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A LIST 
 
 BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND 
 
 P,Y ELLIOTT COUES, 
 
 assistant Sursron, 2H. 5.9. 
 
 [Repimntkd i'i:om tiik Puockedtnos Es.skx Institi'tk, \'fii,. v.] 
 
 SALEjM. MASS. 
 
 K.SSEX INSTITl'TE PHF..<S. 
 
 1SG8. 
 
Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained in the 
 Museum of the Essex Institute; — with which is in- 
 coi-porated A List of the Birds of JSfeio England. 
 With brief Critical and Field Notes. 
 
 Bt De. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. 
 
 It is -ffith pleasure that I accede to a request made by 
 Mr. F. W. Putnam, Superintendent of the Museum of 
 the Essex Institute, to identify and prepare a Catalogue 
 of L , . Vorth American Birds contained in the Collection. 
 
 I ®'^' ■ Ornithological department of the Museum, al- 
 though not very extensive, so well illustrates, as every 
 local collection should, the species of the immediate 
 vicinity, that, by the addition of a comparatively few 
 desiderata, it may easily be rendered a complete exi3onent 
 of the Birds of Essex County. Numerous species of other 
 portions of North America, and a number of exotic spe- 
 cies are also represented. The entire collection is in a 
 state of preservation rarely equalled in a public museum, 
 and is an encomium upon the scientific taste and enter- 
 prise of the community which requires no comment. 
 
 In preparing a Catalogue of the Birds of the Essex 
 Institute Museum, I had at first intended merely to pre- 
 sent, in addition, a synopsis of the birds of the County 
 of which the collection does not contain examples, for the 
 purpose of showing exactly what were its desiderata 
 among the species of the immediate vicinity. But the 
 Avifauna of the Coimty, with a few exceptions, does not 
 differ in a notable degree from that of the State at large ; 
 of which so many excellent lists have already appeared, 
 that an additional one would be entirely siiperfluous.* 
 
 There are also at our disposal several other local lists 
 of various localities throughout New England. It has 
 
 * That of Mr. J. A. Allen's, in particular, would be difficult to improve 
 upon as regards completeness, accuracy, and interest ; and is, 1 think, 
 one of the most perfect samples of a local list I have ever had the 
 pleasure of perusing. 
 
 1 (249) 
 
fosq 
 
 2 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGI*ANI>. 
 
 occurred to me that a paper which should combine these 
 different catalogues, or in other words present a complete 
 list of the Birds found in New England was still a desid- 
 eratum, and might prove an acceptable contribution to 
 Ornithology. I have accordingly endeavored to render 
 the following pages an exposition of the present state of 
 our knowledge as regards the distribution of species in 
 this section of the country. 
 
 A simple enumeration of the names of species known 
 to occur, without regard to special points concerning each 
 of them, is, as has been frequently and justly remarked, 
 of comparatively little value in determining the real char- 
 acteristics of the Fauna of any particular locality.. For 
 among the species represented, some are purely accideSifflil, 
 and others only occasional or very rare visitors, whose 
 occurrence is entirely exceptional, and contrary to the 
 law ordinarily regulating their habits and distribution. 
 A very lai^e proportion are species which only pa^ 
 through the region during their migrations ; and of those 
 which regularly summer or winter, or are permanent resi- 
 dents, some are very abundant, and, so to speak, charac- 
 teristic, while others are of comparatively infrequent 
 occurrence. The value of a local list seems to me to 
 depend in a great measure upon the just discrimination of 
 these several classes ; and cannot be said to approach 
 completion unless these points are fully elucidated. 
 
 I have experienced some little difficulty in attempting 
 to fulfil this indication, in consequence of the extent ot 
 country whose birds are to be presented. Within the 
 area of New England, as is well known to those fa- 
 miliar with the distribution of our species, are repre- 
 sented portions of two Faunae* which differ in many 
 respects from each other. There seems to be a natural 
 dividing line between the birds of Massachusetts and 
 Southern New England generally, and those of the more 
 northern portions of the Eastern States. Numerous 
 species which enter New England in spring, to breed 
 
 *The "Canadian" and " AUeghanian." — Professor Verrill's paper 
 on the birds of Norway, Me., contains some interesting remarks upon 
 this subject. 
 
 (250) 
 
OOUES, BIKDS OF NEW ENGLAND, 3 
 
 there, do not proceed, as a general rule, farther north 
 than Massachusetts ; and many others, properly to be re- 
 garded as stragglers from the South in summer and early 
 autumn, are rarely if ever found beyond the latitude of 
 this State. In like manner, many of the regular winter 
 visitants of Maine are of rare or only occasional occur- 
 rence, or are not found at all much farther south. Again, 
 many species hardly known in Massachusetts and souths 
 ward except as migratory species passing through in 
 spring and autumn, are in Maine regular summer visit- 
 ants, breeding abundantly. Other minor differences, 
 resulting from latitude and physical geography, will 
 readily be brought to mind by attentive consideration of 
 the subject, and therefore need not be here detailed. It 
 will be evident that a due regard for these important 
 points has necessitated, in the case of almost every species 
 in the list, remarks elucidative of the special part it plays 
 in the composition of the Avifauna. 
 
 In the following list the New England species are given 
 in italics, and those contained in the Museum of the In- 
 stitute are followed by the numbers and localities of the 
 specimens in the collection. All other North American spe- 
 cies represented in the Museum are printed in "Eoman." 
 The list is thus made an exponent of the present condition 
 of the Museum so far as North American birds are con- 
 cerned, without interference with its character as a synop- 
 sis of those of New England. The nomenclature adopted 
 is mainly that of Professor Baird's "Birds of North 
 America," with such modificationa as my own investiga- 
 tions have led me to adopt. 
 
 I take pleasure in acknowledging the free use I have 
 made of previously published local lists, for obtaining 
 data relative to the comparative abundance or scarcity of 
 species, their times of arrival and departure, and for 
 information upon particular points which a general knowl- 
 edge of the distribution of species does not afford. In- 
 formation relative to the accidental occurrence of species 
 in particular localities must necessarily be chiefly drawn 
 from these sources ; and I have in every such instance 
 been careful to insert references. For all statements for 
 
 (251) 
 
4 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 which no authority is cited, and for the identifications of 
 specimens in the Museum, I am solely responsible. _ 
 
 The reader is referred to the following authorities for 
 corroborative or additional information upon the subject : 
 
 Emm. — Prof. E. Emmons; Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts. 
 Hitchcock's Report. Amherst, 1835. 
 
 Bebw.— Dr. T. M. Brewer; Some additions to the Catalogue of the 
 Birds of Massachusetts, in Hitchcock's Report. Boston Journal 
 . of Natural History, vol. i, p. 435. 1837. 
 
 Peab. — Eev. "W. B. O. Peabody; Report on the Birds of Massachu- 
 setts. Published agreeably to, an order of the Legislature. 8vo. 
 Boston, 1839. 
 
 Thomps. — Zadock Thompson ; History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, 
 and Statistical, chap, viii, p. 56. 8vo. Burlington, 1842. 
 
 LiNS. — Rev. J. H. Linsley; Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. 
 American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xliv, p. 249. 1843. 
 
 PuTN. — E. W. Putnam; Catalogue of the Birds of Essex Co., Mass., 
 v?ith an Appendix containing other species of the State. Proceed- 
 ings of the Essex Institute, vol. i, p. 201. With notes by Mr. S. 
 Jillson. 1856. 
 
 Wood. — Dr. W. Wood; Rapacious Birds of Connecticut. Hartford 
 Times, March 14 to Aug. 9, 1861. 
 
 Verb. — Prof. A. E. Verrill; Catalogue of the Birds found at Norway^ 
 Me. With a list of the Birds found in Maine not observed at Nor- 
 way. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iii, p, 136. 1862. 
 (Repaged.) 
 
 BOARDM. — G. A. Boardman; Catalogue of the birds found in the 
 vicinity of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands at the mouth of the 
 Bay of Eundy. Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proceedings of the Bos- 
 ton Society of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 122. 1862. 
 
 Vere. — Prof A. E. Verrill ; Additions to the Catalogue of the Birds 
 found in the vicinity of Calais, Maine, and about the Bay of Fundy. 
 Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 
 233. 1863. 
 
 Sam. — E. A. Samuels;'* Descriptive Catalogue of the Birds of Massa- 
 chusetts. Boston, 1864. Appendix to Report of Secretary of Agri- 
 culture, Mass., for 1863. (Repaged.) 
 
 * This author has recently published a more extensive work on the Birds of New 
 England; but his " Catalogue" is much more complete, as far as it goes, and other- 
 wise more satisfactory, than his more pretentious volume. The latter, — entitled 
 " Ornithology and Oology of Kew England; containing full descriptions of the Birds 
 of New England, and adjoining States and provinces, aiTanged by a long-approved 
 classifloation and nomenclature ; together with a complete history of their nabits, 
 times of arrival and departure, their distribution, food, song, time of breeding, and 
 a careful and accurate account of their nests and eggs ; with lUusb'ations of many 
 species of the Birds, and accurate Tigures of their Eggs" — is not by any means 
 what we should expect to find it, from its title. We are constrained to regard it as 
 a work that only very imperfectly and inadequately Tepresents, and therefore can- 
 not become an authorih^upon, the subject. The descriptions are very good, and 
 are copied from Prof. Baird's work. Many of the biographies are excellent, and 
 are copied flom Wilson, Audubon, Nuttall, and others. Nearly all the wood-cuts 
 are reproduced from Audubon, and most of them have already been used before, 
 in a government Report. They are as much like Audubon's originals as could be 
 expected under the circumstances. The colored plates of the eggs are the best 
 things in the book ; it is much to be regretted that only thirty eggs are illustrated ; 
 also that the writer has been able to describe the nests, eggs, and breeding habits or 
 
 (252) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 5 
 
 All. — J. A. Allen; Catalogue of the Birds of Springfield, Mass., with 
 a list of Birds found in Massachusetts not observed at Springfield. 
 Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 48. 1864. 
 
 Ham. — Prof. C. E. Hamlin; Catalogue of the Birds found in the 
 vicinity of Waterville, Kennebec Co., Me. Reprinted from the 
 Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture for 1865. 
 
 McIl. — T. Mcllwraith ; List of Birds observed near Hamilton, Canada 
 West. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, v, p. 79. 1866. 
 
 Lawe. — G.N.Lawrence; Catalogue of Birds observed on New York, 
 Long and Staten Islands, and adjacent parts of New Jersey. Annals 
 of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. viii. 1866. 
 
 B. S. N. H. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 
 8vo. Boston, 1841, et seq. passim. Various papers and notes on 
 New England Birds, by Drs. Abbot, Brewer, Bryant, Cabot, 
 Kneeland, and others. Especially vols, ii, pp. 36, 248; iii, pp. 136, 
 313, 326, 333, 335; iv, p. 346; v, pp. 154, 195; vi, pp. 386, 419, etc. 
 
 In addition to the preceding, numerous references to 
 Birds of New England are to be found in Nuttall's 
 Manual of Ornithology ; in the Biographies of Audubon ; 
 in Brewer's North American Oology ; in the Birds of 
 North America by Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence ; and in 
 Baird's Review of American Birds. 
 
 VULTURID^. 
 
 ^Cathartes aura lUig. — Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buz- 
 zard. Rare or occasional summer visitant, chiefly in more 
 southern portions. (Calais, Me., Verr., p. 122; one in- 
 stance. — Mass., two- instances, Sam., p. 3; AIL, p. 81. 
 — Regular summer visitant near Chatham, and along the 
 shores of Lake St. Clair. Mcll., p. 80. — Omitted from 
 8am. 0. O.) 
 
 so very small a per centage of the New England birds. The original portions of 
 the text are not better, nor much worse than the average of ornithological writings 
 as regards style, accuracy, and completeness. But the great blemish of the work is 
 the omission of tliirty or forty species properly to be enumerated as Birds of New 
 England. We can find no excuse for such carelessness as this. We cannot attrib- 
 ute it to Mr. Samuels' want of knowledge in the matter; for surely he cannot be 
 ignorant of Mr. Putnam's, Mr. Boardman's, Prof. Verrill's, Mr. Allen's, and others' 
 local lists, — not to mention his own "Descriptive List," in which several species 
 are given that do not appear in his latter work, — either of which would put him in 
 possession of much additional matter for his work. It is not to the point that many, 
 or most, of the species he omits are rare, occasional, or accidental visitors in New 
 England. Such a work as his professes to be sliould at least make mention of 
 every bird that has actually been found in New England " and adjoinmg States 
 and provinces." 
 
 In the present list — perhaps more needed since, than before the appearance 
 of Mr. Samuels' work — we notice Mr. Samuel's omissions in detail; and tlie reader 
 is left to judge for himself,™ each instance, what sort of authority we have for in- 
 cluding those species that we condemn Mr. Samuels for omitting. We quote Mr. 
 Samuds' later work as "Sam. O. O." to distinguish it from his Descriptive List, re- 
 ferred to by the abbreviation " Sam." 
 
 (253) 
 
6 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Cathartes atratus Less . — Black Vulture . Carrion Crow . 
 Entirely accidental. (Swampscott, Nov. 1850, S. Jillson, 
 quoted by Putn., p. 223.— Gloucester, Sept. 28, 1863, 
 Verrill, quoted by All., p. 81. — Brew. Ool., p. 5. — 
 Omitted from Sam. O. O. ) 
 
 FALCONID^. 
 
 Falco anatum* Bon. — American Peregrine Falcon. 
 Duck Hawk. Resident and generally distributed, though 
 nowhere very abundant. Chiefly a winter visitant in 
 more southern localities, though known to breed in Mass. 
 and Ct. (Near Springfield, Mass., C. W. Bennett, qaoteA 
 hjAlh, p. 50. — Near Hartford, Ct., W. Wood, in Hartf. 
 "Times," June 24, 1861.) Regularly breeds in various 
 portions of Maine. 
 
 It is very questionable whether this bird be more than a 
 geographical race or variety of the Old World F. peri- 
 grinus. Numerous other forms (among them F. nigriceps, 
 Cass., from western North America), from various parts 
 of the world, are known to exist, all of which are inti- 
 mately related to the European bird. 
 
 No. 11, ?, adult. Off Bermuda, Capt. George Upton, Oct. 29, 1849. 
 
 Falco sacer Forster . — Jerfalcon or Gyrfalcon. " White " 
 or "Speckled" Hawk. — Rare winter visitant; and only 
 accidental as far south as Mass. I cannot find an authen- 
 tic instance of its breeding in New England. (Norway, 
 Me., "not uncommon;" Verr., p. 4. — Mass., Pedb., p. 
 260. — Sekonk Plains, Mass., Jillson, quoted \)j Putn.^^. 
 226, and by the other State authorities. — Omitted from 
 Sam. 0. 0.) 
 
 The Jerfalcon which visits New England is variously 
 given as " Islandicus" or " candicans." I do not know 
 which is really the proper name, nor whether more than 
 one species be found. I believe it is still an open ques- 
 tion among ornithologists, whether these two names do 
 not refer to the same species ; or in other words whether 
 there is really more than a single valid species of Jer- 
 
 * For some exceedingly interesting information upon the habits and 
 especially the nidiflcation of this Hawk, see Allen, Pr. E. I., 1865, p. 153. 
 
 (254) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 7 
 
 falcon. Mr. John Cassin, in reply to some inquiries of 
 mine upon this subject, kindly furnishes me with the fol- 
 lowing : "I regard the species of Hierofalco of northern 
 America as the F. candicans of authors (e. g. Bon. 
 Consp. Av., etc.). — F. cinereus Gmelin ; F. Groenlandiaus 
 Daudin ; F. Lahradora Aud. (name on plate) ; F. sacer 
 Forster; which latter is the name which has priority." 
 ^ Falco columbarius Gm. — Pigeon Hawk. Generally 
 distributed. Not abundant. Resident. Breeds at least 
 as far south as Massachusetts. — (^Sam., p. 3.) It ranges 
 through the Middle and into the Southern States in winter. 
 The "Little Corporal" F. temerarius And., Nutt., of 
 Peab. (p. 261 ; Lins., p. 251), is based upon this species 
 in one of its protean plumages, when its upper parts are 
 light slate-blue, as occurs chiefly in very adult birds; 
 There is possibly a second species of Hypotriorchis, the 
 European F. cesalon. Examine in this connection Coues, 
 Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1866, p. 42 ; and for the occurrence 
 of supposed cesalon in Mass., see Peah. (p. 270), who 
 quotes Nuttall as authority. 
 
 No. 17, $, adult. Essex Co. H. P. Ives, Sept. 26, 1858. 
 No. 36, young. Essex Co. Thomas H. Johnson, 1861. 
 
 -^ Falco sparverius Linn. — Sparrow Hawk. Resident. 
 
 Generally distributed and common; breeds throughout 
 
 New England. 
 
 No. 16, ,y, adult. Essex Co. George Goldthwait. 
 
 Falco aueantius Gm. — I find an excellent example 
 of this species in the collection. 
 
 No. 43, Brazil. 
 
 Astur atricapillus Bon. — Goshawk. "Partridge" Hawk. 
 Generally distributed. Chiefly winter visitant, and rather 
 uncommon in southern portions ; common, and breeds, in 
 Maine. I have also found it breeding in Labrador. In- 
 dividuals in the adult blue plumage are rarely seen in 
 Mass. (Norway,. Me., "common, breeds," Verr., p. 5.) 
 
 No. 22, ^, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 No. 292, $. Boxford, Essex Co. Thomas Fuller, Nov. 6, 1867. 
 No. 293, ? , young. Topsfield, Essex Co. Mrs. Killam, Nov. 5, 1867. 
 No. 18, young. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858. 
 
 Accipiter Qooperii Bon. — Cooper's Hawk. "Chicken 
 
 (255) 
 
8 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Hawk." Resident. Common in most localities. Most 
 numerous in summer, breeding; probably the greater 
 number retire south in winter. 
 - No. a. Essex Co. 
 
 Accipiter fusms Bon . — Sharp-shinned Hawk . " Pigeon 
 Hawk." Abundant. Resident in more southern localities, 
 summer visitant further north. The Maine authorities do 
 not give it as wintering in that State. 
 
 This species, in common with F. columbarius, has re- 
 ceived the popular name of "Pigeon Hawk";, and local 
 naturalists should be careful to state which of the two 
 species they refer to in using the latter appellation. It 
 seems that some errors of identification have arisen from 
 inattention to this point. 
 
 No. 12, $. Essex Co. IT. Vickary, 1860. 
 
 No. 13, ?. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 14, S, adult. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 15, J, young. Essex Co. 
 
 Biiteo horealis Vieill. — Red-tailed Buzzard. "Heir 
 Hawk." Abundant. It probably retires from extreme 
 northern sections in the depth of winter. 
 
 No. 4, $, adult. Middleton, Essex Co. Mrs. E. R. Colcord, Aug. 
 14, 1851. 
 
 Buteo Uneatus Jard. — Red-shouldered Buzzard. "Hen 
 Hawk." Abundant. Breeds. Resident, except in ex- 
 treme northern sections, whence it retires in winter. 
 
 The large size of some northern examples, compared 
 with others from Southern United States, has induced 
 Prof. Verrill (p. 5) to recognize a variety hyemalis ex 
 6m.* of this species. Considered as simply expressive 
 of an instance of the law regarding size now well known 
 to obtain, such a procedure is entirely pertinent ; but I 
 am disinclined to allow that the diiferences are of the kind 
 or degree to which are usually accorded a name, and the 
 rank of a distinct "variety." 
 
 The "Falco buteoides" (Nutt., Man., 1st ed., 1832, i, p. 
 
 *F. hyemalis Gm. is generally supposed to have been based upon the 
 young Uneatus, in which plumage the under parts are white, not red- 
 dish. This condition was usually regarded by our earlier ornitholo- 
 gists as constituting a species distinct from Uneatus, — the "Winter 
 Falcon," J^. hyemaUs V?ils., Aud., Nutt., etc. 
 
 (256) 
 
COUES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND. 9 
 
 100), given by Peab., p. 268, and Linsley, p. 252, is now 
 well known to be the young of this species. Nuttall him- 
 self, in the second edition of his Manual, gives it as a 
 synonym of the B. '"hyemalis" (= Uneatus, juv.). 
 
 No. 3, ij, adult. Winter plumage. Essex Co. 
 No. 678 ? , adult. Danvers, Essex Co. J. H. Sears, Apr. 13, 1868. 
 (Shot on the nest. Eggs.) 
 
 Buteo Pennsylvanicus Bon. — Broad-winged Buzzard. 
 Generally distributed. Common; being very abundant 
 in some localities (e. g. Umbagog Lakes, Verr., p. 6). 
 Eesident; with much the same qualification as given 
 under head of previous species. 
 
 In addition to the preceding Buteones the B. Bairdii 
 Hoy, originally described from Wisconsin, which has 
 been found in Canada West by Mr. T. Mcllwraith, may 
 very possibly occur in North-western New England. Buteo 
 Bairdii is one of several usually recognized species which 
 Dr. H. Bryant (Pr. B. S. N. H., 1861) is inclined to coal- 
 esce as a single species under the name of B. Harlani 
 Aud., or rather B. Swainsonii Bon., since it is probable 
 that Audubon's name was based upon quite a different 
 species. (Vide infra, under head of Archibuteo Sancti- 
 Johannis.) But whether Bairdii be permanently distinct 
 or not, does not affect the question of its introduction into 
 the New England Fauna. 
 
 Mr. Mcllwraith gives Buteo elegans Cassin, as a bird of 
 Canada West. "I have a fine specimen in adult plumage, 
 which was shot at Baptiste Creek a few years since." So 
 far as we are at present acquainted with the range of this 
 species it is quite impossible for me to think that it should 
 occur there ; and I am inclined to believe, from the nature 
 of Mr. M.'s remarks, that the specimen in question is 
 merely a somewhat unusually dark-colored example of 
 Uneatus. . 
 
 Archibuteo lagopus Gray. — Eough-1 egged Hawk. 
 Winter visitant. Not ordinarily abundant. I can learn 
 of no authentic instances of its breeding, although it 
 probably does so in more northern sections. "P. Scmcti- 
 Johannis" of Linsley's list. 
 
 2 (257) 
 
10 COUE8, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 No. 1, $. adult. Salem, Essex Co. J. Rose, Nov. 1854. 
 
 No. 2, ?; adult. " " " " " " " 
 
 No. 298, adult. Hamilton, Essex Co. Mr. Burchstead, Feb. 21, 1867. 
 
 ArcMbuteo 8ancti-Johannis Gray. — Black Hawk. Win- 
 ter visitant. Appears to be nowhere abundant. Not re- 
 corded as breeding. I have seen it in summer in Labra- 
 dor. Very possibly it breeds in the northern districts of 
 iNIaine. 
 
 The "Bl&c'kWa.vviov, Falco Harlani AvlA..," which has 
 been accredited to Massachusetts, apparently upon Nut- 
 tail's authority {Emm., p. 1; Peab., p. 269; Putn., p. 
 225), should in all probability be considered as this spe- 
 cies. Harlani of Audubon, according to G. R. Gray, who 
 has examined the type specimen in the British Museum, 
 is based upon a dark state of plumage of the western B. 
 montanus Nutt. ; which latter itself may not be specifically 
 distinct from borealis Gm. At the same time Mr. Pea- 
 body, following Audubon, does not separate 8ancti-Johan- 
 nis from lagopus. Upon these points see Bryant, Pr. 
 B. S. N. H., 1861 ; and Ooues, Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1866, 
 pp. 44, 45. Still the bird may have been an unusually 
 dark-plumaged B. Sioainsonii, which, as I have just stated 
 above, may possibly occur in New England. 
 
 Oircus Hudsonicus Vieill. — ^Hen Harrier. Marsh Hawk . 
 Blue Hawk. Summer resident, breeding abundantly. 
 Perhaps some winter in more southern localities. 
 
 No. 9, $. Essex Co. Mr. Houghton. 
 
 No. 10, ?. " " ■ " 
 
 Aquila Canadensis Cass. ("Falco fulvus" of some ear- 
 lier American writers.) — Golden Eagle. Eing-tailed 
 Eagle. Very rare winter visitant, occurring usually in 
 isolated instances. Probably does not breed in New Eng- 
 land. Specimens are taken nearly every winter at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 No. 7, nearly adult. Essex Co. 
 
 HaliaUus leucocephalUrS Savig. — White-headed Eagle. 
 "Bald" Eagle. Common. Resident. Mr. Samuels' state- 
 ment that it does not breed in Mass. is incorrect ; vide All. , 
 p. 51. (Mt. Tom, Mass.) I know it to breed as far 
 south, at least, as Washington, D. C. 
 
 (258) 
 
COUE8, BIRDS OP NEW ENGLAND. 11 
 
 No. 5, (J, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 No. 6, young. Essex Co. Mr. Houghton. 
 No. 8, young. Essex Co. Mr. BurchsteaU. 
 
 The H. " Washingtonii" Aud., has been repeatedly at- 
 tributed to New England. {Emm., p. 1 ; Peab., p. 262 ; 
 Lins., p. 251; Putn., p. 226; but upon what authority 
 is not apparent.) "I have been told by an old hunter, 
 of an Eagle of a much larger size, killed in this region 
 [Norway, Me.], which may have been the little known 
 Washington Eagle of Mr. Audubon" ( Verr., p. 7). The 
 species is omitted from recent lists. I refrain from com- 
 ments, since, like all else that has been written and said 
 of this bird, they would be merely threadbare conjectures. 
 
 Pandion OaroUnensis Bon. — Fish Hawk. Summer res- 
 ident. Not abundant. Generally distributed ; but chiefly 
 occurring over the inland Lakes and Rivers. 
 
 No. 37, adult. Essex Co., 1861. 
 
 No. 294, ?, adult. Salem, Essex Co. H. E. Shepard, Sept. 25, 1867. 
 
 STEIGID^. 
 
 Otus Wilsonianus Tuess. — Long-eared Owl. Abundant. 
 Eesident throughout New England. Mr. Allen (p. 51) 
 urges the adoption of /S. Americana Gm. (S. N ; i, 1788, 
 p. 288) for this species. Gmelin's diagnosis is not ex- 
 clusively pertinent ; and he says moreover that his spe- 
 cies "habitat in America australi." I see no reason to 
 supersede a definite and now well-established name for 
 one to which, to say the least, considerable uncertainty 
 attaches. The 8trix Americana Audubon (Orn. Biog. 
 iii, 1834, p. 421) is a very different species ; to wit, the 
 praiincola of Bonaparte. 
 
 No. 25. Essex Co. Autumn of 1859. 
 
 Brachyotus Cassinii Brew. (Proc. B. S. N. H., 1866, 
 p. 321.) — Short-eared Owl. Common resident ; breeding, 
 and, so far as we know, wintering in all sections. Upon 
 the question of the specific distinction of the American 
 from the European, Mr. Cassin writes me : "It is larger 
 than the European, and darker colored ; — very much like 
 it, though !" 
 
 No. 23. Essex Co. N. Vlckary, 1854. 
 No. 24, ?. Essex Co. B. Grover, 1864. 
 No. 295, $. Salem, Essex Co. D P. Waters, Oct. 25, 1867. 
 
 (269) 
 
12 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 8yrnium cinereum Aud. — Great Gray Owl. A rare 
 winter visitant. Found in winter throughout New Eng- 
 land ; but probably to be regarded as only a straggler to 
 its more southern portions. None have been observed to 
 breed in New England. 
 
 No. 31. Salem, Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, Winter of 1866-7. 
 No. 34. Wenham, Essex Co. James Bartlett, Feb. 1859. 
 
 Syrnium nehulosum Gray. — Barred Owl. Abundant. 
 
 Eesident in all portions of New England. 
 
 No. 26, ?, adult. Essex Co. James BufSngton, Nov. 27, 1854. 
 No. 190. Salem, Essex Co. E. S. Waters, Nov. 10, 1866. 
 
 Bubo Virginianus Bon. — Great Horned Owl. Com- 
 mon. Resident. 
 
 The 8trix "arctica Eichardson," enumerated as a bird 
 of Massachusetts {Pedb., p. 276, and Putn., p. 226) on 
 the authority of Mr. Nuttall, undoubtedly refers to this 
 species in the albescent state of plumage, which consti- 
 tutes Mr. Cassin's B. Virginianus var. arcticus. The 
 " Strix scandiaca Linn.," of Linsley's list (p. 253) in all 
 probability was also based upon the same variety of Vir- 
 ginianus. 
 
 No. 33, $. Essex Co. T. Ropes, Oct. 1849. 
 
 No. 32, $ . Lynn, Essex Co. J. Saul, Feb. 28, 1864. 
 
 /Scops asio Bon. — Mottled Owl. Eed Owl. Screech 
 
 Owl. Abundant everywhere. Resident. 
 
 No. 27, $ . (Grey plumage.) Essex Co. H. P. Ives, Nov. 1854. 
 No. 28. (Red plumage.) Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858. 
 
 NydaJc. Acadica Bon. — Acadian Owl. Common; es- 
 pecially in more northern sections of the country. Res- 
 ident. 
 
 No. 29, $. Essex Co. S. JUlson, 1858. 
 No. 30, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Nyctale Richardsoni Bon. — Richardson's Owl. (" Ulu- 
 la Tengmalmi" Audubon, and earlier authors.) Not abun- 
 dant. Chiefly a winter visitant, and rare as far south as 
 Massachusetts. It is probably resident in the north of 
 Maine ; though not, I believe, actually observed to breed. 
 There are repeated instances of its occurrence in winter 
 in the southernmost New England States. 
 
 Nyctale albifrons Cassin. — Kii-tland's Owl. I have 
 
 (260) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND, 13 
 
 found no record of the occurrence of this species in New 
 England, but from its known range it is undoubtedly to 
 be found there, at least in winter, even if it does not re- 
 side permanently in the more northern portion. 
 
 JSfyctea nivea Gray. — Snowy Owl, Winter resident ; 
 usually rare, but at irregular intervals not uncommon even 
 in the southern portions of New England. It sometimes 
 straggles even to South Carolina. 
 
 No. 45, $. Salem, Essex Co. E. G. Symonds, Jan. 1863. 
 
 No. 35, ? . Beverly, Essex Co. Dr. C. B. Haddock, Nov. 27, 1854. 
 
 No. 299, adult. "Wenham, Essex Co. John J. Gould, Apr. 9, 1868. 
 
 Surnia ulula Bon. — Hawk Owl. Winter resident. 
 Of regular and rather common occurrence in Maine ; but 
 in more southern localities rare, and perhaps only acci- 
 dental. It extends however throughout New England. 
 
 Athene hypogjea Bon. — Prairie Owl. Burrowing 
 
 Owl. 
 
 No. 96. Colorado Mts., west of Denver City. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Science, 1864. 
 
 CUCULID^. 
 
 Ooccygus Americanus Bon. — Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 
 Summer resident. Not abundant ; and in particular lo- 
 calities very rare. (Extremely rare, Springfield, Mass., 
 AIL, p. 52). The species extends northward into Canada. 
 (One specimen. Hamilton, C. W., Mcll,, p. 82.) 
 
 No. 744, adult. Essex Co. 
 
 Coccygus erythrophthalmus Bon. — Black -billed 
 Cuckoo. Summer resident. Common ; being, according to 
 the testimony of all observers, much more numerous than 
 the preceding species, and, like it, extending into Canada. 
 
 At Washington, D. C, Americanus is very abundant, 
 
 and the present species comparatively rare. 
 
 No. 745, adult. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 746, adult. Salem, Essex Co. John S. Ives, June, 1859. 
 
 VICIDM. 
 
 Picus villosus Linn. — Hairy woodpecker. Resident. 
 Abundant in most localities. Picus Phillipsii Aud., 
 given by Putn., p. 229, is the young of this species. 
 
 (261) 
 
14 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW .ENGLAIO>. 
 
 Pirns jmbescens Linn. — Downy Woodpecker. Resi- 
 dent, and everywhere abundant. 
 
 No. ms, $. Esses Co. E. P. Emmerton, Nov. 27, 1854. 
 
 No. 906, ?. ■ " " S'. Jillson, 1858. 
 
 Picoides arcticus Gray. — Black -backed Three-toed 
 Woodpecker. Winter resident ; not known to breed 
 within the limits of New England. ("Probably breeds." 
 Calais, Me., Boardm., p. 122.) Extends through all 
 its States in winter, but is very rare or even accidental in 
 the southernmost. (Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 52.) 
 
 No. 901, g. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 902, ?. " " S. Jillson, Nov. 21, 1855. 
 
 Picoides hirsutus Gray. — Banded Three-toed Wood- 
 pecker. A very i-are winter visitant ; probably only 
 stragglers reach as far as Massachusetts. (Calais, Me., 
 G. A. Boardman, in Verr., p. 21. — Mass., Brew., p. 
 437; PiUh., p. 229; Sam., p. 4; AIL, p. 82.) 
 
 Sphyrapicus varius Baird. — Yellow-bellied Wood- 
 pecker. Summer resident. Common in most localities. 
 Extends northward into Canada. A -few probably winter 
 in the more southern portions. 
 
 No. 907, S, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 908, ?, adult. " " " " " 
 
 No. 909, J', young. " " " 
 
 Hylotomus pileaius Baird. — Pileated Woodpecker. 
 Black Log-cock. Generally distributed, and resident, in 
 all well-wooded portions of New England, though appa- 
 rently nowhere abundant. It is a shy, wild, and retiring 
 species, and one that disappears more rapidly than almost 
 any other with the clearing away of forests. 
 
 No. 887, g , adult. New Hampshire. 
 
 Centurus OaroUnus Swains. — Red-bellied Woodpecker. 
 A rare and perhaps only accidental summer visitor to the 
 more southern portions. (Western Mass., "breeding," 
 Emm. Springfield "accidental. May 13, 1863," AIL, p. 
 53. "Said to be unknown in the eastern part of the 
 State," Peab., p. 336. "One specimen, Stratford, Conn., 
 Oct. 16, 1842," Lins., p. 263. Omitted from Sam. 
 O. O.) I do not find it recorded from Maine or New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 No. 904, $, adult. Locality unknown. 
 (262) 
 
COUE8, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLANB. 15 
 
 Melanerpes ^rythrocepkalus Swainson. — Red-headed 
 Woodpecker. Rare summer visitant. Comparisons of 
 the older with more recent local authorities indicate that 
 the species is now much less numerous than formerly. 
 The majority of individuals do not seem to pass the Mid- 
 dle States in their vernal migration. 
 
 No. 903, $, adult. Essex Co. S. JlUson, 1865. 
 
 Oolaptes auratus Swains. — Golden-winged Wood- 
 pecker. "Flicker,""Yucker,""High-holder,""Wake-up." 
 A very common summer resident. 
 
 No. 896, S , adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 897, ?, " " " " " " 
 
 CoLAPTES Mexicanus Swains. — Red-winged Flicker. 
 
 No. 97. Fort Buchanan, Dr. Dewey ; from the Chicago Academy of 
 Science, 1864. 
 
 TROCHILID^. 
 
 Trochilus colubris Linn. — Ruby-throated Humming- 
 bird. Summer resident. Common throughout New Eng- 
 land. 
 
 No. 300, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 No. 301, ?, " 
 
 II ti il 
 
 CYPSELID^. 
 
 OhcBtura pelasgia Steph. — Chimney Swift. Summer 
 resident. Abundant. 
 
 No. 320, $, adult. Esses Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 321, ?, " " " " " 
 
 No. 322. Essex Co. 
 
 CAPRIMULGID^. 
 
 Antrostomus vocifei-us Bon. — Whip-poor-will. Com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 No. 323, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Ghordeiles jpapetue Baird. — Night-hawk. "Bull-bat." 
 Common summer resident. 
 
 No. 324, adult. Essex Co., S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 HALCYONID^. 
 
 Geryle alcyon Boie. — King-fisher. Common summer 
 
 (263) 
 
16 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 resident ; but a few usually remain all winter. ( Verr. , p. 
 9; All., p. 54.) The species extends as far north as 
 Labrador. 
 
 No. 325, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1859. 
 
 COLOPTERIDiE. 
 
 MiLVULUs TYRANNUS Bon. — Fork-tailed Fly-catcher. 
 A fine example in the collection, from South America. 
 
 Tyrannies Oarolinensis Baird. — King-bird. Bee-mar- 
 tin. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 340, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 No. 567, ? , adult. " " 
 
 Tyrannus verticalis Say. — Arkansas Fly-catcher. 
 
 No. 102, adult. Parm Island, Nebraska. Dr. F. V. Hayden. From 
 the Chicago Academy of Science, 1864:. 
 
 Myiarchus crinitus Cab. — Great Crested Fly-catcher. 
 
 Summer visitant ; rather rare. 
 
 No. 332, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 334, ?, " " " " 
 
 Sayornisfuscus Baird. — Pewit Fly-catcher. "Phoebe." 
 
 Common summer resident. Here, as elsewhere, it is the 
 
 avant-courier in spring of the small insectivorous birds. 
 
 The kinds of insects upon which it chiefly delights to feed 
 
 account for its early appearance, as well as for its choice 
 
 of the situations it usually frequents. 
 
 No. 560, S, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 No. 548, ?, " " " " " " 
 
 Contojpus borealis Baird. — Olive-sided Flycatcher. 
 Cooper's Flycatcher. Summer visitant. Not abundant. 
 " Quite common at the Umbagog Lakes." ( Verr., p. 10.) 
 No. 558, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Contopus virens Cab. — Wood Pewee. Abundant. 
 
 Summer resident. Rather less numerous in the northern 
 
 than in the southern sections. 
 
 No. 505, S, Essex Co. T. M. Pond, 1863. 
 No. 561, ?, " " S. Jillson. 
 
 Erwpidonax Acadicus Baird. — Acadian Flycatcher. 
 Summer resident. Not abundant. This species seems to 
 be more restricted in its northern range than the others of 
 the genus, apparently not proceeding much farther than 
 
 f264) 
 
OOUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 17 
 
 Massachusetts. It is not, I believe, recorded from Maine. 
 But Mr. Samuels en-oneously omits it from his Massachu- 
 setts list. Earlier authors speak of it as being very 
 common, but so far as I can learn it is now quite rare. 
 At Washington, D. C, it is by "far the most abundant 
 species of the genus. 
 
 Empidonax Traillii'E&ivdL. — Traill's Flycatcher. Sum- 
 mer resident ; not abundant. Erroneously omitted from 
 Mr. Putnam's list, though given by previous and subse- 
 quent authors. 
 
 Empidonax minirmis Baird. — Least Flycatcher. Sum- 
 mer visitant. Abundant, especially in Massachusetts, 
 where it " exceeds in abundance all the other Empidonaces 
 taken together " {All., p. 54). It has a very extensive 
 northern range ; — quite into arctic America. 
 
 The earlier authors appear to have always mistaken this 
 
 species for Acadicus, and this is the reason they used to 
 
 speak of the latter as being abundant. (See Brewer, 
 
 Am. Nat., I, p. 119.) . 
 
 No. 549, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 
 No. 108, Illinois. From the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Empidonax Jlaviventris Baird. — Yellow-bellied Fly- 
 catcher. Summer resident ; and rather more common, I 
 suspect, than most collectors are aware. Its range of 
 habitat, times of migration, and general habits, are much 
 those of minimus ; and it is difficult to discriminate be- 
 tween the two at gun-shot range. E. Jlaviventris is rather 
 a more wood-loving species than minimus, and perhaps 
 breeds farther south, as I have taken it in July, at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, where I never saw minimus except during 
 its migrations. (Omitted from Sam. 0. 0.) 
 
 TUEDID^. 
 
 Turdus migratorius Linn. — Eobin. Chiefly summer 
 resident, breeding abundantly everywhere; but a few 
 doubtless remain, except in very severe winters, in the 
 more southern portions. 
 
 No. 556, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 
 No. 555, ?. " " " 
 
 No. 679, $. (With an elongated and hooked upper mandible.) Es- 
 sex Co. H. F. Shepard, Jan., 1868. 
 
 3 (265) 
 
18 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Tardus mustelinus Gm. — Wood Thrush. A moder- 
 ately abundant summer resident in more southern por- 
 tions ; but not apparently extending much farther north 
 than Massachusetts. Still, "common summer resident," 
 Hamilton, C. W., {McIL, p. 84.) It is not recorded in 
 Maine lists. 
 
 Nos. 550, 551. Essex Co. S. JOlsou. 
 
 Turdus Pallasii Cab. — Hermit Thrush. Abundant. 
 Spring and autumn migrant through the more southern, 
 and very common summer resident in the northern, por- 
 tions of A"ew England. "Has been known to breed" (in 
 Mass., Sam., p. 5). "The most common Thrush ex- 
 cept the Robin" (Norway, Me., in summer, Verr., p. 
 10). A few may possibly winter in Ncm' England, as 
 individuals are "occasionally seen during the winter;" 
 (Essex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 209.) "Have not found it 
 breeding here;" (Springfield, Mass., All., p. 56.) This 
 is the T. " soUtarius" or T. "minor" of earlier general 
 and local writers. 
 
 No. 562, <J. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 
 Turdus fuscescens Steph. — Wilson's Thrush. Tawny 
 Thrush. "Veery." Summer resident, breeding through- 
 out New England, most abundantly in its more southern 
 portions. "It is the most numerous here of all the wood- 
 land Thrushes, and tlie only one that breeds here in 
 abundance, and the only one, excepting T. mustelinus." 
 (Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 56.) This is the T. " Wil- 
 sonii" of earlier authors. 
 
 Turdus Sivainsonii Cab. — Olive-backed Thrush. 
 Chiefly a spring and autumn migrant, though many breed, 
 more especially in the northern portions. I have not seen 
 it recorded as breeding so far south as Massachusetts. 
 Usually quite common. It is a species only recognized 
 of late years, and not given in earlier local lists, either 
 from its absence from the works of Wilson and Audubon, 
 or from confounding it with other species. 
 
 No. 553, 1^. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 Ko. 554. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 
 No. 112. Chicago, Illinois. R. Kennicott ; from the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Science, 1864. 
 
 (266) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 19 
 
 Turdiis Alicice Baird. — Gray-cheeked Thrush. Not 
 recorded as having been actually taken in New England, 
 but from its now known range of habitat is undoubtedly 
 to be found there as a spring and autumn migrant, possi- 
 bly breeding in more northern sections. 
 
 A species first introduced by Prof. Baird in 1858, based 
 upon specimens from Illinois. I have since shown that it 
 is a very common Eastern bird, having a range of habitat 
 as extensive as, and nearly identical with, that of T. 
 iSwahisonii. 
 
 Mr. J. A. Allen has attempted to show that this spe- 
 cies is not distinct from T. /Swainsonii. His remarks 
 (pp. 56-7-8) illustrate very fully the well-known sea- 
 sonal and other variations to which T. SivainSonii and T. 
 fuscescenft are subject ; and a citation from Prof. Baird is 
 introduced giving, some of the characters of T. AlicioB, 
 with which species Mr. Allen appears to have been autop- 
 tically unacquainted at the time of writing. * 
 
 No. 111. Chicago, Illinois. R. Kenuicott ; from the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Science, 1864. 
 
 Harporhynchus rufus Cab. — Brown Thrush. "Thrasher." 
 Abundant summer resident, breeding throughout New 
 England; but not, going much farther north. 
 
 No. 680, $ . Salem, Essex Co. Samuel Carlen, summer, 1867. 
 No. 681, ?. " " 
 
 Mimus CaroUnensis Gray. — Oat-bird. Common sum- 
 mer resident. Maine appears to be nearly its northern 
 limit in Eastern North America. 
 
 No. 566, S- Essex Co. T. M. Pond, 1864. 
 No. 562, ?. " " " " 
 
 Mimus polyglottus Boie. — Mocking-bird. Very rare 
 summer resident in more southern portions, being hardly 
 found north of Massachusetts. It is not abundant even 
 in the Middle States. 
 
 No. 75. A cage bird, known to have lived thirteen years. C. W. 
 Palfry, 1865. 
 
 ♦Examine in this connection: Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 217. — /(?., 
 Rev. Amer. Bds., 1864, p. 21.— Coues, Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1861, p. 
 217. — Coues and Prentiss, Smiths. Rep. for 1861, p. 405. 
 I (267) 
 
20 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 SAXICOLID^. 
 
 Saxicola oenanthe Bechst. — Stone Chat. A species 
 which occurs as a straggler from Europe, by way of 
 Greenland, to the eastern portions of New England, es- 
 pecially along the coast. Mr. Cassiu has recorded it from 
 Nova Scotia, and I found it in Labrador. Long Island, 
 Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 282. 
 (Omitted from Sam. 0. 0. ) 
 
 tSialia sialis Baird. — Blue-bird. A summer resident, 
 
 abundantly and generally distributed. 
 
 Nos. 365, 366, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 No. 367, ?. " " " 
 
 MOTACILLID^. 
 
 Anlhus Ludovicianus Licht. — Tit-lark. — Chiefly spring 
 and autumn migrant. Abundant. Some probably winter 
 in the Connecticut Valley, and a few may possibly breed 
 high up in Maine. By far the greater number, howevei', 
 go farther north to breed, and farther south to pass the 
 winter. 
 
 No. 370. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 SYLVIID^. 
 
 Regulus calendulus Licht. — Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 
 
 Abundant. Spring and autumn migrant. Possibly some 
 
 breed. They breed abundantly in Labrador. 
 
 No. 361, ,^, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 No. 362, ?, " 
 
 Regulus satrapus Licht. (Regulus cristatus and R. tri- 
 color of Linsley, p. 256.) — Golden-crested Kinglet. 
 Common winter resident, except perhaps in the extreme 
 north, where some doubtless breed. Is most abundant, ■ 
 however, in all localities, in spring and fall. 
 
 Polioptila ccerulea Sclat. — Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. A 
 rare and perhaps accidental summer visitor. "Found in 
 Mass., and as far north as the Canada line." (Brew., 
 quoted by Pea6., p. 297.) — "Nova Scotia and Connec- 
 ticut." (All, p. 83.) (Omitted from Sam. O. O.) It is 
 very abundant as far north as the Middle States. 
 
 (268) 
 
COUES, BIUDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 21 
 
 SYLVICOLID^. 
 
 Mniotilta varia Vieill. — Black and White Creeper. 
 Commou summer resident. The majority, however, go 
 farther north, causing it to be most abundant in spring 
 and fall. 
 
 No. 492, $, adult, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 No. 360, ?, " '• " " " " 
 
 Parula Americana Bon. — Blue Yellow-backed War- 
 bler. Common summer resident. 
 
 No. 502, J", adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Autumn, 1855. 
 No. 503, S, " " •' " " 1853. 
 No. 504, ?, " " ' 1856. 
 
 XH-eothlypis trichas Cab. — Maryland Yellow-throated 
 Warbler. Abundant summer resident. " St/lvia Roscm 
 Aud." {Peab., p. 313), is the young of this species. 
 
 No. 491, $, Essex Co. 
 
 Nos. 523, 364, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird. — Mourning Warbler. 
 Rare summer resident. Not often detected farther north 
 than Massachusetts ; in which state numerous instances 
 of its capture are recorded. (Waterville, Me. ; breeding ; 
 July; Hand., p. 3. — Hamilton, C. W., McIL, p. 85.) 
 
 Oporornis agilis Baird. — Connecticut Warbler. Of 
 very rare occurrence as a summer visitor, doubtless breed- 
 ing at least as far north as Massachusetts. {Emm., p. 3 ; 
 Peab., p. 312; Putn., p. 226; Sam., p. 6; All., p. 82.) 
 
 No. 522, $, Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept., 1856. 
 No. 521, ?, " " " " " " " 
 
 Oporoi-nis formosa Baird. — Kentucky Warbler. The 
 occurrence of this species as a rare or casual summer vis- 
 itor in southern New England is to be confidently antici- 
 pated. (Near New York City, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. 
 Hist., N. Y. viii, 1866, p. 284.) I have found it breed- 
 ing at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Protonotaria citrea Baird. — Prothonotary Warbler. A 
 summer visitor ; rare, and perhaps accidental. "Calais, Me. , 
 Oct. 30, 1862 ;" (Boardm., Verr., B. S. N. H., ix, p. 234, 
 only recorded instance) ; It is properly a bird of the South 
 Atlantic States, and its occurrence in New England must be 
 regarded as exceptional. (Omitted from Sam 0. O.) 
 
 (269) 
 
22 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 A certain "Orange-throated Warbler, Sylvia auricolUs" 
 is given as a migi-atory species of New- England by Pea- 
 body (p. 309, and Linsl., p. 257). AuricolUs is one of 
 .the old names of the Prothonotary Warbler, and is used 
 by Nuttall (Man. i, 1840, p. 431) for that species. Upon 
 what authority it has been inserted it is not apparent. 
 Prof. Baird has suggested to me that possibly the name 
 was used with reference to the Dendroeca dominica (= 
 nuperciliosa or pensilis of American writers) , but there is 
 no good evidence that the latter, which is a Central 
 American and Southern States species ever straggles as 
 far north as New England. It is, however, given by 
 Linsley (p. 258) upon the authority of Mr. Peabody and 
 Dr. De Kay. 
 
 The Sylvia montana Wils. has also, I believe, been 
 attributed to New England ; but is a species which con- 
 tinues unknown to modern ornithologists. 
 
 Icteria viridis Bon. — Yellow-breasted Chat. A very 
 rare summer visitor, not extending much if any north of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Helmithems vermivorus Bon. — Worm-eating Warbler. 
 Very rare summer visitant ; known to extend north into 
 Maine. ( Fen'., p. 21.) 
 
 Helmitherus Stvainsoni Bon. — Swainson's Warbler. 
 Entirely accidental summer visitor. A single instance of 
 its capture in Massachusetts, many years ago, by Dr. S. 
 Cabot, given by Audubon (Orn. Biog. v. p. 462), on the 
 authority of Dr. Brewer, appears to have furnished the 
 sole datum for its recognition as a New England bird by 
 subsequent writers. {Peab., p. 313 ; Putn.,^i 227 ; All., 
 p. 82.) I myself never saw it even so far north as Wash- 
 ington, D. C., and New England is wholly beyond its 
 proper range of habitat. 
 
 Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. {S. r-ubricajoilla 
 of earlier writers). — Nashville Warbler. Chiefly spring 
 and autumn migrant, but some breed throughout New 
 England. Common. 
 
 No. 494, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. — Tennessee Warbler. 
 Chie y spring and autumn migrant. Very rare. A few 
 
 (270) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 23 
 
 doubtless breed in the more northern portions. "Head 
 waters of the Penobscot in June." ( Verr. , p. 21. ) Springf. 
 Mass., in May and Sept. {All., p. 61.) It is a species 
 which goes ^ery far north in the interior of America. 
 
 Nos. 519, 520. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Helminthophaga pina Baird. — Blue-winged Yellow 
 Warbler. Very rare summer visitoi' to the more south- 
 ern portions, (Mass. Emm., p. 3; Cab., B. S. N. H., 
 vi, p. 386 ; Patn.,^ p. 227 ; All., p. 82 ; 8am., p. 6.) Not 
 recorded from Maine. " 8. solitaria " of the earlier writers. 
 
 Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. — Golden-winged 
 Warbler. Very rare summer visitant to the more south- 
 ern" portions. (Mass., Cab., B. S. N. H., vi, p. 386; 
 Peab., p. 312 ; PiUn., p. 227 ; All., p. 82 ; 8am., p. 6.) 
 Xot recorded from Maine. 
 
 No. 493. Hudson, Mass. S. Jillson, 1862. 
 
 Helminthophaga celata Baird. — Orange-crowned 
 Warbler. A very common species of Western North 
 America ; but Audubon's statement of its occurrence in 
 Nova Scotia was almost its only eastern record until Mr. 
 Allen detected it near Springfield, Mass. "Very rare; 
 perhaps accidental" {All., p. 61). Near New York City, 
 {Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., viii, p. 284.) 
 
 8eiurus aurocapillus Swains. — Golden-crowned Wag- 
 tail. " Oven-bird." Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 489, S, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Seiurus JVbvceboracensis Nutt. — Water Wag-tail. Sum- 
 mer resident. Apparently not very abundant. The spe- 
 cies has a most extensive breeding range, which includes 
 the greater part of North America. In winter it mostly- 
 retires into the Antilles and Central America. 
 
 No. 490, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855. 
 
 Seiurus Ludovicianus Bon. — Large-billed Water 
 Thrush. Doubtless occurs in summer in the southern 
 portions, althorugh it has never, I believe, been actually 
 detected in New England. (Near New York, Laior. , Ann. 
 N. Y. Lj^c. viii, p. 284.) Dr. Prentiss and mj'self have 
 found it common at Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian 
 Report for 1861, p. 407.) 
 
 (271) 
 
24 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Dendroeca virens Baird. — Black-throated Green War- 
 bler. Abundant summer resident. Most numerous during 
 its vernal and autumnal migrations in the more southern 
 districts ; but I have found it breeding abundantly near 
 Portsmouth, N. H. I believe it prefers pine woods dur- 
 ing the breeding season. 
 
 No. 488, ^. Essex Co. S. JlUson, 1855. 
 No. 497, ?. " " " " 
 
 Dendroeca coei'ulescens Baird. — Black-throated Blue 
 Wood Warbler. Z). Cawac^ensis of former writers. "/Sylvia 
 sphagnosa Bon., or pusilla Wils." {Linsl. p. 257), is the 
 female or young of this species. Summer resident ; com- 
 mon ; most so during its migrations. Breeds throughout 
 Xew England ; most numerously in -its more northern 
 portions. 
 
 No. 514, $, adnlt. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855. 
 
 Dendroeca coronata Gray. — Yellow-rumped Warbler. 
 "Myrtle-bird." Extremely abundant spring and autumit 
 migrant. A few probably winter in more southern sec- 
 tions. Not known to breed except in northern portions 
 (Calais, Me., G. A. Boardmau, Verr., p. 125). The 
 species has been known to occur in Greenland. 
 
 No. 506, J". Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 507, ?. " " " " 
 
 Dendroeca Blachhurnioe Baird. — Mrs. Blackburn's 
 Warbler. Summer resident ; not rare. 
 
 The Hemlock Warbler, " SylvicolapanisA.uA." {Emm., 
 
 p. 3; Peab., p. 310; PM<n.,p. 226; Linsl., ^. 2bl , etc.), 
 
 is the young of this species. 
 
 No. 495, S- Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1865. 
 No. 518, ?. 
 
 Dendroeca cdstanea Baird. — Bay-breasted Warbler. 
 Not common. Breeds, at least in more northern sections, 
 but is chiefly seen in spring and fall. 
 
 The Autumnal Warbler {Sylvia autumnalis Wils., 
 
 And.) of local writers is the young of this species. 
 
 No. 515, ^. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 485, $. " " 
 
 Dendroeca pina Baird. — Pine-creeping Warbler. 
 Common summer resident; arriving very early, and re- 
 
 r272) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 25 
 
 maining late. A species whose breeding range is much 
 
 more extensive than that of most Dendroecoe, and includes 
 
 Eastern North America from Labrador at least to Georgia. 
 
 No. 82, ? . Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Autumn of 1855. 
 No. 510, (?. " " " " " 1855. 
 
 No. 559, 3' • Essex Co. S. JlUson, 1855. 
 
 Dendroeca Pennsylvanica Baird. — Chestnut-sided War- 
 bler. Common summer resident. Although most numer- 
 ous during its migrations, many breed throughout New 
 England. 
 
 No. 486, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 498, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Dendroeca striata Baird. — Black-poll Warbler. Abun- 
 dant spring and autumn migrant ; some breeding in more 
 northern sections. (Umbagog Lakes, Ferr., p. 12; Calais, 
 Me., JBoardm., p. 125.) A species whose northern range 
 extends far into arctic America, and the one which passes 
 almost latest of all through the United States on its way 
 north in spring. 
 
 No. 496, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855. 
 No. 517, ?. " " " " " " " 
 
 No. 509, g. " " " " Autumn " " 
 
 Dendroeca cestiva Baird. — Golden Warbler. Summer 
 Yellow-bird. Abundant summer resident everywhere. A 
 certain Sylvia trochilus Lath., the "yellow" or "willow" 
 wren, which is given by some writers {Peah., p. 312, 
 Linsl. , p. 257) , can hardly be else than the autumnal or im- 
 mature plumage of this species ; which has also furnished 
 the basis for the Sylvia Ohildrenii, and perhaps, too, the 
 S. Rathbonice of Audubon's works. The " Sylvia flava 
 Lath.," of Linsley, p. 258, cannot be identified. It may 
 be either the Summer Warbler, or D. palmarum. 
 
 No. 487, <?". Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 No. 508, ?. " " " 
 
 Dendroeca maculosa Baird. — Black and Yellow Warbler. 
 Chiefly spring and autumn migrant; common. But it 
 breeds in Maine, and apparently not rarely (Calais, Me., 
 Verr., p. 234). It goes very far north in the interior of 
 North America. 
 
 No. 499, i. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Nos. 511, 512, ? " " " 
 
 4 (273) 
 
26 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Dendrmca palmarum Baird. — Red-poll Warbler. The 
 Sylvia petechia of the earlier American writers (JPeab., 
 p . 307, Linsl . , p . 256), but by no means the true petechia , 
 which is a Jamaican species, closely related to D. mstiva. 
 Common spring and autumn migrant, remaining unusually 
 late in the fall, as I have also found to be the case in other 
 localities. It also differs considerably in its habits from 
 most DendraeccB. A few probably breed in the more 
 northern portions. It goes considerably farther north in 
 summer. 
 
 No. 516, $. Essex Co. S. Jlllson, 1855. 
 
 Dendrmca discolor Baird. — Prairie Warbler. Com- 
 mon summer resident as far as Massachusetts, which is 
 about its northern limit. 
 
 No. 513, $. Essex Co. S. JUlson, 1855. 
 
 Dendroeca ccerulea Baird. — Blue Warbler. Very rare 
 summer resident. (Linsl., p. 257; Putn., p. 207.) 
 Known to occur as far north as Nova Scotia. It is not 
 ordinarily included in local lists. (Omitted from Sam. 
 0. 0.) 
 
 Perissoglossa tigrina Baird. — Cape May Warbler. Ex- 
 tremely rare summer resident. — ("Summer visitant; 
 common; breeds." Calais, Me., Boardm., p. 125. 
 Springfield, Mass., May 13, 1863, All., p. 63; Lynn, 
 Mass., 1847, S. Jillson, Putn., p. 207; E. Windsor 
 Hill, Ct., Dr. W. Wood, All., p. 63; Stratford, Conn., 
 Lins., p. 256.) 
 
 For an admirable and succinct synopsis of the Massa- 
 chusetts Wood- warblers, see All., p. 64; and compare 
 with a summary of those of the District of Columbia, 
 given by Coues and Prentiss (Smithsonian Report, 1861, 
 p. 408.) 
 
 Mj/iodioctes pusillus Bon. — Black-capped Fly catching 
 Warbler. A rather uncommon summer resident ; chiefly 
 however seen during its migrations. 
 
 No. 501, S, adult. Essex Co. S. Jlllson, Spring of 1855. 
 
 Myiodioctes Canadensis And. (" Sylvia pardalinaB]p." 
 of Lins., p. 256.) — Canada Flycatching Warbler. Com- 
 mon. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, but many 
 breed, and some as far south as Massachusetts. ("Breeds : 
 
 (274) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 27 
 
 Norway, Me., Verr., p. 12 ; do. Calais, Me., Boar dm., p. 
 
 125; do. Lynn, Mass., Brew., B. S. N. H., vi, p. 4; 
 
 "Mass. in summer;" Putn., p. 206; Sam., p. 7.) 
 
 No. 600, S- Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 526, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Myiodioctes m^<»■afes Audubon. — Hooded Flycatching 
 Warbler. Very rare, and perhaps accidental summer 
 visitant to more southern portions. (Mass., "Very rare ; 
 summer," Sam., p. 7 ; Conn., AIL, p. 83 ; New Haven, 
 Ct., Linsl, p. 257.) 
 
 The Muscicapa or Myiodioctes "minuta" has been re- 
 peatedly attributed to New England. (Berkshire Co., 
 Mass., Emmons, Peab., p. 297; Putn., p. 226; Salem, 
 Mass., Nutt., p. 297; Ipswich, Mass., Brewer; Mass., 
 "doubtful" All., p. 83.) I think it probable that some 
 one of the small Bmpidonaces has been mistaken for it. 
 M. "minuta" is rather an apocryphal species, with which 
 latter day ornithologists do not profess to be acquainted. 
 
 Setophaga ruticilla Swains. — Redstart. Common sum- 
 mer resident. In southern portions chiefly spring and 
 autumn migrant. 
 
 No. 524, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 525, ?. " " " " " 
 
 TANAGRID^. 
 
 Pyranga rubra Vieill. — Scarlet Tanager. Summer 
 
 resident, common ; less so in more northern portions. 
 
 No. 412, $. Salem, Essex Co. E. W. Putnam, 1856. 
 No. 413, ?. Lynn, " " S. Jillson, June, 1855. 
 
 Pyranga cestiva Vieill. — Summer Tanager. Very rare 
 
 (probably only accidental), as far north as Massachusetts. 
 
 (Lynn, Mass., April 21, 1852, S. Jillson, Putn., p. 224; 
 
 All., p. 83. Stratford and New Haven, Ct. ; Linsl. , p. 
 
 261. Omitted from Sam. 0. O.) 
 
 HIRUNDINID^. 
 
 Hirundo horreorum Barton. — Barn Swallow. Abun- 
 dant summer resident. 
 
 No. 480, (J. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 No. 483, ?. ' ' 
 
 (275) 
 
28 COUE8, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons Cah. — Cliff Swallow. "Eaves 
 Swallow." Abundant summer resident. 
 
 Prof. Verrill (B. S. N. H. vol. ix, p. 276, 1863) has 
 recently elucidated some very interesting facts relative to 
 the distribution of this species, substantiating its occur- 
 rence in Eastern North America long before the time 
 when it was erroneously supposed to have immigrated 
 from the west. My present belief in the matter is that 
 the Cliff Swallow is, and always has been, amenable to the 
 ordinary laws of migration, and spread over nearly all of 
 Xorth America, the South Atlantic States, perhaps, ex- 
 cepted. The numerous recorded dates of its appearance 
 and breeding in particular localities, merely mark the 
 times when the birds forsook their natural breeding 
 places, and built under eaves, which enabled them to pass 
 the summer where formerly they were unable to breed 
 for want of suitable accommodations. 
 
 No. 482, ^. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. , 
 
 No. 479, ? . Essex Co. Mr. Houghton, 1848. 
 
 Tachycineta bicolor Cab. — White-bellied Swallow. 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 481, ? . Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Cotyle riparia Boie. — Bank Swallow. Abundant sum- 
 mer resident. 
 
 No. 478. Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 1854. 
 
 Progne sybis 'Qsaxdi. — Purple Martin. Common sum- 
 mer resident. 
 
 It is very singular that there should be no instances on 
 record of the occurrence in New England of the Eough- 
 winged Swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, as the species 
 certainly ought to be found there. 
 
 AMPELID^. 
 
 Ampelis garrulus Linn. — Bohemian Wax-wing. A very 
 rare visitant from the north in winter, and of very irreg- 
 ular occurrence. Accidental in more southern sections. 
 (Mass., Peab., p. 290; Putn., p. 228; AIL, p. 66; 
 8am., p. 7.— Conn., Dr. W- IV ooA, All., p. 66.) 
 
 Ampelis cedrorum ^SiivA.. — Cedar Wax-wing. "Cedar 
 
 (276) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 29 
 
 Bird." "Cherry Bird." Resident. Abundant. Breeds 
 
 throughout, and winters in the more southern portions. 
 
 No. 475. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 564, ?. " " " " " 
 
 LANIID^. 
 
 CoUurio borealis Baird. — Butcher Bird. Great North- 
 ern Shrike. Regular winter resident, but not very com- 
 mon south of Maine. None have been known to breed. 
 
 No. 468, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec., 1855. 
 No. 469, ?. Salem, " " B. Grover, Autumn, 1860. 
 No. 470, ?. Lynn, " " S. Jillson, Winter, 1855. 
 
 Oollurio excubitoroides Baird. — White-rumped Shrike. 
 Of very doubtful occurrence. {Emm., p. 3; Peab., p. 
 292 ; apparently upon the authority of Nuttall (Man. ii, 
 p. 564), who may have been mistaken. Not given in 
 more recent lists.) New England is beyond its ordinary 
 range. Still the species is found at Hamilton, Canada 
 West ("Summer resident ; not very rare." ilfc/Z., p. 87) , 
 and very likely may occasionally occur. 
 
 No. 1170, Hamilton, Canada West, T. Mcllwraith, 1866. 
 
 Mr. Putnam gives O. Ludovicianus in the appendix of 
 his list, misquoting it for ^^excubitoroides," and giving the 
 authority of the above-mentioned writers for its insertion. 
 Ludovicianus is entirely a southern species, and I know 
 of no authentic instance of its straggling into New Eng- 
 land. I never found it as far north even as Washington, 
 D. C. Mr. Linsley, however, gives it under the name of 
 "Lanius Carolinensis," but upon merely ppinionative 
 data. 
 
 VIREONID^. 
 
 Vireo olivaceus Vieill. — Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant 
 summer resident. 
 
 No. 471, i. Essex Co. S. Jillson, March, 1855. 
 
 Vireo gilvus Bon. — Warbling Vireo. Common sum- 
 mer resident. 
 
 Vireo JPhiladelphicus Cass. — Brotherly Love Vireo.* 
 
 * As this species has not yet been christened in the vernacular, I beg 
 leave of Mr. Cassin to bestow upon it the abpve literal translation of 
 its classical appellation. 
 
 (■277) 
 
30 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 A very rare summer visitant throughout New England. 
 (Waterville, Me., Haml., p. 4, only recorded instance.) 
 But it is probably of regular though very rare occurrence. 
 
 Vireo solitarius Vieill. — Blue-headed Vireo. Rather 
 rare summer resident. Breeds throughout. 
 
 No. 473, S . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Vireo Jlavifrons Vieill . — Yellow-throated Vireo . Com- 
 mon summer resident, chiefly in more southern sections. 
 (Waterville, Me., Haml,, p. 4; not recorded in other 
 Maine lists.) 
 
 No. 474, i. Essex Co. S. Jillson, March, 1855. 
 
 Vireo JVbvceboracensis Bonap. — White-eyed Vireo. 
 Summer resident, chiefly of more southern sections ; and, 
 singularly enough, very rare in or absent from particu- 
 lar localities. Not recorded in Maine lists. "Not known 
 at Springfield, Mass." {All., p. 67. "Rather common:" 
 Essex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 213.) 
 
 No. 472, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillson, Marcli, 1855. ' 
 
 TROGLODYTrD^. 
 
 Troglodytes a'edon Vieill. — House Wren. — Common 
 summer resident. I do not think it goes much north of 
 New England. 
 
 Troglodytes Americanus Aud. — Wood Wren. This is 
 a species recognized by all the local writers, chiefly as a 
 spring and autumn migrant, but probably also breeding. 
 Its relations to a'edon are very intimate, and the species is 
 by many authors considered as a dubious one. (Omitted 
 from Sam. O. O.) 
 
 I have in my private cabinet a specimen taken many 
 years ago near Portsmouth, N. H., which was examined 
 by Mr. Audubon himself, and pronounced to be of this 
 species. It is rather larger and browner, and with less of 
 a light superciliary line than the average of a'edon; but 
 looks very like a House Wren. 
 
 Anorthura hyemalis Rennie. — Winter Wren. Not 
 abundant. Chiefly winter resident, but also breeds, at 
 least in northern sections. (Calais, Me. , Boardm. , p. 126.) 
 
 Gistothorus palustris Cab. — Marsh Wren. — Summer 
 
 (278) 
 
COtTES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 31 
 
 resident : not abundant. Chiefly along the coast. It 
 must be very rare north of Massachusetts, as it is not 
 contained in Maine lists, though it is known to occur in 
 Greenland. 
 
 Oistothorus stellaris Cab. — Short-billed Marsh Wren. 
 Rather common summer resident as far north at least as 
 Massachusetts. Not recorded from Maine. 
 
 Two other wrens, Thryothorus Bewickii and T. Ludo- 
 vicianus, may possibly enter the southern portions of New 
 England in summer. Mr. Lawrence (p. 283) records 
 T. Ludmicianus from New York Island. 
 
 CERTHIID^. 
 
 Oerthia Americana Bon. — Brown creeper. Common, 
 Breeds throughout New England, and winters in its more 
 southern districts. 
 
 No. 263. Essex Co. S. JUlson, 1855. 
 
 PARIDtE. 
 
 8iUa Oarolinensis Gmelin. — White-bellied Nuthatch. 
 Resident : abundant. 
 
 No. 476, ,y. Essex Co. .S. Jillson, Autumn, 1854. 
 
 8itta Canadensis Linn. — Red-bellied Nuthatch. Abun- 
 dant. Resident. Chiefly a winter visitant in more south- 
 ern, but breeds plentifully in the northern sections. 
 
 No. 477;~?^.j;ssex Co. S. JUlson, 1855. 
 
 Lophophanes bicolor Bon. — Crested Tomtit. Rare and 
 perhaps accidental. The only record of its capture that 
 I have found is the mention of it by Linsley (p. 255). 
 Chiefly a more southern species, but has been found north 
 of New England. (Nova Scotia, Aud., Orn. Biog. v, p. 
 472. — Near New York., Lawr., p. 283. — Omitted from 
 Sam. 0.0.) 
 
 Ptxcile atricapillus Bon. — Black-capped Titmouse. 
 Chickadee. Resident. Abundant. 
 
 No. 605, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. JUlson, Nov., 1855. 
 
 Poecile Hudsonicus . — Hudsonian Titmouse. Resi- 
 dent in more northern ; an occasional or accidental visitor 
 in winter in the southern sections. ' ("Breeds." Calais, 
 
 (279) 
 
32 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Me., JBoardm., p. 126, Verr., p. 22.— Mass. in winter; 
 Peab., p. 402 ; Futn., p. 227 ; AIL, p. 83.) 
 
 ALAUDIDiE. 
 
 Eremophila cornuta Boie. — Shore Lark. Winter res- 
 ident. Not abundant. Breeds plentifully in Labrador. 
 
 No. 368, $. Nahant, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec, 1855. 
 No. 369, ?. " " " " " " " 
 
 FEINGILLID^. 
 
 Pinicdla Canadensis Cab. — Pine Grosbeak. Eegular 
 
 winter visitant, and common in Maine. Farther south it 
 
 is rare and occasional. (New Haven, Conn. , Linsl. , p. 261. ) 
 
 No. 408, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, July, 1855. 
 No. 403, ?. " " " " " " 
 
 Mr. Mcllwraith (p. 88) records the capture of the 
 Evening Grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina Bon., at 
 Woodstock, Canada. 
 
 Carpodacus purpureus Gray. — Purple Finch. Resi- 
 dent, or nearly so. Abundant. Breeds plentifully in 
 more northern portions ; and winters more sparingly in 
 the southern. 
 
 No. 416, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring, 1855. 
 No. 418, ?. " " " " " , " 
 
 Astragalinus tristis Cabanis. — Goldfinch. Abundant. 
 Breeds plentifully ; and remains through the winter, ex- 
 cept in the more northern regions. 
 
 No. 419, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Summer, 1855. 
 No. 420, $. " " " " Dec, 1855. 
 
 Chrysomitris pinus Bon. — Pine Linnet. Abundant 
 
 and generally distributed, chiefly as summer resident in 
 
 more northern, and winter resident in more southern, 
 
 regions. Known to breed in Massachusetts. 
 
 No. 421, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter, 1854-5. 
 No. 109, $. Chicago, 111. R. Kennicott, May. From Chicago 
 Academy of Science, 1864. 
 
 ^giothus Unarms Cabanis. — Lesser Redpoll Linnet. 
 Common. Not known to breed. A winter visitant, of ir- 
 regular occurrence, sometimes appearing in great numbers. 
 
 No. 416, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 (280) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 33 
 
 ^giothus exilipes Coues. — American Mealy Redpoll. 
 Very rare and occasional winter visitant. This is Linaria 
 or ^giothus "canescens" of Audubon's works and of the 
 local lists. I do not think the true catiescens, from 
 Greenland, occurs. 
 
 In addition to the preceding it is very probable that my 
 ^giothus fuscescens, from Labrador, occurs in winter. 
 
 Ouroirostra Americana Wils. — Eed Crossbill. Resi- 
 dent, and abundant, though of irregular and imcertain 
 occurrence. Known to breed at least as far south as 
 Massachusetts. ("Said to breed in winter." Calais, Me., 
 Boardm., p. 126.) 
 
 No. 407, $. Essex Co. S. Jillsou, Winter, 1855. 
 No. 405, ?. " " " " " " 
 
 Gurvirostra leucoptera Wils. — White-winged Crossbill. 
 Resident, and common, though less so than the preceding. 
 In southern portions it is chiefly a winter visitant. ("Res- 
 ident; breeds in winter;" Calais, Me., Board., p. 126.) 
 
 No. 410, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter, 1855. 
 No. 408, ?. " " " " " " 
 
 Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. — Snow Bunting. Com- 
 mon winter visitant, but rarely remains all summer iu 
 New England. (Breeding; Springfield, Mass., summer 
 of 1862. C. W. Bennett, All., p. 70.) 
 
 No. 373. Essex Co. Josliua Cleaves, Nov. 18, 1859. 
 
 No. 1171, $. Salem, Essex Co. S. Carlen, Jan. 1867. 
 
 No. 1172, ?. " " " " " " " 
 
 No. 106, adult. Great Slave Lake. Erom the Chicago Acad., 1864. 
 
 Plectrojphanes Lapjponicus Selby. — Lapland Bunting. 
 Rare winter visitant throughout New England. 
 
 No. 372. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Ohondestes grammacus Swains. — Lark Finch. One 
 instance. Entirely exceptional. (Gloucester, 1845, S. 
 Jillson. Putn., p. 224.) 
 
 Passerculus savanna Bon. — Savannah Sparrow. Abun- 
 dant. Chiefly spring and autumn visitant, but breeds, 
 especially in more northern portions. Probably none 
 winter. 
 
 No. 392, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Passeeculus "alaudintjs" Bon. Western Savannah 
 Sparrow. 
 
 5 (281) 
 
34 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 I do not think that this supposed species is peiina- 
 
 nently distinct from the preceding. 
 
 No. 104. Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 JPooecetes gramineus Baird. — Bay- winged Bunting. 
 Grass Finch. Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 398, adult. Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 1856. 
 
 Ooturniculus passerinus Bon. — Yellow- winged Spar- 
 row. Summer resident. Abundant, becoming less com- 
 mon in more northern sections. Q' Fringilla savanna- 
 rum?" JPeab., p. 324.) 
 
 Coturniculus Hensloivii Bon. — Henslow's Sparrow. 
 Summer resident, and very rare ; not recorded north of 
 Massachusetts. (Springfield, Mass., All., p. 71. Lynn, 
 Mass., Sam., p. 9. Berlin, Mass., E. S. Wheeler, Proc. 
 B. S. N. H. vii, p. 137.) 
 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys Swainson. — White-crowned 
 
 Sparrow. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant. Not 
 
 known to breed, though doubtless it does so ; and some 
 
 probably winter. Usually common, but of somewhat 
 
 irregular occurrence. 
 
 No. 107. Chicago, 111., K. Kennicott, May. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Zonotrichia albicollis Bon. — White-throated SpaiTow. 
 Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, though many breed, 
 especially in more northern sections. Abundant. Few, 
 if any, remain through the wiuter. 
 
 No. 397, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Ammodromus raaritimus Swains. — Sea-side Finch. 
 Common summer resident as far north as New Hampshire, 
 where I have found it abundant. Not recorded from 
 Maine. It is chiefly a coast species. 
 
 Ammodromus caudacutus Swains. — Sharp-tailed Finch. 
 Distribution much the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 Junco hyemalis Sclater. — Snow Bird. Abundant. 
 Eesident. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but breeds 
 plentifully in Maine. Also breeds, but much more spar- 
 ingly, towards the southern limits, where some also re- 
 main all winter. 
 
 No. 422, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858. 
 (282) 
 
COUKS, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND. 35 
 
 Spizella monticola Baird. — Tree Sparrow. Abundant. 
 Chiefly spring and autnmn migrant; but breeds, rarely 
 at least, as far south as Massachusetts, where many re- 
 main through the winter. 
 
 Nos 394, $ ; 399, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858. 
 No. 105, Anderson River, north of Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. 
 R. McFarlane. From the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Spizella socialis Bon. — Chipping Sparrow. Abundant. 
 
 Summer resident. 
 
 No. 401, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1856. 
 No. 423, ?. " " " ■' Autumn of 1856. 
 
 8pizeTla pusilla Bon. — Field Sparrow. Abundant. 
 Summer resident. 
 
 No. 402, 9 . Essex Co. S. .TlUson, 1858. 
 
 Melospiza melodia Baird. — Song Sparrow. Abundant. 
 
 Summer resident. I think it will be found to winter in 
 
 the more southern portions. 
 
 No. 391, ^. E.ssex Co. S. Jillson, Winter of 1856. 
 ■ No. 895, $. " " " " lfc56. 
 
 Melospiza pahcstris Ji'Aivd. — Swamp Sparrow. Com- 
 mon summer resident. Some probably winter towards 
 the southern limit. 
 
 No. 400, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Melospiza Lincolnii Baird. — Lincoln's Sparrow. This 
 is a most extensively distributed species, whose range 
 includes almost the whole continent of North America, 
 and yet it is everywhere of uncommon occurrence. Three 
 instances only of its capture in New England are recorded . 
 (Springfield, Mass., May of 1860, '63^ '64. All., p. 73. 
 Omitted from Sam. 0. 0.) 
 
 Passerella iliaca Swains. — Fox-colored Finch. Com- 
 mon spring and autumn migrant. Not recorded as either 
 breeding or wintering in New England. 
 
 No. 393, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 No. 100, Washington, D. C. C. Drexler. From the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 If the jPasse7-ella ohscura Verrill (Proc. B. S. N. H., 
 ix, 1862, p. 143) be a valid species it undoubtedly 
 visits New England in its migrations. 
 
 Pyrgita domestica. — European House Sparrow. In- 
 troduced, and at present only found in certain localities, 
 
 (283) 
 
36 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 though it will doubtless before long become generally 
 
 distributed. All the important circumstances attending 
 
 the introduction of the species are fortunately on record. 
 
 See, particularly, Lawr., p. 287 ; Proc. B. S. N. H., xi, 
 
 1867, p. 157, and 1868, p. 389 : also "Atlantic Monthly" 
 
 for 1868. 
 
 Euspiza Americana Bon. — Black-throated Bunting. 
 
 Rare or accidental as far north as Massachusetts, beyond 
 
 which it is not recorded. ("Mass.," iVw^^., i, p. 461; 
 
 ^mm.,p. 4; Peab., p. 319; Putn., p. 227; Sam., -p. 
 
 10; AIL, p. 84. "New Haven, Conn. ; very common;" 
 
 Lins., p. 261.) 
 
 No. 103, (J. Utah. C. S. McCarthy. From the Chicago Academy 
 of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Guiraca Ludoviciana Swains. — Rose-breasted Gros- 
 beak. Throughout New England in summer. Not 
 abundant, except in particular localities, where it appears 
 to have increased in numbers of late years (e. g. Essex 
 Co. ; "quite common;" S. Jillson, Putn., p. 212). * 
 
 No. 411, ^. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 409, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Guiraca coerulea Swains. — Blue Grosbeak. Summer 
 visitant ; rare or occasional. As far north, at least, as 
 Calais, Me. {Boar dm., p. 127. — Omitted from 8am. 
 0. 0.) 
 
 Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. — Indigo Bird. Summer 
 
 resident. Not abundant inuch north of Massachusetts. 
 
 No. 424, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 417, ?. '■ " " " " 
 
 Cardinalis Virginianus Bp. Cardinal Grosbeak. Rare 
 and accidental as far north as Massachusetts. Perhaps, 
 as suggested by Mr. Linsley, some of the instances of its 
 occurrence may have been cage-birds which had escaped. 
 (See JSPutt., Man. i, p. 519.— Connecticut, Peab., p. 329 ; 
 All., p. 85. — New York Island, Lawr., p. 286. — Omit- 
 ted from Sam. 0. 0.) 
 
 Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. — Towhee Bunting. 
 Summer visitant. Most abundaut in more southern por- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 414, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 557, $, young. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, July, 1855. 
 (284) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 37 
 
 ICTEEID^. 
 
 .BoUchonyx oryzivorus Swains. — Bob-o'-liuk, Abun- 
 dant summer resident. 
 
 No. 453, ^, Summer. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 No. 458, ?, " " " " " " 
 
 No. 459, $, Winter- " " " " 1856. 
 
 No. 455, ^, Autumn. " " " " << 
 
 Molothrus pecoris Swains. {Fringilla ambigua Nutt., 
 
 and of the earlier local authors,) Cow Bird, Common 
 
 summer resident. 
 
 No. 460, ^. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 454, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Agelceus phoeniceus Vieill, — Eed-winged Black-bird, 
 
 Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 448, ^. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 466, $. " " " " " 
 
 Sturnella magna Swains. — Field-lark. Resident, but 
 most abundant in summer, as the greater number leave 
 during the winter, "Southern Maine in summer; not 
 common" (Ferr., p. 22). Probably does not go much 
 farther north. 
 
 No. 461, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 No. 98. Peoria, 111. F. Bischoflf. From the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Icterus Baltimorensis Daudin. — Baltimore Oriole. 
 
 " Golden Kobin." Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 446, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 447, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Icterus spurius Bon. — Orchard Oriole. Summer resi- 
 dent. Rare ; and probably not extending to the northern 
 limits. 
 
 Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swains. — Rusty Grackle. 
 Common, chiefly during the migrations ; but it breeds in 
 northern sections, and some probably winter. 
 
 No. 449, ,y ; immature. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept. 1855. 
 No. 450, J ; " " " " " " 1856. 
 
 Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. — Purple Grackle. Com- 
 mon summer resident. 
 
 No. 451, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept., 1855. 
 
 No. 452, ?. " " " " " " 
 
 Quiscalus major Vieill. — Boat-tailed Grackle. En- 
 
 (285) 
 
38 COUES, KIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND, 
 
 tirely accidental, in summer ; but has been known to breed. 
 (Cambridge, Mass., 8ain., p. 10; All., p. 85.) This is 
 the Quiscalus "baritus" of Peabody (p. 285), and of 
 Linsley (p. 260 ; " New Haven ; one specimen"). (Omit- 
 ted from Sam, 0. 0.) 
 
 CORYIDM. 
 
 Oorvus carnivorus Bartram. — Earen. Eesident, and 
 not uncommon in more northern sections. " Breeds on 
 cliffs at Grand Menan" (Boardm., p. 127). Accidental,, 
 or at least unusual towards the southern limits. (Spring- 
 field, Mass-., 1859; AIL, p. 75. Quite common on the 
 New Jersey coast, Lawr., p. 289.) 
 
 Oorvus Americanus Aud. — Crow. Abundant. Eesi- 
 dent, except, perhaps, towards the extreme north in the 
 depth of winter. 
 
 No. 456, $ . Beverly, Essex Oo. E. W. Putnam, 1863. 
 
 No. 457. Essex Co. 
 
 Oorvus ossifragusWils. — Fish Crow. A rare sum- 
 mer visitor, chiefly along the more southern portions of 
 the coast. 
 
 Oyanura cristata Swains. — Blue Jay. Abundant, 
 Eesident. Mostly retires from the extreme north in mid- 
 Winter. 
 
 No. 465, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Perisoreus Oanadensis^on. — Canada Jay. "Whiskey- 
 Jack." Chiefly a winter visitant from the north. Very 
 rare, and only occasional farther south than Maine. Mr. 
 Boardman (p. 127) gives it as resident, and breeding 
 about Calais, Me. (Mass., Putn., p. 228. Not given by 
 Mr. Samuels nor Mr. Allen, as a bird of the State. Near 
 Manhattanville, N. Y. Island, in midsummer, Lawr., p. 
 289.) 
 
 COLUMBID^. 
 
 Ectopistes migratorius Swains. — Wild Pigeon. Com- 
 mon. Exceedingly abundant at irregular intervals. 
 Breeds. Not known to winter. 
 
 No. 528, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson. 
 (286) 
 
COXnES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND. B9 
 
 'Zencedura Oarolinensis Bou.. — Dove. Summer resi- 
 dent. Common in more southern, rare in the northern 
 regions. 
 
 No. 527, $, Essex Co. S. JiUson, 1835. 
 
 TETRAONID^, 
 
 Tetrao Canadensis Linn. — Spruce Partridge. Resident, 
 if not abundant, in uiore northern sections. Uncommon, 
 as far south as Massachusetts. "A common resident near 
 the Umbagog Lakes" ( Ferr., p. 17). "Resident. Com- 
 mon. Breeds" (Calais, Me,, Boardm.,^. 128). "Hem- 
 lock woods of Gloucester, Sept., 1851" (S. Jillson, 
 quoted by Putn., p. 224, andiAll., p. 85), Not given 
 by Samuels as a Massachusetts bird. 
 
 No. 864, ? . Maine. S. JiUson, 1855. 
 
 No. 666, $. " " " " 
 
 No. 865, $. " E. Brookhouse, Feb., 1856. 
 
 Bonasa umbella Steph. — Ruffed Grouse, Common, 
 Resident. 
 
 This is the " Partridge " of New England, but known 
 
 as the "Pheasant" farther south, where the Ortyx Virgini- 
 
 anus is known as the Partridge. The latter is the "Quail" 
 
 of New Englanders. 
 
 No. 871, $. Essex Co. 
 
 Nos. 868-69-70, $ . Essei Co. 
 
 Oupidonia cwpido Baird. — Pinnated Grouse. *' Prairie 
 Hen." This species is still known to reside in certain 
 localities in New England, though much less numerous 
 than formerly, and doubtless destined shortly to become 
 extinct. (Long Island, Martha's Vineyard, Naushon, 
 etc.) Mr. Peabody (p. 355) says they were "once very 
 common in New England," but that "the only place where 
 they are now (1839) found in Massachusetts is in Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, and one small island near it." Mr. Allen 
 says (p. 85), "nearly extinct in Massachusetts. A few 
 are still occasional visitors in the south-eastern part of the 
 State, from Long Island, where they still remain." Mr. 
 Samuels says (p. 11), "only found on Martha's Vineyard 
 and Naushon." Not recorded farther north. (Examine 
 also: Emm., ^. 4; Lins., p. 264; Putn., p. 229; 
 
 (287) 
 
40 COTTES, BIRDS OP NEW E]SrGLArn>, 
 
 NuU., Man. p.; Aud., Ovn.B\og., \i, p. 490,- Aud., 
 
 B. Am., V, p. 93; Gabot,^Toc. B. S. N. H., v, p. 154.) 
 
 Nos. 861, 867, (?. Illinois, 0r. William Mack, Aug., 1845. 
 No. 862, ?. Illinois. N. Vicliary, May, 186(). 
 
 Pedicecetes Columbianus Elliot. — Sbai-p- tailed 
 
 Grouse. (^P. phasianellus'Bai.vcA, nee Linu.) 
 
 No. 863, 1^. Winter. Boston Market. Probably from Illinois. S. 
 Jillson, Jan., 1856. 
 
 Centkocercus urophasianus Swains. — Sage Cock. 
 
 Cock of the Plains. 
 
 No. 95. Colorado Mts., west of I>enver City. D.Thompson. From 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 The Wild Turkey, formerly abundant, is now generally 
 believed to be nearly or quite extinct. As long ago as 
 1839, Mr. Peabody tells us, it had become very rare. 
 At the present day it is given by some Massachusetts 
 authorities, aud not by others. Mr. Allen "can find no 
 authentic instance of its recent capture in this State, 
 although it has been said to occur wild on Mts. Tom" 
 and Holyoke." As Mr. Allen judiciously hints, we must 
 take care not to confound the domesticated Turkey run 
 wild with the true M. gallopavo. The former may always 
 be recognized by the conspicuous whitish tips of the 
 feathers of the rump and upper-tail coverts, which are 
 like those of the M. Mexicana, Gould. Mr. Samuels 
 omits the species. Mr. Putnam gives it, but entirely 
 upon the authority of the older writers. It is contained 
 in none of the Maine lists. Mr. Linsley wrote of it in 
 1843, "the last Wild Turkey that I have known in Con- 
 necticut was taken . . . about thirty years since, on 
 Letoket Mountain, in Northford." 
 
 PERDICIDJE. 
 
 Ortyx Virginiana Bon. — Quail. — Resident, as far 
 north as Massachusetts. Not very abundant, and appa- 
 rently rapidly becoming less numerous. Not recorded in 
 the Maine lists. 
 
 No. 858, $. Essex Co. 
 No. 857, ? . " " 
 
 Lophortyx Calif ornicus Bon. — California Plumed 
 
 (288) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 41 
 
 Quail. Of exceptional and entirely accidental occur- 
 rence, and not really entitled to a place in the list, as the 
 specimens captured "were doubtless cage-birds. ("Bridge- 
 port, Ct., Dec, 1840"; Lins., p. 264.) 
 
 LAGOPID^. 
 
 Lagopus albus Aud. — White Ptarmigan. Rare, in 
 winter, in more northern portions. Hardly known as a 
 straggler so far south as Massachusetts. ("Northern 
 Maine, in winter ; rare;" Verr., p. 22. — Omitted from 
 JSam. 0. O.) 
 
 No. 860. White plumage. Manchester, Essex Co., May 10, 1859; 
 but supposed to have been brought alive from Labrador or Newfound- 
 land and escaped. 
 
 No. 76, <f. Summer plumage, Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30, 
 18G2. From the Williams College Lyceum, 1864. 
 
 No. 94. White plumage. Great Slave Lake. R. Kennicott. From 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 I am not confident that these three specimens are of the same spe- 
 cies ; or that albus is their proper name. 
 
 GRUIDiE. 
 
 Gkus Canadensis Temm. — Sand-hill Crane. 
 
 Nos. 1034; 1035. Bloomington, 111. Dr. E. S. L. Richardson. 
 
 The Whooping Crane, G. Americanus, has been at- 
 tributed to New England by one author. {Emm., p. 5 ; 
 and quoted by Pw^n., p. 229.) No recent writers pre- 
 sent it. Its occurrence must be regarded as extremely 
 problematical. 
 
 ARDEID^. 
 
 Ardea herodias Linn. — Great Blue Heron. "Blue 
 Crane." Summer resident. Common. 
 No. 996, J*. Essex Co. J. Webster, 1856. 
 No. 997, S, young. Essex Co. 
 No. 464, ? . Newburyport, Essex Co. . 
 
 Herodias egretta Gray. — Great White Egret. Rare 
 summer visiiant ; hardly farther north than Massachu- 
 setts. No part of New England is within its regular 
 range ; and its occurrence must be considered accidental, 
 
 6 (289) 
 
42 COUES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 though recorded in several instances. (^E. g. Putn., p. 
 218 ; All., p. 76. —Omitted from Sam. O. O.) 
 
 Garzetta candidissima Bon. — Snowy Heron, or Little 
 White Egret. Stragglers only as far north as Massachu- 
 setts. "Spring: very rare" (Essex- Co., M.2iBS., Putn,, 
 p. 218). "Boston, 1862"; {All., p. 86.) 
 
 Florida ccerulea Baird. — Little Blue Heron. Acci- 
 dental as far north as Massachusetts. " Very rare. Sum- 
 mer visitor." (Sam., p. 11.) "Stragglers taken." 
 (All., p. 86. — Omitted from Sam. O. 0.) 
 
 Ar delta exilis Gray. — Least Bittern. Very rare in 
 summer, as far as Southern Maine. ( Verr., p. 22.) 
 
 No. 88. Chicago, 111. H. O. Snow. From Chicago Acad. Sci., 1864. 
 
 Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. — Bittern. Common 
 
 summer resident throughout New England. This is one 
 
 of the few Herons found as far north as Labrador. 
 
 No. 999. Essex Co. R. Brookhouse, 1856. 
 No. 1000. " " 
 
 Butorides virescens Bon. — Green Heron. Common 
 
 summer resident throughout New England. 
 
 No. 1021. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1022, young. Essex Co. 
 
 JSTyctiardea Gardenii Baird. — Night Heron. "Qua- 
 bird." "Squawk." Very abundant summer resident. 
 There are extensive " heronries " of this species at Wen- 
 ham and Rowley, and also at Camden, Mass., though fast 
 becoming things of the past. 
 
 No. 998, young ; flrst plumage. Rowley, Essex Co. H. P. Ives, 1854. 
 
 No. 993. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 994. Salem, Essex Co. L. J. Johnson, April 16, 1852. 
 
 No. 995. " " " B. S. Grover, 1854. 
 
 No. 396, ? , young. Essex Co. Amos Prince, May 30, 1866. 
 
 The Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Ny ether odius viola- 
 ceus, may also occur. The Louisiana Heron, Demiegrelta 
 Ludoviciana, has been detected as far north as New York 
 (Lawr., p. 292), and may occasionally straggle into New 
 England, though I know of no record of its occurrence. 
 
 Falcinellus Ordii Bon. — Glossy Ibis. Has been oc- 
 casionally taken as far north as Massachusetts, but its 
 appearance must be regarded as exceptional. (Emm., p. 
 5; Peab., p. 365; Lins., p. 266; Putn., p. 230; All., 
 
 (290) 
 
COtTES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 43 
 
 p. 86; Gabot, B. S. N. H., iii, pp. 313, 333, 355; ir, 
 p. 346; iVM«., Man. ii, p. 88; Lcmr., p. 292. — Omit- 
 ted from Sam. 0. 0.) 
 
 Ibis rubra Vieill. — Scarlet Ibis. Nos. 990, 991, from 
 Brazil. The claims of this species to a place in the Fauna 
 of the United States rest upon insufficient evidence. 
 
 The "White Ibis (/. alba) sometimes strays along the 
 coast to New York (Lawr., p. 292), and may reach New 
 England. 
 
 CHAEADRIID^. 
 
 Gharadrius Virginicus Borck. — Golden Plover. Spring 
 
 and autumn migrant. Abundant. 
 
 No. 1014, young. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1015. Cape Cod, Mass. S. Jillson, Sept., 1854. 
 
 ^gialitis vociferus Cass. — Kildeer Plover. Summer 
 resident ; common, but somewhat irregularly distributed. 
 
 u^gialitis semipalmatus Cab. — Ring Plover. Spring 
 and autumn migrant. Usuallj' abundant. A few prob- 
 ably breed. 
 
 No. 1016. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 1018. " " " " " 
 
 ^gialitis melodus Cab. — Piping Plover. Summer 
 resident. Many breed on the islands and along the coast. 
 Most abundant, however, during its migrations. 
 
 No. 1017, $. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853. 
 
 ^gialitis Wilsonius Cass. — ^Wilson's Plover. Appears 
 to be rather rare, and perhaps only occasional, as far 
 north as Massachusetts. I do not find it recorded from 
 Maine. Dr. Brewer's authority for "its abundance at 
 Nahant, in August, 1838, is the one usually quoted. 
 Samuels, however, says (p. 11) "common in spring and 
 fall," which is at variance with the statements of most 
 observers. Recorded from Stratford, Ct. (ims.,p. 265.) 
 The species really belongs to a more southern region. 
 
 8quatarola helvetica Cuvier. — Black-bellied Plover. 
 Spring and autumn migrant. Not ordinarily very abun- 
 dant. 
 
 No. 1008. Spring. Essex Co. A. Houghton, 1836. 
 
 No. 1010. Fall. 
 
 No. 1011. Winter. 
 
 No. 1012, (J, young. Cape Cod, Mass. S. Jillson, Sept. 1854. 
 
 - (291) 
 
44 COUES, BIKDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 HiEMATOPODID^. 
 
 Hoematopus palliatus Temm. — Oyster Catcher. Of 
 very unusual occurrence, along the coast. (Mass., T. M. 
 Brewer. Peab., p. 358: Emm., p. 5; Putn., p,. 230; 
 AIL, p. 86.) 
 
 Strepsilas interpres lUig. — Turnstone. Spring and au- 
 tumn migrant. Not common. 
 
 No. 1019. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1020, S, young. Nahant, Essex Co. S. JlUson, Sept. 1855. 
 
 EECURVIROSTKIDiE. 
 
 Becurvirostra Americana Gm. — Avoset. Very rare, 
 and perhaps accidental. (Calais, Me., one instance, 
 spring of 1862. Boardm., Tp. 128 ; Ferr., p. 22.— Mass., 
 Bmm., p. 5 ; Piitn., p. 230 ; All., p. 86.) 
 
 Himantopus nigricolUs Vieill. — Black-necked Stilt. 
 Very rare and perhaps only accidental. (Calais, Me., 
 spring of 1862, one instance. Boardm., p. 128; Verr., 
 p. 22. — Mass., Emm., p. 5; Peab., p. 358; Putn., p. 
 230; All., p. 86. — Omitted from 8am., 0. O.) 
 
 The ordinary range of both the preceding species is 
 more southern and western. But Mr. Lawrence (p. 295) 
 has found them near New York. 
 
 PH AL AROPODID^ . 
 
 Sleganopus Wilsonii Coues. — Wilson's Phalarope. 
 Very rare, perhaps only accidental, and chiefly during its 
 migrations. {Putn., p. 227; All., -p. 86, quoting Audu- 
 bon's authority; Lawr., p. 295; omitted from Sam., 
 0. 0.) 
 
 Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. — Red Phalarope. Rare or 
 occasional along the coast, during its migrations. {Law., 
 p. 295 ; omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 Lohipes hyperboreus Cuv. — Northern Phalarope. Not 
 abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but Mr. 
 Verrill thinks some may breed ofl" the coast of Maine. 
 
 This is probably the species spoken of by Mr. Board- 
 man, as very common in the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 No. 1050. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 (292) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 45 
 
 SCOLOPACID^. 
 
 Scolopax rusticola Linn. — European Woodcock. This 
 species is authenticated as occurring on our coast from 
 Newfoundland to New York, as a straggler from Europe. 
 Examine in this connection Lator., p. 292, &^d. Baird, 
 Am. Journ. Sci. and Art, xli, 1866, p. 25. 
 
 Philohela minor Gcv&j. — Woodcock. Abundant sum- 
 mer resident. 
 
 No. 1040, ? . Essex Co. 
 
 Qallinago Wilsonii 'Qoto.. — Snipe. Common. Chiefly 
 during its migrations ; but many breed, especially in the 
 more northern sections. 
 
 No. 1044. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, December, 1853. 
 
 Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. — Eed-breasted Snipe. 
 Seen chiefly while migrating ; but some breed in the more 
 northern sections. "Summer visitant." (Calais, Me., 
 Boardm., p. 128.) 
 
 The M. scolopaceus Lawr. , is undoubtedly to be added 
 to the list. New York market, March 20th; Lawr., 
 p. 294. 
 
 Galidris arenaria Illiger. — Sanderling. Abundant. 
 Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, but perhaps perma- 
 nent resident. I know that some winter on the New 
 Hampshire coast; and Mr. Verrill (p. 23) gives it as 
 abundant on the Maine coast in summer. 
 
 No. 1026. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1027, ? . Essex Co. K. Waters, August, 1858. 
 
 Tringa canutus Linn. — Knot. Ash-colored or Eed- 
 breasted Sandpiper. Abundant. Spring and autumn mi- 
 grant along the coast. Some doubtless winter. 
 
 No. 1040. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 No. 1047, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Arquatella maritima Baird. — Purple Sandpiper. On 
 the coast in spring, autumn, and winter. Not very un- 
 common. Not known to breed. 
 
 Ancylocheilus subarquatus Kaup. — Curlew Sandpiper. 
 Very rare ; seen chiefly during its migrations. The spe- 
 cies is in America hardly more, perhaps, than a visitor 
 from Europe. 
 
 (293) 
 
46 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 The four preceding' Tringeoi are essentially maritime, 
 rarely quitting the immediate vicinity of the sea. 
 
 Pelidna Americana Coues. — American Dunlin. Red- 
 backed or black-bellied Sandpiper; (Tringa alpina of 
 early -writers) . Abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn 
 migrant, but some winter. 
 
 Actodromas maculata Cass, — Pectoral Sandpiper. 
 "■Jacksnipe;" "Grass Snipe;" {Tringa pedoralis Say, 
 and early writers). Common during the migrations, par- 
 ticularly in the autumn. 
 
 No. 1046, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Actodromas minutiUa Coues. — Least Sandpiper. . 
 
 "Peep." Very abundant during its migrations. Chiefly 
 
 maritime, but very generally distributed. 
 
 No. 1025. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853. 
 No. 91. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. Erom'the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Actodromas Bonapartei Cass. — Bonaparte's Sandpiper. 
 White-rumped Sandpiper. " Tringa Schinzii" of earlier^ 
 authors. A very common and widely distributed species, 
 whose range includes nearly all of North America, at 
 least east of the Rocky Mountains. They are exceed- 
 ingly abundant in Labrador toward the end of summer ; 
 and I have found them equally numerous in Kansas Ter- 
 ritory, in May, while migrating northward. They breed 
 in very high latitudes, and are only found in New Eng- 
 land, so far as I am aware, during their migrations. 
 
 No. 1023. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853. 
 
 No. 1048. " " S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 No. 1049. " " " " " 
 
 Ereunetes pusillus Cass. — Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
 "Peep." Abundant. Spring and autumn migrant. Not 
 known to breed. Some may winter. Chiefly maritime. 
 
 No. 1024. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853. 
 
 No. 90, Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 The Stilt Sandpiper, Micropalama himantopus, may be 
 confidently expected to occur ; but I cannot refer to any 
 recorded instances of its capture. Mr. Ijawrence includes 
 it in his New York list. 
 
 The original of Tringa Cooperii, Baird, was shot on 
 
 (294) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 47 
 
 Raynor South, L. I., May 24, 1833, and should be in- 
 cluded in this list, although I am not aware that any one 
 has seen or heard of any specimens except the type upon 
 which the species was based. Mr. Lawrence gives it a 
 place in his list. Cf. Bawd, B. N. A., p. 716, and Ooues, 
 Pr. A. N. S. Philad., 1861, p. 202. 
 
 An extralimital species of Sandpiper, Tringa platy- 
 rAyncha, now Eurinorhynchus pygmaeus, is inserted by 
 Peabody (p. 367) in the Massachusetts list, on the author- 
 ity of Mr. S. Cabot, Jr., "who procured a specimen at 
 Nahant." If this instance be authentic, it is the only one 
 .on record of the occurrence of the species in North 
 America. 
 
 Symphemia semipalmata Hartl. — Willet. Summer 
 
 resident. Not very abundant. 
 
 No. 1039. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 1040. " " " " " 
 
 Gambetta melanoleuca Bon. — Tell-tale. Stone Snipe. 
 
 Common. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but 
 
 doubtless breeds in more northern portions. 
 
 No. 89. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Gambetta flavipes Bon. — Yellow-legs. Common spring 
 
 and autumn migrant. Probably breeds in the more 
 
 northern portions. ( Ferr., p. 17.) 
 
 No. 1033. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver. Spring, 1853. 
 No. 1045. " " S. Jillson. Autumn, 1855. 
 
 Rhyacophilus solitarius Baird. — Solitary Sandpiper. 
 Not very abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant. 
 Mr. Samuels (p. 12) gives it as breeding in Massachusetts. 
 
 No. 1028, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, October, 1855. 
 
 Tringoides macularius Gray. — Spotted Tatler. "Tip- 
 up." "Teeter-tail." Abundant summer resident. 
 
 No. 1029, nestling. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853. 
 
 No. 1031, nestling. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 No. 1032, young. " " " " " 
 
 No. 1030, adult. " " 
 
 Actiturus Bartramius Bon.' — ^Bartram's Tatler. "Field 
 Plover." Common. Summer resident ; but most abun- 
 dant during its migrations. 
 
 No. 93. Chicago, 111. E. Kennicott. From the Chicago Academy 
 of Sciences, 1864. 
 
48 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Tryngites rufescens Cab. — Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 
 Very rare spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 Philoinachiis pugnax Gray. — Ruff. Accidental. From 
 Europe. Several instances of its capture at various 
 points on the New England coast. It is now generally 
 included among North American birds. (Calais, Me., 
 "accidental, one or two instances;" Boardman, Verr., 
 p. 23. Near New York ; iawr., p. 294. Long Island; 
 Baird, B. N. A., 1858, 727, etc. Omitted from 8am. 
 O. O.) 
 
 Limosafedoa Ord. — Marbled Godvvit. Not common, 
 and only during its migrations. 
 
 No. 1038, ? . Essex Co. 
 
 Limosa Hudsonica Swains. (^Limosa JEdwardsii? ot 
 Linsl., p. 267; perhaps an albino. )-^Hudsonian God- 
 wit. Rare, and only during its migrations. 
 
 No. 1051, $, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Numenius longirostris Wils. — Long-billed Curlew. 
 "Sickle-bill." Not abundant, and only during its mi- 
 gi-ations. 
 
 No. 992. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Numenius Hudsonicus Lath. — Hudsonian Curlew. 
 Rare, and only during its migrations. 
 
 Numenius boredlis Lath. — Esquimaux Curlew. Spring 
 and autumn migrant. It is singular that this species 
 should not be abundant in New England, considering the 
 almost incredible numbers that take their departure for 
 the south from Labrador in early autumn. 
 
 In addition to the preceding Totanince, the Totanus 
 glottis Bechst. ( Glottis Floridana Bp. ) has been accredited 
 to Connecticut by Mr. Linsley (p. 266 ; Stratford ; one 
 instance) ; but very possibly through an erroneous iden- 
 tification. 
 
 RALLID^. 
 
 Rallus elegans And.— Fresh Marsh Hen. Rare, per- 
 haps accidental, in summer, in the more southern portions. 
 (Stratford, Ct. Linsl., p. 267.) 
 
 Rallus crepitans Gm. — Salt Marsh Hen. Accidental 
 summer visitor, as far north as Massachusetts. ( Cabot, 
 
 (296) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 49 
 
 B. S. N. H. iii, p. 326; Putn., p. 229; Sam.., p. 12; 
 All., p. 87.) 
 
 No. 1006, $. Florida. N. C. Robbins, 1854. 
 
 Rallus Virginianus Linn. — Virginia Rail. Summer 
 
 visitant. Not very abundant. Known to breed as far 
 
 north as Maine. 
 
 No. 1009. Ipswich. Essex Co. R. Brookhouse, September, 1858. 
 No. 1013. Essex Co. 
 
 Porzana Oarolina Vieill. — Sora Eail. " Ortolan." 
 
 Common summer resident. Less abundant in more 
 
 northern portions. 
 
 Nos. 1003, 1004. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854. 
 No. 92. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Porzana JSTovceboracensis Cass. — Yellow Rail. Very 
 rare, in summer, as far north as Massachusetts. (^Emm., 
 p. 6; Peab., p. 375; Linsl., p. 268; Putn., p. 229; 
 8am., p. 12; All., p. 87.) 
 
 Nos. 1005, 1007. Ipswich. Esses Co. R. Brookhouse, Sept., 1857. 
 
 Fulica Americana Gm. — Coot. Summer resident. 
 Not uncommon. Breeds ; but appears to be everywhere 
 most numerous during the migrations. 
 
 Nos. 1001, 1002, J". Essex Co. 
 
 Oallinula galeata Bon. — Common Gallinule. Acci- 
 dental as far north as Massachusetts. (Cambridge, Mass., 
 Cabot. Peah., p. 258; All., p. 87.) 
 
 Gallinula martinica Lath. — Purple Gallinule. Very 
 rare and accidental summer visitor. ("Swampscott, 
 Mass., April 22, 1852 ; S. Jillson ;" Putn.,^. 224 ; All., 
 p. 87.) Neither this nor the preceding species is alluded 
 to by Mr. Samuels. 
 
 ANATID.^. 
 
 Oygnus Americanus Sharpless. — Swan. ( ? C. " musicus 
 Bp." Linsl., p. 268.) Of irregular, or at most very 
 rare occurrence, in winter. 
 
 Anser hyperboreus Pallas. — Snow Goose. Rare winter 
 visitant along the whole coast. 
 
 If the Anser coerulescens, usually believed to be the 
 young of the Snow Goose, be really a valid species, it 
 should take its place in the list of New England birds. 
 
 7 (297) 
 
50 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Anser Gambelii 'H.a,vt\. — American white-fronted Goose. 
 Very rare, and perliaps accidental, in winter. (Omitted 
 from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 No. 1109. Bloomington, 111. Dr. E. S. L. Richardson. 
 
 Bernicla leucopsis. — Barnacle Goose. This European 
 species has been repeatedly attributed to New England. 
 (Quincy, Mass., Cab., B. S. N. H., iii, p. 136; Putn., 
 p. 225 ; All., p. 88 ; Stonington, Conn., Linsl., p. 269.) 
 Its occurrence in North America, a long time considered 
 doubtful, has recently been established. (Am. Nat., ii, 
 1868, p. 49.) 
 
 Bernicla Canadensis Boie. — Wild Goose. Spring and 
 autumn migrant. Abundant. 
 
 Bernicla Hutchinsii. — Hutchins' Goose. Chiefly spring 
 and autumn migrant. Not abundant. (Omitted from 
 Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 Bernicla brenta Steph. — Brant. Spring and autumn 
 migrant. Common. , 
 
 The Black Brant, Bernicla nigricans Lawr. , is undoubt- 
 edly to be found in New England. (Long Island, Laivr., 
 p. 296.) 
 
 Anas boschas lAuu. — Mallard. Winter resident. Not 
 abundant. 
 
 No. 1120, $. Essex Co. 
 
 Anas obscura Gm. — Black Duck. Eesident. Breeds 
 plentifully in more northern portions. One of the most 
 abundant species. 
 
 No. 1]21, ^. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1126, ^. ■' " S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Da^la acuta Jenyns. — Pintail Duck. Winter resident, 
 chiefly along the coast. Not abundant. 
 
 No. 1129, f. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 JSfettion Carolinensis Baird. — Green-winged Teal. Com- 
 mon spring and autumn migrant. Not recorded as 
 breeding. 
 
 Nos. 1114, 1135, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 1115, $. ii II 11 11 .1 
 
 JSTetlion crecca Kaup. — English Teal. A European 
 
 species, but so often taken on the coast as to be fairly 
 
 considered as more than an accidental visitor. (Omitted 
 
 from Sam., 0. O.) 
 
 (298) 
 
OOUES, BIKDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 51 
 
 Spatula dypeata Boie. — Shoveller. Spring and au- 
 tumn migrant. Uncommon. 
 
 No. 1111, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Querquedutbb discors Steph. — Blue - winged Teal. 
 
 Spring and autumn migrant. Common. 
 
 No. 1082, $. Essex Co. 
 No. 1118, ?. " " 
 
 Ghaulelasmus streperus Gray. — Gadwall. Chiefly in 
 spring and autumn, but some winter. Not abundant. 
 
 No. 1130, ,?. Essex Co. S. JUlson, 1855. 
 
 Mareca Americana SteTph. — Widgeon. Baldpate. Au- 
 tumn, winter and spring. Common. 
 
 No. 1122, J. Essex Co. S. JiUson, 1855. 
 No. 1188, $. Chesapeake Bay. R. Brookhouse, 1867. 
 No. 85. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. Erom the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Mareca Penelope Bon. — European Widgeon. A Eu- 
 ropean species, like iV. crecca, so often taken on our 
 coast as to properly be entitled to a place in our Fauna. 
 (Long Island; apparently breeding ; Brew., B. S. N. H., 
 vi, p. 419.) Mr. Samuels says: "Eare in spring and 
 fall" in Massachusetts. Mr. Lawrence has it in his list. 
 (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 Aix sponsa Swains. — Summer Duck. Summer resi- 
 dent. Not very abundant. 
 
 No. 1112, (? ; 1183, ?. Wenham, Essex Co. John J. Gould, 1868. 
 No. 1113, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 jF^uUx ma7-ila Hsiird. — Scaup Duck. Winter i-esident, 
 though most plenty during the migrations. Not very 
 abundant. 
 
 No. 1083, g. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 PuUx affinis Baird. — Little Blackhead. Chiefly spring 
 and autumn migrant. Some may winter. Uncommon. 
 
 No. 86. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. Erom the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 FuUx collaris Baird. — Eing-necked Duck. Chiefly 
 spring and autumn migrant. Some may winter. Not 
 common. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 No. 87. Chicago, 111. Prof. McChenosy. From the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, 1864. 
 
 Aythya Americana Bon. — Eed-head. Winter resi- 
 dent, but more abundant during its migrations. 
 
 (299) 
 
52 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Aythya vallisneria Bonap. — Canvass Back. Chiefly 
 winter resident. Not abundant. 
 
 No. 1185, (J. Chesapeake Bay. R. Brookhouse, 1867. 
 
 Bucephala Americana Baird. Golden-eye. Common 
 winter resident. 
 
 No. 1131, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 
 Bucephala Islandica Baird. Barrow's Golden-eye. 
 There can be no doubt that this species, at least occasion- 
 ally if not regularly, visits the whole of New England. 
 It is recorded from the St. Lawrence, and as far south as 
 New York City. Its only record from New England, so 
 far as I am aware, is Calais, Me., "winter, very rare;" 
 {Boardm., p. 129.) For some interesting notes con- 
 cerning it, see Elliot, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., vii, Jan., 
 1862. 
 
 Bucephala albeola Baird. — Buffle Head. Butter Ball. 
 
 Abundant. Winter resident. 
 
 No. 1103, ,J. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855. 
 No. 1104, ?. " " " " " 
 
 Histrionicus torquaius ^on. — Harlequin. Rare winter 
 visitant along the coast. Known to breed, rarely, on the 
 islands in the Bay of Fundy (Boardm., p. 130). 
 
 Harelda glacialis Leach. — Long-tailed Duck. Com- 
 mon winter resident. 
 
 No. 1123, <?, summer. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 No. 1080, S, winter. " " " " 1855. 
 
 No. 1117, ?, " " " " " " 
 
 Camptolcemus Labradorius Gray. — Labrador Duck. 
 Rare winter visitant. (Omitted from /S'am., 0. 0.) 
 
 Melanetta velvetina Baird. — Velvet Duck. White- 
 winged " Coot/' Common winter resident, chiefly along 
 the coast. 
 
 No. 1119, ^. Essex Co. A. F. Bosson. 
 
 FelionettaperspicillataK-du-p.—Surl Duck. Abundant 
 winter resident. 
 No. 1099. Essex Co. 
 
 CEdemia Americana Swains. — Scoter. Common win- 
 ter resident. 
 
 No. 1100, $. Essex Co. 
 No. 1116, ?. " " A. E. Bosson. 
 
 No. 291, young. Chesapeake Bay. E. Brookhouse, Nov., 1867. 
 (300) 
 
COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 53 
 
 8omateria mollissima Leach. — Eider Duck. Common 
 on the whole coast during the winter, spring, and autumn. 
 They chiefly retire farther north to breed, though some 
 remain all summer " on the islands of the Bay of Fundy " 
 (Ferr., p. 24). 
 
 No. 1125, $, immature; nearly black all over, with a pure white 
 breast. Essex Co. S. Jlllson, 1855. 
 
 No. 79, $, adult. Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30, I860. From 
 the Williams College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864. 
 
 8omateria spectabilis Leach. — King Eider. Rare win- 
 ter visitant along the coast. 
 
 No. 1124, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Erismatura rubida Bon. — Ruddy Duck. Common 
 during its migrations, and many winter. Perhaps some 
 breed in more northern portions. 
 
 No. 188. South Salem, Essex Co. Emery S. Johnson, Nov. 7, 1866. 
 
 Mergus'Americanus Cass. — Sheldrake. Common 
 
 during the migrations, and in winter. Some may breed? 
 
 No. 1084, $. Essex Co. 
 No. 1085, ? . 
 
 Mergus serrator Linn. — Red-breasted Merganser. 
 
 Common during its migrations and in winter. It is said 
 
 to breed as far south as Massachusetts by Audubon. 
 
 No. 1081, ?. Essex Co. 
 
 No. 1184, ^. Salem, Essex Co. H. B. Griffin, 1867. 
 
 Ltyphodytes cucullatus Reich. — Hooded Merganser. 
 Winter visitant in more southern portions ; " a few breed 
 in the northern part ; " (of Maine ; Verr., p. 24.) No- 
 where very common. 
 
 No. 1186, $. Lake Champlain. Dr. B. Pickman, 1866. 
 
 No. 1187, ?. " " " " " " 
 
 The Smew, Mergellus albellus Selby, has- been inserted 
 in Massachusetts lists, but probably upon erroneous data. 
 Its occurrence in America is very problematical. 
 
 SULIDiE. 
 
 8ula bassana Briss. — Gannet. Common. Resident 
 in the northern, winter visitant to the more southern, por- 
 tions of the New England coast. 
 
 No. 1101, ^, adult. Essex Co. A. Houghton, 1836. 
 
 No. 1102, young. " " S. Jillson, Summer, 1856. 
 
 Sulajiber Ijinu. — Booby. "September. Rare." (Es- 
 
 (801) 
 
54 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 sex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 221; Guilford, Conn., Linsl., 
 p. 271.) A species recorded, as above, but by no other 
 writers, so far as I can learn. Its occurrence is entirely 
 exceptional. 
 
 PELECANIDJE. 
 
 Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Lath. — American White 
 Pelican. ("P. erythrorhynchus" of Gmelin, which 
 name conveys an erroneous impression regarding it, and 
 should be rejected.) Accidental. One instance of its 
 recent capture in New, England. (Calais, Me., Boardm., 
 p. 130.) The habitat of this species seems to have 
 changed greatly since the accounts of the earlier authors 
 were penned. New England lies much without its ordin- 
 ary range as now recognized. 
 
 PHALACROCORACID^. 
 
 Oraaulus dilophus Gray. — Double-crested Cormorant. 
 Not uncommon along the coast during the winter. 
 
 Graculus carbo Gray. — Common Cormorant. Shag. 
 
 Common winter visitant along the coast. 
 
 No. 1195, immature. Off Gloucester, Essex Co. C. J. Maynard, 
 Jan., 1867. 
 
 PBUETONIDiE. 
 
 PHiETON FLAViKOSTEis Brandt. — Tropic Bird, (iep- 
 turus candidus Briss. ; Phceton aether eus, Audubon, B. 
 Am., vii, p. 64, pi. 427; P. flavirostris Brandt, Bull. 
 Acad. St. Petersb. i, 1837, p. 349 : Lawrence, B. N. A., 
 1858, p. 884.) A specimen. No. 1087, agrees with the 
 descriptions and figures here cited, and should undoubt- 
 edly bear the above name. 
 
 No. 1087. South Atlantic. H. F. Shepard, 1856. 
 
 Phaeton ? Another excellent specimen in the 
 
 collection differs much from the former, and appears to 
 be of a different species. It is much larger, with a bright 
 vermilion bill, and with the back finely mottled with 
 black and white. I do not know the proper name of this 
 species, unless it is the true cethereus of Linnaeus, as con- 
 
 (302) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 55 
 
 tradistinguished by Brandt aud others from candidus 
 Briss. 
 
 No. 1086, ■$. South Atlantic. H. F. Shepard, 1856. 
 
 PROCELLAEnD^. 
 
 DiOMEDEA EXULANS Linn. — Wandering Albatross. Nu- 
 merous examples of this species, all from extra-limital 
 localities (No. 1134, and others). 
 
 Phcebetria FULiGiNOSA Rcich. — Dusky Albatross. 
 Several specimens from extra-limital regions. 
 
 [Note. In addition to the preceding species, I find several exam- 
 ples of D. culminata Gould, chiefly from Cape Horn. No. 1127 and 
 others. One of these is peculiarly interesting. The plumage indi- 
 cates it to be nearly mature ; but yet the bill is wholly pure black, 
 with only a slight brownish tinge along the sides of the inferior 
 maxillary ramus. There is not the slightest trace of yellow on the 
 culmen. This is the first example I have ever met with in this condi- 
 tion. The specimen is now in the Smithsonian Institution. This is 
 the species given by Audubon as D. " chlororliyncJia," of which he 
 says his specimen was taken not far from the Columbia Elver.] 
 
 Fulmarus glacialis Leach. — Fulmar Petrel. A rare 
 winter visitant along the coast. {Peab., p. 383 ; Puln., 
 p. 231 ; All., p. 89. Omitted from 8am., 0. 0.). 
 
 Daption capensis Steph. — Pintado Petrel. Of this 
 species, usually accorded a place among North American 
 Birds, a specimen (No. 1142) is in the collection from 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 Priofinus cinereus Coues. — Cinereous Petrel. (Not 
 the Atlantic " Cinereous Shearwater " which is the Puffi- 
 nus KuJilii Boie. Not ^^ Puffinus cinereus" of the earlier 
 American authors, which is P. major Faber, infra. See 
 my review of the ProcellariidcB, Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 
 Apr. 1864, p. 119, for synonymes and relationships.) A 
 fine example of this species in the collection (No. 1145) 
 from Cape Horn. It is a very extensively distributed 
 species. 
 
 Puffinus major Faber. — Greater Shearwater. "Hag- 
 don." {Puffinus "cinereus" of the earlier local lists.) 
 Not uncommon off the coast, particularly in winter. 
 This is the most abundant species off the north-east coast 
 of America. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 No. 1141. Salem, Essex Co. J. A. Goldthwait, Sept. 25, 1854. 
 
 (303) 
 
56 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Puffinus Anglorum Temm. — Mank's Shearwater. Of 
 not uncommon occurrence off the coast, chiefly in winter. 
 (Omitted from 8am., O. 0.) 
 
 Puffinus fuUginosus Strickl. — Sooty Shearwater. 
 "Black Hagdon." Common off the coast, except in sum- 
 mer. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 The whole group of the dusky unicolor Petrels are cer- 
 tainly foremost among the " opprobria ornithologise ; " 
 remaining a standing rebuke that at this late date so little 
 should be accurately known concerning tham. The ques- 
 tion whether this, and certain other birds composing the 
 genus Nectris of Forster, as amended by Bonaparte, are 
 valid species, or only seasonal or sexual conditions of the 
 bicolor Puffini, is still agitated. There cannot be the 
 slightest doubt that there are species of Petrels remain- 
 ing uniformly dusky all through their lives ; e. g. P. 
 sphenurus Gould, P- carneipes Gould, ^strelata fuligin- 
 iosa Cones ex Kuhl, Majaqueus oequinoctialis Bon. ex^ 
 Linn., etc. But that certain of the Puffini do not at 
 some period during their progress towards maturity, or 
 afterwards, at some seasons, pass through or acquire a 
 dusky state of plumage, is by no means incontrovertibly 
 proven. For example, I have a strong suspicion that the 
 specimen upon which I based my Puffinus creatqpus 
 (Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, p. 131), a bicolor individual, 
 was, a few months before its death, in a uniformly fulig- 
 inous state of plumage. Argument from analogy is 
 readily forthcoming. Witness the well-known immature 
 states of plumage of JEstrelata Lessonii, ^. QooMi, ^. 
 •mollis, Ossifraga gigantea, Diomedea exulans, etc., etc., 
 of the Procellariidce ; or, in another family, the species of 
 Stercorarius ; all of which species pass through, or 
 acquire at times, different plumages, one of which is fulig- 
 inous. Let one attempt to study Procellariidoe, and he 
 will find, amid a few pretty definitely ascertained facts, 
 an immense mass of heterogeneous, indigestible data, 
 affording ample ground for speculative hypotheses, which 
 are incapable alike of proof or denial, since the key-note 
 whereby they may be harmonized has not as yet been 
 struck. 
 
 (304) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 57 
 
 Procellaria pelagica Linn. — Stormy Petrel. ( Thalas- 
 sidroma pelagica Vigors, and most authors.) Of irregu- 
 lar and somewhat rare occurrence off the coast. (Omit- 
 ted from 8am., 0. 0.) 
 
 Oceanites oceanica Coues. — Wilson's Petrel. (Thalas- 
 
 sidroma Wilsonii of authors.) Common off the coast. I 
 
 find no recorded instances of its breeding, although most 
 
 probably it does so. It is a cosmopolitan species. 
 
 No. 1138, ? . Salem Harbor, Essex Co. Capt. B. B. Neal, August, 
 1855. 
 
 Oymochorea leucorrhoa Cones.— Leach's Petrel. (Tha- 
 lassidroma Leachii of authors.) Resident. The most 
 abundant Petrel, being of very common occurrence along 
 the whole coast. " Breeds abundantly from Mount Desert 
 to Grand Menan" ( Verr., p. 24). Accidental in the in- 
 terior. (Springfield, Mass., All., p. 80.) 
 
 LARIDJE. 
 
 Buphagus Skua Coues. — Skua Gull. ("Lestris catar- 
 ractes" of authors.) Said to be of very rare or acci- 
 dental occurrence along the coast as far north as Massa- 
 chusetts {Peab., p. 381). But it is not given in any of 
 the recent lists, and its occurrence is extremely prob- 
 lematical. 
 
 Stercorarius pomarinus Temm. — Pomarine Jager. 
 Along the coast in winter ; not abundant. Known to pro- 
 ceed as far south, at least, as Pennsylvania. It is oftener 
 seen farther north. 
 
 Stercorarius parasiticus Gray. — Arctic Jager. Not 
 rare off the coast in winter. Most numerous in the more 
 northern portions of the continent. 
 
 This is the Lestris Richardsonii of Audubon, and of 
 the earlier American writers ; but not the species or vari- 
 ety so named by Swaiuson. The true Richardsonii, as I 
 have defined it (Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1863, p. 121), may 
 possibly visit New England in winter. 
 
 Stercorarius Buffonii Coues. — Long-tailed Jager. 
 "Marlingspike." {S. cepphus Gray, and authors gener- 
 al.) Common off the coast in autumn and winter. 
 (Omitted from Sam., 0. O.) 
 
 8 (305) 
 
58 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Larus marinus Linn. — Great Black-backed Gull. 
 " Saddle-back." " Coffin-carrier." Winter visitant. Not 
 abundant. "A few breed." (Bay of Fundy, ^oardm., 
 p. 131.) 
 
 No. 1095, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 No. 1096, g*, young. " " " " " 
 
 Larus glaucus'Brami. — Glaucous Gull. "Burgomaster." 
 "Ice-Gull." Yery rare winter visitant. (Omitted from 
 8am., 0.0.) 
 
 Larus leucopterus Faber. — White- winged Gull. Win- 
 ter visitant. Not abundant. (Omitted from Sam., 
 0. 0.) 
 
 Larus Smithsonianus Coues. — American Herring Gull. 
 "L. argentatus" of American authors. Resident. Abun- 
 dant in winter along the whole coast. Breeds in numbers 
 on the islands off the coast of Maine. 
 
 No. 1094, adult. Essex Co. C. D. Saunders, April, 1854. 
 
 No. 1189. Salem Harbor, Essex Co., Dec. 28, 1867. By purchase. 
 
 Larus Delawarensis Ord. — Ring-billed Gull. Com-' 
 mon off the coast in winter. Some breed. (Omitted 
 from 8am., 0. 0.) 
 
 Larus Hutchinsii Richardson. ( Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat. 
 Sc. Phila., 1862, p. 294.) — Hutchius' Gull. Snow- 
 white Gull. I am much pleased, to find in the collection 
 an excellent example of this species of Richardson's, which 
 I have recently revived, as above. The specimen agrees 
 entirely with others in the Smithsonian Institution from 
 various localities, upon which I based the species. The 
 bird is rather smaller than glaucus, and pure white all 
 over, including the wings ; the shafts of which are yel- 
 lowish. On the upper tail coverts and scapulars are some 
 very faint, nearly obsolete transverse bars of light gray- 
 ish brown. On the under tail coverts these bars are some- 
 what better defined. The plumage of the breast and 
 belly has a slight clouding of grayish, doubtless, with the 
 bars above mentioned, indicative of immaturity. The 
 bill is yellow, its terminal third black. The legs and 
 feet appear to have been dusky flesh-color. 
 
 We can avoid recognizing this bird as a valid species 
 upon only two hypotheses. One is, that it is an albino ; 
 
 (306) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 59 
 
 but that such is the case is purely a matter of conjecture, 
 and would be an exchange of one doubtful opinion for 
 another. The other is, that it is an immature stage of 
 L. glaucus. The color of the bill and some other fea- 
 tures tend to confirm this latter supposition. I am some- 
 what familiar with the " theory of variation " which ob- 
 tains among Gulls during their progress toward maturity ; 
 but do not now recollect an instance in which the bluish 
 pearl of the upper parts of those species, which, like 
 glaucus, finally attain this color, is not apparent at an age 
 evidently reached by the specimen in question. More- 
 over, if such a state of plumage as that just described is 
 a normal stage of glaucus during its adolescence, it is 
 rather singular that I should have met with no description 
 of such a condition in my tolerably thorough study of 
 Larine bibliography. For the present, therefore, I con- 
 tinue to give credence to the existence of a large pure 
 white gull, for which I have adopted the above name ; 
 being prepared, however, in view of the extreme uncer- 
 tainty of all matters ornithological, and especially Larine, 
 to retire from my position when the first good evidence of 
 its unsoundness is presented. 
 
 No. 1132. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 [Note. The Larusfuscus is given by Peabody (p. 380) as found off 
 tlie coast of Massachusetts, and by Linsley (p. 271) as from Stoning- 
 ton, Conn. These are, doubtless, erroneous identifications. There is 
 no good evidence of the occurrence of this European species on our 
 coasts.] 
 
 Ghrmcocephalus atricilla Lawr. — Laughing Gull. Res- 
 ident. Not abundant. "A few breed about the islands." 
 (Bay of Fundy, Boardm., p. 131.) Winters sparingly 
 along southern portions of the coast. 
 
 No. 1106, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856. 
 
 Ohroecoc&phalus Philadelphia Lawr. — Bonaparte's Gull. 
 Common ; resident, except perhaps during the breeding 
 season. By no means confined to the coast. 
 
 No. 1107, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853. 
 
 Rissa tridactyla Bon. — Kittiwake. Common winter 
 resident. Some probably breed off the coast of Maine. 
 
 No. 1105, young $, winter. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854. 
 
 No. 1108, adult. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1854. 
 
 The Fork-tailed Gull, Xema 8abinii Leach, doubtless 
 
 (307) 
 
60 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 occurs as a rare winter visitant. (Near New York, Lawr. , 
 p. 299.) 
 
 Oelochelidon Anglica Bon. — Marsh Tern. {Sterna ar- 
 anea of American authors.) Of rare and perhaps only 
 accidental occurrence, in summer. {Emm., p. 5 ; Putn., 
 231 ; 8am., p. 14; All., p. 90.) 
 
 Thalasseus Oaspius Boie. — Caspian Tern. A rare win- 
 ter visitant. "Coast in winter; rare." (Maine, Verr., 
 p. 25.) It is known to go considerably farther south. 
 Mr. Lawrence has it in his New York list. 
 
 No. 1194:. No locality; a fine example of my var. imperator. 
 
 Thalasseus acuflavidus Coues. — American Sandwich 
 Tern. Of undoubted occurrence in summer on the coast ; 
 although I do not now recall a record of its capture. 
 
 Mr. Peabody (p. 378) gives the " Sterna cayana " (of 
 Audubon = regius Gamb.) as a Massachusetts bird, but 
 entirely upon the statement of Audubon, that he saw if 
 in Labrador. But Audubon doubtless mistook Oaspius^ 
 for it. Still I am of opinion that regius does sometimes 
 wander as far north as New England. (Near New York, 
 Lawr., p. 299.) 
 
 Sterna MrundoJAmi. — Common Tern. Summer res- 
 ident, breeding abundantly along the coast. 
 
 No. 1088, young, $. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1§53. 
 
 No. 1092 (probably) " " " " 
 
 No. 1090, 1091, immature. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854. 
 
 No. 78, fledgling, July 24. Sukltertoppen, Greenland. Williams 
 College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864. Either this or the suc- 
 ceeding species. 
 
 Sterna inacroura Naum. — Arctic Tern. Abundant. 
 Resident, breeding and wintering. 
 
 No. 1089, ? . Essex Co. C. L. Pierson, 1853. 
 
 No. 1093. " " " " " " 
 
 Sterna paradisea Briinn. — Roseate Tern. Common on 
 the coast in summer, as far north as Massachusetts. 
 "Breeds plentifully on Muskegat Island, in company 
 with 8. hirundo, macroura, and Antillarum." {All., in 
 epist.) The species has usually been held to be rare or 
 accidental. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 Sterna Antillarum Coues. — Least Tern. Summer res- 
 ident. Common. Some breed. 
 
 Sterna Forsterii Nutt. — Forster's Tern. A species 
 which I do not find recorded, though undoubtedly occur- 
 (308) 
 
COUES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND. 61 
 
 ring in winter. In the plumage of that season it consti- 
 tutes Audubon's Sterna "HaveUii." Mr. Lawrence has 
 specimens from Long Island. It is decidedly a northern 
 species, probably not breeding within our limits. 
 
 Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray. — Short-tailed Tern. Eare 
 and perhaps occasional, chiefly in the latter part of sum- 
 mer, and early in autumn. 
 
 Haliplana fuliginosa Wagl. — Sooty Tern. A rare and 
 perhaps only accidental summer visitant as far north as 
 Massachusetts. "Breeds on Muskegat Island." (E. A. 
 Samuels, AIL, p. 90. Omitted from Sam., 0. O.) 
 
 Bhynchops nigra Linn. — Black Skimmer. Entirely ac- 
 cidental, if really occurring. (Mass., Emm., p. 6; 
 Linsl., p. 271; Putn., p. 231; not recognized by other 
 local authorities.) 
 
 COLYMBIDiE. 
 
 Oolymhus torquatus Briinn. — Loon. Common ; resi- 
 dent. "Occasionally breeds." (Mass., 8am., p. 14: 
 All., p. 80.) Regularly breeds in more northern por- 
 tions. In southern portions is chiefly found during the 
 winter. 
 
 No. 1097, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, May, 1864. 
 
 No. 1098, young. " " " " 1853. 
 
 Oolymhus arcticus Linn. — Black-throated Loon. Very 
 rare winter resident. Not known to breed. (Omitted 
 from 8am., 0. 0.) 
 
 Oolymhus seplentrionalis Linn. — Red-throated Loon. 
 Rare winter visitant. 
 
 No. 80, adult, Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30, 1860. Williams 
 College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864. 
 
 No. 1190, young. Salem, Essex Co. A. E. Bosson, 1863. 
 
 No. 1191, 9 . " " " Saml. Carlen, Nov., 1866. 
 
 No. 189, $. " " " J. H. Emerton, Nov. 7, 1866. 
 
 Oolymhus—. ? Unidentifiable. 
 
 No. 77, nestling. Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 31, 1860. Wil- 
 liams College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864. 
 
 PODICIPID^. 
 
 Podiceps Holhbllii * Reinhardt. (P- ruhricollis or gri- 
 
 * See my Reviev? of the Loons and Grebes of North America, in the 
 Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1862, p. 226. 
 
 (309) 
 
62 COUE8, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 seigena of American writers . ) — ^Red-necked Grebe . Com- 
 mon. Chiefly winter resident, but some doubtless breed. 
 
 No. 1147, ?. Essex Co. William Patterson. 
 
 No. 1150. " " A. F. Bosson. 
 
 Podiceps cristatus Lath. — Crested Grebe. Common 
 winter resident. Some breed in Maine. {CsiMs, Boardm., 
 p. 131.) 
 
 Podiceps cornutus Lath. — Horned Grebe. Common 
 winter resident. But many breed, particularly in more 
 northern portions. 
 
 No. 1148, young ? . Essex Co. A. F. Bosson. 
 
 No. 1149, " " " " " " 
 
 Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. — Dabchick. Common ; 
 resident, but chiefly occurs in spring and fall. 
 
 No. 1444, $ . Essex Co. R. Brookhouse. 
 
 ALCiDM. 
 
 The Great Auk, Alca impennis, formei-ly existed in^ 
 New England. For an interesting account of the dis- 
 covery, by Prof. Wyman , of its remains at Mt. Desert, 
 and at Crouch's Cove, Me., see Am. Nat., i, p. 578. 
 Audubon states that it used to occur on the coast of Mas- 
 sachusetts.* 
 
 Utamania torda Leach. — Razor-billed Auk. "Tinker." 
 
 Chiefly a winter visitant, and common. Resident in more 
 
 northern portions, breeding about the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 (^Boardm., p. 131 ; Venr., p. 25.) 
 
 No. 83, adult. Labrador. Williams College Lyceum of Natural 
 History, 1864. 
 
 Fratercula arctica 111. — Puffin. " Sea Parrot." Chiefly 
 
 a winter visitant, and not uncommon. Some breed about 
 
 the Bay of Fundy. (^Boardm., p. 131 ; Verr., p. 25.) 
 
 No. 81. Caribou Isl., Lab. Williams College Lyceum of Natural 
 History, 1864. 
 
 The Large-billed Puffin, F. glacialis, has been accred- 
 ited to Grand Menan, by Audubon, and included, upon 
 his authority, in some of the local lists. But its occur- 
 rence is at best extremely problematical. (Cf. my mon- 
 
 *This statement has been corroborated by the finding of a humerus 
 of the Great Auk in the Shell-heaps at Ipswich, by Prof. Baird, In 
 August last. — F. W. P. 
 
 (310) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 63 
 
 ograph of the Alcidse, p. 24.) Audubon's "glacialis" is 
 the corniculata Naum., a North Pacific species, not re- 
 corded from the Atlantic. 
 
 Lunda cirrhata Pallas. — Tufted PuflSn. Said to be 
 of very rare occurrence in winter off the Coast of Maine. 
 Near Calais, Me., {Boardm., p. 132; Verr., p. 25. 
 Grand Menan. Audubon. Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 JJria grylle Lath. — Black Guillemot. "Sea Pigeon." 
 
 Resident in more northern portions, breeding abundantly 
 
 on the rocky islands ; a common winter visitant along 
 
 more southern portions of the coast. 
 
 No. 1139, ? , winter. Nahaut, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec, 1855. 
 No. 1146, winter. " " " " " " " 
 
 No. 1140. Essex Co. By purchase, 1864. 
 
 No. 82, summer. Labrador. Williams College Lyceum of Nat- 
 ural History, 1864. 
 
 Lomvia troille * Brandt. ( Oolymbus troille L. Gm. — 
 JJria troille Lath., and most European writers : — Gatar- 
 rhacfes troille Bryant. — Oepphus lomvia Pallas. — Uria 
 lomvia Briinnich; and of Cassin, in Baird's B. N. A., 
 p. 913.— Uria troile, Putn., p. 222. Not of Giraud, B. 
 L. L, p. 376. — Uria lomvia, Sam., p. 14 ; Aud., pi. 218, 
 fig. 2. — Not the Aha lomvia Linn.— American and 
 European bird considered identical.) — Common winter 
 resident. Some breed, towards the northern portions. 
 (" Murre Ledges," Boardm., p. 131). 
 
 Lomvia ringvia Brandt. ( Uria ringvia Briinnich, and 
 U. alga Briinnich; — leucophthalmus Faber, leucopsis 
 Brehm, lachrymans Choris., and some European wri- 
 ters ; troile of Giraud's, Birds of Long Island, p. 376 ; 
 Audubon's pi. 218, fig. 1.) — This is the species, or 
 variety, with the white ring around, and white line 
 behind, the eye. Winter visitant ; probably some breed 
 with the preceding species. 
 
 * Tlie three North American species of Lomvia have been so often 
 confounded, and their synonymy is in such a state of confusion, 
 that to enable one to know what species is referred to under a given 
 name, it is absolutely necessary to introduce some synonymes. The 
 reader is referred to my Monograph of the Alcidae, Proceedings 
 of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Jan., 1868, for 
 further Information upon the subject. Dr. Bryant's excellent mono- 
 graph of the genus Gatarrhactes, in the Proceedings of the Boston 
 Society of Natural History for 1861, should also be consulted. 
 
 (311) 
 
64 COUES, BIEDS or NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Lomvia Svarhag Coues.— Brunnich's Guillemot. {Aha 
 lomvia, Linn. — Catarrhactes lomvia Bryant. — Uria troille 
 and Svarbag, Briinn. Not troille of Linnaus. Cejfphus 
 arra, Pallas. Uria arra, or Uria Brunnichii of most 
 authors. Putn., p. 222; Cassin, B. N. A., p. 914. 
 Uria Francsii Leach, Giraud, p. 377 ; Peab., p. 400.)— 
 The thick-billed species, figured by Audubon, pi. 345. 
 Common winter resident. Found as far south as New 
 Jersey. Not known to breed within the limits of New 
 England. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.) 
 
 Nos. 1143, 1192, winter. Essex Co. 
 
 Mergulus alls Vieill. — Sea Dove. " Dovekie." _ Com- 
 mon winter resident. Not known to breed within the 
 limits of New England. 
 
 Nos. 191, 1136, 1137, adults, winter. Essex Co. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Strix pratincola Bon. — Barn Owl. This rather south- 
 ern species has only recently been authenticated as occur- 
 ring in New England. " The first and only specimen 1 
 ever knew taken in New England was killed near Spring- 
 field, Mass., about the last of May, of the present year." 
 (J. A. Allen, MS.) Mr. Lawrence includes it in his 
 New York list. 
 
 Turdus ncevius Gm. — Varied Thrush. This Pacific 
 species has at length been authenticated as a straggler in 
 New England. "A specimen was shot near Boston in 
 December, 1864." (J. A. Allen, MS.) For other in- 
 stances of its occurrence in the Atlantic States, see Bairdj 
 B. N. A., pp. xxi, 219; Gabot, Proc. B. S. N. H., iii, 
 p. 17 ; Allen, p. 82 ; Lawrence, p. 281. 
 
 Mr. Allen informs me that he has carefally examined 
 the specimen of supposed Turdus nanus, recorded by Mr. 
 Samuels (Am. Nat., ii, p. 214), and found it to be only 
 an unusually small, bright colored, immature 'example of 
 T. Swainsonii! 
 
 Hesperiphona vespertina. Add to the record of this 
 species at Woodstock, Canada, Mr. Lawrence's notice of 
 
 (312) 
 
COUES, BIRDS OP NEW ENGLAND. 65 
 
 its occurrence near New York. Stragglers will probably 
 in time be found in New England. 
 
 The Golden Eagle {^Aquila Canadensis) has been 
 known to breed in Franconia, N. H. {Br. Brewer.) 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. Allen for the following mem- 
 oranda : — 
 
 Carpodacus purpureus. — Now not at all rare in south- 
 ern New England in summer. 
 
 Passerculus savanna. — Found breeding plentifully all 
 along the Massachusetts coast ; not yet observed in sum- 
 mer in the Connecticut valley. 
 
 Goturniculus Henslowii. — Several late instances of its 
 capture in Massachusetts. It seems to be a regular but 
 rare summer visitant. Several nests have been found. 
 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys. — Hardly to be considered, 
 Mr. Allen thinks, as "usually common." 
 
 Junco hyemalis. — Breeds plentifully in certain local- 
 'ities among the mountains of western Massachusetts. 
 
 /Spizella monticola. — No authentic instance of its breed- 
 ing in Massachusetts. The record of its breeding (Proc. 
 B. S. N. H., V, 213,) proves to be erroneous. Mr. Sam- 
 uels informed Mr. Allen that the nest and eggs there 
 referred to really belonged to S. socialis. 
 
 Mdospiza melodia. — Has been observed in winter at 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 M. palustris. — Mr. Allen has not seen this species in 
 Massachusetts except during its migrations. 
 
 M. Lincolnii. — Mr. S. Jillson has taken this species 
 at Hudson, in May, 1867. 
 
 Cardinalis Virginianus. — Four specimens were taken 
 at one time at Springfield, two or three years since. 
 
 8quatarola helvetica. — A few straggling individuals 
 were seen in June on the coast of Massachusetts ; but the 
 species is not properly to be considered as a summer 
 resident. • 
 
 ArquateUa maritima. — A few individuals of this spe- 
 cies, and also of Rhyacophilus solitarius, Actodromas 
 Bonapartei, and A. minutilla, were seen in June and July 
 
 9 (313) 
 
66 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 along the coast of Massachusetts ; but none of them 
 appeared to be breeding. 
 
 Mergus Americanus, M, serrator, and Lophodytes cucul- 
 latus, all breed in Maine as far south as Umbagog Lakes, 
 where eggs and young have been procured. Mr. Allen 
 thinks that Audubon had good grounds for his statement 
 that M. Americanus breeds in Massachusetts. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 2S6, under Tardus Pallasii, for No. 562 read 552. 
 Page 273, under Dendrceca pina, for No. 82 read 1197, and for No. 
 510, i, read 510, ?. 
 
 Page 279, under Oerthia Americana, for No. 263 read 363. 
 Page 284, under Pipilo erythrophtlialmus, for No. 557 read 567. 
 Plage 293, under Philohela minor, for No. 1040 rectd 1042. 
 Page 295, under Symphemia semipalmata, for 1040 read 1041. 
 
 (314) 
 
INDEX 
 
 FAMILIES AND SPECIES 
 
 [The paging referred to is that given in parenthesiB at the/oo« of the page, which 
 is the regular paging of Volume V. of the Proceedings, Essex Institute.] 
 
 A. 
 
 
 
 Athene hypogsea, 
 
 . 261 
 
 Acoipiter Cooperii, 
 
 
 255 
 
 Aythya Americana, 
 
 299 
 
 fuscus, . 
 
 
 256 
 
 vaUisneria, 
 
 . 300 
 
 Actiturus Bartramius, 
 
 
 295 
 
 
 
 Actodromas Bonapartei, 
 maculata, 
 
 294 
 
 ,313 
 
 B. 
 
 
 
 294 
 
 Bernicla hrenta, 
 
 . 298 
 
 minutilla, . 
 
 2W 
 
 ,313 
 
 Canadensis, 
 
 298 
 
 ^gialitis melodus, 
 
 
 291 
 
 Hutchinsii, . 
 
 . 298 
 
 semipalmatus, 
 vociferus, . 
 
 
 291 
 
 leucopsis, . 
 
 298 
 
 
 291 
 
 nigricans, 
 
 . 298 
 
 Wilsonius, 
 
 
 291 
 
 Bonasa umbella. 
 
 287 
 
 ^giothus canescens, . 
 
 
 281 
 
 Botaurus lentiginosus. 
 
 . 290 
 
 exilipes, . 
 
 
 281 
 
 Brachyotus Caesinii, 
 
 259 
 
 fliscescens, 
 
 
 281 
 
 Bubo Virginianus, 
 
 . 260 
 
 linarius, . 
 
 
 280 
 
 Bucephala albeola, . 
 
 300 
 
 .iEstrelata Cookii, 
 
 
 304 
 
 Americana, 
 
 . 300 
 
 fiiliginosa, 
 
 
 304 
 
 Islandica, 
 
 300 
 
 Xiessonii, . 
 mollis, 
 
 
 304 
 
 304 
 
 Buphagns Sl^ua, 
 
 Buteo Bairdii, .... 
 
 . 305 
 257 
 
 Aeelsens phceniceus, . 
 
 
 285 
 
 borealis, . 
 
 256, 258 
 
 Aix sponsa, 
 Alaudidse, 
 
 
 299 
 280 
 
 elegans, . 
 Harlanii, . ; . . 
 
 257 
 . 257 
 
 Aloalomvia, 
 
 311 
 
 ,312 
 
 lineatus, . 
 
 256, 257 
 
 impennis. 
 
 
 310 
 
 montanue, 
 
 . 258 
 
 Alcidffl, .... 
 Ammodromus caudacutus, 
 
 
 310 
 
 Peunsylvanicus, . 
 
 257 
 
 
 282 
 
 Swainsonii, 
 
 257, 258 
 
 maritimus. 
 
 
 282 
 
 Butorides virescens. 
 
 290 
 
 AmpelidsE, .... 
 
 
 276 
 
 
 
 Ampelis cedrorum, . 
 
 
 276 
 
 C. 
 
 
 garrulus. 
 
 
 276 
 
 Calidris arenaria, ... 
 
 . 293 
 
 Anas hoschas, . 
 
 
 298 
 
 Camptolsemus Labradorius, . 
 
 300 
 
 ohscura, . 
 
 
 298 
 
 Caprimulgidas, . 
 
 . 263 
 
 Anatidse, 
 
 Ancylocheilus subarqnatus. 
 
 
 297 
 
 Cardinalis Virginianus, . 
 
 284, 313 
 
 
 293 
 
 Carpodacus purpureus. 
 
 280, 313 
 
 Anser cserulescens. 
 
 
 297 
 
 Catarrhactes troille, 
 
 311 
 
 Gambelii, . 
 
 
 298 
 
 Cathartes atratus, 
 
 . 254 
 
 hyperhoreus. 
 
 
 297 
 
 aura. 
 
 253 
 
 Anorthura hyemalis, . 
 
 
 278 
 
 Centrocercus urophasianus, . 
 
 . 288 
 
 Anthus Ludovicianus, . 
 
 
 268 
 
 Centurus Carolinus, 
 
 262 
 
 Antrostomus vociferus, . 
 
 
 263 
 
 Cepphus arra 
 
 . 312 
 
 Aquila Canadensis, 
 
 258 
 
 313 
 
 lomvia, 
 
 311, 312 
 
 Archibuteo lagopus, . 
 
 257 
 
 258 
 
 Certhia Americana, . 
 
 . 279 
 
 Saucti-Johaunis, 
 
 257 
 
 258 
 
 Gerthiidse, . 
 
 279 
 
 Ardea herodias, . 
 
 
 289 
 
 Ceryle alcyon, 
 
 . 263 
 
 Ardeidai, . 
 
 
 289 
 
 ChsBtura pelasgia, . 
 
 263 
 
 Ardetta exilis, 
 
 
 290 
 
 CharadrudiK, 
 
 . 291 
 
 Arquatella maritima. 
 
 293 
 
 313 
 
 Charadrius Virginicus, 
 
 291 
 
 Astragalinus tristis. 
 
 
 280 
 
 Chaulelasmus streperus, 
 
 . 299 
 
 A.stur atricapillus, . 
 
 
 2,5.') 
 
 Chondestes grammacus, 
 
 281 
 
68 
 
 Ohordeiles popetue, 
 Chrcecephaius atricilla, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 Chrysomitris pinus, . 
 Circus Hudsonicus, 
 CietothoruB palustris, 
 stellaris, 
 Coccygus Araericanus, ' 
 
 erythrophthalmus 
 Colaptes auratus, 
 
 Mexicantis, 
 Collurio borealis, 
 
 excubitoroides, . 
 Ludovicianus, 
 Colopteridae, 
 Columbidae, . 
 Colymbidae, 
 Colymbus arcticns, 
 
 septentrioualis, 
 torquatus, 
 troille, 
 Contopus borealis, 
 
 virens, 
 CorvidEe, 
 
 Corvus Anierioanus, 
 camivorus, 
 ossifragus, . 
 Cotumiculus Henslowii, 
 passeriiius, 
 Cotyle riparia, 
 Cuculidse, .... 
 Curvirostra Americana, 
 
 leucoptera, . 
 Cupidonia cupido, 
 Cyanospiza cyanea, 
 Cyanura cristala, 
 Cymochorea leucorrhoa, 
 Cygnus Americanus, . 
 
 musicus, 
 Cypselidse, . 
 
 D. 
 
 Daflla acuta, 
 
 Daption Capensis, 
 
 Demiegretta Ludoviciana, 
 
 Deudroeca sestiva, 
 
 Blackbumise, 
 
 Canadensis, 
 
 castanea, 
 
 caerulea, . 
 
 CBerulescens, 
 
 coronata, . 
 
 discolor, 
 
 dominica, . 
 
 maculosa, 
 
 palmarum, 
 
 Pennsylvanica, 
 
 pensihs, . 
 
 pina, 
 
 striata, 
 
 superciliosa, 
 
 virens, 
 
 Diomedea chlororhyucha, 
 culminata, 
 exulans, 
 
 Dolichonyx oryzivonis, 
 
 E. 
 Ectopistes migratorius, . 
 Empidonax Aoadicus, 
 flaviventria, 
 
 307 
 307 
 
 280 
 258 
 278 
 279 
 261 
 261 
 263 
 263 
 277 
 277 
 277 
 264 
 286 
 309 
 309 
 309 
 309 
 311 
 264 
 264 
 
 282, 313 
 282 
 276 
 261 
 281 
 281 
 287 
 284 
 286 
 305 
 297 
 297 
 263 
 
 290 
 
 273, 274 
 
 272 
 
 272 
 
 272 
 
 274 
 
 272 
 
 272 
 
 274 
 
 270 
 
 273 
 
 273, 274 
 
 273 
 
 270 
 
 272 
 
 273 
 
 270 
 
 272 
 
 303 
 
 . 303 
 
 303, 304 
 
 . 285 
 
 264,206 
 265 
 
 Empidonax minimus 
 Traillii, 
 Bremophila comuta, . 
 Ereunetes pusillus, 
 Erismatura rubida, 
 Eurinorhynchus pygmsEUS; 
 Euspiza Americana, . 
 
 F. 
 
 Falcinellus Ordii, . 
 Falco seealon, 
 
 anatum, . 
 
 aurantias, . 
 
 buteoides, 
 
 candicans, . 
 
 cinereus, 
 
 columbarius, 
 
 Groenlandicus, 
 
 Harlanli, . 
 
 hyemalis, 
 
 Islandicus, 
 
 Labradora, . 
 
 nigriceps, 
 
 perigrinus, . 
 
 sacer, . 
 
 Sancti-Johannis, 
 
 sparverius, 
 
 temerarius, . 
 Falconidse, . 
 Florida CEerulea, 
 Fratercula arctica, 
 
 comionlata, 
 glacialis, . 
 Friugilla ambigua, . 
 
 savanuarum, 
 Fringillidse, 
 Fulica Americana, 
 Fulix alllniSj 
 
 collaris, 
 
 marila, . 
 Fulmarus glacialis, . 
 
 G. 
 Gallinago Wilsonii, 
 Gallinula galeata, 
 
 martinica, 
 Gambetta flavipes, 
 
 melanoleuca, 
 Garzetta candidissima, 
 Gelochelidon Anelica, 
 Geothlypis Philadelphia, 
 
 ti'ichas, . 
 Glottis Floridana, 
 Graculus carbo, 
 
 dilophus, 
 Gruidas, 
 
 Grus Americanus, 
 Canadensis, 
 Guiraca cserulea, 
 
 Ludoviciana, 
 
 H. 
 HsematopodidiB, . 
 Hsematopus palliatus, 
 Haloyonidse, 
 Hallsetus leucocephalus, 
 Washingtonii, 
 Haliplana fuliginosa, 
 Harelda glacialis, 
 Harporhynchus rufns, 
 Helmitheras Swainsonii. 
 
 265 
 265 
 280 
 294 
 301 
 295 
 284 
 
 290 
 255 
 254 
 . 255 
 256 
 
 254, 255 
 255 
 
 255, 266 
 255 
 
 . 268 
 
 256,257 
 
 . 264 
 
 255 
 . 254 
 
 254 
 254, 255 
 
 257 
 . 255 
 
 256 
 . 254 
 
 290 
 . 310 
 
 310* 
 . 310 
 
 285 
 
 293 
 297 
 297 
 295 
 295 
 290 
 
 269 
 296 
 302 
 302 
 289 
 289 
 •289 
 284 
 284 
 
 292 
 292 
 363 
 258 
 269 
 309 
 300 
 267 
 270 
 
69 
 
 Helmitberus vermiyorus, 
 
 Helminthopliaga celata, . 
 
 chrysoptera 
 peregrina, 
 pina, . 
 rufioapilla, 
 
 Herodias egretta, . 
 
 Hesperiphona yespertina, . 
 
 Hierofaloo, 
 
 Himantopus nigricollis, . 
 
 Hirundinidaa, . 
 
 Hirundo horreomm, . 
 
 Histrionicus torquatus, . 
 
 Hydrochelidon llssipes, . 
 
 Hylotomua pileatus, 
 
 Hypotriorchis, 
 
 Ibis alba, . 
 
 rubra^ . 
 Icteria yiridis, . 
 IcteridsB, 
 
 Icterus Baltimorensis, 
 spnriuB, . 
 
 Junoo hyemalis, 
 
 L. 
 
 LagopidEB, . 
 
 Lagopus albus, 
 
 Laniidse, 
 
 Lanius CaroUuenBis, 
 
 Laiidfe, 
 
 Larus argentatus, . 
 
 Delawarensis, . 
 
 fuscue, . 
 
 flaucus, 
 [utcbinsii, . 
 leucopterus, 
 marmus, 
 Smithsonianus, 
 Lepturus candidue, 
 Lestris catarractes, 
 
 Eiohardsonii, 
 Iiimosa Edwardsii, . 
 fedoa, . 
 Hudsonica, . 
 Xiinaria canesoens, . 
 Lobipes hyperborous, 
 Lomyia ringyia, 
 Svarbag, 
 troille, . 
 Lopbophanes bicolor, 
 Lophodytes cueuUatas, 
 Lopbortyx Californicus, 
 Lunda oirrhata, 
 
 M. 
 Macrorhampbus griseus, 
 
 scolopaceus, 
 Majaqueus sequiaoctialis, 
 Mareca Americana, . 
 
 Penelope, . 
 Melanerpes erytbrocepbalus 
 Melanetta yelvetina, . ' 
 Meleagris gallopayo, . 
 
 Mexicanaj 
 Melospiza Linoolnii, . 
 melodia, . 
 palustris, . 
 
 270 
 271 
 271 
 270 
 271 
 270 
 289 
 ,312 
 255' 
 292 
 275 
 275 
 300 
 309 
 262 
 255 
 
 291 
 291 
 270 
 285 
 285 
 285 
 
 282,313 
 
 289 
 277 
 277 
 305 
 306 
 306 
 307 
 
 306, 307 
 306 
 306 
 306 
 306 
 302 
 305 
 305 
 298 
 296 
 296 
 281 
 292 
 311 
 311 
 311 
 . 279 
 
 301, 314 
 . 288 
 311 
 
 304 
 299 
 
 300 
 
 283, 313 
 283, 313 
 283, 313 
 
 Mergelliis albellus, . 
 
 Mergulus alle, . 
 
 Mergus Americanns, 
 serrator, 
 
 Hicropalama bimantopus 
 
 Milynlus tyrannua, 
 
 Himus Carolinensis, 
 polyglottus, 
 
 Minlotilta yaria, 
 
 Molothrue pecoris, 
 
 MotaciUidsB, 
 
 Muscicapa minuta*, 
 
 Myiarohus crinitus, 
 
 Myiodioctes Canadensis, 
 minuta, 
 mitratus, 
 pusilluB, 
 
 N. 
 Nettion Carolinensis, . 
 
 crecca, 
 Numenlus borealis, . 
 Hudsonicus, 
 longirostris, 
 Nyctale Acadica, 
 albifrons, 
 Eichardsonii, 
 Nyctea nivea, 
 Nyctberodius violaoeus, 
 Nyctiardea Gardenii, . 
 
 O. 
 
 Oceanltes oceanica, . 
 CEdemia Americana, 
 Oporomis agilis, . 
 
 formosa, 
 Ortyx Virginiana, 
 Ossifraga gigantea, . 
 Otus Wilsonianus, 
 
 P. 
 
 Pandion Carolinensis, 
 Paridse, .... 
 Parula Americana, 
 Passerculus alaudinus, 
 
 savanna, 
 Passerella iliaca, 
 
 obscura, . 
 Pedicecetes Columbianus, 
 pbassiauellus, 
 PelecanidiB, 
 Pelecanus erytbrorbynchuS; 
 
 tracbyrbyncbus, 
 Pelidna Americana, . 
 Pelionetta perspicillata, 
 Perdicidie, .... 
 Perissoglossa tigrina, 
 Perisoreus Canadensis, 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons, 
 Phffiton EBtbereuB, 
 
 flavirostris, 
 Pbxtonidse, . 
 Pbalacrocoracidse, . 
 Pbalaropodidas, . 
 Pbalaropus fulicarius. 
 Pbilobela minor, . 
 Pbilomachus pngnax, 
 Pboebertia fbliginosa, 
 Picidas, 
 
 Piooides arotious, 
 hirsutus, 
 
 301 
 
 301, 314 
 301, 314 
 
 294 
 . 264 
 
 267 
 . 267 
 
 269 
 . 285 
 
 268 
 . 275 
 
 264 
 . 274 
 
 275 
 . 275 
 
 274 
 
 296 
 260 
 260 
 260 
 261 
 290 
 290 
 
 . 305 
 300 
 
 . 269 
 
 269 
 
 287, 288 
 
 304 
 
 259 
 279 
 269 
 281 
 281, 313 
 
 302 
 302 
 302 
 294 
 300 
 288 
 274 
 
 276 
 302 
 302 
 302 
 302 
 292 
 292 
 293 
 296 
 303 
 261 
 
70 
 
 Picus Phillipsii, . 
 pubescens, 
 villosus, 
 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 
 Pinltiola Canadensis, . 
 Plectrophanes Lapponicus. 
 
 nivalis, 
 Podiceps camutus, . 
 cristatus, . 
 
 griaeigena, 
 
 Holbolii, 
 
 rubricollis, • . 
 P'>dicipidae, . 
 codllymljus podiceps, . 
 Pcecile atricapillus, . 
 
 Hadsonicus, 
 Polioptila cterulea, 
 Pooecetes ^ramineus, 
 Porzana Carolina, 
 
 Xovaeboracensis 
 Prioflnus cinereus, 
 Procellaria pelag'<;a, 
 Procellariidae, 
 Prognesubis, . 
 Protonotaria citrea, . 
 Pufflnus Anglorum, 
 
 carneipes, 
 
 cinereus, . 
 
 creatopus, . 
 
 fuliginosus, 
 
 Kuhlii, . 
 
 major, 
 
 sphenurue, . 
 Pyranga asstiva, 
 
 rubra. . 
 Pyrgita domestica, 
 
 Q- 
 
 Querquedula discors, 
 
 Quiscalus barltus, 
 major, 
 versicolor, 
 
 K. 
 Ballidse, .... 
 Rallus crepitans, 
 elegans, . 
 Virginianus, 
 Reeurvirostra Americana, 
 Eeourvirostridse, 
 Regulus calendulus, 
 . cristatus, . 
 eatrapus, 
 tricolor, 
 Rhyacopbilus solitarius, 
 Rhynchops nigra, . 
 Rissa tridactyla, 
 
 S. 
 
 Saxicola osnanthe, 
 
 Saxicolidae, 
 
 Sayornis fusous, . 
 
 Scolecophagus ferrugineus, 
 
 Scolopacidae, 
 
 Scolopax rusticola. 
 
 Scops asio, . 
 
 Seirurus aurocapillua, 
 Ludovicianus, 
 Novaiboracensis, 
 
 Setopbaga ruticilla, 
 
 Sialia sialis, 
 
 Sitta Canadensis, 
 
 261 
 284 
 280 
 2S1 
 281 
 310 
 310 
 309 
 309 
 309 
 309 
 310 
 279 
 279 
 
 297 
 297 
 
 305 
 303 
 276 
 
 304 
 304 
 
 304 
 304 
 
 804 
 275 
 275 
 283 
 
 285 
 285 
 
 296 
 296 
 296 
 297 
 292 
 292 
 
 268 
 
 295, 313 
 
 309 
 
 307 
 
 268 
 268 
 264 
 285 
 293 
 293 
 260 
 271 
 271 
 271 
 275 
 
 Sitta Carolinensis . 
 
 279 
 
 Somateria molllssima. 
 
 . 301 
 
 spectabilis, . 
 
 301 
 
 Spatula clypeata. 
 
 . 299 
 
 Sphyrapicus varius, 
 
 262 
 
 Spizella monticola, 
 
 283, 313 
 
 pusilla, 
 
 .■ 283 
 
 socialis, .. 
 
 . 283,313 
 
 Squatarola helvetica. 
 
 291, 313 
 
 Steganopus Wilsonii, . 
 Stelgidopteryx serripennls, . 
 
 . 292 
 
 276 
 
 Stercorarius BufTonii, 
 
 . 305 
 
 oepphus, . 
 
 305 
 
 parasiticus, . 
 
 . 305 
 
 pomarinus, 
 
 305 
 
 Sterna AntUlanim, 
 
 . 308 
 
 Sterna aranea 
 
 308 
 
 Cayana, . 
 
 . 308 
 
 Forsterii, 
 
 .308 
 
 HavellU, . 
 
 . 309 
 
 himndo. 
 
 308 
 
 macroura, 
 
 . 308 
 
 Paradisea, . 
 
 308 
 
 regius. 
 
 . 308 
 
 Strepsilas interpres. 
 
 282 
 
 Strigidae 
 
 . 259 
 
 Strix Americana, 
 
 . 259 
 
 arctica. 
 
 . 260 
 
 pratincola 
 
 269, 312 
 
 scandiaca, 
 
 260 
 
 StumeUa magna. 
 
 285 
 
 Snla bassana, 
 
 . 301 
 
 fiber, . ... 
 
 301 
 
 Sulida; 
 
 . 301 
 
 Surnia ulula, .... 
 
 261 
 
 Sylvia auricolUs, 
 
 270 
 
 autumnalis, . 
 
 . 272 
 
 Childrenii, 
 
 . 273 
 
 flava, .... 
 
 273 
 
 montana, . 
 
 . 270 
 
 pardalina, . 
 
 . 427 
 
 petechia, . 
 
 . 274 
 
 pusilla, . 
 
 . 272 
 
 Bathboniaj, 
 
 273 
 
 Roscoe, .... 
 
 269 
 
 rubricapilla, . 
 
 . 270 
 
 solitaria, 
 
 271 
 
 sphagnosa, 
 
 . 272 
 
 troohilua, 
 
 273 
 
 Sylvioola parus, 
 
 . 272 
 
 SylvioolidsE, 
 
 269 
 
 SylviidsB, .... 
 
 . 268 
 
 Sympheraia semipalmata, 
 
 295 
 
 Syrmum cinerenm. 
 
 . 260 
 
 nebulosum. 
 
 260 
 
 T. 
 Tachyoineta bicolor, . 
 
 . 276 
 
 Tanagridae, .... 
 
 275 
 
 Tetrao Canadensis, . 
 
 287 
 
 Teti'aonidffi, 
 
 287 
 
 Thalasseus aouflavidus. 
 
 308 
 
 Caspius, 
 Thalassidroma Leachii, . 
 
 308 
 
 305 
 
 pelagica, 
 Wilsonii, . 
 
 305 
 
 . 305 
 
 Thryothorus Bewicldi, . 
 
 279 
 
 Thryothorus Ludovicianus, 
 
 279 
 
 Totanus glottis. 
 
 296 
 
 Tringa alpina. 
 
 . 294 
 
 canutus. 
 
 293 
 
 Cooperii, . 
 
 294 
 
71 
 
 Tringa pectoralis, . 
 
 ■204 
 
 Uria Brilnnichii, 
 
 312 
 
 platyrhyncha, 
 
 wr, 
 
 Francsii, 
 
 . 312 
 
 Schinzii, 
 
 29i 
 
 grylle. 
 
 311 
 
 .P'rinjcoides macularius, 
 
 295 
 
 lachrymans. 
 
 311 
 
 JTrochilidse, 
 
 263 
 
 leucophthalmus. 
 
 311 
 
 Trochilus colubris, 
 
 . 263 
 
 leucopsis, . 
 
 . 311 
 
 Troglodytes sedon, . 
 
 278 
 
 JomTia, 
 
 311 
 
 Americanus, 
 
 . 278 
 
 ringvia. 
 
 311 
 
 Troglodytida;, . 
 
 . 278 
 
 Svarbag, 
 
 312 
 
 Tryngites rufescens, 
 
 . 296 
 
 troille, . 
 
 311, 3T1 
 
 Turdids, . 
 
 265 
 
 Utamania torda. 
 
 310 
 
 Tardus Alicite, . 
 
 . 267 
 
 
 
 fuscescens, 
 
 266, 267 
 
 V. 
 
 
 migratorius, 
 
 . 265 
 
 Vireo flavifrons. 
 
 27R 
 
 minor, . 
 mustelinus, 
 
 266 
 
 Vireonida;, . 
 
 1 277 
 
 . 266 
 
 Vireo Novieboracensis, 
 
 278 
 
 ncBvius, 
 
 312 
 
 olivaceus, . 
 
 . 277 
 
 nanus, . 
 
 . 312 
 
 gilvus. 
 
 277 
 
 Pallasii, . 
 
 266 
 
 solitarius, . 
 
 278 
 
 BOlitarius, 
 
 . 266 
 
 Philadelphicus, 
 
 277 
 
 S^TOinsonii, 
 WilBonii, 
 
 266, 267, 312 
 
 Vulturida;, . 
 
 253 
 
 . 266 
 
 
 
 Tyrannus earolinensis, 
 TCrticalis, 
 
 264 
 
 Z. 
 
 
 264 
 
 Zensedura Carolinensis, . 
 
 287 
 
 
 
 Zonotrichia albicoUis, 
 
 282 
 
 u; 
 
 
 leiicophrys, 
 
 282, 313 
 
 Ulula Tengmalmii, 
 
 260 
 
 
 
 Uria alga, . 
 
 311 
 
 X. 
 
 
 arra, 
 
 312 
 
 XemaSabinii, . 
 
 307 
 
 REFERENCE TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Vultures, 
 
 Falcons, Hawks, Buzzards and 
 
 Eagles, 
 Owls 
 
 Woodpeckers, 
 Humming Bird, 
 
 Switt 
 
 Night Hawk and Whippoorwill, 
 Kingfisher, .... 
 
 Flycatchers, King Bird, Pewees 
 
 etc., 
 
 Robin, Thrushes, Cat Bird and 
 
 Mocking Bird, 
 Tit Lark, ... 
 Blue Bird and Chat, 
 Kinglets, 
 Warblers, etc., 
 Tanagers, 
 Swallows, 
 Wax-wings, 
 Shrikes, 
 Vireos, 
 
 Wrens, .... 
 Nuthatches and Titmice, 
 Lark, . 
 Grosbeaks, ^ Finches, Linnets 
 
 Crossbill* Buntings and Spar 
 
 rows, 
 
 253-4 
 
 254-8 
 26^-61 
 
 261-3 
 263 
 263 
 263 
 263 
 
 264-5 
 
 265-7 
 2118 
 208 
 21)8 
 269-75 
 275 
 
 27.1-6 
 276 
 
 278-9 
 279 
 
 Black Birds, Orioles, Crackles, 
 
 
 Cow Bird, Bobolink and Mead- 
 
 
 ow Lark, 
 
 285 
 
 Crows and Jays, 
 
 286 
 
 Pigeons and Doves, 
 
 286-7 
 
 Grouse, 
 
 2K7 
 
 Quail, 
 
 288 
 
 Ptarmigan, 
 
 289 
 
 Crane, .... 
 
 2H9 
 
 Herons and Bitterns, 
 
 289-91 
 
 Plovers, 
 
 291 
 
 Oyster-catcher and Turnstone, 
 
 292 
 
 Avoset and Stilt, 
 
 292 
 
 Phalaropes, 
 
 292 
 
 Sandpipers, Snipe.Woodcock and 
 
 
 Cui-lew, . . . . 
 
 293-6 
 
 Rails, Marsh Hens, Gallinules, 
 
 296-7 
 
 Swan, Geese, Ducks, Teal, etc.. 
 
 297-3(11 
 
 Pelicans, . 
 
 302 
 
 Cormorants, 
 
 302 
 
 Tropic Birds, . ... 
 
 3U2 
 
 Albatros, Petrels and Shear- 
 
 
 waters, 
 
 302-5 
 
 Gulls and Terns, 
 
 305-9 
 
 Lnons, 
 
 .399 
 
 Grebes, 
 
 310 
 
 Auks, Puffins and Guillemots, 
 
 310-14 
 
 Also see ''Addenda," 
 
 312-21