania Cavalry on the battlefield of Chickamauga was in a single instance misplaced. One comrade has said: "I was told to take two men and find General Granger, somewhere on the extreme left" — and he has described the thrilling and dangerous ride they had, and how, finally, they succeeded in finding not only Granger but Thomas, also, and the orders were safely de- livered. Another comrade has related that he remembers distinctly that the line was broken in front of the Dyer House, and he has described our position as being drawn up in line immediately in the rear of headquar- ters, and how General Rosecrans was moving about in front, and as he came through the thicket Colonel Palmer rode up to him and said: "Gen- eral, shall I charge with my regihient," and the reply was: "No, Colonel, you had better take your command a little further to the rear." Now, to show the ground covered by us in the performance of our duty in this battle, I wish to refer to an event that occurred on t.he right and which has not been spoken of before, that I remember. You know that on the night of the 18th the line of battle was changed, and although the fires were kept burning along the front, the army was moving all night in solid, compact mass in the rear of that line of fires towards the left, to take up a new position and to form the new line of battle. Just at that time it was necessary that Colonel Minty, commanding a considerable portion of cavalry somewhere on the extreme right, should be communicated with. That duty devolved upon an entire company of our regiment. That com- pany left headquarters, in the vicinity of Crawfish Springs, about dusk on the evening of the 18th, and soon after, in the darkness, came upon this solid mass of infantry making the movement toward the left. It was a surprise so sudden that in an instant, instinctively, without orders, thou- sands of muskets were cocked at once, and the men who had filled the road from side to side broke to the right and left, and the sound of the cocking of those thousands of muskets, and the rustling of the leaves in the woods, struck terror to the hearts of the men of that company which can hardly be described. It was necessary to explain quickly, and the explanation was made none too quickly, I can assure you. I do not be- lieve, comrades, that a company of cavalry during the entire war was ever so near complete annihilation as was company I on that occasion, al- though not a shot was fired. Colonel Minty was found; the orders were, instructing him that the line of battle was being changed and to come in a little closer, and as the sun rose bright and clear on the morning of the 19th, the bugle call of "boots and saddles," from regiment to regi- ment, echoed and re-echoed among the hills and mountains at Blue Bird Gap. My comrades, the scene that presented itself to our gaze on the morning of September 20, '63, I think, simply baffles description. 346 PENNSYLVANIA AT What a grand rush and charge in overwhelming numbers* the enemy made, battery after battery was quickly taken, although the most heroic efforts were made to hold the guns. Our own regimental line, formed to resist the attack, was pierced in several places, the enemy taking position in our rear, behind the trees, and firing at us as we fell back to form a new line, of which we formed several in our vain efforts to check the retreat. But notwithstanding all this great confusion and carnage, we left the field with a compact organization and a, column practically un- broken, and were soon admirably posted in the valley near Lookout Mountain, where at the time some of us, at least, thought that Wheeler with bis cavalry would oome sweeping down upon us in an effort to take Chattanooga in our rear. From that position we moved into Chattanooga and occupied Cameron Hill. One company had been sent up on to Look- out Mountain to watch the movements of the enemy. It was a narrow escape for them, and they succeeded in rejoining us by coming down the rugged and steep side of the mountain near the point with their horses from summit to base, and reaching us just as the enemy was closing in around the town. Young men who have visited this field and been on Lookout Mountain since the war, have said: "That story of yours about a, company of your regiment being cut off on Lookout Mountain and es- caping by coming down its side with their horses," as I have described, "must be one of your fairy tales of the war. It does not seem possible that they could escape in that way." There are comrades of company L here to-day, however, who know that the description I have given is cor- rect. This, comrades, is something of our experience in the battle of Chicka- mauga. Time will not permit me to go more into detail. We were mustered into the service as a, regiment on August 22, 1862. Young, untried, no experience whatever as soldiers, but full of patriotic fervor, the detachments hastily sent from our camp at Carlisle to Antie- tam performed the duty assigned them there better than, at the time, they thought they did. This has been amply testified to by competent authority long ago. An unfortunate event, however, occurred in our Antietam experience. I refer to the capture of our commander and or- ganizer. Colonel Palmer. Had he been successful in his last mission into the enemy's lines, and been able to return to us at once, I believe that, after these many years we can agree, much if not all of the trouble and disappointment and spirit of discontent that befell us as a, regiment dur- ing the succeeding two or three months, would have been avoided, be- cause it is fair to presume, in the light of subsequent events in our regi- mental history, that we would have been speedily perfectly organized; and as a well-organized and equipped regiment of cavalry, had we arrived at Nashville, as we did, on the eve of the movement of General Rosecrans against Bragg— instead of two hundred and seventy-two men mounting their horses on the 26th of December, 1862, and eventually becoming the advance of the right wing of the Army of the Cumberland in the Stone CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 347 River campaign — in my opinion the regiment in its entirety would have gone just wherever it was ordered to go. To say less than this would be to reflect unjustly on the patriotic spirit, discipline and bravery of men who were tried in the flre of battle on many fields, and never found want- ing in any of these necessary attributes of the true Union soldier. Stone River was a dear experience, for us, and December 29, 1862, just beyond Overall Creek, towards Murfreesboro, will never be forgotten; for, in the twlnliling of an eye, as it were, nearly one-third of our number engaged were either killed, wounded or captured, and among the dead were found both of our majors who commanded in that brave but unfortunate charge. Then came the period of reconstruction, reorganization. All I need say is that it was grandly accomplished, and during the time that the army lay at Murfreesboro we were frequently called upon and rendered efficient service, and when, at last, towards the close of June, 1863, the Army of the Cumberland moved out on the Chickamauga campaign, the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, as enthusiastic and perfectly an organized regi- ment of cavalry as could be found anywhere in the armies of the Union, with colors flying, was found in its appropriate place. From that time forward, until the close of the war and the pursuit of Jefferson Davis and our flnal muster out at Nashville, on June 21, 1865 — under Colonel Palmer until his promotion, and afterwards Lieutenant Colonel Betts, who suc- ceeded him in the command — the history of our regiment is the story of a succession of brilliant movements, well pla-nned expeditions, and suc- cessful skirmishes and battles, that, for able direction on the part of its . oflicers and bravery and endurance on the part of its men, will compare favorably, nay, is unsurpassed, by that of any other cavalry regiment of the war on either'side. I have already referred to the Chickamauga campaign. After the battle of Chickamauga came the siege of Chattanooga, and very soon we were sent to the Sequatchie Valley to protect the corn and provisions there until they could be gathered together and taken to Chattanooga for the support of the army. From that valley the regiment moved early in De- cember to assist in the defense of Knoxville, and. for two months were actively engaged in our first East Tennessee campaign. I regret that I cannot speak from personal experience of the service rendered in this campaign. The company to which I belonged had been sent to Chat- tanooga and arrived there just in time to be assigned to duty, with the other companies already there, in the battle of Missionary Ridge. We re- turned to our camp at Pikeville njostly on foot and with no serviceable horses, and, of necessity, were ordered to remain in the valley. The cam- paign in front of Knoxville was one of the most brilliant in our regimental history, and I am sorry that time will not permit me to speak of it in de- tail from the record, but I have only to mention Mossey Creek, Dandridge, Sevierville, Strawberry Plains, Gatlinburg, to recall to those who par- ticipated the scenes of their great trials and triumphs. The campaign having ended, the regiment, joined by the detachment 348 PENNSYLVANIA AT loft in Sequatchie Valley, are again at Chattanooga, but with horses worn cut and disabled. We are sent to Nashville to be remounted, and from there again start for the front, and a;:e actively engaged in scouting the country in all directions from Chattanooga, and finally reaching Calhoun, Georgia, from which place we are ordered on September 5, 1864, on what we call our second East Tennessee campaign. We became the advance of the expedition in force under General Gillem to assist General Bur- bridge in his attack on the Salt Works at Abingdon, Virginia. The main body advanced only as far as Carter's Station, on the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, but the Fifteenth pushes forward as far as Bristol, on the state line, having been engaged with the enemy not only at Carter's Station, but also at Wautauga Ford. We moved to KIngsport and there the command was divided. Colonel Palmer, with seventy-five men, suc- ceeded in joining Burbridge and the remainder retreating to Bull's Gap — were closely pursued by superior numbers and compelled to fight at Kingsport and Rogersville, in which latter engagement the enemy were so bravely repulsed that the pursuit was ended there. Again we are at Chattanooga, and are constanly employed in scouting for two months, meeting bands of the enemy and taking many prisoners. And then came the battle of Nashville, and while on our march north and within sound of the guns of that great battle, we are ordered in pursuit of Hood's de- feated and demoralized army. Rapidly we moved to Decatur, Alabama, and on the last day of the year 1864, in Mississippi, overtook and de- stroyed all his pontoon boats, together with the necessary equipments and a large number of wagons and other property, returning to Decajur with many prisoners, after having routed what opposition Roddy could offer, and completely defeating Colonel Russell's Fourth Alabama Cavalry on the last day of our return march. From Decatur we moved to Hunts- ville, and if ever men were tired and worn out and needed rest, we were. But rest we were not to have, for news of the enemy crossing the Ten- nessee River reaching camp, we were again on the move, and on January 16, 1865, succeeded in capturing almost the entire command of General Lyon at Red Hill, Alabama, returning with one piece of artillery and more prisoners than we had men. Our active service still continues, and we are constantly employed in scouting, meeting and routing bands of the enemy on all our expeditions. Before the spring campaign of 1865, opens we are again supplied with fresh horses and again march to Chattanooga, and are ready for our closing campaign of the war. The Fifteenth Penn- sylvania Cavalry became one of the regiments of the First Brigade, First Cavalry Division, Department of East Tennessee. That division, about five thousand strong, left Knoxville the latter part of March, 1865. Mov- ing over the mountains into North Carolina was begun one of the most extended and successful expeditions in which we were ordered to take part. We proceeded north as far as Wytheville and Christiaijsburg, Vir- ginia, and one battalion of the Fifteenth as far as Lynchburg, making a demonstration that struck consternation and confusion into the ranks CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 349 of the enemy, occurring, as it did, just about the time Grant was closing in around Lee at Appomattox. From there we marched south through Patrick and Henry Court Houses, Virginia, to Salem, Salisbury, States- ville, liincolnton, Rutherfordton, Asheville, North Carolina, destroying railroads and burning bridges to cut off Lee's communications and render his retreat impossible. At Asheville orders were received to start in the pursuit of Davis at once. General Palmer took command of the division and the pursuit was pushed with vigor. Prom Asheville we marched to Rutherfordton again, and from there to Spartansburg, Abbeville and Anderson Court House, South Carolina; then across the Savannah River to Athens and Madison, Georgia, to Montgomery and Huntsville, Ala- bama, and finally to Nashville, where our service closed. During all this grand campaign of five thousand cavalry, the Fifteenth Pennsylvania performed its share of duty under Colonel Betts, in a man- ner to win the admiration and commendation of the government it had sworn to uphold and defend. What a grand campaign it was! It would require much time to give all the details of the movements in which our regiment took part from its beginning to its close, and after these many years it must seem to all of us more like romance than reality. My comrades, this, briefly and I know very indifferently told, is the story of our soldier life. During our nearly three years of service we met with reverses and we had our losses. Our dead were left along our line of march and on our scouts, and on the fields of our skirmishes and battles, from Antietam to Lincolnton, North Carolina. Some of them were killed and some died of wounds and disease in our hospitals, and some at Andersonville and other places in the south. We hold every one of them in honored and grateful remembrance. Let me ask, "Have we come to this place to dedicate this monument in a spirit of exultation and' pride, that in the terrible conflict to suppress the great rebellion of the Nineteenth Century, we were fortunate enough to be on the victorious side?" Not entirely so; for, although the south fired the first shot and began the war, and although we ever expect to believe and maintain that we were right and our opjionents wrong, still our enemies of that day were our countrymen, wc think misguided, but still our countrymen, and they are our countrymen to-day, and we have the best of feeling, under the stars and stripes, for every good, honest citizen of the Republic, no matter where he may be found. We fought to sustain the integrity of the Repub- ■ lie, because we believed it to be the best government in the world and we believe so to-day. And so, my comrades, on this bright November day, so peaceful and so beautiful, in what was to us, thirty-four years ago, the very heart of the enemy's country, and to our youthful minds the far south, we studied and dreamed of in our early school boy days, we dedicate this monument in commemoration of the service, living and dead, of as faithful, intelli- gent, patriotic and brave a body of young men, taking them all in all, as ever enlisted in. defence of human liberty, under any government or in any age of the world's history. 350 PENNSYLVANIA AT Colonel Betts here called on Comrade Wm. M. Murdoch, who gave a number of cavalry calls on the same bugle used by him during the war. Colonel Betts: I intend to call on several of our comrades, and now ask Comrade Judge Weand for a few remarks. ADDRESS OF HON. H. K. WEAND, CAPTAIN. COMRADES, notwithstanding the fact that peace now reigns, and that I am just of an age to escape the draft, Colonel Betts again orders me on duty, and as usual I obey his command. He has asked me to speak of reminiscences, a subject sometimes deli- cate to handle, for when one comrade begins to tell others of his own ex- periences he is apt to be put to rout by those he is addressing, for each eld soldier thinks his own recollections the more accurate, and his own ex- periences the most remarkable. But, to-day, standing on this sacred battlefield, and on the very spot made memorable to us by our own part in the engagement, there is some- thing in which we have a common interest, and the same thoughts will oc- cur to all. It is indeed a remarkable event in our lives to thus revisit these scenes, after a lapse of thirty-four years. How different the occa- sions! Then we hiiard the roar of artillery and the crash of battle, the groans 'of the wounded and dying, the charge and the mad flight. To-day, a beautiful autumn day, the air breathing quietness and rest — these silent monuments and torn trees are the only evidences of that dreadful combat. We can all recall our march from Stevenson with our gallant leader, Rosecrans; our entry into Chattanooga around the point of Lookout, and our exultation at the thought that the capture of this important stronghold had so crippled the Confederacy that the end must soon be near. You will recollect also our first reconnoissance to Lee & Cordon's Mill, and our bivouac that night, after a hard day's march within the enemy's lines, and our sudden and quiet withdrawal into Chattanooga, when the fact was discovered. The prominent names seem as familiar as though we had passed our lives here. Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Crawfish Spring, Pigeon Cove, Wauhatchie, Widow Glenn's, Dyer House, Lee & Gordon's Mill, are all names the very mention of which brings back to some comrade an event in his experience of the days of '63 and '64, and' make us feel as though for a brief period we were living over again the days of yore. Standing now on the very, ground where we were feeding our horses when the disaster of the battle occurred, we see before us the Dyer House, in front of us was the commanding general's headquarters, and from which came the order for us to mount and endeavor to stop the retreat. To the left of the Dyer House is the ridge on which we formed with drawn CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 351 sabres and endeavored to gather our retreating forces, and from which the advancing columns of Longstreet soon drove us with the others. To our rear is the gap through which we retreated in good order to the place where we formed in line and waited until night for an expected attack from the rebel cavalry. It was, indeed, a sad night when we found our way baclt to Chattanooga, thinking that our army had been badly beaten and that a retreat was impossible. But we did not then know that the heroic Thomas was standing as a rock to hold the too exultant enemy at bay, and that all was not lost. Standing here to-day and reviewing the scenes of the past, we forget the hardships and sufferings we then endured and think only of the happy results of the conflict, a united country with the blot of slavery obliterated, the happy consciousness of knowing that victory was for the right, and that the north and south are again liappily reunited in stronger bonds of friendship, and that in the hearts of all true Americans there still exists a belief in that immortal sentiment, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" And now, comrades, as we meet here to-day, our hearts should be filled with thanks to Almighty God that so many of us are spared to partici- pate in these ceremonies; and to our great State of Pennsylvania that she has, by these monuments, immortalized her patriotic citizens who laid down their lives in defense of their country, and for her generosity in thus enabling us to be here present on this eventful day. M' ADDRESS OF PRIVATE A. M. STICKNEY. TR. PRESIDENT: — My comrades, the previous speakers, have told you that they came before you only in answer- to the call of duty; . so it is with me. The Colonel has called upon me, and so I obey. Should I prove an infliction, I pray you will place the blame where it be- longs, for this is none of my seeking. I am here not as a representative' of those who participated in the stir- ring scenes which marked this field more than thirty years ago, but to say a word in behalf of those who joined your ranks later. In short, I am put up as one of the babies of the regiment. Not having been here, I cannot speak of events connected with Chicka- mauga, but what of that? We are not here to relate individual exploits; we are not here for self-glorification; but we are here to speak for the old regiment as a whole. While it may be true that I did not cover myself with personal glory during the time I served with you, yet I take unto myself a goodly share of the glory of the regiment by reflection, as it were, for the history of the Fifteenth forms a, glorious page in our military annals. It has often been asked why a history of the Fifteenth has not been 352 PENNSYLVANIA AT written. It would be impossible so to do, in detail, for the history of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry is that of all the armies which operated here in these parts. One cannot find a movement of any im- portance, any event of note, wherein the Fifteenth, as a regiment, bat- talion, company, squad, or at least, us represented by an individual, was not a factor. Their bravery in action has been well proven by the fact that five medals of honor fell to the lot of our organization, and one of these at this moment hangs on the breast of good Colonel Betts. Did we not furnish body-guards and orderlies for many of our gen- erals? Were not our men called upon in many a case of emergency, as, for instance, when Blackmar, Lingerfield and one other whose name I do not recall, were sent to bring up re-enforcements in this very battle of Chickamauga? What you were made of is shown by what you have done since. Have we not had four or five of our members serving as officers in the regular cavalry? Have we not to-day three of our men serving as colonels in your own National Guards? Have we not, at least, two judges taken from our members? Have we not lawyers and doctors and ministers, and suc- cessful business men without number? But why go on in this strain. Tou all know what the regiment was. Now, comrades, I must come to a close; but not before saying one more word about how I came to become a member of your regiment. I was just finishing a term ot service In an infantry battalion. With several others, I had not had enough of the war, so, to the number of fifteen, I believe, we looked about for a regiment in which we could go. We found a lieutenant of the Fifteenth on recruiting service, and he gave such a glowing account of your merits and achievements that we decided to cast our lot with you. We came and joined you at Wauhatchie. I am proud of having had the honor of being one of you, and the richest heritage I can leave my children is the fact that, in the roll of honor, the roster of the Pennsylvania troops, they can point to my name as one of the gallant Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN BYRON O. CAMP. COMRADES and Friends:— On the train bearing us to Chattanooga last evening our distinguished and beloved Colonel, Charles M. Betts, requested me to detail a few reminiscences of the early history of our regiment, and in so doing I must say that it is with deep emotions of sorrow and pleasure that we meet on this sacred spot to dedi- cate this beautiful monument erected by the Keystone State to the mem- ory of the old Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry. Of pleasure, because it is always a pleasure to meet our comrarfies upon all reunion occasions; of sorrow, when we were reminded by the numerous monu- ments erected all over these battlefields that thirty thousand men, brave CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 353 and true, went down in the mighty conflict in which they were engaged. We may speak of the ravages of time, of the herculean deeds of past ages, associating great and memorable achievements with the march of years and centuries, but the heroic deeds of the brave men who fell upon these fields and the valor of those who survived the shock of battle, will ever mark an epoch in the nation's history worthy the memory of ages. In midsummer of 1862, word came to my northern home that in the city of Philadelphia there was being organized a regiment to be known as the "Anderson Cavalry." Upon the receipt of this information I went to the "City of Brotherly Love," and on the 17th day of August, 1862, enlisted in this famous regiment and was immediately sent to Carlisle, Pa., where upon the 22d day of August, 1862, I was mustered into the United States service with the regiment, for the period of three years, at Camp Ala- bama, by Captain D. Hastings of the United States Army. We were im- mediately placed under the instructions of competent drill masters, ser- geants of the regular army, the benefit of whose discipline we received tor two months. Before the expiration of this time, however, or the com- pletion of the regimental organization, for not more than one-fourth of the officers, either commissioned or non-commissioned, had yet been ap- pointed, we were summoned to meet the foe on the sacred soil of our native State. During this invasion the regiment made a tour down the Cumberland Valley, passing through the towns of Newville and Shippensburg to Chambersburg. Here we shouldered the musket as infantry and marched to Greencastle. It now became a military necessity to press into service all the horses possible, and in a short time two hundred of the regiment were mounted, presenting a bold front and holding the enemy in check until re-enforcements, the emergency men, arrived from Harrisburg. At the battle of Antietam one of the regiment was killed, and our brave and gallant Colonel William J. Palmer, taken prisoner while on an important mission absent from his regiment and exposed to personal danger. Dur- ing this battle, with a small scouting party, 1 marched to Williamsport, on the Potomac River, as it was thought the rebels would attempt a crossing at Dam No. 10. This supposition proved a reality, for we had no sooner reached the river than heavy cannonading was heard from the Virginia side, protecting their advance while crossing the Potomac. We hastily rode back to Hagerstown and informed Major General Reynolds, com- manding the Pennsylvania militia, that the enemy were effecting a cross- ing near Williamsport. An advance was ordered and a line of battle formed, consisting mostly of militia. The rebels retreated, making good their escape up the Shenandoah Valley toward Richmond. The campaign having ended, we returned to Carlisle the latter part of September and resumed our duties at Camp Alabama. The pleasurable things enjoyed all through this campaign were apple butter, peaches and many other good things to eat which this rich and luxurious valley of the Cumberland produced in great abundance. Within our belts and blouses we stowed away a peck at a time of the peaches for 23 354 PENNSYLVANIA AT use while on the march. Having got there first, we took them instead of the "Johnnies." About the 1st of November the regiment left Carlisle to join the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee, and we arrived in Louisville, Kentucky, about the middle of the month. We were immediately armed, mounted and equipped. Here we remained one month, drilling and acquainting ourselves with the new order of things. Among the many amusing incidents, I relate the "raw recruit" trying to ride on horseback, both horse and rider being green in the service. The horse would plunge and try to throw bis rider; the latter, forgetting his spurs, clung tight to the horse, embedding the sharp points in the animal's sides, which furiousy charged across the drill-field, never stopping until the rider was dislodged from his back and lay sprawling on the ground. It was here that I stuffed with hard-tack, salt and pepper my first goose; sat up all night to boil her tender, then, after a stew down in the kettle, what a feast for the "mess" was that, my countrymen! The first week in December following we commenced our long and fatiguing march to Nashville, Tennessee. Time will not permit me to re- fer to the many interesting occurrences which transpired during this tedious journey. While encamped at Bowling Green, Kentucky, details from each company were sent out to scour the country in search of the rebel chieftain, John Morgan. This was done during a furious and chill- ing rain storm, not at all enjoyed by the then inexperienced regiment. We finally arrived at Nashville the latter part of December, in time to participate in the battle of Stone River, where many of our men and both of our majors were killed. During the winter of 1863, Colonel Palmer re- turned from captivity and rejoined the regiment, and the organization was then thoroughly completed and put on a war footing. And now, comrades, gathered as we are on this memorable spot, where the blood of patriots was spilled that a nation might live, let us resolve anew our allegiance to our country's flag, and say: — "Thou, too, sail en, oh Ship of State, Sail on, oh Union, strong and great, "While all the hopes of future years Are hanging breathless on thy fate. We know what Master laid thy keel, "What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel, Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, What anvils rang, what hammers beat, In what a forge, in what a heat Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. Pear not each sudden sound and shock, 'Tis of the wave and not the rock, 'Tls but the flapping of the sail, And not a rent made by the gale. In spite of rock and tempest's roar, In spite of false lights on the shore, Sail on, noi fear to breast the sea. Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, Are all with thee,— are all with thee." r CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 355 ADDRESS OF PRIVATE JOHN TWEEDALE. OLONEL BETTS andComrades: — When a soldier receives orders he is I not expected to talk back: — "Their' s not to reason why, Their' s but to do and die." At present I am under orders of the colonel to say something, and I must therefore obey. It has always been a matter of regret to me that I did not continue with the regiment during all of its campaigns after Stone River; at the same time it is better to be alive and thus be able to regret, than to be filling a grave in a national cemetery as might have been the case had I continued with the regiment instead of going on duty with Generals Rosecrans and Thomas. What has been we know; what might have been we cannot tell —so I am glad to be here to-day. Lieutenant Conaway has referred to many things which very vividly re- call the past. His oration invited reminiscences from others, and I am thus reminded of an interesting incident relative to the capture of our Colonel. During Mr. Cleveland's first administration a gentleman came into my office at the War Department and asked for his record in the secret service during the war. He said he wanted it in connection with an application he had made for an appointment in the consular service. Careful search of the records developed the fact that he had been confined in Fort Delaware by direction of Secretary Stanton on a charge of be- traying Colonel Palmer into the hands of the enemy during the battle of Antietajn; but no further information was afforded. , I told him that the records were quite unsatisfactory as to his record, and asked him for further information. He then went into his record somewhat in detail, stating that he had been confined at Fort Delaware, and that subseq.uently he had been released by Secretary Stanton and paid for his services by the disbursing clerk of the War Department. With this clue I was enabled to obtain his full record. It appears that he and Colonel Palmer came down to one of the fords of the Potomac River and crossed over into Virginia. They went to a farmhouse tp stay over night, and while there some rebel cavalry came to the house. Colonel Palmer, appreciating the danger, advised his companion to leave at once and make his way back across the Potomac into our lines, for, if found together, they would certainly be detected, as they could not possibly tell the same story in all its details. He accordingly made his way back to the Potomac River, took a boat which he found there and recrossed. While crossing, he was fired upon by the enemy's pickets, but was unharmed and arrived safely within our lines. As he returned so soon, General Mc- Clellan suspected that he had betrayed Colonel Palmer, and so informed 356 PENNSYLVANIA AT Secretary Stanton, by whom he was ordered to be confined at Fort Dela- ware, where he refused to make any statement. So, as soon as Colonel Palmer was released from Libby Prison and exchanged in February, 1863, he wrote to Secretary Stanton stating that his life was no doubt saved by the refusal of this man (I cannot recall his name) to say anything about his adventures, for, if he had done so, it would have been published in the papers and immediately sent to Richmond by sympathizers, and Colonel Palmer's fate would thus have been sealed. The story of Colonel Palmer's capture and imprisonment was pub- lished in Harper's Magazine for June, 1867, under the title: "A General's Story." I know you will be glad to hear this supplemental statement. As I am to accept the Pennsylvania monuments next Monday, at Or- chard Knob, on behalf of the government, I will reserve until that time any further remarks which otherwise would be appropriate on this oc- casion. The exercises closed with the singing of the hymn "America," an* taps sounded by Comrade Murdoch, after which the members and friends attending were grouped and photographed. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF REGIMENT * IN the early part of August, 1862, "William J. Palmer received authority from the Secretary of War to recruit a battalion of cavalry, which was subsequently extended to recruit a, full regiment. Recruiting ofBces were opened in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and other parts of the State, and before the end of the month, nearly a thousand men were in the camp Of rendezvous at Carlisle, and mustered into the service of the United States. A company, known as the Anderson Troop, had been previously recruited by Captain Palmer, to serve as body guard to Gen- eral Anderson. It was understood that the new regiment, which he was authorized to recruit, should be. employed on similar duty. Accordingly, especial care was taken to obtain a select body, and in its ranks were young, men from some of the wealthiest and most influential families in the Commonwealth. Officers of the Troop were placed in charge of the companies, and with the aid of officers from the Regular Cavalry sta- tioned at Carlisle, the drill of the regiment was vigorously prosecuted. F.arly in September, the enemy, fresh from his triumphs at Bull Run, began to cross the Potomac in force. The regiment was, accordingly, ordered to remain in the Cumberland Valley, and two hundred and fifty picked men, with tliree days' rations, and thirty-six rounds of ammuni- tion per man, were ordered to the front. Proceeding by rail to Green- ♦Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 357 castle, parties were sent out in all directions to procure horses, the com- mand as yet not having been mounted. One hundred and fifty were ob- tained, and all the roads leading from the south were picketed, the enemy being in strong force at Hagerstown. Skirmishing took place on the 12th and 13th, and the pickets were twice driven, but by keeping up a bold front, the enemy was prevented from following up his advantage, sup- posing, no doubt, that the pickets were well supported. Indeed, General Longstreet, while in possession of Hagerstown, reported to General Lee, that "had he not found swarms of Yankee cavalry in his front, he would have advanced further into the State." The detachment really had no support nearer than Chambersburg, and on the 15th, the dismounted men wern sent to that place. On the same day, learning that the enemy was leaving Ha,gerstown, the detachment was collected, and moving forward in a body, charged through the town, capturing thirty rebel stragglers. It then advanced to Jones', Cross Roads, on the Sharpsburg Pike, where it remained during the night in readiness for an attack, and during the ITth, while the battle of Antietam was in progress, was employed in bringing up stragglers and scouting, losing one man killed. On the day following the battle. Captain Palmer, while within the enemy's lines in disguise, in the discharge of a dangerous and difKcult duty, by order of the commanding General, was taken prisoner and sent to Richmond, where, for several months, he endured the privations of rebel durance. On the 20th, the detachment led the advance of the Pennsylvania Militia, under General Reynolds, to WlUiamsport, and on the following day, the enemy having made good his escape, returned to Greencastle, delivering the horses to their owners, and thence to their camp at Carlisle. Up to this time, none but temporary organizations had been made, the men relying on Captain Palmer to select officers of ability and experience to lead them, having, by the terms of their enlistment, waived the right to choose their own officers. His capture, at this critical juncture, proved a, great misfortune, as the command was left without a head. On (he 1st of October, William Spencer, First Lieutenant of the Troop, was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel, Adolph G. Rosengarten, and Frank B. Ward, Majors, and the regiment was organized in ten com- panies. A full list of company officers was presented to the proper au- thorities for appointment, but only eleven of these were commissioned. On the 7th of November, the regiment moved by rail to Louisville, Ken- tucky, where, upon its arrival, it went into camp, and was mounted. A month later it was ordered forward to Nashville, where the main army, now under command of General Rosecrans, was assembled. At this time, the command had seven field and staff officers, twelve line, and about two-thirds of its complement of non-commissioned oflJcers. On the 25th, a detachment of two hundred and fifty men was sent out as guard to a foraging train, and while beyond the lines, on the Hillsbora Pike, was attacked, and one man killed; but the enemy was beaten back, and the laden train brought safely in. The army was -now upon the eve of advancing to meet Bragg, in the 358 tENNSTIiVAMlA AT battle of Stone River. On the 26th, an order was Issued for the regiment to advance with General Stanley's Division of Cavalry. Much dissatis- faction had prevailed previous to leaving Louisville, on account of the want of ofHcers, and the lack of efficiency in the organization; but the men had determined to march to Nashville, and there lay their grievances before General Rosecrans, all appeals to Governor Curtin, and to the Secretary of .War, having proved fruitless. Rosecrans was now busy with the movement of his forces, and could not be seen. With only a single commissioned officer to the company, the command was really in no condition to move; but the order for it was peremptory. The offi- cers, with about three hundred of the men, under the leadership of Majors Rosengarten and Ward, rendered prompt obedience. The remainder, to the number of about six hundred, stacked arms and refused to go. Stan- ley covered the right flank of the advancing army, and on the 27th caitne up with the enemy, when brisk skirmishing opened, and the enemy was driven back nearly five miles. On the 29th, the command marched by a circuitous route to Wilkinson's Cross Roads, where it encountered a body of rebel cavalry. Deploying skirmishers, the enemy was driven a mile, when a charge was ordered, and was led by Majors Rosengarten and Ward. Gallantly the command went forward, but soon encountered the enemy's infantry in overpowering numbers. The struggle was main- tained with desperate valor, and at close quarters, the men using their pistols and clubbing their carbines. At the height of the encounter, Major Rosengarten was killed, and Major Ward mortally wounded. The battalion was finally forced to retire. Major Ward, who had been helped to the rear, insisted ui>on another charge, though bleeding from several wounds. The attempt was made, but the command was again repulsed. The loss was thirteen killed, or mortally wounded, and sixty- nine wounded and missing. The command now devolved on Captain Vezin, and with the First Tennessee Cavalry, it moved in pursuit of the enemy's horse, which had destroyed a Union wagon train. All night long the march continued, but without avail. On the afternoon of the 31st, it joined General Mlnty's Brigade in a charge on Wheeler's Cavalry, led by General Stanley in person, in which the enemy was driven in upon his suppprts. In this charge. Private Holt, of Company H, captured and brought off the colors of the Tenth Tennessee (rebel) Cavalry, on which was inscribed: "Death before Subjugation." At night the command was advanced and deployed in line of skirmishers, where it remained until the morning of the New Year. The enemy, who had gained a signal ad- vantage in the morning of the 31st, routing and driving back the right wing of Rosecrans' army, had been stopped and signally repulsed at evening. There was little more hard fighting, the enemy retreating rapidly on the 3d, and leaving the field in the hands of the Union army. On the morning of the 1st, the battalion, with the Third Ohio, was de- tailed to guard a train on its way back to Nashville, and was twice at- tacked, losing four killed and three wounded. In the meantime,' General Mitchell, in command at Nashville, de- CHICKAMi^UGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 359 termined to compel the men who remained in camp, to go to the front, and accordingly sent General Morgan, on the 30th, to execute his pur- pose. Upon the offer of General Morgan to take them to General Rose- crans, they were soon in saddle, and all, save a detachment left in charge of the camp and the sick, were upon the march, under command of Colonel Woods, of an Illinois regiment, who had been detailed by Gen- eral Morgan to command them. At Lavergne, they were stopped by a powerful body of the enemy's cavalry, under command of Wheeler. Unable to cope with him. Colonel Woods was compelled to fall back. Famishing with hunger, neither men nor horses having had regular sup- plies for many days, one hundred of the number went into camp six miles from Nashville, and on the following day made their way to the front, but the remainder returned to their old camp near the city, from which they refused again to move, and on the evening of the 31st, were sent by General Mitchell to the Workhouse. On the 20th of January, 1863, General Rosecrans sent them a proposition, that if they would re- turn to duty, he would have them speedily re-organized and fully offi- cered. As this was all that they were clamoring for, they accepted it. On the 7th of February, Colonel Palmer returned from captivity, and re- sumed command, when everything began again to wear a cheerful as- pect. Horses, and a full complement of equipments were received, and the regiment was organized in twelve companies, with the following field officers: William J. Palmer, Colonel; Charles B. Lamborn, Lieu- tenant Colonel. * Much abuse was heaped upon the men who refused to march, and the wildest rumors prevailed concerning their motives. The rebel organs throughout the South proclaimed that the Yankee soldiers at Nashville were laying down their arms by regiments, in consequence of the issue of the President's emancipation proclamation, whereas, it is probable that not a. thought of this proclamation ever entered their counsels. Charges of cowardice, and disappointment at not being taken to duty at the headquarters of the commanding General were made, but the lack of organization, and of officers, and want of efficient leadership, seems to have been the simple and only cause of their conduct. While the un- fortunate situation in which they were placed must ever be deplored, and their refusal to march condemned, the conduct of the men who fol- lowed the gallant Rosengarten and Ward, even under the most dis- couraging circumstances, and met death in the face of the foe, will never cease to be regarded with admiration and gratitude. Active operations commenced soon after its re-organization. On the 4th of April, a detachment of three hundred, with infantry and artillery, all under command of General I. N. Palmer, scouted in the direction of Woodbury, the detachment having a brisk skirmish four miles beyond the town, and on the following day took some prisoners and released some Union conscripts near McMinnville. On the 7th, it charged a body of the' enemy near the Barrens, capturing eighteen of his men. Return- 360 PENNSYLVANIA AT ing to camp near Murfreesboro, the regiment was reviewed on the 10th by General Rosecrans. On the- 24th of June, the army moved forward on the Chickamauga campaign, when Companies B, H and K, were detailed as escort tO' the General commanding, and the remainder of the regiment was employed for courier duty, between the right and left wings of the army, under Generals McCook, and Crittenden. The latter was required to obtain a knowledge of the topography of the country in advance of the army, requiring much activity. On the 24th, Companies B and L, while. bear- ing dispatches to General Mitchell, at Rover, encountered a party of the enemy and dispersed it, killing two and capturing several, delivering the dispatches in safety. Again, on the 29th, nearly the entire regiment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Lamborn, encountered a body of rebel cavalry north of Tullahoma, driving them in upon their intrench- ments, and capturing fifteen. It soon after advanced with Thomas to Tullahoma, the enemy retreating. About the middle of August, the army again moved forward, and until the opening of the battle of Chieka- niauga, the regiment was kept busy in scouting the country and prepar- ing maps for the use of the General commanding. During the first day of the battle, September 19, the regiment was on duty at General Rosecrans' headquarters, guarding flank roads, watching the movements of the enemy, and carrying dispatches. When the right gave way on the second day. Colonel Palmer was ordered by General Rosecrans to form the regi- ment so as to stop stragglers. The line was formed near the foot of Mis- sionary Ridge, west of the Crawfish Road, and had stopped a large num- ber, when the regiment was ordered to the rear by General Sheridan, mov- ing by the top of the ridge to the left. Following the rear of the wagon trains and batteries to a point twelve miles south of Chattanooga, Colonel Palmer turned to the left, and formed his regiment across the valley, a mile south of where the trains debouched towards Chattanooga, and sent out scouting parties in the direction of Pond Spring and Stevens' Gap. The smoke of Colonel Watkins' wagons, which the rebel cavalry was burning at Stevens' Gap, was here visible. Remaining until the cavalry of General Mitchell had come up, the regiment moved on with the rear of the train to Chattanooga. Company L, sent ten miles out on Lookout Mountain to watch the movements of the enemy, was cut off, but suc- ceeded in making its way through his lines, and rejoining the regim-ent in Chattanooga. Bragg closed in upon the army^ Rosecrans sending out his cavalry to operate upon his communications. The animals were soon reduced to a starving condition. Colonel Palmer was, accordingly, sent with his cavalry into the Sequatchie Valley, thirty miles away, and encamped on Robinson's Plantation, where corn and provisions were found In abund- ance, and from which supplies were sent to Chattanooga. Soon after the battle of the 25th of November, which swept Bragg from his strongholds around the city, and gave light and life to the starving army of Thomas, Colonel Palmer was ordered to move to Kingston with CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 361 his regiment, and join Sherman, now on his way to Knoxville, tO' relieve the heleagured army of Burnside. Sherman did not cross at Kingston, but kept up the left bank of the Tennessee, and Palmer, consequently, moved forward on the right bank, and was the first to report at Knox- ville. On the day following its arrival. General Burnside ordered it to Sevierville, to meet a body of the enemy, in part Indians, from North Carolina, under Colonel Thomas. Sending a squadron under Lieutenant Colonel Lamborn to demonstrate in front, Colonel Palmer led the main body, by night, across the mountains by a circuitous route, coming in upon the rear of the rebel force, and by a well concerted action, attacking at daylight in front and flank, completely routed it, wounding seven, and capturing two of the enemy, fifteen horses and twenty stands of arms, and burning the camp. Captains Charles M. Betts, and George S. Clark, were among the wounded in the engagement. Captain McAllister, with two companies, .F and G, was sent in pursuit of the fugitives, but failed to overtake them. The regiment was now engaged in scouting on the left flank, and in rear of Longstreet's army, which was leisurely pursuing its way towards Virginia, extending along the French Broad River as far as Newport, having frequent skirmishes with the rebel cavalry, and capturing prisoners from whom important information was gained. On the night of the 23d of December, the command crossed the French Broad, and pushing up under cover of darkness, to the rear of the enemy's cavalry corps, ijaptured a number of his pickets, thirteen horses, and twenty-six head of cattle, and brought them safely into camp, though closely pursued. On the 24th, the regiment participated in the battle of Dandridge, which was fought by the brigades of Sturgis and Elliott. After a sharp skirmish the enemy was driven, and in full retreat, but was timely reinforced by a brigade fro^m Morristown, and was thus enabled ta make a stand, before which the Union force was obliged to retire. In the fight, a. spirited dash was made by Colonel Palmer, with ninety of his men, before whom the enemy fled in confusion; but returning, he was fired on by a party in concealment, and ten of his men were dis- mounted and fell into the hands of the foe. Captain Washington Airey was among these, and for fourteen months endured the hardships and privations of imprisonment, being finally released to die of disease con- tracted thereby. The entire loss was seventy-five in killed, wounded, and prisoners. On the 29th, a, sharp engagement occurred at Mossey Creek, and after a contest lasting six hours, the enemy was handsomely repulsed. Two spirited charges were made by the Fifteenth, gaining and holding an Important position on the field, for which it was complimented by General Sturgis. It lost one officer. Lieutenant and Acting Adjutant Harvey S. Lingle, killed, and five men wounded. Longstreet having put his army in winter-quarters near Russellville, was sending his cavalry back to the rich cornfields of the French Broad Valley, for supplies. The Fifteenth had become expert in scouting to ascertain the movements of the enemy, and to harass his foraging parties. It was, accordingly, posted at Dandridge, and charged especially with 362 PENNSYLVANIA AT this duty. For two weeks it scouted the whole country on the enemy's flank, coming down upon him at the most unexpected moments, marching day and night, picking up prisoners, and gathering stock almost within the limits of rebel encampments. On the 13th of January, 1863, while in camp opposite Dandridge, Colonel Palmer learned that Brigadier General Vance, with a force of three hundred cavalry and dismounted Indians, with two pieces of artillery, had advanced from North Carolina, and entered SeviervlUe, twelve miles in Colonel Palmer's rear, capturing twenty wagons irfaded with wheat belonging to the army at Knoxville, and twenty prisoners. Though a, brigade of rebel cavalry was in his front, threatening an attack. Colonel Palmer determined to go in pursuit of Vance. Accordingly, heading a party of one hundred and twenty- hve men, and leaving his pickets out to deceive the enemy in his front, he started on his daring mission. On the way, he learned that Vance's forces had been divided, one party, including the Indians, going towards North Carolina, the other, headed by Vance himself, with the captured train, taking a back mountain roaid towards Newport. After a march of thirty miles. Palmer came up with the latter party. at a point about eight miles from Newport, and by a bold charge with the sabre, captured the general, two of his staff ofHcers, a lieutenant, fifty men, one hun- dred and fifty horses, the general's ambulance filled with captured medical stores, re-captured the entire wagon train and prisoners, and brought all back safely to Sevierville. For his gallantry in this afEair, Colonel Palmer was strongly recommended by General Foster, in com- mand at Knoxville, seconded by Generals Sturgis and Elliott, for pro- motion. On the 24th, Colonel Palmer's command, temporarily reinforced by Colonel Brownlow's First Tennessee Cavalry, made an expedition into the enemy's foraging ground, near the mouth of the Big Pigeon River, and captured a train of eighteen wagons, ninety mules, and seventy- two of the enemy, including a, captain, and three lieutenants, losing one man killed. The country around had become very familiar to the' men of Colonel Palmer's command, and full reliance was placed in them for information by which the movement of heavy bodies of troops were guided. They were kept constantly upon the move. The plan of the con- siderable engagement at Fair Garden, on the 28th, In which three steel guns, and one hundred prisoners were taken, was based upon information of the enemy's position and strength, furnished by scouting parties of the Fifteenth. On the following day, Colonel Palmer, by taking a flank trail in following the retreating rebels, discovered that they had been rein- forced, and hy timely warning to the main Union force, saved it from disaster. The campaign having now ended, the regiment returned by easy marches to Chattanooga, where it arrived on the 11th of February, and was joined by a part of the regiment which had been left at the camp in Sequatchie Valley. During the three succeeding momths, the command wa"g kept busy in scouting on the flank of the enemy holding position on Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost, and Dalton. In reconnois- OHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 363 samces to Lafayette, Summerville, Alpine and Lookout Valley, It gained important information, and captured some prisoners. By the hard service during the fall and winter, the horses had become completely worn out, and on the 4th of May, as the army was about breaking camp for the spring' campaign, the regiment was ordered to Nashville, to remount and refit. It was August before the requisite horses, arms and equipments were obtained, and the command was in readiness for the field. In the meantime, the men had been kept busy in drill and target practice. C'aptain Betts had been previously pro- moted to Major. On the 8th of August, the regiment started for the front, but in consequence of the raid, of Wheeler on Sherman's lines of supply, was stopped at Chattanooga, and scouted to Red Clay, Parker's Gap, and Spri'ng Place, and upon the movement of Wheeler north, fol- lowed him in force, returning finally to Calhoun, where it was employed protecting the railroad. On the 5th of September the regiment, about four hundred strong, was ordered to move north, to prevent the return of a force of Wheeler's Cavalry, which had been cut off at McMinnville, and was maJiting its way under Dibberel to the Tennessee River, below Kingston. It accordingly moved to Sevierville, the enemy keeping up on the opposite side of the river, and finally joining Vaughan near Bristol, Virginia. From Sevierville, the regiment marched to Bull's Gap, and joined General Gillem in a movement towards Virginia. At Jonesboro, on the 3d of October, where the enemy was encountered. Colonel Palmer, who had the advance, was ordered to develop the enemy's strength and position. He accordingly charged the rebel rear-guard, driving it ten miles to the Wautauga River; killing one and capturing eight, where he found Duke in force. On the 4th and 5th there was some skirmishing. But Burbridge was now in the enemy's rear, and he retreated rapidly towards Abingdon. Gillem did not pursue, as Forrest was raiding into Tennessee, but returned to Knoxville. Colonel Palmer was, however, per- mitted, at his own suggestion, to make diversion in favor of Burbridge, and advanced, via Bristol, to Kingsport. Here a party of nine, with dis- patches for Burbridge, who had withdrawn to Kentucky, was met. Tak- ing seventy-five picked men. Colonel Palmer started to carry them through, and after five days severe marching, came up with Burbridge at Prestonburg, successfully eluding Prentiss' rebel cavalry, lying in wait for his capture, and attacking one of Prentiss' scouting parties, killing a captain, and one man, and taking twelve prisoners and thirty horses. In the meantime, the remainder of the regiment, under Lieutenant Colonel Lamborn, was attacked by Vaughan' s forces, which had re- turned from Virginia. • Lamborn held the ford of the North Fork of the Holston against Vaughan for one day, and at night, having no supports, retired towards Bull's Gap, losing in the skirmish one man wounded. On the following day, while crossing a difficult ford of the main stream, he was again attacked by a large force. The command was in column, along the river bank, the enemy occupying a steep bluff commanding the ford, and the road which led to it, over which the column was ad- 3tj4 PENNSYLVANIA AT vancing. A company was sent to the rear of the attacking partj, which, coming upon the enemy unawares, made a sudden dash, capturing three officers and eight men, and so disconcerting the entire party, that it toolt to its heels, leaving the Union force, of only one hundred and twenty-five men, to cross and move unmolested to Bull's Gap. Upon their arrival in camp, General Gillem complimented them in an order, "for thair action at Rogerville, October 7, when in the face of a rebel force much larger than their own, they crossed the Holston River, capturing three rebel lieutenants, and eight enlisted men, with no loss." After this, the main body of the regiment, and the detachment under Colonel Palmer, assembled in camp near Chattanooga, and for two months were engaged in scouting for a long distance on all sides, fre- quently meeting bands of the enemy. On the 20th of December, Colonel Palmer, with his own and detachments from other regiments, to the number of six hundred men, proceeded to Decatur, whence he pushed forward on the south bank of the Tennessee River, in pursuit of Hood's demoralized troops, now in full retreat from Tennessee, liaving been thoroughly defeated in the battle of Nashville, by Thomas. Without at- tempting to give the details of this eminently successful expedition, its character may be judged by the following summary of results: The capture of two hundred prisoners, including two colonels, three captains, and eight lieutenants, and the destruction of seven hundred and fifty stands of arms; the capture on the night of December 28, of two pieces of General Roddy's artillery, with horses and equipment!!; the capture and complete destruction on the 31st, of the entire pontoon bridge, having seventy-eight boats, on which Hood crossed the Tennessee River, with two hundred wagons loaded with tools, ropes, engineering instruments, and supplies; the capture on the night of January 1, 1865, of a supply train of Hood, of one hundred and ten wagons, while on its way from Benton Station to Tuscaloosa, and its complete destruction; the surprise .and complete rout on the Tuscaloosa Road, below Moulton, of the rebel Colonel Russell's regiment of cavalry. Fourth Alabama, and the capture and destruction of his train, with the papers and baggage of the brigade; and the repeated defeat and rout of Roddy's forces, causing their dis- bandment. The entire loss of the command was one man killed and two wounded. It successfully eluded largely superior forces of the enemy while on its return to Decatur, and brought all its captures safely in. Upon its return, the command was ordered to Huntsville for rest, but on the night following its arrival. Colonel Palmer was directed to take all his available mounted men, and intercept the rtibel General Lyon at Fort Deposit. Failing in this. Colonel Palmer crosscid the river in pur- suit, came up with Lyon on January 16, surprised his camp before day- light, and routed his command, capturing his only piece of artillery, and ninety-six prisoners, which were brought off. Lyon himself was taken, but succeeded in making his escape, after shooting the sergeant who had him in charge— the only loss. Colonel Palmer led out another scouting party on the 27th, of one hundred and fifty men, in pursuit of a guerrilla CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 365 band under Colonel Meade, infesting the Cumberland Mountains, return- ing on the 6th of February, with one captain, two lieutenants and twenty- three men prisoners. Before starting on the spring campaign, fresh horses were supplied, and the command was completely refitted for active service. General Stoneraan was placed in command of the cavalry, and Colonel Palmer, who had been promoted to Brevet Brigadier General, was assigned to the command of the First Brigade of Gillem's Division, whereupon, Lieu- tenant Colonel Betts, who had been promoted from Major, took com- mand of the regiment. Towards the close of March, Stoneman started on an important expedition towards North Carolina. On the 29th he reached Wilkesboro, on the Yadkin River, where he had a, skirmish. He here received intelligence which determined him to turn north, towards the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, which he fell to destroying, the Fifteenth being actively employed in this work. From this point. Major Wagner, with four companies, made a demonstration to within sight of Lynchburg, Virginia, destroying two important railroad bridges. He rejoined the command, after an absence of ten days, near Salisbury, North Carolina, having sustained a loss of one killed, and eight wounded and captured. On the 19th of April, a detachment of the regiment, under Major Garner, destroyed a railroad bridge ten miles north of Greensboro, North Carolina, after a. brisk skirmish with the guard. At the same time, Lieutenant Ctolonel Betts, with ninety men, surprised the camp of the Third South Carolina Cavalry, near Greensboro, and charged upon it, capturing the commanding officer. Lieutenant Colonel Johnson, four of his officers, and forty-four men with their horses, regimental wagons, and camp equipage. On the following day, a detachment under Captain Kramer met and_ defeated a superior force of the enemy at Jamestown, destroying the depot and a truss-covered bridge at Deep River. On the 12th, Salisbury, North Carolina, was captured, and immense rebel stores destroyed, when the command turned towards Knoxville. Towards the close of April, intelligence of the surrender of Lee and Johnston having been received, the division of General Gillem, now commanded by General Palmer, .was ordered to proceed south for the capture of Jefferson Davis and train. Night and day, with the most untiring energy and skill, the pursuit was pushed. On the 8th of May, seven wagons, containing the effects of the banks of Macon, were captured. "On the morning of the 8th inst.," says General Palmer in Ms oflScial report, "while searching for Davis near the fork of the Appalachefc and Oconee Rivers, Colonel Betts, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, captured seven wagons in the woods, which contained one hundred and eighty-eight thousand dollars in coin, one million five hundred and eighty-eight thousand dollars in bank notes, bonds, and securities, and about four millions of Confederate money, besides considerable specie, plate, and other valuables belonging to private citizens of Macon. The wagons contained aleo the private baggage, maps and official papers of Generals Beauregard and Pillow. Noithing was disturbed, and I send the whole in by railroad to Augusta, 366 PENNSYLVANIA AT to the oom-manding officer of the United States forces, to await the action of the Government." Two days after. Company G, Captain Samuel Phillips, captured General Bragg, his wife, staff officers, and three wagons, which were sent under guard to the headquarters of General Wilson. On the 15th, news was received of the capture of Davis and party by Colonel Pritchard, of the Fourth, Michigan Cavalry, detach- ments from Colonel Betts' command being close upon his trail. The regi- m.ent now started northward, and on the 12th of June arrived at Nash- ville, where, on the 21st, it was mustered out of service. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT LIGHT ARTILLERY, BATTEJRY "B," (26th Independent) Bkotherton Field, Chickamauga Pakk, Ga., November 14, 1897. ADDRESS OP PRIVATE JOHN H. KOHLER. M^ 'T COMRADES of Old Battery B, Independent Pennsylvania Artil- lery, Ladies and Gentlemen: — We are assembled here to-day on this historical battlefield of Chickamauga to dedicate this beauti- ful monument in honor of our comrades, and especially to them" who paid the full devotion to their country. In this great battle, one of the blood- iest battles of the war, in which you, my comrades of Battery "B," did your whole duty, as you did in the twenty-one other battles in which you fought nobly for your country and the dear old flag. I should think I would be a, traitor if I did not notice the inscription which the monument bears. In regard to the first words, "Twenty-sixth Independent Batltery 'B,' Pennsylvania Artillery," is radically wrong. The Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Artillery or Muehler's Battery passed out of record January 5, 1863, at which time Lieutenant A. J. Stevens was pro- moted; his commission to captain of Battery "B," Independent Pennsylva- nia Artillery, being dated January 5, 1863. The Twenty-sixth or Muehler's Battery, you will all know, was then a thing of the past, as Charles F. Muehler resigned November 16, 1862. I suppose you all remember about that. Secondly, the name of Captain A. J. Stevens is not on this monument. If any name under Heaven should be there, it is the name of Alanson J. Stevens. He paid the full devotion to his country under the very shadow of this monument. Comrades, after thirty-four years have passed away, we still, mourn the death of our beloved Captain A. J. Stevens, who fell upon this field CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 367 in defense of his country's riglits. That he was gallant and brave, doing honor to the position he held, requires us not to prove. JEntering the service at the first call of his country, the battles he passed through can testify to those virtues which were our esteem and regard. Thoughts of him will always be pleasing to us who were led to look on him as a brother and protector. That we may emulate his virtues and have a record as stainless may justly be the ambition of our lives to the end. ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT WM. F. L,UTJE. COLONEL BLAKELET, in turning this handsome monument over to you, words fail me to express my feelings in such manner as I should like. By the munificence of our grand old Commonwealth, we are enabled to meet here together at this time, on the soil hallowed by the blood of her sons, to commemorate their heroic deeds and mark the places and positions of our battery on those eventful days, September 18th, 19th and 20th, 1863. After skirmishing a good part of the 18th, in de- tached sections, the battery took a position with our brigade near Lee & Gordon's Mill, at daybreak on Saturday, the 19th, relieving a section of either the Third Wisconsin or Seventh Indiana. In accordance with Gen- eral Bragg's orders, the Confederates were to cross over at the mill and at- tack our (Twenty-flrst) corps, but a, change in this programme became necessary on account of Rosecrans attacking first on our left, compelling Bragg to take care of his right. During the forenoon the enemy felt several times how strong this position was guarded by us, it being the key to our right center, by opening on us with a long range battery out of the corner of the woods to the right of the mill, but found us wide awake to meet any attempt of his to cross. We held this position for some time without support; our infantry being moved to the left to sup- port Thomas. From this position we were ordered to the left and went into action in the Brotherton woods to the right (east) of the Lafayette road, the battery being left in front, bringing the left section to the right into a, dense underbrush. The battery moved about three hundred to three hundred and fifty yards east by northeast, doing some canister firing where it halted, the right section being unable to do any firing on ac- count of the underbrush. The sound of firing coming nearer from the left and front of the battery, no enemy being visible except by hearing his fir- ing, and when about ready to open on him, the right section was struck in the flank, and our infantry was simply crushed and broken— all that could be saved, was the horses, limbers and men. The woods being on fire, one of the limbers blew up, without injuring it, however, as it had but a. few- rounds of ammunition left in it. 368 PENNSYLVANIA AT What was left of the battery took position where the monument stands and, with General Wilder's mounted infantry on our right, the enemy got back into the woods and stayed there. A marker is placed on the posi- tion where the battery fought a, short time on Sunday forenoon, in the squth end of the Dyer field. The battery had four guns in position, was to the left of Battery H, Fourth United States, Third Wisconsin and had the Seventh Indiana on our left. All these batteries were attacked from the right flank and front and had to retire with some loss of men and material. We lost one oflticer and one man killed and one officer and thir- teen men wounded. Thirty-seven horses were killed. Underbrush and woods is not good ground for batteries to manoeuvre in, hence such heavy loss. Our battery has never been beaten in open woods or in fileld man- oeuvres by any other battery. Its expert gunners and drivers were hard to duplicate in either army. The battery had two hundred and seventy- one men in all, of which sixty-five were veterans. Two officers' and five men were killed and a number died of wounds. Up to the Chattanooga fight none but veterans were engaged. Three out of five men killed, were killed by cannon balls, showing that the enemy had to bring his best against us. I doubt whether the average age of the men was twenty years, and you can easily see that they were a mischievous set of daring boys, who feared nothing. Part of the battery was recruited at Erie by the late Honorable Wm. L. Scott, all but three of the recruits being closely examined by me as to physical condition. Some of the older men had seen service in the Crimean war and one in the Holstein campaign, and a number of the younger ones had served in the three months' service. All these men were drilled at a camp of instruction in Erie, after which they were ordered to Pittsburgh (at the time General Buckner attempted to capture Louisville, Ky.), and con- solidated with another part of a battery recruited by Colonel Housum of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Infantry, in Franklin county, and were ready to take the field. We were attached to General J. S. Negley's Brigade, composed of the Seventy-seventh, Seventy-eighth, Seventy- ninth Infantry and our battery. We arrived at Louisville the latter part of October, 1861, and went immediately to the front, where we drilled the men at the guns, had mounted drill, went to the woods and made gabions and fascines, in short, made expert artillerists out of the men. We used the Prussian tactics, enabling iis to fire six times per minute, when other batteries could only fire four times, under regulation tactics. Henry Lee, in a letter of March. 1, 1Y75, writes to his friend that "they drill according to the evolutions, etc., of the troops of the King of Prussia." This would indicate that the Colonial Army used these tactics. When General Buell, under the flimsy excuse that if the brigade suffered too heavy in some engagements the State would lose too many men, tore up Negley's Brigade the battery was left with him until General Nelson wanted it transferred to his brigade at Corinth and. General Negley ob- jecting, the battery was ordered out on exhibition drill by Buell; after CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 369 which it was placed in General Crittenden's Reserve Division where it remained until the re-organization of the army at Chattanooga. The position in the Brotherton woods on Saturday afternoon should be marked, if possible, by a marker and tablet so as to enable military students to understand the different positions intelligently, and if the Lee & Gordon's Mill territory is ever taken into the park our position there, being also marked, would give a complete chain of positions and ex- plain the Brotherton fight clearly. And now. Colonel Blakeley, I want to thank you personally and on be- half of the Battery for the kindness and care you have extended to me and it in enabling us to perpetuate the noble deeds and sacrifices of the boys Kit Battery "B," or as it is also called, the Twenty-sixth Pennsyl- vania. Colonel Blakeley accepted the monument on behalf of the Commission with some feeling and appropriate remarks. And as the sun set in the west, preparing to close that beautiful Sabbath day, the Rev. Comrade J. Thompson Gibson, of company A, Seventy-eighth Pennsylvania, editor of the "Presbyterian Messenger," dismissed the Battery and their assem- bled friends with his benediction, whin all left for Chattanooga, never to forget this memorable event. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF BATTERY.* THE order for recruiting the Seventy-seventh Regiment, provided for eight companies of infantry, and one of artillery. A company for the latter service, was recruited in Franklin county, by Captain Peter B. Housum; but not having the required strength, it was consoli- dated with one recruited for similar service in Brie county, by Captain Charles F. Muehler, and was mustered into service at Pittsburgh, on the 6th of November, 1861, under command of the latter. Captain Housum being promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. With the regiment, the battery proceeded down the Ohio River, to Louisville, Kentucky. After a few days' delay, it was sent by the line of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad to Camp Nevin, where it was instructed and drilled. Towards the close of the year, it was detached from _the regiment, and was afterwards known as Independent Battery B. From Camp Nevin, it marched to Mumfordsville, on Green River, the rebel General John Morgan having, on the day preceding the movement, burned the bridge near Muldraugh's Hill. Soon after the success of the Union arms at Ports Henry and Donald- son, on the 16th of Februajry, 1862, General Grant commenced moving up •Extract from Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. 24 370 PENNSYLVANIA AT the Cumberland River, and on the 6th o£ April, the battle of Pittsburg Landing opened. Buell, who commanded the Army of the Cumberland, made a corresponding movement by way of Nashville, and reached the battleground with a portion of his forces, during the night of the 6th, taking part in the fighting of the 7th. The battery did not arrive on the field until after the battle was over, and the enemy was repulsed. When the united armies moved forward to Corinth, it marched with General Crittenden's column, to which it was attached, and with it participated in the operations, by which the enemy was again driven. In the cam- paign which followed, extending through northern Mississippi and Ala- bama, it accompanied the main army, and when Bragg commenced his march on Louisville, made forced marches with the rest of the ai;my, to reach that point in advance of him. At Perryville, where a part of the Union army met and defeated Bragg on the 8th of October, the battery was unable to reach the field until the fighting was over, and the enemy in full retreat. A vigorous pursuit was at once commenced, and on the closing day of the year. General Rosecrans, who had succeeded Buell in command of the army, encountered Bragg at Murfreesboro, where a general engagement occurred, in which, for five days, the battery was in the hottest of the flght, doing signal service, and sustaining severe losses. For its gallantry on this sanguinary field, it was warmly com- plimented by General Rosecrans. In the battle of Chickamauga, on the 19th of September, 1863, it was again hotly engaged, and here Captain Alanson J. Stevens, who had succeeded Captain Muehler, was killed. For a time after the battle, the army was closely shut up in Chattanooga, whither it had retired, and suffered severely from lack of provisions. But in the battle which was fought at Missionary Ridge, on the 25th of November, where the, battery again did excellent service, Bragg was swept from his strongholds, and driven in confusion southward. During the succeeding winter, a large proportion of the original men re-enlisted, preserving it as a veteran organization, and a. considerable number of recruits were added to its strength. In the spring of 1864, the battery moved with Sherman on his Atlanta campaign, and the hundred days, during which the fighting was almost incessant, it was with the Fourth Corps, commanded by General Stanley, to which it had beenv transferred soon after the battle of Chickamauga. In the bold and bloody assault on the enemy's lines at Kenesaw Mountain, on the 27th of June, Captain Samuel M.- McDowell, who had succeeded to the command after the fall of Captain Stevens, was killed. Upon the fall of Atlanta, on the 2d of September, General Hood, who had succeeded General Johnston in command of the rebel army, moved upon the communications of Sher- man, in the direction of Chattanooga, and the latter, with the Fourth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps, followed him. When it was evident that Hood intended to open a campaign in Tennessee, Sher- man placed what forces he could spare under General Thomas, with which to meet Hood, and returning with the major part of his army to Atlanta, soon after commenced his famous march to the sea. The Fourth CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 371 Corps was left with Thomas. Wood's Division of the Fourth Corps reached Athens on ithe 31st of October, and shortly afterwards the entire corps was concentrated at Pulaski. Gradually the Union troops, which were outnumbered two to one, fell back to Columbia, and finally to Franklin, where General Sohofield, who was in command, prepared to give battle. The enemy attacked with great impetuosity, but was hurled back with fearful loss. From half past three until after dark the battle raged, the fighting extending along a front of two miles, reaching from the extreme Union left to the right centre. General Stanley was wounded in the battle, and the command of the corps devolved on General Wood. During the night, Schofleld withdrew his forces to Nashville, where prep- arations were made for defense, until such time as Thomas should be prepared to assume the offensive. On the morning of the 15th of De- cember, the order for the attack was given, and for' two days the battle raged with great fury. Finally, the enemy, hard pressed on all sides, was driven from the field. The pursuit was vigorously pushed, and frequent skirmishing continued until Hood was driven from Tennessee, and his army virtually broken up. After the surrender of the rebel armies, the battery was sent to Texas, in conjunction with other troops, where it re- mained on duty until the 12th of October, when it was mustered out of service at Victoria. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT LIGHT ARTILLE)RY, BATTERY "E, " (Knap's Independent) Orchard Knob, Tenn., November 15th, 1897. ADDRESS OF PRIVATE P. R. DONAHUE. MT COMRADES:— The providence of the God of battles has permitted us to assemble here to-day, from regions remote, after an absence of thirty-four years, for the purpose of venerating the memory of our brave comrades who died that the nation might live; and to dedicate this monument to the sacred remembrance of 'the heroic deeds and achievements of the comrades of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery. This beautiful and chaste block of granite was designed by a comrade of the battery, (Lieutenant Sylvester W. McCluskey), and erected by the grateful State of Pennsylvania in pursuance of an act of the Pennsyl- vania Legislature, appropriating moneys for the same. 372 PENNSYLVANIA AT The few of us that are here to-day witnessing these ceremonies are a sad and aged moiety of the hundred or more bright youths that trod these hills during the years of '63 and '64. Yet, we but exemplify the stern and inexorable fact that Time is the master of us all, and we poor mortals are at last compelled to bow to His inevitable will. Comrades, traveling as you have the many thousands of miles from your homes, scattered as they are throughout the length and breadth of this great land, to honor the memory of your dead comrades, reflects the greatest credit upon you and for your presence here to-day on be- half of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery Veteran Association, I thank you. We will now proceed with the exercises of the day. Comrade James P. Stewart will invoke the Divine blessing upon these ceremonies. PRAYER BY CORPORAL, JAMES P. STEWART. OTJR FATHER which art in Heaven, hallowed by Thy name. We acknowledge Thee as our Supreme Commander and we bow our heads in humble submission to Thy will, knowing Thou doest all things well. We praise Thy name that so many of us have been spared through many trials and dangers to assemble here for the purpose of dedicating this monument that shall perpetuate the heroism of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery on this sacred and historic ground, made so by the blood that was so freely shed by our former companions and com- rades. And as we stand before Thee with bowed heads, help us one and all to realize that we ourselves are spared monuments of Thy love and mercy. May we remember the havoc that was made in our ranks by shot and shell and the suffering of our comrades in prison pens, on the tented field by the inclemency of the weather, and the disease and suffer- ing that has thinned our ranks since we met on this field in the "sixties." We thank Thee that we have lived to see our dear old flag redeemed, our country, purified and exalted among the nations of the earth, and all men in this great and glorious nation of ours made free and equal before the laws of our land. And now, Father, we pray that Thy angels may sing over this nation as they did when Our Saviour was born in Bethlehem, in the land of Judea, "Peace on earth, good will to all men," and may this nation be as a united family, no strife, no confusion and no wars, but that a long and lasting peace may prevail over all our land. Bless, we pray Thee, our chief magistrate, the President of the United States, and all that are in authority over us. May they seek wisdom from Thee, and rule this nation wisely and well. And now. Father, we pray Thee that our exercises, at this time, may not be marred by CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 3T3 anything that would bring discredit upon us. May everything be done decently and In order, and In after years, as we look back on this day, may It be a day of grateful remembrance and of gratitude to Thee for bringing together these dear old comrades and for permitting this assemblage. And now. Father, we are all approaching the border of the promised land, and, as we pass over one by one to the other shore, may we be enabled to lovingly, trustfully go down through the valley of the shadow of Death, trusting ourselves to a kind and loving Saviour. And some sweet day when we shall join the great majority of our com- rades who have gone before in a grand reunion around Thy throne In Heaven, and rejoicing in Thy love, may we be enabled to sing Thy praises forever and forever. We ask these favors all through Jesus Christ, Our Saviour and Re- deemer. Amen and Amen. ADDRESS OF PRIVATE JAMES D. WAI/KER. COMRADES of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery: — As we look back nearly thirty-six years, our memory gives to mind's-eye a vision of the beardless boy, blithe, brave and patriotic, the boy soldier of 1861, the soldier that gave to the great Republic a new lease, to his coun- try a greater glory, and to her banner more stars. To commemorate the fidelity and heroism of those men, to teach it to our children and to their children, to dedicate and hand down to the great future this beautiful monument and to commemorate the bravery of our comrades and our part and portion upon the battlefields of Eastern Tennessee and Northern Georgia, are we assembled here to-day. Upon you, the then beardless boys, now bitten by the frosts of many winters, time has left its imprint and soon there will be none to recount the history of our old battery. The history of Knap's Pennsylvania Bat- tery has never been written, and I much fear it never will be. A history covering four years with its twenty-five battles, the important incidents connected with each; the tedious marches, the uncounted minor actions; the unnumbered raids; the killed; the wounded; the missing; to do justice to all, would take volumes to record. The history of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery commenced in the month of July, 1861, when James D. McGlU, afterwards captain of Knap's Bat- tery, erected an "A" tent upon the summit of Seminary Hill, in Alle- gheny city, and commenced recruiting men for a battery of light artil- lery. Its service is synonymous with every important event in the Army of the Potomac from the battle of Cedar Mountain to Gettysburg, and in the Army of the Cumberland, from Wauhatchie to Johnson's surrender at Bennett's House, Including Sherman's march to the sea and through the 374 PENNSYLVANIA AT Carollnas; ending at Camp Copeland, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1865. Our assembling here to-day is for the purpose of honoring and per- petuating in everlasting granite the memory of our beloved comrades of the artillery, who fought and fell in the valleys and on the mountain sides of Eastern Tennessee and Northern Georgia, and how proud we were in our youthful enthusiasm that we belonged to the artillery. To us the cavalry were only "turkey stickers" and the poor looked down upon "dough boys," only useful to pull our mired guns out of the mud when the horses were unable to do so; in our eyes no branch of the service was the equal of the artillery, and no battery of artillery equal to our own battery. Knap's Pennsylvania Battery. Did it ever occur to you what an exhilarating spectacle it was to see a light artillery battery going into action, to see the magnificent order pre- served as they come dashing up, each gun followed by its caissons; the drivers astride of the nigh horse, and holding the off horses well in hand, the cannoneers bolt upright on the chests, the chiefs of the detachments in their proper positions on the flank; distances preserved as accurately as if they were on parade, and all the time they are tearing across the fields at headlong speed with the roar and crash of a hurricane. Wheeling into position; then quick as a flash the cannoneers leap from the chests, unhook the limbers and the drivers wheel to the rear where they bring team and limber face to the enemy; and there to remain motionless as statues during the action. And how it cheered the hearts of our com- rades of the old "White Star Division, when at tames they were toard pressed by the enemy, to witness Knap's Pennsylvania Battery coming to their support and succor, in that cool, intrepid and active manner, that was to them an inspiration of confidence and a presage of victory! And why this feeling of confidence and faith invariably reposed in us by our comrades of the old White Star Division? We had been comrades for years, and upon many a hard fought field they had witnessed that cool precision, that mechanical routine of duty, without agitation and with- out haste, thapt did so much to maintain the moral of the men and give to Knap's Pennsylvania Battery, "Our Battery," the much-to-be envied position in the artillery of Hooker's Corps, second to none. We were a little family united by the tie of common occupation, grouped around our guns which we loved and reverenced as if they had been living things. They were the objects of all our care and attention; to them all else were subservient, men, horses, caissons, everything. Thence arose that spirit of unity and cohesion that animated the battery at large, causing all its members to work together for the common glory and common good. It was this, and the cool bravery, the methodical precision, and the undeviating regularity with which you worked your guns amidst showers of projectiles, that time and again have fell and burst amidst and around you, that begat in our gallant comrades of the White Star Division that feeling of security and encouragement that was always evidenced by them upon our appearance on the field of battle. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 375 Did it ever occur to you what a gallant lot of men our drivers were? Who shall tell the amount of courage a man must have to enable him to sit quietly upon his horse or stand by his horses' heads, possibly for hours, and watch the shells coming toward him, and hear the bullets whistling around him and he not allowed even to twirl his thumbs by way of diversion! The men who served the guns had something to occupy their minds, while the drivers, condemned to immobility, had death con- stantly before their eyes, and plenty of leisure to speculate upon proba- bilities. It has been said that they were made to face the battlefield be- cause, had their backs been turned towards it, the coward that so often lurks at the bottom of a man's nature might have got the better of them and swept away man and beast. Let that be as it may, it is the unseen danger that makes dastards of us all; that which we can see. we brave. The army had no more gallant set of men in its ranks than the drivers of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery. All honor to their memory, and here, beyond all question, our memory to the valor and heroism of the drivers and cannoneers of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery should be perpetuated. On the 28th of October, 1863, the Confederates, from their eyrie upon yon mountain top, had early in the day sighted the one small division of Geary's command consisting of four small regiments and Knap's Bat- tery, in all about eight hundred and fifty men and officers, slowly wind- ing its tortuous way down the "Wauhatchie Valley, and they promptly determined to wipe it ofC the face of the earth, anticipating an easy victory, and longingly waiting for the time to come when they could with safety descend the mountain side. The intervening hours were passed in pleasant expectation, watching the troops as they moved down the valley. Every movement was in full view of the enemy and at last, when the little division halted and encamped for the night at the base of the mountain and near Wauhatchie, they felt absolutely sure that when the morning sun shown again upon that peaceful valley that, all that would be left of the gallant little band of Union soldiers would be in their hands, and the attempt to relieve the beleaugered Union army occupying Chat- tanooga a dismal failure. Their unsuccessful attempt upon the night of October 28, to consummate their well-laid plans has given to us the memory of "Wauhiatchle." Wauhatchie! the fateful, the fearful; Wau- hatchie! the terrible! If this battery had at no time met the enemy but at Wauhatchie it would, to my mind, be entitled to wear the laurel wreath of well won victory without firing another shot dur- ing the war. Surprised! No, not surprised. Awakened out of peace- ful slumber, about the middle of the night, by volley after volley of musketry, and yell upon yell of the Confederate infantry, as they hurled themselves in dense masses upon the front and flank of our devoted little division, you met them ,like men and, rapid as was the firing of the enemy, more so was the rapidity with which you rushed to your pieces and engaged the flushed and exultant enemy. Aroused as you were and partly dazed by the sudden and impetuous on- 376 PENNSYLVANIA AT slaught, It is to the honor of the battery that every man stuck to his post and nobly did his duty, facing for three long hours that terrific storm of death dealing missiles that mowed down our comrades like the grain under the reaper's' knife. And how gallantly they do come! By the flashes of our guns they are visible, our old opponents of the Potomac, brave brothers, figliting for an unholy cause. We have met before. These are the battle scarred veterans of Lee's Army of the Potomac, the men we have met at Antietam, at Fredericksburg, at Chancellorsville and Gettys- burg,— "Longstreet's Corps." They are old friends, and with what a royal welcome we greet them. Old Knap's guns speak out through the dense darkness of the night with a. tone that cannot be misunderstood, every gun belching forth round after round of shell and canister into their closed and compact ranks, as with charge after charge they attempt to pierce the single line of battle in our immediate front only to be hurled back each time like the receding waves of a stormy sea and, like the same, leaving death and destruction in their wake. Loth to give up the contest and anxious to enjoy the glowing anticipations of the morning, they return again and again to the attack, only to meet with repulse and disaster. Dismayed and chagrined at their utter and total defeat, they slowly and sullenly retire to their mountain fastness, a bro- ken and disorganized foe, leaving in our hands all of their dead and wounded. In a fair fight, without any cover, with the advantage of a stealthy night attack on the side of the enemy, four small regiments and one battery, "Knap's," all Pennsylvanians, have defeated- and in- gloriously routed four thousand of the flower of Lee's army, "Long- street's Corps." And here I think it will not come amiss to enlighten you somewhat as to what our old friends of the Potomac were doing about this time. I quote from Lieutenant General James Longstreet, Confederate, South- ern Army, commanding corps at the battle of Wauhatchie. In his offi- cial report of the battle, he says: "One of my signal party guided Gen- eral Bragg and myself to a projecting point on the mountain where we saw the enemy's force, (about five thousand), file past and unite with a force already at Brown's Ferry, the rear guard of this command, (about one thousand five hundred), with a bat- tery of artillery came up iii about an hour and halted about three miles from the main force. As soon as the rear guard halted I ordered General Jenkins to concentrate his three brigades on the west side of the moun- tain and cut off, capture or disperse them." Again he says: "The troops that the enemy were to operate against me were seen and carefully considered by General Bragg and myself. A force of about one thousand five hundred men and a battery of artillery and a few wagons followed the main body and encamped about three miles in the rear of the main force, and this was the force which I hoped to cut off, surprise and capture. The division selected for this purpose, "Hood's Division," consisted of four brigades and should have mustered five thousand men." This is the only report of the number of men engaged on the Confederate o ID r- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 377 side that we can secure and as the Oonfederate Generals, E. M. Ijaw, Jerome B. Robertson, Henry M. Benning and Colonel John Bratton, com- manding the Alabama, Texas, Georgia and South Carolina brigades, re- spectively, in their different reports of the action, fail to give the num- ber of men engaged, we are compelled to arrive at an approximate esti- mate of the number that confronted us by an analysis of the organiza- tions of Hood's Division and the reports of the several brigade com- manders. That the whole division, "Hoods," was engaged is true, but that the brunt of the battle in front of the White Star Division was borne by Bratton's Brigade of South Carolinians, supported by General Henry L. Benning's Brigade of Georgians, is also true. The organization of the division consisted of nineteen regiments, divided into four brigades. Bratton's and Benning's Brigades, that made the repeated attacks upon us, included nine regiments. If each of those regiments averaged two hundred and eight men, and we presume they did, as per General Dongstreet's reporit of Hood's Division, viz, "five thousand," Bratton's and Benning's Brigades must have consisted of not less than two thou- sand and eighty men and it is fair to assume that there was more than that number. General Jenkins, when ordered to cut off, surprise and capture, would not send in his weakest brigades, but naturally would select his largest and strongest ones to do that kind of work. Again, tak- ing Bratton's report of casualties occurring (Benning neglects to report any), he admits a total loss of three hundred and fifty-six. Allowing them the same proportionate loss as ourselves, which was one-seventh of the total number present, we have three hundred and fifty-six by seven, equals two thousand four hundred and ninety-two men confronting us, or about three times the number actually engaged on our side. That the effort to "cut off, or disperse, or capture the White Stars" was a dismal failure is admitted by the Confederates themselves and was the inception of an era of bitterness and jealousy among the confederate gfenerals en- gaged that eventually relegated to private life two of Longstreet's brav- est and best officers. Generals E. Mclvar Law and General Jerome B. Robertson. This, coming as it does from our friends, the enemy, is a most magnificent testimonial to the prowess and bravery of the old White Star. Seldom in the annals of war does it fall to the lot of any command like ours to receive the universal plaudits and approbation of our com- rades, oflBcers and men, for gallantry and bravery upon the field of action and for victory nobly and gloriously won. But, oh, my comrades, at what a cost' to the battery was this glorious and eventful victory won. Here the life blood of Captain Atwell satu- rated the green sward of this to be historic ground. Here Lieutenant Geary offered up his young life upon the altar of his country and for the Union he loved so well, and, for a moment let us tarry in passing to do honor to the memory of Lieutenant Edward Geary, our Gener'al's son. At Wauhatchie, terrible, his work was done. And what of those other twen- ty-four that dropped in that dreadful scene of carnage and strife, and the life-giving fluid of whom streaked and crimsoned old mother 378 ' PENNSYLVANIA AT earth for many yards around, and whose bright young lives slowly ebbed away from bodies mutilated, gashed, and torn by that cruel and pitiless storm of leaden hail that they so nobly faced for God, humanity and country? Allow me here on this ever-to-be re- vered ground, for the last time, with heads uncovered, to call the roll of those valiant comrades of ours, martyrs of Wauhatchie: Wm. B. Robinson, Patrick jMalone, Wm. H. Thompson, Charles "Warden, killed; Aaron T. Mechlin, Anson Williams, James P. Stewart, Robert Cornelius, Robt. Corns, Peter Cowell, Henry S. Campbell, Chas. Dorman, Henry Gillen, Richard. W. Hay ward, Henry Lohmier, John Lewis, David Nichol, Samuel Simpson, wounded; and how well we remember them. How well we recall their forms and their features as there they stood in the strength of their noble young manhood, fair to look upon, strong of mind and body, pictures of youth and manly beauty, courageous as lions, yet gentle as doves, and what a lasting impression the scenes of that night have left upon our minds. Even at this late day, the recollections of how those martyrs to a holy cause dropped around us one by one, under a fire so murderous, and so cruel, that it permitted no attempt to .succor or relieve their keen and poignant sufferings, causes the strag- gling tear to rise to our eyes and the smothered sob to escape from our breasts. For them no mantle of charity is needed to cover the frailties of their youthful natures. A sufficient atonement was the frightful sac- rifice of Wauhatchie. Comrades, they were, comrades they are, and in that great unknown beyond, comrades they will be. And now in what word of praise will we speak of those comrades who survived the ordeal of Wauhatchie, and who so manfully stood by their posts through those three long and almost interminable hoiu-s and withstood that hurricane of death and destruction? Memory fails to recall words to express, or pen to describe, the respect, the es- teem, the honor in which they are held by their comrades of the White Star Division. With their comrades falling around them, as the dew under the. morning sun falls from the leaves of the trees, never, for one instant, did they falter in their duty. No demoralized condition of af- fairs existed there. It had not occurred to them to map out any line of retreat. Oh! no; they were made of sterner stuff. They had been taught that a soldier should always face the foe; this they did, and thus they re- mained, and that indomitable will, and dogged resolution, which was characteristic of the battery, enabled them to save the honor of the bat- tery, the honor of the division, and the honor of Hooker's Corps. No other evidence is needed to prove this than the following quotations from the official reports of John W. Geary, commander of the division; Major J. A. Reynolds, chief of artillery of the corps; Major Moses Veale of the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and other officers en- gaged in the affair. Major Moses Veale of the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania in his official report of the battle says : "From three to five thousand of Long- street's Corps were thrown against us for the purpose of capturing or an- (SHiCKAMAUGA AJSTD CHATTAlsroOGA. S79 nihilating our little command. They poured into us three concentrated fires from front, and right and left flanks, but this little band of brave and tried Army of the Potomac troops fought with steady and determined desperation, not giving away a single foot." From twelve-thirty to three-thirty A. M., this desperate fight con- tinued. At one time it did appear as thoughthe enemy would gain the lear of bur right, and capture the guns of Knap's Battery, but by a most timely movement one piece was thrown across the road on the right, which gave the enemy a raking fire and saved the flank. As the guns of the battery flashed, the enemy would pour in such a deadly fire that two commissioned oflicers were killed, and twenty-four men out of forty- eight were killed or wounded, and thirty-seven of forty-eight horses were killed. At the end of three hours the enemy retired, leaving in our hands one hundred and fifty-three killed, including six commissioned officers; and fifty-two wounded, including three officers, making the enemy's loss, according to the statistics of most battlefields, about one thousand, or a loss of about one hundred and fifty more men on the Rebel 'side than the total number of men engaged upon the Union side, as per offlcial report of General John W. Geary, who says there were eight hundred and fifty oflicers and men of his troops engaged in the battle. In the same report he also says: "Of Knap's Battery I cannot speak too highly. They acquitted themselves in a manner deserving all the commendation that a commander can bestow upon them, and which I take pleasure in men- tioning officially." The guns of Knap's Battery, from their position about fifty yards in the rear and to the left of Rowdon's house, were now served with admirable effect, charge after charge was made, but each time the enemy's lines were hurled back under the unremitting fire that, like a Wall of fiame, opposed them. The enemy's advance was checked by the com- bined efforts of the artillery with its excellent execution. It was under this fire that the battery suffered a most unparalleled loss. The order, "Pick off the artillerists," was repeatedly heard along the rebel line. The men and horses fell so rapidly that only two guns could be manned after this attack and the two pieces of artillery continued firing. Knap's Battery contributed invaluably to the successful result of the action. Nearly all its gunners were killed or wounded and about two-thirds of its horses, but until the last, all who were left did their duty at their posts. No straggling, no confusion, was visible. Again, in General John W. Geary's report of November 5, he says: "Among those whom in this action were numbered among the honored dead, were the tonly two officers attached to this battery present. Captain C. A. Atwell and Lieutenant B. R. Geary, who fell in the midst of their commandi zealous in execution of their duty." And again General John W. Geary in his report of October 30, says: "Knap's Battery, Captain C. A. Atwell, were also engaged and suffered severely. The loss of gunners rendered only two of the guns effective for 380 PENNSYLVANIA AT nearly two hours of the engagement. Ammunition expended, two hun- dred and twenty-four rounds." Colonel Geo. A. Cobham, Jr., commander Second Brigade, October 31, says: "I cannot omit paying a tribute to the gallant conduct of the officers and men of Knap's Battery. The deplorable loss sustained by them and their crippled condition, sufficiently attest the gallantry with which their guns were worked, and the heavy fire to which they were exposed"' Colonel W. Rickards, Jr., commander Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania, re- ports October 29: "The enemy now made a fresh demonstration on our right, and gained possession of the railroad bank, from which they de- livered a very severe fire upon us. Our efforts to dislodge them by firing from our present position proved fruitless. I then brought company C and G, Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and hauled one piece of the battery outside of the railroad, carried ammunition and did the labor of the piece, while those men that were left unwounded loaded and fired. After two or three shots we got the range and swept the enemy from the bank. Our men were falling rapfdly, especially the battery. Captain Atwell was badly wounded in the hip and spine. Lieutenant Geary was killed by my side,' being struck over the eye as he commanded 'fire,' after aiming his gun. The officers and men of Knap's Battery acted nobly." Major J. A. Reynolds, chief of artillery, in his official report of the battle, says: "The men behaved nobly. Too much credit cannot be given them. Although suffering loss of both officers present, not a man, as far as I could learn, shirked his duty. All remained nobly at their posts, ready and willing to perform not only their own duties, but in addition, those of their fallen comrades." Major J. A. Reynolds also in a special order Issued by him says: "It is with pleasure that the major commanding, congratulates the officers and men of Independent Pennsylvania Battery 'E' upon their distin- guished gallantry in the late engagement at Wauhatchie. Upon them, in his opinion, rests the credit of having repulsed the enemy. Too much praise cannot be awarded them for the coolness and courage with which they served their guns in the presence of almost overpowering' odds." This should be testimony enough to the valor of our dead comrades and to the heroism of a battery that was one of the first to enter the service, and among the last to leave it. Wauhatchie, costly as it was to us, to the Union cause it was words of cheer and encoura,gement, and to a discouraged and disheartened nation it presaged the dawning of the Union sun upon the mountain heights of Lookout and Missionary Ridge, and was the leading link in the golden chain of glorious victories that culminated in the occupancy of the city of Chattanooga, the release of Eastern Tennessee and Northern Georgia forever from Confederate rule and domination, and opened up the way for that series of matchless successes of the Union arms afterwards at- tained by that modest and peerless chieftain. General William T. Sher- man; In all of which you nobly filled your part. Therefore, comrades of Knap's Pennsylvania Battery, believe me that 3 en O it CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 381 the sacrifices made by you at Wauhatchle, for the cause of the Union, were not in vain. But not here alone, lie the fallen comrades of our old battery. They are to be found all along the bloody trail of war; Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchle, Look- out Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Rocky Face, Resaoa, Pump- kin Vine, New Hope Church, Pine Knob, Kulp House, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah. Wherever raged the bloody fight, there may be found the graves of our brave and honored dead. The records of their deeds are forever emfelaaoned, in letters of gold, upon the hearts of their comrades of the White Star Division and none occupy a higher position in the annals of the country that they gave their blood to save. Nor would I have you forget those of our comrades who fell on other fields of battle for "Some fell on far off nelds of fame, Some here sank down to rest, And the dear land they loved so well Now folds them to her breast. All nearly gone, yet still lives on The memory of those who died, And true men, lik.j you men, Remember them with pride." Comrades, in thus honoring the dead, you do honor to the living. You honor yourselves, and that beautiful monument to generations yet un- born will speak of your heroic deeds, and the deeds, and the heroism of your comrades who have gone to "fame's eternal camping ground." They lived with honor; they died with honor. Be it yours to follow their example. And now, to the memory of our fallen comrades, the heroic dead who lost their lives in the service of their country, and to the battery in whose ranks they fell. Knap's Pennsylvania Battery, this monument is dedicated by their surviving comrades. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF BATTERY.* IN July, 1861, Joseph M. Knap, at that time serving as First Lieutenant of Company L, of the Twenty-eighth Regiment, Colonel John W. Geary, stationed at Point of Rocks, received authority to recruit a battery to serve with this regiment, which was near the proportions of a brigade, having eighteen full companies. He immediately proceeded to Pittsburgh for recruits, and upon his arrival there, found a compa,ny which had been raised by Charles A. Atwell and James D. McGlll, in- tended for service in the Sixty-third Regiment, but which was offered Captain Knap for his battery. It was promptly accepted, and at once proceeded to join the Twenty-eighth. Its ranks, however, were not full, and Colonel Geary applied for, and received permission of the War De- *Extr0ct from Bates" History of Pennsylvania Vclunteers. 382 PENNSYLVANIA AT partment, to transfer surplus men of his command to the hattery in sufficient numbers to give it a maximum strength. It was then formally organized at Camp De Korponay, Maryland, with the following officers: Joseph M. Knap, Captain; Charles A. Atwell, and Clement Tlngley, Jr., First Lieutenants; Edward R. Geary and James D. MoGill, Second Lieu- tenants. It was immediately after sent to Washington, where, under the direction of General Hunt, in command of the artillery, it was fully armed and equipped, as a six gun battery. It remained in camp on Bast Capitol Hill, until the 24th of November, when it returned to Colonel Geary's command. During the winter of 1861-2, the battery remained in the neighborhood of Point of Rocks and Harper's Ferry, taking part in the occasional skirmishing which occurred. Upon the evacuation of Manassas, in March, 1862, the battery advanced with Geary's Brigade, to the line of the Manassas Gap Railroad, and was posted, four guns under Captain Knap, near Salem, and the remaining two, under Lieutenant Atwell, at Front Royal. When Stonewall Jackson made his rapid ad- vance down the Valley, against the forces of Banks, he struck the ad- vance post at Front Royal, commanded by Colonel Kenly, of the First Maryland, on the 23d of May. Kenly made a gallant resistance, and- the section under Atwell did excellent service. But this small detachment, consisting of less than five hundred men, could not long withstand the combined forces of Jackson and Ewell, estimated at twenty-two thou- sand of all arms, and the order was given to retire towards Winchester. The enemy's cavalry followed closely, and at every available point sorely harassed the retiring column. Some of the cannoneers fell out by the way from exhaustion and were captured. The horses, too, driven to th-e utmost of their strength, began to fail, and it became evident that the guns must be given up, as the enemy was pushing his pursuit with un- tiring energy. Finally, Just before reaching Winchester, when they could be taken no further, the order was given to spike and abandon them. They were, however, recovered, when Jackson, in turn, found it necessary to hasten his retreat to escape the Union forces closing In on his flanks and rear. Nothing more serious than marchings and counter-marchings were re- quired of the battery, until the opening of the battle at Cedar Mountain, on the 9th of August. Early in the battle, It was posted on an eminence, with the memorable cornfield, the scene of the greatest slaughter, in its front, where it was a prominent mark for the enemy's guns. It had no sooner got into position, than the enemy opened and concentrated upon it the fire of his heaviest guns, planted along the breast of Slaughter Mountain. For a time his missiles passed harmless; but he soon got the range, and the gunners were swept away before his merciless fire. Its ammunition was finally exhausted and it was withdrawn. One man be- longing to the battery was killed, and a colored servant, who was in the act of carrying ammunition from the chest to the gun. Lieutenant Geary was among the wounded. The battery was also engaged in the minor skirmishers of Pope's retreat towards CentreviUe, and at the CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 383 close of the campaign retired to Washington. In the battle of Antietam, on the 17th of September, it was engaged, and lost one killed, and a num- ber severely wounded. After the battle, it was encamped at Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry until the advance upon Fredericksburg, by General Burnside, whence it set out with the Twelfth Corps, to which it was at- tached, but owing to the horrible condition of the roads, did not reach the field in time to participate in the battle. During the winter, and until the advance of the army under General HookRr upon Chancellorsville, the battery remained in park at Acquia Creek. On the 1st, 2d and 3d days of May, during which the battle of Ohancellorsville was fought, it was engaged, serving for the first two days with the Twelfth Corps, and on the third, with the First. It had one man killed, and a number slightly wounded; among the laitter, Lieu- tenant Atwell. Captain Knap had his horse shot under him, and himself narrowly escaped death. On the 18th of May, Captain Knap resigned to accept a partnership in, and the general superintendency of the Fort Pitt Foundry, at Pittsburgh, where immense numbers of heavy guns and mortars were being cast for the use of the Navy, and for coast fortifica- tions, a position in which he served his country with great ability and fidelity, the ordnance cast under his supervision being remarkable for their excellence. Lieutenant Atwell was promoted to succeed him, and Orderly Sergeant, Thomas S. Sloan, was commissioned Second Lieu- tenant. In the battle of Ge(*.ysburg, two guns under Lieutenant Geary, were posted on the extreme right of the Twelfth Corps. The remaining four were with the Second Corps on the first day, but were with the Twelfth during the remainder of the battle. The pursuit of the enemy in his flight from this field, had been carried as far as Culpepper Court House, when, on the 28th of September, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were ordered to join the Army of the Cumberland, then shut up in Chatta- nooga. The battery immediately moved to "Washington, where it was relieved of all superfluous baggage, and extra horses and ammunition, ard proceeded at once by rail to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and after a • brief halt, to Bridgeport, Alabama. On the 28th of October, with Gen- eral Geary's column, it commenced moving towards Chattanooga, and arrived at iaine o'clock on the evening of the 29th, at 'Wauhatchie Junc- tion, where it went Into park. At a, little after midnight, Geary's com- mand, which consisted of only a part of his division, was attacked by a. powerful rebel force. Precautions had been taken by General Geary, as was always his custom, to guard against surprise, and when the rebel forces, in well ordered lines advanced to the onset, they found a, foe not unprepared to recsive them. The battle raged for a time with fearful earnestness, and the battery was a special target for the rebel infantry fire. The slaughter on both sides was fearful. Finally, finding that no advantage was being gained, and that his ranks were being decimated, the rebel leader gave up the contest, and fled, leaving his dead and wounded on the field. The battery suffered severe loss. Captain Atwell 384 PENNSYLVANIA AT was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Geary, son ol the General, was killed. The loss in non-commissioned officers and privates was also severe. More than halt the horses were killed. A month later, the battle of Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge occurred, in which the bat- tery participated, pursuing the discomfitted enemy to Ringgold, and en- gaging him with good effect. Returning to Wauhatchie, it went into camp with the rest of Geary's Division, where it remained during the winter. Early in January, 1864, a, majority of the men re-enlisted for a second term, and were given a veteran furlough. Upon' their return, they brought with them a number of recruits, giving to its ranks the maximum strength. After the fall of Captain Atwell, Lieutenant McGlU succeeded to the command of the battery. Before moving on the campaign, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps were consolidated, forming the Twentieth Corps, to the command of which General Hooker was assigned. In the campaign extending from Chattanooga, to Atlanta, commencing on the 1st of May, and terminating with the fall of the latter place on the 1st of September, the battery bore a prominent part, being attached to Geary's Division, and with that division constantly at the post of duty, and frequently called to fierce fighting. At the battle of Peach Tree Creek, on the 29th of July, Captain McGill was severely wounded, and soon after resigned, the command devolving on Lieutenant James A. Dunlevy. Two men were killed and a number of others were severely wounded. Shortly afterwards. Lieutenant Dunlevy resigned, on account of failing healtji, and subsectuently died of disease contracted in the ser- vice, whereupon Lieutenant Sloan was promoted to Captain, who held this position until the close of the service. In the March to the Sea, and the subsequent march northward through the Carolinas, the battery ac- companied the corps, sustaining only inconsiderable losses until it reached Raleigh, North Carolina, where it halted, and remained until after the surrender of the rebel armies. From Raleigh, it proceeded to W^.sh- ington, where the ordnance and stores were turned over to the Govern- ment, and where it went into camp. Early in June, it was ordered tg Pittsburgh, and on the 14th was mustered out of service. HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE Chiokamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. (385) 25 (386) HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CHICK- AM AUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MIL- ITARY PARK. EXTRACT FROM AN ADDRESS OF GEN. CHARGES H. GROSVENOR, OF OHIO. MR. PRESIDENT: The idea of a national park to commemorate the battle of Chickamauga undoubtedly had its origin in the mind and brain of General Henry V. Boynton, the gallant officer who commanded that splendid fighting- regiment, the Thirty-fifth Ohio Volun- teers (Applause), of General Ferdinand "Van Derveer's Brigade, in the memorable battle of Chickamauga. The first suggestion which is to be found anywhere in print of the movement which afterwards took shape in the organization out of which this whole development has grown was in a letter written by General Boynton, on the 17th day of August, 1888, shortly after his return from a viSit to the battlefield. He wrote as fol- lows: The survivors of the Army of the Cumberland should awake to great pride in this notahle field of Chickamauga. "Why should it not, as well as Kastern fields, be' marked by monuments, and its lines be accurately preserved for history? There was no more magnificent fighting during the war than both armies did there. Both sides might well unite in preserving the field where both, in a military sense, won such renown. This was the first suggestion, so far as is known, of the organization out of which these greater results have grown. At the meeting of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, on the 20th oi September of the same year, a, practical step was taken. General Cist, the secretary of that society, introduced a resolution looking to the organization. The resolution of General Cist is as follows: I move that a committee of five be appointed by the chair, for the purpose of tak- ing the necessary steps to inaugurate a movement for the purchase of the ground on which the battle of Chickamauga was fought; that monuments be placed thereon to mark the location of the troops that fought there, and that it may be preserved similar to the plan of the battlefield of Gettysburg. This resolution was adopted, and General Cisf, with Generals Man- derson, Alger, Baird, and Boynton, were appointed such committee.' This committee mpt in Washington on the 13th of February, 1889, and there a conference was held with certain of the ex-Confederate veterans of the Chickamauga battle, looking to the formation of a, general movement or organization for the purpose indicated. This conference was held in the room of the Senate Committee on (387) 388 PENNSYLVANIA AT Military Affairs, and there were present Generals Kosecrans, Baird, Joseph J. Reynolds, Cist, Manderson, and Boynton, and Colonel Kellogg, of the Union oflicers; and Generals Bate, of Tennessee, Colquitt, "Walthall, of Mississippi, Wheeler, of Alabama, Wright, ,of Tennessee, and Colonels Bankhead, of Alabama, and Morgan of Mississippi. Generals Cist, Col- quitt, Baird, Walthall, Wright, Boynton, and Colonel Kellogg were ap- pointed a committee, with power to prepare an act of incorporation, and to correspond with leading officers from each State whose troops fought in Chickamauga. They were also authorized to secure incorporators for the purpose proposed. On the 19th of September, 1889, a joint meeting of Union and Con- federate veterans was held at the tent, in Chattanooga, erected for the meetings of the Society of the Army of th« Cumberland. There were soldiers present from both armies, seated together side by side under the old flag, and there was evident earnestness manifested in the prosecution of the 'work. At that meeting General Boynton, of the joint Chicka- mauga Memorial Association, or rather, of the committee as it stood then for the foitnation of the association, made a most eloquent speech. He said, as pertinent to the question now under consideration, as fol- lows: A year ago last summer it was my privilege to revisit Chickamauga in company with my old commander, General Van Derveer. The ride was the more impressive because the day was Sunday. On reaching the Cloud* House, on the northern boundary of the field, there came to us from a country church near by the voices of solemn song. The last music which had fallen on our ears as we left that field a quarter of a cen- tury before was the screech, the rattle, and roar and thunder of that hell of battle which had loaded the air with horror through all that earlier and well-remembered .Sabbath. In a moment, as v/ith a flash, memory peopled those scenes for us with the actors of that other day. We gloried in Rosecrans,' and mourned that Thomas did not still live to enjoy his ever-increasing renown. We saw Baird'.s and Johnson's and Palmer's and Reynold's immovable lines around the Kelly farm. We recalled Wood on the spurs of Snodgrass Hill, and Brannan and Grosvenor, and Steedman, under Granger, on the Horseshoe. There rolled back on the mind the unequal fighting of that thin and contracted line of heroes, and the magnificent Confederate assaults which swept in upon us time and again, and ceaselessly as that service of all the gods of war went on through- out those holy hours. Then— thinking of our Union lines alone— we said to each other, "This field should be a Western Gettysburg— a Chickamauga memorial." It was but a flash forward in thought to our present plan, and the proposition be- came— "Aye, it should be more than Gettysburg, with its monuments along one side* alone; the lines of both armies should be equally marked." It was immediately following this visit that the first suggestion in print was made, to which I have already referred. On the same day there was a meeting held at the rooms of the Con- federate Veterans' Association, at the Hotel Stanton, in the city of Chattanooga, by the veterans of the Confederate service, and their action looking to the establishment of the park here follows: CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. PROCEEDINGS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS' ASSOCIATION, Rooms of the Confederate Veterans' Association, Chattanooga, Tenn., September 19, 1889. In pursuance of a joint invitation issued by Major W. J. Golburn, chairman executive committee. Army of the Cumberland; Adolph S. Ochs, chairman local committee, Chickamauga National Park Association, and Captain J. F. Shipp, commander N. B. Forrest Camp Confederate Veterans, a preliminary meeting of the Confederate Vet- erans was hehi, at which Captain Shlpp briefly outlined the object of the meeting and the propoted plan of organizing the Chickamauga National Park Association, when the following credentials were filed with Captain Shipp: Army of Tennessee Veteran Association, New Orleans; General John Glynn, Jr., E. T. Manning, John McCoy, Captain J, A. Chalaron, Lieutenant John B. Ballard, R. D. Scriven, Colonel Fremaux, C. L. Sinclair, Captain Eugene May, Colonel Thomas H. Handy. Confederate Cavalry Assc elation, New Orleans: Dr. Y. R. Lemonnier, Colonel Joseph H. Duggan, Colonel Robert "W. Gillespie. Washington Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia, New Orleans; General "William J. Beham, Colonel William Miller Owen. Tennessee State Association Confederate Veterans: Captain Thomas F. Perkins, President, Franklin, Tenn. Frank Cheatham Bivouac, Nashville, Tenn.: Colonel Thomas Claihorn, Major J. W. Morton, Captain George B. Guild, Captain Pat'. Griffin, William Allen, John Shields. Confederate Veteran Association, Chicago, HL: Major George Forrester, Captain R. H. Stewart. Forbes Bivouac, Clarksville, Tenn. : Captain C. W. Tyler, Charles H. Bailey, Clay Stacker, Cave Johnson. Frierson Bivouac, Shelbyville, Tenn.: Hon. E. Shepard, H. C. Whitesides, J. L. Burt, Dr. Samuel M. Thompson. The J. B. Palmer Bivouac, Murfreesboro, Tenn. : Hon. J. W. Sparks. F. K. ZollicolTer Camp, Knoxville, Tenn.: Frank A. Moses, Charles Ducloux. Veteran Confederate States Cavalry Association, New Orleans: Major D. A. Given. N. B. Forrest Camp Confederate Veterans, Chattanooga, Tenn. : Captain J. F. Shipp, Captain L. T. Dickinson, Captain J. L. McColIum, Captain M. H. dift. Colonel T. M. McConnell, Judge W. L. Eakin, Colonel Tomlinson Fort, Captain Russell, Dr. G. W. Drake, ITpon motion of Captain Shipp, Captain George B. Guild, of Nashville, was named for chairman of the meeting, which motion was put and unanimously carried. Edward T. Manning was elected as secretary. The chairman stated that the organization of the proposed Chickamauga National Park Association contemplated a president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, and also twenty-eight directors, and that it was proposed to divide the organization equally between the blue and the gray. It was moved by Captain Shipp that. the Confederate veterans here assembled name veterans for vice president and secretary, and fourteen directors. Moved that General Joseph Wheeler be selected for vice president, which was sec- onded and unanimously carried. Colonel Thcmas Claiborn moved that General Marcus J. "VVrlght be selected for secre- tary, which was seconded and unanimously carried. At this point of the proceeding.'^ General H. V. Boynton, of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, was invited to the conference. He stated that the organization of the Chickamauga Memorial Association (.as above proposed) was equitable and satisfactory. He then gave in detail the objects and purposes of the association, which was to have the Government buy the battlefield, which would require the pur- chase of about 10,000 acres of land. General Boynton stated that the association would receive the most heaxty co-operation cf General Rosecrans, General Cist, and others of the Federal side, and Senators Bate, Gibson and Walthall, and others of t^e Confederate side. Captain Shipp then moved that a 'committee of seven be appointed by the chair to meet a like committee from the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, and the chairman qI the local memorial committee, Adolph S. Ochs, for the purpose of agree- ing upon a list of officers and a board of directors for the Chickamauga Memorial Asso- ciation, which motion prevailed. The chairman appointed the following committee: Captain J. F. Shipp, chairman, Fourth Regiment Georgia Infantry; General John Glynn, Jr., of (Degardeur's) Orleans Grand Battery, Louisiana; Colonel Joseph H. Duggan, Fifth Company Battalion Wash- 390 PENNSYLVANIA AT jngton Artillery, Ijouisiana, and assistant Chief ordnance officer, Forrest's Corps; Ca^jtaln T. F. Perkii-.s, of Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry; Major George Forrester, Third Kentucky Cavalry, Morgan's command; Captain Joseph W. Morton, chief of artillery, Forrest's command; J. L. McCoUum, Sixth Regiment Alabama Infantry, "Raccoon Roughs;" Captain George B. Guild, acting adjutant general Harrison's Brigade Cavalry; Kd. T. Manning, of Fourth Louisiana Infantry a.nd Fenner's Louisiana Battery; T lieutenant J. B. Ballard, Company K, Twentieth Louisiana Infantry, was also added to the cninmittee. The chairman requested Captain Shipp to state how far matters had progressed in conference, by correspondence or otherwise, between the Federal and Confederate Veterans' Associations, looking to a permanent organization under a charter already applied for in Walker's county, Ga. In compliance therewith Captain Shipp stated an agreement had been reached by which the Federal Associations were to select the president and treasurer and four- teen directors, and the Confederate Associations were to nominate the vice president and secretary, ana an equal number of directors. This arrangement was considered eminently proper and just, and the committee then reported the following comrades of the Confederate Veterans' Associations to be their choice to serve on the first board of directors to be hereafter elected by the Chickamauga Memorial Association: For "Vice President, General Joseph Wheeler; for Secretary, .General Marcus J: Wright. Directors. — From Alabama, General Joseph Wheeler; fi-om Arkansas, Captain C. R. Breckinridge frcm Florida, General Jesse J. Finley; from North Carolina, General David H. Hill; from South Carolina, General E. M. Law; from Tennessee, General Marcus J. Wright; from Texas, Hon. Roger Q. Mills; from Virginia, Hon. George D. AVise; from Georgia, General Alfred H. Colquitt, and General James Liongstreet; from Kentucky, General Joseph H. Lewis; from Louisiana, General Randall L. Gibson; from Mississippi, Colonel Charles E. Hooker; from Missouri, General F. M. Cockrell. Captain Shipp stated all the above were duly qualified to serve, as they were charter mem.bers of the Chickamauga Memorial Association. General Boynton approved the action as talten, and advised that the Society of the Army of the Cumberland would take like action, and report their selections at the barbecue, at Crawfish Spring, on the 20th instant. ; Mr. Ochs was requested to explain the method of subscribing to the Chickamauga Memorial AssucJatlon; which was, in substance, that a life membership would be is- sued, on parchment certificate, on the payment of '$5, made by any member of either association of veterans. Colonel Duggan suggested that, as the charter had not been passed upon by the Superior Court of Georgia, in his opinion, the joint committees could only recom- mend confirmatory action when the incorporators were legally authorized. Mr. Ochs stated he was fully cci,vlnced that such a course would be cheerfully com- plied with. General Boynton, in order to finally fix the matter, said he would offer a resolution on the 20th instant, covering the recommendations from both army organizations to the incorporators of the Chickamauga Memorial Association, and he felt convinced It would be unanimously adopted. Captain Shipp suggested the api>ointment of a committee of an equal number of officers from the Federal and Confederate sidew, who participated in the battle of Chickamauga, to examine the maps now being made by Major Kellogg, go over the battlefield, and endeavor to arrive at correct Information, so that everything would be in strict accordance with the facts as they existed. Colonel Claihorn favored the suggestion. On motion of Major Clift, the chair was authorized to appoint such committee at some future time, after consultation with General Boynton. Mr. Ochs here called on Captain Shipp to explain the object of the committee to ex- amine Colonel Kellogg' s maps of the battle of Chickamauga, The answer was from General Boynton, to the effect that the object of such com- mittee was to find and determine the exact positions of both armies, and to record the same, by the joint efforts of the commands fnpm the several States there engaged; and that while Colonel Kellogg was specially charged by the United States Govern- ment with making that map, he had shown every desire to serve the Chattanooga Memorial Association in any manner possible. Captain Perkins, Pi'esldent of the Nashville Bivouac, and Captain Guild invited those present, and all organizations, to join them, at their reunion at Nashville on October 3 proximo, and Major Forrester, of the Confederate Veteran Association of CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 391. Chicago, extended a like invitation to all comrades of the blue and the gx'ay to visit them at Chicago during the "World's Fair In 1893. The Confederate delegates then adjourned, to assemble at N. B. Forrest camp rooms, on East Eighth street, at Z o'ckck, to march in a body to a joint meeting of the blue and the gray, the Chickamauga Memorial Fafk Association, where General H. V. Boynton and Governor Albert S, Marks are to deliver addresses. GEORGE B. GUILD, Chairman. ED. T. MANNING. Secretary. On the 20th of September, 1889, the Chickamauga Memorial Asso- ciation was formed, and I here incorporate 'the proceedings of the mem- orable meeting which was held in the little church on the battlefield near Crawfisb Spring on that eventful day: CHICKAMAUGA MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. Church on the Battlefield of Chickamauga, Crawfish Spring, Walker County, Ga., September 20, 18S9. At a joint meeting of the Veterans' Association of the Blue and the Gray, held this date, as above designated, Mr. Adolph S. Oohs, chairman of the local committee on the Chickamauga Memorial Association, called the meeting to order and suggested the election of a chairman. So ordered. General Henry M. Cist was unanimously elected, and General H. V. Boynton and Colonel T. M. McConnell appointed to escort him to the chair. On motion, Mr. Bd. T. Manning was unanimously elected secretary. The chairman stated the object of the meeting, and in connection therewith Mr. Adolph S. Ochs read the petition for charter, which would be shortiy granted. On motion of Mr. Ochs, all members present were enrolled as members of the Chicka- mauga Memorial Association. General G. H. Grosvenor spoke, advocating the immediate election of officers. General Fullerton coincided in such action; General Grosvenor then placed in nomination, for the first President of the Chicka- mauga Memorial Association, General J. T. Wilder, of Tennessee. Seconded by Captain J. F. Shipp. General Wilder was declared the unanimous choice of the associations present and represented. General Wilder, being present, accepted the trust. Captain Shipp placed in nomination for "Vice President, General Joseph Wheeler, of Alabama. Seconded by General H. V. Boynton. General Wheeler was declared unanimously elected. Captain George B. Guild nominated General Marcus J. Wright, of Washington, D. C., as Secretary, who was unanimously elected. General Grosvenor nominated General J. S. Fullerton, of St. Louis, Mo., who was unanimously elected treasurer. Secretary Manning then read the list of directors submitted by the ex-Confederate Veterans' Associations: Alabama, ■ General Joseph Wheeler; Arkansas, Captain C. R. Breckinridge; Florida, General J. T. Pinley; North Carolina, General D. H. Hill; South Carolina, General E. M. Law; Tennessee, General Marcus J. Wright; Texas, General Koger Q. Mills; Vir- ginia, Hon. George D. Wise; Georgia, General Alfred H. Colquitt, General James Longstreet; Kentucky, General Joseph H. Lewis; Louisiana, General Randall L. Gibson; Mississippi, Colonel Charles B. Hooker; Missouri, General P. M. Cockrell. ■ General Boynton then presented the following list of directors, submitted by the ex- Union officers' Kentucky, Colonel G. C. Kniffin; Minnesota, General J. W. Bishop; Ohio, General Benry M. Cist, General C. H. Grosvenor, General Ferd. Van Derveer; Tennessee, Gen- eral Gates P. Thurston; Missouri, General J. S. Fullerton; Indiana, General J. J. Reynolds; Tennessee, Geileral J. T. Wilder; Illinois, General A. C, McClurg; United States Army, General A. Baird, Colonel S. C. Kellogg; Washington, D. C, General W. S. Rosecrans, General H. V. Boynton. On motion of Captain H. S. Chamberlain, seconded by Colonel J. H. Duggan, the 392 PENNSYLVANIA AT election of diiectorfa, twenty-eight in numtoer, as herein naxae^., was made unanimous. On motion of General Thurston, the officers present were authorized to call a meet- ing of the board of directors at such time as they think best, and to take such other action as they may deem necessary. General Wilder then stated that the Superior Court would soon issue the charter, and, if authorized, he would accept the same. He was duly empowered. On motion, the associations ol the blue and gray then adjourned. HENRY M. CIST, Chairman. ED T. MANNING, Secretary. In making up the list of incorporators, the selections from each State were made as nearly as practicable in proportion to the troops each had in the battle. After the association has been incorporated, there will be an opportunity for all who choose, of the veterans of either army, or of those interested in the project, whether they served in either army or not, to become members upon the payment of a membership fee of $5, which is to be paid but once, no subsequent .fees of any kind being contemplated. This will entitle the subscriber to a certificate of mem- bership and to one vote at all meetings of the association, either in person or by. proxy. The Union army had one hundred and ninety-five separate organizations on the field, of which thirty-pix were batteries. The Confederate army had two hundred and sev- enty-four oreanizations, of which fifty were batteries, and six belonged to the Con- federate regulars. These were thus divided among the States: Union.— Illinois, thirty-six; Indiana, forty-two; Kansas, two; Kentucky, ■ eighteen; Michigan, eight, Minnesota, two; Missouri, three; Ohio, fifty-six; Pennsylvania, seven; Wisconsin, nine; Tennessee, two; United States regulars, nine. Confederate.— Alabama, forty-three; Arkansas, seventeen; Florida, seven; Georgia, thirty-five; Kentucky, seven; Louisiana, thirteen; - Mississippi, twenty-one; Missouri, two; North Carolina, four; South Carolina, f-ighteen; Tennessee, sixty-eight; Texas, eighteen; Virginia, seven; Confederate regulars, six. ' Thus, eleven Union States and the Regular Army were represented by troops in - Che battle, and all the Confederate States, with Kentucky and Missouri, and the reg- ular army of the Confederacy. The following is the charter of the Chiekamauga Memorial Asso- ciaitlon : state of Georgia, Walker County. To the Superior Court of said County The petition of William H. Forrey, J. T. Holtzclaw, W. C. Gates, Joseph Wheele'r, and S. M. A. Wood, of Alabama: James H. Berry, Clifton R. Breckinridge, Evander McNair, ajod -La H. Mangum, of Arkansas; G. C. Symes, of Colorado; Absalom Baird, H, v. Boynton, and Vv. S. Kosecrans, of the District of Columbia; Wilkinson Call, Robert H. M. Davidson, and Jess J. Finley, of Florida; Joseph M. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, J. B. Cumming, James Longstreet, Lafayette Mi^Laws, and E. B. Tate, of Georgia; S. D. At^kins, Lyman Bridges, A. C. McClurg, E. A. Otis, John M. Palmer, and P. S. Post, of Illinois; Joseph B. Dodge, W. Q. Gresham, J. J. Reynolds, M. S. Robinson, G. W. Steele, and J. T. Wilder, of Indiana; Frank Hatton and W. P. Hepburn, of Iowa; John A. Martin, of Kansas; C. D. Bailey, M. H. Cooper, R. M. Kelly, C. G. Kniffln, Joseph H. Lewis, Alfred Pirtle and W. J. Stone, of Kentucky; Randall S. Gibson and Felix Robertson, of Louisiana; H. M. Duffield and A. W. Wilbur, nf Michigan; J. W. Bishop and R. W. Johnson, of Minnesota; Charles B. Hooker, J. Bright Morgan, Jacob M. Sharp, J. A. Smith, and Edward C. Walthall, of Mississippi; Joseph S. Fullerton, William Henry Hatch, Robert McGuUoch* John S, Melton, and J. H. Wade, of Missouri; G. A. Dana and A. G. McCook, of New York; William R. Cox, David H. Hill, Chas. W. McClammy, and Matt. W. Ransom, of North Caiolina; H. M. Cist, W. F. Goodspeed. Charles H. Grosvenor, P. P* Lane, J, G. Mitchell, J. G. Taylor, and Ferd. Van. Derveer, of Ohio; William J. Palmer, John Tweedale, and Joseph G. Vale, of Pennsylvania; Ellison Capers and E. M. Law, of South CaroUua; Frank C. Armstrong, William B. Bate, John C. Brown, S. B. Moe, Adolph S. Ochs, Lucius E. Polk, Alexander P. Stewart, Gates P. Thurston, and Marcus J. Wright, of Tennessee; C. B. Kilgore. Roger Q. Mills and William B. Say- ers, of Texas; R. A, Brock, I. M. French, and George D. Wise, of Virginia; H. C. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 393 Hotaart and John L. Mitchell, of Wisconsin; J. M. Brannan, H. C. Gushing, S. C. Kel- logg. Frank G. Smith, and Thomas J. Wood, of the United States Army, respectfully show : First. That petitioners and all other persons who may be subscrihers, as herein- after provided, to the funds devoted to the preservation of the battlefield of Chick- amauga, in the county of Walker and State of Georgia, ex-officio, and the Governors, ex-officio,,of such other States as had troops engaged in' the battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, on the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth of September, 1863i, and which ma-y comply with the terms of this charter, and the President and the Secretary of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, ex-officio, and" the President and the Secretary of the Southern Historical Society of Virginia, ex-ofRcio, and the Secre- tary of War of the United States, ex-officio, and their successors, be corporated and made a body corpoiate and politic, under the name and style of the Chickamauga Memorial Association. Second. The object of this corporation is not pecuniary gain to the stockholders, but is to mark and preserve tho battlefield of Chickamauga, on which were fought the actions of Sept^ber ISth, 19th and 20th, Anno Domini, 1S63, together with the natural and artificial .features, as they were at the time of said battle,' by such memorial stones, tablets, or monuments as a generous people may aid to erect, to com- memorate the valor displayed by American soldiers on that field. Third. The particular business of said association, in order to accomplish its objects, and for which they desire the powers hereinafter applied for, is to have the power to take and to hold, by purchase, lease, devise, grant, or gift, such real and personal property and effects, and all such portions of said battlefield, as may be necessary or convenie.nt, to promote and accomplish the objects of its incorporation, and upon its own grounds thus acquired, and upon private grounds, with the per- mission of such owners as continue to hold any portion of such field, to inclose and perpetuate such grounds, to keep them in repair and a state of preservation, to con- struct and maintain ways and roads, to improve and ornament the grounds, and to erect and promote the erection, by the assuciaiion and by voluntary contributions, of suitable monuments and tablets. Fourth. Petitioners desire that the property and g.ffairs of said corporation shall be managed by a board of twenty-eight directors, with a secretary and treasurer and such other officers as they desire, all of whom shall be selected from the sub- scribers who may be members of such corporation, by a majority of the votes cast, each subscriber who is a member of said corporation to be entitled to a single vote, either in person or by prcxy. They desire that said ofllcei-s shall serve for a term of four years, or until their successors are elected, and that the first election shall be held upon said property of said corporation by those entitled to vote, and that sub- sequent elections shall be held each four years thereafter during the existence of this charter, at such time and place as the directors m^y appoint. Fifth. They desire that said ccrporation shall have the power to issue certificates of membership to all persons who shall desire the same who shall subscribe one or more shares to the said memorial fund of said corporation, the amount of a single share to be fixed by the board of directors, and not to exceed five dollars, and all subscribers; upon payment and receipt of such certificate, shall be entitled to vote at all elections of said- corporation. Sixth. They desire that the President, Directors and Treasurer shall make reports on the day of each election, to be presented to the members, and read and published, which shall be duly certified; and shall exhibit, fully and accurately, the receipts, expenses, and expenditures of said corporation. Seventh. Petitioners desire to be incorporated for the term of twenty years, with the privilege of renewal as often as the same can be done under the laws. Thev desire the corporation to have the power of suing and being sued, and to have and use a common seal, and to have succession, and to make such by-laws as it wishes binding on its own members, not inconsistent with the laws of this State, or of the United States, and to alter, amend, and rescind the same at pleasure, and to have the power, as aforesaid, to receive, rent, lease, purchase, hold, acquire, and operate, in any way that a natural person might acquire and operate the same, such real and personal property of all kinds as may be necessary for the legitimate purposes of said corpo- ration. Petitioners do not desire to have any capital stock, or to declare any divi- dends, as said corporation is not organized for pecuniary or personal gain. KIghth. Petitioners desire that the chief office and place of business of said cor- poration and the place of holding its annual meetings shall be upon the grounds of said corporation. In the State of Georgia and County of Walker, and that It have power, also, to establish and remove branch offices at such other place or places 394 PENNSYLVANIA AT within tlie United States as by a vote of its directors may be deemed of benefit l- said corporation. Ninth. Petitioners pray that they may be made a body corporate and politic under the name as aforesaid and with all the powers and privileges as aforesaid, that this petition may be recorded by the clerk of the Superior Court of said County of "Wialker, and that the same may be published in the "Walker County Messenger, a public ga- zette publishjng the sheriff's sales of said county, once a week for one month, and that afterward the court will pass an order declaring said application granted, and petitioners will ever pray, etc. JULIUS L, BROWN, Petitioners' Attorney, Filed in office August 20, 1889. R. N. DICKlgRSON, Clerk Superior Court, Walker County, Georgia. The petition of William H. Forney, Joseph Wheeler, H. V. Boynton, W. S. Rose- crans, Alfred H. Colquitt, James Longstreet, Lafayette McLaws,^ C, A. Dana, H. M. Cist, and others named in the petition, praying to be incorporated under the name and style of the Cliickamauga Memorial Association, came on to be heard In open court, and upon consideration thereof,, and being satisfied that the same has been duly advertised, and that the law has been complied with, and no objections having been filed thereto, and being further satisfied that the objects of said petition are proper, and come within the purview and intention of the code and laws of this State, It is ordered by the court that said petition be granted, and that said petitioners and their successors and assigns be incorporated for and during the term of twenty years, with the privilege of renewal at the expiration of that time, under jihe laws, and that said corporation have all the rights, powers, an.d privileges as prayed for. In open court this 4th day of December, 1889. JULIUS L. BROWN, Petitioners' Attorney. By the court, JOHN W. MADDOX, J. S. ,C. R. C. State of Georgia, Walker County: I, R. N. Dickerson, clerk of the Superior Court of said county, do hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true and correct copy of the petition and order Incorporating the Chickamauga Memorial Association, as the same appears of entry in the minutes of said court and of file in this office. Given under my hand and seal of office this 1st day of March, 1890. R. N. DICKERSON, Clerk Superior Court, Walker County, Georgia. I had the honor to introduce into the Fifty-first Congress a bill to RStahlish a national military park at the battlefield of Chickamauga; and that bill, drafted by General Boynton, was in fur'therance o-f the Chickamauga Memorial Park Association, which I have heretofore re- ferred to. The bill is in the words following; AN ACT to establish a, national military park at the battlefield of Chickamauga. T3e it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of preserving and suitably mark- ing for historical and professional military study the fields of some of the most remark- able maneuvers ajid nnost brilliant fighting In the war of the rebellion, and upon the ceding of jurisdiction to the United States by the States of Tennessee ELnd Georgia, respectively, and the report of the Attorney General of the United States that the title to the lands thus ceded is perfect, the following-described highways in those States are hereby declared to be approaches to and pajts of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, as established by the second section of this act, to wit: First, the Missionary Ridge Crest road from Sherman Heights at the north end of Missionary Ridge, in Tennessee, where the said road enters upon the ground occupied by tbe Army of the Tennessee under Major General William T. Sher- man, in the military operations of November"24th and 25th, 1863; therice along said road through the positions occupied by the army of General Braxton Bragg on November 2oth, 1§63, and which were assaulted by the Array of the Cumberland uijder Major General George H. Thomas on that date, to where the said road crosses the southern boundary of the State of Tennessee, near RossviUe Gap, Georgia, upon the ground occupied by CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 395 the troops of Major General Joseph Hooker, from the Army of tiie Potomac, and thence in the State of Georgia to the junction of said road with the Chattanooga and Lafayette or State road at Rossville Gap. Second, the Lafayette or State road from Rossville, Georgia, to Lee and Gordon's Mill, Georgia. Third, the road from Lee and Gordon's Mill, Georgia, to Crawfish Spring, Georgia. Fourth, the road from Crawfish Spring, Georgia, to the crossing of the Chickamauga at Glass' Mill, Georgia. Fifth, the Dry Valley road from Rossville, Georgia, to the southern limits of McFarland's Gap in Missionary Kidge. Sixth, the Dry "Valley and Crawfish Spring road from Mc- Farland.'s Gap to the intersection of the road from Crawfish Spring to Lee and Gordon's Mill. Seventh, the road from Ringgold, Georgia, to Reed's bridge on the Chickamauga River. Eighth, the roads from the crossing of Lookout Creek apross the northern slope of Lookout Mountain, and thence to the old Sunimertown road and to the valley on the east slope of said mountain, and thence by the route of General Joseph Hooker's troops to Rossville, Georgia; and each and all of these herein-described roads sfiall, after the passage of this act, remain open as free public highways, and all rights of way now existing through the grounds of the said park and its approaches shall be continued. Section 2. That upon the ceding of jurisdiction by the Legislature of the State of Georgia, and the report of the Attorney General of the United States that a perfect title has been secured under the provisions of the act approved August 1, 1SS8, entitled "An act to authorize condemnation of land for sites, of public buildings, and for other purposes," the lands and roads embraced in the area bounded as herein described, to- gether with the roads described in section 1 of this act, are hereby declared to be a national parJi, to be krown as the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park; that is to say, the area inclosed by a line beginning on the Lafayette or State road, in Georgia, at a point where the bottom of the ravine next north of the house known on the field of Chickamauga as the Cloud House, and being about six hundred yards north of said house, due east to the Chickamauga River, and due west to the intersec- tion of the Dry Valley road at McFarland's Gap; thence along the west side of the Dry Valley and Crawfish Spring roads to the south side of the road from Crawfish Spring to Lee and Gordon's Mill; thence along the south side of the last-named road to Lee and Gordon's Mill; thence along the channel of the Chickamauga River to the line forming the northern boundary of the park, as hereinbefore described, containing seven thousand six hundred acres, more or less. Section 3. That the said Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park, and the ap- proaches thereto, shall be under the control of the Secretary of War, and it shall be his du-ty, immediately after the passage of this act, to notify the Attorney General of the purpose of the United States to acquire title to the roads and lands described in the previous sections of this act under the provisions of the act of August 1, 18S8; and the said Secretary, upon receiving notice from the Attorney General of the United States that perfect titles have been secured to the said lands and roads, shall at once proceed to establish and substantially mark the boundaries of the said park. Section 4. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to enter into agreements, upon such nominal terms as he may prescribe, with such present owners of the land as may desire to remain upon it, to occupy and cultivate their present holdings, upon condition that they will preserve the present buildings and roads, and the present outlincK of field and forest, and that thej' will only cut trees or underbrush under such regulations as the^ Secretary may prescribe, and that they will assist in caring for and protecting all tablets, monuments, or such other artificial works as .may from time to time be erected by proper authority. Section 5. That the affairs of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park shall, subject to the supervision and direction of the Secretary of War, ' be In charge of three commissioners, each of whom shall have actively participated in the battle of Chickamauga or one of the battles about Chattanooga, two to be appointed from civil life by the Secretary of War, and a third, who shall be detailed by the Secre- tary of War from among those officers of the army best acquainted with the details of the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga, who shall act as secretary of the commission. The said commissioners and secretary shall have an office in the War Department building, and while on actual duty shall be paid such compensation, out of the appropriation provided in this act, as the Secretary of War shall deem reasonable and just. Section ft. That it shall be the duty of the commissioners named in the preceding section, under the direction of the Secretary of War, to superintend the opening of such roads as may be necessary to the purposes of the park, and the repair of the roads of the same, and to ascertain and definitely mark the lines of battle of all troops engaged in the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga, so far as the same shall fall within the lines of the park as defined In the previous sections of this act; and for the purpose of assisting them in their duties and ascertaining these lines 396 PENNSYLVANIA AT the Secretary of "War shall have authority to employ, at such compensation as he may deem reasonable and just, to be paid out of the appropriation made by this act, some person recognized as well informed in regard to the details of the battles of Chickamaug-a and Chattanooga, and who shall have actively participated in one of those battles; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of War, from and after the passage of this act, through the commissioners and their assistant in historical work, and under the act approved August 1, 1888, regulating the, condenination of land for public uses, to proceed with the preliminary work of establishing the park and its approaches as the same are defined in this act; and the expenses thus incurred shall be paid out of the appropriation provided by this act. Section 7. That it shall be the duty of the commissioners, acting under the direction of the Secretary of War, to ascertain and substaJitially mark the locations of the regular troops, both infantry and artillery, within the boundaries of the park, and to erect monuments upon those positions as Congress may provide the necessary appropriations; and the Secretary- of War in the same way may ascertain and mark all lines of battle within the boundaries of the park and erect plain and substantial historical tablets at such points in the vicinity of the park and Its approaches as he may deem fitting and necespary to clearly designate positions and movements which, although without the limits of the park, were directly connected with the battles of Chickamauga and Chatta-nooga. Section 8. That it shall be lawful for the authorities of any State having troops engaged either at Chattanooga or Chickamauga, and for the officers and directors of the Chickamauga Memorial Association, a corporation chartered under the laws of Georgia, to enter upon the lands and approaches of the Chickamauga and Chatta- nooga National Park for the purposes of ascertaining and marking the lines of bat- tle of troops engaged therein: Provided, That before any such lines are permanently designated the position of the lines and the proposed m-ethods of marking them, by monuments, tablets, or otherwise, shall be submitted to the Secretary of War, and shall first receive the written approval of the Secretary, which approval shall be based upon formal written reports, which must be made to him in each case by the commissioners of the park. Section 9. That the Secretary of War, subject to the approval of the President of the United States, shall have the power to make, and shall make, all needed regulations for the care of the park and for the establishment and marking of the lines of battle and other historical features of the park. Section 10. That if any person shall wilfully destroy, mutilate, deface, injure, or remove any monument, column, statues, memorial structure or work of art, that shall be erected or placed upon the grounds of the park by lawful authority, or shall wilfully destroy or remove any fence, railing, inclosure, or other work .for the pro- tection or ornament of said park, or any portion thereof, or shall wilfully destroy, cut, hack, bark, break down or otherwise injure any tree or bush or shrubbery that may be growing upon said park, or shall cut down or fell or remove any timber, battle relic, tree or trees growing or being upon such park, except by permission of Lhe Secretary of War, or shall wilfully remove or destroy any breast-works, earth- works, walls, or other defenses or shelter, or any part thereof, constructed by the armies formerly engaged in the battles on the lands or approaches to the park, any person so offending and found guilty thereof, before any justice of the peace of the county in which the offense may he committed, shall for each and every such ofCense forfeit and pay a fine, in the discretion of the justice, according to the aggravation of the offense, of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, one-half to the use of the park and the other half to the informer, to be enforced and recovered, before such justice, in like manner as debts of like nature are now by law recoverable in the several counties where the offense may be committed. Section 11. That to enable the Secretary of War to begin to carry out the purposes of this act. Including the condemnation and purchase of the necessary land, marking the boundaries of the park, opening or repairing necessary roads, maps and sur- veys, and the pay and expenses of the commissioners and their assistant, the sum of $125,000, or such portion thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treaisury not otherwise appropriated, and disbursements under this act shall require the approval of the Secretary of War, and he shall make annual report of the same to Congress. Approved, August 19, 1890. The bill was House bill No. 6454. In the ordinary progress of busi- ness the bill went to the Commit'tee on Military Affairs, and was reported back by House Report No. 643, which is in the following language: CHTCKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 397 [House Report No 643, Fifty-fust Congress, first session.] Mr. Lansing-, from the Committee on Military Affairs, submitted tlie foUo-wing report : The Committee on Military Affairs, to whom was referred the bill (H. R. 6454) to es- tablish a national military park at the battlefield of Chickamauga, having had the same under ccnsideration, respectfully report the same, with an amendment, and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. The bill under consideration establishes as a national military park the approaches which overlook and the ground upon which occurred some of the most remarkable tactical movements and the deadliest fighting of the war of the rebellion, namely, the fields of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. The preservation for national study of the lines of decisive battles, especially when the tactical movements were unusual both in numbers and military ability, and when the fields embraced great natural difficulties, may properly be regarded as a matter of national importance. This your committee understands to be the underlying idea of that noted organi- zation of Union soldiers, the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, with whom the pending project originated. Interested with th-^.m, and supporting them in the movement, we find leading representatives of all the Eastern and of all the Western armies; and for this we find ready explanation in the fact that all the armies and nearly every State of the North and each State of the South had troops on one or both these fields. The proposition to ipark the lines of both sides is held to be absolutely necessary to a clear understanding of the fields and to the sufficient illustration of the persist- ent, stubborn, and deadly fighting of American soldiers, which made the field of Chickamauga for both sides, as the statistics show, one of the bloodiest, if not the bloodiest, battlefields for the numbers engaged and the time of their fighting of any of the great battles of the modern world, from the days of the first Napoleon to the close of the war for the Union. The Qorresponding field for Eastern operations is Gettysburg, where every State in the Union is interested, and the necessity of marking both lines to an intelligent study of the field has been recognized in a proposition before this Congress to provide for marking the Confederate lines upon that noted field. The proposer! Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park consists of two fea- tures—the approaches and the park proper. It is expected that title to t*ie former will be obtained by the United States, without cost, through cession of jurisdiction by the States of Tennessee and Georgia, respectively, of the public roads now in existence, and which it is proposed to utilize as approaches to the park. No appro- priation is, therefore, made for their purchase, and informal assurances have been given for their prompt cession to the United States. The battlefield of Chickamauga proper forms the body of the park. As described in the bill, it embraces about 7,6CO acres. It is proposed to obtain title to this by condemnation under the general act. In order that no resident on the tract may feel himself driven from home or his possessions, it is provided that the Sec- retary of War may arrange with all who desire to remain to lease their lands at a nominal rent, the conditions on their side being that they will aid in the care of the grounds and in preserving all the natural features of the field as they now exist. The approaches to the field form most important adjuncts of the proposed national park. The approach from Chattanooga begins at or near Sherman Heights, at the north end of Missionary Ridge. This is the battlefield of the Army of the Tennessee, under General W. T. Sherman, during the operations about Chattanooga, November 23, 24, and 25, 1863. From this point this approach runs aJong the crest of Missionary Ridge to Rossville Gap. Throughcut its whole length it overlooks the battlefield of General Hooicer's troops, from the Army of the Potomac on Lookout Mountain, and terminates where these troops, after the battle on the mountain, reached and crossed Missionary Ridge. This approach also overlooks the ground of the first day's opera- tions about Orchard Knob, and coincides throughout its length with the lines of General Bragg' a army, and thus passes along the entire front of the famous assault of the Army of the Cumberland, under General Thomas, upon Missionary Ridge. The continuation of this first-described approach is the Lafayette or State road from Rossville, Ga., passing through the center of the battlefield of Chickamauga, and being the axis and the prize of the fight, to Lee & Gordon's Mill on the Chick- amauga River, which was opposite the center of the Confederate army at the open- ing of the battle, and thence to Crawfish Spring, the point from which the Union army advanced to the battle, and thence to Glass' Mill, on the Chickamauga, the left of the Confederate line of battle. The third approach is the road from the junction of the 398 PENNSYLVANIA AT first tivo. at Rossville, Ga., along the northern foot of Missionary Ridge, to McFar- Jand's Gap, being: the road over which the Union army advanced to Chattanooga after the battle, and forming the entrance to the northern portion of the proposed park. These are all roads which, for the most part, like those of the battlefield itself, have a stony or flinty foundation, and which require comparatively little care, and all of them are to be obtained without cost to the United States. The following are the lengths of the approaches and roads thus to be ceded to the United States without cost: Miles. Sherman Heights to Rossville 6 Rossville to Lee & Gordon's, 7 Rossville to McFarland's Gap , 2 McFarland' s Gap to Crawfish Spring road, 6 Lee & Gordon's Mill to Crawfish Spring, 2 ' Crawfish Spring to Class' Mills, 2 Total, 25 The purpose is to maintain the bcdy of the park, which embraces the field of Chick- aniauga, as near as may be in its present condition as to roads, fields, forests, and houses. There have been scarcely any changes in those respects since the battle, except in the growth of underbrush and timber. Almost the only work of any consequence in the restoration of the entire field to its condition at the time of the battie will be the cutting away of underbrush over a very limited area. The roads as they now exist are the same as were used in, the battle, and very little road construction will hereafter be necessary to give access to every point of interest on the field. When, therefore, once established, the cost of the care of the park and its approaches wil'. b-"" very small. M'he area which it is proposed to acquire for the park by condemnation contains, as near as may be, 7, COO acres. The land is largely forest and ridge land, though there is considerable good farming land in the tract. The average cost of the wfiole can not, with all improvements, exceed $20, an acre, The sum appropriated by the bill, which is $2o0,006,'* will be ample for the complete establishment of the park, includ- ing preliminary surveys, fixing its boundaries, surfacing Its roads, and ascertaining the military positions. The purpose is to have each State which had troops engaged on the field provide the monumi5nts for marking the positions of the troops, after the general plan here- tofore pursued at Gettysburg by the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association. This work will be performed at Chickamauga and Chattanooga by the Chickamauga Memorial Association, acting under the supervision of the Secretary of "War. This latter association is incorporated under the laws of Georgia. Its charter specially states that it will not issue stock, and that its objects are not pecuniary gain. Its incorporators number one hundred, half of them ex-Union veterans of prominence in the battle and the other half ex-Confederate soldiers of equal prominence on their side. The sole expense to the Unite I States for monuments will be those for marking th"* positions of the regular regiments and batteries, being only sixteen in number for both fields. The approaches to the park which traverse Missionary Ridge can be cheaply and quickly reached frum Chattanooga by four turnpikes, and by steam and electric rail- roads, upon which the fare is flvi cents. The Chickamauga field can be reached by railroad in fifteen minutes from Chattanooga, this road traversing the whole field from McFarland's Gap to Crawfish Spring. Two other railroads will add facilities Cor reachiig. other portions of thp park as soon as its establishment is secured. Tour committee find the interest in this project widespread. To such an extent is this true that it may properly be called national. The recent demands for the new maps of Chickamauga, from every section of the Union, illustrate this fact. The Union armies of the Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the Potomac, under Generals Sherman, Rosecrans, Thomas, and Hooker, all finally united under General Grant, are equally inteicsted in preserving the lines of this extended and notable battle ground. On the Confederate side the armies of the Tennessee, of North Virginia through General Longstreet's corps, of the Mississippi through General Johnston's troops, and General Bucki.er's army from East Tennessee, were all engaged. •Reduced to and passe3 at $125,000. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 399 The Regular Army had nine regiments and seven batteries on these fields,.' while the following eighteen States had trocps in the Union army engaged in these move- ments: Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut," New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana. Kentucky, Michigan, "Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illi- n':is, Kansas, Missouri and Tennessee. Every Confederate State had troops on thtj^e fields, while Kentucky, Missouri and Tennessee contributed numerously to both armies. As already stated, the figures show Chickamauga to rank, for the numbers engaged and)the time of their fighting, among the most noted battles of the modern world. Wellington lost twelve per cent, at "Waterloo; Napoleon fourteen and one-half per cent, at Austerlitz and fourteen per cent, at Marengo. The average losses of both armies at Magenta and Snlferino, in 1859, was less than nine per cent. At KOniggratz, in 1S66, it was six per cent. At Worth, Mars- la-Tour, Graveiotte, and Sedan, in 1870, the average loss was twelve per cent. The marvel of Gtrnrian fighting in the Franco-Prussian war was by the Third West- phalian Infantry at Mars-la-Tour. It took 3,000 men into action and lost 40.4 per cent. Next to this record was that of the Garde-Schiitzen battalion, 1,000 strong, at Metz, which lost 46.1 per cent. There were several brigades on each side at Chickamauga and very many regiments whose losses exceeded these figures for Mars-la-Tour and Metz. The- average losses on each side for the troops which fought through the two days were fully thirty-three per cent., while for many portions of each line the losses reached fifty per cent., and for some even seventy-five per cent. A field as renowned as this for the stubbornness and brilliancy of its fighting, not only in our own war, but when ccmpared with all modern wars, has an importance to the nation as an object lesson of what is possible in American fighting, and the national value of the preservation of such lines for historical and professional study must be apparent to all refiectin;.', minds. The political questions which were involved in the contest do not enter into this view of the subject, nor do they belong to it. The proposition for establishing the park is in all its aspects a purely military project. The Eastern armies have already the noted field of Gettysburg upon which to mark and pj-eserve the history of their movements and their renowned fighting. To this the Government ha.i already made liberal appropriations to mark the positions of the regular forces there engaged, and for other purposes. It seems fitting that the Western armies should select a field and be assisted in preserving it by the General Government. It is easy to see, from the facts presented, that there is no other field upon which all the armies were as fully represented. There is probably no other in the world which presents more formidable natural obstacles to great military operations than the slopes of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, while, as shown, there is no field that surpasses Chickamauga in the deadliness and persistence of its fighting. The tactical movements were nrmerous and brilliant on each field, and many of them remarkable. Indeed, both are as noted in this respect as in the chai'acter of the fighting. There were present upon one or the other, and in the case of most, upon both fields. Grant. Sherman, Thomas, Rosecrans, Hooker, Sheridan, and Granger, of the Union Army; and Bragg, Longstreet, Hcod, Hardee, Buckner, Polk, D. H. Hill, Wheeler, Forrest, and Jchnson, of the Confederate forces. The preservation of these fields will preiierve to the nation, for historical and military study, the best efilorts which these noted officers, commanding American veterans, were able to put forth. The two together form one of the most valuable object lessons in the art of war, and one which, looking solely to the interests of the public, may properly be preserved. Your committee therefore recommend the passage of the bill, with the amend- ment on page six, which is inserted for the purpose of enabling the Secretary of "War to take advantage of the whole of the coming season in expediting the estab- lishment of the park, it having been made to appear to your committee that much preliminary work can be done while awaiting the process of condemning the land and the action of the State legislatures in ceding jurisdiction. The accompanying map shows the outlines of the proposed park and the location of the approaches. The magnitude of the ^eat battle of Chickamaug-a is graphically illustrated in this report. The ■bill having passed the House, went to the Senate, and the eomraittee on Military Affairs- of the Senate adopted the Hou-se re-poit, and the bill passed and became a law. Subsequent legislation nas been had— one item of an appropriation 400 PENNSYLVANIA AT bill providing for tlie condemnation of the land of Chickamaug-a Park, wheie it was found impossible to agree with the owners thereof; and in the ;^ifty-second Congress the sundry civil appropriation bill provided l%r the purchase of Orchard Knob, Sherman Earthworks, and sites for observation towers on the outlying places, and Bragg's Headquarters Park, on Missionary Ridge. And in the second session of the same Congress, by the sundry civil appropriation bill, authority was given for the purchase oJ: the north end of Missionary Ridge and sites in the vicinity of Glass' Mill. In the third session of the Fifty-third Congress authority was given for the erection of memorial gates, and the purchase of sites for monuments; and later on, by an act approved December 15, 1894, provision was made for the dedication of Chickamauga and Chat- tanooga National Park, and providing funds for the expenses of the War Department at the same. o a z INSCRIPTIONS MONUMENTS AND TABLETS PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENTS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLES OF CHICKAMAUGA, BROWN'S FERRY, WAUHATCHIE, ORCHARD KNOB, LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, MISSIONARY RIDGE AND RINGGOLD. (401) 26 (402) INSCRIPTIONS ON MONUMENTS AND TABLETS OF PENN- SYLVANIA REGIMENTS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLES OE CHICKAMAUGA, BROWN'S FERRY, WAUHATCHIE, ORCHARD KNOB, LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, MISSIONARY RIDGE AND RINGGOLD. 2Tth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, 1st Brigade, 2(1 Division, nth Army Corps. This Regiment took an Active part at Wauhatchie and Missionary Ridge. Number of Officers and Men in Action at Missionary Ridge, 240. One Ofl^icer and 45 Men Killed. 6 Officers and 80 Men Wounded. 2Sth Pennsylvania Infantry, 1st Brigade, 2d Division. 12th Corps. Mustered in at Philadelphia, Pa., June 28th, 1S61. Re-enlisted as Veteran Volunteers at Wauhatchie, Tennessee, Tie- cember 23d, 1863. Mustered out at Philadelphia, Pa., July 18th, 1865. Participated in the Chattanooga campaign, November, 1863; assault and capture of Lookout Mountain, November 24th, 1863; assault and capture of Missionary Ridge (Rossville Gap), November 25th, 1863; en- gagement at Pea Vine Creek, November 2lSih, 1863; assault and capture of (Taylor's Ridge) Ringgold, November 27th, 1863. Losses in the campaign: Killed and died of wounds, 13; woundfd, 21; total, 34. (403) 404 PENNSYLVANIA AT Twen'ty-ninth Regiment, .Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Colonel AVilliam Rickards, Jr., Commanding, Oobham's Brigade, Geary's Division, Slocum's Twelfth Corps. Hooker's Detachment From the Army of the Potomac. "Battle Above the Clouds.' Twenty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. This Regiment was the picket of Geary's White Star Division, the night of October 28th, 1863, at Wauhatchie, and received the first attack of Hood's force upon that division about midnight. It participated in the battle of "Wauhatchie, which lasted nearly three hours. Early on the morning of November 24th, 1863, the Regiment led the ad- vance of Hooker's assault on Lookout Mountain, crossing Lookout Creek at Light's Mill, about three miles south of this point at the base of the mountain, ascended the mountain to the Palisades; then facing north, advanced towards the left flank of the Confederate line nearly two miles distant. Assisted in forcing the enemy from his works, finally reaching this point, the highest then accessible. The Regiment continued the attack on the narrow ledge to the left of this Tablet, reaching a point five hundred yards south, holding it until relieved at 9.30 P. M. to replenish ammunition. During the night the enemy retired from the mountain across the valley to Missionary Ridge. The next morning, November 25th, 1863, the battle of Missionary Ridge opened on the extreme left. The Regiment descended the mountain, crossed the val last of the point and joined in the assault on Missionary Ridge, breaking the enemy's line and reaching the crest about 6 P. M. On November 27th, 1863, the Regiment became engaged at Ringgold in pursuit of Bragg's Army, advanced across the open field in front of depot and took part in the engagement until its close. The Regiment returned to its camp near Wauhatchie, December 1st, 1863. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 405 46th Pennsylvania Infantry. 1st Brigade (Knipe's), 1st Division (Williams'), 12th Corps OSlocum), Joe Hooker's Command. This Regiment Rendered important Service as rear guard in The Movements and Actions of the Eleventh and T'welfth Corps In opening and Mainitaining Oommunications with The Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga, From Nashville, via Nashville and Chattanooga Rail Road and the Tennessee River. Organized August, 1861. Discharged July, 1865. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, To Her Seventy- Fifth Regiment Infantry, Volunteers, Major August Dedig, Commanding. Wauhatehie, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge. Organized at Philadelphia, in August, 1861, by Colonel Henry Bohlen. Discharged at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, September 1st, 1865. (On second base.) 75th Pennsylvania Infantry. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, 11th Corps. Pennsylvania. 77th Regiment Veteran Infantry. 2nd Brig., 2nd Div., 20th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. 406 PENNSYLVANIA AT (Bronze Tablet.) Night battle scene, P. M., Sept. 19th, 1863. Representing the attack made by Generals Deshler's and Smith's Con- federate Brigades at the battle of Chickamauga, upon the lines of Colonel Dodge's Union Brigade, at the time when General Smith and Staff rpde into the line of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry, General Smith and two members of his staff being killed. (Bronze Tablet.) This Moriuir(ent is erected by the State of Pennsylvania to her 77th Regiment of Infantry and marks the spot where it performed most im- VOTtant duty during a night engagement, Sept. 19th, 1863, Colonel Thomas E. Rose, commanding. On the l&th of September the Regiment moved. north along the crest of Lookout Mountain to Steven's Gap, descending into McLemore's Cove, in front of the enemy. Early on the morning of the 19th it moved rapidly north, passing Craw- fish Springs to near the Kelly House, forming in line of battle, thence moving eastwardly and soon striking the enemy and driving him, by severe fighting, to this point. About 6.30 P. M. an attack was made upon its lines and a desperate struggle ensued, the enemy closing in on front and both flanks. To distinguish friend from foe was impossible. At 9 P. M., overpowered by numbers, all the field officers, 7 company of- ficers and 70 of the men were taken prisoners. Casualties: Killed, "Wounded and Missing, 143. Number Engaged, 270. Organized August 1st, 1861. Discharged January 16th, 1866. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Her 78th Infantry Regiment. Lieut. -Col. Archibald Blakeley, Commandln.s CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 407 Chicakamauga. Chattanooga. September 18th, 19th and 20th, 1863. November 23rd, 24th and 25th, 1863. Sirwell's Brigade, Starkweather's Brigade, Negley's Division, Johnson's Division, Thomas' Corps. Palmer's Corps. Army of the Cumberland. 78th Pennsylvania. Night of 18th and forenoon of 19th, September, 1863, held fords of the Chiekamauga, protecting McCook's Corps, marching from McLemore's Cove to the battlefield. Afternoon of 19th, followed McCook, passing him in action, south of Widow Glenn House. Formed on crest of hill north of "Widow Glenn House. Charged en echelon, across Dyer field, against the enemy then holding these (Brotherton's) woods, drove him beyond this position and held it under fire to 9.30 A. M. of the 20th; then ordered to Snodgrass Hill and formed across hill east of Snodgrass House, defending for two hours a battery fifing over the Regiment from Snodgrass House. Then, by orders from Brigade and Division Commanders, marched over hills to McParland's Gap and formed across Dry Valley road; halted and re-formed disorganized troops, retreating from the broken right wing, until after dark. , Was in the movement of the 21st, on Missionary Ridge, and at night . fell back with the army to the new lines for the defence of Chattanooga. "With the Army of the 'Cumberland in the subsequent engagements about Chattanooga. 79th Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry. 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 14th Corps. Col. Henry A. Hambright, Commanding. This Regiment Held this Position Prom Early Sunday Morning, September 20th, 1863, Until Evening, When Ordered to Retire. 408 PENNSYLVANIA AT Number Engaged In Battle of Chickamauga, 390. Killed, Wounded ■and Missing, 137. Organized in Lancaster County, Pa., Sept., 1861. Re-enlisted As Veteran Volunteers At Chattanooga, Tenn'e, February 12th, 1864. Mustered out at Fairfax Seminary, Va., July 12th, 1865. 111th Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas M. Walker, Commanding. Cobham's 2d Brigade, Geary's 2d Division, Slocum's 12th Corps. Recruited in Erie, Pennsylvania, and joined the Army of the Potomac. On the 28th day of October, 1863, it joined the Army of the Cumberland,* and was attacked near midnight at Wauhatchie Station, Tenn., by troops of Jenkins' brigade of Hood's' division, consisting of six small Confed- erate regiments, under command of Colonel Bratton. This Regiment assisted in holding the enemy in check while the brigade got into line, when, after three hours' fighting, the enemy was repulsed and returned to its camp on Lookout. On the 24th of November, 1863, the Regiment was ordered to assault the rugged sides of Lookout Mountain. Under cover of the fog it marched to Light'^Mills and up the mountain side until the right of the line rested under the palisades, when, facing to the front, the line extending up and down the mountain, it advanced, and forcing back the enemy, gained a point extending from the palisades towards and near' the Craven House. Facing to the right, it gained a position under the palisades, where the enemy on the top of the mountain rolled rocks and dropped lighted shells on the men as they stood with their backs against the palisades, while they were under fire of sharpshooters and the enemy on the works further down the mountain. Early in the morning of the 25th it was discovered that the enemy had evacuated his works, and some of the adventurous ones climbed up rude ladders and gained the summit. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 409 Leaving Lookout the Regiment crossed the valley toward Missionary , Ridge. Loss: one killed, eight wounded. (Inscription for Marker on Battlefield of Wauhatchie.) 111th Regiment, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Infantry, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas M. Walker, Commanding. C'obham's 2d Brigade, Geary's 2d Division, Slocum's 12th Corps. On the evening of October 28tli, 1863, while in bivouac in this position, th« enemy came froim Lookout Mountain about midnight and attacked the left flank. The Regiment changed front to rear on first company and assisted in holding back the attacking party until the Brigade was in line. After three hours' fighting the enemy was repulsed, losing heavily. The loss of the Regiment was two officers killed and six wounded; six men killed and thirty-one wounded. Major John A. Boyle and Lieutenant Marvin D. Pettit were killed. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania To Her 147th Infantry Regiment, Colonel Ario Pardee, Commanding. 1st Brigade,. 2nd Division; 12th Corps. This Regiment was transferred from the Army of the Potomac to the armies operating near Chattanooga, Tennessee. Arriving at 'Wauhat- ' chie October 29th, 1863, it participated with General Geary's White Star Division in the capture of Lookout Mountain, November 24th, 1863. On the 25th crossed the Chattanooga valley to the foot of Missionary Ridge, north of Rossville Gap, gaining the crest about three-fourths of a. mile north of that point, and assisting in the capture of many pris- oners during and after the charge of the Army of the Cumberland, which drove the enemy from the ridge, then followed the retreating Confed- erate Army on the 26th and 27th, engaging in its final defeat at Ringgold, Georgia. Colonel Charles Candy, of the 66th Ohio Infantry, commanded the brigade at the battle of Lookout Mountain, and Colonel William R. Creighton, of the 7th Ohio Infantry, at Missionary Ridge, and to Ringgold, where he 410 PENNSYLVANIA AT was killed, and the command devolved on Colonel Thomas J. Ahl, of the 2Sth Pennsylvania Infantry. The division was commanded by Brigadier^ Generar John W. Geary and the corps by Major General Henry W. Slocum, all under command of Major General Joseph Hooker. Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. (Bronze Tablet, Equestrian Figure of Mounted Cavalryman.) Minty's (1st) Brigade, 2d Division CavaJry Corps, Army of the Cumberland. (State Coat-of-Arms.) Reverse' Side. "Encountered the enemy, Johnson's division of Hood's corps, already in line of battle, on the Ringgold road in the valley of the Pea Vine Creek three miles east of- this point, at 7 A. M., September 18, 1863, where, at that hour, John Ward, of (Company P, was killed. With the other Regiments of the Brigade engaged and retarded tlje enemy and prevented him from crossing Chickamauga Creek at Reed's Bridge until 3 P. M. Reed's Bridge was partially dismantled, but restored by the enemy. The Regiment retired with Wilder's Brigade toward Viniard's House, skirmishing until dark, where it dismounted and remained in line of battle throughout the night. September 19th, 1863, engaged in protecting trains moving to Rossville. September 20th, 1863, guarded left flank at Graysville, Chickamauga Station and Red House Bridge, where Scott's brigade of Pegram's cav- alry was encountered and driven east across the creek. iSepterober 21st, 1863, from 7 A. M. until 12 M. skirmished with the enemy, who was advancing upon General Thomas'at Rossville. Captain, D. G. May killed. September 22nd, 1863, at Rossville Gap, attacked by the enemy. September 23rd; worked in trenches at Chattanooga. Casualties, 5 killed, 18 wounded. Organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 18th, 1861. Disbanded at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, August 23rd, 1865. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 411 (Bronze State Coat-of-Arms.) The Ninth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer Cavalry, Lieutenant Colonel Roswell M. Russell, Commanding. Held the Upper Ford of the Chickamauga on the 19th and 20th of Sep- tember, 1863. On the right of the line of battle in the vicinity of Crawfish Springs until 3 o'clock P. M. of the 20th, when it was ordered out on the old Chattanooga road to find and open communications with General Sheri- dan. The Regiment left the battlefield about sunset, September 20th, its rear guard repulsing an attack of cavalry while covering the forces falling back on the hne. It entered Chattanooga on the morning of the 22nd, taking a position in advance of the intrenchments then being thrown up. It forded the Tennessee about 5 o'clock P. M. under fire of the enemy's batteries on Missionary Ridge and went into camp opposite the city. (State Coat-of-Arms, Bronze.) 15th . Pennsylvania. Anderson Cavalry. (Bronze Tablet, Equestrian Figure of Mounted Cavalryman.) Department Headquarters. (Bronze Tablet.) The Regiment, under the command of Colonel William J. Palmer, was attached to Department Headquarters and was on duty in detach- ments on nearly all parts of the field of battle. With General Rosecrans, the command moved from the Widow Glenn's and was concentrated at and occupied this position on Sunday morning, September 20, 1863, at 11 o'clock. Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Battery B, 26th Independent, iSamuel Beatty's Brigade, Van Cleve's Division. Crittenden's Corps. In Action in this position. Afternoon of September 19th, 1863. 412 PENNSYLVANIA AT (Bronze State Coat-oi-Arms.) (On Marker.) . U. S. A., 26th Penn'a Battery, 6 Guns. Van Cleve's Division. September 19th, 1863, 4 P. M. Battery B, Pa. Vol. — Knap's — Geary's Div. Hooker's Com. 1861 To 1865. Wauhatchie — Missionary Ridge Loolcout Mountain — Ringgold. Erected 1895. MAJ. GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 413 ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND, ORGANIZATION OF, DURING THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA, GA., SEPTEMBER 19th AND 20TH, 1863. Maj. Gen. WM. STAKK ROSECRANS, Commanding. DEPARTMENT HEADQUARTERS. 1st Battalion Ohio Stoarpsliooters, Capt. Gershom M. Barber. Provost Guard, 10th Ohio Infantry, Col. Joseph W. Burke and Lt. Col. "Wm. M. Ward. Escort, 15th PennsylvSinia Cavalry, Ool. Wm.'j. Palmer. FOURTEENTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. GEORGE HENRY THOMAS, Commanding. Provost Guard, 9th Michigan Infantry,* Col. John G. Parkhurst. Escort, 1st Ohio Cavalry, Company L., Oapt. John D. Barker. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. ABSALOM BAIRD, Commanding. First Brigade. Second Brigade. Col. Benjamin F. Scribner, Com- manding. 38th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Daniel F. Griffin. 94th Ohio, Maj. Rue P. Hutchins. 2d Ohio: Lieut.-Col. Obadiah C. Max- well. Maj. "Wm. T. Beatty. Capt. James Warnock. 33d Ohio, Col. Oscar F. Moore. 10th "Wisconsin: Brig. Gen. John C. Starkweather, Commanding. 1st Wisconsin, Lieut.-Ool. Geo. B. Bingham. 21st Wisconsin: ■ Lieut.-Col. Harrison C. Ho- bart. Capt. Chas. H. Walker. 24th Illinois: Col. Geza Mihalotzy.t Maj. Geo. A. Guenther.t Capt. August MaufC. 414 PENNSYLVANIA AT Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. John H. King, Commanding. 15th U. S., 1st Battalion, Capt. Albert B. Do-. 16th U. S., 1st Battalion: Maj. Sidney Coolidge. Capt. Robert E. Crofton. 18th U. S., 1st Battalion^ Capt. Geo. W. Smith. 18th U. S., 2d Battalion, Oapt. Henry Haymond. 19th TJ. S., 1st Battalion: Maj. Samuel K. Dawson. Capt. Edmund L. Smith. Artillery. 1st Michigan, Light Battery A (1st Brigade): Lieut. Geo, W. Van Pelt. Lieut. Almeriek W. "Wilbur. Indiana Light, 4th Battery (2d brigade) : Lieut. David Flansburg. Lieut. Henry .T. Willits. 5th U. S., Battery H (3d brigade): Lieut. Howard M. Burnham. Lieut. Joshua A. Pessenden. SECOND DIVISION. Maj. Gen. JAMES S. NBGLEY, Commanding. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. John Beatty, Command- ing. 42d Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Wm. T. B. Mclntire. 8Sth Indiana, Col. George Hum- phrey. 104th Illino'is, Lieut.-Col. Douglas Hapeman. 15th Kentcky, Col. Marion C. Tay- lor. 3d Ohio,* Capt. Leroy S. Bell. Second Brigade. Col. Timothy R. Stanley.t Col. Wm. L. Stoughton. 18th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Charles H. Grosvenor. 19th Illinois: Lieut.-Col. Alex. W. RafEen. Capt. Presley Neville Guthrie 11th Michigan: Col. "Wm. L. Stoughton. Lieut.-Col. Melvin Mudge. 69th Ohio,* Col. Marshall T. Moore. Third Brigade. Col. "William Sirwell, Commanding. 78th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Col. Archibald Blakeley. 'Not in the battle. +"Wrtunaea on the 20th. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 415 21st Ohio: Liieut.-Col. Dwella M. Stoughton, Maj. Arnold McMahan, Capt. Chas. H. Vantine. 74th Ohio: Col. Josiah Given, Capt. Joseph Fisher. 37th Indiana: Col. Ja,mes S. Hall, Lieut. -Col. Wm. D. Ward. Artillery. Illinois Light, Bridge's Battery* (1st brigade), Capt. Lyman Bridges. 1st Ohio Light, Battery M (2d brigade), Capt. Frederick Schultz. 1st Ohio Light, Battery G (34 brigade), Capt. Alex. Marshall. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. JOHN M. BRANNAN, Commanding. First Brigade. Col. John M. Oonnell, Commanding. 17th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Durbin Ward. 31st Ohio', Lieut.-Col. Frederick W. Lister. 38th Ohio.t Col. Edward H. Phelps. 82d Indiana, Col. Morton C. Hunter. Second Brigade. Col John T. Croxton.t Col. Wm. H. Hays, Commanding. 4th Kentucky: Lieut.-Col. P. Burgess Hunt. Maj. Robert M. Kelly. 10th Kentucky: Col. Wm. H. Hays. Maj. Gabriel G. Wharton. 10th Indiana: Col. Wm. b' Carroll. Lieut.-Col. Marsh B. Taylor.' 74th Indiana: Col. Charles W. Chapman. Lieut.-Col. Myron Baker. 14th Ohio, Col. Henry D. Kingsbury. Third Brigade. Col. Ferdinand Van Derveer, Commanding. 9th Ohio, Col. Gustave Kammerling. 35th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Henry V. Boynton. 2d Minnesota, Col. James George. 87th Indiana, Col. Newell Gleason. * Bridge's Battery was organized from Cp. G of the 19th Illinois Volunteers, tions of recruits ; the officers of that company became those of the, hattery. 1 Not in the battle: train guard, t Wounded on the 20th. 416 PENNSYLVANIA AT Artillery. 1st Michigan Light, Battery D (1st Brigade), Capt. Josiah W. Church. 1st Ohio Light, Battery C (2d Brigade), Lieut. Marco B. Gary. 4th U. S., Battery I (3d Brigade), Lieut. Frank G. Smith. FOURTH DIVISION. Maj. Gen. JOSEPH J. REYNOLDS, Commanding. First Brigade.* Ool. John T. Wilder, Comijianding. 17th Indiana, Maj. Wm. T. Jones. 72d Indiana, Col. Abram O. Miller. 92d Illinois, Col. Smiih D. Atkins. 98th Illinois: Col. John J. Funkhouser. Lieut.-Col. Edward Kitchell. 123d Illinois, Ool. James Monroe. Second Brigade. Col. Edward A. King, t Col. Milton S. Robinson. 68th Indiana, Capt. Harvey J. Espy. 75th Indiana: Col. Milton S. Robinson. Lieut.-Col. Wm. O'Brien. 101st Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Doan. 80th Illinois,^ Col. Andrew F. Rog- ers. 105th Ohio, Maj. Geo. T. Perkins. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. John Basil Turchin, Commanding. 11th Ohio, Col. Philander P. Lane. 36th Ohio : Ool. Wm. G. Jones,§ Lieut.-Col. Hiram F. Duvol. 89th Ohio, 1 1 Col. Caleb H. Carlton. 92d Ohio: Col. Beraj'amin D. Fearing,** Lieut.-Col. Douglas Putnam, Jr. 18tlh Kentucky: Lieut.-Col. H. Kavanaugh Milward, Capt. John B. Heltemes. Artillery. Indiana Light, 18th Battery.tt (1st Brigade), Capt. Eli Lilly. Indiana Light, 19th Battery (2d Brigade): Capt. Samuel J. Harris, Lieut. Robert G. Lackey. Indiana Light, 21st Battery (3d Brigade), Capt. Wm. W. Andrew. *Mounted brigade was always on detachecl duty. tKilled on the 29th, alternoon; Col. Milton S. Robinson, of the 75th Indiana, succeed- ing. JOn duty in Nashville, Tenn. IKilled on the 19th, Lletit.-Col. Hiram F. Duvol succeeding. II Was detached and acted with .Steedman's division of the Reserve Corps. **Wounded on the 19th, Lieut.-Col. Douglas Putnam, Jr., succeeding. ttActed with Wilder's mounted brigade. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 417 TWENTIETH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. ALEXANDER McDOWELL McCOOK, Commanding. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. Provost Guard, 81st Indiana Infantry, Co. H, Capt. Wm. J. Richards. Escort, 2d Kentucky Cavalry, Co. I, Lieut. George W. L. Batman. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. JEFITERSON C. DAVIS, Commanding. First Brigade.* Col. P. Sidney Post, Commanding. 22d Indiana, Col. Micliael Gtooding. 69th Illinois, Lieut.-Col. Joshua C. Winters. 74th Illinois, Col. Jason Marsh. 75th Illinois: Col. .John E. Bennett. Lieut.-Col. Wm. M. Kilgour. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wm. P. Carlin, Com- manding. 21st Illinois: Col. John W. S. Alexander. Capt. Chester K. Knight. 38th Illinois: Lieut.-Col. Daniel H. Gilmer. Capt. Willis G. Whitehurst. 81st Indiana: Capt. Nevil B. Boone.f Maj. James E. Calloway. 101st Ohio: Lieut.-Col. John Messer. Maj. Bedan B. McDonald. Capt. Leonard D. Smith. Third Brigade. Col. Hans C. Heg.1: and Col. John A. Martin, Commanding. 15th Wisconsin, Lieut.-Col. Ole C. Johnson. 25th Illinois: Maj. Samuel D. Wall, Capt. Wesford Taggert. 35th Illinois, Lieut.-Col. William P. Chandler. 8th Kansas: Col. John A. Martin, Lieut.-Col. James L. Abernethy. *Was left at Stevens' Gap with trains, on Sept. 20: acted with cavalry on the right. tSuperseded on the 19th by Maj. James E. Calloway, of the 21st Illinois. tKlUed on the 19th; succeeded by Col. John A. Martin, of the Sth KanHa,s, 27 418 PENNSYLVANIA AT Artillery. "Wisconsin Light, 5th Battery,* (1st Brigade), Capt. Geo. Q. Gardner. Minnesota Lig'ht, 2d Batteryt (2d Brigade) : Lieut. Albert "Woodbury, Lieut. Richard L. Dawley. "Wisconsin Light, 8th Battery (3d Brigade), Lieut. John D. McLean. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. RICHARD W. JOHNSON, Commanding. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. August "Willich.t Col. C. T. Hotehkiss. 49th Ohio: Maj. Samuel F. Gray. Capt. Luther M. Strong. 39th Indiana,§ Col. Thomas J. Har- rison. 32d Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Francis Erdelmeyer. 15th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Frank Askew. 89th Illinois: Col. Chas. T. Hotehkiss. Lieut.-Col. Duncan J. Hall.|| Maj. "Wm. D. "Williams. Second Brigade. Col. Joseph P. Dodge, CommandiDgr. 77th Pennsylvania: Col. Thomas B. Rose. Capt. Joseph J. Lawson. 29th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. David M Dunn. 30th Indiana, Lieut.-Ool. Orrin D. Hurd. 79th Illinois, Col. Allen Buckner. 34th Illinois, Lieut.-Col. Oscar Van Tassel. Third Brigade. Cols. Philemon P. Baldwin** and "Wm. "W. Berry, Commanding. 6th Indiana: Lieut.-Col. Hagerman Tripp, Maj. Calvin D. Camp.bell. 1st Ohio, Lieut.-Col. E. Bassett Langdon. 93d Ohio: Col. Hiram Strong, Lieut.-Col. Wm. H. Martin. 5th Kentucky: Col. Wm. W. Berry, Capt. John M. Huston. •"Was left at Stevens' Gap with trains: on Sept. 20 acted with cavalry on the right. tCapt. "V^^m. A. "Hotehkiss, chief of division artillery. ■["Wounded en Sept. 20. SMounted and detached from brigade. IIKilled on Sept. 20. ••Killed on the 19th, Col. "W". W. Berry, of the 5th Kentucky, succeeding. ClIICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 419 Artillery. 1st Ohio Light, Battery A (1st Brigade), Capt. Wulbur F. Goodspeed. Ohio Light, 20th Battery (2d Brigade), Capt. John T'. E. GrosskopfC. Indiana Light, 5th Battery (3d Brigade), Gapt. Peter Simonson. THIRD DIVISION. Mai. Gen. PHILIP H. SHERIDAN, Commanding. Krst Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wm. H. Lytle.* Col. Silas Miller, Commanding. 8Sth Illinois, Lieut.-Col. Alex. S. Chadbourne. 36th Illinois: Col. Silas Miller. Lieut.-Col. Porter C. Olson. 24th Wisconsin: Lieut.-Col. Theodore S. West. Maj. Carl von Baumbach. 21st Michigan: Col. Wm. B. McCreery. Maj. Seymour Chase. Second Brigade. Col. Bernard Laiboldt, Command- ing. 2d Missouri, Lieut.-Col. Arnold Beck. 15th Missouri, Col. Joseph Conrad. 44th Illinois, Col. Wallace W. Bar- rett. 73d Illinois, Col. James F. Jaquess. Third Brigade. Cols. Luther P. Bradleyf and Nathan L. Walworth, Commanding. 22d Illinois, Lieut.-Col. Francis Swanwick. 27th Illinois, Col. Jonathan R. Miles. 42d Illinois: Col. Nathan L. Walworth, Lieut.-Col. John A. Hottenstine. 51st Illinois, Lieut.-Col. Samuel B. Raymond. Artillery. Indiana Light, 11th Battery (Ist Brigade), Capt. Arnuld Sutermeister. 1st Missouri Light, Battery G (2d Brigade), Lieut. Gustavus Schueler. 1st Illinois Light, Battery C (3d Brigade), Capt. Mark H. Prescott. •Killea on the 20th. Col. Silas Miller, o( the SGth Illinois, suoceoding. tWounded on thr: 19th, Col. Nathan L. Walworth, of the 42d Illinois, sucoeedjns. *Capt. Henry Hescock, chief of division artillery. 420 PENNSYLVANIA AT TWENTY-FIRST ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. THOMAS L. CRITTENDEN, Commanding. Escort, 15th Illinois Cavalry, Company K, Capt. Samuel B. Sherer. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. THOMAS J. WOOD, Commanding. First Brigade. Second Brigade.* Col. George P. Buell, Commanding. 26th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Wm. H. Young. 58th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. James T. Embree. 13th Michigan: Col. Joshua B. Culver. Maj. Willard G. Eaton. 100th Illinois: Col. Frederick A. Bartleson. Maj. Chas. M. Hammond. Brig. Gen. George D. Wagner, Com- manding. 15th Indiana, Ool. Gustavus A. W^ood. 40th Indiana, Col. John W. Blake. 51st Indiana,! Col. Abel D. Streight. 57th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Geo. W. Lennard. 97th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Milton Barnes. Third Brigade. Col. Charles G. Harker, Commanding. 3d Kentucky, Col. Henry C. Dunlap. 64th O'hio, Col. Alex. Mcllvane. 65th Ohio: Lieut.-Col. Horatio N. Whitbeck, Maj. Samuel C. Brown, Capt. Thomas Powell. 125th Ohio, Col. Emerson Opdycke. 73d Indiana,* Col. Iven N. Walker. Artillery. Indiana Light, 8th Battery (1st Brigade), Capt. George Bstep. Indiana Light, 10th Batteryt (2d Brigade), Lieut. Wm. A. Naylor. Ohio Light, 6th Battery (3d Brigade), Capt. Cullen S. Bradley. *0n duty. in Nashville, Tenn. tDurine: the battle, occupied Chattanooga. CHICKAMAUGA ANB CHATTANOOGA. 42t SECOND DIVISION. Maj. Gen. JOHN M. PALMER, Commanding. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft, Com- manding. 1st Kentucky,* Lieut.- Col. Alva R. Hadlock. 2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas D. Sedgewick. 31st Indiana, Col. John T. Smith. 30th Ohio, Col. Charles H. Ripley. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, Com- manding. 41st Ohio, Col. Aquila Wiley. 124th Ohio: Col. Oliver H. Payne. Maj. James B. Hampson. 6th Kentucky: Col. George T. Shackelford. Lieut.-Col. Richard Rock- Ingham. Maj. Richard T. Whitaker. 9th Indiana, Col. Isaac C. B. Su- man. 110th lUinoist (battalion), Lieut. Col. Ebenezer H. Topping. Third Brigade. Col. William Grose, Commanding. 36th Indiana: Col. Oliver H. P. Carey, Maj. Gilbert Trusler. 24th Ohio, Col. David J. Higgins. 6th Ohio: Col. Nicholas L. Anderson, Maj. Sam'l C. Brwin. 23d Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. James C. Foy. 84th Illinois, Col. Louis H. Waters. Artillery, t 1st Ohio Light, Battery B (1st Brigade), Lieut. Norman A. Baldwin. 1st Ohio Light, Battery F (2d brigade), Lieut. Giles J. Cockerill, Jr. 4th U. S., Battery H (3d Brigade), Lieut. Harry C. Gushing. 4th U. S., Battery M (3'd Brigade), Lieut. Francis D. L. Russell. ♦Five companies attached as wagon guard. tUnattached, not engaged. tCapt. Wm. E. Standart, chief o£ artillery. 422 PENNSYLVANIA AT THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. HORATIO P. VAN CLEVE, Commanding. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Samuel Beatty, Com- manding. 9th Kentucky, Col. Geo. H. Cram. 17th Kentucky, Col. Alex. M. Stout. 19th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Henry G. tStratton. 79th Indiana, Col. Frederick Knefler. Second Brigade. Col. George F. Dick, Commanding. 44th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. Simeon C. Aldrich. 86th Indiana, Maj. Jacob C. Dick. 13th Ohio: Liieut.-Col. Elhannon M. Mast. Oapt. Horatio G. Cosgrove. 59th Ohio, Ldeut.-Col. Granville A. Prambes. Third Brigade. Col. Sidney M. Barnes, Commanding. 51st Ohio: Col. Richard W. McClain, Lieut.-Ool. Chas. H. Wood. 99th Ohio, Col. Peter T. Swaine. 35th Indiana, Maj. John P. Dufficy. 8th Kentucky: Lieut.-Col. Jame» D. Mayhew, Maj. John S. Clark. 21st Kentucky,* Col. S. Woodson Price. Artillery. Indiana I/ight, 7th Battery, Capt. Geo I. Swallow. Pennsylvania Light, 26th Battery: Capt. Alanson J. Stevens, Lieut. Samuel M. McDowell. Wisconsin Light, 3d Battery, Lieut. Courtland Livingston. *Not engaged; stationed at "Whiteside. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 423 RESERVE CORPS.* Maj. Gen. GORDON GRANGER, Commanding. Escort, 1st Missouri Cavalry, Company F. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. JAMES B. STBEDMAN, Commanding. First-Brigade. Brig. Gen. Walter C. Whitaker, Commanding. 40th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. William Jones. ■89th Ohio:t Col. Caleb H. Carlton. Capt. Isaac C. Nelson. 84th Indiana, Col. Nelson Trusler. 96th Illinois, Col. Thomas E. Cham- pion. 115th Illinois, Col. Jesse H. Moore. 22d Michigant Col. Heber Le Favour. Ldeut.-Col. William Sanborn. Capt. Alonzo M. Keeler. Second Brigade. Col. John G. Mitchell, Commanding. 98th Ohio: Capt. Moses A. Urquhart. Capt. Armstrong J. Thomas. 113th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Darius B. Warner. 121st Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Henry B. Banning. 78th Illinois: Lieut.-Col. Carter Van Vleck. Lieut. George Green. Third Brigade.J: Col. John Coburn, Commanding. 33d Indiana, Lieut.-Col. James M. Henderson. 85th Indiana, Col. John P. Baird. 22d Wisconsin, Lieut.-Col. Edward Bloodgood. 19th Michigan, Col. Henry C. Gilbert. Artillery. Ohio Light, 18th Battery (1st Brigade), Capt. Chas. C. Aleshire. 1st Illinois Light, Battery M (2d Brigade), Lieut. Thomas Burton. Ohio Light, 9th Battery+ (3d Brigade), Capt. Harrison B. York. ♦The corps consisted of three divisions, but in the battle of Chickamauga only three brigades participated: the balance remained stationed at different points in the rear. tTemporarily attached. tNot In battle. 424 PENNSYLVANIA AT SEKIOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. JAMES D. MORGAN, Commanding. First Brigade.* Col. Robert F. Smith, Commanding. 10th Illinois, Col. John Tilson. 16th Illinois, Col. Rohert F. Smith. 60th Illinois, Col. Wm. B. Anderson. 10th Michigan, Lieut.-Ool. Christo- pher J. Dickerson. 14th Michigan, Col. Henry R. Miz- ner. Second Brigade. Col. B'aniel M. McOook, Command- ing. 85th Illinois, Col. Caleb J. Dilworth. 86t'h Illinois, L,ieut.-Col. David W. Magee. 125th Illinois, Col. Oscar-P. Harmon. 52d Ohio, Maj. James T. Holmes. 69th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. Joseph H. Brigham. Third Brigade.* Col. Charles C. Doolittle, Commanding. 18th Michigan, Col. Charles C. Doolittle. 22d Michigan, Col. Heber De Favour (with 1st Division, 1st Brigade). 106th Ohio, Col. George B. Wright. lOSth Ohio, Col. Charles T. Limberg. 10th Tennessee (detached). Col. James W. Scully. Artillery. Wisconsin Light, 10th Battery,* Lieut. P. M. H. Gro«sbeck. 2d Illinois Light, Battery I (2d Brigade), Capt. Charles M. Barnett. 1st Ohio Light, Battery E,* Lieut. Andrew Berwick. THIRD DIVISION.* Brig. Gen. ROBERT S. GRANGER, Commanding. First Brigade. Col. S. D. Bruce, Commanding. 83d Illinois, Col. Arthur A. Smith. 13th Wisconsin, Ool. W. P. Lyon. 71st Ohio, Col. Henry K. MoCon- nell. 102d Ohio, Col. Wm. Given. 28th Kentucky, Col. W«i. P. Boone. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. T. D. Ward, Command- ing. 70th Indiana, Col. Benjamin Harri- son. 79th Ohio, Col. Henry G. Kennett. 102d Illinois, Col. Franklin C. Smith. 105th Illinois, Col. Daniel Dustan. 129th Illinois, Col. Henry Case. •Not in battle. CHICKAMAXJGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 425 Third Briga,de. Brig-. Gen. J. G. Spears, Oommanding. 3d Tennessee, Col. Wm. Cross. 5th Tennessee, Maj. Joseph D. Turner. 6th Tennessee, Col. Joseph A. Cooper. Artillery. Battery H, 2d Illinois Artillery, Capt. Henry C Whitemore. 5th Michigan Battery, Capt. John G. Ely. 1st Tennessee Battery. CAVALRY.* Brig. Gen. ROBERT E. MITCHEL-L, Commanding. FIRST DIVISION. Col. EDWARD M. McCOOK, Commandiiig. First Brigade. Col. Archibald P. Campbell, Com- manding. 2d Michigan, Maj. Leonidas S. Scran ton. 9th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Col. Ros- well M. Russell. 1st Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. James P. Brownlow. Second Brigade. Col. Daniel M. Ray, Commanding. 2d Indiana, Maj. Joseph B. Pres- dee. 4th Indiana, Lieut.-Col. John T. Dewees. 2d Tennessee, Lieut.-Ool. Wm. R. Cook. 1st Wisconsin, Col. Oscar H. La Grange. Third Brigade. Col. Louis D. Watkins, Oommanding. 4th Kentucky, Col. Wickliffe Cooper. 5th Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. Wm. T. Hoblitzell. 6th Kentucky, Maj. Louis A. Gratz. Artillery. 1st Ohio Light, Battery D, section (2d Brigade), Lieut. Nathaniel M. Newell. *Maj. Gen. David S. Stanley, the chief of cavalry, was absent. 426 PENNSYLVANIA AT SECOND DIVISION. Brig-. Gen. GEORGE CROOK, Commanding. First Brigade. Col. Robert H. G. Minty, Command- ing. 7th Pennsylvania, Lieut.-Ool. James J. Seibert. 4tli Michigan, Maj. Horace Gray. 4th United States, Capt. James B. Mclntyre. 3d Indiana (detachment), Lieut.- Col. Robert Klein. Second Brigade. Col. Eli Long, Commanding. 1st Ohio: Lieut.-Ool. Valentine Cnpp. Maj. Thomas J. Patten. 3d Ohio, Lieut. -Col. Charles B. Seidel. 4th Ohio, Lieut.-Ool. Oliver P. Robie. 2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas P. Nich- olas. Third Brigade.* Col. Wm. W. Lowe, Commanding. 5th Iowa, Lieut.-Col. Matthewson T. Patrick. 10th Ohio, Lieut.-Col. William E. Haynes. 5th Tennessee, Col. "Wm. B. Stokes. Artillery. Chicago, (III.) "Board of Trade" Battery, Capt. James H. Stokes. Unassigned Troops. Pioneer Brigade (Mich.), Brig. Gen. James St. Clair Morton, Command- ing. (Three battalions.) •Not in battle. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 427 RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OP THE CUMBERLAND, COMMANDED BY MAJ. GEN. WM. S. ROSECRANS, AT THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA, GA., SEPT. 19 AND 20, 1863.* Killed. Wounded. Missing. ra g s o a O 1^ ^ ^ O a GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1 3 2 5 Total General Headquarters, 2 4 UTH CORPS-THOMAS'. Staff, 1 1ST DIVISION-BAIRD'S. Ist Brigade— Scribner's: 1 1 2 12 8 12 2 9 6 3 3 4 1 3 54 47 59 21 53 7 6 4 1 13 39 116 79 21 132 12 2d Ohio, 181 33d Ohio 160 2 1 211 Artillery— 1st Michigan Light, Battery 25 7 48 14 240' 24 399 732 2d Brigade — Starkweather's' Staff 1 9 5 6 4 1 1 1 4 18 15 23 2 1 67 G2 79 39 14 3 1 4 9 1 53 41 73 / 67 4 125 121 Artillery— Indiana Light, 4th Battery, ■.. 20 S 69 24 261 18 238 606 3d Brigade— King's: 15th U. S., A, C, E, P, G and H, 1st Battalion, and E, 2d Bat- 9 2 19 13 2 12 2 3 . 4 3 i 2 47 16 67 78 13 16 e 10 2 2 6 96 164 66 48 110 IS 160 16th U. S., A, B, D, F and H, 1st Battalion, and B, C and D, 2d 1 196 18th U. S., B, D, E, F, G and H, 1st Battalion, and G and H, 168 ISth TT R 2d Battalion .. . 1 1 1 145 19th U. S., A, B, C, E, F, G and H, 136 Art-illprv fith TT S Batterv H 44 4 57 15 237 26 497 839 17 164 56 738 68 1,134 2,177 •Losses sustained by the troops engaged at Chickamauga, in tlie sicirmlslies at Robs- ville, Lookout Church and Dry Valley, Goorgia, Sept. 21st, and at laissionary Ridge and Shallow Ford Gap, Tennessee, Sept, 22d, are also included. 428 PENNSYLVANIA AT RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND — ^Continued. Killed. Wounded. Missing. ui d a F g n ° ^ o 1^ o S 2D DIVISION-NEGLEY'S. 1st Brigade— Beatty's: 2 1 3 5 5 6 3 4 40 49 29 42 16 3 2 1 16 50 14 14 3 64 106 62 15th Kentuckv 62 Artillery— Bridge's Illinois Battery, .... 1 26 1 16 13 176 6 98 310 2d Brigade — Stanley and Stoughton: 10 4 5 4 4 6 41 38 49 4 1 15 19 14 71 nth Michigan 1 66 74 4 1 19 14 132 7 80 2 2, 1 48 215 3d Brigade— Slrwell' s : 11 2 120 6 3 9 28 1 4 243 9 • 6 29 4 91 11 131 266 Total 2d Division 2 64 31 399 18 zn 791 3D DIVISION-BRANNAN'S. StafC 1 1 1st Brigade— Connell's: 1 J. 19 15 13 1 11 7 1 67 103 127 6 2 3 2.1 18 22 4 111 17th Ohio, IBl 31st Ohio, 169 Artillery— 1st Michigan Light, Battery D 11 Total, 1st Brigade 2 47 20 303 5 65 442 2d Brigade— Croxton and Hays: . 2 2 22 20 25 20 36 4 6 11 13 9 8 130 114 144 125 169 9 1 1 6 10 9 10 43 166 74th Indiana 157 191 1 166 14th Ohio 245 Artillery— 1st Ohio Light, Battery C, .. 13 5 126 47 681 2 77 938 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 429 RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OP THE CUMBERLAND — ^Continued. Killed. "Wounded. Missing. ui m ¥ S O fR c o 6 & O 1^ o a o ^ 3d Brigade — Van Derveer's: 87tli Indiana ' 7 33 34 46 19 1 4 6 9 7 1 138 101 176 132 20 2 1 1 8 49 15 26 190 2d Minnesota 192 2 2 35th, Ohio 187 Artillery — 4th U. S Battery I 22 11 133 27 567 4 98 840 Total 3d Division, 18 306 94 1,552 U 240 2,221 4TH DIVISION— REYNOLD'S. Staff, 1 1 2 1st Brigade— Wilder' s: 92d Illinois 2 2 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 20 29 11 8 15 2 1 2 2 9 2 2 26 9Sth Illinois 35 24 16 72d Indiana 21 Artillery— Indiana Light, 18th Battery, . 3 13 9 85 1 17 125 2d Brigade— King and Robinson: ^ 2 15 17 11 3 2 5 4 5 4 1 103 104 85 37 16 1 2 1 2 11 11 17 24 2 137 138 119 105th Ohio 70 Artillery— Indiana Light, 19th Battery, . 20 2 48 19 344 6 65 484 3d Brigade— Turchin's: 7 B 11 6 8 1 3 6 38 35 62 62 12 4 2 29 20 14 17 86 63 SGth Ohio 1 91 aoA Ohin 91 ArtiUery— Indiana Light, &lst Battery, . 12 1 29 IS 209 6. 80 343 3 90 47 688 14 162 954 Total, 14th Army Corps, .. 40 624 22S 3,327 112 1,813 6,144 430 PENNSYLVANIA AT RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND — ^Continued. Command. Killed. Wounded. Miss ing. U PENNSYLVANIA AT SEVENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Private, . . Musician, . . Private, .. Private, . . Q. M. Sgt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . 1st Sergt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp. , Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Musician,.. Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Private, .. Private, . . Corp Sergt., Corp Private, .. Private, .. Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Private, .. Sergt, , Private, .. Corp Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. E, A, K, F, H, I, D, H, B, I, H, F, D, G, B, B, H, A, G, H, B, P. P, c, I, K, c, H, B, H, c, c, c, K, A, B, F, H; A, H, B, H, A, G, Q, A, K, B, D, A, A, D. c. Parkers Landing, Armstrong Co., Pa. Willet Indiana Co Pa Eea, Lemuel S 392 Beaver Ave., Allegheny, Pa, Ingleside, Westmoreland Co., Pa, Hortons, Indiana Co., Pa. Reese, Geor&e J., •Reisinger, George W.,' Duquesne, Allegheny Co., Pa. Hillsdale Indiana Co Pa Richey . Abraham B •Robinson, Samuel B., Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Monongahela, Washington Co., Pa. McKees Rocks, Allegheny Co., Pa. 194 Steuben St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Tarentum, Allegheny Co,, Pa. Brush Valley, Indiana Co., Pa. McKees Gap, Blair Co., Pa. 2020 Derry St., Harrishurg, Pa. Nickleville, Venango Co., Pa. Roudybush Michael . . . Rumberger, Peter J Schrecenghost, Christopher, .. Schrecenghost, Wilson, Scott R P ... Clarksburg, Indiana Co., Pa. Rural Valley, Armstrong Co., Pa. Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Salem, Clarion Co., Pa. Belief onte. Centre Co., Pa. 76 Erie St., Allegheny, Pa. Shaner, Samuel R •Shetter, Samuel, Jr Shefter, William H Shields Cornelius Worthington, Armstrong Co., Pa. Boggsville, Armstrong Co., Pa. Hawthorn, Clarion Co., Pa. Freeport, Armstrong Co., Pa. ManorviUe, Armstrong Co., Pa. HarrisvlUe, Butler Co., Pa. Grove City, Mercer Co., Pa. Fairmount City Clarion Co. Pa *Shindledecker, Adam •Shirley, John T., •Shomo, Joseph E ShuU, John W •Shultz, Henry J Silvis, William, •Simkins, Albert P Corsica, Jefferson Co., Pa. Freeport, Armstrong Co. Pa. •Smith, Charles P Smith, George D Smith, George W., Smith, Samuel Sarversvllie, Butler Co., Pa. Eddy villa, Armstrong Co., Pa. Punxsutawney, Jefferson Co., Pa. Smith, William A •Sowers, William Atwood, Armstrong Co. Pa. Steele, Samuel R •Stepp, Levi, Slate Lick, Armstrong Co., Pa, Worthington, Armstrong Co., Pa. Stevens, John C Stewart. John R., Stewart, Allen Plumville, Indiana Co., Pa. Toby, Clarion Co., Pa. Stiffler, William Stowers, Simon, ". Oakmont, Allegheny Co., Pa. *Noi present at the dedicatory ceremonies. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 4eH SEVENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued. Name. Rajik. Co. Residence. •Summerville, Samuel M •Swartzlander, Wm Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Sergt Sergt., Sergt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . PI. Musn., Private, .. Private, . . Corp Private, . . K, K, D, c, G. B, G, B, E, A, A, I, K, A, B, B, H, A, D, Merwin, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 440 Dia,mond St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Thomas, William H Blairs Corners, Clarion Co., Pa. Thompson, Andrew J •Thompson, Davis K., Troutner, George "W Turner, John H Phoenix, Armstrong Co., Pa. Big Bun, Jefferson Co., Pa. Bast Brady, Clarion Co., Pa. Poxburg Clarion Co. Pa. Turner, John M., Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Uncapher, Joseph, Indiana, Indiana Co., Pa. Hites, Allegheny Co., Pa. Wallace, Abraham, Homer City, Indiana Co., Pa. Wheatcrof t, George T Phoenix, Armstrong Co., Pa. Butler, Butler Co., Pa. •Williams, Jonathan W Wilson, James S Wise, William H Blairs Corners, Clarion Co., Pa. Slippery Rock, Butler Co., Pa. Butler St., B. E. Pittsburgh, Pa. Woolweaver, John A Indiana, Indiana Co., Pa. SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Kesidence. Adams, Joseph H Appley, Henry ♦Arndt, Francis H., Aston, Christian, Bair, Amos Bair, David M., Barry, Michael, Beazell, Ijuke P Beck, John •Beichler, Jacob H Benedict, Addison, •Bergstresser, Alexander W. •Bissinger, Philip, ♦Blickenderf er, "William , . . Boas, Peter •Bones, Benjamin F., Boring, Edwin McC •Boyle, Lawrence, Brown, Benjamin F Brown, Franklin C ' Private, . . K, Private, . . A, Private, . . B, Corp H, Sergt., c. Corp I, 1st Sergt., D, 2d Lieut. , . . D, Private, . . A, Sergt A, Private, . . G, Private, . . c Capt., F Sergt B Private, . . B Private, .. E 1st Lieut., B Corp K 1st Sergt., 1 Private, .. G 27 N. Prince St,, Lancaster, Pa. Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. 349 West King St., Lancaster, Pa. Smithville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Bird-in-Hand, Lancaster Co., Pa. Terre Hill, Lancaster Co., Pa. 2821 Mary St., Pittsburgh, Pa. California, Washington Co., Pa. Lltltz, Lancaster Co., Pa. 404 South Line St., Lancaster, Pa. Lapps, Lancaster Co., Pa. 12 S. Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa. 1500 Mineral Spring Road, Reading, Pa. 316 N. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 409 N. Concord St., Lancaster, Pa. Millersville, Lancaster Co., Pa. 933 Fairmount Ave., Phila., Pa. 31 W. German St., Lancaster, Pa. Strasburg, Lancaster Co. , Pa. Orwigsburg, Schuylkill Co., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. 470 PENNSYLVANIA AT SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Bruederly, George P Musician, . Private, . . Sergt., Private, . . Private, .. 2d laeut.,.. Sergt Private, . . Musician, . . Private, . . Corp Private, . . Private, . . Corp., Private, .. Corp. , Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Corp., Private, . . Private, . . Musician, . . Capt Private, .. 1st Lieut., Sergt Private, . . Sergt Private, . . 1st Sergt., Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Corp Private, . . Sergt Sergt Q. M. Sgt., Sergt Corp., Private, .. Private, . . Capt Capt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Corp Private, .. B, D, B, B, B, B, B, A, A, D, K, c, D, B, K, I, B, B, G, A, c, H, B, D, K, I, F, I, A, K, F, G, E, A, B, F, B, G. H, D. A, D, c, H, K, K, H, E, A, G, G, B, A, 321 S. Prince St., Lancaster, Pa. Carter, John H Liberty Square, Lancaster Co., Pa. 515 Church St., Lancaster, Pa. Columbia,' Lancaster Co., Pa. Hensel, Lancaster Co., Pa. N. Prince St., Lancaster, Pa. 12 S. Water St., Lancaster, Pa. Belle Vernon, Payette Co., Pa. Bethesda, Lancaster Co., Pa. Valencia, Butler Co., Pa. Venetia, Washington Co., Pa. 10 N. Plum St., Lancaster, Pa. Clair, Stephen S Clemmens, Daniel A Cooper, Wm. Sparks Culbertson, Lafayette 721 Union St., Lancaster, Pa. Delp, George M Neffsville, I^ncaster Co., Pa. Manns Choice, Bedford Co., Pa. Dunlap, Samuel A •Eagle, William P Binkley, Lancaster Co., Pa. 4327 Westminster Ave., Phila., Pa. 1319 Reed St. Phila. Pa. Eberly, John "W., Millersville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Monongahela, Washington Co., Pa. 525 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa. Pa. 525 Church St., Lancaster, Pa. Marshallton, Chester Co., Pa. Hi a. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 444 W. Lemon St., Lancaster, Pa. Fishervllle, Dauphin Co., Pa. 806. S. Prince St., Lancaster, Pa. 925 Church St., Lebanon, Pa. 250 B. Lemon St., Lancaster, Pa. Unicorn, Lancaster Co., Pa. 409 N. Concord St., Lancaster, Pa. N. Mary St., Lancaster, Pa. 440 Chester St., Lancaster, Pa. Mountville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Yohoghany, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 450 E. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. Monongahela, Washington Co., Pa. Smyrna, Lancaster Co., Pa. Mohns Store, Berks Co., Pa. 807 Columbia Ave., Lancaster, Pa. 1214 Sixth Ave., Altoona, Pa. Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. Rohrerstown, Lancaster Co., Pa. 332% S. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. Brunnerville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Clay, Lancaster Co., Pa. Pernglen, Lancaster Co., Pa. P. 0. Box 421, Lancaster, Pa. Elmer, Martin V., Erb Peter Esbenshade, Benjamin Faust Edwin H. , Fisher, Jacob ♦Fliok, Andrew J., •Forrest, Joseph H Fridy, J. Halls Gallaway, Christopher E., .. Gemperling, Henry C Gibson, Geo. W Goodman, George W Grelder, John H Habecker, David K Habeoker, John K Hambleton, Thomas B., Hambright, Emanuel *Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 471 SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued. Co. Hartmau, Samuel L. , Hershey, Henry, Herzog, Frank, *Hougendobler, "Wm. H., . •Huff nagle, Andrew J ♦Jester, Samuel, ♦Kautz, John, Keller, John W., Keller, Peter S ♦Kennedy, Frederick H. , . Keplinger, David B Killian. Andrew, ♦Kurtz, Henry, ♦Landis, Jacob D ♦Lafferty, Nathaniel, Leibley, Greorge, Lively, Isaac K., ♦Lytle, Scott P. .", Marks, George W Marks, John N., Marshall, James H., ♦Martin, Abraham, ♦Mayer, Christian H., .... ♦McCaffrey, Edward ♦McLaughlin , George, — McLenegen, Samuel Meringer, John, Merringer, Nicholas, Metzger, Amos Metzger, John E., Metzger, Philip, Miller, Jacob S. , Miller; George H. , Moore, Benjamin, Moore, James Morton, John B., Musketnuss, Joseph, .. — Myers, Philip Nimlow, James A., ♦Oberlin, Jacob H Overdeer, Horace J., Patton, George W., ♦Perry, Daniel Pool, William H., Powell, John "W., Ransing, Henry, Reeves, G«orge A., Reilley, Michael, ♦Reitzel, Jacob L., Rice, Daniel Rice, Joseph S. , Rittenhouse, Nathaniel, . •Scheaffer, Henry G., ... Schmidt, Charles, Schnader, Daniel, Capt B, Corp., c, Private, .. K, Musician, .. E, Corp A, Corp D, Private, . . H, Corp. , B, Corp B, 1st Lieut. c. Private, . . c. Private, . . I, Corp c, Private, . . B, Private, . . P, Private, . . B, Corp., B, Sgt. Maj., Private, .. B, Private, . . E, 1st Lieut., G, Private, .. A, Serst., B, Capt A, Private, .. c, Private, .. I, Private, . . A, Private, .. B, Private, . . K, Private, .. c. 2a Lieut.,.. K, Corp D, Private, .. A, Private, . . F, Private, .. P, Corp H, Private, .. s. Private, . . B, Private, .. H, Corp B, Private, .. B, Private, . . c. Private, . . B, 1st Lieut., K, Sergt K, 2a Lieut.,.. GS. Private, . . B. Private, . O, Corp B, Private, . c, Private, . c. Corp K Corp C Private, . 1\ Sergt...... 0, N. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. East King St., Lancaster, Pa. 412 Lafayette St., Lancaster, Pa. Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. 316 W. "Walnut St., Lancaster, Pa. Hackett, Washington Co., Pa. Lancaster, Lancaster Co., Pa. 211 W. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. Mountvllle, Lancaster Co., Pa. 254 Allegheny Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 119 Howard Ave., Lancaster, Pa. 255 Rosa St., Lancaster, Pa. Christiana, Lancaster Co., Pa. 325 N. Mary St., Lancaster, Pa. Lafayette St. , Lancaster, Pa. 519 W. Walnut St., Lancaster, Pa. 324 W. Chestnut St., Lancaster, Pa 347 S. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. Pa. Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Pa. Corry, Erie Co., Corry, Erie Co., 20 E. Walnut St., 434 Lafayette St., 14 W. End Ave., York, York Co., Gap, Lancaster Co., Pa. Royalton, Dauphin Co., Pa. 549 Chester St., Lancaster, Pa. 54& Chester St., Lancaster, Pa. Lycippus, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. Salunga, Lancaster Co., Pa. Uniontown, Fayette Co., Pa. Lancaster Co. House, Lancaster, Pa. Unicorn, Lancaster Co., Pa. 314 S. Water St., Lancaster, Pa. Truce, Lancaster Co., Pa. 113 Dorwart St., Lancaster, Pa. 208 E. Lemon St., Lancaster, Pa. 534 N. Mary St., Lancaster, Pa. Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa, 120 Nevin St., Lancaster, Pa. 382S Lancaster Ave., Phila., Pa. Landisville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Ccr. 65th and Vine Sts., Phila., Pa. 417 Rockland St., Lancaster, Pa. 434 E. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. 14th Ave., Altoona, Pa. 443 S. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. Landisville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Nickel Mines, Lancaster Co., Pa. Nickel Mines, Lancaster Co., Pa. 26 E. Lemon St., Lancaster, Pa. Terra Hill, Lancaster Co., Pa. 632 Columbia Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Intercourse, Lancaster Co., Pa. ♦Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. 47? PENNSYLVANIA AT SEVENTY -NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued. Rank. Co. Private, . , c. Private, . . K, 1st Sergt., H, Sergt c. Corp c. Private, .. c. Corp B, Private, . . A, Corp G, Corp., c. Private, . . c. 1st Sergt., K, Sergt K, Private, . . F, Private, . . I, Private, . . I, Capt F, Corp D, Musician,.. A, Private, . . D. Scotten, Elwood P *Selber, -Peter A., Shutt, Andre-vr W., ... Singleton, George W., Slaymaker, J. Howard Sloan, William A. , . . . Smeltz, Benjamin F., . Sowera, Conrad, Spickler, Hiram, Stewart, William B., . Stroh, John H., Suter, John P., Vondersmith, H. B., ... Wall. John •Walter, Rudolph, Weidle, William Wisner, SIgmund E., .. Wolfe, Joseph W., .... •Yackley, John, -o-«>.Q John M., 713 Eighth Ave., Altoona, Pa. 322 N. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. Spruce St., Lancaster, Pa, 3908 Powelton Ave., Phila., Pa. CoUamer, Chester Co., Pa. Mars, Butler Co. , Pa. 431 High St., Lancaster, Pa. 525 liOcust St., Lancaster, Pa. Mount Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa. West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. 1501 Thirteenth Ave., Altoona, Pa. 231 W. Walnut St. , Lancaster, Pa. 437 E. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. 325 S. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa, 22C W. Strawberry St. , Lancaster, Pa. 538 B. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa. Monongahela, Washington Co., Pa. 1011 Daly St.. Phila., Pa. 541 Park Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Ranlc. Co. Capt D, Private, . . A, Musician,,. A, Private, . . K, Private, . . F, Private, .. A, Private, . . C3, Private, . . F., Private, . . F., Private, . . D, Sergt B, Corp D, Sergt I, Private, . . B, Private, . . A, Private, , . A, Sergt F, Sergt E, Private, .. D, Sergt F, * tAlexander, William J. Babcock, Benjamin, . . Baker, James Bell, Samuel T., Bennett, John, Brace, William Brush, Robert M, , Burk, Howard, Carr, Thomas .' Chandler, Orville W Chappel, George W., Chase, Eugene, Clark, Edwin Coon, William H., .,.:... •Davids, Andrew J. Davids, James, •Dickson, Alexander T., Dodge, James H., Donaldson, James Dumond, William H., . Warren, Warren Co. , Pa. Riceville, Crawford Co., Pa. Riceville, Crawford Co., Pa. Sheakleyville, Mercer Co., Pa. Wattsburg, Erie Co., Pa. East Green, Erie Co., Pa. Geneva, Crawford Co., Pa. Oreland, Montgomery Co., Pa. Bascobel, Erie Co., Pa. Youngsville, Warren Co., Pa. Grand Valley, Warren Co., Pa. Chandlers "Valley, Warren Co., ] Kremis, Mercer Co., Pa. Hayfleld, Crawford Co., Pa. Hatch Hollow, Erie Co., Pa. Corry, Erie Co. , Pa. North East, Erie Co., Pa. Harmondaburg, Crawford Co., P Barnes, Warren Co., Pa. Lowvllle, Erie Co., Pa. *Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned Major and Lieutenant Colonel, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 473 ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Con- tinued. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Sgt. Maj., Private, . . Private, .. Capt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Sergt Private, .. Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Capt Private, . . Sergt 1st Sergt., Capt Sergt Sergt Private, . . Sergt., Private, . . Corp. , Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Sergt Corp Sergt Private, . . E, G, C, A, A, K, I, H, B, K, F, c, B, G, B, A, H, G, H, H, H, c, G, F, D. G, E", D, I, D, I, I, Ill E. 7th St., Erie Pa Eden, John B., Tionesta, Forest Co., Pa. Ferguson, Oliver H. P., Avonla, Erie Co., Pa. * Corry, Erie Co., Pa. "Wattsburg, Erie Co., Pa. Wilsons Mills, Crawford Co., Pa. Gibson, Daniel G. , Linesville, Crawford Co., Pa. TryonvUle, Crawford Co., Pa. West Mill Creek, Crawford Co., Pa. North Bast, Erie Co., Pa. Gross, John H., Haight, John J., .., ♦Hammond, David J Harper, Alfred E., Hasbrouck, William D., Hay, William C, Corry, Brie Co., Pa. Cooper Tract, Forest Co., Pa. Rousevilie, Venango Co., Pa. Box 2032, Bradford, McKean Co., Pa. Vrooman, Crawford Co., Pa. 545 W. 7th St., Erie, Pa. 320 B. 18th St., Brie, Pa. *Henry, John H., 7 S. Park St., Erie, Pa. Brie, Brie Co., Pa. Hickernell, Abram W., Hickernell, Crawford Co., Pa. Milesgrove, Erie Co., Pa. Clermont, McKean Co., Pa. Bascobel, Erie Co., Pa. North Clarendon, Warren Co., Pa. Waterford, Erie Co., Pa. Jones, Marvin B LowvlUe, Brie Co., Pa. 83 Pleasant St., Bradford, Pa. Saegerstown, Crawford Co., Pa. Warren, Warren Co., Pa. Cochranton, Crawford Co., Pa. Tamarac, Crawford Co., Pa. •Lowell, Noah "W., Private, .. 1st Sergt., Sergt Corp.,. Corp Sergt., Sergt Private, . . Private, .. Corp., Sergt 1st. Lieut., 1st Sergt., Corp Private. . Private, . 1st Sergt., Private, . G, K, K, D, B, F, I, c, c, B, G, B, F, G, D, F, A, B, Pa. 2838 Parade St., Erie, Pa. Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa. St. Marys, Elk Co., Pa. Sheffield, Warren Co., Pa. Conneaut Lake, Crawford Co., Pa. Wattsburg, Erie Co., Pa. Jamestown, Mercer Co., Pa. Aquashlcola, Carbon Co., Pa. North East, Erie Co., Pa. Merrick, Austin W., Corry, Brie Co., Pa. Conneautville, Crawford Co., Pa. Cechranton, Crawford Co., Pa. *Moore, Sheldon M. , ♦Moreland, Samuel C. , 647 B. 21st St., Erie, Pa. Mercer, Mercer Co., Pa. Warren, Warren Co., Pa. Corry, Brie Co., Pa. North Bast, Erie Co., Pa. 1735 Orthodox St., Prankford, Phila. Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. 474 PBNNSTLVANIA AT ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— Continued Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Corp Private, . . Private, .. Private, .. Private, . . Capt Private, .. Sergt Private, . . Private, . . Surgeon, .. Private, . . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Private, .. Corp. , Private, . . Capt Private, . . 2d Lieut.,.. Private, . . Private. .. 1st Sergt., A, G, c, K, I, A, c, H, I, B, I, B, F, F, H, B, G, B, c, F, c, c, I, Conneautville, Crawford Co., Pa. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Pa. ♦Schreckengost, George, Meadville, Crawford Co., Pa. Oakdale, Allegheny Co., Pa. Meadville, Crawford Co., Pa Strickland, D. Hayes 702 Sau St., Erie, Pa. Swlneford, George W Thompson, William W Tracy, Henry W 81% Hilton St., Bradford, Pa. 902 Parade St., Brie, Pa. U Petrolia St., Bradford, Pa. Parthenia Warren Co., Pa. "Walp George H Geneva Crawford Co., Pa. 418 Walnut St Phila Pa Weldler, Samuel S Wells, .John L Wheeler, Samuel A Fairview, Brie Co., Pa. 806 State St., Brie, Pa. Francis, Erie Co., Pa. Du Bois, Clearfield Co. Pa ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Private, .. Corp Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . 1st Sergt.,. Hos. St.,.. C, F, G, F, c, F, c, c. Selinsgrove, Snyrter Co., Pa. S Church St Hazleton Pa 25 Alter St., Hazleton, Pa. Neala, Monroe Co., Pa. *Casner, William F Private, . . Lt. Col., .. D, 2339 Sydenham St., Phila., Pa. Private, .. Private, .. Private, . . Q. M. Sgt., Sergt F, F, B, P, Bear Gap, Northumberland Co., Pa. Coburn, Joseph T Corbin, Matthew W 433 E. Cranberry Ave., Hazleton; Pa. Three Springs, Huntingdon Co., Pa. Duser, John Pblla., Pa. 132 S. Laurel St., Hazleton, Pa. *Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned colonel, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 475 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY — Continued. Name. Rank. Co. Kesidence. •Eby, Amantes M., Q. M. Sgt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Sergt., M Lieut.,.. Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Sergt Private, . . Capt Private, . . Corp Corp Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Musician, . . Private, . . Corp., Musician, . . Com. Sgt., Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Corp Musician, . . 1st Lieut., Private, . . Private, . . Sgt. Maj., Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Sergt Corp Corp Private, . . Capt Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Musician, . . Musician,.. Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . A, F, F, E", A, F, D. Or. D, B, K, B, D, G, G, F, G, G, A, A. B, B, a, B, F. A, F, D, F, F, G, c, A, A, E, G, A, c, G, B, B, B, D, G, B, F, G, N. Churcli St., Hazleton, Pa. Eroh, Daniel, Alter St. Hazleton Pa. Eroh, Peter, 132 James St., Hazleton^ Pa. Ewing, Malin, Sharon, Mercer Co., Pa. Finfrock, John A ... . Tarrs, Westmoreland Co., Pa. *Fisher, Jeremiah .... 2420 Thompson St., Phila., Pa. 3175 Almond St., Phila., Pa ♦Garlick, George, •Glace, Nicholas C, Green, James A 545 Cedar St., Reading,, Pa. 4147 Westminster Ave., Phila., Pa. Gross, Daiiiel W., Griggs, George D., Hart, John, Muncy, Lycoming Co., Pa. 320 B. Jefferson St., Williamsport, Pa. Tank, Luzerne Co., Pa. Globe Mills, Snyder Co., Pa. *Herbster Thomas McClure, Snyder Co., Pa. Horbach, James B. O., Hill, Richard, 724 Jerome St., McKeesport, Alle- gheny Co., Pa. Burgettstown, Washington Co., Pa, Beaver Meadow, Carbon Co.. Pa. Irwin George W 3615 Fairmount Ave., Phila., Pa. 8S N. Church St., Hazleton, Pa. Jarrett Samuel Kratzerville, Snyder Co., Pa. Saxton, Bedford Co., Pa. Keiner William Beach Haven, Luzerne Co., Pa. 1206 Ninth Ave., Beaver Falls, Pa. Kinsey, Abram S.,"" 55 Kulp St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 915 Arch St., Phila., Pa. Knelly Daniel Shenandoah, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Knelly, Charles H., Knight Fred. H Watsontown, Northumberland, Co., •Kramer, Henry "W., Pa. Danville, Montour Co., Pa., *Laughlin, Charles B Georgetown, Beaver Co., Pa. 302 Southern Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Lumbard, Joseph A., Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. •tMa'ckey, William J., 1829 N. Broad St., Phila., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. 412 Moore St., Huntingdon, Pa. 312 Noble St., Phila., Pa. *Mf»Tvfliiphlin Neil Sharon, Mercer Co., Pa. Newport, Perry Co., Pa. Miller, Blias Mt. Pleasant Mills, Snyder Co., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. ICommissioned Major, not mustered. 476 PENNSYLVANIA AT ONE HUNDREDTH AND FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY — Continued. Name. Rank, Co. Residence. Capt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private . . 1st Sergt., 1st Sergt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Sergt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Private, . . Private, . . 1st Lieut., Musician, . . Corp Private, . . Corp Corp Corp. , 1st Lieut., Sergt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. B, G. B, G, c, A, G, F, B, B, B, G. A, G, G, Q, G, A, B, H, F, B, B, G, G, G, 6, F, F, B, c, B, B, F, Camp Hill, Cumberland Co., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Myers, William M., 24 Hoffman St., Williamsport, Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. 58 S. Wyoming St., Hazleton, Pa. Parker Landing, Armstrong Co., Pa. Parks Martin L 209 S. 4th St., Baston, Pa. 120 N. Laurel St., Hazleton, Pa. tQuirk, Harry M., Ramsden, -Tohn W., Ranflall Williani 1334 Stiles St., Phila., Pa. 4331 rrankford Ave., Frankford, Phila., Pa. 231 W. Johnson St., Germantown, Phila., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Media, Delaware Co., Pa. Verdllla, Snyder Co., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Shreffler, Henry B., State College, Centre Co., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Swissvale, Allegheny Co., Pa. Port Trevorton, Snyder Co., Pa. Stevens, "William C 417 Deacon St., Scranton, Pa. Thompson, Robert E., Ulrich Antes 1600 W. Norwegian St., -Pottsville, Pa. Glohe Mills, Snyder Co. Pa. Tllrich Fred B Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. Conyngham, Luzerne Co., Pa. 436 B. Cranberry Ave., Hazleton, Pa. 830 N. 21st St., Phila., Pa. Odenwelders, Northampton Co., Pa. Allegheny St., Huntingdon, Pa. West, WiUiain T ♦White Thomas Conyngham, Luzerne Co., Pa. SEVENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Adams, Geo. W Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Bugler, . . . Sergt B, C, B, P, K, Livonia, Centre Co., Pa. •Allen, Parker, 430 Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mahanoy City, Schuylkill Co., Pa. RawlInsvlUe, Lancaster Co., Pa. Anstock William Armstrong, Hugh, •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned First Lieutenant, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. SEVENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY— Continued. 477 Name. Rank. Co. Residenoe. Arter, "William O., Private, . . Corp Private, . . Private,^ .. Sergt.,..'... Q. M. Sgt., Private, .. Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Corp Sergt Corp C. S Private, .. Corp 1st Sergt., Private, .. 1st Lieut., Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Sergt A, D, H, c, K, C, B, F, L, B, E, D, c, c, c, A, c, G, c, L, c, C, Artnian, Henry C *Bachtell, Saml. R., Montgomery, Lycoming Co., Pa. 2130 Woodstock St., Phila., Pa. Bates, Lafayette A Barnhart, James J., East Canton, Bradford Co., Pa. Juniataville, Fayette Co., pa. Benson, Harvey Austinville, Bradford Co., Pa. Landingville, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Shamokin, Northumberland Co., Pa. Best, Peter E * tBlain, Samuel M., Rote, Clinton Co., Pa. Milton, Northumberland Co., Pa. Granville Summit, Bradford Co., Pa. Breckbill Michael Danville, Montour Co., Pa. AUport, Clearfleld Co., Pa. Windham Center, Bradford Co., Pa. Case, Samuel R., ♦Childs, James W Colony, William H., Pa. Granville Center, Bradford Co., Pa. Cedar Run, Lycoming Co., Pa. Mansfield, Tioga Co., Pa. Leona, Bradford Co., Pa. Covert, Bradford Co., Pa. Davis Charles C 250 Liberty St., Harrlsburg, Pa. Corp Corp Sergt Private, .. Capt Private, . . Sergt Q. M. Sgt. , 1st Sergt. , Private, . . C S I, D, B, D, C, H, I, G, c, K, Mt. Carmel, Northumberland Co., Pa. Muncy, Lycoming Co., Pa. Dimmock, Lafayette W., S04 High St., WiUiamsport, Pa. Pa. Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. 70 Cary Ave., Wllkes-Barre, Pa. Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Dunlap, John H., Coatesville, Chester Co., Pa. Sayre, Bradford Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Frazier, George T. , 36 Park St., Allegheny, Pa. Private, . . 1st Lieut, , Private, . . Corp Private, . . 1st Lieut. , Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Sergt Corp Private, . . Private, . . Sergt Q, M. Sgt., Private, . . D, L, B, G, H, G, c, L, B, K, P, L, Q, A, H, F, Shickshlnny, Luzerne Co., Pa. CovinSton, Tioga Co., Pa. Oillett Nelson Bentley Creek, Bradford Co., Pa. Lorenton, Tioga Co., Pa. 2716 Quinoy St., S. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. ♦flrier "William N Gum Tree, Chester Co., Pa. Windfall, Bradford Co., Pa. Covington, Tioga Co. , Pa. Hartman, Joseph W., Medix Run, Elk Co., Pa. 409 B. Strawberry St., Lancaster, Pa. Hari-ig, George J., 3399 Ridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa. River Road, Reading, Pa. Indiana, Indiana Co., Pa. Mahanoy City, Schuylkill Co., Pa. West Brownsville, Washington Co., Horn, Ellas, Pa. Donaldson, Schuylkill Co., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommlssloned Second Lieutenant, not mustered. 478 PENNSYLVANIA AT SEVENTH BEGIMENT CAVALRY— Continued. Name. Bank. Co. Residence. Howe, James H., Howe William J Sergt.,'..... Private, .. Corp., Private, . . Com. Sgt., Corp 2d Lieut.,.. Corp Private, . . Corp Private, .. Private, .. Corp Sergt Private, . . Blacksm'h, Sergt Private. . . Q. M, Sgt., Private, .. Corp Private, . . Private, .. Sergt 2a Lieut.,.. Private, . . Blacksm'h, Private, . . Sergt Private, .. 1st Sergt., Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Private, .. Private, .. 1st Lieut. , Private, . . 1st Lieut. , Private, .. Blacksm'h, Private, .. Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Sergt 2a Lieut. , . . Private, . . Private, .. Private, .. C. C, H, B,, M, E, A, K, G, B, F, I, H, D, F, C, L, L, E, D, I, I, B, D, H, K, F, B, L, E, L, L, c, E, D, D. K, F, M, F, F, c, G, L, B, I, c, M, c, H, B, B, Fall Brook, Tioga Co., Pa. Tioga, Tioga County, Pa. 1834 N. 24th St., Phila., Pa. Booneville, Clinton Co., Pa. 143 Boggs Ave., S. S., Pittsburgh, Pa. Clintondale, Clinton Co., Pa. *Kelly Peter F Mt. Carmel, Northumberland Co., Pa. Gap, Lancaster Co., Pa. Kirk, Philip R Baanor,j Delaware Co., Pa. Berwick, Columbia Co., Pa. Klinger William B Sacramento, Schuylkill Co., Pa. FrackviUe, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Krape, George W., Salona, Clinton Co., Pa. 12 Laurel St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Donaldson, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Rutland, Tioga Co., Pa. •Loeser, Charles I Centre St., Pottsville, Pa. 430 N. 13th St., Reading, Pa. Loveland, Wilbur F Lamar, Clinton Co., Pa. Tremont, Schuylkill Co., Pa. *McAff ee John Smethport, McKean Co., Pa. 78 Garfield St. Germantown Phila., McFarland Frank Pa. Carriole, Allegheny Co., Pa. West Arch St., Pottsville, Pa. Wellsboro Tioga Co., Pa. Miller,' Wilson H Salona, Clinton Co., Pa. MSN. 11th St., Beading, Pa. Wellsboro, Tioga Co., Pa. Moore, Jonathan L., Lambs Creek, Tioga Co., Pa. Muncy, Lycoming Co., Pa. Port 'Carbon, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 538 Moss St.. Beading, Pa. Limestoneville, Montour Co., Pa. 612 Green St., Phila., Pa. Raher Gideon •Rank, Daniel W Reber, Jonathan B Rumsey , Charles M Pa. Malnsburg, Tioga Co., Pa. 514 Birch St., Reading, Pa. Austlhville, Bradford Co., Pa. Butler Butler Co Pa Shoemaker, Joseph S. , Shusler, James H *Sims, William R Leroy. Bradford Co., Pa. 61R W. 12th St., Beaver Falls. Pa. Columbia X Ivv^ads, Bradford Cn.,Pa. •Smith, George W Smith, Isaac Bellofonte, Centre Co., Pa. Farmers' Mills, Centre Co., Pa. ♦Not present at the dedicatory ceremniiu' CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. SEVENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY— Continued. 479 Name. Rank. Co. Hesidence, Private, , . Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Adjutant, Private, .. Private, .. 1st Lieut., Private, . . Capt Sergt Capt Com. Sgt., Corp., Blacksm'h, Private, . . Corp Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Sergt Corp Com. Sgt., Capt Corp Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Q. M. Sgt., Private, .. Private, . . Asst. Sur., C, K, c. K, D, c, C, B, A, I, F, M, c, D, E, E, G, C, B, M, I, A, c, A, B, F, E, E, F, F, B, •Leroy, Bradford Co., Pa. •Smith, Wilson H 130 W. Phila. St., York, Pa. East Charleston, Tioga Co., Pa. Christiana, Lancaster Co., Pa. Sprout, Samuel B., Jr Muncy, Lycoming Co., Pa. Orwigsburg, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Storrs, Bverell O ♦Stout, Joseplius Leroy, Bradford Co., Pa. Rutland, Tioga Co., Pa. Summers, Jolin H Thomas, William Monroeton, Bradford Co., Pa. Shamokin, Northumberland Co., Pa. IBOl Mahantango St., Pottsville, Pa. Van Dusen, Charles . . . Trinity Place, Williamsport, Pa. Vale, Joseph G Verbeok, Uri N., Carlisle, Cumberland 'Co. , Pa. Wagner, Charles E Turbotville, Northumberland Co., Pa. Walker, Cyrus M Warriner, Ira M •Warters, William, Clintondale, Clinton Co., Pa. Draper, Tioga Co., Pa. Mansfield, Tioga Co., Pa. Weber, Henry A 181 Spring Alley, Pittsburgh, Pa. •Wetzel, David H Haas, Schuylkill Co., Pa. White, Percy H Williams, Allen E., Williams .Tohn Look Haven, Clinton Co., Pa. Forrest House, Potter Co., Pa. Mahanoy City Schuylkill Co Pa Wilson, George H Willow, George Westport, Clinton Co., Pa. Johnsonburg, Elk Co., Pa. Shenandoah Schuylkill Go Pa Penn. S. & S. Home. Erie Pa Young, Theodore J. , Titusville, Crawford Co., Pa. NINTH REGIMENT CAVALRY. Name. Rank. Co'. Residence. Armstrong, Robert W., ♦Anderson. James A., Private, .. Private, .. Private, . . Private, .. 2d Lieut., .. Corp Sergt Private, .. Private, . . E, C, F, B, D, B, M, C, G, Phoenixville, Chester Co., Pa. New Gei-mantown, Perry Co., Pa. 726 B. Chestnut St., Lancaster, Pa. Tower City, Schuylkill Co., Pa. •Barry, David R. P •Baylitts, Charles H., 1526 Cliff St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Conshohocken, Montgomery Co., Pa Coalport, Clearfield Co., Pa. Blain, Pei-ry Co., Pa. Bishop, Marcus K., Dunmore, Lackawanna Co., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. 4S0 PENNSYLVANIA AT NINTH REGIMENT CAVALRY— Continued. Blain, John H *Blain, "Winfleld S., *Blakeslee, Orin, Botts, Moses, Bower, Jacob W., Bowman, George, Brady, James Brandon, William W., . Branyan, B. Hale Brighton, Henry, Burkel, George Bushong, Elam Camphell, James P ^Carpenter, Christian G., Clark, Marshall D. *Comrey, Andrew •Conner, Elijah Cordner, Enoch Coursen, James, , Dechant, Charles T., .... Deemer, Aaron A. , *Deemer, William ♦Derr, Silas De Witt, Andrew W., Dillen, John A., *Dowling, John, Duncan, Samuel, tDunlap, Joseph E., . Ebert, Augustus, Eckenrode, Conrad J., Erb, David Sylvester, •Ewing, James, Farber, George, *Fargo, Charles S., Feidt, Daniel S., Felndt, Henry Fetter, Cornelius \X.. Fetterhoof, Daniel, .. , Fickes, Samuel W ♦Flynn, Thomas \V., . Fox, David ♦Fraley, Adam, •Garner, Francis, Gibble, Abraham H., . Gintzer, Louis F. Goodwin, William C. Graybill, John M., .... Grow, Charles, *Grimths, Thomas D., *Hackman, Charles. .. Handrlck, Eugene S., Haines, William R., . Sergt.,.. Private, Farrier, . Private, Corp., ... Private, Sergt.,.. Private, Sergt.,.. Private, Private, Sergt. , . . Private, Private, Corp. , . . . Corp., .. . , Sergt.,.., Farrier, Private, Private, Private, Private, Private, Private, Corp, , Private, Private, 1st Sergt., Hos. St.,. Sergt...... Sergt 1st Lieut., Private, , Corp., Private, . Bugler, . , . Private, . Private, . Sergt...... Private, '. Private, . Corp. , Private, . Sergt...... Private, . Private, . Sergt Private, 2d Lieut., Private, Q. M,, . Private, Sunbury, Northumberland Co., Pa. 2109 Greenwood St., Harrisburg, Pa. New Milford, Susquehanna Co., Pa. Shamokin, Northumberland Co., Pa, Fowls "Valley, Dauphin Co., Pa. Hunlock Creek, Luzerne Co., Pa. 355 S. Main St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Buttercup, Butler Co., Pa. Millerstown, Perry Co., Pa. East Petersburg, Lancaster Co., Pa. 315 Phelps St., Scranton, Pa. Christiana, Lancaster Co. , Pa. Middletown, Dauphin Co., Pa. Brunnerville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Phoenixville, Chester Co., Pa. Mahanoy City, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Hudson, Luzerne Co., Pa. Carbondale, Lackawanna Co., Pa. Plymouth, Luzerne Co., Pa. Mt. Carmel, Northumberland Co., Pa. Elysburg, Northumberland Co., Pa. Corduroy, Elk Co., Pa. AVaterton, Luzerne Co., Pa. 1820 Tioga St., Phila., Fa. Clearfield, Clearfield Co., Pa. 155 S. Washington St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ElUottsburg, Perry Co., Pa. Lykens, Dauphin Co., Pa. Catasauqua, Lehigh Co., Pa. Green Village, Franklin Co., Pa. State College, Centre Co., Pa. Walnut Bottom, Cumberland Co., Pa. 1401 Ash St., Scranton, Pa. Nantlcoke, Luzerne Co. , Pa. Milleraburg, Dauphin Co., Pa. Lykens, Dauphin Co., Pa. Junction, Lancaster Co., Pa. Spruce Creek, Huntingdon Co., Pa. Newport, Perry Co. , Pa. 715 Minersville St., PottsvJIle, Pa. MUIersburg, Dauphin Co., Pa. Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne Co., Pa. Ashland, Schuylkill Co., Pa. East Springfield, Erie Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Penna. Furnace, Huntingdon Co., Pa. ( Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. 549 W. Orange St., Lancaster, Pa. Clay St., Manayunk, Phila., Pa. Brunnerville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co., Pa. 2329 Beale Ave., Altoona, Pa. CHICKAMATJGA AND CHATTANOOGA. NINTH REGIMENT CAVALiRY— Continued. 481 Rank. Co. JHamersley, James B., . Haney, James M •Hartranft, WiUiam, ... ♦Harvey, James H., Heiljg, Leonard P., •Heiney, Isaac, ♦Helpin, John Hilbert, Michael, *Hickok, Asa "W ♦Hooper, Lambert K., ., House, Frederick Hung-erford, Charles A., ♦Hungerford, Ira C tlrvin, William ♦Isenberg, Daniel, ....... ♦Jackson, "Walter A., ... •Jenkins, David Johnson, Collins, ♦Johnston, John W Keithline, Alexander, . . Keller, Jacob, Kelley, Henry A. , Kern, David N. , Klinger, Emanuel T., .. JKuhn, George "W Kuppler, Frederick, ♦Landis, Gideon W., .... §Landis, Isaac D., Leamy, George W., Leedy, James, Lenker, Valentine ♦Leonard, William, Liddick, Will'am Lightner, William H., . ♦Long, Benjamin F ♦Loudenburg, Anthony, Lowe, Jacob H., ♦Lutz, John H , Martz, Richard F., , Masters, Wm., Matter, John L. , Matter, Michael Mateer, William, McCann , Robert S. , . . . . •McDonald , Robert, Mertz, Henry H Meisky, John C Metzler, Daniel W., Michener, Eleazbr, . . Miller, J. Frank, . . . Miller, John N., •Mumma, David H., Sergt...... Sergt...... Q. M. Sgt. 1st Sergt., Private, . Corp., Private, . Private, . Sergt Private, . Private, . Sergt...... Private, . 2d Lieut.,. Sergt Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Corp. Private, . Private, . Private, . Corp., 1st Sergt., Bugler, . . . Com. Sgt., 2d Lieut.,. Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Sergt...... Q. M. Sgt., Private. . Com. Sgt. , Private, . Private, . , Private, . , Private, . . Private, . , Private, . , Private, .■. Sergt.,...:. Corp 1st Lieut., Major, . . . Private, . Sergt AUentown, Lehigh Co. , Pa. Marysville, Perry Co., Pa. Sadsburyville, Chester Co., Pa. Middletown, Dauphin Co., Pa. Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa. Martlcville, Lancaster Co., Pa. Coyne, Lackawanna Co., Pa. 155 Blackman St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Rush, Susquehanna Co., Pa. Mechanicsburg, Cumberland Co., Pa. 25 Ash St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co., Pa. Plymouth, Luzerne Co., Pa. 715 Eighth Ave., Altoona, Pa: 906 Fourth Ave., Altoona, Pa. Harford, Susquehanna Co., Pa. Saxton, Bedford Co., Pa. Munson Station, Clearfield Co., Pa. Birmingham, Huntingdon Co., Pa. Nanticoke, Luzerne Co., Pa. Bloomsburg, Columbia Co., Pa. Bellwood, Blair Co., Pa. Landisburg, Perry Co., Pa. Delmatia, Northumberland Co. , Pa. 715 First Ave., Altoona, Pa. 114 Dana St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Newville, Cumberland Co., Pa. Coatesville, Chester Co., Pa. 608 N. 32d St., Phila., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Berrysburg, Dauphin Co. , Pa. 106 S. Duke St., Lancaster, Pa. Newport, Perry Co., Pa. Landisburg, Perry Co., Pa. Carlisle, Cumberland Co. , Pa. Hyner, Clinton Co., Pa. Oak Avenue, Altoona, Pa. Plains, Luzerne Co. , Pa. Lykens, Dauphin Co., Pa. Town Line, Luzefne Co., Pa. Lykens, Dauphin Co. , Pa. Elizabethville, Dauphin Co., Pa. Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Shermansdale, Perry Co., Pa. 808 Maple St., Allcntown, Pa. Washington Borough, Lancaster Co., Pa. East Petersburg, Lancaster Co., 1920 Mervine St., Philadelphia, Berrysburg, Dauphin Co., Pa. Sacramento, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Shepherdstown, Cumberland Co., Pa. Pa. Pa. ♦Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned First Lieutenant, not mustered. ^Commissioned Second Lieutenant, not mustered. ICommissioned Adjutant, not mustered, 31 482 PENNSYLVANIA AT NINTH REGIMENT CAVALRY— Continue d; Residence. Musser, Llewellyn, . . . Nagle, George W., ... NIasley, Harry H., ... Pennell, Robert, Prichard, William W., Reynolds, Thomas C, Rhule, Samuel M., — •Rife, David, Reily, Cornelius, Rodamaker, William, Rose, William, Rice, George *Russell, Boswell M., Saeger, Richard N,, . Schneck, Samuel H., Schierman, John, . . . Schultz, George, Sr., Shaffer, Henry •Sharp, William H. , : •Sheffy, John Sheldon, George H., Shenck, Albert P Sherman, Nathan G., •Shingler, John Shoffner, Samuel ♦Shriver, Wm. M tShuman, George A., .. •Simons, George •Smith, Daniel W., ... Smith, Frederick, Smith, William M., .. Snyder, Theodore F., .. •Sorber, Nathaniel, . . Spangler, Cyrus S., ... Steever, Josiah W., ... Straw, Arthur B., Straw, James W Strlckler, Henry, ' •Sutton, Rhodes S., ... Sweezy, Josiah, Swords, Henry, Tressler, Henry L., ..-. •Trotter, William Vaughn, John, Waldley, Jacob K Waldron, Cornelius D., Walker, Jeremiah B., . Walker, John W,, Waltman, Henry B., . •Watters, William H., •Weaver, Jacob li. , . . . White, Luke Wilson, Jacob S., Corp., Private, , Private, . Private, . 1st Sergt., Private, . Saddler, , 1st Sergt., Sergt...... Corp. , Private, , Private, , Lt. Col Private, . . 1st Sergt., Private, . , Sergt., Sergt., Sergt Private, . Private, . Bugler, ... Private, . : Private, . Private, . , Capt Capt Blacksm'h, Corp. , 2d Lieut. , . Corp., Private, . Private, . 1st Sergt., Private, . Corp., Sergt Saddler, . Asst. Sur. ; Corp Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Corp Private, . Corp Farrier, . . . Capt Sergt Parrler, . . . Sergt Q. M. Sgt, Hummelstown, "Dauphin Co., Pa. 33 Franklin St., Tork, Pa. Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa. Williamstown, Dauphin Co., Pa. Prichard, Luzerne Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Philipsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Charabersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. Ashley, Luzerne Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. Duncannon, Perry Co. , Pa. 20 Susquehanna St. , Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Hanover, York Co., Pa. Allentown, Lehigh Co., Pa. Slatingtoji, Lehigh Co. , Pa. Butler, Biitler Co., Pa. 1514 Ash St., Scranton, Pa. Huntingdon, Huntingdon Co., Pa. Nanticoke, Luzerne Co., Pa. Bast Hanover, Lebanon Co., Pa. Lynn, Susquehanna Co. , Pa. 35 E. Grant St., Lancaster, Pa. Lynn, Susquehanna Co., Pa. Chapman Quarries, Northampton Co., Pa. Chester Springs, Chester Co., Pa. Dickinson, Cumberland Co., Pa. Loysville, Perry Co. , Pa. Landlsburg, Perry Co., Pa. West Moshannon, Clearfield Co., Pa. 232 South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 1019 Cavenne St., Altoona, Pa. Almedia, Columbia Co., Pa. West Nanticoke, Luzerne Co., Pa. Lykens, Dauphin Co., Pa. Plymouth, Luzerne Co., Pa. Ansonville, Clearfield Co., Pa. Ansonvjlle, Clearfield Co., Pa. Columbia, Lsuicaster Co., Pa. 170 Ridge Ave., Allegheny, Pa. Liverpool, Perry Co., Pa. Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co., Pa. Newport, Perry Co., Pa. 1410 18th Ave., Altoona, Pa. Plttston, Luzerne Co., Pa. Box 188, Steelton, Dauphin Co., Pa. Halifax, Dauphin Co., Pa. Tocumtown, Tork Co., Pa. Mechanicsburg, Cumberland Co., Pa. 12& -N. Duke St., York, Pa. Yellow Springs, Blair Co., Pa. Ellzabethville, Dauphin Co., Pa. Garbondale, Lackawanna Cc. , Pa. Wormleysburg, Cumberland Co., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommlssioned Major, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. NINTH REGIMENT CAVALKY— Continued. 4S3 Name. ■ Rank. Co. Residence. Wilson, Simon M., "Witman, James M., •Wolf Ejlias Private, . . Corp., Private, . . Private, . . Blacksm'h, M, B, B, I>. B. Patton, Cambria Co., Pa. Millersburg, Dauphin Co., Pa. Dundore, Snyder Co., Pa. FIFTEENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Sergt Private, . . 2d Lieut.,.. Sergt Private, .. Private, . . Com. Sgt., Lt. Col., .. K, I, A, M, M, a, A, 719 N. 10th St., Reading, Pa. 641 Maclay St., Harrisburg, Pa. Anderson, Everett W., •Arnold, Robert P., PhoenixvlUe, Chester Co., Pa. Braeburn, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Balmer, Benjamin F Betta, Cliarles M ISU Market St., Harrisburg. Pa. 2034 Spring Garden St., Phila., Pa. 1406 N. 29th St., Phlla., Pa. Private, . . Private, .. -Com. Sgt., Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Q. M. Sgt., Bugler Private, .. lat Sergt., Private, .. 1st Lieut., Private, . . Corp Private, . . Corp. , Corp., Corp Private, . . Private, . . Private, .. Sergt Corp Corp., Private, . . Private, . . F, H, G, H, G. ^, H, B, L, L, F, B, C. I, A, B, I, C, K, c, D, C, F, B, I, A, •Bond, Edward Wind Ridge, Greene Co., Pa. lOlS S. 2d St., Phila., Pa. 71» N. 5th St., Phila., Pa. Brownlee, Robert W Buzby, Howard A., .-. Caldwell, John W Camp, Byron 361 W. Chestnut St. , Washington, Pa. 6163 Wakefield St., Germantown, Phila., Pa. 1E24 Orthodox St., Phila., Pa. Montrose, Susquehanna Co., Pa. Arch St., St. Elmo Hotel, Phlla., Pa. tColeman, Albert B Coombs, Robert D., Conaway, John F., •Ctawford, Frank M •Crawford, Walter B., Crumpton, Robert D. ; .^. 952 Shackamaxon St., Phlla., Pa. 429 S. 40th St., Phila., Pa. 12th & Noble Sts., Phlla., Pa. 1516 N. 20th St., Phlla., Pa. FayettevlUe, Franklin Co., Pa. Tlosa St.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Franklin, Venango Co., Pa. Rice's Lahdlng, Greene Co., Pa. 167 Columbia Ave., Phila., Pa. 32 E. Chestnut St., Washington, Pa. •Eberly, Daniel W Ennls, Samuel L Esbenshade, Hiram W Evana, Benjamin B Pairohiia, Samuel R Mecbanicsburg, Cuinberland Co., Pa. 1437 N. 20th St., Phlla., Pa. Paradise, Lancaster Co., Pa. Carmichael, Greene Co., Pa. Scottdale, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Oil City, Venango Co., Pa. Franklin, George P 1610 Mt. Vernon St., Phila., Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned Second Lieutenant, not mustered. 484 PENNSYLVANIA AT FIFTEENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY— Continued. Name. Rank. Co. Residence. Fra»kenberry, Allen D., — Private, . . K, Point Marion, Fayette Co., Pa. Fritz, Charles H Corp., I, Berwick, Columbia Co., Pa. *Fry, Henry C. Corp., B, Rochester, Beaver Co., Pa. *Gable William * .. . Private, . . Sergt., I, D, Shamokin, Northumberland Co., Pa. Gilmour, John M 1413 Sellers St., Frankford, Phila., Pa. ConnellsvlUe, Fayette Co., Pa. •Gilmore, Vance C PrlTate, .. C, •Grim, William L Private, . . D, West Finley, Washington Co., Pa. Gwynn, Jesse F Bugler, .... L, Carmichael, Greene Co., Pa. Private, . . Private, .. I. B, 1428 Palmer St., Phila., Pa. ♦Hannum, R. B., Jr 23d and Providence Ave., Chester, Pa. Merion Station, Montgomery Co., Pa. Hanson, George H Corp B, •Hartley, William A Corp., B, 260S N. 18th St., Phila,, Pa- Private, .. Corp I, •Hawkins, Alex. L Washington, Washington Co., Pa. 4127 Germantown Ave., Phila., Pa. •Henvis, Jacob George, Sergt H, Hewitt, Eli B, Conshohocken, Montgomery Co., Pa. 656 Peebles St., Wilkinsburg, Alle- Bugler F, gheny Co., Pa. C. S •Hood, Alfred W Sergt B, ConnellsviUe, Fayette Co., Pa. Houston, Joseph Private, . . Private, .. H, I, Howard, Adolphus P., Corry, Brie Co., Pa. Hunt, Blwood H Private, . . c. 61 S. Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. •Huey, John A Private, . . B, . 2038 Bainbridge St., Phila., Pa. •Irwin, William E Private, . . B, Philipsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Jamison, Samuel R Sergt L, 535 N. 41st St., Phila., Pa. Jamison, Wilber F., Corp., H, Waynesburg, Greene Co., Pa. •Jones, Edmund B Q. M. Sgt., A, Rochester, Beaver Co., Pa. •Jordan, Robert H., Bugler, . . . H, Jefferson, Greene Co., Pa. Keely, Wilfred H Q. M. Sgt., 1305 N. 13th St., Phila., Pa. •Kimmel, Jacob, Private, . . K, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland Co., Pa. Mt. Holly Springs, Cumberland Co., Pa. Gettysburg, Adams Co., Pa. 1854 Mervine St., Phila., Pa. 1427 S. 20th St., Phila., Pa. F, Kitzmiller Jacob, Sergt E Loan, William C Sergt c, Ijonabaugh, Joseph R Sergt G, 2324 N. Eighth St., Phila., Pa. Lukens, Geo. W Com. Sgt., H, Kulpsville, Montgomery Co., Pa. •Lush, William H Private, . . c, 426 Green Lane, Roxborough, Phila., -Pa. S. Linden Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Macfarren, Samuel J Private, .. A, Capt F, 1619 Wallace St., Phila., Pa. Marshall, John G Private, . . A, 325 W. 2d St., Chester, Pa. •McCaU, Thomas J Sergt H. Tarentum, Allegheny Co., Pa. •Mccormick, Henry C Private, .. r>, ConnellsviUe, Payette Co. Pa. •McGlumphyj James B Vet. Sur., Video, Greene Co., Pa. •McMuUin, William J Private, . . F, 1633 Franklin St., Phila., Pa •McNay, Jasper P., Private, . . K, Wind Ridge, Greene Co., Pa. MoVay, Demas L., Corp., I, Prosperity, Washington Co., Pa. •Mecke, George K Com. Sgt., M, Narberth, Montgomery Co., Pa. •Megonegal, M. E Private, . . G, 2040 Diamond St., Phila., Pa. •Metzgar, Lebbeus R — Private, . . B, 848 Rebecca Ave., Wilkinsburgr, Alle- gheny Co., Pa. ♦Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. FIFTEENTH REGIMENT CAVAI/RY— Continued. 483 Name. Honk. Co. Residence. Miller, Abraham C, MilUgan, James H., •Mish, George F Bugler Private, . . Asst. Sur., Private, . . Bugler Private, . . 1st Sergt., Private, .. Private, .. Private, . . Corp. Sergt Corp., Private, .. 2d Lieut.,.. Corp Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Sergt Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . Corp Private, . . Sergt Private, . . Sergt Corp Q. M. Sgt., Private, . . Private, . . Private, . Sergt Private, . Private, . . Private, .. Private, . . Private, . . Corp Saddler, . 1st Sergt., Com. Sgt., Private, . Private, . Private, . I, G, G, K, H, K, L, B, A, G, D, L. H, D. G, K, G,, M, G, F, K, c, G, I, B, I, B, I, K, I, B, D, B, 1, K, L. E, I, B, M, L, B, L,, K, I. B. 601 Walnut St., Harrisburg, Pa. Homestead, Allegheny Co., Pa. Middletown, Dauphin Co., Pa. Fordyce, Greene Co., Pa. Murdock Wm M , Charleroi, Washington Co., Pa. Murphy, James F., *tMusser, Michael M ♦Oliver, Horatio N., Orr, James P., 2014 Warnoek St., Phila., Pa. Aaronsburg, Centre Co., Pa. 755 N. 38th St., Phila., Pa. Dithridge St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Glenshaw, Allegheny Co., Pa. Court House, Pittsburgh, Pa. *Overholt, Aaron S. R., West Overton, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Owens, James T. , Pattison, Wm. F. 752 Washington Ave., Tyrone, Pa. 8109 Franklord Ave., Holmesburg, Phila., Pa. Kittanning, Armstrong Co., Pa. •Pierce, Joseph K ♦Pinney, Norwood G 1819 N. 12th St., Phi la.. Pa. Brookville, JefEerson Co., Pa. Ridge Ave. above Gorgas Lane, Pliila., Pa. - Newtown, Bucks Co., Pa. Curwensville, Clearfield Co., Pa. Soottdale, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 618 Noble St., Phila., Pa. *Sayers, Henry C, Waynesburg, Greene Co., Pa. Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. •Sellers, Alphonso B., ♦Shaw, Milton E., New Hope, Bucks Co., Pa. Worthington, Armstrong Co., Pa. 1147 Derry St., Harrisburg, Pa. Parnassus, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Edgegrove, Adams Co., Pa. ♦Spidle. Abram G., Muddy Creek Forks, York Co., Pa. Waynesburg, Greene Co., Pa. Squires, Joseph C •Stokes, Jonathan O., •Stone, George E., 718 N. 43d St., Phila., Pa. 5541 Greene St., Germantown, Phila., Pa. Carrnichael, Greene Co., Pa. Gulf Mills, Montgomery Co., Pa. Titusville, Crawford Co., Pa. •Taylor, Charles B Leonard, Chester Co., Pa. Fairmount Springs, Luzerne Co., Pa. 11 Grandview Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. •Turner, John F r-21 Rebecca Ave.. Wiikinsburg, Alle- gheny Co., Pa. Millheim, Centre Co., Pa. P. O. Box 246, Pittsburgh, Pa. Sunbury, Northumberland Co., Pa. Soottdale, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Bendersvllle, Adams Co., Pa. 298 Main St., Station B, Pittsburgh, Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. tCommissioned Second Lieutenant, not mustered. 486 PENNSYLVANIA AT FIFTEENTH REGIMENT CAVALrRY— Continued. Name. Rank. Co. / Residence. •Weand, Henry K 1st Lieut., Sergt., Corp Com. Sgt., Private, . . Private, . . Sergt., 1st Sergt., Sergt., Private, . . Corp Corp., Private, . . Bugler Private, . . Private, . . Private, . . M, K, L, c, I, F, K, I, c, F, G. F, M, K, c, I, K, 718 DeKalb St., Norristown, Pa. Weir, James A., ; Pa. 3701 Chestnut St., Phila., Pa. York Springs, Adams Co., Pa. Option, Allegheny Co., Pa. West Mill Creek, Brie Co., Pa. 52 Second Ave., Corry, Erie Co., Pa. Washington, Washington Co., Pa. Waynesburg, Greene Co., Pa. 604 Peebles St., Wilkinsburg, AUe-' gheny Co., Pa. 1B16 Oakdale St., Phila., Pa. Carmichael, Greene Co., Pa. 1938 N. 17th St., Phila., Pa. Smithton, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 13 Stockton Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 638 Collins Ave., E. B., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1441 N 5th St Phila Pa tWlghtman, Henry B., Willis, Thomas D., Wilson, John C tt Wilson, Seiaon Z, tWoodward, Alfred Worthlngton, Richard tWright, Julian P tYeager, William R., Young, Jacob P tZoU, John M., LIGHT ARTILLERY, BATTERY B. (Twenty-sixth Independent.) Name. Rank, Residence. Butler Alfred, Mill Village, Erie Co., Pa. Rear 825 Penn St., Reading, Pa. Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. 2517 Webster Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Fayetteville, Franklin Co., Pa. Bendersville, Adams Co., Pa. 730 W. 5th St., Erie, Pa. 123 W. 25th St., Erie, Pa. Mechanlcsburg, Cumberland Co., Pa. 5172 Natrona Alley, Pittsburgh, Pa. Lykena, Dauphin Co., Pa. Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. 521 E. nth St., Erie, Pa. Bdenvllle, Franklin Co., Pa. Boiling Springs, Cumberland Co., Pa. Wenks, A4ams Co., Pa. De Hart Frederick Corp. , Sergt Private . . . tHollet, James Private, Kohler, John H Private Kriner, Amos, Private Kues, William Corp 1st. Lieut Lutje, William F., Lynch, George tPrimm, John H., Private, tSeifert, Valentine, tShatzer, David B., Private tTitler, Henry, ' Warren, Isaac, •Commissioned captain, not mustered. tNot present at the dedicatory ceremonies. $CommlsBioned Second Lieutenant, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 4S7 LIGHT ARTILLERY, BATTERY E. (Knap's Pennsylvania Independent.) Allison, James Atwell, William P., Barry, William A., Bartel, George, Cochran, James H De Witt, William H., Donahue, Patrick •Dooney, Charles, Dooney, Peter, Dorman, Charles S,, ... •Dougherty, John A., , Evans, Edwin John, , ♦Gilbert, Thomas W., Hammann, Edward, •Haverstock, William J., . Hayward, Richard, . .■ Hughes, George W., Hunzeker, Samuel F •Jones, Thomas Klinefelter, Joseph G., ... Lamb, Augustus J., •Lisbon, John •Lohmeier, Henry Mawhinney , Thomas ■ McCluskey, Sylvester W. , ■Mecklin, Aaron T., •Millhime, Charles, •Morgan, Thomas B Morris, Henry G Nichol, David O'Brien, Michael S , •Penrod, William H., •Ridge, John E Rowland, William B Shaw, Adam , Shriver, Preston B., Stewart, James P., •Volk, Frederick, . Walker, George J., Bugler, . , Sergt., ... Private, , Private, , Corp., .. Private, Private, , Private, , Private, , Private, Artificer, Prifvate, Private, . 2d Lieut., Sergt., ... Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Private, . Corp 2d Lieut., Corp Private, . Sergt., .. Private, . 1st Sergt., Corp Private, Private, Corp 1st Ijieut., Corp Corp Q. M. Sergt,, Corp. , 639 2d St., Williamsport, Pa. 3d Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. West Alexander, Washington Co., Pa. 6807 Gepnantown Ave., Phila., Pa. 3 Maple Ave.., Allegheny, Pa. 13 N. Charlotte St., Pottstown, Pa. 1814 Locust St., Pittsburgh, Pa. 25 Robinson St., Allegheny, Pa. 25 Robinson St., Allegheny, Pa. 152 Pearl St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Coalport, Clearfield Co., Pa. Myrean and Perryville Aves., Alle- gheny, Pa. 42SS Franklin St., Phila., Pa. Bethlehem, Northampton Co., Pa. 21S6 B. Norris St., Phila., Pa. 1416 N. 7th St., Harrisburg, Pa. 169 Beaver Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 3 Ciirton Park, Allegheny, Pa. 1029 Viekroy St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Harvard St., Pittsburgh, f'a. 20 Union Ave., Allegheny, Pa. Keckesburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 2002 Sarah St., S. S. Pittsburgh, Pa. Elliott, Allegheny Co. , Pa. 188 47th St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Hokendauqua, Lehigh Co., Pa. New Castle, Lawrence Co., Pa. Hofaoken, Allegheny Co., Pa. S4 Buena Vista St., Allegheny, Pa. 2321 Wylle Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Zelienople, Butler Co., Pa. Grovetown, Allegheny Co., Pa. 73 Stewart St., Allegheny, Pa. Forbes and Dallas Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 4018 Perryville Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 35 Observatory Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 951 Randolph St., Phila., Pa. 46 Clifton Ave., Allegheny, Pa. •Not present at the dedicatory ceremonies. 488 PENNSYLVANIA AT ROSTER OF MEMBERS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS PRES- ENT AT THE DEDICATION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE MONU- MENTS ON THE CHICKAMAUGA— CHATTANOOGA BATTLE- FIELDS WHO WERE NOT FURNISHED TRANSPORTATION BY THE STATE. Name. Rank. Co. Organization. Residence. Alderson, Thomas, .. 1st Lieut. , K, 46th regt. int.,. Lotus, Wise Co., Va. Barr, Oliver P R. Saddler, 7th.regt. cav.,.. Hagerstown, Md. •Barns, Gilbert S., .. Private, . . K, 7th regt. cav.,.. Pittsburg, Pa. •Blacker, Charles, . . Sergt F, 7th regt. cav.,.. Lytle, Walker Co., 6a. •Boyle, Emerson M.,. Private, . . K, 111th regt. inf., 1534 Diamond St., Phila- delphia, Pa. Boyle, J. Richards, .. Ad] lUth regt. int.. Trenton, N. J. •Boyles, Job Private, .. E, lUth regt. int., Meadville, Crawford, Co., Pa. 9 W. 8th St., Erie, Pa. •Burton, Spencer S.,» Private, .. A, lUth regt. inf.. •Caughey, John F.,.. Private, . . C, lUth regt. inf.. West Millcreeki Erie Co., Pa. Wellsville, Franklin Co., Collins, William H.,. Capt K, 7th regt. cav.,. Kansas. Corman, Alfred L. , . . Sergt c, 9th regt. cav. , . . Columbus, O. tCozens, ■ Smith D., .. Corp. , .... L, 15th regt. cav.,. 522 N. 21st St., Philadel- phia, Pa. i •Decker, Robert T.,. Private, .. I, 9th regt. cav. , . . Union Church, Huntingdon Co., Pa. Denning, 'Winiam J., Private, . . H, 15th regt. cav. , . Penna, R. R. Shops, Al- toona. Pa. •Doebler, Henry J.,.. Private, . . G, 147th regt. inf.. Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Pa. •Duncan, Samuel W., Private, . . M, 7th regt. cav. , . Chattanooga, Tenn. Engle, Edward H., .. Private, .. L, 15th regt. cav.,. 355 Broadway, New York City. Goodman, Joseph E. , 1st Sergt.,. D, 147th regt. inf. Greeno, Charles L.,.. Bt.Lt.Col., 7th regt. cav. , . . 326 Main St., Cincinnati, O. •Heffener, Henry W., Private, .. Q, 9th regt. cav. , . . York, York Co., Pa. Keith, Isaac S 1st Lieut.,. I, 7th regt. cav. , . . St. Louis. Mo. tKelly, Matthew 1st Lieut.,. F, 28th regt. int.,. Chattanooga, Tenn. •Linton, Mahlon H.,. Saddler, .. H, 7th regt. cav. , . . East Bethlehem, Washing- ton Co., Pa. Lowry, Wm. A Corp H, 78th regt. inf.,. Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Martin, Edwin K., .. Private, . . B, 79th regt. inf.,. 290 Broadway, New York City. • •Mayberry, William W. Private, . . A, 15th regt. cav. , . Fetteressa, Charleston Co., S. C. Clay Center, Kansas. McDowell, John S.,.. Capt F, 77th regt. inf.,. Minlck, John R Private, . . K, 7th regt. cav. , . Stonehill, Cleburne Co., Ala. •Munsee, Ira B Private, . . F, 111th regt. int.. Wattsburg, Erie Co., Pa. Myers, George G., .. Bugler, . . . F, 9th Tegt. cav. , . . Coatesville, Chester Co., Pelper, Jonathan, ... Private, . . I, 9th regt. cav.,.. Pa. Fitzgerald, Irwin Co., Ga. Price, John H Corp H, 46th regt. inf.,. Dawn, Livingston Co., Mo. Rlckert. Thomas H., Q. M 7th regt. cav. , . . Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Shatzer, Emanuel F., 1st Lieut., Battery B Pa. Columbus, Ga. Not a member of the organization at the time of the engagements. tTaktn sick en route, and did not reach Chattanooga, Tenn. tCommlssioned Captain, not mustered. CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 489 ROSTER OF MEMBERS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS PRES- ENT AT THE DEDICATION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE MONUMENTS ON THE CHICKAMAUGA— CHATTANOGGA BATTLEFIELDS WHO WERE NOT FURNISHED TRANSPORTATION BY THE STATE.— Continued. Name. Bank. Co. Organization. Residence. •Sieiley, Charles H.,.. Private, . . C, 46th rest. inf.,. Chattanooga, Tenn. •Spohn, Llewellyn J.. Private, . . B, 4Gth regt. inf.,. Reading, Berks Co., Pa. ♦Stiokney, Allison M., Private, . . B, 15th regt. oav.,. IVledtord, Middlesex Co., Mass. Street, William, .... Private, .. B, 7Sth regt. int.,. Chattanooga, Tenn. Thomas, John Private, .. K, 7th regt. cav. , . . Pikeville, Bledsoe Co., Tenn. Timmons, Joseph, ... Sergt I, 9th regt. cav. , . . Kenton, Hardin Co., 0. Tweedale, Jol\n, Private, . . I, 15th regt. cav. , . War Department, Washing- ton, D. C. •Walker, James D.,.. Private, .. Battery B 5222 Westminster St. , E. B. , Pittsburgh, Pa. Walker, Thomas M. , . Bt.Brig.Gen. lUth regt. inf.. Grandin,, Cass Co., N. D. Wallace, Thomas, ... Private, .. B, 29th regt. int.,. Canton, Baltimore Co., Md. Private, .. 2d liieut. , . I, H, 7th regt. cav. , . . 7Sth regt. inf.,. Butler, Butler Co., Pa. Wlehl, Frederick P.,. Chattanooga, Tenn. Wills, Andrew W., .. Private, .. L. 15th regt, cav. , . Nashville, Tenn. •Williams, Robert E., Corp., .... c, 46th regt. int.,. Catasauqua, Lehigh Co., Pa. Penna. B. R. Shops, Al- •Wilson, Charles T.,. Private, .. K, 15th regt. cav.,. toona. Pa. •Not a member ot the organization at the time of the engagements. ;(490) i]Mr3E::?c. A. Page. ACCEPTANCE OF MONUMENTS on behalf of the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania, by Governor Daniel H. Hastings, at Pennsylvania Day exer- cises, Chattanooga 45 National Government, by Hon. John Tweedale, at Pennsylvania Day exer- cises, Chattanooga 48 Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park Commiasion, by General Henry V. Eoyntan, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 61 ACT making appropriation to pay expenses of Chickamauga-Chattanooga Bat- tlefields Commission and executive committee thereof 13 providing for erection of monuments to Pennsylvania organizations engaged in battles on Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields 13 to provide transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., for Pennsylvania soldiers engaged in battles on Chickamauga-Chattanooga battlefields, on occa- sion of dedication of their respective monuments 15 ADDRESS cif welcom'i at Auditorium, Chattanooga, by Mayor Ed. Watkins, on behalf of State and city, 23 of welcome at Auditorium, Chattanooga, by Col. Halbert B. Case, on behalf of G. A. R 28 in behalf of United Confederate Veterans, by Captain J. P. Shipp 31 in behalf of United Confederate Veterans, by Colonel D. T. Dickinson 32 introductory, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, by Brigadier General 'William A. Robinson 37 of Hon. H. Clay Evans, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 54 of Brigadier General Thos. J. Stewart, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 56 of General James "W. Latta, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, ... 58 of Private John Emhart, at dedication of monument of Twenty-seventh regiment infantry 63 of Captain J. Adelsheimer, at dedication of monument of Twenty-seventh regiment infantry 63 of Corporal Joseph L. Cornet, at dedication of monument of Twenty-eighth regiment infantry 80 of Corporal Wallace M, Hoffner, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-nihth regiment inf antr.if 109 of Colonel William Rickards, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry, 110 of Captain Louis R. Fortescue, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 118 of Captain Joseph Matchette, at dedication of monument of Forty-sixth regiment infantry 144 ' of Corporal Jacob Ulimann, at dedication of monument of Seventy-fifth regi- ment infantry 162 of Private John Ulimann, at dedication of monument of Seventy-fifth regi- ment infantry, 1^^ of Lieutenant T. Albert Stelger, at dedication of monument of Seventy-fifth regiment infantry, 1^8 of Rev. J. Cooper, at dedication of monument of Seventy-seventh regiment infantry ^^^ of Captain George W. Skinnner, at dedication of monument of Seventy-sev- enth regiment infantry 1^5 of Brigadier General W. A. Robinson, at dedication of monument of Sev- enty-seventh regiment infantry 199 of Private R P. Scott, at dedication of monument of Seventy-eighth regi- ment infantry ■•■■■ ^^^ of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakeley, at dedication of monument of Seventy-eighth regiment infantry ■ 215 1 491) 492 PENNSYLVANIA AT Page. ADDRESS— Continued. of Hon. Edwin K. Martin, at dedication of monument of Seventy-ninth regiment infantry 234 of Rev. J. Richards Boyle, D, D., at dedication of tablet of One Hun- dred and Eleventh regiment infantry 259 of Lieutenant John L. Wells, at dedication, of tablet of One Hundred and Eleventh regiment infantry, 273 of Corporal Joseph Lumbard, at dedication of monument of One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry, 284 of Ca,ptain Heber S. Thompson, at dedication of monument of Seventh regi- ment cavalry, 298 of Captain Joseph G. Vale, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, 300 of Lieutenant George F. Steahlin, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry 308 of Lieutenant Colonel Charles L. Greeno, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, 311 of Major Charles C. Davis, at dedication of monument of Seventh regi- ment cavalry, 313 of Captain H. B. Waltman, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 323 of Major Simon B. Cameron, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 325 of Major M. A. Gherst, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cav- alry, 327 of Sergeant Joseph Timmons, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 330 of Lieutenant Colonel Charles M. Betts, at dedication of monument of Fif- teenth regiment cavalry 341 of Lieutenant John F. Conaway, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 343 of Hon. H. K. Weand, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regi- ment cavalry 350 of Private A. M. Stickney, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regi- ment cavalry, 351 of Captain Byron O. Camp, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regi- ment cavalry 352 of Private John Tweedale, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regi- ment cavalry 355 of Private John H. Kohler, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery B, ^ 366 of Lieutenant \Vm. F. Lutje, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery B , 367 of Private P. R. Donahue, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery E, 371 of Private James D. Walker, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery E, 373 of General Charles H. Grosvenor, (m establishment of Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 387 ADELSHEIMER, Captain J., address of, at dedicat.'on of monument of Twen- ty-seventh regiment infantry, C3 ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND, organization of, during the battle pf Chicka- mauga, Ga., September 19th and 20th, 1863, 413 casualties in, at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19th and 20th, 1S63, 427 detail aggregate strength and loss of the various corps of, 436 recapitulation of aggregate strength and loss of 437 ARMY OP THE TENNESSEE, aggregate strength and loss of, , 437 APPROPRIATION for payment of expenses oE Chickamauga-Chattanooga Bat- tlefields Commission and executive committee thereof 13 for erection of monuments to Pennsylvania organizations engaged in battles on Chickamaug-\-Chattanooga battlefields, 13 covering transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., for Pennsylvania soldiers, on occasion of dedication of their respective monuments on the Chicka- mauga-Chattanooga battlefields 15 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 493 B. I . Page. BATTERY- B, LIGHT ARTILLERY, dedication of monument of 3C6 historical sketch of, 369 inscription on monument of, 4H roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn. 486 BATTERY E, LIGHT ARTILLERY, dedication of monument of 371 historical sketch of 381 inscription on monument of 412 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 487 BENEDICTION, by Rev. J. Thompson Gibson, D. D., at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 6P BETTS, Lieutenant Colonel Charles M.. address of, at dedication of monu- ment of Fifteenth regiment cavalry 341 BLAIvELEY, Lieutenant Colonel ArcJiibald, address of, at dedication of monu- ment of Seventy- eighth regiment infantry 215 transfer of monuments by, to the Governor of Pennsylvania, at Pennsyl- vania Day exercises, Chattanooga 39 BOYLE, Rev. J. Richards, D. D., address of, at dedication of tablet of One Hundred and Eleventh regiment infantry, 259 BOYNTON, General Henry V., acceptance of monuments by, on behalf of the , Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park Commission, at Penn- sylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 51 c. CAMERON, Major Simon B., address of, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 325 GAMP, Captain Byron O., address of, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry 352 CASE, Colonel Halbert B., address of welcome by, at Auditorium, Chatta- nooga , 28 CASUALTIES in Army of the Cumberland at the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., September 19th and 20th, ISGS 427 CEREMONIES at the dedication of the regimental monuments, 61 CHATTANOOGA, Pennsylvania Day, 35 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK, his- tory of organization of 385 COMMANDS, Pennsylvania, engaged in battles on Chickamauga-Chattanooga battlefields, 18 COMMITTEE, Executive, of Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commis- sion, 3 General Reception, to receive and entertain Pennsylvania soldiers, 21 CONA^WAY, Lieutenant John F., address of, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 343 COOPER, Rev. J., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy-seventh reginnent infantry, 193 CORNET^ Corporal Joseph L., address of, at dedication of monument of Twen- ty-feighth regiment infantry, .^ 80 D. DAVIS, Major Charles C, address of, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry ^13 DEDICATION ceremonies at regimental monuments, 61 of monument of Twenty-seventh regiment infantry, 63 Twenty-eighth regiment inCantry 80 Twenty-ninth regiment infantry, 108 Forty-sixth regiment infantry 1^4 Seventy-fifth regiment Infantry, 162 Seventy-seventh regiment infantry 193 Seventy-eighth regiment infantry 210 Seventy-ninth regiment infantry. 234 One Hundred and Eleventh regiment Infantry, 259 One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry 284 Seventh regiment cavalry - 298 Ninth regiment cavalry, 323 Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 341 Light Artillery, Battery B, 366 Light Artillery, Battery E 371 491 PENNSYLVANIA AT • Page. DELEGATION, Pennsylvania's, tp Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Com- mission 5 DICKINSON, Colonel L. T., address by, at Auditorium, Chattanooga 32 DONAHUE, Private P. R., address of, at dedication of monument of Light Ar- tillery, Battery IG, 371 E. EMHART, Private John, address of, at dedication of monument of Twenty- seventh regiment infantry j 63 EVANS, Hen. H. Clay, address of, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chatta- nooga ■ '. 54 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commis- sxcn 3 EXERCISES, Pennsylvania Day, Chattanooga, Tenn,, 35 at the Auditorium, Chattanooga, Tenn 19 P. FIFTEENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY, dedication of monument of, 341 historical sketch of 356 inscription on monument of, 411 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., 483 FORCES engaged in battles about Chattanooga, November 23-25, 1863, organiza- tion of 439 FORTESCUE, Captain Louis E., address of, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 118 FORTY-SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of 144 historical sketch of, 147 inscription on monument of 405 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 460 G. GENERAL RECEPTION COMMITTEE, to receive and entertain Pennsyl- vania soldiers, at Chattanooga, Tenn. , 21 GHERST, Major M. A., address of, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 327 GIBSON, Rev. J. Thompson, D. D., benediction by, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, 60 prayer by, at dedication of monument of Seventy-eighth regiment infantry,.. 210 GOBIN, General J. P. S., response by, to address of welcome at Auditorium, Chattanooga, .' SO GREENO, Lieutenant Colonel Charles L., address of, at dedication of monu- ment of Seventh regiment cavalry, 311 prayer by, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, ...... 300 GROSVENOR, General Charles H^ address of, on establishment of Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, 3S7 H. HASTINGS, Governor Daniel H., acceptance of monuments by, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chat- tanooga, 45 response by, to address of welcome, at Auditorium, Chattanooga 25 HISTORICAL SKETCH of Twenty-seventh regiment infantry, 66 Twenty-eighth regiment Infantry 86 Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 121 Forty-sixth regiment infantry, 147 Seventy-third regiment infantry 154 Seventy-fifth regiment infantry 1S5 Seventy-seventh regiment Infantry, 202 Seventy-eighth reiarlment infantry, 227 Seventy-ninth regiment infantry 240 One Hundred and Ninth regiment infantry, 250 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 495 Page. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF— Continued. One Hundred and Eleventh regiment infantry 273 One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry, 292 Seventh regiment cavalry 315 Ninth regiment cavalry, 332 Fifteenth regiment cavalry ; 356 Light Artillery, Battery B, ■ 369 Light Artillery, Battery E, , 381 HISTORY of the organization of the Chlckamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 385 HOFFNER, Corporal Wallace M., address of, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 109 INSCRIPTIONS ON MONUMENTS AND TABLETS of Pennsylvania regi- ments 401 Twonty-seventh regiment infantry 403 Twenty-eighth regiment infantry, 403 Twenty-ninth regiment infantry * 404 Forty-sixth regiment infantry, 405 Seventy-fifth regiment infantry 405 Seventy-seventh retjiment infantry 405 Seventy-eighth regiment infimtry 406 Seventy-ninth regiment infantry 407 One Hundred and Eleventh regiment infantry, 408 One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry, 409 Seventh regiment cavalry, ^ 410 Ninth regiment cavalry, 411 Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 411 Light Artillery BfLttery B, 411 Light Artillery, Battery B 412 K. KOHLER, Private John H., address of, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery B , 366 L. LIGHT ARTILLERY, Battery B, dedication of monument of, 366 historical sketch of * 369 inscription on monument of, 411 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn.,.. 486 Battery E, dedication of monument of, 371 historical sketch of • 381 inscription on monument of, 412 roster^ of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., .. 487 LANDIS, Lieutenant Isaac D., prayer by, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry 325 LATTA, General James W., address by, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chat- tanooga, 58 LETTER from Colonel Thomas E. Rose, read at dedication of monument of Seventy-eeventh regiment infantry, 200 LUMBARD, Corporal Joseph A., address of, at dedication of monument of One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry : 2S4 LUTJE, Lieutenant Wm. F., address of, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery B 367 M. MARTIN, Hon. Edwin K., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy- ninth regiment infantry, 234 MATCHETTB, Captain Joi-eph, address of, at dedication of monument of Forty-sixtb regiment infantry 144 496 PENNSYLVANIA AT Page. MILLilSON, Lieutenant Colonel Jesse R,, prayer by, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 108 MONUMENTS, transfer cf, to the Governor of Pennsylvania, by Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakeley, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chatta- nooga, 39 acL-eptance of, on behalf of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park Commission, by General Henry V. Boynton, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattan joga 51 on behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, by Governor Daniel H. Hastings, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 45 on behalf of the National Govarnment by Hon. John Tweedale, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, 48 N. NINTH KEGIMKNT CAVALRY, dedication of monument of, 323 historical sketch of, 332 inscription on monument of, 411 rrster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., 479 0. OFFICIAL RECEPTION PROGRAMME of exercises at Auditorium,, Chatta- nooga, Tenn. , 22 ONE HUNDRED AND NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, historical sketch of, 250 ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of tablet of 259 historical sketch of 273 inscription on bronze tablet of, • 408 rci-ter of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 472 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedica- tion of monument of 284 historical sketch of, 292 inscription on monument of, 409 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 474 ORGANIZATION OF ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND during the battle of Chickamauga, Ga.. September 19th and 20th, 1863 413 forces engaged in the battles about Chattanooga, November 23-25, 1863, 439 P. PRAYER, by Rev T. H. Robinson, D. D., at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chat- tanooga 37 by Lieutenant Colonel Jesse R. Millison, at dedication of tablet of Twenty-ninth regiment infantry, 108 by Rev. W, J. Trimble, D. D. , at dedication ot monument of Forty-sixth regiment Infantry, 144 by Sergeant Charles Preusch, at dedication of monument of Seventy-fifth regiment infantry, 163 by Rev. J. Thompson Gibson, D. D., at dedication of monument of Seventy- eighth regiment infantry, 210 by Lieutenant C'jlonel Charles L. Greeno, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, 300 by Lieutenant Isaac D. Landis, at dedication of monument of Ninth regi- ment cavalry 325 by Corporal James P. Stewart, at dedication of monument of Light Artil- lery, Battei-y B 372 PENNSYLVANIA commands engaged in battles on Chickamauga-Chattanooga battlefields 18 delegation to Chickamauga-Chattanooga Battlefields Commission, 5 PREFACE, ' 5 PREUSCH, Sergeant Charles, prayer by. at dedication of monument of Seventy- fifth regiment infantry , 163 PROCEEDINGS of initial meeting of Pennsylvania Delegation to Chickamauga- Chattanooga Battlefields Commission, '. 5 PROGRAMME, Official' reception, of exercises at Auditorium, Chattanooga, Tenn 22 of exercises at Chattanooga on Pennsylvania Day 36 CHTCKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 497 R. Page. RECEPTION, programme of, exercises at Auditorium, Chattanooga, T.. 22 REGIMENTAL MONUMENTS, ceremonies at the dedication of, 61 RESPONSE, by Governor Daniel H. Hastings, to address of welcome, at Aud- itorium, Chattanooga 25 by Brigadier General Thos. J. Stewart, to address of welcome, at Audito- rium, Chattanooga, 27 by General J. P. S. Gohin, to address of welcome, at Auditorium, Chatta- nooga, 30 by Captain George W. Skinner, at Auditorium, Chattanooga, to addresses of welcome on behalf of United Confederate Veterans 32 RICKARDS, Colonel William, address of, at dedication of tablet of Twen- ty-ninth regiment infantry, 110 ROBINSON, Brigadier General William A., introductory address by, at Penn- sylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, 37 address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy-seventh regiment in- fantry, ; 199 ROBINSON, Rev. T. H., D. D., prayer by, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, 37 ROSE, Colonel Thomas E., letter from, read at dedication of monument of Seventy-seventh regiment infantry, 200 ROSTER of applications for transportation tn Chattanooga, Tenn 453 Twenty-seventh regiment infantry , 455 Twenty-eighth ragiment infantry, 456 Twenty-ninth regiment infantry 458 Forty-sixth regiment infantry, 460 Seventy-fifth regiment infantry 462 Seventy-seventh regiment infantry 463 Seventy-eighth regiment infantry 464 Seventy-ninth regiment infantry 469 One Hundred and Eleventh regiment infantry, 472 One Hundred and Forty-seventh regiment infantry, 474 Seventh regiment cavalry 476 Ninth regiment cavalry 479 Fifteenth regiment cavalry 483 Light Artillery, Battery B, 486 Light Artillery, -Battery E , '487 of members of the var ious organizations present at the dedicatory cere- monies who were not furnished transportation by the State 488 s. SCOTT, Private R. P., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy- eighth regiment infantry 211 SEVENTH REGIMENT CAVALRY, dedication of monument of 2S8 historical slietch of 315 inscription on monument of 410 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 476 SEVENTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY, historical sketch of, ..■ Ib4 SEVENTY-FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of, 162 historical sketch of 1S5 inscription on monument of 405 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 462 SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of, 193 historical sketch of 202 inscription on monument of, •■ 405 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 463 SEVENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of,... 210 historical sketch of -; -^ ^^7 inscriptipn on monument of, •...« ., 406 roster of applications from, for transportation to- Chattanooga, Tenn 464 SEA'ENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of, .... 234 historical sketch of ^J^ inscription on m.onpment of roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., .... 469 196 PENNSYLVANIA AT Page, SHIPP, Captain J. F.. address of welcome by, in behalf of United Confed- erate Veterans, 31 SKINNER, Captain George W., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy-seventh regiment infantry 195 response by, to address of welcome on behalf of United Confederate Vet- erans, , 32 STATEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION furnished honorably discharged soldiers tc Chattanooga, Tenn., and return 16 STEAHLIN, Lieutenant George F., address and historical sketch of, at dedi- cation of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, 308 STEIGER, Lieutenant T- Albert, address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy-fifth regiment infantry 166 STEWART, Brigadier General Thos. J., address of, at Pennsylvania Day ex- ercises, Chattanooga, ' 56 response by, at Auditorium, Chattanooga, to address of welcome 27 STEWART, Corporal James P., prayer by, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery E 372 STICKNE5r, Private A. M., address of, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 351 T. THOMPSON, Captain Heber S., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry, 298 TIMMONS, Sergeant Joseph, address of, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry 330 TRANSFER OP MONUMENTS to Governor of Pennsylvania, at Pennsylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga, by Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakeley, — 39 TRANSPORTATION, act providing for, to honorably discharged soldiers to Chattanooga, T-iun. , and return, 15 statement of, furnished honorably discharged soldiers, to Chattanooga, Tenn 16 tu Chattanooga, Tenn., roster of applications for, 453 TRIMBLE, Rev, W. J., D. D., prayer by, at dedication of monument of Forty-sixth regiment infantry 144 TWEEDALE, Hon. John, address of, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry, 355 acceptance of monuments by, on behalf of National Government, at Penn- sylvania Day exercises, Chattanooga 48 TWENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of, .. 63 historical sketch of 66 inscription on monument of, 403 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn 455 TWENTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of monument of, .. 80 hiFtorical sketch of, 86 inscription on monument of, 403 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., 456 TWENTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, dedication of tablet of 108 historical sketch of, 121 inscription on bronze tablet of 404 roster of applications from, for transportation to Chattanooga, Tenn., 458 u. ULLMANN, Corporal Jacob, address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy- fifth regiment infantry 162 ULIjMANN, Private John, address of, at dedication of monument of Seventy- fifth regiment infantry, 164 V. VALE, Captain Joseph G., address of, at dedication of monument of Seventh regiment cavalry 300 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA. 499 w. Page. WALKER, Private' James D., address of, at dedication of monument of Light Artillery, Battery B 373 WALTMAN, Captain H. B., address of, at dedication of monument of Ninth regiment cavalry, 323 "W ATKINS, Mayor Ed., address of welcome hy, at Auditorium, Chattanooga, 23 WEAND, Hon. H. K., address of, at dedication of monument of Fifteenth regiment cavalry 350 WELLS, Lieutenant John L., address of, at dedication of tablet of One Hun- dred and Eleventh regiment infantry, 279 (500) it '^i Mi f •i! i'l! II