BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrtj W, Sage 1891 A/£JtP.Jl \ ///A/.?', TA 350.D25 ne " UnlVerS " y Ubrary Tne .™J»'Jff h °P manual and compendium of us 3 1924 004 401 430 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004401430 Jewel * Gasolene Stoves ARE... UN EQUALED. 14 Years Experience. Enclless Variety. Prices from $3-50 to $26.00. The most perfect Gasolene stoves on the market at $11.00 and $13.00. Full size and very handsome. Write for Catalog. The 1 896 Production of Jewels is superior to any other make. NEW FEATURES GALORE. George m. Clark & Compaiuj, MAKERS OF Jewel Gas, Gasolene and Oil Stoves, CHICAGO. Bei»iabi» Gas and Gasolene Stoves for HEATING and COOKING HR© TH6 B9ST. 100 STYLES AND SIZES. SEJSLD FOR IliliUSTRHTED CATALOGUE. Schneider ^ Trenkamp Go. Cleveland, Ohio. We carry in Stoat the largest number of well known brands of ROOFING PLATES of any house in the United States. Our own private Brands of * Old Style Roofing-. Each Sheet squared and stamped with orand and thick- ness— . The following well known maker's brands Old Style Roofing always in stock. Prices as low as if bought direct from them— Our own brands Roofing Plates. Each sheet stamped and squared — Osborn's Guaranteed Hand Dipped. Coated by hand with a mixture rich in tin on special quality soft steel sheets. Best plate ever made. Golden Star Old Style. Strictly hand made of best American Soft Steel, heavily and evenly coated through Palm Oil. Osborn's Old Process. Soft working plate, heavily coated, beautifully mottled. Osborn's Old Method, Made from same quality of soft steel, evenly coated, richly mottled. N. G. Taylor's Old Style. Scott's Extra Coated. Hamilton's Best Redipped. U. S. Redipped. Gilbertson's Old Method. M. F. Old Style Pontymister. The Osborn Roofing. Best medium priced roofing on the market. Rich coating and nicely mottied. Star 15 lbs. coating, nicely mottled. Nava, Eureka. Not Stamped — Well known Maker's Brands. Each sheet stamped and squared — Osborn, J. L. O., Atlas. The Taylor Roofing. Alderly. Monongahela. A fine assortment to choose from in bright tin plates. FOUR GRADES Of CHARCOAL. ONE OF COKE, INCLUDING Boiler Sizes, Pipe Sizes, and Twenty Odd Sizes in Cokes. J. M. & L. A. OSBORN, JOBBERS OF ■ Tin Plate, Tinware and Tinners' Supplies. Correspondence Solicited. CLEVELAND, OHIO. \h% International Correspondency Schools INCLUDING THE SCHOOL OF PLUMBING, HEATING AND VENTILATION AND. The School of Mines, The School of Mechanics, The School of Steam Engineering, The School of Electricity, The School ot Architecture, The School of Bridge Engineering, The School of Railroad Engine ering. The School of Municipal Engineering, The School of Hydraulic Engineering, The School of Civil Engineering, The School jof English Branches. TWENTY-SIX TECHNICAL COURSES, INCLUDING THE HEATING and VENTILATION SCHOLARSHIP, The Sanitary Plumbing and Gas Fitting Scholarship, The Sanitary Plumbing, Heating and Ventilation Scholarship. Also Courses in Mechanics, Steam Engineering, Electricity, Coal and fletal Mining, Architecture, Etc, ~* MECHANICAL DRAWING, the most important subject for every mechanic to learn, is included in every course, and we meet with the greatest success in teaching the subject. Our method is original and practical and superior to any other of which we know. In a few months students learn to make neat and well lettered drawings. PAYMENTS MAY BE MADE BY INSTALLMENTS. Prices are moderate and Scholarships are not forfeited upon failure to pay promptly. We teach by means of specially prepared Instruction and Question Papers, written by our own Instructors and illustrated by our own draughtsmen, at great expense, solely tor this- work. Students do not need to purchase any ' books. When they need aid they.write to us on blanks which we furnish. All their work is carefully examined and corrected. The most painstakings fidelity is directed to the aid of our students by our instructors, who are the best we can secure. IF YOU CAN READ AND WRITE you can enroll with us and we will guarantee you instruction until you have earned a Diploma for proficiency in all the subjects of your course, if it takes twenty years or only one. NINE THOUSAND STUDENTS are taking advantage of the opportunities for education which we offer to those who are willing to devote a few evenings each week to study. IF YOU WISH TO LEARN how you -can obtain the gist of a tech-, nical education in the briefest space of time, at the least expense and without leaving home or stopping vvork for a day, send to us for a FREE Circular of Information, stating the subject you wisji to study. The International Correspondence Schools sc$flr4Tora, pa. THE Workshop Manual AND Compendium of Useful Information COMPILED BY JOHN J. DAVIES FOR Sheet Metal Workers and Mechanics of all kinds, Business Men, Manufacturers, Etc. CHICAGO. THE AMERICAN ARTISAN PRESS, 1896. % 5*1 B 5" A. i (hk>i[ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1895, by DANIEL STERN, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C PREFACE. ""THERE is nothing new under the sun. Every month sees thousands of books ushered into the world that merely flail again the thor- oughly threshed straws of the ages. In a work of the character of this one, originality is not, of course, looked for. Judicious or injudicious selection from the masses of Gradgrindian fact left us from the labors of generations of calcu- lators, statisticians and compilers, is the only factor in determining its success or failure. A furniture worker, a doctor of veterinary science, and a sheet metal worker all need books of ready reference to aid them in a thousand odd ways in their daily toil, but the data each would post himself upon are radically different. It is for the last class and those in kindred lines, such as hardware, heating, or roofing, that this book is specially intended. The greatest care has been taken to make this Manual comprehensive with- out being voluminous, and compact without be- ing at all incomplete. Its contents are in the main of a technical nature, and the few depart- ures made into the field of general information will, it is trusted, increase the helpfulness of this little book to those for whom it was written. The Author. Chicago, Nov. 18, 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Workshop Receipts 9-29 Babbitt Metal, 9; Blue Prints, 9; Cleaning Brass, 10; Cutting Brass Chemically, 10; Cold Brazing, 10; Enameling Castings, 10; MendingCastIron.il; Cements, 11-15; Tinning Cloth, 15; .Hardening Files, 15; Fire Grenades, 15; Stamp Ink, 16; Lacquer for brass, 16— colorless, 16; Lead Coating for Iron or Steel Plates, 16; Lubricant, 17; Metal Polish, 17; Mucilage, 17; Nickel Plating, 17; Nickel Polish, 18; Oxidizing, 18; Trans- parent Paper, 18; Paint for galvanized iron, 19 — for sheet iron, ."19— for tin or iron roofs, 19 — lead colored, 19; Rust, 19-21 — to prevent iron work from, 19 — to prevent iron and steel from, 20 — to remove from iron or steel, 20 — to remove from nickel plate, 20 — to prevent sheet iron pipes from, 21 — to keep tools from, 21; Cleaning Silver, 21; Soap for Metal Work, 21; Solders, 21-25; Stove Polish, 25; Tin Bronzing, 25; Tin Foil, 25; Varnishes, 26-29. CHAPTER II. Pattern Cutting , ..30-76 Cone with Oval Base and Round Top, 30-32; To Describe an Ellipse, 32-35; Pattern for an Oval Tapering Article, 35-37; Pattern for Hopper by Triangulation, 37-40; Pattern for Cir- cular Top Boiler Co've», 40-42; Grecian Mouldings, 42-45; Patterns for a Smoke Stack, 45-49; "String and Nail" Oval, 49; The Side of an Octagon, 50; To Describe Patterns for Flaring Vessels, 50-52; Pattern for a Wash Boiler Cover, 52; Pattern for a Can Breast or Pitched Cover, 52-54; Pattern for a "Y," 54-55; Chimney Top Pattern, 56-57; Rule for Obtaining the Side of an Octagon of Any Given Square, 57; To Describe an Oval of Any Length or Width, 58; Pattern for a Prairie 6 CONTENTS. Chimney, 59; Pattern for a Measure Lip, 60; Pattern for a Pitched Cover, 62; Method of Describing an Ellipse, 63; Roman Mouldings, 63-66; Gothic Profiles, 66-68; Tee Pipe Pattern, 68-70; To Describe a Pattern for a Four-Piece Elbow, 70-71; A Tapering Round-Cornered Square Reservoir, 72-73; Rule for Round Elbows, 74-75; Pattern for a Metal Ball, 76. CHAPTER III. Miscellaneous Tables 77-88 Number Bricks Required to Construct any Building, 77; Interest Table, 78; Equivalent of British Money in American Money, 78; Weight, Stature, etc. of Man, 79; Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight Car, 79; Population of the Larger Cities, 80; Relative Weights of Metals, 81; The English Mile Compared with Other European Measures, 82; Weight of a Cubic Foot of Various Substances, 82-83; Melting Temperature of Alloys, 83; U. S. Mineral Statistics, 1890, 84; Weight of Liquids per Gallon, 84; The Effect of Heat on Various Substances, 84; Weight of Water at Different Temperatures, 84; Weight and Specific Gravities of Liquids, 85; Specific Gravities and Weights of Stones, etc., 86; Population of the United States by States, 87; Twelve O'Clock Noon, Greenwich Mean Time, 88. CHAPTER IV. Tables of Measures, Etc 80-102 Dimensions of One Acre, 89; To Compute the Volume of Bricks and the Number in a Cubic Foot of Masonry, 89; Rule to Find the Number of Gallons Contained in a Can, 90; Rule to Find the Horse-Power of a Stationary Engine, 90; Board and Timber Measure, 90; Estimates of Materials, 91 ; Tables Convenient for Taking Inside Dimensions, 91 ; Land Measure, 91 ; Circular Measure, 92; Carpenters', Bricklayers' and Builders' Measure- ments, 92; Ear Corn Measure, 92; Measures of Length, 93; Water, 93; Comparative Table of Weight, 93; Cistern Measure, 94; Grain Measure, 94; Hay Measure, 94; To Find the Contents of a Corn Crib, 95; Cubic or Solid Measure, 95; Liquid Measure, 95; Measure of Weight, 95; Metric System, 95-98; Ancient Weights, 98-99; Useful Rules in Mensura- tion, 09-102. CONTENTS. 7 CHAPTER V. Useful Tables for Tinners and Sheet Metal Workers 103-128 Weight of a Lineal Foot of Flat Bar Iron In Pounds, 103; Bar and Sheet Brass Weight In Pounds, 104; Sheet Copper, 104-105; Marks and Weights'of Tinplate, 106: Sheet Iron, 106-107; Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet Iron, 108-113; Weight of One Foot of Bar Steel, 113; Number Pounds of Round and Square Bar Iron Per Foot, 114; Internal Areas of Wrought Iron Pipe, 114; Wilson's Table of Dimensions of Chimneys, 115; Cost of Tin Roofing Per Square and Square Foot, 11 6-1 17; Slate Table, 118; Weight of Lead Pipe and Tin Lined Lead Pipe, 118; Registers and Ventilators Vertical Wheel, 119; Weight of One Foot of Bar Steel, 120; Useful Tables for Tin Plate Workers, 120-123; Tin Plate, 124-125; Weight Per Foot of Galvanized Sheet Iron Pipe, 126-127; Weight of Metals, 128. .' CHAPTER VI. Miscellaneous Information 129-146 Legal Holidays in the Various States, 129-131; Antidotes to Poi- sons, 131-132; Useful Suggestions in Cases of Accidents to Mechanics, 132-135; Useful Shop Hints, 135-137; To Attach Labels to Tin, 137-I38; Simple Tests for Impure Water, 138- 139; Alloys, 139; Nickel Alloys, 139-140; Cost of a Patent in Different Countries, 140; Weight of Metals, 140; To Calcu- late Radiating Surfaces, 141; Shrinkage of Castings, 141; Wear and Tear of Building Material, 142; A Quick Method of Finding Interest, 143; Weight of Buildings, 143; Cost of Pub- lic Buildings, 143-144; Relative Holding Power of Cut and Wire Nails, 144-145. CHAPTER VII. Metals 147-170 Metals and Their Properties, 146-151; Iron and Steel, 151- I5S : Copper, 155-156; Zinc, 156-157; Lead, 157; Alloys, 157-159; Alloys of Copper and Tin, 159; Alloys of Copper and Brass; 159-162; Solders, 162-163; Soldering Metals, 163-168; Seams or Joints, 168-170. 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER ;VIII. Mouldings 171-202 Given Shape and Length of Moulding to Draw Pattern, 172-174; Given Shape of Moulding to Draw Shape at Any Angle of Section of Moulding, 174- [79; The Shape of a Moulding Being Given, to Draw the Pattern for Joining Two Pieces of It at Any Angle, 179-180; To Draw Pattern for Aquarium, 180-184; Aquarium Pattern, 184-188; Pattern for Raking Moulding, 188-194; Pattern for Lobster-Back Cowl, 194-198; Pattern for a Tapering Circular Bend, 198-202. CHAPTER IX. Slate 203-229 Pitch of Rodfs, 204; Sheathing Boards, 204-205; Comparative Size t and Strength of Slate, 205-207; Slate Roofs Damaged by Care- lessness, 207; Ornamental Slate, 207; Cut Slate, 208; Piling Slate, 208-210; Selecting Slate, 210; Punching Slate, 210; Ma- chine Punched Slate, 211-213; Slating Nails, 213-214; Meas- uring Roofs, 214; Rules for Measuring Roofs, 214-216; Laying Slate and Felt, 216-218; Flashing and Counter-FJashing, 218- 220; Ridge and Hip Rolls, 220-221; Ridging, 221; How to Use Several Sizes of Slate, 221-223; Repairing Slate Roofs, 223- 226; Spire Slating, 226-228; The German Style, 228-229. CHAPTER I. WORKSHOP RECEIPTS. For Cementing, Soldering, Varnishing, Painting Metals, Preventing Rust, Etc. In the following pages will be found a condensed and carefully compiled list of receipts. The lists of ■solders, varnishes and cements are unusually complete, and it has been the aim of the author of this work to furnish those receipts that are more commonly used, rather than the rara avis which one sheet metal worker or storekeeper in 500 may have an occasion to employ once in a lifetime. Babbitt fletal — Melt four pounds copper, add by degrees twelve pounds best Banca tin, eight pounds regulus of antimony and twelve pounds more of tin. After four or five pounds tin have been added, reduce the heat to a dull red, then add the remainder of the metal as above. This composition is termed "harden- ing." For lining, take one pound of this hardening and melt with it two -pounds Banca tin, which produces the lining ready for use. The proportions, of Babbitt metal ready for useare, therefore, four pounds copper, eight pounds regulus of antimony, and ninety-six pounds tin. Blue Print— Formula for — (1) 1 oz. of red pot- ash, 1 oz. of citrate iron of ammonium, I pint of water. *(2) 1 oz. of red potash, i}( oz. of citrate iron of ammonium, i}4 pint of water. *IS?o. 2 gives the clearer print. 10 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Brass — Formula for Cleaning — (i) Venetian red finely powdered, 3 troy ozs.; oil of turpentine, 12 fluid ozs.; oleic acid, 1 fluid oz. ; ammonia water, half fluid oz; alcohol, 1 fluid oz.; oil of sassafras, 10 min- ims; mix, shake on using. Apply with rag and clean off, when dry, wjth whiting. (2) Oxalic acid dissolved in soft water, say half an ounce to a pint, is one of the best known means for cleaning and brightening brass work. Brass — Cut Chemically — To cut sheet brass chem- ically the following method meets with success: Make a strong solution of bichloride of mercury in alcohol. With a quill pen draw a line across the brass where it is to be cut. Let it dry on, and, with the same pen, draw over this line with nitric acid. The brass may then be broken across like glass cut with a dia- mond. Brazing — Cold Without Fire or Lamp — Fluoric acid, 1 ; oxymuriatic acid, 1 ; mix in a lead bottle. Put a chalk mark each side where you want to braze. This mixture will keep about six months in one bottle. Castings— Formula for Enameling — Treat the castings with dilute hydrochloric acid, which dissolves a little of the metal, and leaves a skin of homeogene- ous graphite holding well to the iron. The article is then washed in a receiver with hot or cold water, or cooked in steam, so as to remove completely the iron chloride that has been formed. Finally, the piece is allowed to dry in the empty receiver, and a solution of india rubber or gutta percha, in essence of petroleum, is injected, and the solvent, afterward evaporating, leaves a hard and solid enamel on the surface of the iron work. Another plan is to keep the chloride of WORKSHOP MANUAL. II iron on the metal instead of washing it off, and to plunge the piece into a bath of soda silicate and borate. Thus is formed a silico-borate of iron, very hard and brilliant, which fills the pores of the metal skin. As for the chlorine disengaged, it continues with the soda to form sodium chloride, which remains in the pickle. Cast Iron — Mending — Take two ounces of sal ammoniac, one ounce of sublimed sulphur and one pound cast-iron fillings; mix in a mortar and keep the powder perfectly dry. When it is to be used mix it with twenty times its weight of clean iron fillings, grind the whole in a mortar, wet with water until it becomes a paste and apply to the parts to be mended. Cement — For Castings — Eighty parts of sifted cast iron turnings, two parts of powdered sal-ammoniac, and one part sulphur made into a thick paste with water and mixed fresh tor use, makes a good cement for stopping holes in castings. Cement — For Celluloid — A good cement for cellu- loid is made from one part shellac dissolved in one part of spirits of camphor, and three to four parts of 90 per cent alcohol. The cement should be applied warm, and the broken parts securely held together until the solvent has entirely evaporated. Cement — For Glass Letters — To fasten glass let- ters, figures, etc., on glass (show windows), so that even when submerged in water for several days they will not become detached, use an India rubber cement. The best for this purpose consists of one part India rubber, three parts of mastic and fifty parts chloroform. Let it stand for several days at a low temperature to dis- 12 WORKSHOP MANUAL. solve the cement. It must be applied very rapidly, as it becomes thick very soon. Cement — For Iron— Take ten parts of steel filings, 3 parts sal-ammoniac, and 2 parts flowers of sulphur. This mixture can be preserved any length of time in dry packages. In order to lute with it, add to one part of the mixture 12 parts of iron filings, and enough water, previously acidulated with sulphuric acid, to form a paste. This is now ready to be applied to the perfectly clean surfaces of the metal to be luted. For fine castings and small holes, the pulverized iron {Fer- rum Pulveratum of apothecaries) can be substituted for iron filings. Cement — For Iron — Take equal parts of sulphur and white lead, with about a sixth of borax; incorporate the three so as to form one homogeneous mass. When going to apply it, wet it with strong sulphuric acid and place a thin layer of it between the two pieces of iron, which should then be pressed together. In five days it wjll be perfectly dry, all traces of the cement having vanished, and the iron will have the appearance of hav- ing been welded together. Cement — For Joints— Paris white, ground, four pounds; litharge, ground, ten pounds; yellow ochre, fine, half a pound; half ounce of hemp, cut short; mix well together with linseed to a stiff putty. This cement is good for joints on steam water pipes. It will set under water. Cement-^FoR Kerosene Lamps — Rosin three parts, caustic soda one part, water five parts, mixed with half its weight of plaster of paris. This cement sets firmly iry abeut-three-quarters of an hour and has great adhe- WORKSHOP MANUAL. 13 sive power. It is not permeable to kerosene, and is a low conductor of heat. Cement — Metals to Glass — Take 4 ounces thick solution of glue, 2 ounces linseed oil varnish, 1 ounce pure turpentine. Mix and boil them together in a close vessel. When the cement is applied the metal and glass to be joined should be clamped and permitted to remain so for 48 hours, so as to allow the cement to take strong hold and to harden. Cement — Rubber to Wood or Metal — As rubber plates and rings are now almost exclusively used for making connections between steam and other pipes and apparatus, much annoyance is often experienced by the impossibility or imperfections of an air-tight connection. This is avoided entirely by employing a cement which fastens alike well to the rubber and to the metal or wood. Such cement is prepared by a solution of shellac in ammonia. This is best made by soaking pulverized shellac in ten times its weight of strong ammonia,, when a shiny mass is obtained, which in three or' four weeks will become liquid without the use of hot water. This softens the rubber, which becomes, after the volatiliza- tion of the ammonia, hard and impermeable to gases and fluids. Cement — Steam Fittings — Take 6 parts of finely powdered graphite, 3 parts of slacked lime, and 8 parts of sulphate lime, and mix them well with 7 parts^of boiled linseed oil. The mass must be well kneaded so as to become perfectly homogeneous. This cement is impermeable by air and steam, and is therefore valua ble to steam and gas fitters. Cement — Steam Pipes — Take 2 parts of litharge, 1 part dry-slacked lime, and 1 part fine dry sand. Com- 14 WORKSHOP MANUAL. bine them thoroughly, and add enough hot linseed oil varnish to form a paste-like mass. This will be found an excellent cement entirely to be depended upon, for iron steam pipes. It sets hard quickly, and must be freshly prepared every time it is required for applica- tion, which application must be made only when the cement is quite hot. Cement — Submarine — Take 2 gills litharge, 2 gills plaster of paris, 2 gills fine dry white sand, two-thirds of a gill of finely-powdered resin. Sift and keep them until required for use, when they should be made into a putty by mixing them with boiled linseed oil, to which a little dryer has been added, It should be used within 12 hours after being mixed. The above cement is the one employed in con- structing the tanks of the Zoological Gardens in Lon- don, and is perfectly free from anything that will injure animal or vegetable life. It is but little known, but is entirely reliable. It adheres firmly to glass, metal, wood, stone, etc., and hardens under water. It can be used for marine as well as fresh water aquaria, as it resists the action of salt water. Three or four hours should be given it to dry before being subjected to the water. Cement — Transparent — To make a perfectly white, transparent and very adhesive cement, mix in a well- stoppered bottle ten drachms of chloroform with twelve and a half drachms of non-vulcanized caoutchouc, in small pieces. When the caoutchouc is dissolved, add two and a half drachms of mastic, and let the whole macerate from eight to ten days, shaking the mixture occasionally. Cement — Wood Roofing — This composition is formed of the following materials, viz.: — Mineral coal WORKSHOP MANUAL. IS tar, pulverized coal (charcoal is esteemed the best) and fine well-slacked lime; the coal and lime to be well mixed together, proportioned at about four-fifths coal, and one-fifth lime; the tar to be heated, and, while hot, thickened with the mixture of coal and lime, until it becomes so hard that it may be easily spread upon the surface of a board, and not run when hot. The cement most be applied warm, and should be used with a trowel. Cement — Zinc and Glass — An inexpensive cement for uniting zinc with glass may be made as follows: I pound of shellac dissolved in I pint alcohol, with one- twentieth its volume of a solution of gutta percha in bisulphide of carbon, will dry quickly. A slow-drying one may be made thus: 2 ounces of thick glue solution, 1 ounce linseed oil varnish, or % ounce Venice turpen- tine; boil together. Cloth — To Tin — A mixture of finely pulverized metallic zinc and albumen, of about the consistency of a thin paste, is spread with a brush upon linen or cot- ton cloth, and by means of hot steam coagulated. The cloth is now immersed in a bath of stannic chloride, well washed and dried. Running the cloth through a roller press, the thin film is said to take metallic luster. Designs cut in stout paper letters, numbers, etc., when laid between cloth and roller, are impressed upon it. It can also be cut in strips, corners, etc. Files — Hardening— Rub a little hard soap across the teeth to keep from scaling; heat to a cherry red, and dip endwise in salt water; then dip in hot fresh water to remove any salt on the teeth, dry over the fire, and wet slightly with linseed oil on a rag. Fire Grenades — Solution for — Bicarbonate of am- l6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. monia and sulphate of soda in strong solution is the best solution for hand grenades to extinguish fire. This compound will keep indefinitely without losing its act- tive properties if the bottle is kept well corked. Ink — For Rubber Stamps — For blue ink: Aniline blue, water sol. i B, 3 parts; Pyroligneous acid, 10 parts; Glycerine, 70 parts; Distilled Water, 10 parts; Alcohol, 10 parts; Mix them intimately by trituration in a mor- tar. (The blue should be well rubbed down with the water, and the glycerine gradually added. When solu- tion is effected, the other ingredients are added.) Other colors are produced by substituting for the blue any one of the following: Methyl violet, 3 B, 3 parts; Methyl green, yellowish, 4 parts; Nigrosin W, (blue black), 4 parts; Diamond fuchsin I, 2 parts; Ve- suvin B (brown) 5 parts. If a bright red ink is required, 3 parts of eosin BBN are used, but the pyroligneous acid must be omitted, as this would destroy the eosin. Other aniline colors, when used for stamping ink, require to be acidulated. Lacquer — For Brass — One quart of alcohol, 98 per cent., one and one-half ounce of best orange shellac, one-quarter ounce gum sandarach, one-quarter ounce gum elemi. Mix and keep gently warm for two or three days, stirring occasionally, and strain; give it a wine color with dragon's blood. Warm the articles be- fore applying the lacquer. Lacquer — Colorless — For a colorless lacquer dis- solve bleached shellac in pure alcohol, settle and de- cant. Make the laquer very thin. The usual lacquer for brass is made with ordinary shellac and alcohol made very thin, settled and decanted. Lead Coating— For Iron or Steel Plates — The WORKSHOP MANUAL. IJ material to be treated is subjected to a series of five baths. The first is in a pickel, through which a weak current of electricity is passed. This bath removes the scales from the surface of the metal, and the electricity is said to greatly expedite matters. The second bath is in lime water, which neutralizes the acid. Then comes the. bath in clear water. The fourth bath is in a neutral solution of zinc and stannic chlorides. The drying pro- cess, which follows, leaves on the surface of the plates a deposit of the mixed metallic chlorides, which protects the plate from oxidation. The next process consists in passing the plates through a bath of molten lead, and when taken from here the metal is found to be coated with an adherent layer of lead, which, though thin, is uniformly spread. It is said this process has no de- creasing effect on the ductility or strength of the iron, and that a plate may be bent, closed and opened again without cracking the coating. Lubricant — Put pure olive oil into a clear glass bottle with strips of sheet lead and expose it to the sun for two or three weeks, then pour off the clear oil and the result is a lubricant which will neither gum nor corrode. It is used for watches and fine machinery of all kinds. Metal Polish — Paste — A "paste" metal polish for cleaning and polishing brass is thus made: Oxalic acid "i part, iron peroxide 15 parts, powdered rotten stone 20 parts, palm oil 60 parts, petrolatum 4 parts. See that solids are thoroughly pulverized and sifted, then add and thoroughly incorporate oil and petrolatum. Mucilage — Here is the formula for preparing muci- lage such as is sold in stationery stores: Dextrine 2 parts, acetic acid I part, water 5 parts, alcohol I part. Nickel Plating — The following process of nickel plat- 1 8 WORKSHOP MANUAL. ing trailing wheel parts and similar articles, is said to have given excellent results. The bath is composed of 1,000 g. of pure nickel sulphate, 750 g. of neutral tar- taric acid- ammonia, 5 g. of gallic acid (tannin), and 20 1. of water. The neutral tartaric acid-ammonia is ob- tained by saturation of a solution of tartaric acid with ammonia. The nickel salt must be neutral. For this purpose the whole is dissolved in 3 to 4 of water, and allowed to boil a quarter of an hour. Then as much water is added as wdl_produce altogether 20 1. of fluid, which is filtered. The precipitate obtained is very white, soft and uniform, and bears no traces of roughness on the surface. On the crude or polished castings very heavy deposits can be obtained, and at a price which scarcely exceeds that of copper plating. Galvanoplas- tic impressions may also be obtained in this bath. The current need only be weak. Nickel Polish — Take one ounce of oxalic acid, one pound tripoli and one-half gallon of water, (soft water preferable). Shake once or twice a day and let stand until dissolved. Apply with woolen cloth and polish with woolen cloth or chamois. Oxidizing— Silver or Copper — To make a liquid that will oxidize silver a glossy black by dipping small silver articles in the liquid: Use a solution of sulphide of potassium; polish metal before, and rub with a soft - rag or chamois after immersion. To make a liquid that will oxidize copper or oroide by dipping to imitate bronze: Use the same bath, but have it quite dilute. If for outside work simply oil with olive oil, and let the weather do the rest. Paper — Transparent — To make paper transparent for copying, drawing, etc. Place a blank sheet of paper WORKSHOP MANUAL. I9 over the drawing and rub it lightly with pure benzine. The tracing can then be readily made, and the benzine, upon evaporation, leaves the paper as opaque as be- fore. Paint — For Galvanized Iron — The best paint where a dark color is not objectionable is common asphalt dissolved in turpentine or benzine. It is extremely ten- acious, dries soon and becomes very hard and. insol- uble by the action of sunlight. It is flexible and very durable. Paint — For Sheet Iron — Good varnish, one-half gallon; boiled linseed oil one-half gallon; add red lead sufficient to bring to the consistency of common paint. Apply with brush. Applicable to any kind of iron work exposed to the weather. Paint — For Tin or Iron Roofs — Ten pounds Vene- tian red, one gallon common asphaltum; mix thor- oughly and when required take whatever quantity de- sired and thin with benzine to consistency of cream. Paint — Lead Colored — Take any sufficient quan- tity of Common litharge, and place it over a fire in a shovel; afterwards when sufficiently warm scatter over it a little flour of brimstone, which will instantly con- vert it into a blackish color, and which, when ground in oil, makes a good dark lead color. It dries quickly, gets remarkably hard and resists the weather better than any lead color. Rusting — Preserving Iron Work From — ( i ) The material required is a cow's horn (the toy trumpets sold in the shops will answer the purpose). Heat the iron and rub the edge of the horn over it. If the horn smokes a little as you rub it on you will know that the iron is hot enough. This will cause the horn to melt, 20 WORKSHOP MANUAL. and an imperceptible coating will be left upon the iron that will afford complete protection from the damp for a year or more on out-door work. On in-door iron work it will last indefinitely. (2) Iron or steel immersed warm in a solution of carbonate of soda (washing soda) for a few minutes will not rust. Rusting — To Prevent Iron and Steel From — The following mixture forms an excellent brown coating for preventing iron and steel from rust: Dissolve two parts crystallized iron chloride, two antimony chloride and one tannin in four of water, and apply with sponge or rag and let dry. Then another coat of paint is ap- plied, and again another if necessary, until the color becomes dark as desired. When dry it is washed with water, allowed to dry again, and the surface polished with boiled linseed oil. The antimony chloride must be as nearly neutral as possible. Rust — Removing From Iron or Steel — Cover with sweet oil well rubbed on. In 48 hours use unslacked lime powdered very fine. Rub it till the rust disap- pears. To prevent rust, mix with fat oil varnish four- fifths of well rectified spirits of turpentine, Apply the varnish by means of a sponge. Articles varnished in this manner will retain their brilliancy, and never con- tract any spots of rust. It may be applied to copper philosophical instruments, etc. Ruit — Removing From Nickel Plate — To remove rust stains from nickel plate, grease the rust stains with oil, and after a few days rub thoroughly with a cloth moistened with ammonia. If any spots still remain, remove them with dilute hydro-chloric acid and polish with tripoli. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 21 Rusting — Preventing Sheet Iron Pipes From — The sections should be coated with a coal tar and then filled with light wood shavings, and the latter set on fire. It is declared that the effect of this treatment will be to render the iron practically proof against rust for an indefinite period, rendering future painting un- necessary. Rusting — Keeping Tools From — Take y 2 oz. cam- phor, dissolve in i lb. melted lard; take off the scum and mix in as much black lead (graphite) as will give it an iron color. Clean the tools and smear with this mixture. After twenty-four hours rub clean with a soft linen cloth. The tools will keep clean for months under ordinary circumstances. Silver — Wash for Cleaning — Take one pound of common hard soap, three tablespoonfuls of spirit of turpentine, and half a tumblerful of water. Allow the soap to dissolve; then boil ten minutes, and before it cools add six tablespoonfuls of hartshorn. Make a suds of this preparation and wash the article to be cleaned with it. Soap — For Metal Work — The basis is cocoanut oil. Its ingredients are stated to be cocoanut oil 2.05 kilos, chalk 180 grms., and alum, cream of tartar, and white lead, of each 87.5 grms. The oil is melted in an iron vessel containing a little water and the other in- gredients are added in the order named, while con- stantly stirring the mixture. The mixture is then decanted into molds wherein it solidifies. In use it is made into a paste with water and applied either by cotton waste or a rag. Solder — Aluminum — Copper 56 parts, zinc 46 parts ' and tin 2 parts, applied with borax. Some tests made at Neuhausen showed that with these solders plates of 22 WORKSHOP MANUAL. aluminum soldered together, edge to edge, required a tractive effort of from i6y 2 to 18 tons per square inch to pull them asunder, if the edges overlapped, 22^ tons per square inch were required. Pieces of cast aluminum bronze, if placed in sand molds, can be joined together autogenously by running in some of the molten metal. If this operation is properly carried out the joint is indistinguishable from the rest of the casting. Thin cylinders of aluminum are made in this way by bending the sheets round end to end, and soldering with molten aluminum. Solder — Aluminum — For sheet, aluminum an iron- tin solder may be used with a flux composed of resin, neutral chloride of zinc, and grease. The metal should not be cleaned or scraped unless it is absolutely neces- sary to do so, in which case alcohol, or essence'of tur- pentine should be used for the purpose. For 5 per cent, aluminum bronze tin solder may be employed, but this is not possible with the 10 per cent, alloy, in which case a preliminary copper plating is to be re- commended. If it is difficult to dip the ends to be plated directly into the solution pieces of blotting paper soaked in a solution of CuS04 may be laid on them and a current passed. The flux mentioned above may be used. Solder — Aluminum — Cadmium, zinc, and tin mixed in substantially the following proportions: Cadmium, 50 per cent.; zinc, 20 per cent.; tin, the remainder. The zinc is first melted in any suitable vessel, when the cad- mium is added, and then the tin in pieces. The mass must be well heated, stirred, and then poured. Solder — Bismuth — Tin, 1; lead, 3; bismuth, 3. Solder — Black — Copper, 2; zinc, 3; tin, 2. Another — Sheet brass, 20; tin, 6; zinc, 1. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 23 4 Solder — Brass — ( i ) Copper, 3 ; zinc, 1 ; with borax. (2) Copper, 61 X» zi nc > 38^- Solder — Brass — that will stand hammering. Brass, 78.26; zinc, 17.41; silver, 4.33; add a little chloride of potassium to your borax for a flux. Solder^BRASS, White — Copper, 57.41; tin, 14.60; zinc, 27.99. Solder — Brass, Yellow — Copper, 32; zinc, 30; tin, 1. (2) Copper, 45; zinc, 55. Solder — For Brittania Ware— Hardening — (To be mixed separately from the other ingredients) — Cop- per, 2-; tin, 1. Solder — For Brittania Ware — Soft — Tin, 8; lead, 5. Solder — For Raised Brittania Ware — Whited — Tin, 100; hardening, 8;*antimony, 8. Soldering — Cold Without Fire or Lamp — Bis- muth, % oz.; quicklime, % oz. ; block tin filings, 1 oz.; muriatic acid, 1 oz.; all mixed together. Solder — Copper — (1) Tin, 2; lead, 1. When the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire; if thin, use a tinned copper tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc as a flux. The same solder will do for iron, cast iron or steel; if the pieces are thick heat by a naked fire, or immerse in the solder. (2) Copper, 10; zinc, 9. (3) Brass, 6; zinc, 1; tin, 1. Melt together well, and pour out to cool. (4) When it is desired to solder bright copper and to have the solder the same color as the copper surface, it may fbe done in this way: Moisten the solder with a saturated solution of vitriol of copper and than touching the solder with an iron or steel wire, a thin i 24 WORKSHOP MANUAL. skin of copper is precipitated, which can be thickened by repeating the process several times. To make the solder brass-colored, if it is desired to gild the soldered spot, it is first coated with copper in the manner indicated above, and then with gum or is- inglass and powdered with bronze powder. The sur- face thus obtained may, after drying, be brightly pol- ished. Solder— Glaziers — Tin, 3; lead, 1. Solder— Hard— Copper, 2; zinc, 1. Melt together. Solder — Iron — The best solder for iron is good tough brass with a little borax. In soldering, the sur- faces to be joined are made perfectly clean and smooth and then covered with sal ammoniac, rosin, or other flux; the solder is then applied, being melted and smoothed over by a tinned soldering iron. Solder — Iron to Steel or Either to Brass — Tin, 3; copper, 39^; zinc, J%. When applied in a molten state it will firmly unite metals first named to. each other. Solder— Pewter — Lead, 1 part; bismuth, 1 to 2 parts. Solder — Pewterer's Soft — Bismuth, 2; lead, 4; tin, 3. Solder — Platinum — Gold with borax. Solder — Plumbers — (1) Bismuth, 1; lead, 5; tin, 3; is a first-class composition. (2) Lead, 2 parts; tin, 1 part. Solder — Spelter — Equal parts copper and zinc. Soldering — Flux for Steel — Chloride of zinc (mu- riate of zinc, killed spirit, made by putting ordinary ainc in spirits of salts — hydro-chloric or muriatic acid — WORKSHOP MANUAL. 2$ till*action ceases) for use with soldering bit. The above, or sal-ammoniac (chloride of ammonia), if the job can be heated and rubbed. Solder — Steel Joints — Silver, 19; copper, 1; brass, 2. Melt all together. Solder — Tinners — Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part. Solder — Zinc — Tin, 1 part; lead, 1 to 2 parts. Stove Polish — Grind any non-combustible black pigment with a sufficient quantity of silicate of potash, or 'liquid glass,' to make it of a proper consistency for application. When the polish becomes dry, it will be found to be smooth and shining, wholly without odor, and very durable, while it will not soil the whitest cam- bric if applied to it. The materials are easily obtained, inexpensive, readily mixed and applied, and the article will amply repay one for the small amount of trouble and outlay it involves. Tin-Bronzing — Tin and tin alloys, after careful cleansing from oxide and grease, are handsomely and permanently bronzed if brushed over with a solution of one part of sulphate copper (bluestone), and one part of sulphate of iron (copperas) in twenty parts of water. When this has dried, the surface should be brushed with a solution of one part of acetate of copper (verdigris) in acetic acid. After several applications and dryings of the last named, the surface is polished with a soft brush and bloodstone powder. The raised portions are then rubbed off with soft leather moistened with wax and turpentine, followed by a rubbing with dry leather. Tin Foil — Crystalline Surface for — Take of chloride tin, 2 parts; hot water, 4 parts; uriatic Acid, 2 parts; nitric acid, I part, Mix. The tin foil is dipped in this mixture and left until the crystals ap- 26 WORKSHOP MANUAL. pear. Small crystals are obtained when the solution is applied cold — large when used hot. The most beauti- ful specimens of this kind are produced with varnishes colored with the aniline dyes. Tinning — Copper, Brass and Iron in the Cold Without Apparatus — Carefully clean the article to be tinned, seeing fhat it is free of oxide and grease-spots. Chemical or mechanical means may be employed in cleaning. Then take the best zinc powder, which may be readily obtained by melting zinc and pouring it slowly into water in a thin stream, when it can be easily pulverized after solidification. It should be about as fine as writing sand. Next have ready a solution of protochloride of tin containing about 5 to 10 percent, of tin salt, to which as much pulverized cream of tar- tar must be added as will go on the point of a knife. The object to be tinned may now be moistened with the tin solution' after which it should be rubbed hard with the zinc powder. The tinning appears at once. The tin salt is decomposed by the zinc, metallic tin being de- posited. When the article tinned is polished brass or copper, it appears as beautiful as if silvered, and retains its lustre for a long time. The process is an excellent one for preserving iron, steel, copper, and brass instru- ments and apparatus from rust. Varnish — Black, for Gasolene Stoves — Asphalt- um, two pounds; boiled linseed oil, one pint; oil of turpentine, two quarts. Fuse the asphaltum in an iron pot; boil the linseed oil and add while hot. Stir well and remove from the fire. When partly cooled add the oil of turpentine. Varnish — For Brass — A coat of varnish made in the proportion of two ounces of shellac to nine ounces of alcohol, will prevent brass from tarnishing. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 2*> Varnish— For Bright Iron Work— Dissolve three pounds of resin in ten pints boiled linseed oil, and add two pounds of turpentine. Varnish— Brilliant Black— For cooking and gas- olene stoves: asphaltum, two pounds; boiled linseed oil, one pint; oil of turpentine, two quarts. Fuse the asphaltum in an iron pot, boil the linseed oil and add while hot; stir well and remove from the fire. When partially cooled add the oil of turpentine. Some makers add driers. Varnish — Coating Metals — One part of copal, one part of oil of rosemary, in two or three parts of ab- solute alcohol, supplies a clear varnisji as limpid as water. It should be applied hot. When dry it will prove hard and durable. Varnish — Colored for Tin — Thirty grammes of acetate of copper are ground into fine powder in a mor- tar, then spread out in a thin layer on porcelain plate and left for a few days in a moderately warm place. By this time the water of crystallization, and most of the acetic acid will have escaped. The light brown powder that is left is triturated with some oil of turpentine in mortar, and then stirred into one hundred grammes of fine fatty copal varnish warmed to 75 degrees C. If the acetate of copper is exceedingly fine, the greater part of it will dissolve by a quarter hour's stirring. The varnish is then put in a glass bottle and placed for a few days in a warm place, shaking frequently. ' The small quantity of acetate of copper that settles can be used in making the next lot. This varnish is dark green, but when applied to tin it requires four or five coats to get a fine -lustre, but two coats are suffi- cient if heated in a drying closet, or on a uniformly 28- WORKSHOP MANUAL. heated plate to produce a great variety of shades of gold, a greenish gold, a yellow or dark yellow gold, then an orange Varnish — Durable Black for Iron — Mix with a small quantity of oil turpentine, drop by drop, oil of vitriol, until it forms a syrupy precipitate which no longer increases in bulk. The mass is then poured over with water, stirred well, the water removed, and repeat- ed as often as it shows trace of acid on litmus paper. The remaining precipitate is then strained dry, and when required for use a portion of it is placed on the iron (stove, etc.) and the stove heated and the powder burned. If too thick a layer, it must be thinned and spread out with more turpentine, so as to give a uni- form coating to the metallic surface. The residue left after burning is then rubbed in with a rag dipped in flax-seed oil, until the proper polish has been acquired. Varnish- Gilded Articles — Gum-lac ingrain, 125 parts; gamboge, 125; dragon's blood, 125; annotto, 125; saffron, 32. Each resin must be dissolved in 1,000 parts by measure of alcohol of 90 per cent; a separate tincture must be made of dragon's blood, another of annotto in 1,000 parts of such alcohol, and a proper pro- portion of each added to the varnish according to the shade of golden color wanted. Varnish — Gold — Turpentine varnish, 2 gallons; tur- pentine, 1 gallon; asphaltum, 1 gill; umber, 8 ounces; yellow aniline, 4 ounces; gamboge, 1 pound. Boil and mix for 10 hours. Varnish — For Iron and Steel — The following var- nish will maintain its transparency and the metallic bril- liancy of the articles will not be obscured: Dissolve ten parts of clear grains of mastic, five parts of cam- WORKSHOP MANUAL. 20. phor, five parts of sandarach and five parts of elemi in a sufficient quantity of alcohol, and apply without heat. Varnish — Mordant — One of the simplest of these varnishes which are chiefly used when a coating of some other substance, such as gold leaf, is to be entire- ly or in part laid over them, is that procured by dissolv- ing a little honey in thick glue. It has the effect of greatly heightening the color of the gold. Varnish — Smoke Stack — One of the best varnishes for smoke-stacks or steam pipes, is good asphaltum dissolved in oil of turpentine. Zinc — To Blacken — Zinc may be given a fine black color by first cleaning its surface with sand and sul- phuric acid, and afterward immersing it for a moment in a solution composed of 4 parts each of sulphate of nickel and ammonia, and 40 parts of water, acidulated with 1 part of salphuric acid, washing and drying it. The black coating adheres firmly, and becomes a bronze color under the burnisher. Zinc — To Color— A mode of coloring articles of cast zinc in black is to take a solution of i'8 oz. chloride of antimonyin a pint of alcohol; add to it 12 oz. hydro- chloric acid, and apply with a brush to the zinc which is to be blackened. Now dry the object, and, should the color not be sufficiently uniform, apply a second coat, and again dry as rapidly as possible by the aid of heat. The color is permanent and may be improved by rubbing with a little linseed oil, which preserves the object and gives it a beautiful polish. CHAPTER II. PATTERN CUTTING. In the following pages will be found several patterns for articles in common use, as well as those for rare and graceful designs. In selecting this list frequent reference has been made to the Tinshop Department of The American Artisan and those patterns have been selected from its pages which have been most fre- quently requested by its readers in the past. CONE WITH OVAL BASE AND ROUND TOP. Fig. I is the plan, or ellipse; this we divide into equal spaces, not necessarily the entire circumference, as one-quarter is sufficient. These we number from i upward. Fig. 2 is the elevation, which may be as high as cir- cumstances require, but the higher it is the less of the arc of blank will be taken up, and the lower the eleva- tion the more will be required. Fig. 3 is a triangle that WORKSHOP MANUAL. 31 is required. From A' to B' is equal to A— B Fig. 2, or elevation of cone. Line'B', Fig. 3, to C is extended indefinitely. We now set dividers at B, Fig. 1 and carry distances the number on circumference is located to line B' C, Fig. 3; and number correspondingly. Then the distance from A', Fig. 3, to each of these 2 St SO numbers on line B' C, Fig. 3, equals the distance from apex of cone to base after being formed up. Fig. 4, or blank, we find by setting dividers at A' and 9, Fig. 3, and with A" as a radius strike arc d e; on this arc we space on as many spaces as we have in Fig. 1. If we have only one-quarter of Fig. 1 spaced off, we space off the remaining three-fourths of blank, and number accordingly (see Fig. 4); then we carry each line numbered from 1 to 9 in Fig. 3, to corresponding numbers in Fig. 4, using A', Fig. 3, and A", Fig. 4, as radii. Then by tracing through each of these lines at points of cutting, we have the pattern in its entirety. Should the cone be a large one, of necessity we should 32 WORKSHOP MANUAL. be obliged to divide our blank into two or four pieces; if the latter, and we have already spaced our plan only one-fourth, then the same number of spaces need only be observed in blank. TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE. Let a b, be- the given major axis; bisect a b, ate; through e, draw c d, at right angles to a b, equal to the semi-major axis; place one point of dividers at e, the WORKSHOP MANUAL. 33 other at c, and transfer on line e b, which is f; then di- vide the space between e f in three -equal parts, and add one of the parts which is g, the centre of end radius, by placing the dividers at g a, and transfer it to line c d. We have the side radius with h as center, and g as cen- ter of end; we mark line h k, and treat the others in the same manner; this enables us to find the exact section of end and side circle by placing foot of compasses on h and c; describe side circle and with the foot at g, de- scribe end circle. The dotted lines represent the bot- tom for a pan. In describing the body, Fig. 2, let a b be the given center-line; at right angles to a b, marka c, equal to one-half the diameter of side circle, which is from h, to d; Fig. 1, the bottom line e d, Fig. 2, is equal to m n, Fig. 1. From the point c d, mark radius line cdb, with foot of compasses at b. We describe circle h a f, equal in length to q r, Fig. i, and having thug 34 WORKSHOP MANUAL. found side section we mark f g b, Fig, 2, with f g b, as center line, and at right angles to it mark f i and g j, equal to g p, and g b, Fig. i , and from the points found, mark radius line k s m, with m as center mark circle equal in length to section of circle r b, Fig. i; this gives one half of body, all edges to be allowed. In Fig- ure 3, the cover, it is necessary to find the pitch, which is from e, to 8, and e, to 3. Set compasses at 5, and 4, Fig. 1, in Fig. 3, with 5 as center, describe circle 4, to 4, WORKSHOP MANUAL. 35 equal to end circle of Fig. I, and through 5, mark 451; set compasses from 1, to 2, Fig. I, in Fig. 3, set com- passes one foot at 4, and the other 1, and describe side circle equal in length to q r, Fig. 1. Again set com- Fig. 3 passes for end circle and we describe one half of end section with one foot of compasses at 4; we divide the distance between 4, and b, which is the center, then mark lines 4, 4, to c; add locks and the pattern is found. PATTERN FOR A TAPERING OVAL VESSEL. Describe the bottom, the height and breadth as in Fig. 14: describe the body as in Fig. 15 and 16; describe the right angle A B C Fig. 15; make B E the altitude; draw the line D-E at right angle to B C; make F E equal to G H in Fig. 14; make G B equal to F E and the taper required on a side; draw a line cutting the joints G and F and the line B C. On any right line as A B in Fig. 16, with the radius H F and H G, describe the arcs C D and E F; set off C D equal to I G F in Fig. 14; draw the lines E C and F G cutting the center at G Fig. 15, make D E equahto A B in Fig. 14; make 36 WORKSHOP MANUAL. A B equal to D E and the taper required on a side; draw a line cutting the points A and D and the line B C with the radius C D and in Fig. 16, with I and H as centers, cut the lines G L and G M as at M and L; with M and L as centers describe the arcs H I and H I also the arcs J K and J K; set off H I and H I equal to I B in Fig. 14; draw the lines J H and K I cutting the cen- ters Land M Fig. 15; make I E equal to C D in Fig. 14; Fig.14 make J B equal to I E and the taper required on a side; draw a line cutting the points J and I and the line B C with the radius K I, and in Fig. 16, O and N as centers, cut the lines L B and M B as at B and S with R and S as centers; describe the arcs N O and N Oalso the arcs P Q and P Q; set off N O and N O equal to B D in Fig. 14; draw the lines Q O and P N, cutting the cen- ters at S and R, WORKSHOP MANUAL. 37 The taper must be equal on all sides. Edges to be allowed. The pattern can be cut in any number of sec- tions. PATTERN FOR HOPPER BY TRIANGULATION. TpiHz" „ J 4 » I / Plan No. 1 Plan No. 8 The first step in developing the form is to draw a plan as No. i, a, b, c, d, which represents the top of the hopper. The ellipse E represents the outlet. In order to determine their relative positions it is necessary to draw the front and side elevations; having done this we drop lines x, y, z, x' y' z' x" y" z" at points of in- tersections. In a' b' c' d' we have the position of our ellipse; lines z and y" cut and divide the ellipse into quarters; these we divide into any desired number of spaces and number as shown by Figs, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. We are now ready to construct our triangles on plan, and by looking over our work and considering our ele- vations and form of same, we find that points a, b, c, d are the only proper points at which to concentrate our lines. We accordingly drop lines from these points to figures on oval, as shown on plan No. 1. For conven- ience in developing pattern we number our triangles as 38 WORKSHOP MANUAL shown, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;these numbers also show the relative position the triangles bear to one another (the form of hopper we see calls for 8 triangles and every one is of a different form; these 8 are divided into 4 upper and 4 lower triangles, or 4 with their base down and 4 up. The base of the 4 upper correspond with the sides of the article; the hypothenuse corresponds with those of the adjoining lower triangle; and since the upper triangles are perfectly flat, and their bases form a rectangle, we only have use for 4 triangles to work from. To show to those who are studying pattern drafting that this is the case, and to avoid confusion I draft plans No. 2 and triangle No. 5, which if they take dividers and carry lines 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 to triangle No. 5 in pattern, they will find that the numbers correspond. I might add that if the top of the hopper were round or oval then we would be obliged to make use of this sec- ond set of triangles). We are now ready to form our WORKSHOP MANUAL. 39 triangles. We take the depth of the article for the length of the perpendicular line; draw a line at right angle.to this indefinitely. These triangles we number 2, 4, 6, 3 respectively, or a, b, c, d, which show us where they belong and their respective positions. We then set 'dividers at a in plan and extend to Fig. i, as indi- cated by line running from a to i'. Carry this to tri- angle numbered or lettered accordingly, and all the dis- C tances to figures on oval we carry to triangles, as shown; having done this we are ready to describe our pattern. For this purpose we must determine our starting point, and there are none better than line y in our plan and elevation. We will also place our seam on this line; we draw line y and with our dividers on c extended ton'; this gives us the base of the left portion of triangle No. I ; this we carry to and at right angles to line y in pat- 40 workshop manual. tern; now we set dividers at n in triangle No. 2 and ex- tend to Fig. I ; carry this to pattern set at c6 and at point of intersection on line y is the depth of pattern at this point. We now carry all the remaining lines in triangle No. 2 to pattern and space to correspond with spaces in oval. We are now ready for triangle No. 3. Line 6 in triangle No. 2 is the length of one side; from g to a in plan the length of base and line 6 in triangle No. 4 the other side, or from a' back to 6. We pro- ceed from this point on with each of the triangles, in the same manner, and finish up right portion of triangle No. 1 in same manner as the left portion and the pat- tern is the result. PATTERN FOR A CIRCULAR TOP BOILER COVER. ABCD, Fig. 1, represents the boiler for which cover is required, G E the height it is to have when made. With dividers sweep circle that will touch points C E D. At right-angles to A B (which is center line through the boiler) draw A I — Q 4 — and G G' indefinitely. At the point G', Fig. 2, erect the line G' I which will be parallel with the center line of boiler. With the divid- ers set as G to E, Fig. 1, place one leg on G' and sweep the quarter-circle as shown on Fig. 2. Divide same into equal parts (in this case four) and erect lines from the points thus established till they touch the line G' E'. Now divide the quarter-circle A, in Fig. 1, into four equal parts and carry lines parallel with A I until they meet the line G' I, Fig. 2, and from there to the points previously obtained on the line G' E, all as shown in diagram. Now take the distance O 4, Fig. 2, and transfer same to Fig. 1, as presented by G F, and sweep circle to strike points C F D as shown. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 41 On the line A I, which has been continued indefi- nitely, and at any convenient point, as at H, drop the perpendicular line H K, Fig. 3. Divide the segment of circle D E, Fig. 1, into four equal parts and transfer same to Fig. 3, spacing and marking the points on each side of K. Likewise with the chord of circle repre- sented by D T, Fig. 1, transferring same distance on each side of P, Fig. 3, establishing the points Q and R. 42 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Now sweep a circle which will strike Q H R. Draw the side lines Q S and R M. Return again to Fig. i and set dividers same as in spacing off the one-fourth circle from A to N and on the circle just struck in Fig 3. Commencing at H, mark on each side the points 1234; draw lines from these points on circle to dotted marks on line S K M indefinitely. Take the distance from I, to E', Fig. 2, and with one point of dividers on H, Fig. 3, mark point X, take distance from 1 to corre- sponding number on line G' E', Fig. 2, and transfer- irrg to Fig. 3, mark point I on each side of X continu- ing till all these triangular distances, as also 4 G', are thus taken from Fig. 2 and marked on Fig. 3. A free- hand line drawn through the intersecting points com- pletes the required pattern. Add for seams. GRECIAN MOULDINGS. if No. 1 No. 2 It will be seen that these are sections of mouldings produced in a perfect form and when combined with a tasteful selection of others a perfect mould is the re- sult. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 43 Let A B be the height and B D be the projection; the point C is one-sixth of A B, the point H is two- thirds of the distance from C to B. The distance H B is transferred to H E, a line is drawn from C to E which is divided into five equal spaces, from C to H is Oyma recca d divided into five equal spaces, and the space is also placed. From E to F lines are drawn as indicated. A C G represents a square. Use G as center and strike Cyma recta Cyma reverea quarter circle. The profile line from C to D is traced through the intersection of the other lines. No. 2 — Ovolo is on nearly the same principle as No. I with the exception that A C is divided in half and the distance C D is the same as B E. 44 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Let A B be the height and B C the projection. Di- vide A D into four equal parts; the line A F into four equal parts, and lines are drawn as shown by drawing. The point E is equal to A D from F. The profile line is drawn, free hand, through the points of intersec- tion. Scotia e a No. 6 No. 4 — Cyma recta is on the same principle as No. 3, it being shown on a smaller scale. Let A B be, say, on 30 degrees. A C is very nearly the width of moutd. We proceed as in the third and fourth ones. The distance C D is merely an extension of profile line. A E and C B are on 60 degrees and the distance apart of the projection of mould. Now divide E C and A B into four equal parts each, and the line A E into eight equal parts. The point D is the same dis- tance from the mould as the line A B. Then draw lines as shown. Draw the profile line, free hand, through the points of intersection, which finishes the mould. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 45 PATTERNS FOR A SMOKE STACK. Figure i shows a view of the base for a stack de- signed according to common-sense principles. The flat bottom part of the base is made of a size that will fit the top of a chimney snugly; then to this part is attached the tapering part b, and to the top of part b the round pipe can be extended to any height desired. Fig. 2 shows the relative positions that a base made after the usual style as shown in the figure by dotted lines. 4 6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. has to one made after the style shown by Fig. i. It will be seen at a glance wherein the style Fig. I shows many points that would recommend it over the old style. A few of these are that v this design leaves no dead space on the inside of a base, as Fig. 2 shows at a a', as is the case with the style shown by the dotted lines. This dead space generally fills up with cold air, which in turn tends to retard the smoke ascending- through / \ i 3 ' \ £ C 0/ 4 J S~ / \ at / \ V : •/ A —i \- • •:; & g 3. the chimney by creating eddies and cooling the hot gases and smoke passing up. None of these disturban- ces are present in a stack like Fig. I. Instead, an even draught is the result, by reason of the smooth surface which it presents to the ascending column of smoke. Then this style cap does not require half as much iron to construct it as one of the other kind does; conse- quently it can be made cheaper. The base or bottom part of the joint C, as shown by Fig. 2, should be made WORKSHOP MANUAL. 47 a trifle wider and longer than the inside of the flue of the chimney is into which the base is to fit. This will give a solid bearing for it to rest upon in case the height and weight of the joints above this joint should demand a more substantial rest than the square base a, Fig. I, could give to the same. The base a of Fig. i can be cut of one piece, as shown by Fig. 3. From a to b is the size of the top of the chimney. The square opening, c o d, is cut somewhat smaller on the four sides, as shown; these are turned'up and the tapering stack is riveted to them. The sides of the base are to be cut wide enough so as to cover the bricks down to the first projection, as shown by X X of Fig. 2. The four sides are shown in the pattern, Fig.3, bye, fg and h; e and f have laps allowed at the ends of each to rivet the sides g and hto when the base, Fig. 3, is formed up to shape. Fig. 4 shows one-half of the tapering first-joint lajd 4 8 WORKSHOP MANUAL. out after the usual methods used for a joint round at one end and square or rectangular at the other. The entire tapering joint can for most rases be laid out in one piece. The dotted lines shown in Fig. 4 are where the break occurs between the rounding and flat surfaces of this stack. A, b, c and D is one of the sides; if a common tinners' square is taken and laid even with the line b d of Fig. 4, or as shown more plainly by Fig. 5, at line b d, then the blade of the square cutting, the center line X X at V establishes V, the point where the sweep or curve b k cuts the center line X X. This point is just one-half the distance between points S and P of line X X. The correct points of intersection of the ra- dius once established for one side, it becomes a very simple matter to join the other sides to it. The distance from point k to point m or n is one quarter the distance WORKSHOP MANUAL. 49 around the circumference which the round pipe that fits the tapering joint has. The size that the round pipe is made usually for ordinary chimneys is from 6 to g" in diameter, y r being the size most used. Allow forall locks or laps. "STRING AND NAIL" OVAL. Let A C be the long axis; set compasses on A; open until its radius exceeds one-half the length of long axis. Mark I 2. Set compass on C and cross I to 2; extend a line through from 1 to 2 and you have your position for short axis, which is B E. The distance from B to L and O and E to L and O is one-half the long axis. Drive small wire nails in at L and O, over which loop a string of the exact length of long axis, as shown by the dotted lines; H is pencil and shows different posi- tions of string as it is being moved around the oval. 5° WORKSHOP MANUAL. THE SIDE OF AN OCTAGON. Vig.l Let the outlines of Fig. I represent the given square. To find one side of octagon: First describe a circle touching the lines of the square as shown in diagram. Then with the square or straight edge placed at cor- ners A B mark line C B running from corner to and touching circle at C. Next measure line C B, and make line E D from C to D and from C to E equal to C B in length; which will make the whole line E D as long again as line C B. Each corner measured as above described will form a perfect octagon. TO DESCRIBE PATTERNS FOR FLARING VESSELS. Lay off Fig. I, distance from A to B equal to diam- eter of top, H to F, the height D E diameter of bot- tom. Draw lines from A B, touching D E till they in- tersect, which is marked C. ' Stretch compass from C to A; with compass thus set, draw part of circle and measure off with a piece of tin bent to suit circle the required circumference. Draw lines from these points (i, 2) of measurements to where leg of compass was WORKSHOP MANUAL. Si placed, which is marked 4; stretch compass from C to D and draw circle between lines 3, 5. If desired to make in pieces divide the circumfer- ence of top by the number of pieces wantfed. 52 WORKSHOP MANUAL. PATTERN FOR A WASH BOILER COVER. B Draw circle the size of boiler body measured outside of rim. Erect line A B. Let the distance from center C to D be equal to half-length of cover, or body. Mark off from D, on line K toward B, the pitch intended for cover. Then with corner of square on horizontal line D, and the blades touching circle and point E, draw lines, which gives the pattern. PATTERN FOR A CAN BREAST OR PITCHED COVER. The enclosed pattern is my rule for a pitched cover or can breast, of any given size or pitch, which may be a somewhat longer way of attaining it, but is much more simple than any other rule I have seen to produce, this. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 53 To develop this pattern proceed thus: Draw A (B, A, C) indefinitely. Make (A B)= to y 2 diam. of can or article you wish breast-or cover for. Make (A C)= to height of pitch you'wish for either breast or cover. Draw (ED) indefinitely and at (R) angles to (a c,) -*- and distance from-(C) to be y 2 diameter of opening you wish for can breast or (C E.) Set compasses on points (C and B) and produce the circle (B. I. J.) complete to (B) again. Draw line connecting (B and C) intersecting the line (ED) at(D.) Set compasses on points (C and D) and produce the article (D. F. G. H.) complete to (D) again. Set compasses on points (A and B) and from the 54 WORKSHOP MANUAL. point (B), step off six times this space from (A to B) (or }4 diam. of can), as Figs, (i) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( 6 ): at the point (6) (J) draw the line (J C), allow for locks as dotted line is, cut out circle (D F G A H) when for a can breast, and omit this when a pitched cover is wanted, also omit line (ED) and circle (D F G H) in pitched covers, (B. I. J. H. G. F. D.) to (B) again, is the pattern for can breast. (B. I. J. H. C. D.) to (B) again, is pattern for pitched cover. PATTERN FOR A "Y." A, D, E, I, K, S and B, Fig. 1, represent the Y and are shown by the heavy lines. In I is the line dividing the Y into equal parts and where they are to be joined. Protract the lines A D and I E upward indefinitely; span the dividers from D to M and with one leg on D mark the point G, and also on E mark the point H and draw a line across. Now continue the lines IE and A D in the other direction until they meet at the point X, which will be the center from which to construct the pattern. With the point C as a center describe a semi- circle (to touch the points H and G), which divide into equal parts (in this case eight) and number the same as in diagram. Drop perpendicular lines from the points thus established until they strike the line G H and from thence to the center X. From the points where these lines cross I M and M A draw lines par- allel with G H until they meet the line GAD. On any right line, as X, H, Fig. 2, with the compasses spanning from Xto G, Fig. 1, sweep a circle indefinitely. With the compasses set as in dividing the semi-circle H and G in Fig. 1, and commencing at H, Fig. 2, mark sixteen spaces on the circular line just struck (or eight if the pattern is to be made into two pieces). In this WORKSHOP MANUAL. 55 case it is marked to be in one piece. Draw the line X H and also from the points thus established to the cen- ter X and mark and number as in Fig. 2 Now sweep circles from all the points established on the line D G in Fig. i, as well as the circle D N, continuing until they intersect the line X H". A free-hand line drawn through the intersection of these lines will be the pat- tern for one-half of Y. The same pattern will answer for the other half. Seams to be allowed as shown by the dotted lines. S6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. CHIMNEY TOP PATTERN. Make the horizontal line c d equal to the longest side of base. Make the line a b at right angles to a d; let a e be the height minus the flange. Draw the line f g parallel to c d; letfg be equal in length to one- fourth the circumference of top. Draw the lines g d and c e. Make the line k g parallel with a e; make a j equal to one-half the shortest side of base. Now with the radii k j describe the arcs 1 and m with f and g as centers. Draw the lines i d n and h c o and, set off d n and o c equal to a j ; make b n and b o at right angles WORKSHOP MANUAL. 57 to d n and o c. With the radii b c describe the arc per using b as center. Extend so,tc,xd and n y on lines with o b, c h, i d. and n b; make s o, t c, x d and n y equal to height of flange (usually four inches). Make v c and w d at right angles to c d; make v c and w d equal to height of flange. Draw the lines s t, v w and x y. All edges on this pattern are to be allowed. RULE FOR OBTAINING THE SIDE OF AN OCTAGON OF ANY GIVEN SQUARE. Let the.outlines of Fig. i represent the given square. To find one side of octagon: First describe a circle touching the lines of the square as shown in diagram. Then with the square or straight edge placed at cor- ners A B mark line C B running from corner to and touching circle at C. Next measure line C B, and make line E D from C to D and from C to E equal to C B in length, which will make the whole line E D as long again as line C B. Each corner measured as above described will form a perfect octagon. 58 WORKSHOP MANUAL. TO DESCRIBE AN OVAL OF ANY LENGTH OR WIDTH. K Make the line A A the desired length of oval. Bi- sect this with the indefinite line K, and on this line make B B, the desired width. Then with one point of dividers at O, the center of oval, mark the C C equal to three-fourths of the difference between the two diame- ters; then with one point of compass on points C C with the radius C A describe the circle R R. Now with A A as center and the same radius cut these circles at V V V V, then the V's will be points in the curves. Take the distance from center O to circle R on line A A and set off one each side of oval on line K this distance as X X, then will from the points X X to the opposite B B be the radius for the sides of the oval. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 59 PATTERN FOR A PRAIRIE CHIMNEY. 1st. Draw elevation as indicated in Fig. i. A rep- resents pitch of roof for chimney on side of roof. B represents pitch for chimney on comb of roof; strike arc as shown from C to D, or from o to 10; divide this arc into equal spaces; draw lines and number as shown in plan of elevation. For the blank, since our elevation shows by its di- 18" mensions that the arc in blank is greater than our divid- ers will strike, we will take our diameters 6 and 7x3 = 18 and 21. We strike line E, and with a square strike *nes F G and H I at right angles with line E and 9 and 60 WORKSHOP MANUAL. IOJ^ inches on either side of line E, which equals 18" and 21 " as shown in blank. Strike lines connecting F H and G I: place square on these latter lines and strike lines I J — H J — F Kand G K; at right angles to do with G I and F H; bisect distance between K L and J M. This gives the point cut by arc, which may be made by placing a rule, either wood or steel, on F G and spring to N, and describing along the same H I and springing to O and describing complete arcs of blank. (If we take lme H I and add thereto M O we find it equal H O I or7x 3. 1416 approximately, or near enough to work by.) Now divide this blank into twice as many spaces as arc in Fig. 1 and number as shown in Fig. 2. With dividers carry distance from lines X Yto A B; pitch of roof respectively to blank and on lines that correspond in number, trace through these points and we have A', Fig. 2, for pattern for chimney for side of roof and B' for pattern for comb of roof. A collar for corner of chimney may be described in the same manner as the latter pattern above. PATTERN FOR MEASURE LIP. C, J. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 61 Fig. I represents the measure with lip. Fig. 2. Draw X Y and lines A B and C P at right angles to it, mak- ing distance A C equal to dotted line A B, Fig. 1. On line A B, Fig. 2, lay off from A to M one-half diameter of top of lip, which is distance C B, Fig. 1. On line C P lay off from C to M one-half diameter top of measure, which is distance C G, Fig. 1. Draw line through M and N until it intersects X Yat L. Now with Las cen- ter and radii L N strike arc G H I. Span dividers C N and span twice on arc each side of point H, which will locate points G and I. Make G D and I T equal to E D, Fig. 1. Span dividers M N and from H locate point E. Draw line D E, Fig. 2, and through its cen- 62 WORKSHOP MANUAL. ter at right angles draw line R K until it intersects X Y at K. Now with K as center and K E radii strike arc D E T and you have it. This will give strainer pail lip by spanning three times each way from point H. PATTERN FOR A PITCHED COVER. Draw circle the size of rim; then place square in cen- ter and draw ABC. If for a two-inch pitch measure two inches from B down (D represents two inches), then place one leg of dividers at C and the other at D and draw line E. Then span dividers from E to B and space three times on each side of A; mark lines F L and the pattern is done. Allow for all locks and edges. Dotted lines show them. WORKSHOP MANUAL. °3 METHOD OF DESCRIBING AN ELLIPSE. To develop an ellipse of any given length and width desired: The outer, or larger circle is the length; the inner, or smaller, the width. Space off each of the cir- cles in as many spaces as may be desired. ROMAN MOULDINGS. Five methods for obtaining profiles of the simplest of Roman mouldings. Divide line a, b into three equal parts; divide one- third into five equal parts, place two-fifths to the right and three-fifths to the left of line a, b on c, d; with d as center, strike arc a, e. 6 4 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Fig. 2 is square; with a as center the arc b, c is made; it can be seen that by joining the two together it pro- duces a correct O, G profile. M?.':e the square a, b, c, d; mark line a, e, c with e as center; mark circle touching the- four corners with a Cyma recta H Tig. 3 as center; mark section of circle g, e, h with c as cen- ter; mark section of circle k, e, f; mark line g, e, f; with g, and f as center mark the profile line a, e, c. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 65 Mark the line n, c the required height and the line a, b at 45 degrees passing through f the center from c, Cvma reversa H Kg. 4 d; with f as center mark the large circle; with a, and b as center mark the section of circles g, f, h and k, f, s; K A < J Torus M r L ^ Pig. 5 mark the lines g, h and k, 1; with c and n as centers mark the profile line b, f, a, 66 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Mark the line a, b, divide it into three equal parts: divide one of the thirds into five equal parts; lay off on Jine b, e one of the thirds which will produce the line c, d; mark the line f, g and h, k; with 1 as center mark profile line d, m; with c as center mark profile line, n. o GOTHIC PROFILES. Fig. i — Let A B, be the height and C D the pro- jection. Draw the lines A E, C F, B G and C H all on a 45 degree from centers to intersect the line as indicated; the lines C H and C I are the same length as C G, which produces the two squares. With A as center strike arc D B and with B, as center the arc D A. A profile line is marked from A to D and from- 1 4 ■ilK^ 1' \ i X * \ . r- \i b D to E. With F as center strike the dotted line. Di- vide E B into one-half and strike profile line, E B. It will be understood that the two squares are pro- duced in the same manner through all of them, the height and projection are also known and it is needless to explain so clearly in the other seven of them. Fig. 2— Draw the profile line, A B and B C; use H WORKSHOP MANUAL. 67 as center and strike arc, C D. Divide I J into one-half; lay off from E to F that distance and strike the circle DE. \ \ \ \ 3 c y^ s k^\ i \ 5kS ^\. ^L2s m a n Fig. 3 — Strike the section of circle which is pro- duced by spacing up the line A B three times the height of mold C D. Mark the line I J; use J as center 68 WORKSHOP MANUAL. and strike the circle L M, which passes through E and extends down, which produces the center for the circle M N; the distance O K is the same as K L. With F as center strike the circle C P. Fig. 4 — The profile circle A B is produced in the same way as (No. 3) the point, E is half of B C, a line drawn from it to point D. The point G is half the dis- tance of E C. A line drawn to F at 45 degrees, with D as center strike the circle F H; with L as center strike the circle F I parallel line D E; mark the line N M touching the circle F I; now mark the circle from the point N passing through point O which, when carried down, gives the center for the circle J C, . Fig. 5 — Mark the profile line A B, touching the' square at C, prolong the line J to I; use I as center and strike the circle which will touch the line at O; extend. A R which will produce the center for the circle E F, The horizontal line is marked from the point R to cut the circle E F. From R is measured down the radius of the circle E F; mark the line S H, and where the line .R cuts the circle, drop the line which produces the center for the circle F G. Fig. 6 — The lines A B and C are at right angles. Divide the distance from D to E on blue line, into one- half which is the center for the profile [circle D E, which is extended down O'which is half the distance AD. 4 TEE PIPE PATTERN. To describe a pattern of a T pipe at any angle: Draw the line A E; erect the line A B, the angle re- quired; also the line E D parallel to A B. Make B D equal to the diameter of the pipe; describe the semi- circle BCD; draw the line F G parallel to B D; divide WORKSHOP MANUAL. eg the semi-circle into any number of equal parts; from the points draw lines parallel to A B, as i, 2, 3, etc. Set off the line ABC equal in length to the circum- ference of the pipe, and the lines A F, B D and C F at T5*l. £ right angles to A C. Set off on each side of B D the same number of equal distances as in the semi-circle BCD, and from the points draw lines parallel to B D, as 1 i, 2 2, 3 3, etc. Make B D "equal to A B, and E A and C F equal to to E D; also each of the parallel lines bearing the same figures, as 1 1, 2 2, 3 3,etc. Then a line traced through the points will form the required pattern. Allow for edges, 70 WORKSHOP MANUAL. TO DESCRIBE A PATTERN FOR A FOUR-PIECE ELBOW. •2_ lA»8 7 6 4 9 211 Three and four piece elbows have very largely taken the place of the old right-angled elbow, on account of their better appearance, and also because they lessen obstruction to draft. The machine-made article is kept in stock for all common sizes, but the tinner is liable to be called upon at any time to make such an elbow, on account of stock being sold that is of unusual size, or other cause. Herewith are given diagrams and explana- tions which will enable any tinner to construct a pattern for any desired size. Let ABED, Fig. i, be the given elbow; draw the line FC; make FM equal in length to one-half the diameter of the elbow, with F as a center; describe the arc KL; divide the arc KL into three equal parts; draw the lines FH and FI; also the line IH; divide the sec- tion HK into two equal parts, and draw the line FG; draw the line AB at right angles to BC; describe the semi-circle ANB; divide the semi-circle into any num- ber of equal parts; from the points draw lines parallel to BC, as i, 2, 3, etc. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 7 1 Set off the line ABC, Fig. 2, equal in length to the circumference of elbow AB; erect the lines AF, BD and CE; set off on each side of the line BD the same number of equal distances as in the semi-circle ANB; from the points draw lines parallel to BD as I, i, ,2, 2, etc.; make BD equal to BG; make AF and CE equal to AJ; also each of the parallel lines, bearing the same number as I, I, 2, 2, 3, 3, etc.; then a line traced i 167664934 81294 6 6 7 8 9 through the points will form the first section; make FG and EJ equal to HI; reverse section No. i; place E at G and F at J; trace a line from G to J; make GH and JI equal to PO, Fig. 67, or to DK, Fig. 68, take Sec. No. 1, place F at H and E at I, and trace a line from H to I; this forms Sec. No. 3 and 4, Edges to be allowed. 72 WORKSHOP MANUAL. A TAPERING, ROUND-CORNERED SQUARE RESER- VOIR. Diagrams and rules for constructing pattern for a tapering round-cornered square reservoir are herewith given: Fig. I the upright height. Take the perpendicular Fig. I is the size, top and bottom. (A C F H D B G E is the top, and IKNPLJOMis the bottom), and height ad, Fig. I, and mark it off from h to k, Fig. III. Vifl Take the radius for the corners dC, Fig. I, and mark it off from h to i, Fig. Ill, also the radius dK; mark off from K to 1, drawing a line from il to cut the line hK, which gives the slanting height and the radius required for striking the corners. Draw the lines IK and AC, Fig. IV, the same length as IK, Fig. II, and the same distance apart as 1 to i, Fig. Ill, prolong the lines AI WORKSHOP MANUAL. tt and CK, Fig. IV, till Ac and Cd equals to i m, Fig.III With radius dC, Fig. IV, using d and c as centers, strike the curves CF and AE, and with radius dK, Fig. IV, using the same centers, strike the curves KN and IM. Take the length of the large quarter circle DH, Fig. II, and dot off the same distance from C to F, Fig. IV; make AE equal to CF, and draw lines from E and Fto the centers c and d; draw EG and MO at right angles with Ec. Take the distance from A to C and make the same distance from E to G and M to O, Fig. III. Draw Fi t . rv g -n t . m Ge parallel to Ec. From G mark off point e, the same length as E to c, then using e as center, strike the curves GB and OJ, making the curve GB equal to AE; draw the line from B to center c draw BT and JR at right angles to Be, taking the distance from B to S, Fig. II, mark off the same distance from B to S, and J to R, draw SR parellel with Be, and proceed in the same manner with the other end; adding on the laps, as shown will make the pattern complete in one piece, being joined together at RS. 74 workshop manual. RULE FOR ROUND ELBOWS. A quick rule for striking a round elbow pattern with three or four pieces. Fig. i represents a three-piece elbow. It is cut the ^following way: First divide your circumference into 1 1 1 1 E \ 1 ^^ 1 1 If^ ■ 1 1 1 1 c a js] /H, &£/. four equal parts E and C C, then draw line D. Set di- viders from A to B, which is I in. more than one- half the circumference. For instance, we will take a 6 in. *ig *. V3 elbow. The circumference is i8^i in. (not including locks), one half of same is 9 7-16 in.; we set dividers 10 7-16 in. Then set on line and describe from C to C and from C to B, which gives the pattern; or you can make a pattern after having the dividers set as Fig. 2 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 75 and cut in half gives you Fig. 3. You can lay on line D and describe. For a four piece elbow you set divid- ers I in. more than three-fourths the circumference, and proceed the same as for three-piece as in Fig. 4. This ■ rule is very handy for all sizes of pipe and very handy for hot air pipes, etc. 7 6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. PATTERN FOR A METAL BALL. Take a 3 in. ball; draw a circle 3 inches in diameter (Fig. 1), with T as center. Divide it into as many parts as desired. This is divided into thirds. Raise pieces to fit your drawing; allow edges for laps./ CHAPTER III. niSCELLANEOUS TABLES. NUMBER BRICKS REQUIRED TO CONSTRUCT ANY BUILDING. (Reckoning 7 Bricks to each superficial foot.) Superficial ft. of wall. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9. 10. 20. 3° 40 50 60. 70. 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Number of Bricks to Thickness of 4 inch. 7 15 23 3° 38 45 53 60 68 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600 675 750 1,500 2,250 3,000 3.750 4,500 5,250 6,000 6,750 7.500 8 inch. 12 inch. 16 inch. 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 300 45o 600 750 900 1,050 1,200 i.35o 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500 9,000 10,500 12,000 13.500 15,000 23 45 68 90 113 135 158 180 203 ' 225 450 675 900 1,125 1.350 i,575 1,800 2,025 2,25b 4,500 6,750 9,000 11,250 i3»5oo 15,750 1 8,000 20,250 22,500 30 inch. 24 inch. 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100. 2,400 2,700 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 2 1 ,000 24,000 27,000 30,000 38 75 113 150 188 225 263 300 338 375 750 1,125 1,500 i,875 2,250 2,625 3,000 3,375 3.750 7,500 11,250 15 000 18750 22,500 26,250 30,000 33,750 37,5oo 45 90* 135 180 225 270 3i5 360 405 450 900 i,35o 1,800 2,250 2,700 3,150 3,600 4,050 4,5oo 9,000 13,500 18,000 22,500 27,000 31,500 36,000 40,000 45,000 78 WORKSHOP MANUAL. INTEREST TABLE, At six per cent., in dollars and cents, from one dollar to ten thousand: I DAY. I MO. 3 MOS. 6 MOS. 12 MOS. $ $ C. $ c. $ c. $ c. $ c. I 00 OOj^ oi'A 03 06 2 00 01 C3 06 12 3 00 01K 04 'A 09 18 4 00 02 06 12 24 S 00 02^ 07^ 15 30 6 00 03 09 18 36 7 00 03'A 10K 21 42 8 00 - 04 12 24 48 9 00 oaA I3K 27 54 10 00 , 05 15 30 60 20 00X 10 30 60 I 20 3° 00^ 15 45 90 I 80 ■40 00 U 20 60 I 20 2 40 50 01 25 75 I 50 3 00 100 oi l A -~ 1 50 I 50 3 00 6 do 200 03 I 00 3 00 6 00 12 00 300 05 1 50 4 5° 9 00 18 00 400 07 2 00 6 00 12 OO 24 00 500 08 2 50 7 50 15 00 30 00 1,000 17 5 00 15 00 30 00 60 00 2,000 33 10 00 30 00 60 00 120 00 3,000 50 15 00 45 00 90 00 180 00 4,000 67 20 00 60 00 120 00 240 00 5,000 83 25 00 75 00 150 00 300 00 10,000 I 67 50 00 150 00 300 00 600 00 EQUIVALENT OF BRITISH MONEY IN AMERICAN MONEY. in bo -• • . :- s 5 c — rt <3 co S H 3 t« .2 in ■3 0" 3 •3 n c 3 ■3 c ug 2 ajr !5 C/3 5 "S cu Q U O u I $ 24 2 7 $1 69 4 n $3 H 6 I $4 84 15 $ 72 60 2 48 4 8 1 93 6 14 3 38 8 2 9 68 20 96 80 3 72 6 9 2 17 8 is 3 63 3 14 52 25 121 00 4 96 8 10 2 42 16 3 87 2 4 19 36 30 145 20 5- 1 21 11 2 66 2 18 4 35 6 5 24 20 3? 169 40 6 1 45 2 12 2 90 4 20 4 84 10 48 40 50 242 00 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 79 WEIGHT, STATURE, ETC., OF MAN. The mean weight and stature of the human body at birth, and at every subsequent age, together with the expectancy of life- from 20 to 70 years of age, is as follows: MALES. YEARS. YEARS. Age. Feet. Lbs. Age. Expec- tancy. Age. Expec-.. tancy. 1.64 7.06 20 4iK 46 24 2 2 60 25.01 21 40K 47 23X 4 3 04 31-38 22 40 48 ■2.2% 6 3 44 38.80 23 39^ 49 22 9 4 00 .49-45 24 38^ 50 21* 11 4 3b 59-77 25 , 38 5i . 20^ 13 4 72 75.81 26 37X 52 19U 15 S 07 96.40 27 36^ 53 19 17 5 36 116.56 28 35 H 54 i8# 18 5 44 127.59 29 35 55 I7U 20 5 49 132.46 30 34^ 56 17 3° 5 52 140.38 31 33K 57 16X 40 5 52 140.42 32 33 58 i5# 50 5 49 139.96 33 32^ 59 15 60 5 3« 136.07 34 VM 60 H'A 70 S 32 131.27 35 31 61 14 80 5 29 127.54 36 3°K 62 13* 90 5 29 127.54 37 38 2 9 U 29 63 64 13 12K 39 28X 65 11* 40 VU 66 n# Mean 41 27 67 10* 42 26^ 68 10X 43 25 % 69 9* 44 25X 70 9% 45 24^ 1 CARRYING CAPACITY OF Whiskey 60 barrels Salt 70 barrels Lime. 70 barrels Flour 90 barrels Eggs 130 to 160 barrels Flour 200 sacks Wood 6 cords Cattle 18 to 20 head Hogs 50 to 60 head Sheep 86 to 100 head i TEN TON FREIGHT CAR. Lumber 6,000 feet Barley 300 bushels Wheat 340 bushels Flax Seed 360 bushels Apples 370 bushels Corn 400 bushels Potatoes 430 bushels Oats 680 bushels Bran 1,000 bushels Butter 20,000 pounds 8o WORKSHOP MANUAL. POPULATION OF THE LARGER CITIES. OFFICIAL CENSUS OF 189O. New York, N. Y 1,513,501 Chicago, 111 1,098,576 Philadelphia, Pa 1,044,894 St. Louis, Mo 460,357 Brooklyn, N. Y 806,343 Boston, Mass 446,507 Baltimore, Md 434,151 San Francisco, Cal 297.990 Cincinnati, 296,308 Cleveland, 251,546 Buffalo, N. Y 254,457 New Orleans, La 241,995 Pittsburg, Pa 238,473 Washington, D . C 229,796 Detroit, Mich 205,669 Milwaukee, Wis 204,150 Newark, N. J 181,518 Minneapolis, Minn 164,738 Jersey City, N. J 163,987 Louisville, Ky 161,005 Omaha, Neb 139,526 Rochester,. N. Y 138,327 St. Paul, Minn 133, 156 Kansas City, Mo 132,416 Providence, R. 1 132,043 Indianapolis, Ind 107,445 Allegheny, Pa 106,967 Denver, Col 106,760 Albany, N. Y 94,640 Columbus, O 90,398 Syracuse, N. Y 87,877 Worcester, Mass 84,536 Scranton, Pa 83,450 New Haven, Conn 81,451 Richmond, Va 80,838 Paterson, N. J 78,358 Toledo, O 78,358 Lowell, Mass 77.635 Nashville, Tenn 76,309 Fall River, Mass 74.35 1 Cambridge, Mass 69,837 Atlanta, Ga 65,514 Memphis, Tenn 64,586 Grand Rapids, Mich. . 64,147 Wilmington, Del 61,437 Troy, N. Y 60,605 Reading, Pa 58,926 Payton, O 58,868 Lincoln, Neb Charleston, S. C Hartford, Conn St. Joseph, Mo Evansville, Ind Los Angeles, Cal Des Moines, la Bridgeport, Conn Oakland, Cal Portland, Ore Saginaw, Mich Salt Lake City, Utah. Lawrence, Mass Springfield, Mass Utica, N.Y Manchester, N. H . . . Seattle, Wash Hoboken, N.J Savannah, Ga Peoria, IIIt New Bedford, Mass.. Harrisburg, Pa, Somerville, Mass Erie, Pa San Antonio, Tex Kansas City, Kan... Dallas, Tex Sioux City, la Elizabeth, N. I Wilkesbarre, Pa Covington, Ky Portland, Me Tacoma, Wash -Holyoke, Mass Fort Wayne, Ind Norfolk, Va Binghamton, N. Y ... Wheeling, W. Va.... Youngstown, O Augusta, Ga Duluth, Minn Springfield, 111 Lancaster, Pa Yonkers, N. Y Mobile, Ala Topeka, Kan Quincy, 111 Salem, Mass 55.491 54.592 53.I& 52,811 50,674 5o.394 50,067 48,856 48,590 48,294 46,169 45.025 44. 164 44,164 44,001 43.983 43.914 43,56i 41,762 40,758 40,705 40, 164 40,117 39,699 38,681 • 38,170 38,140 37,862 37,670 37,651 37.375 ^6,608 35.858 35,528 35,349 35.154 35.093 35.052 33.199 33.150 32.725 32.135 32,000 31.945 31,822 31,809 3 '478 30.735 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Trenton, N. J 58488 Camden, N. J. ....... . 58,274 Lynn, Mass 55,684 Long Island City, N. Y 30,396 Terre Haute, Ind 30,287 Geographical Div. 1890. 1880. 1870. The United States. 62,622,250 50,155,783 38,558,371 North Atlantic Division 17,401,545 14,507,407 12,298,730 South Atlantic Division 8,857,920 7,597,197 5,853,610 Northern Central Division 22,362,279 17,364,111 12,981,111 Southern Central Division 10,972,893 8,919,371 6,434,410 Western Division 3,027,613 1,767,697 990,510 RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF METALS. The weight of Bar Iron being 1. ' Cast Iron = .95 Steel = 1.02 Copper = 1. 16 Brass -. .= 1.09 Lead = 1.48 The weight of Cast Iron being 1. Bar Iron = 1.07 Steel = 1.08 Brass = 1.16 Copper = 1.21 Lead ,.= 1.56 The weight of Yellow Pine being r. Cast Iron = 16. Steel = 17.2 Copper = 19.3 Brass = 18.4 Lead = 24. The weight of Brass being 1. Bar Iron = .92 Cast Iron = .86 Steel = .93 Copper = 1.05 Lead = 1.35 The weight of Copper being. . . . ." 1 . Bar Iron = .87 Cast Iron = .82 Steel = .88 Brass = .93 Lead = 1.28 The weight of Lead being 1. Bar Iron. Cast Iron Steel Brass vopper , , . 1 , , 1 1 1 1 $ 1 , , f f 1 1 1 f • f 1 .68 .64 .69 •74 •7$ 82 WORKSHOP MANUAL. THE ENGLISH MILE COMPARED WITH OTHER EUROPEAN MEASURES. English Statute Mile English Geog. Mill . Kilometre German Geog. Mile. Russia Verst Austrian Mile Dutch Ure Norwegian Mile Swedish Mile Danish Mile Swiss Stunde (A V 5si 1 R 3 at . a* w ■§>§? Wo £3 1 bij v 8 «** I'OOO 0867 1-609 0217 1-508 ii53 I'OOO 1-855 0-250 1-738 0*621 0540 1 -ooo 0135 0937 4*6io 4 000 7-420 i-ooo 6-953 0663 o'S75 1-067 0-144 I'OOO 4*7'4 4-089 7-586 1-022 7-112 3'45« 3000 5-565 0-750 5215 7'02I 6-091 11-299 I-523 10-589 6-644 5-764 10*692 1-441 10*019 4-682 4-062 7'536 1*016 7-078 2-987 2-592 4-808 0648 4-505 0'212 0-245 0132 0978 0*141 i-ooo 0-734 1 489 1 409 0994 0-634 English Statute Mile English Geog. Mile. Kilometre German Geog. Mile Russian Verst Austrian Mile Dutch Ure '.. Norwegian Mile... Swedish Mile Danish Mile. Swiss Stunde U 4> S *- 0-289 0-333 0-180 1 333 0-192 1-363 i-ooo 2-035 1-921 i'354 0-864 £ 3 o g S5 0*142 0M64 o'o88 0657 0-094 0-672 493 i-ooo 0-948 0-667 0-425 0-151 0-169 0*004 0-694 0*100 0-710 0-520 rc57 I'OOO 0*705 0-449 "S*"3 ■rt5! C213 0'24§ 0*133 0985 0*142 I '006 0*738 1 '499 1-419 I'OOO 0638 to ^ en o*335 0386 0*208 1-543 0'222 I-S78 1*157 2-350 2*224 I-567 i-ooo WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. METALS. Platinum lbs., 1,218 — oz., Pure gold*. Mercury Lead Pure silverf. Steel 1,203 848 709 625 487 Tin lbs., 455— oz., Cast iron...... " 450 " Copper " 547 " Brass " 543 " Zinc *' 428 " 11 7 4 12 13 *The value of a ton of pure gold is g602.799.21. $1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 pounds avoirdupois . j The value of a ton of silver is $37,704.84. $1,000,000 silver com weigh 58,929.9 pounds avoirdupois. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 83 MISCELLANEOUS. Indian rubber. . .lbs., 56— oz., 7 I Pressed cotton. ..lbs., 25 Pressed hay "25 | EARTH, STONE, ETC. Italian marble, .lbs., 169 — oz., 4 Vermont marble " 165 " 9 Window glass . . " 165 " 2 Common glass. . " 157 " 8 Moist sand Clay Brick 128 120 118 2 10 12 Mortar lbs., 109— oz., 6 Mud « Loose earth " Lehigh coal, loose " Lackawanna, loose " 101 " 14 93 " 12 56 " 4 48 " 10 WOODS. Lignum vitae lbs., 83— oz., 5 Ebony " 83 " 5 Boxwood " 75 " 2 Mlhogany " 66 " 7 White o'ak " 53 " 12 Ash " 52 " 13 Red hickory " 52 " 6 Apple " 49 " 9 Maple " 46 " 14 Cherry " 44 " n Shellbark hick'ry. lbs., 43— oz., 2 Pitch pine " 41 "4 Chestnut " 38 " 2 Birch " 35 " 7 Cedar " 35 " 1 White poplar " 33 " 1 Spruce " 31 " 4 Yellow pine " 28 " 13 Butternut " 23 " 8 Cork " 15 GROCERIES. Sugar Beeswax . Lard .... .lbs., 100 — oz., 5 . " 60 " 5 • " 59 " 3 Butter lbs., 58— oz., 14 Tallow " 58 " 13 Castile soap " 56 " 15 MELTING TEMPERATURE OF ALLOYS. Lead 1, Tin 1, Bismuth 4, melts at 155 degrees Lead 3, Tin 5, Bismuth 8, " 208 " Lead 1, Tin 3, Bismuth 5, " , 212 " Lead 1, Tin 4, Bismuth 5, " 240 " Tin 1, Bismuth 1, " 286 " Lead 2, Tin 3 " 334 " Tin 2, Bismuth 1, " 336 " Lead 1, Tin 2, " 360 « Tin 8, Bismuth 1, " 392 " Lead 2, Tin 1, " 475 " 84 WORKSHOP MANUAL. U. S. MINERAL STATISTICS, 1890. METALLIC PRODUCTS. Pig iron, long tons Silver; troy ounces , Gold, troy ounces Copper, pounds Lead, short tons Zinc, short tons , Quicksilver, flasks Nickel, pounds Aluminum, and alurninum in pounds Antimony, short tons Platinum, troy ounces Total alloys, QUANTITY. VALUE. 9,202,703 $151,200,410 54,500,000 70,454.645 1,588,88c 32,845,000 265,115,133 30,848,797 161,754 14,266,703 63,683 6,266,407 22,926 1,203,615 223,488 134,093 61,281 61,281 129 40,756 600 2,500 • 8307.334,207 WEIGHT OF LIQUIDS PER GALLON. Sulphuric acid in lbs. Nitric acid " Muriatic acid " Alcohol of commerce " Alcohol proof spirit. " Naphtha " Linseed oil " Whale oil in lbs. 9.2 Oil of turpentine. . . " 8.7 Petroleum « 8.8 Tar " 10. 1 Vinegar " 10. 1 Water distilled « 10. Saltwater " 10.3 THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. Antimony melts at. . 951 Bismuth " . . 476 Brass " . . 1900 Copper " ..2548 Glass " ..2377 Gold " . .2590 Cast Iron " -.3479 Lead " .. 594 deg Zinc melts at 740. deg. Ice " 32. " Mercury boils at 662. " Naphtha " - 186. " Fresh water boils at . . 2 1 2 . " Sea water " . .213.2 " Ether " ..100. ■ WEIGHT OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Temperature, Fahr. 3 2 40 50 69 Weight in Pounds per Cubic Foot 62.417 62.423 62.409 ...... 62.367 Temperature Fahr. Weight in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 70 62.302 80 62.218 90 62.II9 212 ;... S9./OO WORKSHOP MANUAL. 85 WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF LIQUIDS. Liquids at 32 deg. Fahr. Mercury Bromine Sulphuric acid, max. con- r ) centratn. $ Nitrous acid. Chloroform Water of the Dead Sea Nitric acid, of commerce Acetic acid, maximum con- ) centratn. ] Milk Sea water, ordinary Pure water (distild.) at 39 o 1 . F . Wine of Bordeaux Wine of Burgundy Linseed oil Poppy oil Rape seed oil Whale oil Olive oil 1 urpentine oil Potato oil Petroleum Naphtha ^ Ether, nitric " sulphurous " nitrous " acetic " hydrochloric " sulphuric , Alcohol, proof spirit Alcohol, pure Benzine Wood spirit §3 S3 (j, re s a> G 3 168,493 1 ,042,390 230,392 1,655,980 762,794 1,617,947 1,151,149 1,837,353 391,422 146,608 934,943 177,624 1,512,565 618,457 1,399,750 995,577 1,542,180 269,493 125,015 780,894 131,700 1,225,163 442,014 1,071,361 705,606 1,184,109 187,748 S3 d 3,672,316 2,192,404 3,826,351 2,093,889 1,686,880 1,301,826 I,9M,8o6 2,679,184 182,719 328,808 1,058,910 I,427,006 3,198,062 1,978,301 3,077,87' 1,636,937 1,315,497 780,773 1,624,615 2,168,380 36,909 98,268! 452,402| 996,096! 2,665,26b 1,680,637 2,539,891 1,184,059 1,054,670 439>706 1,194,020 1,721,295 l I4,l8l 122,993 484,471 C/5 O n 1,858,635 1,767,518 1,513,017 1,289,600 1,118,587! 2,235,523 61,834 1,128,179 1,648,690 1,542,359 1,262,505 1,131.597 939.946 I.59I.749 1,321,011 1 ,258,520 996,992 827,922 726,915 818,579 802,525 4,47148 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 87 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY STATES. (Continued.) Montana Wyoming . . . Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho .Washington , Oregon California . . 1890. 132,159 60,705 412,198 153.593 59,620 207,905 45.761 84,385 349.39° 3 '3.767 1,208,130 1880. 39.159 20,789 194,327 119,565 40,440 143,963 62,266 32,610 75,116 174,768 864,694 1870. 20,595 9,118 39,864 91,874 9,658 86,786 42,491 14,999 23-955 90,923 560,247 TWELVE O'CLOCK NOON GREENWICH MEAN TIME. AS COMPARED WITH THE CLOCK IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES : H. M. Boston, U.S 7 16 a.m. Chicago 6 8 a.m. Dublin 11 35 A.M. Edinburgh 11 47 A.m. Glasgow. 11 43 A.M. Lisbon n 23 A.M. Madrid 1 1 45 a.m. Newfoundland, St. Jns 8 29 a.m. New York 7 4 a.m. Penzance 11 37 a.m. Philadelphia 6 59 a.m. Calcutta 5 53P-M. Cape of Good Hope.. 1 14 p.m. Constantinople 1 56 p.m. Florence 045 p.m. Hobart, Tasmania ... 9 49 p.m. Jerusalem 2 2 1 p.m. Madras' 5 21 p.m. Malta o 58 p.m. Melbourne, Australia. 9 40 p.m. Moscow 2 30 P.M. Paris o 9 P.M. H. M. Quebec 7 15 a.m. San Francisco Port. . 4 23 a.m. Toronto 6 42 a.m. Vancouver 3 38 a.m. Adelaide 9 14 p.m. Auckland, N. Z 11 39 p.m. Berlin o 54 p.m. Berne o 30 p m. Bombay 4 51 p.m. Brisbane, Queensland. 10 12 p.m. Brussels o 17 p.m. Pekin 7 46 p.m. Perth, W. Australia. . 8 44 p.m. Port Moresby 2 40 p.m. Prague o 58 p.m. Rome o 50 p.m. Rotterdam o 18 p.m. St. Petersburg 2 1 p.m. Stockholm 1 12 p.m. Suez 2 10 p.m. Sydney 10 5 p.e. Vienna 1 6 p.m. Variation of Time depends upon Longitude; every degree east of Greenwich is four minutes earlier, and every degree west four minutes later. Note the variations in the United States or in British America. 88 WORKSHOP MANUAL. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND WEIGHTS OF STONES, ETC. Stones, Earths, Etc. Amber Asbestos Asphalte, gritted . . Basalt Bathstone Bermuda stone, hard Bermuda stone, soft Beryl, Oriental . . . Bitumen Brick, common stock Brick, red facing. Brick, fire Cement, Portland. Cement, Roman . . Chalk, solid \ Chalk in lumps . . Clay, potters' Clay with gravel . . Clay, ordinary Coal, anthracite . . Coal, bitumi- ( nous I Coke Concrete Concrete, lime Coral Crystal, rock Diamond Emerald, Peru Emery Feldspar Flint Freestone, hewn. O 1.078 2.996 2.5 2.864 1.97 2.62 1.47 3-549 1. 1.8 2. 2.4 1.2 •9 1.8 2.8 1.9 2. '•9 1.602 1.24 1.44 • 7 1:1 2.68 2 653 3-536 2 -775 4. 2.6 2-594 2.2 "3 p 2. crot? off ►-h O 67 187 156 180 123 164 92 221 62 "5 130 87 60 112 175 87 120 130 120 100 77 90 47 120 118 167 165 221 173 250 162 162 140 Stones, Earths, Etc. Glass, white flint.. Glass, plate Glass, crown Granite Gypsum Jargon, Ceylon . . . Kentish rag ...... Lime, Chalk, ground Limestone, lias . . . " magnesian . Marble (average). Marl Masonry, rubble. . " ashlar, Port'd " " granite Millstone Mortar, old Mortar, new Mud Opal Peat, hard Pitch Quartz Rotten stone . . . Sand, river Sandstone Shale Shingle Slate Slates, Cornish . . . Spar Sulphur, melted Tiles, average .... Topaz Trap White lead en rig 3 3; 3- 2.94 2-53 2.625 2.28 4.416 2.66 ■83 2-5 2.3 2.7 1-9 2.2 2.2 2-5 2-5 1-4 1-7 1 2 I I 2 2. 1-9 2-3 2.6 63 114 3 1 64 2.9 2-5 2-594 2 i'8 3-8 2.7 3.16 p < m C 2. • cut) O HiO 188 184 158 164 140 276 166 52 156 M4 170 120 140 140 160 155 90 no 102 132 83 79 166 124 118 'I 5 162 §5 181 160 162 U4 115 237 172 197 CHAPTER IV. TABLES OF MEASURES, ETC. DIMENSIONS OF ONE ACRE. A square, whose sides are 12,649 rods, or 69.57 rods, or 208.71 feet long, contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangle containing one acre: RODS. 1 X 160 1^X106% 2X80 2^X64 3 X 53K 3^X 45 5-7 4X40 4^X35 5-9 S X 32 S'AX 29 i-ii 6X26% 6^X24 8-13 7 X 22 6-7 7KX 21K 8X20 8^X18 14-17 9 X 17 7-9 <)%X 16 16-19 10X16 10KX15 5-21 11 X 14 6-1 1 u'AX 13 7-1 1 12X13K 12^X12 4-5 TO COMPUTE THE VOLUME OF BRICKS, AND THE NUMBER IN A CUBIC FOOT OF MASONRY. Rule. — To the face dimensions of the particular bricffs used, add one half of the thickness of the mortar or the cement in which they are laid and compute the area; divide the width of the wall by the number of brick of which it is composed^ multiply this area by the quotient thus obtained, and the product will give the volume of the mass of brick and its mortar in inches. Divide 1 ,728 by this volume, and the quotient will give the number of bricks in a cubic foot. Example. — The width of a wall is to be 12^ inches, and the 1 front of it laid with Philadelphia brick in courses % of an inch in depth; how many bricks will there be in face and backing in a cubic foot? Proceed thus: Philadelphia front brick 8^X2^. We first red uce all o ur common fractions to decimals. Then 8.25+.25X2-H2=8.5 length of brick and joint. Again, 2.375+.25X2H-2=2.625 width of brick and joint. Then, 8.5X2.625=22.3125 inches area of face. . Then, 12.75-7-3 (numberof bricks in width of wall)=4.25 inches. Hence, 22.3125X4.25=94.83 cubic feet. And 1728-1-94.83=18.22, number of bricks in a cubic foot. gO WORKSHOP MANUAL. RULE TO FIND THE NUMBER OF GALLONS CONTAINED IN A CAN. Multiply the diameter by the diameter and then the height. Then multiply by .0034 which will give the number of gallons. Example: « 6" diameter 36 8" high 288 .0034 1 152 864 97.92 There is the old rule — instead of .0034 multiply by .7854 and divide by 231". RULE TO FIND THE HORSE-POWER OF A STATION- ARY ENGINE. Multiply the area of the piston by the average pressure in pounds pe* square inch. Multiply this product by the travel of the piston in feet per minute; divide by 33000, this will give the horse-power. Proper example: Diameter of cylinder, 12 12 144 7854 1130976 BOARD AND TIMBER MEASURE. Rule. — Multiply the length by the breadth, and the product will give the surface required. If the dimensions are given in inches, multiply as above and divide by 12. When all the dimensions are in inches, multiply as before and divide the product by 144. Example. — What are the number of square feet in a board 15 feet in length and 16 inches in width? 15 Xl6=240-h 12=20 feet. WORKSHOP MANUAL. Qt ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS. y/i barrels of lime will do ioo sq. yards plastering, two coats. 2 " " « ioo " « one coat, i yi bushels of hair " ioo " " i X yards good sand " ioo " " Y$ barrel plaster (stucco), will hard finish ioo square yards plas- tering, i barrel of lime will lay 1,000 brick. It takes good lime to do it. 2 " ■ i cord rubble stone. Yz " " i perch " (es. #c'd to perch.) To every barrel of lime estimate about % yards of good sand for plastering and brick work. TABLES CONVENIENT FOR TAKING INSIDE DIMEN- SIONS. A box 24 in.x24 111.XI4.7 in. will hold a barrel of 31^ gallons. A box 15 in.xi4 in.xn in. will hold 10 gallons. A box %% in.x7 in.x4 in. will hold a gallon. A box 4 in.x4 in.x3.6 in. will hold a quart. A box 24 in.x28 in.xi6 in will hold five bushels. A box 16 in xi2 in.xn.2 in. will hold a bushel. A box 12 in.xn.2 in. x 8 in. will hold a half bushel. A box 7 in.x6.4 inxi2 in. will hold a peck.. A box 8 4 in.x8 in.x4 in. will hold a half peck, or four dry quarts. A box 6 inx5 3-5 in. and 4 in deep will hold a half gallon. A box 4 in.x4 in. and 2 1-10 deep will hold a pint. LAND MEASURE. To find the number of acres in a body of land, multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the prbduct by 160. When the opposite sides are unequal, add them, and take half the sum for the mean length or width. Find how many acres in a field, 96 rods long and 40 rods wide at one end and 45 at the other. Ans. 25^ acres. 2)85 5= 40 X 45 96 length. • 42^ 42^ mean width, 160)4080(25^ acres. 92 WORKSHOP MANUAL. CIRCULAR MEASURE. The Diameter is a straight line passing through the centre from opposite parts of the Circumference, or Perimeter. The Radius is half the Diameter, or a straight line from the centre to the Circumference. The Diameter is to the Circumference about as 7 is to 22, or more nearly as I is to 3'Hl6. The Diameter X 3'i4i6 gives the Circumference. The Radius squared X 3"i4i6 gives the Area. The Diameter squared X 3'i4i6 gives the Area of a Sphere or Globe. One-sixth of the Cube of the Diameter X 3'i4i6 gives the Solidity of a Sphere. A Circular Acre is 235-504 feet, a Circular Rood U77S 2 leet in Diameter. The Circumference of the Globe is about 24,855 miles, and the Diameter about 7,900 miles. CARPENTERS', BRICKLAYERS" AND BUILDERS' MEASUREMENTS. Stock or kiln bricks &H inches X4XX2^ Welsh fire-bricks 9 " X4K X2J4 Pavingbricks -.: 9 " X4^Xi^ Square tiles g% " XgU X I 6 ■ X6 Xi Dutch clinker bricks g% " X3 Xi^ A Rod of Brickwork \b%. feet X 16^ feet X \%. brick thick = 306 cubic feet, or n)A, cubic yards, and contains about 4,500 bricks with about 75'cubic feet of mo:tar. A Square of Flooring is 100 square feet. Ordinary bricks weigh about 7 lbs. each; a load of 500 weigh over 1% tons. EAR CORN MEASURE. To find the contents of a corn crib multiply the cubic feet by 4 and divide the product by 9.* Find the contents of a corn crib 18 feet long, 7 feet wide and 8 feet high. This allows 2% cubic feet for a bus. It is the rule most generally used, and will hold out in ordinary good corn, even if measured at the time it is cribbed. Ans. 448 bus. 7X8X18=1,008 cu. ft. 4 9)4032 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 93 MEASURES OF LENGTH. Inch, in = 72 Points, or 12 Lines. Nail, 1-16 ■ = 2j< Inches. Palm = 3 Inches. Hand = 4 Inches. Link = 7-92 Inches. Quarter (or a Span) =9 Inches. Foot = 12 Inches. Cubit = 18 Inches. Yard = 36 Inches. Pace, Military =2 Feet 6 Inches. Pace, Geometrical = 5 Feet. Fathom ' = 6 Feet. * Rod, Pole, or Perch = 5^ Yards. Chain (100 Links) =22 Yards (4 Poles). Cable's Length = 120 Fathoms, 720 Feet. Furlong = 40 Rods, 220 Yards. Mile =8 Furlongs, 80 Chains, 320 Rods, 1,760 Yards, 5,280 Feet, 63,360 Inches. Mile, Geographical, or Nautical Knot = 6,o82 - 66 Feet. Admiralty Knot or Nautical Mile, 6,080 Feet = ri5i Mile Statute Degree. League — 3 Miles. Degree = 60 Geographical, or 69T21 Statute Miles. WATER. Cubic inch = '0361 lb. Gallon — lo'oooo " 35'943 cubic feet (210 gallons) = 1 ton. The gallon is = 277 # cubic inches, = o - i6 cubic feet, = 10 lb. distilled water. Water for Ships: Ton 210 gals., Butt no, Puncheon 72, Barrel 36, Kilderkin 18. Cisterns: 1 cubic foot, is equal to about 6% gallons, or 62'32i lb. A cistern 4 feet by 1)A and 3 deep will hold about 187 gallons, and weigh nearly 16 cwt. in additjon to its own weight. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WEIGHTS. Troy. Apothecaries. Avoirdupois. 1 lb. equals 5,760 grains, equals 5,760 grains, equals 7,000 grains. I oz. " 480 " " 480 " " 437.5 " 175 lbs. " 175 lbs. " 144 lbs. The half peck, or dry gallon, contains 268.8 cubic inches. Six quarts, dry measure, are equal to nearly 7 quarts liquid measure, 94 WORKSHOP MANUAL. CISTERN MEASURE. To find the capacity of a round cistern or tank, multiply the square of the average diameter by the depth, and take 3-16 of the product. For great accuracy, multiply by 1865 instead of tak- ing 3-16. For square cisterns or tanks, multiply the cubic feet by .2}i (tenths). Find the capacity of a round cistern, 6 feet in diameter and 8 feet in deep. 6 X 6 X 8 = 288 • _3 16)864(54 barrels. Ans. 54 barrels of y% gallons. How many barrels will a square tank hold, 10 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 6 feet deep? 6 X 7 X 10 = 420 (cubic feet) X 2 3 /i = <^)H barrels. Ans. GRAIN MEASURE. To find the capacity of a bin or wagon-bed; multiply the cubic feet by .8 (tenths). For great accuracy, add l /$ of a bushel for every 100 cubic feet. To find the cubic feet, multiply the length, width and depth together. Find the capacity of a bin 4X5 X 15=300 cubic ft. 4 ft. wide, 5 ft. deep and 15 ft. long. To get the exact ans. 1 bu. is added for the 300 cu. ft. How many bus. will a wagon bed hold, 10 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, 18 in. or 1 % ft. deep? A bed 10 ft. long and 3 ft. wide, will hold 2 bus. for every inch in depth. Ans. 240.0 bus. 240-4- 1 =24 1 bus. exact ans. 1^X3X10=45 cubic feet. .8 Ans. 36.0 bus. HAY MEASURE. About 500 cubic feet of well settled hay, or about 700 of new mown hay, will make a ton. To estimate amount of hay in mow — Ten cubic yards of meadow hay weigh a ton. When the hay is taken out of old stacks, 8 or 9 yards will make a ton. Eleven or twelve cubic yards of clover, when dry, make a ton. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 95 TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A CORN CRIB. Multiply the number of cubic feet by 4>£ and point off one decimal place; the result will be the answer in bushels. How many bushels will a crib hold that is 48 feet long, 7^ feet wide, and %y z feet high? 48x7^X8^=3,060 cubic feet; 3,060X4^ = 13,770, Ans. CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE. Cubic Foot = 1,728 Cubic Inches. Cubic Yard =27 Cubic Feet, 21033 bushels. Stack of Wood .' = 108 Cubic Feet. Shipping Ton =40 Cubic Feet Merchandise. Shipping Ton =42 Cubic Feet of Timber. Ton of displacement of a ship. . . , =35 Cubic Feet. LIQUID MEASURE. The United States standard for measurement of all liquid is the "wine'' or "Winchester" gallon, containing 231 cubic inches. 4 gills make one pint. 2 pints " quart. 4 quarts " gallon. 31 Yz gallons make one barrel. 2 barrels make one hogshead. MEASURE OF WEIGHT. The Pound is the United States standard of weight as applied to general purposes, and is the weight of 277015 cubic inches of distilled water, at its greatest density (/. e. at 39.83° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches), and is equivalent to 1000 Troy grains. 27 1 1-32 grains make one dram. 16 drams " ounce. 16 ounces " pound. 25 lbs. make one quarter. 4 quarters make one cwt. 20 cwt. " ton. In some cases the following table for gross weight is used: 28 lb.=i quar.; 4 quar.=i cwt.; 20 cwt, or 2240 lbs.=i ton. * THE METRIC SYSTEM. The metric system is a system of weights and measures based upon a unit called a meter. The meter is one ten- millionth part of the distance from the equator to either Pole, measured on the earth's surface .at the level of the sea. g6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. The names of derived metric denominations are formed by pre- fixing to the name of the primary unit of a measure - Hecto (hek'to), one hundred. Kilo (kil'o), a thousand. Myria (mir'ea), ten thousand. Milli (mill ' e), a thousandth, Centi (sent'e), a hundredth, Deci (des ' e), a tenth, Deka (dek'a), ten, This system, first adopted by France, has been extensively adopted by other countries, and is much used in the sciences and the arts. It was legalized in 1866 by Congress to be used in the United States, and is already employed by the Coast Survey, and to some extent, by the Mint and the General Postoffice. Linear Measures. The meter is the primary unit of lengths. 10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.) = o . 3937 in. 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter — 3.937 in. 10 decimeters = 1 meter = 39-37 in. 10 meters = 1 dekameter ,. =393.37 in. 10 dekameters =1 hectometer =328 ft. 1 in. 10 hectometers =1 kilometer (km.). .= 0.62137 mi. iokilometers = 1 myriameter. = 6.2137 mi. The meter is used in ordinary measurements; the centimeter or millimeter, in reckoning very small distances; and the kilometer for roads or great distances. A centimeter is about Y% of an inch ; a meter is about 3 feet 3 inches and Y% ; a kilometer is about 200 rods, or % of a mile. Surface Measures. The square meter is the primary unit of ordinary surfaces. The are (air), a square, each of whose sides is ten meters, is the unit of land measures. 100 square millimeters (sq. mm.)=i square ) ,. , centimeter (sq. cm.) . ................ .\ =°- ^ s * lnch - 100 square centimeters . . — 1 square decimeter .. = 15.5 sq. inches. 100 square decimeters= 1 square ) .„,. . , , ' meter (sq. m.) 5=iS5osq. in., or i.itfsq. yds. joo centiares, or sq. meters = 1 are (ar.) = 1 19 . 6 sq. yds. joo ares = 1 hectare (ha.). .=2.471 acres. A square meter, or one centiare, is about \q% square feet, or 3 square yards, and a hectare is about 2/£ acres, WORKSHOP MANUAL. 97 Cubic Measures. The cubic meter or stere (stair), is the primary unit of a volume, iooo cubic millimeters (cu. mm.)=i cubic centimeter (cu. cm.)= [0.061 cubic inch. 1000 cubic centimeters= 1 cubic decimeter=6i.o22 cubic inches. 1000 cubic decimeters. = 1 cubic meter (cu. m.)=3S.3i4 cu. ft. The stere is the name given to the cubic meter in measuring wood and timber. A tenth of a stere is a decistere, and ten steres are a dekastere. A cubic meter, or stere, is about l}$ cubic yards, or about 2 1-5 cord feet. Liquid and Dry Measures. The liter (leeter) is the primary unit of measures of capacity and is a cube, each of whose edges is a tenth of a meter in length. The hectoliter is the unit in measuring large quantities of grain, fruits, roots and liquids. 10 millimeters (ml. ) . = 1 centiliter (cl.) =0 . 338 fluid ounce. 10 centiliters =1 deciliter =0.845 liquid gill. 10 deciliters =1 liter (1.) =1.0567 liquid quarts. 10 liters = 1 dekaliter =2.6417 gallons. 10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter (hi.) =2 bushels 3.35 pecks . 10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter =28 bushels 1 JS£ pecks . A centiliter is about y % of a fluid ounce; a liter is about 1 1-18 liquid quarts, or 9-10 of a dry quart; a hectoliter is about 2 5-6 bushels; and a kiloliter is one cubic meter, or stere. Weights. The gram is the primary unit of weights, and is the weight in a vacuum of a cubic centimeter of distilled water at the tempera- ture of 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. 10 milligrams (mg.) = 1 centigram = 0.1543 troy grain. 10 centigrams = 1 decigram.. = 1.543 troygrains. lodecigrams = 1 gram (g.) = 15.432 troygrains. 10 grams = 1 dekagram = 0.3527 avoir, oz. 10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram = 3.5274 avoir, ozs. 10 hectograms =1 kilogram (k.). . = 2.2046 avoir, lbs. 10 kilograms = 1 myriagram = 22.046 avoir, lbs. 10 myriagrams. . . . = 1 quintal = 220.46 avoir, lbs. jo quintals =1 TONNEAU (t.) . . . = 2204.6 avoir, lbs, 98 WORKSHOP MANUAL. The gram is used in weighing gold, jewels, letters, and small quantities of things. The kilogram, or, for brevity, kilo, is used by grocers; and the tonneau (tonno), or metric ton, is used in find- ing the weight of very heavy articles. A gram is about 15 j£ grains troy; the kilo about 2j£ pounds avoirdupois; and the metric ton, about 2205 pound?. A kilo is the weight of a liter of water at its greatest density; and the metric ton, of a cubic meter of water . Metric numbers are written with the decimal-point (.) at the right of the figures denoting the unit; thus, 15 meters and 3 centi- meters are written, 15 03 m. When metric numbers are expressed by figures, the part of the expression at the left of the decimal-point is read as the num- ber of the unit, and the part at the right, if any, as a number of the lowest denomination indicated, or as a decimal part of the unit; thus, 46.525 m. is read 46 meters and 525 millimeters, or 46 and 525 thousandths meters. In writing and reading metric numbers, according as the scale is 10, 100, or 1000, each denomination should be allowed one, two, or three orders of figures. SCRIPTURE AND ANCIENT WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Inches. Digit = 0.912 Scripture Long Measures. Feet. Inches. Cubit = 1 9.888 Fathom...- = 7 3.552 Palm = 3.648 Span = 10.944 Egyptian Long; Measures. Nahud cubit. . = 1 foot 5.71 in. | Royal cubit. . = 1 foot 8.66 in. Grecian Long: Measures Feet. Inches. Digit = 0.7554 Pous (foot) = 1 0.0875 Cubit =1 1.598434 Feet. Inches Stadium = 604 4.5 Mile = 4835 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 99 Digit Uncia (inch). Pes (foot) Roman Long Measures. Inches. = 0.72575 = 0.967 = 11.604 Feet Cubit = Passus Mile(millar'm) > Inches. 1 5.406 4 10.02 4842 Attic obolus. Attic drachma = Ancient Weights. Troy Grains, 8 2 Q.I 51.9 54-6 Alexandrian mina = Denarius (Roman) Denarius Nero. .'. Troy Grains. 9.992 61 .9 62.5 54 4I5-I 437-2 43 r -2 146.5 Egyptian mina. . . . = 8.326 Ounce Ptolemaic mina . . . = 8.985 Lesser mina = 3 892 Drachm Greater mina = 1-10 of drachma. Talent =60 minse = 56 pounds avoirdupois. Tound = 12 Roman ounces. In this last table, where two or more values are given for the same weight, they are from different authorities on the subject. USEFUL RULES IN MENSURATION. To find the circumference of a circle, the diameter being given. Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. In other words, multiply the diameter by 22 and divide by 7. Or, should closer accuracy be required, multiply the diameter by 3-1416. Example I. — The diameter of a circle is 8 inches; to find the circumference. 8 X 22 = 176, which divided by 7 gives 25 t-7 inches, the cir- cumference required. Or, 8 X 3-1416 -h- 25-13 inches. To find the area of a circle, the diameter being given. Multiply one-quarter of the diameter, or, which is the same thing, half the radius, by the circumference. Example II. — The diameter of a circle is 8 inches; to find its area. 100 WORKSHOP MANUAL. One-quarter of the diameter is 2 inches; the circumference is 25 1-7 inches. 2 X 25 1-7 = 50 2-7 square inches, the area required. To find the area of an ellipse, the axes being given. Multiply the axes together, and multiply the result by 7854. Example III. — The major axis of an ellipse is 6 inches and the minor 4 inches; to find its area. 6 X 4 = 24, "which multiplied by 7854, gives 18*85 square inches nearly. To find the area of a rectangle. Multiply the length by the breadth. Example IV. — The length of a rectangle is 16 inches and the breadth 9 inches; to find its area. i6X9-=I44 square inches, that is, one square foot the area re- quired. To find' the volume of a circular, elliptical, rectangular, or other tank, or vessel, of which the sides are perpendicular to the base. Multiply the area of the base by the height . If the answer is required in cubic inches, all the dimensions must be multiplied in inches. If in cubic feet, the dimensions must be in feet. (See Examples.) Example Va. — The height of a circular tank is 6 feet, and the diameter of the base 8 feet; to find its volume. By Example II. the area of the base is 50 2-7 square feet, which multiplied by 6 feet gives 301 5-7 cubic feet, the volume re- quired. Example Vb. — The height of an elliptical tank is 1 foot 6 inches, the base is 6 inches by 4 inches; to find its volume. By Example III. the area of the base Js 18*85 square inches, which multiplied by 18 inches (that is to say, by the height in inches, as the answer is to be in cubic inches) gives 339*3 cubic inches, the volume required. Example Vc. — The height of a rectangular vessel is 2 feet 3 inches, the length 1 foot 4 inches, and the breadth 9 inches; to find its volume. We will suppose the answer is required in cubic feet. This being so, it is in feet that the dimensions must be muitiplied. Stated in feet, the height is 2 # feet, the length 1 j4 feet, and the breadth U foot. WORKSHOP MANUAL. IOI By Example IV. the area of the base is \% feet multiplied by ^ foot, that is, is 4-3X^=12-12=1 square foot, which multi- plied by 2% feet gives 2% cubic feet, the volume required. To find the volume of a right cone. Multiply the area of the base by the height and divide by 3. Example VI. — The height of a cone is 6 inches, and the diam- eter of the base 3>£ inches to find the volume. The circumference of the base is 3/£X22 _ I l i ncnes# 7 The area of the base is one-half of 1% inches (the radius) X 1 i=H X 1 1=74-8=926 square inches. And the area 9^X6 inches (the height)=57J£, which divided by 3 gives 19X cubic inches, the volume required. To find the volume of a frustum of a right cone. From the volume of the complete cone of which the frustum is a part subtract the volume of the cone cut off. For example, the volume of the frustum C A B D is equal to the volume of the complete cone O A B less the volume of O C D the cone cut off. The height of the complete cone and that of the cone cut off from it to form the frustum can be found by Problem V. To find the volume of a sphere, the diameter being given. Multiply the diameter of the sphere by the area of a circle of same diameter, and take two-thirds of the product. Example VII. — The diameter of a sphere is 8 inches. The area of a circle of same diameter is 50 2-7 (see Example II.); which multiplied by 8 gives 402 2-7 cubic inches, two-thirds of which (268 1-5 about) is the volume required. Or, Multiply the cube of the diameter by "5236. Given the volume of a vessel, any vessel, to find the number of gallons, quarts, or pints that it will hold. If the volume is in cubic feet, as in Example V a, then, to bring it to gallons, multiply by 6%, there being in a cubic foot of water 6% gallons, about. If the volume is in cubic inches, divide by 277. The number of cubic inches in a gallon of water is 277X nearly; but in ordinary calculations, the quarter may be omitted. 102 workshop manual. If the volume is required in quarts, multiply it, if in cubic feet, by 25; if in cubic inches, divide it by 69. The number of cubic inches in a quart of water is about 69X; in our ex- amples here we have disregarded the fraction. If the volume is required in pints, multiply it, if in cubic feet, by 50; if in cubic inches, divide it by 35. The number of cubic inches in a pint of water is rather more than 34^; in our examples we have taken it as 35. Example VIII. — To find the number of gallons, quarts, or pints, contained in the tank of Example Va. Gallons. — 301 5-7X6X=i885 5-7 gallons. Quarts. — 301 5-7X25=7542 6-7 quarts. Pints. — 301 5-7x50=15085 5-7 pints. Example IX. — To find the number of gallons, quarts, or pints, contained in the tank of Example Vb. Gallons. — 339 -3-=- 277=1 '22 gallons about. Quarts. — 339 3 -=-69=4. 92 quarts about. Pints.— 339' 3-5-35=9' 7 pints about. . Given the number of gallons, quarts, or pints, that a tank or other- vessel contains, any vessel, of which the sides are perpendicular to the base, also the dimensions of the base, to find its height. . Divide the number of gallons by 6% ; this will give the volume of the required tank in cubic feet. If the quantity is given in quarts, then to ascertain the required volume, multiply by 69. If the quantity is given in pints, multiply by 35. To find the required height for the tank, divide the volume found as just shown, by the area of the base. CHAM ER V. USEFUL TABLES FOR TINNERS AND SHEET flETAL WORKERS. WEIGHT OF A LINEAL FOOT OF FLAT BAR IRON, IN LBS. BIRMINGHAM GAUGE. a ■Sfi THICKNESS IN FRACTIONS OF INCHES. »-i i — I % 5-16 H 7-16 % H X H 1 i ■83 1.04 1.25 1.46 1.67 2.08 2.50 2.92 3-34 \% ■93 1. 17 1.40 1.64 1.87 2.34 2.81 3-28 375 iX 1.04 1.30 1.56 1.82 2.08 2.60 3-13 3.65 4-17 iH 1. 14 1-43 1.72 2.00 2.29 2.87 344 4.01 4-59 i# 1. 25 1.56 1.87 2.19 2.50 3-13 3-75 4.38 5-00 i# i-35 1.69 2.03 2-37 2.71 3-39 4.07 4.70 5-43 iK 1.46 1.82 2.19 2-55 2.92 3-65 4-38 5.11 5.84 i# 1.56 1.9; 2.34 2.74 3-13 3-9i 4.69 5-47 6.26 2 1.67 2.08 2.50 292 3-34 4.17 5.01 5.86 6.68 2^ 1.77 2.21 2.66 3.10 3-55 443 5-32 6.21 7.10 2# 1.87 2-34 2.81 3.28 3-76 4.69 5 63 6-57 7.52 2J4 1.98 2.47 2.97 347 3 96 4-95 5-95 6.94 7-93 2^ 2.08 2.60 3-13 3-65 4-i? 5.21 6.26 7-30 8-35 2^ 2.19 2.74 3.28 3-83 4.38 547 6.57 7.67 877 2^ 2.29 2.87 344 4.01 4-59 5-74 6.88 8.03 9.18 2^ 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 3 2.50 3-'3 3-75 4-38 5.01 6.26 Z- 51 8.76 10.02 3X 2.71 3-39 4.07 4-74 543 6.78 8.14 9-49 10.85 3^ 2.92 3-65 4.38 5.11 5.84 7-3° 8.76 10.23 11.69 3^ 3-i3 3-91 4.68 547 6.26 7.82 9-39 10.95 12.52 4 3-34 4.17 5.00 5.84 6.68 8-35 10.02 11.69 I3-36 4X 3-54 4-43 5-32 6.21 7.09 8.87 10.64 12.42 14.19 4^ 3-75 4.69 5-63 6.57 7-5i 9-39 11.27 13-15 15-03 4# 3.06 4-95 5-94 6.94 7-93 9.91 11.89 13.88 15.86 5 4.17 5-21 6.26 7-3° £ 3 5 10.44 12.52 14.61 16.70 5# 4.38 547 6.57 7.67 8.76 11.96 13-14 15-34 17-53 S l A 4-59 5-73 6.88 8.03 9.18 11.48 13-77 16.07 18.37 su 4.80 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 12.00 14.40 16.80 Ig.20 6 5.01 6.25 7-5i 8.76 10.02 12.53 15-03 17-53 20.05 104 Workshop MANUAL: BAR AND SHEET BRASS-WEIGHT IN POUNDS. Thickness, or Diameter, or Size; inches.. ~t n. n 5T J» « en O C Off ^3 ® S O 3 3 P> . w Thickness, or Diameter, or Size; inches. C/3 •£ W tt « in O 3 § a- M,0 c as & 3 IS "PS 1-16 i.f .Si 5 .Oil 1 1-16 45-95 4.07 3.20 'A 541 .055 .045 % 49.69 4-55 3-57 i-16 8.12 .I2| .1 316 51.4 5.08 3-97 'A 10.76 .225 ■175 X 54-18 5.65 4.41 S-16 13-47 •350 .275 5-16 56.85 6.22 4.86 n 16.25 •51 •395 # 59-55 6.31 4-35 7-16 19. .69 •54 7-16 62.25 745 5-85 K 21.65 .905 .71 X 65. f-13 6.37 9-16 24-3 1.15 •9 9-16 57-75 8.83 6.92 X 27.12 1.4 1.1 # 70-35 9-55 7-48 11-16 29.77 1.72 i-35 II 16 73- 10.27 8.05 X 32.46 2.05 1.60 X 75-86 11. 8.65 13-16 35-18 2.4 1.85 13-16 78.52 11.82 9.29 % 37-85 2.75 2.15 * 71.25 72.68 9-95 15-16 40.55 3.15 2.48 I5-I6 84. '3-5 10.58 I 43 29 3.65 2.85 2 86.75 '4 35 11.25 SHEET COPPER. Weight of sheet copper per square foot and per sheet and thickness for American wire gauge. Wt. 14x48 24x48 30x60 36x72 48x72 No. per sq. lbs. per lbs. per lbs. per lbs. per lbs. per gauge. foot. sheet. sheet. sheet. sheet. sheet. 12 3.660 29.280 45.750 65.880 87.840 13 3-259 26.072 40.737 58.662 78.216 14 2.003 23.224 36.287 52.254 69.672 15 2.585 20.680 32.312 46.530 62.040 16 2.302 18.416 28.775 41.436 55.248 17 2.050 16.400 25.625 36.000 32.850 49.200 18 1.825 14.600 22.812 43.800 19 1.625 13.000 20.312 29.850 36.000 20 1.447 11.576. 18.087 26.046 34.728 21 1.289 10.312 16.112 23.192 30.936 22 1. 148 5-357 9.184 14.360 20.664 27.552 23 1.022 4.769 8.176 12.775 18.396 24,528 21.840 24 .910 .810 4.246 7.280 "•375 16.380 2 I 3.780 6.480 10.125 14.580 19.440 26 .722 3-369 5-776 0.025 8.037 12.996 17-328 27 •643 3.000 5.144 11.574 15432 28 .572 2.669 4.576 7.150 10.296 13.728 Vv6rkshop MANUAL. i&$ TINNED SHEATHING COPPER. Thickness Wire Gauge Weight per sheet. Size of Sheet Weight per Square foot. No. 24 25 Lbs. 4 4 Ozs. 9 4 Inches. 14x48 14x48 Ounces. 14 '7 GUTTER COPPER — 20X72 INCHES. Thickness Wire Gauge Thickness of 30x60 sheet. Sheet of same thick- ness 20x72 No. ' 27 24 23 Lbs. 10 12 14 Size. 30x60 30x60 30x60 Lbs. 9 10 13 Ozs. 2 8 2 BAR AND SHEET COPPER. — WEIGHT IN POUNDS. WfJH Ulm K. W KOH c/i « C/3 S c X 5>"eT. "3£ c p «*9 c ™ a " 5 w .a in S n k*/ 2 ^ ness, eter, inches n go- c-t- H 2 & crq 1 ^0 p s •-* w t^ - ™ 2 ^ t-hT3 O ft O "1 ^0> So- 1-16 2.88 015 .011 1 1-16 49. 4.35 3-41 H 5-75 .06 .056 X 52. 4.86 3-«5 3-16 8.65 •134 .105 3-16 54-9 5.40 4.29 X 11.48 .235 .187 X 57-65 6. 4-73 S-16 14.36 .375 •295 5-16 60.5 6.60 5.20 H 17.28 •54 .424 H 53-45 7.27 5.70 7-16 20.19 ■735 •575 7-16 66.35 7.90 6.28 a 23.1 .960 •75 % 69-3 8.64 6.80 0-16 26. 1.21 •95 9-16 72.15 9.28 7-3° * 28.85 1.51 1. 17 # 75-i 10.15 8. 11-16 31.68 1.81 1.42 11-16 77-95 10.95 8.6 H 34-57 2.15 1-7 X 80.75 11.70 9.24 13-16 36.46 2.54 2. 13-16 83.60 12.60 9.85 # 40.39 2.95 2-3 H 86.58 13.46 10.55 is-16 43-27 3-37 2.64 15-16 89.45 14-35 11.25 1 46.15 3-84 3.01 2 92.25 15-35 12. 106 WORKSHOP MANUAL. MARKS AND WEIGHTS OF TIN-PLATE. No, Marks on NAMES. SIZES. in Weight OF the Box. Each Box. Boxes. Inches. cts. qrs. lbs. 13^x10 13XX 9% 225 1 3 21 CI CII I2^x, 9 y 2 13^x10 u u u tt u 1 1 3 1 1 16 21 CHI XI XXI. Three Crosses No. I tt K tt 1 2 14 XXXI, u a a 1 3 7 XXXXI 16^X12^ IOO 3 21 CD « a « 1 14 XD a a « 1 1 7 XXD Three " " ft u ~ " 1 2 XXXD Four ■ " a u u 1 2 21 XXXXD Common Small Doubles 15 XII 200 1 2 CSD Cross a tt 1 2 21 XSD Two Cross " " tt tt 1 3 U XXSD Three « " u tt 2 7 XXXSD Four " « « U U 2 1 XXXXSD Waster's Common No. i 13^X10 225 1 WCI " Cross No. i . . . U tt H 1 1 WXI SHEET IRON. Black and galvanized sheet iron; weight and measurement per square foot. Roof Weight Square foot No. of Weight Square foot wire per wire per gauge. Sq. foot. per ton. gauge. Sq. foot. per ton. 2 12 oz. 2,987 20 28 oz. 1.327 13 2,757 s 30 I.I95 27 14 2,560 35 1,054 26 ~. is 2,389 17 36 t 25 16 2,240 16 42 24 17 1,991 15 46 779 23 19 1,792 14 53 677 22 21 1,629 13 6i 588 21 24 1.493 12 70 512 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 107 Sheet Iron.— Continued. COMMON SHEET IRON. Thickness and weight per square foot of any kind, sheets usually 24 in. wide and 28 in. long. 71 ho .. . persq. ft. per lb. . . persq. ft. per lb.. . per sq. ft. per lb. . . persq. ft. per lb... persq. ft. per lb. . . persq. ft. per lb. . . persq. ft. per lb... per sq. ft per lb... per sq. ft 60 48 43 38 .12 ■36 12 323 285 33 .12 .248 "4 428 in 416 108 405 105 394 102 383 099 37i 096 36 °93 349 09 338 087 326 084 315 081 304 08 30 078 293 °75 281 72 27 069 259 .114 • 342 . in ■333 .108 ■ 324 .105 •315 . 102 .306 .009 .297 .096 .288 •093 • 279 .09 .27 .087 .261 .084 .252 .081 .243 .08 .24 .078 ■ 234 .075 .225 .072 .216 .069 .207 114 306 in .21 :o8 290 105 282 102 .274 .099 .266 .096 .258 .093 •25 .09 .242 .087 234 .084 226 081 218 08 215 078 21 075 202 072 194 069 185 .114 .278 .111 .264 .108 .257 .105 .249 .102 .242 ,099 235 .096 .228 .093 .221 .09 .214 .087 ,207 ,084 .20 .081 192 08 I9 „ 078 185 075 178 072 171 069 164 .114 •235 .111 .229 .108 .223 .105 .217 .102 .21 .099 .204 .096 .198 • 093 .192 .09 .186 .087 .179 .084 • "73 .081 .167 .08 .165 .078 .161 .075 • 155 .072 .149 .069 .142 WORKSHOP MANUAL. IO9 Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet Iron. (Continued.) Gauge number 14 Gauge Number. Weight per sq. ft., oz . List price per pound. . Cost per sq. ft. at List. Cost at Sperct.Dis.jP^g;- f ; iz% per lb. per sq. ft per lb per sq. ft per lb per sq. ft. ...... 20 21 22 23 24 28 114 20 in .194 .108 189 105 .184 24 •13 .195 124 1 85 12 18 117 176 114 171 13 171 .124 .162 .12 .158 .117 • 154 .114 .149 19 13 154 124 147 12 143 117 139 114 '35 17 I3 „ 138 .124 • 131 .12 .128 .117 .124 .114 ■ 121 no WORKSHOP MANUAL. Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet- Iron. (Continued,) Gauge number. 23 24 Weight per square foot, oz List price per pound Cost per square foot at List 28 24 19 ■13 .105 13 171 13 154 17 13 138 Cost at 15 perc. Dis » 17/2 " « « 20 " " « 22^ " " "25 « ■ « 27 ^ « « "30 " " « 32 ^ « « " 33'A " " " 3? " 7>VA ' 40 " 42K " 45 ' 47^ " 5° * 52^ " 55 ' STA " 60 -.1 per lb. . .. per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb ... . per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. .102 .179 •099 '73 .096 ,168 093 '63 09 158 087 152 084 147 081 142 98 14 078 137 075 131 072 126 069 121 066 116 063 11 06 105 057 10 054 095 051 089 048 084 11 166 107 161 104 156 .101 151 .098 .146 .094 141 091 137 088 132 .087 13 .085 127 c8i 122 .078 .117 075 112 072 107 068 102 .065 098 .062 ■093 059 .088 055 .083 052 078 . in 145 107 141 104 137 101 132 098 128 094 124 091 119 088 . in ■131 .107 .127 .104 .124 .101 .12 .098 .116 .094 . 112 .091 .108 .088 115 .104 087 087 114 .103 085 in 081 107 .085 .10I .081 096 078 .078 102'. 093 075'. 075 098 .089 072 .072 094 068 09 065 085 062 081 059 077 055 073 052 068 .085 .068 .081 .065 .077 .G62 ■073 .059 .069 .055 .066 .052 .062 .III .117 .107 .114 .104 .III .101 .107 .098 .104 •094 .10 .091 .097 .088 •093 .087 .092 .085 .09 .081 .086 .078 .083 •075 .079 .072 .076 .068 •073 .065 .069 .062 .066 .059 .062 .055 .059 .052 .055 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Ill Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet Iron. ( Continued.) Gauge number. 23 24 Weight per square foot, oz. List price per pound Cost per square foot at List 28 24 19 17 •13 .105 •13 .171 •13 ■154 I3 „ 138 Cost at 62^% Dis. "65 " " " 67^ " « "70 « « " 72K " " per lb per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. iper lb. . . . per sq. ft. per lb. . . . per sq. ft. \ per lb. . . . / per sq. ft. .045 079 042 073 039 068 036 063 033 058 03 052 .049 • 073 .045 .068 .042 .063 •039 .058 .036 .054 .032 .049 .049 .064 .045 .060 .042 .056 039 .051 .036 .047 .032 .042 .049 .058 .045 .054 .042 .050 •°39 .046 .036 .042 .032 .038 ■ 049 .052 .045 .048 .042 .045 ■039 .041 .036 .038 .032 .034 Gauge Number. Weight per square foot, oz. List price per pound Cost per square foot at List. lb. Costat 5 perct.Dis.jP^;- f -; _ . , « « \ per lb j per sq. ft . i per lb i per sq. ft. . . . per lb. ( per sq. \ per lb . ( per sq, \ per lb " 16 « " 12J4 " " 15 " " 17V2 " ". 20 " " 22^ " « 25 "' " 27^ " " 30 " f~- '"■ ■-■■ per sq. ft. 1 per lb 1 per sq. ft. ( per lb / per sq. ft. I per lb / per sq. ft. ( per lb I per sq. ft. per lb.. . . per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft. per lb per sq. ft, „ i per lb / per sq, « j per lb 25 26 16 ■'33 •133 ■13 13 . 126 .126 .123 .123 .119 .119 .116 .116 ,112 ,112 ,109 ,109 105 105 102 102 O98 O98 iS • 14 • 131 • 133 .125 • 13 .121 .126 .118 .123 .IIS .119 .112 .116 .108 .112 .105 .109 .102 .105 .og8 .102 .095 .098 .092 27 28 29 14 15 131 ■143 .125 ■139 .121 ■ I3 § .118 ■131 .115 .128 . 112 . 124 .108 .12 .105 ,116 102 "3 098 109 095 105 092 13 .16 ■13 -135 .152 .124 .148 . 120 .144 .117 .14 .114 .136 .111 .132 .107 .128 .104 .124 .101 .12 .098 .116 .094 .112 .094 .171 .128 .167 .125 .162 .122 .158 .118 ■ 153 .115 .149 .111 .144 .108 .14 .105 ■135 .101 ..38 .096 .125 .092 112 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet Iron. (Continued.) Gauge Number 25 Weight per square foot, oz. List price per pound , Cost per square foot at List . Cost at32^p.c. " 33M " " 35 " - yjy z « " 40 " « 42^ « " 45 " * . M% " " 50 • " S*% " " 55 * « 57^ « « 60 " " 62^ " " 65 « " 67^ - " 70 " " 72^ " « 75 . Dis ■ ! • ! per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. pei lb. per sq. pei lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq, per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. per lb. per sq. ft. ft ft. ft.. ft. ft. 16 095 095 093 °93 091 091 088 688 084 084 081 081 ,077 077 074 074 .07 .07 067 067 063 063 06 06 056 056 052 052 049 049 045 045 .042 .042 038 038 035 035 26 15 H 131 .095 .089 093 088 091 085 088 082 084 079 081 075 077 072 .074 069 .07 066 067 062 .063 .059 06 .056 056 052 052 049 049 046 .045 043 .042 039 .038 .036 •°35 ■033 27 14 •15 •131 .101 .089 .10 .088 .098 .085 .094 .082 .09 .079 .086 .075 .083 .072 .079 .069 .075 .066 .071 .062 .068 •°59 .064 .056 .06 .052 .056 .049 .052 .046 .049 ■ 043 .045 ■°39 .041 .036 •037 •033 28 29 13 .16 •13 .108 .088 . 107 .087 .104 .085 .10 .081 .096 .078 .092 .075 .088 .072 .084 .068 .08 .065 .076 .062 .072 •055 .06I .055 .064 .052 .060 .049 .056 .045 .052 .042 .048 ■°39 .044 .036 .040 .032 .18 •135 .121 .09 .12 .097 .118 .083 .114 .088 .101 .084 .108/ .079' ■ 094. .075 .091 .07 .098 .066 .084 .061 .081 .C87 .077 .056 .072 .054 .067 .051 .063 .047 .058 .044 .054 .040 .049' •037 .045 • 034 WORKSHOP MANUAL. "3 REGISTERS AND VENTILATORS, VERTICAL WHEEL. Sizes as given on List 4X* £>A n. 4 x 8 n. 4 XIO n. 4 XI? n. 4 XI8 n. 6 x 8 n. 6 x 9 n. 6 XIO n. 6 XI4 n. 6 xi6 n. 6 xi8 n. 6 X24 n. 7 x 7 n. 7 XIO n. 8 x 8 n. 8 XIO n. 8 XI2 n. 8 XI5 n. 8 Xl8 n. 9 x 9 n. 9 XI2 n. 9 XI4 n. 10 XIO n. 10 XI2 n. 10 XI4 n. 10 Xl6 n. IOj ixi6A n. 12 XI2 n. 12 XI? n. 12 XI7 n. 12 XI9 n. 14 XI4 n. 14 Xl8 n. 14 X22 n. 16 Xl6 n. 16 X20 n. 16 X24 n. 20 X20 n. 20 X26 n. 21 X29 n. 30 X30 n. Opening to admit Body of Register. 4^x t% 4^x 8X 4^xioX 4^x15 4^x1 (>Ax &H 6%x 9% 6%yLlo l / 2 6/ 2 xhX 6}ixi6 6%xi%y s 6^x24^ 7%x 7H 7 3 Axl°'A %%x 8% 8^xio|^ 8Xxn^ 8Hxi5rt &%xi8X 9%x 9% 9^x12 9 l AxHA io^xioX io}ixi2.'A ioAxH% loyixiSys io#xi6>£ 12 xi2 12 X15 12 X17X i2y s xi9'A 14^x14^ I4^xi8X nYixmys l6ygxl6yg IS%X20>| i6^x24X 2I^X2lX 20^x26 2 1 X29 30 X30 Extreme Dimensions of Register Face. 5Xx 7K SAx 9'A SUxiiU 5%xi6y s S%*i9 l A .7 7 A* 9 3 A 8 xioX 8 xi2 8#xi5# 8'Axi7 3 A 8^x20 8 X26 8J^x 8# 8^xnM 9^x 9% 9^x11^ 9^x13% 9%xi6iA 10 xi9% 10^x10^ loUxnU 11 x 6}i 12 XI2 nj^X3lX 32f^X32|^ Depth of the Register. Clos'd Open iA iyk i% i 7 A iH iA iyk i% iA i% iA iA 2 2 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2% 2% 2% 2A 2% 2A 2% 2A 2% 2A 2A 2% 2% 2% 2U 2A 2A 2A lA 3% 3H lA 2 2% iA. *A 2A 2A iA 2A 2A 2A 2A 2A 2% 2% 3 3 3 3 k 3X 3% 3% lU 3H 3% *,% 4X VA iA 4 4 4 iA 1 iA \A VA* 5A f Opening to admit Iron Border. I0^XI2# I0KXI3X I0^xi4ji uAxi8A \\Ax20U \\A.X22% \\A,x2%A nAxnA hAxhA \2Ax\2A 12'AxHA 12^X16^ 12^x19^ 12^X22^ 13^X13^ I2Axl6A I3AXI9A hUxhU 15AX17H 15^x19^ 15 x2l 'A 15AX21A i6^xi6X 16^x19^ 17^X22^ 17^8X24 19AX19U \9%x2zA 19AX27A 2\Y%X2\% 20%X2$A 22 X30X 27^x27^ 27XX33X 28^x36^ 37^X37^ H4 WORKSHOP MANUAL. NO. POUNDS OF ROUND AND SQUARE PER FOOT. BAR IRON tn V •a lo O U5 >-< it SI V) (3 pa a 5 3 CO 13 C 3 O (5 V 3 CT CO T3 a 3 rt.H 5 u a 3 CO •0 a 3 ft* % .20g .164 I 3-34 2.62 2# 27.6l 21.68 5-ib .326 .256 i'A 4.22 3 32 3 30.07 23.60 ^ .470 ■369 i'A S-25 4 09 3* 35-28 27.70 7-16 .640 .502 iH 6-35 4 96 VA 40.91 32.23 K ■«3S .656 iy 2 7-5i 5 90 *u 46.97 36.89 9-16 1.057 .831 1^ 8.82 6 92 4 53-44 41-97 H 1-305 I .025 i« 10.29 8 03 4X 60.32 47-38 11-16 1-579 I .241 1^ 11.74 22 4^ 67.63 53-12 H 1.879 1.476 2 I3-36 10 49 4*< 75-35 59.18 13-16 2.205 1.732 2^ 15.08 11 84 5 83-5i 65-58 H 2.556 2. Oil 2X 16.91 n 27 SX 92.46 72-33" 15-16 2.936 2.306 2^8 18.84 14 79 5/ 2 101 .03 79-35 2K 20.87 16 39 5& 114-43 86.73 2^ 23.11 18 07 6 120.24 94-43 2M 25.26 19 84 INTERNAL AREAS OF WROUGHT IRON PIPE. Size sf Pipe. Internal Area. Length per foot of Surface. Gallons per foot in Length. 'A in. 0.3648 in. 4 . 502 ft. 0.0102 gal. U " 0-5333 " 3.637 " -0.0230 " 1 " 0.8627 " 2.903 « 0.0408 " 1% « 1 . 496 " 2.301 " 0.0638 « iK " 2.038 " 2.01 « 0.0918 " 2 " 3-355 " 1. 611 " 0. 1632 " 2% « 4.783 " 1.328 " 0.2550 * 3 , : 7.388 " 1. 091 " 0.3673 ■ 3K « 9.887 « 0.955 « 0.849 " 0.4998 " 4 " 12.730 " 0.6528 ■ 4^ • 15 -939 " 0.765 " 0.8263 " 1 " 19.900 " 28.889 " 0.629 " 1 .020 " 6 " 0.577 « 1.469 « 7 " 38.737 " 0-535 " 1.099 " 8 « 50.039 « 0.444 " 2. 611 « WORKSHOP MANUAL. "5 WILSON'S TABLE OF DIMENSIONS OF CHIMNEYS. Oq po ►7 "t o <-t ■ Z! S B B 1-° 3?> i-h3 CL 33 HH 000000 ooooo oooo ooo 00 o I 2 3 4 i 7 8 9 IO II 12 13 H \ S 6 »7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3° 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 - 40 .46 .40964 .3648 •32495 .2893 .25763 . 22942 .20431 .18194 .16202 . 14428 . 12849 ■1 1443 .10189 .090742 .080808 .071961 .064084 .057068 .05082 .045257 .040303 ■03589 .031961 .028462 ■025347 .022571 .0201 ■0179 .01594 .014195 .012641 .011257 .010025 .008928 .00795 .00708 .006304 .005614 ,005 ,004453 003965 003531 003144 • 454 .425 .38 ■34 ^84 .259 .238 .22 .203 .18 .165 .148 •134 .12 .109 ■ 095 .083 .072 .065 .058 .049 .042 ■035 .032 .028 .025 .022 .02 .018 .016 .014 .013 .012 .OI .OO9 .008 .007 .005 .004 • 46 •43 •393 .362 •331 •307 • 283 .263 .244 .225 .207 .192 .177 .162 .148 •135 .12 .105 .092 .08 .072 .063 ■054 .047 .041 •035 .032, .028 .025 .023 .02 .018 .017 .016 .015 .014 • 0135 .013 .011 .01 .009 .009 .008 .008 .007 .007 • 45 • 4 •36 •33 •305 .285 .265 • 245 .225 .205 .19 • 175 .16 •145 • 13 .1175 .105 .0925 .08 .07 .061 .0525 .045 .04 • 035 .031 .028 .025 .0225 .02 .018 .017 .016 .015 .014 .013 .012 .011 .01 .0095 .009 .0085 .008 .0075 .007 •3586 .3282 .2994 .2777 .2591 .2401 .223 .2047 .1885 .1758 .1605 .1471 • i35i .1205 .1965 .0928 .0816 .0726 .0627 .0546 .0478 .0411 ■ 0351 .0321 .029 .0261 .0231 .0212 .0194 .0182 ,017 .0163 ,0156 .0146 0136 013 0118 0109 01 0095' 009 0083 0078 .083 .072 .065 .058 .049 ■ 04 •°35 ■ 0315 .0295 .027 .025 .023 .0205 .01875 .0165 .0155 •oi375 .01225 .01125 .01025 .0095 .009 .0075 .0065 .00575 .005 ■ 0045 000000 ooooo 0000 000 00 o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 119 120 WORKSHOP MANUAL. WEIGHT OF ONE FOOT OF BAR STEEL. ROUND. SQUARE. OCTAGON. Diam. In. Pounds. Side In. Pounds. Diam. In. Pounds. ft .166 H .213 A .84 x • 375 x ■479 X 1.23 A .667 A .855 % i-75 X 1.04 H i-33 n 2.25 % 1.50 H I.QI I 2.75 X 2 05 X 2.61 iX 3-66 i 2.67 1 3-4o iH 4-55 i% 3-38 1% 434 iX 5-50 i'A 4.17 iV 5-32 »* 6.45 ix S-05 irt 6.44 iX 7-75 i>A 6.00 iA 7.67 iX 9.20 iH 7°S IX 9.00 iX 10.04 itf 8.17 1% 10.44 2 11.60 m 9-38 IX 11.58 2X I3-H 2 10.68 2 1363 2% 14-75 2% 12.04 2% 15-35 2X 16.40 2% 13-51 2% 17.20 2A 17.85 2tt 15.05 2H 19.17 2X 19.50 7.%. 16.68 2A 21.20 2% 21.25 2% 18.43 2% 23 -3° 2% 22.69 iy* 20. ig 2H 25.70 3 25.00 2Ji 22.00 2% 27.74 3 , 24.03 3 30.60 3% 28.20 3X 35-9° USEFUL TABLES FOR TIN-PLATE WORKERS. List of abbreviations used: W. No. — Wire number. Pat. No. — Pattern number. No. — Number. B. W. G. — Birmingham wire gauge. Note on table No. I: Length and sizes of B. G. wire. — This little table is very useful for finding how much wire you will re- quire to make given number of articles, and will be found a very useful table for reference. Note on table No. 2: Oil Bottles. — These sizes after being made with cone-shaped top and neck will hold rather more than quantities given.so as ts hold the quantity after rebottoming and repairs. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 121 Water Pots sec. 3. — All these sizes are so arranged as to cut best out of the different sizes of tinplates. Note on table No. 4, Dripping Tins. — They are turned up at an angle of go degrees to sizes given in table. Saucepans and Paint Kettles, see 5 and 6. — These sizes are ar- ranged so they will hold quantity stated after rebottoming. Note on tables 7: Baking Tins. — You can see you will get six sides of a No. 1 from a single sheet, six sides of a No. 2 from a small double sheet without any waste. Numbers 9 and 10 are self-explanatory. Funnels No. 8. — These are so arranged as to cut as nicely as possible, and can be wired with or without rim as desired. Note on table 10: Oval Breakfast Bottles. — This is an article made oval with lock seam, top being funnel-shape with round neck. The sizes given will be found to cut as nicely as can be arranged. The handle is both riveted and soldered on and top and bottom clasped on, or bottom can be panned down and turned up and top panned on as desired. Some people make them one way and others the other. Fish Kettles and Round Boilers, See 11 and 12. — The bodies of round and oval boilers differ very much in depth. An oval boiler is mostly known as a fish kettle and a round boiler jis a pea boiler. 1 YARDS OF WIRE PER BUNDLE. Wires all weigh 63 pounds to the bundle. Wire Gauge. o... 1. . . 2.. . 4... 5... Yds. Per Bundle. ... 71 ... 91 ... 105 ... 121 ... 143 .. 170 . . 203 Wire Gauge. 7... Yds. Per Bundle. 9- 10. 11. 12. 13- 239 286 342 420 529 700 893 Wire Gauge. 14... \t: 17... 18... 19... 20... Yds. Per Bundle. ,.. 1,142 , . . 1 ,468 ...1,954 ...2,540 ...3,150 . . . 4,085 ...4,912 OIL BOTTLES. Capacity. Size. Half pint VA in. 3% in- One pint 10 " 4# " One quart 14 " 5 " Capacity. Size. Half gallon 18^ in. $% in. One gallon 22 " 7}4 " Two gallons 28 " 10 " 122 WORKSHOP MANUAL. WATER POTS. No. Capacity. Size, ooo About i pint. . . oo About 2 pints. . About 4 pints. . 1 About 6 pints. .17 in. &% in. 2 About 8 pints.. 20 « 7 « No. Capacity. Size. 3 About I y 2 gals . . 24 in. 9 About 2 About 3 About 4 About 5 gals.. 28 ' gals. .30 " gals.. 34 " gals . . 40 " 10 n 14 W. No. Finished Size. 13 12 11 9 ijfin. 2 " 2X " 2#,« DRIPPING TINS. Size. 14 in. 15 " 17 " 20 " 10 10 I2# 14 in. Remarks. Turn up an angle of 90° SAUCEPANS. W. No. Capacity. Size. 13 I pint... 13 in. 3^ in. 12 ' 2 pints. .14 "5 " 11 3 pints.. 18^ " l% « W. No. Capacity. Size. 10 2 quarts. ..20 in. 7 in. 3 quarts. . .22 " 7% " 4 quarts... 25 * %% " PAINT KETTLES. W. No. Capacity. Size. 12 1 pt., 3 lbs. . .14 in. 5 in 11 2 » 4 « ...ijyi " 5 " 10 3 " 5 " ...20 " 5 " W. No. Capacity. Size. 9 2 qts., 6 lbs...22^in.5Xin 3 " 7 " ..25 « 6X * 4 " 8 " .. BAKING TINS. No. W. No. Side. End. Deep. Remarks. Top. Bottom. Top. Bottom. 1 13 7 in. 6 in. 5 in. 4 in. 3% in. 6 sides of a No. I from an S sheet. 2 12 7K " 6^ " S'A » 4^ " 3% " 6 sides of a No. 2 from an SD sheet. 3 10 Z'A ' 7% " 6X " 5X " 4X " 6 sides of a No. 3 from a D sheet. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 123 FUNNELS Bot- W. Bot- W. Bot- w Top. tom. No. Top. torn. No. Top. tom, No 2 in. Vs in. IS 4 in. 1 in. 13 8 in. 1% in. 10 2^ " % " IS 5 " 1% " 13 10 " iyi " ° 3 " H " 14 6 « ij£ « 12 TINPLATES. S single 14 in S D small double. . 15 " D double 17 " Twenties 20 " DD double doubles25 " Twenty-eights .... 28 " There are 17 in., 18 in. o in. u " 12% « 14 " 17 " 20 " , 19 in. and 20 in. sq. sheets. Tinned iron sheets, 26 B. W. G. 72 in., 24 in. Tinned iron sheets, 24 B. W. G. 72 in., 30 in. Tinned iron sheets, 22 B. W. G. 72 in., 22 in. 10 OVAL BREAKFAST BOTTLES. Capacity. Size. 1 pint 10 in. 4^ in. \ X A pints 12 « \% ' Capacity. Size. 2 pints 13 in. 3 pints 13^ " 5 in. 6 « 11 FISH KETTLES. W.No. No. Size. . 1 40 in. .2 44 " 7 in. VA " W.No. No. 5 3 ]4 in. rod 4 , Size. .50 in. yi in. •56 10 W.No. 12 ROUND BOILERS. No. Size. W.No. No. Size. ..1 .. . ...28 in. 10 in. 6 .... ■ •3 •• ...33^ in. 10 in ..2 ... ...31 " 10 " 5 .... ..4 .. ...36 " 11 " 124 WORKSHOP MANUAL. TIN-PLATE. MARKS, WEIGHTS AND NUMBERS. ' TIN PLATES. Mark. Size. X o J3 CO IC 10 X14 IX 10 xi4 IXX 10 X14 IXXX 10 X14 IXXXX ...10 X14 IC 14 X20 IX 14 X20 IXX 14 X20 IXXX 14 X20 IXXXX ... 14 X20 IC 20 X28 IX 20 X28 IXX 20 X28 IXXX 20 X28 IXXXX... 20 X28 DC ..12^x17 DX 12^x17 DXX 12^x17 DXXX 12^x17 DXXXX... 12^x17 DC 17 X25 DX 17 X25 DXX 17 X25 DXXX. ...»I7 X25 DXXXX...I7 X2S IC 11 xii IX 11 xii IXX 11 xii IC 12 XI2 IX 12 XI2 IXX 12 XI2 IC 13 XI3 IX 13 xn IXX 13 X13 CJ O CO .— « h rt u a a, 63 Lb. 108 156 1 7 8 198 108 I5 £ 178 198 112 216 112 270 112 320 112 360 112 400 100 100 100 100 100 225 225 225 225 225 112 112 112 112 112 100 100 100 100 100 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 94 122 143 164 185 188 244 286 328 37° 97 121 139 112 140 161 '35 169 194 Mark. Size. XI a xi CO IC 14 X14 225 IX 14 X14 225 IXX 14 xi4 225 IC 15 X15 225 IX 15 X15 225 IXX 15 X15 225 IC 16 xi6 225 IX 16 xi6 225 IXX 16 xi6 225 IC 17 XI7 112 IX 17 XI7 112 IXX 17 X17 112 IC 18 Xl8 112 IX 18 Xl8 112 IXX 18 Xl8 112 IC I9 XI9 112 IX 19 XI9 112 IXX 19 XI9 112 IC 20 X20 112 IX 20 X20 112 IXX 20 X20 112 IC 21 X2I 112 IX 21 X2I 112 IXX 21 X2I 112 IC 22 X22 112 IX 22 X22 112 IXX 22 X22 112 IC » 24 X24 112 IX 24 X24 112 IXX 24 X24 112 IXXX 24 X24 112 IXXXX.. ..24 X24 112 IC . . , 10 X20 225 ■!-> X 0) o ox •-* u, a o .5 ^ &£ £*> is Lb. 156 196 225 1 180 ; 225 259 '■■SP1 256^ 294 Hi d 144 166 130 162 186 144 180 207 160 200 230 176 220 253 194 242 278 231 288 331 374 417 160 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 125 Tin Plate-Continued. MARKS, WEIGHTS AND NUMBERS. TIN PLATE. Mark. IX.... IXX. IC... IX.... IXX. Size. x o .a in . 10 . 10 . 11 .11 . 11 IC 12 IX 12 IXX 12 IC 13 IX 13 IXX 13 IC 14 IX 14 IXX 14 IC 14 X20 225 X20 225 x22 225 X22 225 X22 225 X24 112 X24 112 X24 112 X26 1 12 X26 112 X26 112 X28 1 12 X28 112 X28 112 X3I 112 4-. X V o e a. E£ Obi Lb. 200 230 194 242 278 112 140 161 169 194 156 196 225 174 Mark. Size. IX 14 X31 IXX 14 X31 IC 14 X22 IX 14 X22 IC 14 X22 IX 14 ' X22 IXX 20 X72 IXXXX....20 X72 IXX 30 X72 IXXX 30 X72 IXXXX....30 X72 IXXX 36 X72 IXXXX....36 X72 IXXXX...38 X84 IXXXX....40 X84 ■u M O V .n *—i •— rt 4) c C Oh %"' (/J & Lb. 112 217 112 250 112 123 112 154 112 126 H2 157 46 1% 37 9 l A 30 li% .27 12M 25 14 3S iSX 20 i7/ 2 16 io# H 25 IC. IX. TERNE PLATES. .14 X20 112 .14 X20 112 108 135 IC. .20 X28 112 2l6 TAGGERS TIN AND TAGGERS IRON. Size. 10X14 10X14 10X14 14X20 14x20 14X20 Wire Gauge. Sheets. No. 38 No. 36 No. 34 No. 38 No. 36 No. 3-4 450 112 lb. 360 112 " 300 112 " 225 112 " 180 112 « 150 112 " Size. 20x28 20x36 20x28 20x36 20x40 Wire Gauge. No. 30 No. 30 No. 32 No. 32 No. 37 Sheets. 112 224 " 87 224 " 112 180 " 87 180 " 78 180 « 126 WORKSHOP MANUAL. a bo — a J3 O la .". •* e 111 N — d. o a Z S >- — o o E 8. "8 ja .H z so 5 '3 ■ 3 ^a o fi -s O °*§ L - 6 c (c '" '5 ft- t3 pa t » si a S * a mvO l>»00 O r-^CO f moo ON t^O cnvO t^. — «d-co f" W in O O CO CO ■'d" **J- "d" -*j- U"HJ-» mvO O'O NN tN.00 CO CO CO O t^ -e- ft co in in co co o r-^^j-ftco m H m ft in ft r^.^d-O'O m o w >— Nno^O csco ft- — en -^j- •*? m un\o !>. f^.00 co o O O f n n rnco-t^ . -to co»o o **co co t^. o "3-oo mtso ^on 00 ^a-tOiAH^o h nnco coco ti- o in o w ■- 01 en co •«* in in*o M3 I s - r>» jo oQOOOOfWNco vO p) m 000 w co o O aN^tN f O30 in co w co coOmO'O NOO f- O inf< NfOC> , tO , M00 co ■^t-CO moo N^fVO ft in O -rt- O fOCO cONNvQ N N fOtn^^tm invO "O *>- 1^. 1^.00 000000 00 o n mco o O ^ O m in\D O (s 00 00 O mo r^ 00 r-- k\0 wincornrx n f 000 Oco r^. t-*.so *-n -+ O ■rt-CC M"0 O *+00 M'O O ^N" m^fON" in N w m fnm-^--*^J-in invo ^O "O t^. r>- i>*co co o O N(> r^H tJ- u-wO vOt^.r^.OOffN-^ iovO ^O t^OO CO \r\\0 t-^00 O O f M CO uOMD t^OO O O - 1 M CO ** in VO O M in^o cs loco h -tNO comD O co^O O N i-n f •-< N M N t^ CO rO ^ "t tJ- umj^ u~i\0 "O 'O VO t^ t^. 00 ttco-oo Nt+fOM o r-^^o -^t co -t 00 r-^vo m t^ u-i ro — O^O ■* N OOO^O cO-h ONintS 000^0 •tNO n inco -h fi-NO^n inco O co\o o m -i- r\ f. I n n n M cncomcoTi-'d-'ti^iniri u-tO ^o <: M co in r-*. O O N co\0 CO O ft nmNOO n -+ u-. Oin — ' r-^cOOMD MCO •^-— ' r^coOin-HOO -fO'O co\0 O— -tNON ■^■tv.O N mNO co inco — co _ hi i-i M N N 04 CO CO CO ^t "* tt tt UMH in urtO VD ■^■OinfO ft , o -co nO'tCMciO'O -1 vo cs r^. O -=*■ O -rt-00 cotN-M^O f inO -3-0 ^d-CO rONM^O nmNO W WNO M lANO N ■* tv. O CS -* f-* O ft ft ft >- i-t N M M (S cocococOcO'^-^-Tj-Tj-T^-tn f> t^-d-ft « cnO^O COO t^co OO co O in N O in O t>.yD m-tN h 000 t^. m ■<+ N f Q 00 t^MD ^t- co Of cOintN.Of M rj-vC 00 O M •^-MO r-^ O f coin _ _ _ ,-, «m mm MCSCOCOCOCOCOCO^I-'^-'^- •adlj }0 J3J3UIBIQ WORKSHOP MANUAL. 127 Z o oc \- u 111 I ^ Z "O o Li. d -5 o rt « in ^ O g* < ft E . 1_ c O b£ ~ .5 ^ d bo a > £ 2 - ft E « 1— 1 VO Q ^t-00 NO OCO00 O ■sKOOOO TfCO CO O **• -± N^OO'tO 1 COOO 000 ^00 00 is.o> O wt 000 00 •"-« CS ^- 10O CO O "h CS loO O-OO O CS -=t" 10O OO O O t^co — es -^ lt\\q r^oo o* m n m-t 100 n CO 1-. M 10 -* 10O NNO NOO O CS •-* <-* CS CO "* COO ir»vMnvnmuMr; OMAmmnO "*oo coco 00 cs 00 100 tsOO O O — CS CO tS- tnMD IS.OO O O ** CS co *3- 1— 1 O tscO OO -* 01 N ■<+ CS CO ■* CS O) — CS cO ^tCO O iA N OO t1-— iCOCO CS O rOO **•■<* 10 cs OO O O vo >-o co cs — 00 is.o "Ttn- O O00 ^o "-* ^- m ■^t- u-j*o r^co 000 <-t m m ■«*• "^vo ^0 t^-co O'O >- 10 1— ( 00 CO t^.\0 lo -* ^ M ^00 (>0 O h N cOfTt u-tvo t->. r-^oo CD »o — \0 M NnOn OOO -tOO 1 - 1 COCO ■* O M *-< \Oi-ncOW O 0^r--0 u")00 t^u-ii-> cO'd-M i-H *-<(-•* MD COO NfOO N-t-QO i^N O'O CO O IN. ^ •-" !>. CO ■«* \r\ u-iMD r-N. t->-00 OOO »-< "-" N CO'*^- mO ^O t- sO t^.00 O-Oh N N-tM cO-^N'O'-' N CO -rf 00 VD ■O t^CO O •-< M (0\0 i^h m CONLOOO «-" N ■^•Tf MCO -^J-O NnO-i^iHOO ^ O vO (N0O lil-H t^Td-(> CO CO ^ "-i u-i\0 O t-^OO CO OO 0'-''-'C^ cOCO^-^- 00 \D ronoovo co »-• f-^o "-ooo m« t^u-ifN oo "~> Q 000 Olou-icocoO CO"-« Q l>-CO 00 r-^O irtu-i n \0 O i-nO 10O10O i^O^O ■^-0 , . — \oo r^.—' u~i\o t-^00 00 inOflNH i_n u~iOO u-i coo O l^ >-h u-> u-100 cot^cso ■- , loo -tf-oo nNNvo •-' u^o **oo co rC W N rocO'*^-i-nu~ 1 u-vo O J>. f^.00 00 O O O O O COO n- ts O Or^Oco OOO O OlN '*cO'-< | - 1 "^ 000 t^-^-o r^u-i— N*t ooco cooo 100 O CO t--*. O -^1-00 —1 ut O (OO O ■* IS. •-« LoOtNO O -h m n cococo-^-^i--^-lo loo ts t^. r^oo 00 1-4 IN O -" n W CO CO -d-00 lo N CO CO *-» ^-00 O O O Tf i~" n O O -*CO NO -" ■^l-— loOM f^tSV£3 OloO CO 00 >-* LOCO —> *-nco MiOOMu^OMO coo CO <— n m cs n n m ^t- 't 't ui ia loo t^. is.00 00 -i cs n cs rocOcOco-^-^rfLrMo u-iO O O vo ts CO 10 O *^t- O COOO COtStS r-^NO >-i O — mOiAO 1 ^ •- N't O KnO t^. cO — 0O -^-Q NiahOO ■«*•-. f^ •rj-O on -3- t^ O M u->00 O coo 00 -> tj-O O CS ^ mh h- >-i m m cs cocococo^--t1--71--^-lololj-, mvO O OQ N 'J*- w OO COOO **0 NtKNOO Th--00O cs \QO'tN-iinO COO CS lti O CS O — LOCO M NO cs lo n cs -^-0 •— -to 00 "-■ coo CO O CO 1000 1-1 -• tn ■-. cs cs cs cs conrnrn-*'+'t'*mtriLftun U5 CM t^OO OOO — N h rl-H CS N in-tnm loO ""> N N CO'+Ln t^.00 O | -< -+ >-oO OOO O | -' M COLOiO i-h CO u-i f^ O *-" COO OO O CS -rhO 00 — niflNOw 1-1 _ ,_ ,_i ,-, CS (S CS CS COcOrOCOCO'*±-'J"^i-^t-^-«*t CO O10CSCO -^i-O ts— O— t^cOCSO OO N OcoO *3--d-^!-rO'"OcOCS co— COCSCS -i — N -* •-» O — l -' O CS tJ-vOOO O -i _cs. cstscs n mcnroncn-tTt't^-'t >-( NcOOu-i— tsO OOO -rtO O N inn n cOO lt, ■^- 1-. OO -d- M OvN'tcO" c>vd ^ esi © nlocoo O ^ CS ^O CO O — CO lo NCO O CS ^}-0 I s - O 1- CO MHMMMwNNNNNnnnrncon'*^ CO I^. M i s Q l _, L r t OLOLnrt'-*i-oOOOOtsO , *>-0'* (SCO coO-^-O u-i — O COCO tt-OvLnn Td- CS N coco 00 O »-« cs ^*vo r^ O cs co loo 00 *-• co tj-o i^ <; s- lOVO tsOO O O 1- M CO "* 10O 1^.00 O O •-• N CO ■«*■ U319UI-GIQ Ul SatpiII 128 WORKSHOP MANUAL. WEIGHT OF METALS. Weight in lbs. of a square foot of different metals, in thick- nesses varying by 1-16 of an inch. Thickness in inches. h en 5 13 V Jh" y running knife or scissors along seams. Broken Leg. — Pull on leg steadily and firmly until it is of same length as sound one. Roll up a coat or empty sack into form of a cushion; ca'refully place leg upon it; then bind the .two together with scarfs or handkerchiefs. Do not lift patient from the ground until stretcher is close at hand. Take great pains,' by careful lifting, to prevent broken bone coming through skin. Broken Thigh. — Take hold of ankle, and, by steady traction, pull limb to same length as sound one; another person must then tie knees together, and afterward the ankles. Both limbs should then be laid over a sack of straw, or folded coat, so as to bend the knees. Patient should on no account be moved until stretcher is close at hand. Broken Arm. — Pull arm to length of sound one. Apply two splints, one outside, and other inside, bind- ing them firmly on with pocket handkerchiefs. The best splints are made by folding newspapers to neces- sary length, binding them above and below seat of frac- ture; anything hard and light, of suitable size, would act equally well, for instance, wood, pasteboard, twigs, leather, etc. 134 WORKSHOP MANUAL. Broken Ribs. — Cause intense pain when patient breathes; bind roller towel firmly round chest, fasten- ing with pins, or sewing. Broken Collar-bone. — Bend arm over front of chest; place it in a sling; bind it in that position by scarf going round chest, outside sling. Dog Bites. — Tie a handkerchief or cord tightly round limb above wound; suck the wound. Flesh Wounds. — Uncover wound; wash it with clean water; wring out a clean handkerchief, or some' lint, in cold water, and lay it over the wound. Then, bind in position with handkerchief. Fainting. — From heat, exhaustion, or loss of blood. Keep head low; undo clothing about neck; plenty of fresh air; dash cold water oq face and chest; smelling salts, carefully used; a little brandy, when sensibility has returned, excepting in cases of sunstroke, and where means have not been taken to prevent further bleeding. Insensibility. — From blows or wounds on head. Send at once for doctor or take patient to hospital, keeping him on his back, with head raised; undo cloth- ing round neck; do not give brandy. Insensibility. — From being buried in falls of earth, or breathing foul gas; proceed as in drowning. Fits. — i. If snoring and face flushed, undo clothing found neck, keep head raised, and dash cold water on top of head; hot water bottles to feet. Do not give brandy. 2. If foaming at mouth and convulsed, undo cloth- ing, apply smelling salts, and prevent patient hurting himself until conscious again. Drowning. — Send for doctor, blankets, and dry clothing. Take off wet clothes from upper part of body. Lay patient on his back, with his head on a WORKSHOP MANUAL. 135 folded coat for cushion. Draw tongue out of mouth and hold it there. A second person kneels at patient's head and takes hold of both his arms just below the elbows. He then draws them upward over the patient's head, and holds them in that position until he counts two; this draws air into the lungs. He then lowers arms to sides again and presses them firmly inwards, holding them there until he has again counted two; this forces air out of the lungs. Go on doing this until doctor arrives, or until patient breathes naturally. As soon as he does so, rub the limbs in an upward direc- tion with the dry hands, or better still with hot flannels. Put patient to bed between blankets, surrounded with hot water bottles. May give him wine or brandy when quite sensible. Rupture, or "break of the body." — Try and push it back with flat hand: keep man on his back. Cold wet clothes laid over rupture will, perhaps, aid its return. USEFUL SHOP HINTS. In brazing file the edges clean and bright, cover with spelter and powdered borax, and expose in a clear fire to a heat sufficient to melt the solder. To bronze copper, clean the surface, then brush it over with a solution of sulphate of iron, acetate of cop- per, or peroxide of iron; heat it cautiously and gradu- ally, rub off the powder and examine. If not a good bronze color repeat the process. For bronze paint for iron take ivory black one ounce, crome yellow one ounce, crome green two pounds. Mix with raw linseed oil- and add a little Japan to dry it. For brassing small articles take one quart of water and add half an ounce each of sulphate copper and pro- I36 WORKSHOP MANUAL. tochloride of tin. Stir the articles in the solution until the desired color is obtained. Use the sulphate of cop- per alone for copper color. To frost brass work, boil in caustic potash, rinse in clean water, and dip in nitric acid till all oxide is re- moved; then wash quickly, dry in boxwood sawdust, and lacquer while warm. This will give brass an orna- mental finish. For washing brass with tin boil together six pounds of cream tartar, four gallons of water and eight pounds of grain tin or tin shavings, for half an hour in porce- lain-lined vessel; put the clean brassware in the boiling liquid for a few minutes or until properly coated. Tin and tin alloys, after careful cleansing from ox- ide andgrease.are handsomely and permanently bronzed if brushed over with a solution of one part of sulphate copper (bluestone), and one part of sulphate of iron (copperas) in twenty parts of water. When this has dried, the surface should be brushed with a solution of one part of acetate of copper (verdigris) in acetic acid. After several applications and dryings of the last named, the surface is polished with a soft brush and bloodstone powder. The raised portions are then rubbed off with soft leather moistened with wax and turpentine, followed by a rubbing with dry leather. The best paint for galvanized iron where dark color is not objectionable is common asphalt dissolved in turpentine or benzine. It is extremely tenacious, dries soon and becomes very hard and insoluble by action of sunlight. It is flexible and very durable. Good varnish, one-half gallon; boiled linseed oil, one-half gallon; add red lead sufficient to bring to the consistency of common paint. Apply with brush. Ap- plicable to any kind of iron work exposed to the weather. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 1 37 For varnish for bright iron work, dissolve three pounds of rosin in ten pints boiled linseed oil, and add two pounds of turpentine. A coat of varnish .made in the proportion of two ounces of shellac to nine ounces of alcohol, will prevent brass from tarnishing. TO ATTACH LABELS TO TIN. i. If the paper is well sized and will resume its ori- ginal color when the paste is dry use a solution of bal- sam of fir, I part, in oil of turpentine, 2 or 3 parts. 2. Soften I part of good glue in water, then pour off the excess, and boil it with 8 parts of strong vinegar (about 8 per cent). Thicken the liquid, while boiling, with enough of fine wheat flour or dextrin. 3. Make starch paste and add to it while warm a lit- tle Venice turpentine, so that the latter will become evenly distributed through it. 4. Add to starch paste, or any other similar aqueous paste (except that made from gum Arabic) some solu- tion of shellac in borax. The quantity may be easily determined by trial. 5. Paint the spot where the label is to be put with a solution of tannin and let it dry. Affix the label pre- viously gummed and wetted. 6. Paint the spot over lightly with a camel's hair brush dipped into chloride of antimony. 7. Make a dilute solution of white gelatine, or, bet- ter, of isinglass, about I in 20. This is said to adhere without the addition of anything else. 8. To mucilage of acacia, starch, dextrin, or traga- canth paste add a little ammonia. 9. Or add a little tartaric acid. A trifle of glycerine may be added besides. I38 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 10. Mucilage of gum Arabic maybe made much more adhesive by heating 100 parts of it with 2 parts of sul- phate of aluminum, previously dissolved in hot water,to boiling, and then allowing to settle. A little tartaric acid and some glycerine added to the clear liquid after it is decanted will improve it. 11. Make a mixture of mucilage of tragacanth, 10 parts, and flour, 1 part. SIMPLE TESTS FOR IMPURE WATER. The presence of organic impurity in water can be detected by dissolving some loaf sugar in it, and then, after putting in a tight stopper, allowing it to stand in a warm,- well-lighted room for a few days. If it becomes turbid, there are certainly organic impurities in it; if it remains clear it is pure and safe to drink. To test the presence of earthy matters, take litmus paper dipped in vinegar, and if, on immersion, the paper returns to its true shade, the water does not contain earthy matter or alkali. If a few drops of sirup be added to water con- taining an earthy matter, it will turn green. To ascer- tain if the water contains iron, boil a little nut gall and add to the water. If it turns gray or slate black iron is present. Or dissolve a little prussiate of potash, and if iron is present it will turn blue. The presence of carbonic acid may be ascertained, even in very small quantities, thus: Take equal parts of water and clear lime water. If combined or free carbonic acid is pres- ent, a precipitate is formed, to which, if a few drops of muriatic acid be added, an effervescence commences. To detect magnesia, boil the water to a twentieth part of its weight, and then drop a few grains of neutral car- bonate of ammonia into a glass of it, and a few drops WORKSHOP MANUAL. 139 of phosphate of soda. If magnesia be present it will fall to the bottom. We can ascertain the presence of even a very small quantity of lime if into a glass of water we put two drops of oxalic acid and blow upon it. If it gets milky lime is present. The presence of any acid can be shown by dipping into the water a piece of litmus paper. If it turns red there must be acid. If it precipitates on adding lime water it is car- bonic acid. The unfailing test for hard or soft water is to take a little good soap and dissolve it in alcohol. A few drops of this i,n a vessel of water will turn it quite milky if it is hard; if it is soft it will remain clear. ALLOYS. A combination of copper and tin makes bath metal; of copper and zinc makes bell metal; of tin and copper makes bronze metal; of tin, antimony, copper and bis- muth makes britannia metal; of tin and copper makes cannon metal; of copper and zinc makes Dutch gold; of copper, nickel and zinc with sometimes a little' iron and tin, makes German silver; of gold and copper makes standard gold; of gold, copper and silver makes old standard gold; of tin and copper makes gun metal; of copper and zinc makes mosaic gold; of tin and zinc makes pewter; of lead and a little arsenic makes sheet metal; of silver and copper makes standard silver; of tin and lead makes solder; of lead and antimony makes type metal; of copper and arsenic makes white copper. NICKEL ALLOYS. The following alloys have been found useful: Nickel aluminum, composed of 20 parts nickel and 8 parts aluminum, used for decorative purposes; rosin, com- 146 Workshop manual. posed of 40 parts nickel, 10 parts silver, 30 parts alu- minum, and 20 parts tin, for jewelers' work; sun-bronze composed of 60 parts cobalt, 10 parts aluminum, 40 parts copper; metalline, 35 parts cobalt, 25 parts alu- minum, 10 parts iron and 30 parts copper. COST OF A PATENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. United States: Preliminary examination $ 5 00 Cost of drawing 5 00 First Government fee (in every case the same) 15 00 Total outlay to secure filing of an appli- cation $25 00 Final Government fee 20 00 Attorney's fee 20 00 Total minimum cost of patent $65 00 Canada $40 00 German 60 00 Great Britain 60 00 France 60 00 Italy 60 00 Austria ". 60 00 Belgium 60 00 WEIGHT OF METAIlS. Zinc weighs .253 pounds per cubic inch, Cast iron weighs .26 pounds per cubic inch. Tin weighs .263 pounds per cubic inch. Wrought iron weighs .28 pounds per cubic inch. Steel weighs .282 pounds per cubic inch. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 141 Brass weighs .3 pounds per cubic inch. Copper weighs .32 pounds per cubic inch. Lead weighs .41 pounds per cubic inch. TO CALCULATE RADIATING SURFACE. Add together the square feet of glass in the win- dows; the number of cubic feet of air required to be charged per minute, and one-twentieth the surface of external wall and roof; multiply this sum by the differ- ence between the required temperature of the room and that of the external air at its lowest point, and divide the product by the difference in temperature between the steam in the pipes and the required temperature of the room. The quotient is the required radiating sur- face in square feet. Each square foot of radiating sur- face may be depended upon in average practice to give out three heat units per hour for each degree of differ- ence in temperature between the steam inside and the air outside, the range under different conditions being about 50 per cent above or below that figure. SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. The allowance for shrinking in castings should be for each foot in length: — Parts of an inch. For cast iron pipes 125 — % " beams and girders 1 — 1-10 " cylinders, large 094 — 3-32 " " small 06— 1-16 Brass 17 — 3-16 Lead 31 — 5-16 Zinc 25— % Copper 17— 3-16 142 WORKSHOP MANUAL. THE WEAR AND TEAR OF BUILDING MATERIALS. At the tenth annual meeting of the Fire Under- writers' Association of the Northwest, held at Chicago in September, 1879, Mr. A. W. Spaulding read a paper on the wear and tear of building materials, and tabu- lated the result of his investigations in the following form: Material IN Building. Frame dwelling. < S v 5 (U ID < Brick dwelling (shingle roof.) fi « § U (j 5 o " rt fti- Frame store. DC )- a ti „ rt 3 Cog 3 8 9 United States building, Ogdensburg, N. Y 216,576 United States building, Omaha, Neb 334,9°° United States building, Portland, Me 39 2 > 2I 5 German Bank, Fourteenth street, Newport, R. 1 475,000 Staats Zeitung, New York City 475.1°° Western Union Telegraph, New York City 1,400,000 Masonic Temple, New York City 1,900,000 Centennial building, Shepherd's, corner Twelfth and Pennsylvania Avenues, Washington, D. C 246,073 Add to this the United States National Museum, fire- proof building, at Washington, D. C = . 250,000 RELATIVE HOLDING POWER OF WIRE AND CUT NAILS. Test made by a committee appointed by the Wheel- ing Nail Manufacturers. NUMBER OF NAILS IN POUNDS REQUIRED TO POUND. PULL NAILS OUT. Cut. Wire. Cut. Wire. 20d. 23 35 1.593 7°3 iod. 60 86 908 315 8d. go 126 597 227 6d. 160 206 383 200 4d. 280 3i6 286 123 This test showed the relative value of a pound of each kind to be as follows: 1 lb. of 2od. cut nails equals 1.40 lbs. of wire nails. 1 " iod. « " 2.01 " " 1 " 8d. " 1.87 ■ 1 " 6d. « " 1.49 « <• 1 " 4d. ° « 2.06 " In obtaining the above results, two tests were made of the 8d. cut nails, and four of the 8d. wire nails; three tests each were made of the 6d. and 4d. cut nails, and 6d. and 4d. wire nails, and the average is shown. The committee report as the result of their experi- WORKSHOP MANUAL. I4J ments that $1.00 of cut nails will give the same service as $1.78 in wire nails, if at the same price per pound. Very thorough tests of the comparative holding power of wire nails and cut nails of equal lengths and weights were made at the United States arsenal, Water- town, Mass., in November and December, 1892, and January, 1893. Fifty-eight series of tests were made, each series comprising ten pairs cut nails and wire nails making a total of 1,160 nails tested. From forty series comprising forty sizes of nails driven in spruce wood, it was found that the cut nails showed an average superiority of 60.50 per cent.;,the common nails show- ing an average superiority of 47.51 per cent., and the finishing nails an average of 72.22 "per cent. In eighteen series, comprising six sizes of box nails driven into pine wood, in three ways the cut nails showed an average superiority of 99.93 per cent. In no series of tests did the wire nails hold as much as the cut nails. CHAPTER VII. HETALS. METALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES; ALLOYS; SOLDERS; SOLDERING FLUXES. In the following pages a mass of valuable data wiJU. be given concerning those metals used most largely in plate or sheet. As it is necessary to frequently refer to the various . paragraphs of this chapter, each paragraph is numbered. (i) Metals are natural elementary substances, as far as is known. They are opaque (not transparent), reflect light from their polished surfaces, and have a characteristic lustre, known as the metallic lustre. With the exception of mercury, they are all solid at the or- dinary temperature of the atmosphere. (2) Silver, tin, lead, mercury, antimony, zinc, cad mium, and bismuth, have a whitish or grayish color. Gold stands alone as a metal having a yellow color; copper is the only red metal. ( 3 ) Metals differ widely in their behavior under the influence of heat; some, as tin and lead, are fusible be- low red heat; others, as copper, gold, and silver, fuse readily in ordinary furnaces; nickel, iron, and manganese fuse with great difficulty; platinum is practically infusi* ble. Arsenic, cadmium, zinc, and mercury are volatile, that is, vaporise easily. An interesting example of vol- atility is that of zinc, which when at a bright red heat takes fire, burns with a greenish flame, and oxidises WORKSHOP MANUAL. 147 (unites with the oxygen gas of the atmosphere), being thereby converted into a dense white flocculent sub- stance called formerly 'philosopher's wool.' (4) The fracture of metals is often characteristic; we get crystalline, granular, fibrous, silky, and other fractures. properties; specific gravity; melting-points. Metals have various properties. Some remarks on these, and other particulars respecting metals, now follow. (5) Malleability. — A property which is possessed by metals in varying degree is that of malleability, that is, of permitting extension of surface without rupture, by, for example, hammering, pressure, or rolling. Gold, which is capable of being hammered into leaves of extreme thinness, is the most malleable of all metals. Other metals, though malleable to a considerable de- gree, require to be annealed (heated red and allowed to cool down slowly) once or even several times during the operation of rolling out, or extending by the ham- mer as in raising and stretching. Copper is an ex- ample; 'though, curiously enough, copper is equally malleable whether, after heating, it is allowed to cool slowly or is cooled suddenly by dipping while at red heat in cold water. Zinc is in its most malleable con- dition at a temperature a little above the boiling-point of water; when less than half as hot again as this, it is brittle and unworkable. (6) Of the theory of annealing nothing definite ap- pears to be known; but it is supposed that on rolling out or hammering a piece of metal the particles or molecules of which the metal is composed, become strained and disarranged ('the grain closed'), and the I48 WORKSHOP MANUAL. metal is hardened; and that on heating, the metal ex- pands, and the strain being removed, the molecules re- arrange themselves. This, however, does not explain many matters connected with annealing; for example, why one heated metal is hardened by being suddenly dipped in cold water, and another metal softened when treated in the same manner. The following, which illustrates the effect of 'ham- mer hardening' on iron, may be of interest: — (7) In 1854, at the meeting of the British Associa- tion in Liverpool, a paper on the crystallisation of iron under certain circumstances was read by Mr. Clay (Mersey Iron and Steel Works), who stated that he selected a piece of good, tough, fibrous bar-iron, which he heated to a full red heat, and then hammered_by light, rapid, tapping blows, until it was what is called 'black-cold.' After complete cooling he broke it, and found that the structure of the iron was entirely changed, and that, instead of bending nearly double without fracture, as it should have done, and breaking with a fine silky fibre when fracture did occur, an entire alteration had taken place, and the bar was rigid, brit- tle, and sonorous, incapable of bending in the slightest degree, and breaking with a glassy, crystallised appear- ance. By simply heating the bar to full red-heat again, the fibre was restored exactly as before. (8) Tenacity. — The property in metals of resisting being torn asunder by a tensile or stretching force, is called tenacity. The tenacity of metals varies with their purity and molecular condition, as due to modes of treatment or preparation: for example, the tenacity of steel is much influenced by its 'temper,' and that of cast iron made by the cold-blast process is greater than when the pro- ves s is that of the hot-blast. WORKSHOP MANUAL. (9) Ductility. — The property of being permanently lengthened by a tensile or stretching force, as in wire drawing, is called ductility. All the malleable metals are more or less ductile, though the most malleable metals are not necessarily the most ductile; ductility being influenced more by tenacity than by malleability. The table shows how some of the metals, starting from gold(see 'Malleability', above § 6), rank under the headings given. Malleability. Ductility. Tenacity, Gold Gold Steel Silver Silver Iron Copper Platinum Copper Tin Iron Platinum Platinum Copper Silver Lead Aluminum Gold Zinc Zinc Zinc Iron Tin Tin Nickel Lead Lead (10) Conductivity. — Of all solids, metals are the best conductors of heat. The order of conductivity for a few. important metals, beginning with the best conductors is — silver, copper, gold, tin, iron, lead, plat- inum, and bismuth. (12) Welding. — An important property of some of the metals is that pieces can be 'welded' together, that is, incorporated with each other. Iron at a white heat is in a pasty condition and can be 'welded'; that is, if two white-hot and clean surfaces of iron be brought into contact and pressed or hammered together, they thus are 'welded,' that is, become part of oneand the same mass. If lead and gold in a fine state of division be strongly pressed together at the ordinary tempera- ture of the atmosphere, they will form one mass. 150 WORKSHOP MANUAL. (12) Hardness. — The comparative hardness of metals is usually estimated by the force required to draw the metals into wires of equal diameter. In order of hardness we have — steel, iron, copper, silver tin, antimony, and lead. (13) Specific Gravity. Some substances are, in their nature, more weighty bulk for bulk than others. Thus, a cubic inch of lead is heavier than a cubic inch of iron; and a cubic inch of iron than a cubic inch of water. By their specific gravity, the weights, relatively to each other, of substances, are known. The standard of comparison is an equal bu.'k of pure distilled water, and if the specific gravity of a body is, say 2, this means that it is twice as heavy as the same bulk of water. The specific gravity of platinum is 21; platinum therefore bulk for bulk is 21 times heavier than water. The specific gravity of antimony is 6 "], and a cubic foot of pure distilled water weighs very nearly 1000 ounces. Therefore a cubic foot of antimony weighs 6*7 times 1000 ounces, that is 6700 ounces. Knowing the specific gravity of a substance, we can find the weight of any volume of it, by multiplying the given volume in cubic inches, by its specific gravity, and by 62 -4 the weight in lbs. of a cubic foot (1728 cubic inches) of water, and dividing by 1728. Thus the weight of 48 cubic inches of cast copper, the. spe- cific gravity of which is 8'6, is 48 X 8-6 X 62-4 — , is, that is to say, 14*9 lbs. 1728 As the relative weights of equal volumes of metals have often to be taken into consideration in using metals for constructive purposes, for example, in the WORKSHOP MANUAL. 1 5 1 Covering of roofs, where weight is sometimes a matter of importance, a table of specific gravities follows: TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AND MELTING-POINTS. Specific Melting-points. Authority for Metals. Gravities. (Centigrade.) Melting-points. Antimony 67 432 Buillet. Bismuth o-8 2683 Reimsdyk. Copper (cast) 86 ) vi]1 « (wrought) 8-8 \ Io54 Vlolle - ( 1300 ) Steel 7'8 j to [ Buillet. Cadmium 8 - 6 3207 Person. , ( 1500 ) Iron (wrought) 78 j to V Buillet. ( 1600 ) Lead 11 -36 3262 Person. Tin 7-29 2327 Person. Zinc 7 - io, 433 '3 Person. Aluminum 267 1045 Violle. Nickel 8-30 1450 Pictel. PUtinum 2121; 1775 Violle. The melting-points of the metals named are added to the table, as it is often useful to be able to refer to' these. The degrees of heat are according to the Cen- tigrade thermometer. This portion of the table is taken from 'Melting and Boiling Point Tables,' by Thos. Car-' nelley, 1885. We now proceed to notice more particularly the metals iron (including cast iron and steel), tin, zinc and copper. IRON AND STEEL. (14) Iron in a state of purity is comparatively , little known: the ores of it are various and abundant. '". In its commercial forms, as plate or sheet, bar, and cast" . ■ i iron, it is well known. As sheet it can be cut into pat;- . terns and bent into desired forms; as bar it can be made hot and 'wrought,' that .is, shaped by means of the hammer; and when molten it can be run or cast into all I 1$2 WORKSHOP MANUAL, sorts of shapes. Cast ifon is brittle, crystallite in frac- ture (§4), and not workable by the hammer. In sheet and bar form, iron is malleable, mostly (fibrous in frac- ture, and capable of being welded (§u)- The presence of impurities in bar iron, that is, the presence of sub- stances not wanted in it_ at the time being, seriously affects its malleability. Thus the presence of phos- phorus, or tin, renders it brittle when cold ('cold- short'), and the presence of sulphur makes it unworka- ble when hot ('hot-short'). Iron quickly rusts (oxi- dises, §3) if exposed to damp air, as in the case of iron exposed to all weathers; or to air and water, as with Vessels in which barely sufficient water is left to cover the bottoms, the rusting (oxidation) being then much more rapid than when the vessels are kept full. Heated to redness and above, 'scale' (oxide of iron^ rapidly forms and interferes greatly with welding. It is im- possible to enter here into any consideration of the processes by which iron is prepared from its ores. To two modern processes, however, we shall presently have particularly to refer. (15) The effects of the presence of several foreign substances in iron as impurities has just been alluded to, but the presence in it of 'carbon' we have not spoken of. This is a substance which in its crystalline form is known as the diamond, and in its uncrystalline form as charcoal. The presence of charcoal in iron destroys its malleability, but at the same time gives to it proper- ties various, so remarkable and useful to mankind, that to say, as a defect, of a piece of iron with carbon in it, that it is not malleable, is simply equivalent to saying when we have a piece of brass, that it is not a piece of copper. Quite the reverse of being 'matter in the wrong place,' carbon in iron furnishes a compound so valuable WORKSHOP MANUAL. 153 on its own account, so entirely of its-own kinds (in the plural because its kinds are several), that, if there were other substances not metals, the compounding of which with a metal gave products at all resembling those of iron and carbon, then all such compounds would form a class of their own. The iron and carbon compound, so valuable on its own account, so entirely of its own however, stands inconveniently alone. There we shall not leave it, but as aiding the full comprehension of it, notwithstanding that we define alloys (§4) as compounds of metals, shall consider it not as outside but as within this class of substances, as well as also shall speak of iron as befng alloyed with it. We shall deal with it, however, under the present heading, treating com- pounds of actual methods later on. (16) Iron is alloyed with carbon in proportions varying from say y 2 to 5 per cent. When in the pro- portion of from 2 per cent, upwards, the compound is cast iron, that is, iron suitable for casting purposes; in other proportions it is known as steel. In cast iron the metallic appearance is somewhat modified; in steel it is maintained. Originally steel was made by the addition of carbon to manufactured iron, and the word had then a fairly definite signification; meaning a material of a high tensile strength; that by being heated dull red and suddenly cooled could be made so hard that a file would not 'touch' it, that is, would slide over it without mark- ing it; and that could have that hardness modified or 'tempered' by further application of heat. But with the introduction of the Bessemer process of steel making, and of the Siemens' process of making steel direct from the ores, processes by which any desired percentage of carbon can be given, the signification of the word has become enlarged, and now includes all 154 WORKSHOP MANUAL. alloys of iron and carbon between malleable iron and cast iron; except that the term 'mild steel is sometimes applied to those alloys that approach in qualities to malleable iron. Steel plates are now produced equal in toughness, and it is said even excelling the best 'charcoal' plates, and as they are much cheaper, the old charcoal;plate-making process is very generally giving way to the direct process. In practice, however, these plates are found to be more springy than good charcoal plates, and not so soft and easy to work. (17) As iron is very liable to rust, surface protec- tion is given to it by a coating of tin, or of an alloy of lead and tin, (lead predominating), or of zinc. Plates coated with tin are termed 'tin' plates; with lead and tin have the name of teme plates, and if coated with zinc are said to be 'galvanised.' Terne plates are used for lining packing-cases, also for work to be japanned. Usual sizes of tin and terne plates are 14" X 10", 20° X 14", 20"X28", and they are made up to 4o"X28 r . (18) Large iron sheets of various gauges coated with tin and having the same appearance as a 'tin' plate are called Manchester plates, and sometimes tinned iron. But the latter is more generally applied to sheets of iron which are coated with lead and tin, and are dull like terne plates. (19) Iron coated with zinc is not so easily worked as when ungalvanised. In galvanising, the zinc 'alloys' with the surface of the iron, and this has a tendency to make the iron brittle. Galvanised iron is useful for water tanks as the zinc coating prevents rust better than a tin coating. Owing to the ease with which zinc is attacked by acids, galvanised iron is not suitable for vessels exposed to acids or acid vapours. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 1^5 COPPER. (20) This, the-only red metal (§ 3), is malleable, tenacious, soft, ductile, sonorous, and an excellent con- ductor of heat. For this reason, and because of its durability, it is largely made use of for cooking utensils. It is found in numerous states of combination with other constituents, as well as 'native' (uncombined). Its most important ore is copper pyrites. Copper melts at a dull white heat and becomes then covered with a a black crust (oxide). It burns when at a bright white heat with a greenish flame. No attempt explan- ation of its manufacture will here be made, as any de- scription not lengthy would be simply a bewilderment. For the production of sheet copper it is first cast in the forms of slabs, which are rolled, and then annealed and re-rolled, this annealing and re-rolling being repeated until the copper sheet is brought down to the desired thickness. In working ordinary sheet copper, it is hammered to stiffen it, and 'close the grain.' Hand- rolled copper is, however, produced that does not re- quire hammering. (21) In the course of the manufacture of copper it undergoes a process termed 'poling to get rid of im- purities. We mention this because we shall find (§ 38) a similar process gone through in preparing solders. The poling of copper consists in plunging the end of a pole of green wood, preferably birch, beneath the sur- face of the molten metal, and stirring the mass with it. Violent ebullition takes place, large quantities of gases are liberated, and the copper is thoroughly agitated. It is doubtful if this poling process is fully understood, for, though it is quite obvious that there may be insuffi- cient poling {'underpoling 1 ), it is not easy to explain I56 WORKSHOP MANUAL. 'overpoling.' But overpoling, as a fact, is fully recog- nised in the manufacture of copper, and the metal is brittle both if the polling is too long continued or not long enough. If duly poled, the' cast slab when set displays a comparatively level surface; if underpoled a longitudinal furrow forms on the surface of a slab as it cools; if overpoled, instead of a furrow, the surface ex- hibits a longitudinal ridge. Copper, duly poled, is known as 'best selected,' and as 'tough cake' copper. ZINC. (22) Of this metal, known also very commonly as 'spelter,' calamine is a very abundant ore; another abundant ore is blende. The metal is extracted from its ores by a process of distillation, the metal volatilising (§3) at a bright red heat, and the vapour, passing into tubes, condenses, and is collected from the tubes in powder and in solid condition. If required pure, further process is necessary. This metal does not appear to have been known until the sixteenth century. Henkel, in 1741, was the first, at least in Europe, who succeeded in obtaining zinc from calamine. Zinc is hardened by rolling, and requires to be annealed at a low tempera- ture to restore its malleability. Until the discovery of the malleability of zinc when a little hotter than boiling water, it was only used to alloy copper with, and sheet zinc was unknown. Zinc expands i-340th by heat- ing from the freezing to the boiling point of water. The zinc of commerce dissolves readily in hydrochloric and in sulphuric acid; pure zinc only slowly. If zinc is exposed to the air, a film of dull grey oxide forms on the surface. It suffers afterward little further change. Zinc alloys with copper and tin, but not with lead; it WORKSHOP MANUAL. 1 57 also alloys with iron, for which it is largely used as a coating; iron so coated being known as 'galvanised' iron (§ 17). LEAD. (23) Another metal that is prepared in sheet is lead . This metal was known in the earliest ages of the world; it is soft, flexible, and has but little tenacity. One of its principal ores is galena. Being a soft metal, it is worked ('dossed') by the plumber into various shapes by means of special tools, which often saves the making of joints. As it is comparatively indestructible under ordinary conditions, it is largely used for roofing purposes and for water cisterns. It is also used for the lining of cisterns for strong acids, in which case the joints are not soldered in the ordinary way with plumb- er's solder, but made by a process termed 'autogenous soldering* or Head burning' Lead prepared in sheet by casting is known as cast lead, but when prepared by the more modern method of casting a small slab of the metal and then rolling it to any desired thickness is called milled lead. ALLOYS. (24) An alloy is a compound of two or more metals. Alloys retain the metallic appearance, and whilst closely approximating in properties to the metals compounded, often possess in addition valuable proper- ties which do not exist in either of the constituent metals forming the alloy. An alloy of copper and zinc has a metallic appearance and working properties some- what similar to those of the individual metals it is made up of, and so with an alloy of gold, or silver, and a small percentageof copper. But the latter alloys have 158 WORKSHOP MANUAL. the further property of hardness, making them suit- able for coinage, for which gold, or silver, unalloyed, is too soft. Like to this addition of copper to gold or silver is the addition of antimony to lead and to tin, by which alloys are obtained harder though more brittle than ether lead or tin by itself. The alloy of lead and antimony is used for printer's type, for which lead alone is too soft. (25) Alloys are often more fusible than the in- dividual metals of which they are composed. Thus while lead melts at 326 C, tin at 233" C, bismuth at 268 C, and cadmium at 321" C, an alloy of 8 .parts bismuth, 4 tin, and 4 lead, forms what is technically known as a 'fusible' alloy, meaning an alloy very read- ily fusible, the particular alloy stated melting indeed at 95°C, that is, below the boiling-point of water. The addition of a little cadmium to the above forms a still more 'fusible' alloy, called Wood's alloy, which melts at about 65° C. (26) We give here the names of some of the more important alloys, with those of the metals of which they are made up. Bronze Copper and tin. Bull-metal Gun-metal Speculum-metal Brass Dutch-metal Muntz' metal : . . f Co PP er and Zinc " Hard solders , German silver Copper, zinc, and nickel. Britannia metal i Tin ' . antimony copper, ( bismuth, and zinc. Soft aiders' .* .'.'." .'.'.'.'.'.'.". } Lead and tin. Type metal , Lead and antimony. WORKSHOP MANUAL. I 59 ALLOYS OF COPPER AND TIN. (27) Alloys of copper and tin are known as bronze, gun-metal, speculum-metal, etc. Some of these alloys possess the property of becoming soft and malleable when cooled suddenly while red-hot, by dipping into cold water, but of being hard and brittle when cooled slowly. Name of Alloy. Composition per cent. 1 Copper. Tin. Bell-metal ,.. 780 250 Gun-metal 90 o io'o Speculum-metal 95'6 33'o Bronze coinage 950 4'o and 1 zinc. (28) Speculum-metal is a very hard, brittle, steel- grey alloy, capable of receiving a very smooth and highly-polished surface. ALLOYS OF COPPER AND ZINC. (29) Brass. — Brass is the general name given to alloys of copper and zinc (ordinary brass consists of two of copper to one of zinc); by some writers also to alloys of copper and tin, now better known as bronze. Brass was known to the ancients, who prepared it from copper and calamine (§22), as they were unacquainted with the metal contained in calamine. We are said to have learned the fusing of copper with calamine from the Germans, and until a comparatively recent date brass, called calamine brass, was thus prepared in this country. Between 1780 and 1800, various patents were taken out for improving the manufacture of brass, by fusing copper and zinc direct instead of employing cal- amine. The calamine method, however, did not at once die out, as it was thought by some that calamine brass was better than that made direct. In the manufacture of brass, the copper is first 160 WORKSHOP MANUAL. melted, because of its high melting-point, and the zinc warmed, is then let down by tongs into the crucible containing the molten copper, plunged under its sur- face, and held there till melted. The mass is then stirred with a hot brass or iron rod, so as to mix the metals, great care being taken not to introduce any cold or damp matter. A little sulphate of sodium 'salt-cake', or carbonate of sodium 'soda-ash,' thrown into the crucible at the moment of pouring, assists in raising any impurities to the surface, which can then be skimmed off as the mass is poured. With proper management, the loss of zinc is not so great as might be expected, considering the comparatively low tem- perature at which it volatilises, and the relatively high temperature necessary to melt the copper. (30) Brass is harder than copper, and therefore stands wear better; it is very malleable and ductile, may be rolled into thin sheets, shaped into vessels by 'spinning^, (see § 33) stamping, or by the hammer, and may be drawn into fine wire. It is well adapted for casting, as it melts easily at a lower temperature than copper and is capable of receiving very delicate impressions from the mould. It is said to resist at- mospheric influences better than copper, but when its surface is unprotected by lacquer, it rapidly tarnishes and becomes black. It has a pleasing color, takes a high polish, and is cheaper than copper. (31) The malleability of brass varies with its com- position, and the heat at which it is worked. The mal- leability is also affected in a very decided degree by the presence of various foreign metals in its composition, even though these are present in but minute quantity. Brass intended for door-plate engraving is improved by the presence of a little tin; or by the presence of a little WORKSHOP MANUAL. l6l lead if to be used in the lathe or for casting. Brass for wire-drawing, however, must not contain lead; nor must brass intended for rolling contain antimony, which ren- ders it brittle. Some kinds of brass are only malleable, while cold, others only while hot, others are not mal- leable at all. A good example of the remarkable mal- leability of certain kinds is furnished by Dutch Metal, which contains a large proportion of copper, and which can be hammered into leaves of less than 1-57000 of an inch in thickness. Though extremely tenacious, brass loses its tenacity in course of time by molecular change, especially if subject to vibration or continued tension. It is there- fore unfitted for chains or for the suspension of weights. Chandelier chains have been known to lose their ten- acity, become brittle, and break; and fine brass wire, which is of course brass in a state of tension, will, in time, become quite brittle, merely hanging in a coil. (32) Munis' Metal is a variety of brass consisting of about three parts of copper or two of zinc, with about one per cent, of lead. The alloy is yellow, and admits of being rolled at a red-heat. It is extensively applied for the sheathing of ships, as it is said to keep a cleaner surface than copper sheathing. Hard Solders. — These are treated further on. The number of alloys of copper and zinc is consid* erable, and there is great confusion in respect of their names and composition. The table on opposite page, showing the proportions of some alloys of copper and zinc, is an extract from a table by Dr. Percy. (33) Britannia Metal. — We follow on with this alloy although not an alloy of copper and zinc alone. Britannia metal is highly malleable and one of the best of the substitutes for silver. It is composed oj tin, an- 162 WORKSHOP MANUAL. timony, copper, bismuth, and zinc, in various propor- tions, according to the purpose for which it is required. If the alloy is to be 'spun,' that is, worked into shape by specially formed tools whilst revolving in a lathe, a greater proportion of tin is used than when the alloy is only to be rolled. If it is to be cast, the proportion of tin is much less. (34) Alloys of Tin and Lead. — Alloys of tin and lead furnish us with our soft solders, and are therefore of great practical value. (35) Pewter The composition of pewter varies considerably. Common pewter consists of tin and lead alone; the best contains also small percentages of an- timony, copper, and bismuth; varying indeed but little from Britannia metal. SOLDERS. (36) A solder is a metallic composition, by the fusion of which metals are united. The requirements of a good solder are twofold. (1) Its melting point must be below that of whatever metal is to be joined; (2) it must run easily when melted. It is comparatively easy (§25) to fulfil the first condition of a good solder. To fulfil the second requirement, one of the constituents of the solder must be either the same metal as that to be soldered, or a metal which will readily alloy with it, or which will readily coat its surface. (37) Soiders are 'soft' or 'hard,' according to the temperature at which they melt. Hard solders fuse at a red heat. Soft solders are those which can be applied with a 'soldering iron,' that is to say, a 'copper bit.' or ■plumber's iron,' or with a mouth blowpipe; these sol- ders melt below 300 C. Hard solders have a much higher fusing point, and require either a forge or a blast WORKSHOP MANUAL. 163 blowpipe to apply them. Soldering with hard solders is termed 'brazing.' (38) An important particular in the preparation of solders is that they should be well stirred before pour- ing, preferably with a piece of green wood (§21) and the surface of the molten metal exposed as little as possible to the air, so that 'dross' (oxide) shall not^ form on the surface. A few knobs of charcoal on the mol- ten metal will to a very great extent prevent the form- ation of dross. (39) Examining the soft solders, we see that plumber's solder melts at 227 C, that is to say, at a lower melting point than the metal (lead pipe), for soldering which it is used. Further, it is largely com- posed of lead. It thus fulfils both the requirements of a good solden Tinman's solder melts at 160 C. It is used for soldering tin-plate, which, remember, is iron coated with tin. Tin melts at 230°- C, a higher tem- perature than that of its solder, and tin is a constituent of the solder. Again the conditions of a good solder are fulfilled. Tinman's solder is also used for soft-sol- dering copper, because an alloy of lead and tin will readily coat copper, as also readily alloy with it. SOLDERING METALS. (40) Substances that 'flux' or aid the flow of metals when melting or melted are termed 'fluxes' The gen- eral subject of fluxes is outside our province; we are, however, specially interested in what we have desig- nated 'soldering fluxes' namely those fluxes that facili- tate the flow of the solders and of the metals of which they are composed. (41) Essentially this 'fluxing' consists in the pre- vention of the formation of oxide (§3) to which metals 1 64 WORKSHOP MANUAL. ■" a t. g 4) in C-o a» o •B >•<*> £■& w O (U *-» Sen v. SO? [n P fc s* '5. ■a u ho c '3 '3 ■■§■8 .5 "^ N ts boo 'Sjs in > iu , +■" °3 B o ■£ m ri. G bo 2 "3 n c S b UllM SI** •S-'Er.s is u Oh oj Q-.~ - G.T3 « O ^ G o oys o o o o a) c '5 *d ai § 3 o _ a*' u +S ro >- c U) a. Ill Q -I o W b. o bl _l m 4 I- ■ c~ bo > (3 M 0,3 a in > c75 o 55 M cn-^- m \o N •snacnos iaos •snacnos anvn WORKSHOP MANUAL. 165 are very prone when highly heated or molten. The black scale (§ 20) that forms on the surface of cop- per, for instance on copper 'bits,' when highly heated, is an oxide; also the scale that falls off red-hot iron when hammered (§ 14); and also the 'dross' that forms on the surface of molten lead or molten solder (§ 38). (42) The employment of charcoal (carbon) for the purpose of preventing the formation of dross we have already alluded to in speaking of the preparation of solders. Sometimes a layer of it is spread over the surface of the molten metal to keep it from contact with the air; sometimes a layer of grease. In their character of aiding the flow of metals, fluxes are further applied to the surface of the metals to be soldered, which they clean, as well as aiding the flow of the molten solder when that is applied. (43) 'Spirits of Salts' (hydrochloric of muriatic acid) when 'killed' is a most useful flux for soft solders, The 'killing' is done by dissolving zinc in the acid till gas is no longer given off, As the gas is most offensive, the dissolution of the zinc should be effected in the open air. This flux is not one to be used where rust would be serious; though there is very little danger of this, if, after soldering, the joint is wiped with a clean damp rag, and further cleaning and whiting. (44) Resin, orresin.ajidoilisa.good flux for almost any kind of soft soldering. The surface to be soldered must, however, be well cleaned before applying the flux. (45) 'Killed spirits' (chemically, chloride of zinc) is specially useful for tin-plate soldering, because it assists in cleaning the edges to be joined; whereas if resin, or resin and oil,is used, the edge must, as stated, be cleaned previously. i66 WORKSHOP MANUAL, 3 u 'o'> o T3 ^ ■- n rCl c o J3 >* "33 "U n o T3 ^_; < >< Ph ta Ln u-> r^ O <> f> o o i>. U~i -3- CO M "o bo S2 is bo S > i: OS c/5 '55 o a E o U P. n. o U s o workshop manual. 167 (46) Spirits of salts not killed is used for soldering zinc because it cleans the surface of the zinc; it acts indeed as chloride of zinc, for this is what it becomes on the application to the zinc, in fact the cleaning is the result of this action. The killed spirits, however* answers equally well as the strong acid if the zinc is bright and clean, so far as the experience of the writer has gone. The 'raw' (unkilled) spirits of salts is im- proved, as a flux for soldering zinc, by adding a small piece of soda- to it. (47) Powdered resin, or resin and oil, as a flux, pos- sesses the great advantage over chloride of zinc, that there is no risk of rust afterwards. For this reason resin, or resin and oil, is much used in the manufacture of gas-meters. It is also used, or should be, for the bottoms and seams of oil bottles. The resin and oil flux can easily be wiped off joints immediately after soldering; it is for this reason better than dry resin which has to be scraped off. Even this trouble, how- ever, can be got over if the hot copper bit is dipped in oil before application to the joint to be soldered. (48) In 'tinning' a copper bit, that is, coating its point with solder before using it in soldering (a piece of manipulation of much importance as regards the easy working of the bit), the best thing to use is a lump of sal-ammoniac. In a small hollow made in the sal- ammoniac, the point of the bit, after having been filed smooth and bright, should be well rubbed, while hot, along with some solder; the point of the bit will then become coated with solder ('tinned'). For 'tinning' copper utensils, that is, coating them with tin, sal-am- moniac, both in powder and lump is largely used. Sal- ammoniac water is also used for cleaning copper bits; the hot bits being dipped into it prior to being used for l68 WORKSHOP MANUAL. soldering. Killed spirits, however, act better. Sal-ammo- niac and resin, mixed, is'used as a flux for soldering 'sights' on gun-barrels. (49) As a flux for lead soldering, plumbers use tallow ('touch'). For pewter, Gallipoli oil is the ordi- nary flux. (50) For hard soldering, the flux is borax. This flux is also made use of in steel welding. SEAMS OR JOINTS. Wl illustrate herewith the more important seams or joints used in sheet metal work. The drawings are in- tended to aid in the intelligent comprehension of the formation of joints, and not as exact representations of them. Lap Seam. — In No. 1 is shown how metal plates are arranged for a lap seam which is to be soldered. Circular Lap Seam. — No. 11 shows how the edge of the bottom of a cylindrical article is bent up previous to soldering. It is evident that this seam is essentially No. 1 seam adapted to the fitting a. bottom to a cylin- der. Such bottom is called a 'snuffed on' or 'slipped on' bottom. Countersunk Lap Seam. — This is represented in No. 2. It will be seen that the edge of one of the plates is bent down, so that the edge of the plate to be joined to it may lie in the part bent down, and that the two plates when joined may present an unbroken surface. Riveted Lap Seam. — This is shown in No. 8. The amount of lap should not be less than three times the diameter of the rivet. Folded Seam. — No. 3 shows how the edges of plates are prepared for folded seam. Circular Folded Seams.— With a circular article the WORKSHOP MANUAL. I69 folded seam is'sometimes in the form of No. 12, which shows a 'paned down' bottom to a cylinder. This seam is essentially No. 13. Another form of circular folded seam is shown in No. 13. It is really No. 12 seam turned up, so as to lie close against the cylinder (see reference letter A in / 2 -SV. 5 to ill 34 Nos. 12 and 13). A bottom thus fitted is called a 'knocked up' bottom . Here again comparison with No. 3 should be made. Double Folded Seam. — This is shown in No. 6, and needs no explanation. It is used with thick plates, I ;o workshop manual. where these when joined have to present to the eye art unbroken surface; as in the hot-plates of large steam- closets. Grooved Seam. — This is represented in No. 4. It will be seen that the seam is the same as No. 3, but one plate is countersunk. In fact No. 3 shows the seam as prepared for countersinking ('grooving') with a 'groover.' Seam No. 6 is used where plates are too thick for grooving. Countersunk Grooved Seam. — This seam (No. 5) is used when an unbroken surface is required on the out- side of an article, for example, in toilet-cans, railway- carriage warmers. It is prepared as No. 3 and then countersunk the reverse way to No. 4. Box Grooved Seam. — This seam, shown in No. 14, is used for joining plates in 'square work,' as for example where the ends and sides of a deed-box are joined to- gether. It is essentially No. 3 seam. Zinc-roofing Joint. — The arrangement for this joint is seen in No. 7. This joint admits of the expansion and contraction of the zinc sheets. The edges of two sheets, the wood 'roll,' and the 'roll cap' are shown. The zinc 'clip,' by which usually the sheets of zinc are held down, is not represented. Brazing Joints. — A brazing joint for thin metal is shown in Fig. 9. The edge of plate A is cut to form laps as represented, and these laps are arranged alter- nately over and under the edge of plate B. For thick metal the brazing joint is shown in Fig. 10. It is essentially the same thing as the 'dovetail' joint of the carpenter. CHAPTER VIII. MOULDINGS, (i) The following chapter treats of mouldings. With these, the essential condition for the formation, with two pieces of moulding, of a joint at any angle, is that the section or end-shape of each piece at the "mitre" or junction shall be the same. This condition should always be borne in mind, and it is fulfilled when, in the plan of the joined pieces on the horizontal plane, the mitre-joint shows as a line bisecting the angle that the two pieces make with one another; for then, as a little consideration will show, there is the same section or cut on each piece. Thus, if this angle is a right angle, that is, if the two pieces of moulding meet "square, ' the joint line makes an angle in plan of 45 degrees with the internal and external edges of each of the pieces; if the angle of meeting is of 120 degrees, as with six pieces of moulding forming a regular hexagon in plan, each joint line makes an angle of 60 degrees with the internal and external edges of either adjacent piece, and so on. (2) In dealing for pattern-making purposes with the section or shape of a moulding (§ 3), it is conveni- ent to draw it on two straight lines at right angles, the extremities falling one on either line, and the shape being arranged in respect of one of the lines just as the moulding itself is disposed to the surface to which it is applied; this line is thus part plan line — or part eleva- 172 WORKSHOP MANUAL. tion line — of that surface. . Looking to Fig. 1 (Problem I) the section or shape KIHEDCBAis drawn on the indefinite lines A K', K' K, at right angles, one extremity of the shape standing at a point A in A K', and the other extremity at a point K in K' K. The plane of the paper being the plane of the section, then, if A K' represent the surface to which the moulding is applied, A K' is the depth of the moulding, and K' K its outstretch or span. If.K' K represent that surface, then K' K is the depth of the moulding and K' A its span. Thus, that plane of section of a mould- ing which gives its shape is a plane that contains the lines both of its depth and span. (4) It is necessary to observe that when the section of a moulding or shape of it is spoken of, with no quali- fying words, the section is supposed to be on the plane just referred to. (5) In some of the figures that follow, with a view of helping the student, the space contained between the line of shape, and the lines of depth and span, is shaded, as in representing a solid moulding; our readers will however remember that only the shaded line is the moulding. Problem I. Given the shape and length of apiece of moulding to draw the pattern for it. Fig. 1 is the shape of a piece of moulding drawn on the lines AK',K' and A L (Fig. 2) its length. Ob- viously the pattern for the piece of moulding will be a rectangle marked with certain lines upon which, with the given shape as a guide the rectangle has to be bent and formed, so as, at its end, to present that shape. Draw (Fig. 3) any line X X, and from any point A in it draw A Y at right angles to X X. From A along WORKSHOP MANUAL. 173 Fig. ,1. Fig. a. Y V K 1 K' I' H G F H' F' E E- D' C' B' c B X i V 1 . X Fig. 3- 174 WORKSHOP MANUAL. X X draw off A L equal to A L (Fig. 2), and from L draw L Y' parallel to A Y. On A Y successively dis- tances AB,BC,CD,DE,EF,FG,GH, HI, and I K, equal respectively to AB,BC,CD,DE, E F, F G, G H (F find G are any points in E H, the curved portion of the shape), H I, and I K of Fig. 1. From the points B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and K draw lines parallel to A L and terminating in L Y' in the points B', C, D', E', F', G', H', I' and K' respec- tively; A K K' L will be the rectangle pattern required, and the several lines parallel to A L will be the lines by which the pattern is to be bent up and formed to the given shape. In setting off on A Y the distances E F, F G.and G H, the mechanic must bear in mind that the distances he sets off are chords and hot arcs, and that it may be necessary to make allowance for this. Problem II. The shape of a moulding being given, to draw the shape at any angle of section of the moulding, and the pattern for a piece of the moulding cut at that angle. Also, conversely, the sec- tion of a moulding at any angle being given to draw the shape of the moulding. The cases of this problem that usually occur in practice are where the plane of section contains the line of span of the moulding, but not the line of its depth, or contains the line of its depth, but not that of its span, and one particular example of where that plane contains neither line of depth nor line of span. (6) Here are seemingly two cases, they are how- ever one and the same, as will be seen from this. Let kg' f e'd' c' b' a' (Fig. 4), drawn on the lines a h, a N, be the given shape of the moulding, one extremity WORKSHOP MANUAL. 175 of it falling on the line a h at h, and the other at a' on a N. If of the lines a h, aa' , the line misrepresents in plan the surface to which the moulding applies - (§ 3), Fig. 4. then a h is the depth of the moulding, and a a' its span. If aa' represents that plan line, then a a' is the depth of the moulding, and a h is its span. Thus the lines a h, a a', will be respectively depth and I76 WORKSHOP MANUAL. ► span, or span and depth, according to which of them represents the surface for the moulding, and the plane of section will be described correspondingly. The working drawing for a section at an angle is that which shows the angle. (7) Producing the lines a' a and^-' h indefinitely, lines which are perpendicular to a h by construction, and by the given nature of the moulding a k H A will represent in plan, a piece of the moulding lug' f e' d' c : b' a' . A plane of section of the moulding at any angle N A Q is represented by the line A Q cutting the indefinite lines a A and h H in the points A and H. This plane is perpendicular to the plane of the plan, but does not contain both its lines of span and depth,. The plan line of a plane passing through the point A, and containing the lines both of span and depth, would be the line A Y. (8) To get the shape of the moulding on the plane of A Q. Produce the line e'f (also perpendicular to ah by the. given nature of the moulding), cutting a h and A Q in/and F respectively, and from the point d' draw a line parallel to the line just drawn, cutting a h and A Q in d and D respectively. In d' a' , the curved part of the moulding, take any points c' ,b' , and from these points draw lines c' C, and b' B, parallel to a' A, cutting a h in c and b, and A Q in C and B, respectively. From A, B, C, D, F, and H, draw lines perpendicular to A H, and A A', B B', CC, D D', F E', F F', and HG' equal respectively to aa' , bb' , c c' , dd' ' ,fe' ,ff ', and kg' . Join G'F' and E'D' by straight lines, and D'C'B'A' by an unbroken curved line; the line HG'F'E'D'C'B'A' will be shape required of the moulding on the plane of section A Q. This shape is often useful as a template. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 177 To draw the pattern for the shape. Draw (Fig. 5) any line a k, and from a point a in it set off distances ab, be, c d, de, ef,fg, and gh, respectively equal to the distances a'b' ,b'c', c' d' , d' e' , e'f',fg',auAg'h (Fig. 4). Through a draw a line perpendicular to ah; make a A equal to a A (Fig. 4), and from A draw a line parallel to ah terminating at a point Y in an indefinite line drawn from h perpendicular to a h. Through b, c, d, e,f, and^ - , draw indefinite lines bB, cC, dD, *E,/F, and^-G perpendicular to ah and cutting the line A Y, then the rectangle a A Y h, with its guide lines between « a B>*^ r» C/^ r D/ rl E^^ p f G^F Fig. 5- a A and h Y parallel to those lines, is the pattern of the length of moulding (see last problem) aAYh (Fig. 4). On bB, cC, and dD, set off distances b B, c C, and d D, equal respectively to b B, c C, and d D ( Fig. 4) ; on e E and/F distances eK and/F each equal to/F (Fig. 4) (the points e' and/' coinciding with each other in plan of the moulding), and on £-G, and AH distances gG and h H, each equal to /zG (Fig. 4) (the points^-' and h' coinciding with each other in plan of the moulding). Through the points A, B, C, D, draw an unbroken Curved line, and join DE, E F, F G, and G H by I78 WORKSHOP MANUAL. straight lines. Then ABCDEFGH will be the pattern required. (9) The pattern for the piece of moulding cut at the angle NAQ (Fig. 4) is also found; it is a A H h of (Fig. 4); which pattern, if bent up to the lines dT>,e E, /F, and g G, and rounded up between the lines a A and dD, will form the moulding required. (10) In respect to the curve A B C D the caution given in the last problem should be borne in mind. In choosing division points on curves of mouldings, from which, by means of lines to find points for any required section, the workman must be guided by the length and style of a curve. Lines from angular points of a shape such as h, g' ,f , e' , and d' , must always be drawn, as these not only give the angular points in the required section, but are lines on which the pattern of a piece of moulding must be angled up to form the moulding. The pattern piece of a moulding may be made of any desired length. Length is obtained by simply producing the lines A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, ¥ /, G g, and H h. If length is not required, but the mitre-line end only of the pattern, this could be found by taking measurements from the line A Y (Fig. 4) instead of a k; the pattern thus obtained would beABCDEFG HY(Fig. s). ( 1 1 ) What has been done in this first Case should be noted by the student. The angular points of the moulding, and other chosen points are projected on to one of the lines, a h (Fig. 11) on which the shape is drawn, and thence on to the line in which the moulding is cut. The plane of the cut, whatever its angle, being perpendicular to the surface to which the moulding is applied, span lengths are not affected, but remain un- altered. Depth lengths, however, such as g'f,e'd' WORKSHOP MANUAL. 1 79 (Fig, 4), and the perpendicular length from d' to the line a a' are altered, and the true lengths that these become in the shape of the moulding in the plane of the cut appears in the line H A as H F, F D, and D A respectively. Converse Problem — The section of a moulding at any angle being given, to draw the shape of the moulding. Let A D'E'F'G'H (Fig. 4) be section of a mould- ing N A H h cut at the angle NAQ. Divide A'D' into any number of equal parts, here three, in the points B' and C, and from the points A', B', C, D', and E' draw lines perpendicular to A Q, cutting that line in the points A, B, C, D, and F. The point F' is, by the nature of the section, a point in E' F; and the line G' H is already perpendicular to A Q. From any point a in N A draw a h perpendicular to N A, cutting H h in h, and from B, C,,D, and F draw lines parallel to N A, cutting a h in b, c, d and/ From aonAN set off a a ' equal A A ' ; from b, c and d set off b b' , c c' , and d d' respectively equal to B B', C C, and D D'; from/set off//' and/*?' respectively equal to F F' and F E'; and from h set off kg equal to H G'. Join a' to d' , through b' and c' , by an unbroken curved line, and join £i s s f Fig. 7- parallel to A D, and terminating in A' A and D' D, and from points 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, in the line D' D draw lines parallel to D C and terminating- in C C. To draw the pattern for the A' D' A D portion of th^base. Draw (Fig. 8) any line K L; and from any WORKSHOP MANUAL. 183 point D' in it set off D' a, a b, b c, c d, d e, and e f equal respectively to the distances d' ' a', a' b' , b' c' , c' d',d' 'g, and from the point D' set off distances D'b, bc,cd, de, ef and fg, equal respectively to the distances a'b' ,b'c' , c'd' ,d'e' , e'f , a.ad/'g' of the shape drawn on the lines T)'g, T>' a (Fig. 9) and through the points D', b, c, d, e,f and^- draw lines perpendicular to D ' g. Make g D equal to g D (Fig. 9), and make/5, Mi <^3. c2,bi respectively equal to/5, e 4> d 3< c 2 > and<5 1 from the WneD'g (Fig. B* < h c A? A V» e >? f Y> Fig. 11. 9); and from the point D' through the points I, 2, 3, 4, 5 to D draw an unbroken curved line. Now make gj equal to gj, (Fig. 9) and through / draw/ C parallel to gD'. Set off jC equal to^D' and then obtain points for and draw the curve C ' C exactly as with the curve D ' 3 D, the two curves being alike. The pattern required will be CD' DC. To draw the pattern for the B' C C B (Fig. 9) piece of moulding. Draw ( Fig. 1 1 ) any line C ' g, and from the point C set off distances C b, b c, c d, d e, ef, and fg, equal respectively to the distances a' b' , b' c' , c' d' , d' e' f and/ g of the shape drawn on the lines C g, C a' (Fig. 9), and from the points C b, c, l88 WORKSHOP MANUAL. d, e,f, and g draw lines perpendicular to C g. Make g C equal to g C (Fig. 9) and make/5, e 4, d 3, c 2, ,b 1 respectively equal to f$, e 4, Nails not Driven Par Enough. workshop manual. 213 Nailing. Nails driven too tight produce the effect shown in the above cut and should be carefully avoided by slaters; this applies more particularly to slate punched by hand, as the slate does not have much strength to hold the nail and consequently pulls through and al- lows the slate to slide out. Nails not driven far enough are nearly as bad and produce the effect seen in the above cut; while it does not allow the slate to slide off, it punches holes through the slate above the nail; this is caused by the weight of the bracket or by walking on the roof; nails should be driven down until the head is level with top surface of the slate but not tight enough to draw or spring the slate. Slating Nails. '■■■*;.. During the last few years there has been a change in this line from cut nails to wire nails. The principal reason for this has been the poor quality of the cut nails, nearly all makers producing clumsy, heavy nails with thick, ragged heads, while the wire nail is gener- ally clean cut, well made, with countersunk head. A clean, well made, cut steel nail with countersunk head is better than wire nails for the purpose of laying slate, for the reason that it is almost impossible to cut or break a wire nail in repairing, while a cut nail readily breaks or cuts with the ripper, making it much "easier to repair. Another advantage in cut nails is that it re- quires more force to start a cut nail than a wire, al- though the wire nails hold more after starting to pull than the cut. Both make a good job. Galvanized or tinned nails are less liable to rust. Either cut steel or steel wire nails rust much less than iron nails. Copper 214 WORKSHOP MANUAL. nails are often used on fine work, but they cost much more and pull out of the sheathing very much easier than steel. 3 d nails are large enough for all sizes of slate up to and including 20 inches; unless the slate are extra thick above 20 inches 4 d should be used. Measuring Roofs. ** It is very essential that a slater should be able to understand and measure architects' drawings, as many of the largest and best jobs of slate roofing are let by contract from the architect's office. The greatest advantage derived by the slater, in being able to measure drawings, is the fact that his competitor does not know every job he bids on; just how much per square he figures at, as the variation in prices may be caused by measure and not price. Where the competi- tion bidding is all by the square, the result is generally to run the price down gradually but surely until there is no profit, and often an actual loss in many of the jobs done. Some roofers adopt the mistaken plan of not measuring hips and valleys extra; this is wrong, for while it may give a small margin of profits on a plain roof, at the same price per square it will cause consider- able actual loss on a roof badly cut up by hips and valleys. There is no more reason or sense in leaving off the measure of hips and valleys than there would be to leave it off the measure of the porches, as both take a great amount of extra time and material which the owner gets the benefit of, and should pay for, as he does for windows, doors, or any other part of his house. Rules For Measuring Slate Roofs. The following are the standard rules for measuring slate work. These rules are recognized and followed WORKSHOP MANUAL. 2T$ by roofefs, architects and engineers wherever slate roofing is used, and in all standard works on the sub- ject: For Plain Roof. — Measure the length of the roof and multiply by the length of the rafter. For Roof with Hips, Valleys, Gables, Dormers, Etc. — Measure each section through the center and multiply by the length of rafter; and in addition to the actual surface of roof measure the length of all hips and valleys by one foot wide, also what the first, or eave course, shows to the weather by the length of eaves. In some localities this rule is not adhered to strictly, but hips and valleys are always measured wherever slate is used. The extra measure on eave course is to compensate for lost time in standing and laying the under-eave course, which does not show or count in the surface measure. The extra measure on hips and valleys is intended to compensate for extra labor and loss of material in cut- ting, fitting and laying same. No deduction is made for dormer windows, skylights, "chimneys, etc., unless they measure more than four feet square. If more than four feet square and less than eight feet square, one- half is to be deducted. If more than eight feet square, deduct the whole. The reason for not deducting the whole of the openings is the extra work in cutting and fitting the slate, and putting in the flashings. Hips and valleys on spires are measured extra, same as above. If hips are mitred and flashed they should be charged for extra. If ridge-roll is put on it is charged extra. Gutters, valleys and all flashings are charged extra. It should always be remembered, in measuring roofs, that if the pitch of the roof is the same, size of building and projections the same, the mere fact that there are hips and valleys does not add to the surface of roof. 2l6 WORKSHOP MANUAL. As an example: Two buildings of the same size may be roofed — one with plain pitch and gable roof (this is, two plain sides), and the other may have four hips, four gables and eight valleys. If both 'roofs are the same pitch, the roofs will measure exactly the same, and two measures is all that is necessary in measuring either — that is, the length of one eave and the length over both rafters, except that the extra measure on hips and valleys would have to be added on the cut up roof. Laying Slate and Felt. Before starting, the slater should be sure the roof is ready. The carpenter should put on a cant strip about one-quarter inch thick, nailed about two inches above the eave line of the slate. Carpenters often refuse to do this, saying it is the slater's work. This is not true. It is as much a part of the carpenter work as the sheath- ing. There should be cant boards put in behind all chimneys before the chimney back or gutter is put in. The cant board should fall to each end so that no water will stand in the gutter, as is the case where no cant board is used. This is the cause of more bad leaks on slate roofs than any other one thing; it is worse than broken slate, as the water will, where the end of a chimney gutter is higher than in the center, run over and follow along the under side of the tin to the lowest point, then drop off and run down, often allowing gal- lons of water to run into the building in a few hours. It is a good plan to keep small sea green slate on hand for under-eaves, as they are cheap and strong, making the very best for the purpose. When chimneys require braces they should be put on where practicable, so that the end that is fastened to the roof will be higher than WORKSHOP MANUAL. 217 the end fastened to the chimney; this will prevent water from following the iron rod down through the slate, but where the braces must be lower at the end next to the roof, then the brace should be built so that there will be a drip formed near the roof. Braces. The slaters should be very particular to put boards in the gutters, so that the metal cannot be injured by tramping or by pieces of slate. In nailing slate on, great care should be used that the nails should not be driven down too tight, as they will pull through, and on the other hand they should be driven down even 2l8 WORKSHOP MANUAL. with the slate, so that the nail will not punch the slate above when pressure is put on from above by stepping on the slate, or by the scaffolding. 'Finishers. 3d Course. 2tl Course. ist Course. Unrtcr- eaves. Starting ami Finishing. The above shows how to start and finish a roof. The lap is the amount the tail of the third course laps over the head of the first course. Flashing and Counter-Flashing. Flashing and counter-flashing should always be separate. The single-flashing should be laid in with the courses of slate, one piece under the lower end of the first slate or half slate intersecting any wall or chimney, and should be two inches longer than the gauge of the slate (the slate are laid to weather), and six or seven inches wide. Turn up square two and one- half to three inches. The part turned up against a chimney or wall should never be nailed to same, for the reason that the wood work of the roof will settle more than brick or stone work in chimneys or walls and cause the flashings, if nailed, to tear up the slate. The counter-flashings should be let into the brick or WORKSHOP MANUAL. 219 Head Lines on Felt. Flashing and Counterflashing. 220 WORKSHOP MANUAL. stone joints one inch, well wedged in and pointed with mortar. The pointing is a part of the masons' work. If grooves have to be cut in the stone or brick work to receive counter-flashing, it is the masons' work to cut them. Counter-flashing is usually done by the tinner. If lead is used for flashing, no heavier than two and one-half pounds to the square foot should be used for the part interlapping with slate. If thicker is used it makes the slate lay badly. Flashing should never be put in in long strips, but always cut and laid in with the courses. A great source of trouble and leaks is the manner in which chimney backs are usually put in. Ridge and Hip Rolls. Galvanized iron ridge and hip rolls make a much better job than slate finish, as they hold the finishers and pieces to hips so that wind cannot catch them. Whenever possible, a wood strip should be nailed on each side of hips and along comb, to nail ridging to. The ridging should be so shaped that it will press down tight on the slate when nailed on. WORKSHOP MANUAL. 221 Neither hips nor ridge should ever be finished with- out ridging, as it is inexpensive and adds so much to appearance and durability of the work. Ridge and hip rolls are always figured separate from the slate and charged for at so much per foot. The reason for this is that often a large job has very little hips or ridges, while often a few squares, such as spires, may have hundreds of feet of ridge or hip roll. Ridging. Ridge and hip rolls used on plain work should be put on by the slater, so that when the slate are broken they can be ""replaced, leaving the roof complete; another reason why the slater should put the ridging on is, that a slater knows where to drive a nail so as not to break the slate better than other mechanics who are not accustomed to doing such work. Two inch steel wire nails are the best for fastening ridgings. Great care is necessary in nailing on ridging not to drive the nails too tight, thereby cracking the slate or making kinks in the flange of the ridging. Ridging, flashing, etc., is not considered a part of a slate roof and is charged extra per foot, according to the amount of the same. How to Use Several Sizes of Slate on One Roof. On account of the long distance that slate has to be shipped and the length of time it takes to get a car load through, it often happens that the slater may have slate enough for a job but not enough of one size, or even for one side of the roof. We have prepared the accompanying cut to show the manner of using different 222 WORKSHOP MANUAL. sizes of slate on the same section of roof. The cut shows four sizes, but more can be worked the same way; for example: take a roof twenty feet long and twenty feet rafter— there are 'four squares — now sup- pose-you have one square 10 X 16, one square 8 X 16, one square 10 X 14, one square 8 X 14. Start with Sizes of Slate. 10 X 16, when half way across the eave run 8 X 16 the other half, then run up ten feet on the roof with these two sizes, the two sizes joining in the center; then start on the 10 X 16 with 10 X 14, and over the 8 X 16 lay 8 X 14. If more than four sizes are to be used divide the roof into sections according to the slate \o be used, workshop manual.. 223 Round Tower. In some classes of work it is necessary to also cut the upper end of the slate. This is called shoulder cutting, and makes the slate lay down much better than will slate with full corners. This especially ap- plies to slating round towers, which is now coming into much favor. It is really impossible to make nice close job on round towers or dormers without shoulder cutting. In slating a round tower or dormer it is best to start with wide slate, 10 X 12, 10 X 14 or 10 X 16 are good for starting them. As each course narrows down you get up much higher. Before the slate gets too narrow to cover the nails below, after running up until the slate gets down to 3^ to 4 inches, it is best to start again with a course double the width of the last course, and thus have the width to narrow down on again, as two inches is about as narrow as it is safe to make the last course, arid even then it is well to carefully double felt and lay several of the last courses in oil cement. Repairing of Slate Roofs. Many slaters think. they have a perfect right to charge a ruinous price for repairing because they do it by the day. This class of so-called slaters never suc- ceed in building up a permanent business and are almost certain to finally bring up in the hands of the sheriff, no matter how prosperous they may appear at first. They do more damage to the slate business than any other one thing known. They do a poor job of roofing and depend on making money by repairing. In putting on a new roof every slate should be left whole and perfect, both nails should have their full hold, and 224 WORKSHOP MANUAL. the slater should feel that each slate is right before covering it up with the next. The same care should be used in repairing. Take out every slate that can possibly cause a leak, and carefully replace it. If the roof is steep and the slate twenty inch or larger, put in two nails — the upper one as close up in center joint as possible, the other two inches lower down. Over the head of the nails slip a. piece of painted tin, about 3X6 inches; bend the tin so it will bind and not slip Repairing a Slate Roof. out. Putty or cement is sometimes used for the nail heads, but neither is good. Leaks are often caused by cracks in the slate above the gauge line, so that it is only by close scrutiny the leak is found. Leaks are also caused by a rough surface on the slate near the head, causing the water to run across the slate. This is very often the case with hand punched slate, as "large pieces are frequently scaled off, which catch the water, running it in around the nail, WORKSHOP MANUAL. 225 The dotted lines show the piece of tin over the nail; the light shaded space shows where the broken slate is taken out and replaced. Tin slipped over nail head. This shows the shape of the piece of tin before being slipped in over nail head. Putty or cement should never be used in repairing to cover nail head, as they will not last. , Slaters' Scaffold Bracket. • The above cut shows the method now generally adopted by slaters for scaffolding a roof. The scaffold can be made in two ways, the old way being to nail up a bracket at the building from pieces of board. This is a slow, expensive plan and often very dangerous. The safer and better plan is to have adjustable brackets 226 WORKSHOP MANUAL. that can be changed to any pitch or roof instantly and folded up when not in use. The above cuts shows a very convenient bracket and the plan of using the same on the roof. A light and convenient extension ladder is the most convenient way to get slate upon small buildings; for buildings more than two stories it is bet- Bracket Closed when uot in Use, ter to use a rope pulley and pull the slate up to the gutter, using a ladder to carry the slate from the gutter up to the scaffold where slaters are at work. Spire Slating Is done in two different ways. The first and usual way being to use the carpenters' scaffold for putting on the slate, leaving out slate where the scaffold timbers come through until done; then take the scaf- fold down from the top, finishing the ridge and repair- ing as you come down. The other and more difficult plan is to put the slate on from a chair or swinging scaffold, as shown in the engraving. This is the plan used when there is no carpenters' scaffold. When this plan is used it is customars to build a small scaffold around the spire at the highest point that can be WORKSHOP MANUAL. 227 reached from the inside through an opening. It is very handy to have a scaffold around the base of spire from which to start. Swinging Scaffold. 228 WORKSHOP MANUAL. The German Style, In which the slate are laid horizontal instead of verti cal, is often used on convex roofs, towers, etc., and makes a very fine appearing roof, as the slate lay down German Style. much closer op curved roofs than if laid in the ordinary way. For this plan a short, wide slate works and looks best; 8 X 10, 10 X 12, 10 X 14 and similar sizes being preferable. The slate should lap about three WORKSHOP MANUAL. 229 inches on the end and about 2 inches on the side, which would be at the top. One hole is punched at the top and one in the end, as shown in engraving The slate can be laid square or one corner can be cut as shown. Nothing but the best and strongest slate should be laid in this way, as a broken slate leaves the roof exposed. This plan is not suitable for large slate and when the same are used they make a very poor roof. INDEX. Accidents to Mechanics, Suggestions for 132 Acre, Dimensions of 89 Alloys 139, 153, 157-161 Fusible 158 " Melting Temperature of 83 " of Copper and Tin 1 59 " of Copper and Zinc 159-162 " of Tin and Lead 162 Aluminum, Solder for 21-22 Ancient Weights 99 Angle of Section of the Moulding, to Draw, Having Shape of Moulding Given 174-179 Annealing 1 47 Antidotes to Poisons 1 31-132 Apple, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Aquarium Pattern for 180, [84-188 Area of Circle 99 Area of Ellipse 100 Area of Rectangle 100 Areas Internal of Wrought Iron Pipe 114 Arm, Broken Treatment of : 133 Ash, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Austrian Mile in English Miles 82 Autogenous Soldering 157 Babbitt Metal 9 Ball, Metal Pattern for 76 Bar Brass, Weight of 104 Bar Copper 105 Bar, Iron Round No. Pounds per Foot 114 Bar Iron, Weight of Foot of 103 Barn Roofs. 205 Bar Steel, Weight of 113 Bar Steel, Weight of Foot of 120 Beeswax, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Bessemer Process of Making Steel 153 Birch, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Birmingham Gauge Iron, Weight of 103 Bismuth Solder 22 Bites, Dog, Treatment of 134 Blackening Zinc 29 Black Solder 22 232 INDEX. Black Varnish 26-57 " for Iron 28 Bleeding, To Stop 132 Blende 156 Blue Print, Formula for 9 Board Measure 90 Boards, Sheathing 204-205 Boiler Cover, Pattern for 52 " " with Circular Top 40-42 Borax 168 Bossing Lead 157 Box, Grooved Seam 170 Boxwood, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Bracket, Scaffold 226 Brass 158, 159-161 " Bar Weight of ; 104 " Cut Chemically 10 " Formula for Cleaning 10 " Kettles Spun 115 " Lacquer for 16 " Sheet Weight of 104 " Solder '. 23 " To Tin in the Cold 26 " Varnish for 26 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 Brazing, Cold Without Fire or Lamp 10 " Joint 170 Breast, Can Pattern for 52-54 Bricklayers' Measurements 92 Bricks, Number of in a Cubic Foot of Masonry 89 " Number Required to Construct Any Building 77 " Volume of in a Cubic Foot of Masonry 89 Brick, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Bright Iron Work, Varnish for • 27 Brilliant Black Varnish 27 Britannia Metal 1 58-161 " Ware, Solder for Hardening 23 " « Solder for Soft 23 " " Raised Solder for..' 23 Broken Arm, Treatment of 133 " Collar Bone, Treatment of 134 " Leg, Treatment of 133 " Ribs, Treatment of 134 " Thigh, Treatment of 133 Bronze *. , 158 Bronzing for Tin 25 Builders' Measurements 02 Building Material, Wear of 142-143 Buildings, Weight of 143 Bull Metal 1^8 Burns, Treatment for , , . . , , 1 Vj INDEX. 233 Butternut, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Butter, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Calamine 1 56 " Brass 159 Calculating Radiating Surface 141 Can Breast, Pattern for 52-54 " Number of Gallons in 90 Capacity, Carrying of a Ten Ton Freight Car 79 " of Spun Brass Kettles 115 Carbon in Iron 152 Carpenters' Measurements 92 Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight Car , 79 Castile Soap, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Casting Brass 160 Castings, Cement for 11 " Formulas for Enameling 10 " Shrinkage of .- 141 Cast Iron, Mending : 11 " " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 " ' " Square " 128 Cause of Leaks in Slate 224 Cedar, Weight of Cubic Foot of - 83 Celluloid, Cement for .' 11 Cement for Castings 11 " for Celluloid 11 " for Glass Letters n " for Iron 12 " for Joints 12 " for Kerosene Lamps 12 " —Metals to Glass : '.. 13 " Rubber to Metal 13 " Rubber to Wood 13 " — Steam Fittings 13 " Steam Pipes 13 " Submarine 14 " Transparent 14 " Wood Roofing. 14 " for Zinc and Glass 15 Chemical Method for Cutting Brass 10 Cherry, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Chestnut, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Chimney, Prairie Pattern for 59-60 Chimneys, Dimensions, Wilson's Table of 115 Chimney Top, Pattern 56-57 Chloride of Zinc 165 Circle, Area of 99 " Circumference of 99 Circular Bend, Tapering, Pattern for 198-202 " Folded Seam 168 " Lap Seam 168 " Measure , , . ,...,,.,.. 92 234 INDEX. Circular Tank, Volume of 100 Top, Boiler Cover 40-42 Circumference of Circle • 99 Cistern Measure 94 Cities, Population of 80 Clay, On Crystallization of Iron 148 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Cleaning Brass, Formula for 10 Silver, Wash for 21 Cloth, To Tin '. 15 Coal, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Coating, Lead for Iron or Steel Plates . . . : 16 " Metals, Varnish for 27 Cold Brazing : 10 " Soldering Without Fire or Lamp 23 " Tinning for Brass 26 " " for Copper 26 for Iron 26 Collar Bone Broken, Treatment of 134 Colored Varnish for Tin 27 Coloring Zinc r 29 Colorless Lacquer 16 Comparative Size of Slate 205-207 Table of Weights 93 Conductivity of Metals 149 Cone, Right Volume of ioi " Volume of Frustrum of 101 " With Oval Base and Round Top 30-32 Contents of Vessel 101 Copper 155-156 " and Tin, Alloys of 159 " and Zinc, Alloys of 159-162 " Gutter 105 " Hand Rolled 155 " Overpoling 155 " Oxidizing 18 " Poling 155 " Pyrites 155 " Sheathing, Tinned -105 " Sheet 104 " Solder for 23 " To Tin in the Cold 126 " Tough Cake 156 " Underpoling 155 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 " " Square " 28 Corn Crib, Contents of 95 Corn, Ear, Measure for 92 Cost of a Patent in Different Countries 140 Cost of Public Buildings 143 Cost of Tin Roofing per Square 116-117 INDEX. 235 Cotton, Pressed Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Counter-flashing 218 Countersunk Lap Seam 168 Cover for Boiler with Circular Top 40 Covering Tin for Slate Nails 225 Cover, Pitched Pattern for 52, 54-62 Cover for Wash Boiler, Pattern for 52 Cowl, Lobster Back, Pattern for 194-198 Crib, Corn, Contents of 95 Crystalline Surface for Tin Foil ; 25 Crystallization of Iron 148 Cubic Foot of Various "Substances, Weight of 82 Cubic Measure 95 Cubic Metric Measure 97 Cut and Wire Nails, Relative Holding Power of 144-145 Cut Slate 208 Cutting Brass Chemically 10 Damaging Slate lioofs 207 Danish Mile in English Miles 82 Dimensions, Inside Tables for Taking 91 " *• of an Acre 89 " of Chimneys, Wilson's Tables of 115 Dog Bites, Treatment of 134 Dormer Slating 223 Double Folded Seam 169 Drowning, What to Do in Case of 134 Dry Metric Measure 97 Ductility of Metals 149 Dutch Metal 158-161 Ear Corn Measure 92 Earth, Loose Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Ebony, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Effect of Heat on Various Substances 84 Elbow, Four Piece, Pattern for 70-71 Elbows, Round Rule for 74-75 Ellipse, Area of 100 " Description of 63 " Pattern for 32-35 Enameling Castings, Formula for 10 Engine, Stationary, Horse Power of 90 English Mile Compared with other European Measures 82 Equivalent of British Money in American Money 78 Estimates of Materials 91 Fainting, Treatment of 134 Feet Laying 216 Files Hardening 15 Fire Grenades, Solution for 15 Fits, Treatment of '. . . 134 Fittings, Steam Cement for 13 Flaring Vessel, Pattern for 50-51 plashing , 318 236 INDEX. Flat Seam Roofing, Cost of 117 Flesh Wounds, Treatment of 134 Fluxes Soldering-.. 163 Flux, Soldering for Steel .' 24 Folded Seam 168 Foot of Flat Bar Iron, Weight of '. 103 Formation of Mouldings 170 Four-Piece Elbow, Pattern for 70-71 Freight Car, Carrying Capacity of 79 Frustium of Right Cone, Volume of 101 Fusible Alloys 158 Galena 157 GallipoliOil : 168 Galvanized Iron 154 " " Paint for 19 " Sheet Iron Pipe, Table of Weights Per Foot of . . . 126 " " " Net Cost and Weight of 108-113 " " " Weight of 107 German Silver 158 Style Roof 228 Gilded Articles, Varnish for ; 28 Given Square, To Obtain Side of Octagon of 57 Glass and Metals, Cement for 13 Zinc " 15 " Letters, Cement for 11 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 " Window, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Glazier's Solder 24 Gold, Value of Ton of 82 " Varnish 28 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 " " $1,000,000 Worth 82 Gothic Profiles 66-68 Grain Measure q4 Grecian Long Measure 9 8 " Mouldings 42-44 Greenwich Mean Time 87 Grenades, Fire, Solution for 15 Grooved Seam 1 70 Gun-Metal " .". ! 158 " Weight of Square Foot of 128 Gutter Copper 1 c Hammer Hardening on Iron .. ....148 Hand-Rolled Copper [cc Hardening Files 1 c " Solder for Britannia Ware 23 Hardness of Metals, How Estimated 150 Hard Solder 15^' I61-24 Hay Measure '. __ 04 Hay Pressed, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Height of Tank, To Find from Contents , '.'.'.'.',[ 19? Henkcl's Discovery of Zinc 156 Hickory, Red, Weight of Cubic Foot of '. ...... 83 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Hips on Roofs, To be Measured Extra 214 Hip Rolls 220 Holding Power of Wire and Cut Nails 144-145 Holidays Legal in the Various States 129-131 Hopper, Pattern of by Triangulation 37-4° Horse Power of a Stationary Engine go Impure Water, Tests Jor 138-139 Inclined Moulding, Pattern for 188-194 India Rubber, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Ink for Rubber Stamps 16 Insensibility, Treatment of 134 Inside Dimensions, Tables for Taking 91 Interest, Method of Finding 143 Interest Table 78 Internal Areas of Wrought Iron Pipe 114 Iron 15 1 -153 " Bar Round, No. lbs. per Foot 114 " Bar, Weight of Foot of 103 " Black Varnish for 28 " Carbon in 152 " Cast, Mending 11 " Cement for ". 12 " Coated with Zinc 154 " Galvanized 154 " Galvanized, Paint for 19 " Hammer Hardening 148 " or Steel Plates, Lead Coating for 16 " Oxide of 152 " Roofs, Paint for 19 " Solder .• 24 " Sheet, Measurement of 106 " " .Paint for 19 " To Prevent from Rusting 20 " To Remove Rust from 20 « To Tin in the Cold 26 " Varnish for 28 " Work, Bright Varnish for 27 " " ' To Preserve from Rust 19 " " Varnish for 137 Italian Marble, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Joining Two Pieces of Moulding at any Angle, Pattern for Shape of Moulding Being Given . 1 79-180 Joint, Brazing 170 " Zinc Roofing 170 Joints 168 " Cement for 12 " Steel Solder for 25 Kerosene Lamps, Cement for 13 238 INDEX. Kettles, Brass Spun, Weight of 115 Killed Spirits .* 165 Kilometer, In English Miles 82 Labels, To Attach to Tin 137 Lackawanna Coal, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Lacquer, Colorless 16 " for Brass 16 Lamps, Kerosene, Cement for 12 Land Measure 9 1 Lap Seam 108 Lard, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Laying Felt 216 « Slate 216 Lead 157 " and Tin, Alloy of 162 " Burning 157 " Coating for Iron or Steel Plates 16 " Colored Paint ig " Pipe, Weight of 118 " Weight of Cubic Foot ot 82 " Weight of Square Foot of 120 Leaks in Slate 224 Legal Holidays inthe Various States 129-131 Leg Broken, Treatment of 133 Lehigh Coal, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Length, Measures of 93 Letters, Glass, Cement for 11 Lignum Vitse, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Linear Metric Measure 96 Lip Measure, Pattern for 60-62 Liquid Measure 95 " Metric Measure 97 Liquids, Specified Quantity of 85 'Weights of 85 " Weight of per Gallon 84. Lobster-Back Cowl, "Pattern for 194-198 Loose Earth, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Lubricant 17 Lustre, Metallic 146 Machine-Punched Slate 211 Mahogany, Weight of Cubic Foot of , 83 Malleability 147 " of Brass 160 Manchester Plates 154 Man, Stature of 70 « Weight of 7 g Maple, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Marble, Italian, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 " Vermont, « " • 83 Marks and Weights of Tinplates 106 Materials, Estimate of 91 INDEX. 235 Mean Greenwich Time 87 Measure for Ear Corn 92 " " Land 91 " Lip, Pattern for 60-62 Measurements for Bricklayers : 92 Builders 92 " Carpenters 92 Measures of Weight 95 " Length 93 " Water 93 " Scriptural , . . , 98 Measuring Roofs 214 " Roof with Hips, etc 214 " Slate Roofs, Rules tor 214 Mechanics, How to Treat in Case of Accident 132-135 Melting Points of Metals 158-151 Melting Temperature of Alloys 83 Mending Cast Iron 11 Mensuration, Useful Rules in 99-102 Mercury, Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 Metal Ball, Pattern for 7 6 Metallic Lustre 146 Metal Polish Paste 17 Metals and Glass, Cement for 13 Metals ,. 146 " Conductivity of ' '49 " Ductility of 149 " Hardness of 15° " Melting Points of 158 " Relative Weights of 81 • Specific Gravity of 170 " Table of Melting Points of 151 « Tenacity of H8 " Varnish for Coating 27 « Weight of 128 " Welding of H9 Metal Work, Soap for 21 Method of Describing an Ellipse 63 Method of Finding Interest H3 Metric Measure, Liquid 97 " " Cubic 97 " " Dry 97 " " Linear 9 6 " " of Weight 97 " System ' 95"98 Mild Steel 154 Milled Lead >57 Mineral Statistics, U. S 84 Mitre-Joint "7° Moist Sand, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Mordant Varnish 2 9 ^40 INDEX. Mortar, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Moulding, Inclinea Pattern for 188-194 Mouldings 170-194 " Grecian 42-44 " Roman 63-66 Moulding, To Draw Angle of Section of Having Given the Shape of Moulding 174-179 Moulding, To Draw Pattern for Joining Two Pieces of it at any Angle, the Shape of the Moulding being-Given (70-180 Moulding, To Draw Pattern for with Shape and Length Given ,172-174 Moulding, To Draw Shape of, Having Given the Section of a Moulding at any Angle 174-179 Mucilage 17 Muntz Metal 158-161 Nails, Slating 2 IS Net Cost and Weight of Galvanized Sheet Iron 108-113 Nickel Alloys 139 " Plate, to Remove Rust from 20 Plating 17 Polish 18 Norwegian Mile in English Miles 82 Number of Bricks in a Cubic Foot of Masonry 89 " of Bricks Required to Construct any Building 77 " of Gallons in a Can 90 Oak, White, Weight of Cubic Font or 83 Octagon, Side of 50 " to Obtain Side of one " for Tin Roofs 10 " Lead-Colored jg Paper, Tarred 205 " Transparent 18 Paste, Metal Polish ] . . j 7 Patent, Cost of in Different Countries 140 Pattern for Aquarium 180, 184-188 " Can Breast 52-54 " Chimney Top 56-57 " Circular Top Boiler Cover 40-42 " Cone with Oval Base and Round Top 30-30 INDEX. 241 Pattern for Ellipse 32-35 " Flaring Vessel 50-5 1 Four-Piece Elbow 70-71 Hopper by Triangulation 37-40 Inclined Moulding 188-194 " Lobster Back Cowl 194-198 " Measure Lip 60-62 Metal Ball 76 Piece of Moulding " , 172-174 Pitched Cover 52-54 " « " 62 " Prairie Chimney 59-60 " Raking Moulding 188-194 Smoke Stack 45-49 " Tapering Circular Bend 198-202 Tapering Oval Vessel 35-37 Tee Pipe 68-69 - " " Y " 54-55 Pewter 162-158 Pewterer's Soft Solder 24 Pewter Solder 24 Philosophers' Wool 147 Piling Slate 208 Pine, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Pipe, Lead, Weight of 118 Pipes, Sheet Iron, To Prevent from Rusting 21 " Steam, Cement for 13 Pipe, Tee, Pattern for 68-69 " Wrought Iron, Internal Areas of 114 Pitched Cover Pattern 52, 54-62 Pitch of Roofs 204 " Pine, Weight of Cubic Foot of , 83 Plating, Nickel 17 Platinum Solder 24 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 Plumbers' Solder 24-163 Poisons, Antidotes to 131-132 Poling, Copper 155 Polish for 'Stoves 25 " Metal Paste 17 " Nickel 18 Poplar, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Population of The Large Cities 80 " of U. S. by States 86 Prairie Chimney, Pattern for 59~6o Pressed Cotton, Weight of Cubic Foot 83 Hay, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Print Blue, Formula for 9 Printers Type 158 Production of Sheet Copper 155 Profiles, Gothic 66-68 242 INDEX. Public Buildings, Cost of '. 143 Punching Slate 210 Quarryiug Slate 206 Kadiatiug Surface, To Calculate 141 Raised Britannia Ware, Solderfor 23 Raking Moulding, Pattern for 188-194 Reaching Roofs , 226 Rectangle, Area of 100 Rectangular Tank, Volume of 100 " " Vessel, Volume of 100 Red Hickory,. Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Registers and Ventilators Vertical Wheel 1 19 Relative Weights of Metals 81 Repairing Slate Roof 223 Reservoir, Square 7 2 ~73 Resin 165 Ribs, Broken, Treatment of 134 Ridge Rolls 220 Ridging 221 " Strip 220 Right Cone, Volume of f . 101 Riveted Lap Seam 168 Rolls, Ridge and Hip ' 220 Roman Long Measure , 99 " Mouldings 1 63-66 Roof, German Style 228 Roofing, Tin, Cost per Square 1 16— 1 17 " Wood, Cement for 14 Roof Scaffolding 225 Roofs, Iron, Paint for 19 " Measuring 214 " Pitch of . 204 " Slate Repairing 223 " Tin, Paint for 19 Round Bar Iron, No. lbs. per Foot 114. " Cornered, Tapering Square Reservoir 72-73 Round Elbows, Rule for .- 74-75 Round Tower Slating 223 Rubber and Metal, Cement for 13 " and Wood, Cement for 13 " Stamps, Ink for 16 Rule forObtaming the Side of an Octagon of any given Square 57 Rule for Round Elbows ; 74-75 Rules for Measuring Slate Roofs .!.'!.. 214 Rules in Mensuration 99-102 Rule to Find the Horse-Power of a Stationary Engine..!!.. 90 Rule to Find the Number of Gallons Contained in a Can 90 Rupture, What to do in Case of.". 135 Rusting, To Prevent Sheet Iron Pipes from ! ! 21 " To Keep Tools from 21 " To Preserve Steel from... ,\ 20 243 Rusting, To Prevent Iron from 20 Rust 152 " Preserving Iron Work from 19 " To Remove from Iron 20 " To Remove from Nickel Plate 15-20 " To Remove from Steel .. 20 Sal- Ammoniac .- 167 Salts, Spirits of ; 165 Sand, Moist, Weight of Cubic Foot of. 83 Scaffold Bracket 226 Scaffolding a Roof 225 Scalds, Treatment for 133 Scale 152 Scripture, Long Measure 98 " Measures : 98 « Weights 98 Seam, Box Grooved ,■ 170 " Circular Folded 168 « Lap : 168 " Countersunk Lap 168 " Double Folded 169 " Folded 168 " Grooved 170 " Grooved Countersunk ; •. 170 " Lap i. 168 " Riveted Lap 168 Seams .- 168 Selecting Slate '. 210 Shape of Moulding, To Draw, having given the Section of a Moulding at any Angle I74-I79 Sheathing Boards 204-205 " Copper Tinned 105 Sheet Brass, Weight of ...:... 104 " Copper 105 " Copper, Its Production 155 " Iron, Measurement of 106 « Iron, Paint for 19 " Iron Pipes, to Prevent from Rusting. 21 - Iron, Table of Weights of 127 Shellbark Hickory, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Shop Hints, Useful :.. 135 Shoulder Cutting 223 Shrinkage of Castings 141 Side of an Octagon 5° Side of an Octagon of any Given Square. 57 Siemens Process of Making Steel : 153 Silver Oxidizing *.'. 18 " ValueofTonof 82 " Wash for Cleaning 21 " Weight of CubicFoot of 82 " Weight of $1,000,000 in Silver Dollars 82 244 INDEX. Size of Slate 205-207 Slate 203-229 " Comparative Strength of 205-207 " Laying 2l6 " Leaks in 22 4 " Machine Punched 2I 1 " Nails, Tin Covering for • 22 5 " Ornamental 2 °7 " Piling 2o8 " Punching 2I0 " Roofs, How Damaged by Carelessness 207 " Roofs, Repairing. 223 " Selecting 210 ■ Size of 205-207 " Tables "» Slating Nails 213 ■ Round Tower 223 " Spire 22 6 Smokestack, Patterns 45~49 ■ Varnish for 29 Soap, Castile, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 " for Metal Work 21 Soft Solder 158 " for Britannia Ware 23 " for Pewterers 24 Solder 162-163 " Bismuth 22 " Black 22 " Brass 23 Solder for Aluminum 21-22 " " Britannia Ware, Hardening 23 " " ' " Soft 23 " " Copper 23 " " Iron 24 " " Iron and Brass 24 " " Iron and Steel 24 " " Raised Britannia Ware 23 " " Steel and Brass 24 " " Steel Joints 25 " " Zinc 24 " Glazier's 24 " Hard 25 Soldering, Autogenous 157 " Cold, Without Fire or Lamp 23 " Fluxes 163 Flux for Steel 24 Solder Pewter 24 " Pewterer's 24 " Platinum 24 " Plumbers' 24, 163 " Spelter 24 INDEX. 245 Solders, Table of 164 Solder, Tinner's 25-163 Solid Measure 95 Solution for .Fire Grenades 15 Specific Gravities of Liquids 85 " Gravity of Metals i 150 " " Stones 88 Speculum, Metal 158 Spelter '(. 156 " Solder 24 Sphere, Volume of 101 Spinning Brass 160 Spire Slating 226 Spirits, Killed 165 " of Salts 165 Springy Steel Plates 154 Spruce, Weieht of Cubic Foot of 83 Spun Brass Kettles 115 Square Reservoir 72-73 " Rule to Obtain Side of Octagon of 57 Stack, Varnish for 29 Stamps, Rubber, Ink for 16 Standards, Wire Gauge '. 119 Standing Seam, Roofing Cost of 117 States, Legal Holidays in Various Ones 129-131 Stationary Engine, Horse Power of 90 Statistics of U. S Minerals 84 Stature of Man 79 Steam Fittings, Cement for 13 " Pipes, " " 13 Steel 151-153 " Bar, Weight of 113 " Joints, Solder for 25 " Mild 154 " Soldering, Flux for 24 " Temper of 148 " To Prevent from Rusting 20 " • To Remove Rust from 20 " Varnish for 28 " Weight of Cubic Foot of : 82 " Weight of Square Foot of 128 Stones, Specific Gravity of 88 " Weightsof 88 Stove Polish 25 String and Nail, Oval 49 Strip to Nail Ridging to 220 Submarine Cement 14 Sugar, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Suggestions Useful in Cases of Accident to Mechanics 132 Surface Metric Measure = 96 Swedish Mile in English Miles 82 246 INDEX. Swiss Stunde in English Miles 82 System, Metric 95-98 Table for Tinplate Workers 120 " of Interest : 78 " Melting Points of Metals 151 " Solders 164 " Weights per Foot of Common Sheet Iron 127 " " " Galvanized « " Pipe 126 " Wilson's Dimensions of Chimneys 115 Tables for Taking Inside Dimensions 91 Taggers, Tin 125 Tallow, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Tank, Circular Volume of 7 100 " Elliptical, Volume of 100 " Height of, To Find from Contents. . : ir2 " Rectangular, Volume of 100 Tapering Circular Bend, Pattern for 198-202 * Oval Vessel, Pattern for 35-37 " Round Cornered Square Reservoir 72-73 Tarred Paper 205 Tee Pipe Pattern 68-69 Temperature Melting of Alloys 83 Temperatures, Weight of Water at Different 84 Tempering Steel 153 Temper of Steel : < . 148 Tenacity of Metals - : 148 Terne Plates 1 54-125 Tests for Impure Water 138-139 Thigh Broken, Treatment of 133 Timber Measure go Tin and Copper, Alloys of 1 59 " and Lead, Alloys of 162 " Bronzing 25 " Colored Varnish for 27 " Covering for Slate Nails 225 " Foil, Crystalline Surface for 25 " Lined Lead Pipe, Weight of 118 Tinned Iron _ 1^ " Sheathing Copper . k 105 Tinner's Solder 25-163 Tinning, Cold for Brass 26 " " for Copper 26 " " for Iron -75 cloth ;'.'.'.;'.'.*.; i$ Tin Plates r c « " Marks and Weights of 106 " Marks, Weights and Numbers ' 124-125 « Workers, Tables for \ I20 Tin Roofing, Cost of per Square 11 6-1 17 " Roofs, Paint for I0 " To Attach Labels to '.'.'.'. lyj INDEX. 247 Tin, Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 " " Square Foot of 128 To Attach Labels to Tin 137 " Compute the Volume of Bricks in a Cubic Foot of Masonry 89 " Describe an Oval of Any Length or Width 58 " " Pattern for a Four-Piece Elbow 70-71 " " Patterns for a Flaring Vessel 50-5 1 • Draw Angle of Section of the Moulding, Having Shape of Moulding Given 174-179 " Draw Shape of the Moulding, Having Given the Section of a Moulding at Any Angle 174-179 " Find Contents of a Corn Crib v 95 Tools, To Keep from Rusting 21 "Tough Cake" Copper 156 Transparent Cement 14 • Paper 18 Triangulation, Hopper Pattern by 37-40 Type Metal 158 Underpoling, Copper 155 United States Mineral Statistics , 84 " Population of by States 86 Ure in English Miles 82 Useful Rules in Mensuration 99-102 " Shop Hints 135 " Suggestions in Cases of Accident to Mechanics 132 Valleys on Boots to be Measured Extra 214 Value of Ton of Gold 82 " of Ton of Silver 82 Varnish, Black 26 " Black for Iron 28 " Brilliant Black : 27 " Colored for Tin 27 " for Brass 26 " Bright Iron Works 137-27 " Coating Metals 27 " Gilded Articles 28 • Iron ,\ 28 Steel 28 Gold '., 28 " Mordant 29 " Smoke Stack 29 Ventilators, Vertical Wheel 119 Vermont Marble, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Verst in. English Miles 82 Vertical Wheel Registers 119 Vessel, Circular, Volume of 100 Elliptical, " 100 " Pattern for Flaring : 50-51 " Rectangular, Volume of 100 " To Find Contents of 101 Volatile Metals 147 248 INDEX. Volume of Bricks in a Cubic Foot of Masonry 89 « Circular Tank 1°° « Elliptical Vessel 100 ■ Frustum of Right Cone 101 " Right Cone '°' " Sphere 101 Wash Boiler Cover, Pattern for 52 " for Cleaning Silver 21 Water, Impure, Tests for 138-139 " Measures of 93 " Proofed Paper 205 " Weight of at Different Temperatures 84 Weight, Metric, Measure of 97 " of Ba,r Steel "3 " " Buildings H3 " " Cubic Foot of Various Substances 82 " " Foot of Flat Bar Iron 103 " " Galvanized Sheet Iron 108-113 « " Lead Pipe 118 " " Liquids 85 « « « Per Gallon 84 " " Man 79 " " Metals 128 " " gl,ooo,ooo Worth of Gold 82 " " 1,000,000 Silver Dollars 82 * " One Foot of Bar Steel 120 " " Tin-Lined Lead Pipe 118 " " Water at Different Temperatures 84 Weights, Ancient 99 " Comparative Table of 93 " Scriptural 98 " of Metals, Relative 81 Stones 88 " Tinplates 100 " Per Foot of Common Sheet Iron 127 " " Galvanized Sheet Iron Pipe 126 Welding of Metals 149 White Brass Solder \ 23 " Oak, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 " Poplar, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Wilson's Tables of Dimensions of Chimneys 115 Window Glass, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Wire and Cut Nails, Relative Holding Power of 144-145 Wire Gauge Standards 1 [9 Wood Roofing Cement 14 Wood's Alloy 158 Workers, Tinplate Tables for 120-123 Wounds, Flesh, Treatment of , 134 Wrought Iron Pipe, Internal Areas of 114 Wrought Iron, Weight of Square Foot of 128 "Y" Pattern 54-55 INDEX. 249 Yellow Brass Solder 23 Pine, Weight of Cubic Foot of 83 Ziuc 166- 157 " and Copper Alloys of 159-162 " and Glass, Cement for 15 " Chloride of 165 " Coating for Iron 154 " Discovered by Henkel. 156 " Roofing Joint 170 « Solder 25 " To Blacken 29 " Color 29 " Weight of Cubic Foot of 82 Paragon Hot Air Furnaces satisfy the purchaser because they do their work easily, thoroughly and ECONOMICALLY. Small first cost, small fuel cost, SMALL REPAIR COST. With Steel Radiator for Hard Coal SIX POINTS and Their Meaning: i. FEWEST JOINTS:— No leakage of gas or dust. 2 EQUALIZED DRAFT:— Perfect combustion throughout entire mass of fuel. I 3. LARGEST RADIATING SURFACE: — Plenty of Pure, Warm Air, — Not Parched Air. 4 . ABSOLUTELY SELF-CLEANING :— Flues always clear- no bother about it. 5. BALL-BEARING GRATE:— Shakes so easily that a child can manage it. 6. PERFECT ADAPTABILITY:— Any kind of fuel, hard or soft coal, or coke, can be used. Every PARAGON sold sells another. If you want A CROWING TRADE this is the furnace for you to handle. Exclusive rights given. Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., ntrs. 1801 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia, Pa. 250 Fidelity Ranges Have more selling points, and yield more profit to the dealer than/he common every-day sort. When sold, they stay sold. No complaints, no worry, no after-expense in satisfying cus- tomers. HOYRli piDEMTY SRflGES pon IiHt?GE HOUSES FIDEIilTY f?flj!GES FOH SmHItliEH HOUSES "' W' m ~ 1 "; - » * 1 ^^ Ml! " ^° : fl FEW ^BRSOfiS WHV: Fidelity Manges possess , i. COMPACTNESS :— Take up less room in kitchen. 2. CAPACITY :— Large Ovens. Large Flues. 3. CONVENIENCE :— Best form of Grate. Best Dust Flue. 4.- ECONOMY : — Large saving in cost of plumbing. 5. NOVELTY: — "Eclipse Covers" — the most meritorious in- , vention in stove-making of late years. 6 : EFFICIENCY : — Water heated twice as fast as by ordinary ranges. Many more good things about them. Exclusive territory given - to live dealers. Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., "frs. 1801 N Fourth St., Philadelphia, Pa. 251 w E publish at the price of S3. 50 each, three of the best technical books extant. These are: Tinsmiths' Pattern f^aqual. THE. leading sheet metal work in the market. 238 pages, 97 illustrations. Warmly endorsed by the trade and trade press. Furnace # Work # fy^anual. TELLS everything the furnace worker desires to know about his business, 249 pages, 230 illus- trations. No other book covers this particular field as this one does. House Warding IV^anual. (in print.) CONTAINING the $300 essays in The American Artisan House Warming Competition for cash prizes. The latest and most up-to-date practical articles on steam heating, hot water heating and warm air heating by the brightest minds in the trade. Sent postpaid for $3.54) each. For sale by all book sellers. DANIEL STERN, Publisher, 69 Dearborn St., CHICAGO. 252 lOO Tinners' Patterns. The American Artisan Full Size Patterns Comprise patterns for a full line of tinware, in numerous sizes, square and round elbows, cut-offs, etc. These full-size patterns, numbering upward ot | OOf are printed on manilla paper, from which they are readily trans- ferred to heavy sheets and cut out ready for use. The list contains the following - patterns: Tea Steeper Two-pint Tea Pot Three-pint Tea Pot Four-pint Tea Pot Five-pint Tea Pot One-auart Coffee Pot Two-quart Coffee Pot Three-quart Coffee Pot Four-quait Coffee Pot Five-quart Coffee Pot No. 1 Coffee Boiler No. 2 Coffee Boiler No. 3 Coffee Boiler Lamp Filler One-pint Dipper One-quart Dipper Two-quart Dipper Four-quart Flaring Pail Six-quart Flaring Pail Eight-quart Flaring Pail Ten-quart Flaring Pail Twelve-quart Flaring Pail Four teen-quart Flaring Pail Ten- quart Dish Pan Twelve quart Dish Pan Fourteen-quart Dish Pan Sixteen-quart Dish Pan Dinner Bucket Five-inch T-Joint Six-inch T-Joint Eave Trough Mitre Joint "Snap" 2-inch Conductor Elbow Cullender Two-inch Square Elbow Two-and-a-halMnch Square Elbow Three-and-a-half-inch Square Elbow Four-and-a-half-inch Square Elbow Five-and-a-half-inch Square Elbow Six-and-a-half-inch Square Elbow Seven-and-a-half-inch Square Elbow One-pint Funnel Two-pint Funnel Three-pint Funnel Four-pint Funnel Large Milk Strainer Small Milk Strainer Ten-quart Milk Pail Breast Fourteen-quart Milk Pail Breast Two-inch Four-Piece Round Elbow Three-inch Four-Piece Round Elbow Four-inch Four-Piece Round Elbow Five-inch Four-Piece Kound. Elbow Five-and-a-half-inch Round Elbow Six-and-a-h alt-inch Round Elbow Seven-and-a-half-inch Round Elbow Small Grocers' Scoop Medium Grocers' Scoop Large Grocers' Scoop Apple Corer Oval Foot Bath Oval Pudding Pan Half-gallon Can Breast One-gallon Can Breast Two-gallon Can Breast Three-gallon Cau Breast Half-pint Measure One-pint Measure One-quart Measure Half-gallon Measure One-pint Basin Two-pint Basin Ihree-pint Basin Four-pint Pan Six-quart Pan Ten-quart Pan Small-Cake Pan Medium Cake Pan Large Cake Pan Small Wash Basin Large Wash Basin Sprinkler Breast Four-gallon Churn Five-gallon Churn Small Dust Pan Large Dust Pati Five sizes Funnel Patterns Oval Dinner Bucket Rain Water Cut-off No. 7 Boiler Cover No. 8 Boiler Cover No. 9 Boiler Cover No. 7 Boiler Bottoms No. 8 Boiler Bottoms No. 9 Boiler Bottoms THE AMERICAN ARTISAN full-size patterns are a great convenience, and in no other way can they be obtained at so small a cost. Price, sent post-paid for the FULL SET OF 100 PATTERNS $1.00. D^KriEL STERN, 69 DEARBORN STREET, - CHICAQO.ILL. 253 Formerly James B. Scott & Co. : Tin Plate, Sheet Iron, Metals. Manufacturers of Kdfinmnvn mrnin i finimnn" Guaranteed Roofing Tin. Made by the strictly PALM OIL PROCESS AND THOROUGHLY SQUARED AND RESQUARED. Each sheet is SEPARATELY DIPPED BY HAND and remains in the metal bath under boiling Palm Oil until the pores are opened and the metal is absorbed into the iron as well as heavily coating it. Afterwards each sheet is SEPARATELY RE DIPPED BY HAND and separately inspected. Only perfect sheets are stamped with the Registered frade fv\ark. Offices and Warehouses: 328, 330 and 332 Second Ave., PITTSBURGH, PA. 254 Roofing Slate. "BANGOR UNION," Black. The finest genuine Bangor Slate in the Market, very strong and durable, a beauti- ful black in color. MAMMOTH VEIN POULTNEY, Sea Green. Finest Sea Green Slate ever produced. THE LIGHTNING . SLATE DRESSER. Will cut and punch slate at one opera- tion. Can furnish Roofing Slate of all kinds, Slate Blackboards, Roofers' Supplies, Tools, etc. "THE SLATE ROOFER," a book for Roofers. BY MAIL, 91.00. AuiaD & Conger, IOO Euclid Avenue, - CLEVELAND. 255 MeClure's REDIPPED ROOFING TIN American flade Guaranteed to be more evenly and heavily coated than any $fc Old Style or Redipped Plate made. ..... Every sheet perfect ■Jf£ and stamped with brand and thickness. c®. \\n Plates and petals PITTSBURG PA. Office and Warehouse: 211-213-215 SECOND RVH. 25G Sipe's ]apar\ OUs. Over twelve hundred tinners ^ are now using ..... SIPE'S JAPAN OILS for painting Tin and Iron Roofs. , They are . QUICK DRYING, ELASTIC, AND HOLD THE TAINT ON TIN OR OTHER METALLIC SUR- FACES better than any other oil known. Cheaper and Getter than Linseed Oil for tinners use. SIPE'S JAPAN OIL has been used FOR OVER TEN YEARS by leading tin roofers all over the United States. SEND FOR PRICES AND TESTIMONIALS. James B. Sipe & Co. Allegheny, Pa. Sole Manufacturers 257 THE FOX FURNACES. FOR RHY FUEL... You should have oup eaialogue. THE fOX FURN/KE QO. CLEVELAND, OHIO. 258 mm The. Chicago Stove Works Promises the Trade many new Patterns in Gold Coin Stoves for 1896. Prominent among these, the Handsomest and most complete Line of Steel Ranges ever offered. Bear this in mind and see our new Lines before placing your orders for Spring Trade. Leading Tpade Mark Line Every Stove Fully Warranted Send fop Illustrated Catalogue ChfQago Stov^ WorJ(s. BLUE ISLAND AVENUE AND 22ND STREET. 259 A NEW ROOF PLATE. Turner's flexible Venetian fy^etal Roof plate. Handsome, durable and absolutely rain and storm proof. Made in tin and copper. For prices, etc., write to the manufacturer, JOHN HAMILTON, Pittsburgh, Pa. Hamilton's Best Redipped American Roofing Tin. WE GUARANTEE THIS PLATE TO BE Strictly Hand Ooated. Strictly Palm Oil Coated with best refined tin and lead and to be evenly coated over the entire surface of the sheet. A trial of this plate will convince anybody of its merits. MADE BY JOHN HAMILTON, PITTSBURGH. PA- 260, Tii*Msrii*rHS' AND SHEET riETAL WORKERS' POCKET REFERENCE BOOK. A collection of practical in- formation including rules,tables, receipts, explanations, etc.used daily by the tinsmith at his work. Presented in a compact form convenient to carry in the pocket, by C. E. Bodley. This work is substantially bound in cloth and is sent postage pre- paid for 50 cents. FOR SALE BY 69 DEARBORN ST. CHICA G O. ■ ■■■: -'■■■ '■' ; -