His His6l /899 E ' S^^^= w =00 ^ 00 >• k. 1^ g) [^ ^ Is •o a> (ACQ -£ 3 n^^sO =9 =>n (0_^^_^ »!>. a ^ EX £^^=CM 5R r r^^=o) o — oi I^^Bco O) tj Bl^™"^^ LINES OF THE adyahcedIiegistry system isteiii-FFiesiii] Asiiati of Jliierica. Rules for Officially Authenticated BU TER TESTS And Rules lor Making Net Profit Tests. SECOND EDITION. PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR I^TUDENTS OF AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. October i, 1899. fe;.^. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002927188 OUTLINES OF THE ADVANCED REGISTRY SYSTEM OF THE Holsteii-FriesiaD MMm of America, Rules for Officially Authenticated' BUTTER TESTS And Rules for Making Net Profit Tests. SECOND EDITION. PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR STUDENTS OF AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. October i, 1899. PRESS OF L. C. CHILDS & SON, IJtica, tf.. Y. Copies of this pamphlet are furnished to Agricultural Schools, sufficient to Supply their classes for the present year (1899-0), free of cost if ordered sent by ex- press. If ordered sent by mail thirteen cents per dozen copies must be received for postage. Yorkville, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1899. S. HOXIB, Supt. Adv. Registry, Holstein-Friesian Advanced Registry. EXTRACTS FROM PREFACE TO VOLUME ONE. What will be its effect upon the general interests of the breed ? This natural- ly will be the first question in regard to this system. The answer as naturally follows : If the publication of milk and butter records in fugitive ways, in the past, has given a worthy reputation to the breed, how much more should the sub- stantiating and gathering together of such records add to that reputation. The records of bur grand cows are'a common heritage, and no friend of the breed <;an doubt the utility of gathering and preserving them in some unquestioned form. In this work, large and small owners have equal opportunities. In public journals large advertisers take precedence. It would seem that on the ground •of common justice some work of this kind is needed to awaken in all breederg equal incentives to improvement, and especially to inspire smaller owners to join dn further building up a reputation for the breed in which all shall continue to feel a common pride. The information gathered by this system in regard to the structure and style of our noted cows must be of value to all who are interested in improving the breed. The means are here afforded of determining models, and of intelligently seeking such combinations of breeding as will produce our ideals in form and ■structure. Years will add especial value to this part of the work. The time is ooming when it will be regarded quite as important to trace peculiarities of struc- ture and peculiarities of qualities in the lines of ancestry as to trace pedigrees. This system is also a slight offering to science. There is yet to be a science of <;attle selection and cattle breeding. But such a science can never Be established mthout a multitude of dbservaticms such as this system records. Finally, it may be faid that it is a step in the direction in which all progressive breeders and thinkers upon cattle subjects are looking. It destroys no institution to take its place. It is simply a step forward into an unoccupied field. PART FIRST. How Animals are Qualified for Entry. TWO WAYS FOR BULLS. One is set forth in the following rule : RULE IV. ELIGIBILITY OF BULLS. A ball to bo eligible to Advanced Registry must pass an examination by the Superintendent, or one of the Inspectors, and be I'eported by him as worthy of such registry. In such report the following particulars shall be given, viz ; Name of animal : number in Herd Book ; age at time of examination ; general form ; description of head, neck, chine, loin and hips, rump, escutcheon, mam- mary veins, teats, handling, the secretions of the skin, the general vigor, the general symmetry and the general style or bearing. Such report shall also give accurate measurements of height of shoulders, height of hips, length of body, length from hook bone to point of rump, width of hips at the hook bones ; width at the thurl bones, and girth of chest at its smallest circumference, also the con- dition, age and weight of the animal at the time of measurement, and the date when the weight and measurements were taken. Such reports shall be made uniformly in accordance with the directions, and in the use of such terms, in their technical meanings, as the Superintendent may prescribe. BREEDINQ. He must be either the offspring of an Advanced Registry cow, the full brother of two, or the half brother of four such cows. PROGENY. He must have proven his superiority by his progeny, of which the examiner must see and examine at least three animals, which shall be found by him to be vigorous and symmetrical. SCALING AND WEIGHT. No bull shall be received to this registry, unless he also scales, or in the judg- ment of the Inspector is capable of scaling, at least eighty points of the Scale of Points of this Association, and is also capable of reaching at full age, in good flesh, eighteen hundred pounds live weight. The other is set forth in the following amendment, adopted March 15, 1898 .• , ENTRY KEQUIBED ON RECORDS OF DAUGHTERS. [without INSPECTION OE OTHEB OF THE ABOVE KBQUIKEMBNT3.] But the Superintendent of Advanced Registry shall, without formal applica- tion or examination, enter in the Advanced Registry all bulls (or any bulls). which have four or more daughters which have made officially authenticated but- ter records not less than those required for entry in Advanced Registry for like Ages. The Superintendent shall make a re-entry of any such bull whenever he has additional four or more daughters complying wiih the above requirements. TWO WAYS FOR COWS. One is set forth in the following Rules : RULE V. ELIGIBILITY OF COWS. WITH DESCRIPTION AXD ONE STANDARD RECORD. A cow to be eligible to this registry, if the entry includes description, must be examined by the Superintendent, or by one of the Inspectors, and be reported by him as worthy of such entry. In such report all particulars enumerated in Rule fourth shall be given and in addition thereto; description of udder and quarters of udder, and if in calf at time of weighing, the date of service by bull. In the judgment of the exam- iner she must scale, or be capable of scaling, seventy-five points of the Scale of Points of this Association, and of reaching at full age in milking condition and ordinary flesh, one thousand pounds live weight. She must also make one or more milk or butter records, as hereinafter provided. RULE VI. niLK AND BnXTEK BGCOBDS. REQUIREMENTS IN TWO YEAR FORM. If calving on the day she is two years of age, a record of not less than nine pounds of butter in seven consecutive days, or not less than 6,500 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive months, or not less than 354 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive days, previous to eight months from and after date of cahing, in which last case she shall have made another record of 118 lbs. in ten consecutive days after such period of eight months. And for every day a cow exceeds two years of age at date of calving in the " Two year form " the requirements of the ten mouths' record shall be increased 3.83 lbs. ; the requirement of the earlier ten days' record .81 of a lb. ; the requirement of the later ten days' record .07 of a lb.; and the requirement of the butter recoid .09* of an ounce. REQUIREMENTS IN THREE TEAR FORM. If calving on the day she is three years of age a record of not less than eleven pounds of butter in seven consecutive days, or not less than 7,900 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive months, or not less than 432 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive days, previous to eight months from and after date of calving, in which last case she shall have made another record of 144 lbs. in ten consecutive days after such period of eight months. And for every day she exceeds three years of age at date of calving in the " Three year form " the same increase per day as in the two year form. *Or more exactly .08,767 of an ounce. This decimal is used in calculating records that compete for prizes. REQUIREMENTS IN POUR YEAR FORM. If calving on the day she is four years of age a record of not less than thirteen pounds of butter in seven consecutive days, or not less than 9,300 lbs. of mil It in ten consecutive months, or not less than 511 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive days, previous to eight months from and after date of calving, in which last case she shall have made another record of not less than 170 lbs. in ten consecutive days after such period of eight months. And for every day she exceeds four years of age at date of calving in the " Four year form," the same increase per day as in the previous forms . REQUIREMENTS IN FULL AGE FORM. If calving on the day she is five years of age a record of not less than fifteen pounds of butter in seven consecutive days, or not less than 10,700 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive months, or not less than 589 lbs. of milk in ten consecutive days, previous to eight months from and after date of calving, in which last case she shall have made another record of not less than 197 lbs. in ten consecutive days after such period of eight months. No increase of production shall be required for increased age at date of calving in " Full Age form," HOW MADE. In making each and every such record the pow shall be milked dry at its com- mencement, and the close shall not extend beyond the number of days reported, reckoned at twenty-four hours each. PERIOD OF MAKING. All records shall be made within one year from date of calving (except in case of a full year's record necessarily extending a year from its date of commence- ment), and in no case include milk or butter produce! from a second calving. A month's record shall not extend beyond thirty days, unless it is specifica'ly reported that it iQcludes thirty one days. QUALITY OF BUTTER AND SALTING. In each and every butter record reported the butter shall be of good market- able quality, salted at not higher than one ounce of salt to one pound of butter, and worked free from any excess of water or buttermilk. RECORDS OF BUTTER FAT. A COW may be eligible to this registry on a record of pure butter fat, determined by a test of every milking during the period of record, or by a composite test of all the milkings of such period. The sample of each milking taken for testing, shall be from the whole amount of such milking taken immediately after it is thoroughly stirred and mixed by rapid pouring from one vessel to another at least three times. In a composite test, the amount of the sample to be put in the common vessel at each milking, shall be graduated to the weight of that milking, so that the same proportionate quantity of each milking shall be taken. The samples shall be kept in a closed vessel to prevent evaporation. In such a test the whole amount of milk giren during the period of the test shall be reported and the per cent, of fat shown. But in case each milking is tested separately, the amount of each milking shall be reported and the per cent, of butter fat shown by a test of each. The Superintendent shall determine records of pure butter fat from snoh reports. The tests for per per cent, of fat in the milk shall be made by the Babeock or by other equally ac- curate apparatus or method approved by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. The requirements for entry on records of pure butter fat, shall be eighty per cent, of the requirements for entry on records of marketable butter, this being the standard adopted in making estimates at the World's Columbian Exposition. Amendment adopted June 7, 1899. The Superintendent may use the rules of both the World's Columbian Exposi- tion and of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in determining, recording and reporting the equivalent of butter. AUTHENTICATION. Every record shall be sworn to by each and every person assisting in making it, including in every case the owner of the animal. Such affidavits shall set forth that the records were made in accordance with these rules, and that they are true in each and every particular, to the best knowledge and belief of the subscribers thereto. In case of entry with description, the examiner shall certify that in his judgment the animal is capable of making such record or records. OFFICIAL INVESTIGATION REQUIRED OF CERTAIN BUTTER RECORDS. All unofficial records of pure butter fat of 18 lbs. or over, and all records of marketable butter of 23}^ lbs. or over, of full age cows, and all equivalent rec- ords of cows under full age made In periods of seven consecutive days must be officially investigated in the following manner: On the completion of any such record or at any time during its progress the owner of the cow making it shall report to the Superintendent of this registry the name, Herd-Book number, age of the cow and the record made to time of such report. The Superintendent shall forthwith proceed to investigate such record, or to appoint some reliable person to do so, by seeing the cow milked and weighing the milk produced for twenty four consecutive hours, and by testing the same for butter fat under re- strictions that shall preclude all mistakes either in the quantity or quality of the milk. The person thus investigating the milk shall make a full report of his investigation, the important parts of which shall be published, with the entry of the cow on such record and the owner of the cow shall pay all expenses of such investigation. REPORTING RECORDS. In reporting each and every record, the date of calving shall be given, the age of cow at such date, the date of commencement of record, the date of close of record, and the number of pounds of milk or butter produced ; and in records of butter production at option of the owner, the average number of pounds of milk required to produce one pound of butter during the whole period covered by the record. KEPORTIKG CARE AND FOOD. At the option of the owner, the care and food of the cow preceding and during the making of any record or records by her may be reported. The Superintend- ent shall publish the substance of such report, reduced to the shortest possible space as a part of the entry. * The other way is set forth in the following amendment adopted at the opening of the fifth volume : ELIGIBILITV OF COHS WIIHOIT. DESCEIPTION. A cow may be eligible without examination and description (if her owner thus chooses to enter her) if she meets the other requirements for entry. SPECIAL CASES. RULE Vlll. EXiXIKlTIOX AND BE-EXIXINATIOIT. An animal may be examined in each and every form, but no more than one examination of the same animal shall be made in one and the same form unless the previous reportof the examination has been rejected. Any person may have a rejected animal re-examined at any time, providing he pays the Superintendent the full expense of such examination, including for time and service of the in- spector. EB-ENTRY. Records of milk and butter production of any cow may be recorded for each and every form, if the rules of the Association have been complied with in mak- ing such records. Re-entry of cows may be made in different volumes of this registry, when other records have been made in forms not previously reported. ADDITIONAL RECOEDS— EECOBDS OF DEAD COWS. Records of dead cows or additional records of cows already in this registry may also be entered when made and authenticated in accordance with these rules and approved by the Superintendent. Note. — The present Superintendent is desirous that descriptions and measure- ments should appear in all entries of advanced registry. To this end he appeals to our Agricultural Colleges to thoroughly qualify men for describing, measuring and scaling animals of the various milch breeds. [See Holstein Friesian Method, for doing such work commencing on page 14.] SPECIAL RULES For Officially Authenticated Butter Records COMPETING FOR PRIZES. BULES. 1. Such a record shall be for seven consecutive days and made under, the supervision of an oflBcer or assistant of an Agricultural Experiment Station, or of an Agricultural College (but no record of a cow owned by such an institution shall be made under the supervision of its own ofBeer), or by some person whose integrity and ability is vouched for by the Director, or by the Professor of Dairy Husbandry of such an institution, and shall be entered in Advanced Registry. 2. When such a record is completed, within four days thereafter, the owner shall report in writing to the Superintendent of Advanced Registry, the name and Herd Book number of the cow, the date of dropping her last calf and the amounts of milk and butter fat of the record. Upon receipt of this statement, if the Superintendent of Advanced Registry decides that it is important to have a new test of the animal made, he is author- ized to send a tester or go himself and have her re-tested, notifying the owner that the cow is to be re tested. If he is not satisfied of the accuracy of the iirst; record he has the right to reject it entirely after a re-test and the expenses shall be borne by the owner of the cow. But if he is satisfied of its correctness the expenses shall be borne by the Association. 3. The supervisor of a test shall see the cow milked dry at its commencement and shall be present thereafter at each milking until the record is completed ; he shall determine the weight of each milking and its average per cent, of fat sep- arately, and make a detailed report of the same over- his signature and affidavit, which shall be sent to the Superintendent of Advanced Registry within thirty days after the completion of the record. 4. During the test week no condiments, condition powders or drugs of any kind shall be given, and only pure water for drink. Dry foods may be mixed or softened with water but with no other liquid. 5. No herd shall be awarded, within a given official year, more than three of the classified prizes, these shall be to those that will aggregate the largest sum to the owner — prizes in classes for older cows taking precedence. 6. All matters, not covered by these rules, as to making and reporting offici- ally authenticated butter record •=, shall be directed by the Superintendent of Ad- vanced Registry, and his decisions shall be final. 7. These records may be made public at any time, by the owners of the cows, or by the Superintendent of Advanced Registry, or by the Secretary of the Asso- ciation. PRIZES ARE OFFERED IN CLASSES. For the current official year (1899-0) they are as follo:Ts: CLASS I. Class 2. CLASS 3. CLASS 4. Class 5. CL\SS6. CLASS 7. - Cows 5 4)4 years 4 years 3H years 3 years 2!^ years Cows un- years or and under and under and under and under and under der 2}^ over 5 years. 4>i years. 4 years. 3% years. 3 years. years od ist »4o. ISt... . $40. ist.... $40. ist $40. ISt.... t4o. ist.... $40. ist... $40. 2d 36. 2d... • 35- 23 35. 2d 35 2Cl 35- 2d 35. 2d.... 36- 3d 34. 3d... . 3°- 3a 30. 3d 30- 3d 30- 3d.... 30- 3d... 34- 4th 32. 4th.. 25. 4th.... 25. 4th.... 25. 4th.... 25. 4th... 25- 4th.. 3'- Sth 30. 5th.. 20. 5th 20. 5th.,.. 20. 5th.... 20. 5th.,. 20. 5th.. 30- 6th .... 28. 6th.. . 15. 6th.... 15. 6th.... 15. 6th.... 15. 6th... 15- 6th.. 28. 7th 24. 7th.. 10. 7th.... 10. 7th — 10. 7th 10. 7th... 10. ■ 7th.. 24. Sth 22, 8th.. 22. gth 20. <)th.. 20. loth .... 1 8. loth.. 18. nth.... 16, iilh.. le. i2th.... 14. 12th., 14. 13th ... 12. 13th.. 12. 14th.... 10. 14th.. 10 The age of the cott at date of dropping her last calf shall determine her class. Entries for the current official year (1899-0) shall close May 1, 1900. Butter records made and entered for prizes, if equal in amount to Advanced Registry requirements, entitle cows to admission to Advanced Registry. SPECIAL RULES For Determining Net Profit or Value of Products over Value of Food. 1. Records ot Net Profit shall not be announced or understood as o£SciaI records. Yet they shall be made only In connection with ofBciilly authenticated ■butter records. 2. The owner of cows making records of Net Profit and all associated with him in feeding and caring for them, while preparing for and makiner •such records shall subscribe to a detailed statement, given under oath, of the kinds of food and the amounts of Ihe same fed during four weeks, as follow, viz.: For the first two weeks of preparation the kinds and amounts shall be approx - imately given; for the third week, the kinds and amounts shall be exactly given by weight ; and for the last week, when the officially authenticated butter record is being made by the supervisor of the same, he shall also supervise the kinds ai.d amounts of food consumed by the cow, which shall be reported by him ■exactly by weight, to which report he shall certify under oath together with the owner and his associates in feeding. Daring this last week no condiments or <;ondition powders or drugs of any kind, except common salt, ashes and sulphur shall be given, and Only pure water for drink. Dry food may be softened or mixed with water, but with no other kind of liquid. *3. The butter fat produced shall be valued at twenty-five cents per pound ; and the by-products iof the milk at fifteen cents per one hundred pounds ; the difCerence between the cost of the food (see list of prices below) and the products thus valued shall be considered the Net Profit. 4. Different kinds of food shall be valued according to the following list of prices : Ensilage $ 2.00 a ton. Hay f 8.00 a ton. Bran lo.oo " Middlings 12.00 '* Linseed Oil Meal 1800 "' Cotton Seed Meal 20.00 " •Corn Meal 12.00 " Ground Oats 13.00 " ground Barley 1300 " Hominy Meal it.oo " iGlii ten Meal , 12.00 " Roots (except carrots) 2.50 ** Pea Meal 15.00 " Corn Stalk Fodder <.oo " Alfalfa (green) 400 ' Fresh Cut Soilage i.so •' tGround Rye 12.00 '* Carrots 4.00 *' MaltSprouts q.oo ' Cabbage ; 2.50 " .Ground Buckwheat 10.00 " Gluten Feed ,. 10.00 " *The quantity of food consumed during the week of the test should not be less than that consumed the previous week, and the amount of food consumed per day during the last two days, should not be less than on previous days of the wpek.' tThe amount of by-products shall be determined . by subtracting the number joi pounds of fat, from the total number of pounds of milk prodaced. Pasturage, exclusive of grain and soila!»e crup, 75 cents per ,week. If any food* are fed other than those in the above list, their value shall be fixed by the Executive Committee on receipt oE report of Superintendent of Advanced Registry, one month previous to the close of the ofBcial year. 5. All matters not covered by these rules, as to making records for determin- ing the Net Profit shall be directed by the Superintendent of Advanced Registry,, and his decisions shall be final. 6. Such records may be made public at any time by the owners of the cows, or by the Superintendent of Advanced Registry, or by the Secretary of the Asso- ciation. PRIZES ARE OFFERED IN CLASSES. For the Current Official Year (1899-0) they are as follows : Class i. Class 2. • • Class 3. Class 4. Cows 5 years old or Cows 4 years old Cows 3 years old Cows under 3 years- over, and under 5. and under 4. old, ist $40.00 ist $40.00 ist $4000 ist $40.00 2d 30.00 2d 30.00 2d 30.00 2d 30.00 3d 20.00 3d 20-00 3d 20.00 3d 2000^ 4th 15.00 4th 1500 4tll 15.00 4th 15.00 5th 10.00 5tll lo.co 5tll 10.00 5th jooo fith 5.00 6th s.oo 6th 5.00 6th s.oo- The age of the cow at date 'of dropping her last calf shall determine her class. Entries for the current official year (1899-0) shall close May 1, 19C0. Butter records made and entered for prizes, if equal in amount to Advanced Registry rtquirements, entitle cows to admission to Advanced Registry. ANSWEBS TO FEEQUEXT QUERIES. Are the Rules for Awarding Prizes a part of the Rules for Advanced Regis- try? No. But no record can be awarded a prize unless entered in Advanced Reg- istry, Blank applications for such entries will be furnished by the Superin- tendent. Can a cow be entered in Advanced Registry without inspection and descrip- tion ? Yes. See last paragraph of Rule V. But the value of correct description& especially of noted cows, to future breeders, cannot be easily over-estimated. Can an entry of a record of a cow be made after her death ? Yes. See last paragraph of Rule VII 1. Can I not have a well qualified man who resides in my immediate vicinity su- pervise an official test of my cows ? Yes. If the Director of your Experiment Station or the Professor of Dairy- Husbandry of some Agricultural College will vouch, from personal acquaintance with him, for his honesty and ability. See Rule I for making officially authen- ticated records. What are the expenses for Supervision of a test and who pays them ? They are paid by the owner of the cow ; they include traveling expenses^ board and such pay per diem as the Experiment Station or Agricultural College 13 or the person Touched for may require. The Superintendent of Advanced Reg- istry has nothing to do in fixing the pay per diem. Correspond with your Sta- tion or your nearest Agricultural College. When can I have a man to supervise a test ? Correspond with your Agricultural Experiment Station or your nearest Agri- cultural College. Do so as soon as you decide to have a test made. Do not de- lay. No doubt you can have a man at the date you want him if you will write in season for hira. Where can 1 obtain the several volumes of Advanced Registry ? Volumes I, II, III and IV may be obtained of the Superintendent of Ad- vanced Registry ; volumes V, VI, Vll and VIII are respectively bound with volumes XII, XIII, XIV and XV of the Herd Book and can be obtained of the Seeretarj' of the Association. PART SECOND. * Instructions for Scaling, Measuring and Describing. tiNSPECTOR'S OUTFIT. An Inspfctor's oulflt consists of a measuring rod and tape, a memoranlum book, a pencil, and an eraslve rubber. This memorandum book should be about seven inches long, by four wide, and be ruled In the ordinary way across the pages by twenty-six lines. A book of two hundred pages will hold descriptions for ninety nine animals. An index of the items to be taken will be found in Rule IV., ccmmencing with " Name of Animal." This index should be written on a narrow slip of paper from top to bottom, corresponding with the lines of the book and attached to the first leaf in such a way as to be easily read from any leaf in the book as it is turned down towards it, or it may be written on the front edge of the first leaf, abbreviated so as to occupy a perpendicular space of about an inch in width. The other leaves of the book should then be out away to the same ex- tent. ASSISTANTS PROVIDED BY APPLICANTS. The Inspectors should have two assistants. These should be furnished by the owner of the herd. One to hold the animals during examination, the other to assist in measuring, and to write down descriptions as they are given to him. Ordinarily the owner will be pleased to act in the latter capacity, as he should be present to furnish any information that may be required in regard to name, num- ber in herd book, age, date of service, etc. METHOD OF DESCRIBING. Commencing at the top of the index, the name of the animal and number in herd book is first ascertained. The assistant, acting as clerk, writes these down * " During the past year there has been a keen awakening of interest on the part of our agricultural colleges in the method of examining cattle by the scal» system, so well known to you. To supply the needed information we have pub- lished and sent out thousands of printed copies, giving detailed particulars re- specting it. The demand for this information has been made primarily for the purpose of enabling the institutions to educate the agricultural students scientifically in our system. Can we not see in this, and derive from it something of benefit to our Association and our breeders ? Why will it not be a step in advance if we adopt at an early time a system of examination of all cows that are ofiicially tested, and at the time of the test, such examination to be made by the supervisor of the test who shall be sent by the college for that purpose ? It would seem that a de- scription of each cow, to accompany her oflScial record, would be of interest and value to every breeder." Extract from Piesident Matleson's Address at the Annual Meeting of the H, F. A. of A., June 7, 1899. TSee form of measuring rod on opposite page. IS MEASURING ROD. Measuring rods are usualJy about six feet long and are made of light, strong wood. One side of the upright bar has two columns of rulipg in feet, inches, half incHes and quaiter inches. The inside column, the one from which the arms extend, begins one inch from the lower end, the vacant space being occupied by the thickness of the lo^ er arm which is just one inch. Both arms are set at right angles with the upright bar. The thumb screws^^holfl them firmly or loosen them at the pleasure of the operator. The lower arm is usually held in place while measuring, the upper arm moves up and down and determines the measurements. Heights are read from the out- side £cale[as the lower end of the red rests on the ground, level with the feet of the animal; widths and lengths from the inside scale as the arms of the measure closely press within them, the ex- treme points of the dimensions taken. Measure- ments are evidently of much importance to breeders. It would alio seem that they must be invaluable to those who are striviiig to reach cor- rect conclusions as to the relations of form to func- tion in animal economics. i6 on the first line extending across the face of booli over the width of both pages. On the next line the age is written. If put down in years only it will answer for ' the purposes of the examination, as in the filling out of applications that follow after the records are completed, the Inspector has the date ot birth before him and can readily ascertain the exact age to be filled in at that time. Then the In- spector describes the general form in one item, the head in two items, the neck in three, the chine in two, the loin and hips in two. the rump m three, the escutcheon in two, the udder in two, the quarters of udder in one, the teats in one, the mam- mary veins in three, (he also gives their extensions, branches and other peculiar developments,) the handling in one item, the secretions of the skin in two, and the general appearance in three, the items of description of each part being written on a single line. This requires interlining in some instances, yet the space is sufBcient for all practical purposes. In most oases descriptions should be limited to the following particulars, which should be quite full, viz : Age of Animal, General Form, General Vigor, General Symmetry, Particulars of the Mammary Veins and Orifices, Particulars of Handling, i. e., Skin and Hair, and in Cows Particulars of Udder and Teats. The measurements should always be taken, and, when not exceedingly inconvenient, the weight and condi- tion also. METHOD OF MBASURIKG. The animal must be brought to stand on a level place and in a natural position, the feet squarely under the body, the head at a medium height and the neck straight. The two items of heigtit are taken perpendicularly from the ground to the top of the animal, the one immediately over the knee and centre of the shoul- der, and the other over the hook bone to centre of the back ; the length of b idy is taken from the extreme front of the shoulder point to the extreme rear and highest point of the rump, diagonally in a straight line ; the length of the rump, from the extreme front side of the hook bone to the extreme of the rump as described above ; the width of hips from the outside of one hook bone to the outside of the other in a straight line ; the width ot the thurl from the outside of one thurl bone to the outside of the other, also in a straight line ; the girth by a tape closely fitting the smallest circumference of the chest; in the latter measure- ment, the tape must be drawn so closely that a slight movement of it will move the skin of the animal. If the head is lowered from the natural position this measurement Wih invariably be erroneous. And if the neck is turned to the right or left the measurement of length of body will also be erroneous. Then follows the asceitaining of the weight, which must invariably be obtained by re- liable scales, the date of service is then ascertained of the owner and condition described. The date of the examination should also be recorded in some con- venient place in the memorandum book. REVIEW OF DESCRIPTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS. The Inspector should then dismiss his assistants and take his memorandum book, pencil and erasive rubber and proceed to review his work. He should pass from animal to animal and look closely to every item of description and measure- ment. He must take all the time that is necessary to insure just and impartial descriptions. First impressions are more apt to be unfavorable. This review g'ves him a chance to correct such impressions after getting a general view of the herd. If there is any question in his mind that any animals will not scale the 1^ i8 requisite number of points he should now take time to scale them. He can do- this quietly and unobtru^ively. He should preserve all such work to be recon- sidered, as his observations extend to other ^herds and as he has time to counsel with the Superintendent or other Inspectors. His decisions need not be made at once. He should take all the time and avail himself of all opportunity for- com- parison that is needed to make his work perfect. RESPONSIBILITIES OP INSPECTORS. An Inspector is responsible for the accuracy of all descriptions made by him. He must describe from the standpoint of the Association, as shown by the Sca!e- of Points. He must not permit himself to be biased by any views or prejudices- he may entertain in regard to the perfection of this scale. He must not permit himself to be Influenced by any condition oLflesh or lack of flesh, or by groommg- or lack of groomiug, or by defects caused by age, accident or diseases not heredi- tary. He must describe according to the method of the Association, as laid down in ^u\e TV , and in ihe *Nomenclaiure. No item of description therein required must he leftout. The terms must be used as defined, hut he may use other terms in; explanation, or desorihe peculiarities not mentioned in the Nomenclature. He must take the measurements with much care. Not one of them must be left out. He- must obtain the weight in every case where It is not exceedingly inconvenient to do so, and he should not fall to give the condition of flesh, and obtaia the date of service If an animal Is with calf. Nor does his responsibility end here. When the record or records of the animal are completed, and the appli cation for its register Is sent to him with the required affidavits attachtd, he mus- pass upon the capability of the animal to make such records. This Is to be done- upon his honor. If in his judgment the animal is not capable of making such records, he Is to notify the owner within ten days, If In his judgment the animal Is capable, he Is to fill in the descriptive part, add the required dates, sign his- name, and forward it to the Superintendent without delay. The Inspector must realize the weight of this responsibility. He acts for the Association, not only for the present time but for its unlimited future. NOMENCLATURE. Terms Used and Their Definitions. Milk-and-Beef Form : This Is the prevailing or average form of cows of this- breed. It describes a cow of the wedge form, with shoulders mod- erately thick, moderately deep and broad, crops moderately well filled, barrel well rounded, loin and hips broad and full, and quar- ters straight, wide and full. (See plates.) Milk Foem : This describes a cow of the wedge form, comparatively light in the shoulders and chest and oomparately light in the quarters. It Is generally accompanied (though not always) with angularity of appearance. *Nomenelatvn-e (in the opinion of the present Superintendent) is a matter that should be determined by the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations. Beep AND-MiLK Poem: This describes a cow, the body of which, from a side view assumes the outlines of a parallelogram. Viewed from the front the lateral wedge form is moderately retained. Beef Foem : This describes a cow that gives no appearance of the wedge form viewed from side or front. Note: In the milk and beet form there is a looseness of structure and greater length of barrel than in the beef-and-milk and beef forms. Head, Size op: As compared with body. The term proportionate indicates size in proportion to the body, the average size in the breed taken as a standard. The terms small, very small, large, and very large naturally follow, denoting different degrees above and below this standard. Head, Symmetry of : Symmetrical when of the average or general form. Very symmetrical when closely approaching the ideal type described in the Scale of Points. Unpymmetrical when departing to a marked degree from the average form. Special defects are no'.ed. Neck, Size and Length op . Medium when averaging with the breed. The terms fine, very fine, heavy and very heavy, refer to size of neck. The terms above medium length, below medium length, long, short, etc., refer to length of neck. 2^ECK, Poem and Beaeing : Level when the neck is carried forward on a level or nearly on a level with top of shoulder. The term drooping de- scribes the form popularly called " ewe neck." Slightly drooping describes the form between these two extremes. -Chine, Pobm of : Straightness or levelness of the top line. The term straight is used when there is no elevation or depression in the chine. Slightly uneven and uneven denote degrees of elevation at or near the middle of the_chine. The terms slightly swayed and swayed are used when the general line is curved downward ; the terms slightly reached and roached when the general line is curved upward. Chine, Breadth op : This refers to the width of chine recognized by passing the hand over it. The terms broad, very broad, and fairly broad are obvious in meaning. The term single denotes a narrow or sharp chine. Note: In some cases the chine will be found exceedingly broad as the hand is passed over it, with an apparent depression running along the middle line from shoulder to hips. This is called a medial depression, and is regardi d by some as an indication of very great vigor of constitution. •Chine, Space Between Veetebb.^: By placing the hand upon ihe middle of the chine depressions between the vertebrae are easily felt. The size of these depressions is described by the terms close, fairly open, open, very open. Loin and Hips, Strength of: As indicated by the levelness, width and fulness of the loin immediately forward of a line drawn between the hook bones. The terms, strong, very strong, fairly strong, moderately strong, and weak are used. Loin and Hips, Levelsess of: As shown by placing a straight edge from one- hook bone to the other. Level when the centre of the back is per' feotly level, or so nearly so that the top of each hook bone is not more than a half inch below a perfect level. The terms slightly - rounded and rounded, indicates degrees of departure from the level. EuMP, Height of : As compared with the chine and hook bones. The term high describes the rump carried out on the same level, or nearly the- same, with the hook bones. The terms fairly high, moderately high, 1(jw, and very low, indicate degrees below such level. Note. — The rump in rare oases rises from the loin and hips backward to its ex- tremity, this (so far as the observation of the writer goes) shows great ability of milk and butter production, other things being equal. This form should be es- pecially described with care, with view of ascertaining whether it is an indication of special value or not. KuMP, Contour ob Top Line: The term level is used when there is no uneven, ness or very little unevenness In such top line. Slightly uneven,, and uneven indicate degrees of departure from such levelness. The terms slightly sloping, and sloping are also used, indicating degrees- of steepness of the rump when such steepness is shown in a inarked degree. Escutcheon, Size of : The term largest, indicates an extent of surface equal to that covered by a Flanders escutcheon of the first order. The terms very large, large, good or medium size, small and very small, indi^ cate degrees of extent of surface below this. Escutcheon, Quality op : The term finest indicates the quality fi und in the best" class of escutcheons. Below this the terms very fine, fine, good or medium, fair, coarse, and very coarse, indicate degrees of quality below this. Udder, Capacity op : The term very capacious, describes the highest capacity ,, referring to a class within which there are limited variations. Below this the terms capacious, fairly capacious, and moderately capacious,, describe different degrees of capacity. Uddeb, Flexibility of : The term very flexible, desciibes the highest flexibility, refening to a class within which there are limited variations. Below this the terms flexible', fairly flexible, moderately flexible, etc., de- note different degrees of flexibility. Uddeb, Quarteks of : The term even describes an udder in which the quarters- appear ^to be of equal capacity, fit is a difficult matter to be deter- mined when a cow is dry or nearly so, and the Inspectors are obliged to depend somewhat on the statements of owuers and milkers.) Be- low this the terms slightly uneven and uneven, indicate degrees of departure fiom such equal capacity. Teats, Size and Form op : The term perfect is used when teats appear as de- scribed in Scale of Points. Departures from this are indicated by the terms too large, too small, bell-shaped, cone-shaped, etc. (In- spectors must make allowances in case of young heifers, and not re- quire the same showing of capacity of udder, or size of teats, as with> older cows.) Bandling : This includes the thickness and quality of the skin, with the under- lying tissues, and the denseness and quality of the overlying coat of hair. The aveiage handling of the breed is described as medium or good. Above this three degrees are noted by the use of the terms superior, very superior, best. Below this the degrees in the opposite direction are noted by the u e of the terms fair, inferior, and very inferior. Special defects should be reported. isECRLTiONS OF IHE Skin : These are more especially found on the escutcheon and in the ears. The terms abundant, very abundant, fairly abundant, and moderately abundant, are used to denote quantity ; and the tei ms oily, very oily, and moderately oily, to denote quality. In some in- stances the color is also given. ■Geneeal Appeaeakce : In noting this three things aie to be taken into consid- eration. First, the vigor of the animal : This is described by the use of the terms vigorous, very vigorous, and fairly or moderately vigorous. Second, the general fineness and syinmetry . This is de- scribed by the terms fine, very fine, good, fair, etc. Third, the gen- eral style and bearing : This is described by the use of the terms, stylish, very stylish, good style, fair style, etc. Mammary Veins, Length op : The length of these veins is described by the use of the terms medium, long, short, very long, veiy short, etc. Mammary Veins, Size op : The size is described by the use of the teims medium, large, very large, fair size or fairly large, moderate size or moder- ately large, etc. Note. — The mammary veins are never so fully developed on heifers as on older «ovrs. Hence care should be had that they be described at their full value. jMammary Veins, Contour op : The contour is described by the use of the terms crooked or winding, very crooked, fairly crooked, nearly straight, and straight. Note. — Mammary veins often become varicose on aged cows. Care must be ■exercised that they be not valued too.highly. Crookedness and size are evidences of past production rather than promises of the future. The size of the orifices through which these veins enter the body are indicative of the natural size of the -veins and should be mainly depended upon in describing them. Mammary Veins, Further Terms : Further terms used in describing the mani- mary veins will be more clearly urdtrstood by referring to illustra- tion. The veins are usually (not always) forked F. F. at the udder. As they pass on their way to the heart they enter the abdomen and chest by vaiious orifices (Or. Or. Or.) that can be easily discovered. On some cows but two such veins acd two such orifices are fourd, one on the right and the other on the left of the abdomen. In de- Ecriptior.s no mention is made of these, as all have these two veins and two orifices. On other cows and bulls there are two or more such orifices on each side showing the entrances of branch veins, and extensions of the main veins. Single Extension : The more frequent of these is given the name abdominal ex- tension, (A. E. from Or. to Or.). When this appears only on one side of the abdomen, attached to one vein, it is described as single extension. 23 > S S > < m z C/3 > z D C D D' m 24 Double Extension : When such an extension appears on each side of the abdo- men, that is, attached to both main veins, it is described as double extension. Single Chest Extension • In some cases, at the point where an abdominal ex- tension enters the body, another extension, as it were, starts out, extending still further forward and disappearing without any appar- ent orifice under the muscles that cover the chest near the forward legs. This is described as a single chest expansion, (C. B. from Or. to end of vein.) Double Chest Extension : If such an extension is found on each of the main veins, tbat is, on both sides of the chest, it is described as a d< uble chett extension. Single Branched : Sometimes a branch (B ) starts from the main vein and enters a sepflrrtte orifice. If such a branch appears only on one side of the abdomen, the veins are described as single branched. J)ouBLE Branched : It a branch appears attached to each main vein, that is, on boih sides of the abdomen, they are described as double branched. Note.— S'jmetimes several branches appear. All should be described. Umbilical Development : In rare cases the veins branch to the umbilicus and return again to the main vein. This is described as an umbilical development. Independent Umbilical Vein : In still rarer cases a third vein apparently in- dependent of the two main veins, extends along near the umbilicus, and enters the body by a separate orifice. This is called an inde- pendent umbilical vein. A connection between the two main veins is shown in the illustration (0.) referred to. This is also of rare oc- currence . Its length and size of orifice should be described. Note — The orifice through which the mammary veins enter the body should be described, especially the size of those by which the different forms enter. ^ Udder Development : If the udder appears with prominent veins on its sur- face it is described as an udder development. Note — The main veins as they issue from the udder are proper subjects of de- scriptions. MEASUREMENTS AND WEIGHT. Seven measurements are given in this system, viz : Height at shoulders, height at hips, length of body, length of rump, width of hips, width at thurl bones, and girth. These measurements will be easily understood by referring to Pigs. 1 and 3. The two measurements of height are taken perpendicularly, the length of body by a straight line diagonally from the shoulder point to the extremity of the rump, the two measurements of width by straight horizontal lines, and the girth by a line closely fitting to the animal at the smaller circumference of the chest. The weight is determined by the scales. 25 APPLICATION OF SCALE OF POINTS. Many find it diiBcult to scale an animal twice alike. To aid such, the scale of points for Holstein Priesian Cattle is analyzed, as it were, and each distinct idea separated from others in the description of the parts of the animal. This is done by the use of the semi-colon. The amount of discredit that should be given is indicated in case of any defect, that all such work may be done with uniformity. A skillful man will thus scale closely to the same eono'iusions any number of .times. In applying the scale in this manner the examiner begins with descrip- tion given of the head. This includes two distinct requirements. He first gives bis aXteutioxx to the vigor shown. If this shows very s%?(.< (v. s.) deficiency he ■discredits J^ of a point as indicated, and puts it down on the margin of the printed jcale; if the deficiency is better described by the term slight (s.) he discredits J^ of a point; it by the term marked (,m.), y^ of a point; if by the phrase very marked (v. m.) ^ of a point ; and if by extreme (e.) 1 point. He next gives his at- tention to the contour of the head and proceeds in the same way. Then he takes up the two particulars of Forehead in the same manner, discrediting at each step According to the instructions interlined. Thus going through the scale he at last foots up the discredits that he has made from point to point and subtracts their total amount from 100 points, the standard of perfection. The remainder is the number of points to be credited. This process may appear a very slow one to the reader, yet it is quite rapid to one who has practiced it to some considerable extent. It is the only methcd that will secure a high degree of uniformity of work by different Inspectors located in different parts of our country. Doubtless improvements on this method can ■and will be ihade. The preparation of some system of scaling, as well as of uni- form description, is really a work that properly belongs to the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. SCALE OF POINTS. AND STBUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS. FOR BULLS. [The interlines in smaller type relate entirely to the method of application agreed upon by the Inspectors, in order to secure uniformity of work. The ab- breviations are as follows : v. s. very slight, s. slight, m. marked, v. m. very marked, e. extreme, dsdt. signifies discredit.] Points. Head— Showing full vigor ; elegant in contour, .... 3 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8— s. 1-4— m. 1-2— v. m. 3-4— e. i. Forehead— Broad between the eyes ; dishing, .... 3 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8— s. 1-4— m. I 2— V. m. 3 4-e. i. Pace Of medium length ; c'.ean and trim especially under the eyes ; the bridge of the nose straight ; the muzzle broad, ... 3 Dsdt. s. i-S-in. 1-4 -e. 1-2. 26 Bars— Of medium size; of fine texture; the hair plentiful and soft ; the se- cretions oily and abundant, ...... 1 Dsdt, m.,i-8-e 1-4. Byes — Large ; full ; mild ; bright, ...... 2 DsJt. 5. 1-8— m. 1.4-6. 1-2 Horns — Short ; of medium size at base ; gradually diminishing toward tips ; oval ; inclining forward ; moderately curved inward ; of fine texture ; in appearance waxy, ....... ^ Dsdt. m. 1-8— e. 1-4. Neel£ — Long ; finely crested (if the animal is mature) ; fine and clean at junc- ture with the head ; nearly free from dewlap ; strongly and smoothly joined to shoulders, ....... 5 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 - s. 1-4-m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. Shoulders — Of medium height ; of medium thickness, and smoothly rounded at tops ; broad and full at sides ; smooth over front,' . . .4 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8- s. 1-4— m. I 2— V. m. 3 4— e. 1. Chest — Deep and low ; well filled and smooth in the brisket ; broad between the forearms ; full in the foreflanks [or through at the heart]. . 8 Dsdt. V. s. 1-4— s. 1-2— m. I— V. m. i 1-2— e. z. Crops — Comparatively full ; nearly level with the shoulders, . 4 Dsdt. V, s. 1-4 - s. 1-2— m. 1- V. m. 1 1-2- e. z. Chine— Straight ; broadly developed ; open, ..... 3- Dsdt. V. s. 1-8— s. 1-4— m. 1-2— V. m. 3-4— e. 1. Barrel — Well rounded ; with large abdomen ; strongly and trimly held up, 6 Dsdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. i-2~m. I — V. m i 1-2 — e. ■£. Loin and Hips— Broad ; level or nearly level between hook-bones ; level and strong laterally ; spreading from the chine broadly and nearly level ; the hook-bones fairly prominent, ..... 5- Dsdt. V. s.i-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. Rump— Long; broad; high; nearly level laterally; coihparatively full above thethurl, ........ 5 Dsdt. V, s. 1-8 — s. 1-4— m 1-2 — V. m. 3 4 — e x. Thurl— High ; broad, ........ 4 Dsdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I— V. m. i 1-2 — e. 2. Quarters — Deep ; broad ; straight behind ; wide and full at sides ; open and well arched in the twist, ...... 5- Dsdt. V. s. I 8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m 3-4 — e. 1. Flanks— Deep; full, ........ 2 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m, 3 4 — e. 1. Legs— Comparatively short ; clean and nearly straight ; wide apart ; firmly and squarely set under the body ; arms wide, strong and tapering ; feet of medium size, round, solid and deep, ... . & Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — v. m 3-4 — e. x 27 Tail— Large at base, the setting well back ; tapering finely to switch ; the end of bone reaching to hocks or below ; the switch full, . .2 Dsdt. s. 1-8 — m. 1-4 — e. 1-2. Hair and Handling— Hair healthful in appearance ; fine, soft and furry ; skin of medium thickness and loose ; mellow under the hand ; the se- cretions oily, abundant and of a rich brown or yellow color, . 10 - Dsdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I— V. m. 1 1-2—6.2. Mammary Veins— Large; full; entering large orifices; double extension ; with special developments, such as forks, branches, connections, ^'c la Dsdt. V. s. 1-4— s 1-2— m. I— V. m. i 1-2— e. ^. Rudimentary Teats— Large ; well placed, ..... 2 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. 1. Escutcheon— Largest ; finest, ...... 8 Dsdt. V. s. 1-2 — s. I — m. 2 — V. m.3 — e. 4. Perfection, ....... 100 General Vigor— For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from the total received,. not to exceed eight points. Dsdt. V. s. I — s. 2 — ^m. 3 — V. ni. 5 — e. 8. General symmetry and fineness— For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from the total received, not to exceed eight points. Dsdt. V. s. 1 s. 2 — m. 3~v. m. 5-e. 8. General style and bearing— For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from the- total received, not to exceed eight joints. Dsdt. V. s. i-s. 2— m. 3— V. m. 5— e. 8. Credits for offspring — A bull shall be credited one point in excess of what he is otherwise entitled to, for each and every animal of wtych he is sire actu- ally entered in the Advanced Eegifter, not to exceed ten in number. In scaling for the Advanced Register, defects caused solely by age, or by acci- dent or by disease not hereditary, shall not be considered. But in scaling for the show-ring, such defects shall be considered and duly discredited. A bull that in the judgment of the Inspector will not reach at full age, and i» good flesh, 1,800 lbs., live weight, shall be disqualified for entry in the Advanced Register. No bull shall bs received to the advanced Register that, with all credits due him, will not scale in the judgment of the Inspector, at least 80 points. (See Amendment to Rule IV, an exception to these requirements.) FOK COWS. Points. Head— Decidedly feminine in appearance ; fine in contour, . . 2 Dsdt. v. H. 1-8— s. 1-4— m. 1-2— v. m 3-4 -e. i. Forehead — Broad between the eyes ; dishing, . . . .2 Didt. V. s. 1-8-S. 1-4— m. 1-2— V. m 3-4— e. 1. 28 iFace--Of medium length ; clean and trim especially under the eyes, show- ing facial veins ; the bridge of the nose straight ; the muzzle broad, 2 Dsit. a. 1-8 -m. 1-4 — e. 1-2. 'Bars — Of mediuih size ; of fine texture ; the hair plentiful and soft ; the se- cretions oily and abundant, ...... 1 Dodt. ni. 1-8 -e. 1-4. "Eyes — Large ; full ; mild ; bright, ...... 3 Dridt. s. 1-8 — m. 1-4 — e. 1-2. Borns— Small ; tapering finely towards the (ips ; set moderately narrow at base; oval; inclining forward; well bent inward; of fine texture; in appearance waxy, ....... 3 Dsdt. m. 1-8 — e. 1-4. Neck — Long ; fine and clean at juncture with the head; free from dewlap ; evenly and smoothly joined to shoulders, . . . . 4 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8— s. 1-4 — m. 1-2— V. m. 3 4— e. i. ::Shoulders — Slightly lower than hips ; fine and even over tops ; moderately broad and full at sides, ...... 3 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m 1-2 — V. in. 3-4 — e. i. Chest — Of moderate depth and lowness ; smooth and moderittely full in the briskef, full in the foreflanks [or through the heart.] . . 6 Dsdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I — V. m. i i-2^e. 2. ■-Crops — Moderately full, . ..... 8 Dsdt. V. s. 1-4— s. 1-2 — m. 3-4 — V. m. i 1-2 — e. 2. Ohire — Straight ; broadly developed ; open, ... .3 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. (Barrel — Of wedge shape ; well rounded; with a large abdomen ; trimly held up, [in judging the last item age must be considered,]* . . 4 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s, 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. 'Loin and Hips — Broad; level or nearly level between the hook -bones ; level and strong laterally; spreading from chine broadly and nearly level hook-bones fairly prominent, ..... Dsdt. V. s. 1-3 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. Rump — Long; high; broad with roomy pelvis ; nearly level laterally : oom^ paratively full above the thurl, ..... 5 Dsdt. V. s. I 8 — s, r-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m. 3-4 — e. i. Thurl— High ; broad, ........ 4 Dsdt. V. b. 1-4 — >. 1-2 — m. I — V. m. i i -2 — e. ■^. 'Quarters — Deep ; straight behind ; roomy in the twist ; wide and moderate ly full at the sides, ....... 4 Dsdt. V. 5. 1-8 — s. 1-4— m. 1-2 — V. m. 34 — e. ±. Flanks — Deep; comparatively full, ...... 3 Dsdt. V. s. 1-8 — s. 1-4 — m. 1-2 — V. m 3-4 — e. i. * In old cows some allowance should be shown in view of the fact that bearinjaf •calves from year to year tends to weaken them in this matter. 29 Legs— ComparatiTsly short; clean and nearly straight; wide apart; firmly and squarely set under the body; feet of medium size, round, solid and deep, . . ..... 5.' D^dt. V. s. 1-8— s. 1-4— m. 1-2— v. m. 3-4— e. i. Tail— Large ftt base, the setting well back ; tapering finely to switch; the end of the bone reaching to hooks or below ; the switch full, . . 2" Dsdt. s. 1-8— m. 1-4— e. 1-2. Hair and Handling— Hair healthful in appeaianee ; fine, soft and furry ; the skin of medium thickness and loose ; mellow under the hand ; the se- cretions oily, abundant and of a rich brown or yellow color . . 10" Dsdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I — V. m. i 1-2 — e. ^. Mammary Veins-^Very large ; very crooked [age must be taken into consid- eration in judging of size and crookedness] ; entering very large or numerous orifices ; double extension ; with special developments such as branches, connections, etc., . . . . . .10 Dtdt. V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I — V. m. i 1-2 — e. .&. Udder and Teats — Very capacious ; very flexible ; quarters even ; nearly fill ing the space in the rear below the twist, extending well forward in front ; broad and well held up ; teats well formed, wide apart, plumb and of convenient size, . . . . . . . IZ' Dsdt, V. s. 1-4 — s. 1-2 — m. I — V. m. i 1-2 — e. 2. Escutcheon— Largest, finest, ...... . 8- Dsdt. V. s. I 2— s. I— m 2 — V. m. 3— e. 4. Perfection, ...... 100 General Vigor — For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from the total received- not to exceed eight points. Dsdt. V. s. I— s. 2— m. 3~v. m. s— e. 8. General Symmetry and Fineness For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from' the total received not to exceed eight points. Dsdt. V. s. I— s. 2— m. 3— V. m. 5— e 8. General Style and Bearing— For deficiency Inspectors shall discredit from the total received not to exceed eiyht points. Dsdt. V. s. I— s. 2-ni. 3— V. m. 5— e. 8. Credits for Excess of Requirement in Produciion — A cow shall be credited one- point in excess of what she is otherwise entitled to, for each and every- eight per cent, that her milk or butter record exceeds the minimum re- quirement of her class or age. In scaling for the Advanced Keglster, defects caused solely by age, or by ac- cident, or by disease not hereditary, shall not be considered. But in scaling for the show-ring, such defects shall be considered and duly discredited. A cow that in the judgment of the Inspector will not reach at full age in milk- ing condition and ordinary flesh, 1,000 lbs., live weight, shall be disqualified for entry in the Advanced Register. No cow shall be received to the Advanced Register that with all credits due her will not scale in the judgment of the Inspector at least 75 points. (See in last paragraph of Rule VI, an exception to these requirements.) 3° RECORDING PEDIGREE. RULE JX. PEDIGREE — RECORDS OF ANCESTORS. A correct and full pedigree of each animal thall be furnished by the applicant "back at least to importation,- and tuch pedigree shall be recorded in accordance wiih a uniform mode that shall be adopted for and maintained throughout a given volume of this Registry. But the name of no unregistered animal thall . Appear in such pedigree. Authenticated milk and butter records of ancestors may also be recorded with the pedigree. EXPLANATION OF METHOD. To comply with the requirements of this rule the following method is adopted : "It is designed to occupy the least possible space and at the same time to be un- sj-coS-' e "-a CO I CO §•• IW ao =-f*K O ^K-5- M- bi "2. c en' 32 111 order to ascertain the blood conferred by different ancestors there is no ne- cessity of thus spreading the pedigree. The following will serve as an illustration of a better method. The records of milk and butter production are left out of this ezample that the method may ap- pear more clearly. NO. 1397. CATRINA 4THS PIITERTJE NETHERLAND. Blood (3^) Inka Princess Pietertje Netherland 95. {)£) Milla's Pietertje Nether- land 83, Inka Princess 867 {}4) Duke Netherland ^44, Pietertje .3d, 480 ; Inka Darkness 846 (^V) Netherland Prince 8, Netherland Duchess 130 ; Pietertje 2d ; Ne.herland Prince 8, Aaggie L?ila 519 ; Inka 2d, 515. (,VJ Lady Netherland 1263- n. by two lines ; Maid of Twisk 3d, 335 ; Inka 514. (■^) Maid of Twisk. In the first generation it is clear that the bull Inka Piince Pietertje Nether- land confers half the blood. The other half is conferred by a cow not in Ad- vanced Registry. la the i-eeond generation it may be seen that the bull Milla's Pietertje Netherland and the cow Inka Princess coupled with him, each confer one-quarter of the blood. The other half is conferred by a bull and cow not in Advanced Registry. In the same manner the blood conferred by each ancestor appearexcept in cases of inbreeding. In this example there was inbreeding in two instances. Netherland Prince appears twice as conferring ^ of the blood, hence the total blood conferred by him is J^. Liady Netherland is reported as in two lines of -^^ part of the blood, hence she conferred ^ x 2, that is ^ of the blood. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ADVANCED REGISTRY. H. Holstein Herd Bood. D. F. Dutch Priesian Herd Book. H. P. Holstein- Priesian Herd Book. A. D. Advanced Register. 2 y. I. two year form, 3 y. f. three year form, and thus on with all ages ; 1 m. one month, lO m. ten months, and thus on with months ; 1 d. one day, 7 d. seven days, and thus on with days.