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A 
 
 Juridical Glossary : 
 
 BHING AN EXHAUSTIVE COMPILATION OF 
 
 THE MOST CELEBRATED 
 
 MAXIMS, aphorisms' DOCTRINES, PRECEPTS, 
 TECHNICAL PHRASES AND TERMS 
 
 IM PLOYED IN TH I 
 
 ROMAN, CIVIL, FEUDAL, CANON AND COMMON LAW, EXPRESSED 
 IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, AND QUOTED IN THE STAND- 
 ARD ELEMENTARY WORKS AND REPORTS OF THE 
 BRITISH AND AMERICAN COURTS: 
 
 AND ALSO AN EXHAUSTIVE COMPILATION OK 
 
 ADAGES, AXIOMS, PROVERBS, MOTTOES, ETC. 
 
 Alphabetically Arranged and Carefully Ti-anslated into English^ 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES AND CITATIONS, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION 
 AND THE INTELLIGENT LAITY. 
 
 HENRY C. ADAMS, 
 
 Counsellor-at-Law, 
 New York. 
 
 J uri sprudenli a est divinaruvi aique huvianaruvi rerutn no titia ^ jnsti 
 at que injusti scientia. Ulpianus, Dig. i, \,fr. lo, §2. Justinian. Inst, i, i, § i. 
 
 VOL. I. A. TO E. 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y. : 
 WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY, 
 
 LAW BOOK PUBLISHERS, ETC. 
 1886. 
 
Entered^ according to Act o/ Congress^ in the year eighteen hundred and eighty~/iz>e. 
 
 By HENRY C. ADAMS, 
 
 In the office o/ the Librarian o/ Congress, at Washington. 
 
 WEED, PARSONS Sc COMPANY, 
 
 PRINTERS AND E L E CT B O T V P E R S , 
 
 ALBANY, rj. Y. 
 
PREFACE TO VOLUME I. 
 
 The preceding title-page indicates the nature and scope of the present work 
 and the design of its editor. 
 
 From my earliest companionship with a law library, I have felt that a work of 
 this character — a Juridical Glossary — was a desideratum; and many, very 
 many, times wished that some patient, industrious, competent jurist and student 
 would undertake its preparation. I did not feel at first that I was the proper 
 person for this work. The field has long been open to all ; but as no one would 
 accept the task, I entered upon it, and have patiently and diligently labored for 
 nearly a score of years in gathering and preparing the material for the work. 
 
 The work, in three volumes, will doubtless fill twenty-five hundred royal 
 octavo pages, more or less, and will comprise, I believe, upward of five thou- 
 sand Maxims ; also several thousand Aphorisms, Proverbs, Precepts, etc., of 
 juridical import, besides the extraordinary number of technical terms, phrases 
 and other matter indicated in the title-page. 
 
 To be more specific: The work will contain a complete compilation of 
 those fragments of the Law of the XII. Tables which have come down 
 to us — made more complete than any compilation we know of' — with all the 
 interpretations of them given by the Civilians, and found within our 
 research. 
 
 Also liber L, title 1 6, of the Digests, 'de Verborum Sig nif i c atio ne ,' 
 containing upward of three hundred and thirty rules of interpretation, etc. 
 
 Also liber L, title 17, 'de. Diver sis Regulis Juris Antiqui,' con- 
 taining upward of two hundred and fifty maxims of ancient law. 
 
 Also liber xiv, title 2, 'de Lege Rhodia de _/ac/«,' containing all the 
 maxims oftheRhodian Law of Jettison which have come down to us 
 through the Digests ; and also in Paulus' ''Sentcntiae Receptae.' 
 
 It will also include all the valuable maxims, terms and phrases, etc., employed 
 in the works of Lord Coke, Lord Bacon, Plowden, Wingate, Wharton, Sir 
 Wm. Blackstone's Commentaries, Chancellor Kent's Commentaries, Broom's 
 works, Best's works, Story's various works, and divers others. 
 
 A diligent effort has been made to include in this work every important maxim, 
 technical phrase and term employed in the Civil, Canon and Common 
 Law, and especially those quoted in our modern standard works and reports, 
 with the interpretations of them given by the Civilians, Canonists and 
 Jurists, and found withm our research. 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 That you may more fully understand and appreciate the scope of the work 
 and the great labor and diligent research bestowed upon its preparation, I will 
 specify, exempli gratid, that the four volumes of Chancellor Kent's Commen- 
 taries contain upward of six hundred technical terms, phrases, brevities and 
 maxims ; viz., in the first volume more than one hundred ; second volume more 
 than two hundred and thirty; third volume more than one hundred and twenty; 
 fourth volume about one hundred and seventy ; total, more than six hun- 
 dred and twenty-five, in the foreign languages. 
 
 In Sir Wm. Blackstone's Commentaries more than one thousand. 
 
 In Broom and Hadley's Commentaries about one thousand. 
 
 Mr. Herbert Broom's Legal Maxims, one of the most eminently learned 
 and instructive works of our day, six hundred and ten maxims, besides upward 
 of two hundred terms, phrases, brevities, etc., in all over eight hundred terms, 
 phrases, maxims, etc., in the foreign languages, in that single volume. 
 
 Mr. Broom's Commentaries on the Common Law also contains several hun- 
 dred. 
 
 The late Judge Story's works are replete with the same. Take, as examples, 
 his work on the Conflict of Laws, about six hundred ; his work on Bailments, 
 over three hundred ; his work on Agency, about three hundred and twenty ; his 
 work on Partnership, about two hundred and twenty ; his work on Contracts, 
 about one hundred and twenty ; his work on Equity Jurisprudence is overflow- 
 ing with them ; and in like manner his other works. 
 
 Wharton on Agency contains over two hundred ; his work on Negligence 
 about two hundred. We might extend the list, but these will suffice. 
 
 Can you read and mterpret them ? I hope you can ; and if you can, I heartily 
 congratulate you upon your good fortune in being able to do so. If you cannot, 
 then be assured this work will aid you, with reasonable certainty, in doing' so. 
 
 Every effort has been made to exhaust the streams even to their fountains, 
 and I am quite confident that it will be the most complete compilation of Max- 
 ims, Aphorisms, Proverbs, Terms, Phrases, Brevities, etc., carefully 
 translated, with references to the most valuable authorities, ever published 
 on either side of the Atlantic. 
 
 The labor upon this work has been incalculable, the perplexities indescribable 
 and discouraging ; and it would be a marvel in book-making if this work was 
 free from faults. I know, and frankly confess, that it is not, but you will bear 
 in mind it is the first brave, honest, indefatigable venture of its kind ever 
 attempted by one man, almost single handed and alone, on either side of the 
 Atlantic ; and therefore I respectfully demand that hypercritical criticism shall 
 have no place. Remembering the language of Bracton : P ostulano h 
 lectore, ut si quid superfluum vel perperam positum in hoc 
 opere invenerit , illud corrigat et emendet, vel c onniv entibu s 
 ctilis per tr anseat , chm omnia habere in memo r ia ^ et in iiullo 
 pecare, divinum sit potius quam humanum. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 H. C. ADAMS, 
 
 New York. 
 
JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 A. ] , [ A pais. 
 
 The first letter of the alphabet, A or a as an abbrevia- 
 tion. 
 
 Among the Romans, in criminal trials, the letter A was the initial letter of absolvo, 
 inscribed on the judge's (or juror's) ballot, = I absolve the party on trial; C, 
 the initial letter of condemno, when he was for condemnation; and N. L. = non liquet, when 
 the matter did not appear clearly, and he desired a new argument. 
 
 Also, A was marked on the ballots by which the Roman people voted against a proposed 
 law. Antiquo, 1 am for the old law. Taylor's Civ. Law, i()i. 
 
 A or ft, in French and Law French phrases, is a prseposition 
 denoting: Of; at; to; for; in; with; from. — e.g. infra. 
 
 A aver et tener. L. Fr. To have and to hold. ZzV/. §§ 523, 525. = L. Lat. Habendum 
 et tenendum. A aVBT Ct tcnCI k luy Ct k Ses heirs. a tort jours. C. Fr. To have and 
 to hold to him and his heirs forever. Liit. § 626. A. bas. Fr. Down ; at the foot ; on the 
 ground. A bon chat, bon rat, Fr. Prbv, To a good cat a good rat. Fig. . " Set a thief 
 to catch a thief " A bon march^. Fr. At a good bargain ; cheap. A braS OUVerts. 
 Fr. With open arms. A Caiisa de cy. L. Fr. For this reason. A ce. L. Fr. For this 
 purpose. A eel jour. L. Fr. At this day. iiVA §§ 140, 217. A chaque saint sa chan- 
 delle. — Fr. To each saint his candle. A cheval. Fr. On horseback. A COmpte. Fr. 
 On account. A COUp SUT. Fr. With certainty ; surely. A COUVert. Fr. Under cover. 
 A discretion. Fr. At discretion. Adroit. L- Fr. In right; to do right; to answer in 
 law. A faire gree. L. Fr. To make satisfaction. A fin de. Fr. To the end that. A 
 fine force. L. Fr. Of necessity ; of pure necessity. Z««, § 455. A fond. Fr. to the 
 bottom ; e. ff. I know the man a fond — I understand his character thoroughly. A force. 
 L. Fr. Of necessity. Britt. c. iig. A force et annes. Fr. With force and arms. A 
 foy, L. Fr. In or under allegiance. A gaUChe. Fr. To the left. A grands frais. 
 Fr. At great expense ; sumptuously. Aissue. L. Fr. At issue. A I'abandon. Fr. At 
 random. A la bon heure. Fr. In good time ; very well ; excellent, A I'abri. Fr. 
 Under shelter. A la Campagne. Fr. In the country. A la Francaise.. Fr. After the 
 French mode. A la g^aunde grevaunce, L. Fr. To the great grievance. Britt. c. 21. 
 A la Grecque. Fr. After the Greek fashion. A I'Am^ricaine, Fr. After the Ameri- 
 can fashion. A I'Anglaise. After the English fashion. A la mode. Fr. According to 
 the fashion. Alarequeste. Fr. At the request. A la Vaillaunce. To the value. .ffnV/. 
 A large. L. Fr. At large. A rextr6niit6. Fr. At the extremity ; at the point of death. 
 A I'impOSSible. Fr. An impossibility. A I'improviste. Fr. Unawares ; at an oppor- 
 tunity not foreseen; on a sudden. Al'Italienne. Fr. In the Italian mode. Al'outrance, 
 Fr. To the utmost. A lour estient. By, or to their knowledge. Dyer, 53 u. pi. 11. 
 A lour foy. Fr. In their allegiance. A ma eutent. L. Fr. According to my under- 
 standing ; as I understand it. A ma puissance. Fr. To my power; with my power. A 
 merveille. Fr. To a wonder; rarely. A moitife. Fr. By halves. A moitife de moitife. 
 Fr. From half to half; by halves. A Oes, Fr. To the use. A Ore. L. Fr. At present; 
 now, e g. retornable a ore — returnable immediately. A Oyer et terminer. L. Fr. 
 To hear and determine. A Oyer et terminer toutes quereles. L. Fr. To hear and 
 determine all complaints. Britt. fol. i. A pais. L- Fr At or to the country ; at issue. 
 
A pas.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amen 
 
 Apasdegeant. Fr. With a giant's stride. Apeindre. Fr. Worth painting; a model. 
 Aperte. L. Fr. Tolose. A perte de rue. Fr. Out of sight. A perte e a gayne, 
 L. Fr. To lose and to gain. A pied. Fr. On foot. Aplomb. Fr. Perpendicularly. 
 A prendre. L. Fr. To take. A right to take something out of the soil of another is a 
 profit aprendre, or a right, coupled with a profit, i Crabb's Real Prop. 125, § 115 . See more 
 of this infra. A propOS. Fr. To the point. A propOS de bottes. Fr. Apropos to 
 boots; without reason. A propOS de rien. Fr. Apropos to nothing; not pertinently. 
 Aremenaunt. L. Fr. Forever after. Kelhnm. Arendre. L. Fr. To render; to yield. 
 Profits a rendre comprise rents and services. Hammond, N. P. 192. A sa SOUle meyn, 
 L. Fr. On his own single oath. Kelham. A terme. L. Fr. For a term A terme de 
 sa vie. L. Fr. For the term of his life. A terme que passe est. L. Fr. For a term 
 which is passed. A terme que n'est mye uncore passe. L. Fr. For a term which is 
 not yet passed. Britt. c. fn. A tort. L. Fr. Of, or by wrong; wrongfully. A tort et 
 k travers. Fr. At wrong and across; at cross-purposes ; at random A toute force. 
 Fr. With all one's force. A tOUte OUtrance. Fr. To the utmost. A tOUts jOUrs. 
 L. Fr. Forever. Litt. % 625. A un. L- Fr. At one ; of one mind ; agreed. A val. At 
 the foot or bottom, v. Aval. A veyer, L- F. To be seen ; to be observed or considered. 
 Dyer, 22b; 71. 
 
 Arimpossible nul est tenu. Fr. No man is bound to perform an impossibility ; 
 what is impossible no one is bound to perform. ^ This is the French form 
 of the Latin maxim, Nemo tenetur ad iinpossibile, q. v. 
 
 A ma intent vous purres aver demurre sur luy que le obligation est voide, ceo que le 
 condition est encounfre comtnon ley, et per Dieu si le plaintiff e fuit icy, il irra 
 al prison tatique; il ust fait fine au Roy. L. Fr. 2 Hen. V. pi. 22. On my 
 action you could claim a demurrer, on the plea that the obligation is void, or 
 that the contract is contrary to the common law, and on oath, if the plaintiff were 
 present, he woifld be put in close confinement, and must pay a fine to the king. 
 I Smith's L. C. [516], 648 ; i Story on Contr. § 550. 
 
 A or d,, in Lati n and Law Latin, is a prseposition, denoting : From; by; at; on; in; 
 of, etc. , e. g, V. infra. 
 
 A Cancellando, from cancelling. 4 Co. Inst. 'Hi; 3 Bl. Com. 46. 
 
 A CaUOeUis, In the cancelli (q. v.) A chancellor, v. Cancellatius. 
 
 A Cancellis CUrise explodi. To be expelled from the bar of the court. Spelman. 
 
 A capite ad calcem, — from head to foot ; from beginning to end. A COnfectione, — 
 from the making. 5 Co. i ; i Ld. Raym. 480. A COUfectione presentium, — from the mak- 
 ing of these presents. 5 Co. \a. v. Confectio. A COnsiliis, — of counsel ; a counsellor ; 
 one whose office is to give counsel or advice in relation to questions of law. A cruce 
 salus, — salvation from the cross. A dato, — from the date. Cro.Jac. 135. A datfl, — 
 from the date. 2 Salk. 413. A Deo et rege, — from God and the king. A die, — from that 
 day on . A die COnfeOtionis, — from the day of the making, s Co. 1; ib. 94 a. A die 
 datUS, — from the day of the date. 2 Salk. 413,625; l Ld. Raym. 84, 473, 480; 2 id. 1242. 
 A digniori parte, — of or from the more worthy part. Wingate's Max. 75, § 2. A fortiori, — 
 with stronger reason ; by a more powerful reason A fortuna datam OCCasiouem, — an 
 opportunity furnished by fortune. Nepos. A gradu in gradum, — from degree to degree; 
 from step to step. Fleta, lib. 6, c. 2, § i, v. De gradu in gradum. A gratia, — from, 
 or by favor. A latere, — from the side ; on, or at the side; i. e. collaterally, as distinguished 
 from lineal succession, (f. Harcdes a latere venienles.) On or at the side of a person. 
 ./. infra. A libellis, — of the bills, petitions, etc.; an oflHcer who had charge of the libelli, 
 on petitions addressed to the sovereign. Calv. Lex.Jurid. A loCO et domo, — from the 
 place and habitation. A manibus, — an amanuensis ; an officer who wrote for the emperor; 
 one whose hand (manus) was used for writing. Calv. Lex. A maximis ad minima — 
 from the greatest to the least. A mensa et thoro, — from table and bed ; from bed and 
 2 
 
Amin.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Acorn. 
 
 board, i Bl. Com. 440, 441 ; Kent's Com. ; 2 Pars, on Cont. 85 A minimo ad maximum,— 
 from the least even to the greatest. Plaut. Ps. 3, i, 10. A multo fortiori, —by a much 
 stronger reason ; by more force. Bacon's Read. Slat. Uses; 7 H. &' N. 238; Broom's Max. 
 
 924, n. 3. Anativitate, — from birth. Reg.Ong.2,(:Ab;'iBi.Com'i'i2. Anondomino, — 
 
 with no title ; having no legal interest. A notioribus, — by, or from those more known. 
 A palatio, — [+palatium a palace] from the palace. Counties palatine are hence so 
 called. I Bl. Com. 117. A parte ante, — from the part gone before; from the former part. 
 A patre, — from the father. 2 Bl Com. 232. A poSSe ad esse, — from possibility to real- 
 ity. A posteriori, — from the latter ; from the effect to the cause. A primo, —from the 
 first; beforeall; byfar; especiallj'. Cic. /V«. 39, 32. v. A primo capita legis, -eic. Apriori,— 
 from the past, or the former, or the superior; from the cause to the effect. A QUa, — from 
 which, c. g. curia k qua, — the court from which. A quo, — from which; from whom, ,r.g 
 " The king a quo, and the king ad quern an ambassador is sent." 10 Mod. 4, arg. A court 
 or judge <i quo is one from which an appeal is taken, and the court ad quern is one to which 
 an appeal is taken. A responsis, — an ecclesiastical officer who gave or conveyed answers, 
 counsel or advice : also termed responsalis, and apocrisiriarius, — (q. v.) A retrO, — in arrear; 
 behind. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 55, § 2. A rubro ad nigrum, — from the red to the black, i. e. 
 from the title of a statute, anciently in red letters, to its body, which was m the ordinary black. 
 Bell's Did. A Secretis, — in the secrets ; a secretary or officer entrusted with private mat- 
 ters, or state secrets ; an officer who reduced to writing, or signed orders made in secret 
 council. A simili, — in a similar; from a like case; from analogy, e.g. Argumcntum a 
 simili valet in lege, q.v. A tempore, — from time. A tempore cuj US contrarii memoria 
 
 non existit, — from time of which there exists no memory to the contrarj'. Reg. Orig 460= 
 Tempus cujus contrarium memoria, etc. (q. v.) — " Time whereof the memory of man 
 runneth not to the contrary." These words were employed for setting forth a prescription. 
 
 1 Z«». 273. A teneris annis, — from tender years. A tergO, — upon the back. Spelman. 
 
 A verbis ad verbera, — from words to blows. A vinculo matrimonii, — from the tie or 
 
 bond of marriage. I Bl. Com. 440; 2 Kent's Com. 95. A via, — from or out of the way. 
 Also in one word avia, (q- v.) 
 
 A prima vista. — Ital. At first sight. 
 
 A. appellat B. quod sicut fuit in pace domini regis, tali loco, tali die, etc., venit idem B. cum 
 in sua, et nequiter, et in felonia, et contra pacem domini regis, et in roberia abstulit ei C. j. 
 Hi, d. et senum equum talis pretii, et unum robam de viridi talis precii. — L. Lat. A. appeals 
 (accuses) B. that as he was in the peace of the lord the king, in such a place. On such a day, 
 etc., the said B. came with his force, and wickedly and feloniously, and against the peace of 
 the lord the king, and in robbery [j. <?. as a robber] took away from him a hundred shil- 
 lings and three pence, and one horse of such a price, and one robe of vert [of green] of 
 such a price. Bracton, fol. 146. v. Robberia. 
 
 A coelo usque ad centrum. From the heavens even to the center of the earth. Erskine's 
 Inst. ii,6, 1. 
 
 Acommuni observantid non est recedendum. From common observance there 
 should be no departure. There must be no departure from common usage. 
 
 2 Co. 'J4; Co. Liu. i86fl, 2291^, 365a; Wingate's Max. 203. 
 
 Lord Coke also applied this maxim to common professional opinion. He observed 
 that communis opinio is of authority and stands with the rule of law: A communi observantid 
 non est recedendum . Co. Litt. l86a," I Co. Inst. 364^. 
 
 If I give you a pint of wine, you shall not have the pint pot ; but if I give you a hogshead 
 of wine, you shall have the hogshead, for the phrase of the language commonly used expresseth 
 the intent: Et. A. communi observantid non est recedendum. IVingate's Max. 203, § 13. 
 
 This rule is also quoted: 
 
 Acommuni observantid non est recedendum; et minimi mutandae sunt quae certain 
 interpretationem habet. Common observance is not to be departed from ; 
 and things which have a certain interpretation (or meaning) are to be changed 
 as little as possible. Co. Litt. 365; Wingate's Mux. 202, § 16. 
 
 3 
 
Aeon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Afon. 
 
 It is als o p ara ph r a s e d : Non recedendum est 3. communi obserxantia; et minimi 
 mutandae sunt, quae certam habuerunt intepretationem. Wingale's Max. 202, § 16. v. 2, "H 8. 
 
 Acontrario rero videtur, quod si post emptionem, ante iraditionem, fundo venditio 
 aliquid per alluvionem vel alio modo accreverit, quod commodum ad venditorem 
 pertinebit. Ipsum enim sequi debent commoda, quern sequantur incommoda et commo- 
 dum ejus esse debebit, cujus est periculum. On the contrary, however, it appears 
 that if after the purchase and the sale any accretion has been made to a field, 
 which has been sold, by alluvion or otherwise, the gain belongs to the purchaser. 
 For the gain ought to attend him whom the loss attends, and the advantages 
 ought to belong to him who incurs the .risks. Bracton, ii, c. 27, § 2, fol. 62. 
 
 A Deo et Mege. — L a t . Motto. From God and the King. 
 Motto of the Earls Chesterfield, Harrington and Stanhope. 
 
 A die COnfectionis, From the day of making, producing, or completing. 5 Co. 940/ 
 Wingate's Max. 34, § 2. 
 Read: Habendum sibi h die confectionis^ sq, 
 
 A die Paschse in C[llilldeciia dies. From the day of Easter in fifteen days ; in fifteen 
 days after Easter. Reg. Orig. 36 ; 3 Bl. Com. App. No. iii, § 3. 
 
 ADieu ne plaise que le public puis jamais nous reprocher que nous donhous aux 
 criminels- une espirance d'impunit'e, en reconnaissant qu'il est impossible de les 
 condamner, lorsque leur cruelle Industrie aura ete assez heureuse pour dirober aux 
 yeux de la Justice, les miser able s rentes des celui qu'ils ont immoU d, leur vengeance 
 D'Aguesseau, ler Plaidoyer dans la cause du Sieur de la Pivardiere, etc. It doth 
 not please God that the public should ever be able to reproach us with giving 
 criminals a hope of impunity; with the idea that it is impossible to condemn 
 them after their cruel industry has been fortunate enough to steal away, under 
 the very eyes of Justice, the miserable remnants of the fortunes of those whom 
 they have sacrificed to their vengeance. D'Aguesseau in the case of Pivardiere, 
 etc.; 2 Best on Evid. § 446, note i. [J. Mac C] 
 
 Adigniori fieri debet denominatio. Denomination ought to be from the more 
 worthy. The naming or description [of a place] should be taken from the 
 more worthy subject [as from a villa]. Fleta, lib. 4, c. 10, § 12. 
 
 Adig?iiori Jieri debet denominatio et resolutio. The title and exposition [of a 
 thing] ought to be derived from [or given, or made with reference to] the 
 more worthy degree, quality or species of it, Wingate's Max. 75, citing 11 Co. 
 381^, Metcalfe's case; Litt, § 193; i Co. Inst. 124b. 
 
 When a thing, whereof there are divers degrees and qualities, is indefinitely mentioned in 
 a writ, count, or other record, the principal and most worthy thing shall be intended: as in 
 6 Eliz. — Dier, 236. When a penally is inflicted by Act of Parliament, to be recovered in 
 any of the King's Courts of Record, it shall be intended of the principal courts at West- 
 minster. — 20 Hen. VI. 23. If the father and son are of one name, viz., J. S.: if J. S. be 
 named generally in a writ, count,' or other record, this shall be intended of the father, for he 
 is the more worthy, etc. Wingate's Max. 75, § 4. Melior dabit nomen rei. Bacon. 
 
 A facto ad jus non datur consequentia. The inference from the fact to the law 
 is not allowed. Halkerston' s Max. No. 3. 
 
 A fact does not necessarily constitute a right. A general law is not to be trammeled by a 
 specific precedent. 
 
 A fonte puro jnira defluit aqua. — L a t . P r o v . From a clear spring clear 
 water flows. T r o p . , Chaste ideas emanate from a chaste mind and a pure heart. 
 
 4 
 
Afor.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Anon. 
 
 — k fortiori. From stronger reasoning ; with much greater, more powerful reason ; with 
 greater probability. As a necessary consequence arising from the stronger argument. 
 Erskine's Inst, i, 6, § 34 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. i, 526. 
 
 A fronte praecipitium, il tergo lupus. — L a t . P r o v . With a precipice 
 before, a wolf behind. 
 Applied to persons in the midst of difficulties, or between the horns of a dilemma. 
 
 Ajudice judex delegatus judicis dandi potestaiem non habet, quum ipse judicario 
 munere fungatur, nisi a principe judex datus fuerit. Justin. Cod. iii, i; 
 Const. 5. A judge delegated by a judge has not the power of assigning a judge, 
 as he should exercise the judicial office personally, unless the judge should have 
 been assigned by the emperor. 
 
 a?Korjv ftagrvseiv. Evidence from hearsay; hearsay evidence, i Bes/ on Evid. § 112, 
 note 3. 
 
 A latere. From the side ; on or at the side ; i. e. collaterally, as distinguished from lin- 
 eal succession . (v. Haeredes a latere venientes.) On or at the side of a person . 
 
 In this sense i latere denotes intimacy, or closeness of connection, /. e. a position of favor 
 or distinction. It also denotes out of the regular or lawful course; incidentally, or casually. 
 
 A latere ascendit jus. From the side [collaterally] the right ascends. Bracton,io\. 20b, Id. 
 fol. 523. A latere legere. A delegate from the side, i. e. sent by an individual, as distin- 
 guished from de gremio mittere. Papal ambassadors, or legates possessing the highest degree 
 of confidence and authority, are stj'led legates iJ latere. 4 Bl, Com. 106. \v. De gremio 
 mittere.'] A latere regis residentes. Sitting at the side of the king. Bracton, fol. I08a. A 
 latere tamen ascendit. Collaterally, however, it [the inheritance] may ascend. Bracton, fol. 
 tib. A latere venientes. Coming from the side; succeeding collaterally. Bracton, fol. 20b. 
 
 A lege suae dignitatis. From the law of his dignity, rank or authority. LL. Edw. 
 Conf. c. 18; 4 Bl. Com 397; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iv," 483. 
 
 A me tamen, ut aequum est^ omnia cante pedemptionque dicentur, ut neque jides hujus defen- 
 sionis relicta neque cujusquam aut dignitas laesa autamicitia violata esse videatur. Cicero, pro 
 Cluentio, xlii, 118. But every thing shall be said by me carefully and deliberately, as indeed 
 it ought to be, so that I shall not appear to have betrayed the cause entrusted to my good 
 faith for its defense, nor to have injured the dignity of any one, nor to have disregarded any 
 of the claims of friendship. 
 
 A mensa et thorO propter servitiam. From table and bed (bed and board) on account 
 of cruelty. Bishop, Marr. and Div. § 550. 
 
 A mensa et tlioro. From table and bed ; commonly expressed: From bed 
 and board. I BV. Com. 440, 441; 2 Kent's Com. 78, 87, 125, 146; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 253; 
 2 Pars, on Cont. 85; Bishop, Marr. and Div. § 292. 
 
 Applied to married persons, who live separately from each, by mutual contract, or by a 
 decree of a court. Erskine's Inst, i, 6, § 19 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 540, 563. v. Divorce 
 i mensa et thoro. 
 
 A minimo ad maximum. From the lowest to the highest. PhAuyvs, Pseud, iii, 
 I, 10. A maxima ad minimum, — from highest to lowest. 
 
 A non domino. From a person who is not the proprietor. Erskine's Inst, iii, 7, § 4. 
 
 A non habente potestaiem. From a person not possessing the power, /. e. of 
 doing what he has done, or intends to do. 
 
 It is a general rule, that any thing flowing from a person who has not the power 
 to give it is null and void. A grant a non habente potestatem is void. A writ or process 
 emanating h non habente potestatem is null and void. cf. Erskine's Inst, iii, 7, § 26. 
 
 A non posse ad non esse sequitur argumentum necessarii negativi: licet non affirma- 
 tive. From impossibility to non-existence, the inference follows necessarily 
 in the negative, though not in the affirmative. Hobart, 536b. 
 
 " That which cannot be done is not done." From the impossibility of a thing to its non- 
 entity, the argument or proof follows of necessity, negatively, though not affirmatively. 
 Halkerston's Max. 
 
A per.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ares. 
 
 Apersonis litigantibus res abstrahere. Remove or separate the subject-matter 
 from the persons contending, i. e. consider the matter without regarding the 
 parties in litigation. Philo, quoted in Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. i, i, § ?>,fin. 
 Moses, in his Law says. " Thou shall not regard the poor in judgment, but shall 
 judge thy neighbor with righteousness." Exodus, xxiii, 3; Leviticus, xix, 15. 
 
 A piratus aut latronibus capti liberi permanent. Paulus, Dig. xlix, i^jfr. 19, § 2. 
 Persons taken by pirates or robbers remain free. 
 He that is taken prisoner by a robber or pirate loseth not thereby the privilege of a citi- 
 zen, as he doth that is taken prisoner in war. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. iii, 3, S^ i. 
 
 Read; In civilibus dissensionibus, quamvis saepe per eas respublica laedatur, etc. 
 Ulpian. Dig. ib. fr. 21, § i. 
 
 Apiratus et latronibus capta dominium non mutant. Things taken or captured 
 by pirates and robbers do not change their ownership, i Kent's Com, 108, 
 184; V. 2 Wooddes' Lect. 258, 259. 
 
 — d. prendre. — L. Fr. To receive ; to take ; to lay hold of ; to seize. 
 
 A right to take something out of the soil of another is a profit h prendre, or a right coupled 
 with a profit, i Crabb's Real Prop. 125, f^ 115. A right of common, is a profit a prendre. 
 Cooky's note (11) in 2 Bl. Com. 32 ; Broom on C. L. [433], cases (d). It is distinguished from 
 an easement. Id. ibid.; 5 Ad. &= Ell. 758; cf. I Nev. &' P. 172; 5 Barn. &= C. 221; 4 Pick. 
 (Mass.) 145 ; 2 Washb. Real Prop. 25. In some cases written as oiie word, apprendre or 
 apprender. 
 
 — d, rendre. — Fr. To render ; to yield ; to return ; to give back. 
 
 Things which are to be paid or yielded. Profits h rendre comprehend rents and services. 
 Hammond, N. P. 192. 
 
 A prima vista. — 1 1 a 1 . At first sight ; upon first view. 
 
 Aprocuratore dolum et omtiem culpam, non etiani improvisum casum praes- 
 tandum esse, Juris auctoritate manijeste declaratur. Jvstinian. Cod. iv, 35, 
 Const. 13. It is clearly laid down by the law that the procurator (agent or 
 administrator) is responsible for fraud and every delinquency, even in an unfore- 
 seen case or unexpected misfortune. Story onBailm. § 171 [d); v. § 173; Story 
 on Agency, § 182; Wharton on Neg. § 493. 
 
 A prime capite legis USC[ue ad extremum. From the principal clause or division 
 (chapter or paragraph, etc.) of the law until the end. CiC. de Or. 2, 55, 223; id. Verr. 2, i, 4. 
 
 Aprincipalioribus et dignioribus est in choandum. It is in laying the foundation 
 from the principal and more worthy things. Wingate's Max. 73, § 4. We 
 are to begin or lay the foundation from the principal and more worthy parts. 
 Co. Litt. 18; Wingate's Max. 73, § 4; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Cujusque rei poHssima pars principium est. 10 G?. 49. ' Some things shall be construed 
 according to the beginning thereof.' Noy's Max. 6. 
 
 A provisione viri. By the provision of man. Kent's Com. iv, 55. 
 
 A. qua non deliberentur , sine speciali praecepto domini regis. From which they cannot be 
 delivered without the special writ (or license) of the king. Bracton, 4 Bl. Com. 286 ; Broom 
 &' Had. Com. iv, 366. 
 
 A. quo invito aliquid exigi potest. From whom something could be exacted against his will. 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, i, § 5. 
 A re decedunt. They wander from the point or subject. 
 
 Arescriptis valet argumentum. An argument drawn from original writs in the 
 Register is good. Co. Litt. \\a. v. Rescripta. 
 An argument or proof is valid, from a rescript or letter of a prince or emperor, making 
 answers to petitions or other applications ; or more laconically, the king's answer wherein 
 he signifies his pleasure, amounts to a law, and is not to be disputed. Halkerston's Max. 
 
 6 
 
Arub.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [A ten. 
 
 A rubro ad nigrum. Lit. From the red to the black. 
 
 The ancient practice of printing the titles of acts of Parliament in red. thence called thei 
 Rubric, and the acts themselves in black. The use and sense of the phrase is, that in 
 construiB^ an act of Parliament, an argument maybe drawn from the title to the 
 a c t i t s e 1 f . cf . BelVs Diet.; Erskine's Inst, i, i, § 49. 
 
 A. societate no men sumpserunt, qui etiam did possunt consules h consulendo ; reges 
 enim tales sibi associant ad consulendum et regsndum populum Dei, ordinantes eos in magna honore 
 etpotestate et nomine, quando accingunt eos gladiis, id est vingis gladionim. — They (the Comites) 
 have derived their name from companionship or association, who may also be called consuls 
 from consulting; for kings associate with themselves such persons for consultation 
 and to govern the people of God, ordaining them in great honor and power and name, when 
 they gird them with swords, that is, with sword belts. Bracton, lib. i, c. 8, § 2, fol. 3i5. 
 
 V. I Bl. Com. 398 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 481. 
 
 Asummo remedio ad inferiorem actionem non habetur regressus, negue auxilium. 
 From, i. e. after using, the highest remedy, there can be no recourse [going 
 back] to an inferior action, nor assistance [derived from it]. Bracton, fol. 1040, 
 \\2b ; Fleta, lib. i, c. i, § 2; v. expl. in 3 Bl. Com. 193, 194. 
 
 Unam eligat qua voluerit, et una electa, nunquam habebit regressum ad alias pendente 
 ilia, quod si ad aliam recurrat, impetratio de secunda non valebit. Bracton, fol. 1043. 
 
 Actio quidem super recto ultimam locum sibi vindicat in ordine placitorum k s u m m o 
 remedio ad inferiorem actionem non habetur ingressos neque 
 auxilium. Fleta, 1. vi, c. i, § 2. Fleta here speaks of the writ of right. 
 
 A tempore cujus contrarii memoria non existit. From the time of which there 
 exists no memory to the- contrary. "Time whereof the memory of man 
 runneth not to the contrary." Reg. Orig. 46a. 
 
 In Eng. Law: These words were employed for setting forth a prescription. \ Leon, 
 273. In England: The time of prescription was formerly identical with tempus immemo- 
 riale — time immemorial or time out of mind or memory, a period 
 referring to the beginning of the reign of Richard I. But now, by the statute of 2 and 3 
 Will. IV. c. 71, the time of prescription in certain cases has been shortened. 2 Steph. Com. 
 35-39. Tempus cujus contrarium memoria hominum non existit, \^ the expression employed 
 by Littleton, %% 143,145, 170. In the CivilLaw, from which this, it seems, was 
 taken, the phrases : Quod memoriam excedit ; Cujus origo memoriam eccedit , Cujus contrarium 
 memoria non extat, occur. Savigney, System iv, p. 481 ; I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 283, 
 note (e); v. Kaufmann's note *. 
 
 A. teneris unguiculis. — Lat. Proverb. From your tender little nails. 
 
 Sed praesta te eum, qui viihi, h teneris, ut Gracci dicunt, unguiculis, es cognitus. 
 Cicero, Fam. i, 6, 2. But prove yourself to be the same person that I have known you to 
 be, 'from your tenderest finger-nails,' as the Greeks say. — 
 
 The Greek proverb is : 'E| d-naXcSv ovvx^y. 
 
 Horace expressed the proverb : 
 
 ***** Amores 
 
 De tenero meditatur ungui. — Horace, Ode, iii, 6, 24. 
 
 She planned or meditated amours from her tender nails, i. e. from her tenderest 
 years. Others have it ab s ol . ; <J /^Kcro, from his boyhood. Quintilian, i, 2, 18. 
 
 Adeo in teneris consuescere multum'st, — of such avail is custom in tender years. 
 Virgil, Geor. ii, 272. v. Ad unguem. 
 
 Aval Fr-. d,Valle. L. Fr. Of bills. Undertaking; guaranty.* v. Story on Prom. 
 
 Notes, § 455- 
 
 Avel a b est dictio significativa primi termini a quo, sicut dictio ^ usque' termini 
 ad quern, et ' a ' vel ' ab' accipitur exclusive. A, or ab (from) is a word 
 significative of the first termination a quo (from which), just as the word usque 
 (as far as, or until) [is denotive] of the termination ad quem (to which), and ' a ' 
 or ' ab' is accepted exclusively. Wingatc's Max. 8, s. 2 ; citing 5 Co. g4a; 5 
 Co. I, Clayton's case. 
 
 7 
 
A ver.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ab aul. 
 
 If a lease be made, habendum sibi a die confectionis : the day of the making is excluded ; 
 for ' ". ' ve'l ' ab' est diciio significativa primi termini h qtio, sicut dictio ''usque' termini ad 
 quern, et ' a' vel '■ ab' accipitur exclusive. Id. ib. The demise cannot begin, nor the lessee 
 enter, before the following day. 
 
 A verbis legis non es,t recedendum. From the words of the law there must be no 
 departure. 5 Co. 119; Edrich's case; Wingate's Max, 16, § 3^«. 
 A court of law will not make any interpretation contrary to the express letter of a statute. 
 Since index animo sermo, and maledicta expositia quae corrumpit textum (q. q. v.), it would be 
 dangerous to give scope for making a construction in any case against the express words, 
 where the meaning of the maker is not opposed to them, and where no inconvenience will 
 follow from a literal interpretation. 5 Co. 119; cited arg. 3 Scott N. R. 709; Broom's Max. 
 
 598- 
 
 Nothing is more unfortunate than a disturbance of the plain language of the Legislature 
 by the attempt to use equivalent terms. Ld. Denman, C. J., 5 Q. B. 184 ; per CoLTMAN, J., 
 8 Scott N. R. 804; v. 10 Barb. R 46, 48, per Edmonds, J. v. Scire leges, non hoc est verba 
 earum tenere, sed vim ac potestatem. 
 
 The Civilians state the rule: Scire leges, non hoc est verba earum tenere, sed vim 
 ac potestatem, Celsus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 17 ; I Kent's Com. 462. 
 
 A vinculo, causa metus, causa impotentiae. From the tie or bond (of marriage), on 
 account of fear, on account of impotency. 2 Kent's Com. 77 ; citing 5 Co. ()ib, Bury's case. 
 
 A vinculo matrimonii. From the tie or bond of marriage, i Bl. Com. 440; 2 id. 130; 
 2 Kent's Com. 95 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 540; Bishop, Marr. if Div. § 292. 
 
 Divorces d vinculo fnatrimonii are causd praecontractus, causd metus, causd^ impotentiae seu 
 frigitatis, causd consanguinitatis. 5 Co. 981^, Bury's case ; I Bl. Com. 434, 435 ; 2 Phill. R. 19 ; 
 cf. 4 Kent's Com. 54. 
 
 Avoluntate procedit causa vitii atque virtutis. The cause of vice and virtue 
 proceeds from the will. Regl. Jur. Civ. 
 Omne actum ab intentione agentis est judicandum. v. Tolle voluntatem et erit, etc. 
 
 Ab. — Lat. [+ dito as sub. -\- vTto\ pmp., c. abl. From, away from, out of ; down from ; 
 since, after ; by, at, in, on, etc.; e. g. see infra. It is also employed in the composition of 
 official titles, e. g., ab actis, ab epistolis, q. q. v. 
 
 AB abusU ad usum non valet consequentia. From the abuse of a thing to the use 
 of it there is no effective consequence or valid result. 
 Denman, C. J., observed that the above maxim cannot apply " where an abuse is directly 
 charged and offered to be proved." Stockdale vs. Hansard, 9 Ad. &• E. 116. 
 
 Ab actis. Of or in the acts, records, etc. The title of a clerk of a court ; a notary ; an 
 officer having charge of acta (q. v.), public records^ registers, journals, minutes, etc. 
 
 A chancellor (cancellarius), in the early history of that office, bore this title. Spelman. 
 
 AB actu ad posse, valet consecutio. From the act or performance of a thing to 
 what can be performed, the connection or sequence is valid. 
 The maxim expresses that when a thing has once happened, it is just and logical 
 to infer that such a thing may occur again. " From what has happened we may infer what 
 will happen." 
 
 Ab alio. Of, from, by another, out of another. 
 
 Ah alio expectus, a'lteri quoO, feceris. — Lat. Pro v. You may expect from 
 another person that which you shall or may have done to another. PUBUUS Syrus. 
 
 Trop., "As you do to another, expect another to do to you." Your conduct to others 
 should form the measure of your own expectations. Laberius. 
 
 AB Aulo Agerio Caius Seius mutuant quandam quantitatem accepit hoc chiro- 
 grapho : Hie scripsi, me accepisse et accepi ab illo mutuos 
 et numer ato s decern, qvos ei reddam K alendis illis pr oximis 
 cu.ni suis usuri s placitis inter nos; quaero, an ex eo instrumento usurae 
 peti possint, et quae? Modestinus respondit : si non appareat, de quibus usuris con- 
 
Abante.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ab-hoc. 
 
 ventio facta siUpeti eas non posse. Modestinus, £>ig. xxii, i,fr. 41, § 2. Caius 
 S.eius acknowledges, in the following chirograph, the amount of a certain loan 
 from Aulus Agerius : "He acknowledged in writing to have 
 accepted me, and I have received from him the loan of 
 ready cash ten pieces, which I will return to him at the 
 next calend, together with the interest agreed upon 
 between us." I ask, can interest be required by virtue of that instrument, 
 and how much ? Modestinus answers : If the agreement cannot be made 
 clear in regard to the interest (agreed upon), that cannot be required, v. Scae- 
 VOLA, Dig. ii, 14, /r. 47, § i; Story on From. Notes, § 5. 
 
 Ab ante. In advance. Story, J., i Sumner's R. 308. 
 
 Ab antecedente. Beforehand. Ld. Ellenborough, C. J., % M. b' S. no. 
 
 Ab anti^UO. Of old ; anciently. Bracton, fol. 76a/ 3 Bl. Com. 95. 
 
 Ab aratro abductus est. He was taken from the plough. 
 
 Ab ardendo. From burning. 4 Bl. Com. 220. v. Arson. 
 
 AB assuetis non fit injuria. From things to which one is accustomed, /. e. 
 in which there has been long acquiescence, — no injury arises. Jenkins, 
 Cent. Introd. viii ; Lofft. 623. 
 
 If a person neglect to insist on his right, he is deemed to have abandoned it. A c o u r t 
 of Equity which is never active in giving relief against conscience or public convenience 
 has always refused its aid to stale demands, where a party has slept upon his rights for a 
 great length of time. Nothing can call forth this court into activity but conscience, good 
 faith, and reasonable diligence ; where these are wanting, the court is passive and does 
 nothing. Laches and neglect are always discouraged ; and therefore, from the beginning 
 of this jurisdiction, there was always a limitation to suits in this court. Per Lord Camden, 
 Smith vs. Clay, Ambler's Ji. 645 ; 3 Brown's Ch. C. 639- 
 
 Ab ennmeratioiie partium. From or by enumeration of parts or shares. 
 
 AB eo custodia talis desideratur qualem diligentissimus paterfamilias suis rebus 
 adhibet. Justinian. Inst, iii, 24, § 5. Such custody is required of him 
 (the hirer) as the most careful master of a household would exercise over his 
 own property. Story on Bailm. § 398. 
 
 Read : Conductor omnia secundum legem conductionis facere debet, etc. Justin, ib. 
 
 AB eo dictus quhd teneatur statum causae j vel quhd ante stet, quasi antestis, id 
 est antestans . So called because he corroborates the state of a case ; or 
 because he .stands forward as witnesses do, that is to say, one who stands in 
 front {ante stans). Stephen, Thesaurus Ling. Lat. j i Best on Evid. § 124, n. r. 
 Sed quaere: v. Antestator. 
 
 AB eo, qui neque legatum, neque fideicommissum, neque hereditatem, vel mortis 
 causd donationem accepit, nihil per fideicommissum relinqui potest. Justin. 
 Cod. vi, 42; Const. 9. By him, who has received neither a legacy, nor a 
 feoffment in trust, nor an inheritance, or a donation in anticipation or contem- 
 plation of death \mortis causd], nothing can be left by means of a feoffment in 
 trust. I Story's Eq. Jur. § 607 {e) ; 4 Russ. 27. 
 
 Ab epistolis. Of or with the letters, etc. The title of a secretary ; an officer having 
 charge of the correspondence {epistolae) of his superior or sovereign. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Ab extra. From without. 3 Rob. Adm. R. 322 ; Best on Evid. § 14 ; 14 Mass. 151. 
 
 Ab-hinc, adv. temp, (a) From this time forward ; henceforth. (6) From this time back- 
 ward; ago, since, before. Ab-hinc annos quatuordecim, — fourteen years ago. Cic. Verr. 
 
 i, 12, 34- 
 
 Ab hoc et ab hac. From this and that ; confusedly. 
 
 [2] 9 
 
Ab hon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [ Ab inv. 
 
 AB honesto virum bonum nihil deterret . Nothing deters a good man from the performance 
 of his duties. Seneca. 
 
 Ah imis unguibus usque ad verticeni siimmum. From his toe-nails even to 
 {usque) his very crown. T r o p . , From top to toe; from the crown of his head to the sole 
 of his foot. 
 
 Non ad ifptis unguibus usqut adveriicetH sufntnum, si quam conjecturam ad fert homini- 
 bus tacita corporis figura tx /raKdn, /allaciis, mendticiis consiare toius vtdeiur ? ClCERO, Kos. Com. vii, 20. 
 
 Does he not 'from his toe-nails to his head;' if the voiceless figure of a man's person can enable 
 men to conjecture his character; seem wholly made up of fraud, and cheating, and lies ? 
 
 AB Ivtperatore nostra et patre ejus rescriptum est, ut in criminibus, quae extra 
 ordinetti objiciuntur, praevaricationes eadem poena afficiantur, qua tenerentur, 
 si ipsi in legem comisissent, qua reus per praevaricationem absolutus est. Paulus, 
 Dig. xlvii, c. 15, fr. 6. An edict was promulgated by our Emperor and his father, 
 that in crimes or offenses which are presented [deemed] extraordinary, prevari- 
 cations are affected [punished] with the same penalty to which they (the pre- 
 varicators) would be held, if they should have committed the offense themselves, 
 in [against] the law, from which the defendant \reus\ was absolved by means of 
 such prevarication. 
 
 See the terms Praevaricatio' and ' Praevaricator, where the definitions are fully stated, and 
 where the Roman law will be found collated. 
 
 Ab inconyeuienti. From inconvenience, hardship ; from what is inconvenient. Broom 
 &' Had. Com. i, 62. v. Argumentum ab inconvenienti plurimum^ valet in lege. Co. Lilt. 66. 
 
 Ab incunabulis imbutns odio tribunorum. From the cradle or childhood imbued 
 with hatred of the tribunes. Livy, xxxvi. 
 
 Ab inde. From thence (applied to place only). Town's PI. 22. Sometimes written 
 in one word, abinde, q. v. Ab inde reces sit quietus, — he hath gone quit thereof. 
 
 Ab inferioris judicis sententia ad superiorem provocare. To call forth or bring an 
 
 appeal from a sentence of an inferior judge to a superior. Calv. Lex. Jur. v. Provocare. 
 
 Ab ingreSSU ecclesiae. From entering the church. Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 169. 
 Words in the writ of excommunication. 
 
 Ab initio. At the beginning; at first; originally. Bracton, fol. 2130/ Fleta, lib. 4, c. 17, 
 § I. From the beginning; from the first act. Plowd. 6a, iba ; 1 Bl. Com. 434, 435, 440 ; 
 4 id. 15, 94, 213. 
 
 To say a deed, marriage, etc., is void ab initio, is equivalent to saying it was void when 
 made, and has never been otherwise. 'Trespassers ab initio.' v. Bl. Com. iii, 15; 8 Co. 46. 
 
 Ab initio — causa praecontractus. From the beginning— by reason of pre-contract. 
 Broom's /!/aAr. 395, note 4. Ab initio ei ipse facto, — from the beginning and from the fact 
 itself. Bacon's Max. In reg. ig. Ab initio inundi, — from the beginning of the world. 
 Ab initio mundi usque ad hodiernum diem, — from the beginning of the world to this day. 
 Yearb. M. I Edw. III. 24. Ab initio, sive post temfus, — at the beginning, or afterward. 
 Ab initio, vet ex post facto, — at the beginning, or by a subsequent act or fact. Bracton., fol. 
 213(7 / Fleta, lib. 4, c. r7, § i. v. Ex post facto. 
 
 Ab innocentia. On the side of innocence ; in behalf of innocence. Cicero, Rose. Am. 
 
 Ab integro. From anew ; from that which nothing has yet been done, or is untouched, 
 undecided, undetermined. Adverb.: Anew, afresh (quite class). 
 
 Ab intestato. From an intestate ; in case of intestacy, e. g. succession ab intestato. 2 
 Bl. Com. 490, 516; Broom cSr" Had. Cotn. ii, 649. " Heirs fli intestato" j i Burr. 420. See 
 Haereditas ab intestato ; Successio ab intestato ; Vel ex testamento, vel ab intestato, etc. 
 
 Ab intra. From within. I Benth. fud. Evid. 49, 50 ; i Best on Evid. § 14. 
 
 Ab inutili. From the useless or unprofitable. 2 Smith's L. C. [419] 479. 
 
 Ab invito. By or from an unwilling party. A compulsory transfer or other act is said to 
 be ab invito, v. In invitum. 
 10 
 
Abira.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aba. 
 
 Ab irato. From anger. T r a n s f . , By violence. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Ab officio et beneficio. From the office and benefice. 
 
 Ab olim, Of old. "^Bl. Com. <)t. Ab olim consensu, — by ancient consent. Ab olim ordina- 
 tum, — formerly constituted; early ordained; by or from an early ordinance. Ab olim con- 
 sensu regio et viagnatum regni Angliae, — by the ancient consent of the royal and great men of 
 England. 3 Bl. Com. 95. 
 
 AB omnibus quaerenda, a multis ignorata, hpaucis cognita. To be examined by all ; unknown 
 to many ; known by few. Co. Litt. lib ; Crabb's Hist. 263. 
 
 V. Lex et consueiudo parliamcnii. 
 
 Ab omul parte. From every part. T r o p . , On every hand. Seneca, Ep. 87 ad fin. 
 
 An omnibus qui sunt ad fidem regis. By all the king's liege men. Fleta. 
 
 Ab Ordine motio. A moving out of or from the order ; a removing. Ulpian. Dig. 
 xlvii, 20, fr. 3, § 2. 
 
 Ab origine. From the origin ; from the beginning. Bacon, Cases of Treason. 
 
 Ah o-vo usque ad mala. From the eggs to the apples. 
 
 Trop. : From the beginning to the end of the entertainment. An expression borrowed 
 from the Roman custom at meals, which was to begin with eggs and end with fruit. Horace, 
 Sat. I, 3, 7. 
 
 A B uno disce omnes. From one learn all. Virgil, ^n. ii, 65. 
 
 Trop.: From this single instance you may learn the nature of the whole. From this 
 specimen of guilt you may form a general inference of the criminality, v. Crimine ab uno 
 disce, etc. 
 
 Ab urbe COndita. Since or from the founding of the city (Rome, B. C. 753). ». Anno 
 urbe conditae. 
 
 Generally expressed in the classics by the initials A. U. C. The era from which time was 
 calculated, and the dates of events recorded by the Romans (B. C. 753). 
 
 Ab vinculis matrimonio. From the bonds of matrimony, v. A vinculo matrimonii. 
 
 Abactor, oris, m. [-)- abigo, abigere, to drive away.J One who (robbing) drives away 
 cattle ; a cattle stealer. Appul. Met. 7, p. 407 ; 3 Gibbon's Rom. Emp. c. 44, 185, note. Plur. 
 Abactores. See Abigeator. cf. Justinian. Ct^t/. ix, tit. 37. 
 
 ^baliend, are, l, v. u. [-\- ab, from, and alienare, to alienate or transfer.] To make alien 
 from one, or from one's self, i. c. to remove, separate ; to alienate or estrange one. Abalie- 
 nati jure civium, — deprived of the rights of citizenship. 
 
 In the Jurists, t.t.: To alienate any thing , to transfer the ownership to another. 
 Cicero, Agr. ii, 24, 64; cf. Paulus, Dig. x, 3, /r. 14, § i ; id. xxxii,/?-. 38, § 7. 
 
 Abalienatio, onis, /. [+ abalienare^ A putting away or transfer of property by sale or 
 other alienation. Cicero, Top. v, fin. v. infra, v. Cessio. 
 
 This term occurs frequently in classical writers, and was employed by the Romans to 
 denote the complete transfer of a thing. It gave place to the term alienalio, which is the 
 term employed in the civil law, also in the feudal law, and from which was formed the 
 English term alienation. Justin. Inst, ii, 8, pr.; id. ii, i, 40 ; Feud. lib. i, t. 13; lib. ii, t. 9. 
 
 Read: Alienationis verbuiii etiam usucapioneni continet, etc. Paulus, Dig. L. 16, fr. 28. 
 
 Abalienatio vel translatio dominii vel proprietatis. The alienation or transfer of 
 the domain or right of possession of property. 
 
 ABALIENATIO est ejus rei, quae maticipi est, aut traditio alteri nexii, aut in 
 jure cessio, inter quos ea jure civili jieri possunt. Cicero, Topica. v. jin. 
 Alienation is the surrender of any thing which is a man's private property, or a 
 legal cession of it to men who are able, by law, to avail themselves of such cession. 
 Paulus defines the term : Alienationis verbum etiam usucapionem continet ; vix est 
 enim, ut non videatur alienare, qui patitur usucapi. , Eum quoque alienare dicitur, qui non 
 utendo amisit servitutes, etc. Paulus, Dig. L. 16, fr. 28. 
 
 Abamita ae, /. A sister of tlie abams=ainila maxima. Dig. xxxviii, 10, jrr. 3, 10 
 
Aba.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abr. 
 
 Abante. From before. Abante ocuHs, — away before the eyes. 
 
 Abamdite. — L. Lat. [-|- Sax. abarian, to uncover, disclose, or make bare.] To detect, 
 discover, or disclose to a magistrate any secret crime. LL. Hen. I. c. 91. Abarnatus, — dis- 
 covered, detected. Cowell. 
 
 Abatamentum, — L. Lat. [+ abatare.'\ A making less ; abatement, v. Abatare. 
 
 Anabatementoffreehold: is an entry upon landsby way of interposition between 
 the death of the ancestor and the entry of the heirs ; hence called an entry by inter- 
 position. Co. Liu. VTjaj Yelv. 151 ; 3 Bl. Com. 168 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 1063, § 2454^. 
 
 Abatement among legatees . is the proportionate reduction or diminution which lega- 
 tees are subject to have made in the pecuniary legacies bequeathed to them, when the funds 
 or assets, etc., are not sufficient to pay them in full. Bracton, fol. b\a ; 2 Bl. Com. 512, 513 ; 
 Fonbl. Eq. 369 ; I Stores Eq. Jur. § 555 ; W. L. D. (4) 
 
 Abatement in practice : is the cessation, termination, or coming to an end prema- 
 turely, of a suit or other judicial proceeding, or the suspension of all proceedings in it, from 
 the want of proper parties, e. g. in consequence of the death of one of the parties during its 
 pendency. 2 Archb. Pr. 2gg ; 2 Tidd's Pr. 932 ; Story's Eq. PI. § 354 ; 6 Wheat. R. 260 ; cf. 
 U. S. Dig., ' Abatement.' 
 
 Abatare. — L. Lat. [+ abater.] To abate. To beat, break, pull or throw down ; to over- 
 throw, demolish or destroy a material object, as a building of any kind. Abatavit, — he or 
 she abated. Yelv. i^i. v. Abatamentum. 
 
 To abate a nuisance : is to remove it, by pulling, cutting or breaking it down, or 
 otherwise removing or destroying it. 3 Bl. Com. 168 ; Broom on Com. Law, 222, 224 and cases; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. lii, 5 ; Kents Com. 
 
 To abate a freehold: is to overthrow it by the unlawful entry or intervention of a 
 stranger, where the possession is vacant. The act of a stranger in entering upon lands, after 
 the death of the ancestor or person last seized, and before the entry of the heir, devisee or 
 person next entitled, and keeping the latter out of possession. Co. Litt. 2T]a ; 3 Bl. Com. 
 168. V, Abatamentum. 
 
 To abate a writ or action : is to defeat, overthrow, prostrate, quash, or put an end 
 to it by some fatal exception or plea, the plea itself being called 2iplea in abatement. Co. Litt. 
 i'i\b, ZTia ; 3 Bl. Com. l58 ; Steph, PI. 47 ; 2 Archb. Pr. 299 ; 6 Wheat. R. 260 ; Broom on 
 Com. Law, 170, 171. 
 
 Abater, or Abatre. — L. Fr. To abate ; to cut, beat or break down ; to overthrow ; to 
 demolish or destroy ; to fall or fail ; to come to an end ; to become or be declared void. 
 Abater un faude, — to abate a fold. Yearb. P. Edw. IIL 48. Abatre un bref, — to abate a 
 writ. Fet. Assaver, § 32. Ceo abateroit le briefe, — this would abate the writ. Reg. Orig. 229* 
 regula. Le bref n'abatera pas, — the writ shall not abate. Kelw. 20. 
 
 AbatuS. — L. Fr. Beaten or thrown down, t. g. Arbres abatues de vent, — trees blown down 
 by the wind. Bois abatu, — wood cut or fallen. Kelham. Murabatu, — a wall thrown down. 
 Britt. c 61. Abated, quashed ; e.g. Un briefe fuit abatus, — the writ was quashed. Reg. 
 Orig. (jib, nota. Ne soil le brief e abatus, — the writ shall not be quashed. i'/a^.Westm. L c. 47. 
 
 Ab-avUS, i, '«. In gen. Forefather, ancestor. In part ic. Great-great-grandfather. 
 
 Dig. passim ; v. Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 646. 
 
 Abbettare, or ^fe««re. — L. Lat. To abet. Rast. Eut. S^. Abbettasse et procurasse, — to 
 have abetted and procured. Reg. Orig. i-^^a. Abbettator, — an abettor. Spelman. Abbettum, — 
 abetment. Reg. Orig. 270a. Abbettavit, incitavit, et frocuravit, etc., — he abetted, incited, 
 and procured, etc. 
 
 Abbreviamentum. An abridgment. A large work contracted into a narrow compass; 
 a summar)', epitome, compendium. 
 
 Abbreviare. — Lat. To abridge; to make shorter. i??-(7. ^i5>-. / Story, J., 3 /'^fcrj(U. S.) 
 R. 99. 183, Abbreviaiio, — abbreviation ; an abbreviation. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONUM ille numerus et sensus accipiendus est, ut concessio non sit 
 inanis. In abbreviations, that number [whether singular or phiral], and 
 that sense is to be taken, by which the grant is not rendered void. 9 Co. 48. 
 
Abb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abe. 
 
 Abbrocamentum, or Abncamentum. — L. Lat. Abbrochment, or abroachment, i. c. the 
 buying up of goods by wholesale, before they are brought to a market or fair, and selling 
 again by retail ; a forestalling of the market. Spelman ; Cowell. 
 
 Abbuttaut et adjoynaut al haut estret.— L' Fr. Abutting and adjoining the highway. 
 Yearb. P. n Hen. VI. 2. 
 
 Abcariare, — L. Lat. To carry away. Cepit et abcariavit, — he took and carried away. 
 Dyer, 70a. 
 
 Abdicatio, Snis /. [-|- abdico.\ A renunciation ; an abdication ; the voluntary renuncia- 
 tion or relinquishment of an office, or of supreme power: <r. g. Abdicatione dictaturae, — the 
 abdication of the dictatorship. Liv. 6, 16. v. Tennes de la Ley; 1 £1. Com.2\\\ 4 «W. 78. 
 
 In Juridical Lat. t. t.. The expulsion of a son from the father's family, and the 
 disinheriting of him connected with it. Qijintilian, iii, 6, 97; vii, i, 14; vii. 4, 27. 
 
 Abdic5, 5r5, I, V. a. To say that a thing does not belong to one ; to renounce a thing ; to 
 cease to apply one's self to it. Cic. Cat. iii, 5, 14 ; id. de Or. ii, 24 ; C>ES. B. C. iii, 2. To 
 abrogate; to reject- Puti. Saep. In Juridical Lang. t. t. To renounce one. Esp. 
 of a son. To expel from the family and disinherit him. Quint, iii, 6, 97 ; vii, i, 14. 
 
 And so; Abdicare patrem, — to renounce, j. ^. not to acknowledge as father. Curt. 
 
 Abdita rerum. Of things, or matters hidden or concealed. Horace, A. P. 49. 
 
 Abdite latet. — Lat. He lurks privily. 
 
 Abditus, a, um. Pa. Hidden; concealed; secreted; secret. LucR.; Cicero f/n/. 
 
 Abditorimn. — L. Lat. [-|- abdere, to hide; to conceal ; to secrete. J A place to hide, 
 and preserve goods, plate or money ; an abditory. 3 Man. Angl. 173; Cowell. It is also 
 applied to a chest or place in %vhich relics are preserved. Dugdale's Mon. Angl. p. 173. 
 
 AbducO, 6rS, 3, V. a. — Lat. To lead or carry away ; to abduct ; to take with one's self ; 
 having stolen, to drive away cattle. Pun. iv, 21, 36. To lead to revolt ; to alienate. 
 Cic. Phil. X. 3. To entice. Ter. Ad. iii, 3, 4. Abduxit, — he led. or carried away, e. g. 
 Rapuit et abduxit, — he ravished and carried away. Stat. Westm. t. 2,35; 2 Co. Inst. 440. 
 
 Abductio, — L. Lat. [-|- abduco, abducere, q. v. J Abduction ; the oflFense of taking away 
 a man's wife, child or ward, either by open violence, or by fraud or persuasion. 3 Bl. Com. 
 139, "41 ; I Russell on Crimes, 701. Also the unlawful taking or detention of any female, 
 for the purpose of marriage, concubinage or prostitution. 4 Steph. Com. 129 ; Broom on C. 
 L. 847: 2 R. S. (N. Y.) 663, 664 : Stat. 9 Geo. IV. t. 31, S§ 19. 20. 
 
 Abearance. — L. Lat. A bearing. [-\- abear, ox bear, X.0 hehscve.] Bearing or carriage ; 
 deportment, conduct or behavior. 4 Bl. Com. 256. = Bonus gestus of the Jurists. 
 
 Abegit pecora. — L. Lat. He drove away the cattle. 
 
 Aberemurdrum. — L. Lat. \-\-aebere, evident, or open, and mord, killing, murder.] 
 Plain or apparent murder ; open killing. Distinguished from manslaughter and chance 
 medley. Spelman, Gloss.; Goviel ; Blount. 
 
 Ab-esse. — Lat. \ab, and, esse, to be.J To be absent ; to be away from a place, i. e. extra 
 continentia urbis,— beyond the suburbs of the cit)'. Ulpian. Dig. L. 16,/?-. 174, % i , fr. 199, 
 § I. (6) He was also ab-esse, if, being within that limit, he concealed himself. Dig. L. 16, 
 173. § I ; "'• /'■■ 199" /''■'■ ''^- '"' 3'/''- ^' ^'^^ '^° ^^ °"' °^ one's possession, as a thing was 
 when lost or stolen. Dig. id. fr. 13, fr. 14. v. In esse, {(l) To be out of existence; not 
 in its pristine condition. Read: Resabessevidentur,utSabinusait,etPediusprobat,etiam 
 hae, quarum corpus manet, forma mtitata est; et ideo si corruptae redditae sint, vel trans figurate, 
 videre abesse, quoniam plerumque plus est in manus pretio, quam in re. Ulpian. Dig. L. 16, 
 fr. 13. § 3- 
 
 ABESSE non videtur, qui ab Jiostibus captus est, sed qui a latronibus detinetur. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. L. 16,/;-. 199, § i. He appears not to be absent, who has 
 been taken by the enemy, but he is so considered, who is detained by brigands. 
 Absentem accipere debemus eum, qui non est eo loci, in quo petitur, etc. Id. ih. pr. 
 Qui extra continentia verbis est, abest ; ceterum usque ad continentia non abesse videtur. 
 Ulpian. Dig. L. 16 fr. 173, § i. 
 
Abe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abi. 
 
 Abettare, — L. Lat. [+ a, (ad vsl usque), and Sax. bedan or heteren, to stir up, to excite.] 
 To abet ; to encourage or incite by aid or countenance. 
 
 Jurid. sense: To encourage to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act. Sf el- 
 man ; Cowell. = To aid ; sustain; help; assist; favor; further; succor; support. 
 
 Abettans. Abetting. 2 Show. 512, Abettans, confortans et manutenans. Abet- 
 ting, comforting, and maintaining. 2 Ho%u. SI. Trials; 746. 
 
 l^^WaXaX, Abbettator. An abettor. i^/i?^a, lib. ii, c. 65,§ 7. An instigator, or setter on ; 
 an incitaior ; one who promotes or procures a crime to be committed. 0. N, B. 21. Qui 
 aliutn ad facinus aliquod, etc. 4 Bl. Coin. 33 323 ; i Russell on Crimes, 26-27; 13 Missouri 
 R. 382 ; 9 N. Carolina R. 440. 
 
 In Crim. Law: There is a distinction between abettors and accessories. 
 Presence and participation are necessary to constitute a person an a b e 1 1 o r. Co. Lift. 475 ; 
 Cowell ; Bl. Com, iv, 33 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 33 sq. ; Russ. &' R. Cr. Cas. gg ; 9 Bing, 
 N.C.440; ID Pick. (Mass.) 477; I Hall, N. Y. Su^er. C. R 446. If absent he is an 
 accessory before the fact. Fast. Cr. L. p. 125; 2 How. St. Tr. 965, Earl of 
 Somerset's Case ; Broom on C. L. g34. v. Stat, 24 & 25 Vict. c. 94, § I ; Bell, .C. C: 242 ; 
 Dearsl, &= B. 2S8. Read: Ope et consilio, seqq. 
 
 Abeyance. — L- Fr. and Eng. [+ Fr. bayer. Old Fr. baer, beer — to bay at, to gape after, 
 to wait for earnestly, to expect, to tarr)'. ] A state of suspension, waiting, expectation ; a 
 temporary extinction with the expectation of a revival. Abeyantia. — L. Lat. Abeyance. 
 
 Jurid. s e'n s e : Expectation, remembrance, and contemplation in law. 2 Bl. Com. 107. 
 
 An inheritance is said to be in abeyance, if there be no person in existence in whom it 
 can vest. It is in expectation; the law contemplating it as potentially existing, and ready 
 to vest whenever a proper owner appears. 2 Bl. Com, 107. It is said to be in remem- 
 brance, consideration and intendment of law. Litt. §§ 646, 650. Ex, gr. A grant to A for 
 life, and afterward to the heirs of B, the inheritance is neither granted to A nor B, nor 
 can it vest in the heirs of B till his death ; it remains, therefore, in abeydnce during 
 the life of B. 2 Bl. Com. 107 , Plowd. 2ga, 350, 556. The fee is in pendenti — in suspen- 
 sion. Bracton, fol. ign, 20«. An inheritance in abeyance has been said to be in nubibus — in 
 the clouds — denoting a condition of suspension, etc., and having the qualitj' of readiness 
 to descend and vest at the proper time. Litt. §§ 646, 650; Hob. 335 : Co. Litt. 342*/ 4 
 Kent's Com. 258, 260, note. But, ^ contrario, v. Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 211, 212. 
 
 It has also been said to be ingremio legis — in the bosom of the law. i Co. 131, 134. See 
 the subject further considered in Fearne on Remainders., [360] 452 ; 2 Bl. Com. 107, Cooley's 
 notes ;-i Steph. Com. 223, n. (/) ; b CI. Ssf Fin.. 850. 
 
 The term abeyance is = hereditatem jacentem, for as the jurists say, lands and goods jacent, 
 so the common lawyers say that lands and goods in a similar category are in abeyance, or as 
 the logicians express it, in posse, or in understanding. 
 
 Read: Talis res vel tale rectuin, quae vel quod non est in homine, etc. 
 
 Abeunt studia in mores. Studies or pursuits become customs or habits Co. Litt. 
 
 Trop., " Use is second nature." Ovid 
 
 Abhinc, adv. temp. — Lat. Henceforth, etc. v. Ab hinc. 
 
 Ablgeator, Sris, m. — \^ abigere^^ A cattle stealer ; one who drives away cattle or other 
 animals, with the intention of stealing them. Paul. Sent. v. 18. v. Abactor and Abigeus. 
 
 Abigeatns, «s, m. — Lat. [+ abigere.] The offense of stealing or driving away cattle. 
 Macer, Dig. xlvii, 14, fr. 2 ; Menander, ib. xlix, 16, /r 5. It is cattle stealing. 
 
 Ab-ig6, abigere,^ v. a. — Lat. [+ ab, from, and agere, to drive away.] To drive away. 
 Applied to those who stole and drove away cattle or any animals. Dig. xlvii, 14, de Abigeis. 
 To drive out; to expel by force. Abigere partus medicamentis , — to drive away a fetus by 
 medicaments or drugs, Cic. CI. xii ; Tac. A. 14, 63 ; Marcianus, Dig. xlvii, 'ii,/?-. 4. 
 
 Abigeus, i, m. \j\- abigo.'X One who steals and drives away cattle; a cattle stealer. 
 =L Abactor, Abigeator. Du Conge; 4 Bl. Com. 23g. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One who drives or draws away cattle from their pastures, as horses 
 or oxen from the herds, and makes Dooty of them, and who follows this quasi artem, i. e. as 
 a business or trade. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 14, i,/n i ; xlviii, 19, /;-. 16. The term applies 
 also to those who drive away the smaller animals, as swine, sheep and goats. Dig. xlvii, 14, 
 frr. I, 2, 3. And so also, whether they take but an animal or two at a time. Calistr. Dig. 
 xlvii, 14,/?-. 3, § 2; Saturninus, Dig. xlviii, 19, fr. 16, § 7. 
 
 Ab-iude. — L. Lat. From thence ; thenceforth. 2 Mod. 2^ ; 6 id 2^2 . v. Ab inde. 
 
 14 
 
Abi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abo. 
 
 Abitid, Onis, /. [aifo.] A going away ; departure, =^toaf. Cicero, Verr. 
 
 Abjectire. — L. Lat. To lose a cause by default or neglect to prosecute (r«Kji7;« />er 
 defaltam.vel nonjmsequemlo amitiere). Spelman. To fail Kvi^xi z.c\\o-a {deficere in lite). To 
 neglect a plea or suit {placitum negligere). To forfeit one's recognizance (vadimonium deserere). 
 
 Ab-judlc6, 5rS, I, V. a. To give sentence as judge against one ; to declare that he has 
 forfeited something ; to deprive of a thing by the judgment or decision of a court. Cic. 
 Verr.W, I, \.=Forisjudicare, v, h. v. 
 
 Abjudicatio. — L- Lat. \-\-ahjudica7-e,'\ The depriving of a thing by the judgment or 
 decision of a court ; a putting out of couxt. =Fonsjudicatio, q. v.; Flela, lib. ii, c. 50, | 8 ; 
 Co. Litt. looa, /'. Abjudicaius, — ioxe]uAgedi.=Forisjudicalus. 
 
 Ab-juro, arS, i, v. a. To deny any thing on oath; to abjure. Plautus; Cicero el al. 
 
 Jurid. sense: To swear to give up, or leave a thing or place ; to renounce or abandon 
 by, or upon oath ; to swear from; to iotsviezx.^ForisJurare. 
 
 Abjurare regnum. To abjure the realm ; to swear to leave it. Bracton, fol. 135^, 136a/ 
 Cart, de Forest, c. 10. v. Abjuratio regiii, 
 
 Abjurare terrain. To abjure the land. ArticuH Cleri, c. 10. 
 
 Abjuratio. — L. Lat. [-\- abjurare.'] Abjuration ; a renunciation or abandonment upon 
 oath; the making oath to leave a place. ^ Bl. Com. 124; Broom &= Had. Co?«. i, 155-6, &. n. 
 [e); id. 444. 
 
 In its usual sense it was of the realm ; but it might also be of a county, city or berough. 
 
 Abjuratio regni. Abjuration of the realm. Bracton, fol. 13515. v. Abjurare regnam. 
 
 The taking of an oath to depart from the kingdom and never to return, unless by permis- 
 sion ; a self-banishment, under oath, or solemnly, formerly allowed to malefactors who con- 
 fessed their crimes, after fleeing to a sanctuary, as the means of saving their lives. Bracton, fol. 
 135^/ 3 P- W'vis. 38, note (B) ; 4 Bl. Com. 332. The blood of such person was attainted, 
 he forfeited all his goods and chattels, and was considered dead in law. . Co. Litt. 1332 / i 
 Bl. Com. 132 ; 4 id. 333 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 155-6, v. n. (e). 
 
 Abjuration of the realm appears to have been abolished by statute, 21 Jac. I. c. 
 28, although it is mentioned at a later period. 2 Co. Inst. 629 ; 11 East R. 301 ; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 156, note. 
 
 Abjuration of allegiance: A declaration under oath that the party renounces 
 and abjures all the allegiance and fidelity which he owes to a particular sovereign. 1 Bl. Com. 
 368; Act of Congress, April 14, 1802; 2 Kent's Com. 64-65. 
 
 Abnormis, e, ff<^'. [norma.] Deviating or departing from a fixed rule (K«7«fl); irregular; 
 abnormal. Abnormis sapiens, — wise without instruction ; a philosopher without rules. 
 Horace, S. ii, 2, 3; cf. Cicero, Lacl. v, 18. 
 
 AbolitiO, Onis, /. A putting away ; abrogating: annulling: e. g. Abolitia facti, — an abro- 
 gation or pardon of the fact or act. v. Amnestia. Abolitio legis,- — an abrogating, annulling 
 of a law. Suet. Aug. xxxiv. (6,) An amnesty; a pardon. Suet. Tib. h\ Dig. xlviii, 16, 
 frr. 8-10. e.g. Sub pacta abolitionis, — on condition of an amnesty. Quintilian, Inst, ix, 
 
 2. 97. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Abolitio est deletio, obliviovelextinciio accusationis. Paulus, &«/. 
 liec. V. 17, §1. In broader sense: The revoking of a sentence, pending, etc. ; oblit- 
 eration, efTacement, quashing, suspension. = pardon, remission, grace, cf. Justin. Cod. ix, tit. 
 42, ' de Abolitionibus;' id. ib. tit. 43, ' de Generali Abolitionibus.' Ulpian Dig. xxxix, 4,/;-. 
 
 3. § 3- ^- Amnestia. 
 
 Papinianus defines: 
 
 ABOLITIO aut publice fit ob diem iiisignem, ant publicam qvatulationem ; 
 (Macer,//-. 9) — vel ob rem prospere gestam ; (Papinianus,/;-. 10) — mit 
 privatim adore postulante. Tertio gencre fi.x et lege abolitio, acctisatore mortuo, vel 
 ex justd caiisd impedido, quominus accusare possit. Papinianus et Macer, Dig. 
 xlviii, i6,frr. 8, 9, 10, pr. A suspension of a suit takes place, either publicly, or 
 on account of an extraordinary day, or public rejoicing; (Macer,/;-. 9)— or 
 on account of national success; (Papinianus, /;-. 10)— or privately at the 
 
 IS 
 
Abo.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abs. 
 
 request of the plaintiff, A suspension of proceedings may take place according 
 to law in a third way : by the death of the prosecutor, or when from a reasona- 
 ble hindrance he is unable to prosecute. [J. I. H., D. D.] 
 
 § I. Abolitione autem publica facta, non retractabitur in judicio repetendo de mariti jure. 
 § 2. Triginta dies repetendi rei Divus Traganus utiles esse interpretatus est, ex die scilicet, 
 quo feriae finitae sunt ; et Senatus censuit eas dies cedere, quibus quisque reum suum repe- 
 tere possit. Ho6 autem repetendi rei tempus non aliter cedit quam si accusator quoque 
 potuit adire. Papinian. ib.fr. lo, §§ i, 2. 
 
 § I. A suspension (quashing) having been publicly made, the cause shall not be resumed 
 in court by a renewal of the prosecution or suit on the part of the husband. § 2. The august 
 Trajan decided that thirty days were advisable for renewing the suit against the accused ; 
 from the day, namely, on which the legal holiday terminated ; and the Senate expressed the 
 opinion that to give a day, by which every defendant can reclaim his own. But in this 
 reclaiming by the defendant, time is not allowed otherwise than if the accuser also is enabled 
 to go. 
 
 Abolitor, oris, m. One who takes away a thing, or casts it into oblivion. 
 
 Abrado, Sr6, 3, v. a. — Lat. [+ ab, from, and radere, to scrape.] To scratch off or away; 
 to scrape away ; to rub off, — as, e. g. the writing of an instrument. 
 
 Abrasio, A scraping off; erasing in a writ. Bracton, fol. 4x3^/ Fleta, lib. 2. 
 
 Abrogatio, enisj/. \;\- abngare .'[ A legal annulling (of a law). Cic. Att. iii, 23, 2. 
 The act of abrogating ; the annulling or repeal of a law by an act of the same power which 
 made it. Abrogatio consuetudinis , — abrogation of a custom or usage, i. c. by a different and 
 long-continued usage. 
 
 Ab-rog6, arS, i, v. «. To take away any thing ; to deprive of. Plaut. ; Cicero et al. 
 
 Of a Civil Office: To take it from one ; to recall it ; to abrogate it. Cicero. 
 
 In Jurid. Lang.: To annul, in all its parts, a law now in force ; to repeal ; to abro- 
 gate. Varro. LL. ix, 5 ; Ulpian's Rules, i, 3. v. Derogare, Subrogare, Obrogare, Exrogare. 
 V, Rogare legem. 
 
 A'KROGA.T'U'S. legi citm prorsus tollitur. Modestinus, Dig. L. 16, fr. 102. 
 A law is abrogated when it is entirely taken away. v. Leges posteriores 
 priores contrarius abrogant. 
 
 Abs-Cedo, SrS, 3, v. n. — Lat. To go off or away; to depart from some place. Plaut. 
 Pan. i, z, 162. To retire from the contest without deciding it. Tac. A. 1,63. To escape 
 from danger, and the like. Ter. Heaut. ii, 4, 5, To leave one, i. c. to be lost to him ; to 
 foil him. Ov. M. v, 375. Tc desist from a thing. Liv. xxvi, 7 ; Nep. Ef. g. To withdraw 
 an action. Tag. A. ii, 34. 
 
 Abscessio, Onis, /. A going away or departing from ; a separating. Cicero. 
 Abscessus, », um. Pa. A going away; departure ; absence. Cic. N. D. i, 10; Virg. A. 
 X, 445. Abscessus continuus, — continued absence. Tac. A. vi, 38. 
 
 Abs-C0Ild6, SrS, 3, v. a. To keep somewhere out of view ; to conceal carefully ; to hide 
 or conceal one's self ; to keep close ; to go away privatel)'. 
 
 Absconditor, oris, n. One who hides or conceals ; a hider, concealer, etc. 
 
 A debtor who clandestinely withdraws from the place of his residence or business, or 
 secretes himself to avoid legal process, is said to abscond. 2 Kent's Corn. 401. A debtor 
 may abscond without actually leaving the state. 7 Maryl. R. 209. 
 
 AbsCOnditUS, a, um. Pa. Hidden ; concealed ; secret ; unknown. 
 
 Absence d'esprit. — Fr. Absence of mind. 
 
 Absens, entis, /'ar/. — Lat. Absenting. Absente. Being absent, ^x. ^n 
 
 "The three justices, — absente North, C. J., were clear of opinion." 2 Mod. 14. 
 
 Absente reo. The defendant being absent. 
 
 Absentee. [Fr. absent ; Lat. cibsens!\ One who is away from his domicile, or usual place 
 of residence ; one who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty, and the like. 
 Webster. 
 16 
 
Abs.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abs. 
 
 ABSENTEM accipere debemus eum, qui non est eo loci, in quo petitur ; non enim 
 trans mare absentem desideramus ; et si forte extra continentia urbis sit, abest. 
 Ceterum usque ad continentia non abesse videbitiir, si non latitet. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 L. ^(>,/r. ig() pr. We must consider him absent, who is not in the place where 
 he is wanted [demanded or sought] ; for we demand no one who is absent 
 beyond the sea [in foreign parts]; and if perchance he be without the confines 
 of the city, he is absent. He will not, however, appear to be absent even as far 
 as the neighboring town, if he does not hide or conceal himself. 
 
 Abesse non videtur, qui ab hostibus captus est, sad qui a latrorcibus detinetur. Ulpian. 
 />«§-. L. i6,/?-. 199, § I. Read: Absentia, sqq . 
 
 Absetttem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat. He who disputes with a drunken man 
 offends one who is absent. "The sense of a drunken man may be considered as absent." 
 PuBLius Syrus. 
 
 * * * Absentem, qui rodit atnicum,, 
 
 Qui non defendit alio culpante; sdlutos 
 
 Qui capiat risus homtnum,, famamque dicacis; 
 
 Fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere 
 
 Qui nequit: hie niger est, 7iunc tu, Romatie, caveto. 
 
 — Horace, Sat. i, 4, 81. 
 He who backbites his absent friend : [nay more] who does not defend, at another's accus- 
 ing him ; who affects to raise loud laughs in company, and the reputation of a funny fellow 
 who can feign things he never saw ; who cannot keep secrets ; he is a dangerous man : be 
 you, Roman, aware of him. 
 
 '* He, who malignant teais an absent friend. 
 Or, when attack'd by others, donH defend ; 
 Who trivial bursts of laughter strives to raise, 
 And courts of prating petulance the praise ; 
 Of things he never saw who tells his tale. 
 And friendship's secrets knows not to conceal. 
 This man is vile; here, Roman, fix your mark ; 
 His soul is black, as his complexion's dark." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Absentia, ae, /. [aisum.] Absence ; the state of being away from one's domicile, resi- 
 dence, or usual seat of his affairs ; not present. 
 
 In Civil Law; Absentevi accipere debemus eum, qui non est eo loci,in quo petitur ^ etc. 
 Ulpian. Dig. i, ib,fr. K^qpr. of. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 231, 618, ed. 1883. 
 
 Every one is absent who is not present at his place of abode ; but a person is often held 
 to be absent in this respect, who, although really present at his place of residence, is pre- 
 vented by some actual hindrance, e. g., imprisonment (in vinculis), or insanity (fuiiosus), 
 from the prosecution of his rights, or who cannot be proceeded against. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 6, 
 fr. I, § I ; fr. 10; Calistr. ib. fr. 9 : Paulus, ib. fr. 22 ; v. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 150, ed. 
 1883. With respect to legal transactions a madman or lunatic {furiosus) was also considered 
 as absent ; because he is altogether unfit to perform a legal act. Paulus, Dig. L. 17,/r. 124; 
 Florent. ib. L. 16, /r. 209; Julian, ib. xxix, 7, fr. 2, g 3. 
 
 In Com. Law; After the absence of a person for seven years without his having been 
 heard from, a presumption of his death arises, i W. Bl. 404; 2 Campb. 113 ; i Stark. R. 
 121 ; 4 Bam. S^A. 422 ; Peakeon Evid c. 14, § I ; 2 Stark, on Evid. 457, 458 ; 2 Best on Evid. 
 § 409 ; and cases in notes ; 4 Wheaton (U. S.) R. T50 ; 1% Johns. R. 141 ; 15 Mass. 305. 
 
 ABSENTIA ejus, qui reipublicae causd abest, neque ei, neque alii damnosa esse 
 debet. Ulpianus, Dig. L. \l,fr. 140. The absence of him who is away 
 in behalf of the republic, i. e. in the service of the state — ought neither to be 
 prejudicial to him nor to another. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Juris, cxl. 
 
 Absit invldia. Let there be no envy, ill will, grudge, jealousy. 
 
 Horace says: Jnvldus altSrius macrescit rebus opimis- Invidid SicUli non invenere 
 tyranni Majus tonnenium. Horace, .£/?>/. i, 2, 57. 
 
 Read: Vipereas cames, viiiorum alivienia suorum. Invidiam , visaque oculos avertit. 
 etc. Ovid, Metamm. ii, 769. 
 
 Absoluta /■ [-\- abso/utus .] Absolute, complete, etc. v. Absolutus. 
 
 [3] '^ 
 
Abs.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abs. 
 
 ABSOLUTA sententia exposiiore non indiget. An absolute sentence [or propo- 
 sition], i. e. absolute without any scruple, or without any saving— needs 
 not an expositor. 2 Co. Inst. 533 ; Lofft. R. 236. 
 
 An absolute, unqualified, perfect opinion or sentence, needs no expounder, exposition, or 
 explanation. Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 AbsSlutio, 5nis, /. \absolvo.\ In Juridical sense; (a.) An absolving, acquittal. 
 Ahsolutio majestatis, — an acquittal from ci-imcn majestatis. Cic. Fam. iii, it. (6) Comple- 
 tion ; consummation. Cicero, de Or. i, 28, 130. 
 
 In the Civ. Law: A decree or sentence whereby an accused is declared innocent 
 of the crime laid to his charge. 
 
 Absdiiitorius, a, um, adj. Pertaining to acquittal ; release. Suetonius, Aug. 33. 
 Absdlutorium, li, «. {sc. remedium.) A means of deliverance from : e. g. Absolutorium 
 ejus mali, — a means of deliverance from his misfortune or punishment. 
 
 AbsdliitllS, a, um. P^i- [+ absolvere, q. v.] Brought to a conclusion, end, complete. 
 CiC. Fin. ii, 27. Complete and perfect in itself, without relation to, or dependence on other 
 things or persons; absolute, unconditional. Cicero. Ex. gr. an absolute right, an 
 absolute conveyance; an absolute estate, etc. Final, peremptory — ^jr. ^r. a per- 
 emptory rule. 
 
 AbsSlutum dominium in omnibus licitis. Absolute power in all lawful things. 
 
 Absdlutum et directum dominum. The absolute or direct ownership (or fee-simple). 
 Co. Litt. \b ; 2 Bl. Com. 105 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 209. 
 
 V. Dominium absolutum et directum . 
 
 Abs5lv5, 5re, 3, v. a. To loose from, to make loose, to set free — ex. gr. & vincuHs sol- 
 vere, to loose or dissolve from the bonds • to set free from the chains or fetters. Plaut. 
 
 In Judicial Lang.,/. /. .■ To free from a lawsuit or penalty, i. e. to absolve, to 
 declare innocent. Cicero, Her. ii, 13 ; id. Verr. i, 29 ; id. ii, 2, 8 ; Tacitus, Hist, ii, 60. 
 
 AbS(][Ue, praep. c. abl. [+ afc, like iiaque, -\- ita, etc] Without; out of; far from: 
 contrary to. ex. gr., absque sententia, — without reason. Quintilian, Inst, vii, 2, 44. 
 It denotes defect in conception, while the classic sine indicates defect in reality. 
 
 ABSQUE abstractione, amissione, sen spoliatione, portare tenentur ita quo pro 
 defectu dictoruvi cominunium, portatoru77i seu servieniium suorum, longusmodi 
 bona et catalla eis sic ut prefertur deliberata, non sunt perdita, amissa, vel spoliata. 
 They are bound to carry the goods without abstraction, loss, or injury, for not- 
 withstanding the neglect of the said common carriers or their servants, goods 
 and chattels of this sort are to be delivered to them in the same manner as 
 stated, not being injured, lost or damaged. Com. Law Maxims. 
 
 Absque aliqua probabili causa proseeutis ftiit quoddam breve de privilegio. 
 
 Without any other probable cause he was sued by a certain writ of privilege. 
 
 Absque aliquo inde reddendo. Without rendering [or yielding] any thing therefor [or 
 therefrom]. 9 Co. 123; Bac. Arg. Lowe's Case of Tenures; Wingate's Max. 81, § 57; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 487. 
 
 Absque consensu majoris partis praefectorum collegiorum. Without the consent 
 of the major part of the prefects of the college. 
 
 Absque COnsideratione curiae. Without the consideration of the court; without the 
 judgment of the court. Stat. Marlb.; Fleta, lib. 2, c. 47, ^ 13. 
 
 Absque eo quod COg^OSCeret. Without this that he knows, or without knowing. 
 Absque felonies, captione, etc. Without a felonious taking, etc. 8 Co. 32; i Smith's 
 L. C. [197] 228. 
 
 Absque generali senatus et populi conventu et edicto. Without the general con- 
 vention and order of the council and people, i Bl. Com. 199; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 233. 
 18 
 
Abs.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Abs. 
 
 Absque hoc. Without this, g Co. 13; Steph. PI. 165,186. Absque hoc quod feofavit in 
 forma, etc. Without this, that he enfeoflFed in form, etc. 
 
 Absque impetitione vasti. — L. Lat. Without impeachment of waste, i. e. without 
 accountability for waste; without liability to suit for waste. 11 Co. %ib; i T. R. 550; 2 Bl. 
 Com. 283 ; Bacon's Arg., Case of Imp. of Wasti. 
 
 This reservation only excuses from permissive waste, but is never extended to allow 
 malicious waste to the very destruction of the estate itself. 2 Ch. C. 32. v. Impetitio. 
 
 Absque impetitione vasti, et si contingeret ipsum facere vastum tunc licebit 
 reintrare. Without impeachment of waste, and if he may happen to make or commit 
 waste, then he shall be allowed or permitted to re-enter. Bacon's Arg., Case of Imp. of Waste; 
 Works, iv. V. I Hilliard Real Prop. 275. 
 
 Lord Bacon argued that to obviate " the objection that the condition was repugnant, it 
 is salv'd thus, sed aliqui tenuerunt. but some have contracted, or narrowed ; that this word 
 impetitione vasti is to be understood that he shall not be impleaded by waste, or punished 
 by action, and so indeed it ought. Those aliqui recte tenuerunt, (those some have rightly 
 held or construed.) " Id. v. Bacon's Law Tr. 214. 
 
 Absque impetitione vasti, proviso quod non faciat vastum. Without impeachment 
 of waste, provided that he make or commit no waste. 
 
 Lord Bacon (supra) calls this proviso "flat repugnant," etc. '' Contradictories." 
 
 Absque probabili causa. Without a probable cause. 
 
 Absque purgatione facienda. Without purgation being made; without clearing him- 
 self by oath. 5 Bl. Coin. 369; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 467. 
 
 Absque SUbtractione sen OmissiOUe. Without withdrawing or losing. 8 Co. 32 ; I 
 Smith's L. C. [197] 228. 
 
 Absque tali causa. Without such cause, {v. De injurid sud proprid absque tali causd.) 
 8 Co. 66 ; Gould's PI. c. 7, § 10 ; i SmitKs L. C. [206] 239. 
 
 Absque ulla COnditione. Without any condition ; unconditionally. 
 
 Abstinendi beneficium. The benefit, right or privilege of abstaining. 
 
 Absurde. adv. Discordantly; irrationally; absurdly. 
 
 ABSURDE dicitur, dolo videri eicm facere, qui non ipsi, quem convenit, sed alii 
 restiturus petit. Paulus, Dig. xxiv, 3,/r. 44, § i. It is absurdly said of 
 him, that he acts fraudulently, who asks a restitution not for himself, to whom it 
 behooves, but for another. 
 
 Dolo facit qui petit, quid redditurus est. Paulus, Dig. xliv, 4, fr. 8. 
 
 ABSURDUM est, affirmare re judicata credendum esse, nonjudici. It is absurd 
 to afi&rm that confidence is to be given or placed in the record of a judg- 
 ment or sentence of a court, and not in the judge. 12 Co. 25; Halkerston's Max. 
 Qucere as to this doctrine. That we are to give credit to a judge so far as to obey his decis- 
 ions, sentences, decrees, is unquestionable. But that we are to give credit to a judge, as to 
 his knowledge, his freedom from prejudice, or the soundness of the doctrines upon which 
 such decisions, sentences, decrees are based is another matter. " That bucket will not 
 always hold water." 
 
 ABSURDUM est, plus juris habere eum, cui legatus sit fundus, quam heredem, 
 aut ipsum testatorem, si viveret Ulpianu's, Dig. L. xvii,/;-. 160, § 2. It 
 is absurd, that he, to whom a piece of ground has been left as a legacy, should 
 have more right than the heir, or the testator himself, if he should live. 
 GoTHOFRED, de Div. Reg. Juris, clx, § 2. 
 
 ABSURDUM est ut alios regat, qui seipsum regere nescit. It is absurd that he 
 should govern others, who knows not how to govern himself. Rabelais, 
 
 B. i, c. 52. 
 
 19 
 
Abs.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aca. 
 
 ABSURDUM et enim clericis est, immo etiam opprobriosum, si peritos se velint 
 ostendere disceptationum esse forensium. Justinian. Cod. i, 3, 4. For it is 
 absurd, nay, even disgraceful, if the clergy should boast of showing their skill in 
 legal disputes. 3 Bl. Com. 97. 
 
 AbuudaHS, antis, /"«. \-\-abundare,<\.v.\ Abounding; abundant; overflowing ; super- 
 fluous; more than necessary. Abimdans cautela, — abundant, or superfluous caution. 
 Justin. Cod. vi, 23, 17. 
 
 ABUNDANS cautela non nocet. Abundant caution does no harm. Fleta, lib. 
 i, c. 28, § i; II Co. 6; Halkerstoii s Max. Excessive care hurts not. 
 V. Superflua non nocet. 
 
 Ab-lindo, arS, i, v. «. and a. [-(- ah, and unda.^ To overflow, etc. 
 
 In the Jurists: (a,) To abound ; to be more than full ; to overflow with any thing; to 
 have an abundance or superabundance ; to abound in wealth ; to be rich. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 
 II, 2, § 8. (6.) To be superfluous or unnecessary. Ex. gr. Non sohnt, quae abundant, vitiare 
 scripturas. Ulpian. Dig. L. xvii, fr. 94. 
 
 AbiisiO, 6nis,/. [ai«/D?-], In Rhetor. Lang., a figure of speech. A harsh use of 
 tropes: ^Gr. Ka.raxpv^i's. A harsh or far-fetched metaphor ; an abusion. 
 
 Ahusio est, quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur, hoc mode ; Vires hominis 
 breves sunt, aut: parva statura, aut ; longum in homine consilium, aut: oratio magna, 
 aut: uti panco sermone. Nam his fiicile est intellectu linitima verba rerum dissimilium ratione abusi- 
 onis esse ttaducta, Cicero, ad Herenn. iv, ^jjin. Abusion is the misuse of a like and kindred word for an 
 exact and proper one, thus: the strength of man is brief, or: little stature, or: loo^ con- 
 sultation in man, or: a large oration, or; to use penurious speech. For it is easy, 
 through misapplication, for the mind to confuse the meaning of words that are closely allied. Cicero, ad 
 Herenn. iv, ^"ijln. v. Cicero de Orai. xxvii. [J. Mac C] 
 
 Nam per abusionem sicarios etiam omnes vocamus, qui caedem telo quocungue commiserint. Alia circuitu 
 verborum plurium os'tendimus, quale est et pressi copia lactis. Flurima vero mutatione iiguramus: 
 Scio, Non ignoro et Non tne /ugit et Non me pr a eterii et Quis nescii? et Nemini 
 dubiutn est. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst. Orat. x, i, S 12, 
 
 Thus, too, by a catachresis, we call all assassins sicarii [+ «Va, a dagger or poniard], whatever be 
 the weapon with which they have committed slaughter. Some things, moreover, we indicate by a circumlo- 
 cution, &5 pressz copia lactis, (''plenty of pressed milk," for "cheese"). Many things, also, by a change of 
 words, we express figuratively, as, for X know, (we say) I am not ignoranc, or It does not 
 escape me or It does not fail to attract my attention, or Who is not aware? or 
 N o man doubts. 
 
 Abusus, us, OT. (a.) A using up; consuming; wasting. Cic. 7^1^.4; Ulpianus, Z)j]j-. 7, 
 S./*"- 5' § I- (60 Abuse ; departure from use; excess of ordinary use; destruction of use, 
 or in process of use. Calvini. Lex. Jurid. 
 
 "I say, that for the word abuse, that may be an abuse of the law which is not against 
 law, as the taking long leases at this day of land in Capite to defraud wardships, is an abuse 
 of the law, which is not against the law: and by the word errors, the statute meant by it, not 
 a mistaking of the law, but wandering or going astray, or digressing from the ancient prac- 
 tice of the law into a by-course : as when we say, erravimus eum patribus juris, — it is not 
 meant of ignorance only, but of perversity." Bacon's Read. Uses; Works, iv, 137; Bac. Law 
 Tr. 332. 
 
 A BUSUS non tollit usutn. Abuse is not an argument against proper use. 
 
 Abuttare. — L. Lat. To abut; to reach ; to touch. /4W««a»j-,— abutting. 
 
 In old Eng. Law: The ends of a piece of land were said to abut, the sides to 
 adjoin. Cro. Jac. 184. (6.) To take a new direction ; e. g. where a bounding line changes 
 its course. Spelman, Gloss., 'Abuttare' In mod. Eng. Law: ' I bound upon.' zChitt. 
 PI. 660 ; Town's PI. 26, 49. 
 
 Ac. — conj.=aTi&. Ac etiam, — and also 3 Bl. Com. 288. Ac etiam billiae, — and also 
 to a bill. Town's PI. i\t); 2. Stra 922; 3 Bl. Com. 2SS. Ac si, — and if. Bac. Read. Uses; 
 Bac. Law Tr. 341. 
 
 Ac si in possessione fueris constitutus, etc. Read: v. At si in possessione fueris, etc . 
 
 Acadamiae Americanae Socius. Fellow of the American Academy. 
 Abbrev. : A. A. S. 
 
Acb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ac v. 
 
 AC belli quidem aequitas sanctissime fetiali popuH Romani jure prescripta est. 
 Ex quo intelligi potest nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis 
 geratur aut denunciatum ante sit et indicium. Cicero, de Officiis, i, c. ii, § 36. 
 The justice of war was most religiously pointed out by the Fecial Law of the 
 Romans. From this it may be understood that no war is just unless it is under- 
 stood to reclaim property, or unless it is solemnly denounced beforehand, v. 
 Fetiales. v. Cicero, de Rep. ii, 17; Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. iii, c. 3, § 5. 
 
 AC de jure quidam praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut in his vendendis 
 vitia dicerentur, quae nota essent venditori. Nam, ciim ex duodecim tabulis 
 satis esset eapraestari, qua essent lingua nuncupata, quae qui inf Hiatus esset, 
 dupli poenam subir et : a juris consultis etiam reticentiie poena est constituta. 
 Quidquid enim esset in praedio vitii, i d ■ statuerunt, si venditor 
 sciret, nisi nominatim dictum esset, praestare op or ter e. 
 Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 16, § 65. And with respect to the law of landed estates, it 
 is ordained among us by the Civil Law, that by selling them the faults should be 
 declared which were known to the seller. For though by the Twelve Tables 
 it was sufficient to be answerable for those defects which were expressly men- 
 tioned, which he who denied su'ffered a penalty of double the 
 value, yet a penalty for silence also was established by the lawyers. For 
 they determined that, if the seller knew whatever defect there 
 was in an estate, he ought to make it good, unless it was 
 expressly mentioned. 
 The law of the Twelve Tables referred to reads: Adversus infitian- 
 
 TEM EG NOMINE DUPLI POENAM STATUl. Tab. vi, fr. 2. 
 
 The Civil Law is expressed : Dolum malum a se abesse praestare venditor debet, etc. 
 Florentinus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 43, § 2. Venditor, si, quutii sciret debeti servitutem, celavit, non 
 evadet exemto actionem, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, \,fr. i, t? I. See the subject treated in 
 Grotius, de Jure Belli ac Pads, ii, c. 12, § 8 sq. ; Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 3, § 2, 
 n. 6-8 ; Story's Eq. Jur. § 211 sq. ; Kent's Com. ii, 291, n. d. v. Marcus Cato, sententiam 
 dixit: etc. CiCERO, </« Officiis, iii, 16, §§66-7. v. Caveat venditor. 
 
 AC ne ilia quidem promissa servanda sunt, quae non sunt lis ipsis utilia, quibus ilia 
 promiseris. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 25, § 94. And even those promises ought not 
 to be kept, which are hurtful to those very persons to whom you have made them. 
 Cicero illustrates this: Proraisstim potius non faciendum, quam tarn taetrum 
 facinus admittendum fuit: ergo et promissa non facienda non nunquam, neque semper 
 deposita reddenda. Si gladium quis apud te sana mente deposuerit, repetat insaniens ; 
 reddere peccatum sit, officiam non reddere, etc. Cicero, ib. § 95. 
 Read it in extenso unier Promissum potius non faciendum, elc. 
 
 AC ne is quidem hac lege {Zex Aquilia) tenetur, qui casu occidit, si modo culpa 
 ejus nulla inveriatur ; nam alioquin non minus quam ex dolo ex culpa quisque 
 hac lege tenetur. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § 3. Nor is any man liable under this 
 law (the Aquilian Law) who causes death by accident, provided only no negli- 
 gence be imputable to him ; for otherwise a man is chargeable under this law for 
 negligence just as much as for malice. Cited in Wharton on Neglig. § 116. 
 
 Gaius lays down the rule that the wrong-doer is liable not only for culpa lata but culpa levis. 
 GM\JS,Inst. iii, § 211. See also Ulpian. Dig. ix, 2, /r. 44. Read, in this connection, the 
 illustrations of Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, §§ 4, 5, sq. 
 
 Ac veluti magno in pojy&lo cum saepe coorta est 
 
 Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile v-ulgus: 
 
 Jamqiie faces et saxa volant; furor arma ministrat; 
 
 Turn pietate gravem ac meritis si forte vinum quern 
 
 Conspexere, silent arrectisque auribus adstant; 
 
 lUe regit dictis animos, et pectora rmUcet.— Virgil, ^neid, i, 148-153 
 
Ace] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Acc. 
 
 As when a sedition has perchance arisen among a mighty multitude, and the minds of the 
 ignoble vulgar rage : now firebrands, now stones fly ; fury supplies them with arms : if then, 
 by chance, they espy a man revered in piety and worth, they are hushed, and stand with ears 
 erect ; he, by eloquence, rules their passions and calms their breasts, v. Wingate's Max. 
 
 200, § II. 
 
 'As when in tumult rise the ignoble crowd. 
 Mad are their motions, and their tongues are loud; 
 And stones and brands m rattling volleys fly. 
 And all the rustic arms that fury can supply: 
 If then some grave and pious man appear, 
 They hush their noise, and lend a listening ear : 
 He soothes with sober words their angry mood. 
 And quenches their innate desire of blood." — John Deyden, Virg. yS«. i, 213. 
 
 Accapitare. — L- Lat. [+ caput, head or chief.] («.) To pay homage to a chief lord on 
 becoming his vassal. Bracton,io\. I'ia; ^/.f^a, lib. iii, c. 16, § 6. (6.) To acknowledge the sov- 
 ereignty of a chief lord in special cases as against a mesne; to attorn, — e- g. Accapitare et se 
 attumare, — to acknowledge and attorn to him. Bracton, fol. 389a/ Fleta, lib. iii, c. 16, § 38; 
 id. lib. vi, c. 28, § i. (c.) To attorn to another person than the chief lord, and in derogation 
 of his rights. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 50, § 16. (d.) To pay a relief to a chief lord. Montesq. Esp. 
 de Loi. liv. 31, c. 24, n. 
 
 Accapitum. — L. Lat. [Fr. acapie.] Money paid by a vassal upon his admission to a 
 feud ; the relief due to the chief lord. Winshaw. v. Accapitare. 
 
 Accedas ad curiam. You may go to the court. You may come into court. 
 
 I n P r a c t . : A writ issued out of Chancery when a man had received false judgment in a 
 hundred court or court baron. Termes de la Ley; Tidd's Fr. 38. 414, 415; 3 Bl. Com- 34. 
 
 Accedas ad vice-COmitem. — L- Lat. You-may go to the sheriff. Reg. Orig. 83. 
 Accedens. [+ accedo, ere.'] Adding to ; joining ; increasing ; advancing. 
 Accessio is whatever is accedens. Lindley's Int.Jur. xci. 
 
 Ac-cedd, SrS, 3, v. «. [+ ad, to, and cedere, to go, to belong or appertain.] To go near 
 to; to approach. Cic. To fall to one's share; to befall; to happen to. To be added or 
 joined to ; to belong to. To come to the possession of any thing ; to take possession of ; 
 to take upon one's self; to enter upon, ex. gr. Accedere ad Rempublicam, — to enter upon the 
 government of the State. Cicero, Rose. Am. i, et al. 
 
 In commercial lang.. To rise or advance, as the price of a thing. 
 
 ACCEDIT quod is, qui rem alterius etiam sine mandato egit, ex sua gestione ei se 
 obstringat, cujus commodum quaesivit et consequens ejus inter sit, ut tertio, cujus 
 gessit negotia, jus erga promissorem adqtiiratur. Bohmer, Exercit. ad Pand. 
 Furthermore, he who transacts the afifairs of another even without the necessary 
 mandate, by his very act assumes responsibility for (binds himself) just as the 
 third party whose business he has transacted, and consequently he differs or is 
 distant from him whose advantage he sought, and the right of promisor is 
 acquired over against him (/. e. in place of the third party whose business he has 
 conducted). Wharton on Ag. § 1^^, Jin. v. § 1^2, per tot. 
 
 Accensd dotno proxtmi, tua quoqwe periclitdtur. — Lat. Prov. When 
 the house of your neighbor is in flames, your own is in danger. 
 
 Proximus ardet. Virgil, yEn. ii, 312; QuiNTlLlAN, Inst, viii, 6, 34. 
 
 Acceptance au besoin. — Fr. Acceptance in case of need. v.Aubesoin. 
 
 Acceptance supra protest. Acceptance above or over protest. 
 
 An acceptance of a bill after protest, made by a third party for the honor of the 
 drawer, or some particular indorser. 3 Kent's Com. 87; Story on Bills, ^ 121. 
 
 In French Law, this is called acceptance par intervention. Story on Bills, § 256. 
 
 It is sometimes resorted to in the case of foreign bills of exchange, where the person upon 
 whom the bill is drawn cannot be found or refuses to accept; some friend, after the bill has 
 been protested for non-acceptance, accepts thus; "Accepted supra protest, for the honor of 
 Messrs. -. (Signed) A. B.'' This bill must still be presented to the person to whom 
 
 22 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 it was originally drawn, and after refusal and protest for non-payment, resort must be had to 
 the person accepting for honor, z-. 6 and 7Wm. IV. l. 58; Chitty on Bills, i\l; Story on 
 Bills, § 256; I Parsons on Contr. 264, 266, 287. v. Acceptor supra protest. 
 
 AcceptatiO, Onis, /. A talcing, receiving or accepting. In Mercantile Law: 
 Acceptance of a bill. Heinecc. de Camb. c. 2, § 16; id. c. 6, § g. Acceptavit,— he accepted. 
 2 Stra. Siy. Acceptavit et agreavit, — he accepted and agreed. JCeilw. 1<)S. Non acceptavit, — 
 he did not accept. 4 Man. &= Gr. 7. v. Accepto. 
 
 AcceptilatIO, Onis, /., also written accepti-latio, [-(- acceptum, and latio, — a putting down.] 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t.r The entering of a debt collected into a book; the erasing of 
 
 an item of debt; the remission of a debt without payment or consideration. Hence 
 
 also, the assurance of no further demands ; counter-security ; acquittance ; discharge. 
 
 ACCEPTILATIO autem est voluti imaginaria solutio. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 169. 
 Acceptilation is, as it were, an imaginary or fictitious payment. 
 V. Justinian. Inst, iii, 29, § i; Modestinus, Dig. xlvi, 4,/r. i. v. infra. 
 
 Per accepti quoque lationem ejus debitor liberatus totam earn pecuniam, qua lib- 
 eratus est, cepisse videtur. Gaius, Dig. xxxix, 6, fr. 31, g 4. Si acceptilatio inutilis fuit, 
 tacita pactione id acturus videtur, ne peteretur. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 27, § g ; Sandars' 
 Justin. Inst. 473. v. Abdy (s' Walker, n. (s) ii in Gaius, p. 463. 
 
 ACCEPTILATIO est liberatio per mutuam interrogationem, qua utriusque con- 
 tingit ab eodem nexa absolutio. Modestinus, Dig. xlvi, 4, fr. i. Accep- 
 tilation is a freeing or liberation by mutual interrogation, by which absolution 
 from the same legal obligation reaches or extends to all sides. 
 
 A holding, considering, or acknowledging as received. A form of releasing one from an 
 obligation, without payment, called an imaginary or fictitious payment; one of the modes of 
 dissolving obligations in the Civil Law. Justin. Inst, iii, 30 [29], § i ; Dig. xlvi, tit. 4 ; Bracton, 
 fol. 100. An acceptilatio was in the form of question and answer, usually thus : the debtor 
 asked, ' Quod ego tibi promisi habesne acceptum ? ' i. e. Do you consider what I promised you 
 as received ? The creditor answered, 'Habeo,' I do. It was only verbal contracts that could 
 be thus dissolved by question and answer. Gaius, Inst, iii, i6g ; Justin. Inst, iii, 30, i; Ulpi- 
 A-Nus, Dig. xlvi, 4, fr. 8; Justin. Cod. viii, 44. The maxim was. Nihil tarn naturale est quam 
 eo genere quidque dissolvere, quo collingatuvi est. There was also a more general form of accep- 
 tilatio, hy wh.ictiohWgz.tKons oi all kinds might be dissolved after being reduced to 
 the form of a verbal stipulation. Gaius, Inst, iii, 170 ; Justin. Inst, iii, 30, § 2 ; Florentinus, 
 Dig. xlvi, 4, 14, § I. Bracton mentioned it thus : Omne quod tibi debui ex quacumque 
 causd, habesne acceptum? The answer Was, byword or writing, Habeo, acceptumque fero. 
 Bracton, fol. loia/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 11. It is sometimes written as two words, acceptilatio. 
 Acceptilation is a familiar word in English Law, as used by some of the old writers. 
 Richardson's Diet. Also in Scotch Law. Bell's Diet. 
 
 ACCEPTILATIO sub conditione fieri non potest. Pomponius, Dig. xlvi, 4,/r. 
 2. Acceptilation cannot be made under a condition. 
 In the time of Gaius it was a mooted point whether there could be an acceptilation 
 in part. Gaius, /»j-<. iii, § 172. But it was eventually ruled that an acceptilation in part 
 was allowable. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvi, 4, fr. 13, pr. ■§§ 1-3 ; Justin. Inst, iii, 2g, § \.fin. 
 
 * * * * Acceptissima semper 
 
 Munera sunt, attctor quae pretiosa facit, — Ovid, Epist. xvii, 71, 72. 
 Those gifts are always the most acceptable, which the giver makes to be of worth, i. e. 
 which our regard for the donor makes precious. 
 Catullus (xii, 11 sq.) says: 
 
 * * * Mihi linteum remitti; 
 Quod me non movet aestimatione 
 Verum est mnemosynon mei sodalis, etc, 
 
 V. PuFENDORP, de fure N. et G. v, c. i, § 7, ad fin. 
 
 Accepts are, i, v. a. To take, receive, or accept; to take in receipt; to assent; to accept 
 or assent to a promise made by another. Papinian. Dig. xxiv, i, fr. 9, § i; Modestin. id. 
 xxii, I, fr. 41, § 2; Grotius, de fur. Belli, lib. ii, c. 11, § 14. 
 
 Acceptor oris, m. One who receives a thing as true, grants or approves it. Plaut. 
 Trin. \, 2, 167. One who takes, receives, accepts, v. Accepto. 
 
 23 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: The party who accepts a bill of exchange, and who is the 
 principal debtor, the drawer being the surety. 3 Burr. 1384; i W. Bl. 390; 3 Kent's Com. 
 75, 86; Story on Bills, §^ 238, 242-248 ; 2 Stark, on Evid. 228 ; I Campb, 35. v. Acceptance. 
 
 Acceptor supra pro test . A party who accepts a bill after protest. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: An acceptor supra protest is he who accepts a bill which has been 
 protested, for the honor of the drawer or any one of the indorsers. cf. 16 East, 391 ; 
 T B. &° C. 46S, 477 ; 3 Wend. (N. Y.) R. 491; 19 Pick. (Mass.) 220 ; 3 Kent's Com. 87 ; Story 
 on Bills, § 121. V. I Parsons on Contr. 28t. He has the same remedies to which an endorsee 
 would be entitled against all prior parties, i Zd. Paym, 574 ; Chitty on Bills, 312 ; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 75 ; Broom on C. L. 459. He is bound to give the same notice which is necessary to be 
 given by other holders. I Peters, 262; 8 Pick. (Mass.) I, 79. v. Acceptance supra protest. 
 
 Accessarius. — L. Lat. An accessory; aparticeps criminis. ^ Bl. Com, 35. 
 
 AccessariuS ante factum . An accessory before the fact. 
 
 In Criminal Law: One who, being absent at the time a crime is committed, 
 becomes an accessory by his counsel, command, or procurement of another to commit it. 
 In such case, absence is necessary to constitute him an accessory ; for if he be present at any 
 time during the transaction, he is guilty of the crime as principal. Plowd. 97 ; I Hale's P. C. 
 615, 616; 4 Bl. Com. 37; Stephen's Com. 90, note («). 
 
 Lord Bacon illustrates how one man may become so to the acts of Another, etc., under 
 the maxim : Mandata licita recipiunt strictum interpretationem, sed illicita latam et extensam. 
 Bacon's Max., Reg. 16. 
 
 It is a principle in law, that " he who procureth a felony to be done is a felon. If present, 
 he is a principal; if absent, an accessory before the fact. post. Cr. L. p. 125. 
 Such an accessory was the Earl of Somerset to the murder of Sir Thomas Over- 
 bury. 2 How. St. Tr. 965. This rule appears to have been qualified in England. By stat. 
 24 and 25 Vict. c. 94, §§ 1-3, it is enacted, that whosoever shall become an accessory before 
 the fact to any felony, may be indicted, tried, convicted, and punished, in all respects as if 
 he were a principal felon, v. Bell C. C. 242 ; Dearsl. &' B. 288 ; L. &' C. 161 ; Broom on C. 
 L. 934. As to accessories to manslaughter, v. per Erle, J., Dearsl. 6^ B. 291 ; Greaves' 
 Cr. L. Acts, pp. 23, 24. To a misdemeanor there are no accessories, i Car. df K. 128 ; 2 
 Den. C. C. 453. 
 
 Accessarius, ex post facto. Accessory after the fact, or act ; an accessory from, by 
 or in consequence of an after-act, or thing done afterward. 
 
 One who, knowing a felony to have been committed by another, receives, relieves, com- 
 forts, aids or assists the felon, is an accessory, ex post- facto. I Hale's P. C. 618, 622 ; Hawk. 
 P. C. b. 2, c. 29, § 32. In brief terms, any assistance whatever, given either directly or indi- 
 rectly to hinder his apprehension, arrest, trial or punishment, makes such assistor an acces- 
 sory, ex post-facto. v. i Hale's P. C. 620, 621 ; 3 Co. Inst. 108 ; 2 Hawk. P. C. b. 2, c. 29, 
 §§ 26, 27, 28 ; 4 Bl. Com. 38-9 ; Russ. on Crimes, ; 4 Steph. Com. 91 ; 2N.Y. Rev. Stat. [699], 
 § 7. Nullus dicitur accessonus post feloniam, sed ille qui novit principalem feloniam fecisse et 
 ilium receptavit et comfortavit. 3 Co. Inst. 138. 
 
 hfifj^^WX\y3L% post effectum scelus. An accessory after a crime committed; an accessory 
 after an evil deed, or a wicked, heinous, or impious act effected. 
 
 ACCESSARIUM sequitur principale. An accessory follows the principal. 
 Wingate's Max. 6t,. v. Res accessoria sequitu)- rem principalem. 
 
 AcceSSlO, onis, /. [-|- accedo, accedere, to go near to or with ; to be added or joined to, etc.J 
 Accession; a going or passing of one thing to, or with another as its principal; the increas- 
 ing object, addition, adjunction, accession {j-n concreto). Cic. Off. i, 39, 138; id. Att. xvi, 16. 
 
 (6.) A coming to in the way of augmentation, an increase, an addition (j.n abstracto). 
 Cicero, Lael. iii, 7; Nep. Att. xiv, 2. Ex. gr. Accessiones fortunae et dignitatis, — acces- 
 sions, augmentation, or increase of fortune and dignity. Cicero, Fam. xx, i; ib. vii 6. 
 
 In the Jurists: An incident or appurtenant to another thing. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiv, 
 2, fr. 19, § 13. The profit, produce, fruit or increase of a thing — commonly called, in the 
 ■^\\ix?iX, accessiones. v. Gk\\s%, Dig. fjfXx, \, fr. 2%. In brief, Accessioi&-w\a.le.vGX\^acce- 
 dans, and is applied as well to things as to time, possession, events, contracts, etc. 
 
 Accessio is the general name given to every accessory thing, whether corporeal or incor- 
 poreal, that has been added to a principal thing from without \causae extemae), and has been 
 connected with it, whether by the powers of nature or by the will of man, so that in virtue 
 of this connection it is regarded as part and parcel of the thing. The appurtenances 
 to a thing are to be noticed as a peculiar kind of accession ; they are things connected with 
 another thing, with the view of serving for its perpetual use'j Mackeld. Rom. Law, %%, 153, 
 155 ; id. ib. §§ 166, 272 sq., ed. 1883 ; Broom's Max. 473 et seq. '' 
 
 24 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 In the Civil Law: That mode of acquiring property expressed in the maxims: 
 Accessio cedat principal!. Ulpian. Z>?;j-. xxxiv, 2, /r. 19, § 13. Res accessoria sequitur 
 rem principalem. Co. Lift. 152a. Res accessoria cedit rei principali. IVingate's Max. 61, 
 62, 63, 64 : by which rules the proprietor of the thing (rem principalem) becomes ipso jure, the 
 proprietor of all that belongs to it, or which may be added to, or connected with it, either 
 naturally or artificially, as an accessory thing ; and this whether such addition be of its own 
 increase, as the fruits of the earth , the young of animals ; or the operation of natural 
 causes, as by accretio, alluvia, or by adjunciio, commixtio, confusio, impensae, partinentiae. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, I, fr. 7, § 7 : Paulus, ib. fr. 26 ; Paulus, id. vi, i, fr. 23 ; Paulus, id. xliv, 
 3. fr, 14; Justin. Inst, ii, i, §i^ 26-38; Mackeld. Civ. Zati/, §§ 266-270; id. ib., ed. 1883 
 §§ 272, 273, 279 ; Bracton, ii, c. 2, §§ 1-6. 
 
 Commentators have used the term accessio not only for the increase itself but also for 
 the mode in which the increase becomes one's property, v. Perveniamus et ad gemmas 
 inclusas argento auroque, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2,fr. 19, § 13 ; Justin. Inst. (Sandars' 
 ed.) 185. 
 
 The mode of acquisition by transforming a thing, the property of another, into a new 
 species, — ex. gr. grapes into wine, corn into spirits, etc., was called specificatio , and was dis- 
 tinguished from accessio, properly so called. Mackeld. Civ. Law, 277, § 265 ; Schmidt's Civil 
 Law, 48, 49 ; Kent's Coin. 360, 365 ; 3 Comst. (N. Y.) R. 379, and see Mr. Hill, arg. 
 
 The Romans did not use the word accessio to denote the title arising from the addition 
 of one thing to another, but understood by it the thing itself which comes to be joined 
 to another, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, i^ 266, note {d); id. § 153. v. Si tamen alienam purpuram 
 vestimento suo quis intexuit, etc. JusTlNlAN. Inst, ii, i, § 26. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Accessio is properly that which becomes accessor)' causae exter- 
 nae, i. c. by external means. Lind. Int. Jur. 144 (x). 
 
 ACCESSIO accessionis non datur. An accession cannot be given or yielded 
 from an accession. An accessory thing cannot arise from an accessory 
 thing. Lindley's Int. Jur. note to § 156. 
 
 The same thing may at the same time be principal with respect to one thing and accessory 
 with respect to another. But no accessory thing, as such, can itself have an accessory, or, 
 as the Romans express it, accessio accessionis non datur. This principle renders compound 
 interest illegal ; for interest, being accessory to the principal debt, cannot itself and as such 
 bear interest. By the Roman Law, however, that which before litis contestatio was merely 
 accessory became, after it, principal and capable of standing in that relation to some other 
 thing. Lind. Int. Jur. note to § 156 ; Append, xci. 
 
 ACCESSIO cedat principali. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § 13. An 
 accession shall fall to the principal, v. Accessorium, sq. 
 
 Accessio pOSSeSSionis S, temporis. An accession or incident of possession, to-wit, of 
 time. 
 
 In the Civil Law : A t. t., meaning that, in a prescription, the computation of the 
 time of possession, an accessio possessionis s. temporis may obtain, i. e. the prescriber may bring 
 into account the time for which his predecessor held the possession, cf. Dig. xliv, tit. 3 ; 
 Cod. vii, tit. 39, 40; Justinian. Inst, ii, 6, §§ 12, 13. The term is more fully explained in 
 Mackejd. Civ. Law, %2yy, o. 2; id. ib., ed. 1883, § 287, ss. 3, 4. 
 
 Accessio ''^ 2 i mm biles. An accession or appurtenant of an immovable thing. 
 
 Read ; Jies immobiles, sqq. 
 
 ACCESSIONES in eorum persona loca habent, qui habent propriam possessionem; 
 ceterum accessio nemini proficit, nisi ei, qui ipse possedit. Ulpianus, £>ig. 
 xli, 2, fr. 13, § 1 2. All accessions hold in place of (belong to) those persons who 
 hold the peculiar possession {i. e. as their own), otherwise an accession profits 
 no one, save him who shall himself possess, /. e. as his own. 
 
 Praeterea ne vitiose quidem possessioni ulla potest accedere ; sed ne vitiosa ei, quae 
 vitiosa non est. Ulpianus, ib. § 13 ; Pufendorf, de Jure. Nat. et Gent, iv, c. 12, § 4. 
 
 Accessorium. — Lat. An accessory thing; an incident; a thing which belongs to or goes 
 with another thing, as its principal. Bracton, fol. lib; Fleta, lib. 4, c. 22, § i. 
 
 ACCESSORIUM non ducit, sed sequitur suum principale. An accessory thing 
 does not draw, but follows its principal. Co.Litt. 152a, 151b, ^Sga; Finch's 
 Law, 128; 5 Ell. &" B. 772. "The incident shall pass by the grant of the 
 principal, but not the principal by the grant of the incident." Broom's Max. 
 [4J ^5 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace, 
 
 473, and cases there cited; per Vaughan, B., 6 Bing. dT, ; 9 Exch. R. 199; 17 
 Jur. 686 ; 26 N. Y. R. 404. 
 
 The incident passes by the grant of the principal, e.g. rent will pass by the general grant 
 of a reversion, but not e converse. 2 Bl. Com. 176 ; Broom 5f Had. Com. ii, 340 ; Wingate's 
 Max. 63, § 6 ; 8 Cozaen, 206 ; 14 Barl). R, 654, 656 ; 21 N. V. R. 282 ; Lindley's Introd. § 156, 
 and Append, xci. 
 
 The rule is also well established that the assignee of a lease, or the grantee of land, 
 assumes the burden of the covenants that run with the land or are reserved by the lease, v. 
 Cases sufra ei infra, cf.. cases in Engl, and Amer. Digests. 
 
 And so, also, the assignment of a bond or other principal debt carries with it a mortgage 
 or other collateral security, given to secure such bond, i Johns. R. 580 ; 3 id. 41, 43 ; 
 5 Cowen, 202 ; 9 Wendell, 80 ; 13 Barb. R. 230 ; 23 id. 461 ; 14 id. 654, 656 ; 26 N. Y. R. 404, 
 406; 17 Abb. Pr. 342, 344 ; Wharton's Max. i, and cases there cited. Omne principale trahit 
 ad se accessorium. i Johns. R. 580, 589 ; 4 Kent's Co?n. 194. Omne majus in ^ continet minus. 
 5 Co. 115 ; Broom's Max. 174. The keys of a house, the frame of a picture, the halter of an 
 animal belong to the principal thing. The sale of a newspaper establishment will carry with 
 it, as an accessory, the subscription list. 2 Watts (Peun.) R. in. 
 
 ACCESSORIUM non trahit principale. The accessory does not draw the 
 principal, i Pothier Oblig. 477 ; 2 id. 147, 202. 
 The discharge of an accessory does not discharge the principal. Broom's Max. 
 Accessorium non ducit, sed sequitur suum principale. Read it supra. 
 
 ACCESSORIUM sequitur naturam rei cut accidit. An accessory thing follows 
 the nature of the thing to which it relates. Erskitie's Inst. b. 2, t. i, § 30; 
 Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 ACCESSORIUM sequitur principale. An accessory thing follows the principal 
 thing. Wingate's Max. 63 ; 6 Bell's Scotch Appeal Cases, 222. Also 
 written : Accessorium sequitur suum principale. An accessory thing follows its 
 principal. Phillimore's Princ. d^ Max. Jurisp. p. 118, n. 
 
 In the Canon Law: This is one of the many terse and valuable rules that has found 
 its way, and oft-times been administered in the Common Law. It is in line with the 
 Civil Law: Quum principalis causa non existit, ne ea quidem quae sequuntur, locum 
 habent. Paulus, Dig. L. xvii, fr. 129, § i. 
 
 Ulpianus gives a mark by which to distinguish the principal from the accessory: 
 Semper cum quaevimus quid cui cedat, illud spectamus quid cujus rei ornandae causa adhi- 
 beatur, ut accessio cedat principal!. Ulpianus, /Jy. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19 § 13. 
 
 Quae accessionum locum obtinent, extinguuntur quum principales res peremtae fuerint. 
 Gaius, Dig. xxxiii, 8,/?-. 2. But a bequest of a house would not carry the furniture in it, 
 as accessory to it. Domat, Civ. Law, Part ii, liv. 4, tit. 2, § 4, n. i. 
 
 AcceSSOriUS. — L. Lat. \_-\- accedere, q. v.] Accessory, incident, a thing belonging to 
 something else. v. Res accessoria. 
 
 ACCESSORIUS sequitur naturam sui principalis. An accessory follows the 
 nature of his [or its] principal. 3 Co. Inst. 139; Wingate''! Max. 64; 
 Er shine's Inst. b. 2, t. i, § 30; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 In Criminal Law, an accessory cannot be guilty of a higher crime than his principal, 
 being only punished as a partaker of his guilt. Broom's Max. 479 ; 4 Bl. Com. 36 ; Broom &= 
 Had. Com. iv, 35. v. i Hale's P. C. 617 ; 21 N. Y. R. 280, 282. 
 
 ACCESSORIUS sequitur princlpalem. An accessory follows, or depends upon 
 the principal. 4 Co. 44 ; Wingate's Max. 63. 
 AceeSSUS, OS, m. \-\-accedo accedere,a^.v.'\ A going o/- coming to 0?- near to; an approach. 
 Access, approach, admission, ingress; the liberty of going into a place. Accessus etrecessus. — 
 access and recess. The term expresses the liberty of going on and off another's land. 
 Bracton, fol. 231^, 232; Fleta, lib. 4, c. 27, § I. It is the same liberty as expressed in ingressus 
 et egressus. 
 
 Accidens, entis, i, Pa. [+ accido, ad., to, and cadere, to fall or happen to one; to befall.] 
 As s u b s t . n. (a.) The accidental or extraneous in any thing. Causa, tempus, locus. 
 26 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 * * If/ cetera rerum sunt accidentia, the accidents of things being cause, time, place, oppor- 
 tunity, instrument, manner and the like. Quint, v, id, 23; so iii, 6, 35; iv, 2, extr. (6.) 
 An accident or chance; a thing happening, per accidens. (c.) An unfortunate event or cir- 
 cumstance. Quint. Ded. 5. A casualty ; a disastrous event that takes place without one's 
 foresight or expectation. Quintilian, Inst, v, 10, 23; 3, 6,35. v. Accidentia. 
 
 In Equity; any such unforeseen event, misfortune, loss , act or omission, as is not the 
 result of any negligence or misconduct, i Story's Eq. Jur. § 78. " Every attempt to define 
 accident in its judicial acceptation has failed." i Spenc's Ch. 628. 
 
 ACCIDENS quod per custodiam, curam et diligetttiam mentis humanae evitari non 
 potest. An accident which cannot be prevented by the watchfulness, care, 
 and diligence of the human mind. 3 Kent's Com. 300, note. 
 Accidentia, ae, /. That which happens or occurs ; a casual event ; a chance. Pliny. 
 Accldentalia. — L- Lat. Accidental things. Things not necessarily connected with a 
 contract of sale. Erskine's Inst, iii, t. 3, § 12. Accidentalia contractus. 
 
 Accldentalia feudi. Things accidental or added to a feudal grant by the convention of 
 parties. Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 3, § 11. 
 
 Ac-cidd, 6r6, 3, v. n. [-|- ad, to, and cadere, to fall.] To fall upon ; to happen casually; 
 to take place by falling ; to befall one ; to take place suddenly. 
 
 Accidit et nostra similis fortuna CatvZlo, 
 Cum plenus fluctu medius foret alveus, et jum 
 Altemum puppis latus evertentibus undis 
 Arboris incertae, nullam prudentia cani 
 JRectoris conferret opem; decidere jactu 
 Coepit cum ventis, * * * » 
 
 Fundite quae tnea sunt, dicebat, cuncta, Catullus; 
 Praecipitare volens etiam pulcherrima, vestem 
 JPurpureani, teneris quoque Maecenatibus aptam: 
 Atque alias, quarutn generosi gr'aminis ipsum 
 Infecit natura pecus, sed et egregiug fans 
 Viribtis occultis, et JBacticus adjuvat aer. 
 Hie nee argentum dubitabat mittere; lances 
 Parthenio factas, urnae cratera capacem, 
 Et dignum sitiente Pholo, vel conjuge Fusci. 
 Adds et bascaudas, et mille escaria, mtdtum 
 Caelati, biberat quo callidus emptor Olynthi. 
 
 ******* 
 Jnctatur rerum utUium pars maxima; sed ncc 
 Dam,na levant. Tunc, adversis urgentibus, iliac 
 Jtecidit, ut mallum, ferro summitteret, ac se 
 Explicat angustum: discriminis ultima, quando 
 Praesidia afferimus navem factura minorem. 
 
 — Juvenal, Sal. xii, 29^-7. 
 
 A similar fortune befel our friend Catullus also ; when the hold was half full of water, 
 and when the waves heaped up each side alternately of the laboring ship, and the skill of the 
 hoary pilot could render no service, he began to compound with the winds by throwing 
 overboard. * * 
 
 " Throw overboard all that belongs to me, the whole of it ! " cried Catullus, eager to 
 throw over even his most beautiful things— a robe of purple fit even for luxurious 
 Maecenases, and others whose very fleece the quality of the generous pasture has tinged, 
 moreover the exquisite water with its hidden properties, and the atmosphere of Baetica 
 contributes to enhance its beauty. He did not hesitate to cast overboard even his plate, sal- 
 vers the workmanship of Parthcnius, a bowl (urna) that would hold three gallons, and 
 
 27 
 
Ace] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 worthy of P h o 1 u s when thirsty, or even the wife of F u s c u s . Add to these bascaudae, 
 and a thousand chargers, a quantity of embletic work, out of which the cunning purchaser 
 of Olynthus had drunlc. ****** 
 
 The greatest part even of necessaries is thrown overboard ; but not even do these sacrifices 
 relieve the ship — then, in the urgency of the peril, it came to that pass that he yielded his 
 mast to the axe, and rights himself at last, though in a crippled state ; this is the last 
 resource in danger we apply, to make the ship lighter. 
 
 Juvenal has here graphically and beautifully illustrated the growth and progress of a 
 semi-naufragiuni — an uxeguldix jettison, and that imminent peril and absorbing terror which 
 justify it. It is referred to and quoted from by Emerigon, TraiU des Assur. tome i, 609 ; 3 
 Kent's Com. 234, note ; i Story's Eq.Jur. § 490 ; Abbott on Shipping, 345. 
 
 Accion, or Accyonu, — L. Fr. An action. Accion sur le cas. An action on the case. 
 =Lat. Actio super casum. 
 
 Ac-C][pid, erS, 3, V. u. [+ ad, to, and capere, to take.] To receive ; to accept, to take, 
 as under a will. Brissonius. To sustain, as an injutj'. Id. To understand, to construe. Id. 
 To accept a thing, to be satisfied with it, to approve of it. Terentius. To give assent; 
 ' accipio,' — I allow it, I agree to it Horace. 
 
 Accipe nunc, victus tenuis quae quantaque secutn 
 Adferat. In primis valeas bene. * « «- 
 
 * * * * Quin corpus onustum 
 
 Hesfernis vitiis animum quoque praegravat una, 
 Atque adflgit humo divinae particulam aurae. 
 Alter, ubi dicto citius curata sopori 
 Membra dedit, vegetus praescripta ad munia surgit. 
 
 — Horace, Satir. ii, 2, 70 jy. 
 
 Now learn what and how great benefits a temperate diet will bring along with it. In the 
 first place, you will enjoy good health. * * * * Besides this, the body, overloaded 
 with the debauch of yesterday, depresses the mind along with it, and dashes to the earth that 
 portion of the divine spirit. Another man, as soon as he has taken a quick repast, and ren- 
 dered up his limbs to repose, rises vigorous to the duties of his calling. 
 
 Acclpere quam facere praestat injuriam. It is better to receive than to do 
 an injurj'. Cicero. 
 
 ACCIPERE quid ut justitiam facias, non est tarn accipere quam extorquere. 
 To receive any thing, that you may do justice, is not so much to receive 
 as to extort. Lofft's R. 72; Halkersion' s Max. 
 
 ACCIPITUR in modo solventis. It is received in the manner of payment ; or 
 in the way or manner of paying, i Smith's L. C. [91] 96. 
 
 ACCITIS quae usquam egregia compositae duodecim tabulae, finis aequi juris. Tacitus, 
 Annal. iil, 27. By them (the Decemviri) were composed the Twelve Tables, that consumma- 
 tion of equitable legislation, in which were adopted whatever excellences could be found 
 in any other codes in existence. I Kent's Com. 252, note. 
 
 Accola, ae, /. [+ ad, by, and colere, to dwell.] A dweller by or near a place, ex. gr. a 
 mountain, stream, etc., a neighbor; on the contrary, iiicola, one who dwells in a place, t. g. 
 a city, country, etc. Plautus, Anl. iii, i, i. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One who inhabits or occupies land near a place, as one who 
 dwells by a river, or on the bank of a river. Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 13, fr. i, §§ 3, 6. 
 
 In Feudal Law; A husbandman, an agricultural tenant; a tenant of a manor. 
 Spelman. A husbandman who comes from some other country to till the land, and is thus 
 distinguished from incola, viz.: Accola non propriam, propriam colit in cola terrain, i.e. 
 a foreigner does not till his own land, but a native (incola) does. Du Fresne. 
 
 AcCOmmodO, are, i, v. a. \-\-ad, to, and commodum, benefit.] To accommodate; to 
 allow contra summi juris regulam; to grant or transfer as a matter of favor rather than right ; 
 to lend property to one for use. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 57 ; Bracton, fol. 41a. 
 28 
 
Ace.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ace. 
 
 Accommodatio, Snis, /. [-)- accommodo.'] The fitting or adjusting of one thing to another. 
 Cic. Inv. i, 2, 7. Trop. The adapting of one's feeling or will to another's ; compliance, 
 courteousness, complaisance, indulgence. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 82. v, the passage. 
 
 Accompliameutiun. — L. Lat. Accomplishment. Co. Ent. 22T, Town's PI. ^q. 
 
 Accord. — Fr. and Eng. An agreement, consent, concurrence. 
 
 Accord est un Agreement perent'deux al meins, pur satisfie unofifenceou Trespass que le unad fait al aut 
 'pur le quel il ad agree de satisfier et content luy ore Recompence ; quel si soit execut' et perform, douques 
 pur ceo que cest Recompence est un plene satisfaction pur le offence, serra un bon barren le sey, si lauter, 
 apres TAccord perform, voit suer arrere un Action pur mesme le Trespass. N ota que le primer est proper- 
 ment appelle un j4 ccoria^, le auter es un Contract. L. Fr. 
 
 Accord is an agreement between two at the least, to satisfy an offense or trespass that the one hath made 
 to the other, for which he hath agreed to satisfy and content him with some recompense ; which If it be exe. 
 cuted and performed, then because this lecompense is a full satisfaction for the offense it shall be a good bar 
 in law, if the other, after the accord performed, should sue again any action for the same trespass. Note, 
 that the first is properly called an accord, the other a contract. Terms de la Ley. 
 
 Finch defines the term : "An agreement between the parties themselves, upon a satisfaction executed." 
 Finches Law^ b. 2, ij. 19. of. 9 Co. 79 ; 3 Bl. Com, 10, and cases in Cooley's note, 23. 
 
 Accord and satisfaction : What is it, and when pleadable, cf . 2 Parsons on Contr. 681 sg. and 
 the cases there collated ; Broom on C. L. 431 sg. and cases ; v. 6 Man. &* G. 262 ; 6 Q. B. 953. The mean- 
 ing of*accord and satisfaction' is, that there has been an agreement, and that that agreement has 
 been completely performed, and so there has been a total extinguishment of the original cause of action . 
 Per Maule, J., 15 C. B. 628; v. Broom Sr' Had. Com. iii, 6 sg., and Wait's note (433) and the cases therein. 
 
 Accordant. — Fr. and Eng. Agreeing, concurring. 
 
 "Holt, C. J., accordant." i Mod. 298, 299. " PowYS, J., accord." "Powell, J., 
 accord." Id. ii. " Baron Parker, accordant." Hardr.^ 93. 
 
 Accreditulare. — L. Lat. To purge oneself of an offense by oath. 
 
 Cases frequently occur that where a person has been arrested for a contempt, he comes 
 into court and purges himself, on oath, of having intended aiij' contempt. Winshaw ; 
 Blount. Sometimes written Accredulitare. 
 
 Ac-erescd, ere, 3, 'u. n. \_-\- ad, to, and cresceye, to grow ; L. Fr. Accrescer.^ To grow to 
 or up to; to become larger by growth; to increase. Plaut. Cure, ii, l, 4; Cic. de Sen. xiv ; 
 Cic. Inv ii, 31. In a gen. sense: To be added by way of increase or augmentation; 
 to be joined or annexed to 
 
 In J u r i d . Lang. t. t. : To fall to one, as an increase of his property. Dig. . Jus 
 cucrescendi q. v. To grow to ; to pass to and become united with, as soil to land per alluvi- 
 onem. POMPONIUS, Dig. xii, i,fr. 30, /n Proculus, ib. fr. 56. 
 
 In Eng. Law: To pass or be added to a person ; to accrue. Pars descendentis 
 a ceres c ere debet supers titibus, per jus accrescendi. Bracton, fol. 28; v. id. fol. 77^,262^. 
 Actio nan accrevit infra sex annos. 3 CMtt. PI. 941 . 
 
 In Scotch Law: To accresce. i Karnes' Eq. 247. To pass to any one. BelVs 
 Diet. 
 
 Accrescendi jus. The right of increase. Right of accretion. Bracton, fol. 21, 28. 
 
 V. Jus accrescendi. 
 
 AccretlO Snis, /. \-^ accrescere.'\ An increasing ; increment. Cicero, yzfjf. i, 28. 
 
 In the Jurists, t.t.. A growing to; adding to through the operation of natural 
 causes, as by the gradual and imperceptible accumulation, deposition, increasing of, and 
 formation of soil or land, out of the sea, or a river. 4 Hale de jur. Mar. 14 ; Schmidt's Civ. 
 Law, 49 ; 3 Kent's Com. 428. v. Alluvia. 
 
 Ae-CUsd arS, i, v. a. To call one to account, to put him on his defense, i. e. to make 
 complaint against, to accuse; to charge with some offense. JustiNian. Cod. ix, tit. i. 
 
 ACCUSARE debet iiemo se ipsum. No person is bound to accuse himself. No 
 man ought to be his own accuser. 
 ACCUSARE nemo se debet, nisi coram Deo. No man is bound to accuse 
 himself, unless it be before God. Hardr. 139; Halkerston's Max. 
 No oath is to be administered, whereby any person may be compelled to confess a crime, 
 or inculpate himself, or show that which is against him, or become his own accuser, v. 
 Hawke, 222. Nemo tenetur seipsum prodere. 3 Bulstr. 5; Best on Evid. § 555. 
 
 Aceusatid Onis, /. [Accuso."] An accusing, complaint, accusation, or indictment. Cic. 
 0^". ii, i/^, e. g. Accusatio constituere. — to bring in an accusation. Cic. ri??r. i, i. Accusatlo 
 
 29 
 
AccJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Acq. 
 
 factitare, — to pursue or urge an accusation or indictment. Cic. Brut. iii. Accusdtione 
 desistere, — to desist from an accusation. CiC. Accusdtione respondere, — to answer to an 
 accusation or complaint. Cic. C/k. iii. (6.) The bill of indictment; the action or suit. Cic. 
 Or. 2g; Plin. vii, 30, 31. Accusdtio capitis, — an indictment, or accusation of a capital crime. 
 Nep. Paus. ii, 6. v. Aliud est maledicere, aliud accusare, etc. Cicero, pro Caelio, iii, 6. 
 
 AccusatiS SUSpecti, An accusation or complaint against a suspected person. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A complaint against a suspected tutor, competent to be brought by 
 the minor's next in kin, or a co-tutor, to have him removed on sufficient grounds. Erskine s 
 Inst, i, t. 7, § 29. 
 
 AcCUSatOr, oris, m. \-\- accusare.^ An accuser; one who calls another to account, 
 reproaches him. Accusdtor is used as a general name for every kind of accuser. An 
 informer, a denouncer, =</«■&/<;?:. Suetonius, Aug. 66. 
 
 ACCUSATOR in \de\ prevaricatione convictus postea ex lege non accusat. Ven- 
 ULEjus, Dig. xlvii, iSfff- 5- An accuser (/. e. either plaintiff, pleader, or 
 advocate) convicted of prevarication {praevaricatio), pleads henceforth not 
 according to law. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A prevaricator in a private or a public trial, i. e. one 
 who betrayed his cause, or played the part of an am b i d e x t e r , or by whose chicanery an 
 action was lost — became thereby quasi an ex lex, and was deemed infamous and held liable 
 to be punished in an extraordinary manner, etc. The rules of the Civil Law are col- 
 lated under the term 'Praevaricator.' 
 
 ACCUSATOR post rationabile tempus non est audiendus, nisi se bene de omis- 
 sione excusaverit. An accuser is not to be heard after a reasonable time, 
 unless he excuse himself satisfactorily for the omission. F. Moor. 817 , 2 Best 
 on Evid. § 346 fin. ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 ACCUSATORUM temeritas tribus modis detegitur, et tribus poenis subjicitur ; 
 aut enim calumniantur, aut praevaricantur, aut tergiversantur. Marci- 
 ANUS, Dig. xlviii, 16, fr. 1 pr. The temerity of accusers or informers is dis- 
 covered in three ways, and is liable to three penalties : for they have either 
 attacked with artifice or false accusations ; or made a sham accusation or 
 defense; or sought shifts or evasions, v. Calumniator, Praevaricator, Tergiv- 
 ersator. 
 
 AccustumatuS or AcCUStomatUS. — L. Lat. Accustomed. Co. Ent. 6g ; Town's PI. 26. 
 
 Acernma proximorum odia. — Lat. The hatred of the nearest relatives is most 
 intense. Tacitus. "The quarrels of relatives are the most violent.'' 
 
 Acerta errandO. — Sp. He blunders into the right. 
 
 Achate, or Achat, Achet, Acate. — L. Fr. [-|- achater, tc buy.] Purchase ; a purchase ; 
 contract or bargain. Bro. Abr. "Contract." Per colour de achate, — by color of purchase. 
 5/(2^ Westm. I. c. I. Achate arere, — bought back. Dyer, ■^'^b. Achator, — a buyer; aeon- 
 tractor. Achetours, — purveyors, buyers. 38 Edw. III. st. I, c. 2. P amours, purveyours, ou 
 ach'etours, — takers, purveyors or buyers. Art. Sup. Chart, c. 2. 
 
 Acord, or Acort. — L Fr. Agreement; accord; consent. Kelhani. v. Accord. 
 
 Acquest. [L- Lat. acquisitum, q. v.] An estate newly acquired, or acquired by purchase, 
 r Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 29. Acquisition. Hale's Anal. 
 
 Acquests. — Fr. Property which has been acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than 
 by succession. Bouvier. Profits or gains of property, as between husband and wife. Civ. 
 Cod. Louisiana, § 2369. 
 
 Ac-quiesc6, Sre, 3, v. n. [-\- ad, to, and quiscere, to be quiet, -f- quics, rest.] (a.) To 
 become physically quiet ; to come to physical repose by means of any thing ; to cease from 
 activity; hence, in gen.; to repose or rest from exertion, terror and the like. Clc. 
 (6.) To come to a state of repose in relation to one's wishes, desires, etc., in something; to 
 
 30 
 
Acq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Acq. 
 
 rejoice. Cic. (c.) To be satisfied with grounds of an assertion ; to acquiesce in or give 
 assent to them, to accede to them, i. e. you cease to oppose them; you assent to them, i. e. 
 you make known your approbation by words. Cic. Acnd. 2, 46. In these different senses 
 freq. in Cicero, Pliny, Livy, and Tacitus. 
 
 Acquietandis plegiis. v. Breve de acquietandis pUgiis. 
 
 Acquietancia, or Acquietantia.— L. Lat. [+ acquietare, q. v.] An acquittance; a 
 release or discharge from a debt, contract or obligation. Termes de la Ley; Shep. Touch. 347. 
 (w. Solutio h vinculo debiti, etc.) (6.) The instrument itsel f by which such discharge is elTected. 
 Spelman. {y. Litera acquietantiae.) (c.) Exemption or freedom from a service or duty. (z/. 
 Consueiudmes et sei-vitia de quibus, etc. J 
 
 Acquietancia de sMreS et llUIldredis. The privilege of being free from suit and ser- 
 vice in shires and hundreds. Cowell. " 
 
 Acquietare. — L. Lat. [+ ad, to, and quietare, to discharge, to put at rest.] To acquit; 
 to free, clear on discharge, as from a debt, a criminal or other accusation, imprisonment, etc. 
 Spelman; Reg. Orig. I58«. To discharge from an obligation; (which, if in writing, should 
 be in writing). To acquit, to pronounce or declare innocent of a crime or charge, {v. Acquie- 
 tatus.) To keep quiet or quit ; to preserve or protect from molestation, as from demands for 
 services, etc, not due. Bracton, fol. yjb. 
 
 Acquietabimus. We will acquit; we will discharge. 
 
 By this word the donor bound himself and his heirs to acquit the tenant, if anyone 
 should demand more or different services than that was contained in the charter. Bracton, 
 fol. 37*, 30a. 
 
 AcquietatUS. Acquitted ; discharged ; released from a criminal charge; pronounced 
 innocent by a jury. Reg. Orig. 134; g Co. 56; Cro. Car. 420. A discharge by a ]\ycy [^per 
 pais). Reg. Orig. 134*, note a. Acquietatus inde, — therefore he is discharged or acquitted. 
 AcquietatUS inde de praemissis, — therefore he is acquitted of the matters. 
 
 Ac-quird, or Adquir6, 3. </. u. [-\-ad, to, and quaerere, to seek.] (a.) To get or add to, 
 to acquire (as an increase of that already in possession). Cic. Cat. iii, 12; ib. ii, 8; id. Att. 
 i, I. (6.) In a gen. sense: To get, obtain, procure or provide. Cic. OJ^. iii, 5,22; 
 id. Fam. x, 3 ; id. Cod. ii. (c) To acquire or amass riches or money. Juv. xiv, 125 et al.; 
 hence acquisiiio. In the Jurists, t. t.: To acquire or gain by some lawful title; to 
 make one's own, according to some rule of law. Justin, /nst. ii, i, pr.; Gaius, .Dig. xii, i, 
 /r. 7, § I, et passim^- Gaius, Inst, ii, § 75. 
 
 ACQUIRITUR possessio et liberum tenementum ex tempore, et sine titulo et tra- 
 ditione, per longum et pacificam seisinam habitatn per patientiam et negligentiam 
 veri domini. Possession and a freehold are acquired by time, and without title 
 or delivery, by long and peaceable seisin had by (enjoyed through) the sufferance 
 and negligence of the true owner. Bracton, fol. 52; Fleta, lib. iv, c. 18, § 2. 
 V. Longa patientia trahitur, etc. 
 
 ACQUIRUNTUR enim res corpor ale s animo et corpore per traditionem. 
 Res autem incorpo rales sicut jura et servitutes, cum loca fuerint deter- 
 minata, acquiruntur, s. et solo aspectu accipientis vel sin procuratoris et possidendi 
 voluntate et affectu, quia traditionem non patiuntur jura, ut videri poterit. Cor- 
 poreal things are acquired with the mind and body by delivery. But 
 incorporeal things, such as rights and servitudes, when the places are 
 determined, are acquired, to-wit, by the view alone of the acceptor or his agent, 
 and by the will and affection of possessing, because rights do not admit of deliv- 
 ery as can be seen. Bracton, iv, c. 37, § 2, fol. 222. v. Animo et corpore. 
 
 ACQUlsitiO 5nis, f. [-|- acquirere.'\ Acquisition, in abslracto. Tert. Exh. C. 12. (6.) 
 An increase or accession. Frontin. Aquaed. 10. (c.) In the jurists, t. t.: The act 
 
 31 
 
Acq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 of acquiring ; the act of gaining by some lawful title ; the act of making a thing one's own 
 according to some rule of law. Inst, and Dig. passim. 
 
 Acq^Uisitlim, or Adquisitum. — L- Lat. [+ acquirere, to acquire or purchase.] A pur- 
 chase. 2, Man. Aug. 380; Town's PI. 50. Acquest or newly-acquired feudal rights, i 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 29. 
 
 AcQuittance, t. Acquietanda or Aequietantia. v. Temies de la Ley. 
 
 Acribus initiiSf incurioso fine, — Lat. Prov. Alert in the beginning, but neg- 
 ligent in the end. Tacitus. "Sagacious in the beginning, but indifferent in the end." 
 
 Acri memoria. With, from, or by a strong or retentive memory. Cicero, Or. v. 
 
 Act in pais, — L. Fr. and Eng. An act in the country, as distinguished from an act in 
 court ; an act which is not a matter of record, or done in a court of record. 2 Bl. Com. 294; 
 Story on Agency, § 25, note. v. In pais. 
 
 Acta, orum,«. — Lat. [plur. of «rtew.] In the Roman and Civil Law: The acts 
 or proceedings of magistrates and public officers, i. e. things done by or before them, of which 
 a record was kept. Justin. Cod. i, 56, 2. The acts or proceedings of courts of justice, of 
 which a minute or record was kept. Justin. Cod. i, 56, 2; Paulus, Dig. xlii, i, fr. 45. The 
 minutes or records themselves. Hermogenianus, ib.fr. 46; Justin. Cod. v, 50, 2; Nov. 47; 
 ex. gr. Actis insinuare, — to deposit among the records. Justinian. Inst, iv, 11, § 3. 
 
 In old Eng. Law: Records, enrolments, minutes, «■.«. ^. y^rfa «W z>n;^«/aA'<7««, — 
 acts or enrolments. Bracton, fol. lb. (v. Extractum exactis, etc. Extractum de libris, etc.) 
 (6,) Acts; actions; the acts of individuals, v. infra. 
 
 Acta diurna. — Lat. In Roman Law: Daily acts; the public registers or journals 
 of the daily transactions and proceedings of the Senate, assemblies of the people, courts of 
 justice, etc. Suetonius, Cas. 20; Tacitus, Annal. iv, 12, 24; id, 13, 31; id. xvi, 22. 
 
 V. Acta quotidiana, 
 
 ACTA exteriora indicant interiora secreta. Outvsfard acts indicate inward or 
 secret purposes. 2 Co. 146; % id. 290, 291; Wingate's Max. 37; Halker- 
 
 stoiisMax. ; 1 Smith's L. C. 'Acts indicate the intention.' Broom's Max. 
 
 296, and cases in note 4; cf. 1 1 Johns. R. 377, 387; 13 id. 414; 15 id, 40; 2 Best 
 on Evid, § 521. 
 
 Bracton stated the rule: Per exteriora praesumi poterit de exterioribus, etc. 
 Bracton, i, c. 18, § 5, fol. 42n. 
 
 Non refert an quis intentionem suam declaret verbis, an rebus ipsis, vel factis. 10 Co. 
 144a; 4 Exch. 78. One may commit a forcible entry, in respect of the armor or weapons 
 which he hath, that are not usually borne, or if he do use violence and threats to the terror 
 of another. And if three or four go to make a forcible entry, albeit one alone use the vio- 
 lence, all are guilty of force. So also if the master cometh with a greater number of servants 
 than usually attend on him, it is a forcible entry, i Co. Inst. 257?. When entry, authority, 
 or license is given to any by the law, and he misuseth it, he shall be a trespasser ab initio; 
 but where entry, authority, or license is given by the party, and he misuseth it. there he shall 
 be punished for the misdeed; but shall not be a trespasser ab initio. And the reason of this 
 diversity is, because in case of general authority, or license given by the law, the law judgeth 
 by the act subsequent, quo animo, or to what intent he entered ; for, Acta exteriora indicant 
 interiora secreta (external acts evince undisclosed thoughts); but when the party gives author- 
 ity or license himself to do any thing, he can for no subsequent cause punish that which is 
 done by his own license and authority. And therefore when as the law gives authority to 
 enter into an inn or tavern, to the lord to distrain, to the owner of the soil to distrain dam- 
 age feasant, to the reversioner to see whether waste be committed, to the commoner to enter 
 into the land to see his cattle or the like. Heie, if he that enters the inn or tavern commit 
 trespass, as if he carry any thing away from thence ; or if the lord that distrains for rent, or 
 the owner for damage feasant, weary or kill the distress; or if he that enters to view the waste, 
 do hurt to the houses, or stays there all night; or if the commoner cut down a tree, etc. Iii 
 these and the like cases the law will adjudge that he entered for that purpose ; and therefore 
 inasmuch as the overt act which he doth is a trespass, he shall be adjudged a trespasser ab 
 initio, as it appears in all the books. Wingate's Max. 37, § 2, citing 8 Co. 146a. The Six 
 Carpenters' case; s. c. i Smith's L. C. [216] 259; cf. 9 Co. no, Downe's case; id. 81*, 
 Agnes Gore's case. v. Adams vs. Rivers, Barb. and cases. 
 
 32 
 
Act.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 ACTA facta in causA civili non probant in judicio criminali. Mascardus, de 
 Prob. Concl. 34, n. i. Acts done in a civil cause prove nothing [cannot 
 be proved] in a court of criminal jurisdiction. 2 Best on Evid. § 592, /«. n. 4. 
 A judgment against a party in a criminal cause is not evidence against him in a civil suit. 
 cf. Taylor on Evid. (4th ed.) § 1505; Starkly on Evid. (4th ed.) 361; 2 Phill. on Evid. (loth 
 ed.) 27 ; or vice versa, Taylor on Evid. id., Starkey on Evid. (4th ed.) 332 ; for the parties are 
 not the same ; and the proceedings on an indictment were not evidence in appeal. 2 Keb. 
 223 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 592 yf«. 
 
 Acta in toga. The acts (of magistratis) in the gown. Bacon's Law Tr. 24. v. Toga. 
 
 Acta pul)lica (or abs Acta, orum, «.). The register of public acts, records, journal. 
 
 Julius CiESAR, in his consulship, ordered that the doings of the Senate {diuma acta) should 
 be made known publicly. Suet. Cces. 20. But Augustus again prohibited it. Suet. Aug. 
 36. Still, however, the acts of the Senate were all written down, and, under the succeeding 
 emperors, certain senators were appointed to this ofl5ce {actis vel commentariis Senatus confici- 
 endis). Tacitus, Ann. v, 4. 
 
 They had also public registers of the transactions of the people, and of the different courts 
 of justice; also of births and deaths, marriages, divorces, etc., which were preserved as 
 sources of future historj'. Hence there was diuma urbis acta, — the city journal (Tac. A. 
 13,31), acta populi {Svw . Cces. 20); acta publicaCXkC A. 12, 24; SUET. Tib. 8; Phm. £f. 
 7. 33)1 acta urbana {id. 9, 15) ; which were altogether comprehended under the general name 
 acta. Cicero, Fam. xii, 8; Pliny, vii, 54 ; Adam's Rom. Antiq. i, 22, 23. 
 
 In the Civil Law. Acta publica, — public acts; things done and recorded before 
 public ofScers, judges, notaries, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxvii, 7, fr. 4, § 3 ; Cod. ii, i, 2. 
 
 Books and records containing the public acts, laws or statutes of a state. 
 
 Actilia. — L. Lat. Armor ; weapons ; military utensils ; c. g. Ciim actiliis ef hamesiis 
 suis, — with their armor and harness. Stat. 2 Jiob. Bruce, i,. ordinatum, 27. 
 
 Actio, Onis, f. [-j- ago, agore.'] In gen. signif.: A doing, performing, acting, 
 action, act. Cic. N. D. i, 37; id. Fin. v, 19, 54. The public performance of those things. 
 Cic, Off. i, 5 ; id. i, 35 ; id. Ac. ii, 33, 108 ; e. g. actio gratiarum, — the giving of thanks. Id. 
 Fam. X, ig, et saep. (6.) Public action, civil acts, proceedings or duties. Cic. Fam. 9, 8 ; 
 id. Off. ii, I; LiVY, v, II. Hence, negotiation, deliberation. Cicero, Att. ix, 9. 
 
 In the Latin ofthejurists: a. {In abstracto) An action, suit, process. Cicero, 
 Mil. xiv, 36 ; id. Mur. ix, 22 ; Celsus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 51 ; Paulus, id. L. 16, fr. 34, v. infra; 
 Justin. Inst, iv, 6, pr. b. {In concreto) The accusation, the statement of the crime ; the 
 indictment, charge, accusation. Cic. N. D. iii, 30, 74; id. de Orat. i, 36, 167. Hence in 
 gen.: Judicial forms, the omission of which render a suit null and void. Cic. de Orat. i, 
 58, 246 ; Cumin, Civ. Law, 285, 295-6, Hence (c.) An accusing speech or writing. 
 Cicero so calls his oration against Verres actiones {divided into two parts: actio prima, 
 in which he adduced the necessary evidence for each point of the accusation, and actio secunda, 
 in which, in continuous discourse, he stated his positions, with the argument for them) ; so 
 Suet. Ner. 15. In prima parte actionis, — in the first part of the action, v. Quintilian, Inst. 
 X, I, 20, et al. {d,.) Permission for a suit. Dare alieni actionem, — to give another an action 
 (which was the right or duty of the praetor or judge). Cic. Verr. ii, 2, 27. (e.) The judicial 
 management of a suit ; the trial, the day of the trial. Cic. Verr. ii, 2, 27 ; id. i, 30 ; ii, 2. 6. 
 V. Actio autem nihil aliud est, etc. In common law: An action; otherwise termed 
 placitum, and also loquela. e. g. Placitum sive actio, — a plea or action. Bracton, fol. I02i. 
 
 Actio ab iratO. A doing an act through anger, v. Testamentum ab irato. 
 
 Actio accrevit. An action has accrued. 
 
 Actio ad exhibendum. An action to exhibit. V. Exhibere est facere, etc. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An action to compel the production and exhibition of a thing 
 together with the cause of the withholding or detention {rei causS); under which was compre- 
 hended all that the claimant of the thing could demand in addition thereto, and especially 
 what he could have had if the thing had not been withheld from him. cf. Dig. x, tit. 4, ' ad 
 Exhibendum;' Justin. Cod. iii, tit. 42, ' ad Exhibendum;' Justinian. /«j-/. iv, 17, §3, Si ad 
 exhibendum cutum fuerit, etc. ; id. iv, 6, § 31 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 153; ed. 1883, § 511. 
 
 This action was also instituted for the purpose of compelling a defendant to exhibit {ad 
 exhibendum) a thing or title in his possession or power. It was a preparatory action, an aux- 
 iliary action, or a preliminary proceeding to another action for the recovery (or discovery) of 
 a thing whether it was movable or immovable, cf. Dig., Cod., Inst., supra; Merl. Qtiaest. 
 de Dr. tome i, 84; Calvini, Lex furid. voc. '■Exhibere.' 
 
 "Bills of discovery" were called by the Romans actiones ad exhibendum, when 
 they related tc the productions of things, or deeds, or documents, in which another person 
 
 [S] 33 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 had an interest. Pothier, ad P and. lib. x, t. 4, n. 1-7 ; id. n. 8-30 ; 2 Story's Eg. Jur. § 1487. 
 It is also called actio ad exhibendum quod metiis causd. 
 
 Paulus expressed the rule; Si quis ex uvis raeis mustrum fecerit, vel ex olivis 
 oleum, vel ex lana vestimenta, quum sciret haec aliena esse, utriusque nomine ad exhi- 
 bendum actione tenebitur, quia quod ex re nostra fit, nostrum esse verius est. Paulus, 
 Dig. X, 4,yr. 12, §3; cf. 2 Bl. Com. 404-5. v. Si ad exhibendum actum fuerit, etc. 
 
 In some cases the Actio ad exhibendum enabled a person to recover his property even though it had been 
 changed by art into some other thing, or become by accessio a part of something else. Purple, on becoming 
 an accessio to the dress, ceased to be a distinct substance, because it was not then purple, but a dress embroi- 
 dered with purple; therefore the purple could not be recovered by its former owner. JBut if the purple ceased 
 to be incorporated with the dress, and became a distinct independent substance, it then became recoverable 
 {per vindicationeni) by its former owner. The actio ad exhiliendum was intended to enable the owner to 
 regain his property by compelling the defendant to separate the purple from the dress, in order to its being 
 produced, or exhibited, or so conditioned as to be the subject-matter of a vindication The rule is 
 expressed in: Ciittt ex aliena materia species aligua facta sit ab aliguo^ etc. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, §25; 
 cf. Gaiiis, Inst, ii, § 79; Gaius, Dig. xll, i.yV. 7, § 7; PoMPONius, xli, L^fr. 27, §§ 1,2; Ulpianus, Dig, vi, i,y>'. 
 5, § I. The remarks in respect to the purple apply to all kinds of ornaments, etc., e. g. a diamond joined to the 
 head of a sword, et sic similibus. 
 
 Paulus expressed this rule thus: Gemma Inclusa auro alieno, vel sigillum candelabro vindicari 
 non potest, sed ut excludiatur, etc. Paulus, Dig. a, i,.,fr. 6. 
 
 So where one or more things are joined to a principal thing, the one not being produced by the other, the 
 accessio does not give the proprietor of the principal thing property in the accessory ; it merely creates an 
 impediment, /?-£? tempore^ to its being recovered per vindicationent. 
 
 Paulus expressed this rule: Quaecumque aliis juncta sive adjecta accessionis loco cedunt, ea, quam- 
 diu cohaerent, dominus vindicare non potest; sed ad exhibendum agere potest, ut separentur et tunc vindi- 
 centur, scilicet excepto eo, etc. Paulus, Dig. vi, L.,/r. 23, § 5, et v. §§ 6-7. 
 
 ACTIO aiitem nihil aliud est, quam jus persequendi judicio quod sibi debetur. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iv, (i,pr. An action is nothing else than the right of suing 
 before a judge for that which is due to us. 
 
 Celsus expressed it in this form; Nihil aliud est actio, quam jus, quod sibi 
 debeatur, judicio persequendi. Celsus, Dig. xliv, T, fr. 51. 
 
 Bracton changes two words: Actio nihil aliud est quam jus /r(!j-^5f«^»(/z in 
 judicio quod alicui debetur. Bracton, fol. gSiiy Fleta, lib. i, c. 16, § 2. 
 
 Actio aq[liae pluviae arceudae. An action for the restraining of rain-water, cf. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxxix, 3, fr. i, §§ i, 2, 18, 22, 23 ; et al., cited in Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 295, n. 6, ed. 
 1883. 
 
 Actio arbitraria. An arbitrary action, i. e. of arbitration ; done by umpire. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An zctxon ex arbitrariojudices pendens, &e'pend\ng upon the will 
 or discretion of the judge; or in which the judge was allowed to determine according to 
 equity and the circumstances of the particular case [ex aequo et bono) how satisfaction should 
 be made to the plaintiff, etc. In case the defendant neglected or refused to conform to the 
 decision of the judge, he might be condemned at discretion, etc. Justin. Inst.iv, 6, 31. The 
 term arbitraria was afterward applied indiscriminately to all actions, tarn in rem, quam in 
 personam, in which the defendant was ordered to do something, or in default pay a sum 
 assessed. Inst, supra; Lindley's Int. xliv; Cumin, Civil Law, 315; I Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 § 197, note {b); cf. id. ib. ed. 1883, § 210. 
 
 Actio bonae fidei. An action of good faith. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action ex contractu, of equitable cognizance, in which the 
 judex was allowed a discretionary power (arbitrium) of assessing, detetmining ex bono et aequo, 
 how much should be paid or restored to the plaintiff; of allowing a set-ofF (compensatio) on 
 the part of the defendant ; and in general, of taking into consideration the equitable circum- 
 stances of the case, the intention of the parties, and whatever was understood ex fide bond. 
 Gaius, Inst, iv, 61-68; Justin. Inst. iv,6,§§ 28-30 ; Cic. Off. iii, I7,§ 70; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 § 197; id. ib. ed. 1883, § 210. Actions bonae fidei were more used in case an obligation in the 
 defendant was linked with some other obligation, arising out of the same transaction, and to 
 be performed by the plaintiff; moreover the defendant might avail himself of any righteous 
 defense, without stating it in the formula by way of exceptio. Justin. Inst, supra; Lindley's 
 Int. Jur. xliv ; Cumin, Civ. Law, 310, 311. This action must not be confounded with actiones 
 arbitrariae, by which are understood either those actions in which every thing essential is left 
 to the discretion of the judge, or those in which he can, in case his decree is not obeyed, 
 condemn the defendant in a further sum. Lindley's Int. Jur. § 72, and cases note (d\ 
 V. In bonae fidei judiciis libera potestas, etc. v. Actio siricti piris. 
 
 Actio Calumniae. An action concerning an intrigue, etc. v. Calumnia. 
 
 34 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio Civilis. A civil action, v. Civilis. 
 
 An action founded on the jus civile Romanorum, as distinguished from the actio honoraria. 
 All actions, in the civil law of the Romans, were, with respect to their origin, aut civiles 
 dicuniur aut honoraria — were called either civil or honorary. Ulpianus,/';^. xliv, 7, fr. 25, 
 § 2. This distinction is similar to the modern division — actions at law and actions 
 in equity. Story's Eq. Jur. §37. In the common law: Personal actions are 
 divided into criminalia etcivllia secundum quod descendunt et malejiciis vel coniractibus , i. c. crim- 
 inal and civil according as they grow out of crimes or contracts. Bracton, fol. loi^. 
 
 ACTIO casus apud nostrates ea est, qua ui inter bonos bene agere oporteat et sine 
 fraudatione. The action or pleading of a cause among our countrymen 
 implies an obligation to act fairly, like good men, and without an intention to 
 defraud any one. Lofffs Max. 623 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 Actio COmmodati. An action of loan. v. Commodatum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action given for the recovery of a thing loaned ()w ramwoaW- 
 tum) and withheld from the lender. Justin. Inst, iii, 14, § 2 ; id. iv, i, § 16; Ulpian. Dig. 
 xiii, 6,/r. I, § i; Justin. Cod. iv, tit. 23; Cumin. Civ. Law, 231; Sandars' Justin. Inst. 408. 
 
 Actio COmmodati COntraria. An action lying against a thing loaned. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action by a borrower against a lender to enforce the execu- 
 tion of a contract of loan. Cumin, Civ. Law, 231; Pothier, PrU a Usage, n. 75. v. Actio 
 contraria commodati. 
 
 Actio COmmodati directa. An action lying directly for a thing loaned. 
 
 In the Civil Law. An action by a lender against a borrower to obtain restitution of 
 the thing lent. Cu?nin, Civ. Law, 231; Pothier, Pret a Usage, n. 65, 68; Sandars' ^vsils. 
 Inst, 408. V. Actio directa commodati. 
 
 Actio communis. A common action, v. In commune. 
 
 Applied to an action where the thing demanded was common, and not several. Bracton. 
 fol. 103. 
 
 Actio COmmuni dividundo. An action for the dividing of a common. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for dividing a common property, or thing held in 
 common. Justin. Inst, iv, 6, § 20 ; id. iv, 17, § 5 ; Dig. x, tit. 3; Cod. iii, tit. 37, 38; Story on 
 Part. § 352 ; Cumin, Civ. Law, 88, 307. v. Quidam actiones mistam causam, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: It is enumerated among actions arising quasi ex contractu. 
 Bracton, fol. loo^y Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 1. 
 
 Actio COmpetit contra eum. An action lies against him. Bracton, fol. lO'ib. =Actio datur 
 versus eum, q. v. 
 
 Actio concepti. An action of finding, v. Conceptum — Furtum conceptum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against the possessor of a thing stolen, and 
 found in his possession, although he did not commit the theft. Justin. Inst, iii, i, § 4. 
 
 Actio COndictio indebiti. An action demanding bacic that which is not due. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the recovery Of a sum of money or other thing paid 
 by mistake, as not being due («'. e. indebitum) to the party who received it. Dig. xii, tit. 
 6, ' de Condictione Indebiti;' Pothier, Promutuum. n. 140; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 502, ed. 1883. 
 V. Condictio indebiti. 
 
 Actio COnducti, An action for a thing hired, v. Conductum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action by a bailor of a thing for hire, against a bailee, to 
 compel him to deliver the thing hired. v. Dig. xix, tit. 2, ^Locati, Conducti;' Pothier, dit 
 Contr. de Lonage, n. 59; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 416, ed. 1883. 
 
 Actio COnfessoria. An affirmative action ; a confessory action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded upon the afBrmative confession or acknowl- 
 edgment of some right in the plaintiff in another's land, e. g. the right of way, etc.; and not 
 upon the denial of the right of another in his land. Ulpianus, Dig. viii, 5,/r. 2 ; ib. fr. 4 ; 
 id. ib. ix, 2,frr. 23, 25 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 2. It is an action for enforcing a servitude, 
 i. e. one in which a man claims to have a servitude over a corporeal hereditament ; as when 
 he claims a usufruct in the land, a right of passage or of view, etc. cf. Ulpianus and Jus- 
 tinian, supra; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 321 ; id. ed. 1883, § 324; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. 
 iv, tit. 6, § 1135 ; Btacton, fol. 103, ^ 7. cf. Confessoria actio. 
 
 ACTIO contra defunctum coepta, continuitur in haeredes. An action commenced 
 against a person who dies, is continued [may be transferred] against his 
 heirs. Erskine's Inst. b. i, t. 7, § 46 ; Halkerstons Max. 
 
 35 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio COUtraria. a contrary or cross-action, — as distinguished from actio directa. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This action lay in favor of a creditor against the debtor, to 
 recover the proper value or compensation, when the latter had retained possession of the 
 pledge, or when the title to it had failed by fraud or otherwise ; or when the creditor sought 
 compensation for expenses upon it. Pomponius, Dig. xiii, T,frr. 3, 8 ; Ulpianus, il>. fr. g; 
 Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. 3, tit. 15, §§ 805, 816, 826; Pothicr, ad Pand. lib. xiii, 7 
 n. 24-29; ViNNius, ad Inst, iii, 15, § 4, com. 2-3; id. lib. iv, 6, § 8, com. 6; Bracton,io\. 
 103 ; 2 Story's Eq.Jur. § 1007. v. Erskine's Inst, iii, 1. 1,§24; Mackeld.Civ. Law; Hobart, 103. 
 
 Actio COntraria COmiUOdati. A contrary or cross-action upon a loan. w. Actio com- 
 modati. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The borrower of a thing \02ineA {commodaiuvi) might bring this 
 action against the lender (commodans), as defendant, for the compensation due to him ; for 
 the contract, though it did not directly raise a liability on the part of the commodans, might 
 do so. For instance, the commodans (lender) would be liable to indemnify the commodant 
 (borrower) for any extraordinary expenses which the preservation of the thing made neces- 
 sary, or for any lo^s or damage occasioned in using it, by reason of defects which the commo- 
 dans (lender) did know of, but the commodant did not. It was called contraria, to distinguish 
 from the actio directa, because the latter flowed directly from the contract : whereas the for- 
 mer (contraria) arose from or out of subsequent circumstances which might happen or not, 
 viz.. there being some extraordinary expense occasioned by, or some fault on the part of, 
 the commodans. Padlus, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 17; cf. Sandars' JnsTlN. Inst. 408 ; Cumin, Civ. 
 Law, 231; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 436, ed. 1883. 
 
 Actio Criminalis, A criminal action. Bracton, fol. xoib. v. Actio civilis. 
 
 Actio damni injuria. An action for damage done wrongfully, v. Injuria. 
 
 In the Rom. Law: An action under the Lex Aquilia, against one who intentionally, 
 without right, or from carelessness, killed the slave, or beast included in the term cattle, of 
 another. The defendant was condemned to pay to the owner the highest value the thing 
 had borne within that year. Gaius, Inst, iii, §110; Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, pr. § i; id. ib. iv, 
 8, § 4 ; Dig. ix, tit. 2, ' ad Legam Aquiliam.' v. Lex Aquilia. 
 
 ACTIO datur si quis arma, in aliquo loco posita, delevit seu abrasit. An action 
 is given against one who hath destroyed or seized [carried away] arms 
 which have been deposited in any place. 3 Co. Inst. 202; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 Actio de debitO. An action of debt. V. Debitum. 
 
 In the Com. Law: The name of an action to recover a certain specified sum of 
 money, or a sum that can readily be reduced to a certainty by calculation, payable in respect 
 of a direct and immediate liability by a debtor to a creditor. It is a more extensive remedy 
 in some respects than assumpsit; for, in addition to being appropriate for the enforcement of 
 many claims founded on simple contract, it may lie for the recovery of money due on spe- 
 cialty, or record ; and it is also available for the recovery of a penalty imposed by statute. 
 3 Bl. Com. 154; I Tidd's Fr. 3 ; i Archb. N. P. 200; 3 Steph. Com. 461; Smith on Contr. 297; 
 Broom on C. L. 120, 121, and cases in n. (n), {x), (y), {z); Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 321-2. 
 
 Actio de dolO malo. An action of, or founded upon, fraud, v. Dolus mains. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against a defrauder and his heirs, to obtain 
 the restitution to the plaintiff of the thing of which he had fraudulently been deprived, cum 
 omnia causd, i. t. with all its accessions ; or, where this was not practicable, for compensa- 
 tion in damages. Dig. iv, tit. 3 ; Cod. ii, tit. 3 ; Bracton, fol. 103^/ Mackeld. Civ. Law, 221, 
 § 217; id. ed. 1883, § 227; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lit), iv, tit. 6, § 1152. 
 
 Actio de in rem verso. An action concerning a thing converted. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action de in rem converted to the profit of another ; an action 
 granted to one who had contracted with a son or slave, in order to recover whatever the 
 father or master had, by means of such contract, converted to their own advantage. Justin. 
 Inst, iv, 7, § 4 ; Dig. 15, tit. 3 ; Cod. iv, tit. 26 ; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 7, § 1222 ; 
 PuFENDORF, de Jure, iv, c. 13, § d, Jin. 
 
 Actio de inoificioSO testamento. An action concerning an inofiicious will. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action in respect to wills made contrary to one's duty («o« 
 ex officio pietatis), in which nothing is left to one's children or nearest relatives. Cicero, Verr. 
 i, 42, § 103; cf. Dig. v. tit. 2, ' de Inofficioso Testamento;' Justin. Cod. iii. tit. 28-30; Justin. 
 Inst, ii, tit. ifi,'de Inofficioso Testamento.' Read: Inofficiosum testa?nentum dicere hoc est, 
 etc. Marceiasus, Dig. supra, Jr. 3. v. Testamentum inofficiosum. Querela inofficiosi testa- 
 menti. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 713-718, ed. 1883. 
 
 36 
 
Act.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio de peculio. An action concerning, or against, \\ie peculiutn of a party. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An action to which fathers and masters were liable on the con- 
 tracts of their children and servants, to the extent of the Xzliex's pecuHum, patrimony or sep- 
 arate estate. Justin. Inst, iv, 6, § lo ; id. iv, 7, § 4 ; Dig. xv, tit. i ; Cod. iv, tit. 26 ; Heinecc. 
 Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. 4, tit. 7, § 1219; Mackdd. Civ, Law, §§ 515, 603, ed. 1883. 
 
 Actio de pauperie or quadrupedaria. An action for an injury, damage, loss, which 
 one suffers from an animal. Dig. ix, tit. i; Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 9. v. Pauperies. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicitur, actio ex lege duodecim 
 tabularum descendit ; quae lex voluit aut dari id, quod nocuit, id est id animal, quod noxiam 
 commissit, aut aestimationem noxia ofTeri. Ulpianus, Dig. ix, i, fr. i, pr. sq. Animalium 
 nomine quae ratione carent, si quidem lascivia aut fervore aut feritate pauperiem fecerint, 
 noxaljs actio lege duodecim tabularum prodita est, etc. Justinian. Inst, iv, 9, § i. 
 
 Actio de pecunia COnstituta. An action for money arranged or engaged, v. Constitutum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against any person who had engaged to pay 
 money for himself, or for another nulla stipulatione intetposita, — without any personal stipu- 
 lation, Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 9 ; Dig. xiii, tit. 5 ; Cod. iv, tit. 18. 
 
 Actio de pigUOre SUbreptO forti. An action to recover a pledge stealthily taken away. 
 Gaius, iii, §§ 204-5 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 14. 
 
 Actio depensi. An action for money paid down, i. e. paid, expended for a principal. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An action which sponsors had for double the amount paid by 
 them for their principals. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 127. The working of this action is more fully 
 explained in Id. iv, §§ g, 22, 25. v. Impensae necsssariae. 
 
 Actio de tigno juncto. An action for building materials joined, v. Tignum. 
 
 It is a general rule of great antiquity that where a thing is affixed to the soil it becomes, in 
 contemplation of law, a part of it, and is consequently subjected to the same dominion as 
 the soil itself. Hence it is laid down, that if a man builds on his own land with the mate- 
 rials of another, the owner of the soil becomes, in law, the owner of the building also, quia 
 omne quod solo in aedificatur solo cedit. Justin. Inst, ii, i, § 29 ; Ulpian. Dig. xlvii. 3, fr. i. 
 The property in the materials used still continued in the original owner ; and although he 
 was unable, unless the building were taken down, to reclaim the material in specie, he was 
 nevertheless entitled to recover double their value as compensation, by the action de tigno 
 juncto. Mackeld. Civ. Law. § 279, ed. 1883 ; Broom's Max. 387-8. 
 
 V. Tignum junctum aedibus vineaeque et concapet [qui conceperii\. In eum qui junxit 
 actionem dupli dari. Lex XII Tab. vi, frr. 7, 8. 
 
 Actio depositi, An action of, upon, or for a deposit, v. Depositum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action to recover a thing deposited. Dig. xvi, tit. 3, 'Depositi 
 vel Contra; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 34, 'Depositi;'' Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § 3; Mackeld. Civ. 
 Law, ed. 1883, §§ 438, 439. Called, also, an action bona fidei. MoDESTlNUS, Z?»f. xvi, 3, 
 
 A- 23- 
 
 It is upon the same principle as the actio commodati. 
 
 Actio depositi COntraria. A contrary or cross action of deposit. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which a depositar)' has against a depositor, to compel 
 him to fulfill his engagement toward him ; c. g. the depositary was entitled to be recompensed 
 for every expense incurred, and to compensation for every loss incurred by the fault of the 
 deponens, hovfevet light that fault might be. Dig. xvi, tit. s, 'Depositi vel Contra;' Sandars' 
 Justinian. Inst. 409; Pothier, du D^pdt, n. 69. 
 
 Actio depositi directa. A direct action of deposit. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which is brought by a depositor (at/pKfWj) against a 
 depositary, in order to get back the thing deposited. Dig. xvi, tit. 3, ' Depositi vel Contra; ' 
 Sandars' Justinian. Inst. 409; Pothier, du Dipdt, n. 60. 
 
 Actio directa. A direct action, v. Directum, v. Actio neg. gest. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded on strict law as distinguished from equity; 
 and conducted according to fixed forms ; called also vulgaris. Justin. Inst, iv, 3, 16; Dig. 
 xliv, 7, fr. yi pr.; Bracton,io\. 103a/ I Mackeld. Civ. Law, l8g, §§ 194-5; id. 268, note. 
 V. id. ed. 1883, §§ 207, 405 ; Story on Agency, § 163 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1007. v. Actio utilis. 
 
 Actio directa commodati. A direct action of commodate. V. Commodatum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The lender of the thing, as plaintiff, might sue the borrower, as 
 defendant, to compel him either to restore the thing after he had made such use of it as the 
 terms of the loan allowed — the lender could not claim it before — or to pay the damage 
 occasioned by his neglect. Justinian. /»j/. iii, 14. §2; Cumin, Civ. Law, 231; Erskme's 
 Inst, iii, t. I , § 24. o. Actio commodati directa. 
 
 37 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act, 
 
 Actio ei COmpetit. An action lies [may be maintained] for him. Justinian. Inst. iv. i, 
 § 13 ; Bracton, fol, 103*. 
 
 Actio empti. An action upon a purchase, v. Actio ex empto. v. Emptio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the delivery of the thing purchased, or for the 
 enforcement of the obligations arising from contracts of sale rightfully or in pursuance of 
 special agreements {ex pactis adjectis). Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §§ 405, 452, 453 . 
 ^ Actio exempto. cf. Justinian. Inst, iii, 23, § 5; Erskine's Inst, iii, t. 3, § 9. &. Actio ex emto. 
 
 ACTIO est jus prosequendi injudicio quod alicui debetur. An action is the right 
 of suing before a judge for that which is due to us. Bl. Com. iii, 116. 
 Read ; Actio autem nihil aliud est, etc. JUSTINIAN. Inst, iv, tpr. 
 
 Actio ex contractu. In the Civil and Common Law: An action upon a con, 
 tract; an action founded on, or arising out of, contract. Ulpian. Dig. xliv, 7,/f. 25, § i; 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § i; Bracton, iii, c. 3, § 2, fol. 102; Bl. Com. iii, 117; Broom &' Had. 
 Com. iii. 
 
 AcHonum autem quaedam ex contractu, quaedam ex facto, quaedam in factum sunt, etc. 
 
 Actio ex COUtractU, vel quasi ex contractu. An action upon a contract, or upon a 
 relation similar to a contract. An action founded upon a contract or something like a con- 
 tract. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195; Bracton, iii, c. 3, § 2, fol. 102. 
 
 Actio ex contractu ob dolum. An action arising upon a contract on account of 
 a fraud, v. Lindley's Int. Jur. § 71, note x. 
 
 Actio ex delicto. An action founded upon a delict, tort v. Delictum. 
 In the Civil Law: An action arising out of fault, misconduct, malfeasance, tort. 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195 ; 3 Bl. Com. 117; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iii, 253. 
 
 Actio ex delicto, vel quasi ex delicto. An action founded upon a delict or an offense 
 resembling a delict. Mackeldey, Civ. Law, § 195. 
 
 Actio ex empto. An action of purchase, or upon purchase, u. Actio empti. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which a buyer is entitled to maintain against a seller, 
 in order to cause him to deliver possession of the thing sold, with its titles and accessions 
 and everything dependent upon it. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 28; Pothier, Cont. of Sale, part 
 2, ch. I, art. 5. It was also called Actio empti or emti. Dig. xix, tit. i; v.fr. 11; Cod. iv, 
 tit. 49, ' de Actionibus Emti et Venditi;' Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 24, § 912 ; PuF- 
 ENDORF, de Jure, 502, 11. I. v. Emptio. 
 
 Actio ex facto. In the Civil Law: An action of fact or upon fact. v. Ex facto. 
 Read; Actionum autem quaedam ex contractu, quaedam ex facto, quaedam in factum 
 sunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 25, § i. 
 
 Actio ex locate. An action upon letting or hiring, v. Locatio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which the person (/oiraifo?-) who let a thing for hire to 
 another might have against the hirer {conductor). Dig. xix, tit. 2 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 65. 
 v. Actio locati. 
 
 Actio ex quasi contractu, v. Actio quasi ex contractu. 
 
 Actio ex Vendito. An action upon sale. -v. Venditio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which a vendor is entitled to maintain against a vendee 
 to recover the price of a thing sold and delivered. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 28; Dig. xix, 
 tit. i; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 24, § 915. It was also called actio venditi. Dig. 
 xix, tit. I; Cod. iv, tit. 49, '(/^ Actionibus Emti et Venditi.' 
 
 Actio expilatae haereditatiS. An action on account of a pillaged, plundered inherit- 
 ance. Dig. xlvii, tit. 19, ^Expilatae Haered.' 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for recovering the penalties of a ransacked or devas- 
 tated heritage. This action, among the Romans, was nearly equivalent to the Scotch action 
 for vicious intromission. Erskine's Inst, iii, t. 9, § 49. 
 
 Actio exercitoria, An action against the exercitor navis or employee of a vessel'. 
 V. Exercitoria actio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against the employee of a vessel for the 
 contracts made by the master. Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, § 2; Dig. xiv, tit. i; Cod. iv, tit. 25 ; 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 512; 3 Kents Com. 161; Story on Agency, § 163. 
 
 38 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio familiae ercisCIUldae or herciscundae. An action for the partition of an 
 inheritance. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the division of a common inheritance between 
 the heirs of a family. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 20; id. iv, 17, 4. v. Quidam actiones mislam 
 causam, etc., and Si familiae erciscundae judicio. etc. 
 
 In Jurid. Lang.: The more common and correct term was herciscundae. Dig. x, tit. 
 2. "Familiae herciscundae " otherwise termed judicium familiae herciscundae. I Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, 286, § 271. Cicero, long anterior to the corpus juris, used the term herciscundae; 
 ex. gr. arbitrum familiae herciscundae postulavit, — he has demanded or required an 
 award (or decision) of the division of the family inheritance. Cicero, Coesin. vii, 19; Cicero, 
 de Oral, i, 56, 237. Such action is known in Common Law as a writ of partition, or a 
 mixed action, and is classed among actions arising ex quasi contractu. Bracton, fols. 100^, 
 443(5, 444; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § I ; id. lib. v, c. g, § 2. v. Familiae erciscundae, ^.nd. Judicium 
 familiae erciscundae. 
 
 Actio finium regundoruill. An action for division and regulation of boundaries. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the determination, setting out, preserving of 
 boundaries between adjoining lands. Justinian. Inst, iv, 17, 6; id. iv, 6, 20. v. Quidam 
 actiones mistam causam, elc. In Jurid. t. t.: Regere fines, — to draw the boundaries ; to 
 mark out the limits. Cicero, Zf^. i, 21, 55; id. Top. x, 43; id. Mur. iyi,fn; Tib. i, 3, 43; 
 Dig. X, tit. I; Justinian. Cod. iii, 39, tit. "Finium regundorum." Mackeld. ed. 1883, § 499. 
 
 In the Common Law: It is known and classed among mixed actions. liracton, 
 fol. 444 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 9, § 3. cf. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 614, sq. 
 
 Actio forti. An action of theft; an action arising from theft, v. Furtum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded upon theft. Justinian. /«j<. iv, i, §§ 13-17; 
 Bracton, fol. 444. Such actions were brought for the penalty attached to the offense {tantum 
 ad poena persecutionem pertinet), and not to recover the thing stolen ; other actions were pro- 
 vided for such recover}'. Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 19. If a thief, to avoid detection, offered 
 things stolen to any one to keep, and they were found in his possession, he had an action, 
 called actio furti oblata, i. c. an action of offered theft, against the person who gave him the 
 things, whether he were the thief or another, for triple of the value. Gell. xi, 18. 
 cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §§ 479, 505. v. Oblatum furtum dicitur, etc. 
 
 Actio furti COncepti. An action of received theft. 
 
 In the Civil Law: When a thing stolen was, after much search, found in the pos- 
 session of any person it was called furtum conceptum. Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 4. v. Concep- 
 tum furtum dicitur, etc. By the Law of the XII Tables it was punished as manifest theft. 
 Gellius, xi, 18. But afterward as furtum nee manifestum. 
 
 Actio furti oblati. An action of offered theft, v. Actio furti. 
 
 ACTIO getieraliter sumiter; vel pro ipso jure quod quis habet prosequendi in 
 judicio quod suuni est sibe ve debetur; vel pro hac ipsd persecutione sue juris 
 excrcitio. cf. Dig. xliv, tit. 7. Action in general is taken: either as that right 
 which each one has of pursuing in a judicial tribunal his own, or what is due to 
 him; or for the pursuit itself or exercise of the right, v. Celsus, Dig. xliv, 7, 
 /;-. 51; Justinian. Iiist. iv, 6 pr. 
 
 Actio honoraria. An honorary action (praetorian or aedilitian). v. Honorarium. 
 
 In the Jurists: An action of or belonging to the praetorian law, or law of custom 
 (in opposition to laws strictly defined by statutes). Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, /r. 25, §2; 
 Paulus, ib. fr. 35. Such law was denominated jus honorarium, and consisted in a code of 
 equitable jurisprudence compiled from the edicts of the praetors and aediles. Hence Actio 
 honoratia. Justinian. Itist. i, tit. 2 , Pomponius, Dig. i, 2, fr. 2, § 10. Ulpianus, Dig. xxx, 
 I, fr. 28. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 194; id. ed. 1883, § 207. v. Actio civilis; Actio publiciana. 
 
 Actio hypothecaria. An hypothecarian action, v. Hypothecarius . 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the enforcement of a hypotheca 01 right of mort- 
 gage; or to obtain the surrender of the thing mortgaged. Gaius, Dig. xx, 4, fr. i\, fin. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 7; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 358 ; id. ed. 1883, § 356; 2 Story's Eq. fur. 
 § 1007. Called in the Civil Code of Louisiana faction hypothharie, — the action of mort- 
 gage. Art. 3361. 
 
 V. Inter pi guus autem et hypot hecam, elc. JvsTlNlAH. Inst, supra. 
 
 Actio in duplnm. An action for double value of a thing. Gaius, Inst, iv, g 171 ; 
 Justinian, iv, 6, §§ 21, 23; Ulpian. Dig. xl, 1220, § 4, et al.j Bracton, fol. 103a. 
 
 39 
 
Act.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio in factum. An action upon the fact done ; an action adapted to the fact. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded on the peculiar circumstances of the case; 
 and intended to meet cases not confined to any particular formula ; or cases to which other 
 forms of action were not applicable. Papinian. Dig. xix, 5, fr. i pr. ; Pomponius, ib. fr. 
 II ; Ulpian. id. xliv, l^fr. 25, § i. Actionum autem quaedam ex contractu quaedam ex facto, 
 quadam in factum sunt. It was founded not on usage or the unwritten law, but by 
 analogy to or on the equity of some subsisting law. I Spence's Eq, Jur. 212. It was much 
 used for the decision of cases in which the jus civile either gave no remedy, even though 
 cives alone were concerned, or gave one not appropriate, according to the changed opinion 
 of the times. In the actio in factum, the demonstratio and intentio, properly speaking, were 
 both wanting, v. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 47. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 207. It resembled 
 the Common Law action on the case. \ Karnes' Equity, i/^l. v. Actio super causam. 
 
 Actio in factum praescriptis verbis. An action upon the fact by prescribed words, 
 i. t. taken from the individual transaction, cf. Dig. xix, tit. 5. 
 
 Actio in personam. An action against the person ; a personal action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action (sometimes called condictio) founded on some per- 
 sonal liability, or to enforce the performance of an obligation or special duty in the defend- 
 ant, arising ex contractu vel quasi ex contractu, or ex delicto vel quasi ex delicto, or else on a 
 legal precept {flctio s. condictio ex lege), as distinguished from an Actio in rem ; accordingly it 
 can be maintained only against the person who is bound by the contract or obligation to 
 fulfill it. Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 2, 5, 17, 18 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 2, fr. 14, § 2 ; id. ib. xliv, 7, 
 25//-. V. Actionum genera sunt duo, etc. ; Paulus, Dig. xiii, 2, fr. I ; Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 
 7, fr. ^2 pr. J Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 15. §1. v. In personam actio est, qua citm eo, etc. 
 
 The same action was sometimes cdXleA condictio ; Condictitia actio; Actio personalis, andi 
 Judicium personate, v. h. t. t. cf. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195. v, Actiones in personam. 
 
 Gaius first debned and distinguished actions in rem and in personam, v. Si quaeritur quot genera actiofium 
 sint, etc, Ulpianus closely followed Gaius : Actionum genera sunt duo, e\jc. The same division is stated in 
 the Justin. Inst. v. Omnia actionum summa divisio in duo genera deducitur, etc. Bkacton unqualifiedly 
 adopted the same division of actions in rem and in personam, thus established by the Civil Law, and, chiefly 
 through him, it was introduced into the Common Law of England. Bracton, fol. 101^. -u. Actiones in per- 
 sonam, quce adversus, etc, 
 
 ACTIO in personam infertur, petitio in rem, persecutio in rem, vel in personam 
 rei persequendae gratid. Papinianus, Dig. xliv, T,fr. 28. An action is 
 produced or brought against a person, a petition or right of claim for a thing, a 
 prosecution or suit against a thing, or against a person for the purpose of pursuing 
 (recovering) a thing. 
 
 Actio in quadruplum. An action for the quadruple value of a thing. Justin. Inst, iv, 
 6, §§ 21, 25 ; Bracton, fol. 103a. 
 
 Actio in rem. An action for a thing ; i. e. for the recovery of a thing possessed by 
 another. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 3 ; Justin. Inst, iv, 6, §§ i, 15 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, 25. 
 
 In the Civil Law: v. In rem actio est per quam rem, etc. An action «»?-«?; was also 
 called vindicatio. The object of an action in rem is for the purpose of r. judicial recognition 
 of the plaintiff's right, and thereby to put a stop to its violation, cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195; 
 id. ed. 1883, § 208. A more extended description of an action in rem will be found in the 
 referencs to Gaius, Ulpianus and Justinian., under actio in personam. 
 
 In the Common Law: An action «« rem is one directed against a specific 
 thing, out of which the party bringing it seeks to obtain satisfaction, and not against the 
 person; e. g. a vessel is said to be proceeded against in rem, not touching the person, where 
 such vessel is libeled for the purpose of obtaining satisfaction of some claim against it, aris- 
 ing from lien or forfeiture, i Kent's Com. 373; «</. 367, note; 3 zV. 196; 'i Dallas' 
 R. 297. Read: Actiones verb in rem sunt, etc. Bracton, fol. 102, § 3. 
 
 ACTIO in rem persequitur rem ipsam, ei poenam propter injustum detentionem. 
 An action in rem pursues the thing itself, and the penalty on account of its 
 unjust detention. Bracton, iii, ch. 3, § 5, fol. 102^. 
 
 Actio in simplum. An action for the single value of a thing. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 
 §§ 21, 22; Bracton, fol. 103a. 
 
 Actio in triplum. An action for the triple value of a thing. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 
 §§ 21, 24; Bracton, fol. 1030. 
 40 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio indirecta. An indirect action. 
 
 In old English Law: A species of action distinguished from actio directa. It 
 probably applied to every action not included under the latter. Bracton, fol. 103a. 
 
 Actio iugrati. An action for or on account of ingratitude. 
 
 A law known among the Macedonians or Persians. There was no actio ingrati among the 
 Romans, " because all the courts at Rome would scarcely have been sufficient for trying it." 
 Seneca. 
 
 Actio iujuriarum. An action for personal injuries or wrongs. Cicero, Cccc. xii, 25. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for injuries done by beating, wounding, libel, slander, 
 etc. V. Injuriarum actio aut lege aut more, etc. Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, 4, § 6; Justin. Inst. 
 iv. 4./''- §fe I. 12; Bracton, fol. 103^. v. Injuria, v. Verbum injuria quot modis accipitur. 
 
 ACTIO injuriarum moritur ciim persond. An action for injuries dies with the 
 person. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 12. 
 V. Actio personalis moritur, etc. 
 
 ACTIO injuriam personalis moritur cum fersond. A personal action on a tort 
 {i. e. ex delicto) dies with the person, v. Bacon's Max. in Beg. 12. 
 
 ACTIO injuriam moritur citm persondj sed in favorabilibus magis attenditur quod 
 prodest, quam quod nocet. An action for injuries dies with the person; but 
 in things favored, what profits is more regarded than what prejudices. Bacon's 
 Max. in Reg. 12. 
 
 But if the tort or injury be of such a nature as that thereby property is acquired which benefits 
 the testator, who was the wrong-doer, an action for the value of the property would survive 
 against the executor for legal waste, and equity would probably decide in respect of equit- 
 able waste, in analogy to law. Lansdowne vs. Lansdowne, 1 Mad. 16; cf. 3 and 4 Wm. IV. 
 c. 42, s. 2; 9 and 10 Vict. c. 93. 
 
 Actio institoria. An action relating to institors, factors or agents. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The name of an action given to or in behalf of those who had 
 contracted with an i n s t i t o r [-|- insistere, — to superintend, transact], to compel perform- 
 ance by the principal of such ins tit or. Praepositors or undertakers of any nego- 
 tiation might be sued upon the contracts of those whom they set over it, and who were called 
 institors. v. Institor. cf. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 71; Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, 3, fr. 1; Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 7, § 2; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 25, ' de Exercitoria et Institoria Actione;' Heinecc. 
 Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 7, § 1211; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §§ 513, 514; Erskine's 
 Inst, iii, t. 3, § 46 ; Story on Agency, §§ 63, 426. v. Institoria actio. 
 
 A CTIO, inquam, in discendo una denominatur. Sine hac summus orator esse in numero nulla 
 potest, mediocris hac instructus summos saepe superare. Huic primas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, 
 quum rogaretur quid in discendo esset primumj huic secundas, huic tertias. Quo mihi melius 
 etiam illud ab Aischines dictum videri soletj qui quum propter ignominiam judicii cessisset Athenis 
 et se Rhoduvi contulisset, rogatus a Rhodiis legisse fertur orationem illam egregiam, quam in Ctesi- 
 pkontem contra Demosthenem dixerat; qua perfecta petitum ab eo est postridie, ut legeret illam 
 etiam, quae erat contra ab Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita: quam quum suavissima et maxi?na 
 vdce legisset, admirantibus omnibus: Quanta, inquit, magis miraremini, si andis- 
 setis ip sum. I Ex quo satis significavit quantum esset in actione, qui orationem eamdem aliam 
 fore putavit actore mutato. Cicero, de Oratore, iii, 56, 213. Deliver y, I say, has the sole 
 and supreme power in oratory. Without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be 
 held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even 
 those of the highest talent. To this Demosthenes is said to have assigned the first 
 place, when he was asked what was the chief requisite in eloquence ; to this the second, 
 and to this the third. For this reason, I am wont the more to admire what was said by 
 jE s c h i n e s , who, when he had retired from Athens, on account of the disgrace of having 
 lost his cause, and betaken himself to Rhodes, is reported to have read, at the entreaty of the 
 Rhodians, that excellent oration which he had spoken against Ctesiphon, in opposition 
 to Demosthenes; and when he had concluded it, he was asked to read next day, that 
 also which had been published by Demosthenes on the other side in favor of Ctesi- 
 phon; and when he had read this too in a most pleasing and powerful tone of voice, and 
 [6] 41 
 
Act.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 all expressed their admiration : How much more would you have admired it, 
 said he, if 3'ou had heard him deliver it himself! By this remark, he suffi- 
 ciently indicated how much depends on delivery, as he thought the same speech would 
 appear different if the speaker were changed. 
 
 Actio inscripti malefici. An action for an unwritten evil deed. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An action brought against crimes not expressed in the laws, 
 and of which the ancient orators often speak. 
 
 QuiNTiLiANprovestheequity of them, "Because,'' sayshe, " it is impossible for the wisest 
 legislators to foresee all the crimes which mankind are capable of committing." Read: 
 Diligentissime majores hanc videntur excogitasse legem, etc. QuiNTILlAN, Declam. colli. This 
 action, known to the ancient Greeks, is, in the Roman Law, called Stelionatus. v. Pufen- 
 DORF, de Jure N. et G. viii, i, § i,Jin. note c, and authorities cited. Read : Neque leges, 
 neque senatus consulta ita scribit possunt, etc. JULIANUS, Dig. i, 3, fr. 10. v. PuFENDORF, 
 viii, I, § I fin, n. c, etc. 
 
 Actio interrogatoria. An interrogatory action, i. c. an action consisting of questions. 
 
 Read: Interrogatoriis, autem actionibus hodie non utimur, etc. Callistratus, Dig, xi, I, 
 fr. I, § I. V, Story's Eq.Jur. § 1487. v. Aciionesinterrogatoriae. 
 
 Actio judicati. An action from or upon a thing decided. 
 
 In the Civil Law: If the sentence of the y»i/^.jr was AisyuteA, a.n actio judicati vins 
 instituted before execution could issue. This acft'i? was instituted after four months from 
 the rendition of judgment, in which ihe judex issued his warrant to seize, first the movables, 
 which were sold within eight days afterward, and then the immovables, which were delivered 
 in pledge to the creditors, or put under the care of a curator, and, if at the end of two months 
 the debt was not paid, the land was sold. cf. Dig. xlii, tit. I, ' de lie Judicata, et de Effectu 
 Sententiarum, et de Interlocutionibus ; ' Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. 42-49. 
 
 Actio legis. An action at law ; as distinguished from an action in equity. 
 
 Actio legis Aquiliae. An action under the Aquilian law. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An action to recover damages for maliciously or carelessly kill- 
 ing or wounding the slave or beast of another, or injuring in any way a thing belonging to 
 another. Otherwise called damni injuriae actio. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, pr. §§ 2, 3 ; id. iv, 
 8, § 4; Heinecc. Eletn. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 3 ; Bracton, fol. 103^ 
 
 Actio locati. An action of letting for hire. v. Locatio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay for the letter (/oca/o?') of a thing against the 
 hirer, where the terms of the contract were not complied with by the latter. Justinian. Inst. 
 iii, i^pr.; Dig. xix, tit. 2; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 25, § 928. Also called actio 
 ex locato. 
 
 Actio mandati. An action founded upon a mandate or commission, v. Mandatum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded upon the contract of mandatum, i. e. for the 
 non-performance of a commission. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 161; Justinian. Inst iii, tit. 26, ' de 
 Mandato; ' Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, i, fr. 8, § 6. Mandati actio tunc competit, etc. 
 
 Actio mandati COntraria. An action lying against a mandate. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action given by the praetor to the wzaMa'afe^^W, compelling 
 the mandator — z. c. the person who requested the favor — to reimburse, with interest, the 
 mandatarius for all expenses incurred, to indemnify him for all losses, and to free him from 
 all obligations contracted in the execution of the mandate, cf . Sandars' Justinian. 458. 
 
 Actio mandati directa, A direct action of or upon a mandate. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The praetor, by this action given to the mandator, compelled the 
 mandatarius to account for all he received, and to pay over the profits arising out of the com- 
 mission, cf. Dig. xvii, tit. i, ' Mandati vel Contra;' Sandars' Justinian. 458. v. Story on 
 Bailm. § 191. 
 
 Actio mixta or mista. A mixed action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the recovery of some specific thing, or compensa- 
 tion for the damages, and also for the payment of a penalty. Mention is sometimes made of 
 actions in rem and in personam — i. e. partaking of the nature of both in the same suit — and 
 to them is given the name actiones mixtae. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 16, 18, 19, 20. Quaedam 
 actiones mixtam obtinere videntur, tarn in rem quam in personam, etc. Id. ib. 8 20. Mixtae 
 sunt actiones, in quibus uterque actor est, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, /:>-. 37, § i. Sequens 
 ilia divisio quod, etc. Consult Mackeld. Civ. law, § 196 ; Lindley's Int. Jur. 55, 60, App. xlii. 
 
 In the Common Law: Bracton follows the Civil Law significations, and describes 
 the actio mixta as one in which the thing itself is pursued or claimed, with a penalty on 
 account of the unjust detention. Bracton, fol. \Q2b. § 5 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 9 ; 3 Bl. Com. 118. 
 It is abolished in England except as to the action of ejectment. 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 27. 
 
 42 
 
Act. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio mutui. An action on account of a loan. -u. Mutuum. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the return of a loan ; otherwise {.GimzA condictio 
 certi ex mutuo. Justinian. Inst, iii, 14 /?-. of. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 431, ed. 1883, and 
 authorities. 
 
 Actio negatoria, or negativa. A negatory action ; a negative action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action founded on the denial {ncgatio) oi another's right; 
 e. g. where a servitude (servitus) in a particular estate is denied. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, i^ 2; 
 Ulpian. Dig. vii, 6,/>-. Spr.; id. ib. viii, 5,/r. 2pr.; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, 
 § ii36_; cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 324, ed. 1883, and the authorities ■ Bracton, fol. 103a, § 7. 
 V. Actio confessoria. 
 
 Actio negotiorum gestorum. An action for or on account of business done. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action given in cases where a person transacted the business 
 of another during his absence ; or where he transacted it without mandate or authority. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, 28, § i ; Dig. iii, tit. 5; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 28, g§ 969- 
 974; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §494; Pufendorf, de Jure, iv, c. 13, § 14, n. 2. v. 2 
 Kent's Com. 616, note ; Story on Agency, §§ 1142, 1143 ; Wharton on Agency, §§ 8, 356. 
 
 The action belonging to the owner against him who has managed his affairs being an actio 
 directa, and the action given to him who has managed such affairs against the owner being 
 an actio contrafia. Justinian. Inst, supra. The actio neg. gest. is enumerated among actions 
 arising quasi ex contractu, or ex quasi contractu. Bracton, fol. xcxib ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § i. 
 Negotiorum gestio. The practice under this law is stated in Igitur dim quis negotia absentis 
 gesserit, etc. 
 
 A CTIO nihil aliud est, etc. v. Actio autem nihil aliud est, etc. 
 
 Actio non. — L- Lat. Words employed as an abbreviation of actio non habere debet. He 
 ought not to have his action. 
 
 In practice: This t. t. was applied to the defendant's special plea, which began with 
 the allegation *' that the said plaintiff ought not to have or maintain his aforesaid 
 action against him." I Chitty's PI. 531 ; 2 id. 421 ; Steph. PI. It is abolished by 15 and 
 16 Vict. u. 79, § 66. 
 
 Actio non accrevit infra sex annOS. — L. Lat. The action hath not accrued within six 
 years. 
 
 In practice: The 1. 1. applied to a plea to the Statute of Limitations, when the defend- 
 ant insisted that the plaintiffs action had not accrued within six years, i Chitty's PI. 941 ; 
 :.; Bing. N. C. 713 ; i Smith's L. C. [709] 864. v. Non assumpsit infra sex annos. 
 
 ACTIO non datur non damnijicato. An action is not given to one not injured. 
 Jenks. Cent. 6g ; Broom's Max. An action is not allowed to one who has 
 not sustained loss or damage. Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Actio noxalis, A noxal action ; an action on account of an injury done by a slave. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against a master for a crime committed or 
 injury done by his slave, in which the master had his election either to pay for the damage 
 done or to deliver up the slave to the complaining party. Gaius, Inst, iv, ^ 75 ; Gaius, 
 Dig. ix, 4, fr. I ; id. ib. fr. 21 ; id. ib. xlii, i.,fr. 4, § 8 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 8, 'de Noxa- 
 libus Actionibus ; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 8. v. Noxales actiones appellantur, etc. 
 
 By a Law of the XII Tables (Tab. viii, /r. 6) a noxal action was provided for 
 the case where animals devoid of reason have done any pauperies through wantonness, anger 
 or bad temper. Read: Animalia nomine quae ratione carent, etc. Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 
 g,//-. V. Ulpianus, Dig. ix, 1, fr. 1 pr. 
 
 ACTIO non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. An act does not make a man 
 guilty [does not make a guilty defendant] unless he had a bad intention. 
 Lofffs Max. 37 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Tolle voluntatem, et erit omnis actus indiiferens, quia affectua nomen imponit operi tuo, 
 etc. Bracton, fol. \o\b. v. fol. lb. 
 
 Actio non ulterius. A term employed to express the clause in the new plea to the 
 further maintenance of the action, introduced in place of tYie -pXea. puis darrein continuance 
 (q. V.) ; the averment being that the plaintiff ought not further {non ulterius) to have or 
 maintain his action, Steph. PI. 64, 65, 401. 
 
 ACTIO oriatur ex obligationibus fraecedentibus, tanquam a matre jilia. Obligatio 
 autem quae est tnater actionis, originem ducit et initium ex aliqua causa prae- 
 cedente, sive ex contractu vel quasi, sive ex malejicio vel quasi. An action arises 
 
 43 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 from preceding obligations, like a daughter from a mother. But an obligation, 
 which is the mother of an action, derives its origin and commencement from 
 some preceding cause, either from a contract or a quasi-contract, or a tort or a 
 quasi-tort. Bracton, iii, c. i, § 2, fol. 99. 
 
 Actio per COudictioue. An action upon a demanding back. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 2, fr. 
 13; id. ib. xii, i, /?-. 4; id. ib. xiii, \,fr. I; Pompon, ib, fr. 3 ; Paulus, ib.fr. 3, et al. 
 
 Actio per judicis postulationem. In the Roman Law: An action upon or by 
 a complaint for redress from a judge. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 20; Suet. Claud. 7; ViAWi, Ep. 
 V, 14. V. Lindley's Int. Jur. xxxiii, xxxiv. 
 
 Actio per mauus injectionein. An action by the laying on of the hand. Lex. XII Tab. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An action by which one takes possession of a thing belonging 
 to him without judicial decision. Quint, vii, 7, fin. v. Lindley's Int. Jut. xxxiv. 
 
 By the Lex XII Tab.: An action in the form of an arrest (wawaj ««y^<r/i») lay for 
 those cases where it was specified in any lex that this should be the remedy. The Lex referred 
 to reads : Aeris confessi rebusque jure judicatis triginta dies justi sunto. Post 
 DEINDE MAN0S iNjECTio ESTO : IN JUS DUCITO. . Tab. iii, frr. I, 2. V. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 
 §8 21-25- 
 
 Actio per pignoris capionem. In the Roman Law: An action by the taking of 
 a pledge or security. Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 26-29. '"• Pignus ; Lindley's Int. Jur. xxxiv. 
 
 Actio perpetua. A perpetual or continuing action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action not limited to any particular period within which it 
 should be brought. Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 12. A right of action limited to a certain time 
 was called actio temporalis, v. h. t. 
 
 Actio personalis. A personal action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This term occurs occasionally, and expresses the action more 
 commonly called actio in personam. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 8 in tit. ; id. iv, 11, pr. § i ; 
 Ulpian. Dig. v, 16, fr. 178, § 2. Hence the term personal action of the Common 
 Law. Bracton, fol. 1020, rsgciy 3 Bl. Com. 117; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 126-7. 
 
 ACTIO personalis moritur ciim persond. A personal action dies with the person. 
 4 Co. Inst. 3x5 ; Noy's Max. 14 ; 3 Bl. Com. 302 ; Halkerston' s Max. "A 
 personal right of action dies with the person." Broom's Max. 869 ; Wharton! s 
 Max. ii. 
 
 "As if a battery be done to a man, if he who did the battery, or the other die, the action 
 is gone." 3 Bl. Com. 302 ; 6 Mod. 126. 
 
 This rule was called ' ' a general rule of law, under which are included all actions for 
 injuries merely personal." Lord Ellenborough, C. J,, 2 M. &= S. 415. "All private 
 criminal injuries, as well as all public crimes, are buried with the offender." Lord Mans- 
 field, C. J., Cowp. 375. 
 
 The rule above is peculiarly applicable to actions in form ex delicto, and is not applicable 
 to causes of action ex contractu. Those actions in tort which are founded on malfeasance, or 
 misfeasance to the person or property of another, which latter are annexed to the person, and 
 die with the person, except where the remedy is given to the personal representatives by the 
 statute law. Per Lord Abinger, C. B., 1 C. M. &= R. c,gy ; Lindley's Int. Jur. xlix, i. Con- 
 sult the authorities collected in Broom's Max. 874. v. Actio injuriarum moritur cum persond. 
 
 The rule has been so affected by legislative provisions that the principle of the maxim is 
 now strictly true only in cases of tort against the person, as by assault, battery, libel, slander 
 and the like. Stat. 4 Edw. III. c. 7 ; Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 42 ; Stat. 9 and lo Vict. c. 93, 
 amended by Stat. 27 and 28 Vict. c. 95, cited in Broom on C. L. 143, 713. v. x Johns. R. 396, 
 404 ; 9 Wend. R. 29, 30 ; ig id. 447, 449 ; 5 Den. R. 370, 372 ; 13 N. Y. R. (3 Kern.) 222, 333 ; 
 28 Barb. R. 9, 17 ; id. 605, 608 ; 5 Abb. Pr. R. 352 ; 14 How. Fr. 44 ; 3 Bosw. R. 67, 75 ; affd. 
 in 23 N. Y. R. 465, 476 ; 2 Abb. Ct. App. 22 ; id. 277. 
 
 Actio pignoraticia. An action on account of a pledge (pignus). 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action on account of a pledge, which the debtor demands 
 back again from the creditor {pignerator). Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 7, fr. i ; fr. 9 ; fr. 11, p. 2, 
 § 8 ; or for a pledge which the creditor demands from the debtor. Mart. Dig. ib. fr. 32 ; 
 and see Ulpian. ib. xiii, 7, fr. 24 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 24 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, 
 §§ 441, 442 ; 2 Stores Eq. Jur. § 1007 ; Erskine's Inst. v. Pignoraticia actio. As to the 
 difference between hypoihecaria and pignorititia : v. Actio hypothecaria. 
 
 Actio poenae persecntoria. An action prosecuted for a penalty. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action to recover a penalty only, and not for a specific 
 thing. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ i6, 18. v. Actio rei persecutoria. 
 
 44 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio poenalis, A penal action ; an action for a penalty . 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action to enforce the payment of a private penalty. Justin. 
 Inst, iv, 6, §§ 12, i8, 21-25 ; 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § ig6; Modestinus, Dig. xl, 12, /r. 21. 
 
 ACTIO poenalis in haerendem non datur, nisi for ti ex damno locupletior 
 haeres f actus sit. Vinnius, Com. ad Inst, iv, 12, § i, p. 786. A penal action 
 is not given against an heir unless indeed such heir is benefited from the wrong. 
 Although penal actions could not be brought against the heir of the wrong-doer in order 
 to enforce the liability to a penalty, as the liability was personal to the wrong-doer, yet they 
 could be brought against the heirs for the purpose of getting back from them any thing by 
 which they had received an advantage from the delict, cf. Paulus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. iSpr.; 
 Sandars' Justinian. 559. 
 
 Actio popularis, An action of, or belonging to, the people. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An action designed for the people, which can be instituted by 
 any member of the community, not with a view to enforce a public penalty, but in order 
 either to obtain the amount of a penalty for himself, or merely to compel restitution. It is 
 distinguished from a public and private action. Dig. xlviii, tit. 23, ' de Popularibus Actioni- 
 lius;' Erskine's Inst, iv, t. I, § 17. v. Lindley's Int.Jur. 60, § 68. v. Popularis actio. 
 
 Actio praejudiciaHs, A preliminaiy or preparatory action. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An action brought for the determination of some fact, point or 
 question arising in and preliminary to another or principal action ; and so called from its 
 being prejudicated (prae judiciari) before the principal action could proceed. Actions relating 
 to status are called actiones praejudiciales, and are divided into affirmative, if their object 
 is to have a status recognized, and negative, if their object is the contrary. For the pur- 
 pose of preventing cases of unlawful and oppressive detention, every freeman is entitled to 
 the interdictum de libero homine exhibendo. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 13. Such interdictum was 
 for determining a man's civil status, as whether he was a freeman or a slave, legitimate or 
 illegitimate, etc. Inst, supra. Consult Heinecc. .£■/«■«. y«r. Ciz/. lib iv,tit. 6,% 442; Bracton, 
 fol. 104, §9. Read: Praejuciales actiones in rem esse videntur, etc. v. Heinecc. Antiq. 
 Rom. iv, 6, 34, note t. v. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 208. 
 
 Actio praescriptis verbis. An action by prescribed words , ;. e. by several representative 
 words taken from the individual transaction. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A form of action which derived its force from continued usage 
 or the responsaprudeniium, and was founded on the unwritten law. Quum dejiciant vulgaria 
 atque usitata actionum nomind, praescriptis verbis agendum est. Celsus, Dig. xix, 5, ff- 3, ^^^ 
 Praescriptis Verbis et in Factum, Actionibus' v. Mackeld. § 207; I Spence's Eq. Jur. 212. 
 
 Actio praetoria. A praetorian action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action introduced by the praetor, as distinguished from the 
 more ancient actio civilis (q. v.). Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 3; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 189, § 194. 
 
 Actio propria. A peculiar or particular action. 
 
 In the Common Law; An action was so called when brought for the recovery of a 
 several thing {res propria) as distinguished from a thing held in common. Bracton, fol. 1033. 
 
 Actio pro socio. An action for a copartner. An action which one copartner {socius) 
 might have against another. Dig.xvii, tit. 2; Justinian. Cod. iv, 37, 'Pro socio/' Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iii, 25, § 9; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 421. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This action /ro jm*? was the remedy and was employed in cases 
 that could arise between partners; for instance, to dissolve a partnership, to secure compen- 
 sation for losses, to enforce accounts, to compel a performance of the partnership contract. 
 If any partner was guilty of a delict against his partner, e. g. theft, he could be held amenable 
 by such actions as the actio furti, vi bonorum reptorum, or legis Aquliae. v. Story on Partn. 
 §§ 223, 230 ; Pothier, Contr. de SociM, n. 34. 
 
 Actio Fubliciana. An action of, or belonging to, a Publicius or Publician action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action so called after a praetor named Publicius, by whose 
 edict it was first given. Cicero, Att. xii, 38, 4; Ulpianus, Dig. vi, tit. 2, fr. 7; Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 6, § 4. It was an action honoraria, which lay for one who had lost a thing of which 
 he had bond fide obtained possession, before he had gained a property {dominium) in it, or in 
 order to have it restored, under color that he had obtained a property in it by prescription. 
 Inst, and Dig. supra; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, § 1131 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 § 290 ; id. ed. 1883, § 298. v. Actio honoraria. 
 
 Actio quadrupli. An action of four-fold, i. c. for a penalty, etc., of four times as much. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 2, fr. 14. 
 
 45 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 ACTIO quaelibet it sud vid. Every action takes [or proceeds in] its own way 
 or course. Jenk. Cent. "]"]; Broom's Max. Every action proceeds accord- 
 ing to its own forms. 
 
 ' Actio q^uanti minoris. An action for as much less ; an action for so much less. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action given to a purchaser who paid more for a thing than 
 it was intrinsically worth, to recover so much of the price as the thing was of less value 
 (guanti minoris), or fell short in value by reason of some discovered defect. Mackeld. Civ. 
 Law, ed. 1883, § 403 ; Pothier, Contr.-of Sale, part ii, ch. i, § 4, art. 5 ; r Kam.es' Eq._ 271 ; 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, t. 3, § 10 ; 3 Mart. La. (N. S.) 287 ; n Mart. La. II. v. Actia redhibitoria. 
 
 Actio q^uasi ex contractu, An action as if from a contract ; an action as though out of 
 contract, v. Quasi contractus ; Quasi ex contracts. 
 
 Actions enumerated as arising quasi ex contractd are A. communi dividando, A. faniiliae 
 erciscundae ox herciscundae, A. negotiorum gestorum, A. tutelae (q. q. v.), and all actions where 
 the form of the action is in tort, but the liability springs from a joint contract or intprest. 
 I Smith's L. C. [652] 800, and cases, v. Actio ex contractu. 
 
 Actio quasi ex delicto. An action as if from a fault, misconduct or malfeasance ; an 
 action as though of tort. v. Delictum. 
 
 Actions enumerated as arising quasi ex delicto are A. utilis, A.poenalis, and all actions where 
 the form of the action is in contract, but the ground of it ex delicto. I Smith's L. C. [652] 
 800, and cases, v. Actio ex delicto. ■ ' 
 
 Actio quod JUSSU. An action as respects, or in relation to, an order or command. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action given against a father or master, founded on some 
 business transacted by his servant or slave,actingunderhisorder or command {jussu). Gaius, 
 Inst, iv, § 70; Justinian. '/bj-A iv, 7, § i; Dig. xv, tit. 4 ; Cod. iv, tit. 26, ' Quod jttssu.' The 
 command of the master (jussu domini ) extended to cases where the master subsequently rati- 
 fied the contract, the ratification being equivalent to a mandate. Ulpianus, Dig. xv, H,fr. 
 
 1, § 6 ; cf. ib. frr. 3, 4 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 5 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 515. 
 
 Actio quod metUS causa. An action on account of fear or apprehension. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action granted to one who had been compelled by unlawful 
 force or well-grounded fear {metiis causd, or meMs probabilis, or metAs Justus) to deliver, sell, 
 or promise a thing to another ; or to engage in a transaction injurious to himself, he was 
 entitled to pray for restitution on that account against a transaction which would have been 
 valid according to the strict letter of the law, notwithstanding the compulsion employed. 
 V. Ait Praetor: Q0OD METUS CAUSA GESTUM erit, ratum non habebo. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 
 
 2, fr. I ; Comp. id. ib. /n 3, § I ; fr. 7 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 8 ; id. ib. fr. 21 ; Justinian. Cod. ii, 
 tit. 20, 'de his. Quae vi m-etAsne causd gesta sunt;' Bracton, fol. 103^, infra. 
 
 Mackeldey summarizes the results of an application for restitution in such a case, as follows : 1. The 
 praetor restored to the injured party the action that arose out of the lost right, and gave it to him as an actio 
 utilis, as though he had never lost it. This action so restored v^as called an actio recissorta s. restitutoria, 
 and was, according to the nature of the restored right, either a real or a personal action. CJlpianus, Dig. \\\ 
 ^^/r. 9, §§ 4-8; Justinian, Cod. ii, 20, 3. S, The praetor also granted the injured party a new special action, 
 namely, the actio quod metiis causd {Dig: ih. fr. 9, §§4, 6; fr, 14, § 5), for the delivery of the thing together 
 with all belonging to it {Dig. ib.fr. iipr.), not only against the person who had employed the unlawful force, 
 even though he is no longer in possession of the thing obtained by torce {Dig. ih. fr. 14, § 5), but also against 
 a third possessor of the thing, even though innocent {Dig. ib, fr. 14, §§3, 5 ; fr. 9, §§ 6, 8), and against the 
 heirs of the party who had used the force, in so far as they were enriched thereby. Ulpianus, Dig. ih.fr. j6, 
 § 2. 3. Lastly, the injured party, according to the circumstances, could defend himself with the exceptio quod 
 metiis causd, against any one who brought a suit against him founded on the compulsory transaction, or who 
 sued him by the vindicatio for the thing obtained from him by force. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 121 ; Ulpianus, Dig. 
 iv, '2,fr. 9, § 3; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § i. 
 
 According to Modern Law: A transaction concluded under illegal constraint is invalid r^ji? y«r^, 
 when the party who has been compelled is not willing to let it stand, there is no need of restitution against it ; 
 still the actio quod tneiUs causd may be of use even at the present day, .so far as it is an actio in rem scri^ta, 
 and may be employed where no other legal remedy exists; and in so far as it is ^t\ actio rei jtersecutoria, it sur- 
 vives unconditionally against the heirs of the party. As it is not, properly speaking, an action of restitution, 
 it is not lost by limitation before the expiration of thirty years. Mackeld. Civ Law, % 216 ; ed. 18S3, § 226. 
 
 ACTIO quod met As causd, daiur ei, qui probabili metu coadus, retn suam 
 tradidit, vendidit, vel fromisit, versus eum qui metum intulit. Et dicitur metus 
 probabilis, qui in verum constantem cadere posset, et non in hotninem meticulosum. 
 An action on account of fear is allowed to him who, constrained by 
 46 
 
Act.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 probable fear, has delivered up, or sold, or promised a thing, against him who 
 
 has caused the fear. And probably fear is that which falls upon a resolute man 
 
 and not upon a timid man. Bracton, iii, c. 4, § 3, fol. 103^. 
 
 Bracton defines what constitutes fear- Metus autem est prescntis vel futuri 
 periculi causa mentis trepidatio, etc. Bracton, fol. ibb, fin. 
 
 Actio (or interdictum) q^UOd vi ant clam. An action or interdict as respects force or 
 secrecy ; an action that by violence or clandestinely. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay against one who forcibly or clandestinely 
 (ot aut clam) erected or demolished a building on his own or another's ground, and thereby 
 unlawfully injured another. The object of the action was to get restitution of everj' thing to 
 its former condition, and to obtain damages. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 24, fr. 1. Quod vi aut 
 
 CLAM FACTUM EST, QUA DE RE AGITUR, ID, CUM EXPERIENDI POTESTAS EST, RESTITUAS. 
 
 In the Common Law: The same action or interdict obtains : Bracton, io\. lo^ib. 
 
 ACTIO sive interdictum, qubd vi aut clam, datur adversus eum, qui in 
 solo vel f undo alterius -novum opus mana factum construxit, vel destruxit, et se 
 occultavit 9IC sibi prohiberetur, et qui talia construxit vel destruxit, per hanc actionem 
 compelletur, ut id quod fecit in pristinum status, suis sumptibus reponat, ut res sit, 
 sicut solet esse et debet. Hufusmodi verb actiones sive interdicta, non dantur haeredi- 
 bus nee in haeredes, in eo quod poenalia sunt, sed dantur in eo quod sunt restitutoria. 
 The action or interdict ' quod vi aut clam ' is allowed against him who on the soil 
 or ground of another has constructed a new work made with the hand, or has 
 demolished it and hid himself that he may not be prohibited, and he who has 
 constructed or demolished such things shall be compelled by this action to 
 replace at his own expense in its previous state that which he has done, that the 
 thing may be as it has been accustomed to be, and ought to be. But actions or 
 interdicts of this kind are not allowed to heirs nor against heirs, as far as they 
 are penal, but they are allowed as far as they are for restitution. Bracton, iii, c. 
 4, § 4, fol. 103/5. 
 
 Actio reaUs. A real action. = Placitum rcak. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This term seems to be an accommodation of the actio in rem. 
 cf. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 25; Justinian. Jnst. iv, 6, §§ 3, 14; id. iv, 17, 2; Story on 
 Confl. of Laws, § 530. 
 
 In the Common Lawr An action for the recovery of, or relating to, real property ; 
 an action whereby the plaintiff claims the specific recovery of any lands, tenements, or here- 
 ditaments. 3 Bl. Com. 117, 118; 3 Steph. Com. 459; Broom Ss' Had. Com. iii, 127. The three- 
 fold division of actions into real, personal and mixed, is obviously derived from the Civil 
 Law. cf. Justinian, Inst, iv, 6, 1-20. v. Actionum cimlium quaedam sunt realcs, etc. 
 
 Actio redhibitoria. An action to take back (a defective article purchased). 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action against a vendor to compel him to take back 
 (redhibere) the thing sold, on account of a redhibitory defect or fraud, and return the price. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxi, i, fr. 21 ; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 24, § 913 ; Mackeld. Civ. 
 Law, ed. 1883, § 403; Pothier, Contr. of Sale, part ii, ch. i,§ 4, art. 4; 1 Karnes' Eq. 270, 271 ; 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 10. 
 
 ACTIO r e dh ibitoriae non est locus, si mancipium bonis conditionibus cnitiiiii 
 fugerit, quodnon ante fugerat. Papinianus, Dig. xxi, i,fr. 54. An action 
 to compel the taking back will not lie, if a slave purchased on favorable terms 
 shall have run away who had not run away before. 
 
 Paulus says : Facta redhibitione omnia in integrum restituuntur, perinde ac si neque 
 emto, neque venditio intercessit. Paulus, Dig. xxi, i,fr. 60. The .ict of taking back 
 restores every thing to the original condition. 
 
 Actio rei perseCUtoria. An action for pursuing a thing. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for the recovery of a specific thing in dispute, cr dam- 
 ages. It is distinguished from actio poenae frosecutoria (q. v.), and the actio mixta (q. v.). 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 16, 17; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 196; id. ed. 1883, ^ 209. 
 
 47 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio rei vindicatio. An action laying a claim or vindicating ownership of a thing. 
 
 In the Civil Law: By this action the actual owner may judicially enforce his prop- 
 erty in a thing against every one who withholds it from him i>ig- vi, tit. i, ' de Rei vindica- 
 tione;'' Cod. iii, tit. 32, ' de Rei vindicatione.' The aim of the rei vindicatio is that the plaintiff 
 be declared the owner of the thing and that the defendant be accordingly sentenced to sur- 
 render it to him ciim onini causa, v. Ulpian. Dig.vi, I, fr. 17, g i; Gaius, ib-fr- 20; Paulus, 
 ib. fr. 23, § 2. V. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 289, 290, and notes ; id. ed. 1883, § 297. 
 
 Actio rerum amatorum. An action for things removed by stealth. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which, in cases of divorce, lay for a husband against 
 a wife, to recover things carried away by the wife, in contemplation of such divorce {divortii 
 consilio). Dig. xxv, tit. 2 ; Marcianus, ib. fr. 25 ; Papinianus, ib. fr. 30. It also lay for 
 the wife against the husband in like cases. Id. xxv, 2, fr. 7, § 11; Cod. v, tit. 21. v. PuF- 
 ENDORF, dejure, viii, c. I, § 3 fin.; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 480. 
 
 Actio rescissoria. — A rescissory action. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 6, fr. 2l>,fin. ; Cels. iv, 5, 21. 
 
 In the Civil Law: (a.) An action for rescinding, annulling or making void the title 
 by prescription in certain cases. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 5 , Dig. supra. 
 
 Civilians have described this action differently, v. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, 
 § 1132 ; Halifax, Anal. b. iii, cc. I, 10 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 212, 21S ; id. ed. r883, §§ 222, 
 226, 231, 455. 
 
 (6.) An action to rescind a contract of sale on account of injustice in the price or lesion. 
 Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 44; Pothier, Cont. of Sale, num. 331, et seq. 
 
 In Scotch Law: An action to rescind a contract or deed. Forbes' Inst. ■^■ixx. vi, \<i'i>. 
 BelVs Diet. 
 
 Actio restitutoria, «'■ Restitutorius. v. Mackeld. supra, and notes. 
 
 Actio Sacrameuti, An action of sacrament, v. Sacramentum. 
 
 In the Roman Law: So called from the sum which the two parties to a suit at first 
 deposited, but afterward became bound for, with the tresviri capitales ; so called because the 
 sum deposited by the losing party was used for religious, purposes, es pecially for the 
 Sacra publica. Festus, de Verb. Signif. 265. Or perhaps more correctly, because the money 
 was deposited in a sacred place, cf. Varro, L. L. v, 36, 49. Another reason was given by 
 IsoDORUS, Orig. V, 2nfin. It was one of the five ways in which the leges actiones were sued 
 out. Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 12, 13, 14. v. Lindley's Int. xxxiii. 
 
 It was enacted by a law of the XII Tables : De Sacramento quingenario et quinquagenario, {Tah. ii, 
 fr. i), that the penal sum of the sacrmentum was either one of five hundred or one of fifty asses. For when 
 the suit was for things of the value of a thousand asses or more, the deposit would be five hundred, but when 
 it was for less, it would be fifty. If, however, the suit related to the liberty of a man, although a man is 
 valuable beyond all things, yet it was enacted by the same law that the suit should be carried on with a deposit 
 of fifty asses, with the view of favoring such suits, and in order to prevent the defenders of liberty being 
 burdened with excessive security, Gaius, Inst, iv, § 14. 
 
 Actio Sepulcri violati. An action for violating a grave. 
 
 In the Civil Law: 'de Sepulcro Violate' of the edict of the praetor. Ulpian. Z>jg-. 
 xlvii, 12, yV. 3. It is a popular action. Ib.fr. % 12. Sepulcri violati actio infanciam i^-rogat. 
 Ulpian. ib.fr. i. Sepulcri violati actio imprimis datur ei, ad quern res pertinet. Julianus, ib. 
 fr. 6. cf. Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 19, ' de Sepulcro Violato.' 
 
 Actio Sequestraria. An action of sequestration, v. Sequestratius ; Sequestratio. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action in which the thing contested is deposited in the hands 
 of a third party to hold for the contending parties. Pompon. Dig. xvi, 3, fr. 12 ; Ulpian. 
 Dig. iv, 3, fr. 9 ; Calvini, Lex Jurid.; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 440. 
 
 Read : Sequester &\c\tur, apud quem plures eandem rem, etc. Modestinus, Dig, 1, 16, 
 fr. no. 
 
 Actio Serviana. A Servian action. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action of or belonging to Servius Sulpichjs, the jurist. 
 Papinian. Dig. XX, I, fr. 3. The action was also expressed simply, Serviana. Dig. id. fr. 1, 
 § 2 ; Paul. id. fr. 7 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 10. 
 
 An action which lay for the lessor of a farm, or rural estate, to recover the goods of the 
 lessor or farmer, which were pledged or bound for the rent. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 7 ; 
 Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, § 1139; Halifax, Anal. b. iii, c. i, n. 12. 
 
 Actio sive interdictum, 'de itinere actuc[ne private' An action or interdict con- 
 cerning a right of foot-way or private carriage-way. Bracton, fol. I03i5, c. 4, § 5. 
 
 Actio specialis. A special action, v. Specialis. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action brought to enforce the delivery of one or several 
 single things. Ulpianus, Dig. vi, i, fr. i ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, 193, § 196. 
 
 48 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actio strict! juris. An action of strict right, v. Stricti juris . 
 
 In the Civil Law; Actions stricti juris lay for the purpose of enforcing the due 
 performance of some obligation which was entirely one-sided, and the defendant, if he had 
 any grounds of defense available by strict law, was compelled to state them in the formula 
 by way of exceptio. The judex closely followed this formula. Justininan. Inst, iv, tit. 6, 
 §§ 28-31, where the distinction between actions stricti juris and bonae Jidei is treated of, 
 cf. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 197 ; id. ed. 1883, § 210; i Spence's Eq. Jur. 218. 
 
 Actio super casam.— L. Lat. An action on the case. 
 
 In the Common Law: A species of personal action of very extensive application, 
 far more extensive than any other by action ; otherwise called trespass on the case, 
 or simply case ; so called from the circumstance that a suitor who had received an injury, 
 to which no writ previously in use was applicable, could thenceforth have one framed 
 according to the exigency of his own particular case; and the action founded upon this 
 writ was from the words ' in consimili casii' called an action of 'trespass on the case,' 
 now usually named an action 'on the case' merely, cl. 2, Bl. Com.122.; Broom Ss' Had. 
 Com. iii, 323 ; Broom on C. L. 40. 
 
 When it lies: cf. 3^/ Com. 122-3; 3 Stcph. Com. i^ti-2 , Broom on C. L. 125, and authorities 
 there cited; l Chitt. PI. 132-145. Ubi jus, ibi remedium : Co. Litt. 191; hence this action 
 may be extended into regions yet unexplored in jurisprudence. 
 
 Actio temporalis, A temporary action, lasting but for a time. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action limited by some special law to a certain time, within 
 which it was to be brought, on pain of losing the right. It was the opposite of actio per- 
 petua. Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 12. v. Mackeld. Civ, Law, ed. 1883, § 213. 
 
 Actio transitoria. A transitory action, v. Transitorius. 
 
 In the English Law: They maybe called transitory from the circumstance that 
 they pass to the heir or against them (did poterunt transitoriae, ei qubd transeunt ad 
 heredes vel contra). Bracton, fol. 103, § '^ fin. ' 
 
 In practice: An action, the cause of which might have arisen in one county as well 
 as another. In general: All personal actions, whether ex contractu or ex delicto, are 
 transitory, i Chitty's PI. 243. v. 6 East, 352; 5 Taunt. 25 ; 2 Johns. Cas. (N. Y.) 335; 2 
 Caines (N. Y.), 374; 3 Serg. &■ R. (Penn.) 500. 
 
 Actio tributoria. An action of or concerning payment (iributoria actio). Dig. xiv, tit. 4. 
 An action for distribution ; (Lat. -f- tribuere, to assign, impart, allot, bestow, give, to divide.) 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action for a division or distribution ; an action which lay for 
 the creditor of a son or slave, who had traded upon "ia?, peculium, with the knowledge of his 
 father or master, to obtain from the latter a distributive or proportionate share of the goods 
 traded in (peculium merces), or their proceeds. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 72 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, 
 § 3 ; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 7, § 1217. 
 
 Actio tutelae. An action of tutelage, or guardianship. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay for a ward or pupil {pupillus) on the ter- 
 mination of tutelage, against the tutor or guardiaa, to compel an accounting of such tute- 
 lage. Gaius, Inst, i, § 191 ; Justinian. Inst, i, 20, § 7 ; Paulus, Dig. xxvii, 3,/r. 4. It is 
 classed among actions ex quasi contractii. Bracton, fol. \oob ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § I. 
 
 Actio tutelae vel curatelae COntraria. A cross action of tutelage or trusteeship. 
 
 In the Scotch Law: An action which tutors and curators, or trustees may insist in 
 against the minor, to discharge them of their office and administration. Erskine's Inst, i, 
 tit. 7. § 32- 
 
 Actio tutelae vel curatelae directa. A direct action of tutelage or trusteeship. 
 
 In the Scotch Law: An action competent to a minor or his heirs, against his 
 tutors, curators or trustees, and their cautioners and heirs, for exhibiting a particular account 
 of their disbursements and intromissions. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 31. 
 
 Actio (or interdictum) unde vi. An action (or interdict) wherefrom by force. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action or interdict which was granted to recover the posses- 
 sion of an immovable thing, as land, wherefrom one had been deprived by force. 
 ■0. Interdictum and Interdictum unde vi, where the subject is explained, and the authorities 
 are stated. 
 
 ACTIO verb she interdict, 'unde vi, sc. quod duplex est, scil. rei restitutoria, et 
 poenalis, datur contra eum, qui vi dejecit, et datur ei, qui vi dejectus est, ad 
 restitutionem possessionis rei immobilis, qua quis vi dejectus est, et quo casu duplex 
 est in persona dejectus, * * * * et in qua nee mortalitas, nee casus fortuitus 
 [7] 49 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 liberat dejectorem. In truth, an action or an interdict for viol en t dispos- 
 session, which is of a double character, to-wit: for restitution and for a pen- 
 alty, is allowed against him, who has by violence dispossessed another, and is 
 allowed to him who has been dispossessed, for the restitution of the possession 
 of an immovable, of which a person has been dispossessed by violence, and in 
 which case double damages may be recovered against the person of the dispos- 
 sessor, * * * * and in which neither mortality nor fortuitous accident sets 
 free the dispossessor. Bracton, iii, c. 4, § 3, fol. 103^. 
 
 Actio utilis. A beneficial action ; an equitable action, v. Utilis. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action jounded upon principles of equity opposed to the 
 strictest rules of law, or upon an extended construction of them, was called actio utilis. Of 
 this kind there were two sorts, viz. : actions in which theyW civile was not noticed at all, and 
 actions in which they«j civile was ostensibly relied upon, but by a fiction was made to extend 
 to a case not properly within it. This was called actio utilis in jus fictitia. Lindley's Int. 
 Jur. 66 ; Afp. xliii. 
 
 An action which was brought on general principles of justice and public convenience in 
 cases for which there was no express legal provision, or, as we say, in equity. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xiii, 5,/>-. S..§ 9! Pomponius, «(/. xxxix, 3,/?-. 22. fin. etal.; i Spence's Eq. 214. 
 
 An action ex delicto, which lay where the act of a party was not immediately, but only indi- 
 rectly or consequentially injurious to another, was so called. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § i6 ; 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, T, fr. yi pr. An equitable or beneficial action, i Mackeld. Jur. Civ. 
 268, Kauffman's note. An action which lay by or against a principal on the contract of his 
 agent. Story on Agency, § 163. 
 
 Actio utilis institoria. v. story on Part. § 109, n. 2. 
 
 Actio Venditi, An action of or upon sale. v. Actio ex vendito. 
 
 An action for the price of an article sold. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § g, 
 
 Actio vi bonorum raptorum. An action for goods taken by force. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A species of mixed action which lay for a party whose goods or 
 movables had been taken and carried off by force (vi), to recover the same together with a 
 penalty of triple the value. Gaius, Inst, iii, 2og, Justinian. Inst, iv, 2, i ; id. iv, 6, 19. 
 
 ACTIO vi bonorum, raptorum, de rebus mobilibus vi ablatis, sive robbatis, 
 datur domino reriim, vel de cujus custodia surreptae sunt, et qui intravit in 
 solutionem erga dominium suum, ita quod ejus intersit agere. An action for 
 robbery, on account of movables carried off by force or robbery, is allowed 
 to the owner of a thing, or to him from whose custody they have been carried 
 off, and who has entered into a contract of payment to their owner, so that he 
 has an interest to bring the action. Bracton, iii, c. 4, § i, fol. 103^. 
 
 V. Qui res alienas rapit, etc. 
 
 Actio vulgaris. A common action. Mackeld. Civ. Law, \?,r),%\()^; Bracton, fol. 103a. 
 
 In the Civil Law: All actions which could be brought within the express provisions 
 of law were called vulgares; or, if expressly given by law, directae; or, if founded upon prin- 
 ciples of equity, utiles. Lindley's Int. Jur. 66. 
 
 ACTION n!est autre chose qui loiall demand de son droit. — L. Fr. An action 
 is nothing else than the lawful demand of one's right. Co. Litt. 2850: y 2 
 Co. Inst. 40. An action is merely the legitimate mode of enforcing a right. 
 Broom's Max. 192. 
 
 Action sur le case. — L- Fr- An action on the case. Bro. Ai.=L!H. Actio super casam. 
 Actionare. — L. Lat. To bring an action ; to prosecute or sue. Winshaw. 
 Actionare, i- e. in jus vocare. To prosecute, i. e. to call one in a suit at law. 
 Actionem calumniae postulare. To ask or demand an action of or for a false accusa- 
 tion. Cicero, pro Cluet. 31. Hence the term Calumniae litium, — a suit for false accusation. 
 
 Actionem in bonum et aequum concipere. To draw up (compose) an action in good 
 and equity. Gaius, Dig. iv, 5, 8. 
 
 50 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actionem non habere debet. He ought not to have an action. Steph. PI. 394 ; 3 
 Chitty's PI. 906. This was abbreviated actionem non or actio, non, v. h. t. 
 Actionem postulabat. — Lat. He asked or demanded an action. 
 Actionem precludere debet. It ought to bar the action. 
 
 Actionem vel judicium dabat vel reddebat. — Lat. He gave or rendered him a 
 suit or judgment. C\Q%t.o, pro Caecin. 
 
 ACTIONEM quaedam sunt in rem, quaedam in personam, et quaedam mixtae. 
 Some actions are for (or against) a thing, some against the person, and 
 some mixed. Co. Litt. 284. v. Bracton, fol. \o2b, § 5. v. In rem. 
 Actiones, \im,plur. of actio. Actions, etc. 
 
 ACTIONES compositae sunt, quibus inter se homines disceptarent; quas actiones 
 ne populus prout vellet, institueret, certas sollennesque esse voluerunt. Pompo- 
 Nius, Dig. i, 2,fr. 2, § 6. Actions are so arranged (or adjusted) [as the means] 
 by which men might [or should] litigate with each other ; that actions shall be 
 made certain and solemn, lest the people may stand determined (insist upon a 
 thing) according as they have willed. 3 £/. Com. 116; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 iii, 126. 
 
 V. Sunt jura, sunt formulae, de omnibus rebus, etc. Cicero, /ro Q. Ros. 8. And Sunt 
 quaedem brevia formata, etc. 
 
 Actiones ex contractu vel quasi ex contractu. Actions founded either on a contract 
 or a relation similar to a contract, v. Actio ex contractu vel, etc. 
 
 Actiones ex delicto vel quasi ex delicto. Actions founded on a delict or an offense 
 resembling a delict, v. Actio ex delicto vel quasi ex delicto. 
 
 ACTIONES in personam ab actionibus in rem hoc differunt, quod quum 
 eadem res ab eodem mihi debeatur, singulas obligationes singulae causae sequ- 
 untur, nee ulla earum alterius petitione vitiatur; at quam in rem ago non expressa 
 causd, ex qua rem meum esse dico, omnes causae und petitione apprehenduntur ; neque 
 enim amplius, quam semel res mea -esse potest, saepius autem deberi potest. Paulus, 
 Dig. xliv, 2,fr. 14, §2. Actions against persons differ from actions 
 against things in this respect, that when the same thing is due or obligated to me 
 from the same person, the individual or several obligations follow the individual 
 or several causes, nor is either of them vitiated by the claim of the other; but 
 when I bring an action for or against a thing without expressing the cause for 
 or on account of which I call it my own property, all the causes are included in 
 the one claim ; for a thing cannot be more completely mine than once, but it 
 can be bound or obligated more frequently. 
 
 ACTIONES in personam, quae adversus eum intenduntur, qui ex contractu, 
 vel delicto, obligatus est aliquid dare, vel concedere. Personal actions which 
 are brought against him who, either from contract or injury, is obliged to give or 
 allow something, v. Bracton, fol. 102, § 2 ; 3 Bl. Com. 117; Broom dr Had. 
 Com. iii, 127 ; citing Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 15. v. Personalesvero actiones, etc. 
 
 ACTIONES verb in rem sunt, quae dantur contra possidentem, qui nomine 
 proprio possideat ex quacunque causa, et non alieno, quia habet rem, vel possidet 
 quod restituere possit, vel dominium nominare : ut si quis petal ab aliorem certam, 
 /undo aliquem, vel terrani, et se contendat habere jus et inde esse dominium, ct perse- 
 quatur rem illam, et non ejus precium, nee ejus aestimationem, nectantumdem quoa 
 sit ejusdem generis, et sic res corporalis immobilis, quae petitur ex qudcunque causd 
 
 SI 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 versus aliquem, qui nullojure personali obligatus est. But actions for a thing are 
 those which are allowed against a possessor of it, who possesses it in his own 
 name from whatever cause, and not in the name of another person, because he 
 has the thing or possesses it, so that he may restore it, or name the person who 
 has control over it : as if any one claims from another a certain thing, some 
 estate or land, and contends that he has the right over it and therefore is the 
 owner, and he sues for that thing, and not its price, nor its value, nor an equiv- 
 alent of the same kind, and so it is a corporeal immovable thing, which is claimed 
 for whatever cause from some one, who is not bound by any personal right. 
 Bradon, iii, t. i, c. 3, § 3, fol. 102. v. Actio in rem. 
 
 Actiones interrogatoriae. Interrogatory actions. V. Actio interrogaiona. 
 
 In the Civil Law: j/. Interrogatoriis autem actionibus hodie non utimur, quid, etc. 
 Callistratus, Dig. xi, l, fr. i, § l. v. Story's Eq.Jur. § 1487. 
 
 Actiones legis. Actions of or at law ; legitimae actiones. Gaius, /kj^. iv, § 11. 
 
 In the Roman La%v: Actiones quas in usu veteres habuerunt legis actiones appel- 
 labantur, vel ideo quod legibus proditae erant, quippe tunc edicta Praetoris quibus complures 
 actiones introductae sunt nondum accommodatae erant, et ideo immulabiles proinde atque 
 leges observabantur unde cum quis de vitibus succisis ita egisset, ut in actione vites nomi- 
 naret, responsum est eum rem perdidisse, quia debuisset a r b o r e s nominare, eo quod Lex 
 XII Tabularum, ex qua de vitibus succisis actio competeret, generaliter de arboribus succisis 
 loqueretur. (12) Lege autem agebatur modis quinque ; sacramento, per judicis postula- 
 tionem, per condictionem, per manus injectionem, per pignoris captionem. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 §§ II, 12. See the derivation given by Pomponius, Dig. i, 2,fr. 2, § 6. v. Gaius, § 30. 
 
 ACTIONES meram vindictam spirantes. Actions only breathing forth a vindi- 
 cation. Lindley's Int. Jur. 64. 
 In the Civil Law: Actions so called were those which were maintainable, even in 
 the absence of any actual damage to property, for the purpose of punishment. 
 
 Actiones mixtae. Mixed actions. V. Actio mixta. Mackeld. §§ 195, Ig6. 
 
 Actiones poenales. Penal actions, i. e. actions brought for the recovery of penalties. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 12. v. Actio poenalis . 
 
 Actiones rei persecutoriae. Actions for pursuing a thing. V. Actio rei persecutoria. 
 
 Actiones rei persecutoriae et poenales. Actions for pursuing, recovering a thing and 
 the penalties. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Actions for the recovery of a thing, or the payment of a sum of 
 money unjustly withheld, and actions to obtain not only indemnification but a penalty. 
 cf. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 16, 17, 18; Erskine's Inst, iv, i, ^ 14. 
 
 Actiones stricti juris. Actions of strict right or law. v. Actio stricti juris. 
 
 Actiones utiles. Available actions, v. Actio utilis. 
 
 ACTIONIS verbo continetur in rem, in personam, directa, utilis, praejudicium, 
 sicut ait Pomponius; stipulationes etiam, quae praetoriae sunt, quia actionum 
 instar obtineat, ut damni infecti, legatorum, et si quae similes sunt. Inter dicta quoque 
 actionis verbo continentur. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 37 pr. Under the term 
 ' action ' is contained an action in rem, in personam, a direct, an available, a judi- 
 cial examination before a trial (a preliminary examination), as Pomponius says; 
 stipulations also, which are praetorian, because he (the praetor) obtains or admin- 
 isters a form of actions, such as, from anticipated loss, or damage unperformed, 
 of legacies, and those which are similar. Interdicts are also comprised in the 
 term action. 
 
 ACTIONIS verbuni et speciale est, et generate; nam omnis actio dicitur, sive in 
 personam, sive in rem sit petitio; sed plerumque actiones personates solemus 
 dicer e; petitionis autem verbo in rem actiones significari videntur; p ers e c u- 
 52 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 tioni s verbo extraordinarias persecutiones puto contineri, utputa fidei commissorum, 
 et si quae aliae sunt, quae non habent juris ordinarii executionem. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 1, i6, fr. 178, § 2. The term action has a special and general sense; for every 
 thing is called an action, whether the claim be in personam or in rem. But we 
 are accustomed very frequently to call actions personal; but by the word 
 petition, actions in rem appear (are understood) to be signified; by the 
 word prosecution, I understand (decide or judge) those extraordinary 
 prosecutions to be included, such as feoffments in trust, and others such as can- 
 not be executed by the ordinary or common law. 
 
 ACTIONIS verbo etiam prosecutio continetur. Paulus, Dig. 1, 16, fr. 34, 
 Under the word action a prosecution or suit is also included. 
 ACTIONIS verbo non continetur exceptio. Paulus, Dig. 1, 16, fr. 8. Under 
 the word action, an exception is not included. 
 ACTIONUM autem quaedam ex contractu, quaedam ex facto, quaedam in factum 
 sunt. Ex contractu actio est, quoties quis sui lucri causd ckm aliquo 
 contrahit, veluti emendo, vendendo, locando, conducendo, et ceteris similibus. Ex 
 facto actio est, quoties ex eo teneri quis incipit, quod ipse admisit, vel uti furtum 
 vel injuriam commissit, vel damnum dedit. In f actum actio dicitur, qualis est, 
 exempli gratid, actio, quae datur patrono adversus libertum, a quo contra Edictum 
 Praetoris in jus vocatus est. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 25, § i. Of actions 
 there are some from a contract, some arise out of a fact, some upon the fact. An 
 action arises from or out of a contract (ex contractu) ^s^ often as any 
 one contracts with another person for the sake of his own gain, as in buying, 
 selling, renting (or letting), hiring, and other similar cases. An action arises 
 from or out of a fact (ex facto) as often as any one begins to be held 
 (accountable) for that which he himself admitted, for instance he has committed 
 a theft, or an injury, or did some damage. An action upon the fact (in 
 factum) is of such a nature, for example, the action which is given to a patron 
 against his freeman, by whom, contrary to the edict of the praetor, he has been 
 called or summoned before the court. 
 
 ACTIONUM quaedam sunt in rem, quaedam in personam et quaedam mixtae. 
 Some actions are for the recovery of the thing, some against the person, 
 and some mixed. Co. Litt. 284. 
 
 ACTIONUM civili'um quaedam sunt reales, et quaedam sunt personates. Of civil 
 actions, some are real and some are personal. Bracton, fol. 15 9(5. 
 
 ACTIONUM genera maximh sunt servanda. The different kinds or forms of 
 actions are especially to be observed. " The best forms of actions should 
 be followed." Lofft's R. 460; Broom's Max.; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 ACTIONUM genera sunt duo: in rem quae dicitur vindicatio, et in personam, 
 quae cundictio appellatur. In rem actio est per quam rem nostrum, quae 
 ab alio possidetur,petimusj et semper adversus eum est qui rem possidet. In per- 
 sonam actio est qua ciim eo agimus qui obligatus est nobis ad faciendum aliquid, 
 vel dandum, et semper adversus eundem locum habet. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 7,/r. 
 25 pr. There are two kinds of actions : in rem, which is called vindicatio, and 
 in personam, which is named condictio. An action in rem is one by which a thing 
 
 53 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 belonging to us, which is possessed by another, we may bring an action to recover, 
 and always against him who possesses the thing. An action in personam is one 
 which we may bring against him who is obligated to us to do or give something; 
 and it holds always against the same subject or matter. Lindley's Int. Jur. App. 
 xl, xli. 
 
 Actor, oris, »«. In gen. of every kind of action: He who pursues or does 
 any thing ; a doer or performer. In the Jurists, t. t. . One who conducts a suit, brings 
 an action, a plaintiff, Cicero, /"a/-/, xxxii. Esp. of lawyers. Id. Brut. Imjii/iiyi, Jin. 
 
 (a.) Since suits were not in general conducted by the parties concerned, but by advo- 
 cates, counselors, such a patron, pleader, advocate or counselor was called actor. Cicero, 
 Caec. i; Du Conge; Cowel; Spelman. And thence (B) at a later period, this name was 
 transferred to every agent or attorney, e. g. to an administrator or manager, over- 
 seer of property or an estate, etc. So Actor publicus, — he who administered the public prop- 
 erty ; the agent of the State, Tacitus, Ann. ii, 30; iii, 67, So Actor summarum, — the 
 manager of the sums or amounts, i. e. agent or cashier. Suet, Dom. xi. And so frequently 
 in the Dig. (&.) The party who institutes or prosecutes an action, a plaintiff (guereus). Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 30, 34, 38 ; id. iv, 15, § 7 ; Bracton, fols. 1060, 3760/ 2 Bl. Com. 25. 
 Ille actor qui primoprovocaverit ad judicium, — he is the actor who shall have first sum- 
 moned, cited, or appealed to a court of justice. Bracton, fols, io2i5, 372a, 
 
 Actor dominicUS. The actor, or attorney, or agent of the lord or master; often used for 
 the lord's bailiff or attorney. 
 
 Actor ecclesiae, In Ecclesiastical Law: The advocate or pleading patron of 
 a, or the, church. Manager of church property, 
 
 A QT^Q)^ est qui agit in personam s petitor, qui agit in rem. An actor is 
 one who prosecutes against a person; a plaintiff or demandant, one 
 who prosecutes against a thing, Cujacius, Observ. lib. vii, c. 26. < 
 
 ACTOR in rem suam. An agent or attorney in his own matter or business. 
 " No person can be actor in rem suam." 
 " The principle is a very familiar and general one in our laws, — that no person can be 
 actor inrem suam. The stringency of the maxim has been ruled and held settled by the House 
 of Lords in the case of Macl^enzie. * * * * It is now presumptio juris et de jure, that 
 where a person stands in these inconsistent relations of buyer and seller, there are 
 dangers, and it is not relevant to say that it is impossible there could be any in the particular 
 case." Per Lord Jeffrey, in Taylor vs. Watson, decided in Scotland, January 20, 1846; cited 
 in Story on Agency, §211, p. 266, note. 
 
 ACTOR qui contra regulam quid adduxit, non est andiendus. A pleader ought 
 not to be heard, who advances a proposition contrary to the rules of law. 
 2 Bouvier's Law Diet. 116 ; Wharton's Law Lex. 
 
 ACTOR, quod asseverat, probare se non posse profitendo, reum necessitate mon- 
 strandi contrarium non adstringit, quum per rerum naturam factum negantis 
 probatio nulla sit. Justinian. Cod. iv, 19, const. 23. The plaintiff who strongly 
 asserts, in declaring himself unable to prove his assertion, does not compel or 
 place the defendant to the necessity of showing the contrary (or put him to the 
 test of proof), since in the nature of things the act or fact of negation is no proof. 
 
 The Language; Per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit, was obviously 
 intended to express the simple rule that in the usual course of legal procedure the burden 
 of proof is not to be cast upon the party who denies an assertion, but rests upon the Actor, 
 per quod asseverat. This is obvious from the context of the constitution, 
 
 Paulus expressed the rule: Ei incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat, 
 Paulus, Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 2, And this rule has always obtained, 
 
 Probat et qui asserit, non qui negat (Justinian, Cod. supra), nisi circumstantiis affirmati- 
 onem, continentibus sit munita negatio : veluti si quis se delictum non perpetrasse probet, 
 docendo suum alibi, ut loquuntur, (Justinian, /»j/, iii, 19, § 12,) Probat denique is| 
 qui non possidet: qui si in probando deficiat, possessor vincit. (Gaius, iJaV, vi, x, fr. 24; 
 Cod. iii, 32, const, 28,) Voet, ad Band, xxii, 3, § 8; cited in Best on Evid. § 270 fin. n, 1.' 
 
 54 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 Actor, reus, and judex, The plaintiff, defendant and judge. Broom &• Had. Com. iii, 22. 
 
 ACTOR sequitur forum ret. The plaintiff follows the court, or forum of the 
 thing (res) in controversy, (rei -\- res, a thing, or subject-matter.) 
 
 He must bring his suit in the court of the place or country where the thing {res) in contro- 
 versy is situate (sita est); technically expressed in the forum rei sitae. 2 Kent's Com. 462, 463. 
 Story's Confl. of Laws, § 325 (k). The court must have jurisdiction over the subject-matter of 
 the suit. Jd, ibid.; 2 Karnes' Eq. 343. 
 
 ACTOR sequitur forum rei. Justinian. Cod. iii, 19, const. 3; id. ib. iii, 13, 
 const. 2, 5. The plaintiff follows the court or forum of the defendant. 
 He must bring his suit in the court of the place where the defendant {reus) resides or 
 has his domicile, even though such domicile be but temporary. If process can be served 
 upon the person, the court can acquire jurisdiction. Story's Conf. of Laws, %'i2S{k); ^Kent's 
 Com. 462. V. Verum est quod sive laicum sive clericum, etc. 
 
 ACTORE non probante, absolvitur reus. The plaintiff not proving (his demand 
 or cause of action), the defendant is acquitted. Hobart, 103; i Best on 
 Evid. [366] § 267; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. i, § 24. 
 
 ACTORE non probante, qui convenitur etsi nihil ipse praestiterit [praestat], 
 obti7iebit [obtineatj. Justinian. Cod. ii, i, const. 4jin. The plaintiff not 
 proving his claim or demand, he shall obtain nothing, although he who has agreed 
 shall have himself become responsible, i Best on Evid. [366] § 267. 
 Actores fabulae. Fabulous or fictitious plaintiffs. 2 Bl. Com. 362. 
 Actores proviliciaruill. Tax-gatherers, treasurers and managers of the public debt. 
 
 ACTOR sequitur formam rei. The plaintiff follows the form or course of pro- 
 ceeding, i. e. according to the nature of the property to be recovered. 
 
 ACTORI incumbit probatio. The proof is incumbent upon the plaintiff. 
 Hobart, 103. 
 When you will recover any thing from me, it is not enough that you destroy my title, but 
 you must prove yours better than mine. Melior et tutior est conditio possidentis, et rei quam 
 actoris. Hobart, 103. u. 4 Co. Inst. 180; Best on Evid. §§ 252, 267. 
 
 ACTORI incumbit onus probandi. The burden of proof is incumbent (rests 
 upon) the plaintiff. 4 G?. 72a, Hynde's case; Hobart, 103; Halkerston's 
 Max. V. Best on Evid. § 265, sqq. 
 
 Actrix, icis, y. A female actor, or plaintiff. Justinian. Cod. vii, 16, 41. 
 Actrix did poterit ilia quae prius ad judicium frovocavil. She ma}' be called the plaintiff 
 who has first applied to a court of justice. Bracton, fol. 307^/ Fleta, lib. v, c. 30, § 4. 
 
 Actuarius, ii »2. [^acta.] A short-hand writer, tachygrapher. Suet. Crtw. 35; Seneca, 
 
 £p. 33 (b). 
 
 In the Roman Law: One who took down in short-hand the acts (arte) before the 
 public magistrates; a copyist; an actuary. Petron. Erg. Trag. 53, Burm. A keeper or 
 writer of public records; an officer having charge of accounts. Justinian. Cod. xii, 38, 5; 
 id. xii, 50. 
 
 In the Common Law: An actuary. [+ actuarius^ A secretary, clerk or register 
 of any public body or association ; particularly of an ecclesiastical body or court. Cowell. 
 The term is also applied to the manager of a joint-stock company, e. g. an insurance com- 
 pany, combining with the duties of a secretary those of a scientific adviser to the directors 
 who gave him his office, in all matters of calculation ; also to a person skilled in the prin- 
 ciples of life annuities and insurances, and who is in the habit of giving opinions upon cases 
 of annuities, reversions, etc. Stat. 5g Geo. III. c. 128. 
 
 Actum ii »2- \.-\'''S''t ^ri.'\ (a.) A public transaction in the Senate, before the people, 
 or before a magistrate. Cicero, Fhil. i, 7; id. pro Dom. xxxi. Hence Acta publico, v. h. t. 
 (6.) In general: Done, a thing done ; an act, or deed; e.g., v. Quodcu?nque scriptum sit 
 quasi actum, etc. 
 
 55 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY, [Act. 
 
 It is generals verbu-m^ and applicable to any tiling done, whether in words, or in fact, v, Laieo libra ^rimo 
 Praeioris Vrbani definit, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. I, i6,yr. 19. It differs from gestitm, which denotes a thing 
 done without writing; actum, a thing done in writing, Du Cange, ^Acius.^ Actum is less employed as a sub- 
 stantive than its plural Acta, v. h, v. 
 
 Actum et traotatum. Acted and transacted. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 4, § 22. 
 
 ACTUM, quidem generale verbum esse, sive verbis, sive re quid agatur, ut in stifu- 
 latione, vel numeratione. Ulpianus, Dig. 1, i6, fr. 19. Actum [is 
 defined] to be a general term whether any thing was managed by words, or by 
 act, as in an agreement or in a payment. 
 
 V. Labeo libra pnmo Praeioris Urbani definit, etc. v. Contractum, and Gestum. 
 
 Actum agere. To labor in vain. Cicero, Amic. 22. Actum est de republicd, — It is all 
 over with the commonwealth. 
 
 Actus, a, um, Pa. Lit, : Transacted in the Senate, in the forum, before the courts of 
 justice, etc. Hence, (a,) Actum, i, ». (v. h. v.), (6.) Acta publica, ox abs. Acta, Drum, n. 
 (v. h. v,\ 
 
 Actus, us, OT, \^ago,agere,c^.v?[ The moving or driving of an object, impulse. Cicero, 
 Rep.\.\,i,o. Hence, in the Classical Jurists: The right of driving cattle through 
 a place, a passage for draught cattle {jumentum). Cicero, Ccec. xxvi, 9. v. Aquaeductus, 
 haustus, via iter, actus, etc. Melon: (6.) A way between fields where objects can be 
 carried; a cart or carriage-way. Ulpianus, Z*?^. viii, 3, /?•. i. v. Servitutes rusticorum p7-ae- 
 diorum sunt haec iter, actus , via, aquaeductus, etc. Justinian. Inst, ii, 'ipr. 
 
 It is sometimes translated road, and includes the kind of way termed /^^r, or path. Id.ib.; z Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, i 313. There is, however, a difference between actum et Her which is defined by Modestinus, Dig. 
 viii, 3, yr, 12, V. Inter actum et iter nonnulla est differentia, &\.c 
 
 (C.) The doing or performing of a thing, the act, the performance. Cicero, Leg. i, ir ; 
 Suet. Aug. 78 ; id. Claud. 30 ; Quint, x, i, 27 et al. (d.) Public emplo)'ment, business of 
 State, e specially judicial; c. g. actus rerum. 'SiVe.T.Aug.yi; Claud, yiv , 2'i. 
 
 In the Civil Law; An act, or action. ScAEVOLA, Z'zf . xlvi, 8, /r. 5. 11. Nontantum 
 verbis, etc. An act or proceeding ; acts or proceedings. Justinian. &></. iii, 12. 8. 
 
 In English Law: An act, a deed, a proceeding. Acts, deeds, proceedings, ^. ^. 
 Actus curiae, — an act of the court, or of a court. Actus Dei, — an act of, or the act of, God. 
 Actus legis, — an act of, or the act of, the law. Actus judicii, — an act of a court of justice. 
 V. Maxims, infra. 
 
 The three terms actus, iter, via found their way into the English Common Law 
 through Bracton, fol. "jb, I'ila; and Fleta, lib. iv, c. 27, §§ I, 2, from whom Lord Coke 
 adopts the term actus — defining it a foot and horse-way, commonly called a pack and prime- 
 way, but distinguishes it from a cart-way. Co. Litt. 56a. (6.) An act of Parliament ; a stat- 
 ute. 8 Co. 40 [20]; 4 Reeves^ Hist. Eng. Law, III. 
 
 A distinction was made, in some cases, between actus and statutujn. Actus Jiarliavtenti -was an act of par- 
 liament; and when it received the king's consent it became statutum. Barrington, Obs. Stat. 46, note (b). 
 
 Actus auimi. An act of the mind. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 50. 
 
 ACTUS curiae neminem gravabit. An act of the court shall prejudice no man. 
 Jenk. Cent. 118; i Stra. 126, 425; Broon^s Max. 123; i Smith's L. C. [444] 
 557, and cases there cited; 12 C. B. 415. An act of the court hurts no one. 
 Wharton's Max. and cases there cited. 
 Actus contra actum, An act against an act, i. e. a mutual consent. 
 
 ACTUS Dei nemini est damnosus. The act of God is hurtful to no one. 
 2 Co. Inst. 287. No human contract can be enforced when impeded by 
 the decree of the Almighty; no penalty be exacted for a damage sustained 
 through His will. 
 
 ACTUS Dei (vel legis) nemini facit injuriam. The act of God (or of the law) 
 does injury to no one. i Co. ^^bj 5 id. 87; 2 Bl. Com. 122; Co. Litt. 206a. 
 " The act of God is so treated by the law as to affect no one injuriously.'' 
 Broom 's Max. 227. 
 
 The "act of God' signifies, in legal phraseology, an inevitable accident occurring 
 without the intervention of man, and may indeed be considered to mean something in oppo- 
 
 56 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 sition to the act of man, as storms, tempests, floods, sudden gusts of wind, and lightning, 
 etc. Per Lord Mansfield, C. J., i T. H. 33; Broom's Max. 228, and cases there cited; 
 Wharton's Max. iv, and cases there cited ; Broom ^ Had. Com. ii, 237 ; id. ib. iii, 229 (m); 
 I Smith's L. C. [315] 385 sq.; 4 Taunt. 309. 
 
 Therefore if a house fall down by tempest or other act of God, the lessee for life or 
 years shall not onlj' be quit, in an action of waste brought against him, but hath by the law a 
 special interest to take timber to build the house again, if he will, for his habitation. 4 Co. 
 63; II id. 82a. 
 
 In like manner, when the condition of an obligation consists of two parts in the dis- 
 junctive, and both are possible at the time of the obligation made, and afterward one of them 
 becomes impossible by act of God, the obligor is not bound to perform the other part, for 
 the condition shall be taken beneficially for him. 5 Co. 22. v. Dieu et son act. 
 
 In the Common Law: This maxim obtains with regard to obligations created merely 
 by operation of law. It has not, however, been considered applicable to contracts, i El. &> 
 El. 853; 12 N. y. R. 29; 25 id. 170. It is more fully expressed: 
 
 ACTUS Dei nee non legis nemini est damnosus vel facit injuriam. An act of 
 God and also of the law is hurtful, or works an injury, to no one. 5 Co. 87. 
 God, who is the author of Justice, cannot do that which is unjust. 
 ACTUS fictus in fraudem legis. A deception or fictitious act in fraud of the law. 
 'The common law looketh no farther to see whether the act was laexeiy actus Jictus in frau- 
 dem legis; and therefore wheresoever it findeth consideration given, it dischargeth the covin.' 
 Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses. v. Lata Tracts, 312. 
 
 Actus geminus. A double or two-fold act ; a twin or twin-born act ; an act of a two-fold 
 nature. Bacon's Arg., Case of Revocation of Uses. v. Law Tracts, 239. 
 
 ACTUS inceptus, cujus perfectio pendet ex voluntate partium, revocari potest; si 
 autem pendet ex voluntate tertiae personae, vel ex contingenti, revocari non potest. 
 An act having been begun, the completion of which depends on the will of the 
 parties, may be revoked ; but if it depends on the will of a third person, or upon 
 a contingency (contingent circumstance) it cannot be revoked. Bacon's Max. 
 Reg. 20. V. Bacon' s Law Tr. 90-92 ; cited in Story on Agency, § 424. 
 
 " In acts that are full)' executed and consurhmated, the law makes this difference, that if the 
 first parties have put it in the power of a third person, or of a contingency, to give a perfec- 
 tion to their acts, then they have put it out of their own reach and liberty to revoke it ; there- 
 fore there is no reason they should revoke them ; but if the consummation of their act or 
 contract depend upon the same consent which was the inception, then the law accounteth it 
 in vain to restrain thetn from revoking it, for as they may frustrate it b)f omission and non- 
 feasance at a certain time or in a certain sort of circumstance, so the law permitteth them to 
 dissolve it by an express consent before that time or without that circumstance." 
 
 Lord Bacon illustrates this by various examples, and concludes : " So in judicial acts 
 the rule of the Civil Law holdeth, Sententia intcrlocutoria revocari potest, definitiva non potest, 
 i. e. an order may be revoked, but a judgment cannot; and the reason is, because there is a 
 title of execution or bar given presently unto the party upon judgment ; and so it is out of the 
 judge to revoke in courts ordered by the Common Law." Bacon, supra. 
 
 ACTUS j udi ciarius coram nonjudice irritus habetiir; de ministeriali autem, 
 a quocumque prevenit, ratum esto. A judicial act before one who is not a 
 judge is held void; but as to a ministerial act, from whomsoever it proceeds, 
 let it be valid. Lofffs R. App. 458. 
 
 ACTUS legis nemini est damnosus. The act of the law is hurtful to no one. 
 2 Co. Inst. 287. An act in law shall prejudice no man. 6 Co. 68; 8 id. 
 290; Co. Litt. 26/^bj Broom's Max. 127. 
 
 The spirit of this maxim is: " The law wrongs no man." v. Lord Rayni. 515; 5 T. R. 3S1, 
 385; 5 East, 147; 2 H. Bl. 324, 334; Hobart, 216; l\ Johns. R. (N. Y.) 380. 
 
 ACTUS legis nemini facit injuriam. The act of the law does injury to no 
 one. 5 Co. 116. Gland's case ; Eyre, C. J., 2 H. Bl. 324, 334. 
 A salutary and just principle founded on the maxim that " the law wrongs no man." 
 Broom's Max. 128, 395. This maxim is sometimes changed in form: Actus legis nulli facit 
 injuriam. The act of the law does injury to no man. 
 
 [8] 57 
 
Act.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Act. 
 
 ACTUS legitimi non recipiunt moduvi. Acts requiring to be done by law do 
 not admit of qualification. ^19^.153; Branch's Princip. ; Broom's Max. ; 
 Lofffs Max. 478. 
 
 Authority given by law must be executed in the mode prescribed by law, and admits of no 
 qualification. Fi'«^Pj- ^i5r. xvii, 354. In the Civil Law the rule is expressed: 
 
 ACTUS legitimi, qui non recipiunt diem, vil conditionem : veluti emancipatio, 
 acceptilatio, hereditatis aditio, servi optio, datio tutoris, in totum vitiantur per 
 temporis vel conditionis adjectionem. Nonnunquam tamen actus suprascripti tacite 
 recipiunt, quae aperte comprehensa vitiuni afferunt; nam si acceptum feratur ei, 
 qui sub conditione promisit, ita demum egisse aliquid acceptilatio intelligitar, si obli- 
 gationis conditio extiterit; quae \quod^ si verbis nominatim acceptilationis compre- 
 hendatur, nullius momenti faciei actum. Papinianus, Dig. L, \i,fr. 77. Acts 
 according to law {or appointed by law) which have no day or condition attached: 
 for instance, emancipation, acceptilation, entering upon an inheritance, the freeing 
 of a slave, the appointment of a tutor or guardian, are wholly vitiated by the addi- 
 tion of time or condition (/. e. they must be absolute). Sometimes, however, 
 the above-mentioned acts or deeds secretly admit or receive (i. e. have secret 
 conditions attached), which, openly expressed, cause a fault or imperfection (i. e. 
 render them void). For if he be accepted as (or written down) a debtor, who 
 has promised under a condition, thus some one not till then (known) to have' 
 been very poor, an acceptilation is understood, if the condition of the obliga- 
 tion shall have appeared ; those things which can be expressly comprehended, if 
 by words of acceptilation, the transaction becomes of no moment. Gothofred, 
 de Div. Reg. Juris. Ixxvii. 
 
 ACTUS legitinws esse solemnia quaecunque hominum negotia, quae publicl priva- 
 tim, solemni modo ratuque, seu solemnitate d, lege inducta celebrantur. Goth- 
 ofred, de Div. Reg. Juris, in Reg. Ixxvii, p. 340. Acts according to (or pre- 
 scribed by) law are certain solemn affairs of men which are publicly or privately 
 celebrated and confirmed in a solemn manner or with the solemnity appointed 
 by law. 
 
 ACTUS me invito /actus, non est meus actus. An act done by me against my 
 will, is not my act. Branch's Princ. 
 Telle voluntatera, et erit omnis actus indiiferens. Bracton, fol. ioii5. If a person be com- 
 pelled through fear of bodily injury or duress, of imprisonment or duress per minas, to give a 
 bond or other writing, or to give over property, etc., the act or deed is rendered void by the 
 compulsion or duress, t Parsons on Cont. 392-395, and cases. 
 
 ACTUS non facit reum, nisi meus sit rea. The act does not make [the doer 
 of it] guilty, unless the mind be guilty. 3 Co. Inst. 107. "The act itself 
 does not make a man guilty, unless his intentions were so." Broom's Max. 301. 
 In Criminal Causes, as felony, etc., the act and wrong of a madman shall not be 
 imputed to him ; for that in these causes: Actus non facii reum, nisi meus sit rea, and he is 
 said to be ctmens, that is, sine mente; and therefore his madness being the cause thereof, and 
 not his intention, he is excusable. Wingate's Max. 21, § 28; citing 4 Co. 124*, Beverley's 
 case; Plowden, iga. It is a principle of natural justice and of our law, that the intention 
 and the act must both concur to constitute the crime. Per Lord Kenyon, C. J., 7 T. X. 517; 
 3 Bing. (N. C.) 34, 468 ; 5 Mann. &> Gr. 639 ; 2, C.B. 229; 5 id. 380; 9 CI. &''Fin.'sil- A 
 man cannot be said to be guilty of a delict, unless to some extent his mind goes with the 
 act. Per Erle, C. J., 13 C. B. (N. S.) 68. v. Broom's Max. 3or, et seq.; Broom on C. L. 879, 
 940, note (a), 956, note(^)/ ■i Johns. Cas. 337, 364; T Johns. R. 120, 131; t^ N Y. R. 159] 
 163,195; 35 ^«''*. 444.456 ; WAa?-/o«'j Tl/fljc. v, and cases there cited ; 2 Best onEvid.%\'ib. 
 Affectio tua nomen imponit operi tuo. Bracton, fol. 2b, loiij Co. Litt. 177. 
 
 S8 
 
Act] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad aud. 
 
 Papinianus expressed the rule of the Civil Law: Fraudis interpretatio sem- 
 per in jure civili iion ex eventu duntaxat, sed ex consilio quoque desideratur. Papinianus, 
 Dig. \, \T,fr. 7g. V. Ulpianus, ib. i, \%, fr. 13, § i. 
 
 The maxim first stated, is exclusively applicable to criminal cases, and does not 
 affect civil cases ; for a party would be liable to consequential damages, in a civil action, for 
 an act for the commission of which, under the authority of this maxim, he could not be pun- 
 ished criminally, cf. Viner's Abr. p. 404, pi. g, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Actus parliamenti. An act of Parliament. 8 Co. 40. 
 
 ACTUS repugnans non potest in esse product. A repugnant act cannot be 
 brought into being, i. e. cannot be made effectual. Plowden, 355. 
 It cannot be produced as in responsible existence ; and so it cannot be made effectual. 
 
 ACTUS servi in its quibus opera ejus communiter adhibita est, actus domini habetur. 
 An act of a servant in those things in which he is commonly employed, is 
 considered the act of his master. Lofffs Max. 227 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Actutum. «</«'. '««/. Immediately, quickly, instantly. Cicero, /"/(jV. xii, 11, 26; Plaut. 
 freq. 
 
 Acum, in meta foeni quaerire. To seek a needle in a bundle of hay. A medie- 
 val proverb. =Eng.: "To hunt for a needle in a hay-stack." 
 
 Ad. — L. Fr. [-j-az/^r, to have.] Has; e.g.Adeste, — has been. 
 
 Ad. — Lat. Prcep. c. Ace. To; for; at; until; b}' ; near; on; on account of; upon; 
 toward ; in relation to ; about ; concerning. These are the significations of ad, each one to 
 be understood from its connection or subject, c g., -v. infra. 
 
 Ad abundanti orem cautelam, — L. Lat. For more abundant caution. 2 Ifow. State 
 Trials, 1182. v. Ad cautelam ex superabundantij Ex superabundanti, etc. 
 
 Ad admittendum clericiun. For admitting a clerk. Bracton,io\. 2n'ia ; j Bl. Com. 2^0. 
 
 Ad aeC[1ie, In like manner ; equally so. Plaut. Cas, v, i, 3 et al. 
 
 Ad aedificatiouem. To the building or constructing. Bacon, Case of Imp. of Waste. 
 
 Ad agendum. For, or on account of, doing; toward doing. 
 
 Ad aliud ezamen. To another examination, i. e. to another tribunal. 2 Co. Inst. 602 ; 
 c. Mason's R. H'i ; Broom &= Had. Com. i\\, n(x>. " It be\oDgs ad alittd examen." 3 Story's H. 
 827 ; II Peters' (U S.) R. 182. v. Broom b' Had. Com. iii, 460, 
 
 Ad alium diem. At another day. Yearb. P. 7 Hen. VI. 13. 
 
 AD annum vigessimum privium, eousgue juvenes sub tutela reponent. To the twenty-first 
 year, and until that period, they place youth under guardianship. Stiernhook, de Jur. Sueo. 
 
 I, 2, c. 2 ; I Bl. Com. 464; Story on Contr. §§55, 99. 
 
 Ad arbitrinm. At pleasure; upon mere will. v. Arbitrium. 
 
 Ad arma militare SUSCipienda. Taking the arms from the knights. 
 
 Ad aSSisam capiendam. To take an assize. Bracton, fol. nob. 
 
 Ad assisas CapiendaS. To take assizes; to take or hold assizes. Bracton, fol. iioay 3 
 Bl. Com. 185 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iii, 268. 
 
 Ad astra. To the stars, i. e. to an exalted state. Ad astra per aspera, — to the stars 
 through difficulties. T r o p . , To an exalted state through perils, etc. 
 
 Ad aUCtoritatem praestandam. For interposing their authority. 
 
 Interdictors and curators ad lites are appointed ad auctoritatem praestandam. Erskine's Inst. 
 i, tit. 7, § 26. 
 
 Ad audiendum COnsiderationem curiae. To hear the consideration or judgment of 
 the court. Bracton, fol. 3831^/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 3, § 9. 
 
 Ad audiendum errores. To hear errors; in relation to hearing errors. 
 
 Ad audiendum et de terminandum.— L. Lat. To hear and determine. Stat. Westm. 
 
 II. c. 29, 30; 2 Reeve's Hist. Com. Law, 169, 170; 4 Bl. Com. 278. v. Oyer and Terminer. 
 
 Ad audiendum, et faciendum, et consentiendum, To hear, perform, and consent. 
 
 59 
 
Adaud.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad con. 
 
 Ad audiendum judicium. To hear a judgment, i. e. a judicial investigation or trial. 
 "No decree bindeth any person who was not served with process ad audiendum judicium ," 
 etc. Bacon's Ordinances in Ch. Law Tracts, 282, 
 
 Ad barram. — L. Lat. To the bar; at the bar. 3 ffow. State Trials, 112. 
 
 Ad barram VOCatus. Called to the bar. I Lord Raym. 595. 
 
 Ad Caleudas Graecas. At the Greek calends (or kalends). 
 
 The calends formed a division of the Roman month («'. e. the first day of the month) which 
 had no place in the Greek reckoning of time. The phrase was therefore used by the Romans 
 to denote that a thing could never happen, e. g. Ad calendas Graecas solveris, — to pay 
 at the Greek calends, i. c never to pay. Augustus in Suet. Aug. 87. 
 
 As we say: "Tomorrow come never." 
 
 Ad calamitdtem quilibet rumor valet, — Latin Proverb. Every rumor is 
 credited when directed against the unfortunate. Syrus. 
 
 The visitations of calamity and affliction too often subject us to the cruel attacks of malevo- 
 lence and slander. Like the Eng. Prov.^ "Give a dog a bad name and hang him." 
 
 Ad campi partem. — L. Lat, For a share of the field or land ; for champert. Fleta, lib. 
 ii, c. 36, § 4. V. Cambi-partia. 
 
 Ad capiendus assisas. — L. Lat. To take or try writs of assize. 3 Bl. Com. 352. 
 
 Ad Captaudum VUlgUS. To catch the rabble or the mob. 
 
 Ad Captum VUlgi. According to the capacity, or understanding, of the common people, 
 i. e. in a popular style. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. I, § 51. 
 
 Ad Cautelam ex SUperabundanti. — L. Lat. For more abundant caution. 2 How. 
 State Trials, 1163. v. Ad abundantiorem cautelam; Ex superabundanti, etc. 
 
 Ad certitudinam pouere. — L. Lat. To put into certainty ; to reduce to certainty. 
 Ad certum diem. At a certain day. 2 Stra. "j^y. 
 
 Ad circumveniendum. For circumventing, deceiving, cheating, defrauding. 
 Ad colligendum. For collecting, or gathering. 2 Kent's Com. 414. 
 Ad civilem effectum. For or according to the effect pertaining to a citizen. To the 
 effect of giving reparation to a private party. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 3, § 21. 
 
 Ad colligendum bona defuncti. — L. Lat. For collecting the goods of the deceased. 
 2 Bl. Com. 505. V. 2 N. Y. Rev. Stat. [76] §§ 38, 39. 
 
 Ad COmitatem proclivis. Inclined to affability. Cicero. 
 
 Ad COmmodum. For convenience, accommodation ; as a friend or neighbor. (6.) For 
 the benefit or profit ; to the advantage, v. Commodum. 
 
 Ad commune nOCUmentum. — L. Lat. To the common nuisance. Broom &= Had. Com. 
 iv, 196. 
 
 Ad COmmunem logem. — L. Lat. At the common law. 2 Co. Inst. 309; 3 Bl. Com. 183, 
 note {z); 1 Roscoe on Real Actions, 93, 94; 3 Reeves Hist. Com. Law, 39 ; Broom &" Had. Com. 
 ii, 262, n. (e). 
 
 AD compara7idas merces datd pecunid, qui mandatum suscepit, fide rapid, quanti, 
 interest mandatoris, tenetur. Justinian. Cod. iv, 35, const. 16. In the case 
 of money given to pay wages, he who has undertaken the commission, if he break 
 his trust, is responsible to the same extent as the person who gave him the com- 
 mission. Story on Agency, § 479. [ J. Mac C] 
 Ad COmparendem. — L. Lat. To appear. Reg. Orig. 60a. Ad comparendum, et ad stan- 
 dumjuri, — to appear and to stand to the law, orabide the judgment of the court. Cro. Jac. 67. 
 Ad COmpotem. — L. Lat. To account. Ad compotem reddendum, — to render an account. 
 Slat. Westm. 11, c. 11. 
 
 AD conciliandam aequitatem ciim ratione et subtilitate juris. Voet, ad Pand. 
 lib. xxii, tit. 3, n. 19. For reconciling equity with reason and the subtlety 
 of the law. 1 Best on Evid.% ■^lo. Read the maxims under P raesumptio . 
 60 
 
Ad con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Addiv. 
 
 Fictions of Law are invented ad conciliandam aequitatem, etc. ; and it is a well-lcnown 
 rule of the Common Law: In fictione juris semper subsislit aequitas. 3 Co. 30a, Butler 
 and Baker's case. 
 
 Ad, consilium ne accessiris, antSquam voceris. — Latin Proverb. Go 
 not to the council chamber before you are called. 
 T ro p . , " Speak when you are spoken to, and come when you are summoned." 
 
 Ad COnsentiendum. For agreeing, decreeing, determining, i SL Com. 168. 
 Ad COnsuleudum. To counsel or consult; for the purpose of consultation. Bracton, 
 fol. 5*y I Bl. Com. 227; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 269. 
 
 Ad credere. To believe or trust ; to give credit to ; to express confidence in, etc. 
 
 Ad CUJUS USUm. He to whose use. = Cestuy que use (q. v.). 
 
 Ad Calpam. Until misbehavior, v. Vitam aut culpam. 
 
 Ad Cliria.111, At a court. I Salk. 195. Ad curiam quam tenebat die Mercurii iertio die 
 Martii, — at a court as it was holding from Ei day of Mercury to a day of Mars. Bacon's Max. 
 in reg. 25. Ad curiam vocare, — to summon to court. Fend. Lib. 2, tit. 32. 
 
 Ad CUStagia. — L. Lat. At the costs. Reg. Jud. gay Cowel. Expenses of judicial pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 AD custodiend' sub certis conditionibus , et quod ipse faratus est ad deliberand' cui vel quibus 
 cur 'consideravit^ etc. Sed utrum conditiones illae ex parte praedicH quaerentis adimpletae sunt 
 ipse omnino ignorat, et petit quod idem I. S. praemuniatur. — L. Lat. For safe-keeping under 
 certain conditions, and which he is ready to deliver to him, or to those persons the court 
 shall consider safe, etc. But he is entirely ignorant as to whether the conditions on the part 
 of the aforesaid plaintiff are fulfilled, and he demands that the said L S. may be protected. 
 
 Ad CUStum, — L. Lat. At the cost. Ad custutn ejus, — at his cost. Bracton, iol. 2j^a. Ad 
 custum suum, vel custum tuum, — at his cost, or your cost. Bracton, fol. 328. Ad custum 
 tuum, — at your cost. Reg. Orig. 2b. Ad custum ejus, — at the cost of him. Bracton, io\. 2'n. 
 Ad custus, — at the costs. Reg. Orig.2'igb. Ad custus proprios, — at her own charges. Fleta, 
 lib. i, c. 15, § 3. 
 
 Ad da.TTiTmm — {Ad dampnum). — L. Lat. To the damage. Ad damnum ipsiusA. 
 
 et inde, etc., — to the damage of the said A. of , and therefore, etc. 
 
 This was the ad damnum clause in a pleading, i Chitty's PI. 419. A similar clause in 
 admiralty libels is so called. Story, J., 3 Mason's R. 503, 504. 
 
 Ad damimm ipsorum. — L. Lat. To their loss or damage. 
 
 Ad debitum reddendum. — L. Lat. To pay the debt. Mag. Cart. 9 Henry HL c. 8. 
 
 Ad decisionem litis. By the decision of the suit. 1 Smith's L. C. [786] 955. 
 
 Ad defendendlim, — L. Lat. To defend. Ad defendendum regem, — for defending the 
 king. I Bl. Com. 227 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 62. 
 
 Ad delinanenduni. To defaulting, failing ; to be wanting in duty ; to become delin- 
 quent. 3 Kenfs Com. 291. 
 
 Ad destrUCtionem. To the destruction. Bac. Arg., Imp. of Waste, Law Tr. 217. 
 
 Ad diem. At a day ; at the day. Town's PI. 22,. Ad diem ponere, — to put oif to a day, or 
 postpone to another or further day. i Bl. Com. 186. 
 
 Ad certum diem. At a certain day. 2 Stra. 747. 
 
 AD DIVOS ADEUNTO CASTE. PlETATEM ADHIBENTO, OPES AMOVENTO. Qui 
 SECUS FAXIT, DeUS IPSE VINDEX ERIT. Lex. XII Tab. X, fr. 12. Go 
 
 before the Gods devoutly. Appear before them with purity, not considering 
 thy riches. He who acts contrary, God himself will be the avenger. 
 
 " Let men approach the Gods with purity. Let men appear before them in 
 the spirit of devotion ; let men remove riches from their temples. Whoever 
 doeth otherwise shall suffer the vengeance of heaven." Cicero, de legg. u, ?>,pr. 
 
 6t 
 
Adea.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad esse. 
 
 AD ea, quae non habent atrocitatem facinoris vel sceleris, ignoscitur servis, si vel 
 dominis, vel his, qui vice dominorum sunt, veluti tutoribus ei curatoribus, 
 obtemperaverint. Ulpian. Dig. L. xvii, fr. 157. In reference to those things 
 which have not the turpitude of a heinous offense or crime, allowance (excuse) 
 is made for slaves {or servants) if they acted in obedience to their masters, or 
 those who stood in the place of masters, or tutors and guardians. [J. I. H., D. D.] 
 cf. GoTHOFRED, de Div. Reg. Juris, clvii. 
 
 AD ea potius debet aptari jus, quae et frequenter et facile, quam quae perraro 
 eveniunt. Celsus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 5. The law ought rather to be adapted 
 to those cases which happen frequently and freely, than to those which happen 
 rarely, v. Paulus, ib.fr. 6; Julianus, ib.fr. 10. 
 Lord Coke paraphrases this Civil Law rule thus : 
 
 AD ea quae frequentius accidunt jura adaptantur. Laws are adapted to those 
 cases which most frequently occur. 2 Co. Inst. 137. 5 C<?. 38, 128; 6 /tf. 
 77; Wingate's Max. No. 191; Broom's Max. 44, 46, and cases there cited; 
 Wharton's Max. vi, and cases; Vaugh. J?. 373; i Atkyns, 67; 6 Barn. &> Cr. 
 178, r83; 7 Exch. 628; 11 id. 477, 481; 7 Mees. 6^ W. 599; 2 Cromp. &• J. 
 108; 19 How. St. Tr. 1061; 12 How. (U. S.) 312. 
 
 V. Jura constitui oportet, ut dixit Theophrastus, in his, etc. Pomponius, Dig. i, 3, fr. 3. 
 Ex his, quae forte uno aliquo casu, etc. Celsus, ib. fr. 4. Neque leges, neque senatus — 
 consulta ita scribi possunt, etc. Julianus, ih. fr. 10. 
 
 AD ecclesiae et ad amicos, pertinebit executio bonorum. The administration of 
 the goods shall belong to the church and to the friends, /. e. the friends of 
 ■ the intestate. Bracton, ii, c. 26, § 2, fol. dob. 
 Ad edictum. Upon the edict. Dig. passim. 
 
 Ad effectum. To the effect, or end. Co. Litt. 2040 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 802, § 2143. 
 Ad effectum sequentem. To the effect following. 2 Salk. 417. 
 
 AD electionem non cogitur qui statim mortuo testatore eligere non potuit. He is 
 not required to make an election who is not in a capacity to do it, immedi- 
 ately on the death of the testator. Lofft's Max. (>\\ ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AD COS, qui servandum aliqtdd conducunt, aut utendum accipiunt, damnum injurid 
 ab alio datum non pertinere, procul dubio est ; qud enim curd aut diligentid 
 consequi possumus, ne aliquis damnum nobis injurid det ? Julianus, Dig. xiii, 6, 
 jr. 19. It is without doubt that those who hire any thing, or accept the use of 
 any thing to be kept unharmed, are not answerable for injury caused by another 
 person ; for what care or diligence can we exercise, that some damage to us may 
 not arise from the wrong {or that some injurious or wrongful damage may not 
 arise to us). 
 
 The Roman Law here states in a satisfactory manner, that if the damnum injurid shall 
 have arisen from the wrongful act of a third person, which the borrower could neither fore- 
 see nor prevent, he will not be responsible therefor any more than if it had happened by 
 mere accident, or the vis major; for it is not possible by any care or diligence to guard against 
 such an act. ci. Story on Bailm.% 2(1?,. This rule cannot be extended to common car- 
 riers. V. % 507a, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Ad eosdem terminOS. For, or upon the same terms. Bacon's Arg., Low's Case of Tenures. 
 Ad eruendum veritatem. To draw out or extort the truth. 
 
 Quaestionem intelligere debemus tormenta, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 15, § 41; 
 V. Dig. xlviii, tit. 18, 'de '■ Quaes tionibus' ; Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 41. 
 
 Ad esse. To be present. The opposite of ab esse. v. In esse. 
 62 
 
Ad ess.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad Mem. 
 
 Ad essendum. To be. Ad essendum coram jusiiciariis,—- to he belore the iustices. Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 50, § 12. Ad essendum de consilio suo, — to be of his counsel. Yearb. P. 11 Hen. VI. i. 
 
 Ad eum diem, adv. Until that day. Dig. xlviii, 5 ; xxix, 7. 
 
 Ad eum finem, adv. Until that end. Cicero, N. D. ii, 51, 129. 
 
 Ad eundem. To the same. Ad eundem gradum, — to the same rank or grade, i. c, which 
 he previously held. To the same degree. 
 
 Ad eversionem juris nostri. To the overthrow of our right. 2 Kent's Com. 91. 
 Ad excambium. For exchange ; for compensation, v. Excambium. 
 Ad excambium ad velentiam. For recompense, or to make recompense to the [full] 
 value. Bracton,lo\. \i.b,yib. It was also written ai/ «(r«»«W«/«. /</. fol. 270. 
 
 AD executionem decretorum judicii ; ad estimationem pretii ; damni ; lucri, etc. For the exe- 
 cution of the award of judgment ; to the value of the price, loss, profit, etc. Stiernhook, de 
 Jur. Goth. b. i, c. 4 ; 3 Bl. Com. 397. 
 
 AD exemplum constituti singulares non trahi. Exceptional things must not be 
 taken for examples. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. ; Co. Litt. 24a. 
 
 Ad exhaeredationem. To the disherison, or disinheriting ; to the injury of the inherit- 
 ance. Bracton, fol. 15a y 3 Bl. Com. 228 ; Bacon's Arg., Imp. of Waste, v. Law Tr. igg. 
 
 Ad exhaeredatiOUem ipsius. To the disinherison of himself. 3 Bl. Com. 225. 
 
 Ad exhaeredatiOUem ecclesiae. To the disinherison of the church. 3 Bl. Com. 225. 
 
 Ad exhaereditatem domini sui, vel dedecus corpori suo. To the disinheriting of 
 his lord, or the disgrace of his personal appearance. 
 
 Ad exhaereditationem episcopi, vel ecclesiae. To the disinheriting the bishop, or 
 the church. 
 
 Ad exhibendum. To exhibit. Dig. x, tit. 4; Justinian. Cod. iii, tit. 42. v. Pompon. 
 Dig. xii, 4,/n 15. v. Actio ad exhibendum. 
 
 Ad exitum. At the end (of the pleading). At issue Steph. PI. 24. 
 
 Ad extremum. To the extreme; at the end ; finally; at last, (a.) Of place : At the 
 end, extremity, extreme point, top, etc. LivY, xxi, 8, 10. (6.) Of t i m e : At last, finally. 
 Cicero, de Or. ii, ig, 79; Cicero, Off. iii, 23, 89; id. Att. ii, 21-2. (c.) Of order: Finally, 
 lastly. Cicero, de Or. i, 31, 142. The expression is = Ad ultimu-m or Ad postrcmum. 
 
 Ad faciendum. To do, to make. Co. Litt. 204a. Ad faciendum attomatum, — to appoint 
 an attorney. Ad faciendum, subjiciendum, et recipiendum, — to do, submit to and receive. 3 
 Bl. Com. 131. V, Habeas corpus ad faciendum, etc. Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 139-140. 
 
 Ad factum praestandum. For performance of a specific act. 
 
 In the Scotch Law: The name given to a class of obligations of great strictness. 
 V. Shaw's (Scotch) R. 265. A debtor ad fac. praes. is denied the benefit of 'the act of grace, 
 the privilege of sanctuary, and the cessio bonorum. Kames' Eq. i^ii; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, 
 §62. 
 
 Ad feodi firmam. — L. Lat. To the fee farm. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 50, § 30. 
 
 Ad fidem. Under, or in allegiance ; owing allegiance ; bound to allegiance or fealty. 2 
 Kenfs Com. 56. Ad fidem regis, — under the king's allegiance. Ad fidem regis Angliae, — under 
 allegiance of the king of England. Ad fidem regis Franciae, — under allegiance of the king 
 of France. Ad fidem utrinsque regis, — to the fealty of either king ; under or owing allegiance 
 to each king ; the subject of both kings. Bracton, fol. 427^ / 7 Co. i, 27 ; Calvin's case ; 2 
 Kent's Com. 56. v. Quia est ad fidem regis, etc. Sunt aliqui Francigenae, etc. 
 
 AD fidem bonam statuit pertinere notum esse emptori vitium, quod nosset venditor. 
 Ratio ergo hoc postulat, ne quid insidiose, ne quid simulate, ne quid fallaciter. 
 Cicero, de Off. iii, c. 16, § 7, and c. 17, § i. He (Marcus Cato) established 
 this principle, that it concerned good faith that a defect which the seller was 
 aware of should be made known to the purchaser. Reason, therefore, requires 
 that nothing be done insidiously, nothing dissemblingly, nothing falsely. 2 
 Kenfs Com. 491, note (c). 
 
 63 
 
Adfilum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AdUlud. 
 
 Read : Acde jure quidem praediorem sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut in his vendendis 
 vitia dicirentur, quae nota assent venditori, etc. CiCERO, de Off. iii, i6, pr. 
 V. Marcus Cato, Sententiam dixit, etc. CiCERO, ib. §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Ad filum aq^uae. To the thread, i. e., the middle of the water ; to the central line or 
 middle of the stream, v. Filum aquae. Usque ad filum aquae. Ad medium filum aquae. 
 3 Sumner C. C. 170 : 20 Wend. 149 ; 4 Pick. (Mass.) 272. 
 
 Ad filum medium aq^uae. To the middle thread of the water. 17 Johns. (N. Y.) R, 
 195 ; 26 Wend. (N. Y.) R. 404 ; 4 Hill's (N. Y.) R. 369 ; 3 Kent's Com. 428-431, and note. 
 V. Filum. aquae, and Medium filum aquae. 
 
 Ad filum viae. To the thread of the way, road or street. 8 Mete. (Mass.) 260. v. Filum 
 viae. 
 
 Ad finis- To a border or limit. Ad finem litis, — to the conclusion of the suit. Ad 
 finem, — to the end. 
 
 Ad finem bonorum. To the highest point or summit of good ; the chief good. Cicero, 
 Legg. i, 20, 52. 
 
 Ad firmam. — L. Lat. To farm. Ad firmam dare, — to give to farm. Ad firmam demit- 
 tere, — to let to farm. Ad firmam demittere, tradere, locare, — to demise, deliver, let to farm. 
 Bracton,io\. \2b, 44^. Ad firmam, locare, — to let to farm. Ad firmam ponere, — to put or 
 set to farm. Ad firmam ponere vel dare, — to put or give to farm or for a farm. Spelman. 
 Ad firmam tradidi, — to farm let. v. Co. Litt. mby 2 Bl. Com. 317. 
 
 Ad gaolas deliberandas. To deliver the gaols. Bracton, fol. lOCjb. 
 
 Ad gaolam deliberandam vel alios in custodia positos deliberandos. At gaol delivery or 
 to the delivery of other places in custody. Bracton, fol. iio^. 
 
 Ad gravamen. To the grievance, injury or oppression. Ad gravamen tenentis sui, — to 
 the grievance or injury of the tenant. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 47, § 10. Ad grave dampnum, — 
 to the grievous damage. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 48, § 2. Ad grave damnum, — to the grave, great 
 or grievous damage. 10 Co. 40. 
 
 Ad gustum, To one's taste. 
 
 Ad hoc, To this; hereunto. Town's PI. 22. Ad hoc agere, — to bring an action for this 
 object. Bracton, io\. i8a. Ad hoc autem creattis est, et electus, utjusticiam facial universis, — 
 for he was made and chosen for this (office), that he may render justice to all. Bracton, 1. 
 3, tit. I, c. 9 ; I Bl. Com. 266 (s); Broom (5r= Had. Com. i, 319, n. {i). Ad hoc facit, — it makes 
 to or for this ; it favors this point ; it goes to establish this principle. Ad hoc facit lex impera- 
 toria, — with this agrees the imperial law, /. e. Roman or Civil Law. Fleta, lib. i, u. 38, § 15; 
 id. lib. iii, c. 10, § 3. Ad hoc non fuit responsum, — in relation to that he was not [or has not 
 been] answering, i Smith's L. C. [472] 588. 
 
 Ad hominem. To the person ; to the man, /. c. to his interests or passions, v. Argu- 
 mentum ad hominem. 
 
 Ad hOSpitandOS homines per partes ubi hujusmodi hospitia existunt transeuntes, et in 
 eisdem hospitantes. For the purpose of entertaining persons way-faring through those sec- 
 tions of country, where inns of such description exist, and such persons being guests in the 
 same. 8 Co. 32, Coyle's case; s. c. Smith's [Z. C. 195] 227. Read it in: Ciim secundum 
 legern et consetudinem regni nostri Angliae, etc. 
 
 Ad hospitandum. For or on account of being entertained. Reg. Orig. 105. 
 
 Ad hostium ecclesiae. At the church door. Bracton, fol. lO'i.^Ad ostium ecclesiae. 
 
 Ad hunc diem. At this day. i Leon. go. Ad-huc existit, — it still remains. Ad hunc 
 modum, — in this manner. C^SAR, .5. G. v, 24. ^ 
 
 Ad idem, To the same [point] ; for the same. Bac. Arg., Lowe's Case of Tenures; Law 
 Tr. 228. Ad idem facit, — it makes to the same point or effect ; it goes to establish the same 
 point. Bracton, fols. 27(5, 290/ Ld. Raym. 175; i Show. 353, 390; Hardr. 97, 98 ; i Sumner's 
 R. 310, 463. 
 
 Ad illud, To that ; thereto or thereunto. Town's PI. 22. 
 64 
 
Adimi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AdUt. 
 
 AD imitationem frisHni familiae emptoris : quia hoc totum negotium testamenti ordinandi 
 gratia, creditur hadii inter testatorem et hoeredem agi. Agreeably to the ancient law of family 
 purchase, for the whole business of managing the will is at this day entrusted to the testator 
 and the heir. v. Haeredes successores que sui, etc. 
 
 Ad inde. Thereunto. Ad inde requisitus, — thereunto required. Town's PI. 22. 
 Ad infiaituill. To the utmost ; to infinity ; without end. Puny, xxxiv, 7, 16, et al. 
 Ad informanduin COnSCientiam. To inform the mind. Ad informandum conscieniiam 
 judicis, — -to inform the mind of the judge. Bacon's Ord. in Chancery, 74. 
 
 Ad in^uirenduin, To inquire ; to make inquiry, v. Breve ad inquirendum. 
 
 Ad instantiam. At the instance. 2 Mod. 44. Ad instantiam partis, — at the instance 
 of a party. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 28. Ad instantium magnatum regni. 4 Kent's Com. 445. 
 
 Ad instar, or simply instar. According to the likeness of; after the fashion of ; like. 
 
 AD instar proprietatis , non ad instar possessionis. Ulpian. Dig. vi, 2, 7. After the like- 
 ness of property or ownership, not after the fashion of possession ; like ownership, not like 
 possession, 
 
 AD instructiones, reparationesgue, itineruni, pontium que, nullum genus hominum 
 nulliusque dig-nitatis ac venerationis meritis, cessare oportet. Justinian. 
 Cod. xi, 74, const. 4. To the constructing (erecting or building) and repairing 
 of roads and bridges, no description of men of whatever dignity and conse- 
 quence should cease to give assistance. 1 Bl. Com. 357. 
 
 Ad integruin. Wholly, entirely. Macr. Somn. Scip. i, 5. 
 
 Ad interim. In the meanwhile ; in the mean time; in the interim. 
 
 Ad internecionem. To destruction ; to extermination. 
 
 Ad itinerandum. To itinerate. V. Itineratius; Itinerarium. 
 
 Ad judicium, To judgment; to court. Ad judicium provocare, — to summon to court ; 
 to commence an action. Dig. v, i, /rr. 13, 14. 
 
 Ad juugendum auxilium. To join aid ; to join in aid. 1 Hoscoe's Heal Actions, 280. 
 
 Ad jura legis. For the rights of the law. Ad jura regis, or regia, — for (preserving) the 
 rights of the crown, Reg. Orig. 61-65, 4 Co. pref. 
 
 Ad largum. At large; at liberty, free or unconfined. -u. Ire ad largum. A special 
 verdict was called a verdict at large (ad largum). Plowden, 92. "Title ad largum." 
 " Assize ad largum. '' Dane's Abbr. 
 
 AD legatum petendum procurator datus si interdicto utatur adversus heredem de 
 tabulis exhibendis procuratoria exceptio, quasi non et hoc esset ei mandatum, 
 non obstat. Pomponius, Z'z'f. iii, 3,/r. 62. If a procurator appointed to a legacy 
 which is in litigation uses against the heir the interdict compelling him to show 
 his books or accounts, the procuratory exception does not stand in his way, as 
 though not even this should be a mandate to him. Cited in Wharton on Agency, 
 
 § 120. 
 
 Ad rem mobilem petendam datus procurator ad exhibendum recti aget. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. iii, 3, fr. 56 ; Story on Ag. § 61 ; Whart. on Ag. § 120. 
 
 Ad le^em. At law; according to law; by, for or in law. Ad legem Falcidiam, — accord- 
 ing to the Falcidian law. Justinian. Inst, ii, 22 ; Dig. xxxv, 2 ; Cod. vi, 50. 
 
 Ad libitum. At pleasure ; at will. 3 Bl. Com. 292. 
 
 Ad Uneam. In a straight line ; vertically, perpendicularly. Cicero, Fin. i, 6, 18. 
 
 Ad litem (?'"■■• adlites). For a, or for the suit; with reference to a suit ; for the pur- 
 pose of prosecuting or defending a suit. 3 Bl. Com. 427; 2 Steph. Com. 333; Ersk. Inst, i, 
 
 6, •§ 54. 
 
Ad lit. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad opus. 
 
 Ad literam. Word for word ; literally. Quintilian, ix, i, 15. 
 
 Ad literaturam ponere. To put to learning; to put to school. 
 
 Ad litis decisionem. To the decision of the suit. Ad litis erdinationem, — to the 
 arrangement or regulation of the suit. Broom on C. L. 46. 
 
 Ad locum. At the place; on the spot. LiVY, xxvii, 27, 2. 
 
 Ad lucrandum vel perdendum. To gain or lose. Reg. OHg. 21 ; Phwd. 201. 
 
 Ad majorem Cautelam. For greater caution or security. 1 How. St. Tr. 1182. 
 
 Ad majUS. At the most. Town's PI. 17. 
 
 Ad mandatum domini. By direction of the principal or master. 
 
 Ad manum. At hand ; ready for use. 
 
 Ad matrimonium COlendum, To contract matrimony. 
 
 Ad medium filum aquae. To the middle thread or line of the water ; to the center of 
 the stream. 3 Kenfs Com. 428, 429, and notes; Broom 6= Had. Com. ii, 413. v. 2 Smith's 
 L. C. [224J 242, et seq. (v. Filum aquae.) Ad medium filum viae, — to the middle line, or 
 thread of the way: to the center of the road or street. 2 Smith's L. C. [212] 22X1, et seq. 
 {y. Filum viae.) 
 
 Ad medium nOCtem. At midnight. Fleta, lib. V, u. 5, § 31. 
 
 Ad minus. At the last. v. Ut ad minus, etc. 
 
 Ad modum. After the manner of; on account of the way or manner. Ad modum acti- 
 onis instituendae, — to the mode of bringing the action, i Smith's L. C. [786] 955. 
 
 Ad mordSndujIl aSSUetUS. Accustomed to bite. Cro. Car. 254 ; I Chitt. PI. 388 ; 2 id 597. 
 
 Ad nauseam. To disgust, to nausea, to sickness. 
 
 Ad necessitatem. From necessity; on account of mere necessity. Trop., For the 
 purpose of supplying one's daily wants. 
 
 Ad UOCUmeutum, To the nuisance, or annoyance. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 52, § 19. Ad nocu- 
 mentum liberi tenementi sui, — to the nuisance or damage of his free tenement or freehold. 
 3 Bl. Com. 221, 242. Ad nocumentum liberi tenementiipsorum, — to the nuisance or damage 
 of their free tenement or freehold. Broom's Max. 382. 
 
 Ad nocumentum liberi tenementi ipsius A. To the nuisance or damage of the free 
 tenement or freehold of A. himself. 9 Co. 54a, Baien's case. 
 
 " In a Quod permittat brought by A. against B. for building an house so near the house 
 of A. that It jutties over the house of A., it is sufBcient to say Ad nocumentum libeii tene- 
 7iienti ipsius A., without assigning any such special nuisance, when it appears to the court 
 that it must needs be to the nuisance of the plaintiff; because the raine, which falls from 
 the house of the defendant, must of necessity fall upon the house of the plaintiff: And 
 Cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad Caelum : Also by over-hanging of the defendant's house, 
 the plaintiff is hindered of aire and building his house higher." Wingate's Max. 152, 
 s. 17, citing 9 Co. 540, in Baton's case. 
 
 Ad nuUiuS Sectam. At the suit of no one. Bracton, fol. I3li5, 133a. 
 
 AD officium justiciariorum special, unicuique coram eis placitanti justitiam exhi- 
 bere. It is the duty of justices to administer justice to every one pleading 
 before him. 2 Co. Inst. 451. 
 
 Ad omissa vel mal6 appretiata. Concerning omissions or wrong estimations. In 
 regard to things omitted, or not duly valued. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 9, § 36. 
 
 Ad omnes eorum violatoreS puniendos. For the punishment of all such wrong- 
 doers. 
 
 Ad omnia. With all, to crown all. LiVY. 
 
 Ad omnia placita. To all the pleas. 
 
 Ad opus. For the benefit or use. Ad opus et usum, — for the benefit and use. 
 
 " The words ad opus is a barbarous phrase, and like enough to be the penning of some chaplain that was 
 not much past his grammar, where he had found opus et usus coupled together, and that they did govern an 
 ablative case ; as they do indeed since this statute, for they take away the land and put them into a convey- 
 ance." Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses v. Law. Tr. 318. 
 
 66 
 
Adord.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad pro. 
 
 Ad Ordiuationem litis. For or to the regulating, ordering, arranging of suit. 
 
 The law of limitation was formerly treated as belonging ' ad ordinationem litis,' forming a 
 branch of the practice of the courts, rather than a substantive law of real property, etc. 5 
 CI. Sr' Fin. i; Broom &■■ Had. Com. ii, 428. 
 
 Ad OStendendum. To show. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 65, § 12. V. Ostensurus. 
 
 Ad ostium eCClesiae. At the door of the church. Bracton, fol. 92a/ 2 Bl. Com. 132- 
 139; 4 Kent's Com. 36; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 251. v. Dower ad ostium ecclesiae. 
 
 Ad patres. To his fathers, i. c, dead. 
 
 Ad pedes tribunalis. At the foot of the tribunal. V. Judex pedaneus. 
 
 Ad peram et sacculum. To the wallet and the money purse, u. Ex-cutio. 
 
 Ad periculum. At the risk, hazard, peril. Paulus, Dig. xix, 2, fr. 54, § 2. 
 
 Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. As a perpetual remembrance of the matter. 
 
 Ad perpetiiam remanentiam. To remain perpetually. 
 
 In English and Scotch Law: When a superior purchases the </»>««»««?« «A7.f, tne 
 vassal executes in his favor a resignation ad perpetuam remanentiam, — and whenever this is 
 done, the property and superiority are consolidated as if they had never been separated. 
 Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 7, § 19. 
 
 Ad pios USUS. For pious purposes. 
 
 AD pios USUS, causas, et personis descendentium, consanguineis ; servitoribus, et propinquis, 
 seu aliis pro defunctarum animarum salute. For pious uses and purposes, and to the persons 
 and relations of the deceased ; to servitors and neighbors, or to others for the welfare of the 
 souls of the departed. 
 
 Ad placitum, et recipiunt casum. To please, or find favor, and they may recover the 
 mishap, (7r adverse event. Bacon' s Arg., Jurisd. of the Marches, v. Law Tr. 256. "Phrases 
 of speech are ad placitum, et recipiunt casum." Id, ibid. 
 
 Ad poenam, et restituendum. For punishment and restitution. 
 
 Ad ponendum loquelam coram justiciariis. To lay the complaint before the judges. 
 
 A.d poenitendtim properat, cito qui judicat. He hastens to repentance who 
 judges hastily. Publius Syrus. 
 
 Ad postremum. At the end, at last, finally, etc. v. Ad extremum. 
 
 Ad praesens. («•) For the moment, for a short time. Cicero, Fam. xii, 8. (6.) At the 
 present, at this time, now, to-day. Tacitus, A. xvi, 5 ; id. H. i, 44.= Ad praesentiam. 
 Tacitus, A. xi, 8. 
 
 Ad praesens ova eras puUis sunt meliora, Maed. Prov. Eggs to-day are 
 better than chickens to-morrow. = Eng. Prov. 'A bird in the hand is worth two in the 
 bush.' 
 
 Ad primam diem litigii. At the first day of the suit or litigation ; from the first day, 
 etc. Bracton, fol. 444. 
 
 AD pristinam formam reducere. Ulp. Dig. xliii, 19, 3, § 15. To reduce to the original form. 
 
 Ad pristinam statnm. In or to its pristine state. Bracton, lo\. lis pr. v. In pristinam 
 statum restaurare. 
 
 Ad propinquiorem COnsanguineum. To the next of kin, or blood. Bracton, fol. 91. 
 
 Ad propOSitum, For the purpose. Co. Litt. 204. 
 
 Ad propria onera et CUStagia partis. At the proper costs and charges of the party. 
 Callis on Sewers, 74. 
 
 Ad prOSeOUendum, To prosecute. II Mod. 363. Ad ptosequendum, testificandum, delib- 
 erandum, — to prosecute, give evidence, to advise. 3 Bl. Com. 130; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 
 
 139- 
 Ad prOximnm, To the next. Bacon's Arg., Lowe's Case of Tenures. Law Tr. 224. 
 
 AD proximum antecedens fiat relatio, nisi impediatur sententid. The antecedent 
 bears' relation to that which follows next, unless it destroys the meaning of 
 the sentence. Jenk. Cent. 180; 9 Co. 13; Dyer, \\b; 2 Kent's Com. 555. 
 
Ad pro.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad que. 
 
 " Words in construction must be referred to the next antecedent, where the 
 matter itself doth not hinder it." Wtngate's Max. ro. Citing Co. Inst. 20b. 
 
 The same rule is also quoted: 
 
 AD proximum antecedens fiat relatio, si sententia non impediat. Relation should 
 be had, or made to the next antecedent, if the sense does not prevent it. 
 Dyer, \ifi, cited in 2 Parsons on Contr. 513, and cases in note (fi). 
 
 Relation should be had or made to the next antecedent, unless the sense forbid, v. i 
 Johns. Ch. R. i56, 183 ; 13 How. (U. S.) R. 142. Relative words refer to the next antecedent, 
 unless by siich a construction the meaning of the sentence would be impaired. Broom's 
 Max. 652, and cases. But this rule of grammar is not a rule of law where the whole instru- 
 ment shows plainly that a reference was intended to an earlier antecedent. 2 Parsons on 
 Contr. 513, and cases in note (»). 
 
 Although the above general proposition is true in strict grammatical construction, yet there 
 are numerous examples in the best writers to show that the context may often require a 
 deviation from this rule, and that the relative may be connected with nouns which go before 
 the last antecedent, and either take from it or give to it some qualification, v. Broom's Max. 
 supra, and cases in note i ; Broom on C. L. 502. 
 
 Ad publicam yindictam. For vindicating the public. Bishop, Marr. <y Div. § 394. 
 
 Ad pimctum, ad momentum. At the point, at the very moment. 
 
 Ad pUUCtum temporis. At the point of time, story on Bailm. § 263. 
 
 Ad quaedam specialia. To certain special matters. 
 
 AD quaestionem facti non respondent judices ; ad questionem legis non respondent 
 juratores. The judges do not answer to a question of fact ; the jurors do 
 not answer to a question of law. 8 Co. [iSS] 308 ; 9 id. xiii, ii8^y 11 id. 10b ; 
 Co. Litt. 2gs,b ; Vaugh. 149; Broom on Com. Law, 856. 
 
 It is the office of the judge to instruct the jury in points of law ; of the jury to decide on 
 matters of fact. Broom's Max. 105. v. 2 Wend. R. 424, 427 ; 3 Johns. Cas. 337, 369 ; 8 
 N. Y. R. (4 Seld.) 67, 75 ; 10 id. (6 Seld.) 236 ; Wharton's Max. vii. v. Best on Evid. § 82. 
 
 It is also stated thus: 
 
 AD quaestionem facti non respondent judices, sed juratores. The judges do not 
 answer to questions of fact, but jurors answer. " The jury, and not the 
 judges, determine the question of fact." Lofft's Max. 479 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 The same maxim is stated conversely: 
 
 AD quaestionem juris respondent judices ; ad quaestionem facti respondent juratores. 
 The judges answer to a question of law ; the jurors answer to a question 
 of fact. This is the converse of the maxims above. 
 The rule is also stated in this form, by a mere change of tense : 
 
 AD quaestionem juris respondeant judices, ad quaestionem facti respondeant jura- 
 tores. The judges may respond or decide upon a question of law, the 
 jurors may answer or decide upon questions of fact. 
 
 Although the general principle is as above laid down, there are many exceptions to the 
 rule. II M. &• W. -jt-j. The cases wherein exceptions have been made to the rule are 
 collected in Broom's Max. in, et seq.; Broom on C. L. 516-17 sq. Judges are allowed, not- 
 withstanding the rule above stated, in summing up the evidence in the case, to express 
 opinions to the juiy, as to the facts which such evidence tends to prove, or to point out the 
 conclusions which, in their opinion, ought to be drawn from it. 13 How. (U . S.) R. 
 115, 130, 131. Daniels, J., dissenting. Id. 144, 145. 
 
 In Criminal Cases: The rule has been so qualified in some cases, that jurors are 
 the judges of both law and fact, i Parkers dim. R. 595 ; id. 603 ; 17 Georgia R. 497 ; 2 Swan's 
 R. 482. In other criminal cases, the maxim has been adhered to. Story, J., 2 
 Sumner's R. 240, 243 ; r Curtis' C. C. R.23; i Parker's Crim. R. 147, 474. 
 
 AD questionem legis non respondent juratores, sed judices. The jurors do not 
 answer to questions of law, but the judges answer. " The judges, and not 
 the jurors, determine the question of law." Lofft's Max. ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
Ad qua.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ad rem. 
 
 The two maxims are also stated conjunctim : 
 
 AD quaestionem legis respondent judices ; ad quaestionem facti respondent jura- 
 tores. The judges answer to (decide upon) questions of law; the jurors 
 answer to (decide upon) questions of fact. Broom's Max. ira ; 7 Mass. 279. 
 
 " It is of the greatest consequence to the Law of England, and to the subject, that these 
 powers of the judge and jury be kept distinct ; that the judge determine the law and the jury 
 the fact ; and if ever they come to be confounded, it will prove the confusion and destruc- 
 tion of the Law of England." Per Lord Hardwicke, Cas. Temp. Hardw. 28. 
 
 AD quaestiones legis judices, et not juratores respondent. The judges and not 
 the jurors, respond to questions of law. 7 Mass. (U. S.) H. 279. 
 The converse of the foregoing rules is: De jure judices, de facto juratores. 
 Ad quandam certitudinem pouere, vel ad quoddam certum haereditamentum 
 limitare. To set or put to some certainty, or to limit to some certain inheritance. Lift. 
 § 18 ; Co. Litt. 22a. v. Feodum talliatum. 
 
 Ad quem. To which, to whom, at which. Correlative to h quo. 
 
 The terminus A guo is the point of beginning or departure, the terminus ad quem, the end of the period or 
 point of arrival. 
 
 AD quem diem {ss.) ad sessionem pais teuf apud U. die Jovis, etc., idem Vicecomes retornavit 
 quod praedictus T. S. non fuit inventus in balliva sua, idea praeceptum fuit eidem Vicecomiti 
 quoa exigi facial, etc. — L. Lat. At which day (to-wit) at the sessions of the peace held at 
 U. on Thursday, etc., before, etc., the same sheriff returned that the aforesaid T. S. was not 
 found in his bailiwick, therefore a writ was directed to such sheriff that he should cause him 
 to be summoned. 
 
 AD quem quotidiamus navis quaestus pertinet ; ad quem obventiones et reditus omnes perveni- 
 unt. Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, 2 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, i, i, 15 ; id. ib. iv, 9, 6, § 7 ; id. vii, g, 
 ^ 12 ; vii, I, 7, 1?/ al. To whom pertains the daily profits of the ship ; to whom all the reve- 
 nues and proceeds may come. v. Exercitor navis. 
 
 Ad querimoniani. On the complaint. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 64, § 4. e. g. Statim ad queri- 
 moniam creditoris, — immediately on the complaint of the creditor. Id. ib. 
 
 Ad quo. How far, as far as, = Quo ad reversed. 
 
 Ad QUOd, To which ; to that. Ad quod curia concordavit, — to which the court agreed. 
 Yearb. P. 20 Hen. VL 27. Reports passim. Ad .quod damnum, — to what damage. Reg. 
 Orig. 2473, et seq. ; 2 M. dr" S. 236; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 442 ; -^ Smith's I. C. [204] 220. 
 V. Breve ad quod damnum. Ad quod non fuit responsum, — to which there was no answer. 
 3 Co. 9; 4 id. 40. 
 
 Ad rationem ponere. To put to [give] a reason; to call upon for a reason. Broom <5r= 
 Had. Com. iv, 419, n. (g). 
 
 Ad reCOgnOSCendum. To recognize. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 65, § 12. 
 
 AD recti docendum primum oportet nomina inquirer e, quia rerum cognitio a rerum 
 nominibus dependet. To a right understanding (of a thing) it behooves first 
 to inquire or seek after the names, because a knowledge of things depends upon 
 or is derived from the names of things, i Co. Inst. 683. 
 
 Right interpretations and etymologies are necessary ; for Ad recth docendum primum oportet 
 nomina inquirere, etc. And herewith agreeth that which is said, Primh excutienda est verbis 
 vis, etc. IVingate's Max. 12,% I. Read: Nomina si nescis perit cognitio rerum; et nomina, 
 si perdas, certi distinctio rerum perditur. Co. Litt Sob. 
 
 Ad rectum. To right ; to do right; to meet an accusation; to answer the demand of the 
 law. Ad rectum vocatus, — summoned to answer an accusation. Glanv. lib. i, c. 31. 
 
 Ad referendum. To be referred, or to be further considered. Reports /ajjjw. 
 
 Ad rem. To the thing ; to the subject ; to the point ; concerning the matter. 
 
 AD rem mobilem petendam datus procurator ad exhibendum recti aget. Ulpian. 
 Dig. iii, 3, fr. 56. A procurator having been given an action to be brought 
 for a movable thing, he will rightly bring an action to exhibit. Story on Agency, 
 
 § 61; Wharton on Agency, § 120. 
 
 69 
 
Ad rep.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adsyu 
 
 Ulpianus says: Qui procuralorem dat, ut confestim agat, is intelligendus est permit- 
 tere procuratori et postea litem perigere. Ulpianus, ib.fr. 67. v. fr. 62. 
 
 Ad reparationem et sustentationem ejusdem domus teneantur. For the repairing 
 
 and maintaining of the house or building which they hold. Co. Litt. T.oab; Wharton on 
 Agency, § 373. 
 
 Ad reprimendam improbitatem hoc genus hominum. To reprimand the improbity 
 
 of that race of men. To repress the dishonesty of that race of men. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 
 I, § 28. 
 
 Ad requisitionem defendentis. At the defendant's request. 
 
 Ad requisita naturae. For the necessities of nature. Quintilian, viii, 7, 59. 
 
 Adreson.^L. Fr. To call to account. 
 
 Ad respondendum. To answer. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 65, § 12. v. Capias ad respondendum. 
 
 Ad respondendum de pretio. To answer for the price. Bracton, fol. I2ri. 
 
 AD rescindendam v enditi onem , et malae fidei probationem, hoc solum 
 non sufficit, quod magna pretio fundum comparatum, minoris distractum esse 
 commemoras. Justinian. Cod. iv, 44, const. 4. For the rescinding a sale, and 
 the proof of bad faith, this fact alone does not sufifice, that a farm at a large 
 price agreed upon, you recall or mention it to be of less value divided, cf. i 
 Story's Eq. Jur. § 247. 
 
 Ad satisfaciendum. For satisfying, etc. V. Habeas corpus ad satisfaciendum. Broom Is' 
 Had. Com. iii, 139. 
 
 Ad Sectam. At the suit; at the suit of. Reg. Orig. •2,Tia; Bracton, fol. I3l^y }, How. 
 State Trials, iii. (It is commonly abbreviated ads. or adsm.) Ad sectam querentis, — at the 
 suit of the plaintiff. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 47, § I. Ad nullius sectam, — at the suit of none. 
 Bracton, fol. I33fl. 
 
 Ad SCalum. — L. Lat. According to the scale, v. Scala. 
 
 Ad simile. To a like ; of, from, or by, a similar. Bacon's Arg., Lowe's case. 
 
 Ad similitudinem. In imitation; in likeness, resemblance, similitude. Cicero, .M. Z". 
 
 Ad speciem, («.) In the manner of, according to the nature or appearance of. Var. 
 Ji. J?, iii, 5, 8. (6.) For show, display or ornament. Cicero, Agr. ii, 12, 31. (c.) For 
 appearance sake. C^SAR, B. C. ii, 35 et al. 
 
 Ad standum recto. To stand to the right ; to meet an accusation or complaint; to stand 
 a trial ; to abide by the sentence of the law. v. Responsurus, et ad standum, etc. 
 
 Ad studendum et oraudum. For studying and praying; for the promotion of learning 
 and religion. I Bl. Com. 467 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 566 ; Ld. Raym. loi. 
 The students of the several inns of court were particularly enjoined to perform both of these duties. 
 
 Ad SUbendum legem. To undergo the law ; to abide the sentence of the law. i Pit- 
 cairn! s Crim. Trials, part I, p. 92. 
 
 A D suBscriptionem quod attinet, etc. Read this maxim on page 236. 
 
 Ad SUmmam. («.) On the whole; in general; generally. Cicero, Fam. xiv, 14, 3. 
 (6.) In a word; in short. Cicero, Off. i, 41, 149; id. Att. vii, 7, 7; Horace, Ep. i, i, 106 etal. 
 
 Ad suffragium suum dare obstruxerunt, et penitus recusaverunt. To give his 
 
 vote they did obstruct, and they wholly refused, i Smith' sL. C. [352J 434; i Ld. Ray?ii.<j-i'&. 
 
 Ad sustentationem vitae. To or for the support of life. 2 Smith's L. C. [412] 473. 
 
 Ad SUStinenda Onera matrimonii. For sustaining the burdens of matrimony. To 
 defray the expenses of the married state. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, ^ 17. 
 
 AD synodus venientibus, sive summoniti sint, sive per se quid agendum habuerint, 
 sit summapax. The most peaceful conduct shall be observed toward those 
 coming to the synods [or general councils] to transact their business, whether 
 70 
 
Adsuum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adval, 
 
 they be summoned or whether they attend voluntarily. LL. Edw. Conf. cap. 3 ; 
 I Bl. Com. 165. V. Broom Ss' Had. Com. i, 198: Pax sit ad sy no do s, etc. 
 
 And so too in the old Gothic Constitutions: Extenditurhaec pax et securi- 
 tas ad quatuordecim dies convocato regni senatu. Stiernhook, de Jur. Goth. L, 3, c. 3. 
 
 This included not only privilege from illegal violence, but also from legal arrests, and 
 seizures by process from the courts of law. I Bl. Com. 165 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. i, 198. 
 
 All swum, quenique horninem quaestum esse aequuni est callidum. 
 
 Plautus, Asinaria, i, 3, 34 ; id. True, ii, 4, 62. It shows cleverness for every person to be 
 
 fair-dealing for his own advantage. 
 
 " It is proper that everj' one should be alive to his own advantage." 
 Ad taxum operarius. A workman by the piece ; a tasker. Cowell. 
 Ad tenenda placita. To hold pleas; to have cognizance or jurisdiction of actions. 3 
 
 Bl. Com. 35, 298. 
 
 Ad tempus. («•) At the time ; at the right, definite, fixed time. Cicero, Alt. xiii, 45. 
 (6.) For some time ; for the time being; for a while; for the moment. Cicero, Off. i, 8, 
 27; id. Lael. li, i'i. [c.) At a fit, appropriate time. Cicero, F'^j-r. i, 54, 141. (<i.) Accord- 
 ing to circumstances. Cicero, /"/aBc. XXX, 74; ?V. Co^/. vi, 13. For a time. Bracton,la\.%bb. 
 
 Ad tempus redire. To return at the appointed time, or at the right time. Cicero, Alt. 
 
 Ad tempus venire. To come or appear at the appropriate time, or at the time appointed. 
 
 Ad terminum. For a term. Ad temiinum annorum, — for a term of years. Fleta, lib. 
 iii, c. 12, § 6. Ad terminum ponere, — to put off to another term ; to adjourn. Ad terminum 
 qui praeteriit, — for a term which has passed ; for an expired term. Bracton, fol. 318a/ 3 Bl. 
 Com. 176, 183 (z); Co. Litt. ^-jb; 2 Smith's L. C. [532] 601; I Best on Evid. [149], | H2, n. i. 
 Ad terminum, vel ad tempus, — for a term, or for a time. Bracton, fol. 2(>b. Ad terminum vel 
 ad Jirtnam, — for a term or to farm. Bracton, fol. 30. Ad terminum vitae vel annorum, — for 
 a term of life or of years. Bracton, fol. 25i. 
 
 Ad testari. To witness, (v, Attestari.) Ad testificandum, — for testifying. 
 
 Ad traetandum et consilium impendendum. For discussing and giving advice; for 
 exercising and weighing advice. I Bl. Com. 168. 
 
 AD tristem partem strenua est suspicio. Suspicion strongly rests on the unfortunate side. 
 
 Ad tunc et ibidem. At the time and in the same place ; at that time and in that very 
 place. Ad tunc et ibidem percussit, — at the time and in the same place he struck. Dyer, 68, 
 6g; Cro. Eliz. 73B; 2 Hale's P. C. 178. Ad tunc et ibidem quodam gladia percussit, — at the 
 time and in the same place he struck with a certain sword. 2 Hale's P. C. 180. Ad tunc 
 existens generosus et ultra aetatem sex decern annorum, — at the time being a gentleman and more 
 than sixteen years of age. • Ad tunc vicecomites, — at the time sheriflFs. Bacon's Max. in reg. 3. 
 
 Ad ultimam vim tenninorum. To the most extended import of the terms ; in a sense 
 as universal as the terms will reach. 2 Eden, 54. 
 
 Ad ultimum. At the end, finally, at last. O f p 1 a c e : At the extremity, extreme point. 
 O f t i m e : At last, hna\\y.= Ad extremum, v. h. t. 
 
 Ad ox in unguem. — Lat. Prov.=Gr. Prov. tH ovvxoc or kn ovvxoi. To 
 the nail. Trop ., To a nicety, to a hair, exactly, perfectly. Columella, xi, 2, 13. "Per- 
 formed or completed ad unguem," i. e. to the touch of the nail ; exactly, nicely. 
 
 Ad unguem /actus homo. A man finished to the nail. Trop., A man highly 
 polished, perfect, accomplished. Horace, Sat. i, 5, 32. 
 
 ^ Ad unguem ' was a proverbial expression borrowed from the engravers in wood and the sculptors, who, in 
 modeling, gave the finishing touch *with the nail,' z. tf. pasi^ed theirnail over the work to know whether 
 it were weU polished, perfectly finished. Materiam dolare ad unguem, — to fashion the material to the 
 touch of the nail. Columella, xi, 2, 13. 
 
 Ad USUm et COmmodum. For the use and benefit. Ad usum et commodum infantis, — 
 for the use and benefit of the infant. 
 
 Ad utr unique par dtus. — Lat. Prov. Prepared for either event or alternative. 
 
 Ad Valentiam. To, or of, the value. Bracton, fol. 315*. Ad valentiam veri valoris, — 
 to the ivorth of the true value. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 9, § 4. 
 
 71 
 
Adval.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ada. 
 
 Ad valorem. Upon the valuation ; according to the worth or value. I Bl. Com. 315 ; 
 Broom is' Had. Com. i, 376; Yerger, J., 24 Mississippi R. 501; Crabbe's Ji. 499, 512. Ad 
 valorem contractAs, — according to the value of the contract. I Smith's L. C. [786] 955 ; 2 
 Bing. N. C. 202. 
 
 Ad veniendum coram justiciariis ad compotum suum reddendum. To come 
 
 before the judges to render his count. 
 
 Ad Ventrem inspiciendum. For inspecting the womb. V. De ■ventre inspiciendo. 
 
 Ad verbum. Word for word ; literally. Cicero, Fin. i, 2, 4 ; id. de Or. i, 34, 157 et al. 
 
 AD vigessimum primum, et eousque juvenes sub tutelam reponunt. To the twenty-first year, 
 until which time they placed the youth under guardianship. 
 
 AD vim major em, vel ad casus fortuitos, non tenetur quis, nisi sua culpa intervenerit, 
 ut si rem sibi commodatum domi secum detulerit, dim peregreprofectusfuerit, 
 et illam incursu hostium, vel praedonum, vel nanfragio omisserit, non est dubium, 
 quin ad rei restitutionem teneatur. As regards superior force, or fortuitous acci- 
 dents, a person is not bound, unless his own fault has intervened, and if he car- 
 ried about with him when he traveled abroad a thing lent to him in his house, 
 and he has lost it by an attack of enemies or of robbers, or by shipwreck, there 
 is no doubt that he would be bound to make restitution of the thing. Bracton, 
 lib. iii, tit. i, ch. 2, § i, fol. 99^/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 56, § 5. 
 
 This is a paraphrasis of the rule laid by Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, g 2. Read the passage. 
 Is autem cui res aliqua utenda dater, etc., quoted per Holt, C. J., Ld. Raym. 909; s. c. i 
 Smith's L. C. [289] 351; 2 Parsons on Contr. 108, note (»;). , 
 
 AD vindicationem, rei duobus separatim diverso tempore distractae, non is, cui priori 
 vendita, sed cui {pretio solute vel fide de eo habitd), prius est tradita, admittendus 
 est. VoET. ad P and. vi, i, § 20. To the claim of a thing, sold to two persons 
 separately at different times, he is not to be admitted to whom it was sold first, 
 but he to whom (the price having been paid or credit concerning the same hav- 
 ing been given) it was first delivered. Quoted in i Smith's L. C. [892] 1083. 
 
 Quoties duobus in solidum praedium jure distrahitur, manifest! juris est, eum, cui priori 
 traditum est, detinendo dominio esse potiorem. Justinian. -Cod. iii, 32, const. 15. 
 
 Ad vindictam publicam. For vindicating the public interest. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 
 4, § 108. 
 
 Ad vitam aut Culpam, For life or until misbehavior, or delinguency. 
 
 In English Law: Words descriptive of a tenure of an office, which is to determine 
 only by the death or delinquency of the holder, or which is, in fact, held quamdiit se benh 
 gesserit, i. e., so long as he conduct himself properly. Jacob's Law Diet.; v. 6 Bell's App. 
 Cases, 112 ; Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 2, § 32. 
 
 Ad vitam vel in feodo. For life or in fee. Bracton, fol. 13^. 
 
 Ad viVTim. To the living. For that which is alive. 
 
 Ad VOluntatem. At will ; at pleasure. Ad voluntatem domini, — at the will of the lord. 
 Bracton, fol. 27. Ad voluntatem domini secundum, consuetudinem, etc. — at the will of the lord, 
 according to the custom. Wingate's Max. 206, § 10. 
 
 Ad-aeO[Uare [pres. infin. -\- ad-aequo^, i, v. a. and n. To make equal to ; to level with. 
 Aequare cicm, — to make equal with. Virgil, A. i, 193. Trop. ; To compare to or with. 
 Tacitus, A. ii, 73. (6.) To equal a thing. Cicero, Off. i, i, 3. (c.) To attain to, or reach, 
 by equaling. Cicero, Univ. xi. (ti.) Of two halves: To be equal. Cicero, Q. Fr. 
 ii, 6. Adaequdrunt judices, — the judges were equally divided. 
 
 Adaequatio, Onis, /. \_-\- adaequare,— X.o make equal to, to level with.] A making 
 equal ; a sharing equally , an adjusting ; adapting. Tert. ad Nat. i, i. 
 
 Ad-aeque, a-d'"- in like manner; equally so. Plautus, Cas. v, i, 3, et al. 
 
 Adaferatio, Cnis, / [-|- ad-aero^ An estimating in money. Dig. 
 72 
 
Ada.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Add. 
 
 Ad-aerd, are, i, v. a. To estimate in monej' ; to rate, appraise, or value ; to reckon. 
 
 Adagium, i. ». [ + adigere, to adduce ; ad and agen, to lead to.] 
 Adagia ad agendum a/M,— proverbs, adages applying to life, or suitable for use. Festus, p. ii. 
 
 A proverb, an adage. Gellius, i, extr. ; Plautus, .,4ot. A common saying; an old 
 saying which has obtained credit by long use. 
 
 S^n.— Maxim; proverb; aphorism; axiom. Webster, u. Axioma. 
 
 AddeparvumparvOfinagnusacerviiserit, Lat. Adage: Continue adding 
 a little, to what was originally little, and you will form a great heap. 
 
 The Scotch Proverb is: " Many littles make a mickel." 
 
 * * * * Adde, quod idem 
 
 Non horani tecum esse potes, iion otia recte 
 
 Ponere ; teque ipsurn vitas fugitivus et erro ; 
 
 Jam vino quaercus, jam somno faUere curam; 
 
 Frustra : nam com,es atra premit, sequiturque fugacem, 
 
 Horace, Sat. ii, 7, iog-113. 
 Add to this, that you yourself cannot be an hour by yourself, nor dispose of your leisure 
 in a right manner ; and shun yourself as a mere fugitive and vagabond, one while endeavor- 
 ing with wine, another while with sleep, to cheat care — in vain : for the gloomy companion 
 presses upon you, and pursues you in your flight. 
 
 " You cannot spend one vacant hour alone ; 
 You cannot make that vacant hour your own. 
 A self-deserter from yourself you stray, 
 And now with wine, and now with sleep allay 
 Your cares ; in vain : Companions black as night. 
 Thy pressing cares, arrest thee in thy flight." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Adde, quod injustum rigido jus dicitur ense : 
 Datitur et in medio vulnera saepe foro. — Ovid. 
 
 Besides, iniquitous retaliation is dealt with the cruel sword ; and wounds are often 
 inflicted in the midst of courts of justice. 
 
 Ad-dicere, J>res. infin. [ -)- ad-dico.\ To give one's assent or affirmative to a thing. 
 Festus, p. 11. In the Jurists : To award or adjudge anything to one ; to sentence, 
 to condemn. Plautus; Cicbro, ^/ a/.y Calvini, Lex. Jurid. v. Addictio. 
 
 Addictio onls, /^ \^ ad-dko, ^x^,- — to adjudge, or condemn ; to assign, allot, or deliver; 
 to sell.] (a.) The adjudging of goods and their possession. Cicero, Verr. i, 4, 12. (6.) 
 The awarding or adjudging any thing to one ; hence adjudging the debtor to hiS creditor ; 
 hence addictus : one who, on account of debt, has been given, assigned, as servant to his 
 creditor. Plautus, Bac. v, 2, 87 ; Cicero, Flac. xx. (c.) To appoint for one a judge in 
 his suit. Papinianus, Dig. v, l,fr. 39; Paulus, ib.fr. 46: POMPONIUS, H. fr. 80. 
 
 Addictio in diem. An assigning, awarding a thing for a time. 
 
 In the Jurists: To adjudge, award a thing to one 01/ !«fe?i»i, so that, upon a change 
 of circumstances, the matter in question shall be restored in integrum, cf. Dig. xviii, tit. 2, 
 ' de in diem addictione' j Ulpian. Dig. v, \,fr. 41 ; Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 3,/r. 9. v. Pufen- 
 DORF, v, c. 5, § 4, n. 7-8 ; V, c. 10, § 5, n. 2. Mackeldey, ed. 1883, § 461. 
 
 Additio 5nis, /. [-)- ad-do, ere.] An adding to ; addition, annexing. Quintilian. 
 
 In English Law: Whatever is added to the name of a person, by way of title or 
 description, for the purpose of more accurate designation, and showing what estate, degree, 
 or mystery he is, and his place of residence, town, hamlet or county, Termes de la Ley ; 
 Salk. 5; 2 Ld. Raym. 9B8; i Wils. 244. Also called Designatio. 
 
 In English Law: There are four kinds of additiones : (et.) Of estate ; such as 
 Yeoman, Gentleman, Esquire, and such like. 
 
 The defendant pleaded in 
 abatement t 
 court, 
 count,' 
 
 (6.) Of degree, or names of dignity, as Knight, Earl, Marquis, Duke, and such 
 like, (c.) Of trade, mystery, or occupation, as scrivener, painter, mason, car- 
 penter, and all others of like nature, {d.) Of place of residence, as London, and 
 the like. v. Bacons Abr. 'Addition ' ; 2 Viner's Abr. 77 ; i Mete. (Mass.) 151. 
 
 [10] 73 
 
Add.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ade. 
 
 The reasons or object of additions, etc., are declared in the stat. i Henry V. c. 5, viz., to 
 show the estate, mystery and place of residence, in order that 'one man might not be 
 vexed or troubled by the outlawry of another,' — as where there were several 
 of the same name, — but that by reason of the certain addition, every person might be 
 known and bear his own burden. 2 Co. Inst. 665 ; 4 £1. Com. 306. 
 
 ADDITIO probat minor itatem. An addition proves inferiority or minority 
 I Co. Inst. iSgrty 4 id. 80; Litt. § 293 ; Co. Litt. i8ga y Wingate's Max. 60. 
 When you find it said in any book, that a man is seized in fee without saying more, it shall 
 be understood in fee-simple, and not in fee-taile, unless there be put unto it such an addi- 
 tion, fee-taile, etc. And therefore in Heraldry, the younger sonnes give the differ- 
 ences. And in France, by Monsieur (without any additions or other title) is to be under- 
 stood the King's only brother, and by ^a(/a?«« (without more) the King's only sister; and 
 therefore they are said in F r a n ch to be Monsieur sans queue, and Madame sans queiie, viz., 
 without any other addition or title: But if there be in France any occasion of naming 
 any other lord or lady, they are always named with their proper and peculiar title, as Mon- 
 sieur de Longeville, Madame de Chevreuse, etc. I Co. Inst. iSgn/ Wingate's Max. 60, § i. 
 
 Ad-do, ere, 3, v. a. {a.) To give, bring, put, carry, place, lay, apply, etc., a person or 
 thing to another. (6.) T r o p . . To bring near or to ; to add to or give, (c.) To add to by 
 way of increase; to join o;" annex to ; to augment. 
 
 Additicius, or tius, a, um, adj. [addo.] Added, annexed, additional. Celsus, Dig: L, 
 16, fr. 98, § I. Read : Cato putat, mensem intercalarem additicium esse. 
 
 Ademptio, onis, /. [-j- ad-imo, adimere, — to take a thing to one's self; to take away a 
 thing from one ; to deprive of ; to free from something.] A taking away, a seizure. Ademptio 
 civitatis, — a taking away the rights of citizenship. Cicero, de Dom. Sua, xxx, 30. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A revocation of a legacy ; an ademption. Justinian. /»j^. ii, 
 21, pr. Where it was expressly transferred from one to another, it was a translatio. Id. ii, 
 21, § i; Dig. xxxiv, tit. 4. v. Ward on Legacies, 261, 268; Ambl. 401. Where a thing, 
 specifically bequeathed, is not in existence at the time of the testator's decease, it is an' 
 ademption. 3 Fosters R. 212. cf. Mackeldey, ed. 1883, § 777. 
 
 Ademptio bonorum, "plwc. Ademptiones bonorum. An ademption of goods, etc. Tacitus, 
 . A. iv, 6. 
 
 * * A^demptum tibi jam saxo omnem metutn. 
 
 In aurem utramvis otiose ut dormias. 
 
 Terentius, Heaut. ii, 3, 100. 
 
 I'll rid you at once of all fears, so that you may sleep at your ease upon 
 either ear. Read: In aurein utramvis, etiose ut dormias. 
 
 KAl&Ofadv. So; as; so far; as far; so much. Adeo pleni et integre , — as fully and entirely. 
 10 Co. 65. 
 
 Adeo recepta hodie senteutia est, ut nemo ausit contra dicere. The decree (or 
 
 decision) was this da}- so received that no one dared to dispute it. Bynkershoeck, Quaest. 
 Jur Priv. iib. i, c. i5 ; 2 Kent's Com. 429. 
 
 ADEO autem emptio et venditio et locatio et conductio familiar itatem aliquam 
 inter se habere videntur, ut in quibusdam causis quaeri soleat utrum emptio et 
 venditio contrahitur., an locatio et conductio, veluti si qua res in perpetuum locata sit, 
 quod evenit in praediis municipum quae ea lege locantur, ut quamdin id vectigal 
 praestetur, neque ipsi conductori neque heredi ejus praedium auferatur j sed magis 
 placuit locationem conductionemque esse. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 145. But buying and 
 selling, and letting and hiring, have so close a resemblance to one another, that 
 in some cases it is a matter of question whether a buying and selling is contracted 
 or a letting and hiring ; for instance, if a thing be let forever, which happens 
 with the lands of corporations which are let out on the condition 'that so long as 
 so much rent be paid the land shall not be taken away either from the hirer 
 himself or his heir ; but it is the general opinion that this is a letting and hiring. 
 V. Emphyteusis. Justinian. Inst, iii, 24, § 3. 
 
 74 
 
Ade.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ade, 
 
 A DEO autevi familiaritatem aliquam habere videntur emtio et venditio, item 
 locatio et conductio, ut in quibusdam quaeri soleat, utrum emtio et venditio sit, 
 an locatio et cotiductio ; ut ecce, si ciim aurifice mihi convenerit, ut is ex auro suo 
 annulos mihi faceret ccrti pendens certaeque formae, et acceperit verbi gratid 
 trecenta, utrum emtio et venditio sit, an locatio et conductio ? Sed placet, unum esse 
 negotium, et magis emtionem et venditionem esse. Qiwdsi ego aurum dcdero mercede 
 pro opera constituta, dubium non est, quin locatio et conductio sit. Gaius, Dig. xix, 
 2,/''- 2, § I- But buying and selling, and letting and hiring, are understood to 
 have such a familiarity, as that in some cases it is a matter of question whether the 
 same may be a buying and selling, or a hiring and letting ; for instance, if, when 
 it shall have been agreed by me with a goldsmith, that he should make for me 
 out of his gold, rings of a certain weight and a certain form, and he has accepted, 
 for the sake of expression, three hundred [denarii] ; which of the two can this 
 be, a buying and selling, or a hiring and letting ? But it is agreed or determined 
 to be one transaction, and rather to be a purchase and sale. If, however, I shall 
 have given him gold as wages for his work, there is no doubt, that it can be 
 [is] a letting and hiring [a contract of letting to hire]. 
 
 The subject is treated in 2 Kent's Com. 504, note i,Jin. 
 
 Locatio et conductio proxima est emptioni et venditioni, iisdemque juris regulis consistit; 
 nam ut emptio et venditio ita contrahitur si de pretio convenerit. Sic etiam locatio et con- 
 ductio ita contrahi intelligitur si merces constituta sit ; et competit locator! quidem locatio 
 actio, conductori vero conducti. Justinian. Jnst. iii, 24/?-. cf. Sand. 
 
 A DEO autem visum est ex naturd esse societatis, unitis dissensu totam dissolvi, ut, 
 quamvis ab initio convenerit, ut societas perpetuo durarct, aut ne liceret ab ea 
 resilire invitis caeteris ; tamen tale pactum, tanquam factum contra naturam socie- 
 tatis, cujus in aeternum nulla coitio est, cotitemnere licet. Vinnius, ad Inst, iii, 
 26, 4 pi. I. Thus it is seen that a partnership, from its nature, should be wholly 
 dissolved by the disagreement of one of the partners. Therefore, although at the 
 beginning it has been agreed that the partnership shall be perpetual, or that with- 
 drawal from it shall not be allowed without the consent of the other partner, 
 yet a compact can be disregarded, as made contrary to the nature of partnership 
 which is not a perpetual union. 3 Kent's Com. 55, note v. Read: Nulla 
 societatis in aeternum coitio est. Dig. xvii, 2,fr. 70., 
 
 A DEO morte socii solvitur societas, ut nee ab initio pacisci possimus, ut heres 
 etiam succedat so c ietati . Haec ita in privatis societatibus ait; in socie- 
 tati I'ectigalium nihilominus manet societas et post mortem alicujus ; sed ita demum, 
 si pars defuncti ad personam heredis ejus adscripta sit, ut heredi quoque confer n 
 oporteat; quod ipsum ex causa aestimanda est. Quid enim, si is mortuus sit, propter 
 cujus operam maxime societas co'ita sill aut sine quo societas administrari non posstt 1 
 § I. Quod in alea aut adultero perdiderit socius, ex medio non est laturus ; si quid 
 vero dolo nostra socius damni ceperit a nobis repetet \repetai\. Pomponius, Dtg. 
 xvii, 2,//-. 59. The death of a partner so completely dissolves the partnership 
 that we cannot even from the beginning stipulate or agree that the heir shall 
 succeed to the partnership. This he says in regard to private part- 
 nerships; but in a partnership for farming the revenue {vectigaliuni), the partner- 
 ship continues even after the death of one of the partners; but to this effect, that 
 if the portion of the deceased has been bequeathed to the person of an heir, it 
 ought to be bestowed on the heir ; and this must be estimated (determined) 
 
 75 
 
Ade.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adh. 
 
 according to the case. For what should be done if one has died through whose 
 pains especially the partnership has been formed, or without whom the partner- 
 ship cannot be carried on? § i. What a partner has lost in a game of chance 
 [alea), or adultery {adulierium), he cannot withdraw from the common fund; but 
 if by our fault [dolus) a partner has received damage, he will seek restitution from 
 us. Story on Part. §§ S, 196, 318. [ P r o f . W. C. P. ] 
 
 Nemo potest societatem heredi suo sic parere, ut ipse heres socius sit. etc. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xvii, 2,/?-. 35. 
 
 ''Dii me Deaeque pejus perdant, quam perire me quotidie sentio, 
 si s c i o . " ADEO facinora atque fiagitia sad ipsi quoque in supplicium verterant. Neque 
 frustra praestantissinius sapientiae Jirmare solitus est, ^ Si recludaniur tyrannorum 
 visnteSfposse auspici laniatus et ictus j quando , ut corpora verb eribus , 
 ita saevitia, libidine, vialis consultis, animus dilaceretur.' Tacitus, 
 Annal. vi, 5. ''May all the gods and goddesses doom me to worse 
 destruction than that by which I feel myself consuming daily." 
 With such just retribution did his (Tiberius') crimes and atrocities recoil upon himself. 
 Nor was it unadvisedly that the greatest master of wisdom (alluding to Plato) was wont to 
 affirm: "That if the hearts of tyrants were bared to view, wounds 
 and lacerations would be seen in them; for as the body is torn by 
 stripes, so is the heart by cruelty, lusts and evil purposes." Tacitus 
 here refers to the passage in Plato, Gorgias, 524, E. 
 
 Plato, in another place, says: 'O ra> ovti, rvpavvoi, tiSovtv SovXoi — kdv rz5 {iXny 
 7J}vxrjv knidTr/rai BeddadBai, xai cpojiov ysixoov Std jtavroS tuv fiiov, dipaSaducov 
 re xai 6Svv(^v xX-^prji,' i. e. ' He, who is really a tyrant, is really a slave. If any one 
 could look into his mind, he would see him all his life long burdened with fear, and full of 
 mental anguish.' Socrates, ap. Plato, de Repub. ix, p. 579, D. 
 
 Cicero's remarks may be entertaining in this connection : Plerumque improborum facta 
 prima suspicio insequitur, etc. CiCERO, de Fin. Bon. et Mai. i, c. 16, 50. cf. Pufendorf de 
 Jure Nat, et Gent, ii, c. 3, § 20. 
 
 Adeprimes. — L. Fr. At first ; for the first time ; in the first place. 
 
 Aderere, — L- Fr. in arrear; behind. Litt. § 151. 
 
 Adesontll. — L. Fr. Under; beneath; down below. 
 
 ASkditora.— Gr. [-)- a, without, and SEditorrji, a master.] Without an owner or master. 
 Grot, dejur. Belli, lib. ii, i,. 8, § 6. Things which have no owner or claimant. Calv. Lex.Jurid. 
 
 Ad-esse, [+ ad, to, and esse, to be.] To be present. The opposite of ab-esse, q. v. 
 Calvini, Lex. To advocate ; to assist or defend in law ; to undertake the management of a 
 cause. Id. Brissonius. 
 
 Adfines. ». Affines. Adfixus. v. Affixus. 
 
 AdMbenS fidem, douec k lui. ;£^5O0. i Story on Contr. § 646, n. I. 
 
 Ad-hibere, Z'''?^. infin. -)- ad-hibeo \habeo\. 2, v. a. (a.) To bring one thing to another; 
 to hold to, to apply to ; to give, to furnish. (6.) Of persons: To bring one to a place, 
 to make use of for any thing, especially : a. Adhibere ad or in consilium, — to send for one 
 in order to receive counsel from him, to consult one. C^sar, B. G. vii, 77 et al. Adhibere 
 in consilium = admittere in consilium, — to admit to a consultation, ji. Adhibere (alone), to 
 receive, to entertain, to treat. Cicero. Adhibere ali quern coenae epulis, — to invite one to a 
 banquet, to a feast, etc. v. Virgil, A. v, 62. y. Adhibere se ad aliquid, — to betake, hold 
 to or apply one's self to a thing, i. e. to devote attention to it. Lucretius, i, 44. A b s o 1 . 
 Adhibere se, — to appear, 0?- to behave one's self — in any manner. Cicero, Q_. Fr. i, 1,7- 
 to employ, exercise, use one's self (freq. classj. 
 
 (C.) Of things: Adhibere aliquid ad aliquid or alicui rei, — to put a thing to a deter- 
 minate use, to apply it to a definite purpose or subject, i. e. to use or employ it for any thing 
 definite. Adhibere ./idem. — to exhibit or employ honesty, faith. Plaut. Rud. iv, 3, 104. 
 Adhibere cautionem ptivaiis rebus suis, — to exercise care, caution, in his own private affairs. 
 Cicero, Att. i, 19. Adhibere modum, — to employ a method ; to set a limit to ; to set bounds 
 to. Cicero, Lusc. iv, 17. Adhibere memoriam, — to hold, retain it in memory. Nep. 
 Epam. 7, Adhibere diligentiam, — to use diligence, o;- care. Alfenus Varus, Z)zf. xviii, 6, 
 fr. ri. Adhibere vim, — to employ force. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 2, fr. 12 ; fr. 14, § 3. 
 76 
 
Adh.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adj. 
 
 ADHIBERI autem fidejussor tarn futurae, quam praecedenti oMigationi potest, 
 dummodo sit aliqua vel naturalis futura obligatioj (Julianus, fr. 7), — quod 
 enim solutum repeti non potest, conveniens est, hujus naturalis obligationis fidejus- 
 sorem accipi posse. Ulpianus, rf Julianus, Dig. xlvi, i,/r. 6, § 2,/r. 7. But 
 a fidejussor may be employed for a future as well as for a past obligation, pro- 
 vided only that the future obligation be at least a natural one; (Julian, fr. 7) — 
 for as payment cannot be demanded for a debt already discharged it is fitting 
 that a fidejussor for this natural obligation should be taken, v. Pufendorf, de 
 Jure N. et G. v, c. 10, § 9, n. 2. [Prof. W. C. P.] 
 
 AdhllC existit. It still exists or appears. Adhuc remanet, — it still remains. 
 
 ADHUC remanet quaedam scintilla juris et tituli, quasi medium quid, inter utrosque status, 
 scilicet ilia possibilitas futuri usms emergentis ; et sic inter esse et titulus et nontantum unda 
 auctoritas seu fotestas remanet. There remains as yet some spark {scintilla) of right and title, 
 as a kind of intermediate thing between both estates, to-wit, that possibility of a future 
 emerging or springing use; and thus, becomes an interest and title, and remains not merely 
 a naked authority or power. Dyer, 340ff/ I Siderfin's R. 99 ; Sugden on Powers, 13, 14. v- 4 
 Kent's Com. 238, 246. 
 
 * * * Adhuc sub judice lis est. 
 
 The controversy still waits the determination of a judge. The suit is still under con- 
 sideration before the judge. Horace, Art. Poeta, 77. v. Story on Confl. of Laws, § 336. 
 
 AdhunC detinet. He still detains or withholds. 2 Kent's Com. 389, n. 
 
 AdhunC pOSSUnt partes resilire. The parties may yet draw back. The parties can 
 still resile. Bracton, fol. 38; Fleta. lib. ii, t. 58, § 3. 
 
 Aditio, Onis, /. {adeo.^ A going to ; approach. Hereditatis, — the succession to, entering 
 upon an inheritance. Dig. passim, il/flr^^/;/.?/, ed. 1883, § 735. Inmobilibus, — a succession 
 to, entering upon an inheritance in movables. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 9, § 29. 
 
 ADITIO haereditatis pro solutione cedit. Papinian. Dig. xlvi, 3, fr. 95, § 2. 
 Succession to, entering upon an inheritance goes for (is deemed as) pay- 
 ment. Pothier, de Change; Story on Bills, § 445. 
 
 Aditns, us, m. [+ ad-eo, to go to.] A going to ; approach; an entrance ; avenue. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The possibility, leave, or permission of approaching or of 
 admittance, access. Cicero, Man. 14 ; id. Rose. Am. 38 ; id. Fatn. vi, 13. The right of 
 going through another's field to one's own. Dig. passim. 
 
 In English Law: A public road ; a cart or carriage-way. Co. Litt. ^ba. 
 
 Adjacens. [+ adjacere, — to lie to, at or upon.] Adjacent ; next to, lying near to, or in 
 the neighborhood of. i Cook's R. 128 ; 4 Peters' Cond. R. 96. 
 
 Adiectio, Onis; /. An adding to ; annexation. LiVY, i, 30 ; Quintilian, i, 5, 16. Adjectio 
 dominii per continuationem possessionis tempotis lege defniti, — the acquisition of property by 
 continued possession for a time defined by law. Dig. xli, 3, fr. 3. This is called Usucapio. 
 
 Cooper's Justin. Inst, notes, 472 ; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. ii, tit. 6, § 438. 
 
 AdjectiviUU. absolutum. That which stands in the absolute or positive, Quintilian, 
 ix, 3. § 9- 
 
 ADJOURNAMENTUM est ad diem dicere seu diem dare. An adjournment 
 is to appoint a day or to give a day. 4 Co. Inst. 27. 
 
 Adjornare, — L. Lat. To adjourn. Adjomatut, — It is adjourned, i. e. " to be argued 
 again," etc. 2 Show. 271. " But because iiovt,C.]., haesitavit, adjoumatur. i iV/. 354; 
 V. 5 Mod. 74 I Hardr. 353. 
 
 Adjournatur, it is adjourned. I Ld. Raym. 602 ; i Show. 7 ; i Leon. 88. 
 
 Adjournatur in ulteriorem diem. It is adjourned or put over to another or further day. 
 
 ADfUDICABITUR reus ad legem suam duodecima manu. A defendant (or accused per- 
 son) shall be adjudged (to wage) his law by the hands of twelve compurgators. 3 Bl. Com. 
 343. V. Compurgatores. 
 
 77 
 
Adj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adj. 
 
 Ad-judic6, are, I, V. a. To adjudge or award a thing to one ; as judge, to declare it to 
 be his; to adjudge; to determine ; to decree to a person; to assign hy judgment, i. e. bj' 
 the act of the court. Justinian. Itist. iv, 17, § 7. 
 
 Adjudicatio, Onis,/. \^-\- ad-judicare.^ An adjudication or award; an assignment by 
 judgment; the act of giving judgment, or pronouncing a sentence or decree; an adjudg- 
 ment; a judicial adjudging of a matter; an adjudication. Dig. passim. 
 
 In the Roman Law: This mode of acquiring legal right or property took place 
 only in three cases : judicium familiae herciscundae (or hereditate dividenda). CiCERO, Or. i, 
 58 ; id. Caecin. iii ; in communi dividundo. Cicero, Ep. vii, 12 ; or in Jinium regundorum, 
 Cicero, de Legg. i, 21 ; when the judge determined any thing to any of the heirs, partners 
 or neighbors, of which they got immediate property ; but arbiters were commonly appointed 
 in settling bounds, cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §| 204, 280, 322. Gaius states: 
 
 ADJUDICATIO est ea pars formulae qua permittitur judici rem alicui exlitiga- 
 toribus adjudicare : velut si inter co-heredes familiae herciscundae 
 agatur, aut inter socios communi dividundo , aut inter vicinos finium 
 regundorum . Nam illic ita est : Quantum adjudicari oportet, judex 
 TiTio ADJUDICATO. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 42. The adjudication is that part 
 of a formula in which the judex is permitted to adjudicate something to one of 
 the litigants, as in the suit between co-heirs for partition of the inher- 
 itance, or between partners for a division of the partnership 
 ef fee t s, or between neighboringproprietors for a setting out of their 
 boundaries. For in such cases this part of the formula runs : 'Let the 
 judex adjudicate to Titius as much as ought to be adju-^ 
 d i c a t e d . ' v. Justinian. Inst, iv, 17, §§ 4-7. 
 
 ADJUDICATIONE dominium nanciscimur per formulam familiae her- 
 ciscundae, quae locum habet inter co-heredes; et per formulam communi 
 dividundo , cui locus est inter socios; et per formulam finium regundorum, 
 quae est inter vicinos. Nam si judex uni ex coheredibus aut sociis aut vicinis rem 
 aliquam adjudicaverit, statim illi adquiritur, sive mancipi sive nee mancipi sit. 
 Ulpianus, Hegl. xix, §16. By adjudication we obtain ownership by means 
 of the formula 'for severing an e s tat e, ' which is applicable to co-heirs; 
 by means also of the formula 'for dividing partnership property,' 
 applicable to partners, and by means of the formula 'for setting out 
 boundaries,' applicable to neighboring proprietors : For if a judex have 
 adjudicated any thing to one of several co-heirs, partners, or neighbors, acquisi- 
 tion thereof immediately accrues to him, whether the thing be mancipable or 
 non-mancipable. v. Justinian. Cod. iii, 36, const. 3; v. Mackeld. Civ. Law, % 271. 
 
 Adjunctio, Snis, /. (a.) A joining or binding to ; a union or conjunction. Cicero, Att. 
 vii, 2; e. g. Adjunctio verborum, — union or conjunction of words. Cicero, Part. v. (6.) An 
 adding to by way of augmentation; an addition ; e.g. Adjunctio virtutis, — an augmentation 
 of manhood, strength, or capacity. Cicero, Fin. ii, 13. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Adjunction ; a species of afffj-™, whereby two things are brought 
 into firm connection with each other; such as interweaving [intextura) ; welding together 
 (adferruminatid) ; soldering together (adplumbatio) ; painting {picturd) ; writing (scripturd); 
 building (inaedi/icatio) ; sowing and planting (satio et plantatid). Justinian. Inst, ii, I, §§ 
 26-34 ; Paulus, Dig. vi, I, fr. 23, § 5 ; cf Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 268, and the authorities there 
 cited; id. ib. ed. 1883, §^ 276, 277, 278, 279. 
 
 The distinctions between adjunctio., commixtio. and con/usio, are these : Adjunction produces a con- 
 nected, solid whole, e. g. the welding of another's iron to one's own steam engine ; Confusion likewise 
 produces a connected whole, which however is fluid ; and lastly, Commixture produces a whole which is 
 not fluid, and whose particles are not united, cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law., supra; Sandars' Justin, 171-3; -^ Bl. 
 Com. 404-5 ; Broam df Had. Com, li, 601-2. v. Waifs Notes {406, 407,' 408), 
 
 78 
 
Adj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adm. 
 
 As a general rule the accessory follows the principal: and so things which are 
 adjoined to, connected with the things of another became the property of the latter. The 
 Civilians, however, made an only exception in the case of a picture, which, although an 
 accession, drew to itself the tablet on account of the higher importance of the picture. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, I, fr. g, § 2. v. Si quis in aliena tabula pinxerit, etc. Justinian. Inst, ii, 
 1, § 34. Ridiculosum enim esset preciosam picturam per accessionem, etc. Bracton, xi, 2, § 5, 
 fol. loa. 
 
 AdjunctUS, a, urn, Pa. Joined, added to, or connected with, a thing. Cicero, Clu. x. 
 
 Adjimcta, orum, n. Additional circumstances, adjuncts, things closely connected with, 
 belonging to, or suitable to. Horace, A. P. 178. 
 
 Adjuratio, Onis,/. \Adiuro, are, to confirm by an oath.] A swearing by something ; 
 adjuration ; e. g. Adjuratione suae salutis, — by swearing by her own safety. App. M. 2, p. 34. 
 Adjuratione divini nominis, — by adjuration of the divine name. Lactantius, ii, 77. 
 
 Adjurator, Oris, «. [/•/.] One who conjures a thing; a conjurer. ^/«»/..ii, 312. Hence, 
 
 Adjuratorius, a, um, adj. Pertaining to swearing. Cautio. Justin. Cod. xii, 22, 8. 
 
 ADJUVARI quippe nos, non decipi, beneficio oportet. Paulus, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 17, 
 § 3. It is proper for us, indeed, to be aided through kindness or favor, 
 and not to be deceived. Broom's Max. 379, n. 3 ; i Smith's L. C. [306] 374 ; 
 Story on Bailm. §§ 166, 257, 275. 
 
 Adjuyat hostem. He assists the enemy. 
 
 Adlegiare. To purge of a crime by oath. Prompt. Chron. c. 4 and 13. 
 
 Adluvio, ^Vi\s,/.= Alluvia, onis, (v h. v.). v. Sed id quod per adluvionem, etc. 
 
 AdmenSUratio. \;\- adtnensurare, -\-ad, to, and mensura, measure.] Admeasurement; 
 measuring out ; an assignment by measure ; an adjustment or allotment in certain propor- 
 tions. Admensuratio nihil aliud est quam reductio admensuram, — admeasurement is 
 nothing more than a reducing to measure. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 23, § 2. 
 
 Adminiculator, oris, m. One who supports ; a supporter or assistant. 
 
 AdminiculStor:= An officer in the Church of Rome, who administers to the necessities of 
 widows, orphans, indigent and afflicted persons. 
 
 AdjniuictllTUIl, i, «. That on which any thing is supported, as upon a hand {ad and 
 manus); a prop, stay, support ; originally, the stake or pole around which the vine twines 
 and by which it is supported. Cicero, jV. Z*. ii, 47 <•< a/. Hence, in general, of every 
 kind of prop, stay or support, assistance ; e. g. adminicula hominum, i. e. oxen, implements 
 of agriculture, etc. Var. R. P. i, 17; LivY, xxi, 36. Trop., Support, aid, auxiliary, 
 assistance. Plautus, Most, i, 2, 48; Cicero, 0^. iii, 7, et at. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Aid, assistance, support; e.g. Juris adminiculum, — the sup- 
 port of the law. Papinianus, Dig. xxvi, 1,fr. 39, § 9. Non in toto sine adminicula 
 relinquebant, — they did not leave them wholly without assistance. Justinian. /kj/. 
 iii, 2, § 7. (6.) That which belongs to a thing as accessory ; that which is necessary to its 
 complete use and enjoyment. Ulpianus, Dig. vii, t, fr. i, § i; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, §319, 
 ... (d). 
 
 In old English Law: Aid or support. Stat. I Edw. IV. c i; e. g. Cum jiiiis 
 adminicula concurrente. Bracton, fol. 381^, 44a. (6.) Whatever appertains to any judi- 
 cial proceedings, writs, records, etc. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 3, § 4; Reg. fud. 30. (c.) A species 
 of evidence, not conclusive in itself, but becoming so when conjoined with other proofs ; 
 cumulative or corroborative testimony. Best on Presumptions, 13, n. (/"). 
 
 In Scotch Law: 'Adminicle proof.' Any writing or deed introduced for the purpose 
 of proof of the tenor of a lost deed to which it refers, is 'adminicle proof.' Erskine's Inst. 
 iv, tit. I, § 55; BeWs Diet.; Stair's Inst, iv, tit. 32, §§ 6, 7. 
 
 Adminicular, [-{-adminiculum.] Auxiliary to ; e.g. "The murder would be admi- 
 nicular to the robbery," i. e. committed to accomplish it. Story, J., 3 Mason's R. 121. 
 
 Adminicular evidence. Evidence brought in to aid, support, explain and complete 
 other evidence. 2 Lee's Eccles. 595. 
 
 Ad-ministrO &x&,\,v. a. To be at one's hand as an aid ; to have furnished aid ; to give 
 into the hand; to serve. Plautus, Ep. iii. 3, 37. Hence, with especial refer- 
 ence to the object: To take a thing in hand ; to take charge or care of ; to manage, 
 guide, administer, execute, accomplish, etc. 
 
 79 
 
Adm.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adm. 
 
 The latter is the most usual signification of the word, very frequently so in Cicero and the 
 classical historians. Cicero, F???-. ii, 5,47. e.g. Administrat leges et judicia, — he adminis- 
 tered or executed the laws and judgments. CiCERO, Div. in C<xs. 22. Administrare rempiib- 
 licam, — to administer the republic; to take charge of the state. Cicero, Off. i, 25. To have 
 or conduct the government. Cod. xi, 30. v. Resfublica. 
 
 In the Civil Lav?: To manage or conduct ; to administer; to take, or have charge 
 of. C(3£/. V, 43, 6. e. g. Qui negotia administrat. Tutelam adviinistrare. Ut solus administrat, 
 
 Administratio, 5nis, /. \;\- administrare. '\ Lit.: The being at one's hand ; a giving 
 of aid or a rendering of assistance; aid or assistance. The direction, management or admin- 
 istration of, etc. Cicero, passim. 
 
 In the Civil Lavif : Management, conduct or charge; administration; government; 
 management of affairs generally. Scaevola, Dig. xxxii, fr. 34, § i. Management of the 
 estate or affairs of a minor or ward. Justinian. Inst, i, 24, § 2; id. ib. i, 26, § 7; Cod. v, tit. 
 37; id. v, tit. 43, const. 7, 8; id. ib. tit. 51, const. 9, 11. Management of an attorney. 
 ScAEVOLA, Dig. xvii, i, /?-. 60, § 2. Management of public affairs. Cod. xi, tit. 30. Exe- 
 cution of an office. Calist. Dig. L, 4, fr. 14, § 3 ; Dig. L, tit. 8; Cod. xi, 30, const. 2; id. i, 
 tit. 49 ; id. i, 53, const, i ; id. xii, 8, 2. 
 
 In the Common Law: Management, conduct, disposal or charge of property or 
 affairs in general ; power of disposal. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 64, § 8; c. 70, ^ I; id. lib.iii, c. 3, 
 § 10. Management by an adult of his own affairs. Bracton, fol. lib. Management by an 
 attorney of the business of his principal. Dig. xvii, i, 5o ; Bracton, fol. l^lb. Management 
 by an executor, v. De bonis defuncti, etc. Management and disposition of the estate of an 
 intestate or of a testator having no executor. 2 Bl. Com. 496; 2 Kent's Com. 409. 
 
 Administratio ad colligendum. Administration granted for the purpose of collecting 
 and preserving goods about to perish {bona periturd). This power is under the form pre- 
 scribed by statute, 
 
 Administratio Ciim testamento annexo, Administration with the will annexed. 2 
 Bl. Com. 503 ; 2 Bradf. Surr. (N. Y.) 22. v. 2 Rev. Stat. N. V. [71] § 14. 
 
 The residuary legatee is appointed such administrator rather than the next of kin. Phill. 
 Ch. 54, 310 ; I Ventr. Ch. 217 ; 2 Add. (Penn.) 352 ; 4 Leigh (Va.) 152. 
 
 Administratio de bonis non, vel de bonis non administratis. Administration of 
 
 the goods not administered. 2 Bl. Com. 506 ; Bacon's Abr. 'Executors.' 
 
 Administratio de son tort. Administration in his own wrong, v. De son tort. 
 Administratio durante absentia.. Administration during absence, ;. e. of an executor. 
 
 1 Bl. Com. 503; I Lutw. 342. V. Cranch's R. 9. 
 
 In New York, this is a case for granting special letters ad colligendum 2 Rev. Stat. 
 N. Y. [76] §§ 38, 39. V. Ad colligendum bona defuncti. 
 
 Administratio durante minore aetate. Administration granted during the minority 
 of an executor. 2 Bl. Com. 503 ; 5 Co. 29, 30; Wingate's Max. 83, pi. 26. 
 
 In New York, this is a case for granting administration Ciim testamento annexo . 2 
 Rev. Stat. [69] § 3 ; id. [71] § 15. 
 
 Administratio pendente lite. Administration during the suit. Administration during 
 the pendency of a suit touching the validity of a will. 2 £1. Com. 503. 
 
 In New York, this is a case for granting special leXlexs ad colliglndutn. 2 Rev. Stat. 
 JV. Y. [76] § 38. 
 
 Administrator, oris, m. [-{-administrare.} He who is at one's hand, i. e. one who aids, 
 assists, etc., in the care of a thing; hence, the manager, conductor, administrator of a 
 matter. One who fills the offices and performs the duties stated supra is so called. 
 
 Administratrix. — L. Lat. and Eng. [-\- administrare, q. v.] A female who adminis- 
 ters, or to whom the right of administration has been granted, v. supra. 
 
 Admiralitas.— L. Lat. Admiralty ; the admiralty, or court of admiralty. Clerk's Prax. 
 Cur. Adm. The court of the admiral, t Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 41-45 ; 3 Bl. Com. 6g; 4 
 id. 268 ; 2 Gallison's R. 398 ; i Sumner's R. 553-566 ; i Kent's Com. 353, 354. Of the juris- 
 diction of the admiralty in the United States, v. 20 How. R. 296, 301 ; 12 id. 443 ; 3 Dallas' 
 R. 6; I Kent's Com. 353-380. 
 
 ADMIRALITAS jiirisdictionem no?i habet super its quae comnmni lege dirimun- 
 tur. The admiralty court has no jurisdiction over those matters which 
 are determined by common law. Lofft's Max. 479 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 80 
 
Adm.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adp. 
 
 Admissio, Snis, /. [-j- admUtere, -\- ad, to, and mittere, to send to or to forward.] Hence, 
 with the access, idea of permission; to allow or permit a person or thing to come or to go 
 to a place ; to admit ; to permit any thing. 
 
 Juridical t. t. : To admit , to allow; to receive ; to accept. Dig. xiv, ig, ii, i. 
 
 A taking or letting in; permission to exercise certain priirileges, to fill an office, e. g. the 
 admission of an attorney or counsel to practice ; the admission of a person as a member of 
 a corporate body; acknowledgment, consent, concession, allowance, e. g. the admission of a 
 fact in evidence ; the admission of service of a process, or papers. The act of the bishop, 
 etc., as expressed in the words admitto te habilem, — I admit thee able. 4 Co. 79; Co. Lilt. 344a. 
 
 Admissio tertii pro SUO interesse. The admission of a third person, on account of his 
 interest, v. Receptio. 
 
 AdmixtiO, Onis, /. \admisceo\ A mingling. In concreto : An admixture. CiCERO, 
 de Sen. xxii. v. Commixtio. 
 
 Ad-modum, adv. [modzis.'] Wholly, quite, just, exactly, completely. With adj., etc., 
 like ^^?- for enhancing the idea. Very, very much, exceedingly. In connec- 
 tion with verbs. («.) Fully, completely, sufficiently. = 5a/2V. — More frequently. 
 (6.) Very much, extraordinarily, exceedingly. = M.agnopere, vehementer, valde. With 
 numerals in order to designate a full sum. = totus : Full, fully. I n d e s - 
 ignations of time; Full, wholly, completely, just, entirely. In emphatic 
 answers : Yes, perfectly, just so, exactly that, quite right, etc. 
 
 Ad-nihilO, are, l, v. a. — L. Lat. [-{-ad, to, and ni/iil, nothing.] To reduce to nothing; 
 to regard as nothing ; to hold for naught ; to avoid, v. Judicia in curia regis reddita non 
 adnihilentur , etc. 2 Co. Inst. 360. Fleta used the pass v. Adnihilari, e. g. : Dedici 
 poterit vet adni hilar i per quietant clamanciatn, — it shall be denied or avoided by quit- 
 claim. Fleta, lib. ii, t. 63, § i. 
 
 Adnotatio, Onis, /. f-|- adnotare, to mark upon.] The subscription of a name or signa- 
 ture to an instrument. Justinian. Cod. iv, ig, 5, 7. Also called Subnotatio. v . Annotatio. 
 A rescript of the prince or emperor, signed with his own hand, or sign-manual. Cod. i, ig, 
 I ; id. i, 2, 10. Annotatione principis, — with the sign-manual of the emperor. 4 Bl. Com. 
 187 ; Cod. ix, 16, 5. 
 
 Adolescentia, ae, /. Adolescence, or youth ; the age between puberty and majority, 
 commencing at fourteen in males, and twelve in females. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 138. 
 
 A-dolescentem, verecundum esse decet. — Lat. Axiom. It becomes a young 
 man to be modest. Plautus. 
 
 Adoptator, oris, ?«. \adopto.'] One who adopts another ; an adopter. Gellius, v. ig ; 
 Ulpianus, Dig. XXX vii, 9, i, § 12 med. 
 
 Adoptio, Onis, /. [-|- aioptare, -j- ad, to, and optare. to choose ; to take or receive for 
 one's self, with design and choice.] Adoption ; the taking or choosing of another's child as 
 one's own. Gaius, Inst, i, § gg ; Justinian. Inst, i, ji, i ; Dig. i, 7, i, sq., Justinian. Cod. 
 viii, 48. Also of a grandchild. Dig. i, 7, 10. Adoptio testamentaria, — adopted bj' will. 
 Pliny, xxv, 2, 2 ; testamentary adoption. 
 
 AdoptivUS, ii, um, a<^'. Pertaining to adoption ; made or acquired by adoption; adoptive, 
 c. g. Adoptivus Jilius, — an adopted son. v. Gellius, v, ig; Suet. Tiber, 52. Hence, 
 also: Adoptiva sacra, — the sacra of the family into which one has been adopted. Cicero, 
 Dam. xiii, 35. Adoptivum nomen, — the adoptive name ; the name received by adoption (opp. 
 to the gentile). Suet. jVi??-. 41. Adoptiva nobilitas, — nobility acquired by adoption. Ovid, 
 F. iv, 22. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Pater adoptivus, — a parent who has adopted one as a son or 
 grandson (v. adoptio) ; an adoptive father. Ulpian. Dig. xlv, i, 107 ; Adoptivus frater, 
 soror, etc., — an adopted brother, sister, etc., by adoption, not by birth. Id. ib. xxiii, 2, 12; 
 JULIANUS, Dig. xxxviii, 8,3. Adoptiva familia, — the family into which one has been received 
 by adoption. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxvii, 4, 3. 
 
 Ad-prOmisSOr, oris, m. \-\-adpromitto, ere, — to promise in addition to.] One who is 
 security for another ; bail. One who has promised to do as another has promised. 
 
 [11] 81 
 
Adq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ads. 
 
 Ad-promissor est, qui. quod suo nomine promissit, idem pro altero quoque promissit. Festus, p. 13, de 
 Sign.Verbo. An ad-promissor is one wlio has promised that in his own name, the same as another has 
 also promised. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: A single surety ; one who binds himself for another ; one who 
 engages to do the same thing that the promisor has engaged to do. Pompon. Dig. xlvi, i,fr. 
 5, § 2 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 52 ; id. ib. xlvi, 3, fr. 43. A peculiar species of fide-jussor. Calvini, 
 Lex. Jurid. Ad-promissor and ex-promissor, 3.S well ?i% fide-jussor, are sometimes confounded 
 by an impropriety of speech common to all languages, v. Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. 10, 
 § II ; Barbeyrac's note 7. 
 
 In Scotch Law: .^(/-/raOTJiwr is a promisor in addition to. Erskine's Inst.\\\,x. ■i,%T.. 
 
 Adc[uirere. [+ i^d, to, and quaerere, to seek.] = Acquirere, v. h. v. 
 
 Adquiritur possessio. Possession is acquired. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 18, § 2. 
 
 Adquisita et adquaereuda. Acquired and to be acquired. Erskine's Inst, iii, t. 6, § 8. 
 
 Ads,, Adsm., Ats. In common practice: Abbreviations or contractions of ad 
 sectam, — used, in the entitling of causes, in papers on the part of the defendant, e. g. A. B. 
 ads. C. D. V. Ad sectam. 
 
 Adrogatio, Snis, /. = Arrogatio, v. h. v. 
 
 Adscendentes. Ascendents. Paulus, Dig. xxiii, 2, 68 ; Justinian. Cod. v, 5, 6. v. 
 Ascendens. 
 
 AdsCribO, ere, 3. ""■ "■ [+ "d, to, and scriiere, to write.] To add in writing or by writ- 
 ing, as by a codicil. Dig. xxviii, 4, i, § 5. To add one's name to an instrument as a witness. 
 Dig. xxviii, /r. 22, § 4. Cod. viii, 38, 14/n To annex or bind to in writing = Ascriboiy. h. v.) 
 v.-Adscriptus. 
 
 AdscriptUS, a, um, part. {-{■ adscribere.] Added, joined, annexed or bound by or in 
 writing; enrolled, registered; united, joined, annexed, bound to, generally. Dig. xix, 2, 
 fr, 54, § 2, e.g. Fundus adscriptus, — an estate bound to, or burdened with, a duty. Cod. 
 xi, 2, 3. 
 
 Adscriptus glebae. Annexed to the soil ; belonging or attached to the soil. 
 
 Slaves in the middle ages were adscripti glebae, and were conveyed by sale, together with 
 the farm or estate to which they belonged. Calvini, Lex. Jur.; I Robertson's Ch. v. App. 
 note ix ; 2 BL Com. 93. 0. BelVs Diet, voc ' Coaliers ' and ' Salters.* 
 
 In England, the serfs and neifs were adscripiitii glebae so late as the reign of Edward 
 VI., and the greater part of the peasantry of the Russian empire were so until recently. 
 
 Adscriptitius. [+ adscriptus, q. v.] Limited, annexed, or bound to. 
 
 Adscripiitii were a class of cultivators, a species of slaves or servants who, as property, 
 were annexed to the land, and passed from one possessor to another, Cod. xi, 47, 6, and 
 whose earnings ox peculium belonged to their owner or master. Cod. xi, 47, constt. 6, Ig, 21, 
 23, 24; Nov. 54; Calvini, Lex. Jur. Also called Ascripticius, v. h. v. 
 
 Adscriptitii glebae. Annexed, or adstricted to the soil ; emploj'ed in cultivating it, 
 and in performing other rural services for the owner. Co, Litt. ; Hargr. note i, lib. ii. 
 
 In English Law: They were so called because, so long as they did the appointed 
 services, they had the privilege not to be removed from thesoil, and were 
 in fact quasi freemen. Bracton, fols. 7a, 20ga/ id. fol. ifi. v. Fleta, lib. i, c 8, § 3. 
 ''Ascriptions to the soil." Blackst. Law Tr. 96, 97, 98. 
 
 Dicuntur glehae adscriptitii quia-tali gaudent privilegio, quod a glebae amoveri noti pciieruni, quant 
 diu solvere possuni dehitas pensiones, adquoscunque pervenerit dominicum domini regis, nee compelli poterint 
 ad tale tenementum tenendum nisi voluerint. They are termed *ascribed,' for they enjoy a privilege of 
 this kind, that they cannot be removed from the soil, as long as they can pay the payments due to those to 
 whomsoever tile demesne of the lord the king may have come, nor can they be compelled to hold such a 
 tenement, unless they choose. Bracton, i, c. 11, § i med., fol. -ja Jin., v. fol. 209a. 
 
 In old Scotch Law; The term is also used, Skene ^ de Verb, Sign., voc ' B onda- 
 gium ' ; V. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 60. 
 
 Adsecutatio. [+ adsecurare, -\- ad, to, and securus, secure. ] In Commercial 
 Law : Assurance ; insurance. Loecen. de Jur. Mar. lib. ii, c. 5, §§ 1-6. 
 
 ******* Adsit 
 
 Begula, peccatis quae poenas irrogat aequas; 
 Ne scutica dignwm horribili sectere flageUo. 
 
 Horace, Sat. i, 3, 117. 
 82 
 
Ads.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adu. 
 
 Let there be a settled standard, that may inflict adequate punishments upon crimes ; lest 
 you should persecute any one with the horrible thong, who is only deserving of a slight 
 whipping. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. ii, 20, § 2. 
 
 Nemo puniendus est ultra meritum. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. ii, 20, § 28. 
 
 "Tlien let the punishnient be fairly weighM 
 
 Agfainst the crime; nor let the wretch be flay'd. 
 
 Who scarce deserved the lash,- I cannot fear. 
 
 That you shall prove too tenderly severe. 
 
 While you assert all vices are the same ; 
 
 And threaten, that were yours the power supreme. 
 
 Robbers and thieves your equal rage should feel. 
 
 Uprooted by the same avenging steel."— Dr. Francis. 
 " Let sins have rules which equal pains require. 
 
 And not plague petty faults with rods of wire." 
 
 Adsertor, oris, «.= Assertor \_-\- assero, ere]. One who (formally) asserts that another is 
 free or a slave : assertor libertas. T>ON, in Tek. Ad. ii, i, 40. Trop., A freer, protector, 
 deliverer, advocate. Ovid, P. Am. 73. Assertor quaestionis, — one who carries an inquiry 
 entirely through. Trop., Is a master of the subject. Macr. S. vii, 4. 
 
 Adsertores = The friends who came forward on behalf of the man held in servitude, who 
 of course, from the disability of his status, could do nothing for himself, v. Plaut. Cure. 
 v, 2, 68 ; Terentius, Ad. ii, i, 40 ; Suet. Caes. 80 ; Abd. &= Walk., note in Gaius, p. 264. 
 
 AdseSSOr, oris, ?«.= Assessor, oris, m. v. h. v. 
 
 Adsignare. pres. infin. -\- adsigno. [-)- ad, to, and signare, to mark.] To affix a seal to 
 an instrument ; to seal it ; to seal in compan)' with others. Scaevola, Dig. xxvi, 8, fr. 20. 
 To assign ; to designate for a specific purpose, w. Assignare. 
 
 Adstipulator, Sris, ?«.= Astipulator, v. h. v. 
 
 AdtunC. Then. 1. Ld. Paym. 12^ ; 2 Skow. 2S4. Adtunc existens, — then being. IVfo. 28. 
 
 * * Adulandi gens prudentissima laudat 
 
 Sermonem indocti, faciem deformis amid, 
 Et longum invalidi collum cervicibus aequat 
 MerciiZes, Antaeum, procul A teUure tenentis — 
 Miratur vocem angustam, qua deterius nee 
 lUe sonat, quo mordetur gallina niarito ! 
 
 Juvenal, Sat. iii, 86-91. 
 The crafty race of flatterers praise the conversation of an ignorant, the features of a 
 hideously ugly friend, and compare the crane-like neck of some puny fellow to the brawny 
 shoulders of Hercules, holding Antaeus far from his mother earth : and is in raptures at the 
 squeaking voice, not a whit superior in sound to that of the cock as he bites the hen. 
 "The Greeks get all by fulsome flatteries; 
 A most peculiar stroke they have at lyes. 
 They make a wit of their insipid friend; 
 His blobber-lips and beetle-brows commend; 
 His long crane-neck and narrow shoulders praise ; 
 You'd think they were describing Hercules. 
 A creaking voice for a clear treble goes ; 
 Tho' harsher than a cock that treads and crows."— John Dryden. 
 
 AdulatiO Snis, /. [+ adulor.] A fawning like that of a dog to his master. 
 e jP. Adulatio est blandimentum proprie canura, quod et ad homines tractum consuetudine est. Nonius, 
 xvii, 4; Cicero, N. D. ii, 63, v. the passage; id. Lael. 25-91. Hence, Trop.: Adulation (applied only 
 of a' low, cringing flatterer). 
 
 Adulator oris, m. [adulor.] A low, cringing flatterer ; a toady^ or toad-eater ; a syco- 
 phant, e. g. Homo fallax et levis, ad volupiatem facit ac dicet omnia, nihil ad veritatem. Cicero, 
 Lael. XXV, 91-93. He becomes a worthless and designing man who says every thing with a 
 view of pleasing, and nothing with regard to truth. 
 
 Nolo esse laudator, ne videar adulator. Cicero, Her. iv, 21 ; Quintilian, xii, 10. 
 
 Adulatorius, a, um. i^^j. Flattering, adulatory. Tacitus, A, vi, 32. 
 
 Adulatorie, ^dv. Flatteringly ; fawningly. August. Ep. 14B. 
 
 83 
 
Adu.1 JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adu. 
 
 Adnlatrix, icis, /. A female flatterer, etc. Plur. Adiildtrices. v. Adulator. 
 AdulO, are, I, V. a. To fawn like a dog. 
 
 Adulor, 5re, «/. def. To cling to one fawningly as a dog fawns. 
 
 Trop. : Of a low, cringing flattery or sycophancy, which is exhibited in gestures, words, 
 and actions (while assentiri, i. c. ad-sentire, — to yield to one in every thing, to assent to what 
 he says, and is used only of men ; and blandiri {-\- blandus), — to be soft and pleasing in 
 manner, to flatter by honeyed words, as well as by captivating manners. Hab. Syn. 45 ; 
 V. Cicero, Lael. 25. 
 
 Ad-ulter, tera, terum, adj. S u b s t . : One who corrupts ; one who approaches another 
 (for the purpose of unlawful or criminal love), especially, a man who has illicit inter- 
 course with another's wife, or a woman with another's husband ; an adulterer or adulteress. 
 A duller violator maritalis pudoris, eo quod alterius torum poUuat. Isodorus, Orig^.^, 10, § 10. Adulter 
 is a violator of marital modesty or propriety, whereby he violates (dishonors, pollutes) another's bed. 
 In the Poets: Unlawful love (without adultery); a paramour. Horace ; OviD «•/«/. 
 As an adj. for aduUerinus : Adulterous, unchaste, e.^. Adulteros crines, — adulierous hairs, 
 0)' unchaste locks, = those of a full-dressed paramour. Horace, Cann.x, 15, ig. Adultera 
 clavis, — a false key,= a key to the chamber of a courtesan. OviD, A. A. iii, 643. 
 
 In the Jurists: = Adulterator. Theod. Cod. const. 5. Adulter solidorum, i. e. mon- 
 etae, — ^ a corruption of metals, i. e. a counterfeiter or adulterator of the coin. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlviii, 13, 6, § l ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Adultera. \f em. -\- adulter i\ A woman who commits adultery. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 Adultero, are, I, V. a. and n. (a.) To dishonor one by unchastity ; to pollute or defile. 
 Cicero, 0_f. i, 35. (6.) To commit adultery; to practice lewdness. Justinus, xliii, 4. 
 (c.) Trop. : To adulterate ; to corrupt; to falsify; to give a foreign nature to a thing; to 
 counterfeit. Cicero, Caec. 26 ; id. Lael. 25, 92 ; id. Part. 25, go. 
 Adulterare ratioues, To forge accounts. Ulpianus, Dig. xi, 3, i, § 5. 
 Adulterator, oris, m. A forger; a corrupter ; a counterfeiter. Adulteratores monetae, — 
 counterfeiters of money. Claud. Saturninus, Dig. xlviii, xt).fr. 16, § g; Du Cange. 
 Adulterina moneta. Counterfeit money. Ulpian. Dig. xlviii, 13, fr. 6, § I. 
 Adulter iuus, a, um, fl^^'. \adulter.^ Adulterous. Libcri adulterino sanguine nati. Pliny, 
 vii, 2, 2. Of animals: Not full-blooded. Id. x, 3, 3. Subst., Adulterine = the 
 issue of adulterous intercourse. (6.) That which has assumed the nature of something 
 foreign; not genuine ; impure. Festus, (/^ Sign. Verba. A dulterinum., et non eum esse 
 symbolum, ^counterfeit, and not to be deemed a true token. Plaut. Bac, ii, 3, 32. 
 A dulterina signa dicuntur alienis anulis facta. Y-e.5i:\i5, de Sign. Verba.; Catvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 In the Jurists: Illicit, not genuine, impure, illegitimate, false, or forged. Cicero, 
 Clu. xiv, 41; Dig. pass.; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Fleta, iii, c. 14, § 4; iv, c. 10, § 3. 
 
 Adulterium, ii, «• [-|- <2a?, to, and alter, another ; quasi adulterium.^ Adultery ; the 
 violation of another's bed, the crime of corrupting a married woman, or the wife of another. 
 V. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 5, 29 /n Mariti lenocinium lex coercuit, etc. 
 
 In the Classical Jurists: Adulterium est cum aliena uxore coire, — adultery is to 
 enter into an unchaste alliance [or to unite or combine in defilement] with the wife of another 
 [or with another's wife.] Quintilian, vii, 3, 10. Adultetio cognoscere alicujus uxorem, — to 
 know in adultery the wife of some one. Justin, xxii, i. v. Isidorus, Orig. v, 21, § 13. 
 
 By the Lex Julia, adulterium and stuprum were used indifferently, to express the 
 same ofFense. Modestinus, Dig. L, 16, fr. loi ; Papinian. id. xlviii, S./V. 6, § i. 
 
 ADULTERIUM in nupta admittitur, stuprum in vidua, vel virgine, vel puero 
 committitur. Modestinus, Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 34, § i. Adultery is com- 
 mitted in marriage ; defilement [unchastity] is committed with or by a widow, 
 or a virgin, or a young or an unmarried man. 
 
 Inter stuprum et adulterium hoc interesse quaedam putant, quod adulterium in nuptam, 
 stuprum in viduam committitur, etc. Modestinus, Dig. L, 16, fr. loi. 
 
 As to the English Law of Crim. Con., cf. 3 Bl. Com.xy); 4 id. 6s; Calvini, 
 Lex. p. 46; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, I4g. 
 
 84 
 
Adu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adv. 
 
 ADULTERIUM -non probet contra alium sola mulieris confessione. Adultery 
 is not proved against another by the confession of the woman, i Johns. 
 Ch. 197, 199. 
 Adulterium testamentum. A forged will. Dig. xlviii, 10, fr. tpr. 
 
 Ad-USC[Ue, for ajy«« a;/ (like ab-usque for usque ab). Hence, (a.) Prop, with Ace. 
 To, quite or even to, all the way to. Adusque columnas, ViRGiL, A. xi, 262. v. Horace, 
 Sat. i, 5, g6; ib. i, 97; Gellius, xv, 2. (6.) Adv., a fuller form for usque, — throughout, 
 wholly, entirely, everywhere. Ovid; Plautus et al. 
 
 AdTanceamentum, — L. Lat. Advancement; portion or settlement in life. 
 
 Common Law t. t. . A payment or appropriation of money, or a settlement of real 
 estate made by a parent to or for a child in advance, or anticipation of the distributive 
 share to which such child would be entitled after his death, and with a view to a portion or 
 settlement in life. 2 Bl. Com. siy; 2 P. ^?«j. 440, 445. A giving by an anticipation the whole 
 or a part of what is supposed a child will be entitled to by inheritance on the death of the 
 party making the advancement. Parker, C. J., 17 Mass. S. 356, 358; 11 Johns. (N. Y.) R. 
 qi ; 6 Watts (Penn.), 87; 4 Serg. df Rawle, 333. v. 2 Wms'. Exec. 923; Toller's Exec. 380; 
 21 Alabama H. •]f>l; 22 zW. 233, 236 ; 2^ Mississippi R. (:>\q\ ^ Kent's Com. \\^. That which 
 a person has received from a parent, or one in loco parentis , in anticipation of what he would 
 receive hy inheritance. 4 Kent's Com. 419 ; l White &" Tudor's L. C. 165 ; Broom &• Had. 
 Com. ii, 649. V. Wait's note (419). 
 
 Advantagium, — L- Lat. An advantage. Co. Entr. 484 ; Town's PI. 50. 
 
 Advena, ae, /. \A.dvenio.'\ One who comes to a place ; consequently, a new-comer, 
 a foreigner, stranger or alien; and ai^'., strange, foreign, alien, etc. (Opposite \o indigena, 
 native, indigenous.) Often called Albanus. Du Cange. (6.) A stranger to a thing, i. e. 
 ignorant, unskilled, uninformed, inexperienced. = Ignarus. v. Cicero, de Or. i, 58, 249. 
 
 A'DY'Ej'^A. est quern Graeci anoinov \domo profuguni\ appellant. Pom- 
 PONius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 229, § 4. Advena, i. e. a new-comer, stranger, is 
 what the Greeks call anoiKov (a fugitive from his home). 
 
 Adventicius, tins, a, um, adj. \_-\- advenio, ire, to come, to happen.] That is present by 
 coming, coming from abroad ; strange, foreign ; opposite to proprius, innatus, insitus, etc. 
 Cicero, freq. Hence, Pecunia adventicia, — money coming from abroad, i. c. the money 
 which a son obtains aside from his paternal inheritance. Cicero Inv. ii, 21, 64. Adventicia 
 dos, — foreign or strange dower, i. e. that which is given by some friend other than the father, 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 5, §§ 9, 10, 11. Dos aut profecticia dicitur, id est quam pater 
 mulieris dedit; aut adventicia, id est ea quae & guovis alio data est. \Jl,viXN\!S, Segl. v\, 
 § 3. 2. That is added to what is customary, or happens out of course ; unusual, extraor- 
 dinary, accidental, incidental, accessory. Adventicii casus, — from or\>y an unusual, extraor- 
 dinary, »>- accidental case «;- event. ScAEVOLA, i?!^. xl, 9, /n 6. 3. That is acquired without 
 one's own effort. Adventicia pecunia, — money obtained, not from one's possessions, but by 
 inheritance, usury, presents, etc. Cicero, Rab. Post. xvii. 4. That pertains to arrival 
 (adventus), has reference to it. Adventicia coena, — a banquet given on one's arrival. Sue- 
 tonius, Vit. xiii. 
 
 Adventitia bona. Adventitious goods, = goods which fall to one otherwise than by 
 inheritance. 
 
 Adventura. — L. Lat. An adventure, z Mon. Angl. 61$; Town's PI. so. A chance or 
 accident. Kelham. In Mercantile Law: A risk or hazard ; an enterprise ; a thing 
 sent to sea at the risk of the person sending it. Lex Mercatoria; Webster. 
 
 Adventurae maris. Adventures of the sea. Hale's de fur. Mar. part i, c. 7. 
 
 Adversa. \f.-^adversus,2., -am, adj. '\ Adverse; unfavorable; opposite; afflictive. 
 
 Adversa fortuna. Adverse fortune. Paulus, Z*;;?. xiv, 1, /n 83, § 5. 
 
 Adversa valetudo. m health. 
 
 ADVERSA quoque valetudo excusat; sed ea, quae impedimento est, quominus quis 
 suis rebus superesse possit, ut Imperator noster cum patre rescripsit; (Paulus, 
 yy- 11) — et ^on tantum, ne incipiant, sed et a coepta excusari debent. Modestinus, 
 Dig. xxvii, i,/r. 10, § 8, and Paulus, ib.fr. 11. Ill health also excuses, but it 
 must be of a nature to be an impediment, even though one may be able to super- 
 
 85 
 
Adv.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adv. 
 
 intend his affairs, as our Emperor wrote back with his father; (Paulus, /^. ii) — 
 and not only should they not begin, but they ought to be excused from beginning. 
 
 V. De malo lecti, and De malo veniendi. 
 
 Adversarius, i. »^- An antagonist, opponent, adversary, rival. (The predom. signif.) 
 
 Adverse flumiue. In an adverse stream ; against the stream. Bacon' s Arg , Jur. of the 
 Marches; Law Tr, Tjt,. Adversum Jlumen, — upstream; against the current. 
 ■ Adversus, adv. Opposite to ; against. Justinian. Cod. ii, 27, const. 38. 
 
 Adversns bonOS mores. Against good morals. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, lQ,fr. 15, §§ 2, 
 5, 34. 38. =^Contra bonos mores, v. Mos. 
 
 ADVERSUS eum, cujus negotia gesta sunt, de pecunia, quam de propriis opibus 
 vel ab aliis mutuo acceptam acceptam . erogasti, mandati actione pro sorie et 
 usuris potes experiri. De salario autem, quod promisit, apud praesidem provinciae 
 cognitio praebebitur. Justinian. Cod. iv, 35, const, i. Against one whose busi- 
 ness has been transacted an action mandati may be brought for non-fulfillment 
 of the contract, and a suit prosecuted for both principal and interest of money 
 expended, whether derived from the private means of the agent, or borrowed from 
 others. But for the salary which he has promised, a judicial inquiry (trial) will 
 be granted before the governor of the province. Cited in Story on Agency, § 338; 
 Wharton on Agency, § 321. [ Prof. W. C. P.] 
 
 Read in this connection: Nee tantum id, quod impendi, verum usuras quoque conse- 
 quar, sq. Ulpian. Dig. xvii, i, fr. 12, § 9. 
 
 ADVERSUS INFITIANTEM EG NOMINE DUPLI POENAM STATUI. LeX XII Tab. 
 y\,fr. 2. A vendor who expressly denies a defect shall be liable to pay 
 double damages. 
 
 Ciim ex XII tabulis satis esset ea praestari quae essent lingua nuncupata, quae qui infiliatus 
 esset, dupli foenam subirei : b. juris consultis eiiam reticeniiae poena est constituta. Quidquid 
 enim esset in praedio viiii. id statuerunt, si venditor sciret, nisi nominatim dictum esset, praestari 
 oportere. Cicero, de Off. iii, 16, 2. Though by the Twelve Tables it was sufficient to be 
 answerable for those defects which were expressly mentioned, which he who denied suffered 
 a penalty of double the value, yet a penalty for silence also was established by the lawyers. 
 For they determined that, if the seller knew whatever defect there was in an estate, he ought 
 to make it good, unless it was expressly mentioned. 
 
 ADVERSUS prof ugium ac solatium praebent; delectant domi; non impediunt foris; pernoc- 
 tant nohiscum; peregrinantur, rusticantur. They afford a refuge and a solace in adversity; cheer 
 our fire-sides; obstruct not our business; pass the night with us; roam about, and accom- 
 pany us in our rural walks. I Kent's Com. 343. 
 
 A'DN'E'R.'SV}^ periculum naturalis ratio permittit se defendere. Gaius, Dig. ix, 
 2, fr. 4. Natural reason allows one to defend himself against danger. 
 Grotius, de Bell, ac Pac. i, c. 2, § 3; Stair on Oblig. 20; Halkerston's Max. 
 Jure hoc evenit: ut quod quisque ob iutelam corporis suis, etc. 
 
 Adversus solevmie loquitur. — Lat. Pro v. Speak not against the sun. Trop., 
 Do not argue against that which is as clear as the sun at mid-day. 
 
 Advorsum, stimulum calces. Terentihs, Phorm. i, 2, 27. To kick against the spur. 
 Trop., To resist a superior power. 
 
 Venere inmentem mihi isthaec; namquae inscitia est, Advorsum sttmtiium calces? Terentius, 
 id ii. This, then, occurs to my mind: why, this is folly 'to kick against the spur?' 
 
 The expression occurs in the N6w Testament. ^tTKK-i\pov aoiirpo^ Kivrpa. XaKri^eiv.^^'L&i.^ durum est 
 tihi contra sti-mutum catcitrare.'=Gtrva. 'Es wird dir schwerwerden, wider den Stachel zu lOcken.* 
 In Eng., ' It IS hard for thee to kick against the pricks.' Acta, ix, 5, Jin. 
 
 Vetus verhum est Graecorum : n-pbs to icevrpa AaKTtfeit'. irpbs KevTpa kS}\ov CKTei/eiv. z/. note 28 in TereN- 
 Tius, supra, 
 
 Plautus expresses the idea in Truculentus, iv, 2, 55: Nugae sunt. Si stintulos pugnis caedis, 
 manibus plus dolei . It is nonsense. If you tnump a goad with your fists, your hands 
 are hurt the most. 
 
 ADVEXI, exposui, vendo meum non pluris, quam ceteri, fortasse etiam minoris, citm major 
 
 est copia: cui fit injuria? DiOGENKS ad CiCERO, de Officiis, iii, 12, 51. Hither have I brought 
 
 my goods; I expose them for sale ; I am selling it, not at higher rate than others, perhaps 
 
 86 
 
Adv.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Adv. 
 
 he will even saj- for less, since the supply is increased ; to whom is there injustice done? 
 of. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. ii, 12, § 9; 2 Kent's Com, 491, note {d). 
 
 Cicero's doctrine, in respect to defects known to the vendor, is: 
 
 Ad iidem bonam statuit pertinere notum esse emptor! vitium quod nosset venditor. Ratio 
 
 postulat ne quid insidiose, ne quid simulate. Cicero, de Off. iii, c. it, 7 ; id. ib. c. 17, i. 
 
 of. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. ii, 12, § 9; 2 Kent's Com. 491, note {d). 
 
 Advisamentum.— L. Lat. Advisement; advice. Town's PI. ^i. The deliberation or 
 consultation of a court, etc., before delivering their opinion. Dyer, yib. 
 
 Advisare. — L. Lat. To advise ; to see to ; to look to or into ; to deliberate or consider; 
 to consult — as a court does after the argument and before the decision of a cause. Curia 
 advisare vult. Advisare vtilt, — he or it will deliberate or consider ; e.g. " Here is an advisare 
 vult, indefinitely," i. c. a question or point to look into or consider. Holt, C. J., 12 Mod. 
 269. Curia advisare vult, — the court will advise, i.e. examine or consult together before 
 giving their judgment. 2 Barn. &= C. 172. Advisari is more correct in form, q. v. 
 
 Advisari. — L. Lat. To be advised; to examine ; to deliberate ; e.g. "The court took 
 an advisari." 2 Jones' (N. C.) Eq. P. 51. v. Curia advisari vult. 
 
 Advocare. — L. Lat. \_-\-ad, to, and vocare, to call.] To call to, or upon ; to call in aid; 
 to call upon one to warrant another's title ; to vouch. Spelman. Hence: 
 
 To avow; to acknowledge or admit, adopt, justify and maintain a thing. Bracton, fol. 
 I7ii, 204*. To advocate, defend or protect. Bracton, fol. 152a. To claim. Bracton, fol. 
 l2oa. To avow in replevin. Reg. Orig. 83a. 
 
 Advocare filium. To acknowledge a child. Bracton, fol. 63*. 
 Advocati. Patrons ; pleaders ; speakers ; advocates. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Those who lent their aid to a friend, and who were supposed 
 to be able in any way to influence a judge. Calvini,Lex Jurid, v.Advocatus. v. Causidicus. 
 
 Advocati ecclesiae. Patrons, advocates of the church. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law; These were of two sorts : those retained as 
 pleaders to argue the cases of the church and attend to its law matters ; and advocates or 
 patrons of the advowson. Spelman, Gloss.; Cowell. 
 
 Advocati fisci. Advocates of the fisc or revenue ; fiscal advocates. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Those chosen by the emperor to advocate his causes whenever 
 any question arose affecting his revenue, cf. Justinian. Cod. ii, 9, i; id. ii, 7, 13 ; Calvini, 
 Lex Jurid.; Bl. Com. iii, 27; Broom &' Had. Com, iii, 24. v. Advocatus Jisci. 
 
 AdvOCatia. The functions, duty or privilege of an advocate. DuCange, voc. 'Advocatia.' 
 
 AdVOCatio, Onis,y. \Advoco?[ In the Jurists, t.t.: Inabstracto- Legal assistance; 
 judicial aid ; the availing one's self of some one in a cause as aid, assistant, counselor, wit- 
 ness, etc. Cicero, Fam. vii, 10 et al. In concreto: Legal assistance ; the whole body of 
 assistants, counsel (=the bar). Cicero, Sect. 56 ; id. Rose. Com. 5 ; id. Verr. ii, i, 49, et al. 
 Advocacy ; the office or business of an advocatus, c. g. 
 
 AdvOCatiO. I" o\A English Law: An advowson. Reg. Orig. 30a/ Glanv. lib. iv, 
 c. i; Bracton, fol. 53«. Advocatio signifies the taking into protection or patronage {in clientam 
 accipere), and therefore is ^patronatus, and he who has the advowson is called the patron of 
 the church. 2 Bl. Com. 21; Co. Litt. igi, 119/'/ Broom 6^ I/ad. Com. ii, 90. (6.) An avowry 
 in replevin. Reg. Orig. Sja. 
 
 Advocator oris, m. [id.] An advocate. Tertulian. t. Marc, iv, 15. 
 
 In English Law: One who called on or vouched another to warrant a title ; a voucher. 
 
 Advocatus i, m. [advoco.] In the Jurists: An advocate ; one who is called by 
 one of the parties in a suit to assist, aid as witness or counsel ; a legal defender, protector, 
 assistant counselor (different from patronatus, who himself spoke for a client engaged in a 
 suit ; from cognitor, who appeared in the name of such parties as had themselves been at first 
 in court • and horn. procurator, who appeared for such as were absent). AscoN. ap. Cicero, 
 Div. in Caec. iv ; Terentius, Eun. ii, 3, 48 ; Adams' Antiq. i, 363 et al. Yox patronus, orator, 
 etc., who conducted a process for .-iny one. Advocate, attorney, etc. Quintilian, xii, i, 13 ; 
 ib 25 et al. v. Justinian, Cod. ii, 7, const 6 ; id. ii, 8, const. 5. 
 
 87 
 
Adv.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aed. 
 
 ADVOCATUS accipere iebemus omnes omiiino, qui causis agendis quoquo studio 
 operantur; non tamen qui pro tractatu \tractu\ non adfuturi- causis accipere 
 quid Solent, advocatorum numero erunt. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 13, /r. i, § 11. In 
 general, we have to style advocates all who, with all their energy, work in trying 
 lawsuits ; those will however not be counted among the number of advocates, 
 who receive some fee for the management of such while they are not present in 
 person at trials, cf. Ulpianus, Dig. vi, i, fr. 54; Paulus, ib. v, 2,fr. 32; 
 Ulpianus, ib. xxxviii, 2,fr. 14, § 9. 
 
 In English Law: An advocate, narrator or pleader. Bracton, fol. 372*, 412a. A 
 person learned in the law and duly admitted to practice, who assists his client with advice 
 and pleads for him in open court. Holthouse. (b.) The person called on or vouched ; a voucher. 
 Town's -f/. 45. In Scotch Law; An appellant, i Brown's .ff. 67. In English 
 Ecclesiastical Law: An advocate is the same as counselor in the Common Law. 3 
 Bt. Com. 27. A patron, e. g., 
 
 ADVOCATUS est, ad quem pertinet jus advocationis alicujus ecclesiae, ut ad 
 ecclesiam, nomine propria, non alieno possit praesentare. A patron is he to 
 whom appertains the right of presentation to a church, in such a manner that he 
 may present to such a church in his own name and not in the name of another. 
 
 Co. Lift. 119. 
 
 AdVOCatUS ecclesiae. The patron of a church or living. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 5, § g. 
 V. Advocati ecclesiae. 
 
 Advocatus fisci. Advocate of the fisc or treasury; a fiscal advocate. Marcellus, Dig. 
 xxviii, 4, fr. 3 ; id. xlix, 14, fr. 7; Justinian. Cod. ii, 9, i; id. ii, 7, 13 ; 3 Bl. Com. 27. 
 V. Advocati fisci, 
 
 AdvOWSOn. — L. Fr. and Eng. In English Ecclesiastical Law: The right of 
 presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. Co. Litt. 119^, i2oa_,- 2 Bl. Com. 21; i 
 Crabb's Real Prop. I2g, § 117. 
 
 The right itself is termed an advowson, and the person enjoying the right or benefice is 
 called patronatus or advowee. Id. ibid. As to advowson appendant, advowson in gross, advow- 
 son presentative, advowson coUative, advowson donative, v. Co. Litt. 120, I2i; 2 Bl. Com. 22, 
 23 ; I Crabb's Real Prop. 130, § 118, 131, § 119 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 90-96. 
 
 Aedicta magistratuin. The edicts of the magistrates, v. i Kent's Com. 532. 
 
 Aedicta praetorum. The edicts of the praetors ; praetorian edicts, v. i Kent's Com. 528. 
 
 Aedes and Aedis, is, /. — Lat. A building for habitation ; a dwelling for men. Ulpian. 
 Dig. XXX, 41, § 5. It usually signifies a simple structure in the town, intended for a dwell- 
 ing, with one entrance, and so distinguished from tetnplum, domus and villa. 
 
 A edis domicilium in edito positum simplex atque unius aditus. Sive ideo aedis dicitur, quod in ea aevum 
 degatur, quod Graece aiwu vocatur. Itaque aedificare quum sit proprie aedem facere, pouitur tamen 
 KttTaxpijffTtKws in Omni genere coastructionis. Festos, de Sign. Verba, p. 12. 
 
 Aedis^ — a small dwellin g, situated on a rising ground, plain, and with one entrance. Perhaps it is so 
 named because a life-time is passed in it, which is called in Greek atuv, an age. A edificare, though it properly 
 means to make a ho use,' is used by catachresis of any kind of construction. [ J. I. H., D. D.] 
 
 Aedes aedificiaque. Houses and buildings. LiVY, xxxviii, 38 ; Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, 9. 
 V. Isodorus Orig. xv, 3, § 2, quoted under Aedificium. 
 
 In practice, however, houses in the city were termed aedes; in the country, villae. 
 Florentinus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 211. An aedes consisted of solum, the soil or ground on which 
 it stood, otherwise called area, and superficies, or every thing on or about the ground. Javo- 
 LENUS, Dig. xi, 16,/;-. 22ipr.; Calvini, Lex Jurid. ; Du Cange. 
 
 Aedific6, are, I, V. a. [-{-aedes, a house or building, and facere, to make.] To build a 
 
 building, house, temple, etc. ; hence, in general, to build, construct, raise, erect or 
 
 establish any thing. 
 
 A edi/icare quum sit proprie aedera facere, ponitur tamen KaTaxP'?o"Ti«ai9 in omni genere constructionis. 
 Festus, ^^ i'r^w. Verba. 
 
 Trop. , To build up, to make, establish, found. Cicero, Tusc. i, 25, 23; id. Fam. ix, 2. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To make or build a house ; to erect a building. Ulpianus, ZJi^f. 
 xlv, i,/r. 75, § I. Also applied to other subjects; e. g. a ship {nauis). Hermogenianus, 
 Dig. xlix, 14, 46, 1 2. 
 
Aed.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeg. 
 
 AEDIFICARE in tuo propria solo non licet quod alteri noceat. It is not per- 
 mitted to build on your own land what may injure another. It is not 
 lawful to build upon one's own land so as it may be injurious to another. 3 Co. 
 Inst. 201. See this principle stated in Broom's Max. 369, and cases. 
 
 AEDIFICATUM solo, solo cedit. That which is built upon land goes with 
 (belongs to) the land. Co. Litt. 4a y Broom's Max. 382. 
 In the Civil Law: Omne quodinaedificatur solo cedit. Gaius, Zf/f. xli, I, /?", 7, § 10; 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 29. v. Ea quae ex aedificio detracta sunt, etc. 
 
 Aediiicilllll, i, »■ \-\-aedificare.'\ A building, or edifice of an}' kind, even though not 
 suitable for a dwelling. LiVY, xxxviii, 38 ; Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, 9, extr.; id. Milo. 27 ; Sueto- 
 nius, Aug. 30, etal.j IsODORUS, Orig. xv, 3, § 2; id. ib. c. 8, ' de Partihus Aedificiarum.' 
 
 AEDIFICIA solo cedunt. Buildings belong to [go with] the soil. Fleta, lib. 
 iii, c. 2, § 12. (w. Maxims supra?) 
 AEDIUM autem multa esse, quae aedibus affixa sunt, ignorari non oportet, utputa 
 seras, claves, claustra. Multa etiam defossa esse, neque tam fundi aut villae 
 haberi, utputa vasa vinaria, torcularia, quoniam haec instrumenti magis sunt, etiamsi 
 aedificio cohaerent. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, i, fr. 17, pr. It ought to be known that 
 many things belong to houses, which are not actually affixed to them ; such as 
 locks, keys, bars (for fastening doors). Many things are dug in the earth, never- 
 theless they are not to be considered parts of the farm or country seat ; as for 
 example, wine vessels or implements, wine or oil presses, because these are rather 
 implements or utensils, albeit they might adhere to or be connected with the 
 
 building. 
 
 V. Ea, quae perpetui usus causa in aedificiis sunt, aedificii esse; etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, 
 1., fr. 17, s§ 7-II. ii. Castella plumbae, etc. Id. ib. §§ 8, 9, 10. Statuae afBxae bassibus 
 structilibus, etc. Pomponius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 245. 
 
 In New York the rule is: Sigilla et statuae affixae instrumento domus non con- 
 tinentur, sed domus portio sunt. Snedeker vs. Waring, r2 N. V. R. 170, 175. 
 
 Aedile. [-\-aedilis, -{-aedeSidLhonse ox huWiing.'] In the Roman Law: A magis- 
 trate who had the snpervision of buildings, streets, markets, provisions, sewers, taverns, 
 temples, theatres, baths, etc. Cicero, Leg. iii, 3 ; Pomponius, Dig. i, 2,fr. 2, § 2r. 
 
 Aedilis was a term originally applied to one who had the care not only of sacred but also 
 of private buildings This name was afterward transferred to the civil magistrate. He was 
 called aedile, because the people had easy access to him. The term aedilitas, — aedileship, — 
 denoted the dignity, or official rank, just as the analogous \sivaz pontificatus, magistratu's,= 
 pontificate, and magistracy. [J. I- H., D. D.] 
 
 Aegrescit medendo. — Lat. Pro v. He grows worse, more distempered by the 
 remedy. T r o p . , " The remedy is worse than the disease." Virgil, Aen. xii, 45. 
 * * * But all in vain ; 
 
 The proffered med'cine but provoked the pain, — John Drvden. 
 
 Aegrotd, 5re, I, z/. a. To be sick. T ran sf ., To languish. 
 
 Ae^OtO. [abl. -\- aegrotus, — sick.] Being sick or indisposed. "Holt aegi-oto." 11 
 
 Mod. 179. 
 
 Aegrotat demon, tnondchus tunc esse volebat ; 
 Daemon conv&luit, daemon lit ante fuit. 
 
 "The devil was siclc, the devil a monk would be; 
 The devil got well, the devil a monk was he." — Mediaeval Lines. 
 
 AEGRO TA TIONES animi , qualis est avaritia, -gloriae cupiditas, ex eo, quod magni 
 aestimetur ea res, ex qua animus aegrotat, oriantur ; unde intelligi debet perturbationem quoque 
 omnem esse in opinione. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. iv, 37, 79- Disorders of the mind, 
 such as covetousness, and a desire of glory, arise from a great estimation of those things, 
 by which the mind is disordered ; from whence we may understand, that every perturbation 
 of the mind is founded in opinion. 
 
 [12] 89 
 
Aem.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 AemtdaMo aemulationetn parit.— L a t . Motto. Emulation begets emulation. 
 A spirit of emulation excites others to similar exertions. 
 
 Aeuigma, atis, «. = Gr. ai'vix/ia. [-\- aividdedBai, to speak darlOy, -\- al'voi, tale, 
 fable.] That which is enigmatical ardark in a figurative representation ; an obscure allegorj'. 
 
 ^ //^^0 7-ia, quae est obscurior, dicitur aenigma, Quinttllian, viii, 6, 52. An allegory which is very 
 obscure is called an enigma, cf. Cicero, de Or. iii, 42. 
 
 A enigma est quaestio obscura, quae intelligitur difficile, nisi aperiatur, ut est illud ; De comedente exivit 
 cthus, et de forii egressa est dulcedo, significans ex ore leonis favum extractum. Inter a lie goriam et 
 a enigma hoc interest, quod allegoriae est vis gemina, et sub res alias aliud figuraliter indicat, aenigma vero 
 sensus tantum obscurus est, et per quasdam imagines adumbratus. Isodorus, Ortg. 1, 36, g 26. 
 
 -4^»i^wa is an obscure question, not easily understood without an explanation : as e. ^., that " O u t of the 
 eater came forth food, out of the strong came forth sweetness," (Judges, xiv, 14), 
 meaning a honey-comb taken from the mouth of a lion. Theie is this difference between aenigma and alle- 
 goria : in the allegory, there is a double meaning, and under one thing is figuratively signified another: 
 but in the enigma only the sense is obscure ; being shadowed by certain images. [ J. I. H., D. D.] 
 
 (6.) Hence also of other things: That which is dark, obscure or iraexplicable; 
 a riddle, enigma. Cicero, Div. ii, 64 ; id. Att. vii, 13. 
 
 * * * * veniet de plehe iogaid^ 
 
 Qui juris modos, et legum aenigmata^ solvat. — Juvenal, JVi^. viii, 50. 
 From the togaM crowd \pr the gowned people] will come one that can solve the knotty points of law ; and 
 the enigmas of the statutes. 
 
 Aeq^Ualis, <=, adj. \aequo.\ (a.) That can be put on equality or compared with another 
 person or thing. Consequently, Equal, like. (6,) That can be compared oris com- 
 parable with a person or thing, (c.) Of persons: One of the same age ; an equal in 
 years, etc. {d.) Of things : which belong to one and the same time. 
 
 AeC[Uali jure. In equal right ; on an equality in point of right, i Smith's L. C. 35. 
 •</. In aequali jure. 
 
 AequalitaS, Stis, /. Equality, similarity, uniformity. CiCERO, Partit. vi. 
 Aeqne, ad'v. In like manner ; equally, just so = ex aequo. Cicero, Off. ii, 8, 30. 
 
 AEQUE bonis adnumeraUtur, etiam si quid est in actionibus,petitionibus,perse- 
 cutionibus ; nam haec omnia in bonis esse videntur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, i6 
 fr. 49, fin. Also if there be any thing (left) in actions, petitions, or suits, they 
 shall be accounted as chattels ; for they seem to be [are considered] as the prop- 
 erty of the deceased. 2 Bl. Com. 397, note (h). 
 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone has here cited the concluding part of /n 4g. Bonorum appellatio 
 est naturalis, aut civilis est, etc. 
 
 Aequani memento rebus in arduis 
 Servdre mentem, non secus in bonis 
 Ab insolenti temperatam 
 Laetitid, — Horace, Ode, ii, 3, i. 
 In arduous circumstances [times of difficulty] be mindful to preserve equanimity, as well 
 as restrained from insolent exultation in prosperity. 
 
 *'In adverse hours an equal mind maintain. 
 Nor let your spirit rise too high. 
 Though fortune kindly change the scene — 
 Remember, * * * * you were born to die. — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Cicero expressed similar ideas in the passage : Atque etiam in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem nostram 
 fluentibus superbiam magno opere, fastidium arrogantiamque fugiamus. ClCB.KQ,de 0^ciis,\,z6,pr. 
 V. PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. ei Geni. ii, c. 4, § 8. . ' * " 
 
 AEQUAM et redam justitiam. Equal and exact justice. Story's Eq. § 44. 
 
 Aequam servare mentem. To preserve an equable mind. V. Horace, supra. 
 
 Aequanimiter, adv. With equanimity ; with an equal mind. v. Aequo animo. 
 
 Aeque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque. Equally profitable to the rich and 
 to the poor. 
 
 Aequidiale, is »• \aequus — dies.l Pertaining to the equinox, or to the time of equal day 
 and night ; lit., an equal day. v. A equinoctialis . 
 90 
 
Aeq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 Aequidiale apud antiquos dictum est, quod nunc dicimus aequinoctiale^ quia nox dici potius, 
 quam dies nocti onnumerari debet. Graeci quoque in hoc consentiunt, io-ij/aeptav, id est aequidiale dicentes. 
 Pestus, de Sig. Verb. 20. Read: Solstiiium, seq. 
 
 Aeq^ui-mauUS, a, um, adj. \aequus-manus.'\ Who can use both hands equally well ; = 
 dixcpiSi^io';, Gr. ambidextrous. Kvii. Idyll, 12. Trop., Of equal skill in two depart- 
 ments, or in two pursuits : = Ttepids'^io?. Symm. i?/. ix, loi (no). 
 
 Aeq[llillOCtialis, e, <2<^. [m^uus — not.] Pertaining to the equinox, etc v. Aequidiale. 
 
 Solstiiiu m dictum quasi solis static, quod tunc sole staute crescunt dies, vel noctes. Aequinoctium 
 appellatum quod tunc dies et nox horarum spacio aequali consistunt. Item sunt duo aequinoctia, unum ver- 
 nale et aliud autumnale, quae Graeci lo-iijuLe^ias vocant. Sunt autem haec aequinoctia die octava kaiendarum 
 Aprilis et octava ttalendarum Octobris, qui annus olim in duas tantum partes dividebatur, hoc est in aestirum 
 et hiemale solstitium et in duo hemisphaeria. Isodorus, Orig. ¥,34 §§1,3. Read it under Solstiiium. 
 
 AEQUIOR est dispositio legis quam hominis. The disposition of the law is 
 more equitable [impartial] than that of man. Bract, fol. 3^2 y 8 Co. 152. 
 
 AeC[1lipara,tiO, Onis, /. \aequlparo, arg.] An equalizing, a comparison ; a putting a 
 thing, in judging of it, on an equality with another thing. AuLus Gellius. Alt. Noct. xiv, 3. 
 
 Aeq^uitas, atis, /. The quality of aequus, q. v. (a.) The uniform relation of one thing 
 to others; conformity, symmetry. (6.) Just, equitable, humane, or kind conduct toward 
 others ; equity, courtesy, kindness. Cicero, de Oratore, i , 56, 240. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Equity as opposed to strictum or su?nmtim Jus. Aequitas 
 frequently occurs in the Roman Law, but it is not mentioned as a distinct species of law in 
 either the Dig. or Inst. Justinian. Cod. i, 14, const, i ; Tayl. Civ. Law, 90. v. In omnibus 
 quidem, maxim tamen injure, etc. 
 
 In the English Law: Equity. Dicitur aequitas quasi aequalitas. Bracton, io\. ^a. 
 It is more fully and clearly defined, infra. As to equity and cases of equitable 
 jurisdiction, v. Cooley's note, 3 Bl. Com. 426, sq.; Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 54, sq. 
 
 AEQUITAS agit in personam. Equity acts upon the person, /. e. upon the 
 conscience, i Story's Eq. Jur. § 743. 
 AEQUITAS enim lucetipsA per se. Equity shines by her own light. Cicero. 
 
 AEQUITAS autem est rerum convenientia, quae in paribus causis paria desiderat 
 jura, et omnia bene coaequiparat; et dicitur aequitas quasi aequalitas, etvertitur 
 in rebus, id est in dictis et factis hominum. Justitia in mentibus justorum qui- 
 escit J inde est, quod sivelimus loqui proprie, dicemus judicium aequum, non justum, et 
 hominem justum, non aequum. Br acton, lib. iv, c. 4, § 5, fol. j,a. E q u ity is the 
 suitable adjustment of things, which in like cases seeks to administer like rights, 
 and adjusts all things well [properly equalizes all things] ; and it is termed equity, 
 being as it were equality, and it is employed in the affairs, that is, in the sayings 
 and actions of men. Justice reposes in the. minds of the just ; hence it is, if 
 we would speak properly, we shall call a judgment equitable, not righteous, and 
 a man righteous, not equitable, v. Co. Litt. 2\b j Wingaie's Max. 57, § i ; 
 I Story's Eq. Jur. § 3, note i ; ib. § 64, /. 
 
 AEQUITAS autem vis est duplex ; cujus altera directi, et veri, et justi, ut dici- 
 tur, aequi et boni ratione defenditur ; altera ad vicissitudinem referendae 
 gratiae pertinet; quod in beneficio gratia, in injuria punitio nominatur. Atque haec 
 communia sunt naturae atque legis. Cicero, Part. Oral, xxxvii, 130. But the 
 power of equity is two fold : one part of which is upheld by considerations of 
 what is straightforward, and true, and just, and, as it is said, equitable and vir- 
 tuous ; the other refers chiefly to requiting things done to one suitably, — which 
 in the case of that which is to be requited, being a kindness, is called gratitude, 
 but when it is an injury, it is called revenge. And these principles are common 
 both to natural and statute law. v. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 2. 
 
 Cicero adds: Sed propria' legis et ea, quae scripta surit, et ea, qui sine litteris aut 
 gentium jure aut malorum more retinenfur, etc. Cicero, id. ib. 
 
 91 
 
Aeq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 AEQUITAS casibus medetur. Equity remedies chances or misfortunes. Lofft's 
 Max. 499 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS curiae cancellariae quasi filia conscientiae obtemperat secundum 
 regulas curiae. The equity of the Court of Chancery, as if it were the 
 daughter of conscience, conforms to the rules of Court. Lofft's Max. 496. 
 
 AEQUITAS defectus supplet. Equity supplies [provides for] defects. Lofffs 
 Max. 500 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS erroribus medetur. Equity rectifies errors. Lofft's Max. 498, 
 Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS est convenientia rerum, quae cuncta coaequiparat, et quae in paribus 
 rationibus, paria Jura desiderat. Equity is the fitting together, or adjustment 
 of things, which, all together, makes one thing equal with another, and which in or 
 through equal reasons it desires or requires equal justice. Co. Litt. 24b. 
 
 Equ i t J' is a construction made by the judges, that cases out of the letter of a statute, 
 yet being within the same mischief, or cause of making the same, shall be within the same 
 remedy that the statute provideth : And the reason hereof is, for that the law-maker could 
 not possibly set down all cases in express terms: Aequitas est convenientia rerum, quae 
 cuncta coaequiparat, etc. Wingate's Max. 57, 58, fol. 30. 
 
 The Maxim stated is paraphrased from Bracton, v. supra, iv, u. 4, § 5. 
 
 AEQUITAS est correctio legis generaliter latae, qud parti deficit. Equity is a 
 certain correction of a law, passed in general terms, in the part where 
 it is defective. Plowden, 375 ; Branch's Princ. ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 It modifies the rigor of the law, and takes into consideration the justice of the case. 
 
 AEQUITAS est correctio quaedam legi adhibita, quia ab ed abest aliquid propter 
 generalem sine exceptione comprehensionem. Equity is a certain correction 
 applied to law (where something is wanting to it), because on account of its gen- 
 eral comprehensiveness without an exception, something is absent from it. 
 Plowden, 375, 467 ; Branch's Princ. 
 
 AEQUITAS est judicium animi, ex vera ratione petitum de circumstantiis rerum, 
 ad honestatem vitae pertineniium, ciim incidunt recti discernens quid fieri aut 
 non fieri operteat. Oldendorpius, de Jure et Aequitate Disputatio. Equity is 
 a judgment of the mind, deduced from a true state of affairs, discerning correctly 
 the circumstances of cases in litigation, as they occur, pertaining to a proper 
 course of life, what should and what should not be be done, i Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 7, note I on p. 8. 
 
 AEQUITAS est perfecta quaedam ratio, quae jus scriptum interpretatur et emendat ; 
 nulla scriptura comprehensa, sed solum in verd ratione consistens. Equity 
 is a certain perfect reason, which interprets and amends the written law ; com- 
 prehended in no writing (/. e. statute or code), but consisting in right reason 
 alone. Co. Litt. 24b j Wingate's Max. 57, pi. 8. 
 
 AEQUITAS est quasi aequalitas. Equity is as it were equality. Bracton, fol. 
 3a y Co. Litt. 24 ; Wingate's Max. 57, s. 8 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. § 554. 
 
 AEQUITAS est verborum legis sufficiens \efficacius\ directio, qua una res, solum- 
 modo, cavetur verbis, ut omnis alia in aequali genere, iisdem caveatur verbis. 
 Equity is the proper application of the words of the law, where one thing only 
 92 
 
Aeq.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 is provided for in terms, or guarded against in order that every other thing of 
 the same kind may be provided for or guarded against by these same words. 
 Plowden, 467 ; Branch's Principia. 
 
 AEQUITAS est virtus voluntatis, correctrix ejus in quo lex propter universalita- 
 tem deficit. Grotius, § 3, ^De Aequitas.' Equity is a virtue of the will, 
 the corrector of that wherein the law, by reason of its universality, is deficient. 
 V. I Bl. Com. 61 ; 3 id. 429-437 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 7-20. 
 
 AEQUITAS ex lege generaliter lata aliquid excipit. Equity generally excepts 
 something from a wide-spread or diffuse law. Hobart, 224 ; Lofft's Max. 
 362 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS ignorantiae opitulatur oscitantiae non item. Equity assists ignor- 
 ance, but not in like manner, carelessness. Lofffs Max. 84 ; Halkerston. 
 
 AEQUITAS imperat ne pari loco habeamus injurias et culpas, neque item culpas 
 et infortunia. Infortuni a auiem sunt, quae nee provideri potuerunt nee 
 improbo animo admittuntur. Culpae quae provideri portuerunt non tamen improbo 
 animo fiunt. Injur iae, quae et destinato et animo improbo fiunt. Aristotle, 
 ap. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. iii, c. n, § 4, sub. 5. It is equity that dis- 
 tinguishes as well between manifest injuries and trespasses, as also between these 
 trespasses and mischances. But mischances are those things which could 
 not be foreseen and prevented, nor done without an evil intention or a wicked 
 mind. Faults or oversights are those things which might have been provided 
 against [might have been foreseen and prevented], nor yet done with an evil 
 intention or a wicked mind. Injuries are those which are done intentionally 
 and with an evil intention or a wicked mind. 
 
 Read Cicero : In omni injustitia permultum interest utrum perturbatione aliqua animi, 
 etc. de officii s, i, 8, 27. Bracton saj'S : Affectio tua nomen imponit operi tuo. Item 
 crimen non contrahitur, etc. Lib. i, c. 4, § 2, fol. 2b. 
 
 AEQUITAS in eum qui vult summo jure agere, summum jus intendit. Equity 
 directs the rigor of the law to him who wishes to move or act upon or 
 according to the rigor of the law. Lofft's Max. 390 ; Halkerstori s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS inparibus causis pariajura desiderat. Equity in like cases requires 
 like laws. Lofft's Max. 385 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 AEQUITAS jurisdictiones non confundit. Equity does not confound jurisdic- 
 tion [or bring jurisdiction into disorder]. Lofft's Max. 393 ; Halkerston. 
 AEQUITAS liberationi et seizine favet. Equity gives favor to deliverance and 
 seizin. Lofft's Max. 536 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 AEQUITAS naturam rei non mutat. Equity does not change the nature of a 
 thing. Lofft's Max. 535 ; Halkerston s Max. 
 AEQUITAS neminem juvat ciim injuria alterius. Equity aids no man when 
 another is injured [or to the injury of another]. Lofft's Max. 397. 
 
 AEQUITAS nil statuit nisi in partes. Equity establishes nothing except to 
 the parties. Lofft's Max. 383 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 AEQUITAS nomine poene constitutis remedium ex aequo et bono praestat. Equity 
 furnishes a remedy [to matters which have been appointed] under the name 
 of punishment, agreeable to what is just and good. Lofft's Max. 495. 
 
 93 
 
Aeq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 A'EiQlJYYASi non facit fus, sedjurt auxiliatur. Equity does not constitute or 
 make the law, but gives aid, assistance to the law. Loft's Max. 379. 
 AEQUITAS non medetur defectu eorum quae jure positivo requisita sunt. Equity 
 cannot be considered in the defect (cannot supply the deficiency) of those 
 things which are required by positive law. Lofft's Max. 369; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS nonsinit eum qui Jus verum tenuit, extremum jus persequi. Equity 
 does not allow him who hath obtained a true right, to prosecute it to the 
 utmost extremity. Lofft's Max. 387 ; Halkerstori s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS non sinit ut eatidem rem duplici via simul quis persequatur. Equity 
 does not permit any one, at the same time, to follow out, or. prosecute the 
 same thing in a two-fold way. Lofft's Max. 388 ; Halkerstori s Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS non supplet ea quae in ntanu orantis esse possunt Equity does not 
 supply those things which may be in the hand [within the power or reach] 
 of an applicant. Lofft's Max. 391; Jfalkerston a Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS non tenetur adjuvare ubi non est nodus dignus vindice. Equity is 
 not held to assist unless when the occasion renders it necessary. Lofft's 
 Max. 392 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS non vaga atque incert est, sed terminos habet atque limites praefini- 
 tas. Equity is not vague and uncertain, but has certain determined 
 boundaries and limits. Lofft's Max. 375. 
 
 AEQUITAS non vult res novas atque inusiiatas inducere. Equity is unwilling 
 to introduce new and unusual things. Lofft's Max. 376; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS nunquam contravenit leges. Equity never contravenes the laws. 
 Lofft's Max. 368 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 AEQUITAS nunquam liti ancillatur ubi remedium potest dare. Equity is nevei: 
 the hand-maid to strife where she can give a remedy. Lofft's Max. 501. 
 
 AEQUITAS opitulatur ubi pensationi damni locus est. Equity assists where 
 there is room or place for a compensation of damage or loss. Lofft's Max. 
 503 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS pars legis Angliae. Equity is a part of the law of England. 
 Lofft's Max. 497 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 AEQUITAS res oppignoratae redemptionibus favit. Equity favors in the redemp- 
 tions of a thing given in pledge. Lofft's Max. 386 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS rem ipsam intuetur, de forma et circunistantiis minus anxia. Equity 
 looks at or regards the subject-matter itself, less anxious in respect to the 
 form and circumstances. Lofft's Max. 375 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 AEQUITAS sequitur legem. Equity follows the law. Gilbert, 136 ; Branch's 
 Max. 8; Lofft's Max. 363. 
 
 But where the law is ineffectual, equity steps in to give redress, following, however, the 
 rules of law. Dougl. 21 ; 10 Mod. 3; Lord Kenyon, C J., 4 T. R. 650; 2 Bl. Com. 330. 
 "There is not a better rule than that of aequiias sequitur legem."- Lord NoRTHiNGTON, C ., 2 
 Eden, 316; Lord Hardwick, C.,Ambl. 200; 15 Howard's (U. S.) R. 299 ; 2 Barb. Ch. R. 165, 
 182; 5 Barb. R. 277, 282 ; 30 id. 621, 622 ; 21 N. Y. R. 280, 294 ; B Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 64, 
 470, 482, 553 ; 2 id. § 974 ; Broom (5r= Had. Com. ii, 527. 
 
 AEQUITAS supervacua odit. Equity hates superfluities. Lofft's Max. 382 ; 
 Halkerston's Max. 
 94 
 
Aeq.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aeq. 
 
 AEQUITAS uxoribus, liberis, creditoribus, maximl favet. Equity is especially 
 favorable to wives, children and creditors. Lofft's Max. 372 ; Halkerston. 
 AEQUITAS veritatis filia, bonitatis et iustitiae soror. Equity is the daughter 
 of truth, and the sister of goodness and justice. Lofft's Max. 637. 
 AEQUITAS vult domum quod alteri obsit, ex causd aeque favorabili esse ac ia 
 quod aufert. Equity wishes the house which stands against another to be 
 equally favorable on that account, as that which it bears. Lofft's Max. 502. 
 
 AEQUITAS vult omnibus modis, ad verttatem pervenire. Equity wishes by 
 every possible means, to attain or arrive at truth. Lofft's Max. 380. 
 AEQUITAS vult spoliates, vet deceptos, vel lapses ante omnia restitui. Equity 
 wishes the plundered, the deceived, and the ruined, above all things to 
 have restitution. Lofft's Max. 374 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Aequi-VOCUS, a, um, ad/. \aequus-vox.'\ In gram. ; Verba aequivoca. Words of 
 various significations ; ambiguous words. Isidorus, Orig. ii, 26 ; Hob. 125 ; Co. Litt. is^b ; 
 7 Man. &" Gr. 504. v. Verbum aequivocum. 
 
 Aequo animo. With an equable mind ; with equanimity ; with forbearance. Cicero, 
 Att. iv, 8; id. Brut. vi. 
 
 AequUS, a um, adj. In general of persons: Favorable, kind, friendly, benevo- 
 lent.etc. Cicero, O?-. x, 34. Fair, equitable in conduct toward others. Cicero, Verr.\\,.\,iii\ 
 id. ib, ii, 5, 59. Of things: That is equal to another in any quality whatever; equal, like. 
 Plaut. Trin. iii, 4, 93, et al. — e. g. Ex aequo, — in like manner, in an equal degree, equally. 
 Lucretius, i, 854. In aequo esse, or stare, — to be equal. Equitable, reasonable, right, 
 honorable. Cicero, Hose. Am. 2 ; id. Clu. 2. 
 
 Aequum, as a s u b s t . , occurs frequently with bonum j and both together (aequum et 
 bonunt) designate what is implied in aequitas, equitable, kind, noble, generous conduct toward 
 others. Plaut. Cure, i, i, 65 ; CiceRo, Brut. 38 ; id. Caec. 23. e. g., v. Ex aequo et bono, etc. 
 
 AEQUUM est id ipsum, quo lex corrigitur. Grotius, de Aequitaie, c. i, § 2. 
 The law is corrected by that which is itself equitable, i Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 3, note 3. 
 
 * * * * Aequwm est 
 
 Peccdtis veniam poscentem reddere rursus, 
 
 Horace, Sat. 1, 3, 74. 
 It is fair that he who entreats a pardon, for his own faults, should be ready to grant one in 
 his turn. Read : Qui, ne tuberibus propriis offendat amicuin, etc. 
 
 AEQUUM et bonum, est lex legum. That which is equitable and good is the 
 law of laws. Hobart, 224; Lofft's Max. 626 ; Halkerston s Max. 
 AEQUUM Praetori visum est, sicut commoda sentimus ex actu \contracttc\ insti- 
 torum, ita etiam obligari non ex contractibus ipsorum, et conveniri. Sea non 
 idem facit circa eiim, qui institorem praeposuit, ut ext>eriri possit j sed si quidem 
 servum proprium institorem habuit, potest esse securus acquisiiis sibi actionibus ; si 
 autem vel alienum servum, vel etiam hominem liberum, actione deficietur ; ipsum 
 tamen institorem, vel dominum ejus convenire poterit vel mandati, vel negotiorum 
 gestorum. Marcellus autem ait, debere dari actionem ei, qui institorem praepo- 
 suit, in COS, qui cum eo contraxeririt, (Gaius, fr. 2) — eo nomine, quo institor contraxit 
 si modo aliter rem suam servare non potest. Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, 3, fr. i, et 
 Gaius, ib.fr. 2. It seemed equitable to the Praetor, that as we derive benefit 
 from the act [or contract) of institors, so also should we be bound and pro- 
 ceeded against (sued) upon their contracts. But it is not the same with him 
 
 95 
 
Aect.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aes. 
 
 who appoints an institor, as it can be proved oi- made known by experience. If 
 a man appoints his own slave {or servant) as institor, he can be secured in his 
 right of actions acquired to himself. But if he appoint either the slave of another 
 or a freeman, he is deficient in his action {i. e. his action fails); nevertheless. he 
 might sue the institor himself or his master upon the commission or the business 
 transacted. Marcellus says, indeed, that he ought to be given an action, who 
 appointed the institor, against those who shall have contracted with him, (Gaius, 
 fr. 2) — under that name by which the institor contracted, if he can preserve his 
 property in no other way. Cited in Story on Agency, § 261, Jin. note i ; § 426; 
 Story on Partn. § 109, note 2. 
 
 AE QUITS et bonus est is, qui talia elegit atque agit, et qui non exacti iustum in 
 deteriorem partem exequitur, sed imminuit, temetsi legem adjutricem ad illud 
 habet. A Latin translation from Aristotle, Ethics, lib. v, c. 8, § 8. He is 
 equitable and just, who is apt to do those things and to do them. from deliberate 
 preference, who does not push the letter of the law to the farthest on the worst 
 side, but is disposed to make allowance, even although he has the law in his favor. 
 
 AER, lux, aqua profluens, ferae, nulli propria, omnibus communia. Air, light, 
 the running water, and wild beasts, are the property of no one, but com- 
 mon to all. Zofft's Max. i^g; Halkerston's Max. v. Res communes. 
 
 Aeraria, ae, /. (a,) sc. fodina. A mine. C^sAR, B. G. iii, 21. (6.) sc. officina. A 
 smelting or refining house. Varr. L. L. viii, 33. (c.) sc. fomax. A smelting furnace. 
 Puny, xxxiv, 13, 333. 
 
 Aerarium, i, '»■ sc. stabulum. The place in the Temple of Saturn, at Rome, where the 
 public treasure was kept ; the treasury. Fest. p. 2 ; Pliny, Pan. g2 ; Cicero, Agr. 227. 
 Transf.. The public treasure or finances. Cicero, ZiiJir. iii, 20, 48. 
 
 The public archives were also kept in the treasury. Tacitus, A. iii, 51 ; xiii, 28 ; Suetonius, 
 Aug. 94; id. Caes. 28. The standards were also there presented. Livy, iv, 22. In the 
 time of the emperors the aerarium (public treasure) was distingui.shed from fiscus 
 (the wealth of the emperor). Tacitus, A. vi, 2; Pliny, Pan. 36, et al. 
 
 A.ere perennius. More lasting than brass. Enduring forever. 
 
 AERIS CONFESSI REBUSQUE JURE JUDICATIS TRIGINTI DIES JUSTI SUNTO. 
 Lex XII Tab. iii, fr. i. For the payment of an acknowledged debtor 
 damages awarded by judgment, thirty days shall be allowed. AuLUS Gellius, 
 XV, 13, 11; id. ib. XX, i, 45. 
 
 The next Law reads: Post deinde manus injectio esto; in jus ducito. Lex. 
 
 XII Tab. iii, fr. 2. When these have elapsed, the debtor shall be arrested [i. e. shall be 
 
 proceeded against by the action of manus injectio]: he shall be brought before the magistrate. 
 
 V. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 21. 
 
 Note.— These laws have been expressed in another form, and as if they were in one law: Rebus jure 
 
 JUDICATIS XXX, DIES JUSTI SUNTO ; POST DEINDE MANUS INJECTIO ESTO, IN JUS DUCITO. 
 
 The next Law reads: Ni judicatum facit aut quis endo eom jure vindicit, 
 secum ducito; vincito aut nervo aut compedibus: Quindecim pondo ne majore aut 
 SI volet minore vincito. Lex XII Tab. iii,/?-. 3. Unless the debtor pay the damages 
 awarded or find in court a surety to guarantee the payment, the creditor shall take him away; 
 he shall put him in stocks or bind him in fetters. He shall not bind him with more than 
 fifteen pounds weight, and, if he chooses, with less. 
 
 V. AuLUS Gellius, xx, i, 45 ; Gaius, Inst, iii, § 78. See the interpretations of the XII 
 Tab. by Fathers Catrou and Rouille in Hooke's Roman Hist- ii, p. 314, 800 ; also in the 
 concluding part of this work. 
 
 Aes, aeris, n. Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver,— 
 especially, copper, brass, or bronze. 
 
 As the Romans coined their money from metals, especially copper and gold, the 
 term signified, in general, metallic money, including gold. Gaius, Z*!^. ix, 2,/>-. 2, /n; 
 
 Ulpianus, id. ib. fr. 27, § 5 ; id. ib. 1, id.fr. 159. 
 
 96 
 
Aes.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aes. 
 
 A es k splendore aeris vocatum, sicut aurum et argentum. Apud anticiuos autem prior aeris, quam fern 
 cognatus est usus. Aere quippe primi proscindebant terrain, aere certaraina belli gerebant, eratque in pretio 
 magis aes, aurum ver6 et argentum propter inutilitatem rejiciebantur. Nunc versa vice jacet aes, aurum in 
 summum cessit honorem * 
 
 Sic volvenda aetas comntutat iempora rerunt et 
 Quod fuit in pretio^ fit nulio denique honore. 
 
 Lucretius, de Rertim Natura, v, 1274. 
 
 Usus aeris postea transiit in simulacris, in vasis, in aedificiorum structuris, maxime et ad perpetuitatem 
 monuaientorum,^etiam publicae in eis constitutiones scriptae sunt. Isidorus, Orig, xvi, 20, % i. 
 
 A es, — brass (copper or bronze), is named from its lustre, as are gold and silver. The use of brass was known 
 to the ancients earlier than that of iron. With brass, indeed, they first broke up the land ; with brass they 
 waged the contests of war (z. e, the primitive men made of it agricultural and warlike implements), and set 
 upon it a higher value, but rejected gold and silver on account of their uselessness (as taking only a dull edge 
 and blunt point). Now the scale is changed, gold has succeeded to the highest place of honor. 
 
 "Thus revolving time changes the seasons of things. That which was once in 
 estimation, falls at length into utter disrepute." Lucretius, v, 1274. 
 
 Afterward the use of brass (or bronze) was changed to statues (or images), to vases, to the fitting together 
 of houses, and chiefly for the perpetuity of monuments; likewise the public constitutions are written in it. 
 
 (a.) An alloy, brass or bronze, e. g. Statua ex aere. Cicero, Phil ix, 6. Simulacrum ex 
 aere factum. Pliny, xxxiv, 4,9. Hence, ducere aliqueiii ex aere, — to cast one's image in 
 brass «>■ bronze. Pliny, vii, 37, 38. Melon: (6.) Every thing made from brass, copper, 
 bronze ; statutes, weapons, armor, tables of laws, utensils of husbandry, etc. Isidorus, 
 supra. Trumpets, horns. Virgil, A. ii, 734; v, 165, Ovid, M. i, 98. (c.) Money. Aes 
 circumforaneum, — money found in the market, i. e. which was borrowed from the brokers in 
 the forum. Cicero, Alt. ii, r. (ll.) Debt. Aes confessum,- — an acknowledged debt. Lex 
 XII Tab. iii, fr. i. cf. Ulpian. Dig. 1, 16, fr. 213, § I. In aere alieno esse, — to be in debt. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 4, 6. Aere alieno oppressum esse, — to be oppressed with debt. Cicero, 
 Front. I. Aes alienum dissolvere, — to dissolve or discharge a debt. Cicero, Sull. 56. 
 (e.) Tro p . , Property. In aero meo est, — he belongs, as it were, to my property, i. e. he is 
 ray friend. Cicero, Fam. xiii, 62 ; xv, 14. Worth or value, cf. Gellius, xviii, 5 ; Seneca, 
 £p. 87. 
 
 Aes alienum. The money of another ; another's money, property. Cicero, Fatn. v, 6. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A debt ; that which we owe to others. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 
 213,1. In debt, e. g. in aere alienum incidere, — to get or fall in debt. Cicero, Cat. ii, 9. In 
 aere alieno esse, — to be in debt. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 4, 6. Aere alieno oppressum esse, — to be 
 pressing down, or oppressed in debt. Cicero, /^o«/. i. (z/. Ob aes alienum, etc.) v. 3 Pars. 
 on Contr. 428, and note (^.) " Debitor itaque aes alienum," etc. 
 
 AES alienum est, quod nos aliis debemus ; aes suum est, quod alii 7iobis 
 debent. Ulpianus, Z*?^. L, i6, 213, § i. The money of another 
 {aes alienum) is that which we owe to another ; one's own money {aes suum) 
 is that which another owes to us. v. Bona intelliguntur, etc. 
 
 Aes sunm. One's own money ; his own money. That which is due to us. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Debt; a debt; that which others owe to us. Dig. supra. 
 
 Aes debitorem leve ; graviorem inimicum facit. — L a t . P r o v . A slight 
 sum makes a debtor ; a large one an enemy. Laberius. " A trifling debt makes a man 
 your debtor , a more weighty one, your enemy." 
 
 Aesnecia,— Aesnetia.— L- Lat. Esnecy, the right or privilege of the eldest born. 
 Glanv. lib. vii, c. 3 ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 66, §§ 5, 6. The privilege allowed the eldest daughter 
 of drawing first, in the partition of lands by lot. Bracton, fol. 75. 
 
 Aestimatio, onis, /. [+ aestimo.^ A valuation ; the estimating a thing according to its 
 extrinsic (money) value; rating. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 53. Tro p.: A valuation, i. e. an 
 estimation of a thing according to its intrinsic worth. Cicero, de Fin. iii, 10, 34 ; ib. x, 3, 
 44 ; 3,6; Livy, iii, 63 et al. 
 
 It is distinguished from existimatio, which never denotes a valuation of an object, but always the considera- 
 tion, regard, credit allowed it on account of its value, v. Existimdtio, and the references there cited. 
 
 Poet; The worth or value of a thing, e. g. : 
 
 * * * Mihi linteum remitte ; 
 Quod me non movet ae stimatione ; 
 Verum est mnemosynon mei sodalis. — Catullus, xii, 12. 
 Send me back my napkin, which I regard not f or its i n t r i n s i c v a 1 u e , but as a sou- 
 venir of my comrade. 
 
 [13 J 97 
 
Aes.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aet. 
 
 AESTIMATIO autem peculium facit ejus, qui suscepit ; aut igitur ipsam rem 
 debebit incorruptam reddere, aut aestimationem, de qua convenit. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xix, 3,/r. I, § I. An estimation or valuation of a thing according to its 
 intrinsic worth, is made by him who assumes the risk (incurs or undergoes the 
 peril) ; he ought therefore either to return the identical thing uninjured, or the 
 valuation for which he has agreed. Story on Bailm. § 253. 
 
 Aestimatio capitis, — Lat. The estimation or value of the head ; the price or value of a 
 man. Tacitus, G. c. 21 ; Esp. des Loi, liv. xxx, c, 19, 20, et seq. ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 
 c. 4. V. Capitis aestimatio. Mulcta. 
 
 Aestimatio et conditionis forma, cLua quis in republica subsistit. The estimation 
 
 and form of condition which a man sustains in the state ; the reputation and standing which 
 a man has In the state, v. Contenementum. 
 
 Aestimatio frumenti. The estimation of the value of the fruit. 
 
 In the Roman Law: The determination of the praetor (legate or quaestor), how much real money 
 one should pay, instead of the corn which he was to furnish. Cicero, Verr* ili, 92, 
 
 Aestimatio poeuae. Estimation or determination of a penalty or punishment. 
 /. e. The condemned person might himself determine the punishment which he deserved. Cicebo, de Or. 
 i, 54. According to others, aestimatio poenae signiiies a commutation of corporeal punishment for a fine or 
 penalty. 
 
 Aestimatio possessionum. An estimation of the value of possessions. 
 
 After the close of the Civil war, Caesar, in order to render it possible for debtors to cancel the 
 demands against them, decreed an aestimatio possessionutn, i. e. he made an estimation of real estate, accord- 
 ing to the value which it had before the war, and compelled the creditors to talse this m payment, instead of 
 ready money j they were also obliged to deduct from the sum demanded, any interest that had been paid. 
 V, C.ESAB, B, C. iii, I ; Suetonius, Coes. 42, Hence, in aesiimationetn accipere, — to accept or agree to such a 
 valuation, or payment by real estate at a high price. Id. ib. 
 
 M e t o n , with an allusion to the law of Caesar ; aestimationem = ^raedia, — the real estate received in pay- 
 ment. Cicero, J^am. ix, 18, Since the creditor was a loser by this regulation, Cicero, with sportive play 
 upon words, uses aesiimationetn accipere = to suffer injury or loss. li, xvi. 
 
 AESTIMATIO delicti praeteriti, ex post facto non crescit. The degree of 
 delinquency attaching to a crime that has been committed, is in no way 
 increased by subsequent events. Bacon. 
 I A rule in the Civil Law. Paulus, iJaf. L, 17, /n 138, § x. 
 
 It is also expressed in this form, viz. : 
 
 AESTIMATIO praeteriti delicti, ex postremo facto, nunquam crescit. The esti- 
 mation [rating of the degree, or nature] of a past offense never increases 
 from, i. e. is never influenced in the way of aggravation by, a subsequent fact or 
 act. Bacon's Max. Reg. 8. 
 
 "The law construeth neither penal law, nor penal facts by intendments, but considereth 
 the offense in degree, as it standeth at the time when it is committed ; so if any circumstance 
 or matter be subsequent, which laid together with the beginning should seem to draw it to a 
 higher nature, yet the law doth not extend or amplify the offense." Bacon's Max. supra. 
 
 This maxim of Civil Law is expressed: Nunquam crescit ex post facto 
 praeteriti delicti aestimatio. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 138, § i. v. Broom's Max. 43. 
 
 Quod vi aut clam factum sit, non ex post facto, sed ex praesenti statu damnum 
 factum sit, necue, aestimari oportere, Labeo ait. Gothofred, de Div. Regl. furis. cxxxviii, 
 § I, v.fin. citing Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 24, fr. 7, § ^,fin. v. Broom's Max. 43. 
 
 Aetas, atis,/. The period of life; life, and especially the life of a man; thetimeor 
 period of one's life; age, etc. Tayl. Civ. Law, 254-260. AHas infantia proxima, — the age 
 next to infancy; the first half of the period of childhood, extending from seven years to ten 
 and a half. Justinian. Inst, iii, 20, § 9; 4 Bl. Com. 22 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 17. Aetas 
 legitima, — lawful age; the age of twenty-five. Modestinus, Dig. iii, 5, ■2.-,,pr.; Paulus, id. 
 xxvi, 2, fr. 32, § 2 ; Pomponius, id. xxvii, 7, fr. 7, pr. Aetas perfecta,— coTa-p\ele age; full 
 age; the age of twenty-five. Paulus. Dig. iv, 4, fr. 32; ib. id. xxii, 3, fr. 25, § 1. Aetas 
 prima,— \hs first age; infancy (infant). Justinian. Cod. vi, 61, 8, § 3. Aetas pubertati 
 proxima,— i\ie age next to puberty; the last half of the period of childhood (pueritid), 
 extending from ten and a half to fourteen years. Justinian. Inst, iii, 20 9 • 4 ^/ Com 23. 
 98 
 
Aet.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AS. 
 
 Aetati probanda. For proving the age. V. Breve aetate probanda. 
 
 Aetatis precatio. A praying of age ; or for the allowance of a privilege or indulgence 
 on account of age. 3 Bl. Com. 300; Termes de la Ley. Aetatis suae anno, 16, — in the six- 
 teenth year of her age. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 25. Aetatis suae,— oi his age ; of her age. 
 
 AFFAIRE rechat de char et de sank, et de euz tailler haut et bas. — L. Fr. To make ransom 
 of fiesh and blood, and to tax them high and low. 3 How. St. Tr. 871; Yearb. P. i 
 Edw. II. 4. 
 
 Affaire d'amore.— Fr. A love affair. Affaire d'honneur, — an affair of honor. Affaire 
 du coeur, — an affair of the heart, v. Liaison du coeur. 
 
 Affectio, Onis, /. [-)- affecto, affectare, to strive after a thing ; to desire, etc.] Disposi- 
 tion, intention ; a favorable disposition toward any one ; inclination. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Ability of willing, judging for one's self; will, volition, incli- 
 nation, e. g. V. Furiosus et pupillus non possunt, etc. 
 
 AFFECTIO tua nomen imponit operi tuo. Item crimen non contrahttur, nisi 
 voluntas nocendi intercedat. Item voluntas et propositum distinguunt male- 
 ficta. Your disposition (intention, agency) imposes a name upon (gives a 
 character to) your work. So a crime is not .committed, unless the will to do 
 harm intervenes. So the will and the purpose distinguish bad acts. Bracton, 
 i, c. 4, § 2, fol. 2b. 
 
 ToUe enim voluntatem, et erit omnis actus indifferens quia affectio tua nomen imponit 
 operi tuo, et crimen non contrahitur nisi nocendi voluntas intercedat, nee furtum commit- 
 titur nisi ex affectu furandi. Bracton, iii, c. 2, § 14, fol. lOlb. 
 
 V. Intentio mea imponit nomen operi meo. Hobart, 123. 
 
 Affectns, fls, m. [-|- affido, ere.] Ability of willing; will, volition. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xliii, 4, fr. I ; LuBEO, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 57 ; Paulus, Dig. iii, 5, fr. 19. Disposition, inten- 
 tion. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 3, § i. 
 
 Propter affectum,=^ on account of a suspicion of bias or favor, — is one of the grounds for 
 a challenge of a juror. Co. Litt. 156 ; 3 Bl. Com. 363 ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. iv, 441. 
 
 AffectUS possidendi. The intention of possessing. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 20, § 7. 
 
 AFFECTUS tuus nomen imponit operi tuo. Your disposition (or intention) 
 gives name (or character) to your work or act. Heath, J., 5 Taunt. R. 140. 
 
 AFFECTUS punitur licet non sequitur affectus. The intention is punished, 
 although the accomplishment (or consequence) do not follow. 9 Co. 56 ; 
 Broom's Max. This relates to an unlawful combination or confederacy, 
 
 Affeer. — L. Lat. [-|-a^^ra;«, to affere, or affeer.] To assess a tax ; to fix, liquidate, or 
 reduce to a precise sum ; to moderate, mitigate or regulate. Hob. I2gay 8 Co. 77 [39, 40] ; 
 I Salk. 56 ; 3 id. 33 ; 4 Bl. Com. -yic), 380. 
 
 Affeerement. The assessment, liquidation, moderation or mitigation of an amercement. 
 4 Bl. Com. 379 ; I Crabb's Real Prop. 505, § 653; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 473. 
 
 Affeerors, Afferatores. Persons chosen at court leet and baron, and sworn to affeer, 
 i. c. assess and moderate amercements imposed on offenders. 4 Bl. Com. 380 ; i Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 505, 506, §§ 353-355. Such assessment was called affeerment or afferance. 4 Bl. 
 Com. 379, 380 ; r Show. 62 ; Broom &= Had. Com, iv, 474. 
 
 Affernnt domino tres palfridos, et sex asterias narenses ad inquisitionem 
 habendam per legales, etc. — L. Lat. They bring to the lord three state horses and six 
 herons (or egrets), for (the privilege of) holding trial by legal men {i. e. freemen), etc. 
 
 Affiance. — Fr. and Eng. The plighting; or troth, or faith between a man and a woman, 
 upon an agreement of marriage to be had between them. Litt. § 39 ; Co. Litt. 34a. 
 
 Affiant. A person making an affidavit. Todd, J„ 9 Wheaton's R. 483 ; 25 Alabama R. 
 221. More generally called deponent. 
 
 99 
 
Aff.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aff. 
 
 A£S.dare, — L. Lat. {^^Jides, faith; ad Jidem dare,\o give or pledge faith.J To pledge 
 one's faith, as on an engagement to marry ; to betroth, v. Post quam earn affidaverat, etc. 
 
 To pledge by oath ; to swear to do a thing; to swear or malje oath ; to make faith. Brac- 
 ton, fol. Iiba ; id. 3376, 3Sii ; Fleta, lib. vi, c. 10, § 15; I Bl. Com. 367. v. Et si queratur, etc. 
 
 Affidatio, — L. Lat. [+ affidari.l A plighting or pledging of faith; an affiance; c. g. 
 Mutuo affidatio, — the mutual plighting of faith between husband and wife. Reg. Mag. 
 lib. i, c. unde, 49. A giving, or swearing of faith, fealty or fidelity. Bracton, fol. 88a. 
 Affidatio dominorum, — an oath taken by the lords in parliament. Blount. 
 
 AfB.davit. [affidare, q. v.] He has made oath ; he has sworn To make affidavit of a 
 thing is to testify to it upon oath, in writing. 3 Bl. Com. 304; i Tidd's Pr. 491. 
 
 Affilari. — L. Lat. To file or affile; to put on record. 8 Co. 319; 1 M. Ss' S. 202. 
 Affilatum, — affiled. Affiletur, — let it be filed. 8 Co. 319 [160J. " To a^/^ of record." 2 
 M. &' S. 202. 
 
 AfSliation, — Lat. and Eng. \-\- ad, to, and filius, a child.] The assignment of a child 
 to a parent, by legal authority ; the adjudging of a man to be the father of an illegitimate 
 child. Brande. 
 
 Afiinis (ad-Jinis), e, adj. That is neighboring or neighbor to one. 
 
 A f fines m agris vicini, sive consanguinilate conjuncti. Festus, de Verbo. Sign, p. 10. 
 
 Neighbors who own or occupy adjoining lands, u. Paulhs, Dig. x, i,/n 12; Du Cange. 
 (6.) Near by family relationship; allied or related to, and properly, not by blood 
 relationship (as are consanguinei, Svyys.vEl'i), but by marriage, ki^Se^tsH. Modestinus, 
 Dig. xxxviii, 10, /r. 4. Meus affinis, — my son-in-law. Plautus, Aul. Hi, 4, 14; Terent. 
 Neut V, 1, 63 et al.; Justinian. Inst, i, 10, § 6. Trop . : Intrusted with a thing, taking 
 part in, privj' to, sharing, associated with. Plautus; Cicero, et al. Whence Affinitas. 
 
 AFFINES sunt i)iri et uxor is cognati, dicti ab eo, quod duae cognationes, quae 
 diversae * inter se * sunt, per nuptias copulantur, et altera ad alterius 
 cognationis fineni accedit ; namque conjungendae affinitatis causa Jit ex nuptiis. 
 Modestinus, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. 4, § 3. Relatives by marriage (affines) are 
 cognates of man and wife ; so called for the reason that two families, who are 
 divided between themselves, are united by marriage, and one of them approaches 
 the confines of the other by cognation, v. Affinitas dicitur, ciim, etc. 
 
 Affinis, [+ ad, to, at, or near, and finis, a border or limit.] Bordering, or adjacent ; 
 near; related by marriage ; affined, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 141, § 134, Kaufm. note ; id. 142, 
 8 135- 
 
 AFFINIS mei, affinis non est mihi affinis. One who is related by marriage, to 
 a person related to me by marriage, has no affinity to me. Shelf ord, Marr. 
 dr" Div. 174. 
 
 Affinitas, atis, /. The state or condition of affinis ; relationship by marriage. Justin. 
 Inst, i, 10, § 6 ; Modestinus, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. 4. Affinity ; alliance ; nearness or relation 
 by marriage. Co. Litt, 157a ,• i Bl. Com. 434 ; Broom &- Had. Com. i, 528 ; i Mackeld. Civ. 
 Law, 141, § 134; Jewett, J., 1 Denio, 186, 187. In a larger and more popular 
 sense : Consanguinity or kindred. Co. Litt. 157a. 
 
 AFFINITAS dicitur, cit?n duae cognationes, inter se divisae per nuptias copu- 
 lantur et altera ad alterius fines accidit. It is called affinity, when two 
 families, divided from one another, are united by marriage, and one of them 
 approaches the confines of the other. Co. Litt. 157. v. Affines, sunt, etc. 
 
 AFFIRMANTI, non neganti, incumbit probatio. The proof lies upon him who 
 affirms, not upon him who denies. Stephens' PI. 84; Halkerston's Max. 
 AFFIRMANTIS est probatio. The proof is by the affirmant. He who affirms 
 must prove his case. 9 Cushing's (Mass.) E. 535. 
 
Aff.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aflf, 
 
 It is a general rule of evidence that the affirmative of the issue must be proved. Buller's 
 N. P. 298 ; Peake on Evid. 1 ; i Kolle, 83 ; Comb. 57 ; 3 Bos. (5r= P. 307. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Semper necessitas probandi incumbit illi, qui agit. Marcianus, 
 Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 21 Jin.; Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, § 4. cf. i Best on Evid. §§ 265, sq. 
 
 Affirmatim, adv. In the affirm ; affirmatively. 
 
 Affirmatio, Onis, /■ [affirmo]. An affirmation, asseveration, confirmation or averment of 
 
 a fact or assertion, v. Affirmo 
 
 Affirmatio est enunciatio alicujus de aliquo, ut Socrates est. Negatio est alicujus ab aliquo, ut 
 Socrates non est. Contradtci'o est affirmationis et negationis oppositio, ut Socrates disputat, Socrates non 
 disputat. IsiDORUs, Or/^. ii^ 27, 6. An affirmation is a proposition t7r declaration otsome one concern- 
 ing sometliing, as Socrates \^ or exists, A negation is of some one concerning somettiing, as Socrates is 
 not or does not exist. A contradiction is an opposing ot an afiirmatioa and a negation, as Socrates 
 disputes, Socrates does not dispute. 
 
 EST enimjusjurandum affirmatio religiosa. An oath is, in fact, a religious affirma- 
 tion. Cicero, de Off. iii, 29; v. id. P'am. vii, ; Planc. in Cicero, Fam. a, 21. 
 
 In Modern Law: Affirmation, confirmation, ratification, — express or implied. 
 
 Express affirmance, is where ttie party declares his determination ol fulfilling the contract. A mere 
 aclcnowledgment, however, that the debt existed, or that the contract was made, is not an affirmance. 2 Esp, 
 628; I Pick. (Mass.) 303 : 10 N. H. 561 ; g Conn. 3.30. It must be direct and express, and a substantial promise 
 to pay the debt or fulfill the contract. 3 Wend. K. 479; 19 id. 301 ; 2 HiWs (N. Y.) R. 120; 4 Day (Conn.), 57; 
 12 Conn. 550 ; Parsons on Conir. 
 
 Implied affirmance arises out of, — is grounded upon the acts ot the party without any direct and 
 express declaration. 15 Mass. 220; 11 Serg. y R. (Penn.) 305; 10 N. H. 194. 
 
 AFFIRMATIO religiosa, hoc est, advocatio Divini Numinis in testem ejus rei 
 quae promittitur aut asseritur. Devotus, Inst. Canon, lib. iii, tit. 9, § 23. 
 A religious affirmation, that is, a calling upon the divine majesty in witness of 
 that subject which is put forth or asserted, i Best on Evid. § 58. 
 
 AFFIRMATIVA melius probatur, quam negativa, ciim negativa probari non 
 possit. Hinc oritur regula ilia vulgaris, duobus testibus affirmantibus magis 
 credi, quam mille negantibus * * * Natt. dicit earn esse rationem ; eo quia 
 deponens super affirmativa potest reddere causam magis probabilem quia negativa non 
 ita se offert sensui sicut affirmativa secundum Bal., etc. * * * Primh limiia 
 hoc esse verum, in negativa non coarctata loco, et tempore, quia ilia non cadit sub 
 sensum testis .• * * * si vero est munita loco, et tempore ita ut cadat sub sensum 
 testis, et ex sui naturd probari. possit, ut si testis dicat illo die, et loco cum judex ille 
 sententiam tulisset inter Seium, et Mevium, pecunia, non domo Mevium mulctavit, 
 ibi enim interfui et mulctam domtis irrogatam vidi : tunc par est virtus testis depo- 
 nentis affirmativam, sicut negativam, et non magis creditiir affirmantibus, quam 
 negantibus, etc. Mascard, de Prob. Concl. 70. " An affirmative is more capable 
 of proof than a negative, since a negative cannot be proved. Hence the common 
 rule that two witnesses to an affirmative are worth a thousand to a negative. 
 * * * Natt. says that this is natural, for the reason that a deponent to an 
 affirmative can give a more probable cause, while a negative does not come 
 within the perception (senses) in the same way as an affirmative, according to 
 Bal. etc. * * * In the first place, negative testimony to the truth of a state- 
 ment is not bound by the limits of place and time, because the witness was not 
 present (it does not come within the apprehension of the witness), * * * 
 but if strengthened by place and time .so as to fall within his apprehension and 
 be probable from its very nature — as if a witness says, ' on such a day and at 
 such a place,' in the case between Seius and Mevins, for instance, when the 
 judge pronounced sentence he did not impose a fine upon Mevins, for I was 
 in the case and knew of the fine demanded — in such cases the testimony of a 
 witness to the affirmative or negative is of equal worth, and one is not more 
 
 lOI 
 
AfE] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Age. 
 
 worthy of credence than the other, etc." Mascard, de Frob. Concl. 70. Cited 
 in Best on Evid. § 270, n. i. [J. Mac C] 
 
 Mr . Best, in the same note, quotes from Voet: Probat qui asserit, non qui negat, eo 
 quod per rerura naturam factum negantis probatio nulla est, etc. Voet, ad Pand. xxii, tit. 
 3, n. 10 ; Best, supra. 
 
 AFFIRMATIVUM, negativum implicat. An affirmative implies the existence 
 of a negative. Branch's Max.; Halkerston' s Max.; i Best on Evid. [372-3.] 
 
 Affirmator, Sris, m. One who asserts or affirms a thing. Ulpianus, Dig. xxvii, 7, fr. 4. 
 
 Affirmd, 5re, I, V. a. (a.) To present or represent a thing (a fact or assertion) as fixed, 
 firm, certain, true; to affirm, assert, maintain, aver. Cicero, Div. ii, 3 ; id. Alt. xiii, 23 ; 
 id. Brut, i, I. (6.) To give additional confirmation of the truth of a thing ; to make firm, 
 to ratify, to confirm, corroborate, or sanction. Livy, \,i; e. g. Affirmare ofinionem. Livy, 
 xxxii, 35, et al. To ratify, or confirm, or sanction a former law or judgment. Cowel. To 
 ratify or confirm a voidable act of the party. Affirmare jurejurando, — to affirm by an oath ; 
 to make a solemn religious asseveration in the form or nature of an oath. Cicero ; Livy ; 
 Grotius. v. Affirmatio. (c.) To aver, state, or declare a thing in a pleading. 
 
 Affixio, (adf.), 5nis, /. [affigo, ere, to join, annex, attach, or fasten to.] A joining, fixing, 
 o' fastening to. Hence, An ardent attachment to a thing ; a zealous adherence. 
 
 AffixuS, or AdfixilS, a, um. ^'J'. [+ "■ffig", or ad, to, fixus, fixed.] Affixed, fixed or fast- 
 ened to. Fastened to a person or thing; closely joined or fitted to ; always remaining in 
 some place. Cicero, et al. Situate close to. Pliny, iii, 2. Trop., Impressed on, 
 fixed to. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 53. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The application and import of the term affixa or adfixa, as used 
 by the civilians, denoted : All the appendages or appurtenances belonging 
 to a possession; e. g. Ciim omnibus affixis, — with all or every thing pertaining thereto, 
 Paulus, Dig. xxxiii, 7, fr, \?i,fin. Aedium autem multa esse, quae aedibus affixa non 
 sunt, eic. Ulpianus, Z)?^. xix, i./?-. 17. Caeiella plumbae, eic. /</. zi. §§ 8, 9, 10. Statuae 
 affixae bassibus constructilibus,e\.c,, PoMPONlus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 245. v. Res immobiles, 
 and the authorities there cited. 
 
 In the Common Law: There are two classes of fixtures, otz..- Ordinary t e n a n t - 
 fixtures and trade -fixtures. The law allows greater latitude to a lessee using the 
 property for purposes of trade, as to what he may remove, i H. Bl. 260 ; 3 East, 88 : 
 4 Watts (Penn.), 330. As to what articles constitute fixtures of the several kinds, cf. Amos 
 &= Ferrard on Fixtures, oh. ii ; Woodfalls Landlord and Tenant, p. 494 sq.; as to agricultural 
 fixtures, cf. 14 and 15 Vict. c. 25. Upon the general subject of fixtures, ci.Amos &> Ferrard, 
 ch. ii ; 2 Smith's L. C. [238] 254, sq.; Washburn on Seal Prop. c. I ; 2 Bl. Com. 281, Cooley's 
 note, 13 ; Broom &^ Had, Com, iv, 283, and cases ; and cf. Wait's note (264), and cases. 
 
 The subject is very extensively and ably treated in Broom's Max, 203-216, and cases. 
 
 In New York, the rule is : Sigilla et statuae affi x ae instrumento domus non conti- 
 nentur, sed domus portio sunt, Snedeker vs. Waring, 12 N. Y, R, 170, 175. 
 
 Afflictionem afflictis addere. To distress the distressed. 
 
 Afforciamentum or Aforciamentum. — L- Lat. [+ affordare, to make strong,] An 
 afforcement; a strengthening, adding to; increase. Aforciamentum districtiones, — afibrce- 
 ment of a distress. Bracton,lo\. 330. Aforciamentum plegiorum, — afforcement of pledges. 
 Bracton, fol. 439^/ I Reeves' Hist. Eng. Law, 482. Aforciamentum curiae, — an afforcement 
 of a cufia, Bracton, fol. 35. 
 
 Affray. [+ affrayer, to frighten, terrify.] The fighting of two or more persons in some 
 public place, to the terror of her majesty's subjects. 
 
 If the fighting be in private, it is no affray, but an assault. Hawk. P. C. 134 ; Broom dr' 
 Had. Com. iv, 159. v. Wait's note (173). 
 
 Affrectamentum.— L. Lat. An affreightment, or freightment. Rast. Ent, 2^. Affrec- 
 tatus, — freighted. Rast. Ent. ^(Xj\ Town's PI ^o. Mso csXXeA Affreightamentum,. DuCange. 
 
 Africanus, A Roman jurist. He wrote a work entitled ' Quaestiones ,' m nme short books. 
 Nothing remains of this work except the few fragments contamed in the Pandecta. From 
 these we may judge that he was a jurist of much ability, cf. D r . Smith's Greek &^ Rom. Biog. 
 
 Agenda. — Lat. Things to be done. Matters to be moved. 
 102 
 
Age.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ag6. 
 
 Agenhiue, AwenHne, Awnhine, {— Hoghcnehyne) — Sax. [+ AGEN, own, and hine, a 
 servant, domestic, one of the household.] A domestic or inmate ; one belonging to the 
 family or household. Sometimes written Hogenhine and Homehyne. 
 
 In Saxon Proverb: Frum night uncuth, TV*f anight gest, thrid night agen- 
 HINE. First night a stranger, second night a guest, third night an inmate, LL. Edw. Conf. 
 c. 17; Spelman. v. Hoghcnehyne. 
 
 Agens, tis, "I- [+ ago, ere.] One who acts or does an act ; an actor or doer. Agens in 
 extremis, — an actor in extremity. An agent, s. £■. one who acts for another; one who is 
 employed by another to do any act for his benefit, or on his account. Story on Agency, § 3. 
 
 It is nomen generalissimum, applied to a substitute, deputy, proxy, attorney, etc. Also to 
 factors and brokers, who are deemed a special class of agents. Kent's Com. ii, 622, n. ; Paley 
 on Agency; Story on Agency, § 3; Wharton on Agency, § I, sqq. 
 
 In Civil and Common Law: A plaintiff ; one who brings a suit. Justin. Inst. 
 iv, 6, § 33 ; Fleta, lib. iv, c. 17, § 8. A conductor, or manager of affairs. 
 
 AGENTES et consentientes, pari poend plectantur. Those who do an act 
 {agentes), and those who consent to it {consentientes) shall be punished in 
 the like penalty. ' The principals and accessories should suffer the same pun- 
 ishment.' 5 Co. 80; 3 Co. Inst. 59; 4 Bl. Com. 216 ; Broom (s' Had. Com. iv, 
 261, n. (n). 
 
 AGENTI ex contractu non potest opponi questio dominii. The question of 
 ownership cannot be opposed to one who brings a suit {agens, — a plain- 
 tiff ) upon a contract. (A rule in Insurance Law.) Santerna, des Assec. part 
 4, n. 48 ; Rote, de G^nes, dec. 5, n. 11 ; Roccus, Not. 46. 
 
 This rule, however, was qualified: Nisi hoc fuisset in fraudetn assecuratoris , — 
 unless bj' this he might have been in fraud of the insurer. Id. Emerigon, Tr. dess Ass. 
 ch. 5. § 2. 
 
 Ager, gri, ?». (a.) In an extended sense: Territory, district, domain ; the whole 
 of a soil belonging to a community, in contrast with terra. Varr. L. L. vii, 2, 84. (6.) I n 
 a more restricted sense: Improved or productive land ; a field, whether pasture, 
 arable, nursery ground, or any thing of the kind. Ut ag'er quamvis fertilis, sine cultura 
 fructuosus esse non potest, etc. Cicero, Tusc. ii, 5. u. ib. Flacc. xxix. ,(c.) The open 
 country, fields — in opposition to the town. Terentius, .£«». v, 5, 2 ; Cicero, Verr.n, 
 4, 44. And even in opposition to a village or hamlet: The open field. 
 Celsus, i, I. Land generally. Bracton, fol. 9 ; 3 Kent's Com. mi. 
 
 AGER citm aedificio fundus dicitur. Florentinus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 211. A 
 field with a building is called a farm estate {fundus). 
 AGER est locus, qui sine villa est. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 2-],pr. Ager 
 (a field) is a place which is without a farm-house or villa. 
 AGER est, si species fundi ad usum hominis comparatur. Javolenus, Dig. L, 
 16, fr. 115. Ager (a field) is, if made suitable or provided for the use of 
 man, a species of farm. 
 
 Fundus est orane, quidquid solo tenetur. 
 
 Ager peregrinUS, Foreign territory. Ager privatus, — private land estate. 4 Kent's 
 C(;»«. 441, note I. Agerpublicus, — public domain, property, i, Kent's Com. /^i. Ager Roma- 
 nus, — the Roman possessions in land. cf. Niebuhr, Rom. Gesch. ii, 695, 6g6. 
 
 Ago Agere, 3, v. a. To put in motion, to move , to be in motion, to do, act, labor ; to 
 perform, do, pursue, transact ; to conduct, manage, carry on, administer (freq. and class.) 
 
 In the Civil Law: To act, to do, e.g. Agere injuriavi, — to sue, bring an action at 
 law for damages. Justinian. /»j/. iv, 4, §2; Gaius, Inst, lii, § . Agere lege, — to act at 
 law, or by, or through the law ; to deal with one at law; to bring an action, or sue at law. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 19. Agere potest, — he can sue, bring an action at law. Justinian. 
 Inst, ii, 2, § 6. Agere non potest, — he cannot bring an action ; he is unable to sue. Id. ib. 
 It was also applied to the defense of an action, e. g. 
 
 103 
 
Age.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Agn. 
 
 AGERE etiam is videtur, qui exceptione utitur, nam reus in exceptione actor est. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, i,fr. i. He also seems to sue or carry on an action, 
 who uses an exception, for the defendant (reus) is the actor or prosecutor of the 
 suit by his exception (plea or counter-claim). Best on Evid. [367] § 267. 
 
 Agere in personam. To sue »?- bring an action in personam. 3 Atkins R. 589 ; 2 Story's 
 Eq.Jur. § 1295. 
 
 Agere inter homines desinere. To cease to move or act among the living, i. e. to be 
 dead. Tacitus, A. xv, t^, Jin.; Papinianus, Dig. xxxi, i./n 59. 
 
 Ag-grav6, ^re, i, v. a. [-j- ad, to, and gravis, heavy.] To make heavier. Plint, xviii, 
 12, 30. To oppress, to burden, annoj', incommode. LivY, xliv, T,fin.; Seneca, Ben. iv, 13; 
 QUINTILIAN, v, 7, 18. 
 
 Aggravatio. \_-\-aggravare,<\.'v.'\ In Criminal Law and pleading: Aggra- 
 vation, a making worse ; a more injurious ; tending to increase the amount of damages 
 claimed ; tending to enhance the enormity of a crime or the injury of a wrong. Sleph. PI. 
 
 243- 
 
 Aggreamentum, Agreamentum. — L. Lat. [-\- ad, and gratus, pleasing, agreeable, and 
 mentum, mind.] Agreement. 
 
 In the Common Law: Union of two or more minds in a thing done, or to be done; 
 hence, a bargain — quasi, pactum-conventuvi. A mutual consent to do or forbear doing a 
 thing, cf. Plowden, 5r7, da; Com. Dig. 'Agreement,' A. i; Bacon's Abr., 'Agree- 
 ment,' Lord Ellenborough, 5 East, 10; 3 Br. iSr" Bing. 14; 2 Steph. Com. 108, log; 12 
 How. (U. i.)R. 126. 
 
 Ag-gfregO, ire, I, V. a. To bring, add, or lead to a flock. Festus, p. 20; hence, to 
 add or join to something. Cicero, Cat. i, 12 ; augmentation, Cicero, Fam. i, 9. 
 
 Aggregatio. [ + aggregare.} Aggregation ; the act of aggregating, or state of being 
 aggregated ; collection into a sum or mass ; a collection of particulars ; an aggregate. 
 
 Aggregatio mentium. A union of minds ; a mutual agreement. Plowden, 5 ; Hyue, 
 J., I Mod. 126 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [283] 310 ; i Parsons on Cent. 6 ; Broom on C.L. 255 ; ■^ Johns. 
 
 R- 535. 
 
 Aggressor, (adg.) — oris, m. laggredior.] One who attacks, assails, etc.; an assailant, 
 
 aggressor. Ulpianus, Z)(j-. xxix, 5, /?-. 1, § 35. A robber. Ulpianus, ii. xlviii, 9, /i-. 7. 
 
 In the Common Law: One who begins a dispute or quarrel, either by contumelious 
 language, or by threatening or striking another. 
 
 Agist. [-{- agistare, q. v.] In ancient English Law: To take in and find the 
 cattle of strangers in the king's forest, and to collect the money due for the same 10 the 
 king's use. Charta de Foresta. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 41, §§ 15, 16, 31. In Modern Law: 
 To take in cattle to feed, or pasture, at a certain rate of compensation. Lord Ellenbor- 
 ough, C. J., 13 East, 159. V. Story on Bailm. § 443 ; 3 HiWs (N. Y.) R. 485. 
 
 Agistamentum. — L. Lat. \agistare, q. v.] An agistment, apportionment, or feeding of 
 cattle, especially in the king's forest. Fleta, lib. ii, i,. 41, § 15. Termes de la Ley. The 
 taking in of horses, or other cattle, to graze and depasture in one's grounds at a certain rate. 
 2 Bl. Com. 452. 
 
 Agistare. — L. Lat. [+«(/, to, and Norm, ^aj/^r, to lie, lay or place.] To adjust, assign, 
 apportion, assess ; to assign or apportion cattle, or other animals, to a feeding ground. Cliart. 
 de Forest, c. 9. To use for the purpose of finding cattle. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 41, § 31. To feed 
 or pasture cattle; to feed other animals ; to agist. Chart, de Forest. To adjust or assess 1 
 tax, or duty. Id. 
 
 Agitatio, Onis, /. {a^ito.l The state of being in motion; motion, movement, agitation. 
 Cicero, Mur. 17; id. N. D. ii, 54. Trop., motion, activity. Cicero, N. D. li, 62. 
 
 . Agitatio animalium in foresta. An examination or view of cattle in the forest, 
 called ''drift of the forest." 4 Co. Inst. 309 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Agnasci (adg.), 3, v. dep. [-\-ad, to, and nascor, nasci, to be born.] To be born to one [ 
 to be born in addition to; to have issue after making a will. Of children who are 
 104 
 
Agn.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Agn. 
 
 not born until after the father has made his will: Constat agnos- 
 cendo rumpi testamentum. CiCERO, (/^ On i, 57, 241. It is clear that by the birth of a child 
 the will is canceled, i/. Ulpianus, Xlj^j-. xxiii, 3, /n 3. Metaph., of adopted chil- 
 dren: Quiin adoptionem datur, his, quibus agnascitur , cognatus fit. Paulus, Z)if. i, 7, 
 fr. 23 ; V. ib. fr. 10. 
 
 Agliati, (adgnati), Orum, «i. [-|- a^o<«j, a, um.] Agnates or agnats. 
 
 A gnat i dicti eo, quod accedant pro natis, dum desunt filii. Qui ideo pnus in gentem agnoscuntur, quia 
 veiiiunt per virilis sexus personas, veluii frater eodem patre natus, vel tratris tilius neposve ex eo, item patruus, 
 et patrui tilius et nepos ex eo. Isidorus, OHg. ix, 6, 8 1. The agnates (ij are so called because they are added (2) 
 in the place of children, when there are no sons. And these are recognized first in relation to the gens, because 
 they come through persons of the male sex; tor instance, a brotherl)orn from the same father, or the son of 
 that brother, the grandson from that son, hlcewise an uncle on the father's side. 
 
 Note. — (i) AgAatt, from ad^xiA gnascor, (2) Accedant, trom ad and cedo . 
 
 In the Civil Law: Relations by the father ; relations through males. Gaivs, Ins/. 
 i, § 156; id. iii, § 10; Ulpianus, Jieg. xi, § 4, infra; 2 Bl. Com. 235 ; Erskines Inst. b. I, 
 tit. 7i § 4; I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 128, and Kaufmann's note; 4 Kent's Com. 378, note {a). 
 
 Inter agnates et Cognatos hoc interest, quod in agnatis et cognati continentur, in cognatis non utique et 
 agnati, etc. Modestinus, Dig. xxxviii, 7, /V. s>r./ Feud. Lid. ii, tit, 11, 15, 26. 
 
 Sunt autem ad gnat i, cognati per virilis sexus cognationem conjuncti, quasi & patre cognati : veluti frater 
 eodem patre natus, patris filius neposve ex eo ; item patruus et patrui filius neposve ex eo, etc. Gaius, Inst, i, 
 § 156 ; Justinian. Inst, i, 15, § i. 
 
 In the English and Scotch Law: v^^fwaft' is Anglicised agnates or agnats. 
 3 Gibbon's Horn. Emp. 175, 177 ; Erskine's Inst. b. i, tit. 7, § 4. " Agnatic succession." 2 Bl. 
 Com. 236. 
 
 AGNATI autem. sunt cognati virilis sexus ab eodem orti j nam post suos et con- 
 sanguineos statiin mihi proximus est consanguinei mei filius, et ego ei j patris 
 quoque frater, qui patruus appellatur ; deincepsque ceteri, si quid sunt, hinc orti in 
 infinitum. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxviii, 16, fr. 2, § i. Agnates sprung from the 
 same stem on the male side are cognates (blood relations), for after one's own 
 children and blood relatives the son of my nearest blood relative is nearest to 
 me and I to him; thus, the father's brother, who is called uncle {patruus); and 
 the rest in order, sprung from him, and so on to infinity. 
 
 Paulus states the order of inheritance as follows: Intestatorum hereditas, 
 lege Duodecim Tabularum primam suis heredibus, deinde adgnatis et aliquando quoque 
 gentibus deferebatur. Paulus, Sent. Recept. iv, 8, § 3. The Lex XII Tab. referred to, 
 reads : Si intestato moritur cui suus heres nec escit, adgnatus proximus familiam 
 
 HABETO. Si AGNATUS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR. Tab. V.frr. 4, 5. 
 
 AGNATI sunt a patre cognati virilis sexus, per virilem sexum descendentes, ejus- 
 dein familiae, vellut a patre fratres, patrui, fratres filii, fratres patrueles. 
 Ulpianus, Reg. xi, § 4. Agnates are male relatives connected on the father's 
 side, tracing through the male sex, and of the same family, as brothers on the 
 father's side, a father's brothers, a brother's sons, the sons of two brothers. 
 
 The agnatic tie previously subsisting was broken by emancipation or adoption, hence the 
 introduction of the words : " ejusdevi familiae" (of the same family), v. Inter agnates et 
 cognates hoc interest, etc. Modestinus, Dig. xxxviii, 7, /;-. 5 ; Paulus, S. R. iv, 8, § 14. 
 Sunt agnati cognati, per virilis sexus, etc. Justinian. Inst. \, 15, § i. 
 
 AgnaticiUS, a, um, adj. (also adgnaticius.) Pertaining to the agnati {v. agnaius) : Jus, — 
 the right or the agnati to enter upon an inheritance. Justinian. Cod. v, 58, 15, § 3. 
 
 Agnatic. Derived from or through males. "Agnatic succession." 2 Bl. Com. 236. 
 
 Agnatic Onis, /. \agnatus. ] In the Jurists: (a.) The condition of the agnatus ; 
 consanguinity on the father's side. Cicero, Leg. i, 7, 23 ; i, 8, 24 ; id. de Or, i, 38, 173. 
 Agnatio h patre est, — agnation is from or on the side of the father. Justinian. Inst, iii, 5, 
 §4; id. iii, §6. In the Civil Law: (6.) A birth after the last will, or the death of 
 the father. Ulpianus, Dig. x, 5, fr. 24, § 11 ; Justinian. Cod. iii, 8, i. v. Testamentum 
 agnatione posthumi, etc. 
 
 AGNATIONE quidemjus omnibus modis capitis deminutione plerumque perimi- 
 tur : nam agnatio juris civilis nomen est; cognatione verb jus 
 non omnibus modis commutatur ; quia civilis ratio, civilia quidem jura corrumpere 
 [14] i°S 
 
Agn.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Agn. 
 
 potest, naturalia verb non utique. Justinian. Inst, i, 15, § 3. The tie of 
 agnation is taken away by almost every diminution or change of state : for 
 agnation is a term of the Civil Law [or a /. /. of law] ; but the 
 tie of cognation is not thus altogether changed ; for although a civil-law 
 principle may extinguish civil-law rights, yet over natural rights it has no such 
 policy. 
 
 So too, we have this rule: Jura sanguinis nulla jure civili dirimi possunl. Pomponius, 
 Dig. L, 17, fr. 8. The doctrine, concisely stated, is this: The ties of blood cannot be 
 destroyed by civil law; but the rights originating from that relation, whether they be 
 civil or natural, can be destroyed. 
 
 By agnation is merely meant the fact of becoming an agnatus, which might be either by 
 birth or adoption, or by conception, for when there is connubiutn the child follows his 
 father's condition, and his rights vest at the time of conception. Hi qui legitime concipiuntur, 
 ex conceptionis tempore statum sumunt. Gaius, Inst, i, § 89, Jin. In his, qui jure contracto 
 matrimonio nascantur, conceptionis tempus spectatur. Ulpianus, liegt. v, § 10. Therefore when 
 a testator passes over a ja«j A^y« the testament is broken by agnation, as the child's 
 rights extended back into the testator's life-time. v. En ventre sa mye, and the rules and cases. 
 
 Agnatus, a, um. Pa. (also adgnaius.) Literally; Born to, or connected with by birth. 
 
 By usage, from the earliest period, limited to relations on the father's side (father, son, 
 grandson, etc.; brother, brother's son, brother's grandson, etc. ; uncle, cousin, second cousin, 
 etc.) ; accordingly of more limited significance than cognatus which includes blood relations 
 on the mother's side ; the idea in gentilis is still more extended, including all the persons 
 belonging to 3. gens, and bearing the same gentile name. Adams' Antiq. i, 44, 66, 85 ; Gaius, 
 Inst, i, 156 ; iii, 10 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxvi, i, 10, § 2. Cicero, Inv. ii, 50 ; Modestinus, Dig. 
 xxxviii, 8, fr. 5, pr. v. Ad agnatos et gentilis est deducendus. 
 
 Agnatus prOXimUS. The next or nearest agnate. Fragm. xii. Tab. v, fr. 4. 
 
 Agnitio, onis, f. [agnosco,] An acknowledgment, admission, acceptance : = admissio . 
 tonorum possessio. Marcellus, /?zf. xxxviii, 15, /?-. 5. A recognizing, recognition. Pliny, 
 X, 70, 90. (6.) A knowing, perceiving, apprehending, knowledge, in general : adagniiionem 
 animi, — for the knowledge of the nature of the mind. Cicero, N. D. i, i Cruez,et al. 
 
 Agll5llieil, inis, n. [-\-ad, to, and nomen, name.] A surname; an additional name {quasi 
 ad nomen). Adatns' Rom, Ant. 35, 36 ; Taylor's Civ. Law. 70. v. Propriorum nominum qua- 
 tuor sunt species, etc. Diomed. p. 396, P. 
 
 AgUOSCd, 5re, 3, !<. «. O r i g i n a 1 1 y , as if aliquem or aliquidad se noscere. To know or 
 apprehend a person or thing ; in relation to one's self, to recognize or distinguish as one's 
 own. As a result of knowledge or recognition: To declare, announce, 
 allow, or admit an object belonging to one's self as one's own, i. e., to acknowledge as one's 
 own. e. g. Agnoscere bonorum possessionem, — to declare the property as one's own, to lay 
 claim to it. Gaius, ZJj^j-. xxvi, 8, /nil. (v. Agnitio.) (a.) Agnoscere aes alienum, — to acknowl- 
 edge a debt as one's own, i. e. as due from one's self, to engage to pay it. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xxviii, 5, 1. (6.) To recognize an object already known. Cicero, Tusc. i, 24, 5, 8 ; id.Fam. 
 i, 7 ; Quintilian, vii, 2, 26. As a consequence of knowing: To confirm the 
 truth of a thing ; to acknowledge as true (or with the idea of moral assent), as right ; to con- 
 cede, grant, admit, assent to, approve. Cicero, Mil. ii^Jin.; id. Div. i, 58, 132 ; id. Fam. 
 iv, 4 ; V, 20, 3. To receive a thing into one's understanding, mind (as it were noscendo ad 
 se assumere), to acquire the knowledge of, to perceive, know. First, to know, perceive by, 
 from or through something. Cicero, Tusc. i, 28, 70; id. Plane, xiv, 35. In general: 
 To become acquainted with, to know ; also, to perceive, apprehend, understand, discover, 
 remark, see : Cicero, Fin. v, 18, 49; id. JV. D. i, 18, 49 ; Pliny, xxix, i, 8, 
 
 Agnus, i, m. [+ Gr. cEyUj^oS.] A lamb — usually for sacrifice. 
 Agnum quanquam et Graeci vocent an-o tou h.yvav, quasi pium, Latini tamen ideo hoc nomen habere 
 
 Eutant, eo quod prae caeteris animantibus matrem aguoscant: edeo ut etiam si in magno grege erret, statim 
 alatu recognoscat vocem parentis. Isidoeus, Orig. xii, j, 12. 
 
 Although the Greeks also name the lamb (a-gnus) from the word hagnos, that is to say "pious," yet the Latins 
 think that it has this name because the lamb knows (agnoscat) its mother better than other animals; so that 
 even if it strays away in a great flock, it immediately recognizes the bleat of its dam. 
 
 Note. — iirb TOU ovvoO. iyw means hallowed, sacred. "Pious" (^jmjk in text) is perhaps used in 
 this sense, as an object used m sacrifice by which devotion Is expressed. The first meaning oiiius is 5 u t i f u I , 
 and especially filial, loyal, devout, 
 
 106 
 
Agn.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Agr. 
 
 Agnum committere lupo, — L a t . P r o v . To give the care of the Iamb to the wolf. 
 
 V. Quasi agnum committere lupo. 
 
 Agnum, lupo erriperevelle. — l.3.i. Pro v. To try to rescue a lamb from a wolf. 
 
 Trop., To attempt an impossibility, or to accomplish a difBcult task. P-LAXS-vvs, Poen. 
 
 The text, in Plautus, is: Lupo agnum eripere postulant ; nugas agunt, Plautus, 
 Poen. iii, 5, 31. 
 
 Agnus Dei. The lamb of God. 4 Bl. Com. 115. 
 
 In the Church: A piece of white wax, in a flat, oval form, like a small cake, stamped 
 with the figure of a lamb, and consecrated by the Pope. Cowell. 
 
 In the Romish Church it is supposed to have miraculous powers for preserving 
 the faithful. A part of the mass for the dead is also called, from the circumstance of its 
 beginning with these words. 
 
 Ago, agere, 3, v. a. v. Agere, supra. 
 
 'Aypacpoi. — Gr. [+a, priv. and ypd<pBiv, to write.] Not written; unwritten ; without 
 writing. Ulpianus, Dig. i, i, fr. 6, § i. v. Hoc igiturjus nostrum constat, etc. 
 
 Agrarius, a, um, adj. [-j- ager^ Pertaining to the fields or lands. 
 
 Agrariae Leges- The Agrarian Laws. 
 
 They were the well-known, much-contested and much-defended laws about the 
 division of public lands among the poorer citizens, first proposed about 
 268 A. U. C. LiVY, ii, 41 ; iv, 36, 48 ; vi, 11, et al. v. Nieb. R. Hist, ii, 188, 197, 482, 490, 
 et al. V. Lege agraria, S({. v. C\CE,^o'5ihie.e oi3.t\QTiS ' de Leges Agrariae.' 
 
 Agrariavia, A way through the fields; a private way. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 8,/?-. 2. 
 Agrarii, Onis, m. Those who urged the agrarian laws, and sought the possession of the 
 public lands. Cicero, Cat. iv, 2 ; id. Phil. 7, 6 ; Livy, iii, i. 
 
 Agrarium. In Europ. Law: A tax upon land. Tributam quod ex agris penditur. 
 AgratiCTUn, i, «. A revenue from land ; a land tax. Theod. Cod. vii, 20, 11. 
 In old European Law: Agrarium, — a tax upon land; a tribute payable out of 
 land (tributam quod ex agris penditur). Marculf. lib. 2; Spelman. 
 Agreamentuill, — L. Lat. v. Aggreamentum. 
 
 Agri, orum, m. \Plur, -\- ager.] Agri ab universis per vices occupantur, arva per annos 
 mutant, — Fields are occupied by all in turn; arable lands change yearly. Tacitus, i/^ 
 M. Germ. c. 26 ; 2 Bl. Com. 55 («). 
 
 Agricola, ae, m. (Gen. plur. Agricolum. Lucretius, iv, 588.) \ager-cola.\ A cultivator 
 of land (including even the vine-dresser, gardener, herdsman or shepherd ; also one 
 who takes pleasure in agriculture, etc.). In more limited sense: A farmer, plow- 
 man, countryman, peasant. Cicero, Ros. Am. xvi. One devoted to agriculture and cattle 
 breeding. Cicero, Digot. ix. 
 
 Agricola in curvo terram dimovit aratro ; 
 Mic anni labor ; hinc patriain parvosque penates 
 Sustinet; hinc armenta bourn meritosque juvencos. 
 Nee requies, quin aut pomis exuberet annus 
 Aut fetu pecorum atit Cerealis tnergite cuZmi, 
 
 JProventuque oneret sulcos atque horrea vincat. — M irgil, Georg. ii, 513. 
 The husbandman cleaves the earth with a crooked plow ; hence the labors of the year ; 
 hence he sustains the country, and his little offspring ; hence his herds of kine, and deserv- 
 ing steers. Nor is there any intermission, but the year either abounds with apples, or with 
 the breed of the flocks, or with the sheaf of Ceres' stalk ; loads the furrows with increase, 
 and overstocks the barns, v. Agricultura. 
 
 " The peasant, innocent of all these ills. 
 With crooked ploughs the fertile fallows tills, 
 And the round year with daily labour fills. 
 And hence the country markets are supplied : 
 Enough remains for household charge beside. 
 His wife and tender children to sustain, 
 And gratefully to feed his dumb deserving train. 
 Nor cease his labours till the yellow field 
 A full return of bearded harvest yield — 
 A crop so plenteous, as the land to load, 
 
 O'ercome the crowded barns, and lodge in ricks abroad." — John Drvdhn. 
 
 107 
 
Agr.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ais. 
 
 Agricultor, oris, m., also, separate, Agri cultor. Agriculturist, farmer, husbandman. 
 LiVY, xxvi, 35 ; Paulus, Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 25, § i. 
 
 Agriculturar, ae, /. [ -|- ager, field, and cultura, cultivation.] Agriculture, tillage, 
 husbandry, farming . Separate, Agri cultura, — culture of the field. 
 
 Cicero commends agriculture in these eloquent words : Omnium autem rerum^ ex ^uibus aliquid acquiri- 
 tur, nihil est agricultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius nihil homine, libero dignuis. Cicero, de Oj^ciis^ 
 i, 42, 151. 
 
 In England, in the days of S 1 r Edward Coke t " Agriculture or tillage is much favored, and of great 
 ■"■■'*■" "' ' ' ich the goodness of the habit is best 
 
 esteem because it is very profitable for the CommonweaUh, concerning which 
 
 known by the privation : For by laying of lands, used in tilth, to pasture, six main inconveniences doe daily 
 encrease : i. Idleness, which is the beginning and ground of all mischiefs : 2. Depopulation and decay of 
 Towns : 3. Husbandry, which is one of the greatest commodities of the Realm, is decayed : 4. Churches are 
 destroyed, and the service of God neglected by diminution of church-livings (as by decay of tithes, etc.) 
 5. Injury and wrong is done to Patrons and God's Ministers : And 6. The defence of the' land against forein 
 enemies is enfeebled and impaired, the bodies of husbandmen being more strong and able, and patient of cold, 
 heat and hunger, than of any other : from which Inconveniences necessary follow these consequences ; 
 I. The displeasure of Almighty God. 2. The subversion of the Policy and good government of the Realm ; 
 And all this appeareth in our books : And therefore the Common Law giveth arable land (antiently called 
 Hyde or Gaine) the precedence before meadows, pastures, woods, pines, or any other ground whatsoever : 
 And averia carucae (the beasts of the plough), have, in some cases, more privileges than other cattle, etc. 
 This employment was also of high estimation among the antient Romans, in so much that the grave Senators, 
 themselves, would put their hand to the plough, etc. If the Lord will distrain averia carucae, when there 
 is a sufficient distress besides, the tenant may make rescous.'' 
 
 ** O Fortundtos nitnium, sua si bona norint, 
 
 Agricolas I guidus ipsa, procui discordibus annis, 
 
 Fundit humo faciletn victum justissima tellus.*'* — Virgil, Geog,^,i,$Z. 
 Wingate's Max. 197, s. 8 ; citing i Co. Inst, 85, b. i ; ib. 161, a, i ; 4 Co. 39a v Tzrringkam' s Case. 
 
 Agri limitrophi (or Hmitotrophi). The lands set apart to furnish subsistence to the 
 troops stationed on the frontiers. Theod. Valent. Cod. xi, 593. v. 4 Kent's Com. 441, note i. 
 
 Alit dictum sapienti sat est. — Latin Proverb: Oh! a word to the wise is 
 quite enough. Terentius, Phorm. iii, 3, 8. (z/. Tr, p. 333.) 
 
 A I fXEtaysveatEpai SiaraSsi? iffxvporepai tcov npo avrcSv eioiv. 
 \Constitutiones posteriores fortiores sunt prioribus.\ Modestinus, Dig. i, 4, 
 fr. 4. Later constitutions [orders or statutes] are stronger than (those which 
 were made) prior. 
 
 Constitutiones tempores posteriores, potiores sunt his, quae ipsas processerunt. Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, § 5, note (b). Lex posterior (better jus posterius) derogat priori. Id. note {c). 
 
 Aide-toi, el le Ciel t'aidera. — Fr. Prov. Help yourself, and Heaven will help 
 you. Fontaine. Dr. Franklin expressed it : " God helps those who help themselves." 
 
 Aide-prier. — L. Fr. = Auxiia petitio. A prayer for aid. 
 
 Ainsi- — L. Fr. Then ; so ; even so ; after the same manner ; so that ; unless. Ainsi 
 come, — even as it were. Ainsi soit il, — so be it. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 AINSI, les obliges solidaires ont contracts sons un loi, qui leur est favorable ; 
 fembrasse cette loi ; elle leur est contraire, fembrasse la loi de leur domicile. 
 BouLLENOis, Observ. ii, obs. 46. In the same manner, the obligors jointly and 
 severally contract under the law which is favorable to them; they choose or avail 
 themselves of that law; when it is adverse to them, they choose or avail them- 
 selves of the law of their domicile. Story on Bills of Exch. § it,^ fin. n. 2. 
 
 Read : In concernentibus contractibus, etc. v. Locus contractus regit actum. 
 
 Aisiaimeatum, — L. Lat. [-j-Fr. aise', a convenience.] An easement or privilege. 
 Glanv. lib. 12, c. 14; Heg. Orig. ib^i / Bracton, fol. 220*. 
 
 In Common Law: A liberty, privilege or advantage in land, without profit, existing 
 distinct from an ownership of the soil. Crabb's Real Prop. 125, § 115 ; Prentiss, C. J., 3 
 Vermont R. 279 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [208] 224. A right of accommodation in another's land ;.a 
 right which one man has to use the land of another for a special purpose not inconsistent 
 with a general property in the owner, ct. Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 33-47. and notes ; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 419, 434 ; 2 Washburn's Real Prop. 25. A privilege that one neighbor hath of another, 
 by writing or prescription, without profit : ?. ^. , as a way or sink, etc., through his land. 
 Kitchen, f. 105 ; Termes de la Ley; BelVs Law Diet. 'Easement,' 'Servitude;'3 Bam. 
 &" C. 339 ; 5 iii- 221 ; 3 Bing. 118 ; 14 Mass. 49 ; 3 Pick. (Mass.) 408 ; i Serg. (Sr- R. (Penn.) 298. 
 
 The right to a public highway is a public easement. 2 Smith's L. C. [202J 216, sq. ; Lord 
 'QvsXGV.PM, ^ BelVs Appeal Cases, 390; i Connecticut R. 103, 132. As to easements -^public 
 or private, v. 2 Bl. Com. 35, Cooley's notes (11-20); Broom &'Had. Com. ii, 32-45, and notes. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The doctrine is treated under the term servitus and servitutes. 
 
 108 
 
Ais.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ait. 
 
 Aisne. — L. Fr. quasi ajWk/, first born. Eldest or first born. Jisne yih,— e\dest son. 
 Aisne file, — eldest daughter. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 Aisneesse, — L. Fr. The right or privilege of the eldest or first born ; esnecy. Spelman. 
 
 hl%'a.^\\2i, or Aisnecia. — L. Lat. Eldership.=L. Fr. Eignesse. 
 
 AIT Praetor: Nantae, Caupones, Stabularh quod cujusque sal- 
 VUM FORE RECEPERINT, NISI RESTITUENT, IN EOS JUDICIUM DABO. 
 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 9, /;•. i, pr. The Praetor decides: I shall give 
 judgment against mariners, inn-keepers, hostlers [stable- 
 keepers], upon all effects given to them for safe-keep- 
 ing, unless they restore them. Story on Bailm. § 458; Story on 
 Agency, § 317. 
 
 Ulpianus remarks: Maxima utilitas est hujus edicti : quia necesse est plerumque 
 eorum fidem sequi, et res custodiae eorum committere. Ne quis quam putet graviter hoc 
 adversus eos constitutum ; nam est in ipsorum arbitrio, ne quern recipiant, Et nisi hoc esset 
 statutum, materia daretur cum faribus adversus eos, quos recipiunt coeundi ; quura ne nunc 
 quidera abstineant hujusraodi fraudibus. Ulpianus, ib. § i. of. Story on Bailm. § 458 ; 
 Story on Agency, %'ii-j\ Story on Fartn.%^S'i- Read: Maxima utilitas est hujus Edicti, c^c. 
 
 Qui sunt igitur, qui te?iantur, videndum est : 
 
 AIT Praetor: Nantae. Nautam accipere debemus eum, qui navem exercet j 
 quamvis nautae appellantur omnes, qui navis navigandae causd in nave sint. 
 Sed de exercitore solummodo Praetor sentit j nee enini debet, inquit Pomponius,/^/- 
 remigem, aut mesonautam obligari ; sed per se, vel per navis magistrum j quanquant 
 si ipse alicui e nautis committi jussit, sine dubio debeat obligari. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 
 9,//-. I, § 2. We have now to see who are the persons thus liable : The Praetor 
 says: Mariners. We have to suppose a mariner to be he who controls a 
 ship ; although all are called mariners, who are in the ship for the sake of navi- 
 gating it. But the Praetor designates only the captain; and he ought not, as 
 PoMPONius says, be liable through a common oarsman or a seaman, but through 
 his own person, or the person of the shipmaster, although, if he has commanded 
 any thing to be entrusted to any one of the crew, he, undoubtedly, ought to be 
 obligated, or held responsible, v. Story on Agency, § 317, note 2. 
 
 Ulpianus remarks as to the owners or employers ofships: Et sunt quidam 
 in navibus, qui custodiae gratia navibus praeponuntur, ut vavq>vXaHEi [navium custo- 
 des'\, et diaetarii. Si quis igitur ex his receperit, puto in exercitorem dandam actionem; 
 quia is, qui eos hujusmodi officio praeponit, committi iis permittit, quamquam ipse navicu- 
 larius, vel magister id faciat, quod ;t;£Z/3«7i/Jo/loj', \immissionem manus], appellant. 
 Ulpianus, id. % 3 ; Story on Agency, § 458. This is translated under Et sunt quidam, etc. 
 
 The same doctrine is also applied to stable-keepers: Caupones autem et stabu- 
 larios aeque eos accipiemus, qui cauponam vel stabulum exercent, institoresve eorum. 
 Ulpianus, ih. § 5 ; Story on Agency, § 458. 
 
 Ulpianus applied the same doctrine to innkeepers: Caupo praestat factum eorum, 
 qui in ea caupona, ejus cauponae exercendae causa, ibi sunt. Item eorum, qui habitandi 
 causa ibi sunt. Viatorum autem factum non praestat. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, %, fr i, § 6 ; 
 Story on Agency, § 458. 
 
 Justinian made principals liable for the frauds, deceits and thefts of their agents or ser- 
 vants without their knowledge : Item exercitor navis, aut cauponae, aut stabuli, de doloaut 
 fufto, quod in navi, aut caupona, aut sfabulo, factum erit quasi ex maleficio teneri videtur, si 
 modo ipsius nullum est maleficium, sed alicujus eorum, quorum opera navem aut cauponam 
 aut stabulum exercet, etc. Justinian. Inst, iv, 5, § 3 ; Story on Agency, § 458. 
 
 AIT Praetor- 'Si QUis negotia alterius, sive quis negotia quae 
 cujusque cum is moritur fuerint, gesserit ; judicium eo nomine 
 DABO. Ulpianus, Dig. iii, 5,/;-. z, pr. The Praetor says: If anyone shall 
 have transacted the business of another person, or any one the business which 
 pertains to him when he shall have been dead; I will give judgment in his name. 
 
 109 
 
Ait.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Alb. 
 
 AIT Praetor : Quod metus causa gestum erit, ratum non habebo. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 2,/r. i. The Praetor declares: That which has 
 been done through [or on account of J fear, I will not confirm. 
 I Story's Eq. Jur. § 239, note 5. 
 Read this, and the other laws relating to it, under Quod metus causa gestum erit. 
 Ulpian. stated; Nihil consensu! tarn contrarium est, qui et bonae fidei judicia sustinet, 
 quam vis atque metus ; quem comprobare, contra bonos mores est. Dig. L, 17, fr. 116, J>r. 
 
 Al. — h. Ft. At ; to ; with, i'.^. Alpiu, — at most. Al huys d'vionster. — L. Fr. At the 
 church door. Briiton, c. no. Al huis d'esglise, — at the door of the church. Litt. § 38. 
 
 AL purchas de choses corporeles ne suffist nul don sanns le hail de la seisine. — L. 
 Fr. For the acquisition of corporeal things, no gift is sufiScient, without 
 delivery of seisin. Britton, c. 33. 
 
 AL comon ley, avant le stat. de West. I. c. 12, si ascun ust estre appeal, et ust 
 estre mute, it serra convict de felony. At common law before the statute 
 of Westminster 1. c. 12, if any one was charged with an offense, and remained 
 mute, he was convicted of felony. Yearb. M. 8 Hen. IV. 2 ; 4 Bl. Com. 327 (z). 
 
 "AL name de Dio, Amen, a di 1. di Febraro. 1^%!. Pagate fer questa litera ad usanza 
 
 a voi medesimo libra 43 de grossi, sono per cambio de Ducati 440, c'ho ricevuto da Seio Sem- 
 
 PRONIO a Titio." In the name of God, Amen. On this, the 1st day of Febru- 
 ary, 1381. Pay according to this letter, the same favor being granted to j'Ou, 43 libo in gross, 
 upon an exchange of 440 ducats, which I have received of S c i o . (Signed) Sempronius — 
 (addressed) to Titius. 
 
 Note. — This is the earliest form of Bill of Exchange, expressed in Ital. five centuries 
 ago by Scaccia, de Coinm. § i, quest. 5, p. 118 (ed. 1664) ; cited in Story on Bills of Exch. 
 § 26, n. 3. 
 
 Ala. — L. Fr. [-(- a/«', q. v.] Goes ; gone ; went. Alasonvoy, — went his wa)'. Dyer,^. 
 
 Alant, — going. Litt. Sect. 240. Alast, — goes ; went ; gone. L. F. Diet. 
 
 Alba, ae, /. \albus.'\ A white precious stone, the pearl. Lampridus. v. Albus, a, urn. 
 Alba, — L- Lat. [+Lat. all>eo, to be white. J An alb, or aub ; a white vestment worn by 
 
 priests. Jieg. Orig. 59^. Spelman. 
 
 Alba firma. — L. Lat. White farm, or rent ; blanch farm ; money-rent. 
 
 Rent payable in silver, or white money {argento quasi censu alio, — considering silver the 
 same as white), as distinguished from corn or provisions {in annoud) called black mail, or 
 black rent. Reg. Orig. 319(5. To hold by white farm is to hold freely in socage. 2 Co. Inst. 44. 
 
 Alhae galUnae fUius.— Lat. P r o v . : The son of a white hen. T r o p . : A son 
 of fortunate birth ; a very fortunate person. Gallinae albae filius. Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 141. 
 
 AlbanagiuiU. — L. Lat. \-\-albanus, q. v.] Albanage ; the state or condition of an alien 
 or foreigner , alienage. Benedict. Albinagiijus, — the right of albanage. v. Albanatus jus. 
 
 AlbanUS, AlbinUS. — L. Lat. [quasi alibinus, alibi natus, born elsewhere or in another 
 country] A stranger, alien or foreigner. Albinatus, — the state or condition of an alien. 
 
 AlbinatuSJTlS.— L. Lat. The right of albanage. i Bl. Com. 372; 2 Kent's Com. 69. 
 The word Albinatus is -|- Alibi natus, (q. v.) = Droit d'aubaine or fus albinatus, (q. q. v.) 
 
 Album.— Lat. [-]- albus, white.] (a.) A whitened tablet {tabula dealbata) on which any 
 thing is inscribed. (6.) The tables on which the Pontifex Maximus registered the principal 
 events of the year, called the Annates Maximi. Cicero, de Or. ii, 12, 52 , LiVY, i, 32, 2. 
 (c.) The tablets of the prajtor, on which his edicts were written, and which were posted up 
 in some public place, where they might be seen by all. Paulus, Sent, i, i, t. 14 ; Dig. ii, i, 
 9; Taylor's Civil Law, 214. Album Senatorium, — the tablet, or roll, or register of the sena- 
 tors. Dig. Iv, 3 ; Adams' Rom. Ant. i, 8. An album was also kept of the judges. Suet. 
 Claud. 16; id. Tib. 51 ; Dig. L, tit. 3, ' de Albo scribendo.' 
 
 Albus, a, um, adj. White. Tro p . , Favorable, fortunate, propitious, 
 no 
 
Alb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ale. 
 
 Album, AlbUS. White ; blank ; not written upon. Album brcvc, — a blank writ. Hob. 
 113^,130. Album argentum, — silver without mark or stamp ; silver uncoined ; white money. 
 
 Alcedo (hale), Onis, later Alcyon (hale), 5nis,/. =Gr. dXKVGov. The kingfisher. 
 Alcedo dicebatur ab antiquis pro alcyone (vulg. Aa/cyowtf). YKsrus^deVerbo.Szgn.xy.j. Alcedo (the 
 kingfisher) was called of old or by the ancients for alcyon (commonly halcyon). 
 
 Ha ley o n peiagi volucris dicta, quasi ales oceanea, eo quod in hieme in staguis oceani nidos facit, puUosque 
 aducit: qua excubante fertur extento aequore pelagus silentibus ventis continua septem diebum tratiqu ilitate 
 mitescere, et ejus foetibus educandis obsequium ipsa natura rerum praebere. Isidorus, Orig. xii. c. 7, § 25. 
 
 The kingfisher (halcyon) is called a bird of the sea — like or similar to any ocean swan — because in the 
 winter she makes her nest upon the calm waters of the ocean and brings forth her young ; — while sitting on 
 the watch (z. e. incubating), it is said that the winds become tranquil and that the sea is brought to a broad 
 smooth surface, remaining calm for seven successive days, and from that it is to be educed that Nature her- 
 self offers homage to the rearing of that brood or progeny. 
 
 Haec avis niinc Graece dicitur^aAKvwr, k nostris h a ice do : sed hyeme quod pullos dicitur tranquillo marl 
 facere ; eos dies kalcyonios appellant (Gr. aAKvo^iSe? ^/xepat, Aristoph. ^z'. 13-94, Beck). Varro, ^^ 
 LUig. Lat. vii, 5, 97. This bird is now called by the Greeks aAKvwi' [halcyon], from our kingfisher \alcedo'\: 
 but in the winter it is said to create or batch its young ones upon the tranquil sea; these are called halcyon 
 d a y s , = Gr, aKKVQViZ&i rfftepai, 
 
 Hae aves nidos faciunt in mari media hyeme, quibus diebus tanta est tranqnilitas, ut penitus nihil in man 
 possit moveri ; inde etiam dies H alcyonii vocantur. Servius, m(j/(i a/. Plautus, C(7jz'«, prol. 26. These 
 birds make their nests in the sea in the middle oi winter, during which days all is in a state of tranquillity, so 
 that nothing in the sea can be moved ; whence, also, they are called Halcyon days. 
 
 Pergue dies piacidos hiberno tempore septem 
 
 Incubat Alcyone Pendeniibus aequore nidis. 
 
 Turn via tuta maris ventos custodit et arcet 
 
 Aeolus egressuy praestatgue nepotibus aeguor. — Ovid, Meiam. xi, 745. 
 
 And for seven calm days in the winter-time, does H al c y o n e brood upon her nest floating on the sea. 
 Then the passage of the deep is safe ; Aeolus keeps the winds in, and restrains them from sallying forth, and 
 secures a smooth sea for his descendants. 
 
 Note. — The sea was supposed, by the ancients, to be always calm when the female was sitting; from 
 which time of serenity, our proverb, which speaks of 'Halcyon days,' takes its rise. 
 
 Hence the proverbial expression Halceonii dies,-=* H al C3'on days,' employed to denote 
 a season of calm, quiet, peace and tranquillit3^ 
 
 Alceddnia (hale) orum, «. The winter days while the kingfisher broods and the sea is 
 calm. V. Alcedo, supra. Hence Trop,. A calm stillness, profound tranquillity. 
 
 Plautus used the term metaphorically. 
 
 Ejicite ex anitno curavt atgue alienum aes : 
 
 Ne guis formidet Jiagitiorein suutn. 
 
 Ludi sunt: ludus datus est argentariis. 
 
 Tr anguilluin est. Alcedonia sunt circumyorunt. 
 
 Plautus, Casin. prol. 23-26. 
 
 Dismiss from your thoughts, cares and moneys due; let no man stand in dread of his duns. 'Tis a holiday 
 this — to the bankers a holiday has been given. 'Tis now a calm; about the Forum these are 
 Halcyon days. 
 
 Jam hercle tu peristi^ nisi illam mihi tarn tranguillant Jacis, 
 Quatn -mare est olifti^ ciini ibi alcedo pullos educit suos. 
 
 Plautus. Poenulus^ i, z, 142. 
 
 On my word, it 's all over with you this very instant, if you don't make her as smooth for me as the sea is 
 at the time when the halcyon is hatching her young ones there. 
 
 AldermamiTlS. — L. Lat. An alderman; a member of the corporation or common council 
 of a city or town. 4 Mod.; Co. Lift. 168^7. {v. Vocabitur aldermanni^ etc.) Aldennannus 
 committatus, — the alderman of a county. Co, Lift. i68iz; i BL Com. 116. Aldennannus civi- 
 tatis vel burgi^ seu castellae, — the alderman of a city, or borough, or castle. T. Raym. 435, 
 437; I Spencers Ch. 56, note. Aldermannus hundredi sive wappentachii, — an alderman of a 
 hundred or wapentake. Spelman. Aldermannus regis, — the king's alderman. Spelman. 
 Aldermannus totius Angliae, — the alderman of all England. Spelman. {v. Capita lis jus tin a- 
 rius.) AldermanHa, — aldermanship ; the office of an alderman. Spelman. 
 
 Alea ae,/. O rig. , A dice. Hence, A game at dice, and in general, a game of 
 chance or hazard, Ulpianus, Dig. xi, 5. fr. i. v. Justinian. Cod. iii, tit. 43. 
 
 Alea id est ludus'tabulae inventa k Graecis in otio Trojam belli k quondam milite Alea nomme, i quo et 
 ars nomine accepit. Tabula luditur pyrgo, calculistessirisque. Isidorus, Orig. xviii. cap. 60, 'de Tabula.^ 
 
 Alea is a game of the table invented by a certain Greek soldier named Alea, at a leisure time in the 
 Trojan war, from which the practice of gaming receives i-ts name. It is played with stone dice (numbered on 
 
 III 
 
Ale.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Alf 
 
 all sides) cast through the fyrgus upon the board, i. e, through a tower (in pure Latin Turricula) on the side 
 of the gaming board, hollow and having steps inside through which the dice were thrown upon the board. 
 
 Ab hoc arte fraus et mendaciutn et perjunum nunquam abest, postremo et odium et damna rerum, unde et 
 aliquando propter haec scelera interdicta, legibus fuit. Isidorus, ib, cap. 68, ^ de Interdict zone A UaS 
 
 In this practice i^aUa) fraud, falsehood and perjury is never absent, at least the odium and injuries of those 
 things: whence it was finally interdicted by law on account of those evil deeds or heinous acts. 
 
 Metaph. , alea, also denoted: Any thing uncertain, doubtful, contingent ; an accident, 
 chance, blind fortune, venture, risk, uncertainty. Vaer. R. R.\,^; Cicero, semper. ; 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xviii, \, fr. 8; Paulus, ib. xviii, 4, fr. 7. Hence the term Aleatory 
 contract, c g. the contract of insurance. Pothier, Oblig. part i, c. I, § i, art. 2. 
 
 By the Roman Laws: Gaming vfas forbidden. Cicero, Phil, ii, 23; Justinian. 
 Cod. iii, tit. 43. Except in the month of December, at the Saturnalia. Martialis, iv, 14 ; 
 Gellius, xviii, 13. Horace says: "The noble youth knows not how to keep his seat on 
 horseback, and is afraid to go a hunting, more skilled to play (if you choose it) with the 
 Grecian trochus, or dice prohibited by law, (z'^AVo legibus alea). Horace, Carm. 
 111,24,58. Gam i ng was also prohibited by public opinion. In his gregibus omnes alea- 
 tores^ omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique versantur. Cicero, in Cat. ii, 10, 23, 6. 
 ' In these bands, all the gamblers, all the adulterers, all the unclean and shameless 
 citizens are engaged.' 
 
 Juvenal graphically portrays this vice : {Satire, i, 87 sq.) 
 
 Et quando uberior vitiorum copia ? quando 
 Major avaritiae patuit sinus ? Alea quando, etc. 
 
 By the Roman Law: It was the office of the a^</z/?j to detect and punish excesses of 
 this description, Martialis, Epig. xiv, i. A man who suffered gaming at his house could 
 not recover in justice what was stolen from him during that time. Praetor ait : Si QUIS 
 EUM, APUD QUEM ALEA LUSUM ESSE DICETUR, VERBERAVERIT, DAMNUMVE EI DEDERIT, SIVE 
 QUID EO TEMPORE DOLO EJUS SUBTRACTUM EST, JUDICIUM NON DABO ; IN EUM, QUI ALEAE 
 LUDENDAE CAUSA VIM INTULERIT, UTI QUAEQUE RES ERIT, ANIMADVERTAM. UlpIANUS, 
 Dig. xi, 5,/n i pr. 
 
 ALEA et ganea res turfissimae. The dice and the brothel are most infamous 
 things. Lofft's Max. 207 ; Halkerston s Max. 
 
 Alea judiciorum. Chance, uncertainty of judgments or decisions. " Chance judiciary," 
 quasi depending upon the throwing of a die. Often, and very properly, called " the glorious 
 uncertainty of the law." 
 
 Aleator, oris, ?«. [alea.] A player with dice, also in general, a gamester. Plaut. 
 J?ud. ii, 3, 29; CiCERO, Cat. ii, 10, 23. v. Dig. xi, tit. 5, ' de A leatoribus ' ; Justinian. Cod. 
 iii, tit. 43, ■ de Aleatoribus et Alearum Lusu.' Whence the proverbial saying : 
 
 Aleator: quanto in arte est melior; tanto est nequior. The gambler : the 
 more skillful he is in his art, the more wicked is he. Publius Syrus ; Seneca ; Calvini, 
 Lex. Jur. p. 139. § 40 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, viii, c. 4, § 12, n. 2. 
 
 Aleatdrius, a, um, adj. Pertaining to a gamester. 
 
 Aleatoria danma. Loss in gaming. Cicero, Phil, ii 27. 
 
 Aleatorium, ii, ». A place where games of chance are played ; a gaming-house. 
 SiDON. Ep. ii, 2. 
 
 Aleatory contract = Fr. Contrat alehtoire. A hazardous contract ; a contract of risk, 
 venture, chance — depending upon an uncertain event, blind fortune; e.g. a contract of 
 insurance, annuities, and the like. Pothier, Oblig. part i, c. i, § i, art. 2. v. U. S. Dig. 
 
 Aler, AUer. — L. Fr. To go. T. Jon. 139. >4/a,— went. Dyer, 5. ^/a»/,— going. 
 Litt. § 201. ^/^,— gone. Id. § 455. Alera, — he shall go. Id.% 201. Aler a Dieu,— to 
 go to God, i. e. to be dismissed from court ; to go quit. Aler sans jour, — to go without day ; 
 to be finally dismissed or discharged. Litt. § 201 ; Co. Litt. 134,5. Ales a Dieu sans jour,— 
 go quit without day. Yearb. H. 2 Edw. III. 6. Alez adeu, — go quit, i. e. finally discharged. 
 T. 5 Edw. II. 173. Alez a dieu tanques al quart jour, — go quit until the fourth day. M. 4 
 Edw. III. 12. Adeu sans jour, — quit without day. H. 3 Edw. II. 75. Aler sans jour,= 
 L. Lat. Ire sine die, — to go without day. 
 
 Alere flamen. — Lat. P r o v . To feed the flame. 
 
 AlfenUS Varus. A Roman Jurist whose name appears in the Pandects. 
 
 Alfenus Varus was a barber of Cremona, who, growing out of conceit with his employ- 
 ment, quitted it and came to Rome, where, attending the lectures of Servius Sulpicius, 
 112 
 
Ali,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AH. 
 
 a celebrated professor of law, he made so great proficience in that science, that he soon 
 came to be esteemed one of the ablest lawyers of his time, and his name often occurs in the 
 Pandects. He was afterward advanced to the highest honors of the empire, for we find him 
 consul in the j'ear of the city 755. Horace alludes to him ; 
 
 " * * * Sapiens crepidas sibi nuniquam 
 
 Nee soleas fecit : sutor tamen est sapiens. Qui ? 
 * * * ut Alfbnus vaser, omni 
 
 Abjecto instrumento artis, dausAque tabemd, 
 Tonsor erat ; sapiens opens sic oplimus omnis 
 Est opifex solus, sic rex."- - Horace, Sat. i, 3, 127. 
 The wise man never made himself shoes nor slippers : nevertheless, the wise man is a 
 shoemaker." How so? * * * In the same manner that the subtle lawyer Alfenus, 
 after every instrument of his calling was thrown aside, and his shop shut up, was [still] a 
 barber ; thus is the wise man of all trades, thus is he a king. 
 
 " For though the wise nor shoes, nor shppers made. 
 He's yet a skillful shoemaker by trade : 
 
 * >fc * * « HI * 
 
 Alfenus thus, turned lawyer in his pride. 
 
 His shop shut up, his razors thrown aside, 
 
 Was still a barber : so the wise alone 
 
 Is of all trades, though exercising none. 
 
 And reigns a monarch, though without a throne."— Dr. Francis. 
 
 Alia. \_f. -|- alius, a, ud, adj. v. h. v.] Another, other, etc. 
 
 Alia, adv. In another way ; in a different manner. Plautus, /^ud. prol. x. 
 
 Alia, enormia. Other great wrongs, i Smith's L. C. [561] 6gg. 
 
 V. Et alia enormia ei intulit, etc. 
 
 ALIA [sane] causa est earum rerum quae in tempestate maris, levandae navis 
 causa, ejiciuntur ; hae enim dominorum permanent, quia ialam est eas non eo 
 animo ejici, quo quis eas habere non vult, sed quo magis cum ipsa navi maris peri- 
 culum effugiat. Qua de causa, si quis eas fluctibus expulsas, vel etiam 'in ipso man 
 nactus, lucrandi animo abstulerit, furtum committit j nee longe discedere videntur ab 
 his quae de rhede currente non intelligentibus dominis cadunt. Justinian. Inst. 
 ii, I, § 48. It is otherwise with respect to things thrown overboard in a storm 
 at sea to lighten a vessel ; for they remain the property of their owners ; since 
 it is clear that they were not thrown away with an intention to get rid of them, 
 but that their owners and the ship might more easily escape the dangers of the 
 sea. Hence, if any one, with the intent of profit takes them away when washed 
 on shore, or he has found them in the sea itself, he commits a theft. And those 
 things which have dropped from a carriage in motion, without the knowledge 
 of their owner, may be considered much the same. cf. Gaius, Z'z'j-. xli, \,fr. 9, 
 § 8 ; Ulpianus, ib. xlvii, 2,fr. 43, § 4 ; Pufendorf, de J. N. et G. vi, 6, § 12 ; 
 Bl. Com. i, 292 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 361. 
 
 V. Qua ratione verius esse videtur si rem pro derelicto, etc. Inst. ib. § 47. Pro derelicto 
 autem habetur quod dominus, etc. 
 
 ALIA est furti ratio : id enim non casui, sed levi culpae, fertnl ascribitur. 
 Adversus latrones pariim prodest custodia ; adversus furem prodesse potest si 
 quis adrigilet. Gothofred, ad Band. The reason is otherwise in respect to 
 theft ; for that is not by chance or accident, but is, for the most part, ascribed 
 to ordinary neglect. Against highwaymen (robbers, brigands), a watching 
 (guard, care) is hardly ever of use, benefit, or advantage ; against a thief, if any 
 one is vigilant or watchful, it can be of use, benefit, or profit. Jones on Bailtn. 
 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 66, 76, 77, 78, 109, no, 119, n. {q) ; Story on Bailm. § 38. 
 
 Culpa caret, qui scit, sed prohibere non potest. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 50 ; Gothofred, 
 de Div. Regl. Juris. L, p. 235. 
 [15] 
 
Ali.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali. 
 
 ALIA pax maxima est, per quam omnes firmiori statu sustentantur : scilicet fide- 
 jussionis stabilitate. Et hoc est quod de omnibus villis totius regni sub decen- 
 nali fide-jussione debeant omnes esse ita quod si unus ex decent forisfecerit novem reum 
 haberent ad rectum. LL. King Edward the Confessor, c. 20. There is another 
 source of peace which is of the greatest value, by which all are maintained in a 
 very firm state; namely, in the stability of suretyship. And it consists in this, 
 that all the people from all the vills are so held under a mutual obligation of sure- 
 tyship for ten years at a time, that if one of ten shall have done a public wrong, 
 the nine would hold him to right or justice {ad rectum'). Cited in Broom &= Had. 
 Com. i, 135, n. (/). 
 
 Alia lex Romae ; alia Athenis. One law at Rome ; another at Athens. 
 
 Alia tentanda via est. Another method must be tried. Virgil. 
 
 Alias adv. Otherwise ; at another; at another time; at other times ; on another occa- 
 sion ; formerly ; before. 3 SI. Com. 283 ; i Tidcts Pr.\li ; I Archb. Pr. 292. 
 
 Alias capias. Another or second capias. 4 Bl. Com. 319. 
 
 Alias dictus. Otherwise called. Dyer, 50^ y Archb: Cr. PI. 28 ; Wharton's Am. Cr Law, 
 67, 68; 2 Caines (N. Y.) 362 ; 3 id. 219 ; ^ Johns. R. 118. 
 
 Alias Ca. sa, Another writ to take (the person) ; to make satisfaction. Broom ^ Had. 
 Com. iv, 416. A second capias ad satisfaciendum. 
 
 Alias scire facias. That you again come to be informed. A second writ of scire facias. 
 
 Alibi, adv. {a.) In or at another place ; elsewhere. Pliny ; Cicero ; Bracton, fol. 40a. 
 
 (6.) Alibi alibi, — at one place at the other ; here there, (c) Alibi alius 
 
 or aliter, — the one here, the other there; one in this, the other in that manner, {d.) Alibi 
 atque alibi, — atone time here, at another there; nowhere, now there, (e.) Alibi quam, — 
 elsewhere than. Alibi quam non or nusquam, — nowhere else than. Transfer from 
 place to other objects: In other things, in other respects, in something else. 
 Alibi quam mos permiserit, — in other things than custom allows. QuiNTlLlAN, xi, i, 47; id. 
 iv, I, 53. 
 
 In Criminal and Common Law: Alibi = Elsewhere, in or at another place. 
 
 A t. t. used to express that mode of defense, in order to prove that he could not have 
 committed the act; the party offers to prove that he was in another place, else- 
 where at the time ; which is called setting up an alibi. Tomlin's Law Diet., Wills on Cir- 
 cumst. Evid. 115; Fosters Crown Law, 368; Erskine's Lnst iv, tit. 4, § 71; Adams vs. Bush, 
 23 How. Pr. 262 ; 2 Abbott's Pr. (N. S.) 104, 112, 118 ; s. c. N. Y. R. 
 
 Bracton described the proceedings on criminal appeals: Si appellatus docere 
 poterit per certa judicia, et proborum hominum testificationem se eadem die fuisse alibi, 
 etc. Bracton, fol. 140a. u. Justinian. Inst, iii, 19, § 12, fin. 
 
 L I B I diximus res subditorum sub eminenti dominio esse civitatis, ita ut civitas, 
 
 R 
 
 aut qui civitatis vice fungitur, its rebus uti, easque etiain perdere et alienare 
 possit, non tantum ex summd necessitate, quae privatis quoque jus aliquod in altena 
 concedit, sed ob publicum utilitatem, cui privatas cedere illi ipsi voluisse censendi sunt 
 qui in civilem coetum coierunt. Grotius, de Jur. Belli et Pac. Bk. iii, c. 20, § 7. 
 We have said, in another place, that the things belonging to subjects are under 
 the supereminent power of the commonwealth, or he that exercises the supreme 
 power in it, hath a right to make use thereof, either by even destroying them, or 
 by alienating them, and that not only in a case of extreme necessity, which is 
 even between private men justifiable ; but when it extends even to the good of 
 the public, which is always to be preferred before any private man's, by the 
 general consent of those who first entered into civil society. Broom's Max. p. 2. 
 
 Alibi UatuS, Born in another place. Spelman, Gloss. 24. 
 
 Alien amy. — L. Fr. Alien friend; ' an alien in league.' Co. Litt. i^cjb j Bacon's Arg. 
 Case Postuati of Scotland, Works, iv, 327. 
 
 Alieni rei impedimentum offers. To offer an impediment to another's business. 
 114 
 
Ali.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AU. 
 
 A LIEN A res pignori dari voluntate domini potest ; sed etsi ignorante eo data sit, 
 et ratum habuerit, pignus valebit. Paulus, Dig. xiii, 7,/r. 20. The prop- 
 erty of another person can, with the consent of the owner, be given for a pledge ; 
 but although it may be given ignorantly {i. e. the owner being ignorant of the 
 fact), and (afterward) he shall have ratified it, the pledge will be valid. 
 
 Paulus continue s ; § i. Si pluribus res simul pignori detur, aequalis omnium causa 
 est. § 2. Si per creditorem stetit, quorainus ei solvatur, rectfe agitur pignoraticia. § 3. Inler- 
 dum etsi soluta sit pecunia, tamen pignoraticia actio inhibenda est; veluti si creditor pignus 
 suum generit a debitore. 
 
 Section i. If a thing is given to several persons as a pledge at the same time, the cause of 
 all is equal. § 2. If it was in the power of the creditor, that the debt was paid to him, the 
 action on account of a pledge is rightly brought forth. § 3. In some cases, although the 
 money was actually paid, yet the action on account of a pledge is to be employed ; for 
 instance, if the creditor should have bought his pledge from the debtor. 
 
 * * * * Aliena opprobria saepe 
 
 Absterrent vitiis. — Horace. 
 The disgrace of others often deters us from vice. 
 
 Aliend vitia in oculis habemus — a tergo nostra sunt. We have the vices 
 of others always before our eyes — our own behind our back. Seneca. 
 Ut nemo in sese tentat descendere I Nemo ! 
 Sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo. — Persius, iv, 23. 
 This alludes to that fable of ^sop, which we find in Phaedrus. 
 
 Pens imposuit Jupiter nobis duas : 
 Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit ; 
 Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem, etc. 
 
 Phaedrus, iv. Fab. 10, i. 
 
 Alienare- \^pres.inf.-\-alieno,\,v,a.\ Lat. To make one person another. Plautus, 
 Amph. i, I, 243 ; Pliny, xx, 18, 75. Hence, of things, z. t. t. in the Roman 
 language: To make something the property of another ; to alienate ; to transfer by sale. 
 In juridical sense, itdifFersfrom vendere. — ex. gr. v. A lienatum non propria dicitur, etc. 
 
 In the Civil Law. To alien, or alienate ; to make another's; to transfer to another 
 (i» alium trans ferre). Justinian. Inst, ii, i , 40 ; 20'. ii, i,pr. et seq. In the Civil Law, it 
 implied delivery of possession, — ex. gr. v. Corporalis res — a domino tradita, alienatur, 
 Alienatum non propria dicitur, etc. Non alienat qui, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term is usually applied to real property. Bracton, 
 fol. 2gay Co. Litt. n83. But quere, v. Co. Litt. § 177. Lord Coke makes a distinction 
 between alienare and transferre. 2 Co. Inst. 406. 
 
 AL I E N A R E intelligitur etiam, qui alienam rem vendidit. Paulus, Dig. iv, 7, 
 fr. 8, § 2. He is also understood to alienate, who has sold a thing to another. 
 
 Alienatio, Onis, f. [-|- alienare, q. v.J The transferring of the possession of a thing to 
 another, so as to make it his property ; Alienatio tum fit quum dominium ad alium transferi- 
 mus. PoMPONius, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 57 ; Seneca, Ben. v, 10. The transfer of the ownership 
 of a thing to another; alienation. Justinian. Inst, ii, ?>, pr.; Ulpianus, Dig. L, i(>,fr. 67. 
 An implied transfer by prescription, or usucapio. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 28. The trans- 
 ferring or granting of a right. Justinian. Cod. iv, 51, 57. Mackeld. Civ. Law. 179, § 185 — 
 c. g. Alienatio sacrorum, — a transfer of the sacred rites of one's family, to another, Cicero, 
 Or. Ixii, 144 ; id. Leg. iii, 20, 48. 
 
 In the Common Law: Alienation, or conveyance, especially of real property. 
 Bracton, fol. 46; Co. Litt. 22'ia j n Kent's Com. 131 ; 2 Bl. Com. 287. Alienatio feudi. Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, 10, § 5. In Medical /. ^. .• Alienatio mentis, — loss of consciousness; depri- 
 vation of reason; delirium. Celsus, iv, 2 ; Pliny, xxi, 21, 89. 
 
 ALIENATIO : (is defined to be) omnis actus per que7H dominium transfertur. 
 ^■SiV!&0'si\i%, ad verb ^Alienatio.' Alienation (is defined to be) every 
 act by which the dominion or ownership of property is transferred. Broom's 
 Max. 427. 
 
 IIS 
 
Ali.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali. 
 
 ALIENATIO, i. e. alienum facere ; vel, ex nostra dominio in alienum transferre ; 
 sive rem aliquant in dominium alterius transferre. Alienation, that is, 
 to make alien, or to transfer any thing into the power of another. Co. Litt. ii8. 
 Alienatio in fraudem creditorum facta. An alienation or transfer of property made 
 in fraud of creditors. Dig. xlii, tit. 8. 
 
 ALIENATIO licet prohibeatur, consensu tamen onnium in quorum favor em pro- 
 hibita est, potest fieri ; et quilibet potest renunciare juri pro se introducto. 
 Though alienation be prohibited, yet, by the consent of all in whose favor it is 
 prohibited, it can be made ; for any man is able (has the power) to renounce a 
 right introduced for his own benefit. Co. Litt. 98 ; Wingate's Max. 123, § 1; 
 9 N. Y. Ji. 291, 335. 
 
 ALIENATIO quum fit, ciim sua causa dominium ad alium transferimus, quae 
 esset futura, si apud nos ea res mansisset ; idque toto jure civili ita se habet, 
 praeterquam si aliquid nominatim sit constitutium. Pomponius, Dig. xviii, i,/V. 67. 
 When alienation is made, we transfer the ownership to another, together with its 
 cause, consideration or motive, that it should be alienated in the future, if the 
 thing itself should remain with us, and this so obtains throughout the civil law, 
 except that if something else may be expressly agreed upon. Pufendorf, de 
 Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 7, § 6, n. 5. 
 
 ALIENATIO rei praefertur juri accrescendi. Alienation of a thing [subject 
 of property] is preferred to the right of survivorship. Co. Litt. iS^a, 
 387a, note ; Wingate's Max. 30, 38. " Alienation is favored by the law rather 
 than accumulation." Broom's Max. 427, 443; Wharton's Max. viii ; Wright 
 on Tenures, 154 sq.; i Cruise's Dig. (4th ed.) 77, 78. 
 
 It is the well-known policy of our law to favor alienation, and to discountenance every 
 attempt to tie up property unreasonably, or, in other words, to create a perpetuity. Id. ibid. 
 
 ALIENATIONIS verbum etiam usucapionem continet j vix est enim, ut non vide- 
 atur alienare, qui patitur usucapi. Eum quoque alienare dicitur, qui non 
 utendo amisit servitutes. Qui occasione acquirendi non utitur, non intelligitur 
 alienare, veluti qui hereditatem omittit, aut optionefit intra certum tempus datam non 
 amplectitur. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 28. The term alienation likewise 
 comprehends usucaption ; for it is with difficulty that he does not appear 
 to alienate, who exposes the ownership of property to be acquired by usucap- 
 tion or prescription. He also is said to alienate who has lost servitudes by not 
 using them. One who does not avail himself by acquiring something upon an 
 occasion or at a favorable moment, is not understood to alienate, for instance, 
 he who omits or neglects an inheritance, or does not embrace an option or liberty 
 to choose, given to him within a certain time. v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et 
 Gent, iv, c. 12, § 5, n. 7. 
 
 ALIENATUM non propria dicitur, quod adhuc in dominio venditoris manet ; 
 venditum tamen recte dicetur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 67. A thing 
 which still remains in the ownership, or under the control of the seller, is not 
 properly said to be aliened, though it may be said to be sold. 
 
 V. Corporalis res — ^ domino tradita, alienatur, etc. Non alienat qui, etc. 
 Alienigena, ae,OT. [+o!AV»«j-, alien, and, ^f»o, to be born.] In general: (a.) Foreign, 
 alien. A foreigner, an alien, a stranger. Cicero, frequently in his orations. (6.) Produced 
 from different materials, heterogeneous. Lucretius, i, 861, 866, 870, 873 ; v, 878. 
 
 In old English Law: One born abroad ; an alien born ; an alien. Bracton, iol. 42jl!. 
 116 
 
AIL] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali. 
 
 ALIENIGENA est alienae gentis, sen alienae ligeantiae , qui etiam dicitur 
 peregrinus, alienus, exoticus, extraneus. An alien born is one of another 
 nation or allegiance, who is also called a foreigner, an alien, one from without 
 or abroad, a stranger. 7 Co. 31. 
 
 Alien! fori. In, or before another court. Alieni generis, — of a different kind or species ; 
 of another kind. 3 P. Wms. 247. Alieni juris, — of or in another's power, i. e. subject to 
 the power or authority of another, as of a parent, master, or guardian. Justinian. Inst, i, 
 8; Gaios, Dig. i,6,/r. i; Bracton, fol. ta ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, 130, § 120. The opposite 
 of this is sui juris (v. h. t.) Alieni solo,- — in another's soil : in the soil of another. Alieno 
 juri subjectus, — subject to another's power or authority, v. Alieni juris. 
 
 Alieno nomine. In the name of another. Suo nomine, — in one's own name. v. Wharton 
 on Agency, § 281. 
 
 Alienus, a, um, adj. \alius.'\ That pertains to another person, place, object, etc.; belongs 
 to another, another's ; the property of another ; foreign, alien. Alienum puerum, — the child 
 of another. Alienus dignitatis,- — inconsistent with dignity. Cicero. Alienus homo, — 
 another's man or slave. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3,/r. (6.) In reference to relationship 
 or friendship: Not belonging to one, alien from, not related or allied, not friendly. 
 Plautus, Capt. i, 2, 43. Alienus est ab nostrd familid,- — he is alien to (or has abandoned) 
 our family ; he is no more attached to our family. Terentius, Adel. iii, 2, 28. T r o p. . 
 Alienum esse in aligud re, — to be a stranger to a thing, i. e. not to be versed in or familiar 
 with; not to understand — a thing. Homo non alieuus a litteris , — a man not unversed in 
 literature. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 26. (c.) Foreign from a thing, i. e. not suited to it; incon- 
 gruous, inadequate, inapposite, different from (freq. and class.), id.) Averse, hostile or 
 unfavorable to. 
 
 Alii gloriae serviunt, alii pecuniae. Some are slaves to glory, others to money. 
 Cicero. 
 
 ALII memoriae auditorum consulturi, solis inhaerebant conclusionibus, casque 
 mode per causarum genera, quae vacant, mode per quaestiones disponebafit j modo 
 se praeclare suo functos officio existimabant, si ad singulos titulos aliquot casuum 
 leviter enucleatorum centurias proponerent. * * * * Illi ad memoriam omnia 
 referebant, et si qui jejuna ista praecepta edidicerant, et ad singulas quaestiones ipsa 
 compendii verba poterant reddere, eos aliquos casuum ei quaestiuncularum myriadibus 
 suffarcinatos, et phaleris ornatos doctoralibus, ablegabant in forum, strepitum his 
 armis non sine horrore judicis daturas. Heineccius, ad Inst. Praef. p. ix. Others, 
 relying upon the memory of their hearers, were adhering only to the conclusions, 
 and these they were setting forth, at one time by what they call the origin of 
 causes, at another time by questions; and they considered that they had admir- 
 ably discharged their duty if they should bring to bear upon each title a hundred 
 occurrences somewhat unadorned (points of doubtful aptness). * * * * 
 In this they referred every thing to the memory, and if any one had drawn out 
 (mastered) those barren precepts, and were able to restore or give the very words 
 of the compendium to each question, they were sent into court crammed with a 
 myriad of occurrences and petty questions, and incumbered with learned trap- 
 pings to give battle with such armor to the no small horror of the judge. Cited 
 in 2 Best on Evid. § 649, n. i. 
 
 Alimenta Orum, ». [plur. of alimentum,-\-alere, to sustain or support.] Aliments; 
 means of support; nourishments; nutriments,— ^. ^. Alimenta corpo?is, — nourishments of 
 the body. Cicero, Univ. vi. v. Victus. Vestitus. 
 
 In Juridical Language: Alimenta includes all things which pertain to the suste- 
 nance of life,— ;, e. food (cibaria). clothing (vestitus), and habitation (habitatio). Dig.xxxw, 
 tit. I, 'de Alimentis vel Cibariis Legatis.' Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, pr. 43. Gaius, ib. jr. 44. 
 
 Legatis alimentis cib^ria, et vestitus, et habitatio debebitur, quia sine his ali corpus 
 non potest ; cetera, qua« ad disciplinam petinent, legato non continentur. Javolenus, Dig. 
 xx.\iv, \,fr. 6,— nisi, aliud testatorem sensisse probetur. Paulus, ib.fr. 7. 
 
 117 
 
Ali.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AU. 
 
 In a legacy of aliments there shall be owed or due, food, clothing, and habitation, 
 because, without these, the body cannot be sustained or supported ; on the other hand, those 
 things which pertain to teaching or instruction are not contained in a legacy (Paulus, fr. 7), — 
 unless the testator shall be proved to have judged or thought otherwise. Cahini,Lex.Jurid. 
 
 Alimentarius, a, um, adj. [-(- alimentum, i, q. v. infra.'\ Pertaining to nourishing. 
 
 In the Jurists; Alimentarius lex, — a law relating to the apportionment of provisions 
 to the poor. Coel. in Cicero, Fam. viii, 6. Alimentarius causa, — a suit relating to, etc. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. ii, li, fr. 8. Alimentarius res, — things pertaining to sustenance. Amm. xx, 
 8. Hence Alimentarius, i, m. One to whom sustenance has been left by will. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. ii, 15, fr. 8, et al. 
 
 Alimentum, i, »• \alo, ere.] Nourishment, nutriment ; in Concreto, food, provisions, 
 aliment. Plus alimenti est in pane quam in ullo alio. Cels. ii, i8 ; Pliny, xvii, 13,20. 
 v. Alimenta. 
 
 For the Gr. rpoqjaia or Spiitrpa. The reward or gratitude due to parents from children 
 for their rearing. Cicero, Rep. i. Ulpianus expressed it by nutricia. Ulpianus, Di^. L, 
 ^'itfi'- i) § 14- It is also expressed by nutrimenta. v. h. v. 
 
 ALIMENTORUM appellatione venit victus, vestimentus et habitatio. Under the 
 appellation of aliments come food, clothes and habitation. 2 Co. Inst. 
 17 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 60. 
 
 ALIMENTORUM appellatione veniunt expensae educationis, mysteriorum et 
 studiorum. Under the term aliments come the expenses of education, 
 mysteries (of trade or science) and studies or schools. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 AlimoniEl, ae, /. [a class, t. iot alimentum. '\ Nourishment; sustenance; alimony. 
 Plautus, Pers. i, 2, i. Alimonia naturalis, — natural sustenance. Gellius, xvii, 15, 5. 
 
 Alimonia dicitur, eo quod ejus sumptu corpus aliter. Hanc )uvenes accipiunt ad incrementum, senes ad 
 perseverantiam. Neque enim subsistere potent caro, confortetur alimentis. Alimentum enim est, quo 
 alimur, alimonium alendi cura. Isidorus, Orig, xx, 2, § 2. 
 
 It is called alimony (food, sustenance) because by taking U the body is supported. The young take it for 
 growth ; the old for preservation ; for the body can subsist only by food. Nutriment (alimentum) is that by 
 which we are sustained, (called) sustenance (alimonium) on account of feeding. 
 
 V. Similiter nomine a 1 i m o n i a e veniunt necessariae vitae, quae important vestes, cibos, 
 medicinas, et hujusmodi. i Siderjin, 109 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [415J 476. 
 
 Alimdnium, ii, «• [a t. for the class, alimentum^ Nourishment ; sustenance. Varr. 
 R. R. iii, 16, 15, et al. ; Suetonius, Calig. isfl ; Paulus, Dig. xxv, 3,/n 4. 
 
 In the Common Law: Alimony: An allowance made to a wife out of the husband's 
 estate for her maintenance, pendente lite, etc. Also for her subsistence, according to law, 
 upon any such separation from her husband as is not caused by her own elopement or 
 adultery, i Bl. Com. 441 ; 3 id. 94 ; Broom Sf Had. Com. iii, 402 ; 2 Kents Com. xcix, 128 ; 
 Shelf. Marr &= Div. 586 ; Bishop, Marr. 6^ Div. § 549. 
 
 Alio, "dv. To another person or thing. To another place; elsewhere. Alio .... alio, — 
 in one way .... in another ; hither .... thither. Alio intuitu, — in a different view ; under 
 a different aspect, n Rob. Adm. R. 1^1. With another view or object. Lord Ellenborough, 
 7 East, 558 ; id. 6 M. &' S. 234. Alio jure, — in another, or in a different right. 
 
 Alioqui, and with euphon, n. Alioquin, adv. {a.) In other respects, otherwise, for 
 the rest. As for the rest, besides. (6.) Yet besides, in general, generally, moreover, (c.) 
 In itself, even in itself, himself, etc. 
 
 ALIOQUIN, videtur tacitk ralum habere. Moreover he appears to have silently ratified. 
 Pothier, Pand. 14, t. 6, n. 6 ; Story on Agency, § 257, n. 2. 
 
 Ali5qui SUCCeSSUri. Those who would have otherwise succeeded. 
 
 Referring to the heir of a vassal who would have succeeded to him by the law of primo- 
 geniture, without any deed in his favor. Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 5, § 16. 
 
 ALIORUM omnium, pet querelam vel per piivilegium sive libertatem, — of all others, by 
 coniplaint or by privilege {privilegium) or liberty {libertas). Bracton ; cited in Broom on 
 C. L. 35. 
 118 
 
AH.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali 
 
 Ali^Ua, idi>- («•) To some place, somewhere. Plautus, Mil. ii, 2, 66 ; Cicero, Vt-rr. 
 ii, I, 26. (6.) Transf. to action: In some manner. Plautus, il/^n:. ii, 2, 62. 
 
 AlilJIialis. — I- Lat. Such as it is ; any sort of. Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 9, § 29. Aliqualis 
 probatio, — proof such as it is ; any sort of proof. Erskine's Inst, i, t. 7, § 36. 
 Aliqualiter.— L. Lat. adv. in any way. Litt. § 226. 
 
 AIiC[liaildo, (id"", temp, fa.) At any time ; once, — i. c. at an indefinite time. (6.) Some- 
 times, occasionally. Cicero, Fam. v, 8, 3 ; id. Off. iii, 3, 12 et al. 
 
 Aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus. Even the good Homer sometimes nods. 
 Horace. Trop . : " The greatest genius has its weakness and its failures." 
 
 ALIQUANDO cambiis accedunt litterae commendatiiiae, quae tnercatoribus vocantur, sine 
 Addresse, vel sine Notiz, et nihil aliud sunt, quam litterae, quibus tertius paucioribus verbis 
 rogatur, ut, si forte is, cui injuncta est solutio, acceptare cambium recuset, ipse praestet solutionem 
 honorariam. Hae litterae separatae sckedulae inscribi, et acu cambialibus litteris adnecti solent, 
 Negante ergo acceptationem eo, cui ilia injuncta est, exactor vel praesentans, praevia protestatione, 
 litteras cambiales una chm commendatitiis offert tertio, cui commendatus est, eumque rogat, ut in 
 honorem literarum solvere velit. Quum vera commendatio alterum numquam obstringat: conse- 
 quens est, ut et commendatitiae hae litterae non obligent tertiam ad solutionem praestandam. Quin 
 ne declarare quidem voluntatem suam tenetur ante diem solutionis, {v. Phoosen. in Stil. Camb. 
 Amstelod. cap. 24, § 4.) Deinque observandum, denegata solutione vel acceptatione, protestatio- 
 nem fieri debere sumptibus trassantis — (z^. O. C. Hamburg, art. 28); idque etiam necessarium 
 videri doctoribus plerisque , quamvis dissentiat Franckius. Heinbccius, de Camb. cap. 3, §§ 31, 32. 
 Sometimes to bills of exchange there is attached what is called by merchants a recommend- 
 atory letter without address or marks. This is nothing more than a letter of recommendation 
 in which a third person is requested briefly to make honorary payment of the bill, if the per- 
 son upon whom it was drawn refuses to accept it. This letter is usually written on a separate 
 slip and pinned to the bill. If, then, the person upon whom acceptance is imposed should 
 refuse, the collector or presenter, after previous protest, presents the bill, together with the 
 letter of recommendation, to the third person to whom he was recommended, and asks him 
 to please to pay, to lift the bill for honor, or respect for the letter. But as a recommenda- 
 tion never binds another, it follows that this letter of recommendation does not oblige the 
 third person to make payment. Nay, he is not bound to declare his purpose before the day 
 of payment, (v. Phoosen. in Stil. Camb. 'Amstelod. cap. 24, § 4.) In fine, it should be 
 remarked that when payment or acceptance is refused, the protest is to be made at the 
 expense of the drawer — {v. O. C. Hambhrg, art. 28) ; and that this seems necessary to very 
 many writers, although Franckius dissents. Cited in Story on Bills of Exch. § 255, n. 5. 
 
 [F.J.M.] 
 
 ALIQUANDO gaudet lucidus intervallis . He sometimes enjoys lucid intervals. Co. Litt. 
 24615 / I Best on Evid. § 148, p. [208]. 
 
 ALIQUANDO supponitur partus ab uxore, quae se facit praegnantem chm non sit, et ali- 
 quando ct custade, qui (mortuo vero haerede) supponit extraneum, et nutril ut haeredem ad haere- 
 ditatem et ad exhaeredationem veri haeredis, ciim non set filius nee haeres. Sometimes a child is 
 fraudulently substituted by a wife, that she makes [/. e. pretends] herself to be pregnant, when 
 she is not so. And sometimes by a guardian, who (upon the death of the true heir) substi- 
 tutes (or sets up) a strange child and brings him up as the heir to the inheritance, and for the 
 disinheriting of the true heir, when there may not be a son nor heir. Bracton, i, c 32, § i, fol. 
 69- f. Partus suppositus. 
 
 Idea de iartti suiiosita videndum, et gualUer hujusmodi malitia in curid regis convincatur. Therefore let 
 us consider the case of a supposititious offspring, and in what manner malice of this kind may be convicted 
 in the court of the kins »■ Bractan,sttpra, where the subject is treated, and the various writs stated, viz.: 
 T A writ to examine a woman, that it may be known whether she be pregnant or not. 2. The writ to the con- 
 stable that he should receive her into his castle. 3. The writ that upon the complaint of the heir she be 
 inspected. 4. The writ that the sheriff cause her to appear before the justices at Westminster, etc. Bracton, 
 supra, §8 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 119 
 
AU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AU. 
 
 ALIQUANDO tamen et sine re venditio intelligitur ; veluti, quam quasi aled 
 emitur ; quod fit, quum captus, piscium, vel avium, vel missilium emitur ; 
 emptio enim contrahitur, etiamsi nihil incident, quia spei eniptio est, et quod missi- 
 lium nomine eo casu captum est, si evictum fuerit, nulla eo nomine ex emto obligatio 
 contrahitur, quia id actum intelligitur. Pomponius, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 8, § i. 
 Sometimes, however, a sale is understood without the existence of the actual 
 object; for instance, as in a purchase of things, as it were, upon an uncertainty 
 or blind fortune {aled). This occurs when a catch of fish or of birds (game), or 
 of articles thrown among the people to scramble for {res missiles) is bought. A 
 sale is contracted even though nothing shall have come {i. e. there is nothing at 
 hand), because it is a sale of hope {or of a thing anticipated); and if what in such 
 a case is captured under the name of missilia (articles thrown among the popu- 
 lace to scramble for), if he shall have been evicted or overcome, no obligation of 
 sale is contracted under that name {missilia) because that act {or such a possi- 
 bility of eviction) was understood. 
 
 AliC[ui rect^ teUUerunt. Some have held rightly. Bacon's Arg. Imp. Waste. Law Tr. 215. 
 
 Aliquibus de SOCietate. With others of the society. 
 
 Aliquid. Something ; somewhat ; some ; any ; many ; in some degree ; to some extent. 
 
 AUquid possession-is et {fix sed) nihil juris. Somewhat of possession and nothing of right; 
 some degree of possession but no right. Bracton, fol. 390, 1603. 
 
 ALIQUID conceditur, ne injuria remaneat impunita, quod alias non concederetur. 
 Something is conceded, to prevent a wrong remaining unredressed, which 
 otherwise would not be conceded. Co. Litt. ig^b j Wingate's Max. 143, s. 2; 
 Broom's Max. Something is conceded which otherwise would not be conceded, 
 lest an injury should remain without remedy. 
 
 Alic[uis, \^\\ix.aliqui.'\ (a.) Someone; anyone; somebody; something; one; a per- 
 son. (6.) Some or any other ; something or any thing else. Cicero, Brut. 44 et al. (fi.) 
 Something considerable, important or great. Cicero, Tusc. i, 20, 45 ; LiVY, xlv, 36. 
 
 ALIQUIS non debet esse judex in proprid causd j quia non potest esse judex et 
 pars. One ought not to be a judge in his own cause, because he cannot be a 
 judge and party both. Co. Litt. 144a ; Broom's Max. 119 ; Hopkins' Ch. R. 102. 
 " Because it is against reason, if wrong be done any man, that he thereof should be his own 
 judge. Litt. % 212. V. 13 Q. B. yi"] ; 17 id. i ; 15 C. B. 769; i C. B. N. S. 329. Nemo 
 potest esse, simul Actor et judex. Co. Litt. 141a. Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa. 
 12 Co. 114a, Earl of Derby's case. 
 
 ALIQUIS quod concedit, concedere videtur et id, sine quo res ipsa esse non potuit. 
 Any one who grants a thing, he is supposed [appears] to grant that also 
 without which the thing itself could not exist [/. e. could not be enjoyed]. 4 
 Kent's Com. 467 {g) ; citing 11 Co. 52. 
 
 V. Cuicunque aliquis quid concedit, concedere videtur et id sine quo res ipsa esse non 
 potuit : and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Aliq^UO modo destruatur. By any other manner destroyed. Mag. Cart. c. 29 ; 2 Co. 
 Inst. 48 ; I Bl. Com. 133. 
 
 AliqnO tempore de die vel de nOCte. At any time of the day or night. Bracton, fol. 119. 
 
 Alts volat propriis. She flies with her own wings. Motto of Oregon. " He flies 
 with his own wings." Motto of the Earl Thanet. 
 
 Aliter, adv. Otherwise ; in another manner ; in other respects, v. Latch. 108. 
 
 " It has been held aliter ever since." Holt, C. J., 12 Mod. i. Aliternon, — otherwise not. 
 Non aliter nisi, — by no other means ; on no other condition ; not otherwise. 
 
 Aliter, vel in alio modo, — otherwise, or in another way. 
 
 120 
 
Ali,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali. 
 
 A LITER leges, aliter philosophi tollunt astutias : leges, quantenus manu tenere 
 possunt, philosophi, quatenus ratione et intelligentia. Ratio ergo hoc postulat, 
 ■ne quid insidiose, ne quid simulate, ne quid fallaciter . Suntite igitur insidiae tender e 
 plagas, etiam si excitaturus non sis nee agitaturus ? Jpsae enim ferae nullo inse- 
 quente saepe incidunt. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, c. 17. The laws remove frauds 
 in one way, philosophers in another ; the laws, as far as they can lay hold of 
 them by their arm \or by pinacling the hands] ; philosophers, as far as they can 
 by reason and intelligence \i. e. by clearing the understanding and informing 
 the judgment]. Reason, then, requires that nothing be done insidiously, nothing 
 dissemblingly, nothing falsely. Is it not then an ensnaring to lay a net, even 
 though you should not beat up the game, nor hunt them to it .' For the wild 
 creatures often fall into it of themselves, no one pursuing them. cf. Grotius, 
 de Jure Belli ac Pads, iii, c. 10, § i, s. 3, n. a ; Kent's Com. ii, 491, n. (</); 
 Story's Eq. Jur. ii, § 1517, note 3. 
 
 Cicero follows this up with these pertinent illustrations and golden opinions : 
 
 Sic tu aedes proscribas, tabulam tamquam plagain ponas, domum propter vitia vendas, in eum aliquis incur- 
 rat imprudens? Hoc quamquam video propter depravationem consuetudinis neque more turpe haberi neque 
 aut lege sanciri aut jure civili, tamen naturae lege sanctum est. Societas est enim — quod etsi saepe dictum est, 
 dicendum est tamen saepius — latissime quidem quae pateat, omnium inter omnes, interior eorum, qui ejusdem 
 gentis sint, proprior eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis. Itaque majores aliud jus gentium, aliud jus civile esse volu- 
 erunt. ' Quod civile, non idem continuo gentium, quod autem gentium, idem civile esse debet. Sed nos veri 
 juris germanaeque justitiae solidam et eipressam effiigiem nuUam tenemus, umbra et imaginibus utimur. 
 Eas ipsas utinam sequeremur ! feruntur enim ex optimis naturae et veritatis exemplis. Nam quanti verba ilia : 
 
 UtI ne propter TE FIDEMVE TUAM CAPTUS FRAUDATUSVE SIM ! quam lUa aurea ; UT inter BONOS BENE ACIER 
 
 OPORTET ET SINE FRAUDATioNE ! Sed qul sint 'boul* et quid sit *beneagi' magna quaestio est. Cicero,/^. 
 S§ 68, 69, 70. 
 
 So is it fit you should set up your house for sale, put up a bill like a net, sell the house because of its defects, 
 and that somebody should rush into it unwittingly? Though I see that this, on account of the corruption of 
 manners, is neither esteemed base in morals, nor forbidden either by statutable enactments or by civil law ; 
 yet it is forbidden by the law of nature. For there is the social tie between man and man which is of the 
 widest extent, which, though I have often mentioned it, yet needs to be mentioned oftener. There is a closer 
 tie between those who are of the same nation ; a closer still between those who are of the same state. Our 
 ancestors, therefore, were of opinion that the law of nations was one thing, the municipal law a different thing. 
 Whatever is civil law, the same is not, for that reason, necessarily the law of nations ; but whatever is tlie law 
 of nations, the same ought to be civil law. But we possess no solid and express image of true right and its 
 sister justice : we use merely their shade and its faint resemblances. Would that we followed even these, 
 for they are taken from the best patterns of nature and truth ! For how admirable are those words : * ' t h a t I 
 be not ensnared and defrauded on account of you and your honesty,'* What golden 
 words those — "that among honest men there be fair dealing, and without fraud," 
 But who are honest men, and what is fair dealing, is the great question, v, 2 Kenfs Com, 491, read note {d), 
 
 A 'LIT KB^ puniuntur ex eisdem fadionibus, servi, qud.m liberi ; et aliter qui quidem 
 aliquid in dominium parentdmve commiserit, quam in extraneum; in magistra- 
 tum, quam in privatum. Et similiter aetatis ratio habenda est. Serfs are punished 
 on a different scale from free men for the same actions, and differently in the 
 case where one has struck one's lord or one's parent, than where one has struck 
 a stranger ; also where one has struck a magistrate, than where one has struck a 
 private person. And in a similar manner regard is to be paid to age. Bracton, 
 iii, c. 6, § I, fol. 105 ; 3 Co. Inst. 220. Read : Atrox injuria, et seq. 
 
 Bracton drew this from the Civil Law. Read it in : Persona dupliciter spectatur : 
 ejus qui facit, et ejus, qui passus est, etc. Claudius Saturninus, Dig. xlviii, 19, fr. 16, § 3. 
 
 ALITER quam ad virum, ex causa regiminis et castegationes uxojis suae, licite et rationa- 
 biliter pertinet. Otherwise than what legally and reasonably belongs to the husband, on 
 account of governing and chastising his wife. .1 Bl. Com. 444 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 546. 
 
 Aliter vitiwm, vivitque tegendo.— L a t . P r o v . : Vice thrives and lives by con- 
 cealment. Virgil. " Foul deeds delight in darkness." 
 
 Aliud. \neut. -\- alius.} Another; one thing — another thing, v. Alius. 
 
 Aliud est capere, — aliud accipere. To take is one thing, — to accept or receive is another 
 thing. It is one thing to take. — =' is another thing to accept or receive. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 [16] 121 
 
AU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ali. 
 
 ALIUD esf cap ere, aliud accipere; caper e, ciim effectu accipitur ; 
 accipere, etsi guts non accipit, ut habeat ; ideoque non videtur quis caper e, quod 
 erit restituturus, sicut p e rvenisse proprie illud dicitur, quod est remansurum. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 71. It is one thing to take {capere), it is another to 
 accept {accipere) ; the term ' capere ' is used, when any thing is accepted with 
 effect, the term ' accipere,' although one has not accepted that he may hold the 
 object ; and, therefore, a party seems not to take (capere), what he is about to 
 restore, just as that is properly said, to have reached or arrived at its destination, 
 which is about to remain there, v. Accipere, and Capere. 
 
 ALIUD est celare, aliud tacere. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, c. 12, § 52. To con- 
 ceal is one thing ; to be silent is another thing. Per Lord Mansfield, C. 
 
 J., 3 Burr. 1905, 1910. 
 
 Silence is by no means equivalent to concealment. Either party may, therefore, be inno- 
 cently silent as to grounds open to both to exercise their judgment upon. Broom's Max. 750, 
 and cases, n. 7 ; 3 Bing. 77 ; 4 Taunt. 851 ; 2 Carr. &^ P. 341 ; 2 Wheat. (U. S.) R. 176 ; 9 
 id. 631. The principle is stated more fully by Cicero, and quoted per Lord Mansfield: 
 
 ALIUD est celare, aliud tacere .•**** neque enim id est celare quicquid 
 reticeas ; sed quum, quod tu scias, id ignorare emolutnenti tui causd veils eos, 
 quorum intersit id scire. Cicero, de Off. iii, 12, 13. It is one thing to conceal, 
 another thing to be silent on the subject ; * * * * indeed that is not to 
 conceal whatsoever you may keep silent ; but when for the sake of your own 
 emolument you wish those, whose interest it is to know that which you know, to 
 remain in ignorance. 
 
 Diogenes, who is conversing with Cicero, puts a case thus : " I do not conceal from 
 you now, if I do not tell you what is the nature of the goods, or what is the supreme good ; 
 things, the knowledge of which would be more beneficial to you than the low price of wheat. 
 But is there any necessity for one to tell you whatever is beneficial to you to know ? " " Yes, 
 indeed," the other will say, " it is necessary, that is, if you remember that there is a social 
 tie established between men by nature." "I remember that," he will answer, " but is that 
 social tie such that each has nothing of his own ? for if it be so, we should not even sell any 
 thing, but make a present of it." Cicero, Off. iii, 12. 
 
 Cicero vehemently denounces such concealment — stating several propositions — and then 
 adds the passage quoted elsewhere. Hoc autem celandi genus quale sit, et cujus hominis, quis 
 non videt? w. Cicero, de Off. iii, 13. 
 
 Our Jurists hold that to conceal is one thing, to be silent is a different : there is no 
 concealment in withholding a matter, unless it be from those who ought to know it, and it 
 be done purposelj', for your own advancement. Lord Mansfield, 3 Burr. 1910 ; i Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 204 ; I Smith's L. C. [621] 763. v. 2 Duer on Ins. Lect. xiii ; 5 A^. Y. S. (i Seld.) 
 469, 474; 23 Barb. 521, 526; 2 Wheaton's (U. S.) R. 176; 9 id. 631. Qui facet non utque 
 fatetur ; sed tamen rerum est, eum non negare. Paulus, Dig. L, iT,fr. 142. 
 
 ALIUD est maledicere, aliud accusare. A ccusatio crimen desiderat, rem ut definiat, 
 hominem ut notet, argumento probet, teste conjirmet ; maledic tio autem nihil habet propositi, 
 praeter contumeliam ; quae si petulantius jactatur, convicium, si facetius, urhanitas nominatur. 
 CiCERO, pro Coelio, u. iii, § 6. To speak ill of a person (slander or vituperate him), is one 
 thing, and to accuse is another. An accusation requires a crime in order to define the 
 matter, to brand the man, to prove its charges by argument, and to confirm them by witnesses. 
 But slander or vituperation has no settled object, except insult; and if any one is 
 attacked in that way with ill temper, it is called abuse ; but if it is done with some sort of 
 wit and mirth, it is then styled bantering. 
 
 Demosthenes expressed the distinction : " 1 conceive abuse to differ from accusation in 
 this, that accusation has to do with offenses for which the law provides penalties ; abuse 
 with the scandal which enemies speak against each other according to their humour." 
 Demosthenes, on the Crown (Kenedy's), p. 51-2. 
 
 ALIUD est distinctio, — aliud separatio. Distinction is one thing; separation is 
 another. " It is one thing to make things distinct, another thing to make 
 them separable." Bacon, Arg., Case of Postnati of Scotland, Works, iv, 351. 
 
All.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AU. 
 
 A lAVD est judicium, aliud arbitrium. Judicium est pecuniae certae : arbi- 
 triu7n incertae. Cicero, Ros. Com. iv, 9. A trial before a judge is one 
 thing, arbitration is another. Trial before a judge is about a definite sum of 
 money; arbitration about one which is not determined, v. Smith's Diet. 
 Antiq. p. 530; and see Professor Long's explanation, v. Arbitrium. 
 
 AL I U D «/ possidere, — aliud esse in possessione . To possess is one thing, — to 
 be in possession is another thing. Bracton, fol. 296 ; Hobart, 163. 
 Bracton has drawn this from Ulpianus : 
 
 ALIUD est possidere, longi aliud in possessione esse. Ulpianus, Dig. xli, 2, 
 fr. 10, § 1. It is one thing to possess; a far different thing to be in pos- 
 session. To possess is one thing; to be in possession is by far another thing. 
 
 V. Long6 aliud est possidere quam esse in possessione, and est autem longe diversum ; 
 aliud est enim possidere, longfe aliud in possessione esse, etc. Ulpianus, supra. 
 
 Esse in possessione does not mean the same as possidere, the former expression denoting the 
 mere fact of detention, the latter that the detention is protected by means of interdicts ; 
 hence a tenant is 'in possession' whereas his landlord 'possesses." cf. Savigny, 
 on Possession, translated by Perry, Bk. i, g 7. This agrees with the rule stated by Gaius : 
 Possidere autem videmur non solum si ipsi possideamus, sed etiam, si nostro nomine aliquis 
 in possessione sit, licet is nostro juri subjectus non sit, qualis est colonus et inquilinus, etc. 
 Gaius, Inst, iv, § 153. 
 
 Justinian, also: Possidere autem videtur quisque non solum si ipse possident, etc. 
 Justinian Inst, iv, 15, § 5. 
 
 ALIUD est promittere, furem non esse, aliud furto no xaqu e sol- 
 u turn J qui enim dicit, furem non esse, de hominis proposito loquitur, qui 
 furtis noxaque solutum nemini esse furti obligatum promittit. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 
 16, fr. 174. It is one thing to promise not to be a thief, another to be free from 
 theft and crime ; one who agrees not to be a thief speaks concerning the inten- 
 tion (purpose) of the man ; one who is free from thefts and crime promises no 
 one to be obligated by theft. 
 
 ALIUD est tacere, aliud celare. It is one thing to be silent, another thing to 
 conceal, i Story's Eq. Jur. § 384. 
 This is the converse of the maxim : Aliud est celare, aliud tacere. Quoted from Cicero. 
 V. supra. 
 
 ALIUD est vendere, aliud vendenti consentire. Ulpianus, Dig. L, \i,fr. 160. 
 To sell is one thing, — to give consent to a sale is another thing. Gotho- 
 FRED, de Div. Regl. Juris, clx ; Halkerston's Max. 
 Aliud ex alio. One thing after another. Cicero, Fam. ix, 19; Lucretius, i, 407. 
 
 Aliud examen, A diiferent or foreign mode of trial, i Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 38 [30]. 
 V. Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 460. v. Ad aliud examen, and the authorities. 
 
 ALIUD fraus est, aliud poena; fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena 
 sine fraude esse non potest. Poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa 
 dicitur, et quasi poend quaedam praeparatio. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, /;-. 131. 
 An injury or damage (produced by deception or ignorance) is one thing, 
 punishment another; for there can be an injury or damage without punishment; 
 there can be no punishment without an injury or damage. P u n i's h m e n t is 
 a revenge for an injurious act [offense or crime], the injury or damage {fraus) 
 is called the offense or crime itself, and, as it were, a certain preparing or 
 
 making ready for a punishment. 
 
 123 
 
AU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AIL 
 
 ALIUD in servo ; nam quum personam nan habeat, nee nisi ex persona domini 
 socius esse possit, sequitur quod hujus manumissione aut alienatione solvatur 
 societas. Hoc docet Ulpianus : " Si servus meus societatem ciim Titio coterit, et 
 alienatus in eadem permanserit, potest did, alienatione servi et priorem societatem 
 finitam, et ex integro alteram inchoatamj atque ideo et mihi et emptori actionem iro 
 socio competere. Item, tam adversus me, quam adversus emptorem, ex his causis, 
 quae ante alienationem inciderunt, dandam actionem j ex reliquis, adversus emptorem 
 solum." Ulpianus, Big. xvii, 2,fr. 58, § 3. It is another thing (i7r otherwise) 
 in the case of a slave; for, since he has no legal personality and can be a partner 
 only in the person or stead of his owner, it follows that by his manumission or 
 alienation the partnership is dissolved. Ulpianus lays down this doctrine: 
 Should my slave form a partnership with T i t i u s and, upon being sold, remain 
 in the same, it may be said that by the sale of the slave both the former partner- 
 ship was dissolved and another was wholly begun ; therefore that an action for 
 the partner belongs both to me and the buyer. Again that an action must lie 
 as well to me as to the buyer for those causes that arose before the sale; for the 
 rest, against the buyer alone. Pothier, Pand. lib. xvii, tit. 2, n. 60, 61. Cited 
 in Story on Part. § 305. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ALIUD pro alio, invito creditori, solvi non potest. Paulus, Dig. xii, i, fr. 2, 
 § I. One thing for another, cannot be paid to an unwilling creditor. One 
 thing cannot be paid for another thing, i. e. of a different kind — to an unwilling 
 creditor. Story's Eq. Jur. § 1441 ; Pothier on Oblig. n. 588 [n. 623, French ed.]. 
 Ejus, quod non ei debetur, qui convenitur, sed alii, eompensatio non potest. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 31, 9. Compensatio debiti ex pari specie, et causa dispari, admittitur, etc. Pothier, 
 Pand. lib. xvi, tit. 2, n. 22. 
 
 Aliud-Ve f3j\a!^. simile si admisserint. Or if they have admitted any thing of a like 
 sort. 4 Bl. Com. 90. 
 
 Alium facere. To make one entirely another ; to transform (class, passim). 
 
 Alium silere quod valeas, primus site, — L a t . A p h . To make another person 
 hold his tongue, be you first silent. Seneca. " Do not irritate an idle dispute by fruitless 
 perseverance." 
 
 Aliunde, idv. \aKus-unde.'\ From another person, place, or thing ; from elsewhere. 
 Cicero, de Or. ii, 10, 39; Lucretius, iii, 134; id.'v, 523; id.vi, 1018. Aliunde alio, — 
 from one place to another. Seneca, Qu. N. iii, 11, i. Aliunde quhm, — from elsewhere than. 
 Pliny, xxxiii, 8, 40; id. ii, 97, gg ; ix, 34, 35. From another source or quarter. Lord 
 Ellenborough, 2 East, 563. 
 
 Alius, a, \i&,adj. Another; other. Alius atque alius, or alius aliusque, — the one and 
 the other ; now this, now that. Cicero, Or. xxii, 72, et al. Alius ex alio, — one following 
 upon or after another. Cicero, Att. xvi, 14, et al. Alius fieri, — to become entirely another, 
 or different ; to be wholly changed; Alius alio (an abbreviated phrase), — one in one way 
 another in another. Cicero, Off. iii, 20, 80. 
 
 AliUS-modi, aav. Of another kind, — e. g. res alius-modi, — a thing (or things) of another 
 kind. Cicero, de Inv. ii, 6, 21. 
 
 Alius-vis, adj. Any other. Cicero, Att. viii, 4. 
 
 Al-leg6, are, i, -u. a. (a.) To send one away with a commission, or charge ; to dispatch 
 (the word is applied to private business, while leg-are is used in the affairs of state, v. Nott. 
 Lexic. Antib. p. 283). (6.) To instigate or incite any one to any act of fraud or deceit. 
 Plautus, Poen. iii, 5, 28. (c.) To bring something before one in speech ; to relate, recount, 
 mention. Pliny, Ep. iii, 15, et al. 
 
 124 
 
AU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [All. 
 
 In Juridical Lat.: Allegare se ex servitute in ingenuiiatem, — to release one's self 
 from servitude by adducing reasons or arguments. Ulpianus, Dig. xi, 12, fr. 27. Hence 
 allegare, — to allege or state ; to bring forward, or set up, as a claim or defense. 
 
 ALLEGANDUM est interesse tuunt. You must set forth your interest, 
 /. e. in the subject-matter in question. Gierke's Prax Cur. Adm. tit. 34, 35. 
 Allegans. Alleging. Allegatum, — alleged, v. Allegata. 
 
 AL L E G A N S contraria non est audiendus. One alleging contrary or contra- 
 dictory things is not to be heard. A person whose statements contradict 
 each other is not to be heard. Jenk. Cont. 16 ; /^ Co. Inst. 279. " He is not to 
 be heard who alleges things contradictory to each other." Brooms Max. 169, 
 289 ; Wharton's Max. ix ; 4 Term. R. 2-l\ \ 3 Exch. 446, 527, 678 ; 4 id. 187 ; 
 II id. 493 ; 3 Ell. 6^ B. 363 ; 5 id. 502 \ ^ C. B. 195, 886; 10 Mass. 163. 
 
 It is applied to the statement of a witness. 4 Co. Inst. 279. Falsus in uno falsus in omni- 
 bus. Per Story, J., 7 Wheaton's {\i. S.) Ji. 338, 339. Estoppel is based on the maxim: 
 Allegans contraria non est audiendus. cf . 2 Best on Evid. § 533. 
 
 ALLEGANS suam turpitudinem [or suum crimen] non est audiendus. A 
 person who alleges his own turpitude [or his own crime] is not to be 
 heard. 4 Co. Inst. 279; 2 Johns. Ch. 339, 350; Broom's Max. 
 
 Nemo allegans turpitudinem suam est audiendus. 4 Co. Inst. 279 ; i Caines, 258, 269 ; 3 
 Johns. Cas. 185, 188 ; 17 Johns. 176, iBo ; 5 Cowen, 153, 160; 2 Hill's (N. Y.) H. 200, 201 ; g 
 Barb. 467, 470. Nemo debet credi allegans suam turpitudmem. 5 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 13, 16. 
 "No man shall be heard to allege his own turpitude." 8 Ccw. 669, 693. 
 
 M r . Best, however, after an exhaustive examination and careful comparison of the mod- 
 ern authorities, arrives at the conclusion that in England, the maxim: 'Allegans 
 suam turpitudinem non est audiendus,' forms no part of the Common Law of the present 
 day. 2 Best on Evid. [683, 688] §§ 545, 546. 
 
 AL L E G A R I non debuit quod probatum non relevdt. That ought not to be 
 alleged, which if proved is not relevant, i Chan. Cas. 45 ; Lofft's Max. 
 482; Broom's Max. J Halkerston's Max. 
 
 Allegata, Matters alleged ; allegations. Allegata et probata, — L. Lat. Allegations and 
 proofs ; things alleged and things pioved ; assertions and facts. Hob. 163. 
 
 It is a general rule that the allegata et probata must agree. A party cannot state 
 one case, and make out a different one by proof. Baldwin, J., lo Peters' R. itj, 209; 
 Story, J., 2 Sumnet's R. 206, 209 ; i Greenl. Evid. § 51. " The cause must stand before the 
 court to be heard secundum allegata et probata." Id. ibid. v. 3 Martin, La. R. N. s. 636. 
 
 Allegatio. Onis, /. \allego.\ (a.) A sending away ; a dispatching ; a mission to any one. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 51, 136 ; id. ibid. xvi. (6.) Trop. , An alleging or adducing by way 
 of proof. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 5,, /;-. 2 ; Hermog. ib. iv, 4, Jr. 17 ; Paulus, ib. xxiii, 2, 
 Jr. to. (c.) In the Latin of the Jurists: An imperial rescript. Theod. Cjo'. xvi, 
 
 5, 37 ; GOTHOFRED. 
 
 In the Common Law: Statement or pleading. Steph. PI. i, 123, 124. The state- 
 ment of fact, or pleading of a party to an action, — e.g. as a declaration, plea, etc. Id. 23, 
 59. A statement in a particular pleading or a particular statement in a pleading. Id. passim. 
 An additional or supplementary pleading. 3 Bl. Com. 100 ; i Bro. Civ. Law, 471, 473. A 
 pleading used in propounding or contesting a will, etc. 4 Chitt. Gen. Pr. 166. 
 
 An allegation of faculties, by a wife claiming in order to her obtaining alimony. 
 ShelJ., Marr. &' Div. 587 ; 11 Alab. R, N. s. 763. The husband makes answer to such an 
 allegation, upon which the amount of alimony is determined. 2 Lee's Eccl. 593 ; 3 Phill. Eccl. 
 387. If the husband fail to make a full and complete disclosure, the wife may produce 
 other proof. Bishop, Marr. <y Div. § 603, ed. § , ed. ; 2 Hagg. Cons. 199; 3 Knapp, 
 Priv. Coun. 42. 
 
 Allegation of diminution: In proceedings for the reversal of a judgment, if the 
 whole record be not certified, or not truly certified by the inferior court, the party suing out 
 the writ of error may allege diminution, i. e. may allege that it is imperfect In certam 
 specified respects, and thereupon he may have a writ to the court below, to certify the whole 
 record. 2 Tidds Pr. 1167. 
 
 ALLEGATIO contra factum non est admittenda. An allegation contrary 
 to the deed is not to be admitted (as evidence). Com. law Max. 
 
 125 
 
AIL] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AIL 
 
 ALLEGATIO contra interpretationem verborum non est admittenda. An alle- 
 gation against the meaning of the words is not to be admitted. Com. Law 
 
 Max, 
 
 Allegoria, ae, /.= Gr. dXXr^yopia, [-(- aA/lo?, other, and ayopsveiv, to harangue, 
 ■-|- aXopd, assembly.] An allegory, i. t. a figurative representation of a whole thought or 
 of an abstract truth, under an image carried through to the end. v. Calvini^ Lex Jurid. 
 
 At dXAij-yopia, (juam inversionem interpretantur, aut aliud verbis aliud sensu ostendit aut etiam interim 
 contrarium. Prius fit genus plerumque continuatis translationibus : ut 
 ' O navis^ referent in mare ie novi 
 Fluctus : o quid agts ? fortiier occupa 
 For^um.'' —tioRACE^ Ode^ i, 14, i, 
 totusque ille Horatii locus, quo navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempest aies pro bellis civilibus, 
 portum pro pace atque concordia dicit. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. viii, 6, 44. 
 
 'AkKriyopia, 'allegory, 'a word which our writers interpret by inversion presents one thing in words, and 
 another in sense ; or sometimes a sense quite contrary to the words. Of the first sort, the toUowing is an 
 example: "O ship, shall new waves bear thee back into the sea? O what art thou 
 doing? Make resolutely for the harbour," — and all 'that ode of Horace, in which he puts the 
 ship for the commonwealth, the tempest of the waves for civil wars, and the harbour for peace 
 and concord. 
 
 Tale L u c r e t i 1 : 
 
 Avza Pieridum peragro loca, — (Lucretius, iv, i.) 
 et V i r g 1 li i : 
 
 Sed nos itnvzensum spatio confecimus aeguor^ 
 
 Et jam tempus equunt fumantia solvere colia. — (Virgil, Georg. ii, 541.) 
 Similar are the exclamations of Lucretius: "1 range oyer the trackless regions of the 
 Muses"; and the lines ot Virgil (Virgil, Gwr^, ii, 541) : "But we have gone over a plain vast 
 in extent, and it is now time to unyoke the reeking necks ot the horses," 
 ^, Quintilian, Inst. Orat. viii, 6, § 45. 
 
 A llegoria est alieniloquium. Aliud enim sonat, aliud intelligitur, ut : 
 * * * Tres in liitore cervos 
 Conspicit errantes.— (Virgil, jSn. i, 184.) 
 Ubi tres duces belli Punici, vel tria bella Punica significantur. Et in Bucolicis: 
 * * * puero silvestri ex arbore lecta 
 Aurea mala decem^ mist. — (Virgil, Eclogia^ iii, 70.) 
 id est, August© decern misi eclogas pastorum. Hugus tropi plures sunt species, ex quibus eminent vii; ironia, 
 antipiirasis, enigma, charientismos, paroemia, sarcasmos, astysmos. Isidorus, Originum^ i, 36, 22. 
 
 An allegory is the expressing of another thing. For it speaks or expresses one thing for another thing 
 that IS understood. — ex.gr, *He saw three stags straying on the shore' (Virgil, A. i, 184), in 
 which place three genera!s-in-chief of the Puoic war, or the three Punic wars are understood. And in his 
 Bucolics: *1 have sent to my boy ten golden apples gathered from a tree in the 
 woods,' 1. e. I have sent my boy (Augustus) ten pastoral eclogues. Of this sort of trope there are many 
 kinds or species, of which seven are eminent : irony, antiphrasis, aenigma, charientismos, paroemia, sarcas- 
 mos, astysmos. 
 
 AlligO, are, I, ^. w. To bind to something. Cicero, t/^.?rr. ii, 4, 42, 90. In general 
 signification: To bind; to hold fast; to hinder or detain. In a moral sense: 
 To oblige or lay under an obligation, v. Obligare. 
 
 Alligeantiao [+ alligare^ 4~ ^^> ^^^ ^^^ ligare^ to bind.] Allegiance ; the tie or bond 
 {ligamen) of fidelity and obedience, by vrhich native-born subjects or citizens are bound to 
 their sovereign, government, or countrj'-, in return for the protection afforded them, i Bl. 
 Com. 366; 4 id. 74; 2 JCenfs Com. 39, et seq. u. id. 44, note, v. id. 50. As to the origin of 
 allegiance in England, v. i Bl. Com. 367 ; 2 id. 53. As to the signification of the term, v. 
 Si r E. Coke, 7 Co. 5, Calvin's case ; Story, J., 3 Peters' R, 155 ; Broom^s Max. 76, sq. 
 
 Aller, Aler. — L. Fr. To go. Alter a large, — to go at large. Altera dieu^ — to go quit; 
 to be dismissed from court. Atlef sans jour, — to go without day; to be finally dismissed 
 the court. Allez voiis en. — Fr. Away with you. 
 
 Alleviare. — L- Lat. To levy or pay an accustomed fine or composition. To redeem by 
 such payment. 
 
 Allen, Allien, Alien. — Fr. An allodial estate as distinguished from a. fief. Esprit dei 
 Lois, liv. 31, c. 8.= Allodium^ (q. v.) v. Franc alen. 
 
 Allocate. — L. Lat. To allow. Allocatio. [attocare.'} An allocation or allowance of an 
 exception or proceeding. Town's Bl, 27. An allowance made upon an account in the 
 English Exchequer. Cowell. Allocatione facienda, — making an allowance, (w. De allocatione 
 126 
 
AU.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [AU. 
 
 facienda.) Allocatur, — it is allowed. Applied to the master's certificate on taxation show- 
 ing the amount allowed, i Tidd's Pr. 337. Also to the allowance of a writ or order by 
 the judge's indorsing "allocatur," "allowed." Also to denote the concession of a 
 point by the court on the argument. = Ca»ir<fjj'«w (v. h. v.). Non allocatur, — not allowed — 
 overruled. 
 
 Allocatur exigent, it is allowed they shall take out, or get out or pass beyond, u. 
 Exigent, or exigi facias. I Tidd^s Pr. 132 ; Archb. N. P. 485. 
 
 Allodarii. — L. Lat. Those who hold allodial lands. Also, those who hold an estate 
 as large as a subject can have. Co. Litt. i ; Bacon's Abr. 'Tenure,' A. 
 
 Allodialis. — L. Lat. [+ allodium.\ Allodial ; that which is not held of any superior ; 
 an estate held free ; the opposite of feudal. Esprit des Lois, iv, 31, c. 8. 
 
 Allodial lands are such as are free from any rent or service. 2 Bl. Com. 47, 60, 105 ; 
 3 Kent's Com. 488, 498, 513, note (a), 513, 514 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, iig. v. notes. 
 
 Allodiuni. — L. Lat. [-\-all, and Sax. odh, property, quasi, the entire property, estate; 
 or -|- a, priv., and Sax. lode or leude, a vassal, quasi, without vassalage.J 
 
 In Feudal Law: Free, absolute, independent ownership, an estate held in absolute 
 dominion, without owing any rent, fealty, service or duty to any superior on account thereof. 
 2 Bl. Com. 45, 47, 60, 77, 105 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 118, 209 ; Washburn on Peal Prop, i, 
 16, 41, 42. The opposite of feudum, which always implies tenure or service. 3 Kent's Com. 
 390, 448. Also called Allodum, or Alodium, or Alodum, or Alode. 
 
 In England, there is no allodial tenure, for all land is held immediately of the king zsincapite; or 
 mediately of the kmg, through lords or superiors, by some service, as fealty or rent. The fundamental maxim 
 is that all the land in the kin^don is held, mediately or immediately, of the sovereign. Co. Litt. gja, la, li, 
 65a: IVright on Tenures, 136-7 ; 2 Bl. Com 45, 59 ; Broom & Had. Com. ii, 138, sq.; 2 Kents Cotn. 390. The 
 words tenancy in fee simple, are there used to express the most absolute dominion which a man can 
 have over his property, v. Authorities, supra. 
 'States, the title tolar 
 
 In the United States, the title to land is essentially allodial, and every tenant in fee simple has an 
 absolute and unqualified dominion over it ; and in several of the states the lands have been declared to be 
 allodial, cf. bharswood's Bl. Com. ii, 77, n. ; s Rawl, (Penn.) 1T1-113 ; 10 Gilt &' ?. (Md.) 443 ; i Washb. 
 Real Prop, 41, 42; but see 7 Cush. (Mass.) 62. 
 
 A\AJdV)\\}M. est proprietas quae a nulla recognoscitur. Allodium is that 
 property which is examined (or inspected or reviewed) by no person, /. e. 
 by no lord or master. Ferrieres Did. tit. ' Franc-alen; ' 4 Kent's Com. 498, a. 
 
 ALLODIUM interdum opponitur comparato in fortnulis veteribus. Allodium is some- 
 times applied in or by way of comparison, in the old formulas. Du Cange ; 2 Bl. Com. 47, 
 Cooley's note (4) ; Broom Id' Had. Com. ii, 119, n. (j). 
 
 Allonge. — Fr. . A piece of paper annexed to a bill or note, for the purpose of making 
 further indorsements, where no room is left for that purpose on the instrument itself. Story 
 on Bills, § 204 ; Story on Prom. Notes, §§ 121, 151 ; 18 Pick. R. 63. 
 
 AlluvieS, ei, f- — Lat. («•) A pool of water occasioned by the overflowing of the sea or 
 a river. LiVY, i, 4. (6.) Land formed by alluvion. Columella, iii, 11, 8. 
 
 AlluviO Onis, /. An overflowing ; an inundation. App. de Mund. p. 67, 41. 
 
 In the Jurists: An imperceptible increase or accession of the earth on a shore or 
 bank of a river, — washed up by the waves of the sea or by the current of water, which is so 
 gradual that the eye cannot distinguish how much is added at each moment of time ; an allu- 
 vion. V. Id quod per alluvionem nobis adjicitur eodem jure nostrum fit, etc. Gaius, Inst, ii, 
 § 70. Quod per alluvionem agro nostro fiumen adjicit, etc. 6ah;s, Dig. xli, i, fr. 7, § i. 
 "^Per alluvionem id videtur adjici, etc. Justinian, Itist. ii, i, § 20; 3 Bam. 6^ C. 91 ; Broom 
 &= Had. Com. ii, 415, and notes, v. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. Alluvio.^' 
 
 A gradual deposit of soil made by a stream upon a piece of ground ; in which case, upon 
 the principle of accessio, the proprietor of the land becomes proprietor also of the soil 
 deposited. Justinian, Inst, ii, i, § 20 ; Dig. supra ; Justinian, Cod. vii, tit. 41 ; i Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, 280, § 267 : 2 Bl. Com. 262 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 412-416, and notes. 
 
 It is distinguished from avulsio, or vis fiuminis. Erskine's Inst, ii, t. I, § 14. 
 
 ALLUVIO est latens incrementum, et per alluvionem adjici dicitur quhd ita pau- 
 latim adjicitur, quid intelligere non possis quo momento temporis adjiciatur. 
 Nam etsi tola die infigas intuitum tuum, imbecilitas visus tarn subtilia incrementa 
 perpendere non potest, ut videri poterit in cucurbita et similtbus. Alluvion is 
 
 127 
 
AU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Alt. 
 
 an imperceptible increase or augmentation of land, and that is said to be added 
 by alluvion, which is added so gradually, that you cannot perceive or understand 
 at what moment of time it may be added. For, although you fix your eyesight 
 upon it for a whole day, the infirmity of sight cannot appreciate such subtle 
 increments, as may be seen in the case of a gourd, and such like. Bradon, lib. 
 ii, c. 2, § I, fol. 9. V. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 2, § 6 ; Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, 
 c. 8, § II. Bracton drew this from the Civilians. 
 
 Alluvio maris. The washing up of the sea ; formation of soil or land from the sea ; 
 maritime increase. Hale's Anal. § viii ; Schultes, Aq. R. 
 
 " Alluvio maris is an increase of the land adjoining, by the projection of the sea, casting 
 up sand and slubb to the adjoining land, whereby it is increased, and for the most part by 
 insensible degrees." Hale de Jur. Mar. pars 1, c. 6. 
 
 Alluvion, \:\- alluvio^ The imperceptible increase or gain of land from the flowing or 
 flooding of a stream or the sea and washing up sand, slubb, earth, etc., so as in time to form 
 land {terra firma), where none existed before. Bracton, fol. gay 2 Bl. Com. '2h\-Q, ; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 428, and notes ; Brooni^s Max. 166, and cases, v. Angell on Tide Water; id. on Water- 
 Courses. Read Alluvio, sq. • 
 
 Alluvius, a, um, adj. Added to land by the wash of water ; alluvial, v. Adjunctio. 
 
 Alma mater, A kind or benign mother ; a foster mother. A term originally used in 
 reference to the earth. It is also employed by collegiates to designate the college or univer- 
 sity in which they were graduated. It is said to have been first applied to Cambridge. 
 
 AlmeS, Aelmesse, — Ang. Sax. [+ Gr. tXErjuodvvTj, -\- IXeeiv, — to have pity or mercy .J 
 Alms, — any thing given in charity, as money, food, clothing, etc., gratuitously given to 
 the poor ; a charitable donation. Shelford, Mortm. 802, note {x) ; Dougl. El. Cas. 370 j 2 id. 
 107. 
 
 AlmUS, a, um, adj. [contr.-\-alimas.] Nourishment ; affording nourishment ; cherishing. 
 Hence: genial; restoring; reviving; kind; indulgent, etc. Cicero, OJ^. iii, 29, 104. 
 
 Aluage, Aulnage, [+ ulna, an ell.] Ell measure ; the measuring with an ell. A duty 
 for measuring cloth. Alnager, — one who examines and measures cloths made in the country, 
 and puts seals upon them ; and also collects the duty or alnage for every cloth so sealed. 
 Termes de la ley. v. I Bl. Co7n. 275. 
 
 Als. A contraction of Alias and Alios (others). 1 Inst. CI. 8. 
 
 Alt, An abbreviation oi Alter. X Brown's R. -^ib, 'ao\.e. 
 
 Alt,— L. Fr. \_-\-altus^, High. Kelham. 
 
 Alt al ewe. — L. Fr. Let him go to the water (ordeal). LL. Gul. Cong. 17. 
 
 Alta proditio, — L- Lat.=L. Fr. Graund treson. High treason ; a betraying, treachery, or 
 breach of faith, duty, subjection and allegiance. Treason against the king or sovereign. 
 
 In English Law: " When disloyalty so rears its crest as to attack even majesty itself, 
 it is called by way of eminent distinction high treason (alta proditio) ; being equivalent 
 to the crimen laesae majestatis of the Romans, as Glanvil (lib. i, c. 2) denominates it also 
 in the English Law." ^ Bl. Com. 75. v. \ Steph. Com. 183, 184, note ; Broom &= Had. 
 Com. iv, 82. 
 
 Alta via, — L- Lat. = L. Fr. Haut chimin : Haut estrete ; Hault strete. A highway, the 
 highway, i Salk. 222. "The word highway is the genus of all public ways.'' Holt, 
 C. J., 6 Mod. 255. 
 
 In the Common Law: Every thoroughfare which is used by the public, and is com- 
 mon to all the king's subjects, is a highway, whether it be a carriage-way, a horse-way, 
 a foot-way or a navigable river. Lord Ellenborough, 13 East, 95 ; 3 Kent's Com. 432. A 
 way to a market, or a great road, etc., common to all passengers or, more properly, a public 
 passage for the queen and all her subjects, whence called by distinction the " Queen's high- 
 way," whether it leads to a market-town or not, it is a highway if common to all the people. 
 Crabb's Real Prop. 99, 100, § 102. cf. 3 Steph. Com. 257, 259, 261, 266. As to Rivers. 
 V. Angell on Water-Courses, c. 13; 18 Barb. R. 277. As to Canals: v. Angell on High- 
 ways. A highway is an easement, v. Aisiamentum, and cases. 
 
 Alta via regia. The king's highway; "the king's high street." Finch's Law, 0. 2, c. g. 
 128 
 
Alt.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Alt. 
 
 Alter, tera, terura, adj. The one ; the other of two ; the one of two ; another ; a second. 
 Cicero, passim. Alter alter. The one the other. Cicero, passim. 
 
 A different person or party ; a third person ; an opposite party. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Alter ego. Another's self, another like me in appearance or behavior. Alter idem, — 
 precisely similar, another self. 
 
 Alterd manu fert lapidem, panem ostentat alterd. Lat. Pro v. In the 
 one hand he is carr)'ing a stone, while he is showing the bread in the other. Plautus, 
 Aulularia, ii, 2, i8. 
 
 This metathora was proverbial with the ancients. Erasmus says that it was applied to those who pretended 
 to be friendly to a person and, at the same time, were doing him mischiet ; those who flattered openly and 
 injured secretly ; and that it was borrowed from persons enticing a dog with a piece of bread, and, when it 
 had come sufficiently near, pelting it with a stone. 
 
 Plautus uses it in the comedy : 
 
 ' Nunc petity quom potlicetur : inktat autem in devoret, 
 Alierd tnanu fert lapidem^ panent osteniat altera. 
 Nentini credo., qui large blandu^st divers pauperi. 
 Ubi manum injicit benigne, ibi onerat aliquam zamiatn. 
 Ego istos novi polypus., qui tibi quicquid tetegerint, tenent." — Plautus, A ul. ii, 2, T7-22. 
 
 Now is he aiming at my property, while he's making promises ; he's gaping for my gold, that he may devour 
 it; in the one hand he is carrying a stone, while he shows the bread in the other. 
 I trust no person, who, rich himself, is exceedingly courteous to a poor man ; when he extends his hands with 
 a kind air, then is he loading you with some damage. 1 know these polypi, who, when they've touched a 
 thing hold it fast. 
 
 The expression is used in the New Testament : Quis autem ex vobis patrem petit panem, 
 numquid lapidem debit illi ? St. Luke, xi, II. If a son shall ask bread of any of you 
 that is a father, will he give him a stone? Our English Proverb: " He carries 
 fire in one hand and water in the other." 
 
 ALTERATA causa et ratione legts, alter atur et lex j et cessante causa et ratione 
 legis, cessat et lex. The cause and reason of the law having been changed, 
 the law is also changed ; and the cause and reason of the law ceasing, the law 
 itself ceases. Wingate's Max. 19. 
 
 Where an act of Parliament or a custom doth alter the reason or cause of the common 
 law, thereby the common law itself is also altered. Wingate's Max. 19, s. 33. 
 
 Altercatio, Snis, /. \altercor.'] {a.) A strife or contest in words ; a dispute, debate ; 
 either with or without passion. (Cicero so used it in his writings but never in his Oratt., 
 where disceptatio and contentio generally take its place.) (6.) An altercation ; a kind of dis- 
 course in court, not continuous, but where one seeks to vanquish his opponent by interposed 
 questions, sometimes mingled with abuse. Cicero, Brut, xliv, 164. 
 
 Altercator, oris, m. An orator who strives to conquer his antagonist by interrogatories ; 
 a disputant, {v. sup. b.) Quintilian, vi, 4, 10 ; id. ib. 15 ; Front., et al. 
 
 AlterCOr atus, i, v. dep. (a.) To have a discussion or debate with any one ; to dispute ; 
 and when conducted with passion : to wrangle, quarrel, etc. (6.) To strive to gain the 
 victory over an opponent, in a court, by putting questions for him to answer, {v. Altercatio, b.) 
 Cicero, Brut. xiii. 
 
 AlterfoitS. — L. Fr. At another time ; formerly. Yearb. M. 8 Edw. III. 20. 
 
 ALTERI stipulari nemo potest, praeterquam si servus domino, filius patri stipule- 
 tur ; inventae sunt enim hujusmodi obligationes ad hoc, ut unusquisque sibi 
 acquirat, quo [quod] sua interest ; ceterum, ut alii detur, nihil interest inea. 
 Ulpianus, Dig- xlv, \,fr. 38, § 17. No man can stipulate for another, except 
 if a slave he can stipulate for his master, a son for his father ; for obligations of 
 this sort are devised for this, that every one acquires for himself what is for his 
 own interest ; on the other hand, in what manner one may give to another, in 
 no wise concerns me. Wharton on Agency, § 147. 
 
 ALTERIUS circumventio alii non praebet actionem. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, //-. 
 49. A deceptive practice upon one person does not give a cause of action 
 to another. Broom's Max. " The fraud of one man gives no right of action to 
 another." Phillimore's Princ. and Max. of fur. Ixv, p. 398. 
 
 [17] 129 
 
Alt.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Alt. 
 
 AlteriuS Vicibus, Bj' turns ; at alternate times ; alternately. (Frequent in poetry and 
 prose.) Co. Litt. 43/ Shep. Touch. 206. 
 
 Alteruatim, adv. \alternatus.'] Alternately; by turns. In Law Latin: Inter- 
 changeably. Litt. § 371. 
 
 AlternamentUIIl, i, »• Alternation ; change. Altemamentum aeris, — a change of money. 
 
 Alteruatio, Snis, /. [-{- altemare.'] An alternation; an interchange. Festus, p. 7; 
 Macrobius, ia^. viii, 5. In J arid. Lat. t. t. An alternation ; this or that. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 7 ; xiii, 4, fr. 2 ; xi, 3, fr, 9. 
 
 ALTERNATIVA peiitio non est audienda. An alternative petition or demand 
 is not to be heard. 5 Co. 40 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 Also quoted: Altematica petitio non est audiendus. This maxim was applied to writs 
 in the old real actions. A party was not allowed to make his demand in the alternative or 
 disjunctive, but must ask for a certain thing, — one specific thing. 
 
 AltemativUS. — L. Lat. The choice of one or the other of two things; alternation. 
 
 An Alternative writ, such as a /«o»a?(ZOT«j, is one which requires certain acts to be 
 done, <;?- cause to be shown why they are not done. Finch, 2$"/ ; 3 Bl. Com. 273. (v. Man- 
 damus.) A rule nisi, and a rule or order to show cause, are alternative proceedings. 
 
 AlternO, Sre, i, v. u.. To do any thing by turns ; to interchange with somethmg ; to alter- 
 nate. Pliny ; Suetonius, et al., passim. 
 
 AlternilS, a, um, adj. lconti.-{-alterinus~\- alter.] One after another; by turns ; alter- 
 nate; interchangeable. Plautus; Ciceko, passim . 
 
 ALTERUM non laedere, suum cuique tribuere. Ulpianus, Dig. i, \,fr. 10, 
 § i; Justinian. /«.f/. i, i, § 3. To injure no one, to give every one his due. 
 The Civilians laid down this excellent and salutary rule, and any person, possessed 
 of reason, is naturally bound to indemnify his neighbor for all the damage sustained by 
 him, through his improper conduct. Bl. Com. ; Erskine's Inst, iii, t. i, § 13. 
 
 Alter-uter, utra, utrum, adj. One of two ; the one or the other, or either — no matter 
 which (freq. and class.), i Lord Raym. 124. Each, — e. g, Alter-uter et quilibet, — each and 
 every. Town's PI. 23. 
 
 Alter-utrimque, <idv. On both sides ; in both cases. Pliny, xx, 7, 26. 
 
 Alterwm dUerius auxUio eget. The one needs the assistance of the other. Sallust. 
 
 Altissima quaeque flumina minimo sono labuntur. The deepest rivers flow 
 with the least noise. Q. Curtius. 
 
 Altius non tollendi. Of not building higher. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A servitude due by the owner of a house, by which he is 
 restrained from building beyond a certain height. Read: Aedijicia, quae servitutem pat- 
 iantur, ne quid altius tollatur, etc. Javolenus, Dig. viii, 2, fr. 12. v. Paulus, ib. fr. 4 ; 
 Ulpianus, ib. fr. 17 ; Pomponius, ib. fr. 25 ; Erskine's Inst, li, tit. 9, § 10. 
 
 Altius tollendi. Of building higher. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A servitude which consists in the right, to him who is entitled 
 to it, to build his house as high as he may think proper. As a general rule, however, every 
 one enjoys this right, unless he is restrained by some contrary title, v. Sanders' Justinian. 
 Inst. p. 192 sq.; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 10. 
 
 Alto et basso. — L. Lat. High and low. v. De alto et basso. 
 
 Altre. — 1— Ft. Another; other. Yearb. Altrei. — another; another's. LL. Gul. Cong. 
 15. Altres, — others. Yearb. 
 
 Altum, «. \_-\- alius, a, um, v. h. v.] High; deep. Altum filum, — the high line. Rot. 
 Pat. 4 Hen. VI. m. 14, p. 2. Altum mare, — the high sea, or seas. Co. Litt. 2tob. The 
 deep sea. Brownl. part 2, 17. Altum silentium, — a deep silence. Bacon's Arg., Jur. of 
 Marches, Law Tr. 269. 
 
 Altum mare. — Lat. = L. Fr. Le hault meer. The high sea. 
 
 In the Law of Nations: The open ocean outside of the fauces teirae .is distin- 
 guished from arms of the sea (brachimn maris). The waters of the ocean without the bound- 
 aries of any country, i Kent's Com. 367, and note ; 5 Mason's R. 290 ; i Story's R. 259. 
 
 130 
 
Alt.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amb 
 
 Any waters on the sea-coast, which are without the boundaries of low-water mark. 5 
 Wheaton's R. 184 ; I Gallison's R. 624. The high or main sea properly beginning at low- 
 water-mark. Story, J., 2 Gallison's R. 398, 428. v. 5 Howard's R. 453, 462 ; i Kent's Com. 
 367, note. 
 
 AltUS, a, um, adj. High, deep. 
 
 AltUS, Altior, Altissimus, adj. High, higher, highest. 
 
 Alumnus, a, um, adj. (a.) That is nourished, brought up. 
 
 Alnmmts ab alendo vocatus, licet et quia alit, et quia alitur dici potest alumnus, Id est et qui uutrit et qui 
 nutritur, sed melius tamen qui nutrit. IsmoRus, Orig. x, § 3. 
 
 Altimnusi^ derived from alendo (feeding, bringing up), although both he who feeds and is fed may be called 
 alumnus; so too, he who brings up or rears, and he who is brought up or reared; but this is more fitly applied 
 to one who is brought up. cf. Id. id. § i. LF. J. M.] 
 
 (6.) As a substantive: A nursling, a pupil, a scholar; foster-son. (c.) Alumna 
 {/em.), — a foster-daughter, a pupil. Plautus, Cist, iv, 2, 96. (d.) Alumni Jluminum, — 
 the occupants of a river. Val. Fl. viii, 233. (e.) Alumni, — the foster-children of a college, 
 i c. those who have received their education at a college. 
 
 Alumnosmagis mulieribus conveniens est manumittere, etc. MarciAnus, Zlzf. xl, 2, fr. 14 pr. 
 
 Alveus, 1, m. (Alveum, «.) A hollow cavity. Virgil, G. ii, 433. A hollow, deep vessel; 
 a basket, tub, tray. A tray-shaped vessel for water; a bathing-tub (quite class.). Alveo 
 jluminis, — in the channel of the river or stream. Virgil, A. viii, 33-; Horace, Ode, iii, 29, 34. 
 
 In the Jurists: A river bed; the channel or bed of <i. river or stream. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xliii, 12, /;-. I, § 7; JUSTINIAN. Inst, ii, 1,8 23. Alveus derelictus , — a deserted channel ; 
 the dry bed of a stream. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 267; id. ed. 1883, § 274. 
 
 Amabilis insania, et mentis pratissimus error. A delightful insanity, and 
 a most pleasing error of the mind. Horace. 
 
 .Amantiuni irae. Lovers' quarrels. The anger of lovers. 
 
 Ambasciator, Ambassiator, Ambaxiator. — L. Lat. An ambassador; a diplomatic 
 minister or agent ; a person sent by one sovereign power to another, with authority to treat 
 on afTairs of state. 4 Co. Inst. 153; i Kent's Com. 39; Wheaton's Inter. Law, 264 [277]. 
 
 Ambidexter, Ambodexter, [+ ambo, both, and dexter, the right hand.] Double 
 handed; one that can use his left hand as well as his right. Trop., One that plays or acts 
 on both sides. Skillful with both hands. 
 
 In the Common Law: Ambidexter est celuy que, quand un matter est en suit per- 
 enter homes, ^st argent de lun part et del out', ou pur labour le suit, ou tiels semblables ; ou si I 
 soil del Jury, pur dire son verdict. — L. Fr. An ambidexter is he that, when a matter is 
 in suit between men, takes money of the one side and of the other, either to labor the suit, 
 or such like ; or if he be of the jury, to give his verdict. Termes de la Ley, voc. 'A m bi- 
 de x t e r . 
 
 Vice-comes et aliis ballivis ambide x tris , qui capiunt ex utraque parte. Two-handed 
 viscounts and other bailiffs, who take from both parties. Bracton, fol. 117a, ad fin. 
 
 The term is also applied to jurors who take bribes from both parties. Cowel. 
 
 Also to an attorney who acts for both parties, i. e. who, after being retained by one side, 
 allows himself to be retained bj' the other. Cowel. An attorney, for being an ^ambidexter,' 
 may be committed and removed from the roll. Simon Mason's case, Freem. 74. 
 
 It was held slander to call an attorney an ' ambidexter.' Finch's Law, b. 3, c, 2. 
 
 Amblfarius, a, um, a(^'. — Lat. That has two sides; of double meaning; ambiguous. 
 Whence ; Ambifariam, adv. On two sides ; in two ways ; ambiguously. App. Flor. iv, 18, 
 p. 360, 25 ; id. 4pol. p. 276, 2. 
 
 Ambifbrmiter, a<^2'. Ambiguously. Ars. p. 183.= Ambigui, ambi/arie. 
 
 Ambigd, ere, v. n. To wander about with an irresolute mind; to waver; to hesitate; to 
 be undecided ; to doubt ; to be in suspense, etc. Cicero, de Or. ii, 26 ; id. ib. iii, 29 et al. 
 To go about, or around. Tacitus, A. vi, 15, fin. v. Ambiguus, a, um, adj. 
 
 AM B I G U A autem intentio ita accipienda est, ut res salva action sit. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 17, /r. 172, § I. An ambiguous intention (in pleading) is neverthe- 
 less to be so accepted as that the thing or subject-matter may be saved to the 
 actor. " An ambiguous answer is so to be understood that the interest of the 
 party may be safe." Halkerston' s Max. v. Intentio. 
 
 131 
 
Amb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amb. 
 
 AMBIGUA responsio contra prof erentem est accipienda. An ambiguous answer 
 is to be taken against [is not to be construed in favor of] him who offers 
 it. 10 Co. 59 ; Halkerston' s Max. ; Broom's Max. 
 Read: Verba ambigua fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem. 
 
 AM B I G U I S casibus semper praesumitur pro rege. In doubtful cases the 
 presumption always is in behalf of the crown. Lofft's R. App. 248 ; 
 Broom's Max.; Ifalkerston's Max. 
 
 Ambiguitas, atis, /. [ambiguus.l Ambiguity; equivocalness ; double sense. Cicero, 
 
 Inv. i, 40. Ambiguity ; uncertainty of meaning ; doubtfulness ; obscurity, v. Amphibolia. 
 
 A mbiguita-s est ciun id, quod scriptum est, duas aut plures res significare. Isidorus, Orig. il, 5, § lo. 
 Ambiguity is, when that which is written, appears to signify two or more things. 
 
 Ambiguitas latens. Latent, or hidden ambiguity. 
 
 A latent ambiguity is where the instrument itself is, upon the face of it, intelligible 
 enough ; but a difficulty arises in ascertaining the identity of the subject-matter to which it 
 applies j the ambiguity appearing only in the application of it, and being introduced by 
 evidence of something extrinsic ; or by some collateral matter out of the instrument, that 
 breedeth the ambiguity. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 23 ; Broom's Max. 584 ; Broom on C. L. 503 
 sq.; 2 Kent's Com. 556 ; 2 Story on Contr. § 826 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 557-562, and cases. 
 Latent ambiguities' are subjects for the consideration of a jury, and maybe explained 
 by parol evidence. 2 Starkie on Evid. 565 ; 1' Stark. R. 210 ; 5 Ad. dr" E. 302 ; 6 id. 153 ; 3 
 Bam. &= Ad, 728 ; 7 Cowen's R. 202 ; 8 Mete. (Mass.) 576 ; i Mason's C. C. 11 ; i Greenl. on 
 Evid. § 301. V. Ambiguitas verborura latens verificatione suppletur, etc. Bacon's Max, 
 in Reg. 23. 
 
 Ambiguitas patens. Patent, open or apparent ambiguity. 
 
 A patent ambiguitj' is one which appears to be ambiguous upon the face of the 
 deed or instrument itself, and renders it obscure and unintelligible ; as when the expression 
 of an instrument is so defective that a court of law which is required to put a construction 
 upon it, placing itself in the situation of the parties, cannot ascertain therefrom the parties' 
 intention, — e. g. as if in a will, there were a blank left for the devisee's name. Bacon's Max. 
 in Reg. 23 ; Broom's Max. 584, and cases ; Broom on C. L. 503 sq.; 2 Parsons on Contr. 557- 
 566 and cases ; 2 Story on Contr. § 826 ; i Greenl. Evid. §§ 292-300. Patent ambiguity 
 cannot be explained by parol evidence, and renders the instrument, as far as it extends, 
 inoperative, farman on Wills, 315 ; 7 Cranch, 167 ; 4 Mass. 205. Ambiguitas verborum 
 patens, nulla verificatione suppletur. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 23 ; I Best on Evid. § 226. 
 Read Broom on C. L. 522, and the cases in notes a, l>, i. 
 
 Ambiguitas verbi. Ambiguity of a word. LiVY, xli, 18. Ambiguity, uncertainty of 
 expression, v. Story on Contr. 272 ; Greenl. on Evid. 
 
 Ambiguitas verborum. Ambiguity of words or language. 
 
 Ambiguity of words, terms, language, is to be distinguished from unintelligibility and 
 inaccuracy, for words cannot be said to be ambiguous, unless their signification seems doubt- 
 ful and uncertain to persons of competent skill and knowledge to understand them, 
 cf. Phillips on Evid.; Greenl. on Evid.; Story on Contr. 272. v. Maxims, infra. 
 
 AMBIGUITAS verborum latens verificatione facti tollitur. The latent 
 am b i g u i t y of wojds is removed by the verification [establishment] of the 
 fact. Lofft's Max. 248 ; Halkerston' s Max. v. Ambiguitas latens, and the cases 
 there cited. This is more fully expressed: 
 
 AMBIGUITAS verborum latens verificatione suppltuer; nam quod ex facto 
 oritur ambiguum verificatione facti tollitur. A latent ambiguity of 
 words is [may be] supplied or helped by averment \or verification] ; for that 
 ambiguity which arises out of a fact [an extrinsic fact], is [may be] removed by 
 an averment \^or verification] of fact, i. e. by an averment \or verification, proof] 
 of the fact as it really is. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 23. 
 
 Latent ambiguity may be supplied by evidence ; for an ambiguity which arises by 
 proof of an extrinsic fact may, in the same manner, be removed. Broom's Max. 584-594, and 
 cases there cited ; 2 Kent's Com. 556; 8 Bing. 24T, 8 fohns. R. (N, Y.) 90; 23 Barb. R. 
 285, 297; 2 Parsons on Contr. 557, 564, arid cases; Wharton's Max. x, and cases. Where 
 
 132 
 
Amb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amb. 
 
 the ambiguity itself is produced by extraneous circumstances, or where a latent ambiguity 
 arises only in the application and does not appear upon the face of the instrument, its 
 explanation must, of necessity, be sought for through the medium of extraneous evidence. 
 Broom's Max. 590, and cases note 3 ; Marshall, C. J., 4 Cranch's R. 224; 3 Peters' (U. S.) 
 Ji.f)T, I Dull. (Penn.) 426 ; 4 id. 340 ; 3 Serg. &• S. (Penn.) 609 ; 7 Mann. 6^ G. R. it, 18, 
 notes ; i Steph. Co?n. 463 ; i Best on Evid. § 226. 
 
 Read; Ambiguitas lalens. and the authorities there cited. 
 
 AMBIGUITAS verborum patens nulld verijicatione suppletur. A patent 
 ambiguity of words is never [cannot be] supplied or helped by aver- 
 ment. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 23. 
 
 '^ Ambiguitas patens is never holpen by averment, and the reason is, because the law will 
 not couple and mingle matter of specialty, which is of the higher account, with matter of 
 averment, which is of inferior account in law; for that were to make all deeds hollow and 
 subject to averments, and so in effect, that to pass without deed, which the law appointeth 
 shall not pass but by deed." Bacon's Max. in Reg. 23. cf. Lofft's R. 249; CowEN, J., 21 
 Wend. (N. Y.) R. 651, 659 ; 23 id. 71, 78 ; Story, J., I Mason's C. C. R. 11; 2 Kent's Com. 556, 
 note ; Broom's Max. ; i Best on Evid. § 226 ; and see the cases in note (a). Parol evidence 
 is inadmissible to remove a patent ambiguity — ^. ^. as if a blank be left for a name. 2 
 Atkyns, 239 ; 3 id. 257 ; 4 ^. fr" Ad. 787 ; 13 Mees. &= fV. 200 : 21 Wend. .ff. 651 ; Dueron Ins. 
 I, 170. See, however, 7 Mees. <&= W. 410 ; i Douglas, 383. This maxim applies not only to 
 deeds, but to written contracts in general, including bills of exchange, etc., and especially 
 to wills. Broom's Max. 585, 587, et seq., and cases there cited ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 557-566, 
 and cases. The rule is received, however, with certain qualifications, v. Broom's Max. 
 588-590, and cases ; Broom on C. L. 504 sq., and cases ; Story, J., i Mason's R. 11; Cowen, 
 J., 21 Wend. R. 6^1, 6sg ; 23 jV. 71. Read: Ambiguitas patens, et seq. 
 
 AMBIGUITAS verborum patens nulld verijicatione exduditur. A patent 
 ambiguity of words is never [cannot be] separated or removed by 
 verification or averment. Bacon s Max. in Reg. 23 ; Lofft's J?. 249 ; Story, J., 
 I Mason's C. C. R. \\; Cowen, J., 21 Wend. R. 651, 659 ; 23 id. 71, 78; i Best 
 on Evid. [312] § 226. 
 
 Lord Bacon, in the foregoing maxims, has rendered verification ?i.wezmsxn. Mr. 
 Broom has it = e v i d e n c e . As to this see the verb verijicare, and the substantive 
 verificatio. 
 
 AMBIGUUM pactum contra venditorem interpretandum est. An ambigu- 
 ous pact or agreement is to be expounded against the vendor 
 (or grantor). 
 
 Thus if a man has a warren in his lands and grants the same land for life, without men- 
 tioning the warren, the grantee will have it with the land. Bl. Com. Where a promise is 
 ambiguous, it is to be construed "according to the sense in which the promisor must be 
 supposed to wish and to believe that the promise should be understood by the promisee." 
 Judgment, Mowatt vs. Lord Londesborough, 23 L. J. Q. B. 177, 184 ; s. c. 3 E. &!= B. 307. 
 
 AMBIGUUM placitum interpretari debet contra proferentem. An 
 ambiguous plea ought to be interpreted against the party pleading 
 it. Co. Litt. ioT,b ; Broom's Max. 577. 
 
 Pleadings must not be ambiguous or doubtful in meaning; and where, in pleading, two 
 different meanings present themselves, that construction shall be adopted which is most 
 unfavorable to the party pleading ; for every man is presumed to make the best of his own 
 case, and it is incumbent on him to make his meaning clear. Id. ibid.; Hobarl, 242; 2 H. Bl. 
 531; 2 Mees. if W. 444; per Pollock, C. B.. 18 C. B. 399; Broom on Com. Law, 164, n. {a); 
 id. 521, n. {a); I Smith's L. C. [762] 930. Verba ambigua fortius accipiuntur contra profe- 
 rentem. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3 ; 34 Barb. R. 213, 216. A pleading, however, is not objection- 
 able as ambiguous or obscure, if it be certain and clear to a common intent, — that is, if it be 
 clear enough according to reasonable intendment or construction, though not worded with 
 absolute precision. Steph. Plead. 415. v. cases, supra. But if a declaration contains alle- 
 gations capable of being understood in two senses, and if understood in one sense it will 
 sustain the action, and in another sense it will not ; after verdict it must be construed 
 in the sense which will support the action. Per Lord Truro, 13 C. B. 542. Ambiguity is 
 ground for demurrer, but it is in general cured by verdict or by pleading over. Stephens 
 Plead. 415-422. 
 
 133 
 
Amb,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amb. 
 
 AmbigUllS, a, um, adj. [-\- amiigere.] {a.) Drifting or moving to both sides, hither and 
 
 thither. Livy, xxi, 52. (6.) Wavering, vacillating, uncertain, doubtful ; c.^. 
 
 Afftb ig u u 771 est quod in ambas agi partes atiimo potest. Hujus modi apud Graecos ati^ifioXa dicuntur. 
 Festus, de Si£n. Verlor. p. 15. 
 
 Ambiguum is that which may (can) be contemplated, discussed (and of course), taken by the mind in 
 both directions, = in two different senses. Cases of this kind are called by the Greeks aii.(t>Lfio\a (i. e. double- 
 meaning, ambiguity). [J. I. H., D. D,] 
 
 (C.) Of discourse: Of uncertain meaning ; that can be understood in different ways 
 or senses ; obscure, dark, ambiguous ; e. ^., ambigtium scriptum^ — an obscure or ambiguous 
 writing. Cicero, Top. 2%. (d.) Not to be relied upon; unreliable. (e.)Of fortune: 
 changing, fluctuating. Tacitus, A. i, 64. 
 
 Ambit. [Lat. amiiius.l A boundary-line, as going around a place; an exterior or 
 inclosing line or limit. 9 Basi, 4,18 ; Story, J., 10 Peters' R. 442. 
 
 Ambitus, tls, m. [-\-amiio, amiire, to go around or about a thing.] (a.) A going round; 
 a path ; a circuit, circle, circumference, periphery, edge. Pliny, xxxvi, 5, 4, n. 4 ; id. 
 
 Ambitus parietis sestertius pes eseo. Lex XII Tab. vii, fr. i. Lit., Let there 
 be a path or circuit around walls, of two feet and a half. More fully expressed: 
 Every house shall be surrounded by an open space of two feet and a half, i. e. there shall be 
 an interval of five feet between adjoining houses. 
 
 Ambitus est quod circumeundo teritur. Ambitus (a path) is that which is worn away by going around. 
 Vakr, Z. i. v_, IV, 9 ; Cicero, Top iv. Ambitus propne dicitur inter vicinorum aedificia locus duorum 
 pedum et semipedis ad circumeundi facultatem relictus. Ex quo etiam honoris ambitus dici coeptus est ^ 
 circumeundo supplicandoque, Ambitio est ipsa actio ambientis. Fb.s'tiis^ de Sign, Verba, n. 
 
 Ambitus is properly called a place or space of two and a half feet between neighboring houses, conceded 
 or left for the convenience of going around them. From that circumstance, the unlawful striving for a public 
 office is also to be called ambitus, irom going around and beseeching or imploring. Ambitio is the act 
 itseli of going around. In the Jurists, also the small space around sepulchres. Pomp. i?/^. xlvii, zz,/r.5. 
 A mbitus inter vicinorum aediticia locus, duorum pedum et semipedis ad circumeundi facultatem relictus, 
 et ab ambulando dictus. Isidorus, Orig, xv, 16, § 12. 
 
 Ambitus is a place e'r space between adjoining houses, of two feet and a halt, left for the convenience ot 
 passing around, and it is called so from going around {ambulando). 
 
 A mbitus judicium in eum est, qui largitione honorem capit et ambit, amissurus dignitatem, quam munere 
 invadit. Isidorus, Ori^, v, 26, § 21. 
 
 The judgment ot unlawful striving for a post of honor {a»tbitus) is against him who takes and encompasses 
 high honor through bribery or corruption [Jargitio); he is about to (shall) forfeit the dignity which he invades 
 by gift or entertainment {munus) . 
 
 (6.) The procuring of a public office by money or gifts ; the unlawful striving for posts of 
 honor, especially by bribery. Clc^KO, Murm. 23; id. Clu. 41. v. Isidorus, Orig. supra. 
 The unlawful buying and selling of a public ofEce. Justinian. Inst, iv, 18, § 11; Dig. xlviii, 
 tit. 14. Hence, (c.) In general; The desire to make a display; ostentation, vanity, 
 show, parade. Seneca, ^. 84 ; Quintilian, xii, 10, 3. Also of speech; Bombastic 
 fullness; parade. Quintilian, x, i, i.ii,fr. 
 
 Ambula in jus, A going into court ; coming before a judge; going to law. Plautus, 
 Cure, v, 2, 23 ; Terentius, Ph. v, 7, 43. -v. i Kent's Com. 592. 
 
 Ambulatio, Snls, /. [-|- ambalo, are.'] A walking about, a walk. Frequently in Cicero. 
 Hence, a walk ; in concreto, — a place for walking, a promenade. Varr. R. P. 3, 5, 9. Cicero. 
 Ambulator, oris. One who walks about, i, e, (a.) An idler, lounger. Cato, R.R, v, 2; 
 Col. i, 8, 7. (6.) A peddler, a ragman. Mart, i, 42. 
 
 Ambulatorius, a, um, a(^'. That moves back and forth. Hence, of resolution or 
 will: wavering, fickle, movable, changeable ; e. g., voluntas. \Jl.fian. Dig, in/ra. 
 
 In Civil and Common Law: Ambulator}' or movable ; admitting of alteration or 
 revocation; not fixed. 3 £1. Coin, 38, 39, 41; 3 Burr. 1644; 2 Vem. 77. 
 Ambulatdria voluntas, A movable or changeable will. 
 
 The term denotes the power which a testator possesses of changing or revoking his will 
 during his life-time. Ulpianus defines: 
 
 AMBULATORIA enim est voluntas defuncti usque ad vitae supremum exitum, 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 4, fr. 4. The will of a deceased person is ambula- 
 tory, i, e, capable of being changed or revoked — until the last moment of life. 
 V. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c, 10, § 3. 
 
 In the Common Law: Voluntas testatoris est ambulatoria usque ad mortem [ad 
 extiemum]. n Co. txb, in Force and Humbling's case Omne testamentum morte consum- 
 
 134 
 
Amb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ami. 
 
 matura est; et voluntas testatoris est ambulatoria usque ad mortem. Co. Litt. 112 322*,- 
 Lord Lyndhurst, 4 ]'esey, 210. v. 1 Victoria, c. 26, tj 24 cf. 2 Bl. Com. 502; Jamian on 
 Wills (2d ed.), 11 ; Broom's Max. 484, and cases, n. 6; 3 Ell. Sd' B. 572 ; i Myl. &> K. Ch. 
 485; 2 id. Ti- 
 
 Ambulatorium actio. An ambulatory action, i. e. a cause that passes from person to 
 person. Justinian. Cod. vi, 2, 22 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 AMEN, est corpus supra vestimentum. Be it so. the person is above the clothing 
 or garment, /. e. the person is superior or of higher consideration than all 
 outward things appertaining to a man's condition. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 6. 
 V. Vestimentum. 
 
 Amende honorable. — Fr. An honorable amend ; a satisfactory apology. 
 A-mens, entis, adj. Out of one's senses, beside one's self, mad, senseless, frantic, dis- 
 tracted (of every kind of passionate excitement). Distinguished from insanus and demens. 
 
 Amentia, s^e, /■ [aniens.^ Want of reason, insanity, madness, stupefaction. Cicero, 
 Ttisc. iii, 5, 10 et al. 
 
 Amerciamentnm. — L. Lat. An amerciament, or amercement. 
 
 A pecuniary punishment imposed by a court upon an offender : and supposed to be so 
 called either because the offender thereby put himself in the mercy (in misericordia) of the 
 king or lord, or because the amount of the punishment was to be mercifully assessed, 
 i. e. at less than he actually deserved. Termes de la Ley ; Co. Litt. \2tb ; 8 Co. 38 [77], 59 
 [118] ; II id. 43 ; i Salk. 57 ; 3 id. 33 ; 4 Bl. Com. ^yg. v. U. S. Dig., ' Amercement.' 
 
 See the distinction between amercement anAJine, Tennes de la Ley 
 
 Amerciare. — L. Lat. To amerce ; to impose a pecuniarj' punishment, penalty or amerce- 
 ment. V. Amerciamentum. 
 
 To be amerced was to be h mercie. — at the mercy of the king — {in misericordia) with 
 regard to the fine to be imposed. 3 Bl. Com. 377. Esse in misericordia, — to be in mercy — 
 signified "to be liable to an amercement" or "to be condemned to an amercement," or 
 pecuniary penalty, e. g. qui sunt in misericordia domini regis et non sunt amerciati, — those who 
 are in the king's mercy, and are not amerced. Bracton, fol. wbb. The term to amerce 
 is now synonymous with to fine by a pecuniary penalty inflicted at the discretion of the 
 court. Webster's Diet. 
 
 Arnica, ae, /. (a.) A female friend. Terentius, Hec. ii, 4, i5. (6.) In opposition 
 to wife or friend: A concubine, mistress, courtesan. Plautus, Cure, v, i, 3 et al.; 
 Terentius, Andr. i, 3, n et al. Read: Pellicem apud antiquos earn, habitam, quae, quuvi 
 uxor non esset, etc. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 144. 
 
 Amid concilia credenda, — Lat. Prov. A friend's advice should be regarded. 
 
 Amicitia, ae, /. [amicus.] Friendship (frequently in Cicero). 
 
 A m ic itia vocabulum ab amore deducitur, quamvis interdum vituperandus sit amor. Ab antiquis autem 
 amici et amicae per e litteram efferebantur. Festus, de Verb. Signif. p. 13. 
 
 Est auiefn a 711 icitia nihil aliud nisi otiinium divinarum kumanarumque rerunt cum benevoleniia et cnri- 
 iate summa consensio: qua guidem haud scio, an, excepta sapient ia, guidquam melius komini sit d diis 
 immortalihus datum. Cicero, de Amicitia, vi. 
 
 Friendship is, indeed, nothing else than a complete union of feehng on all subjects, divine and human, 
 accompanied by kindly feeling and attachment ; than which, indeed, I am not aware whether, with the excep- 
 tion of wisdom, any thing better has been bestowed on roan by the immortal gods. 
 
 (6,) In History: A league of friendship — between different nations Amicitia ac 
 societas, — a league of friendship and association. Livy, vii, 31. Amicitiae foedus, — acom- 
 pact <;?■ treaty of friendship. Livv, xlii, 12. 
 
 AMICOS appellare debemus non levi notitia conjunctos, sed quibus fuerint jura 
 cum patre/afnilias, Iwnestis familiaritatis quaesita rationihus. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, 16, fr. 223, § I. We ought not to call those friends who are joined or asso- 
 ciated with us upon slight knowledge or acquaintance, but those who may have 
 acquired rights, or privileges on account of honorable familiarity with the head 
 of the family. 
 
 Amicos res opimae pariunt, adversas probant.— Lat. Prov. Prosperity 
 begets friends, adversity proves them. Publius Syrus. 
 
Ami.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ami. 
 
 Ennius says : Amicus certus in re incertd cemitur. CiCERO says : Amici probantur rebus 
 adversis. Friends are proved by adversity. Cicero, de AmicUid, xvii, 64. v. The F r . 
 P r o V . . C*est la prosperite qui donne le amis, etc. 
 
 Amicorum esse communia omnia. — Pro v. All things are to be in common 
 among friends, /. e., in society and alliances among men. A Greek proverb mentioned by 
 Cicero, de Offidis, i, 16. 
 
 Unde est ilia P ythagorea vox: To. rmv tpiXoov MOivd, i. e. the goods of friends are 
 in common. Terentius expressed it : Communia esse amicorum inter se otnnia, Terentius, 
 Adelphi, v, 3, 18. 
 
 Amicum castigare ob 'meritam noaciam, 
 Immune est f acinus ; verum in aetate utile 
 Et conducibUe; nam egO amicum hodie meuni 
 ConcastigabS pro commerita noxid, 
 Invitus, nt me id invitet ut faciam fides. 
 Nam hie nimium morbus mores invasit bonds, 
 Ita plerique omnis jam sunt intermortui. 
 
 — Plautus, Trinummus, i, i, i. 
 To reprove one's friend for a fault that deserves it is a thankless task ; still, sometimes, 
 'tis useful and 'tis profitable ; and so this day will I soundly reprove my friend for a fault 
 that much deserves it. Unwilling am I, did not my friendship bid me do it. For this 
 faultiness has encroached too much upon good morals, so drooping now are nearly all of 
 them. V. Interim mores 7>iali, etc. Plautus, Ji5. !<. Cicero, </« /Ki'^«ftV«^, i, 50, 95 ; Cicero, 
 ad Herenn. ii, 23, 35 ; Grotius, dejur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, 20, § 7. 
 
 Amicum ita habeas, posse ut fieri hunc inimlcum scias. — L a t . P r o v . 
 Be on such terms with your friend as if you knew that he might one day become your 
 enemy. Laberius. 
 
 Amicum perdere est damnorum maximufn. — P r o v . To lose a friend is the 
 greatest of all losses. Puelius Syrus. 
 
 Amicus, a, um, adj. [amo.'] Friendl}', amicable, inclined to ; that loves or sustains a 
 thing. Amicum est mild, =Gr. (piXov idri jiioi, — it pleases me ; it accords with my feelings ; 
 it is agreeable to me. v. Horace, Od. ii, 17, 2. 
 
 Amicus, i, m. [amo.^ A friend, =Gr. (piXoi, a lover, inend,-{- (piXsoo, to love. 
 
 Amicus per derivationem, quasi animi custos. Dictus autem proprie amicus ab hamo : id est, ^ catena 
 caritatis, unde etiam et hami quod teneant. Isidorus, Ori£^. x, g 4. 
 
 A micus by derivation signifies as it were the guardian (custos) of the mind or soul. But strictly expressed, 
 amicus is from kamus (a hook or hnk), that is, from a chain or bond of high regard, whence also they (friends) 
 are held by a hook or link. 
 
 In more elevated sense: A good friend. (6.) In political relations; 
 A friend of the State, (c.) A counselor, courtier, minister of the prince. 
 
 Amicus certus in re incertd cemitur. — L a t . P r o v . A sure friend is dis- 
 covered in an uncertain matter. Ennius. 
 
 " It is in situations of hazard that we can prove the sincerity of friendship." Plautus 
 says : In re dubia amicum cognosci. cf. Cicero, de Amiciiia, xvii, 64. 
 
 Amicus curiae. Lit., A friend of the court. In extended sense: One who 
 gives his advice, or suggests something for the assistance and information of the court, when 
 not counsel in the cause. A by-stander, usually a barrister, who, for the assistance of the 
 court, gives information of some point or matter of law in regard to which the judge is doubt- 
 ful or mistaken. 2 Co. Inst. 178 ; 2 Viner's Abr. 475. 
 
 Such information may extend to any question or matter coming within the judicial cogni- 
 zance of the court. 8 Coke, 15. 
 
 Any one as amicus curiae may make an application or suggest any matter of information 
 to the court in favor of an infant, though he be no relation, i Ves. Sen. 313. cf. 2 Mass. 
 215; II Gratt. Va. 656; n Texas, 6g8. 
 
 Any stranger, as amicus cmiae, may move the court to correct an error in its proceedings. 
 Yearb. 4 Hen. VI. l6, Thel. Dig. lib. 13, c. 14; Hardr. 85, 86; 11 Mod. 137. In a later 
 case, however, this appears to have been questioned, unless the party was present, t. 
 2 Shower's R, 536, stated infra. In some cases a thing is to be made apparent by suggestion 
 
 136 
 
Ami.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ami. 
 
 on the roll, by motion ; and sometimes b)' pleading ; and sometimes as amicus curiae, cf. 
 2 Iveble, 548 ; S Co. 15, 29, Price's case. Any one may, as amicus curiae, move to quash a 
 vicious indictment ; for in such case, if there was a trial and verdict, judgment must be 
 arrested. Comb. 13. If a judge be doubtful, or mistaken in a matter of law, a by-stander 
 may inform the court as amicus curiae. Co. Inst. 178. 
 
 Mrs. BucKRiDGE being convicted of forgery on a trial at bar : On a motion made by 
 Sergeant Maynard in arrest of judgment, in this case, the motion was denied by all the 
 court, the defendant not being present; then he urged that, as owjiVaj' <r«?7a^, he 
 might inform the court of an error in their proceedings to prevent their giving a false judg- 
 ment at any time ; although he could not move in mitigation of the fine without his client's 
 presence: But the court said the party ought to be present in both cases. King 
 V. Buckridge, 2 Shower's R. 536, case 200. 
 
 If any person, as amicus curiae, should inform the court of any usurpation of a new juris- 
 diction by the Ecclesiastical Court, or any inferior court, a prohibition will be granted by the 
 court ; but in this case it was denied, being after sentence, and to stay the plaintiffs own 
 suit. Dictum per Shower, Brown ij. Walker, 2 Shower, 596. 
 
 The court may hear any person as amicus curiae, although not a party to the action or pro- 
 ceeding, but such person has no power to appeal from the decision made, even where such 
 decision was founded upon an application made by such person. Sup. Ct. of N. Y., 1858, 
 28 Barb. 299 ; s. C. 8 Abb. 44. 
 
 Amicus humdni generis. A friend of the human race. 
 
 Amicus usque ad aras. A friend even to the altar. Trop., One who will sustain 
 his friendship even to the last extremity 
 
 Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis am,ica Veritas. Plato is my 
 
 friend, Socrates is my friend, but truth is a friend I prize above both. Cicero. 
 
 Aristotle expressed the idea : Afi<t)OLv ^iKup ovtolv, otrtov npoTiiiav tjji' aKi^Oeiav^ = Though both [Plato 
 and truth] are dear to me, it is right to prefer truth. 
 
 AMISSAE navis damnum collationis consortia non sarcitur per eos, qui merces 
 suas naufragio liberaverunt j nam hujus aequitatem tunc admitti placuit quum 
 jactus remedio ceteris in communi periculo salva navi consultuni est. Hermogeni- 
 ANUS, Dig. xiv, 2,/r. 5, ' de Lege Rhodia de Jactu.' The damage by the loss of 
 a ship, in case of common contribution, is not made good by those who saved 
 their goods from the wreck ; for this sort of equity is allowed when by means of 
 jettison (throwing overboard) others are benefited in a common peril, the ship 
 being safe. Cited in Abbott on Shipping. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Amissum quodnescitumon am,ittitur. — Lat. Pro v. The loss that is not 
 known is no loss. PuBLius Syrus. 
 
 Like our English: ' What the eye does not perceive the heart does not grieve." 
 Gray's line is: "Where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise." 
 
 Amita, ae, /. A father's sister ; a paternal aunt (the mother's sister is called matertera). 
 V. Paulus, Dig. xxxviii, 10, _/V. 10. (a.) Amita magna, — a great-aunt on the father's side. 
 (6.) Amita major, — an aunt of a grandfather. Paulus, ib. (c.) Amita maxima, — an aunt 
 of a great-grandfather, — also called abamita. Paulus, ib.; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Amitinus, a um, adj. [amita.] Descended from a father's sister; hence Amitini, 
 Orum, m., and Amitinae, arum, /. Cousins, those of whom the father of one and the mother 
 of the other are brother and sister. Gaius, Dig. xxxviii, 10, frr. i, 3/ Paulus, /r. 10; 
 Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Amitto, admittere, 3, v. a. To send away from one's self ; to let go ; to slip ; to dismiss ; 
 to remit to pardon, (ft.) To lose ; to lose what one has even against his will. (v. Omittere.) 
 
 In the Jurists: Amittere curiam, — to lose the court ; to be deprived of the privilege 
 of attending the court. Stat. Westm. II. c, 44. Amittunt curiam regis, — they shall be 
 excluded from the king's court. Stat. Westm. II. c. 44. 
 
 Amittere legem terrae. To lose the law of the land, i. e. to lose the liberty or privilege 
 of swearing in any court; to lose the capacity of being a juryman, or being sworn as a 
 witness in a cause ; to be no longer ' othesworthe.' Bracton,io\. 2<)2b; Flcta, iv, c. 8, i:; 2; 
 Co. Litt. 6b, 294/5y 3 Bl. Com. 340 ; 4 id. 136. v. 'Othesworthe.' 
 
 [18] 137 
 
Ami] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amo. 
 
 Amittere liberam legem, To lose one's frank-law, i. c. to become infamous, and not 
 to be accounted liber et ligalis homo. 3 Bl. Com. 340; 4 id. 136; Broom &' Had, Com. iii, 
 375 "• {l>)Jin.; Crabb's Hist. 318, 319. 
 
 Amnestia, ae, /.= Gr. afivr/Szia (a forgetting). [-\- a. priv. and /zv/iv^dxsir, to remem- 
 ber.] An amnesty; a forgiving or overlooking of a state crime. An act of pardon or 
 oblivion. Vop. ^ar. 39. Otheivrise caWed aboliiio /acii, — an abrogating of the fact. StJET. 
 Tib. 4. Otherwise called oblivio, e. g. haec oblivio, quam Athenienses d/ivrjpTiav vacant, — 
 this oblivion which the Athenians called amnesty (dfivTjdria). Val. Max. iv, i, 4. cf. 
 Vattel, liv, c. 2, §§ 20-22. 
 
 Amor, 5ris, OT. [-\- amo, Siie.] Love: both in a good sense, to parents, spouse, 
 friends, etc ; and in a bad sense; passionate, sexual love (accordingly, in general, 
 like amo, the affection that is based on sympathy, while caritas like deligere, is that which 
 arises from esteem, admiration, etc. ; consequently the result of affection ; hence amor is also 
 used of animals, but caritas only of men). Cicero, Part, xv, 88, et al. 
 
 Amor is related to benevolentia, as the cause to the effect, or also as a higher to a lower degree; since benevo- 
 lentia designates only an external friendly treatment ; but amor a real, internal love. 
 
 Atnor, ex quo amicitia Tiominaia, princeps est ad benevoientiafn conjungendnm. CiCERO, iat/. viii, 26. 
 Love, from which friendship takes its name, is the main motive for the union of icind feelings. 
 
 Met on., for the loved object itself. C\csiS>, Div. K, 'it, et al. Personified; 
 Amor, the God of Love, Love, Cupid, "Epoai. cf. Virgil; Ovid ; Horace. Trop. : A 
 lively, strong, passionate longing for something; desire, lust. Cicero, Lull, xxvi, 23; 
 argenti, Horace, S. ii, 3. 78 ; cognitionis, Cicero, Fin. iv, 7, 18 ; amicitiae, Cicero, Tusc. 
 iv, 33; gloriae, CiCERO, Arch, xi, 28. Amor habendi, — the love of gain. Virgil, A- viii, 
 327. Poet.: An object producing love. Virgil, ^4. iv, 516, f< a/. 
 
 Amor et mette et felle est fecimdissimos. — Prov. Love is most fruitful both 
 in honey and in gall. Plautus. 
 
 NnTPtque'ecastor, atnor ei tttelle et felle est , /ecundissimtis : 
 Gustu dat dulce, amaruTn ad satietatetn usgue oggerit. — Plautus, Cistetlaria, ), i, 71. 
 Why, troth. Move is most fruitful both in honey and in gall'; inasmuch as it produces 
 sweetness in a mere taste, but causes bitterness even to repletion. 
 
 A.tnor patrie. Love of country : the love of our countr)'. 
 
 Amor proprie. Self-love. In odious sense: Vanity , conceit of one's self. 
 
 Amotio, Onis. lamorere.\ A removing, removal, a moving or taking away. ClCERO, Fin. 
 i, II, 37 ; Gaius, Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 43. 
 
 In the Common Law: (a.) A putting or turning; dispossession of lands, — e.g. 
 Ouster is an amotion of possession. 3 Bl. Com. 199, 208. The wrongful taking of per- 
 sonal chattels. "The slightest aynotio is sufficient to constitute theft, if the animus furandi 
 be clearly established." I Swinton's Ji. 205. (6,) The removal of an officer or member of 
 a corporation. 2 Salk. 436 ; i Stra. 640 ; 2 Burr. 723, 732 ; 2 Kent's Com. 297-8 ; Angell and 
 Ames on Corp. § 408. 
 
 Am5tiO rerum. A moving or taking away of things. 
 
 In Civil Law: When betrothed or husband and wife steal from each other it is termed 
 amotio rerum. cf. Dig. xxv, tit. 2. ^de Actione rerum amotarum! Mackeldey, Civ. Law (ed. 
 1883), ii, § 480, and authorities. 
 
 Amour fait heaucowp, m,als argent fait tout. — F r . Prov.: Love is potent, 
 but money is omnipotent. 
 
 AmOVeaS manUS, — L- Lat. You remove the hands. 3 Bl. Com. 257, 260. u. Quod 
 manus domini regis, amoveantur. v. Ouster le main. 
 
 Amoves, ere, 2, v. a. [-|- h, from, off or away, and novere, to move.] To move away ; 
 to put or take away ; to remove without force. Marcellus, Dig. xxxiv, 9, fr. 6 ; Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlvii, 9, /n 3, § 5 : Cod. viii, 19, 6. Amoveo uliquid ex hereditati, — I remove another 
 from an inheritance. Ulpianus, Z^jj-. xxix, z, /?-. 70, fif a/. To take away by stealth, to 
 steal. Paulus, Dig. xxv, 2, fr. 3, § 4. 
 
 In English Law: To remove ; to put out of office. Bracton,i(i\. 14^. To remove 
 a judicial proceeding, as a plaint. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 47, § 21. 
 
 Amotns, amoti. Removed. Debitoamoti, — duly removed, i 6'att. 436. 
 
 138 
 
Amp.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Amp. 
 
 Amphibolia, ae, /' =Gx. dfiqiilSoXia, dnq>ifio\oyia. [-f-a/iipz'/SoAo?, ambiguous, and 
 /Id^oJ, speech.] In Rhetoric: Ambiguity, double meaning. Cicero, j9«Va ii, 56, ii6. 
 
 AMPHIBOLIA species sunt innumerabiles, adeo, ut philosophorum quibusdani nullum videatur 
 esse verbum, quod non plura significei : genera admodum pauca. Aut enim vocibus accidit 
 singulis aut conjunctis . QuiNTlLlAN, /»j-/. Ora^ vii, 9, §g 1-2. Of ambiguity the 
 species are innumerable ; insomuch that some philosophers think there is not a single word 
 that has not more significations than one. The genera of it are very few ; for it arises either 
 from words taken singly or in connection. 
 
 AMPHIBOLIAE autem omnis erit in his quaestio ; aliquando, uter sit secundum naturam 
 magis semio ; semper, utrum sit aequius ; utrumis, qui scripsit ac dixit, voluerit. Quintilian, 
 Inst. Orat. .v'i, 9, § 15. Every question of ambiguity, however, has respect to the 
 following points: Sometimes, which of two interpretations is the more 
 natural; and always, which of two is the more equitable; and which was 
 the meaning attached to the words by him who wrote or spoke them. 
 V. GOTHOFRED, de Div. Reg. Jur. Ixxxv. cf. Grotius, de Jure Bel. ac Pac. ii, c. 16, § 4. 
 
 Amphitheatrum, i. »• = Gr. dixcpi^ioLrpov. [-{-.djucpi, about, and Oearpov, theatre,+ 
 BedSSai, to see.] An amphitheatre ; an oval or circular edifice, in which each successive 
 seat raised above the last furnished an unobstructed view around an open space, called the 
 arena, and used for combats of gladiators and of wild beasts, and other public sports. 
 
 In Rome: /4 ;;;/^ jV^ ^ a/ru m locusestspectaculi, ubipugnantgladiatores. Et inde ludumgladiatorium 
 dictum, quod in eo juvenes usum armorum diverse motu condiscant, et modo inter se aut gladiis, aut pugnis 
 certantes, modo contra bestias incedentes, ubi non odio, sed praemio iUectt subeunt ferale certamam. 
 2. A mphitkeatruTn dictum, quod ex duobus theatrissit factum. Nam amphitheatrum rotundum est, thea- 
 trum vero ex medio amphitheatro est, semicirculi tiguram habens. IsiDORUS, Ovig. xviii, 52, §§ 1-2. 
 
 Amphitheatre is the place of the spectacle, show, where gladiators combat. Hence ludus, — a show or 
 play, is styled gladiatorial ; because in it youth learn, by the different motions, the use of their arms, — now 
 contending with swords or fists, again attacking beasts, when lured on, not by hatred, but reward, they prac- 
 tice the solemn games of the dead. 2, It is called amphitheatre because it was made of two theatres. 
 For the theatre is round, and the theatre rises from or is placed in the middle of the amphitheatre, having the 
 shape of a semi-circle. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Note : The largest one begun by V e s p a s i a n and finished by T i t u s , is said to have held 87,000 specta- 
 tors. Pliny, xix, i, 6 ; Tacitus, A. ii, 62 ; H . ii, 61. v. Adams* Aniig. ii, 27, sg, 
 
 Ampliat aetdtis spatium sibi vir bonus hoc est : 
 Vivere bis, vitd posse priore frui. — Martialis, Epigr. a, 23. 
 A gooQ man extends his term of existence ; to be able to enjoy with satisfaction the retro- 
 spect of our past life is to live twice. 
 
 Read. Praeteritosque dies et totus respicit annos. 
 
 Nee metuit Lethes jam proprioris aquas, etc. — Martialis, Epigr. a, 23. 
 
 " Such, such a man extends his life's short space. 
 And from the goal again renews the race : 
 For he lives twice who can at once employ 
 The present well, and e'en the past enjoy." — Pope. 
 
 " Good men live twice : It doubleth every hour. 
 To look with joy on that which passed before." 
 
 — V. PuFENDOBF, de Jure N. it G., ii, u. 3, § 20, note. 
 
 AmpliatiO, Snis, /. \-\- ampliare.'\ An extending; enlarging; ampliation. 
 
 In Jurid. Lang., t. t. : A deferring of the decision of the judges. Seneca, Cck^/-. 
 '. 3i fi"-- The granting of more or further time for the trial of a case. Postponement of a 
 cause or trial, a deferring of judgment until the cause is further examined, v. Amplius, comp. 
 
 In French Law: A duplicate of an acquittance or other instrument. 
 
 Amplificatio, Onis, /. \amplifico.\ A widening; hence, («,} An extending, enlarging; 
 amplifying. CicES.o,Div.\\,i\, ■h'i; Id. rei familiaris : Id. Off. \,%, 1%. Trop.: Honoris 
 et gloriae ; id. ib. ii, 12,42. (6.) In Rhet. /./..' An exaggerated, extended description 
 of an object, an amplification. Cicero, Her. ii, 30 ; Quintilian, ii, 59, ; v, 10, 99. 
 
 Amplificator 5ris, ?«. [/</.] A widener, an amplifier. Amplificator rerum, — an amplifier 
 of things. CiCERG, Tusc. v, 4, 10: id. Earn, a, 12. 
 
 Amplified are, i, '"■ «■ To make wide, to extend, to enlarge. Cicero, Pep. iii, 12. To 
 strengthen, to increase. Cicero, jV. D. ii, 57. 
 
 ^2,9 
 
Amp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ana. 
 
 In Rhetor, t.t.: To place a subject in some way in a clear light, to make its import- 
 ance or insignificance more conspicuous ; to amplify, to dilate upon, to enlarge, to augment 
 or diminish, — e.g., v. Summa laus eloquenliae,eK. CiCERO, i/if On iii, 26, 104. v. Amplicatio. 
 
 Amplid, are, i, v. a. \_-\- amplus , large.] To make wider; to extend; to enlarge; to 
 amplify : rem. Horace, 5. i, 4, 32 ; Pliny, Pan. liv, 4 et al. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat. t.t.: To delay a judgment or decision in order to make further 
 investigation, since the judges, in such cases, employed the expression amplitis ot non liquet. 
 Cicero, Ceac. 10 ; id. Verr. ii, i ; ix, 26. v. Adams' Rom. Ant. 287, 288. 
 
 In English Law: To enlarge or extend. Ampliare jurisdictionem, — to extend the 
 jurisdiction. Ampliare justitiam, — to enlarge or extend the right, v. Boni est judicis 
 ampliare justitiam. Lord Mansfield, C. J., i Burr. 304; Broom's Max. 80-84. 
 
 AmpliuS, or AmpluS, a, um, adj. Of large extent in space, great, ample, spacious, 
 roomy: domus. Cicero, afe 0^. i, 30, 139. Hence transf. to other things: Com- 
 prising much, abundant, great, ample, long, much : Amplissima pecunia (Cicero, Ros. Am. 
 xxxi) ; Amplissimae fortunae (Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 8) ; Amplissima dies, — the longest day 
 (Pliny, vi, 34, 39). 
 
 (6.) In reference to internal, subjective power or force: Strong, vio- 
 lent, impetuous, great, ample. Ter. Hec.'iW, 1,9. Pro viribus amplis, — in proportion to 
 the great strength. Lucr. v, 1173. (C.) In reference to external splendor: 
 Magnificent, splendid, glorious. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 5. Amplissimae res gestae. Cicero, 
 Att.viu,g. {d.) In respect to the opinion of others: Illustrious, renowned, 
 distinguished. Cicero, Caec. xxxvi ; il>. Ros. Am. xxx. (e.) In Rhetoric: Amplus 
 orator, — an orator who speaks with dignity and suitable copiousness. Cicero, Or. ix ; Ixviii. 
 
 AmpliuS, comp. More, longer, further, i. e. in extension of time and number. CiCERO. 
 
 VERBUM amplius ad eum quoque pertinet, cui nihil debetur, sicuti ex contrario minus 
 solutum videtur etiamsi nihil esset exactum. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 82. 
 
 (6.) Often with the negative non, ne, nee, nihil, hand, (c.) Hence a t. t. of 
 Judges, when they wish to defer a cause for further examination, (d.) In Jurid. 
 Lang., also/. /. Amplius non petere, — to bring no further action, to make no further 
 claim. Cicero, Ros. Com. xii et al. The term is employed in many other ways. u. Lexicons, 
 
 In English Law: More, more completely ; more absolutely, v. Quod semel memn est 
 amplius, etc. 
 
 Amy. — Fr. Friend, v. Prochein amy. 
 
 An et jour. — Fr. and L. Fr. A year and a day. Britt. c. 5. An, jour et wast. — L. Fr. 
 Year, da)' and waste. Termes de la Ley. v. i Bl. Com. 292, 297 ; 4 id. 197, 306 ; Co. Lift. 
 254i5 ; 2 Kent's Com 359-360 ; 2 Gallison's R. 386, 388. v. Annus et dies. 
 
 AN in pupillum, apud quem sine tutoris auctoritate depositum est, depositi actio 
 detur, quaeritur. Sed probari oportet, si apud doli inali jam capacem deposu- 
 eris, agi posse, si dolum commissit ; nam et in quantum locupletior f actus est, datur 
 actio in eum, et si dolus non intervenit. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3, /r. i, § 15. The 
 question is asked whether an action of deposit is granted against a ward with 
 whom a deposit has been made, without the authority of his guardian. But it 
 ought to be allowed, if you have made a deposit with one already capable of 
 fraud, that action is possible, if he has committed fraud ; for so far as he has 
 been made more responsible, action is granted against him, even if fraud has 
 not taken place. Cited in Wharton on Neg. § 88 
 
 AN autem et si mortuus fuisset, qui petiisset, vel furere coeperit, ratum haheri 
 possit, videamus ; nam si in universum perinde haberi debet, ac si tunc, quum 
 ratmn habeat,per eum bonorum possessionem petal, frustra his cassibus ratum habetur. 
 Sed illud consequens futurum, etiam si poenite at ilium petiisse, ratum haberi non 
 posse, quod utique sit absurdum. Rectius itaque dicitur, neutram eorum causam 
 impedire ratihabitionem. Africanus, Dig. xlvi, 8, fr. 24, § i. But if one 
 might have died, who might have sought to recover possession, or shall have 
 begun to be out of his mind, we may understand that a ratification can be held 
 140 
 
Anq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ana. 
 
 valid ; for if he ought to be held in like manner for the whole, and if then, 
 when he has ratified, he can seek for himself possession of the property, a rati- 
 fication is held to no purpose in these cases. But that consequence would 
 follow, even if he may repent to have sought to recover possession, a ratifica- 
 tion cannot be had, which surely may be absurd. It is, therefore, more properly 
 said that neither of these causes impede (or interfere with) ratification. Cited 
 in Wharton on Agency, § 76. 
 
 AN quum voluntas et consilium et senUntia interdicii intelligatur imprudentiam sunimam aut 
 stultitiam singularem putabemus in verborum errore versari : rem et causavi et tUilitatem com- 
 munem non relinquere solum, sed etiam prodere ? An hoc dubium est quin nequc verborum tanta 
 copia sit * * * res ui omnes suis certis ac propriis vocabulis nominentur^ neque vera quid 
 quam opus sit verbis, quum ea res, cujus causa verba quaesiia sini, intelligatur. Cicero, pro 
 Caecina, cap. xviii, §§ 50, 51. Shall we not, when the intention, and design, and meaning 
 of an interdict is thoroughly understood, think it the most excessive impudence, or the most 
 extraordinary folly, to haggle about a verbal mistake? And not only to pass over, but even 
 to desert and betray the real merits of the case, and the common advantage of all the citi- 
 zens? Is this doubtful that there is not such an abundance of words * * * as to enable 
 every imaginable thing and circumstance to be expressed by its own fixed and appropriate 
 name ? Is it doubtful that we have no need of words, when the matter, for the sake of which 
 words were first invented, is thoroughly understood ? 
 
 Read : Quae lex, quod senatus consultum, quod magistratus edictum, quod foedus aut 
 pactio, etc. Cicero, ib. Also: Non omnia ergo scriptis, sed quaedam, quae perspicua 
 sint, tacitis exceptionibus caveri, etc. Cicero, de Inventione, ii, c. 47, § 140. 
 
 QuiNTiLiAN says: Nulla tanta providentia potuit esse eorum, qui leges componebant, 
 ut omnes species criminum complectorentur, etc. Quintilian, Declam. 331. 
 
 An, dives sit omnes quaerunt, nemo an bonus. All inquire whether a man 
 is rich, no one whether he is good. This is a translation from Euripides. 
 
 Aliquem fortunae Jilium reverentissiml colere ac venerari. AusoNlus. To treat with the 
 greatest reverence and respect a man who is the darling of fortune. 
 * * * "They follow that false plan, 
 That money only makes the man," 
 
 AN vera, si domum magnam pulcramque videris, non possis adduci ui, etiajn si dominum non 
 videos, muribus illam et mustelis aedificaiam putes, tantum ergo ornatum mundi, tantam varie- 
 tatem pulcritudinemque rerum caelestium, tantum vim et magnitudinem maris atque terrarum si 
 tuum ac non deorum immortalium domicilium putes, nonne plane desipere videare ? Cicero, de 
 Nat. Deorum, ii, 6, 17. When you behold a large and beautiful house, Surely no one can 
 persuade you it was built for mice and weasels, though you do not see the master; and 
 would it not, therefore, be most manifest folly to imagine that a world so magnificently 
 adorned, with such an immense variety of celestial bodies of such exquisite beauty, and that 
 the vast sizes and magnitude of the sea and land, were intended as the abode of man, and 
 not as the mansion of the immortal Gods? 
 
 Analogic, ae, f. = Gr. avoXoyia. The resemblance or agreement of several things. 
 An agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things 
 are otherwise entirel)' different, cf. Varro, Z. L. ix, 4 et al.; Isidorus, Originum, i, 27, § i. 
 
 In Jurisprudence: Analogy is an argument or guide in forming legal judgments, 
 and is very commonly a ground of such judgments, cf. i W. Bl. 151 ; 4 Burr. 1962, 2022, 
 2068 ; 3 P. Wm. 391 ; 3 Brown's Ch. 639, n.; 3 Swanst. Ch. 561 ; 6 Ves. Ch. 675 ; 3 Bing. 
 265 ; 8 id. 557 ; 4 Barn. &° C. 855 ; 7 id. 168 ; i Turn. ^^ R. 103. 
 
 Anathema, atis, «. = Gr. a.vdiQiixoc,^ny thing devoted, especially to evil; dvdOtf/ja, 
 a votive ofTering, set up in temples, -|- dvariOevat, to dedicate, -|- ciyd, up, and riBevai, 
 to set. («.) An offering, a gift made to some deity, and hung up in a temple. :'. Prud. 
 Psych. 540. (6.) The ban, the curse of excommunication, pronounced with religious 
 solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Aug. Ep. 75. 
 Metonomy: The person excommunicated. IKKIVLUA-Vivs, Adv. Haer. b. 
 
 The thing anathematized. 
 
 141 
 
Ana.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [ Ang. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: A punishing, putting under bans, by which a person is 
 separated from the body of the church, and forbidden all intercourse wheresoever, with the 
 faithful. It differs from excommunication, which simply forbids the person from going 
 into the chu rch and communicating with the faithful. 
 
 Anatocismus, e, m. = Gr. dvaroKidnoi. {-\- dva, again, and roHOi, interest.] Interest 
 upon interest, compound interest. Cicero, Att. v, 21, 11 ; id. ib. 12. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Anatocism, = taking interest on interest; receiving compound 
 interest {usurarum usurae j. anatocismus) is illegal, cf. Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 32, ' de 
 Usuris' ; id. ib. vii, 54, 3/r. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law. ii, ^ 382(5, ed. 1883. 
 
 Anatocismus COnjunctUS. Interest added to the capital ; compound interest added to 
 the principal. Anatocismus separatus, — interest considered separately ; compound interest 
 as new capital, cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ii, | 382^, ed. 1883, and authorities in note 10. 
 
 Ancilla, ae,/. A maid servant ; hand-maid ; female slave, v. Dig. v, 3, /r. 27. 
 
 Ancillaris, e, adj. Relating to female servants. Cicero, Tusc. v, 20. T r o p . : Adu- 
 latio, — servile, low flattery. Amm. xxvi, 6. Hence, In the Jurists: Ancillary, — 
 attendant upon ; subservient to ; auxiliary; subordinate; dependent. 
 
 "It is beneath the dignity of the king's court to be merely ancillary to other inferior lurisdictions." 
 3 Bl. Com. 98. "The process, though criminal m its form, was merely ancillary to civil purposes." Lord 
 Ellenborough. 16 East. 293. Lord Hobart says, of a clause beginning with a videlicet or scilicet, that 
 "it is a clausula ancillaris, — a kind of hand-maid to another clause, and to deliver her mind, not her own. 
 And therefore it is a kind of interpreter," etc. Hob. 172. v. 1 Story*s Eg. Jur. § 583. 
 
 ' 'Avrjp' o cpevyoav xai ndXtv iJ.aXr)6ETai.' A man who flees [or runs away] can fight 
 another time [or another day]. 
 
 AoLus Gellius gives the following history of this famous expression : Circa annum deinde urbis condltae 
 quadringentesimum Philipus, Amyntae filius, .Mexandri pater, regnum Macedoniae adeptus est inque eo 
 tempore Alexander natus est, pacisque inde annis post Plato philosophus ad Dyonysium Siciliae tyrannum 
 po.steriorem profectus est ; post deinde aliquanto tempore Philippus apud Lhaeroneam proelio magno. 
 Athenienses vincit. Turn Demosthenes orator ex eo proelio salutem fuga quaesivit, ctimque id ei, quod 
 fugerat, probrose objiceretur, versu illo notissimo elusit : ' Avrjp,* inguit ^ 6 t^cuyoii' koX tt6.\iv juaxijo-erot.* AuLus 
 Gellius, Noet. Attic, xvii, 21, 28. 
 
 In about the 400th year from the building of the city, Philip, the son of Amyntas, and father of 
 Alexander, rose to the throne of Macedon, at which time .A lexa nder was born, A few years after 
 this, the philosopher Plato visited Dionysius, the last tyrant of Sicily; and a little time after, Philp 
 defeated the Athenians in a great battle at Chaeronea, from which battle Demosthenes sought safety in 
 flight, and when he was reproached for this disgraceful flight, he replied in the following welt-known verse: 
 * 'Ai-ijp 6 ^ivyaiv KoX ti6.Klv fiaxr/aeTat,* — 'A man who runs away can fight another day.' S ir John Mennes, 
 in the Deliciae Musarum, makes the famous lines, which are, no doubt, derived from this : 
 
 "He that flghts and runs away 
 May hve to fight another day." 
 
 Anceps reniediwfn est melius quam nuUum.^Piov . A doubtful remedy 
 is better than none. 
 
 Ancipitis USUS, Of doubtful use ; the use of which is doubtful ; e. g., that may be used 
 for a civil or peaceful, as well as military or warlike purpose. 
 
 It is impossible to ascertain the final use of an article ancipitis usus ; it is not an injurious 
 rule which deduces the final use from its immediate destination, i Kenfs Com. 148. 
 V. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. iii, c. i, 55 5, subd. 3. 
 
 An-dro-lepsia, =Gr. avdpoXr/ipia. [-|-a>'77/3, aman.and A^^tS, ataking.] A taking 
 of a man; a species of reprisals, — jaajz extradition. 
 
 The Athenians called androlepsy the making men prisoners. The Attic Law 
 was this : If a man had been by forcible assault killed by a stranger, the next of kin had a 
 right to take any three men prisoners, but no more, and to detain them until the murderer 
 were either punished, or delivered up to be punished. Grotius. de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. iii, c. 
 2, § 3, quoting Demosthenes Oration adv. Aristogaton, p. 440. v. Wolfius, § 1164 ; Mulloy, 
 de Jur. Marit. 26, 28. 
 
 An-dro-ma'ni-a. l+Gr. avrjp. a man, or male, and uavia. madness.] Morbid or 
 excessive sexual desire in females. 
 
 In Medical Jurisprudence: It is often associated with, or becomes a form of, 
 insanity. Also termed Hysteromania = Nymphomania, and Furor uterinus. 
 
 Anecius, — L. Lat. = Aesnedus or Eniiius, — the eldest-born. Spelman's Gloss. 
 Anglia, as, /• England. = L. Fr. Angleterre or Engleterre. v. Exire de AngliA, etc. 
 Anglic6. In English. Anglicus, — English ; an Englishman. 
 
 142 
 
Ang.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ani. 
 
 ANGLIAE jura in omni casd libertati dant favorem. The laws of England 
 are favorable in every case to liberty. Fortesque, de Land. Leg. Angl. 
 c. xlii ; Halkerston' s Max. 12. 
 
 Anglischeria, — L. Lat. Englishery ; the fact of being an Englishman. Fleta, lib. i, 
 c. 30. Called by Bracton, Englescheria. 
 
 Aniens. — L. Fr. Void ; of no force. Fitzh. N. B. 214. Anient, Aniente, Anyent, — 
 void ; of no force or eflfect ; annulled. Litt. § 741, Anienter, — to make void or annul ; to 
 bar. ICelhatn. Anientisement, — destruction ; waste ; diminution ; annulling. Kelham. 
 
 Anguilla est, elahitur. — Pro v. He is a very eel, he slips out. Trop.: ' He is 
 a sly, cunning man, who easily glides away.' Plautus, Pseudolus {or the cheat), ii, 4, 56. 
 
 AnguUla cmida tenes. — P r o v . You hold an eel by the tail. Trop.. ' You are 
 engaged with an active and slippery opponent. 
 
 A-tiguis in herba latet. — P r o v . A snake lies hidden in the grass. Trop.: 'A 
 lurking danger is near us.' Virgil, Eel. iii, 93. v. Latet anguis in herba. 
 
 Angxista Utitur for tuna, . He is in narrow circumstances. Trop.; His means 
 are small ; his establishment is low. Cicero, v. Res angusta donii. 
 
 Anima, ae, /. [= Gr. ars/iioi, whence also animtis.] Lit., That which blows or 
 breathes, — hence, air, a current of air, a breeze, a breath, wind. Plautus, Au/. ii, 4, 23, 
 et al. Hence, the air inhaled, breath (in concreto), on the contrary, spiritus, originally a 
 breathing (in abstracto). v. CiCERO, N. D. ii, 54, 136, et al. 
 
 Since air is a necessary condition of life, anima denotes the vital principle, life. 
 
 Animus est, quo sapimus; anima, qua virimus. It is the rational soul or 
 spiritual principle of life (animus), by which we have sense ; it is the animal principle (anima) 
 by which we live. Nonius Marcellus, 426, 427. 
 
 Therefore, anima denotes the pure animal, in contrast, with animus, the spiritual, 
 reasoning, willing princi pi e of life. cf. IsiDORUS, Ottj-. xi, i, §§ 7-13. 
 
 Anima legis. The life of the law ; the vital principle of the law. Bacon's Max. 
 praef. Law Tr. 24. = Fr. Esprit de la loi. 
 
 Animal, Slis, ». [anima.] In the widest sense; A living being : an animal. 
 Cicero, de Rep. vi, 26, et al. In restricted sense: An animal, a beast. Varro, 
 L. L. vii, 5, 100. That which has self-motion (quod se amoved). Celsus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 93. 
 Distinguished from those things which are devoid of life (quae anima carent). Ulpianus, 
 Dig. vi, I, fr. I, § I. Also distinguished from man. Ulpianus, id. i, i, fr. i, § 3 ; id. L, 16, 
 />•• 135- 
 
 AnimaZ implume, bipes, A biped animal without feathers, i. e. man. 
 
 Plato's imperfect definition of a man. which was so successfully ridiculed by Diogenes, 
 who brought a plucked cock into the school, and ironically asked, "if that was 
 Plato's man." 
 
 Animalia /^''"^ naturae. Animals of a wild nature. Fleta, et al. 
 
 ANIMALIA /era, si facia sint mansueta, et ex consuetudine eunt et redeunt, 
 volant et revolant, ut cervi, cygni, etc., eo usquem nostra sunt, et ita intelliguntur 
 quamdin habuerunt animam revertendi. Wild animals, if they may be 
 made tame, and accustomed to go out and return, fly away and fly back, as 
 stags, swans, etc., are so far our property, and considered to belong to us, so 
 long as they have the intention of retvirning to us. 7 Co. 16 ; Halkerston' s 
 Max. cf. Justin. Inst, ii, i, §§ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 
 Animalia Otiosa. Idle, unemployed cattle or animals. 
 
 In English Law: Such as were not used for working, as distinguished Uom averia 
 carucae, beasts of the plough ; called also averia otiosa, and catalla otiosa. Bracton, fol. 217, 
 217*/ Fleta, lib. iv, c, 17, § 15 ; 3 -5^- Cff/w. 9. 
 
 Animalia vacantia — quae nullus sequitur, petit, vel advocai. Wander- 
 ing animals — which no one pursues, seeks for, or claims. Bracton, fol. 1203. 
 
 143 
 
Ani.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ani. 
 
 ANIMALIUM nomine, quae ratione carent, si qua lasdvia aut fervor e aut feri- 
 tate pauperiem facerint, noxalis actio lege duodecim tubularum prodita est. 
 Quae animalia, si noxae dedantur, proficiunt reo ad liberationem, quia ita lex duo- 
 decim tabularum scripta est, ut puta, si equus calcitrosus cake percusserit, aut bos 
 cornu petere solitus petierit. Haec autem in iis quae contra naturam moventur 
 locum habet : Ceterum, si genitalis sit feritas, cessat. Denique si ursus fugit d 
 domino et sic nocuit, non potest quondam dominus conveniri, quia desiit dominus esse 
 ubi fera evasit. Pauperies autem est damnum sine injuria facientis datum : nee 
 enim potest animal inj'uriam fecisse did, quod sensu cavet. Haec quod ad noxalem 
 pertinet actionem. Justinian. Itist. iv, g, pr. A noxal action is given by the 
 Law of the Twelve Tables, when irrational animals, through wantonness, rage, 
 or ferocity, have done any damage ; but when the animals are delivered up in 
 satisfaction for the damage done, the defendant [owner] is liberated from 
 [secured against] any action : because it is thus written in the Law of the 
 Twelve Tables : as, for instance, if a horse, apt to kick, should strike [kick] 
 with his foot ; or if an ox, accustomed or apt to gore, should inflict an injury 
 with his horns. But this action takes place only when animals act contrary to 
 their nature : for, when the ferocity of a beast is innate, no action can be 
 brought ; so that, if a bear breaks loose from his master, and mischief is done, 
 the master cannot be sued, because he ceased to be the master, as the wild 
 beast escaped. The word pauperies denotes a damage done without any wrong 
 intent ; for an animal, void of reason, cannot be said to have committed an 
 injury. Thus much as to noxal actions. 
 
 Justinian refers to the Law of the XII. Tables, which reads: Si quad- 
 RHPES PAUPERIEM FECISSE DICITUR ; ET DE PASTU. Lex XII. Tabb. viii, frr. 6, 7. In this law 
 the word /a«/m^J' was used. Under that term all animals were included. Justinian, ih, supra. 
 
 Ulpianus say s : Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicetur, actio et Lege XIL Tabularum 
 descendit; quae lex voluit aut dari id, quod nocuit, id est id animal, quod noxiam commisit, 
 aut aestimationem noxiae ofFerri [ofFerre]. Ulpianus, Dig. ix, i, fr. i,pr. 
 
 It must be observed that the edict of the aedile forbid any man to keep an animal fierce 
 by nature, where there was a public road. If this edict was disobeyed, and an animal fierce 
 by nature did any damage while in the keeping of any one, his keeper would be liable to an 
 ac<w'«ft7/j, though not to the direct acAo «ojr«/u given by the Law of the XII. Tables, 
 cf. Justinian. Imt. iv, g, § i ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxi, i, frr. 40-42 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 41 ; 
 Paulus, Sent. Recept. i, 15, § i sq.; Mackeld. Civ. Law, ii, § 510, ed. 1883, and authorities. 
 
 ANIMALIUM verb casus, mortesque quae sine culpa accidunt, fugae servorum, 
 qui custodiri non solent, rapinae, tumultus, incendia aequarum magnitudines, 
 impetus praedonum d, nullo praestantur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 22, fin. For 
 the accidents and deaths of animals, truly, which occur without the fault of any 
 one, the flight of slaves who are not accustomed to be guarded, rapine, tumult, 
 conflagrations, the magnitude of waters (floods), the incursions of bandits, no 
 one is responsible. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 30. 
 
 Quod vero senectute contigit vel morbo, vel vi latronum ereptum est, aut quid simile 
 accidit dicendum est, nihil eorum esse imputandum ei, qui commodatum accipit. Proinde 
 et SI, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, (i,fr. 5, § 4. Story on Bailm. § 30. 
 
 Animalis, e, adj. {a.) Consisting of air, aerial. (6.) Animate, living. Animalia 
 corpora, — the living body. -LucRETius, ii, 727. 
 
 ANIMALIUM ^K^^z^^ venditor cavere debet, ea sana praestari ; et qui 
 jumenta vendidit, solet ita promittere, esse, bib ere {d e be r e) , ut 
 oportet. Ulpianus, Z>z^. xix, I, /r. II, § 4. A vendor ought also to 
 beware, that an animal be warranted sound; and one who sold (sells) 
 
 144 
 
Ani.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ani 
 
 draught cattle or beasts of burden, is wont thus to promise them to be, to 
 drink (to be obedient), as is necessary (?r reasonable, v. Caveat 
 venditor. 
 
 Animals ferae naturae. Animals of a wild nature — such as hares, pheasants, 
 partridges, etc. Browns Actions, 369. 
 
 Animals mansuetae naturae. Animals of a tame nature — such as sheep, cows, etc. 
 
 Animd, are, i, v. a. (a.) To fill with breath or air. (6.) To animate, to quicken. 
 (C.) To endow with, to give a particular temperament of mind. Cicero, passim. 
 
 ANIMI adfectionem lumine mentis carentem noniinaverunt. amentia m eandemque demen- 
 tiam . Cicero, Tusc. Disp. iii, 5, 10. They call the state of the soul of an insane person 
 devoid of the light of the mind, 'a being out of one's mind"; 'a being beside 
 one's self.' v. Amentia and Dementia. 
 
 ANIMI cultus est quasi quidem humanitatis cibus. Cicero, de Finibus, v, iq, 55. The 
 cultivation of the mind is something like food or sustenance for human nature. 
 
 " Cultivation is as essential to the mind as the supply of food is to the body." 
 
 Animi destinatio. A resolution, determination, purpose, design of the mind. A 
 deliberate purpose of the mind. 
 
 In the Jurists: The 'animi destinatio' is a deliberate, fixed purpose of the mind: 
 the opposite of sudden and violent impulse which the Greeks call icpoaips6v%. So a man 
 is said to choose his domicile ■ destindtione animi,' v. Domicilium ex destinatione animi. 
 Ulpianus laid down the rule: Ubi domicilium habeat animi existimatione esse 
 accipiendum. ZJz^j-. L, I, /?-. 27, § 2. L o r d Eli-ENBOROUgh approved the rule. cf. Maxim: 
 In totum omnia quae animi destinatione agenda sunt non nisi vera et certa scientia 
 perfici possunt. Papinianus, Dig. L, iT,fr. 76. 
 
 ANIMI est enim omnis actio; et imago animi vultus est, indices 
 oculi . Nam haec est una pars corporis, quae, quot animi motus sunt, tot signijicationes et 
 commutationes fossit efficere : neque verb est quisquam, qui, eadem conttiens, efficiat. Cicero, 
 de Oratore, iii, 59, 221. All the powers of action, indeed, proceed from, 
 the mind, and the countenance is the image of the mind, and the 
 eyes are its interpreter. This, indeed, is the only part of the body that can 
 effectually display as infinite a number of significations and changes as there is of emotions in 
 the soul ; nor can any speaker produce the same effect with his eyes shut, as with them open. 
 
 Cicero continues the subject: Theophrastus quidem Tauriscum quemdam dicit actorem aversum 
 solitum esse dicere, qui in agendo contuens aliquid pronuntiaret. Quare oculorum est magna moderatio. 
 Nam oris non est nimium mutauda species, ne aut ad ineptias aut ad pravitatem aiiquam deteramur, Oculi 
 sunt, quorum turn intentione, turn remissione, turn conjectu, turn hilaritate motus animorum significemus apte 
 cum genera ipso orationis. Est enim actio quasi sermo corporis, quo magis menti congruens esse debet. 
 Oculos autem natura nobis, ut equo et leoni saetas, caudam, aures, ad motus animorum declarandos dedit. 
 Quare in hac nostra actione secundum vocem vultus velet ; is autem oculis gubernatur, Cicero, ib. 8§ 221-223. 
 
 Theophrastus indeed has told us that a certain Tauriscus used to say that a player who pronounced 
 his part gazing on any particular object was like one who turned his back on the audience. Great care in man- 
 aging the eyes is therefore necessary ; for the appearance of the features is not to be too much varied, lest we 
 fall into some absurdity or distortion. It is the eyes, by whose intense or languid gaze, as well as by their 
 quick glances and gaiety, we indicate the workings of our mind with a peculiar aptitude to the tenor of our 
 discourse j for action is, as it were, the speech of the body, and ought therefore the more to accord with that 
 of the soul. And nature has given eyes to us, to declare our internal emotions, as she has bestowed a mane, 
 tail and ears to the horse and the lion. For these reasons, in our oratorical action, the countenance is next in 
 power to the voice, and is influenced by the motion of the eyes. 
 
 ANIMI non omnes culti f rue turn ferunt. Atque, ut in eodem simili verser, ut 
 ager quamvis fertilis sine cultura fructuosus esse non potest, sic sine doctrina anivius. Ita t-sl 
 utraque res sine altera debilis. CiCERO, Tusc Disp. ii, 5, 13. It is not every mind 
 which has been properly cultivated that produces fruit; — and logo 
 on with the comparison, as a field, although it may be naturally fruitful, cannot produce a 
 crop without dressing, so neither can the mind, without education ; such is the weakness of 
 either without the other. Read: Cultura autem animi philosophia est. 
 
 ANIMI legislatoris ad verisimile application onus probandi transferens. Baldus, 
 in Ruhr. Cod. de Probat. (N. S.) [A presumption of law is] An application 
 of the mind or intention of the legislator to a similar truth, the burden of proof 
 is transferred, i Best on Evid. § 314, note 2 
 
 [ 19] 145 
 
Ani.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ani. 
 
 ANIMI notum vultus detegit. The countenance betrays, reveals the character 
 or condition of the mind. "The countenance is the index of the mind." 
 Halkerston s Max. 
 
 Cicero expressed the idea in the passage quoted above : Animi est enim omnis actio ; et 
 imago animi vultus est indices oculi, etc. Cicero, de Or. iii, 59. 
 
 Animis opibusque parati. Prepared in mind and resources. " Ready (to defend 
 it) with our lives and our property." This motto is on one shield, and the motto Bum 
 spirospero. Spes. — "While I live I hope. Hope." — on another. These are the mottoes 
 of the State of South Carolina. 
 
 AnilUO- \abl. -\- animus, v. h. v.] With the intention or design, — e. g.. Quo animo, — 
 with what intent, design, purpose. 8 Co. 290. 
 
 Animo accipieudi. With the intention of accepting. Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 167. 
 
 Animo adimendi. With the intention of adeeming, v. Animus adimendi. 
 
 Anim5 clamandi possessionem. With the intention of claiming possession. 2 
 Smith's L. C. [561] 637. 
 
 Animo CUStodiendi. With a mind or purpose of watching, guarding ; with the intention 
 of holding in custody. 2 Kenfs Com. 596. 
 
 Anim5 defamandi. With the intention of defaming. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 80. 
 
 Animo dominandi. With the intention of owning, v. Animus domini. 
 
 Animo donandi. With the intention of donating. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 92. 
 
 Animo cancellandi. With the intention of canceling, i Eq. Cos. Abr. 409, pi. i; z 
 Sep. in Ch. 159; 14 East, 423; I Powell on Devises, 603. < 
 
 Anim5 et COrpore. By the mind and by the body ; by the mental intent and the physical 
 act. Paulus, Dig. L, lT,/r. 153. Per se animo aut per se corpore. Paulus, ib. xli, 2, fr. 3, 
 § I. Acquiruntur enim res corporales animo et corpore per traditionem. Bracton, fol. 
 222*, fin. V. Corpore et animo. Animo et fa cto , — with the intent and fact. 
 
 Anim5 et fide. By or with courage and faith. 
 
 Anim5 felonico, With felonious intent. Mob. 134. 
 
 Animd furandi. With the intention of stealing. Bracton, fol. 150^^ 3 Bl. Com. 150; 
 4 id. 229, 232 ; Broom iV Had. Com. iii, 255, n. {t) ; Broom's Max. 775 ; i Kenfs Com- 183. 
 
 In order to constitute theft or larceny, the thief must take the property animo furnndi. This doctrine is 
 expressed m the maxim ; Et sciendunt, quod /urium est secundum teges conirectatio rei alienae fraudulenta, 
 cUtn an into furandi, etc. Bracton, iii, tr. 2, u. 32, § 1, fol. 150 ; Fieta, \, c. 38, § i; 3 Co. Inst. 107. When 
 the taking of the property is lawful, although it may afterward be converted animo furandi, to the taker's 
 use, it IS not larceny. Bacon's -4 (5?-, 'Felony,* C; 14 Johns. (N. Y.) R. 294 ; Ry. ^ M. Cr. Cas. 137, 160. 
 V. Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 279, v. 282. No delivery of goods by their owner to the offender, upon trust, 
 can ground a larceny at Common Law. But this rule has its qualifications, of. Id. ib. and the authorities, 
 
 Animo injuriandi. With the intention of injuring, v. Animus injuriandi. 
 
 Animo lucrandi. With the intention of gaining ; with a view to gain or profit. Justin. 
 Inst, ii, I, 16; Bracton, fol. 9a/ 2 Kent's Com. 357. v. Animus lucrandi. 
 
 Anim5 manendi. With the intention of remaining, i Kent's Com. 76, 100. 
 
 Animo morandi. With the intention of retarding, hindering, detaining. With the inten- 
 tion of staying. Lord Ellenborough, 10 East, 25. 
 
 Animo non astutia. By courage, not by craft. 
 
 Anim5 pOSSidendi. With the intention of possessing ; with intent to possess. 
 
 Animd remanendi. With the intention of remaining. Bishop, Marr. &> Div. § 725. 
 
 Animo republieandi. With the intention of republishing, i Powell on Devises, 609. 
 
 Anim5 revertendi. With the intention of returning, i Kent's Com. 78 ; 2 Parsons on 
 Contr. 579; 4 Bl. Com. 225 ; Story on Bailm. § 28 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 272. 
 
 Animd non revertendi. With the intention of not returning. I Story on Contr. § 195, 
 
 Animd revocandi. With the intention of revoking. Lord Mansfield, C. J., Cowp. 52; 
 4 Kenfs Com. 532 ; t Powell on Devises, 595 : Cooley's note (3) 2 Bl. Com. 376. 
 
 Animd solo. By the intention alone ; by mere will, Gaius, Inst, iv, 153. 
 146 
 
Ani.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ani. 
 
 Animo SUOSnm reddendi. With the intention of rendering up. 4 Kent's Com. 104, note. 
 
 Auimo testandi. With the intention of Willing. Freem. 265. u. Animus lestandi. 
 
 ANIMO vidit, ingenio complexus est, eloquantia illumenavit. (These subjects) he saw by 
 the power of his mind, he comprehended by his understanding, and enlightened by his elo- 
 quence. P. Vellejus ; Paterculus, the historian, of Cicero. 
 
 Animuin furandi, A felonious intention of stealing, v. Animus furandi. 
 
 Animum reTertendi. The disposition of returning. Broom Ssf Had. Com. ii, 588. 
 * * * Aninvum rege; qui, nisi paret, 
 Imperat. — Horace, £pist. i, 2, 63. 
 
 Control your temper [or rule your passion], which, if it does not obey you, it will govern 
 you. V. Ira furor brevis est, eXc, 
 
 Aninms, Ii 'n. [a kindred form with anima.\ In general sense: The rational 
 soul or principle of life in man ; the thinking being (in opposition to anima, denoting the 
 body and physical life). In more restricted sense: The desiring, feeling, thinking 
 soul. Cicero, Div. i, 29; id. Off. i, 10, 20. cf. Isidorus, xi, i, §§ 7-11. 
 
 In Juridical sense: The mind, disposition, inclination, will, intention, purpose. 
 e. g., V. Animi, Animo and Animuin, supra, and Animus, infra. 
 
 ANIMUS ad se omne jus duett. Intention attracts all law to itself. It is to 
 the intention that all laws apply. Common Law Max. 
 
 Animus aeger semper errat. — P r o v . A diseased mind always errs. Cicero. 
 
 Animus aequus optim,um est aerumnae condimentuni. A patient mind is 
 the best remedy for affliction. Plautus, Hud. ii, 3, 71. 
 
 AnimilS adimendi. The intention of adeeming ; the intention of taking a thing to one's 
 self. 2 £i. Com. 513, Cooley's note (32). v. Ademptio. 
 
 Animus cancellandi. The intention of canceling. Lord Ellenborough, C. J., 14 
 East, 423 ; Broom on C. L. 859, and cases. 
 
 Animus capiendi. The intention of taking. 4 Rob. Adm. 155 ; id. 126. 
 
 Animus dedicandi. The intention of dedicating. 2 Best on Evid. § 387. 
 
 Animus delinquendi. The intention of abandoning. 4 Robinson's Adm. R. 216. 
 
 Animus domini. The intention of owning. Savigny on Ross. § 28. The intention to 
 possess as one's own property. Mackeldey, Civil Law, i, § 239, ed. 1883. 
 
 Animus donandi. The intention of giving, v. Non valet donatio, etc. 
 
 Animus furandi. The intention of stealing, v. Animo furandi. 
 
 He took the goods animd furandi— viW-h a felonious design. It is this felonious purpose which is necessary 
 to make the taking of the property of another theft or larceny. Bracton, fol. 150*,- 4 Bl. Com. 232; 4 Stepk. 
 Com. IS7 ', Broom fy' If ad. Com, iv, 279, 282-3; Broom £>n C Z, 953-4, and cases. As to animus furandi in 
 goods found, etc., v. Broom's Max. 775. ^ 
 
 Animus gerendi. The intention of acting — as heir, etc. 
 This is presumed from an heir taking possession of the charter chest. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 83. 
 
 Animus hom,ini, quincquid sibi imperat, obtinet. The human mind can 
 accomplish whatever it resolves upon. 
 
 ANIMUS hominis est anima scripti. The intention of the party is the vital 
 principle of the instrument. 3 Bulstr. 67 ; Pitman's Princ. b' Sur. 26. 
 Animus imponentis. The intention of imposing. 
 Animus injuriandi. The intention of injuring a person. 
 
 The animus injuriandi denotes the essence of a crime, or an offense which here applies to verbal iniuries. 
 Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 80. Also to a person's honor or good reputation. Mackeld. Civil Law, ii, 487, 
 ed. 1883. 
 
 Animus juris habendi. The intention of having by right. I Mackeld. Civil Law, g 237. 
 Animus lucrandi. The intention of gaining, v. Animo lucrandi. 
 Animus manendi. The intention of remaining, staying, tarrying. 
 
 To acquire a domicile, or establish a permanent residence, the party must have his abode 
 in one place with the intention of remaining there ; for without such animus manendi no new 
 
 147 
 
Ani.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ann. 
 
 domicile can be gained, and the old one will not be lost. This fs the point to be settled in 
 determining the domicile or residence of the party, i Kent's Com. 76, v. 100; 19 Wend. (N. 
 Y.) R. II, Z'. Dovdcilium; Animus revertendi. 
 
 Animus morandi. A purpose of delaying, hindering or disturbing. 1/. Animo morandi. 
 
 Animus nocendi. The intention of harming, hurting, injuring. 
 
 ANIMUS non deponendus ob iniquum mdicium. The mind is not to be cast down because 
 of an unjust judgment. 
 
 Animus novandi. The intention of novating. Mackeld. Civi/ Law, ii,% s$y. -v. Novatio. 
 
 Animus pOSSidendi. The intention of possessing, a, Possessio. 
 
 In tlie Civil Law: The a«iw«j/ffjjziiff«(fi generally consists in the intention to treat the thing appre- 
 hended as one's own ^apz^gwy, i, c, 88zo, 21. (To this rule there occurs an exception in those cases 
 where the intention of the possessor is merely directed to the protection of his own possession, and consequently 
 X.O the JUS ad interdicta; this is the case, ^. jf., with the pawnee and emphyteuta. of. Javolenus, i);^. 
 xli, 3, /r. 16; JuLiANUs, lb. xxii, i, fr. 25, § 1 ; Florentinus, ib. xiii, 7, /?-. 25, § i; Haulus, i&. fr. 37. 
 
 In modern jurisprudence^ this is called derivative possession, z*. Sintenus m the Z. ytfr Cm. 
 R. u . Proc. vol. 7, p , 233 ; Buchel, Ueber die Natur des Pandreckts^ 45-51 . 
 
 Those who are incapable ot willing cannot acquire possession. Such are: («.) Moral persons, cf. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xlvu, 4, fr, I, § 15 ; Paulus, Dig, xli, 2, /r. x, § 22 ; Ulpianus, ib. fr, 2. (6.) Children {infantes\ who 
 cannot acquire possession without the authority ot their tutor. Paulus, Z)z)f. xli, 2, /r. 32, § 2; Justinian. 
 Cod. vii, 32, const. 3. Compare Savigny^\ u, pp. 243-255, and Puchta in \h^Rkein. Mus, vol. 5, p. 33. Impu- 
 beres^ i. e. those beyond the age ot infancy, may acquire without such authority. Paulus, Dig. xli, z,y>. 31 
 pr.: id. ib./r. i, § 3. (c.) Furiosi and menie capti, Celsus, Dig. xli, 2,y>. 18, § 1. 
 
 But where one from some previous ground detains the thing already, so that apprehension is no longer nec- 
 essary, the mere detention becomes transformed into luridical possession, from the moment when in addition 
 to it the a«/wKj^(7«z'^^«(// arises in him. This is called by the Romans solo animo possessionem acquirere; 
 and such acquisition may take place in a lawful or unlawful manner It is acquired in a lawful manner when 
 the animus possidendi is founded on a justa causa; e. g; when a landlord sells or gives the thing to his tenant. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, I, /r. 9, § 5; Ulpian. Dig. xii, i, /r. 9, § 9 ; Paulus, ib. xli, z, fr. 3, § 3; Justinian. Inst, li, 
 I, § 44; Savigny^ i, c, g 19. This is termed by modern jurists tradiiio brevi tnanu. It is done in an unlawful 
 manner when such/«j?a causa is wanting ; e. g. when the depositary embezzles the thing deposited. Paulus, 
 Dig. xli, 2,yr. 3, §§ 1:8-20; Papinianus, Dig. xli, -^^/r. 42, § 6. v, Mackeld. Civil Law^ i, § 241, cf. id. z3.,ed, 
 1883, § 239 sq. 
 
 * * * Anitnus quod perdidat optat 
 
 Atque in praeteritd se totus imagine versaU—PKTRomvs Arbiter. 
 The mind still longs for what it has lost, and is wholly intent upon the past. 
 
 Animus recipiGUdi. The intention of receiving, v. Animus donandi. 
 
 A person cannot acquire title to a thing unless he possesses it with an intention of receiving it for himself as 
 his property. Bailees acquire no title. 
 
 Animus recuperandi. The intention of recovering. Loccenius de Jur. Mat. ii, c. 4, § 10. 
 
 Animus republicandi. The intention of republishing. Poxvell on Devises, i, 609. 
 
 Animus restituendi. The intention of restoring. Fleta^ iii, 2, 3. 
 
 Animus revertendi. The intention or disposition of returning, v. Animo revertendi. 
 
 With regard to animals which are accustomed to go and return habitually, cf. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 68; 
 Gaius, Dig. xh, i^/r. 5, § 5; Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 15. v. In iis animalibus, etc. 
 
 With regard to persons: One retains his domicile if he leaves it animo revertendi. cf. 4C?. 40; 
 Bl. Com. iv, 225; Broom. ^ Had. Com. iv, 272 j 2 Russ. on Cr. 18; 3 Rawl, (Penn.) 312 ; Broom on C. L. 849, 
 859. V. Domicilium. 
 
 Animus revocandi. The intention of revoking. Cas. Temp. Hardtu. 213. 
 
 Animus testandi. The intention of willing; the intention of making a will. 
 
 To make a valid will it is required to be done animo testandi, . Whatever form may have been adopted, if 
 there was no animus testandi^ there can be no will. Freeman^ 265; Bl. Com. ii, 497; Wortkington on Wills, 
 prel. obs. A madman (Juriosus) or an idiot {idiota)^ e. g., can make no will because they do not know what 
 they are doing. Furiosi nulla voluntas est. Pomponius, i?:^. L, ly,^?-. 40. v. Paulus, ;3.yr. 124, Furiosus 
 nullum negottum ger ere potest y quia non intelligit quid agit. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 106; Justinian. Inst, iii, 20, §8; 
 Bracton^ iii, u. 2, § 8, fol. 100; 1 Story's Eq. jfur. §§ 223, 224. 
 
 ANIS quit and clenged^ ay quit and clenged. — Sc. Once quit and cleared, ever 
 quit and cleared. Skene, de Verb. Sign. voc. 'IterJ ad fin. 
 Annales, inm. [plur. -\- anna/is, 3-early.] Annals, a historical work ; a title formerly 
 given to the Yearbooks. 9 Land. Leg. Obs. 323. 
 
 In Old English Law: Yearlings; cattle of the first year. Bracton; Cowell. 
 148 
 
Ann.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ann. 
 
 Annates, ae L. Lat. ■ First fruits. Teniies de la Ley ; i Bl. Com. 284. T^Primictie. 
 
 Annexatio. — L. Lat. [-f-Lat- annectere,\a connect, to annex, to join.] The union of 
 one thing to another; c. g.. The fastening of chattels to the freehold, or letting them into 
 it, which gives them the quality of fixtures. 3 East, 38 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [238] 254 et seij. ; 
 
 1 Hilliard's Real Prop, tn, 70. v. Affixus, and the references there stated. As to the term 
 in Scotch Law, v. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Annexio, Onis, /. — Lat. Applying or binding to ; a connecting. Fal. Mart. 10, 36. 
 
 Anni et tempora. — Lat. Years and terms — an old title of the Yearbooks. ^ Land. 
 Leg. 06s. 323. 
 
 Anni nobiles. Literally, Noble years. Tro p. , marriageable years. 
 
 The age at which a girl becomes by law fit for marriage, i. e. the age of twelve. 
 
 Anni nubiles. Marriageable years; the marriageable age of a woman, i. c. twelve years. 
 
 2 Co. Inst. 434 The age of twelve in the female, and fourteen in the male, Taylor's Civil 
 Law, 299. 
 
 Anni tempora. The seasons of the year. LucR. ii, 33 ; v, 1395 . 
 
 Anni utiles. Available, profitable or useful years. The term is applicable to the tempus 
 deliberandi when applied to minors. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 35. t/. Annus utilis. 
 
 AnniCUluS, a, um, adj. A year old ; a yearling. Aetas, CoL. vii, 2, 2 ; niues, Cato, R. 
 R. xvii, 2 et al. Of one year's age ; a child of a year old. Bracton, fol. t'ib; Calvini, Lex.Jur. 
 
 ANNICULUS amittitur, qui extremo anni die moritur; et consuetude loquendi id 
 ita esse, dedarat; ante diem decimum kalendarum, po st diem 
 de cimum kalendarum; -(- neque utro enim sermo?ie undecim dies significan- 
 tur. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 132 /r. The one who dies on the last day of the 
 year (of his birth) is lost as one a year old ; and the custom of speaking or of 
 language declares that so to be (/. e. makes use of this expression, viz.): Before 
 the tenth day of the calends {or of the month), after the 
 tenth day of the calends {or of the month); and indeed by 
 neither expression is the eleventh day signified, v. Grotius, de Jure Belli ac 
 Pads, iii, c. 21, § 4. 
 
 Si quis sic dixerit, ut intra diem mortis ejus aliquid fiat, ipse quoque dies, quo quis mor- 
 tuus est, numeratur. Ulpianus, ib. fr. 133. 
 
 ANNICULUS non statim ut natus est, sed trecentisimo sexagesimo-quinto die 
 didtur, indpiente plane non exado die, quia annum dviliter non ad 7nomenta 
 temporum, sed ad dies numeramus. Paulus, JDig. L, 16, fr. 134. A child is 
 called a yearling, not immediately as he is born, but on the three hundred and 
 sixty-fifth day [after birth], when it has clearly begun, and before it has passed, 
 because we reckon a year civilly not by moments of time, but by days. Calvini, 
 Lex. Jurid. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, i, § 195, ed. 1883. 
 
 Anniversarius, <^, um. ^dj. [annus verto.] That returns with the new year; happens, is 
 used, etc., every year ; annually; )'earl)'. Cicero, Ver. 2, 4, 39. 
 
 Anno aetatis snae,— in the year of his age. Anno Christi,— in the year of Christ. 
 Anno domini, (abbr. A. D.) — in the year of our Lord. Anno mundi, (abbr. A. M.) — 
 in the year of the world. Anno regni, (abbr. A. R.) — in the year of the reign.. Anno 
 Repnblicae COnditae, (abbr. A. R. C) — in the year of the foundation of the Republic. 
 Anno nrbis COnditae, (abbr. A. U. C.) — in the year of the building of the city. 
 
 In Roman Chronolog)' the initials A. U. C. are used to denote the period of time 
 from the building of the city. 
 
 Anno SUperiuS in narratione speciflcatO. in the year above specified in the declara- 
 tion. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 2. 
 
 149 
 
Ann,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ann. 
 
 ANNO I2bl,ji*sticiani itineranies veneruni apud Wigorniam in octwvis S.Johan- 
 nis Bap tiste ; — et totus comitatus eos admittere recusavit, quod sept em anni nonduni erant 
 elapsi, postquam justiciarii ibidem ultimo sederunt. In 1261 the justices in Eyre came to 
 Worcester on the octave of Saint John the Baptist; and the whole county 
 refused to admit them, because seven years had not elapsed since the justices had sat in 
 the same place. Annal. Eccl. Wigorn. in Whart. Angl. Sacr. i, 495 ; 3 Bl. Com. 184, n. (d); 
 Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 119, n. (p). 
 
 Annona, ae, f. [-)- annus, a year.] Annual produce ; the annual income of natural 
 products (so in the widest sense). Livy, 29, 37. 
 
 In the Jurists: Annual means of subsistence, not only of grain but of other things. 
 Dig. xlviii, tit. 12. Kar'' i^ox^jy, — means of subsistence, and for the most part corn and 
 grain; CiCERO, Ferr. ii, 3, 98. 
 
 Annonae were contributions of various articles by the owners or occupants of farms in the 
 provinces, for the use of the army. Justinian. Cod. x, tit. 16. Annonae civiles, — ordinary 
 contributions of a similar kind, by way of rent, paid to ecclesiastical persons and others. 
 Justinian. Cod. i, 2, const. 14; id. v, 13, const. 7; id.vi, 24, const. 12. CMeA panes civiles. 
 Id. V, 12, 31, § 2. 
 
 In old English Law: Corn or grain ; whatever is laid up for a year's subsistence. 
 Spelman. Any thing contributed by one person for the support of another. Spelman's Gloss.; 
 Du Cange. Annona frumentum hordeo admixtum, — annual corn mixed in barley, i. ^. com 
 and barley mixed. Du Cange. Annona panis, — annual produce of bread, i. e. bread without 
 reference to the amount. Spelman's Gloss.; Cowell, Du Cange. 
 
 AllIl5liarillS, a, um, adj. Of, or pertaining to, provisions. Frumentum, ceteraeque anno- 
 nariae species, — corn or grain and other kinds of annual products. Veg. i1/z7. iii, 3. Ex 
 causd annonaria. Heemog. Dig. xlix, 14, fr. 46, § 5. v. Reditus annonarius. 
 
 Annoto, 3re, I, V. a. To write down something; to note down; remark, comment on. 
 
 In Juridical Language, t. t. ; (a.) To enter or register an absent person among 
 the accused. Marcian. Dig. xlviii, 17, fr. i. (6.) To note or designate one already con- 
 demned to punishment. Pliny, Ep. x, 97, et al. ; Suet. Calig. 27. (c.) To mark upon ; to 
 designate. To designate a place of deportation. Ulpian. Dig. xxxii, fr. 1, § 3. (d.) To 
 give notice to a defendant, or accused person, to appear, in order to make his defense. 
 Cod. ix, tit. 40. 
 
 AnnOtatio, or Adaotatio, Snis, /. \_-\- annotare.l In General: A noting down in 
 writing or remark ; annotation. In the Jurists: The registering of a person among 
 the accused. Macer, Dig. xlviii, 17, fr. 4. A rescript of the emperor signed with his own 
 hand. Theod Cod. Frag, i, 2, I. 
 
 Annotatione principiS. By the sign-manuel of the emperor. Cod. ix, i, 65 ; 4 Bl. Com. 
 187 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 219. v, Adnotaiione principis. 
 
 ANNUA nee debituni judex non separat ipsum. A judge [or court] does not 
 divide annuities nor debt. 8 C^?. 52 ; i Salk. 36, 65. 
 
 Debt and annuity cannot be divided or apportioned by a court. A maxim of the old law, 
 expressed in a hexameter line, i Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 471, 480 ; Co. Litt. 1500: ; 3 Mod. 153. 
 
 Annua pensione, •«■ De annua pensione. 
 
 Annuatini. — L. Lat. Annually. Annuatim renovere, — to renew annually. Amb. 131. 
 
 Annillus. \y. anulus."] A ring ; the ring of a door. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 15 § 5. 
 
 ANNUL US arra fidsi, baculus subsidii, quibus domino suo tenetur beneficiarius, sen vassalus. 
 The ring being the symbol or earnest of faith, the staff of aid or support, by which the vassal 
 was bound to his lord. Bracton ; Fleta. 
 
 Hence was derived the practice of granting ecclesiastical and other investitures in Eng- 
 land, per annulum et baculum, i. e. by ring and crozier or pastoral staff. I Bl. Com. 3y8-3y<). 
 
 Annillus et baculus.— L. Lat. The ring and staff or crozier. 
 
 These were symbols anciently used in making feudal investitures, v. Supra. A spear 
 was sometimes used in giving investiture. Feud. lib. ii, tit. 2 ; i Bl. Com. 377 ; Broom (5^ 
 Had. Com. i, 457. v. Per haspam vet annulum, etc. 
 
 Annum, et diem, it vastum.— L. Lat. Year, day. and waste. Bacon's Cases of Felony; 
 Law Tr. 173. v. Annus, dies et vastum. 
 
 150 
 
^^■] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 Annus, i, ?«.— Lit. A circuit, circular course, periodical return. Varr. L. L. v, 2, 53. 
 
 • ^ ^f xT*^ ^ ■ ^^^ ^'^^"^ (consisting among the Romans, originally, of ten, but from the 
 time of N u m a of twelve months, v. Adams' Ant. ii, i, seq.) 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law: A year ; the period of three hundred and 
 sixty-five days. Paulus, Dig. iv, 7, fr. 4, § 5. 
 
 ANNUS est mora motds quo suum planeta pervolvat circulum. A year is the 
 period or duration of the motion in whicTi a planet revolves through its 
 circle or orbit. Bracton, fol. 359(5 y Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Bracton also divides the year into seven kinds, viz. : Major, minor, solans, lunaris, arli- 
 ficialis, naturalis and ustialis. Id. ib. 
 
 Annus deliberandi. A year of deliberating; a year to deliberate. 
 
 In Scotch Law: The year allowed bylaw to the heir to deliberate whether he will 
 enter and represent his ancestor. Bell's Diet. v. Jus deliberandi, v. Cretio, Gaius, Inst ii 
 §§ 164-173. 
 
 Annus et dies. — L. Lat. A year and a day. Mag. Cart. 9 Hen. Ill, c. 22 ; Co. Litt. 254*. 
 
 Annus dies, et vastum. — L. Lat. A year, a day and waste. 
 
 In English Law: A privilege or prerogative of the crown to have the lands and 
 tenements belonging in fee-simple to persons attainted of murder, for a year and a day, 
 and to commit waste therein at pleasure. 4 Bl. Com. 285 ; Broom &= Had. Coin, iv, 492. 
 
 Annus gratiae. A year of grace or favor. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 66. 
 
 Annus hlCtUS. A, or the year of mourning. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The year following a husband's death, during which his widow 
 was required to remain unmarried. Julianus, Dig. iii, 2, fr. i ; Justinian. Cod. v, 9, 2 ; 
 Nor. 22, c. 44, § I, 1 Bl. Com. 457. v. Infra annum lucttls. 
 
 Annus major and Annus minor. See Usualis, etc. 
 
 Annus mirabilis. A year of wonders ; a marvelous, extraordinary year. 
 
 Annus Utilis. An available year ; a year composed of dies utiles, — available or servicea- 
 ble, or juridical days. Ulpianus, Dig. \v,\, fr. 19; id. xv, 1, fr. 2 ; id. xlvii, \, fr. 11 ; id. 
 iv, 6, fr. 6 ; Brissonius • Calvini, Lex. Jurid. ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195, ed. 1883. 
 
 Annus usualis sive Solaris. A usual or solar year. 
 
 Circulus ver6 anni usualis sive Solaris fit ad modum et ad simili turdinem colubri sine cauda, nee erat annus 
 integer, nee capiti adjunct poterit eorpus quod est annus usualis et constat ex tracentes et sexaginta quinquae 
 diebus, nisi adjungatur ei cauda. Cauda vero dtci poterit sey horae quae deficiunt, ut ex anno usual! qui sub 
 se eontint:t tracentos et sexaginta quinquae dies et sex horas, silicet quartam partem diei, fiat annus naturalis, 
 qui sub se continet annum usualem et unum diem ratione praedietarum sex horarum, et sic erit circ\ilus anni 
 naturalis ad modum et similitudinem colubri habentis caudam in ore, sicut videri poterit per lunarem compu- 
 tationem literarum et signorum, quibus dies anni signantur. Bracton, v, lib. v, tr. ii, c. 13, § 2, fol. 360. 
 
 Tlie circle, in truth, of the usual or solar year is made after the manner and after the likeness of a serpent 
 without a tail, nor will the year be entire, nor can the body, which is an usual year and consists of three hun- 
 dred and sixty-five days, be joined on to the head unless a tail be joined on to it. But the six hours which are 
 wanting may be called a tail, so that out of the usual year, which contains, under itself, three hundred and 
 sixty -five days and six hours, to wit : the fourth part of a day, there results a natural year, which contains 
 under itself, an usual year and one day in respect of the aforesaid six hours, and so the circle of a natural 
 year will be after the manner and after the likeness of a serpent having its tail in its mouth, as may be seen by 
 a lunar computation of the letters and the signs by which the days of the year are marked. 
 
 AnnUUS, a, um, adj. [-^-annus.] (a.) That lasts a year or continues through a year ; of 
 a year's duration. Annus penus, — provision that lasts a year. Plautus, /"j. i, 2, 45; Cicero, 
 Att. vi, 5 et al. (6.) That returns, recurs, or happens every year; yearly, annual. Cicero, 
 Inv. i, 34 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 48 et al. 
 
 Hence Annuuin, \, and more frequently in the plural Annua, Drum, «. A pension, 
 annuity, annual stipend. Pliny, Ep. x, 40; Ulpian. jOz^f . xxxiii, i, fr. 74; Papin. ib. fr. 14. 
 
 AnnUUS redditUS or reditUS.— L- Lat. A yearly rent or payment; an annuity. Reg. 
 Ong. 158^,- Bracton, fol. 2031^/ Eleta, lib. ii, c. 62, §§ 14, 15 ; Co. Litt. 144^/ 2 Bl. Com. 40; 
 3 Kent 's Com. 460. 
 
 An-tan'a-cla'sis. =Gr. avravdyiXa^ii. [+aTz', against, and ff7'a';<A.a:tfz?, a bending 
 back and breaking, -t-dj-raraKAa'ca, to repercuss, to drive back, reverberate.] A repe- 
 tition of words in u. contrary sense ; a repetition of words, beginning a sentence, after a 
 parenthesis. 
 
 151 
 
Ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 An-tan' a-cld' sis est, quae eodem verbo contrarium exprimit sensum, Querebatum quidem de filio^ 
 ciim mortem suam expectaret, respondente : Nun exfiectOy imopgtOy inquit, ui expectes. Jsidorus, Orig^. li, c. 
 21, §xo. Antanaclasis is that which expresses the contrary sense by the same word. It was inquired, for 
 instance, of a child, when he would expect his death, responding : * 1 do not expect, I seek by no means,' he 
 said, 'as you expect,' 
 
 In Rhetoric: A play upon words : e. g., as, ' whilst we live, let us live.' When 
 the same word is repeated in a different, if not a contrary signification : as, ' In thy youth 
 learn some craft, that in old age thou mayst get thy living without craft.' It is also 
 a returning to the subject at the end of a long parenthesis, as; 'Shall that heart' 
 (which does not only feel them, but hath all motion of his life placed in them), 'Shall that 
 heart, ' I say, etc. Encyclo. Lend. 
 
 Antapocha, ae, /. — Gmeco-hat. a vraTtoxtj. [-\-avTi, against, and aTro;);?;, apocha.] 
 A writing showing acquittance of a debt. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A transcript or ^ounter-part of the instrument called apocha, 
 signed by the debtor and delivered to the creditor. Cod. iv, 21, 18 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 § 534, ed. 1883; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Ante, praep. and adv. Before. In space: Before, in front, forward. In time: 
 Before, previously. In resp. of order: First, in the first place. 
 
 ANTE aetatem verb viginti unius annorum, robustos vel habiles ad arma sus- 
 cipienda pro patria defensione non reputantur, et idea undres dicuntur, et 
 sub tutela dominiorum interim remanebunt. Before the age of twenty-one years, 
 they are not regarded as able-bodied, or fit to bear arms for the defense of the 
 country, and therefore they are called undres, and in the meantime they shall 
 remain under the protection of their lords. Flefa, lib. i, c. 9, § 4 ; Cornell, 
 
 Ante bellum. Before the war. v. Post bellum. 
 
 Ante diem. («•) Before the time. Ovid, A. A. i, 184 et al. (6.) Before the day 
 expected or intended ; before the time destined by fate. Ovid, M. i, 149. 
 
 Ante exMbitionem billae. — L. Lat. Before the exhibition of the bill. o. Exhibitio 
 billae. 
 
 Ante factum, A thing done before ; a previous act or fact. 
 
 Ante litem COntestatam, Before the suit be contested. Story on Agency, § 13, n. 5. 
 
 Ante litem COntestatem. Before the contestation of the suit. v. Story on Agency, 
 § 13, n. 5 ; § 24, n. i. v. Litis contestatio." 
 
 ANTE litem c onte statam dare debitorem oportere, post litem contestatam 
 condemnari oportere, post condemnationem judicatum facere oportere. Gaius, 
 Inst, iii, § 180. Before the litis contestatio the debtor ought to give, after the litis 
 contestatio he ought to suffer condemnation (submit to avi^ard), after condemna- 
 tion (award) he ought to do what is adjudged. 
 
 Ante litem motam. Before suit brought, or controversy moved or commenced, i. c 
 before dispute or controversy originating prior to the commencement of judicial proceedings. 
 
 In the Law of Evidence; It is an established principle, in order to guard against 
 fraud, that declarations, etc., must have been made or acts done, 'ante litem motam' i. e. 
 before any controversy, has arisen on the subject to which the declarations relate, 
 or the acts done have relation, whether such controversy has or has not been made the subject 
 of a lawsuit, v. Lis mota, and the authorities there cited ; i Phill. Evid. 194, loth ed. ; 
 Tayl. Ev. §§ 515, seq., 4th ed. ; 7 Ho. Lo. Cas. 633 ; 2 Best on Evid. §§ 497, 498 ; Erskine's 
 Inst, iii, t. 9, § 52. 
 
 Ante lucem. Before light; before daylight. Plautus, Am. ii, i, 25. 
 
 Ante meridiem. Before mid-day or noon. A b b r . , A. M. 
 
 ANTE MERIDIEM CAUSAM CONXCIUNT [cONJICIUNt], CUM PERORANT AMBO 
 PR^ESENTES. Lex XII. Tab. i, fr. la. Before noon hear the cause, the 
 litigants being present. 
 
 The next Laws read; Post meridiem praesenti litem adjicito {/r. S). Si 
 AMBO praesentes, SOL occAsus SUPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO (/;-. 8n). Noon being past, if 
 
 152 
 
Ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 only one be present, give judgment in his favor {fr. 8). If both be present at the setting of 
 the sun (sol occasus), let the proceedings of the court cease, cf. AuLUS Gellius, Noct. Attic. 
 xvii, 2, ID. 
 
 Ante nnptias (or antenuptialis) donatio. A gift before the nuptials. A gift in antici- 
 pation of marriage. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Laiu, § 572. 
 
 Ante OCCasum soils. Before the setting of the sun ; before sunset. 
 Ante omnia. («.) Before all others, i. c. happens, takes place first of all. (ft.) Above all, 
 especially, chiefly ; above all things, (c.) First of all, in the first place. 
 
 ANTE omnia autem universi. Advocati ita praebeant patrocinia j'urgantibus, ut 
 non ultra, quam litium poscit utilitas, in licentiam conviciandi, et male dicendi 
 temeritatem prorumpant. Agant, quod causa desiderat ; temper ent se ab injuria. 
 § 4. Nemo ex industrid protrahat jurgium. Justinian. Cod. ii, 6, const. 6, §§ i, 
 4. But above all things attorneys or counselors should so protect their clients 
 in disputing, that they may not break forth beyond what may be useful in the 
 cause, in licentious reviling or reproaching, and the temerity or rashness of 
 slandering. Let them speak, urge or pursue what the cause may require ; let 
 them restrain themselves from injury. § 4. No man should intentionally bring 
 forth a quarrel. Cited in Story on Agency, § 24. 
 
 ANTE omnia enim animadvertendum est, ne conventio in alid re facta, aut citm 
 alid persond, in alid re aliave persond noceat. Paulus, Dig. ii, \^,fr. 27, 
 § i„fin. Before all things it is to be observed [/. e. we have to guard], lest an 
 agreement made in one transaction, or with one person, should injure in another 
 transaction or another person. Story on Partn. § 134. 
 
 This is the concluding part of: Pacta quae turpeiii causam continent non sunt 
 observanda, etc. Paulus, id. ib. 
 
 ANTE omnia futurus orator, cui in maxima celebritate et in media rei fublicae luce vivendum 
 est, assuescat jam a tenero non reformidare homines neque solitaria et velut umbratica vita palles- 
 cere. Excitanda mens et attollenda semper est, quae in hujusmodi secretis aut languescit et quendam 
 velut in opaco si turn ducit, aut contra tumescit inani persuasione : necesse est enim nimium tribunt 
 sibi, qui se nemini comparat. QuiNTILlAN, Inst. Oral, i, 2, § 18. First of all, let him who is 
 to be an orator, and who must live amidst the greatest publicity, and in the full day-light of 
 public affairs, accustom himself, from his boyhood, not to be abashed at the sight of men, nor 
 pine in a solitarj' and, as it were, recluse way of life. The mind requires to be constantly 
 excited and roused, while in such retirement it either languishes, and contracts rust, as it 
 were, in the shade, or, on the other hand, becomes swollen with empty conceit, since he who 
 compares himself to no one else will necessarily attribute too much to his own powers. 
 Read : Climproferenda sunt studia, etc. Id. ib. tj ig. 
 
 Ante SOlutionem. Before payment. ^ Johns. Ch. R. 538. 
 
 Ante tempns. («•) Before the fitting, right time. Livy, xxxi, 36. (6.) Before the 
 established, fixed, lawful time. Cicero, Lael. iii. 
 
 Ante vlctoriam ne canas triumphum. Do not sing or celebrate your triumph 
 before your victor;'. Similar to the Engl ish Proverbs: " Do not halloo before you are 
 out of the woods." " Do not count your chickens before they are hatched." 
 
 Antea «'^2'. lemp. Before, formerly, earlier, aforetime, in time past. v. Antehac. 
 
 Antecedens entis. Pa. [-{-antecedere,— to go before, to precede (in space), to gain pre- 
 cedence.] The preceding, foregoing, antecedent. Cicero, Top. xii. 
 
 Antecesslo, Onis, /. [+ antecedere.] (a.) A going before ; a preceding. Cicero, Univ. 
 X. (6.) That which goes before ; the antecedent cause. Cickro, 0J'~. i, 4 ; id. Top. xiii. 
 
 Antecessor Sris, m. He who goes before ; precedes : h e n c e , an ancestor. In the 
 Jurists : (a.) A predecessor in office, opposite to successor. Paulus, Dig. v, i,/n 55 ; 
 [20] 153 
 
Ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxvii, 9, fy. 9. (6.) A law teacher, a professor of law. Justin. Cod.'x, 17, 
 § 2. An ancestor. 
 
 ANTECESSORES — qui mortui sunt., et haeredes antecedunt, i. e. cedunt ante, et 
 haeredes cedufit eis sub, quasi succedunt. Est enim cedere, quasi recedere, et 
 est cedere alio sensu venire. Ancestors are those who are dead, and precede 
 their heirs, /. e. cede before them, and the heirs cede after them, or as it were 
 succeed them. For to 'cede' is as it were to "recede," and to 'cede' is in 
 another sense to 'come.' Bracion, ii, c. 31, /r., fol. 67. 
 
 Antefa.Ctus, •«> um (better separated, ante /actus). Done before, v. Ante factum. 
 
 AntegestUS, a, um (better separately, ante gestus). A thing done before a previous act. 
 Pompon. Dig. xxxviii, i, /;-. 40 ; Papin. Dig. xlviii, 23, fr. 3. 
 
 Ante-haC, Before this (present; time, formerly, aforetime, in time past, previously. 
 Pladtus, Capt. ii, i, 47; Cicero, Fam. xii, 23, 6. Earlier; before that time. Plautus, 
 Am. i, I, 322; Sall. C. 25, 4. Sometimes for antea (relat.) : Before any specified time; 
 earlier; before that time. Plautus, Am. i, i, 302; Sall. C. 25, 4. 
 
 Ante-juramentum. — L- Lat. A preliminary or preparatory oath ; called, also, praeju- 
 ramentum. (v. h. v.) 
 
 Ante-merldiaUs, e, adj. Before mid-day or noon. Ante-mendidnus, a, um, adj. — ■ before 
 mid-day or noon. Cicero, de Or. iii, 6 ; id. ib. 30. Ante meridiem, — before mid-day or noon. 
 
 Ante-nati, — L Lat [plur. -\-ante-natus^ Those born before; persons born before a 
 particular period or event, v. Post-nati. 
 
 Ante-natus.— L. Lat. [-|-o»^^, before, and «fl^«j, bom.] Born before; born before another 
 person. Bracton, fol. 33. Born before a particular period or event. 7 Co. i, Calvin's case; 
 2 Kent's Com. 40, 56, 58 ; 3 Peters' R. 99 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 86, n. {a). 
 
 Ante-nuptialis, e, adj. Before nuptials or marriage. Justinian. Nov. 2, c. i et al. 
 
 ANTEQ, UAM incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris facto opus est. Deliberate or take counsel 
 before you begin, and when you shall have deliberated the work is well done. Cicero. 
 
 Antestator, oris, ni. [-\- ante-testor.] A witness (testis) summoned before {ante) the 
 opening of the cause ; one called to bear witness. Si in jus vocat, niit, antestator; 
 IGITUR em capito. Zex XII Tab. i, fr. 1. If he summon him before court, if he shall not 
 go (if he go not), then he shall first call some one to bear witness ; and then take him by force. 
 
 Antestor, ari, i, v. dep. To summon as a witness [testari] before [ante] the opening of 
 the cause; to summon as a witness. Adams' Antiq. i, 317. 
 
 AntestatUS, a, um. Pa. S u b s t . A witness. Gaius, Inst, i, 6, 3. 
 
 Anteversio, Onis, /. A placing before ; an anticipating, preventing. Amm. 21, s fin. 
 
 Anthypophora, ae, /. =Gr. avQvnocpopa. A replying to anticipated objections. 
 
 A rhetorical figure in which one repeats the arguments that his antagonist would 
 employ, and refutes them. v. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. ix, 2, 106 ; Seneca, Contr. i, 7. 
 
 Anti-chresis. — Graeco-Lat. =Gr. avri'xpr/di?. [-\-avri, opposite, and ;i;/07;(3iS, use.] 
 A kind of pawn or pledge (called pactum ayrixpjfdjjooi), in which the right of reaping the 
 fruits or taking the profits of the thing pledged was, by a special agreement, transferred to 
 the antichretic creditor in lieu of drawing interest ; he having the use by way of compen- 
 sation. Marcianus, Dig. XX, I, fr. 11, % I ; id. xiii, 7, fr. 33 ; Pufendorf, de fur. N et 
 G. V, c. 10, § 14, et u. 5 ; 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 346, ed. 1883 ; 4 Kenfs Com. 137, note ; 
 Story on Bailm. % 344; 11 Peters' i?. 351. So called as being an exchange of uses: 
 (Usus reipro usu rei.) Grotiu.s, de fur. Belli, lib. 2, c. 12, § 3, par. 4; id. § 20, par. 2. 
 
 Anticipatio, Sois, /. [-\-a7zte, before, and capere, to take.] A preconception ; the innate 
 notion of a thing formed before receiving instruction or information concerning it. Cicero. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Anticipation; a taking or assuming beforehand; the taking 
 of a thing to be true before it is absolutely proved. Huberus, Proel. Jur. Civ. lib. 22, tit. 3, 
 n. 14. V. Praesumptio. 
 
Ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 ANTICIPATIO judicii, de rebus incertis, ex eo, quod pkrumque fit percepta. 
 HuBERUS, Prael. Jur. Civ. lib. xxii, tit. 3, n. 14. The anticipation of a 
 judicial sentence, concerning an uncertain thing, may be perceived (aided) from 
 that which for the most part or very frequently occurs, i Best on Evid. § 299, 
 note 2. V. Praesutnptio. 
 
 Anti-graphu8> — Graeco-Lat. [+Gr. (ivri, against, and ypdcpEiv, to write.] Lit.: 
 One who controls or supervises the accounts of money collected ; a controller. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An officer whose duty it was to keep an eye over the money 
 which the tax-gatherers collected for the use of the state. Budasus, in Annot. priv in Pand. 
 tit. " de Questoris Officio" cited in Cornell. 
 
 Anti-nomia, ae, /. — Graeco-Lat. = Gr. o.vri'voiJ.ia,-\- avri, opposite and j'd/(o5, law. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An opposition, contradiction or inconsistency of laws. 
 QuiNTiLiAN, vii, 7, I ; zi.-x, 2 ; iii, 6, 45. Inconsistency between one law and another in the 
 same collection; a conflict of laws. Justinian, i, 17 8; Grotius, tie Jur. Belli ac Pace, 
 lib. ii, c. 16, §§ 4, 28. 
 
 In English Language; Antinomy, z. ^. opposition of one law or rule to another ; 
 a law or other thing opposite or contrarj'. Metaph.,that natural contradiction which 
 results from the law of reason, when, passing the limits of experience, we seek to know 
 the absolute. Webster. "The antinomies or contradictions of the Code and Pandects 
 still exercise the patience and subtlety of modern civilians." 3 Gibbon's Pom. Emp. 165. 
 
 Antinomias. Conflicting laws or provisions of laws ; conflicting or inconsistent cases, 
 opinions or decisions. "Cases judged to the contrar)' ; cases of contradiction." Bacon's 
 Works, iv, 371. 
 
 Antipherna, Smm, ». =Gr. a.vri<ptpva. [-\-dvTi, against, and <pEpvri, dowry, 
 -^cpEpslv, to bring.] The return present which the bridegroom brought to the bride. 
 Justinian. Cod. v, 3, 20. v. Paraphema. 
 
 Antiphrasis, is,/". —Gi. avTigypdcSii. [-j-air/, against, ^jpaCezv, to speak.] Anii- 
 phrasis est dictio ^ conirario significans, — antiphrasis is a word or saj'ing signifying 
 ' on the contrary,' i. c. the use of a word with a sense the opposite of its real meaning; e. g. 
 lucus, quod minime luceat. — light, which may or can shine the least. DiOM. 458, P. ^/a/. 
 
 A nti^kr asis est senno fe contrario intelligendus; ut lucus, qui caret luce per nimiam nemorum umbranij 
 et manes, id est mites et modesti, cum sint ternoiles et immaues, et Parcae et Euntenides, Furiae quia nulli 
 parcant vel benefaciant. Hoc trope et nani Atlanteset caeci videnteset vulgo Aeihiopes appellantur argentei. 
 IsiDORUS, Orig. \, 36, S 24. 
 
 Antiphrasis is a form of speech that is to be understood in a sense opposite or contrary to its real mean- 
 ing : as lucus, a grove — which from too much shading of branches lacks light ; and manes, the Furies — that 
 IS, meelc and modest, although they are terrible and wild ; and Parcae, the Fates, and Eumenides, the Furies, 
 although they spare or benefit no one. By this figure dwarfs are called Atlases, the blind seeing the Ethiopian, 
 light, bright (as silver) . [ F. J. M.] 
 
 Read : Inter ironiam autem antiphrasifit hoc disiai, etc. IsiDORUS, ib. § 25; stated under Ironia, 
 
 Antiptosis, is, y. ^Gi. avrrTtra6ii. Gramm. fig.. The putting of one figure for 
 another. Serv. Virg. A. i, 557; ii, 883; vi, 727; x, 653; xi, 56 et al. 
 
 Antiana CUStnma. — L. Lat. Ancient custom. V. Antiquae cusiumae. 
 
 Antiqua et nova. Ancient and new. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 3, § 12. 
 
 AntiquA homo virtute et fide, A man of the virtue and fidelity of the olden time. 
 Terentius. 
 
 Antiqua Statnta. Ancient statutes. V. Vetera statuta. 
 
 Antiquae CUStumae.— L. Lat. Ancient customs. 
 
 Customs upon wools, woolfels and leather, granted to Edward I. bj' parliament in the 
 third year of bis reign, v. Bacon's Abr. 'Smuggling ,' c- i; Vaughn,'ibi, 162. 
 
 Antique, 5re, I, K. ". In civil life as t. t.. To restore a thing to its former con- 
 dition ; to leave it in its ancient state. 
 
 Antiguare est in modum pristinum reducere. Ybstus, de Sign. Verb. 22; Cicero, O^. ii, 21, 73. 
 
 In the Roman Law: To restore a former law or practice; to reject or vote against 
 a new law; to prefer the old law. Adams' Antiq. i. 141, 143. Hence of a bill; To 
 reject it ; not to adopt it. Cicero, de Off. ii, 21, 73. 
 
 Antiquarius, ii, urn, rr(^'. [^Antiquus.] Pertaining to antiquity. Ars aniiquarius,— the 
 art of reading and copying ancient manuscripts. Hence. Antiquarius, ii, — («.) One who 
 
Ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ant. 
 
 employs himself about antiquities, or loves them; an antiquarian ; archaeologist. Tacitus, 
 Or. 21; Suet. yi«^. 86. (6.) One who understands reading and copying ancient manuscripts. 
 Theod. Cod. iv, 8, 2 ; Isidorus, Orig. vi, 14, § l. Also in the feminine, Antiquaria, ae, — 
 she who loves antiquity; a female antiquarian. Juvenal, vi, 454. 
 
 Antiquatio, Snis, /. [flBft'i^ai?.] In Juridical Language: An abrogating, annul- 
 ling, repealing, Antlqudtio poenarum, — an annulling or repealing of penalties or punish- 
 ments. Theod. Cod. vi, 55, 4. 
 
 ANTIQUISSIMAS leges hujus regni, universumque hoc regnum legibus imperialibus sub- 
 Hcere. (He has endeavored to subvert) the most ancient laws of this realm, and to entirely 
 overthrow this realm in its imperial laws. Art. of Imp. against Cardinal Woolsey ; Broom 
 6- Had. Com. i, 65 (j). 
 
 Antiqilitas, atis, /. \antiqUus.'\ Ancient time, antiquity, ancientness. Cicero, Fin. i, 
 20 ; id. Or. L ; Suetonius, Ner. 38 et al. Antiquitdtis amdlor.^ — a lover of antiquity. Nep. 
 Att. 18. Antiquitas generis, — an ancientness of birth; great age. Cicero, Font. 14. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Ancient or former law or practice. JuSTINIAN. Inst, i, 6, 7, — 
 e.g. V. Modus alius antiquiiati placuit, etc. 
 
 Antiquitas dnbitabat. The ancient law or practice was in doubt. Cod. iii, 33, 14. 
 Lord Coke employed antiquitas in its literal sense, antiquity. 
 
 ANTIQUITAS dat dignitatem propriis verbis. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. viii, 3, 24. 
 Antiquity or ancientness adds dignity to proper words. 
 
 Quintilian adds: Namque et sanctiorem et magis admirabilem faciunt oraiionem, quibus 
 non quilibet fuerit usums, eoqtie 07-namento accerimi judicii P. Virgilius unice est usus. For 
 old words, such as every writer would not think of using, render language more majestic 
 and venerable ; and of this kind of ornament, Virgil, an author of extremely fine taste, 
 has pre-eminentlj' availed himself. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. supra. 
 
 ANTIQUITAS saeculi juventus tnundi. Aiicient time was the youth of the world. 
 Giordano Bruno, quoted as an aphorism by L o r d Bacon. 
 
 AntiqUUS, a, um, adj. That which ig before in time. (6.) That has been, or has been 
 done before ; old, ancient. Cicero, Fam. xi, 21 et al. (c.) Old, venerable, illustrious. 
 Festus, p. 22. (ri.) Aged. Cicero, Or. xlvi ; Ulmanus, Dig. L, 3,/?-. i. 
 
 Antiquum aut paternum. Ancient or paternal. 4 Kent's Com. 395. 
 
 Antiquum dominicum, — L. Lat. Ancient demesne. 
 
 In old English Law; A species of villein socage; the tenants being the same 
 with glebae ascripticii (v. h. t.) Bracton, fol. 20g. 
 
 In later English Law; A species of copyhold tenure existing, in certain manors, 
 which, though now perhaps granted to private persons, were actually in the hands of the 
 crown in the time of Edward the Confessor, or William the Conqueror, cf. 2 Bl. Com. gg ; 
 I Crabb's Heal Prop. 713, § g24 ; 4 Co. Inst. 269 ; Hob. 188 ; I Steph. Com. 211 ; Watkins on 
 Copyholds. 
 
 Antiquum moleudiuum. — L. Lat. An ancient mill. V. Molendlnum. 
 
 Antistes, stitis, adj. m. and /. Standing before. S u b s t . (<*.) An overseer, president 
 CoL. iii, 21, 6 et al. (6,) An overseer of a temple ; a high priest. Cicero ; Livy et al. 
 (c.) T r o p . : A master in any science or art. Cicero, de Or. ii, 46, 202 ; antistes artium, 
 Col. xi, i, 10; antistes juris, Quintilian, xi, i, 6g ; justitiae antistes, — a minister of justice. 
 Gellius, xiv, 4, 3. 
 
 In the Civil ^Law; A chief or presiding priest; a bishop (episcopus). Justinian. 
 Cod. i, 3, const. 18, 22, 25 ; Justinian. Inst, i, 20, § 5 ; Isidorus, Orig. vii, 12, § 16. 
 
 Antistitium, ii. «• [antistes.l The office of an antistes ; the chief-priest's office. Marc. 
 CapellA, Sat. ii, p. 34. 
 
 In old English Law: A monastery. Blount; IVinshaw. 
 
 Antistrophe, 5s, /. = Gr. avri6rpo(pri [-j- avri, against, and drpoipeiv, to turn ; 
 6rpo<pij, a turning], (a.) Repetition of words in an inverse order. (6.) The turning of an 
 adversary's plea against him. (c.) A rhetorical figure, according to which several 
 parts of a period end with the .same word. Marc. Capella, Sat. v, p. 175. v. Strophe, 
 iS6 
 
Ant. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ape. 
 
 Antithesis, is, /. = Gr. avnBedii [-{- aVTi, against, and Of'riS, a setting, + riOsvai, 
 to set]. A putting of one letter for another, e. g. o\\\ for /Hi, impetf for impet«. 
 Antithesis contrapositio literae pro alia, litera, ut : impet; vasto, pro impetx. Isidqeus, Oris. ', 34. 6. 
 
 In Rhetoric: An opposition of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence ; 
 contrast. Hence, any thing directly opposed to another. Quintilian, ix, 3, § 81. 
 
 Antithetarius. — L. Lat. [Gr. avriBeen.'] In old English Law: A term 
 applied to one who endeavored to discharge himself of a fact of which he was accused, by 
 recriminating, or charging his accuser with the same fact. Cowell ; Winshaw ; Jacobs' Law 
 Diet. 
 
 Antonomasia, ae, /. = Gr. avrovofiadia, + avri, instead, and av oiJ.dX,iiv , to name. 
 In Rhetoric: A figure, by which, instead of the name, an epithet of a person is 
 employed ; sometimes by specifying some remarkable characteristic of a person ; sometimes 
 by mentioning some act by which a person is distinguished. Quintilian, viii, 6, 29. 
 
 Antonomasiaesi quae pro nomiDe, id est vice nominis posita, ut : Maia lenittts pro Mercurio. Qui 
 tropus fit tribus modis ; ab animo ut : Ma^animusqus Anchisiades (Virgil, i4. v, 407) ; ^ corpora ut : 
 Ipsearduus (Virgil, A. iii, 619) ; extrinsecus, ut: In/elix puer atgue impar congressus Achiili (Virgil 
 A. i, 475). IsiDORUs, Orig. i, 36, 11. 
 
 A ntonomasia is that which is placed for a name, i. e. in place of a name, as: 'Maia'sson.'for Mercury. 
 (Virgil, A , i, 297.) Which Trope or figure is made three ways ; by the mind, as: *And the magnani- 
 mous son of Anchises* (Virgil, A. v, 407); from the body, as: *Hiraself of towering height* 
 (Virgil, A, iii, 619) ; extrinsic, as: *lll-fated youth, and unequally matched with Achilles' 
 (Virgil, A. i, 475). 
 
 Annlaris, e, adj. [-|- anulus.^ Relating to a signet-ring. 
 
 AnularillS, a, um, adj. [-(- anulus.J Of or pertaining to a signet-ring. 
 
 Annlatns, a, um, J>art. [-(- the verb anulo, anulare.] Furnished or ornamented with a 
 ring. Plaut. Poen. v, 2, 21. Anuldti pedes, — the feet furnished with a ring, i. c. fettered. 
 Appulejus, Met. ix, 222, 30; U. 234, 15. 
 
 Annlus, i, m. A ring, especially iox the finger; a finger ring; and for sealing: a 
 seal-ring; a signet-jing — e.g. Anulum detraxit, — he has drawn the ring. Cicero, Off. 
 iii, 9, 38. Anulo tabulas obsignare, — to seal the writings with a ring. Plaut. Cure, li, 3, 67. 
 Sigilla anulo imprimere, — to impress little figures or images with a signet-ring. CiCERO, 
 Acad, ii, 26, 85 ; hence, to seal with a signet-ring. Horace, Ep. i, 20, 3. 
 
 In the time of the Roman Republic: The right to wear a gold ring was possessed only by the 
 knights {eguites)\ hence, eguestris,— of or belonging to the order of knights. Horace, .S". ii, 7, 53. 
 A nulum invenit, = eques /actus est, — he acquires a ring, = he is made a knight. Cicero, I'err. ii, 3,76. 
 
 So, also : Jus anulorum, — dignitas equestris, — the right of rings (for the fingers) = the dignity of a 
 knight. Suetonius, Cues. 33 ; Adams^ Antiq. i, 34. 
 
 Anuels livres. — L- Fr- The yearbooks. Z. Fr. Diet. 
 ApanagO. "• Appanagium, Appenagium. — L. Lat 
 
 AitdropEi. — Gr. [ -f- a, without, and itarijp, a father.] Persons without a father ; 
 spurious children. Justinian, Inst, i, 10, § 12. = Lat. Spurii. 
 
 Aperid ire, 4, v. u.. To uncover, make or lay bare. Plaut. Ps. iii, 2, 51 ; Cicero, Off. 
 i, 35, .A»- Trop., To make visible; to show, reveal. LiVY, xxii, 6. (6.) To open, 
 unclose. Cicero, Top. i, 16. Aperire locum, — to lay open a place, ;'. .-. to open an entrance 
 to. Transf., to mental objects : To disclose something unknown; to unveil, to reveal, 
 unfold ; to prove, demonstrate ; or generally, to explain, recount (f req. and class.). 
 
 In the Civil Law: To open, as a will or codicil. Ulpianus, Dig. xxix, 5, Jr. 3, 
 8 19 et seq. To open, as a way or road (aperire via). Ulpianus, ib. xliii, 11, Jr. 1. 
 
 In Feudal Law: To escheat, or revert to the lord. Feud. Lib. i, tit. i8, lib. 2, tits. 
 
 34, 35- 
 
 Aperment on privement.— L- Fr- Openly or privily. 
 
 Aperta rapina. Open rapine. Aperta, vel patentes brevia, — open, or patent writs. 
 Apertum Jactum, — an overt act, v. h. t.; an apparent open act. Apertum murdrum, — 
 L. Lat. Plain or apparent murder ; open killing. Apertus, Apertum. — Lat. [-|- aperire, to 
 open.] Open or apparent. Bracton applied it to writs, though patens, patent, was the 
 more usual term. Bracton, fol. 413*. 
 
 IS7 
 
Ape.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Api. 
 
 APERTE impossibilia ctlm dicuntur non faciunt calunmiam. Impossibilities, 
 when they are spoken openly, do not constitute calumny. Lofffs Max. 
 422 ; Halkerstori s Max. 
 
 Apertio, Snis, /. An opening, unfolding. Var. R. R. i, 63. 
 
 ApertUS, a-, um. Pa. \apeno.] Literally: Opened, hence, open, free, apparent. 
 
 Apex, Icis, m. The extreme end of a thing ; the point ; the summit ; hence, 
 
 Apex juris. An extreme point or subtlety of law ; a curious or nice exception or 
 merely technical objection in pleading; a rule or doctrine of law, carried to an extreme, 
 either of rigor or refinement ; an unnecessarily rigid adherence to the letter ; the summum 
 jus. Lee, C. J., Burr. 341, 349; Lord Ellenborough, C. J., 14 East, 522 ; Kent, C. J., 
 
 2 Caines' R. 117 ; Story, J., 2 Story's R. 143. v. Apices Juris. 
 
 Apex justi pretii. The summit of a just or lawful price. Story on Bailm. § 391^. 
 
 AphorismuS, »'• = Gr. acpopi&uo^ [+ acpopiZsiv, to define]. A precept or principle 
 expressed in a few words ; a brief sentence (senno brevis) containing some important truth, 
 cf. Isidorus, Orig. iv, 10, § i. 
 
 Syn. — Axioma, maxima, adagium. An axiom is a self-evident proposition of truth, art, or science; 
 maxim expresses some weighty practical truth or doctrine ; an a d a g e is a saying wliich has gained credit 
 by long use. -u. Axioma and Adagium. 
 
 Apices juris, [plural + apex juris.'] Subtilties or extreme points of law, etc. v. Apex 
 juris. The term was employed by Ulpianus in the Digests, v. De bona fide eniiit agitur, 
 cui non congruit de apicibus juris disputare, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, i,yV. 29, § 4. 
 
 The apices juris are said to stand upon the outer verge of the law, and are only rarely 
 resorted to. v. Inter extreinos apices juris . In some cases, however, the court may be 
 bound to pronounce upon apices juris, and in doing so, it has no pleasure in disappointing 
 the expectations of parties suing; but the certainty of the law is of infinitely more import- 
 ance than any consideration of individual inconvenience. Per Lord Ellenborough, C. J., 
 I M. &= S. 204; Broom's Max. 189, n. 4, cases. 
 
 APICES juris non sunt jura \jus\. Extremities, or mere niceties of law, are 
 not laws. Rules or doctrines of law, carried to their extreme, either of 
 rigor or refinement, are not rules of law. Co. Litt. 304^ y 10 Co. 126 ; 3 Scott, 
 773 ; 20 Johns. R. 229, 261 ; Broom's Max. 188, and cases in note 5 ; i Story's 
 Eq. Jur, § 7, note 5. v. Apex juris. 
 
 Curiosa et captiosa interpretatio in lege reprobatur. i Bulsirode, 6. "The Law of 
 England respecteth the effect and substance of the matter, and not every nicetie of 
 forme or circumstance. Apices juris non sunt juva ; et parum differunt, quae re concordat." 
 Wingate's Max. 14, § I. 
 
 So in the Civil Law: Bonae fidei non convenit de apicibus juris disputare. 
 Ulpianus, Z>;^. xvii, l, fr. 29, §4. This rule: Apices juris non sunt jura, — has certain 
 qualifications, v. Broom's Max. 189, and cases in note 4. 
 
 Apices litigaudi. — L. Lat. Subtleties of litigation; sharp technical points or captious 
 objections in pleading or practice. ^ A trociias formularum . 
 
 "It is unconscionable in a defendant to take advantage of the apices litigandi, to turn a 
 plaintiff round and make him pay costs when his demand is just." Lord Mansfield, C. J., 
 
 3 Burr. 1243. 
 
 APIUM quoque natura fera est, itaque \apes'\ quae in arbore nostra consederint, 
 antequam a nobis alveo concludantur, non magis nostrae esse intelliguntur, quatn 
 Dolucres, quae in nostra arbore nidum fecerint ; ideo si alius eas incluserit, earum 
 dominus erit. § 3. Favos quoque, si quos hae fecerint, sine furto quilibet possidere 
 potest. Sed, ut supra quoque diximus, qui in alienum fundum ingreditur, potest 
 d, domino, si is providerit, jure prohiberi, ne ingrederetur. § 4. Examen, quod ex 
 alveo nostro evolaverit, eousque nostrum esse intelligitur, donee in conspectu nostro est, 
 nee difficilis ejus persecutio est ; alioquin occupaniis jit. Gaius, Dig. xli, T,fr. 5, 
 §§ 2, 3, 4. Bees also are wild by nature, and therefore bees, although they shall 
 158 
 
Apo.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Apo. 
 
 have swarmed upon our own trees, they cannot be considered, until they are 
 hived by us, to be more our property than the birds, which have nests in our 
 trees ; therefore if any other person inclose them in a hive, he will be the owner 
 of them. § 3. Their honey-combs also, if any shall have been made, these the 
 first that comes can hold or possess without theft. But, as we have also before 
 said, one who enters upon the land of another can rightly be prohibited by the 
 owner lest he shall have entered. § 4. A swarm which shall have flown from 
 our hive is still understood to be ours, as long as it is in our sight, and may 
 easily be pursued ; but in any other case it becomes the property of the occu- 
 pant. V. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 14 ; Pufendorf, de Jur. Nat. et Gent, iv, 
 c. 6, § 5. V. Plato's law there quoted. 
 
 In the Common Law: Bees are animals ferae naturae so long as they are unre- 
 claimed. T. Raym. 33 ; 2 Bam. &> C. 944 ; Bl. Com. ii, 392 ; Broom, dr' Had. Com. ii, 589 ; 
 id. iv, 293, n. (x) / Kent's Com, ii, 349, sq., and authorities cited ; 7 Johns. R. 16 ; 13 Miss. 
 333 ; 3 Binn. (Penn.) 546. v. U. S. Dig. ' Bees. ' If, while so unreclaimed, they take up 
 their abode in our tree or upon our premises, they belong to us as the owner of the soil ; 
 but the rule is otherwise if they be pursued and reclaimed, and they can be identified. 
 I Cowen's (N. Y.) R. 243 ; 15 Wend. R. 550; 2 Dev. No. C. R. 162. v. U. S. Dig. 
 
 AcfyfiXii,. — Gr. \-\- ano, from, and -^XiHia, age.] In Roman Law: A minor; one 
 under age. Modestinus, Dig. xxvii, l, fr. 10, § 7 ; id. xxvi, 5, fr. 21 ; id. xxvi, (i,fr. 2. 
 
 ApOCalypsis, is, /. = Gr. ot.Ttoxa.\vxti [+ aitoKaXvitreiv, to reveal, disclose]. A 
 
 disclosing, revelation ; a discovery. Tertullianus, adv. Marc, iv, 5. 
 
 A poca lyi sim librum Joannas evangelista scripsit, eo tempore, quo ob evangelii praedicationem in insula 
 Patamos traaitur relegatus. A pocaly psis aulem ex Graeco in Latiaum revelatio interpretatur, Reve- 
 latio enim dicitur manifestatio eorum, quae obscura et abscondita erant, juxta quod ipse Joannes ait: 
 Apocaly psis Jesu Christie guam dedit illi Deus palatn facere servis suis. IsiDORUS, Orig. Vl, 2, § 49. 
 
 Apocae oneratoriae. — L. Lat. In old Commercial Law: Bills of lading. 
 Casaregis, disc. I, n. III. v. Apocha and Billa exonerationis . 
 
 Apocha. ae, y. = Gr. anoxV' In the Civil Law: The receipt of the creditor 
 acknowledging the payment of a debt. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvi, 4, fr. 19, § i ; xlvii, 2, fr. 27, 
 § z. SCAEV. ib. xii, 6, fr. 67, § 2. An acquittance or discharge ; a receipt or voucher 
 (Gr. OLTCoSei^ti). Justinian. Cod. iv, 21, const. 16; id. iv, 21, const. 19; id. tit. 22 ; Mack- 
 eldey. Civ. Law, ii, § 534, ed. 1883. v. Antapocha. 
 
 ApOCrisiariUSi or ApOCrisariuS, i'. m. \_-\- Gr. dTtonptSii, an answer.] A delegate, 
 deputy, who performs a duty in the place of another, especially of a high church officer, 
 called also responsales or ad responsum. Nov. vi, c. 2. (6.) A pope's legate ; a bishop's 
 legate or chancellor. Nov. cxxiii, 25. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A messenger ; an ambassador. 
 
 Applied to messengers or legates, as they carried the messages (airoKptirets) of their principals ; transacted 
 the business and reported to their superiors. Also an oificer who iiad charge of the treasury of a monastic 
 edifice. Also an officer who took charge of opening and closing the door. Calvint, Lex. Jurid.; Du Cange ; 
 SpelmaWs Glass. Apocrisarius Ca?tcellarius,— a.n officer who took charge of the royal seal and signed royal 
 dispatches, called, also, secretaries cansilarius (from his giving counsel or advice) ; a coTisiliis (from his act- 
 ing as counselor) ; reyerendarius ; a responsis^ or responsalis. 
 
 ApodiotiCUS, ii> um, a<^'. = Gr. aitoSEiKTinoi, — plainly showing ; demonstrative. Apo- 
 dicticum argumentum, — a demonstrative argument. AuLus Gellius, xvii, 5, 3. 
 
 Apodixis is,/. = Gr. a«o'5£z?i;, — a conclusive proof ; demonstration. Peter. 5. 132, 
 10 ; Gellius, xvii, 5, 5 ; Quintilian, v, 10, 7 et al. 
 
 ApOffrapha, ^^^Gx.aitoypacpi). In the Civil Law: A description or enumeration 
 of things possessed ; an inventory. Justinian. Nov. xlviii, i ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 ApOffraphon, i, »■ = Gr. aitoy pa.q>ov , — a transcript; a copy. Puny, xxxv, ii, 40; in 
 Cicero, Att. xii, 52, as a Greek word. 
 
 ApolOSatiO Onis, /. [-[-Gr. aTToAoxoS, with the Latin ending, nft'o.] A fabulous nar- 
 ration in the manner of .lEsop. Quintilian, Inst. On v, 11, § 20. 
 
 159 
 
Apo.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Apo. 
 
 Aporia, ae, /. =Gr. anopia. Doubt, perplexity, embarrassment. As a Greek word 
 in Cicero, Att. vii, 21 et al. 
 
 Aporiare. [+Gr. aTCopsiv, to be in doubt or perplexity.] To be in difficulties; to be 
 poor ; to reduce to poverty. 
 
 Aporiatio, Onis, /. Vacillation of mind ; uncertainty; doubt. 
 
 Aposiopesis, is, /. =Gr. a7zo6io6aijdi?. Rhetorical fig.: A breaking off in the 
 midst of a speech. 
 
 Aposiopesis est, ciim id, quod dicturi videbamur, silenlio intercipimus: ut, 
 
 ^Qiios ego, .' Sed nwtos praestat compoftere Jiuctus.^ — IsiDORUS, Orig, ii, 21, § 35. 
 
 A p o s i o p 5 s i s_ is, when that, which we seemed to desire to say, we intercept in silence ; e. g. {as m Virgil, 
 vS«. i, 135) ' W h o m 1, ! But it is right to assuage the tumultuous waves.' 
 
 'ATToo-iwTTijffts, quam idem Cicero reticentiam, Celsus obticientiam, nonnulli interruptionem 
 appellant, et ipsa ostenditaliquid'affectus vel irae: ut 
 
 ^Quos ego, / Sed motos praestat cotnponere Jiucitts.'' — (Virgil, j^n, ], 135.) 
 
 Vel solicitudinis et quasi religionis: An hujus ille iegis, quam Clodius d se inventam gloriatur, -mentionem 
 
 facere ausus essei viro Milone, non dicam consule ? de nostrum enitn omniujn non audeo totu7a dicere, 
 
 Cicero, /re Milone, xii, 33. 
 
 Aposiopesis, which Cicero calls reiicentia, Celsus odiiczeniia, a.nA some authors interruptio,\^ 
 
 used in testifying something of passion or anger: as, 'Whom I but better 'tis to tranquillize 
 
 the troubled waves;' or anxiety and conscientious hesitation: as, *Would he have dared to 
 make mention of the law of which Clodi.us boasts that he was the author, while 
 
 Milo lived, I will not say while he was consul? for, with regard to all of us, 
 
 1 cannot venture to say every thing.' v. Quintilian, /wj/. l^ra^. ix, 2, § 54. 
 
 ApOStasia, ae,/ =Gr. aTto6Ta6ia \-\-Scit6, from, and 6Tffyai,lo stand.] A falling 
 away from religion ; apostasy ; a desertion or falling away from one's faith, principles, party, 
 or sect; an abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed. Salv. de Gub. D, 6, 128; 
 4 Bl. Com. 43 ; Broom &" Had. Com, iv, 52. v. Utiles esse. 
 
 ApOStata, ae, m. =Gr. aito6ra.rri%. An apostate. Tertullianhs, .^a?-c. v, 11 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A deserter from the faith; one who renounces the Christian 
 faith. Justinian. Cod. i, tit. 7; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 152, ed. 1883; Reg. Orig. Tib. One 
 who has forsaken the faith, principles, party or sect to which he before adhered. 
 
 Apostatae dicuntur, qui post baptismum Christi susceptum ad idolorum cultum et sacrificiorum contami- 
 nationes revertuntur. Est autem nomen Graecum. Isidorus, Orig. viii, 10, § 5. 
 
 They are called apostates, who, after they received (jr accepted the baptism of Christ, turned backer 
 changed to the worshiping of idols or images (strange gods) and the defilement of sacrifices. But it is a Greek 
 term. 
 
 Apostolus, i, m. =Gr. a^o'droAoS, sent forth or away, \j-\- aitodreXXco, aitodTeA.X.£iv, 
 to send off or away.] One sent from another; one sent forth or deputed to execute some 
 important business ; an apostle. 
 
 In the Church Fathers: An apostle. Specifically: One of the twelve dis- 
 ciples of Christ sent forth to preach the Gospel. Tert. Praesc. adv. Haer. xx ; Prud. Ham. 
 V, 50, 8; Isidorus, Orig. vii, 9, § i. 
 
 In the Jurists: A notice sent to a higher tribunal or judge. Modestinus, Z?!^, L, 
 16, fr. 106 ; Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, 34, § I. 
 
 In Civil and Admir. Law: Apostles [Gr. ccTeodr oXoi\: Letters dismissory 
 addressed by a court from which an appeal is taken to the superior court, for the purpose of 
 certifying the appeal. Spelman. Short letters dismissory, signed by the judge i quo, stating 
 shortly the case and the sentence, and, in the room of further apostles, declaring he will 
 transmit all the proceedings. Marcianus, Dig. xlix, 6, fr. 1; 2 Bro. Civil Law, 438, ch. g; 
 I Parsons' Marit. Law, 745 ; i Blatchf. C. C. R. 663. Letters missive transmitted to the 
 judge ad quern, to instruct him in the nature of the suit. Hallifax, Anal. b. iii, c. 11, n. 4. 
 
 Apostrophe, ae, /. =Gr. cModrpocpri. [-)- axo, from, and 6rpo<pjj, a turning.] A 
 turning away; a diversion. A Rhetorical figure: Where the speaker turns away 
 from the real auditory and addresses an absent or an imaginarj' one; or where the speaker 
 turns from the judges and addresses the plaintiff. 
 
 A versus quoque i judice sermo, qui dicitur a7roa-Tpo</>^, mire movet, sive adversarius invadimus: 
 Quid enim tuus ille, Tubero, in acie Pharsalica? (Cicero, pro Ligar, c. 3) ; sive ad invocationem aliquam 
 convertimur: Vos enim jam ego, Albani tumuli atque luci : (Cicero, pro Milo, c. 31); sive ad invidiosam 
 implorationem : O leges Porciae, leges Seytproniaei (Cicero, Verr. v,64). Sed ilia quoque vocatur a V e r s I o , 
 quae 21 proposita quaestione abducit audientem. 
 
 Non ego ciim Denais Trojanam excindere geniem 
 A ulide juravi. — Virgil, ySre. iv, 425. 
 Quod fit et multis et variis figuris. Quintilian, Inst. Oral, ix, 2, 38. 
 
 The diversion of our speech from the judge, also, a figure which is called apostrophe, has, an extraor- 
 dinary effect, whether in attacking our adversary, as : ' What was that sw ord of yo urs doing. 
 160 
 
Apo.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 Tubero, in the field ofPliarsalia? or in digressing to malse some invocation, as: 'For 1 cal] 
 upon you, O Alban hills and groves! or in imploring aid m order to throve odium on the 
 opposite party, as: ' O Porcian laws! O Sempronian laws: But whatever draws away the hearer 
 from the subject m question is called apostrophe, as: 
 
 'I did not swear (or conspire) at Aulis with the Greeks 
 T'uproot the Troian race. 
 This is done by means of many and varied figures. 
 V. ClCKRO, pro Ligar^ vXyfin.; ClCERO, Verr, ii, i, 9 et al. 
 
 In Grammar: The contraction of a v»ord by the omission of a letter or letters; e.g. 
 cali'd for called, bro't for brought, etc. (6.) The mark used to denote that a 
 word is contracted, cf. Isidorus, ®rig. i, 18, § 8. 
 
 Apostoli. =Gr. aTfo'tfroAoz. [+ a?fo(3r£A.A.<», to send from.] In the Civil Law: 
 Letters dismissory or missive. Stated in the Dig.: 
 
 Post appellationem interpositum litterae dandae sunt ab eo a quo appellatum est, ad eum 
 qui de appellatione cogniturus est, quas litteras dimissorias sive apostolos 
 appellant. Marcianus, Dig. xlix, 6, fr. 1. 
 
 After an appeal is interposed letters are to be given by him from whom the appeal is taken 
 to him who is to judge of the appeal, which they call letters dismissory, or apostles, 
 of. Pau'lus, Sent. Recept. v, 34, § i. MoDESTlNUS, Dig. L, \t,fr. 106. v. Dimissoriae litterae. 
 
 APOSTOLOS post interpositatn prmwcationem, etiavi non petente appellatore, sine 
 aliqua dilatione judicem dare oporiet, cautione videlicet de exercenda provoca- 
 tione in posterum minime praebanda. Justinian. Cod. vii, 62, const. 6. It 
 behooves the judge to give notice to the higher tribunal without any delay after 
 an appeal has been made, of course not guaranteeing at all the non-preferring 
 of a future appeal. 
 
 ji7c6q)6sytia. — Gr. [+ ajro, from, and ^8«;'y((a;, saying, word.] A mirthful, pithy and 
 instructive saying; a sententious precept or maxim; an apothegm. 
 
 'ATtocpBeyuara. — Gr. [ap'o-them 'a-ta.] A collection of humorous, facetious, instruct- 
 ive sayings; a collection of sententious precepts, maxims or apothegms. 
 
 Cato made such a collection, called his 'AitocpQeynaza. v. Cicero, de Off i, 29, 104 
 
 Appana^inin. — L- Lat. \j\-ady to, ?caA panagium, sustenance, -\-panis, bread.] An 
 appanage or apanage; a provision for the support of younger sons. 
 
 Also an allowance made to younger branches of a sovereign house out of the revenues of 
 the country, generally together with a grant of public domains. The provision of lands or 
 feudal superiorities formerly assigned by the kings of France to the maintenance of their 
 younger sons. In some instances written Appenagium. Brand. 
 
 Apparator, oris, m. — Lat. \;\- apparare , to prepare or make ready for something; to put 
 in order ; to provide.] One who provides or furnishes; one who prepares. 
 
 In England: A sheriff was styled apparator comitaltls, as having charge of certain 
 county arrangements and expenditures ; and for which yearly sums were sometimes allowed 
 him in that capacity. Cowell; Hale's Sper. Acco. 104. Apparatrix, — she who prepares. 
 
 Apparatus, a, um. Pa. Lit., prepared. Hence, of persons: Prepared, ready; 
 e, g. apparatus sum, ut videiis, — I am prepared (ready), as you see. Plautus, Merc, v, 2-10. 
 Of things: Well supplied, furnished with every thing. Cicero, /kz/. i, 34. Hence, 
 magnificent preparation, splendor, sumptuous. Cicero, Off. i, 8 ; id. Or. 25 et al. 
 
 Apparens, entis,/. [-\- apparere, to come to some place for appearance; to come in sight; 
 to appear or make one's appearance.] Apparent; appearing; that which is manifest; that 
 which appears, or is regularly before a court, v. De non apparentibus , etc. Quod non appa- 
 rel non est. 
 
 Apparent" \^apparens.'\ Manifest; evident; proved. Apparent heir, — In the Com- 
 mon Law: One whose right of inheritance is indefeasible, provided he outlive the 
 ancestor. 2 Bl. Com. 208. v. Erskine's Inst. b. iii, tit. 8, § 54; i Forbes' Inst. pt. 3, b. ii, ch. 3. 
 
 Apparentia, ae, /. [-\-appareo, apparere, g. v. infra.] A becoming visible; appearing; 
 appearance. Hence, trop., the external appearance. Apparentia bona, — a good exter- 
 nal appearance. In abl., of, from or by a good external appearance, v. Firm. Math, v, 8. 
 [21] 161 
 
App.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 In law practice; An appearance ; appearance. Rast. Ent. 347 The coming into 
 court of either of the parties to an action. The coming into court of a defendant, or party 
 proceeded against, i Tidd's Pr. 238. 
 
 AppareO, ere, 2, V. a. To come to some place for appearance ; to appear or make one's 
 appearance. In general: To be evident, apparent ; to be seen ; to show one's self. 
 
 In English Law: To appear ; to be regularly before a court ; as a fact, or instru- 
 ment, or other thing of which they are requested to tate notice, v. Quod non apparet non 
 est. if}.) To be regularly before or in a court as a defendant in an action, v. Cojnparere. 
 
 Apparitio, Snis, /. Yappareo.\ (a.)' A serving; service ; attendance. Cicero, ^aw^. 13, 
 54. Meton.: (6.) Household domestics ; servants. Cicero; Ulpian. Z5;]^. iv, 2, /?-. 23. 
 
 In old practice: Appearance; an appearance. Apparatioinjudicio, — an appearance 
 in court. Bracton,io\. ■iOA- Post apparationem, — after appearance. /Vf^a, lib. vi, c. 10, § 25. 
 
 Apparitor, Oris, m. \-\-appareo, apparere.'] A servant, especially a public servant. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 25 et at.; Suet. Aug. 14; Justinian. Cod. xii, tit. 53, s(j. 
 
 In Civil Law: An officer who waited upon a magistrate or superior ofHcer and exe- 
 cuted his commands. Justinian. Cod. xii, tit. 53-57. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: One who cites or summons to appear; a summoner; 
 a messenger who cites offenders to appear in a spiritual court, and serves the process of the 
 court. Coivell. 
 
 Apparura. — -L. Lat. Furniture, implements, tackle, etc. 
 
 Appellans. — L. Lat. [-\- appellare.'\ In practice: One who appeals or prosecutes 
 an appeal ; an appellant; an accuser or challenger. Bracton,io\. 137, 138. Appellans 
 vocat reutn in judicium, — the appellant calls the defendant to judgment. Co. Litt. 2i']b. 
 
 Appellor are, I, V. a. To drive to or toward ; to go to in order to accost, make a request, 
 admonish, (a.) To approach any one, to accost or address (freq. and class.). (6.) To 
 approach with a request, entreaty, etc. ; to entreat, implore, (c.) To accost by an}' appella- 
 tion. Caes. B. G. ii, 25. Hence, to name or call ; to entitle, declare, or announce as 
 something (freq. and class.). Hence, to call by name. Cicero, Sest. L, 108. To declare, 
 to name. Pliny, xxviii, 1, 1. Trop. , to make known. Cicero, Fam. i, () Jin. To pro- 
 nounce. Cicero, Brut. 35. 
 
 In Judicial Language: To complain of; to accuse; to summon before a court. 
 Cicero, de Off. i, 25, 89; Valerius Maximus, vi, i, 11. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To appeal from the sentence or decision of an inferior judge or 
 court to a superior ; e.g. Appellare adversus sententiam, — to appeal against a sentence. 
 Modestinus, Z>z|f. xlviii, 2,yV. 18. De sententia judicis appellare , — to appeal from the 
 sentence of a judge. Justinian. Cod. vii, 16, 4. Story, J., i Gallison's P. 13. 
 
 In English Law: To appeal or accuse , c. g. Appellare de facto, — to appeal one 
 of fact, i. e. as principal. Bracton, fol. 138. Appellare de forcia, — to appeal one of force, 
 i. e. as an accessory. Id. ib. 
 
 APPELLATA est auteni mutui datio ab eo, quod de meo tuum fit ; et idea si non 
 fiat tuum, non nascitur obligatio. Paulus, Dig. xii, i, fr. 2, § 2. But it 
 is called a lending {or loan) from that which through me becomes yours ; and, 
 therefore, if it shall not become yours, no obligation can arise. Cited in Story 
 on Bailm. § 47. 
 
 Appellatio, Onis, /. [+ appello, are.] (a.) A going up to any one to accost or make a 
 request of him. (6.) An address or appeal ; an accosting. Ci«SAR, B. C. ii, 28. Hence, 
 
 In Judicial Language t.t.: An appeal. Cicero, Quint. 20, fin. ; id. Vatin, 14, 
 fin. Appellatio provocatioque. LiVY, iii, 36; Suetonius, Aug. 33. Ut omnes app el la - 
 tione & judicibus ad Senatum fierent, — as all appeals might (or should be) from the judges 
 to the Senate. Suetonius, Ner. 17. Appellatio ad populum, — an appeal to the people. 
 Pliny, vi, 22, 25 et al. An appeal from an inferior to a superior court or tribunal, big. 
 xlix, tit. i,'de Appellationibus' ; Justinian, Cod. vii, tit. 62; Nov. xxiii. The removal of a 
 cause from the sentence of an inferior to a superior judge or court. Story, J., i Gallison's 
 R. 13- 
 
 Appellatio, Snis, /. [+ appello, are, to call, to name.] An appellation ; that by which a 
 thing is called. Pliny, v, 88. Hence, Meton.: A n<irae, title, or term ; a naming. 
 Cicero, Att. v, 20,'4 et al. 
 162 
 
App.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 APPELLATIONE enim c h ir og r aph i uti nos pro ipsis actionibus, palam est, 
 quum vendit is chirographis intdligimus nomen venisse j quin etiam si nometi 
 quis legaverit, id, quod in actionibus est, legatum intelliguntur. Julianus, Dig. 
 xxxii, fr. 59. -It is, indeed, well understood that we use the term ' chirographum ' 
 for the right of actions themselves, when we know that the title has been derived 
 from the sale of chirographs ; nay even if any one shall have willed a bond or 
 debt, that is understood to have been willed, which is in the right of actions 
 themselves, cf. Scaevola, Dig. xlvi, 3, /r. 89, pr. j Justinian. Cod. iv, 2, 17. 
 Read: Qui chirographum legal, non tantum de tabulis continetur, etc. 
 
 APPELLATIONE autem p e c uni a omnes res in ea lege signijicantur. Itaque 
 si vitiuin vet frumentum, et si fundum vel honiinem stipulemur, haec lex obser- 
 vanda est. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 124, _/f«. By the appellation of 'money ' every 
 thing is intended in this lex \i. e. Lex Cornelia\. Therefore the lex is to be 
 observed if we be stipulating for wine or corn, or a piece of land, or a man. 
 cf. Ulpianus, ZIj^. L, ib, fr. 178, /r.y Hermogenianus, »i5. /r-. 222. v. Pecunia, sq. 
 
 APPELLATIONE domus, habitationem quoque significari, palam est. Papin- 
 lANUS, Dig. xlviii, 5, /r. 8, § i. By the term domus, it is clear that a 
 habitation also is meant, v. Domus. 
 
 APPELLATIONE yt^« (//, omne aedificium et omnis ager continetur. Flor- 
 ENTINUS, Dig. L, 16, fr. 211. Under the appellation of fundus [a 
 farm] are included every building and every field [or kind of land]. 4 Co. 87. 
 V. Fundi appellatione, etc. 
 
 APPELLATIONE pa r entis non tantum pater, sed etiam avus, et proavus, et 
 deinceps omnes superiores continetur; sed et mater, etavia, et proavia. Gaius, 
 Dig. L, id, fr. 51. Under the name of parent are included not only a 
 father, but also a grandfather and a great grandfather ; and also a mother, 
 grandmother and great grandmother, v. Parens. 
 
 P arentem hie utriusque sexus accipe ; sed an in infinitum, quaeritur. Quidam parentem 
 usque ad tritavum appellari aiunt, superiores majores dici. Hoc veteres existimasse Pompo- 
 nius refert, sed Caius Cassius omnes in infinitum parentes dicit ; quod et honestius est, et 
 merito obtinuit. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 4, fr. 4, § 2 ; et z-. § 3 ; et v. Paulus, ib. fr. 5. 
 
 APPELLATIONE populi universi cives significantur, connumeratis etiam 
 patriciis et senatoribus. Justinian. Inst, i, 2, § 4. Under the name of 
 people is signified the whole body of citizens, including also (with the plebs 
 or commonalty) the patricians and senators, v. Populus. 
 
 APPELLATIONE rei pars etiam continetur. Paulus, Dig. L, id, fr. 72. 
 Under the name of res (a thing), is included also any part of a thing. 
 APPELLATIONE tigni omnes materiae significatitHr, ex quibus aedificia 
 fiunt. Ergo si aliqua ex causd dirutum sit aedificium, poterit materiae dom- 
 inus, nunc eam vindicare, et ad exhibendum agere. Gaius, Dig. xli, \,fr. 7, § 10. 
 Under the term tignum (a beam) are included all materials out of which houses 
 are built. Therefore if the building is destroyed from any cause, then the 
 owner of the materials will be able to make a claim, and bring an action to 
 exhibit the materials, v. Actio ad exhibendum. 
 
 Tigni appellatione in Lege duodecim Tabularum omne genus materiae, ex qua aedificia 
 constant, significatur. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 62. Ulpianus. Dig. x, 4, fr. 7, pr. 
 
 The Law of XII. Tables referred to reads: Tignum junctum aedibus vine- 
 AQUE ET CONCAPET : NE SOLVITO. Lex XII. Tab. vi, fr. 7. 
 
 163 
 
App.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App 
 
 Lex Duodecim Tabularum neque solvere permittit tiguum furtivum aedibus vel vineis 
 junctum, neque vindicare ; quod providentur lex effecit, ne vel aedificia sub hoc praetextu 
 diruantur, vel vinearum cultura turbetur, sed in eum, qui convictus est junxisse, in duplum 
 dat actionem. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 'i, fr. T-, pr. 
 
 Ulpianus defines the term tignum, and specifies the materials com- 
 prised under that term, in § I sq. : Tigni autem appellatione continetur omnis 
 materia, ex qua aedificium constet, vineaque necessaria. Unde quidem aiunt, tegulam quo- 
 que, et lapidem, et testam ceteraque, etc. Ulpian. ib. § i. 
 
 Justinian defines the term, and interprets the Lex XII. Tab.: Cftm in 
 sue solo aliquis ex aliena materia aedi&caverit, ipse intelligitur dominus aedificii ; quia, omne 
 quod inaedificatur solo cedit, etc. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 29. 
 
 Appellator, Oris, OT. In the Civil Law: One who appeals ; an appellant. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 4, 65 ; Paulus, Sent, v, i,, fin. An appealer; a party appealing. Dig. xlix, tit. 13; 
 Bracton, fol. 14115. Whence : 
 ■Appellatorius, ^, um, adj. Relating to an appellant. Ulpianus, Dig. xlix, 5, 5. 
 
 Appellatoria tempora. The times within which an appeal is allowed. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xlix, s,fr. 5, §5. 
 
 Appellatus, — L. Lat. [-|- appellare.'\ An appellee ; one who is appealed or against 
 whom an appeal is made ; the person accused by an appeal, Glanv. lib. vii, <... 9 ; Bracton, 
 fol. 138, 139 ; Stat. Westm. IL u. 12. Appellatus de facto, — one who is appealed, or accused 
 of the fact, or act. Bracton, fol. 127^, 128 et seq. Appellatus de forcia, — one who is appealed 
 or accused of the force. Id. ibid, v. Fortia. 
 
 Appellee, — L. Fr. The party against whom an appeal is made ; the party answering to 
 or opposing an appeal. Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 435, n. (x), v. Respondent. 
 
 Appeller, Appeler. — L. Fr. To call ; to summon before a judge ; to appeal or accuse. 
 Law Fr. Diet.; Bfitton, c. 22 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iv, 413, n. (^). 
 
 Appello, — Lat. I appeal ; I accuse ; I complain ; I summon before a court. The form 
 
 of making an appeal in a judicial proceeding. 
 
 Sed si apud acta quis [ipso die viv^ voce] appellaverit, satis erit, si dicat : A^j>ello. Macer. Z'z^-. xlix, i, 
 fr. 2. 
 
 Appellor. — L. Lat. (a.) A criminal who accuses his accomplice. (6.) One who chal- 
 lenges a jury. 
 
 Appellum, — L. Lat. [4- Fr. appeller, to call upon, summon or challenge one.] An 
 appeal: — e. g. Fiat appellum per verba appellum facientia, — the appeal must be made by 
 words of appeal. Bracton, fol. 140. See the interpretation of an appeal. 4 Bl. Com. 
 •i^i ; Broom &^ Had. Com. iv, 412, n. {g). 
 
 Appendagium, Appennagium. — L. Lat. In French Law: An appanage or 
 appendage. Quasi appendagium junioris filii, — the same as the portion of a younger son. 
 
 Appendant et appurtenant. — L. Fr. These are things that by time of prescription 
 have belonged, appertained, and are joined to another principal thing, by which 
 they pass and go as accessary to the same principal thing, by virtue of these words, /^?^/- 
 nentiis, as lands, advowsons, commons, piscaries, ways, courts, and divers such like, to a 
 manor, house, office, or such others. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 The words are sometimes confounded. The distinction between them is, thatathing appendant must 
 always be by prescription, but a thing appurtenant (,pertinens) may be created at this day. Co. Litt. 
 121(5 (but see id. z^ia) ; I CrabU's Real Prop. 126, § 116 ; 3 Kent^s Com. 404 ; Broom fir" Had. Com. ii, 26. 
 
 Appenditia. — L. Lat. [+Lat. ad, to, ?ind. pendere, to hang.] In conveyancing; 
 Appendages ; appurtenances ; quasi, the appurtenances or appendages to an estate, etc. 
 Cowell. But see the distinction in the preceding article. 
 
 Appenditia domi. The appendages or pertinences of a house — e.g. pent-houses. 
 
 APPERTIENT a celuy a que le fait est fait.— l.. Fr. It belongs to him to whom the 
 deed is made. Litt. § 375. 
 
 Appetitio, Snis, /. [appeto, ere, — to strive after a thing ; to long for.] (a.) A grasping 
 at something ; a reaching after. Cicero, iJtV i, 23, 46. (6.)Trop.: A passionate long- 
 ing or striving for something ; a desire for something. Cicero, Acad, ii, 8, 24 ; id. de Fin. 
 164 
 
App.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 iii, 7. Appetitio alieni, — a coveting what is another's. Cicero, Off. iii, 6, 30. Appetltio 
 societatis, — a longing for association, etc. Sen. Ep. vs.. (c.) A desire for food ; an appetite. 
 Gellius, xvi, 3, 2. 
 
 Appetitus, tls, m. (a.) An onset, attaclc, assault. Amm. xxx, 5. (b.) T r o p . : «. A 
 passionate, eager longing o;* desire for a thing. Appetlium voluptatis, — desire or inclination 
 for pleasure. Cicero, Off. i, 30, 4. Hence without Gen. b. The power of desire. 
 
 Duplex est enim vis animorum atque natura : una pars in appetiiu posita est, quae est op/xjj Graece, 
 (^uae hominem hue et illuc rapit : altera in rationc, quae docet el explanat, quid faciendum fugiendumvc 
 sit. Ita fit, ut ratio praesit, app e tit us obtemperet. Cicebo, de Officiis, i, 28, joi. 
 
 For the nature and power of the mind are two-fold ; one consists in appetite, by the Greeks called opini) 
 (/. e. impulse), which hurries a man hither and thither; the other in reason, which teaches and explains 
 what we are to do, and what we are to avoid. The result is, that reason should direct and appetite obey. 
 
 (c.) The passions, appetites, longings, desires. 
 
 Etficiendum autem est, ut appetitus rationi obediant^ eamque neque praecurrant, nee propter pigritiam 
 aut ignaviam deserant; sintc^ue tranquilli, atque omni animi perturbatione careant. Ex quo elucebit omnis 
 constantia omnisque moderatio. Cicero, de OJjficiis^ i, 29, § 102. 
 
 Now we must manage so as to keep appetites subservient to reason, that they may neither outstrip it 
 nor fall behind through sloth and cowardice. Let them be ever composed, and free from all perturbation of 
 spirit ; and thus entire consistency and moderation will display themselves. 
 
 Appetitus rationi pareat.— P r o v . Let appetite yield to reason ; let the desire be 
 obedient to reason, v. Cicero, de Off. i, 29. The motto of Earl Fitzwilliam. 
 
 Applied, are, i, v. u.. [-{- ad, to, and plicare, to fold, to lay or wind together, to double 
 up.] Original signification: To join, fix, fasten, or attach to ; h en ce, to bring, 
 add, put, place to, or near to. Cicero, Fam. iii, 11, 3 ; Livy, xxi, 28, 5 et al. 
 
 Trop.: To connect with by joining, to add to a thing. Cicero, y^i». ii, 12. Appli- 
 c are verba verbis, — to add words to words. QtjiNTlLlAN, vii, 10, 17 ; id. ib. vii, 3, ig. To 
 attach, apply, or devote one's self, i. e. the mind, to a person or thing (in friendship, suppli- 
 cation, learning, labor, etc.) Plautus, Men. ii, 2, 67 ; Terentius, Andr. v, 4, 21. Hi se ad 
 vos applicant, — -these, in or by themselves, they devote to you. Terenth;s, Heaut. ii, 4, 13. 
 
 Applicat se ad alicujus familiaritatem, — he devotes himself according to some friend- 
 ship or familiar intercourse. Cicero, C/«. xvi, 46. N a u t ica W. /. .■ To drive, direct or 
 bring a ship anvwhere ; to land, to bring to land. Cicero, yaz'. ii, 51,153. Applicat is 
 nostris ad terram navibus, — our ships being moored to the land. C/ESAR, B. C. iii, loi. 
 V. Justinian. Inst, ii, 4, § 21 ; id. xii, 2 ; Ulpianus, Dig. I, 16, fr. 4. 
 
 In English Law: To fasten to ; to moor a vessel. Hale, dejur. Mar. pars. 2, c. 3. 
 Applicare et exonerare, — to moor and unload. Id. ib. v. Fleta, ii, 41, § g. 
 
 Applica.tio, \;\- applicare.^ A fastening to ; a mooring. Applicatio navium, — a mooring 
 of vessels. Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars. 2, c. 4. v. Applico, supra. 
 
 Applicatio, Onis, /. A joining or attaching one's self to; hence, an inclining to; 
 inclination — e.g., Applicatio anitni, — an inclination or application of the mind. Cicero. 
 
 In Judicial Language, t. t. : A placing of one's self under the protection of a 
 superior; clientship ; hence. Jus applicationis, — the right of inheriting the effects of such 
 client. Cicero, de Or. i, 3g; a putting to some use, as the application of money, etc., 7 
 Johns. Ch. 150; application [of a rule or principle] — e. g. 
 
 APPLICATIO est vitq regulae. Application is the life of a rule. 2 Bulstr. 
 79 ; Halkerstofi s Max. 
 
 App5ll5 ere. 3, v. a. [-|- aa?, to, z.nA ponere, to put.] To place, put or set to — e. g. 
 Justitiarii apponant sigilla sua, — the justices shall affix their seals. Stat. Westm. II. i,. 31. 
 To put in or set up — e. g. App ono clameum meum, — I set up my claim, Bracton, fol. 436 ; 
 Fleta, lib. vi, c. 53 ; l Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 477, 478. To apply to, add, unite, lay out or 
 expend. Beg. Orig. Apponas loco eorum, — you put in their place. Cro. Jac. 162. 
 
 To appoint or designate one to any service or duty, to place him in any station, to join to 
 as an aid. C\CEiS> , Div . in Caec. xvi, 51 ; Tacitus, A. iv, to et al. To put to something 
 by way of augmentation, to add to, superadd. Plaut. Mil. iii, 3, 31 et al. 
 
 ApportatiO Onis> /• [+ apporto, are, to bring, carry, conduct, convey to.] A conveying, 
 carrying to a place. Vitr. ii, g. v. Apportum. 
 
 Apportionamentum.— L. Lat. [+ portio, quasi partio, a part of the whole.] Appor- 
 tionment • a dividing a subject-matter or making into proportionate parts. Co. Litt. J^yb. 
 
 165 
 
App.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 In the Law of Contracts: A distribution according to a certain proportion. A 
 distribution of a common fund or entire subject-matter among all those who have a title to 
 a portion of it. i Swanst. 338, 339, reporter's note. In a more loose but an analogous 
 sen?e, the contribution, which is to be made by different persons, having distinct 
 rights, toward the discharge of a common burden or charge to be borne by all of them. 
 I Story's Eq. Jur. § 470. The distribution of a claim or charge among persons having 
 different interests or shares, in proportion to their interests or shares in the subject-matter 
 to which it attaches. I Story's Eq.Jur. § 475a, note. 
 
 As to apportionment of common, v. 4 Co. 37 ; 'iid. lib ; 3 Kent's Com. 405 ; i 
 Crabb's Real Prop. 300, §§ 333, 334; 2 Steph. Com. 30; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 30. 
 
 As to apportionment of rent, v. Vermes de la Ley ; I Crabb's Real Prop. 214, § 210; 
 3 Rents Com. 469, 470 ; I Hilliard's Real Prop. 244 ; cf . i Story's Eq. Jur. § 475, sq.; Broom's 
 Max. 229, 235, 278 ; Broom dr" Had. Com. ii, 57, 63, 240. 
 
 As to apportionment of contracts, and what contracts are apportionable, v. 2 
 Parsons on Contr. 520, 521, 658-660, and authorities therein cited. 
 
 Apportionare, ApporCOnare. — L. Lat. To apportion. Town's PI. 27. Apportionalae, — 
 apportioned, assessed. Reg. Orig. 268. v. Apportionamentum. 
 
 Apportum. [+ apporto-, apportare, q. v.] Any thing brought or carried to another, as a 
 profit or emolument,— ^.^. as for the support of a religious person. Du Cange. A pension, 
 annuity, etc.; a corody. v. Corodium. Cowell. v. Apportatio 
 
 Appose- — L. Fr. To interrogate or question. Bacon's Works, \\\, 115. 
 
 Apposer, To question, adjust or settle. Britt. c. 46, fol. 119^. 
 
 In old English Law: An officer in the English Exchequer, whose business it was 
 to examine the sheriffs estreats with the record, and to ask {appose) the sheriff what he 
 could say to every particular sum therein ; usually termed the foreign apposer. Termes de 
 la Ley. 
 
 Appostille. In French Law: An addition or annotation made in the margin of 
 any writing. Merlin, Ripert. 
 
 Appreciare, Appretiare. — L. Lat. To appraise, or estimate. Bracton, fols. 73, 74; 
 Reg. Orig, 152. To set a value on ; to estimate the worth of. Appreciatae, — appraised 
 
 Appreciatio, -\-Appredo. — L. Lat. Appraisement; an appraisement. Bracton, 1015.^2, 
 73; Reg. Orig. 152. In common practice : The putting a value upon; the act of 
 appraising or fixing and stating the true value of a thing. 
 
 Apprehendo, ere, 3, i». a. Lit.: To seize, to take hold of. Plautus, Am. v, i, 64; 
 Cicero, N. D. i, 20 ; id. ib. ii, 47. To embrace, include. Pomponius, Dig. xxviii, 2, fr. 10 ; 
 JuLlANUS, Dig. xlv, 1, fr. 56. Whence : To seize, take or lay hold of, apprehend. Gell. 
 V, 14, § 26; Ulpianus, ZJz^f. xiii, 7, /r. 11. Hence, in Military Language: To 
 take possession of a place. Cicero, Att. x, 8, init. Hence, 
 
 Apprehensibilis, <=. "dj. That can be understood ; easily comprehensible ; intelligible. 
 CoEL. Aur. Acut. iii, 15 et al. And hence also 
 
 Apprehensio, Onis, /. A seizing upon, laying hold of. Macr. Sat. iii, 2. Apprehen- 
 sion ; understanding; knowledge of. Coel. Aur. Acut.i, 8; ii, 28 ; id. Tard. v, ^ et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A physical or corporeal act on the part of one who intends to 
 acquire possession of a thing, by which he may subject it to his exclusive control ; or by 
 which he may exercise his power over the thing whenever he pleases. Such act must be 
 accompanied by animus possidendi, — the intention of possessing, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 §§ 248, 249, 250, ed. 1883. cf. Savigny, Possess, i, c. 14, § 14. 
 
 In the Civil and English Law: A taking hold of a person or thing ; appre- 
 hension ; the seizure or capture of a person. Calvini, L-ex.Jurid. Acquiring title to things 
 not belonging to any one, — nullius in bonis, v. Occupatio, Things found on the sea-shore. 
 i%/a, lib. iii, c. i!, § 5. In practice; The taking of a person on a criminal process. 
 
 Apprendre. — Fr. (= Lat. Apprehendere.) To apprehend ; to learn — whence the word 
 'apprentice.' Broom &= Had. Com. i, 19, 510. 
 
 ApprenticiuS. — L. Lat. [-\-¥r. apprendre^ An apprentice; one who learns; learner, 
 i. e. in some trade, art, or occupation, i Bl. Com. 426 ; 2 Kent's Com. 261. 
 
 ApprenticiuS [plur. apprenticii\ ad legem. — L. Lat. An apprentice or student at law ; 
 a learner in the law. 3 Bl. Com. 27 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 23. Also called y4//««ft'««J 
 legis, — an apprentice or learner of the law. Also Apprenticius ad barras, — an apprentice at 
 166 
 
App.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [App. 
 
 the bars or bar of the court. Hence, the term barrister. 3 Bl. Com. 27 ; Plowd. 102, n, 
 et passim ; 2 Reeves' Hist, of Eng. Law, 284-5 i Crahb's Hist. Eng. Law, 431. 
 
 In curia regis sunt servientes, narratores, attomati et apprenticii. In the king's court, 
 there are sergeants, countors, attorneys and apprentices. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 37. 
 
 Apprentise, — L. Fr. (=Apprenticius,) Apprentise en la ley. — L. Fr. An apprentice of ' 
 or in law. Un apprentice de la ley, — an apprentice in or of the law. Bendl. 9. An appren- 
 tice of the Inner Temple, 3 Leon. 237. Apprenliz de la court le roy. JCelham. 
 
 Apprentissage. — L. Fr. Apprenticeship or novitiate {v. Tirocinium.) The state of an 
 apprentice, or the term for which he is bound to serve. Richardson's Diet. 
 
 Apprester, — L. Fr. To prepare. Apprest, — prepared, ready. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 Apprestes, — L. Fr. Payments; loans. Kelham. 
 
 Ap-pretio, are, I, V. a. — Lat. To value or estimate at a price; to appraise, tax. Tert. 
 Res. Cam. 20 vied, et al. To purchase. Vulg. Mat. xvii, 9. 
 
 In general: To appropriate to one's self. Tertullian. Res. Cam. 9. 
 
 Ap-prim^, ^d''^- Especially, exceedinglj', very, by far, before all. Nep. Att. xiii, 4. 
 
 Ap-primUS, a, um, adj. The first by far, or before all. LiVY, Andron ; Gellius, vii, 7, 11. 
 
 Appris, Apprise. — L. Fr. [-|- apprendre.l Learned or skilled. Apprises en la ley, — 
 learned in the law. Litt. epilogus. Plur. Apprises, v. Le lays gents, etc. 
 
 Ap-prob6, are, i, v. a. — Lat. (a.) To approve by assenting to {quasi inuendo probare). 
 To approve, assent, favor. Terentius, Ph. iv, 5, 12; Cicero, Pis. iii, 7 ; id. Sest. 34, 74 
 et al. To allow a thing to take place, to countenance or favor. Cicero, Earn, ii, 15 et al. 
 (6.) To represent a thing as true, evident ; to prove, demonstrate, confirm, establish, evince. 
 Cicero, Inv. i, 36, Jin. ; Tacitus, A. i, 44. (c.) To do according to one's liking, to render 
 acceptable, satisfactory. Ph^ed. iv, 24, 11 Burnt ; Tacitus, Agr. v ; Paulus, Dig. xix, 2, 24. 
 
 APPROBATE et reprobate. To approve and reject; to take advantage of one 
 part and reject the rest. Bell's Diet. 
 In English and Scotch Law: It is the doctrine of election. Equity suffers no 
 party to approbate and reprobate the same deed, r Karnes' Equity, 317. And so in Common 
 Law. I Bell's Com. 146; I Ross' Lead. Cas. 617 : 4 Wils. &• S. H. of L. 460. 
 
 Approbatio, 5nis,/. \-\- approbare.\ (a.) An approving, allowing, assenting to ; satis- 
 faction with ; approbation; acquiescence. Cicero, .5?-«/. 49 7?«.,- id. 0^.1,28,98; id. Acad. 
 ii, 17. Hence, Approbatio testium, — an approbation, i. c. reception of witnesses. Cicero, 
 Her.\\,(i- (6.) Proof, confirmation. Cicero, /bz/. i, 36 ; id.ib.yj. e. g. Approbatio assump- 
 tionis, — proof or confirmation of the minor proposition. Cicero, Inv. i, 34. 
 
 Approbator, oris, ?«. One who gives his assent or approval ; an approver. Cicero, 
 y4//. xvi, 7; Gellius, V, 21, 6. In English Law: An approver. Town's PI. S'^; \Bl. 
 Com. 330. V. Lord Mansfield, C. J., Cowper, 335. 
 
 Apprdmissor, oris, m. \-\-appromitto, ere, to promise in addition to, etc. Cicero.] 
 In the Jurists, t. t.. One who is security for another ; security, bail. Pomponius, 
 Dig. xlv, I, fr. 5 ; Ulpian. Dig. xlvi, 3. fr. 43. = Adpromissor. 
 
 ApprOprid Sre, i, v. n. — Lat. [-\-ad, to, and proprius, one's own.] To make one's 
 own; to appropriate. C^L. AuR. Tard. 4, 2, fif. In English Law: To take to one's 
 self, or to one's own separate use ; to appropriate ; to approve. 
 
 Appropriare et includere COmmuniam, To approve, or separate and inclose a com- 
 mon; to discommon it. Bracton, fol. 228; Ken. Par. Ant. 336. 
 
 Apprdpriatio, Onis, /• — Lat. [-(- appropriare. 'X A making one's own ; appropriation. 
 
 In the Law of Contracts: The appropriation or application of a sum of money 
 paid by a debtor to his creditor, to one or more of several debts due from the former to the 
 latter. This may be made by the debtor as pleases himself ; or, in case of his neglect, by 
 the creditor as he pleases, v. Quinquid solvitur, solvitur, etc. Or, where neither has made 
 it, by the law, as the justice and equity of the case may require, ts Wend. R. 19 ; 4 Mason's 
 E. 333 ; 5 id. ir, 82 ; 20 Pick. R. 446 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 629-636, and cases ; 3 id. 76, 349. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: The perpetual annexing of a benefice to some spiritual 
 corporation, either sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living, i Bl. Com. 384 ; Termes 
 
App.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Apt. 
 
 de la Ley; I Crabb's Real Prop. 144, § I2g. Where the annexation is to the use of a lay per- 
 son, it is usually called an impropriation, i Crabb's Real Prop. 145, § 130. 
 
 Approuare. — L. Lat. [h.Jr. approuer, apprower.'] In English Law: To approve 
 or improve land. 5to/. Westm. II. u. 46. Afpruari, — to be approved. .Ftoa, lib. ii,c. 73,§5. 
 To be benefited, or obtain a benefit, by approvement. Id. c. 71, § 6. 
 
 Approuator. — L. Lat. \^ approuare^ An approver of lands ; e. g. Tanquam approuator 
 et cultor optimus, — as the best approver and cultivator. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 76. 
 
 Approveamentum, Approuamentum.— L- Lat. In English Law: An approve- 
 ment or improvement ; inclosure ; the inclosing part of a common or waste ground, leaving 
 sufficient common with egress and regress for the commoners. This is called approve- 
 ment or improvement. 2 Bl. Com. 2:4\ S^V/. 240; Broom &• Had. Com. 11,2$; 1 Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 2<ji,%2>''-9- Inclosure for the purpose of cultivation; cultivation or improve- 
 ment. /(/. 
 
 To approve common or waste land is to inclose and convert it to the purposes of 
 husbandry, which the owner might always do, provided he left common sufficient for such as 
 were entitled to it. Stat. Westm. II. c. 46 ; 2 Bl. Com. 34; 3 id. 240; 3 Kent's Com. 406. 
 " There can be no approver in derogation of a right of common of turbary." i 7'aunt.n3i. 
 
 Approver. [-\-h. Lai. approbator.proiator.] In English Criminal Law: A per- 
 son who, being indicted, etc., and with the view of obtaining a pardon, confessed the charge, 
 and was thereupon admitted to appeal or approve, i. e. accuse on oath the accomplices 
 of his guilt. 4 Bl. Com. 330 ; Bracton, iol. i$2. In Criminal Law: ». Lord Mansfieli>, 
 C. J., Cowper, 335, where the practice of approvement is described, of. Termes de la 
 Ley; Broom (5r= Had. Com. iv, 435, n. (jr). 
 
 AppUUCtuare. — L. Lat. To appoint. Nominandum et appunctuandum, — nominating 
 and appointing. Bunb. 215. 
 
 Appurtenances. — L. Fr. =L. Lat. Appurtenantia. Things belonging, appertaining or 
 appurtenant to another thing as a principal ; e. g. z. right of way, or other easement, to land 
 a right of common to a pasture; out-buildings, etc., to a dwelling-house or messuage, etc. 
 all of which pass as incident or appurtenant to the principal thing. 2 Bl. Com. 17, n. (3) 
 Co. Litt. lib. i, n. 21; 2 Saund. 401, n. (2); Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 26, 27. 
 
 As to a right of way passing by this term, w. 4 .,4i/. &=£//. 749; ^ B. dr" Ad. iqi. As 
 to water rights, etc.: Angell on Water-courses, ch. 5, § 158 etseq. As to a lease 
 of ii house: The term appurtenances includes every thing that has been reputed 
 and accepted as a parcel thereof. 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 246, 247, § 1299. As to a devise. 
 The term includes and will pass whatever is necessary to the commodious enjoyment of a 
 thing ; and by a devise of a messuage without the words " with the appurtenances," 
 the garden and curtilage will pass, and where the intent is apparent even other adjacent 
 property. 2 Bl. Com. 17, n. (3); id. 19, n. (7); 2 Saund. 401, n. (2); 2 Powell on Dev. igo; r 
 ''B. &= C. 350. A ship's boat will not pass under this word. Alfenus, Dig. 21, 2,fr. 44; 
 Abbott on Shipping, 5; 17 Mass. R. 405. v. Pertinentia. 
 
 Appurtenant. [L. Lat. pertinens, q. v.] Belonging to ; accessory or incident to. 
 =^Accessorium, v. h. v. v. Appurtenentia. 
 
 A thing, to be appurtenant to another, must be of a different and congruous nature ; 
 e. g. an easement or servitude, or some collateral incident belonging to, and for the benefit 
 of, the principal thing. Plowd. 170; Co. Litt. I2ib; 2 Bl. Com. ig, 33; Thompson, J , 10 
 Peters' R. 25, 54 ; Story, J., i Sumner's R. 21, 37 ; i Hilliard's Real Prop. 340. 
 
 Apres, Apree. — ^L. Fr. After; afterward. Cy apres, — thereafter. En apres, — here- 
 after; moreover. L. Fr. Diet. Apres long intreval, — (L. Fr.) after a long interval. Britt. 
 c. III. 
 
 APRES ce, est tenu le querelle a respondre ; et aura congie, de soy conseiller, s'il le demande : 
 et quand il sera conseille, il peut nyer le fait dont est accuse. — ^.L. Fr. After that, he is bound 
 to answer the complaint ; and shall have leave to imparle, if he require it ; and when he has 
 imparled, he may deny the act of which he is accused. 4 Bl. Com. 355, note {£]. 
 
 CI. The Latin text : Querelatus autem postea tenetur responderej etc. 
 
 Apris. — L. Fr. Learned. Apris de la leie, — learned or versed in the law. Kelham. 
 
 Apta viro and virgO intacta, Adapted to or suitable for a man, and a chaste, undefiled 
 maiden. Bishop on Marr. and Div. §§ 237, 255, 256, 259. 
 168 
 
Apt] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Apu. 
 
 AptUS, a, um, Pa. \a.pto^ ere, to fasten, attach, join, bind, tie to.] Fitted to something, 
 accommodated to it ; hence, suited, fitted, appropriate, adapted, conformable to (freq. and 
 class.). Esp. i'[&(\. Abs.. Fit, proper, suitable, etc. Verbis aptus et pressus, — com- 
 pact and brief in expression. Cicero, de Or. ii, 13. Aptus ad popularem delectationem, — 
 adapted to or fit for popular pleasure or amusement, i. e. adapted to please the multitude. 
 QUINTILIAN, /«j/. ii, 10, § II. Apium atque idonetim verbum, — an apt or expressive word. 
 Id. ib. ix, 4, § 144. 
 
 Aptus et idoneus moribus et scientiis. Proper and sufficient in morality and 
 learning. Words inserted in college certificates, on a student's passing his examination. 
 
 Apud, /raf^. c. ace. At, by, with, close by, near, before, in, to, among. Dig. passim. 
 
 Apud acta. Among the acts or records and proceedings ; in the course of a judicial 
 procedure; in the presence of a judge. Paulus, Dig. ii, 4, fr. 17; id. L, 2, fr. 7, § 3 ; 
 Cod. ii, 14, 2S ; id. vii, 57, 4-7 ; id. vii, 61, i ; id. ix, 4, 2 ; Macer. Dig. xlix, i, fr. 2. 
 
 If a part)' desired to appeal apud acta, — in the presence of a judge — at the time of the 
 sentence, or in the course of recording it, he might do so by simply saj'ing Appello, — I 
 appeal. Macer. Dig. xlix, i, fr. 2 ; 2 Brown's Civ. Law, 436. v. Erskine's Inst, iv, t- 2, § 17. 
 
 Apud bonOS et graves. Among the good and the grave, ;. <r. among those of good 
 character and influence. Bracton, io\. 143. Apud judices reus est /actus , — the defendant is 
 brought before the judges. Cicero, Clu. xxii, 59. Apud pares, — with or before his peers. 
 Feud. Lib. ii, tit. 16. Apud se esse,= our phrase — he is himself, i. c. has his senses, is sane. 
 Terence. 
 
 APUD London, 'videlicet, in parochia beaiae Mariae de arcubus, in warda de Cheap. At 
 London, to-wit, in the parish of St. Mary-le-bow, in the ward of Cheap. 2 Ld. Raym. 1043 ; 
 Town's PI. 166. 
 
 APUD Julianum libro tertio decimo Digestorum quaeritur : Si dominus jus- 
 serii procuratorem suum certam pecuniatn sumerc et foenerare periculo suo, ita 
 ut certas usuras domino penderet duntaxat, si pluris foenerare potuisset, ipse lucra- 
 retur, in creditam \creditum\ pecuniam videtur, inquit, accepisse. Plaiie si omnium 
 negotiorum erat ei administratio mandaia, mandati quoque eum teneri, quemadmodum 
 solet mandati teneri debitor, qui creditoris sui negotia gessii. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, 
 i,fr. 6, § 6. In the thirtieth book of the Digests, by Julian, it is asked : If a 
 master shall have ordered his procurator to take a certain sum of money, and 
 lend it out on interest at his own risk, so that he pay only a certain interest to 
 his master, whether if he might have been able to lend at higher interest, he 
 himself might acquire the profit : He seems, he says, to have received the 
 money on credit. Clearly if the administration of all the business -was intrusted 
 to him, he is also to be held by the mandate [or according to the commission], 
 just as he is wont to be held a debtor by the mandate or commission, who has 
 managed the affairs of his creditor. Cited in Wharton on Agency, § 119. 
 
 APUD nonnullos receptum est, ut jurisdictio, quae decernit secundum aequuni et 
 bonum, atque ilia altera, quae procedit secundum jus strictum, iisdem curiis 
 deputentur J apud alios autem et diversis. Omnino placet curiarum separatio. 
 Neque enim seriiabitiir distinctio casuum, si fiat commixtio jurisdictionum ; sed 
 arbitrium legem tandem trahet. Bacon, de Ang. Scient. lib. 8, cap. 3, Aph. 45. 
 It has been admitted by some writers, that the jurisdiction, which decides con- 
 cerning equity and the greatest good, and that other one, which proceeds accord- 
 ing to strict law, could be assigned to the same courts of justice ; some other 
 writers assign them to different courts. In general a separation of courts has 
 been determined upon. For not only would the distinction of cases not be 
 [22] 169 
 
Apu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aqu. 
 
 . preserved, if jurisdictions could be commingled, but the decision of the arbi- 
 trator would impede the law. i Story's Eg. Jur. § 35. 
 
 Lord Bacon, upon divers occasions, expressed his decided opinion, that a separation of 
 the administration of Equity from that of the Common Law-was wise and convenient : " For 
 there is no law under heaven, which is not supplied with equity; for sutiimum jus, summa 
 injuria, or as some have it, summa lex, summa crux. And therefore all nations have equity ; 
 but some have law and equity mixed in the same court, which is the worse ; and some have 
 it distinguished in several courts, which is the better." Bacons Arg., Jur. of the Marches ; 
 Works, iv, 274 ; Law Tr. 266. 
 
 A PUD omnes populos et ab omni aevo circa pollicitationes promissa et contractus 
 maxuna semper vis fuit jurisjurandi. Grotius, de Jure Belli, ac Pacts, 
 lib. ii, c. 13, § I. Among all nations, and in every age, the greatest force or 
 power {vis) in respect to vows, promises and contracts, has always been by an 
 oath. 
 
 In all contracts, vows and promises, the greatest assurance that any age or nation could 
 ever either give or require, of their faith and sincerity, is by oath. This is an indissoluble 
 bond, which whoso violates, is deservedlj' reputed as an execrable and accursed thing, both 
 before God and men ; whereof Sophocles speaks thus : 
 
 "The mind that's startled by a sacred oath, 
 Will carefully avoid two smarting rods ; 
 The blame of friends, and the anger of the Gods." 
 Cicero says : Nullum ijinculuin ad astringendant fidettt, Tttajores nostri jurejurando arciius esse volue- 
 rtmt. Cicero, de Off. iii, 31. Our forefathers never knew any thing stronger than an oath, whereby to bind 
 us to perform our promises. 
 
 And to violate this bond, they always accounted a sin of the greatest magnitude ; neither did they believe 
 any other sin to be so severely punished as this of perjury, v. Grotius, ib, cf. Willes, 538 ; s. c, i Smithes 
 L. C. [540] 676. 
 
 APUD Urbem autem Romanam etiam hotwratis, qui hoc officium putaverint eli- 
 gendum, eo usque liceaf orare, quibusque inaluerint j videlicet, ut non ad 
 turpe compendiuin stipemque deformem haec arripiatur qccasio j sed laudis per earn 
 augmenta quaerantur. Nam si lucro pecunidque capiantur, veluti abjecti atque 
 degeneres inter vilissimos numerabuntur. Justinian. Cod. ii, 6, const. 6, § 5. 
 But in the city of Rome let it be allowed even to those filling posts of 
 honor, who may have believed that this office should be chosen tg plead in 
 whatever causes they shall have preferred ; provided that the occasion be not 
 eagerly sought for corrupt gain and odious contribution ; but let them seek 
 through it for increase of praise (honor). For if they should be captured by 
 gain and by money they will be numbered as abject and degenerate among the 
 vilest. Cited in Story on Agency, § 24. 
 
 Ac[Ua, ae, /. Most general signif.: Water. Dig. xxxix, tit. 3, 'deAqua,et 
 Aquae Pluviae- Arcendae' ; id. xliii, tit. 20, ' de Aqua Quotidiana et Aestiva' ; Justinian. 
 Cod. iii, tit. 34 ; Fleta, iv, c. 28, §§ 4-5 ; a body of water formed by rain. Lex XII Tab. 
 vii, fr. 8, af. Pomponius, Dig. xl, 7, fr. 21 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxxix, 3, /r. 1. A s a n 
 element: Rain water, river and sea water. Lucretius, i, 568 ; iPj^. ja^ra. Aquapluvia 
 quae de caelo cadit, — rain water which falls from the heavens. Dig. supra. 
 
 In a more restricted sense: (a.) The sea, Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 83 ; a lake, 
 Cicero, Div. i, 44, yfre./ a stream, a river, Ovid, F iv, 84 ; LiVY, i, 27 ; rain, Horace, Ode, 
 iii, 17, 22 ; Ovid, F. iii, 286. (6.) The water in the water-clock. 
 
 I'-rom the use of this clock in regulating the length of speeches, etc. (v. Clepsydra), arose the trop. phrases; 
 (a.) Aqua haeret. — the water stops, /. e. I am at a loss. Cicero, Off. iii, 13, 117. (6.) In kac causd inihi 
 aqua haeret, — in that case the water stops with me, i. e. I am at a loss. Cicero, Q. Fr. (c.) Aquam dare,— 
 to give water, /. e. to give the advocate time for speaking. Pliny, Ep. vi, z, 7. {d.) Aquatn perdere,— to 
 spend or squander water, /. e. to waste the time allowed by the hour-glass ; to spend time unprofitably ; to 
 waste it. Quintilian, xi, 3, 52. 
 
 Aq^ua aestiva. Summer water, i. c. water that was used only in the summer. Ulpianus, 
 
 Dig. xliii, 20, fr. i, §§ 3-4. Aqua CO-Operta, — covered with water. 2 P. Wms. 128. 
 
 Aqua CUrrenS,— running water. Fleta, lib. iv, c, 6, § 3. Aqua distillata,— distilled 
 
 170 
 
Aqu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aqu. 
 
 water. Aqua dulcis or frisca,— fresh water. Keg. Orig. 97. Aqua ex flumine,— water 
 from the river. Aqua ex fontana, — water from a spring or fountain. Aqua ex laou,— 
 water from a lake ; lake water. Aqua ex nive,— snow water. Aqua ex palude,— water 
 from a marsh or swamp. Aqua ex puteo,— water from a well ; well water. Aqua fer- 
 Vida, — hot or boiling water, v. Judicium aqua. Aqua fontana,— spring water. Fleta, 
 lib. iv, c. 27, § 8. Aqua frigida,— cold water. V. Judicium aquae. Aqua pluvia, — rain 
 water. Dig. xxxix, tit. 3. Aqua quotidiana,— daily water, ;. r. Aqua qud quis quoiidie 
 fossil titi, si vellet,— water that might be used daily by any one if he would draw it. Dig. 
 
 ib. fr. I, § 2. Aqua salsa,— salt water. Bracton, fois. 17, 135. Aqua vitae.— lit., 
 
 water of life : ardent spirits of the first distillation ; brandy, spirits, alcohol. 
 
 AQUA cedit solo. Water belongs to or goes with the land [which it covers]. 
 Co. Lift. 4, a, bj 2 £1. Coin. i8; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 15, 16. The 
 grant of the soil or land carries the water. Hale's de Jur. Mar. pt. i, c. i. 
 AquS, CO-OpertUS. Covered with water. 2 P. Wms. 128. 
 
 AQUA currii et debet currere, ut currere solebat. Water runs, and ought to run 
 as it used to run. 3 Bulstr. 339 ; 3 Kent's Com. 4^g ; Story, J., 3 
 Sumner's R. 189, 199 ; Broom on Com. L. 794, and cases. 
 
 A fundamental maxim in the law of water-courses is : "A running stream should be left 
 to flow in its natural channel, without alteration or diversion." 26 Penn. St. R. 413, per 
 WoODWORTH.J. z'. 3.^aa</i?(Penn.'), 88; Angellon Wai.-Cour.^xi,. " Pure and incorruptible." 
 E. Darwin Smith, J., 22 Barb. R. 297, 312; 27 id. 512, 522 ; 5 Paige's Ch. R. 137, 147; 23 
 N Y. R. 42, 47 ; 35 id. 520, 524 ; 46 id. 511, 516. 
 
 Aqua et ignis. Water and fire. In the Roman Usus loquendi ; The term signified 
 the most important necessaries of life. Cicero, Lael. vi. 
 
 Aqua et igui, iuterdere alicui. To deny or interdict any one from fire and water, i. e. 
 to deny intercourse or familiarity with one; to exclude from civil society. Cicero, Phil. 
 i, 9, 23. V. Aquae et ignis interdictio. 
 
 Aqui et igni tain interdici solet damnaiis, quam accipiunt nupcae, videlicet quia hoc duae res humanam 
 vitam maximfe contiDCt. Itaque funus prosecuti redeuntes ignem supergradiebaatur aqua aspersi ; quod pur- 
 gationis genus vocabaat suffitionem. Kestl's, de Verb. Signif. 3. 
 
 Tile condemned were wont to be denied water-and iire (i. c. intercourse with others), while they were 
 received by a wife, and this namely because these two elements mainly support human life. So those who 
 follow a funeral, upon their return, being sprinkled with water, walked on fire ; which species of purgation 
 was called suffiiio, — a fuming or fumigation. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Aquae, [plur. of aqua, q. v.J Waters. Reg. Orig. 97. Streams. Stat. Westm. II. c. 47. 
 Aquae fervida, 01 calida, — boiling water, v. Judicium aquae. Aquae frigida, — cold water. 
 V. Judicium aquae. Aquae haustus. [-\- aqua, and haustus, a drawing.] In the Civil 
 Law: The right of drawing water from another's spring or well. Ulpianus, Dig. viii, 3, 
 fr. I, § I ; Justinian. Inst, ii, 3, § 2 ; Bracton, fols. 231^, 232 ; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 12, 
 Aquae purae, — Pure water. 
 
 Aquae CUrSUS. — L- Lat- Water-course ; a running stream of water ; a body of running 
 water; a natural stream, includmg rivers and rivulets. Angelt Sj" Ames on Water-Courses, 
 §3. 
 
 A water-course consists of water, bed and banks. Cowen, J., 20 Wend. R. 153 ; 3 Ohio 
 R. 495. It may be artificial as well as natural. 3 Kenfs Com. 442, note. Conf. Hale's de 
 fur. Maris, pars. I, c. I ; Crabb's Real Prop. 355, § 405. 
 
 Aquae et ignis interdictio. An interdicting from fire and water. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Si patri vel fills aqua et igni interdictum sit,patria potestas 
 toUitur, quia peregrinus fit is, cui aqua et igni interdictum est ; neque au'tem peregrinus 
 civem Romanum, neque civis Romanus peregrinus in potestate habere potest. Ulpianus, 
 Reg. X, 3. If the father or son be interdicted from fire and water, the parental potestas is 
 destroyed, because one who is interdicted from fire and water becomes a foreigner, and 
 neither can a foreigner have a Roman citizen under his potestas, nor a Roman citizen a 
 foreigner. Gaius, Inst, i, §§ 90, 128. v. Justinian. Inst, i, 9, g 2. 
 
 This interdict was a fiction whereby the rule that no Roman citizen could be banished without his own con- 
 sent, was evaded by intendment or circumlocution. He was not oanished by any formal decree, but his fellow 
 
 171 
 
Aqu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aqu. 
 
 citizens being interdicted from furnishing him with the necessaries of life, he was driven, ex necessitate^ to 
 expatriate himself, u. Interdictio aquae et ignis. 
 
 Aquae duceudae. The right of conducting water to one's own, from or through another's 
 land, whether beneath, upon or above the surface of the land. Mackeld. Civ. Law, %, 318, 
 s. 30, ed. 1883. V. Servitus aquae ducendae. 
 
 Aquae educendae S. immittendae. The right of leading or sending off the water from 
 one's own to another's land. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 318, s. 31/, ed. 1883. v. Servitus, etc. 
 
 Aquaeductio (or sep. Aquae ductio), Onis, /. A leading, drawing away or conveyance of 
 water. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxix, 3, 10 ; Vitr. vii, 14. 
 
 Aquae-ductUS, us, m. [-f- aqua, water, and ductus, a canal, or duct, or passage.] Lit.. 
 A passage for water (either by a canal, duct or pipe). A conduit; an aqueduct. Cicero, 
 Att. xiii, 6. The right of conducting water to some place. ClCERO, Caec. xxvi, 74. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Jus aquae ducendae per fundum alienum, — the right of leading 
 water through another's land. Justinian. Inst, ii, 3, pr. ; Ulpianus, Dig. 8, 3, i, pr.; Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. xl, 42 ; I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 345, § 315 ; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 12. v. Jus 
 aquae ducendae ex /undo alieno, etc. It is a species of rural servitude, the opposite of 
 servitus aquae educendae. v. Servitutes rusticorum, etc. 
 
 AQUAEDUCTUS ethaustus aquae per eundem locum ut ducatur, etiam 
 pluribus concedi potest ; potest etiam, ut diver sis diebus vel horis ducatur. 
 Veratius, i??^. viii, 3, />-. 2, § i. An aqueduct and supply of water 
 may be drawn through the same place, as likewise it can be conceded to several 
 persons ; it can likewise be drawn upon divers days and hours. 
 
 Veratius adds: § 2. Si aquaeductus vil haustus aquae sufficiens est, potest et pluri- 
 bus per eundem locum concedi, ut et iisdem diebus vel horis ducatur. Veratius, ib. § 2. 
 
 AQUAEDUCTUS haustus, iter, actus a patre, sed rata auctoritas 
 harum rerum omnium a jure civili sumitur. Cicero, pro Caecina, xxvi, 74. 
 Aqueducts, supply of water (i. e. the right of drawing), roads, a 
 right of way comes from my father ; but the ratified possession of all these 
 things is derived from the Civil Law. 
 
 Quapropter non minus diligenter ea, quae \ majoribus accepistis, publica patrimonia juris quam privatae rei 
 vestrae retinere debetis, non solum quod haec jure civili saepta sunt, varum etiam quod patrimonium 
 uuius incommodo dimmittetur, jus amitti non potest sine magno incommode civi- 
 t a t i s . Cicero, ib, § 75. 
 
 Wherefore you ought to maintain and preserve that public inheritance of law which you have received 
 from your ancestors with no less care than your private patrimony and property, not only because this last is 
 fenced round and protected by the Civil Law, but also because if a man loses his patrimony, it is 
 only an individual who suffers, but if the law be lost, the disaster affects the 
 whole State. 
 
 Aquae-haustus or Aquae hauriendae. A right of supply or drawing of water. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A servitude which consists in the right to draw water from the 
 well, spring, fountain or pool of another, in which the iter,a.s far as it is necessary, is tacitly 
 embraced. ^ Ulpianus, Dig. viii, 3,/?-. i, § i ; id. fr. 3, § 3 ; Paulus, id. ib, fr. ; Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, § 318, s. ■ib, ed. 1883. v. Servitus aquae-haustus. Aquae hastus , pecoris ad aquam 
 af pulsus, — the right of drawing water; the driving of a flock to drink. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 viii, 7,, fr. i, § i. v. id. ib. xliii, 20, fr. i ; Justinian, Inst, ii, 3, § 2. 
 
 Aquae immittendae. Of water to be cast or thrown. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A servitude which occurs where the owner of a house so sur- 
 rounded with other buildings, that it has no outlet for its water, the owner has to cast water 
 from its roof, or out of his windows, on his neighbor's roof, court or land. Lalaure, Des. 
 Serv. 23. V. Servitus aquae immittendae. 
 
 In Common Law It is known as an easement of drip [servitus stillicidii). Gate &■ 
 Wheatley on Easements ; 15 Barb. R. 96. 
 
 Aquagangium.— L. Lat. A water-gang ; a passage for water ; a trench to carry a stream 
 of water; a trench to carry water out of marshes; a drain to carry off water. Spelman; 
 Cowell. V. Aquagium. 
 
 Aquagaugium.— L. Lat. A water-gage ; a mark placed on the banks of streams to 
 show when the water rose to a certain point. Spelmati. 
 172 
 
Aqu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ara. 
 
 * * * Aquam d pumice postidare.— P r o V . To ask, demand or 
 require water from a pumice-stone. T r o p . , i. ?. E n g . : ' To try to draw blood from a 
 stone, i. e. to demand money from one who has none. 
 
 Qua confidentia rogare tu ii me argenitiin tanium audes 
 Impudens? quin si egotnet totus veneam, vix recipi potess^. 
 Ouod tu jne rogas. Nam tu A guavi a pumice nunc post tilas ^ 
 
 Impudens ? quin si egomet totus veneam^ vix recipi potessit 
 
 Suod tu jne rogas. Nam tu A g u a in a p 
 ui ipsus sitiat. — Plauius, Persa, i, i, 40. 
 With what assurance, you impudent fellow, do you venture to ask so much money of me? Why, if I 
 myself were to be sold all in one lot, it's hardly possible for as much to be received as you are asking me for, 
 for now you are asking for water from a pumice-stone, which is all a-dry itself 
 
 Aquagium, ii, «. [+ agua-ago^ A conveyance or duct of water = Aquaeducttis. 
 
 Aquaglum quasi aquae agium, id est aquaeductus appellatur [appellatum est], Yv-^-yvs, de Signif. Ver- 
 borum^ 3. A q u a g I u m as it were a leading of water, that is called an aqueduct. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Servitus aquae ducendae is a right to convey water in conduits 
 or canals to one's own premises, through the lands of his neighbor, e. g. as in the case of 
 mill-races and mill-dams. cf. Pomponius, Dig. viii, 3,//-. 15; id. ib. xliii, 20, fr. 3, | 5. 
 Aquaeductus, est jus aquae ducendae per fundum alienum. Justinian. Inst, ii, 2i>P^- 
 
 In English Law: A water-course; a duct or passage for water; a canal, ditch or 
 trench for leading off water, especially from marshy grounds. Spelman ; Cowell. Quasi 
 aquae agiuni, i. e. aquae ductus, — as it were a leading of water, 2. e. an aqueduct. 
 
 Aquarillin, ii, ».y pi- Aquaria. A watering place for cattle. Cato, R. R. 1,3. (6,) An 
 artificial pond for rearing aquatic plants, (c.) A globe or tank of glass for keeping alive 
 aquatic animals. Webster. 
 
 AquarUIU CUrsus. Courses of water ; water-courses. Town's PI. 20. 
 
 V. Aquae cursus. 
 
 Aquatilia, ium, ?«. Water animals. Pliny, xxxi, i, i. 
 
 Aquatilis, e, adj. Living, growing or found in, by or near water; aquatic. Cicero, 
 jV. /). ii, 5o. Hence, In the English Law: Aquatiles, — water fowls, as mallard, 
 heron, etc. Co. Litt. 233a; 2 £1. Coin., 38, n. {b). v. Compestres and Sylvestres. 
 
 Aquatio, onis, f. [aquor.] A getting or fetching of water. Aquationis causd procedere, — 
 to go forth on account of water. C.1ESAR, B. G. iv, 11 ; Pliny, vi, 23, 26 et a!, (b.) A 
 watering (as of plants). Pall, iv, 17, _fin.j- iii, 19, _/?». (c.) Water, rains. Pliny, xxxii, 
 7, 24. {d.) A place whence water is brought ; a watering place. Cicero, Of. iii, 14, 59. 
 
 A.quila non capit muscus. — Pro v. An eagle does not catch flies. Trop.: A 
 great mind does not stoop to low or trivial pursuits. 
 
 The Greek: OUvSoi iXicpai rrjv MvTav ovx aXsyiZci = The Indian elephant 
 heedeth not the fly. 
 
 Arabant et herciebant ad curiam domini.— L. Lat. They plowed and harrowed at 
 
 the lord's court. 4 Co. Inst. 270. 
 
 A phrase of frequent occurrence in Domesday Book, denoting that the vassals were bound 
 to plow and harrow the lands of the lord within his court, i. c. within his manor. Spelman. 
 
 AqUOSUS a, um, adj. [-|-- aqua.] Abounding in water, rainy, moist, humid, full of water. 
 Aquosissimus locus., — a place very full of water. Cm:o, R. R. 34. Aquosus crystallus, — 
 abounding in, or full of bright, clear, pellucid water. Prop, iv, 3, 52. 
 
 Ar6 are, 1, v. a. — Lat. =Gr. apooo. To plow, to till. In a more extended 
 sense: To cultivate land. Abstr. , to pursue agriculture, to live by husbandry. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 5 
 
 Aratio Onis,/. A plowing; and in general, the cultivation of the ground, agri- 
 culture. Col. xi, 2, 64. Aratione per iransversum ilerata, — in the cultivation of the ground 
 by turning repeatedly. Pliny, xviii, 20, 49, n. 3. 
 
 Arator oris, ;«. One who plows; a plowman. =Agiicola, — a husbandman, a farmer. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 38. 
 
 Aratrifaber. — L- Lat. [-{■ aratrum, a plow.] A plow-wright. Town^s PI. 237. 
 
 Aratrimi terrae. — L. Lat. A plow of land ; a plow-land ; as much land as could be 
 tilled with one plow. Winshaw; Bell's Diet. Arratura lerrae, — the plowing of land ; the 
 
 '73 
 
Arb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arb. 
 
 service which the tenant was to do for his lord in plowing his land. IVinshaw. Araturia, 
 [-\-arare.'\ Land used for plowing ; campus arabilis, — arable lands. Spelman. 
 
 Arbiter, tri, m. [-j- ar-beto = ad-eo, adire.'\ In prim, signif.; One who goes to 
 something in order to see or hear it ; hence, a spectator, beholder, hearer, an eye-witness, 
 a witness. Plautus, Am. prol. i6 ; id. Casin. i, 2, 2 et al.; Cicero, Fl. ^b ; id. Verr. ii, 5, 
 31 I?/ al. pass. 
 
 In Judicial Lang, t.t.: He who goes to a lawsuit to inquire into it and settle it; 
 hence, a judge invested with a discretionary power ; an umpire, arbiter, a judge appointed 
 by the praetor in an actio bonae fidei, i. e. who decides that class of cases according to subject- 
 ive reasons, according to the principles of equity {acquitas), while the judex decides according 
 to strict \aM (Jus). Sen. de Ben. iii, 7; Adams' Antiq.; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 6, § I. V. Cooper's votes in loc. Also contending parties submitted their disputes, 
 without the interference of a magistrate, to an arbiter; known in our law by the term arbi- 
 trator. The arbitri were appointed by a mutual agreement {compromissum), and hence they 
 were termed arbitri compromissarii^ or arbitri ex compromisso, or, more properly, compromis- 
 sarius judex. CallistrATUs, Dig. iv, 8, fr. 44. cf. Dig. iv, tit. 8 ; Justinian. Jnst. iv, 6, 
 I i; id. Cod. ii, tit. 56 ; Ma'ckeld. Civil Law, ii, §§ 471, 474, ed. 1883. 
 
 Arbiter dicitur judex, quod totius rei habeat arbitrium et facultatem. Festus, de Sign. Verbo. 13. An 
 arbiter is called a judge, who shall have the judgment and power over the entire subject-matter or case. 
 
 Hence in general: A judge; umpire of the contest. Horace, Ode, iii, 20, 11. 
 And as the arbiter decided a thing according to his judgment (ex aequo et bono), the term sig- 
 nifies also, he who rules over something, governs, manages, is lord of, etc. Ovid, Tr. v, 2, 
 47; id. Fast, iii, 73, Horace, Ode, ii, 7, 28 ; id. i, 3, 15. Executor. Ovid, H. ix, 45 etal. 
 
 In Scotch Law: An arbitrator, ;. ^. one chosen by the parties to decide the dispute — 
 adjudicate the subject-matter. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Arbiter COmprSmissariuS. An arbiter by mutual agreement, v. Compromissdrius. 
 Arbiter elegantiarum. An arbitrator of the elegancies ; an arbiter or umpire in mat- 
 ters of taste. T r o p . , A master of ceremonies. 
 
 Arbiter ex compromisso. An arbiter, umpire, judge by agreement, i. e. appointed by 
 the mutual agreement of the parties. Dig. iv, tit. 8 ; Justinian. Cod. ii, tit. 56. 
 
 Arbitralis judicatio. A judgment or decision of an arbiter or umpire. Macr. S. vii, i. 
 
 Arbitramentum, — L. Lat. The judgment, decision or award of arbitrators, upon the 
 subjective questions in dispute before them. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 ARBITRAMENTUM aequunt tribuit cuique suum. A just award of arbitrators 
 renders to every one his own. An equitable arbitrament renders to every 
 one that which is due to him. Noy's Max. p. [112]. 
 
 ARBITRAMENTUM est boni viri, arbitrium. Arbitrament is the award of a 
 good man. 3 Buhtrode, 66. 
 
 Arbitrarius, a, \xra,adj. [-{-arbiter.'] (a.) Of arbitration, arbitrating, done by umpire. 
 Gaius, Inst, iv, 163. Arbitral ius formula, — a formula of arbitration. Id. ib Arbitrarius 
 actio, — an action of arbitration. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 4,/?-. 2. 
 
 Hence, in law language, with reference to the distinction between certus and 
 arbitrarius: Judicium est pecuniae certae, arbitrium incertae, — trial before a judge is for 
 money or property fixed, certain or determined ; arbitration is about a thing uncertain, not 
 determined. Cicero, Rose. Com. 4. Hence, arbitrarium is synonymous with incertus, 
 uncertain, not sure ; e. g. hoc certum est, non arbitrarium, — of this it is certain, not uncertain. 
 Plautus, Am. i, i, 216. 
 
 (6.) Arbitrary; depending on the will ; e.g. Motus in ai teria naturalis non arbitrarius, — 
 a moving in an artery agreeable to nature, not depending on the will. Gell. xviii, 10, Jin. 
 
 Arbitratio, 5nis, /. The judgment, will. =Arbitratus. Gell. xiii, 20, 19. The adju- 
 dication upon a matter in controversy, by private individuals, selected and appointed by the 
 parties. 3 Bl. Coin. 16 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 7-10, Waite's notes (434-5). v. Subinissio. 
 
 Arbitrator, Oris, »z. = Arbiter, in judicial language, t.t.,v.h.Y. A disinter- 
 ested person, a private extraordinary judge, to whose judgment or decision, matters in dilfer- 
 ence are submitted by mutual consent. 3 j5/. Com. 16. v. Arbitri ex compromisso . 
 
 At Common Law: An arbitrator is a judge of all matters of law and fact included 
 in the case submitted to him ; and being a judge chosen by the parties themselves (ex com 
 
 174 
 
Arb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arb. 
 
 promisso), his decision generally is absolutely final. Russell's Arbitrator, H2 ; Billings on 
 Awards, 55-65; Btownl. 55; i Freem. 410. The usual practice is for the parties, 
 injuring and injured, to submit all matters in dispute to the judgment of two or more arbi- 
 trators, who are to decide the controversy; and if they do not agree, it is usual to add 
 that another person be called in as umpire {imperator ov impar), to whose sole judgment 
 it is then referred ; or frequently there is only one arbitrator appointed, v. 1 Roll. Abr. 242; 
 I Ld. Raym. 115; 3 Bl. Com. 16 ; Broom 6" Had. Com. iii, 7-10, Wait's notes (434-5). 
 
 Arbitratus, Os, m. The judgment (as will, not as opinion, hence = voluntas, not = sen- 
 tentia); free will, inclination, pleasure, wish, choice, cf. Gellius, xiii, 21 (20), 19. Ttia 
 arbitratu, — according to your pleasure. PsEUD. Aul. iv, 4, 20 et al.; Cicero, Lael. i, 3 ; id. 
 Fin. i, 21 ; iv, i; id. Fam. vii, I, 5. Sua arbitratu, — according to his pleasure. Plautus, 
 Men. i, I, 15. 
 
 Arbitri COmpromissarii, Arbitrators by agreement ; otherwise termed 
 
 Arbitri ex COmpromisSO, Arbitrators, umpires by agreement, /. c. appointed by the 
 
 mutual agreement of the parties. v. Arbiter, sq. cf. Mackeldey, Civil Law, ii, §§ 471, 474, 
 
 ed. 1883. 
 
 ArMtria funeris. The funeral expenses (since an arbiter was employed to designate 
 
 them). Cicero, Dom, xxxvii ; Ulpian. Dig. xi, l, fr. 12, § 6; id. ib. iv, 8, fr. 27 ; ii, 15, 
 
 fr. 8. V. Sumptus funeris arbitrantttr. 
 
 Arbitrio boni judicis, Bj' or according to the decision of an honest or conscientious 
 judge. I Story' s Eq. Jur. § 19. 
 
 Arbitrio boni Viri. By or according to the decision or the award of an honest, consci- 
 entious man. v. Lex non exacte, etc. 
 
 Arbitrio COnsilioque auris. According to the taste and judgment of the ear. Gellius, 
 Att. Noct. xiii, 21, 3. 
 
 ARBITRIO domini res aestimari debet. A matter ought to be valued or esti- 
 mated according to the judgment or award of the lord. 4 Co. Inst. 274. 
 Arbitrio opinionis. According to mere opinion. 
 
 Arbitrio popularis aorae. According to the will of the popular breeze. According to 
 or through the power of popular favor, or the breeze of popularity. 
 
 Arbitrium, ii, «• [+ arbiter^ A being present ; presence at a hearing of parties. 
 
 In the Jurists, t.t.: An award; the judgment, decision of the arbitrator ; arbitra- 
 ment, cf. Mackeldey, Civil Law, ii, §g 471, 474, ed. 1883. 
 
 Arbitrium dicitur sententia quae ab atbitro statuitur. Festus, de Verba. Sign. p. 13. 
 The decision of the arbitrator is called an official determination or sentence which is estab- 
 lished according to the will of the arbitrator. Aliud est judicium, aliud arbitrium. Ju di ci u m 
 est pecuniae certae ; arbitrium incertae. CiCERO, Ros. Com. iv, g. Trial before a judge is 
 one thing, arbitration is another thing. Trial before a judge (Judicium) is about a 
 definite sum of money; arbitration {arbitrium) is about a thing which is uncertain 0;- 
 not determined. 
 
 Transferred : Judgment, arbitrary sentence, decision (of every kind). Terentius, 
 Heaut. prol. 25 ; Horace, Ode, iv, 7, 21. (6.) Power, will, master)', dominion, free will. 
 
 Plautus, Am. \, i, 103; Lucr. ii, 281; Cicero, Ros. Com. xlv, 131. 
 
 In English Law; Arbitrium \-\- arbiter]. An award ; the decision of an arbitrator. 
 Reg. Orig.111. Discretion or judgment used in making a decision; e.g. Lex noti exacti 
 dejinit, sed a rb i trio boni viri permittit,— the law does not exactly define, but leaves to the 
 discretion of a conscientious man or judge. Grotius, de Aequitate, § 2; i Bl. Com. 6r. 
 
 ARBITRIUM est judicium. An award is a judgment. Jenkins' Cent. 173; 
 3 Bulstrode, 64. 
 ARBITRIUM est judicium boni viri, secundum aequum et bonum. An avcard is 
 the judgment of a good man, according to equity and virtue (and there- 
 fore to be favorably construed). 3 Bulstrode, 64. 
 
 Arbitrium familiae herciscundae. An award of the division of the family inheritance. 
 Dig. X, tit. 2 ; Cicero, Caec. vii, 19; id. de Or. i, 56, 237, pass. 
 
 Arbitrium SOlutum. Free will. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 5. Unrestrained judgment ; 
 independent decision. Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 29. 
 
Arb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arb. 
 
 Arbitrd, are, l, v. a. v. the following, ad fin. 
 
 Arbitror, arl, i, v. dep. {arbiter^ Primarily: To be a hearer or beholder of some- 
 thing {v. Arbiter); to observe, perceive, hear, etc. Plautus, Capt. ii, i, 24; id. Aul. iv, i, 
 21 ei al. Hence, of the mind: To examine, consider, weigh. Gellius, iv, n, 10. 
 
 In judicial language, t. i.: To make a decision ; give judgment or sentence. 
 ScAEVOLA, Dig. iv, 8, fr. 44; Paulus, ib. vi, i,fr. 35. Fidem alicui arbitrari, — to adjudge 
 credit or put faith in one. Plautus, Bac. iii, 6, 41. 
 
 Used of witnesses: Arbitror indicates, a.s 1. 1 , the subjective opinion in accord- 
 ance with which the witness gives his testimony, without vouching for its objective reality; 
 it is, accordingly, only a somewhat more deliberate and conscientious expression for t o 
 testify, to declare, to announce. Cicero, Ac. n,4T, fin./ id. Front, g. v. the 
 passages. LiVY, iii, 13; id. iv, 40. 
 
 Hence, in general; To hold as true; to be of an opinion; to believe, suppose, 
 think, consider as. Cicero, de Off. ii, 18 ; id. Verr. ii, 4, 37 ; id. de Or. ii, lb fin.; id. Clu. 
 63; id. Q. Fr. ii, i; Plaut. Am. prol. 48; id. ib. ii, i, 2. 
 
 ARBITRORUM em'm genera sunt duo; unum ejusmodi, ut, sive aequum sit, sive 
 iniquum, purer e debeamus, quod observatur, quum ex compromisso ad arbitrum 
 itum est; alterum ejusmodi ut ad boni viri arbitrium redigi debeat, etsi nominatim 
 persona sit comprehensa, cujus arbitratu fiat, (Paulus,/;". 77) — veluti quum lege 
 locationis comprehensum est, ut opus arbitrio locatoris fiat; (Proculus, /V. 78) — 
 in proposita autem quaestione arbitrium viri boni existimo sequendum esse eo magis, 
 quod judicium pro socio bonae fidei est. (Paulus, fr. 79) — Unde si Nervae arbi- 
 trium ita pravum est, ut manifesta iniquitas ejus appareat, corrigi potest per judicium 
 bonae fidei. Proculus, Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 76 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 77; Proculus, 
 ib.fr. 78; Paulus, ib.fr. 79. There are, indeed, two kinds of arbitrators: 
 one of that sort that, whether it may be just or unjust, we may be bound to sub- 
 mit to or comply with what is observed or noted, when it is proceeded upon a 
 compromise before an arbitrator ; the other of that sort that it ought to be 
 brought within (/. e- made or rendered according to) the will or judgment of a 
 good man, although the person's name may be expressed, by whose will or judg- 
 ment the decision may be made, (Paulus, /r. 77) — for instance, when there is 
 included in a contract of letting, that work may be done according to the will 
 (7r pleasure of the lessor, (Proculus, /r. 78)- — but in the question proposed I 
 think the will or judgment of a good man ought rather to be followed, which 
 decision concerning a partner is in good faith, (Paulus, fr. 79). Whence if 
 the arbitrament or judgment of Nerva is so vicious that its manifest injustice 
 can be clearly seen, it can be corrected by a decision in good faith, v. Pufen- 
 DORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 13, § 4, fin. n. i. 
 
 ARBITRORUM ex compromisso sententiae nan obtemperans, si sordes vel evidens 
 gratia eorutn, qui arbitrati sunt, intercessit, adversum filiam tuam agentem ex 
 stipulatu exceptions doli mail uti poteris. Sed et ex doli (mali ) clausula, quae com- 
 promissi stipulationi subjici solet, filiam tuam convenire non vetaberis. Justinian. 
 Cod. ii, t. 56, const. 3. Not complying with the sentence of the arbitrators upon 
 a compromise (arbitrators agreed upon), if there has been baseness or evident 
 favor (bias) on the part of the arbitrators against your daughter, the accuser, 
 you may according to the stipulation make use of the exception of fraud. For 
 according to the very clause of fraud, which is usually to .be added to the stipu- 
 lation of compromise, it is not prohibited that your daughter may resort to it 
 (the exception of fraud) . Cited in Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 1 3, 
 i A, fin. 11. 2. 
 176 
 
Arb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arb. 
 
 When we say that the parties ought, right or wrong, to stand to the sentence of the arbi- 
 trator, it must be understood with some restrictions. For though I cannot fly off, because he 
 decrees otherwise than I expected, yet his sentence shall not bind me if it manifestly appears 
 that he tampered with the other party, and received bribes of him, and concerted matters to 
 my disadvantage. For he who evidently takes part with either side 
 ceases to bear any longer the person of an arbitrator. Pufendorf, 
 id. ib. 
 
 Arbor, Oris, /. A tree. Arbor abietis, — the fir tree. LiVY, xxiv, 3. Arbor alni, — the 
 alder tree. Var. H. Ji. i, 7, 7. Arbor cupressus, — the cypress tree. Suet. Vesp, v. Arbor 
 foa, — the fig tree. Cicero, Fl. xvii, 41. Arbor Jovis, — the tree of Jupiter, /. e. the oak 
 tree. Ovid, M. i, 106. Arbor Palladis, — the tree of Pallas, i. c. the olive tree, Ovid, A. 
 A. ii, 518. Arbor palmae, — the palm tree. SuET. Aug. 94. Arbor Phoebi, — the tree of 
 Apollo, i. t. the laurel tree. Ovid, ^rtj'/..iii, 139. 
 
 Metonymy for things made of wood ; c ^. a ship. Ovid, //. xii, 8. A mast. Virgil, 
 A.v, 504; Papinian. Dig. xiv, 2, fr. 5; Julian, ib. fr. 6. An oar. Virgil, A. x, 207. 
 The lever or bar of a press, press-beam. Cato, R. R. xviii,4; ib. 12; Pliny, 18, 31. A 
 gallows, a gibbet (arbor infelix). CiCERO, Rab. iv, fin.; LivY, i, 26, 7 ; Pliny, xvi, 26, 45 . 
 Timber. Calvini, Lex, Jurid. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A tree. Dig. xliii, tit. 27. The term also comprehends 
 vines (vites), ivy (hederae), reeds (nrundines). Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 7, fr. 3 ; id. ib. xliii, 27, 
 fi'- I, § 3 1 t'u' "ot tender plants classed among herbs. Gaius, ib. xlvii, 7, /r. 4. 
 
 In English Law:' A tree ; a tree growing, as distinguished from wood (A^««»/), /. i-. 
 wood cut, or dead wood ; e. g. 
 
 ARBOR t/um crescit : lignum ciim crescere nescit. A tree while it grows : wood 
 when it ceases to grow. Cro. Jac. 166; Hobart, 77, marg.; 2 Bulstr. 82; 
 12 Johns. Ji. 239, 24:. 
 
 Arbor Civilis. A civil tree. T r o p . , A tree of parentage or consanguinity. 
 
 In English Law; A figure or table, in the shape of a tree, showing the degrees of 
 relationship between persons and the course of descent from one to another. An arbor 
 «w/jj- may be found in Lord Coke s Inst, and in Hale's Hisi. Com. Law, 335. v. Stenima. 
 
 Arbor COnsaHgnillitatis, A tree of consanguinity. V. Arbor civilis. 
 
 In English Law: A tree-shaped table, showing the genealogy and descents' of a 
 family, v. 2 Bl. Com. 239, 240. The Romans called it Arbor juris, — the tree of right. 
 IsiDORUS, Orig. ix, 5, § 28. 
 
 Avhore dejecta, qui vult ligna colligit. — P r o v . When the tree is thrown down, 
 any one who pleases gathers the wood. Juvenal, Sat. 
 
 It is also quoted: Dejectd arbore quivis ligna colligit. T r o p . , The weak and lowly 
 may, and frequently do, triumph over fallen greatness. The Greek proverb is: 
 Apvoi itt6ov6r}<i Ttai avdp ^vXevsTav. =When an oak falls, every one gathers the wood. 
 
 Arbor Hnalis. A boundary tree ; a 'line tree.' = Arbor termindlis. v. Limes. 
 
 In English Law: A tree used for marking a boundary line. Bracion,io\. i(>la,20Tb. 
 
 In American Law: A tree used as a boundary of lands; a tree from which the 
 boundary lines are drawn. Line trees are those extending from one bound tree to another ; 
 e. g., ' a bounded hickory,' ' a bounded red oak.' i //arr. fr" Mc//. R. 16 ; id. 81, 262; 2 id. 
 80, 81, 416. 
 
 ARBOR quae in alienas aedes, vel in vicini agrum imminet, nisi a domino sublu- 
 cari non potest : isque conveniendus est, ut earn sublucet. Quodsi conventiis 
 dominus id facere noluerit, a vicino luxuries ramorum compescatur ; idque qualis- 
 cumque dominus facere non prohibetur. Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, 6, § 13. A tree 
 which overhangs another's house, or a neighbor's field, cannot be pruned or 
 trimmed save by the owner of it ; and this is to be agreed upon (the owner must 
 agree to it) so that it admits light. But if the owner should be unwilling to do 
 it, the luxuriance or over-growth of the branches may be pruned or lopped off ; 
 and this any owner without exception is not prohibited to do (z. e. every adjoin- 
 ing owner can do), cf. Dig. xliii, tit. 27, '' de Arhoribus Caedendis.' 
 
 [23] ■ 177 
 
Arb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Are. 
 
 ARBOR radicitus eruta, et in alio posita, priusquam coaluerit, prioris domini est; 
 ubi coaluit, agro cedit; et si rursus, eruta sit, non ad priorem dominum rever- 
 titur; nam credibile est, alio terrae alimento aliam factam. Paulus, Dig. xli, i, 
 fr. 26, § 2. A rooted ,tree which has been dug out and has been placed else- 
 where (i. e. in another's soil), before it shall have grown by taking root again, 
 remains the property of its former owner ; where it has grown by taking root, it 
 goes with the soil ; and if it is again dug out (uprooted) it does not revert to its 
 former owner, for the belief is that it has been made another tree by the nour- 
 ishment of a new soil. cf. Grotius, de Jure Belli ac Pace, ii, c. 8, § 22. 
 
 PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c. 7, § 4, n. i. 
 
 Arbor terminalis. Terminal or boundary tree.' Paulus, R. S. v, t. 22. 
 
 Arborarius, a, um, adj. Of or pertaining to trees. 
 
 Arbores SUbterraneae. Lit . , Trees under the earth, or under ground. 
 
 In Trop. Signif.: "Mines; because that as trees have great branches and small 
 boughs and twigs, so have they in their region greater and smaller veins." Bacon's Arg. 
 Case Imp. of Waste ; Law Tr. 197. 
 
 Arbores terminales. Terminal or boundary trees. Paulus, R. S. v, tit. 22, § 2. 
 
 ARBORIS appellatione etiam vites continentur. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 21, fr. i, 
 § 3. Under the appellation of tree (arbor) vines are likewise contained. 
 
 Read: Quae arbor ex aedibus tuis in aedes illius impendet, eic. Ulpian. ii. fr. i 
 pr. Vitem arboris appellatione contineri, plerique veteruvi existeniaveyunt. Id. ib. xlvii, 7, 
 fr. ipr. 
 
 Arbres coupes et iuportes. — L. Fr. Trees cut and carried away. Dyer, 351^. 
 
 ArbustiVUS, a, um, adj. Planted with trees. Arbustivus locus, — a place planted with 
 trees. Col. iii, 13, 6. 
 
 ArbustO, are, i, v. a. To plant with trees. Pliny, xvii, 23, 35, u. 22. 
 
 Arbustllin, i, «• A place where trees are planted ; an orchard ; vineyard planted with 
 trees. Cato, R R. i fin.; id. 7, i ; Cicero, de Sen. xv, fin.; . Pliny, xvii, 23, 35, n. 22 et al. 
 
 Arbustus, a, um, adj. Occupied or planted with trees. Cicero, Rep. v, 2. 
 
 Arbusta vitis. A vine fastened to or trained upon a tree. Pliny, xvii, 23, 35. 
 
 Area, ae, /. [arcea.] A place for keeping any thing ; a chest, box. 
 
 Arcae et arx quasi res secretae, S. quibus omnes arceantur. Serv. Virg. i, 262. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A chest or coffer ; a place for keeping money. Dig. A place 
 for keeping public money, state treasure, revenues. Hermog. Dig. i, 4, fr. i, § 2. 
 
 Of things in the form of a box: A small, and hence more strict, close prison; 
 a cell. CiCEKO, Mil. 22 fin. In Mechanics: The water-box of a hydraulic machine. 
 Vitr. x, 13. A water-cistern, a reservoir, /d. vi, 3. 
 
 Area chirographica (sive chirographorum) Judeorum.— L. Lat. The charter-chest 
 
 of the Jews. v. Molloy, de/ur. Marit. 456, 466. 
 
 This was a common chest with three locks and keys, kept by certain Christians and 
 Jews, wherein by order of Richard I . all the contracts, mortgages and obligations 
 belonging to the Jews were kept, to prevent fraud. I/ov. Ann. 745. v. Arcarius. 
 
 Arcana caelestia. Heavenly secrets. Arcana imperii, — State secrets; mysteries of 
 government. I Bl. Com. 237 ; Broom <5r= Had. Com. i, 283. 
 
 Arcano, <ni'"- In secret, privately. Plaut. Trin. ii, 4, 117; Cicero, Att. 16, 3. 
 
 Arcanus, a, um, <r(^'. Orig. signif.. (a.) Shut up, closed. H en ce, trop. , that 
 keeps a secret, trusty. Plaut. Trin. ii, 4,155; Pliny, vii, 52, 53. Hence poet., of 
 the night. Arcana node, — in silent night, or night that keeps secret, conceals. OviD, 
 H. ix, 40. (6.) Secret, private, hidden, concealed. Cicero, Fin. ii, 2b fin.; LiVY, xxv, 18 
 et al. Fontis arcdni aqua. TACITUS, yi. ii, 54. Water from a secret spring. 
 
 Arcanum, i, «• \_plur. Arcana.] A secret, a mystery. Ovid, M. vii, 192 et al. 
 
 Arcanum demens detegit ebrietas. Mad drunkenness discloses every secret. 
 Virgil. Read; Omne crimen ebrietas, etc. Quid non ebrietas designat? etc. 
 178 
 
Arc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arc. 
 
 Arcanum imperii. The secret of the empire ; the secret of the state. Junius' Let. vol. 
 2, let. liii. Plur. Arcana imperii. State secrets. Broom & Had. Com. i, 283. 
 
 Arcamitn tieqiie tu scrtUdberis iUius umquam, 
 Commissurtique teges, et vino tortus et ird, — Horace, Spisi. i, 18, 37. 
 Do not at any time pry into the secrets of others ; and keep close what is intrusted to 
 you, though put to the torture, by wine and anger. 
 
 " Strive not with mean, unhandsome lore. 
 Your patron's bosom to explore, 
 And let not wine or anger wrest 
 Th' intrusted secret from your breast." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Arcarius, a, um, ad/, [-f- ««•«.] Of or pertaining to a money-bag, or to ready money. 
 Gaius, /nst. iii, § 131. Whence, Arcarius, i, m. — a treasurer. ScAEV. ZJif. xl, 5,41; 
 Cod. A, 70, 15. Also a controller of public revenues; a keeper of public money; a cashier. 
 Lampr. Aiex. Sev. 43 ; Cod. x, 70, 15 ; Sfehnan. 
 
 A.rcein facere e cloaca. Pro v. To make a defense or bulwark from a drain or 
 sewer. T r o p . , 'To make much ado about a little thing.' ' To make a mountain out of a 
 mole hill.' ClCEROj^m Sestio, 40. 
 
 Archaionomia. =Gr. d.p(paiov6fiia. [+ a/a;);?/, the first place, chief, -\-apxeiy, to 
 be first, to begin, and v6/xoi, law, vonia, laws.] The chief or principal laws. 
 
 The title of a collection of Saxon Laws made by Mr. Lombard in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth, in the Saxon language, and to which additions were made by Dr. Wilkins. i 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 27. v. i Spence's Ch. 18, 19, and note ; 2 Hallam's Mid. Ages, 444. 
 
 !/(/>;);7; ^//ztfu TraTTo'; (^?rA? Acw2!>«/aKfcj). — Gr. Prov. The beginning is half of the 
 whole. Hesiod. Trop., " Well begun is half done." 
 
 The Latin Proverb is: DiTnidiuin /acii, qui bene coe^ii, kahef. Horace, .£[/i/j^. i, i^, 40. 
 
 Archeota, ae, m. =Gr. apxetooTTji. A keeper of the archives; a recorder. Arcad. 
 Dig. iv, fr. 18, § 10. 
 
 ArchicapellanilS. — L. Lat. A chief or high chancellor. Spelman. 
 
 ArchidiaCOnUS, i, »'• =Grr. c(.pxiSidKovo%. An archdeacon. Sid. Ep. iv, 25 ; Hier, 
 ad Pamm. Ep. 61, 4; 1 Bl. Com. 383; 4 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 5. 
 
 ArcMepisCOpUS, i, »'■ =Gr. apxitTti^uonoi. [+ apxoov, chief, and hni6Honoi, 
 bishop, + lTti6y<.0Ttia, to take care of.] The chief of the clergy in his province. An arch- 
 bishop. Justinian. Cod. 1, i, const. 7 ; i Bl. Com. 380; 3 Steph. Com. 362. 
 
 In England: The archbishop has supreme power, under the queen, in all ecclesias- 
 tical causes and superintends the conduct of other bishops, his suffragans. When they are 
 vested in the archbishopric they are said to be inthroned, whereas bishops are said to be 
 i n stall ed . 
 
 England has two archbishops, C an t e rb u ry and York. The Archbishop of Can- 
 1 teihury {A rcMepiscopus Cantaur) is styled Primate of all England, and the Archbishop of 
 York (Archiepiscopus Ebor), Primate of England. Ireland has four : Armagh, Dub- 
 lin, Cashel, and Tuam, of whom the former is Primate of all Ireland. 1 Bl. Com. -iii. 
 V. Broom &• Had. Com. i, 459-461. 
 
 Archiereus, i, »*• =Gr-ap;(Z£/3«uJ. A chief priest. \^Kiii.v&. Alex. Sev. 2% fin. 
 ArcMerosyna, ae, /. =Gx. apxii^po6vv7]. The chief priest's office. Theod. Coo', xii, 
 
 I, 112. 
 
 ArcMfferon, entis, w. =Gr. apxiyspoov. Chief of the old men — a title under the 
 emperors. Theodosius, Cod. xiv, 27, i . 
 
 ArchieubernuS i,m. . ^=Gr. apx^wftspvoi. Chief pilot, or chief helmsman. Jabolen. 
 Dig. xxxvi, I, fr. 46. 
 
 Archimaffims i. '"• =Gr. apx^fuxyEvpoi. A master of the kitchen, chief cook. 
 Juvenal, Sai. ix, 109. 
 
 ArchiSVnaffOffUS i, rn. =Gr. apxidvraycoyoi. The priest who was the chief ruler 
 of the Synagogue. Lampr. Alex. Sev. 2ifin.; Theod. Cod. xvi, 8, I'i et al. 
 
 ArcMum or ArcMrum, i. »• =Gi. apxetov. The archives. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 
 iq fr. Q S 6 ■ Mel. iii, 8 fin. Antiquissimarum gentium archiva , — the archives of the 
 ancient nations. Tertulian, Apol. 19 ; id. adv. Marc. 4, 7. 
 
 179 
 
Arc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Are. 
 
 Justinian used the Greek ipxtiov to denote the building in which records were kept, a public building set 
 apart for the reception of records, where they could be preserved, and be accessible to those who would con' 
 suit them. Justinian. Novell xv, s, g 2. The plural apxeia was used also, /rf, Ixxiv, 4, § 2. 
 
 In England: The rolls; any place where records, charters, and other public papers 
 and evidences are kept. Cowell ; Spelman, Gloss. Hence, Archivist, — the keeper of the 
 archives ; to whose care they have been confided. 
 
 Archdu, ontis, m, —Gx. ap^tar, — a ruler. The highest magistrate at Athens after the 
 abrogation of royal authority ; an archon. Cicero, Fat. ix, 19 ; Veil, i, 2, 8. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A ruler; a magistrate. Modest. iJ^g-. xxvi, 5,/?-. 21 ; A'ot;. 95, 
 
 Arcibum, Arceps. — L- Lat. An archive ; a repository of records or writings. Formal. 
 Vet. c. 8 ; Marculf. lib. ii, c. 38. 
 
 Arctus, a, um. Fa. \arceo, ere.] Shut up ; pressed together. Hence, narrow, close. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Close, confined, contracted, narrow. Ulp. Z>2j-. xxi, i,/ir. 14, §7. 
 
 Arcta et salva CUStodia. Close and safe custody. 3 Bl. Com. 415. (». In arcia) 
 
 Arctissima CUStodia. Very close custody. V. Bastonicum. 
 
 A-Vcui meo non confido. — Pro v. I do not depend on my own bow. Trop.: I 
 have taken a better opinion than mine own. 
 
 Ardens, entis. Fa. [anleo.] Lit.: On fire, burning; hence, glowing, fiery, eager, 
 impatient. Ardens oculi,— glowing of the eye; the flash or sparkle of the eye. Virgil, G. 
 
 Ardentia verba, sed non vera. Words of energy, but destitute of truth. 
 
 Ardentis oculos intersit lumine glauco. He rolled his eyes flashing with azure 
 light. Virgil, Geo. iv, 451. 
 
 ArdeO, ere, 2, y. n. To take fire ; to kindle. Hence, also ; To be on fire, to burn, to 
 blaze. LucR. ii, 593 ; id. vi, 145. Trop. of the fire of the eyes: To flash, glow, 
 sparkle, shine. Ardent oculi, — his eyes strike fire. Plaut. Capt. iii, 4, 62. Ardebant 
 oculi, — his eyes glared. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 62. v. Ardens, sq. Hence, of passionate 
 emotion or excitement: To glow, be inflamed ; to be strongly affected, etc. LucR. 
 vi, 1179 ; Ovid, M. viii, 62 et al. 
 
 Arder, — L. Fr. [-{-'Lat.ardere.] To burn. Ardout — L. Fr. [-}- arder.J A burner ; an 
 incendiary. Ardours de mesons. — L. Fr. Burners of houses. Britt. c. 29. 
 
 ARDOURS sont qui ardent cite, ville, niaison, beast, ou autres chateux.- — L. Fr. 
 Incendiaries are those who burn a city, town, house, animal or other 
 chattels. Mirror, c. i, § 8. 
 
 Area, ae,/. A broad piece of ground; a vacant place, — especially in the town, — 
 c. g. In urbe loca pura a reae, — places in the town, or city, of naked, level ground. Var. 
 L. L. V, 4, II. A rea proprie dicitur locus vacuus, — area is properly called a vacant place. 
 Festus, 10. 
 
 In the Jurists: (a^ Locus sine aedijicis in urle a r e a ; rure autem ager appellatur, — 
 a place without a house in the city is called area (a vacant place) ; in the country it is called 
 a field {ager). Florentinus, Dig. L, 16,/?-. 211. v. Ager. (6.) The ground for a house; 
 a building spot. Ulpianus, Dig. vii, 4, /;-. 10 et al. (c.) A vacant space around or in a 
 house; the court. Gaius, Dig. viii, 1, fr. i etal.; Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, ii, fr. i. (d.) A 
 threshing-floor (which among the ancients was an open space near the house). Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 3, 8 ; Dig. xxxiv, i, />-. 14, § 3 ; Adams' Antiq. ii, 342. Whence, Arealis, e, adj. 
 Of or pertaining to the threshing-floor. Serv. Virg. G. i, 166. 
 
 Area lignea. A wooden or plank floor. Dyer, 108. 
 
 Arena, ae, /. [area.] Orig. adj. sc. terra. Dry earth; hence, Sand. LucR. vi, 725; 
 id. ii, 376 ; Virg. G. i, 114, 189 ; Ovid, xix, 201 et al. 
 
 Met on: A sandy place, sandy land. Cicero, Agr. ii, 27. Hence: (a.) A sandy 
 desert. Ovid, M. iv, 617; Lucretius, ii, 417; Tacitus, A. ii, 61 et al. (6.) The sea coast, 
 beach, coast. Lucretius, vi, 727 ; Ovid, M. xv, 725 ; id. M. iii, 599 et al. (c.) The place 
 of combat (covered with sand) in the ampitheatre ; the arena. Suetonius, Ner. 53, and tit. 8 ; 
 Suetonius, Tib. ti ; Juvenal, iv, 100. Hence, also: The combat in the amphitheatre, 
 e. g. dare se in are nam, — to ofTer one's self for the contests. Triph. Dig. xi, 4,/?'. 6. 
 The place of combat ; the scene or theatre of any kind of contention, war, dispute, etc. 
 Civilis belli arena, — the arena of civil war. Flor. iv, 2, 18 ; Lucretius, vi, 63. 
 
 In arena mea, — in my arena, i. e. in my line of profession. Pliny, Ep. vi, 12, 2. 
 
 180 
 
Are.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arg. 
 
 Arenaemandare semina.— P lov. To commit seed to the sand. Trop.: To 
 begin a fruitless work ; to scatter to the wind. Ovid, //. v, 115. 
 
 * * * Quid karinae semina man das? 
 
 Non pro/ecturis litiora tubus aras. — Ovid, Her. v, 115. 
 Why art thou committing the seed to the sand ? Thou art ploughing the sea-shore with oxen to no purpose. 
 
 Arenarius, a, \xTa,adj. [-\- arena.] Of or pertaining to sand. Serv. Virgil, C ii, 342. 
 
 Arenaria fera, A wild beast destined for the amphitheatre. Amm. xxix, i. 
 
 Hence substantially in all three genders: Arenarius, ii, m. A combat- 
 ant in the amphitheatre; a gladiator. Arcad. Di^. xxiii, s, /r. 21; Marcian. ii. xxxvi, 1, 
 fr. 5 ; Justinian. Cod. iii, 27, 11. A sand-pit. Var. R. R. i, 2, 23 ; Cicero, Clu. xiii, 37. 
 
 Areni-fodina, ae, {arena.] A sand-pit, Ulpianus, Dig. vii, I, fr. 13, § S ; i<i- *'*• xxiv, 
 3, fr. 7. Areni-vagus, a, um, adj. [arena.'] Wandering through the sandy desert. Cato, 
 Luc. X, 941. Arenosns, a, um, adj. [arena.] Full of sand ; sandy. Ladon, Ov. M. i, 702. 
 Arenosum litus. — a sandy shore. Virgil, A. iv, 257. 
 
 Arentare, — L. Lat. To rent out; or let at a certain rent. Cowell ; Fleia. Arentaiio o\ 
 Arrentatio, L L. — A renting or rent. Reg. Orig. 257^. 
 
 Areopagltes, ae, m. =Gr. ApeioTCayiTr;i, — an Areopagite, a member of the court of 
 the Areopagus at Athens. Enn. in Var. L. L. vii, 2, 84 ; Cicero, Phil, v, 5, 14 ; id. Off. 
 ii, 22, 75 et al. 
 
 Areopagus, i, »'• =Gr. ApeioiTtayoi, — Mars' Hill at Athens, on which the highest 
 judicial assembly of the same name held its sessions. Var. L. L. vii, 2, 84 ; Cicero, Div. 
 i, 25. 54- 
 
 Arer. — L. Fr. [-(- Lat. a/-a«.] To plow. Arer et semer, — to plow and sow. Zi'W. § 119. 
 Arer et seymer, — to plow and sow. Kelham. Arer les prees, — to plow the meadows. Britt. 
 c. 5. 
 
 Arere, — L. Fr. =L. Lat. a retro, (a.) Behind ; in arrear, e. g. Reins en arere, — nothing 
 in arrear. (6,) Back ; again, e. g. Achate arere, — brought back. Dyer., 35*. Fuit argue 
 arere, — it was argued again. Freem.i"]. Areremain. — L. Fr. Back again. j^«7k;. 30, pi. 2. 
 
 AxetrO, — L. Lat. Behind; in arrear. In aretro, — in arrear. 2 Salk. 583 ; 12 Mod. 5. 
 
 Are. Abbreviation ol Arguendo, {v. ^i. v.) 
 
 Argentaria, ae, /. [-\- argentum!] A banking-house; a bank. Plaut. 7V«<r. i, i, 47; 
 LiVY, ix,40; xxvi, 27 ; xl, 51. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The trade or business of a dealer in money; the vocation or 
 employment of a banker or broker. Cicero, Caecin, iv ; Ulpian. Dig. ii, 13, 4. Argentaria 
 dissoluta, — after the dissolution of the bank. Cicero, Caecin, iv. Argentaria administrare , — 
 to administer, take charge or care of a bank. Ulpian. Zl/^j-. ii, 13,/)-. 4. Argentaria exer- 
 cere, — to oversee or superintend a bank. Id. ib. 
 
 Argentarium, ii, «. A place for keeping silver ; a cupboard or safe for plate. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxxiv, 2,fr. 19, § 8. 
 
 ArgentarinS a, um.ai^'. [-\- argentum.] («.) Of or pertaining to silver ; silver. Argen- 
 tarius faber, — a silver-smith ; a worker in silver. Jabol. Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 39. (6.) Of or 
 pertaining to money. Argentdrium auxilium, — aid of money ; pecuniary assistance. Plaut. 
 Pseud, i, I, 103. Argentarius cura, — the care of money. Ter. Ph. v, 7, 3. Argentdtia 
 mensa, — a banking table. Ulpian. Z'^^f. ii, 13, /n 4 ^/ a/. Argentaria tabema, — a banker's 
 stall; bank. LiVY, xxvi, 11. Argentarius opes, — possessions in money. Plautus, /"j. i, 
 3,65. Amore pereo, et inopia argentaria , — I am ruined by love, and from want of 
 money. Id. ib. i, 63, 65. 
 
 Argentarius, ii, m. A money-changer ; a banker. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A dealer in money; one who received money on deposit, and 
 loaned money on interest; a banker. Gaius, Dig. ii, 13, fr. 10 ; Scaevola, id. xlvi, 3,/r. 
 88 ; Justinian. Cod. x, 64, i ; Nov. 136. 
 
 The argentarii-MfiKe. an important class of dealers in money at Rome and in the provinces, by whom much 
 business was transacted in the forum, where they had their stalls or shops (tabernae) and tables (mensae). All 
 
 181 
 
Arg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arg. 
 
 business transactions were committed to writing by tliem, as by notarii publici among us. Gaius, Dig, ii, 
 iSi/''. io| Plautus, ^j. i, 1, 103; Cicero, Caecin,\'i. Besides their ordinary business as banlcers, tliey per- 
 formed many of ttie duties of broicers, notaries and auctioneers; and also acted, sometimes, as inspectors of 
 money. Tliere was also a corporation of ar^^w/ariV, of whicli mention is made in the ninth edict of the 
 Emperor Justinian. 
 
 Argentatus, a, ura. Fart. {-\- argento.l (a.) Plated or ornamented with silver; e.g. 
 Argentatus milites, — soldiers plated or ornamented with silver, i. e. whose shields are silvered 
 over, plated with silver, Livy, ix, 40. (6.) Furnished with money ; e. g. Semper tu ad me 
 ciim argentata accedito querimonid, — you always come to me with silvered [<'/- silver)'] com- 
 plaints, i. e. bring money with j'our complaints. Plautus, Pseud, i, 3, 78. 
 
 Argenti-fodina, ae, /. {-{-argentum.'] Asilvermine. Varr.Z. Z. viii, 33, 119; Pliny, 
 xxxiii, 6, 31 ; Dig. iii, 4, i ; Bracton, fol. 222b. Written also, Argenii fodina. 
 
 Argentdsus, a um, adj. [-\- argentum.] Abounding in silver. Pliny, xxxiii, 5, 29. 
 
 Argentum, i, «■ [Gr. apyifst?, apytji, Dor. apyai, whiteness, hence] Silver. 
 
 Ulpian. Dig. xxxiv, a, frr. 19, 27. Argentum factum, — silver worked or wrought, i.e. 
 
 wrought into articles of various kinds. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § 9 ; id. ib. fr. 27, 
 
 § 6, V. infra. Argentum infectum,- — silver unwrought, or in the mass. 
 
 In/ecti argenii apfiellatio rudum Tnaieriam continet, id est, non factum , The appellation of 
 unwrought silver includes the rude material, /. f. silvernot made or worked. Ulpianus, 2??^. xxxiv, 2, 
 fr. 19, § II. 
 
 Meton. for things made of silver: (a.) Silver plate, silver work. Plautus, 
 Pseud, i, 2, 29; LucR. ii, 27 ; Horace, Od. iv, 11, 6. Argentumque exfositum in aedibus, — 
 silver publicly set out in money. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 15. Navis plena argenti facti atque 
 signati, — a ship full of wrought and stamped silver. Id. ib., 5, 25; LiVY, xxxiv, 25-6. 
 (ft.) Money coined from silver; silver money. And, since this was the most current coin, 
 for money in general. Argenti ratio, — an account or computation of money. Plautus, 
 Trin. ii, 4, l^sq.; CiCERO, Pis. 25 fn. Argentum annumerare, — to put money to one's 
 account. Terentius, Ad. iii, 3, 15 ; id. iii, 3, 36 ; id. iv, 4, l8 et al. Argentum expetere, — 
 to seek after money. Plautus, Cist, iv, 2, 73. 
 
 In English Law: Silver plate. I Lord Raym. 20; Comb. 306. Silver bullion or 
 uncoined silver j money paid by weight. Domesday; Spelman. Money generally ; money 
 paid by tale, or counted (pecunia numerata) ; goods generally. Id. ib. 
 
 Argentum album. — L. Lat. In English Law: Plain or blank silver ; e. g. Argen- 
 tum non signatum, — silver not marked or stamped; uncoined silver; bullion; common 
 silver coin. Spelman, Gloss.; Cowell. 
 
 Argentum Dei> — Lat. God's money ; earnest money. 
 
 In English Law: Money given byway of earnest upon the making of a bargain. 
 Cowell; Blount. Also called God's penny (denarius Dei). Barringt. Obs. Stat. 204, n. {g). 
 V. Denarius Dei and Arrha. 
 
 ARGENTO facto legato, Quintus Mucins ait, vasa argentea contineri; veluti 
 parapsidas, acetabula, triillas, pelves, et his similia; noti tamen quae supellec- 
 tilis sunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § 9. In a legacy of wrought silver 
 (articles made of silver), Quintus Mucius says, silver vessels are to be included; 
 for instance, dessert dishes, cups or goblets, ladles or dippers, basins, and to 
 those things of a similar kind ; not, however, those which are household 
 furniture. 
 
 ARGENTUM factum recti quis ita definierit, quodneque in massa, neque in lamina, 
 neque in signato, neque in supellectili, neque in mundo, neque in ornamentis 
 insit. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2,fr. 27, § 6. Wrought silver some one has thus 
 rightly defined, that which consists neither in a mass, nor in a leaf, plate or la.yer, 
 nor in stamped work, nor in household utensils, nor in articles for the toilet, nor 
 in ornaments. 
 
 Infecti argenti appellatio rudum materiam continet, id est, non factum. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § II. The appellation of unwrought silver includes the rude material, that 
 is, not made or worked. 
 
 182 
 
Arg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arg. 
 
 Vlpyoi sSeU Sfa; e'xoov avd i'/xa 
 
 fii'ov SvvixiV av ^vWeyEiv avev nova. — Euripides, £/if(-A-a, 80. 
 PuFENDORF renders it : Nemo ignavus Deos in ore habens, facultates adquirit sine laboribus, — 
 No slothful man, having the Gods continually in his mouth, will be able to obtain a liveli- 
 hood without labor. 
 
 * * * * "The sluggard that hopes 
 
 To help his idle hands with idle prayers, 
 
 And will not work to live, should fairly starve. 
 
 By Gods and men unpity'd." 1/. de Jure Nat. et Gent, ii, c. 4, § 10. 
 
 ArgUendd. — Lat. In asserting, proving, arguing; in the course of argument. Fre- 
 quently abbreviated Arg. Arguendo et redarguendo, — in arguing and confuting. Flela. 
 
 ARGUMENTA ignota et obscura ad lucem rattonis pro/erunt et reddunt splen- 
 dida. Arguments bring things hidden and obscure to the light of 
 reason, and render them clear. Co. Litt. 395 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Argumentalis, e, fl(^'. \argumentum.\ Containing proof. Argunientumnarratio, — a nar- 
 rative containing proof. AscoN. in Cicero, Div. in Caec. i. Argumentaliter, adv. — by way 
 of proof ; argumentatively. 
 
 Argumentatio, 5nis,/. \argutnentor.\ (a.) An adducing of a proof ; an argumentation. 
 Argumeniatio est arguvienti explicatio, — the development of an argument is argumentation. 
 Cicero, Part. xiii. Argumentatio probabilis , — probable arguments, i. e. proofs that maybe 
 believed or approved. Cicero, de Fin. v, 4 ; Qi;intilian, Inst, iv, 2, 79 ; v. 14, 35. 
 
 Argumeniatio nomine uno res duos signijicat, ideo^ quod et inventum aliquam in rem 
 probabile aut necessarium, argumeniatio vacatur et ejus inventi ariijiciosa expoliiio. Cicero, Inv. 
 i, 40. Argumentation signifies two things under one name; because any discussion 
 respecting any thing which is either probable or necessary is called argumentation ; and so 
 also is the systematic polishing of such a discussion, v. Cicero, N. D. iii, 4, 9. 
 
 (6.) The proof itself ; e.g. Eiiamne in tam perspicuis rebus argumeniatio quaerenda 
 est aut conjectura capienda? Cicero, Rose. Am. 35. In a case so evident as this must we 
 seek for arguments, or hunt for conjectures? 
 
 Argumentator, oris, m. One who adduces proof of a thing ; an arguer. Tert. 
 Anim. 38. Argiimentdtrix , Icis,/. A female arguer. Id. Spec. 2. 
 
 Argnmenti gratia. For the sake of the argument ; for the courtesy of argument. 
 
 Argumentor, arl, i, v. dep. [argumentum.^ To adduce proof of a thing. Cicero, N. 
 D. iii, 4 ; id. Verr. ii, I, 57 ; id. Alt. iii, 12. To adduce something as proof. Cicero, 
 Clu. 24; LiVY, xxxiii, 28. To make a conclusion ; to conclude. Cicero, Inv. ii, 44. 
 
 ArgumentOSUS, a, um, adj. Argumentative ; rich in matter of material. Ingenious. 
 
 Argumentum, i, n. [-1- arguo, gre.J (a.) The means by which an assertion or assump- 
 tion may be confirmed ; proof, — especially and particularly, that proof which rests more upon 
 facts ; while ratio is that which depends upon reasoning. 
 
 Argumentum vero dictum, quasi argutum, vel quod sit argute inventum, ad comprobandas res. 
 IsiDORUS, Orig. vi, 8, § 16. An argument is truly called, as it were, acute, sagacious, or artful, or what 
 may be artfully or sagaciously invented for the purpose of proving or confirming a thing. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM est ratio, quae rei dubiae faciat fidem. An argument is a reason 
 which causes men to believe a thing which would otherwise be doubtful. Cicero, Topica, 
 ii, 7-8. Quid est argum en turn ? Probabile inventum ad faciendam Jidem. Cicero, /"a^V. 
 Orat. ii, 5^». What is an argument ? Something discovered which has a probable influence 
 in producing belief or giving confidence. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM e st ratio p robationem praestans, qua colligiiur aliud 
 per aliud, et quae, quod est dubium , per id, quod dubium mm est, confirmat : 
 necesse est esse aliquid in causa, quod probatione non egeat. Alioqui nihil erit, quo probemus, 
 nisi fuerit, quod aut sit verum aut videatur, ex quo dubiis fides fiat. Quintilian, hist. Orat. 
 V, 10, II. An argument is a process of reasoning affording a proof, by 
 which one thing is gathered from another, and which establishes 
 what is doubtful by reference to what is certain; there must assuredly 
 
 183 
 
Arg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arg. 
 
 be something in a cause that does not require proof ; for unless there be something which 
 is true, or which appears true, and from which support may be gained for what is doubtful, 
 there will be no ground on which we can prove any thing. 
 
 V. Maxims, infra; Matthaeus, de Crim. in lib. 4, Dig. tit. 15, c. 6 ; Best, J., 4^. <y 
 Aid. 95, 124; Lord Tenterden, id. 161. v. Argumenium a simili, etc. 
 
 Argumentum is called by some c\v\\\2.ris presumptio. (v. h. v.) 
 
 (6.) A sign by which any thing is known ; a mark, token, evidence ; e, g. : Animi lacti 
 argument a, — signs or indications of a cheerful or joyful mind. OviD, M. iv, 762. 
 A rgumenta viri, i. c. indicia, — the signs or evidence of a man, /. c. the marks, tokens or 
 proofs. Juvenal, ix, 85 et al. Amoris hoc est arg., non jnalignitatis, — that is an evidence or 
 token of love, not of ill will, malice or envy. Petronius, S. i, 37, 8. 
 
 (c.) The subject which lies at the basis of any written or artistic representation ; contents, 
 subject, theme, argument ; e. g. : 
 
 ARGUMENTUM plura significat. Nam et fabulae ad actum scenicariim compositae argu- 
 menta dicuntur : et orationem Ciceronis velut thema ipse exponens Pedianus, argumentum, 
 inquit, tale est .• * * * que apparet, omnem ad scribendum destinatatn materiam ita appellari. 
 Quintilian, V, 10, §§ g-io. The word argument has several significations ; for the sub- 
 jects of plays composed for acting on the stage are called arguments; Pedianus, in 
 explaining the topics of the orations of Cicero, says: 'The argument is this: 
 * * * Whence it appears that every subject intended for writing is so called. 
 
 So, (a.) Of every kind of representation in writing, e. g. ; A rgu- 
 mentum est ficta res, quae tamen fieri potuit, — Argument is an imaginary case, which 
 still might have happened Cicero, Inv. i, 19 ; id. Att. xv, 4, ■i et al. Especially and 
 frequently: The subject-matter of a poem or fictitious writing ; the subject; contents. 
 Plautus, Aul. li; id. Trin. iii, 2, 84 et al. Sumque argum enti conditor ipse mei. I am 
 myself the subject of my poem; I myself am the originator of my own subject. 
 
 Ovid, Tr. v, i, 10. Tr op . : Intrinsic worth, reality, truth — e. g. Haec tola fabilla 
 
 est sine argumento , — this entire story, narrative, or fable is without value or 
 
 reality. Cicero, Co^/. xxvii. Nonsine argum ento maledicere, — not without some argu- 
 ment 0?' reason to speak ill of. Id. ib. Hi fin. 
 
 (6.) The subject or artistic representations, e. g. sculpture, painting, embroidery, etc. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 56 ; Ovid, M. xiii, 685 ; id. vi, 69 ; Suetonius, Tib. 44. 
 
 In Philos. Lang.- A conclusion; a syllogism. Cicero, y4<ra</. ii, 14, 44 ^/ a/. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Argument or reasoning ; especially that of the presumptive 
 kind. Struvius, y«m/. J!om. Germ. lib. iv, tit. 11, n. 3. Inference or deduction ; presump- 
 tion. V. Argumentutn veiisimile, etc., infra. Evidence; presumptive evidence. The term 
 includes every species of inference from indirect evidence, whether conclusive or presump- 
 tive, cf. Quint. Inst. Oral, v, 10, § I seqq.; ib. v, 12, S i seqq. ; UlpiaNUS, Dig. xlviii, 18, 
 fr. 18, §§ I, 4 ; Arrius Menander, ib. xlix, id, fr. 5, § 6; Matthaeus, de Ciitnin. ad lib. 
 xlviii. Dig. tit. 15, cap. 5, n. i ; YlNNlvs, Jurisp. Contr. lib. iv, caps. 25 and 36. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM d, communiter accidentibus in jure frequens est. An argu- 
 ment from common occurrences is frequent in law. Gothofred, ad 
 Dig. xliv, i:, 6 ; Broom's Max. 45, n. i. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM a divisione, est fortissimum in jure. An argument 
 arising from a division is of the greatest force in law. 6 Co. 60 ; Co. Lift. 
 2i^b, 2 7,$b J Wingate's Max. 71, citing Litt. s. 344, 5. 
 
 Lord Coke applies this kind of argument to Commons. 6 Co. do; Gatemand's case. 
 V. 8 Co. 273, Prince's case; Co. Litt. 213^/ Wingate's Max. 71 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 Argumentum ^ potiori. An argument from the better, more important. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM h majori ad minus negativi non valet ; valet I converso. An 
 argument from the greater to the less is of no force negatively ; con- 
 versely [affirmatively] it is of force. Jenk. Cent. 281 ; Broom's Max. ; Hal- 
 kerston's Max. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM h simili valet in lege. An argument drawn from a 
 like case (from analogy) is good in law. Co. Litt. 191 ; Broom's Max. ; 
 Halkerston's Max.; Brootn fif Had. Com. i, 62, n. {x). 
 184 
 
Arg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arg. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM a simili valet in lege ; sed, similitudo legalis est casuum diver- 
 sorum inter se collatorum similis ratio j quod in una similium valet, valebit in 
 altera ; dissimiliuni dissimilis est ratio. An argument drawn from a like case 
 [from analogy] is valid or efficacious in law ; but, a legal similarity consists in 
 the like reason of different cases when compared together ; that which is valid 
 [effective] in one case shall be effective in the other ; from dissimilar cases 
 the reason is dissimilar, cf. Co. Litt. 191 ; Wharton's Max. in Reg. xcii. 
 Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem lex ; et de similibus idem est judicium. Id. ib. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab auctoritate est fortissimum in lege. An argument 
 drawn from authority is the strongest in the law [is of the greatest force 
 in law.] Co. Litt. 254a y Broom's Max. ; Halkerston's Max. 
 " The book-cases are the best proof of what the law is." Id. ibid. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab impossibili valet in lege. An argument drawn from 
 an impossibility is forcible in law. Co. Litt. gza. Also written ; 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab impossibili, plurimum valet in lege. An argument 
 drawn from an impossibility is very forcible in the law. Co. Litt. 254 ; 
 Broom's Max.; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab inconvenienti est validum in lege ; quia lex non permittit 
 aliquod inconveniens. An argument drawn from that which is incon- 
 venient is good in law ; because the law will not permit any inconvenience. Co. 
 Litt. hda ; id. 258; 7 Taunt. 527; j, B. &' Cres. 131; Per Lord Brougham, 
 6 CI. &• Fin. (ii\. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab inconvenienti, plurimum valet [est validum'] in lege. An 
 argument drawn from the inconvenience (of a thing) is of the greatest 
 weight (is most forcible) in law. Co. Litt. 66a, 97a, 15 2/5, 258^ y Broom's Max. 
 184 ; Cases, n. 7 / Wharton's Max, xi. 
 
 Arguments of inconvenience are sometimes of great value upon the question 
 of intention. If there be in any deed or instrument equivocal expressions, and great incon- 
 venience must necessarilj' follow from one construction, it is strong to show that such con- 
 struction is not according to the true intention of the grantor ; but where there is no equivo- 
 cal expression in the instrument, and the words used admit only of one meaning, arguments 
 of inconvenience prove only want of foresight in the grantor. But because he wanted fore- 
 sight, courts of justice cannot make a new instrument for him ; they must act upon the 
 instrument as it is made : per Sir J. Leach, V.-C, 3 Mad. 540; and generally if there be any 
 doubts what the law is, judges solve such doubts by considering what will be the good or 
 bad effects of their decision ; but if the law be clear, inconveniences afford no argument of 
 weight with the judge ; the Legislature only can remedy them. Per\^ox& Northington, C, 
 2 Eden, i%4; per Abbott, C. J., 3 B. &" C. 471; Vaugh. R. 37,38. This argument, ab 
 inconvenienti, moreover, is, under many circumstances, valid to this extent, that the law will 
 sooner suffer a private mischief than a public inconvenience. It is better to suffer a mis- 
 chief which is peculiar to one, than an inconvenience which may prejudice many. Co. Litt. 
 ^lb iS2b y Hobart, 224 ; Broom's Max. 1-6, and cases. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM ab inconvenienti plurimum valet in lege; quia nihil quod est 
 inconveniens est licitum. An argument from inconvenience is most 
 forcible in the law, because nothing which is inconvenient is lawful. Co. Litt. 
 66a, 258. Hargrave's note upon this maxim, v. i Bl. Com. 70, Cooley's note (4). 
 
 ArffUmeiltum. ad crumenam , — an argument to the purse; an appeal to pecuniary 
 interest. ArffUmentum ad hominem, — an argument to the person; a personal appli- 
 cation ; an argument deriving its force from the situation of the person to whom it is 
 addressed,;, e. in its personal application. Argumentum ad ignorantiam ,— an argu- 
 ment upon ignorance ; an argument founded on (an adversary's) ignorance of facts or 
 [24] 185 
 
Arg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ari. 
 
 circumstances of the case. Argumentum «^ invidiam, — an argument or appeal to 
 low passions or reasoning. Argumentuin ad judicium , — an argument to the judg- 
 ment ; an appeal made to proofs drawn from any of the foundations of knowledge. Dr. 
 Locke. Argumentum ad verecundiam, — an argument or appeal to the modesty ; an 
 appeal to the decency of an opponent or person to whom you address. Argumentum 
 bacullnuni , — the argument of the staff. T r o p . , An appeal to force ; club law. 
 
 Argumentum empHanis et vendilionis contractae. Evidence or proof of the contract of 
 purchase and sale. Justinian. Inst, iii, 24/?-. cf. Gaivs, Dig. xviii, i, fr. iSpr.; 1 Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, 170, § 178. V. Arrha. 
 
 ARGUMENTUM verisimile, communi sensu perceptum ex eo, quod plerumque 
 fit, aut fieri intelligitur. Matthaeus, de Crim. lib. xlviii Dig. tit. 15, c. 
 6, N. I. An argument from a similar truth, perceived by common sense 
 from that which frequently occurs, or is understood to occur. Best, C. J., 4 
 B.&' Aid. 95, 124; Lord Tenterden, id. 161. v. i Best on Evid. §299, n. i. 
 Praesumptio nihil est aliud, quam, etc. v. Argumentum a simili valet in lege, etc. 
 
 Argus, i, «. G^. apyoi. The son of Aristor, the hundred-eyed keeper of lo, 
 after she was changed into a heifer by Jupiter. Slain by Mercury at the bidding of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Centuvi tuminibus cinctunt caput Argus habebat 
 
 Inde suis vzczbus capiebant bina quieient. 
 
 Cetera servabant atgue in statione inanebant. 
 
 Constiterai guocunigue tnodo, spectabat ad lo : 
 
 A 7ite ocutos lo, giiainvis aversus, habebat, — Ovid, Metatnorphoses, \, 625 sg. 
 
 Argus had his head encircled with a hundred eyes. Two of them used to take rest in their turns, the 
 rest watched, and used to keep on duty. In whatevermanner he stood, he looked toward lo ; although turned 
 away, he still used to have lo before his eyes, 
 
 Arribannum. — L. Lat, =ILerebannum, v. h. v. 
 
 ARISTO ait, sicut id, quod in mare aedificatum sit, fieret privatum, ita quod mart 
 occupatum sit, fieri publicum. Pomponius, Dig. i, 8, fr. lo. A r i s t o says: 
 just as that which may be built in the sea would become private property, so that 
 which may be occupied by the sea should become public property. 
 
 ARISTO refert: Cassium respondisse, societatem talem coiri non posse, ut alter 
 ■ lucrum tantum alter damnum sentirel, et hanc societatem leoninam 
 solitum appellarej et nos consentimus, talem societatem nullam esse, ut alter lucrum 
 sentiret, alter vero nullum lucrmn, sed damnum sentiret : iniquissimum enim genus 
 societatis est, ex qua quis damnum, non etiam lucrum spectet. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xvii, 2,/r. 29, § 2. Aristo states: Cassius to have answered, that no such 
 partnership could be entered upon, wherein one should experience gain only, 
 the other loss or damage, and that this is to be called "the lion's part- 
 nership" {i. e. where one partner bears off the lion's share : v. Lconitia 
 societas)j and we agree that there can be no such partnership, as that one should 
 be subject to gain, the other no gain, but should be subject to loss : for it is a 
 most iniquitous kind of partnership out of which any one should look for loss 
 and no gain. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 8, § 3, n. i; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 29, 30. 
 
 Apifftov fXEtpov. — Gr. (Ariston Metron.) The middle course is the best. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was the author of this saying, founded in wisdom, and it 
 became proverbial. Ovid expressed the idea : 
 
 * * * Medio tutissimus ibis. — Osui, Metam.\\,-i'i,-]. 
 
 AristO-democracy. [+ Gr. apzdroS, greatest, best, and St^noHpocria, -j- Si/no?, the 
 people, and xparEiv, to be strong, to rule, ■j-xpaToi, strength, power.] A form of 'gov- 
 186 
 
Ari.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arm. 
 
 ernment where the power is divided between the great men of the nation and the people. A 
 form of government composed of nobles and commonalty. 
 
 Aristocracy. Gt. api6T0Hpatia. [-|- Gr. apidroi, greatest, best, and xparsm, 
 Kparei'v, to rule, govern.] (a.) A form of government in which the supreme power is 
 vested in a council composed of select members, or nobles, or in a privileged order, without 
 a monarch, and exclusively of the people. (6.) The nobility or chief persons in a state. (<:) 
 A privileged class of the persons or political party in the state, cf. Paley, Polit. Phil.; 
 Brougham, Polit. Phil.; i Montesquieu, Esp. des Loix, ch. iii. 
 
 Arma, Orum, ». Primary signification: Armor fitted to the body for its protec- 
 tion ; defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc. Se collegit in arma, — he 
 protected himself with his shield. Virgil, A. xii, 491. 
 
 A rma propria dicuatur ab armis, id est humeris dependeutia, ut sentum, gladius, pugio, sicaet ea, quibus 
 procul proeliamur, tela. Festus, de Sign, Verba, p. 3. 
 
 Arms are properly called from defensive armor [implements of defense], that is, hanging from the arm, as 
 a shield, a sword, a dagger, a poniard, and those offensive weapons by which we are engaged in combat at a 
 distance [distant combat]. 
 
 A rma, literally denotes every kind of arms and armor ; and by metonymy, all manner of tools and 
 manual implements of husbandry ; e. g. A rvia Ccredlia, — the instruments pertaining to Ceres. M e t o n . , 
 Implements of agriculture or husbandry, of which Ceres was the goddess, v, Virgil, A .i, 177; Ovid, AT. 
 xi, 35. Also for all arts, mysteries, occupations and diversions; e.g. implements for grinding and baking. 
 Virgil, A . i, 177. Equipments, tackle of a ship, such as masts, sails, oars, rudder, etc. Id. ib. v, 15; vi, 353. 
 Also wings; air oars. Ovid, A. A. ii, 50. And so of other instruments. Mart. .£>. xiv, 36. Juvenal 
 employed the word to express dice; and hence other implements of gaming, wherewith the gamesters 
 attack each other, each with intent to ruin and destroy the opponent, cf. Juvenal, Sat. i, 92; ib. xiv, 5. 
 V. Daninosa senein juvat alea., etc. 
 
 Arma generaliter omnium rerum instrumenta sunt, unde et ubi reponuntur, armaria dicta sunt. Item 
 arma et tela omnium generum, sed arma sunt, quibus ipsi tuemur, tela, quae emittimus. Nam arma duplicia 
 sunt, id est vel quibus per cutimus, vel quibus tegimur. § 2. Anna autem proprie dicta sunt eo, quid armos 
 legunt. Nam arma vel ab armis dicuntur, id est ab humeris, ut : 
 
 * * * Laios huic kasta per armos 
 
 Acta tremii duplicatgue virum transfixa rfb/fjr^. — (Virgil, Ain, xi, 644,) 
 vel ttTO Tou apT]tK, id est d- Marte. — IsiDORUS, Orig. xviii, cap. v, g§ 1-2. 
 
 § I, Arms in general are instruments of all kinds (z, e, for all uses), and the places whence they are taken 
 away, and where the3' are stored are called armories. Also arms for defense and weapons for attack are 
 of all kinds, but arms {arma) are those with which we slay with our own hands, missiles {tela) those which we 
 cast from us. For arms are two-fold — that is, either by which we strike or by which we are protected. § 2. 
 But arms are properly so called because they protect the arms. For the term arms comes either from the 
 arms, that is, from the shoulder, as : 
 
 "The spear, driven through his broad shoulders, trembles, and, transfixing the 
 warrior, doubles him down with pain;" or, from apTjy, that is from Mars. 
 
 Hence in a more extended sense: («.) Implements of war; arms, both of 
 defense and ofFense ; of the latter, the sword, axe, club, used in close contest, in distinction 
 from those used in contest at a distance {tela); hence arma and tela are often contrasted ; 
 e.g. Arma rigent, horrescunt tela, — arms remain unmoved, darts, spears, javelins, bristle 
 up or become dreadful. Enn. in Macr. Sat. vi, 4 et al. (6.) Means of defense, protection ; 
 weapons. Cicero, de Oral, i, 8, 32. 
 
 M e t o n . : (a.) War. e. g. Silent leges inter arma , — the laws are silent in war. Cicero, 
 Mil.\\,\o; id. Att. vii, 3, 5. Arma civilia, — civil war. Cicero, /a;«. ii, 16. Also for 
 battle; contest. Virgil, A. ii, 337; id. ib. 6$^. (6.) (abstr. fro concreto.) The warriors 
 themselves. Livv, xlii, 12; id. ix, 9; id. xxi, 26; Tacitus. H. ii, 32; Ovid, M. The 
 army; e. g. Auxiliaria arma, — auxiliary troops. Ovid, .^. vi, 424 ; ?*. xiv, 528. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Arms and weapons of all kinds, — offensive and defensive. 
 
 Armis dejeJum quomodo accipimus 1 
 
 ARMA sunt omnia tela, hoc est et fustes, et lapides, nan solum gladii, hastae, 
 frameae, id est rhomphaeae. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16, fr. 3, § 2. In what 
 mode do we accept arms sent? Arms are weapons of all kinds, that is, clubs 
 and stones, not alone swords, lances, spears [or javelins], that is long missile 
 
 weapons. 
 
 Ulpianus adds: §3. Plane et si unus vel alter fustem vel gladium tenult, armis 
 delectus possessor videtur. § 4. Plus dicitur, et si inermes venerunt, si in ipsa concertatione 
 
 187 
 
Arm,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arm. 
 
 [contrectatione], qui inermes venerant, eo processerunt, ut fustes aut lapides sumerent, vis 
 erit armata. § 5. Qui armati venerunt, et si armis non sunt usi ad dejiciendum, sed dejece- 
 runt, armata vis facta esse videtur ; sufficit enim terror armorum, ut videantur armis dejecisse. 
 § 6. Si quis autem visis armatis, qui alibi tenebant, metu hoc deterritus profugerit, non 
 videtur dejectus, quia non hoc animo fuerunt, quia armati erant, sed alio tenebant. 
 
 In English Law: Ligna et lapides sub armorum appellatione non continentur, — wood 
 and stones will not be included under the appellation of arms. Bracton, fol. 144^. Lord 
 Coke adopted the Civil Law signification : Arms ; weapons offensive and defensive ; anj' 
 thing that a man strikes or hurts with, including clubs and stones. ' Co. Litt. 1616, 162a. 
 V. Maxims, supra et infra. 
 
 In popular signif.: (a.) Instruments or weapons of offense or defense; instru- 
 ments for fighting, whether offensive or defensive. (6.) The deeds or exploits of war. (c.) 
 In Heraldry: The ensigns armorial of a family. In Old English Law: Armor; 
 arms or cognizances of families. Insignia gentilitia, — the insignia or distinctive mark or 
 badge of a stock or family ; a badge of office ; e. g., Arma capere or suscipere, — to take arms, 
 i. e. to take upon one the order of knighthood ; to be made a knight. 2 Reeves Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 288. Arma dare, — to grant or bestow arms, i.e. to make a knight. Kennet's Par. 
 Ant. 101, 2ig. (The word arma in these places signifies only a sword, but sometimes a 
 knight was made by giving him the whole armor.) Arma libera, — free arms. (These 
 consisted of a sword and a lance, usually given to a servant when made free.) LL. Will. 
 c. 65. Transf.: Civil power, jurisdiction, authority ; t. g. Arma pacis etjustitiae, — arms 
 (jurisdiction) of peace and justice. Bracton, fol. l62i5. Arma perturbationis pacis et injuria, — 
 arms (jurisdiction) of breach of the peace and of wrong. Id. ib. 
 
 ARMA in armatos sumere Jura sinunt. The laws allow us to take arms against 
 the armed. 2 Co. Inst. 574. 
 This maxim is appropriated to our use from Ovid : 
 
 Judice me frans est conccssa repellere fraudem, 
 Armaque in armatos sumere jura sinunt. 
 
 — Ovid, Ars. Amai. iii, 491. 
 
 Vim vi repellere licet modo-fiat moderamine inculpatae tutelae non ad sumendam vindic- 
 tam, sed ad propulsandam injuriam. Co. Litt. 162a. Vim vi repellere, omnia jura clamant. 
 3 Bl. Com. 3. Atqui, si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, etc. Cicero, pro Milo. iv, g. 
 
 The Civilians expressed the law of self-preservation : Vim vi repellere licere Cassius 
 scribit, idque jus natura comparatur ; apparet autem, inquit, ex eo, arma armis repellere 
 licere. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16, fr. i, § 27. Qui cum aliter tueri se non possent, damni 
 culpam dederint, innoxii sunt. Vim enim vi defendere omnes leges, omni- 
 aque jura permittunt. Paulus, Dig. ix, 2, fr. 45, § 4. v. Bl. Com. iv, 185 ; Broom 
 &= Had. Com. iv, 217. 
 
 Arma moluta. Sharpened weapons ; e. g. swords and battle axes. 
 
 Arma vero moluta plagam faciunt, sicut gladius bisacuta et hujusmodi, ligua vero 
 et lapides faciunt brusaras, orbes, et ictus, qui judicari non possunt ad plagam. Sharp- 
 ened arms, indeed, make a cut or wound, like a sword, two-edged and such like, but 
 wood and stones make bruises, circles and strokes, which cannot be adjudged to be a 
 wound. Bracton, fol. I44i5. Also called Arma emolita. Fleta, lib. i, c. 33, § 6. 
 
 Arma mutare. To change arms. A ceremony observed in confirmation of a league or 
 friendship. Blount. 
 
 Arma reversata. Reversed arms ; arms turned around. Cornell. 
 
 When a knight was convicted of treason or felony, among the punishments inflicted was 
 to reverse his arms. Thus of Hugh Spencer : Prima vestierunt eum uno vestimento, cum 
 armis suis reversatis, — first they arranged him in a robe, with his arms reversed. Knighton. 
 
 * * * * Arma tenenti 
 Omnia dat, qui justa negat. — Lucanus. 
 He who refuses what is just (denies justice), grants every thing to his opponent when 
 armed. 
 
 Armamenta, orum, «. Implements or utensils for any purpose, but especially the 
 tackel of a ship {armamenta ndvis) ; e. g. sails, cables, etc. Plautus, Marc, i, 2, 62 ; id. ib. 
 80 ; Cicero, Arat. 197 ; Ovid, M. xi, 456 et al. Sometimes the sails are excepted. Caes. 
 .5. C iii, 14 ; Livy, xxxvi, 44. Armamenta vinearum, — supports or props of vines. Pliny, 
 xviii, II, 29, n. 2. 
 188 
 
Arm.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arm. 
 
 Armamentarium, ii» «. [armamenium.] An arsenal ; armory. Cicero, J!a6. Perd. 
 
 Adda et H'rculeos arcus, hasiatnque Minervae, 
 
 Quincquid habent teloretn armamentaria coeti. — Juvenal, .S"/!/. xiii, 82. 
 He adds the bow of Hercules, Minerva's spear and whatever of weapons that the arsenals [or armor- 
 ies] of Heaven hold. 
 
 (6.) The tackel of a ship. Puny, vii, 37, 38. 
 
 Armarium, ii, »■ \arma^ A closet, chest, or safe for food, clothing, money, etc.; c. g. 
 
 Quum asset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse numorum aliquantum et auri, 
 noctu duos conservos dorimentes occidit in pascinamque dejecit, ipse armarii fundum 
 exsecuit, et auri, etc. Cicero, Clu. 64 ; id, Verr. ii, 4, 12 ; Paulus, Dig. xxxiii, 10, fr. 3, § 2. 
 
 Armata dolis mens. A mind armed, equipped with frauds, deceits. Silius, i, 183. 
 
 Armata dolis mens gerit. He bears about with him a mind armed with frauds, deceits. Id. 
 
 Armata vis. Armed force. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16, 3. v. Vis armata. 
 
 Armatura, 3e, /. [arma.] A kind of armor; equipment. Anndiura varia peditaias et 
 equitatus. CiCERO, Fam. vii, I, 2. Meton., The armed soldiers themselves. Cicero, 
 Phil. A, 6 fin. An exercise of arms ; the use of weapons. Town's PI. 217, 228. 
 
 ArmatUS, **. um. Pa. [-|- armo, armare.] Armed, equipped, fitted with armor. Also 
 subst.: Armdtus, i, m. An armed man; a soldier. Cicero, Caec. xxi, 60; Lucretius, 
 ii, 630; id. lb. 637; Pliny, xi, 37. 45. Meton. : Armata anni, — warlike )'ears, i. e. years 
 spent in war. Silius, xi, 591; Cicero, Caec. xxi, 61. Trop.; Armed, equipped, fur- 
 nished, etc. Cicero, Phil, vii, 9, 26. Nugis armdtus, — armed with nonsense; equipped 
 with silly things, idle speeches, trifles. Horace, Ep. i, 18, 16. 
 
 ARMATOS non utique eos intelligere debemus, qui tela habuertint, sed etiatn quid 
 aliud, quod nocere potest. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 6, fr. g. We ought not 
 only to consider those armed (fitted with armor), who shall have carried (shall 
 bear) missil weapons, but also any one else who has the power to injure another. 
 
 Armeutum, i, ». (old form armenta.) Cattle for plowing, and collectively a herd, — on 
 ^)^G contTzry, j'umentum -\- jugtwi, — draught cattle. Boves viagis armentorum, quani 
 iumentorum generis appellantur. Pomponius, Dig. L, it, fr. 89. 
 
 Armiger era, erum, adj. [-)- arma, arms, and gero, gerere, to bear.] (a.) Bearing arms ; 
 armed; warlike. Att. in Cicero, Fain, vii, 33. (6.) An armor-bearer; a shield-bearer; a 
 female armor-bearer (this is the prevailing signification of the term). 
 
 ^ r wz zV^ r , quia arma gerat. Isidorus, Crz>-. x, § 6. Armiger, because he bears arms. 
 
 Armiger (masc.) Plautus, M. v, 2, 11 ; id. Casin. prol. 55 ; Juvenal, Sat. i, 92. An 
 attendant, companion, adherent. Cicero, Doiit. v et al.; Armigeta (fem.) Ovid, M. iii, 165 ; 
 id. ib. 619. 
 
 In Feudal and old English Law: One who bears arms; an armor-bearer or 
 shield-bearer. Spelman. Armiger: qui arma gerit, — an esquire : one who bears arms, or 
 coat-armor (v. Esquire'). A title of dignity belonging to such gentlemen as "bear 
 arms " and these either by courtesy, as sons of noblemen, eldest sons of knights, etc., 
 or by creation {v. Arma capere and Arma dare). The term "Armiger" was also formerly 
 applied to the higher servants in convents. Paroch. Antiq. 576. Ancient writers and chro- 
 nologers make mention of some who were called Armigeri, whose office it was to carry the 
 shield of some nobleman. These were accounted next in order to knights. 
 
 An esquire ; a knight's attendant. Spelman. A species of feudal tenant ; a tenant per 
 servitium scuti. v. i Bl. Com. 310; 2 id. 74. v. Scutagium. The armigeri were servants 
 who followed their masters with their shields and other arms when they went to fight. 
 Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Armiseri natalitii. Descendants of an armiger. I Bl. Com. 406 : Broom &= Had. Com. 
 
 i, 489. 
 
 Armilustrum. — L. Lat. A showing of armor; military training. Town's PI. 215. 
 
 Armi-BOteUS entis, fli^'. \arma-potens^ Powerful in arms, valiant, warlike. Lucretius, 
 i 34; Virgil, A. ix, 717; Ulpianus, Dig. L, 15, /;-. i. Whence: Arml-potcntia, ae, /. 
 Power in arms ; valor. Ann. xviii, 5. Armi-sonus, a, um. {arma-sono.^ Resounding with 
 arms. Virgil, A. iii, 544- 
 
 Armd are, l, v. a. To furnish with weapons \ai'ma\ ; to arm, equip ; Cicero, Caec 12 ; 
 Cicero Att. 3, 12, A. To furnish with something needful, esp. with the munitions of 
 war • to fit out ; to equip. C/esar, B.G.v,i. Whence, Armatus, a, um. q. v. 
 
Am.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arr. 
 
 Trop. : (a.) To arm, equip, furnish. Cicero, Mil. i ; «V. C/«. 67 ; Caec. in id. Fam. 
 vi, 7 et al. Nuges armatus, — armed with nonsense. Horace, Ep. i, 18, 16. Armata dolis 
 mens, — a mind armed with deceits or frauds. SiLius, i, 183 ; id. xi, 6 ; xv, 682. (6.) Quasi, 
 to bring into the harness ; to excite, to stir up. LiVY, iv, 6; id. iii, 57 ; Ovid, M. vii, 347; 
 Virgil, A. x, 398. 
 
 ARMORUM appellatio non uHque tantum scuta, et gladios, et galeas significat, 
 sed et ft(stes, et lapides. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 41. The appellation of 
 arms signifies not only all shields, swords and helmets, but also clubs and 
 stones, Justinian states it in this form, i. e., 
 
 ARMORUM appellatione non solimi scuta et gladios et galeas significari intelligi- 
 7nus, sed et fustes, et lapides. Justinian. Inst, iv, 15, § 6. Under the 
 term arms we understand not only shields, swords and helmets, but also clubs 
 and stones. 
 
 Lord Coke adopted this rule of the Civil Law, and expressed it : 
 
 ARMORUM appellatione, non soliim scuta et gladii et galeae, sed et fustes, et 
 lapides continentur. Under the name of arms are included not only 
 shields, and swords, and helmets, but also clubs and stones. Co. Litt. 162. 
 
 AnUUin, — L. Lat. A weapon. Armum molutum, — a sharp weapon. Bracton,io\%. i^^i, 
 145. u. Anna moluta. 
 
 Arra,, ArrSie, ^= Arrha, v. h. v. sq. Arrabo, v. Arrhabo. 
 
 Arraiamentum, — L. Lat. \arrairare.\ In Old English Law: An arranging or 
 array; the array. Co. Lilt. 157a, 2550/ 3 Bl. Com, 359. Calumpniavit arraiamentum, q. v. 
 
 Arraiare, — L. Lat. To array; to sit in order. Arraiatus, — arrayed. Town's PI. 21 i. 
 Arraiatio feditutn, — an arraying of foot soldiers. Cowell. Modo querrino arraita, q. v. 
 
 Arraiatores, — L. Lat. Arrayers; commissioners of array. 
 
 In Old English Law: Officers who had care of the soldiers' armor, and to see them 
 duly accoutred in their kinds. Stat. 12 Rich. II. c. 6 ; Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Arrainare, Arranare, Araunare.— L. Lat. In Old English Law: To arraign; 
 to order, or sit in order ; to conduct in an orderly manner ; to prosecute, institute or bring. 
 Reg. Orig. 33, 198, 205 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 5, § 7 ; id. lib. iv, c. 9, § i ; Litt. 3, 442 ; Co. Litt. 
 2b2bj- 3 Mod. 273. 
 
 In Criminal Law: To call a man to answer in form of law. To arraign a pris- 
 oner is to call him to the bar of the court to answer the matter charged against him in an 
 indictment. 4 Bl. Com. 322; -2 Hale's P. C. 216. Lord CoKE calls it to take order 
 that he appear, and for the certainty of the person, to hold up his hand and to plead a suffi- 
 cient plea to the indictment, etc. Co. Litt. 2630. The term arraign is applied also to 
 the old criminal proceedings by appeal, v. \ Salk. 60; W. Bl. 713; 5 Burr. 2643. 
 
 Arrectis auribus. — Lat. With erect ears, i. e. with attentive ears. 
 
 Arrentare. — L. Lat. [-j- L. Fr. arenter, -\-a, at, and rente, a payment or rent.] To rate 
 or assess. Stat. Marlbr. c. 11. To let at a certain sum or rent ; to rent ; to arrent. " The 
 victor might at his pleasure give, sell or arrent." Hale's Hist. Com. Laio, 98. 
 
 Arrentatio. — L. Lat. A renting or rent. Reg. Orig. 252, 258. 
 
 In the Forest Law: An arrentation ; the licensing an owner of lands in a forest 
 to inclose them with a low hedge and a small ditch, under a yearly rent. Ordin. Forest; 
 Reg. Orig. 2STb. "Arrentation" is used by Lord Bacon, JVoris, iv, 2SS. 2s6. 
 
 Arrestandis bonis ne dissipentu r.— L. Lat. For arresting or attaching goods lest 
 they shall be dissipated, squandered, v. Breve de arrestandis bonis ne dissipentur. , 
 
 ArrestandO ipsum qui pecuniam recepit. — l.. Lat. For the arresting of one 
 who has taken (received) the (king's prest) money, v. Breve de arrestando ipsum qui pecu- 
 niam recepit. 
 
 Arrestum jurisdictionis fundandae causd.— L. Lat. An arrestment for the 
 sake of establishing or founding jurisdiction. 
 
 IQO 
 
Arr.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arr. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A process to bring a foreigner within the jurisdiction of the courts 
 of Scotland ; because a foreigner owes no obedience to the decision of these courts, and 
 therefore, unless his person or effects be within such jurisdiction, a judgment of such court 
 would be ineffective. This arrestment, or process of attachment, attaches the person 
 of a foreigner or arrests his goods, and these will not be released except by finding security 
 (cautio) that the foreigner shall appear at all diets of court. Scotch Law; Erskine's Inst, i, i, 
 g ig ; HalkerstofC s Terms and Phrases, 6. 
 
 Arrestare, Arestare. — L. Lat. In Old English Law: (a,) To arrest ; to take 
 or seize a person. (6.) To take or seize a chattel, as a vessel, etc. v. Navem arrestatem, etc. 
 Reg. Orig. 105 ; T. Raym. 490. To seize a horse, ox or cow. Reg. Orig. 94, 102. Arrestare 
 bona, — to arrest the goods. Clarke's Prax. Cur, Adm. tit. 24. ^Arrestari et imprisonari, — to 
 be arrested and imprisoned. Reg. Orig. 134^. Arestentur corpora eorum, — their bodies shall 
 be arrested. Stat. Westm. II. c. 11. 
 
 In practice: To stop or stay by authority of law. To stop or detain a person and 
 restrain his liberty until, etc. To stop or stay a legal proceeding, a judgment, etc. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 393; 2 Tidd's Pr. 918. To take, seize and. subject a person to the operation of legal 
 proceedings, etc. To take or seize property. Erskine's Inst. b. iii, tit. 6. v. Attachiamentum. 
 
 Arrestatio, — L. Lat. \Ar c^i'^estare^ In practice: The act of stopping or staying a 
 person or proceeding by authority of law ; arrestment ; an arrest. 
 
 "Arrest is the beginning of imprisonment, when a man is first taken and restrained of 
 his liberty by power of lawful warrant." 2 Shep. Abr. 299. As to what will constitute a 
 sufficient seizure or arrest, v. 3 Bl. Com. 288 ; 1 Tidd's Pr. 219 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 
 381-388; I Wend. R. 21a, 11%; , United States Dig. 'Arrest.' Arrestatio navium, — arrest- 
 ment of ships. Leccem. de Jur. Mar. lib. iii, c. 5. 
 
 Arresto facto super bonis mercatornm alienagenorum. — L. Lat. For mak- 
 ing arrest or seizure of the goods of foreign merchants. 
 
 In English Law: The name of a writ which lays against the goods of aliens found 
 within the kingdom, in recompense of goods taken from a denizen in a foreign country, after 
 a denial of restitution. Reg. Orig. 129. v. Breve de ar'esto facto, etc. 
 
 The Roman Civilians called it clarigatio, but by the moderns it is termed reprisalia. 
 
 Arrha, ae,/, and Arrhabo, Onis, m. [=Gr. appaftoov, to give security.] The money 
 given to ratify a contract ; earnest-money ; a part of the purchase-money ; a pledge. 
 Plautus, Most, iii, i, 115 ; id. Rud. prol. 43 et al. Also shortened in rabo. Plautus, True. 
 iii, 2, 20 sq. V. AuLUS Gellius, Noct. Alt. xvii, 2, 21 , Justinian. Cod. iv, 45, 2. 
 
 Interest autem in loquendi u.su inter //^«« J .et arrant. Nam planus est, quod datur propter cred- 
 itam quae dum redditur, statim pignus aufertur. Arr a ver6, quae primum pro re bonae fidei contractu 
 empta, ex parte datur, et postea completur. Est enira arra complenda, non auferenda ; inde qui habet 
 arr am, non reddet sicut pignus, sed desiderat plenltudinem ; et dicta arra & re, pro qua traditur. Isi- 
 DORUS, Orig. V, 25, §§ 20, 21. 
 
 There is a difiference, however, in the use of speech {i. c. in the manner of using terms) between pledge 
 and earnest. For a pledge is what is given on account of credit, which when it is returned, the pledge is 
 immediately taken away. But earnest-money (arrha), which is first given in part for a thing purchased in 
 good faith, is afterward completed. For earnest-money is to be fulfilled, not to be taken away; hence he 
 who has earnest-money should not return it as a pledge, but require its fullness, i. e. the price of the thing; 
 and it is called earnest-money {arra) from the thing (a r^) for which it is given. 
 
 T r o p . -. Arrhabo amoris, — a pledge of affection, love. Plautus, Mil. iv, i, 11. 
 
 Venantius Fortunatus, a modern Latin poet, calls the death of Christ arrham salu- 
 tis, — the earnest-penny of salvation. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Earnest; the 'earnest-penny' or valuable thing given as evi- 
 dence of a complete bargain; proof of the bargain, or for the purpose of evidencing the 
 contract of purchase and sale. Justinian. /kj/. iii, 24 /r. Quod saepe arrhae nomine 
 pro emptio datur, etc. Gaius, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 35; i Bl. Com. 447; I Kent's Com. 495, 
 notes ; McCulloch's Com. Diet. 
 
 In some kinds of contracts the parties make frequent use of the so-called arrha (earnest-money) ; by which 
 is understood a sum given at once by one contracting party to the other for the further confirmation of the 
 transaction whether it be done before or after the transaction is fully completed. In the first case, 
 either party ij still at liberty to withdraw from the transaction : if this be done by the giver of the arrha, he 
 loses what he gave ; whereas if the receiver withdraws, he must restore double the amount of what he received. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, 23 fr.: id. Cod. iv, 21, const. 17; Pothier, Cont. de Vent. n. 498. v. Emptio et venditia 
 conirahitur, etc., where these rules are stated. If the transaction be dissolved by the consent of both parties, 
 ■Caa arrha is to be returned. (Jlpian. Big. xix, i,/r. 11, §6; Justinian. Cod.iv, 45, const. 2; v, 1, const. 3. 
 In the second case, as a general rule, neither of the contracting parties is at liberty to withdraw without 
 the consent of the other (Justinian. Cod. iv, 44, const. 3 ; id. ih. iv, 45, 2), unless the earnest was given with 
 
 191 
 
Arr.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Arr. 
 
 the express understanding that the party should be allowed to withdraw by simply forfeiting the same (s. c. 
 arrha ^oenitentialis), and then the giver may withdraw by resigning it, or the receiver by restoring double 
 the amount, Justinian. Cod. iv, 44, const. 6 ; i Mackeld. Civil Law, § 178. 
 
 As to the rules ofthe Common Law: v. Bracion, fol, 61^, g i; Fleta, ii, c. 58, §§ 2-3 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 447 ; Lord Holt, a Salk, 113 ; 3 Camp, 436; 3 Parsons on Cont. 51 sq. and cases ; 2 Kenfs Com. 389. 
 
 In the Law of Scotland; Earnest which is given and received in evidence of a finished bargain. 
 Erskine^ s Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 5 
 
 Arrha spousalitia, A betrothal gift, i. e. earnest-money or evidence of the contract 
 of espousals. Justin. Cod. v, tit. i ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 551, 
 ed. 1883, A pledge or earnest of marriage — given by the bridegroom to the bride. 
 
 Arrha mortis. Earnest-money or pledge of death. 
 
 Pliny,' sarcastically, so called the money given to physicians. Pliny, xxix, i, 8. 
 
 Arrhabo (also Arrabo), Snis, /. [-)- Gr, apfialSoov, to give security.] Earnest-penny ; 
 money given to bind a bargain. Grotius, de Jut. Bell, ac Pac. ii, c. 12, § 15 ; Erskine's Inst. 
 i'ij 3. § 5- A pledge, security, Gellius, xvii, 2, 21, v. Arrhabo amoris, under arrha. 
 
 Arrabo dicta, quasi > arr /r bona. Quod enim datur pro conjugio, benfe datur, quia coniugium bonum 
 est. Quod verb causi fornicationis, aut adulterii, malum est, idcirco arrabo non est. Dicta autem a rra 
 a re, pro qua traditur. Est emm arr a non solum sponsio conjugalis sed etiam pro qualibet promissare data, 
 ut compleatur. Isidorus, Orig. ix, 7, §§ 5-6. 
 
 It is called a pledge or security, as if it were a good pledge or security. For that which is given for or 
 on account of marriage is well given, because marriage is good. That, indeed, which is on account of forni- 
 cation or adultery is evil, therefore it is not a pledge or security. But it is called arra from the thing or sub- 
 ject-matter {re} for which it is delivered. For arra is not simply a conjugal engagement (pledge or security), 
 but is also given for any thing promised, so that it may (can) be completed. 
 
 Ciim tantus arrabo penes Sammies populi Romani esset, ^ A rrabonem^ dixit sescentos obsides et id 
 maluit, quam pignus dicerCj quoniam vis hujus vocabuli in ea sententia gravior acriorque est, Sed nunc 
 ^arrabo^ in sordidis verbis haberi coeptus ac multo videtur sordidius ^arra,"" quamque *arra^ quoque 
 veteres saepe dixerint et compluriens, Cato ap. Aulus Gellius, Ait. Noct. xvii, 2, 21. 
 
 When such a pledge {arrabo) was deposited by the Romans in the hands of the Samnites, He (Cato) called 
 the 600 hostages arrabo^ and chose that word in preference to pignus, because the power and force of this 
 word is here greater as well as more pointed : but arrhabo is now fallen into disuse, and arrha appears more 
 proper, and was frequently used by the ancients. 
 
 Arrlies. — Fr. =\^z.\.. Arrha. Earnest, pledge, evidences of a completed bargain. Jacob. 
 
 ARRIANUS ait : multum interesse, quaeras, utrum aliquis obligetur, an aliquis 
 liberetur. Ubi de obligando quaeritur, propensiores esse debere nos, si habea- 
 mus occasionem, ad negandum ; ubi de liberando, ex diverse, ut facilior sis ad lib- 
 erationem. Paulus, Z'z'f. xliv, 7,/r. 47. Arrianus says: It is very different 
 whether you may ask if a person may be obligated or liberated. When there is 
 a question of obligating we should be more inclined, if we have occasion, to the 
 negative ; when of liberating, on the other hand, you may (should) be more 
 favorable to liberation. Cited in 3 Kent's Com. 452, n. i. 
 
 Arribannum. — L. Lat. ^Herebannum, v. h. v. 
 
 Arrifer pens^e, — Fr, A mental reservation. = Lat. Retentio mentis. 
 
 A/rripere maledictum eac trivio aut ex scurt^artini aliquo convitio, — 
 Pro v. To pick up abusive expressions out of the streets {i. e. from the mob), or out of 
 some quarrel of buffoons. C\CES.o , pro Murena, v\, 13. 
 
 Arrivagium. — L. Lat. Arrivage; arrival. The place or port for ships and boats. 
 
 Arrivagium navinm et battellorum. The coming to a port of ships and boats. A 
 place of common resort of merchants and shipping. Hale de Jur. Mar. pars 2, c. 3. 
 
 ArrOgO, Sre, \,v.a. In the Civil Law; To ask or inquire of one; to question 
 him, Plautus, Rud. v, 2, 45 ; Gaius, Dig, 1, 7,/n 2, t. t. To take a homo sui juris in the 
 place of a child ; to adopt. Modestinus, Dig. i, 7, fr. i; Gaius, id. i, 7, fr. 2 ; Ulpianus, 
 id. \, T , fr, 22 et al. Whence transf.. To appropriate to one's self that which does not 
 belong to one; to claim as one's own, Cicero, Plane. I ; id. Ros. Com. 32 ; id. Brut. 85, 
 
 Arrogantia, ae, /, {-\-arrogans, appropriating something not one's own.] (a.) An 
 assuming; arrogance; conceitedness, Cicero, Div. in Caec. -^S, fin.; id. Brut. 81,282, 
 Hence also (6.) The proud, lordly bearing arising from a consciousness of real or sup- 
 192 
 
Arr.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ars. 
 
 posed superiority ; pride; haughtiness. LiVY, v, 8. Avaritia et arrogantia fraecipua vali- 
 dorum vitia, — arrogance and avarice, the never-failing vices of the strongest. Tacitus, // 
 i, 151. (c.) A pertinacity in one's demands ; obstinacy. LiVY, xxxvii, 56, _/f». 
 
 ArrOgatio (adr.), Onis, f. [-|- arrogo.'\ A taking to one's self. Hence, as a Jurid. 
 t. t.: The full adoption in the comitiis cunalis, in the presence of the pontifices, — later of 
 the emperor himself, of a homo sui juris in the place of a child, {v. Adoptio, and the author- 
 ities therq cited.) Dig. i, tit. 7; Justinian. Cod.vm. tit. 48 ; id. Inst, i, tit. 11; Brown, 
 Civil Law, 119; Mackeld. Civil Law, g§ 592-8, ed. 1883. 
 
 ^ A drogatio^ autem dicta, quia genus hoc in alienum familiam transitus per populi rogationem fit. Ejus 
 rogationis verba haec sunt : ^Velitis, jubeaiis , uii L. Valerius L. Titiotavijurelegeque 
 /iliHS siei , guam si ex eopatre matreque /a in i lias ejus natus esset , uii que ei viiae 
 necisque in euvi pot est as s i et , uti pair i en do filio est. Haeciiauiidixi,itavos 
 Quirt tes rogo.^ AuLUS Gellius, ..4//. iVor/. v, 19, 8-g. 
 
 It was called arrogatio, because this kind of removal into the family of another was by asking the people. 
 The form of this rogation was in these words : "Romans, you are desired to ordain that 
 Lucius Valerius should be declared the son of Lucius Titius, with the same legal 
 rights as if .born from a father and mother of that family; and that he should 
 have power of life and death over him as a father ought to have over his son. 
 "I desire you, O Romans, to grant what I have asked.'' 
 
 ARROGATIO dicitur, quia et is, qui adoptat rogatur, id est, interrogatur, an 
 velit euni, quem adoptaturus sit, justum sibi filium esse, et is qui adoptatur, an 
 id fieri patiatur et populus rogatur an id fieri jubeat. Gaius, Inst, i, § 99. It is 
 styled arrogation, for he who adopts is ro gated, i. e. is interrogated 
 whether he wishes him whom he is about to adopt to become his lawful son ; 
 and he who is adopted is rogated whether he submits to that being done ; 
 and the populus are rogated whether they order it to be done. v. Gaius, 
 Dig. i, 7, fr. 2; Ulpian. ib. fr. 17, § i; Justinian. Inst, i, 11, § i; id. ib. iii, 
 10, § 2 ; id. Cod. viii, 48, ' de Adoptionibus.' v. Adoptio. 
 
 ArrOgator, Sris, ;«. \arrogo.'\ He who takes or adopts one in the place of a child. 
 Gaius, Dig. i, 7, fr. 2 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 19 ; Modestinus, ib. fr. 40 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 11, 
 §§ I, 2, 3. 7'. Arrogatio. 
 
 Ars. — L. Fr. [-f-on/^r, to burn.] Burnt. Arsion. — L. Fr. Burning; arson. 
 
 Ars artis, /. — Lat. [Gr. Apoo, aprvoo, apETri,-\- apsir, to join, to fit together.] 
 Prim, signif.: Skill in joining something, combining, working at. etc. cf. Isidorus, 
 Orig. i, 1, §§ I, 2, 3 ; i, 5, § 2. (a.) Skill in bringing into existence any object of sense, 
 handicraft, trade, profession {rixvv)- Cicero, N. D. ii, 2, 2 ; id. Acad, ii, 7, fn.; id. Off. 
 ii, 3, 12 sq. (6.) A profession, art — as music, sculpture, painting, poetry, rnedicine, etc. 
 Cicero, de Or. iii, 32, 127 , id. Off. i, 42 ; id. Fam. iv, 3 ; e. g. with an adj. . 
 
 Ars dcsserendi, — the art of dialectics. CiCERO, de Or. ii, 38. Ars magica, — the magic art. 
 Virgil, A. iv, 493 ; Isidorus, Orig. v, 39, 7 ; xiv, 3, 12. Ars musica, — the musical art. 
 Pliny, ii, 25, 23. Ars rhetorica, — the art of or belonging to a rhetorician. Cicero, Fin. iv, 
 3,7. ' Ars Vivendi, — the art of living wisely. ClCERO. 
 
 (c.) Science ; knowledge. Cicero, (/^ On i, 3, 10 ; «</. ii. i, 41, 186. Ars juris civi lis,— 
 a knowledge of the civil law. Cicero, de Or. 1,42, igo. Vir bonus optimisque artibiis 
 cruditus,— 2L good man, highly skillful and accomplished in the arts. Nep. /i«. 12,4. 
 
 Melon.; (a.) A thing lying at the basis of any art or science. 
 
 A rs est praeceptio, quae dat certain viam rationemque faciendi aliquid. — art is a preconcep- 
 tion, which gives the true method and reason of doing any thing. Cicero, Her. i, i. 
 
 (6,) The knowledge, art, skill, workmanship, employed in affecting or working upon an 
 object. Cicero, Acad, ii, 14 fn.; Ovid. //. iii, 32 et al. (c.) I n c o n c r e t o : The object 
 itself artistically formed ; a work of art. Virgil. ^. v, 359; Horace, Orf. iv, 8, 5 ; id. Ep. 
 1,6,17. The muses. Phaedr. iii, prol. 19. Tran sf . from the m en t al to the m o ral : 
 The moral character of a man, so far as it is made known by actions, manner of acting, habit, 
 practice. Cicero, Manil. xiii ; id. Fin. ii,34, 115 ; id. Varr. ii, 4, 37 ; e.g., Animus insolens 
 malarum artium.— a. mind excessive 0?- arrogant of evil l.abits. Sal. Cat. iii, 4. 
 
 [25] 193 
 
Ars.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ars. 
 
 Hence also in abstr., in vialam partem, =Gr. Texvij for cunning, artifice, fraud, strat- 
 agem. Terrence. Heaut. ii, 3, 125 ; LiVY, ii, 51; id. iii, 35. 
 
 Ars est celare artem. — P ro v. True art is to conceal att. The lieight of an art is 
 to conceal the art — as in painting, sculpture, magic, etc. 
 
 AUS est philosophia vitae, de qua disserens adripere verba de foro non potest. Cicero, di Fin. 
 iii, 2. Philosophy is the art of life, and a man who is discussing that cannot borrow his 
 language from the forum. 
 
 ARS est sine arte, cujus principium est mentlri, medium laborare, et finis mendicdre. It is an 
 art without art, which has its beginning in falsehood, its middle in toil, and its end in poverty. 
 
 A definition of alchemy, or the vain search after the philosopher's stone. 
 
 Ars longa, vita b'revis. — A ph. Art is of long duration, while life is short. A 
 translation of Hippocrates, Apk. i. 
 
 Vulgariter dicitur quod : 
 
 Ars non habet inimicutn nisi ignorantem. It is vulgarly said that : The 
 arts and sciences have no enemy but the ignorant <?;- unlearned/ 
 Fortesque, Le Laud. Leg. Angliae, v. 
 
 ARS_;f/ quod a teneris primuvi conjunquitur annis. That becomes an art which 
 is joined to us from our tender years. 3 Co. Inst. Epil. 
 
 Ars illi sua census erat. Cum, traderet artem, 
 'Accipe quas habeo, studii successor et heres,' 
 Dixit ' opes.' Moriensque mihi nil ille reliquit, 
 Praeter aquas. Unum hoc possum uppellare paternuni. 
 
 — Acoetes in Ovid, Metamorphoses, iii, ver. 588 sq. 
 
 His art was his estate (»?- his trade was his only possession). When he (my father) 
 gave that calling over to me, he said : ' Receive, as the successor and heir of my emplo}'- 
 ment, those riches which I possess ; ' and at his death he left me nothing but the streams. 
 This one thing alone (/. e. the calling of a fisherman) can I call my patrimony, w. Pufen- 
 DORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, vii, c. 6, § J^. 
 
 The painter reckons his art, and every mechanic the mystery of his calling, a kind of inheritance or fortune 
 to him, not as an earthly possession but as a free reward. For these advantages, though they do not fall under 
 property, yet are highly beneficial to the artisans who enjoy them. Vmi.o lavi.de Planiatione Noe,^. 
 224, c. ed. Paris. 
 
 Arsae et pensatae.— L- Lat. Burnt and weighed. (Applied to money melted and then 
 weighed to test its purity.) v, Arsura. 
 
 Arsio. — I- Lat. [+ ardere, to burn.] L. Fr. Arsion, Arsoun, Arson. =Engl. Arson. 
 = Lat. Jncendium or Combustio domorum. 
 
 In Criminal Law: Arson, a^araSfMifu, is the malicious and willful burning the house 
 or out-house of another man. 3 Co. Inst. 66 ; 4 Bl. Com. 220 ; i Hale's P. C. 567 ; Rus. &= 
 Ry. 207 ; 2 Pick. 320. It must be a malicious burning ; otherwise it is only a trespass, and 
 therefore no negligence or mischance amounts to it. cf. I Hale's P. C. 569 ; Hawkins, b. i 
 c- 39i § 5 ; 4 Bl. Com. 222 ; Broom (sf Had. Com. iv, 264 sq. The burning or consuming of 
 any part is sufficient to constitute arson (g Car. cV A 45 ; l6 Mass. 105 ; 5 Ired. (N. C.) 350)- 
 but a mere attempt to burn by setting fire to a house, unless it absolutely burns, is not suffi- 
 cient. Hawkins' P. C. b. i, c. 39; /\ Bl. Com. 222. v. 2 Russell on Crimes, 548-568 and 
 notes. The English statutes on this subject were revised and consolidated in 24 
 and 25 Vic. u. 97. v. Bl. Com. 220, Cooley's note (i); Broom &» Had. Com. 264 sq. 'WTait's 
 note (712). 
 
 In the United States the definition of the crime being in some of the states essen- 
 tially enlarged ; while in others various degrees of arson have been established, with corre- 
 sponding punishments. V. Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, zt(),^-j^ et seq.; I Parker's Crim R 
 560; ;/. 5'. /?;;?■. tit. 'Arson.' " ' 
 
 Arsure en le main, — L. Fr. Burning in the hand. 
 
 In old Criminal Law and practice; Burning with a hot iron on the brawn of 
 
 the left thumb ; a punishment formerly inflicted upon lay offenders who were allowed the 
 
 benefit of clergy, in order to distinguish their persons, so as to prevent their claiming that 
 
 privilege a second time. 4 Bl. Com. 367 ; 5 Co. sr. v. the form of judgment iri such cases: 
 
 194 
 
Art.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Art. 
 
 T. Raym. 370 ; 2 Show.'i&t; el v. i Salk. 61 ; T. Raym. 212 ; 2 Burr. 794; 12 jlf^it/. 448 ; 
 3 P. Wms. 451. 
 
 Arte Vel iugeuio. By artifice or inclination. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses. v. Law Tr. 320. 
 
 Artes SOrdidae. Low, base arts. Sordid, vulgar devices. 
 
 ARTEM vera ac falsa dijudicandi. The art of distinguisliing true things from the false. 
 Cicero. 
 
 ARTIBUS ingeniis, liberalibus, vel honestis. In ingenious, liberal and honorable science. 
 Cicero. 
 
 ArtiCTllatim, adv. (a.) Joint by joint, limb by limb ; piecemeal. Plautus, Epid. iii, 
 4, 52 ; Cicero, N. D. iii, 26, 67. (6.) T r o p . , of discourse : Properly divided ; hence, 
 clearly, distinctly, point by point. Var. L. L. x, 4, 179; Cicero, Leg. i, 13, 36. 
 
 Articnli. Articles, items or heads ; divisions of a written or printed work, etc. 
 
 Applied to various writings drawn up in an articulate form, i. e. under distinct heads or 
 divisions. Also to statutes and books having its provisions or parts expressed under dis- 
 tinct heads, v. Ariiculus. 
 
 Articuli Cleri. — L. Lat. Articles of the clergy. 
 
 The title of a statute passed 9 Edw. II. for the purpose of settling the great questions of 
 cognizance then existing between the ecclesiastical and temporal courts. Sixteen articles 
 were preferred by the clergy, and received from Parliament answers to each of them seriatim, 
 constituting the statute which hence derived its name. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 291. 
 Lord Coke has placed this statute entire, with a commentary upon it, in 2 Co. Inst. 599. 
 V. 2 ffo7v. State Tr. 131 ; Broom Gf Had. Com. i, 86. 
 
 Articuli de moneta, — L. Lat. Articles concerning money, or the currency. Stat. 20 
 Edw. I. ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 228 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 167. 
 
 Articuli Kagnae Chartae. Articles of Magna Charta. 
 
 These were the original articles or heads of agreement (consisting of forty-nine heads), at 
 the Congress of Runimede or Runingmede, upon which the charter of King John was 
 founded. This document was entitled Articuli Magnae Carti Libertatum sub sigillo Regis 
 Johannis, — articles of the Great Charter of Liberty under the seal of King John. It will be 
 found at length in Sir Wm. Blackstone's Mag. Char. v. Magna Charta. 
 
 Articuli super chartas, — L. Lat. Articles upon the charters. 
 
 A statute passed 28 Edw. I. st. 3, c. 19, confirming or enlarging many particulars of Magna 
 Charta, and the Charta de Foresta, and appointing a method for enforcing the observance of 
 them, and for the punishment of oifenders. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 103, 233-241. This 
 statute will be found, and commented on by Lord Coke, in 2 Co. Inst. 537 ; Barrington's 
 Obs. Stat. 182. V. 3 Bl, Com. 45, 260; Broom &• Had. Com. iii, 117. 
 
 Articulus, i, "I, 'ii»i- [artus, a joint.] Primary signification: A small member 
 connecting other members, a joint, knot, knuckle; e.g., nudi corf orum, qui vocantur artic- 
 uli. Pliny, xi, 37, 88. Trop., (a,) Of discourse: A member, part, division ; <r.^. 
 
 A riiculus diciiur, guuin singula verha- intervallis distingKuntur caesd oraiione, hoc tnodo : Acri- 
 monia, voce, vulta adversa,rios perterruisti. Cicero, ad Her. iv, ig. v. id, id. ii ; id. de Or. iii, ^Jin. 
 
 H e n c e , a short clause. Julian. Z"?^. xxxvi, i, /r. 27. A 1 s o , a single word. Pomp. 
 
 Dig. XXXV, I, fr. 4. 
 
 Ariiculus est Jiraeseniis temporis demonsiraiionem continet, — the single word est comprises a designa- 
 tion of the present time. Pompon. ZJz^. xxxiv, a:,,/?-, 34. Hoc articulo g uisque omnes significanttir, — in 
 this single word quisque every one, every kind, all are signified. Id. ib. xxviii, 5, fr. 29. 
 
 (6.) Of time: (a.) A point of time, a moment. Plaut. Men. i, 2. 31; Cicero, Quint- 
 V, 19. Inipsis temporumarticulis, — in the same moment of time. Pliny, ii, 97, 99. Also, 
 in articulo = statim, immediately. Justinian. Cod. i, 33, 3 ; id. ib. 34, 2. Hence, (/S.) A 
 space, a division of time. Pliny, xviii, 25, 59 1?/ a/. (c.)Of other abstract things: 
 Part, division, point. August, in Suet. Claud, iv ; Julian. Dig. i, 3, fr. 12. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An article or point. Reg. Orig. 200. A point or moment of 
 time; e. g.. In articulo mortis, — at the point of death. 1 fohns. R . 1S(). Inipso artic- 
 ulo temporis, — at the very nick or instant of time; at the most critical moment of time. 
 Cicero, pro P. Quint, v, 19 ; 3 Co. 28. v. In articulo. 
 
 Artifex icis, m. [ars-fado.] S u b s t . : (a.) One who is a master in the liberal arts ; 
 an artist, artificer. Cicero, Earn, v, 12; LiVY, xlii, 3. Trop., A master in anything; 
 in doing any thing. Cicero, Verr ii, 5> 7i I »"'• ^i"- ". 35- (&•) A master, originator, 
 author, contriver of a thing. CicuKO, Univ. 2 ; Pliny, ii, i, i. A 1 s o , a sly, cunning con- 
 
 19s 
 
Art.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Asc, 
 
 triver ; inventor of a thing. Virgil, A. ii, 125 ; td. ib xi, 407. As an adj.: (a.) A c t i v . , 
 Fitted for, skilled in a thing ; masterly, artistical, ingenious, dextrous. Suet. Cal. 32 ; id. 
 Tit. 7. (6.) Pass., Skillfully prepared or made ; artificial, ingenious. Pliny, x, 29, 63; 
 id. xii, 25, 54; Pers. v, 40. Artif ex stilus^ — an artistic style. Cicero, Brut, xxv, 96. 
 
 ^^7V'^-£'-^(plur. artifices) ad corrumpendufti judicium, A master (or masters) in corrupt- 
 ing the court. Cicero, Verr, ii, 6, 71. 
 
 Artifecc etparticeps. The contriver and partner or participant. 
 
 Artificialis, e, adj, [artifidum,'] Of or belonging to art ; artificial ; according to the 
 rules of art. Quint,; Cicero. Artificidlis ratio, — argumentation or reasoning according 
 to the rules of art. Quint, vi, 44. S u b s t . , Artificidlia, ium, n. That which is according 
 to the rules of art. Quint, i, 8, 14. Adv., Artificidliter, Id. ib, ii, 17. 42. 
 
 Artis ignorantia. Ignorance of an (or his) art. CiCERO, de Or. xxiv, note. 
 
 Artis magistra ftecessitas, — A ph. Necessity is the mistress of the arts. Pliny, 
 
 t/ie You9tger. 
 
 Magister artiS:, ingenique largitor Venter. Persius, Sat. i, -ia^pral. 
 
 Paupertas fecit ridiculus /orem^ etc, Plautus, Stick, 1, 3, 23. 
 Theocritus expressed this idea, and it became a Greek proverb: Aijuo? 5« ttoWtav -yi-yfeTai fiifioo-KaXo?. 
 Theocritus, xxi. Hunger is the teacher of many. 
 
 Artium Mag^ister, A Master of Arts. The highest college or university degree in arts. 
 It is usually abbreviated A. M. 
 
 Artium Baccalaureus. Bachelor of Arts. Abbreviated A. B. 
 
 Arva per annOS mutant. The arable lands are annually changed. Tacitus, M. G. c, 
 xxvi; Broom &f Had, Com, ii, 118, n. (f). 
 
 As, assis, m. [Gr. f/S, Dor. aii, Tarent. a5.] Lit., A unit; unity. 
 
 As a standard for diflFerent coins, weight, measure, etc., according to the duodecimal system, divided 
 into twelve parts, or unczas, the several multiples of which were known by different names, according to their 
 number. Thus an uncia (1-12); two unciae^ making one-sixth of the as, constituted what was called sextans 
 (2-12); three, making a quarter, were called quodrans (3-12); six, or one-half, se7nis (6-12); seven, sepiunx 
 {7-12); eight, or two-thirds, bes (8-12); nine, or three-fourths, dodrans (9-12); ten, dextrans (10-12); and 
 eleven, dem (11-12), The uncia was, as an integral, again divided into smaller parts. 
 
 As a copper coin: The as was the unit of the Roman currency, and was, according to the custom of 
 the earliest antiquity of weighing money, originally a pound {asses libres or aes grave, the old heavy coin) ; 
 of the value of about one to two cents of our coin, and was aes rude^— rude or uncoined metal — until Servius 
 TuUius stamped it with images of animals {\\Qnce^ ^ecunia, from pecus), Varr. R. R. ii, 1,9; Pliny, 
 xxxiii, 3, 13. 
 
 In the first, and again in the second Punic war (as a means to meet the scarcity of money), the /ij 
 was reduced to one ounce. Hence, asses unciales. Finally the Lex Papiria (B. C. 191) reduced the as 
 to half an ounce, = 1-24 of a pound, which continued as a standard even under the emperors, the last of whom 
 was Justinianus in the sixth century of the Christian Era. In all these reductions, however, the names of coins 
 remained without regard to the weight of the as, it being deemed of the same value as the original aes grave, 
 Adams' Rom, Aniig. 408, 534, Am. ed. 
 
 Hence, any integral sum, quantity or thing subject to division in certain proportions. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law: In inheritances and other money matters, where a division 
 was made, the as, with its several parts, was used as designations of the portions ; the inheritance in assam — 
 in all, entirely, completely — being termed as, and its several proportionate parts, sextans, quodrans^ etc., as 
 above explained ; though it was not necessary that it should always be divided into twelve parts, Ulpianus, 
 Uz^. xxviil, s./r. 50, § 2; Marc. ib. xxxiv, 9, yr. 2; Proculus, /i. xvii, 2, yv. 76; Suet. Caes. 83; Cicero, 
 Caec. vi, et Saep.: Justinian. Inst, ii, 14, § 5 ; Taylor's Civ. Law, 491-495; Heinecc. Elem.. Jur. Civ. lib. ii, 
 tit. 14, g 541. z>. Haeres ex, etc., and all under the same. 
 
 As a measure of extent: An acre. Columella, v, i. Afoot. Id. v^ 3. 
 
 e. g., Bessem fundi emere ab aliquo^— to purchase or obtain from another two-thirds of a farm or piece of 
 land. Julian. Dig. Quodrans et semissio fundi ^ — a quarter and from half of apiece of land. Paulus, Dig. 
 vi, I, 8 et at. Vendere fundum in assum, — to sell a farm or piece of land entire, or complete. Modestinus, 
 Dig. XX, 6^fr.<). Applied also to the price of land. Macer. Dig.W^ ^*fr. 5, § i. Also to shares in a partner- 
 ship. Proculus, Dig. xvii, 2,_/"r. 76. v. Taylor^s Civ. Law, 495, 496. 
 
 The term as, and the multiples of its unciae, above enumerated, were also employed to denote the rates of 
 interest. Lindley's Int. Jur. xcvi ; Gravina, Orig. Jur. Civ. lib. 2, § 47 ; 3 Bt. Com, 462, n. ini) . 
 
 AscendenS, entis, Pa. \_-\-ascendo, ascendere.'] Ascending ; i^. ^., Ascendente niachina, — 
 a machine for ascending ; a scaling-ladder. Vitr. x, 9. 
 196 
 
Asc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Asc. 
 
 In the Jurists; Ascendenies are the kindred in an ascending line; e. g. parents, 
 grand-parents, etc, (The opposite of descendentes, children, grand-children, etc.) Paulus, 
 Dig. xxiii, 2, fr. 68 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 141, ed. 1888 ; Tayloi's Civil Law. 539 et seq. 
 " Failing descendants, the succession goes to ascendants." Bell 's Diet.; 4 Kent's 
 Com. 397. V. Adscendentes. 
 
 Asceteria,Orum> »«. =Gr. a.6KrjTripia. A place of abode for ascetics; a hermitage. 
 Justinian. Cod. i, 3, 33. 
 
 Ascrib6, Sre, 3, v. a. To join to in writing ; to add to a writing. Ciceko, Q. Fr. ill, i, 
 3 ; id. Att. iii, 23 et al. Especially of superscriptions and inscriptions. Cicero, 
 Ver. ii, 3, 66 ; id. Agr. ii, 20 et al. if}.) T r o p . : (a.) To impute, ascribe, attribute to one 
 the cause of something. Cicero, Inv. i, 49 et al. (/J.) To place as it were to one's credit, 
 i. e. to settle, fix, designate, appoint. Puny, Ep. iv, 10. (x.) To apply, refer something to 
 one's self. Phard. iv, 3, 6. 2 t. t.: To enrol, to enter in a list (as citizen, soldier, etc.) 
 Cicero, ^nr/^. iv. w. Tac. A^. ii, 94 ; LivY, 31, 49 ^/ a/. Cc.)Trop.: (a:.) To reckon or 
 number in a class ; include among. Lucr. iv, 1183; Horace, Ep. i, 19, 4; id. Od. iii, 3, 
 35. (/S.) To add or join to. Cicero, de Or. ii, 66 ; id. Off. iii, 10, 45 ; id. Tuse. v, 22 et al. 
 
 Ascripticius (adscr.), a, um, adj. [ascribo, 2 t. t.l That is enrolled or received in any 
 community (as citizen, soldier, etc.) ; e. g,. Nova et ascriptieii cives, — citizens newly enrolled, 
 received or admitted. Cicero, N. D. iii, \^ fin.; Fest. p. 13^ Ascriptivus servi, — servants 
 who, as property, pass from one possession to another. Cod. xi, 47, const. 6, 21. v. Adscrip- 
 titius. 
 
 A dscriptitii veluti quidam script! dicebaatur, qui supplendis legionibus adscribebantur, Hos et 
 accensos dicebant, quod ad legionum censum essent adscripti. Quidam velaios, quia vestiti inermes 
 sequerentur exercitum. TAo^amiX^x /ereniarios, quod fundis lapidibusque proeliaturi ea mode ferrent, 
 quae ia hostes facerent. Alii rorariosy quod id genus hominum, antequam aciescoireut, in modum roran- 
 Us tempestatis dimicaret. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 13. 
 
 A dscriptitii were called, for instance, those who were ascripti (enrolled) to fill up vacancies in the 
 legions ; also called accensi (supernumeraries), because they had been set down, enrolled in the census. Some 
 writers called them velatos (veiled), for clothed, but without arms, they used to follow the army ; they were 
 called by sovaQ Jereniariz (slingers), because whep about to wage battle they slung with their slings stones in 
 such a manner as to strike, to hit the enemy. Other writers called them rorarii, i. e. dew-beaters, advance- 
 skirmishers, because this kind of soldier fought, skirmished like a sprinkling, drizzling fall of rain, before the 
 main lines of battle joined attack. [ F. J. M.] 
 
 In the Civil Law, whence the term is derived, it was written ajcrr^s^zVzV and a</jcrz>/z/zV, and applied 
 to coloni, or tenants, whose names were enrolled {adscripti) in the archives of the colony or district where 
 they resided. C<7^, xi, 47, 6,21. Also applied to citizens and soldiers who were enrolled or registered, v. 
 ante. 
 
 In old Englisii Law: ..^j-rn^AViV = a species of soke-man, or tenant in an ancient 
 demesne, described by Bracton, fols. ^afin., zoga. v. A dscriptitii glebae. 
 
 Ascriptio (ads.), 5nis,/. [-^^ ascribo.'] An addition in writing. Cicero, Cai?f. 33. 
 Ascriptivus, a, um, adj. [-\-ascribo, no. 2 t. <.] That is enrolled as a (supernumerary) 
 soldier. Varr. L. L. vii, 3, 92 ; Plautus, Men. i, 3, 2. v. Aseripticius. 
 
 Ascriptor (ads.), Sris, »<. \-\- ascribe, no. I.] He who willingly subscribes (his name). 
 Trop. , He who assents to, agrees to any thiilg; e.g., Ascriptores legis agrariae, — the 
 backers of the agrarian laws. Cicero, Agr. ii, g. Venalis asctiptor et sub script or tuus, — 
 your venal backer and seconder. Cicero, pro Dom. xix. 
 
 Ascriptus(ads.), a, um, i'or/. [-\- ascribo.] Enrolled, registered, etc. v. Adscriptus. 
 
 ASCIUL Asciins. — L. Fr. Any ; any one ; some. Ascun contracte est une, et sans gar- 
 nement, et ascun veslue, — one kind of contract is naked and without clothing, and another 
 kind is clothed. Britton, c. 22i. Ascun foils, — sometimes, 
 
 A SCXJ'i'i foils un releas prendra effect et urera promitter I'estate de celuy 
 que fist le release ci celuy h que le releas est fait. — L. Fr. Sometimes a release 
 shall take effect and enure to put the estate of him which makes the release, to 
 him to whom the release is made. Litt. § 305 ; i Bl. Com. 325. 
 
 As where one of two coparceners releases all his right to the other, this passes the fee- 
 simple of the whole estate, 2 Bl. Com. 224, 225. v. En ascun cas, un releas, urera de 
 m i 1 1 e r tout 1 e droit que it que fait le releas ad, a celuy ^ que le releas est fait. Litt. 
 % 306. V. Hale's Anal. § xxxv. v. Mitter I'estate. 
 
 197 
 
Asp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altuin. Nothing is more unendur- 
 able than a low-bred man when he attains an elevated station. Claudianus. = E n g 1 i s h 
 Proverb, ' Set a beggar on horseback,' etc. v. Purpurd indulus pauper, sui ipsius immemor 
 est, — a beggar clothed in purple is unmindful of himself. 
 
 Asphyxia. =Gr. a6cfnj%ici.. [+ a, priv., and 6q>vi,i'i, the pulse.] Lit., The state of 
 being without pulse ; asphyx'y; suspended animation. 
 
 That state in which there is a total suspension of the body and mind, produced by the non- 
 conversion of the venous blood of the lungs into arterial, causing interrupted respiration, 
 of. Dr. Thomas' Med. Diet.; Dunglison's Med. Diet. 
 
 Asportd, are, i, v. a. To bear, carry or take something awaj'. Aportatus, — carried away. 
 Asportavit, — he carried away. Bracton, fol. 167. 
 
 Asportatio, Onis, /. A carrying or taking away. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, iV)fin. 
 
 In the Common Law: Asportation; the carrying away of goods ; one of the cir- 
 cumstances requisite to constitute the offense of larceny. 4 Bl. Com. 231. To carry quite 
 away, i Stra. 634. Asportalor. — L. Lat. — one who carries away stolen goods. Fleta, lib. 
 i- c. 39, § 3. Asportavit. — he carried away. Sometimes as a noun, to denote a carrying 
 away. "An asportavit of personal chattels." Lord Loughborough, 2 H. Bl. 4. 
 
 Assaia, Assaya, — L. Lat. An assay or examination. Assaia mensuarum et ponderum, — 
 the assay of measures and weights. Reg. Orig. 280. Assisa et assaia panis, — the assise and 
 assay of bread. Cowell. 
 
 Assalire, — L. Lat. To assault. Feud. Lib. n, tit. 2^,% Z. ^^Adsallire. 
 
 AssaltUS. — L. Lat. An assault. LL. Edw. Conf. u. 12; Fleta, lib. i, t. 31, § 6 ; Feud. 
 Lib. ii, tit. 24, § 3. In the Feudists written also Assultus. In the old Common Law 
 writs Insultus (v. h. v.) 
 
 An assault is an unlawful setting upon one's person. Finch, Law, b. iii, ch. 9. An unlawful attempt or 
 offer to do, with force and violence, a corporeal hurt to another, without touching him ; as if one lifts up his 
 cane or his fist in a threatening manner at another ; or strikes at him but misses him, 3 Bt. Com. 120 ; 13 East, 
 I ; Broo-m &" Had. Cam. iii, 228, and see cases in Wait's note (484). Striking at one with or without a weapon, 
 or presenting a gun, etc. //aw^. P. C b, i, ch. 62, §§ i, 2 ; Bacon^sAl'r. ^Assault,' A; PF/tarton's Am. Cr. 
 Law, 311 ; I Hilt^s (N . Y.) R. 351. A threat of violence exhibiting an intention to assault, and a present ability 
 to carry the threat into execution, will amount in law to an assault. 4 Car. &" P. 349 ; 9 /rf. 626 ; i Car. &' K. 
 S30 ; id. 257 ; ^ H. df N. 478; and see per Jarvis, C. J., 13 C. B. 850, 860, where various authorities upon this 
 subject are cited. But " if a sword is flourished at such a distance that it would be impossible to hurt any 
 person, it would not be an assault." Per Pollock, C. B., 29 Z. /. .fi'jc. 315 ; s. c, 5 H. &^ N. 534. ». 4 
 £j:cA. 744. If the person be actually touched, it is a battery (w. ^ff^i:£?-/a), for the law cannot draw the line 
 between different degrees of violence, and therefore totally prohibits the first and lowest stage of it. 3 Bt. 
 Com. 120. An assault, however, must be an act done against the will of the party assaulted — theplaintifiF 
 cannot be assaulted by his will or permission. t.z Q. B. ^yj; 2 H. fir' C. 146; 7 ^. 6^ G. 316; 2 
 C. 6= P. 957- 
 
 Assartare, Assertare. — L. Lat. To assert, or remove by the roots ; to clear land. 
 Assartare etin eulturam redigere, — to assart and reduce to cultivation. Jieg. Orig. 257. 
 
 Assa!rtllIIl. — L. Lat. Assart ; land cleared of its wood, and converted to tillage. Also 
 called Disbocatio. Assartatum, — assarted or cleared. 
 
 Assayator, — L. Lat. An assayer. Assayator regis, — the king's assayer. Cowell. 
 
 Assectatio, Onis, /. \assector.'\ An (assiduous, respectful) attendance (as that of clients, 
 etc.). Cicero, Mur. 34. Observation ; careful study. Pliny, ii, 20, 18 
 
 Assectator, Sris, m. He who is in attendance upon any one (as friend, servant, client, 
 etc.); one of a suite; an attendant. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 11. Trop., Of the adher- 
 ents of a doctrine or teacher: A disciple. Assectator sapientiae, i. e. philosophus, — 
 a disciple of wisdom, i. c a philosopher. Pliny, viii, 17, 21. Assectator eloquentiae, — a dis- 
 ciple of eloquence. Id. xxix, i, 5. 
 
 Assector (ads.), arl, I, v, dep. act. To attend one everywhere, with zeal, eagerness, etc. ; 
 to accompany, follow, be in attendance upon. Cicero, de Or. i, 56, 239 et al. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: Assectari feminam, — to follow a woman silently ; to follow or 
 accompany her constantly (considered as an injury). Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 15, § 22. 
 
 Assecuro (ads.), are. — L. Lat. To make secure ; to assure or secure by pledges, or any 
 solemn interposition of faith. Cowell; Spelman, Gloss. To confirm or establish. Reg. Orig. 
 lO'jb. V. Adsecurare. 
 198 
 
As&J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 AsseCliratio(ads.).— L. Lat. In the Law of Contracts: Assurance; a making 
 secure. Assecuration is used. Richardson's Diet. v. ■i Kent's Com. 2,(1^. 
 
 In old Maritime Law; Assurance or insurance of a vessel or cargo. Lucenius, 
 dejur. Mar. lib. ii, c. 5. (6,) A contract for the safe transportation of things for a certain 
 premium, v. Conventio de rebus, elc. (c.) A vo)'age insured, v. Jndependentur se habet.e,\.c. 
 
 Asseourator. — L. Lat. In Maritime Law: K-a \i\^\itex (aversor periculi). Lucen. 
 de Jur. Mar. lib. ii, c. 5, § 10. 
 
 ASSECURATOR, qui jam solvit aestimationem mercium deperditarum, si postea 
 dictae sint, an possit cogere dominum accipiendas illas, et ad reddendum sibi 
 aestimationem quam dedit? Distingue/ Aut merces, vel aliqua pars ipsarum 
 appareant, et restitui possint, ante solutionem aestimationisj et tunc tenetur dominus 
 mercium illas recipere, et pro ilia parte mercium apparentium liber abitur assecurator ; 
 nam qui tenetur ad certam quantitatem respectu certae speciei dando ilium, liberatur; 
 ut ibi probatur. Et etiam quia contractus assecurationis est conditionalis, scilicet si 
 merces deperdanturj non autem dicuntur perditae, si postea recuperantur. Verum 
 si merces non appareant in ilia pristina bonitate, aliter fit aestimatioj non in tan- 
 tum, sed prout hie valent. Aut verb post salutam aestimationem ab assecuratore, 
 compareant merces; et hinc est in electione mercium assecurati, vel recipere merces, 
 vel retinere pretium. An assurer who has already paid the value of the lost 
 merchandise, if afterward they may (should) be spoken [/. e. seen and recovered], 
 can he oblige the owner to accept them and return to him the value which he 
 has paid ? Mark ! Either the merchandise or some portion of the same should 
 be apparent and capable of being restored, before payment of the estimated 
 value of the same ; and then the owner of the merchandise is bound to receive 
 them, and for that part of the goods which is visible \i. e. forthcoming] the 
 assurer shall be discharged ; for one who is held to a certain quantity in respect 
 of a certain species or particular thing given him, is (shall be) discharged or 
 exonerated ; as is elsewhere (everywhere) proved. And further because the 
 contract of the assurer is conditional, to-wit, if the goods are lost , but they are 
 not called {or considered) lost or destroyed if they are afterward recovered. 
 Yet if the merchandise shall not be visible [/. e. forthcoming] in their pristine 
 excellence or original worth, and the estimation is made ; not for so much or so 
 high a rate, but they shall avail according to the present, i. e. for what they are 
 worth at the present time. But in truth after payment of the valuation by the 
 assurer the goods shall appear ; it is in that case at the election of the insurer 
 either to receive the goods or retain the price. 
 
 Assem habeas, assem valeas. Your worth is estimated by your possessions. 
 Petronius, Sat. 77, 6. 
 
 Aliquem /ortunae filium reverentissime colere ac venerdri. AusT. 
 
 AssensiO (ads.), Dnis,/. \assentior.'\ An assent, agreement, approbation, applause (esp. 
 in rhetor, and philos. lang.). Cicero, Brut, xxx, 114; id. Inv. i, 31; id. ib. 84, 290. 
 
 In Philosophical Languag.e: An assent as the reality of sensible appearances. 
 Cicero, Acad, ii, 12 : id. Fat. xvii. (v. the passage.) 
 
 AssenSOr (ads.), Oris, »/. [assenlior^ He who assents to or agrees with any one. Cicero. 
 
 AssensUS (ads.), as, ?«. [id.] An assent, agreement, approbation. Cicero, TV. D. ii, 
 2 ; id. Brut, c^qjin.; Pliny, Pan. Ixxii ; id. Ep. vii, 6, 13 et al. ; I Bl. Com. 184. 
 
 In Philosophical Language, XxVe assensio: An admission of the reality of sen- 
 sible appearances. CiCERO, Acad, ii, 18, 57; id. ii. % 59; id. ib. xxx, fin.; id. Fin. iii, 9, 
 ■ii et al. Poet: The re-echoing of sound ; echo. Virgil, G. iii, 45 ; id. Actt. vii, 615. 
 
 Assentatio (ads.), Onis, /. {assentor.l A flattering assent, approbation ; flattery, adula- 
 tion. Plautus, Bac. iii, 3, 7 ; Cicero, Lael xxv ; ib. § 94. 
 
 199 
 
Ass.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 ASSENTA TIO non modo amico, sed ne libera quidem digna est. Flattery is not only not 
 worthy of a friend, but not even of a freeman. Cicero. 
 
 In a good sense: Approbation, assent. Ve/.u,i2,8; Petr. 5, 17. Whence 
 
 Assentator (ads.), Oris, /«. [assen/or.] One who assents flatteringly ; a flatterer. Cicero, 
 Zae/. xxvi, g8 ; id. Off. i, 14 et al. Trop., One who connives at. Tert. Adv. Henn. 10. 
 
 Assentatrix (ads.), icis, /. \ib.\ A female flatterer. Plautus, j?/oj-<. i, 3, 100. 
 
 AssentiO (ads.), v. the following. 
 
 Assentior (ads.), in, ». depon. [-\-ad, and seniio.] To join one's self to anyone with 
 judgment; hence, to assent to, approve, give assent. Cicero, (ii? 0?-. i, 49, 214 ; id. Acad. 
 ii, 21 et al. 
 
 Assentor (ads.), arl, I, V. intens. To join one's self to another in judgment or opinion ; 
 hence, to fully assent to ; to acknowledge one as right in every thing ; to flatter zealously 
 or much. Plautus, An. ii, 2, 70; CiCERO, Lael, xxvi, 99 et al. 
 
 Assertare, — L. Lat. To assart. Assertatum, — assarted. Reg. Orig. 257. Assertare et 
 in culturam redigere, — to assart and reduce to cultivation. Id. 
 
 Assero (ads.), ere, 3, ?/. «. Lit. , To join; fasten some person or thing to one's self. 
 
 As a Juridical i.t.: To declare one (a slave) to be free by taking hold of him with 
 the hand ; to set free; to liberate. Vi.viA.ii. Dig. xlvii, 10, /r. 11 Jin. j Saturn. Dig. xl, 
 14, fr. 2 ; Var. L. L. vi, 7, 68 ; Adams' Antiq. i, § 322. To declare one to be a slave by 
 laying the hand upon him. LiVY, iii, 44; id. xxxiv, 18 ; Adams' Antiq. supra. 
 
 Transferred from Juridical Language to common life: To free from ; 
 to protect ; defend. Pliny, Ep. ii, 10, 4 ; id. ib. iii, 5, 9 et al. To appropriate something 
 to one's self ; to claim ; to declare it one's own possession. Ovid, M. i, 462 ; id. ib. 761 ; 
 QuiNTiLlAN, xii, I, 20; id. ix, 3, 64 et al. 
 
 In general: To relate, affirm, assert, declare. Quintilian, jO^c/. vii, 6 «^ a/. 
 
 Assertio (ads.), onis, y. A judicial (or formal) declaration that one is a freeman, or a 
 slave. Assertio tarn h servitute in libertatem quam h libertate in servitium trahi signijicat^ — 
 assertio signifies that I have drawn as well from servitude to freedom, as from freedom to 
 servitude. Pliny, Ep. x, 72 fin. (6.) An assertion. Arn. i, p. 18 ; id. p. 4, 141. 
 
 Assertor (ads.), oris, m. \assero^ One who (formally) asserts that another is free or a 
 slave, (a.) An assertor, restorer of liberty. Adams' Antiq. i, 322. Trop., a freer, pro- 
 tector, deliverer, advocate. LucR. iv, 214 ; Mart, i, 53, 5 ; id. i, 25 ; Macr. S. vii, 4. (6.) 
 He who claims or declares one to be a slave. LivY, iii, 46-47. Whence, Assertbrius, a, 
 um, adj. Pertaining to a restoration to freedom. Justinian. Cod. vii, 17, i. 
 
 Assessor (ads.), oris, »;. {assideo.^ He who sits by any person or thing; an assessor. 
 
 In Judicial Language: The assistant of a judge; assessor. Paulus, Dig. i, 
 22, //r, I, 5 ; Marcianus, ib.fr. 2; Macer. ib.fr. 3. 
 
 In the Civil Law: y^jjwwjrj were persons who sat with the Roman Praetor, or other 
 magistrate, for the purpose of assisting him with their advice in the decision of causes. 
 Paulus, Dig. i, 22, frr. 1-2 ; Cod. i, tit. 51 ; Cicero, de Orat. i, 37; Bell's Diet. 
 
 Assets. [+ Nor.-Fr. asseta, or Fr. \issez, asses, enough. =Lat. satis, sufficient.] The 
 property of a deceased person in the hands of an executor, administrator or heir, suffi- 
 cient (assez) to pay and discharge the debts and legacies of the testator, intestate or ancestor, 
 or some part thereof ; or sufficient to charge the executor, administrator or heir, i.e. 
 to make him liable to the extent of the property. Cowell; 2 Bl. Com. 244, 510 ; Shep. Touch. 
 496 ; 1 Story's Eq. Jur. § 531. 
 
 Assets entre mains. — L. Fr. Assets in hand, i. e. personal assets. 
 
 Assets in the hands of the executors or administrators applicable for the payment of debts. 
 Termes de la Ley; 2 Bl. Com. 510; Crabb's Real Prop. 23, § 31. " Executors must answer 
 all certain duties of the testator, having sufficient of his chattels, which we call assets entre 
 mains, to do it." Finch's Law, b. ii, c. 15. Money or some commodity or profit is called 
 personal assets. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Assets per descent- — L- Fr. Assets by descent, i. c. real assets. 
 
 Lands in the hands of an heir chargeable with the payment of the debts of the ancestor ; 
 otherwise called real assets. Co. Litt. yjofi; 2 B I. Com. 242-4, 340; Termes de la Ley; 
 2 Williatns' Exrs. loii. 
 
Ass.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 As-side6 (ads.), ere, sedl, sessum, 2, sv. ». \sedeo.^ In general: To sit by or near a 
 person or thing. Plautus, Rud. ii, 6, 48 ; Cicero, de Or. ii, 55. Trop. , To sit, stand or 
 be at one's side, as aid, attendant, protector. Cic. Verr. ii, 5, 43 et aU; HoR. Epod. i, ig. 
 
 In Juridical Language,/./..' To aid, assist one in the office of a judge ; to act 
 as an assessor; to perform the office of an assessor. Pavlvs, Z>i^. i, 22, /r. i; Mar- 
 CIANUS, ii. fr. 2 ; Macer. ib. fr. 3 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 5 et al. 
 
 In old English practice: To assess ; to fix, settle, define, determine, reduce to 
 a certainty, either in point of time, number, amount, quantity, quality, etc. Assidere, taxare 
 et levare, — to assess, tax and levy. Jfeg. Orig. 188; l Lord Raym. 147. Assiderunt et taxe- 
 ruttt, — they assessed and taxed. Keilw.%2>- Assidenda, — to be taxed. 1 Strange, 201. 
 
 ASSIDUO VINDEX ASSIDUUS ESTO. PrOLETARIO JAM CIVI, CUI QUIS VOLET 
 viNDEX ESTO. Lex XII. Tab. i, fr. 4. Only a rich man shall be surety 
 for a rich man (that he will appear and plead). But for a poor man, any surety 
 he pleases shall be sufficient. 
 
 He whose property is rated at 1,500 pieces of brass shall find a surety rated at not less 
 than 1,500 pieces ; he who is rated at less than 1,500 pieces (proletario') shall get what surety 
 he can. cf. Dirksen's T.ransl. p. 154. 
 
 ^ Adsiduus^^ in XII. tabulis pro locupleti et facile facienti dictus aut ab (assiduis, ab) aere dando, ctim 
 id tempora reipublicae postularent, aut a numeris pro familiari copia faciendi adsiduitate. Aulus Gellius, 
 Att. Nod. xvi, JO, 15. 
 
 Adsiduus (a surety), used in the Twelve Tables for a rich man, and one ready to contribute money when 
 the exigencies of the state demand it, or from his readiness to perform any duty incident to his station. 
 
 AssiduO, adv. Continually, constantl)', without intermission. Plautus, Sup. Assid- 
 
 uissime. Cicero, Brut, xci, 316. 
 
 Assidnus, i, m. \as-do.'] A tribute-payer {ab aere dando). 
 
 Applied to the upper and more wealthy classes, in opposition to ^roleiarii. — citizens of the lowest 
 classes, who benefit the state only by their progeny {proles), v. Cicero, Rep, ii, 22 ; Gellius, xvi, 10, 
 
 Locuples est assiduus, ui ait j^lius. appellaius ab asse dando, — a rich man is an assiduus, called 
 so, as ^lius says, from asse dando. Cicero, Topica. ii, fin. Assiduuni ai aere dando, — a.ssidans, 
 from giving money ( + aes and do). Quintilian, Inst, v, 10, 55. 
 
 Assiduus dicitur, qui in ea re, quam frequenter agit, quasi consedisse videatur. Alii assiduum 
 locupletem, quasi multorum assium dictum putarunt. Alii eum, qui sumptu proprio militabat, ab asse dando 
 vocatum existimarunt. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 9. 
 
 He is called assiduous who is, as it were, seated or settled down in whatever he frequently does. Some call 
 the rich man assiduous, because he is a man of many asses, coins, much money. Others apply the term to 
 one who soldiered, fought, on his own account or expense, from giving his money or coins (asses). \_ F. J. M .] 
 
 Assiduus (ads ), a, um, fli^'. [-\- assideo.] That is, dwells or stays continually somewhere; 
 pursues something constantly. Varr. Z. Z. vii, 5, 99 ; Cicero, freq. With the idea of 
 time: Continual, unremitting, perpetual, constant. Plautus; Cicero, very frequently. 
 
 ASSIGN ARE libertum, hoc est testificari, cujusex liberis libertum eum esse voluit. 
 MODESTINUS, Dig. L, 16, fr. 107. To assign a freedman: that is to testify 
 him to be the freedman of whom he has willed among his children, cf. Dig. 
 xxxviii, tit. 4, ' de Assignandis Libertisj' Justinian. Inst. iii. tit. 8, ' de Assigna- 
 tione Libertorum.' 
 
 AssignatiO (ads.), Onis, /. {assigno.\ In the Civil Law; A marking, showing, 
 assignment, allotment. Cicero, /"/^z/. vi, 5, 14 ; jV. iv,4,9; id. Fam. TM\,'i, 2; Vai.. Max. 
 iv, 3, n. 7; Ulpian. Dig. xxxviii, 4, fr. I sq. etal.; Justinian. Inst, iii, 9. 
 
 AssignatiO dotis. Assignment of dower. Bracton, fol. 314. 
 
 Assignator (ads.), Oris, OT. One who assigns ; an appointor. Ulp, Zli]?-. 38, 4, /?-. 3, § i. 
 
 Assignatas. Sj^assignare.l An assignee or assign. Town's PI. 2%. A person assigned 
 or appointed to a particular duty. Reg. Orig. (Ab. 
 
 ASSIGNATUS utiturjure auctoris. An assignee uses the right of his princi- 
 pal. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. S, § 10; Halkerston' s Max. p. 14. "An assignee 
 is clothed with the rights of his principal." Broom's Max. 450; i Exch. 32 ; 
 •L% Q. B. 878. " That which is assigned takes with it for its use the rights of the 
 assignor. " Wharton's Max. xii. 
 Read: "Aiictores " dicuntur, etc. 
 [26] 
 
Ass,J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 AssignO (ads.), are, I, If. a. — Lat. To designate, appoint to one, to assign; hence, 
 also, to communicate, give by assigning. Whence, transferred, in general: 
 
 In the Civil Law: To assign, impart something to some one; to confer upon. 
 Cicero, Alt. iii, ig _fin.; id. Rep. vi, 15 fin.; id. Verr. ii, 3, 25 ; LiVY, 42, 33 et al. To 
 assign, allot or appoint. Ulpian. Dig. xxxviii, 4, fr. i sq. et al. Assignare libertum, — to 
 assign a freedman to a particular child. Justinian. Inst, iii, 9 fr.; Modestinxjs, Dig. xvi, 
 fr. 107. V. Assignare libertum hoc est testificari, etc. T r o p . : To ascribe something to one 
 as proceeding from him ; to impute to as crime, guilt ; or to reckon to as service. Cicero, 
 Hoi). Post, X, 27 ; id. Brut: 19 ; id. Q. Fr. i, 4 ; Fam. vi, 7, 3 ; Alt. vi, i, 11 ; x, 4, 6 ; id. Vetr. 
 ii, 5, 50 ; LiVY, xxviii, 4, 7. (6.) To commit something to one to keep or take care of. 
 MoDESTiNus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 62, § 2 ; Ulpianus, Dig. iv, t),fr. 7. (c.) To make a mark 
 upon something ; to seal it, Subscribente et assignante domino, — by or in subscribing and 
 sealing to or for the master. Paulus, Dig. xlv, i, fr. 126 ; Scaev. ib. xxvi, 8, fr. 20. 
 Trop., Verbum in clausula positum assignatur auditori et infigitur, — a vpord placed 
 in a clause may be impressed upon the hearer, and it remains fixed. Quintilian, 
 ix, 4, 29. 
 
 ASSIGNETUR autem ei pro dote sua, tertia pars totius terrae mariti sui, quae 
 sua fuit in vita sua, nisi de suinori dotata fuerit ad ostium ecclesiae. But 
 there may be assigned to her for her dower the third part of the whole land 
 which belonged to the husband in his life-time, unless she were endowed of a 
 less quantity at the church door. Statute 9 Hen. III. c. 7 ; 2 Bl. Com. 134 (r). 
 
 Assimulanter (ads.), adv. In a similar manner. Nig. in NoN. 40, 25. 
 
 Assisa. — L. Lat. [L. Fr. assise, assis^ An assise, a session, v. Assize. 
 
 In old English and Scotch Law; A species of jury on inquest ; a certain num- 
 ber of men, usually twelve, summoned to try a cause, and who sat together for that purpose. 
 Called recognitio XII hominumjuratorum, — a recognition of twelve sworn men. Fleta, lib. 
 iv, c. I, § 7. V. Co. Litt. 153 ; 3 Bl. Com. 185. As to the origin and the reasons for the 
 establishment of assizes, v. Broom on C. L. 32, 33, and the citations ; et v. ib. p. 196. 
 
 (6.) A species of writ or real action. Litt. § 234 ; 3 Bl. Com. 184, 185. v. Assisa novae 
 disseysina, et al. infra. The proceedings in court upon a writ of assise. Co. Litt.i^cjl). The 
 verdict or finding of the jury in a writ of assise. 3 Bl. Com. 57, 59, 352. (c.) A court or 
 sittings of a court. Heg. Orig. 1961'v Bracton, fol. 179. A court turned into a jury; e.g. 
 
 Vertitur assiza injuratavi, — the assise is turned into a jury. Bracton, fol. 210S; Fleta, \ib. iw, c. 16; 
 3 5/. Cow. 402, Videndum erit zitruni Assz'sa capiatur in Tnodum assisae vet in modum juratae, — it 
 must be considered whether the assise betaken in the manner of an assise or in the manner ofa jury. 
 BractiJn,iol, 215^. Cadit assisa, nee est capienda ut assisa, sed vertitur in juratant, — the assise 
 falls, nor is it to be taken as an assise, but is turned into a jury. Bracton, ioX.ity^h. 
 
 (d,) Assisa generalis, — the general assise or court, i. e. the parliament. Glanv. lib. ix, c. 
 10; \ Bl. Com. 148, n. (g). (e.) A statute, ordinance or law; e. g., Assisae statutae et 
 juratae in regno suo, — the assises, ordained and sworn in his kingdom. Bracton, io\. 
 1201}. Per nullum assisam generalem, — by no general law. Glanv. lib. ix, c. 10. 
 Habet in potestate sua leges et constitutiones, et as sis as in regno suo provisas, et approbatas, et 
 furatas, — he has in his power laws and constitutions, and ordinances in his realm, pro- 
 vided and approved, and sworn. Bracton, io\. Cji^b. v.Beeve's Hist. Eng. Law.it, 21$. (/.) 
 A specified or determinate quantity, quality, weight, measure, price, etc., required by law in 
 certain commodities. Spelman. {g,) Also a fixed or specified time ; a fixed or certain num- 
 ber. Id. {h.) A tax or tribute as fixed by law. Also a fine or mulct. Id. The term has 
 been employed for so many different purposes and so many significations attached to it that 
 it has been called nomen equivocum. Litt. § 234. v. the subject under different heads, infra. 
 
 Assisa armoruni. — L. Lat. Assise of arms. 
 
 A statute or'ordinance requiring the keeping of arms for the common defense. Hale's 
 Hist. Eng. Law, c. 11; 27 Hen. II. A. D. 1181. 
 
 Assissa Cadere, — L. Lat. To fail in an assise. 
 
 In old English Law: To be nonsuited; as where there is a palpable and legal 
 insufficiency in an action that the plaintiff cannot successfully proceed any further in it. 
 Bracton, lib. ii, c. 7, Fleta, lib. iv, c. 15 ; Cowell ; 3 Bl. Com. 402. 
 
 Assisa cadet in juratam, — L. Lat. The assise falls into a jury, i. e. the controversy is 
 submitted to trial by jury. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 15. 
 
 Assisa COntinnaudo. — L. Lat. For continuing the assise. 
 
 In old English Law: The name of a writ addressed to the justices of assise for the 
 continuation of a cause, when certain words alleged could not have been proved in time by 
 the party having occasion for them. Reg. Orig. 2i-jb. 
 
 202 
 
As&J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 Assisa de Clarendon. The assise of Clarendon. Bracton, fol. 136 ; Co. Litt. isgn. 
 Assisa de mensuris. — L. Lat. Assise of measures, ;'. e. a common rule for weights and 
 measures established 8 Richd. I. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, c. 7. 
 
 Assisa de nocumento. — L- Lat. An assise of or concerning a'nuisance. 
 
 In old English Law: An assise or writ which lay to remove a nuisance^ and to 
 recover damages. The writ commanded the sheriff to summon an assise, that is a jury, to 
 view the premises, and have them at the next commission of assises, that justice might be 
 done therein. F. N. B. 183, i; Reg. Ong. 197*/ 9 Co. 55 ; 3 Bl. Com. 221, 222 ; 3 Steph. Com. 
 5"3. n- (g)- '"■ Angell on Water-Courses, § 394, and note ; 17 Serg. &!= Rawk's R. 175. 
 
 It has long been superseded by the action on the case, and was expressly abolished in 
 England. 3 Bl. Com. 222. 
 
 Assisa forestae or de forestae. — L. Lat. Assise of- the forest. 34 Edw. I.; Co. Litt. 
 159*/ 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 106, 107. 
 
 Assisa {sen billa) friscae fortia. — L. Lat. Assise of fresh force. Reg. Orig. i6l>; Plowd. 
 8g; 3 Leon, 169; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 28. v, Frisca forcia. 
 
 Assisa {seu breve) mortiS anteceSSOris. — L. Lat. Assise of mort d' ancestor (death of the 
 ancestor). Bracton, lib. iv, tr. 3 ; 3 Bl. Com. 185, 232, 352 ; Broom &= Had. Com. lii, 269,270; 
 Rosco^s Real Actions, 75. v. Mort d' ancestor. 
 
 ASSISA mortis antecessoris non tetiet inter conjunctas personas, sicut fratres et 
 sorrores, etcetera. An assise of mort d 'ancestor (death of the ancestor) does 
 not hold between persons connected, such as brothers and sisters, etc. Litt. 
 § 398 ; Co. Litt. 242a. 
 
 For those are privy in blood ; but it lyeth against strangers, and then damages are to be 
 recovered against a stranger, but not against his brother. Wingate's Max. 55, § 37. 
 
 Assisa (seu breve) novae disseysinae. — L. Lat. Assise of novel disseisin. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ or action which lay where a tenant in fee-simple, fee- 
 tail, or for life, was disseised of his lands, tenements or hereditaments. Bracton, lib. iv, tit. 
 I ; 3 Bl. Com. 185 sq. 232, 352 ; Roscoe's Real Actions, 63 ; Co. Litt. iSSb; Broom (&= Had. Com. 
 iii, 269, 270. Superseded by the action of ejectment, before its express abolition by the 
 statute 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27. 
 
 Assisa panis et cerevisiae. — L. Lat. Assise of bread and ale or beer. Co. Litt. isgby 
 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 56. 
 
 Assisa {seu breve) Tlltimae presentationis. — L. Lat. Assise of darrein presentment. 
 Bracton, lib. iv, tr. 2 ; 3 Bl. Com. 245 ; Roscoe's Real Actions, 74. 
 
 This action is now entirely disused, being superseded b)' the action of quare impedit. 
 
 Assisa ntrum. — L. Lat. Assise of utrum, i.e. whether, etc. Otherwise called a 
 writ oi juris utrum. Bracton, lib. iv, tr. 4:3 Bl. Com. 253, 257 ; Roscoe's Real Actions, 74. 
 V. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Assisa venalimn. — L. Lat. The assise of saleable commodities exposed for sale. 
 
 The regulation of the sale of certain articles (usually the common necessaries of life) by 
 public authority; defining or fixing the quantity, weight, quality, etc., to be sold for a certain 
 price. Spelvian. 
 
 Assisa vertitur in jnratum. The assise is turned into a jury. 3 Bl. Com. 401. 
 
 Assisatum. — L. Lat. Fixed or established. Spelman. 
 
 Assisores. — L. Lat. Persons who settled assises or imposed taxes. Spelman. 
 
 Assisors Assysers. — In Scotch Law: Jurors. Spelman; Cowell. 
 
 AssiSUS Assisa. — L. Lat. Fixed or certain. Assisus reditus,— a fixed, certain, set or 
 standing rent. Called rent of assise. 2 Bl. Com. 42. Terra assiza,— land let or farmed 
 out for a certain assessed rent. Cowell. 
 
 AssistO (ads.), ere, 3, f. n. To place one's self somewhere. Plautus, Most, iv, 2, 2; 
 Cicero, Leg. ii, 4, 10 et al. To stand somewhere ; to stand at or by. Lucretius, ii, 359 ; 
 Cicero, Fin. iii, 16, 54 ; Quintilian, ii, 2, 12. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Assistere alicui, — to stand by one (as counsel) before a tribunal; 
 to sustain, defend, assist. Ulpianus, Dig. vi, i. fr. 54. 
 
 203 
 
Ass.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ass. 
 
 ASSISTEUE, maintainare et consolare, et i converse, et sic de similibus, in quibus est profes- 
 sio legis, et naturae. To assist, maintain and comfort (the father), and do the same (for the 
 son) ; and so in similar cases, for this is the profession of law and of nature. 
 
 Assiza et COgnitiO. The assise and cognition. 
 
 Assise, =Assise. [-|- assidere, to sit by or near together, i. e., through the assisa, a ses- 
 sion.] Hence, in English Law: The jury who. try the cause, and sit together 
 for that purpose. Transf . : The court or jurisdiction which summons this jury together by 
 a commission ad assisas capiendas ; and hence the judicial assemblies held by the king's 
 commission in every county, to take these writs of assize, and also to try causes at nisi 
 prius, are termed assizes, i Co. Inst. 153 ; 3 Bl. Com. 185. 
 
 In old English Law : To assize, was to fix, to regulate, to assess ; e. g., the assiz- 
 ing of men for arms, ffale's Hist. Com. Law, 126. v. Assisa armorum. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A jury or inquest. 2 Allison's Crim. Prac. 376, 390; 3 How. St. 
 Trials, 439. 
 
 ASSIZORS : Sunt qui assizas condunt, aut taxationes imponunt. Assisors: They are 
 those who hold the assizes, or lay on the taxes. 
 
 In old Scotch Law: They were the same with jurors, and their oath is thus : 
 "We shall leil suith say. 
 And na suith conceal for nothing we may. 
 As far as we are charged upon the assize. 
 Be (by) God himself, and be (by) our own paradise. 
 As we will answer to God upon the dreadful day of doom." — Skene. 
 
 As-SOCiatiO, — L. Lat. [-|- as-socio.\ A joining or uniting with any person or thing. 
 Association; the union of persons for the transaction of some business, or the attainment 
 of some common object ; a society ; a company ; a corporation. 7 HilVs R. 504 ; 3 Comst. 
 (N. Y.) R. 479 ; 3 Seld. (N. Y.) R. 328. 
 
 In English practice: A patent sent by the king to the justices appointed to take 
 the assise ; or of oyer and terminer, to have other persons associated to them to takethe 
 assise, e\.c. Reg. Otig. 201, 203, zo^i y Termes dela Ley. v. 3 Bl. Com. ^q; Bracton,io\. ill. 
 
 As-SOCid, are, 1, v. a. To join or unite with any person or thing. Associati principali 
 curae, — to join in the chief guardianship. Arcadius, Dig. i, tit. II. 
 
 Assoile, Assoyle. — L. Fr. [+ Lat. absolvere, to absolve.] To absolve; to deliver or 
 set free from excommunication. Stat. 1 Hen. IV. c. 7 ; Cowell; Staundf. PI. Cor. 72 ; 12 Mod. 
 311 ; Termes de la Ley. To free or absolve from guilt, or its consequences; to pardon, to 
 forgive. Richardson' s Diet. 
 
 AsSOIlth. — L. Fr. Quit, free, discharged. Litt. % 338. 
 Assultim, adv. ^assilio.^ By leaps and bounds. Pliny, xi, 24, 28. 
 
 Assulto (ads.), are, i, v. intens. To jump or leap to a place impetuously ; to attack, to 
 assault. Pliny, viii, 40, 61 ; Tacitus, A. xi, 31 ; id. ib. xii, 35 et al. 
 
 Assultus, tis, VI. [4- assulto?^ A. leaping to or toward ; an attack, assault. Virgil, A. 
 V, 441 ; Tacitus, A. ii, 21. 
 
 AsSUmpserunt super se. They took upon themselves. 
 
 Assumpsit. — L. Lat. [-j- assumo, ere, to undertake.] He undertook or promised. 
 
 In English Law: The undertaking or promise upon which an action of assumpsit 
 maybe brought. Termes de la Ley ; 2 Mod. 44; 3 Bl. Com. 157; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iii, 
 155. 328. 
 
 In practice: The name of a civil action given by law to a party, upon a breach or 
 non-performance of a contract by parol legally entered into with him. It lies : (a.) Upon 
 an express undertaking to do or perform some act, or to pay a sum of money to another ; or 
 (6.) Upon an undertaking or promise not made in form, but which is implied or presumed 
 by law from the conduct of a party ; and in either form the law gives the party damages in 
 proportion to the loss he has sustained by reason of the breach of the contract. 4 Co. 92 ; i 
 Chitty's PI. 98, 99 ; Archb. Nisi Prius, ; Bacon's Abr. 'Assumpsit'; Broom on C. L. 
 119-121. It is technically an actio super causam. (v. h. t.) 
 204 
 
Ass,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ast. 
 
 Assumpsit pro rata. He undertook according to the proportion. 
 
 Assumptio, Onis, /. (a.) A taking, receiving, assumption. Pall, i, 6, 12. (&,) An 
 eager reception, adoption Cicero, J^in. iii, 5, 18, (c) In Logic ; The minor proposi- 
 tion. Cicero, /nv. i, 37 ; iJ. Div. ii, 53 ; Quintilian, v, 14, 5 sq. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat.: An addition, circumstance. Mart. Dig. xxviii, 5, /;-. ^t Jin.— 
 circumstantia. (v. h. v.) 
 
 AssumptiVTlS, a, um, adj. [assumfiius.] In Jurid. Lang.: Taken in addition. 
 Assumpivus causa, — which takes the defense of an action from an extraneous cause; 
 assumptive cause; extrinsical cause. Cicero, /kz;. i, 11; ii, 24; Quintilian, vii, 4, 7 ; 
 ISIDORUS, Orig. ii, 5, § 5. 
 
 Assurantia. — L. Lat. An assurance. 7ow»j. /"/. 28, 54. In Common Law: Insur- 
 ance. In conveyancing: A deed or instrument of conveyancing. 2 Bl. Com. 294. 
 
 Assurare. — L. Lat. To assure. Towns. PI. 23, 54. To make sure or secure ; to con- 
 firm or establish ; to insure. 2 Steph. Com. 172. To convey. Cro. Eliz. 665. 
 
 Assure. — Fr. In Insurance Law: Assured; insured; the assured or insured. 
 Emerig. Tr. des Assur. c. 2, sect. 7, §§ I, 2 ; c. 5, sect. I ; 2 East, 385. 
 
 AST OLLA, PROPTER QUAE DATUR HOMINI ADSCENSUS IN CAELAM, MeNTEM, 
 ViRTUTEM, PlETATEM, FiDEM, EARUMQUE LAUDUM DELUBRA SUNTO, NEVE 
 
 viTioRUM. Sacra solemnia obeunto. Lex XII Tab. x, fr. 13. Let due 
 
 honor be likewise paid to those virtues by which man is exalted to heaven — as 
 
 Intelligence, Valor, Piety, Fidelity — and let temples be consecrated to their 
 
 honor. With regard to the vices, let no sacred sacrifices be paid to them. 
 
 Cicero, de Legg. ii, 8, pr. 
 
 Otherwise interpreted: "Let those commendable qualities, by which heroes 
 obtained heaven, be ranked among the Gods — as Understanding, Virtue, Piety, Fidelity; 
 and let temples be erected to them. But let no worship ever be paid to any vice." Fathers 
 Catrou and Rouille, Hooke's Rom. Hist, ii, p. 314. 8vo. 
 
 AST SI INTESTATO MORITUR, CUI SUUS HERES NEC EXTABIT, AGNATUS 
 PROXIMUS FAMILIAM HABETO. Lex XII Tab. V, fr. 4. Moreover, if any 
 one (a paterfamilias) die intestate, and he shall leave no lineal descendant 
 (i. e. through males under his power to take the succession), his nearest agnate 
 shall have the succession. 4 Kent's Com. 378, note (a) j Montesq., Esp. des Loix, 
 Bk. xxvii, c. I. 
 
 This law is elsewhere stated: Si intestato moritur cui suus heres nec 
 ESCIT, ADGNATUS PROXIMUS FAMILIAM HABETO. Ulpianus, Regul. XX vi, § I. See it and 
 the authorities there cited. 
 
 It is also quoted : At si intestatus moritur, etc. 
 
 Astipulatio (adst.), Onis, /. \astipulor^ Literally: An assent to or agreement with. 
 Hence, An assenting to ; affirming the same facts. Pliny, xxix, i, 5. A modulation of 
 the voice according to the sentiment. Quintilian, xi, 3, 175. 
 
 Astipulator (adst.), Oris, »/. [!(/.] In Jurid. Lang.: One who joins another in a 
 stipulation; a surety. Gaius, /kj/. iii, § no; id. ib.% 117. Hence, An assistant on a 
 trial. Cicero, Quint, xviii, 58. Trop.: He who as.sents to another. C\CEi.o, Acad, ii, 
 21 ; Val. Max. vii, l Jin. Also written Adstipulator. <-. Gaius, Inst, iii, §§ 110-114, 215. 
 
 V. Possumus tamen ad id quod stipulamur, etc. 
 
 Astipulatus, OS, m. = Astipulatio. An assenting to ; assent. Pliny, vii, 47, 48. 
 
 A-Stipulor (adst.), ari, l, v. dep. In Jurid. Lang.: To assent to ; to stipulate with. 
 Gaius, Inst, iii, § 112. Hence, Trop. : To agree with one. 
 
 AstitutiO. [+ (^d, to, and statuere, to place.] Astitution ; to place or set in order, one 
 by another. An arr?ignment was formerly so called. Co. Litt. 2621^. 
 
 Astra castra, Kumen lumen. The stars my camp, the Deity my light. 
 
 205 
 
Ast.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Atb, 
 
 Astrarius. — L. Lat. [h. Ft. asii-er.l In English Law; The occupant of a hearth 
 or house; a person in actual possession. Astrarius haeres, — an heir placed by the ancestor 
 in the house (astruni), which he was to inherit. Bracton, fol. 85 ; Co, Litt. Sd. A son who 
 lived in his father's family. Spelman. Astrarii in atrio siiie in astro, — those who are domi- 
 ciled together in the hall and on the hearth. Bracton, fol. 267^. 
 
 Astre, — L. Fr. [L. Lat. astrum.^ A hearth ; a fire-place. Britt. c. 59. A house. Id. 
 ib. Astrer, — a householder, or occupant of a house or hearth. Id. ib. Belonging to or 
 born in one's house. Id. c. 98. — L. Lat. Astrius. 
 
 Astrictio, Snis, /. [-j- a-stringo,'\ A power of contracting : ai stringency. Pliny, xxvii. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Astriction, a binding. A servitude by which the grain growing on 
 certain lands is required to be carried to a certain mill to be ground. Bell's Diet. ; Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, t. 9, § 22. 
 
 A-stringO (adstr.), ere, 3, v. a. To draw close, to bind, tie close together ; to bind 
 together by drawing closer ; to contract, etc. Plautus, Bae. iv, 7, 25 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 
 42. T r o p . : To draw together, make closer, circumscribe ; to bind, put under obliga- 
 tion, oblige, necessitate. Plautus, Trin. iii, 2, 73; Cicero, Att. x, 6; Quint. Inst, ii, 2, 4. 
 
 Astrum, ', »• [Gr. atfrpoj'.] A star, a constellation ; any luminous celestial body (so 
 in prose and poetry, freq.). Trop.; (a.) Height. Virgil and Ovid. (6.) Heaven, and 
 the immortality of the glory connected with it. Sic iter ad astra, — such is the pathway to 
 the stars, i. e., to heaven. Virgil, A. ix, 641. Edueere in astra. Horace, 0, iv, 2, 23. 
 
 In English Law: A hearth or dwelling-place. A dwelling-house or place of habita- 
 tion. V. Astrarius, sq. 
 
 Astutia, ae, /. \astutus.'\ The quality of astutus. Dexterity, adroilness. Pac. in CiC. 
 Fin. v. ii, 31. In a bad sense : Cunning, subtlety, slyness, craft. Cic; Plaut. freq. 
 
 Astutus, a, urn, adj. Literally: Well practiced, skilled in something. = Versutus. 
 Wary, shrewd, sagacious, expert. In abad sense: Sly, cunning, artful, designing. 
 
 Astutus ab astu vocatur, quod est collidi et cauti nominis, qui possit sine periculo fortiter aliquid facere . 
 IsiDORUS, Originum, x, § 6. 
 
 Astuti- \plur. -\- asiutus.'l Astute ; acute ; of nice discrimination. 
 
 Lord HoBART said that "judges ought to be astuti, to find out reasonable distinctions to 
 unreasonable rules." Arnb. 11. v. 2 Eden, 2$%. S i r .Wm. Scott, on the contrary, remarked 
 that " astutia does not belong to a court of justice." 2 Rob. Adm. H. 347. 
 Astutior coccyge. — Latin P r o v . More crafty than the cuckoo. 
 The cuckoo stealthily lays her eggs in the nests of other birds to be hatched by them. v. 
 Cuculus. 
 
 At or Ast, conj. («.) But, yet, on the other hand, moreover. (6.) But on the other hand, 
 but indeed, on the contrary, etc. (the strictly class, signif. of the word), (c.) In adding 
 an objection against an assertion previously made: But, on the con- 
 trary, in opposition to this ; sometime s we may supply, one might say, «/- it might 
 be objected. (<J.) Atenim : But certainly, but consider, but indeed it should be noted, etc. 
 (e.) At tamen or certe : But at least, yet at least, yet on the contrary. 
 
 At bona pars hominum decepta cupidine falso 
 'Nil satis est' inquit 'quia tanti quantum 
 habeas sis.' 
 Quid facias illi ? Jubeas miserum esse, libenter 
 Quatenus id facit. — Horace, Sat. i, 1, 61 sq. 
 But a great majority of mankind, misled by a wrong desire cry : "No sum is enough; 
 because you are esteemed in proportion to what you possess." What 
 can you do to such a tribe as this? Why, bid them be wretched, since their inclination 
 prompts them to it. 
 
 *'Some, self-deceived, who think their lust of gold 
 Is but a love of fame, this maxim hold : 
 * No fortune's large enough, since others rate 
 Your worth proportioned to a large estate.' 
 Saj", for their cure what art would you employ? 
 "Let them be wretched, and their choice enjoy." — Dr. Francis. 
 Read: Populus me sibilat, etc . 
 
 206 
 
Atd.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [At n. 
 
 At daemon homini quum sfruit aliquid malum, 
 JPervertit iUi primitus mentem suatn. 
 
 But the demon, when he deviseth any thing destructive to a man, he first perverts his 
 mind. 
 
 It is a Latin translation from Euripides. In the Greek : 
 
 'Orac fie ^aiixiav av^pl iropavvyj Kaxa, 
 
 Thv vovv e^Aai/re irpuToi'. — EuRipiDES — as quoted by Athenagoras. 
 
 When a demon would bring ruin on a man, he first deprives him of his senses. 
 
 A similar idea is also expressed in Latin : Quern Jupiter vult perdere dementat prius. 
 Barnes' translation of the Greek fragment, supra. Also quoted: Quos Deus vult perdere 
 dementat prius. Those whom God wishes to ruin he first deprives of their senses. 
 
 1^" They are aptly applied, in either form, to persons whose pride or obstinacy leads 
 them into grave errors, wild schemes, portentious of their downfall. 
 
 A T etiam litteras, quas me sibi misisse diceret, recitavit homo et humanitatis expers et vitae cotn- 
 munis ignarus. Quis enim umquam, qui paullum modo bonorum consuetudinem nosset, litteras 
 ad se ab amico missas offensione aliqua interposita in medium protulit palamque recitavit? Quid 
 est aliud tollere ex viid vitae sodetatem, tollere amicorum colloquia absentium ? Quam multajoca 
 Solent esse in epistolis, quae prolata si sint, inepta videantur ! Quam multa seria, neque tamen 
 ullo modo divulganda I CiCERO, Philipic, ii, c. 4. But he also read letters which he said 
 that I had sent to him, like a man devoid of humanity and ignorant of the common usages 
 of life. For who ever, who was ever but slightly acquainted with the habits of polite men, 
 produced in an assembly and openly read letters which had been sent to him by a friend, 
 just because some quarrel had arisen between them ? Is not this destroying all companion- 
 ship in life, destroying the means by which absent friends converse together' How many 
 jests are frequently put in letters, which, if they were produced in public, would appear 
 stupid ! How many serious opinions, which, for all that, ought not to be published ! cf. 
 PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c. I, § 18. Sir Samuel Romilly refers to and quotes 
 the most of this passage. 2 Swanston, 419 ; v, 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 946. 
 
 AT hoc Edicto (Nantae, Caupones, Stabularii, etc. ) omnimodo, qui recepit, tenetur, 
 etiamsi sine culpd ejus res periit, vel damnum datum est ; nisi si quid damno 
 fatali contingit. Inde Labeo scribit : si quid naufragio, aiit per vim piratarum 
 perierit, non esse iniquum, exceptionem ei dari. Idem erit dicendum, et si in stabulo, 
 aut in caupond vis major contigerit. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 9, fr. 3, § i fin. But 
 he who has undertaken a trust (a bailee) is bound by this Edict although the 
 subject of such trust (bailment) perished, through no fault of his, or a loss 
 so happened, unless it occurred through the act of destiny (the act of God). 
 Hence, Labeo lays down the proposition, that if loss or destruction should arise 
 from shipwreck or pirates, it is not unjust to let in an exception or defense 
 for the bailee. The same doctrine will apply in the case of an innkeeper or 
 stableman, if subjected to superior force. Cited in Story on Bailm. % 465. 
 
 Read: Modem modo tenetur caupones et stabularii, quo exercentes negotium suum recipiunt. 
 Cetcrum si exta negotium receperint, non tenebitur. Ulpianus, ib. § 2. 
 
 § 2. Innkeepers and liverymen are held, bound in the same manner, when pursuing their 
 respective vocations, they assume a trust. But if, outside of their own business, they should 
 do so, they will not be bound. Cited in Story, id. § 487. [F- J- M.J 
 
 At nunc desertis cessant sacraria lucin, 
 Aurum omnes victd jam pietdte colmif. 
 
 Auro jyulsa fides, auro vendlia jura, 
 
 Aurum lex sequitur, niox sine lege pudor. 
 
 Propertius, Eleg. iii, 11, 47-50- 
 
 But now the groves are deserted and sacrifices are abandoned : All men now long for gold, 
 piety being overcome ; by gold good faith is banished, the laws are put up to sale for gold, 
 the law follows gold, and before long will modesty lose the protection of the laws. 
 
 207 
 
At q.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [At s. 
 
 '* But now the Gods are spurned, their altars cold, 
 AU reverence forgot in thirst of gold : 
 Gold buys the judge, and honour yields to pelf, 
 Shame weeps o'er Justice dead, then dies herself.''^ Charles Robert Moore, M. A. 
 
 Horace expressed the power of gold ; 
 
 A urunt per medios ire satellites 
 
 Et perru-mque amat saxa, potetiizus 
 
 Ictu /ulmineo^ etc. — HohACE, Carminum^ iii, l6, ii sg. 
 
 A T quid interest inter ferjurum et mendacevi? Qui mentiri solet, pejerare consuevit. 
 Quern ego ut mentiatur inducere possum, ut pejeret exorare facile potero. Nam qui semel h veri- 
 tate dejiexit, hie non majore religione ad perjuriu-m quam ad mendacium perduci consuevit. Quis 
 enim deprecatione deorum, non conscientiae Jide commovetur? Propterea quae poena ab dis 
 immortalibus perjuro, haec eadem mendaci constituta est. Non enim ex pactione verborum, quibus 
 fus jurandum comprehenditur, sed ex perfidia et malitia, per quam insidiae tenduntur alicui, di 
 immortales hominibus irasci et suscensere consuerunt. CiCERO, pro A. Roscio Comoedo, xvi, § 46. 
 
 But what is the difference between a perjurer and a liar? He who is in the habit of lying 
 is in the habit of perjuring himself. The man whom I can induce to tell a lie, I shall easily 
 be able to prevail on to take a false oath. For he who has once departed from truth is easily 
 led on, with no greater scruples to perjury than to a lie. For who is influenced by just a 
 mention of the gods in the way of deprecating their anger, and not by the influence of con- 
 science? Because the same punishment which is appointed by the immortal gods for a per- 
 jurer is appointed also for a liar. For the immortal gods are accustomed to be indignant 
 and angry, not on account of the form of words in which an oath is contained, but on account 
 of the treachery and malice by which a plot is laid to deceive any one. Grotihs, de Jur. Bel. 
 ac Pac. ii, c. 13, § 21. 
 
 AT si dixerit, hominem liter atuvi, vel artificem, praestare debet ; nam hoc ipso 
 pluris vendidit. Florentinus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 43 pr. But on the other 
 hand, if he (the vendor of a slave) shall have described an educated man, or an 
 artisan, he must furnish accordingly ; because on this very account he sells for 
 a higher price, v. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 201, and authorities there cited. 
 
 V. Ea quae commendandi causa in venditionibus dicuntur, si palam appareant venditorum 
 non obligant, etc. Florentinus, ib. 
 
 AT si in medio flumine insula nata sit, haec eorum omnium communis est qui ab 
 utraque parte fluminis prope ripam praedia possident. Si vero non sit in 
 medio flumine, ad eos pertinet qui ab ed parte quae proxutna est juxta ripam prae- 
 dia habent. Gaius, Jnst. ii, §72. If an island be formed in the middle of a 
 river, it is the common property of all who have lands adjacent to the bank on 
 either side of the river. But if it be not in the middle of the river, it belongs 
 to those who have lands along the bank on that side which is the nearest, v. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, i,fr. 7, § 3 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 22 ; Bracton, ii, c. 2, § 2, 
 fol. <^a fin.; Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 4i2-r3. 
 
 AT si in possessione, [possessionem] fueris constitutus, nisi ea quoque pecunia tibi d, 
 debitor e reddatur vel offeratur, quae sine pignore debetur, earn restituere propter 
 exceptionem doli malt non cogeris. Jure enim contendis, debitor es cam solam pecu- 
 niam, cujus nomine pignora obligaverunt, offerentes, audiri non oportere, nisi pro ilia 
 etiam satisfecerint, quam mutuam simpliciter acceperunt. Quod in secundo creditore 
 locum non habet ; nee enim necessitas ei imponitur chirographarium etiam debitum 
 priori creditori offerre. Justinian. Cod. viii, 27, const, i. But if you shall 
 have been established in possession, unless also that money is rendered or 
 offered to you by your debtor, which is owed to you without a pledge, you will 
 not be compelled to make restitution of the same [the property in possession] 
 208 
 
Ats.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [At v. 
 
 on account of an exception of willful fraud. For you contend rightly that 
 debtors offering (tendering) that money only, for which they are obligated on 
 account of the pledges, ought not to be heard, unless they shall have satisfied 
 (made satisfaction) for that also which they have simply received as a loan. 
 Although this doctrine, in the case of a second creditor, has no place [/. e. the 
 doctrine is untenable] ; for no necessity is imposed upon him to offer to the 
 first creditor an obligation in his own handwriting [a writing promising to pay] 
 even though due to the first creditor. Cited in i Story's Eq. fur. § 415, note 
 I ; 2 id. § loio, note 4. 
 
 AT SI INTESTATUS MORITUR, CUI SUUS HERES NEC EXTABIT, AGNATUS 
 PROXIMUS FAMILIAM HABETO. Lex XII Tab. V, fr. 4. But if a person 
 die intestate, leaving no heir, then let the nearest agnate have the estate. 
 
 "If a paterfamilias die intestate, and leave no lineal descendant through males under his 
 power to take the succession, his nearest agnate shall have the succession." 
 
 Fathers Catrou and Rouille {v. Hook's Rom. Hist. vol. 2, p. 314) render this law : " If 
 he dies intestate, and has no children to succeed him, let his nearest relations be his heir ; if 
 he has no near relation, let a man of his own name be his heir." 
 
 The Civilians expounded this law very clearly : v. Cicero, de Inv. ii, 50, 148 ; Gaius, 
 Inst, ii, I 64 ; id. ib. iii, t;§ 9. 1°. n. '2, 13 ; Paulus, Recept. Sent, iv, 8, i^g 3, 22 ; ib. Dig. 
 xxxviii, 10, fr. 10, § 2 ; UlpiANUS, Reg. xxvi, §§ I, 7 ; ib. Dig. L. 16, fr. 195, § i. v. Kent's 
 Com. iv, 378, note (a); MoNTESQ. Esp. des Loix., xxvii, ch. 1. 
 
 Note. — A compilation of those fragments of the Law of the XII Tables which have come 
 down to us forms the concluding part of this worii — made more complete than any compi- 
 lation we know of — and the interpretations given by the Civilians, above referred to, will 
 be found there fully stated. 
 
 At spes non fracta, — 'Lz.\.\-a. Prov. But hope is not broken. 
 At tu qui potior nunc es, mea furta timeto, 
 Versatur celeri Fors levis orbe rotae.— TiavLws, i, 6, 33. 
 But you who now have the advantage, beware; light-wheeled Fortune spins rapidly round. 
 The Greeks expressed it : Kolvo. iriBri irivTuiv ofiio! rpox"^ , itrraTos o\^ot. — VnocyLiDKS. 
 Misfortunes are common to all; life is a wheel, and prosperity unstable. 
 " Learn, happy rival, by my wrongs to know 
 Your fate; since Fortune governs all below." — Grainger. 
 
 Read' Passibus ambiguis Fortuna volilbilis errat 
 
 Et manuct in nulto carta tenaxque loco, ctc.— OviD, Tristium, >, 8, 15. 
 
 At tu victrix provincia Jjloras. But thou, O Province, victorious in the suit, art 
 in tears. JuvENAL, Sat. i, 51 ; cited in Coivp. 161 ; i Smit/i's L. C. [772J 940. 
 " W'hile, sighing o'er the victory she won. 
 The Province finds herself but more undone !"— William Gifford, i, 76. 
 
 A T vera in foro, tabulae, testimonia, pacta, conventa, stipulationes, cognationes, adfnilates, 
 decreta, responsa, vita denique eorutn, qui in causd versaniur, tota cognoscenda est; quorum rerum 
 negligentia plerasque causas et maxim e pnvatas — sunt enim multo saepe obscunores — videmus^ 
 admitti. Ita nonnulli, dum operant suam multam existimari voluni, ut toto foro volitare et a 
 causa ad causam ire videantur, causas dicunt incognitas. In quo est ilia quidem magna offensio 
 vel negligentiae, susceptis rebus, vel perfidiae, receptis ; sed etiam ilia major opinione, quod nemo 
 potest de ea re, quam non novit, non turpissime dicere. Ita dum inertiae vituperationem, quae 
 major est, contemnunt, adsequuntur etiam illam, quam magis ipsi fugiunt tarditatis. CiCERO, 
 de Oratore, ii, 24, 100, loi. 
 
 But in the forum, wills, evidence, contracts, covenants, stipulations, relationship by blood, 
 by affinity, decrees, opinions of lawyers, and even the lives and characters of those concerned 
 in the cause, are all to be investigated ; and by negligence in these particulars we see many 
 causes lost, especially those relative to private concerns, as they are oftener of greater intri- 
 cacy. Thus, some, while they may seem to fly about the whole forum, and to go from one 
 cause to another, speak upon causes which they have not mastered, whence they incur much 
 
 L27J ^ 
 
At v.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [ Atq. 
 
 censure ; censure for negligence if they voluntarily undertake the business, or for perfidious- 
 ness if they undertake it under any engagement ; but such censure is assuredly of worse 
 consequence than they imagine, since nobody can possibly speak on a subject which he does 
 not understand otherwise than to his own disgrace ; and thus, while they despise the imputa- 
 tion of ignorance, which is in reality the greater fault, they incur that of stupidity also, which 
 they more anxiously avoid. Read: Equidem soleo dare, oferam, ut de sud, etc. 
 
 A T vera scelerum in homines atque impietatum nulla expiatio est. Itaque poenas luunt non 
 tam judiciis, quae quondam nusquam orant, hodie multifarium nulla sunt, ubi sunt tamen, per- 
 saepe falsa sunt, sed eos agitant insectanturque furiae, non ' ardentibus iaedis' sicut in fabulis, 
 sed angore conscientiae fraudisque cruciata. Cicero, de Legg. \, 14, 40. But there is no expia- 
 tion for the crimes and impieties of men. The guilty must, therefore, pay the penalty, and 
 bear the punishment; not so much those punishments inflicted by courts of justice, which 
 were not in being, do not exist at present in many places, and even where established are 
 frequently biased and partial, but those of conscience; while the furies pursue and tor- 
 ment them, not with 'burning torches,' as the poets feign, but with remorse of conscience, 
 and the tortures arising from guilt. 
 
 Cicero, in another place, portrayed the power of conscience : Magna vis est conscientiae, 
 judices, et inagna in utramque partem; ut neque titneant, qui nihil comviiserintj et poenam 
 semper ante occulos versafi putent, qui peccdrint. Cicero, /«> Milone, xxiii, 27. 
 
 Juvenal drew in exquisite colors the anguish of a conscience-stricken wretch ; which, 
 truly, is not drawn with too much poetic license : 
 
 Scelus intra se taciturn qui cogitat ullum, 
 Facti crimen habet : et seq. — JuvENAL, Sat. xiii, 209. 
 QuiNTlLlAN says: Conscientia mille testes. QuiNTlLlAN, /kj/. Onz/. v, 11, § 41. 
 
 'At vindicta bonum vita jucundius ipsa.' 
 Nempe hoc indocti, quorum praecordia nullis 
 Interdutn, aut levibus videas flagrantia causis : 
 QuanttUacunque adeo est occasio, sufficit irae. — Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 180. 
 " Revenge is a blessing, sweeter than life itself!" Yes! so fools think, whose breasts 
 you may see burning with anger for trivial causes, sometimes for none at all. How small 
 soever the occasion be, it is matter enough for their wrath, v. Grotius, de/ur. Bel. ac Pac. 
 ii, 20, 5. 
 
 ***** quippi minuii. 
 Semper et injiitiii est animi exiguique voluptas 
 Ultio. Continuo sic collige^ quod vindictd 
 
 Nemo magis gaudet, quatn foemina. — JuVENAL, Sat. xiii, l8g. 
 Since revenge is ever the pleasure of a paltry spirit, a weak and abject mind ! Draw this 
 conclusion at once from the fact, that no one delights in revenge more than a woman ! 
 
 * * * ** But, oh i Revenge is sweet. 
 
 Thus think the Crowd, who eager to engage, 
 
 Take quickly fire, and kindle into rage ; 
 
 Who ne'er consider, but, without a pause. 
 
 Make up in Passion what they want in Cause.'* — Thos. Creech, Sat. xiii c. xvii. 
 
 *' Revenge, thev say, and I believe their words, 
 A pleasure sweeter far than life affords." 
 Who say? The fools, whose passions, prone to ire. 
 At slightest causes, or at none, take fire ; 
 Whose boiling breasts, at every turn, o'erflow 
 With rancorous gall." — William Gifford, xiii, 244, 
 
 Verba ex oratione M. Catonis, haec sunt ; 
 
 ATQUE ego ^ tnajoribus memoria sic accept : si quis quid alter ab altera poterent, 
 si ambo pares essent, sive boni sive mali essent, quod duo res gessissent, uti testes 
 non inter essent. Hit unde petitur, ei potius credendum esse. Nunc si sponsionem fecis- 
 sent Gellius cum Turio : "Ni vir melior essent Gellius, quam Turius,' nemo, 
 opinor, tam insanus esset qui j'udicaret, meliorem esse Gellium, quam Turium : si 
 210 
 
Atq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Atq. 
 
 non melior Gellius est Turio, potius oportet credi, unde petitur. AuLUS Gellius, 
 Att. Noct. xiv, 2, 26. The words of Marcus C a t o are these : 
 
 " I remember this tradition from our ancestors. If any one sue another for 
 any thing, and if both are equal, either good or bad, and no witnesses appear as 
 to what passed between them, credit is to be given to the defendant. Now, if 
 Gellius should be at issue with Turius, unless Gellius be a better man than 
 Turius, no one, I think, would be so insane as to decide in favor of Gellius. 
 
 If Gellius be not better than Turius, you must then give judgment in favor of 
 the defendant." 
 
 V. Marcus Catonis, prudentissimi viri, concilio, qui in o r a t i o n e , quam pro L. T u r i o 
 contra Cn. Gellium dixit, etc. Gellius, j*. 21. 
 
 ATQUE etiam hoc praeceptum officii diligenler tenendum est, ne quern umquam innocentem 
 judido capitis arcessas: id enim sine scelere fieri nullo pacto potest. Nam quid est tarn inhuma- 
 num, quam eloquentiam, i natura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem datam, ad bonorum 
 pestem pemiciemque convertere? Nee tamen, ut hoc fugiendum est, item est habendum religioni, 
 nocentem aliquando, modo ne nef avium impiumque, defendere. Vult hoc multitudo, patitur con- 
 suetudo, fert etiam humanitas. Cicero, de Officiis, ii, 14, 51. Moreover this precept of duty 
 also must be carefully observed, that you never arraign an innocent man on trial for his life, 
 for this can by no means be done without heinous guilt. For what can be so unnatural as 
 to prostitute to the prosecution and to the ruin of the good, that eloquence which nature has 
 given us for the safety and preservation of mankind ? Although, however, this is to be 
 avoided, yet we are not to consider it a religious duty never to defend a guilty party, so that 
 he be not abominable and impious. The people desire this, custom tolerates it, and humanity 
 suffers it. v. Cicero, pro Cluentio, c. L. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c. 2, § 21. 
 
 A TQUE etiam in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem nostram fiuentibus superbiam magna opere, 
 fastidium arrogantiamque fugiamus. Nam ut adversas res, sic secundus immoderate ferre levi- 
 tatis est : praeclaraque est aequabilitas in omni vita, et idem semper vultus eademque frons, ut de 
 Socrate itemque de C. Laelio accipimus. Cicero, de Officiis, i, 26/;-. 
 
 And especially during our prosperity, and while things flow agreeably to our desire, we 
 ought vfith great care to avoid pride and arrogance ; for as it discovers weakness not to bear 
 adversity with equanimity, so also with prosperity. That equanimity in every condition of 
 life is a noble attribute, and that uniform expression of countenance and appearance which 
 we find recorded of Socrates, and also of Caius Laelius. v. Si fortuna juvat, etc. 
 
 ATQUE etiam in secundissimis rebus maxime est utendum consilio amicorum. Usque major 
 etiam, quam ante, tribuenda auctoritas. lisdemque temporibus cavendum est, ne assentatoribus 
 paterfaciamus aures, nee adulari nos sinamus : in quo falli facile est. Tales enim nos esse 
 potumus, ut jure laudemur: ex quo nascuntur innumerabilia peccata, cum homines inflati opin- 
 ionibus turpiter irridentur, et in viaximis versantur errotibus. CiCERO, de Officiis, i, 26, gr. 
 In the time pf our greatest prosperity we should also have the greatest recourse to the advice 
 of our friends, and greater authority should be conceded to them than before. At such a 
 time we are to take care not to lend our ears to flatterers, or to suffer ourselves to be imposed 
 upon by adulation, by which it is easy to be misled ; for we then think ourselves such as 
 may be justly praised : an opinion that gives rise to a thousand errors in conduct ; because 
 when men are once blown up with ill conceits, they are exposed to ignominious ridicule and 
 led into the greatest mistakes. 
 
 A TQ UE in republica maxime conservanda sunt jura belli. Nam qmim sint dua genera 
 decertandi, unum per disceptationem, alterum pervim, quumque illud proprium sit liominis, hoc 
 beluarum, confugiendum est adposterius, si uli non licet superiore. Qua re suscipienda quidem 
 bella sunt ob cam causam, ut sine injuria in pace vivatur. Cicero, de Officiis, i, 11, 34- And 
 yet, in government the laws of war are to be more especially observed ; for since there are 
 two manners of disputing, one by debating, the other by fighting, though the former charac- 
 terizes men, the latter brutes, if the former cannot be adopted recourse must be had to the 
 
 211 
 
Atq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Atr. 
 
 latter. Wars, therefore, are to be undertaken for this end, that we may live in peace without 
 being injured, cf. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, c. 23, § 7. 
 
 ******* Atqul 
 
 Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, valior alga est, 
 
 Horace, Sat. ii, 5, 8. 
 
 But birth and virtue, unless attended with substance, is viler than sea-weed. 
 
 " But high descent and meritorious deecis, 
 Unblest with wealth, are viler than sea-weeds." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Juvenal expressed the difficulties of narrow means at home; 
 Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat 
 Res angusta domi. — Juvenal, Sat. iii, 164. 
 
 A TQ UI, ne corporis quideni morbos veteres et diu auctos^ nisi per dura et aspera, coerceas ; cor- 
 ruptus simut et corruptor, aeger et Jlagrans animus, haud levioribus remediis restinguendus est, 
 quam libidinibus ardescit TACITUS, Annal. iii, c. 54. And yet, as bodily diseases grown 
 inveterate and strengthened by time, cannot be checked but by potent and violent remedies: 
 so the morbid fire which rages in the mind, corrupted and corrupting, is not to be quenched 
 but by remedies equally strong as its own flaming lusts, v. PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. etGent. 
 viii, t. 3, § 9 ; Grotius, dejure Bel. ac Pac. ii, c. 20, § 7. 
 
 A TQ UI nihil est tarn difficile et arduum quod non humana mens vincat et in familiaritatem 
 perducat adsidua meditatio; nullique sunt tarn fen et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdo- 
 mentur. Seneca, </« Ira, dial iv, lib. ii, c. 12, § 3. But nothing is so difficult and arduous 
 that the human mind may not conquer it, and constant practice bring it into familiarity ; and 
 there are no men so savage and wedded to their own rights as not to be quite subdued by 
 discipline. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ATQUI, si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quae multa sunt, certl illud 
 est non modh justum, veriim etiam necessarium, ciim vi vis illata defenditur. 
 Cicero, pro Milone, iv, 9. But if there be any occasion on which it is proper to 
 slay a man' — and there are many such — surely that occasion is not only a just 
 one, but even a necessary one, when violence is offered and can only be repelled 
 by violence. 
 
 Cicero, in another place, says: Insidiatoriveroetlatroni quae potest in ferri injusta 
 nex ? Quid comitatus nostri, quid gladii, volunt ? etc. Id. ib. 10. 
 
 Also : Etsi persapienter, et quodammodo tacitS, dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendi, quae 
 non hominem occidi, etc. Id. ib. 11. 
 
 In the Civil Law, the rules of self-defense are laid down by the Civilians : 
 
 Qui, quum aliter tueri se non possent [possunt], damni culpam [damnum calpa] dederint, 
 innoxii sunt; vim enim vi defendere omnes leges omniaque jura permittunt. Paulus, Z>!^. 
 ix, 2, fr. 45, § 4 ; 4 Bl. Com. 185 ; Broo?n cSr" Had. Com. iv, 217. 
 
 Vim vi repellerelicere Cassius scribit, idque jus naturacompSratur ; apparet autem, inquit, 
 ex eo, arma armis repellere licere. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16, fr. i, § 27. 
 
 In capitalibus criminibus ^ principibus decretum est, non nocere ei, qui adversarium cor- 
 rupit, sed in his demum, quae poenam mortis continent ; nam ignoscendum consuerunt iis, 
 qui sanguinem suum qualiter-qualiter redemtum voluerunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 21, fr. 
 I. V. 3 Bl. Com. 3, Cooley's note (i) ; l Bl. Com, 131; Broom Ss' Had. Com. i, 155. 
 
 Atrium, ii, «. The fore-court, entrance-room, hall. That part of the Roman house into 
 which one first came after passing the entrance. Adams' Antiq. 2, p. 311. 
 
 .(4 ^ r I M wz propriae est, genus aedificii continens mediam aream, in quam collecta ex omni tecto pluvia 
 lescendit. Dictum autem atrium vel quia id genus aedificii. Atriae primum in Hetruria sit institutum, 
 vel quod ^ terra oriatur, quasi aternum. Yvsiv^, de Verb. Sign. "p. T'i. Atrium is properly a sort of edi- 
 
 fice containing a middle court, or area, into which descends the rain gathered from the entice roof. U is called 
 a^rrwwj either because that kind of a building was first originated at Atria or Etruria, or because it rises 
 from the earth, as if aterrium. [F, J. M.] 
 
 Airium magna aedes est, sive amplior et spaciosa domus, et dictum est atrium, quod addantur ei 
 tres porticus extrinsecus. Aliis airium quasi ab igne et lychno atrum dixerunt. Atrum enim fit ex fumo. 
 IsiDORUS, (77-z>i«Kw;. XV, 3, § 4. Atrium magna is 4 large building or a very ample and Spacious house, 
 and was called atrium because three porticos are added to it exteriorily. Others called it atrium, as if dark 
 away from fire and lamps. For the dark arises from smoke. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Atrium libertatis. The hall of liberty. Cicero, pro Milo. xxix, 59. 
 
 212 
 
Atr.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Atr 
 
 Atrocitas, atis, /. [a/nx.] The quality of atrox, v. h. v. 
 
 Mentally or in action: Aghaiion{= airociias maris),- tumult, rage : barbarity cru- 
 elty, savageness, atrocity, v. Cicero, Cat. iv, 6; iii. Q. Fr.i,2, 2,%6. In Philosophy 
 and Jurisprudence: Sternness, severity, insensibility. Cicero, Airai/. ii, 44, 136. 
 Atrocitas fortnularum.— itic rigor of formulae, i. c. the rigid strictness of judicial forms 
 QuiNTiLiAN, Inst, vii, i, § 36. 
 
 Atrox, Ocis, adj. Dark, gloomy, looking sad, frowning, horrible, hideous, terrible, fright- 
 ful, dreadful, causing mischief; atrocious. Trop., Savage, cruel, fierce, harsh, severe, 
 powerful, unyielding (frequently and classically). 
 
 A traces appellantur ex Graeco, quia illi aTfxuyKi appellant, quae crudasunt; sive atrox dicitur ab eo 
 quoa nihil timeat; rpio-ai enim Graeci dicunt timere. Festos, rfe Signif. Verio, p. 16. Atroces comes 
 from the Greek, because they call things that are bloody arpwyia ; or one is called atrocious because he 
 fears nothing, for the Greeks say rpttrai for to fear. [F. J. M.I 
 
 Occisa est haec res, nisi reperio atrocem mihi aliquam astutiam. Plautus, Captivi,\\\, ^, 
 7, This plan is ruined outright unless I find out for myself some extremely bold 
 device. Otherwise The cause is lost, unless I come to the rescue with my own pow- 
 erful art. 
 
 ATROX ante III injuria aestimatur vel ex facto, velut si quis ab aliquo vul- 
 neratus autverberatus fustibusve caesus fuerit; vel ex loco, velut si cui in 
 theatroautinforoinjurafactasitj vel ex persona, velut si magistratus inju- 
 riam passus fuerit, vel senatoribus ab humili persona facta sit injuria. Gaius, Inst. 
 iii, I 225. An injury IS considered 'atrocious' eithej from the nature 
 of the act, for instance, if a man be wounded, or flogged, or beaten with 
 sticks, by another; or from the character of the place, for instance, 
 if the injury be done in the theatre or the forum ; or from the quality or 
 rank of the person, for instance if a magistrate have suffered the injury, 
 or it has been inflicted by a man of low rank on a Senator. 
 
 ATROX injuria aestimatur aut loco, aut tempore, aut persona. Loco , quoties 
 in publico, irrogatur: tempore, quoties inter diu: persona, quoties sena- 
 tori, vel equiti Romano, decurioni, vel alias spectatae auctoritatis viro. Et si plebeius, 
 vel humili loco natus senatori, vel equiti Romano, decurioni, vel magistratui, vel 
 aedili, vel judici, quilibet horuin, vel si his omnibus plebeius. Paulus, Recept. Sent. 
 V, 4, § 10. A wrong is considered atrocious, according to the place where, the 
 time when, or the person against whom it is committed. It is atrocious in respect 
 of place where committed in public ; in respect of time, when committed 
 by day, in respect of person, when committed against a Roman Senator, or 
 Knight, a Decurion, or other person of prominent authority; or if a plebeian 
 wrongs a Roman Senator, or Knight, a Decurion, or Magistrate, or Aedile, or 
 Judge, or any or all of these. 
 
 A T'KO'X. injuria aestimatur vel ex facto, veluti si quis ab aliquo vulneratus 
 fuerit vel fustibus caesus; vel ex loco , veluti si cui in theatro vel in foro 
 vel in conspectu Praetoris injuria facta sit; vel ex persona, veluti si magistratus 
 injuriam passus fuerit, vel si Senatori ab humili injuria facta sit, aut parenti patron- 
 ffi'e, fiat a liberis vel libertis : aliter enim senatoris et parentis patronique, aliter 
 extranei et humilis personae injuria aestimatur. Nonnunquam et locus vulneris 
 atrocem injuriam facit, veluti si in oculo quis percusserit. Parvi autem refert, 
 utrum patrifamilias an filiofamilias talis injuria facta sit: nam et haec atrox aes- 
 timabitur. Justinian, Inst, iv, 4, § 9. An injury is considered 'atrocious,' 
 either from the nature of the act, as if any one is wounded by another 
 or beaten with clubs ; or from (or according to) the nature of the 
 
 Z13 
 
Atr.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Att. 
 
 place, as where an injury is done in a theatre, or in a forum, or in the presence 
 of the Praetor; or from the quality or rank (the status) of the 
 person, as where it is a magistrate that has received the injury, or a Senator 
 has sustained the injury at the hands of a person of low rank, or it has been 
 done by a child or freedman to a parent or patron. For the injury done to a 
 Senator, a parent or a patron is estimated differently from an injury done to a 
 person of low rank or to a stranger. Sometimes it is the part of the body 
 injured that gives the character to the injury, for instance if any one had been 
 struck in the eye. Nor does it make any difference whether such an injury has 
 been done to z. paterfamilias or & filiusfamilias, for in either case it will be con- 
 sidered 'atrocious,' or oi a. grave character. 
 
 The Civilians generally adhered to the doctrines expressed in the several rules above 
 set forth, cf. Labeo ap. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, lo, fr. 7> § 8 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 8 ; Ulpianus, 
 ib. fr. 9. V. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 2, §§ i-io; Bracton, iii, tr. 2, c. 36, g 4, fol. 155*. v. Est quidem 
 injuria levis, et est atrox, etc. 
 
 Atrocitas formularum. The rigor of formulae. The rigid strictfiess of judicial formu- 
 las. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst, vii, i, 37. v. Apices juris ; Apices litigandi. 
 
 Attach.6. — Fr- Attached to ; connected with. 
 
 In International Law: One attached to the suite of an ambassador. A person 
 attached to a foreign legation, i Baldwin's R. 230, 240. 
 
 AttacMameutuiU. — L. Lat. An attachment. Bracton, lo\. ^^cjb sij. 
 
 AttacMamentum bonorum.— L. Lat. An attachment or distress of goods. 
 
 In English Law: A distress formerly taken upon goods and chattels, where a per- 
 son is sued for personal estate or debt, by the legal attachiators or bailiflfs as security to 
 answer an action. Blount; Bl. Com. iii, 280; 7 Mass. 127. 
 
 AttacMamentum de spinis et boscis.— L- Lat. An attachment of the thorns and wood. 
 
 In English Law: An attachment or privilege granted to the officers of a forest to take 
 to their own use, thorns, bushes, and windfalls, within their precincts. Kennett's Par. Antiq. 
 209. V, Boscus, 
 
 AttacMamentum forinsecum.— L. Lat. A foreign attachment. 
 
 In English Law; A process used to attach the goods of a foreign or absent debtor, 
 found within some liberty or city, to satisfy creditors. Cotn. Dig. tit. 'Attachment;' 
 Locke on Foreign Attach.; 4 Bing. N. C. 782 ; 2 Kent's Com. 401, 403 ; Story, J., 4 Mason s 
 R. 44-j ; Drake on Attach. Also called 'Garnishment.' 
 
 Atteindre. — L. Fr. To reach to ; to overtake or come to. =Lat. Attingere. Hence, 
 Attainder,^ to attaint ; to convict, conviction. The act of attainting. 
 
 In English Criminal Law: (a,) The stain, forfeiture, and corruption of blood 
 which followed on being condemned for certain crimes. (6.) That extinction of civil rights 
 and capacities which takes place whenever a person who has committed treason or felony 
 receives sentence of death for his crime. He is no longer of any credit or reputation ; he 
 cannot be a witness in any court, neither is he capable of performing the functions of a man, 
 for, by an anticipation of his punishment, he is already dead in law (civiliter moriuus). The 
 consequences of attainder or forfeiture of property and corruption of blood. 3 Bl. Com. 25r; 
 4 id. 380-8 ; I Steph. Com. 408 ; id. 446 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 488. 
 
 In American Law; Attainder is scarcely known, and is expressly prohibited by 
 Const. U. S. art. i, sect. xi. v. Story on Const. §§ r343, 1344. 
 
 Atterminare, \.<Kly and terminare, to bound, set limits to.] To put off to a succeeding 
 term. To prolong the time of payment of a debt. Stat. Westm. II, c. 4 ; Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Attestatio, Onis, /. \ad, to, and testari, to witness.] An attesting, attestation, testimony. 
 Macr. Semn. Scip. ii, g; Trebell, xxx. 
 
 In Common Law: Attestation is the act of witnessing an instrument in writing, at 
 the request of the party making the same, and subscribing it as a witness. 3 P. Wms. 252 ; 
 2 Vesey's Ch. 454; it Pick. (Mass.) 373. Called 'attesting witness.' 3 Camp. 232. 
 " The last requisite to the validity of deed is the attestation, or execution of it in the 
 presence of witnesses." 2 Bl. Com. 307. v. Cooley's note (17) ; Broom <5r= Had. Com. ii, 493. 
 
 214 
 
AttJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Au b. 
 
 Attestor, arl, I, V. def. To bear witness ; to attest, confirm, corrborate. Cicero, Sull. 
 xxix _/?«./ Phaed. i, 10, 3 et al. 
 
 In Practice and Conveyancing: To witness or testify ; to bear witness to. To 
 witness the execution of an instrument, and to subscribe the name in testimony of such fact. 
 4 Taunt. 213 \ ^ M. ^^ W. 404. v. Attesiatio. 
 
 Atteynte. — L. Fr. Attaint ; an attaint. Britt. c. 98. 
 
 Attilamentum, — L. Lat. In old English Law: Tackling or tacltel ; rigging; 
 furniture, equipment. ./4/AVo/«j,— harnessed, taclceled. Atlilatus equus, — a horse with his 
 gear or harness on. Cowell. Attilium (pi. attilid), — the rigging or taclcel of a ship; c. g., 
 Navem ciltii attilio decenti, — a ship with her rigging. Naves et attilia, — ships and their 
 rigging. 
 
 Attincta. — L- Lat. \-\- '^ttingol\ An attaint, stajn, or blackening; a conviction or find- 
 ing of guilty of some offense, v. Atteindre. 
 
 AttinctUS. Stained or blackened. 3 Co. Inst. 213; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 487 (a). 
 
 Attingd, ere, 3, v. a. [-|- ad, to, and lingere, to touch.] To touch ; to come in contact 
 with ; to reach to ; to be allied to ; to be united or connected with ; c. g., Cognatione affinita- 
 teve attinget, — shall be connected by relationship or affinity. Dig. xlvii, 10, 5/>-. Affinitate 
 attingant, — they may touch by affinity. Bracton, fol. izfin. 150. Attinguntse, — they amount 
 to. Yelv. 80. Aitingentia, — amounting to. Hoi). 133. Quae in toto se attingunt, — which 
 in the whole amount to. 
 
 AttornamentUIIl. — L. Lat. [-(- attomare.] Attornment. Co. IMt. 3090 ; Shep. Touch, 
 253. As to the law of attornment in the United States, v. 4 Kent's Com. 490-1 ; i Wash- 
 bume's Real Prop. 28, n., 336. 
 
 Attornare, Attumare. — L. Lat. To turn ; to exchange ; to give one thing or place of 
 another. 
 
 In Feudal Law: To attorn ; to transfer or turn over, c. g., Attornare rem, — to turn 
 or attorn over a thing, as money and goods, i. e. to assign or appropriate them to some par- 
 ticular use and service. Kenn. Par. Ant. zZ'i. Attornare homagium et servitium tenentis, — 
 to attorn the homage and service of a tenant. Bracton, fol. ilb, 82. Attornat servitum, 
 firmarii, — he attorns the service of the fermor or lessees. /a?.fol.l78. Possum attornare 
 tencntem meum, — I may attorn my tenant. Id. fol. 169. Cum ipse, de voluntate sua, se 
 attornaverit ei, et ei fecerit servitium, — where he, of his own will, attorned himself to 
 him, and did service to him. Id. fol. 41. 
 
 In old English Practice: To attorn ; to put in one's place ; to appoint a substi- 
 tute or attorney. Reg. Orig. 172 sq. 
 
 AttornatiO. — L. Lat. \attomare?^ An attornment. Bracton, io\. 1t)b. 
 
 AttomatUS. One who is attorned, or put in the place of another ; a substitute ; an attor- 
 ney. Spebnan. Attomatus vel procurator, — an attorney or procurator (proctor). Reg. Orig. 
 25*, 281. 
 
 Attornati et apprenticii. Attorneys and apprentices. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 37. v. Bl. Com. 
 25 ; I TidJ^s Pr. 60-go. 
 
 Attomatus generalis.— L. Lat. A general attorney ; one who is authorized to appear 
 in all suits and causes, and in all courts; or in all suits at a particular circuit, or for a speci- 
 fied time. Reg. Orig. 20-22. 
 
 Attomatus regis or reginae. The attorney of the king or queen. The attorney-gen- 
 eral. 3 Bl. Com. 27 ; 4 Burr. 2570. 
 
 ATTORNATUS fere in omnibus personam domini reprcsentat. An attorney 
 represents the person of his master in almost all respects. Bracton, fol. 342. 
 
 V. Generate attome puit taut que, etc. 
 
 Attributio, Onis, /. [-|- attribus:\ The assignment of a money debt. Cicero, Fam. 
 xvi, 24 et al. 
 
 Au.— L. Fr. At, to, for, until, in case of. Au aumore,— for alms or charity. Au 
 besoin,— in case of need. v. infra. Au bon droit,— to the just right. Au bout de 
 COmpte — at the end of the account ; after all. Au bOUt de SOU Latin,— at the end of his 
 
 215 
 
Aub.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Auc. 
 
 Latin, /. c. to the extent of his knowledge. Au ceo temps, — until this time. All COn- 
 traire, — on the contrarjr. Au d'espoir, — in despair. Au fait, — («•) Well instructed; 
 expert. (6.) In fact ; indeed ; in point of fact ; in point ; to the fact. Au fil d'el ewe 
 (eau), — to the thread of the stream. BHit. c. 42. Au grand besoin, — in great need ; in 
 case of absolute necessity ; in an emergency. Au pis aller, — at the most Au pluis, — 
 at most. Au ^Uel, — to whom or which. L.Fr.Dict. Au reste, — as for the rest. Au 
 revoir, — until we meet again. 
 
 Au besoin, — Fr. In case of need. 
 
 In French Law: Words employed in the direction of bills of exchange, pointing 
 out certain persons who, in case of a refusal or failure of the drawee, are to be applied to, 
 that they may honor and pay the bill, in the nature of an acceptance supra protest. Story on 
 
 Bills, § 65. '^Au besoin, chez Messrs . a ." — " in case of need apply to Messrs. 
 
 , at ." Similar words are also employed in indorsements. Id. 216. 
 
 Au grand besoin, — Fr. In case of absolute necessity ; in an emergency. 
 
 Auceps, cilpis, m. [contr. of aviceps -\- avis, a bird, and capio, I take.] A bird-catcher; 
 fowler. Plautus, 7W«. ii, 4, 7; Horace, .4. /". 458 ; Isidorus, Orig. x, g 13. Trop.: 
 Circumspice du7n, ne quis nostro kic auceps sermoni siet, — look around, then, that no one 
 here may be an eaves-dropper for our discourse. Plautus, Mil. iv, i, 9. Hence, 
 
 Auceps sylloborum. A catcher of syllables ; a minute and trifling critic ; a cavalier. 
 Cicero, de Or. iii, 55 fin. v. Legulejus. v. Aucupia ■veriorum. 
 
 One who catches at trifling verbal inaccuracies; watching or laying at catch for mistakes 
 of others like a fowler or bird-catcher; a catching, captious, tricky pleader or practitioner. 
 V. Aucupia verborum sunt judice indigua, Hobatt, 343. 
 
 Auctarium, ii, «• [+ augeo.'\ An addition or augmentation of a definite measure. 
 Plautus, Merc, ii, 4, 23. 
 
 Auctarium dicebant antiqui, quod super mensuram vel pondus justum adjiciebatur, ut cumulus vocatur 
 in modls. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 13. 
 
 Auctio, Onis, /. [augeo.l (a.) An increasing; increase; e. g.. Audio dierum, — an 
 increase of daj'S. Macr. Sat. i, 14. (6.) A public sale ; auction. (This is the classic sig- 
 nification of the word.) Paulus, Dig, xli, 4, 2, §§ 8, 9. Adams' Roman Antiq. pp. 77, 78. 
 
 Auctionem. facere, — to make an auction. Plautus, Men. v, 9, 91-94 ; id. Poen.\, '^,2; 
 V, 6, 27 ; Cicero, Quint, iv ; id. Att. xii, 3 et al. A uctionem praedicare, — to make known 
 or proclaim an auction. Plautus, Stick, i, 3, 85. Auc tionem proscribere, — to publish or 
 advertise an auction. Cicero, ^//. xiii, 37. A uctionem proponere, — to publish, publicly 
 advertise an auction. Quintilian, vi, 3, 99. Auctionem proferre, — to defer, or adjourn 
 an auction. Cicero, Att. xiii, 13. Auc tiones hastae, — auction spears, i. c. spears stuck 
 in the ground, at public auctions, to indicate the place, etc. Suetonius, Cas. 50. A uctio 
 hereditaria constituta, — an auction of an inheritance appointed. Cicero, Caec. v, 13. 
 
 As the term auction, and the mode of conducting it are of Roman origin; Auctions were held either in 
 an open place, or in particular rooms or halls, called atria auctionaria, — auction halls, halls where auctions 
 were held Cicero, Agr. i, 3. There was a spear set up therein Uiasid) ; the price was called out by a 
 Praeco, — a crier,— and the article sold was adjudged to the highest bidder by the magistrate who was present. 
 A money-broker {argentarius) was also present to note down the price, and receive the money or security 
 for it. Adams' Rofn. A ntiq. i, pp. 77, 78. 
 
 Auctionalis, e> cidj. [auctio.^ Of or pertaining to an auction. 
 
 Auctionalia, ium, «. Catalogues of auction sales. Ulpianus, Dig. xxvii, St/r. 1, § 3. 
 
 Auctidnarius, a, um, adj. \auctio.'] Of or pertaining to an auction ; auctionary. (v. 
 Atria auctionaria.) Tabulae auctionaria, — tables or catalogues of goods to be sold at auc- 
 tions. Cicero, Orat. ii, 8, 18 Moeb. 
 
 Auctidnarius, Auxionarius, — L. Lat. In old English Law: A seller, regrater 
 or retailer, e. g. Auxionarii et auctionatrices panis, cerviciae, et aliarum verum, — retailers 
 (male or female) of bread, ale and other things. Placit. Pool. 18 Edw. I. A broker; one 
 who bought as well as sold; r. g., Auctionarius qui emit, — an auctioneer who buys. Gloss. 
 Isidori. Auctionarii, quos Angli brokers decimus, — auctioneers whom we' English call 
 brokers. Spelman ; 2 H. Bl. 555. A broker, or person who loaned money. Gregor. Mag. 
 Registr. 1. i, epist. 42. An auctioneer in the modern sense. Spelman, Gloss. On who con- 
 ducts an auction or public sale. Story on Agency, § 27 ; 2 //■. Bl. 555. One who buys old 
 worn-out things to sell again at a greater price. Du Cange. 
 216 
 
Auc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Auc. 
 
 Auctor, Oris, VI. [+ augeo.'] He who promotes the prosperity, increase or existence of 
 an)' object, whether he first originates, makes or creates it, or by his efforts gives greater 
 permanence or continuance to it. Translated into English according to the 
 object; e. g., creator, maker, author, inventor, producer, father, founder, teacher, com- 
 poser, cause, voucher, principal, leader, head, etc. 
 
 Of persons: He who begets; a generator, father, ancestor; e.g., Auctornobilitalis 
 tuae, — the founder, progenitor of thy nobility. Cicero, Tusc. iv; i, 2 ; Auctor generis, — the 
 progenitor of a race or stock. Virgil, /4. iv, 365. In political lang. t. t.: Auctor 
 legis, — one who proposes a law. LivY, vi, 36; Cicero, ' Dom. xxx, 80. (6.) One who 
 advises the proposal of a law, and exerts all his influence to have it passed. Suet. TVii. 27; 
 Cicero, Leg. iii, 16 ; id. Agr. ii, 5 ; id. Att. i, ig. v. Adams' Antiq. i, p. 133. (c.) A con- 
 firmer, ratifier of a law. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 67. 
 
 In the Civil Law,/, t.: (a.) A principal ; a vendor, grantor, assignor ; since he 
 gives security for his ownership of an object to be sold, granted or assigned, and transfers it 
 to the purchaser. Sometimes the jurists make a distinction between auctor primus ani auctor 
 secundus ; the former is the seller himself, the latter the bail, security, whom the former 
 brings. Ulpianus, Dig. xxi, 2, fr. 4; Cicero, Vert, ii, 5, 22. Auctor fundi, — a seller or 
 grantor of a farm, or piece of land. Cicero, Caec. x ; Scaevola, Dig. xix, \,fr. 52. (6,) 
 Agent, factor, spokesman, intercessor, champion. Cicero, Fl. 22 ; id. Plane, xiii, 22 ; id. 
 Sest. L. 107. 
 
 Auctor in rem SUam. A judge, an adviser, a principal in his own affairs ; one who gives 
 authority, or grants any deed, etc., for his own behoof. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 23. 
 
 AuctoreS in rem sum, is the phrase applied to several, v. Erskine's Inst, i, tit, 7, § Ig. 
 
 Auctdramentum, i, «■ \_auctoro.'\ (a.) A binding or obligating to the performance of 
 certain servic.es. Hence (j» concreto), a contract, stipulation. Seneca, Ep. 37. 
 
 (6.) That for which one binds himself to some service or duty ; c g. as that of soldier, 
 mariner, etc.; wages, pay, hire, reward. Cicero, Off. i, 42; Beier et al. Trop : Nullum 
 sine auctoramento malum est. Seneca, Ep. 6g . 
 
 AUCTORES ' dicuntur a quibus Jus in nos transiit. They are called princi- 
 pals {or grantors) from whom a right is transferred in us. They from 
 whom a right has passed over in us are called {or named) ' auctores,' i. e. princi- 
 pals or grantors. Brissonius, ad verb 'Auctor' ; Broom's Max. 450, note 2. 
 V. Assignatus ulitur, etc. 
 
 Auctoritas atis, /. \auctor.'\ The quality of auctor; and hence it takes the various 
 significations of that word. 
 
 Melon.: The things which serve for the verification or establishment of a fact, (a.) 
 The record document. Cicero, Verr. i, 3 ; id. ib. ii, 3, (yz fin. (6.) The name of the person 
 who furnishes the security for something; authority. Cicero, Suit, xiii, 37 ; id. N. D. iii, 4; 
 id. Fam. viii, 8. (c.) A diploma or royal charter. Spelman. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law: Right of possession. Cicero, Caec. xix ; id. 
 Top. iv, 23; id. Caec. 23 fin. In the Laws of the XII Tables : Adversus hos- 
 TEM AETERNA AUCTORITAS. Tab. vi, fr. lo ; in Cicero, Off. i, 12. 
 
 In Juridical Language: A guaranty, security. Paulus, 5'^»A 11, 17. 
 
 AuctSritas prudentum. The authority of jurists or juris consults. 
 
 After the XII Tables and the Praetorian Edicts, the lawyers began to 
 develop them more fully by their opinions of interpretation ; and they settled the forrns to 
 be observed in the application of these principles. In this manner the lawyers exercised an 
 influence upon the improvement of the law, of equal importance with that of the Praetors 
 and the Aediles themselves. The law thus introduced by the jurists was called auctontas 
 prudentum, sententiae receptae,jus receptum, and also, in the strictest meaning of the term y^ 
 civile. V. POMPONIUS, Dig. i, 2, fr. 2, §§ 5. 12 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law. % 34 ! ''■ "I- ed. 18S3, ^ 38- 
 
 Auctoritas populi. The authority of the people. The popular will or decision. 
 Paraph. : 'The voice of the people' {vox populi). Cicero, Manil. xxii. 
 
 Auctoritas tutoris. The authority of a tutor. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 62g. 
 
 AUCTORITATES fhilosophorum, medicorum, et poetarum, sunt in causes alle- 
 gandae et tenendae. The opinions of philosophers, physicians and poets 
 are to be alleged and received in causes. Co. Litt. 264a; 2 Best on Evid:% 640. 
 [28] ^'7 
 
Auc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aud 
 
 AuCUpabuuduS, a, um, adj. [aucupor.] — Aucupans. Watching, lurking for. 
 
 Auciipalis, e, adj. [aticupium.] Pertaining to bird catching or fowling. Festus, p. i8. 
 
 AuCUpatiO, 5nis, /. \aucupor.'\ Bird catching or fowling. QuiNTlLlAN, Decl. xiii, 8 ; 
 Cod. ii, 58, 1. 
 
 Aucupatorius, a, um, adj. [id.] Belonging to or useful in bird catching. Pliny, xvi, 
 36, 66; Mart, xiv, 218. 
 
 Aucupium, ii, «• [auceps^ Bird catching, fowling. Cicero, Fin. ii, 8 ; id. v, 11, 32 
 
 T r o p . : A catching at, laying in wait for ; chase after something ; e. g., Hoc novum est 
 auc up i um , — this is a new means of gaining subsistence. A uo up i u m delectationis, — a 
 hunting for means of amusement ; an aiming at or pursuing of pleasure. Cicero, Or. xxv, 
 84, and Iviii, 197. 
 
 In old English Law: Catching at, or taking advantage of, or laying stress upon 
 trivial mistakes or oversights. 
 
 Aucnpia verborum. A catching, carping at words ; quibbling. Cicero, Caec. xxiii, 
 65. V. Auceps syllolorum, 
 
 AUCUPIA verborum sunt judice indigna. Catching at words is unworthy of 
 a judge. Hobart, 343 ; Broom's Max. j Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 AuClipd, Aucupare. (active form.) See Aucupor, Sri. 
 
 Aucupor, AuCTipari. ^. dep. and act. [auceps.] To go a bird catching or fowling. 
 Var. i?. J!, i, 23, 5 ; Gaius, Dig. xli, i, fr. 3, § i. 
 
 T r o p . : To chase after, give chase to, strive for, be on the lookout for, wait for, to hunt 
 or look for, etc. (Cicero uses this favorite figure about twenty times.) Plautus, J?ud. iv, 
 4, 49 ; Cicero, Ait. vi, 8, 4 ; id. Rose. Am. viii, 22 ; id. place, xxxvii, 92 ; id. Sest. 56, id. 
 Verr. i, 3,9; id. Or. ii, 7 fin. ; xiv, 59 ; Ixiii, 256 ; xix, 63 ; id. Fin. ii, 22, 71 ; id. Leg. iii, 
 16 ; id. Fam. v, 12, 6 et al. 
 
 Audacia, ae,_/". [audax.] The quality of audax, boldness (v. h. v.) 
 
 In a good sense: Courage, intrepidity, valor, daring. Ovid, M. x, 544 el a/. 
 
 Inabad sense: Audacity, temerity, presumption, insolence, impudence. Plautus, 
 Men. V, I, 13; shamelessness, impudence. Id. Am.i, i, 211 ; Cicero, /nv. ii, 54, 165; id. 
 Off. i, 19, 63 ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 30 ; id. Flacc. xv ; id. Caec. i et al. 
 
 In milder signif.: Freedom, boldness. Cicero, Zf^. viii ; Svet. Gramm. 10 fin. 
 
 Trop. : Freedom in the use of words, license. Pliny, Fp. viii, 4, 4. 
 
 A UDA CIA et audentta hoc diversa sunt^ quod audacia iemeritas est^ audeniia fiortitudi- 
 nes. A udacia and audentia are diverse ^?' different in this, that audacia is boldness, 
 audentia is fortitude, courage. Nonius Marcellus, 431,6; Tacitus, A. xv, 53. 
 
 Atidaces fortuna juvat, timidosque repeUit. — P r o v . Fortune assists the 
 courageous, and repels the timid. Fortune favors the brave and rejects the coward. 
 
 Audactor quUibet facit, quod se scire ipse non diffldet. — Pro v. Every 
 one behaves boldly in that way in which he knows himself to excel. Fortesque, xlivyf«. 
 
 Audax, acis, adj. [audeo.] In a good sense: Daring; courageous. In a bad 
 sense : Bold, spirited ; audacious, rash, presumptuous, fool-hardy. Plautus, Am. i, i, i ; 
 ii, 2, 207 ; Horace, Fp. ii, i, 182 ; id. Ode, i, 3, 25 ; Cicero, Verr. i, i, 2 fin.; id. Rose. Am. 
 I ; id. Inv. i, 3 et al.; Quintilian, x, 5 ; viii, 6, (6.) Violent, fierce, proud ; e.g. anibitiosus 
 et audax, — ambitious and proud. Horace, 5. ii, 3, 165. 
 
 Aude sapere. Dare to be wise. 
 
 Audenter, adv. [audeo.] Boldly, courageously. 
 
 Audentia ae, /. [audens.] The quality of a«rf«»j, — daring, boldness, courage, spirit. 
 
 Audendum est aliquid aut omnia patienda sunt. — Pro v. Something 
 must be risked, or all things must be endured. LiVY. 
 
 Audendum est, ut illustrdta Veritas patent midtique (i perjurio liber- 
 etlflir. We must make the attempt to set forth the truth, that it may be seen, and so be res- 
 cued from the mischiefs of perjury. Lactantius. 
 218 
 
Aud.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aud. 
 
 * * Audentem Forsque Venusque juvat. — Ovw, A. A. i, 608. 
 Chance and Venus befriend the daring. 
 
 Fortibus est fortuna viris data. EnniuS, lib. vii. 
 
 * * Audentes forsne Deusne juvet. — OviD, Fastorum. u.'jSz. 
 Be it chance, or be it a providence that aids the bold. 
 
 Read: Exitus in dubio est. Id. ib, 
 
 Audentes foi^una Juvat. — La. t. Pro v. Fortune favors the courageous. Virgil. 
 
 Fortes fortuna adjuvat. Terentius, Phorm. i, 4, 26. Fortune helps the brave. 
 
 ''Fortes' enim non modo 'fortuna adjuvat,' ut est in vetere proverbio, sed multo 
 raagis ratio, quae quibusdam quasi praeceptis confirmat vim fortitudinis. Cicero, Tusc. 
 Disp. ii, 4, n. 
 
 The Greek Proverb is: IIci6iv ydp ev (ppovov6i6vixnaxEi tvxv- Goodfortune 
 ever fights on the side of prudence. 
 
 AUDI alteram partem. Hear the other party. Hear the other side of the 
 question. Broom's Max. 114. 
 Listen what each party may wish to advance before you give your decision, otherwise, you 
 cannot be sure that your decision will be impartial or just. 
 
 It has long been a received rule that no one is to be condemned, punished or deprived of 
 his property in any judicial proceeding, unless he has had an opportunity of being heard. 
 Broom's Max. 114, 115 ; ■i Johns, Cas. 311, 315. v. 6 N. Y. R. (2 Seld.) 309, 328 ; 46 N. Y. R. 
 119, 123; affirming 2 Sweeney, 117. 
 
 Seneca expressed this rule : 
 
 Qui statuit aliquid parte inaudita altera . 
 
 Aequum licet statuerit, haud aequus fuit. — Seneca, Trag. fo. 55, Medea, 195. 
 
 Cited 6 Co. 52a / 11 id. gga/ per Parke, B., 4 Exch. 97 ; 14 C. B. 165. 
 
 ****** Audi, 
 
 NiCUa unquam de niorte hotninis cunctatio longa est. 
 
 — Juvenal. Sat. vi, 219. 
 Listen ! When man's life is at stake no deliberation can be too long. v. Co. Litt. 134. 
 
 "Pone crucem servo:" '^meruit quo crimine servus 
 Supplicium? quis testis adest? quis detulit? audi. 
 
 Nulla unquam de morte hominis cunctatio longa est." 
 "O demens, ita servus homo est? nil fecerit, esto: 
 Hoc volo, sic jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas. — Juvenal, Sat. vi, 218-222. 
 ' ' Crucify that slave. " " What is the charge, to call for such a punishment ? What witness 
 can you produce? Who gave the information? Listen! Where man's life is at 
 stake no deliberation can be too long." "O mad-man! so a slave is a man, 
 then I Granted he has done nothing. This I will — thus I command ! Let my will stand 
 instead of reason?" 
 
 " Go crucify that slave," " For what offense? 
 Who the accuser ? Where the evidence ? 
 For when the life of man is in debate, 
 No time can be too long, no care too great; 
 Hear all, weigh all with caution, 1 advise" — 
 "Thou sniveler! is a slave a man?" she cries. 
 " He's innocent! be't so: — 'tis my command, 
 My will; let that, sir, for a reason stand." — "W'illiam Giffo cd, vi, 317-324. 
 
 Audi, vide, tace, si vis vivere in pace. Listen, look on, keep silent {or hold 
 3our tongue), if you would live in peace. [A Leonine line of the middle ages.] 
 AudiendO et terminandO. For hearing and terminating or determining. 
 
 ■i/. Breve de audiendo et terminando. v. Oyer et terminer. 
 
 Audientia, ae, / \audio.'\ A hearing, a listening to something ; audience, attention. 
 Atidentiam facere, — to cause to give attention ; to procure a hearing. Cicero, Her. iv, 55 ; id. 
 de Or. ii, 80, 325. Audientiam tribuere, — to give a hearing. Appulejus, Met. iii, p. 131, I4- 
 
 Melon: The faculty of hearing ; hearing. Hence {concrelo pro abstracto), the ear ; the 
 hearing. Arnob. iii, p. 117; id. v, p. 178. 
 
 219 
 
Aud.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [And. 
 
 Audio, ire, 4, V. a. To hear, to perceive, understand by hearing. In a more general 
 sense: To listen to any one or to any thing, i. e. to give it one's attention. CiCERO, Clu. 
 Stxiii, 63 ; id. de Or. Ixi, 259 ; LiVY, xlii, 48 ; i, 32 ; v, 6 et al. 
 
 In Juridical Language: To listen or hearken to something ; to examine some one. 
 Cicero, Flac. xxxix, 98 ; Paulus, Dig. xi, 3, /;-. 14 fin.; Papinian. ib. xxviii, 6, fr. 10 ; 
 Paulus, ib. xxxix, 2,/?-. 18 et saep. 
 
 Audio quid veteres olim moneatis amid : 
 ' Pone seranv; cohibe,' Sed quis custodiet ipsos 
 Custodes? — Juvenal, Sat. vi, 345. 
 I hear the advice that my good friends of ancient days would give — " Put on a loclc ! 
 Keep her in confinement ! " But who is to guard the guards themselves. 
 
 Ovid draws a vivid, life-like picture of the corruptibility of cusiodes: 
 
 Quid juvai ambages jiraeceptaque ^arva niovere. 
 
 Cicjn ininimo custos ntunere possii emi? etc. — OviD, Ars. Amat. iii, 651-658. 
 
 "I hear, old friends, I hear you: *Make all sure: 
 Let spies surround, and let bolts secure.' 
 But who shall keep the keepers?" — William Gifford, vi, 505. 
 
 " I hear your cautious counsel, you would say, 
 Keep close your women, under lock and key.' 
 But, who shall keep those keepers?"~JoHN Dryden. 
 
 Audire, atque togatn jubeo componere, quisquis 
 Amhitione maid, ant argenti pallet amove; 
 Quisquis luxurid, tristive superstitione, 
 Aut alio mentis morbo calet; hue proprius me, 
 Dum doceo insanire omnes, vos ordine adite, 
 
 — Horace, Sat. ii, 3, 77-81. 
 Whoever grows pale with evil ambition, or the love of money; whoever is heated with 
 luxury, or gloomy superstition, or any other disease of the mind, I commend him to adjust 
 his garment and attend : hither, all of ye, come near me in order, while I convince you that 
 you are mad. 
 
 " Come all, whose breasts with bad ambition rise. 
 Or the pale passion, that for money dies. 
 With luxury or superstition's gloom, 
 Whate'er disease your health of mind consume. 
 Compose your robes j in decent ranks draw near. 
 And, that ye are all mad, with reverence hear." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Audita (Querela. — L- Lat. The complaint having been heard. 
 
 In practice: An audltd quereld is 2^ viux. to he deWverei from an unjust judgment or 
 execution by setting them aside for some injustice of the party that obtained them, which 
 could not be pleaded in bar to the action. Bacon's Abr. tit. ^Aud. Quer.;' Com. Dig. 'Aud. 
 Quer.;' 2 Wm. Saund. 137, n.and notes thereto, and 147, n. i; Wingate's Max. 40, §§ 51, 
 52. It lies, in a proper case, in the nature of a bill in equity. It is a writ, directed to 
 the court in which the judgment is recovered, stating that the complaint of the defendant has 
 been heard {audltd quereld defendentis), and shows that there yet remains a possibility of 
 injustice being done to a defendant against whom judgment has been given, by enforcing it 
 when he has become possessed subsequently thereto of a good defense to the action. Under 
 these circumstances, such defense, whether legal or equitable, is allowed to be set up by way 
 of audita querela. Id. ib. supra; 3 Bl. Com. 405, 406 , Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 371. The writ 
 enjoins the court to call the parties before them, and, having heard their allegations and 
 proofs, to cause justice to be done between them. Id. ib. The writ of audita querela, how- 
 ever, has been rarely emploj'ed in modern practice (a), the object in view being, in most 
 cases, more conveniently {b) attained by motion founded upon affidavits and other evidences 
 of the facts, (a) 3 Bl. Com. 406, and Cooley's note 3 ; Brooin &• Had. Com. iii, 371 ; Eyre, 
 C. J., I Bos. &= Pul. 428; i^Exch.R. 82; T M. &' G. 334 n. (a); \ L. M. &'P.3Sl; 4 Burr. 
 2283-87, (b); 10 Bing. 26. 
 
 In the courts of England: According to the present rules of practice, a defend- 
 ant, in order to avail himself of the writ {audltd quereld), must now procure a rule of court or 
 order of a judge before it can be issued. Ji. G. Pr. r. 79. 
 
 Equitable defenses arising after lapse of the period during which they could be 
 pleaded, may be set up by way of audltd quereld. Com, Law Proc. Act, 1854, S^ 84 ; Broom 
 &■ Had. Com, iii, 371. 
 
Aud.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aug. 
 
 In the United States: It is a regular action, founded upon a writ which must be 
 allowed in open court, and is not per se a supersedeas. 1 Johns. R. 226 ; 12 Mass. 270. The 
 parties appear and plead. \1 Johns. R. 484 ; 12 Venn. R. 56, 435 ; 30 id. 420 ; 8 Miss. 103. 
 Damages may be recovered if execution was improperly issued. Brooke's Abr. 'Dam- 
 <^S^ ^ ' 38- It is a remedial process which lies for a judgment debtor to recall or prevent an 
 execution, on account of some matter occurring after judgment amounting to a discharge, 
 and which could not have been, and cannot be, taken advantage of otherwise. 12 Mass. 270; 
 
 13 id. 453 ; II Cush. (Mass.) 35 ; i Venn. R. 433. It is equitable in its nature, based upon 
 facts (dehors the record) and not upon the erroneous judgments or acts of the court, which 
 are available only by proper exceptions or writ of error. 2 Johns. Cas. 227 ; 10 Mass. 103 ; 
 
 14 id. 448 ; 17 id. 159. v. 7 Gray (Mass.), 206; i Aik. (Vt.) 563; 24 Verm. R. 211; i Overt. 
 (Tenn.) 425. 
 
 In some of the States: It is usual to grant the same relief upon motion which 
 might be obtained by auditd quereld. ^ Johns. R. 191; 11 Serg. &= R. (Penn.) 274. cf. U. S. 
 Dig. 'Audits. Quereld.' 
 
 AuditiO, Onis, /. [audio.] (a.) A hearing, a listening to. ClCEKO, Fin. v, li, 42; id. de 
 Or. ii, 30; QuiNTiLiAN, ii, 2, 11; X, I, 10. (6.) Hearsay Cicero, Verr.u,4, 46. Hence, 
 
 M e t o n . (abstracto pro concreto): A report, hearsay, news. CiCERO, jV. D. ii, 37, 95 ; id. 
 Plane, ii, 3, 56; CoEL. in CiCERO, Fam. viii, I et al. 
 
 Auditis COnsiliariis. Counsel having been heard. Dyer, 140*. 
 
 Auditor, oris, m. [audio.] One who hears ; a hearer, an auditor. Cicero, Or. viii ; id. 
 ib. XXXV ; id. N. D. iii, l ; id. Brut. Ii et al. 
 
 In English Law: An officer, whose business it is to examine and verify the accounts 
 of persons intrusted with money, v. Brand's Encycl. An officer or agent of the crown, or 
 of a corporation, or of a private individual, who examines periodically the accounts of 
 under officers, tenants, stewards or bailiffs, and reports the state of their accounts to his 
 principal. 46 Geo. III. c. i; 4 Co. Inst. 107. 
 
 In American Law: An officer of the treasury of the United States or of a State, 
 whose duty is to examine the accounts of officers who have received and disbursed public 
 moneys by lawful authority. Acts of Cong. April 3, 1817 ; Feb. 24, 1819 ; 3 Story's Laws U. 
 S. 1630. 
 
 In Common Practice: A person (or persons) appointed by the court in actions of 
 account to take the accounts of the parties. 3 Bl. Com. 163 ; l Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 447, 448 ; 
 I Mete. (Mass.) J?. 218 ; b Pick. (Mass.) 193. v. Bacon's Abr. ' A c compt,' F. 
 
 Auditor COmpotae. — L. Lat. The auditor of the accounts. Auditores compoti, — auditors 
 of account. Auditores compotorum, — auditors of accounts. ' Fleia. 
 
 Auditdrium, ii, «. (a.) A place where something (a discourse, lecture, etc.) is heard ; 
 a lecture-room, hall of justice, tribunal. Quintilian, ii, 11, 3 ; Paulus, Dig. xlii, i, fr. 54, 
 xlix, 9, /r. i; Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 4,fr. 18 et al. (6.) A hearing of a cause at law ; a judicial 
 examination. Calistrat, Dig. iv. 8, fr. 41. T r o p . , The assembled hearers themselves ; 
 the audience, auditory. Pliny, Ep, iv, 7. 
 
 AuditUS, a, um. Part. [-\- audio, Irg, v. h. v.] Nunquavi audit us fuit clamare inter 
 quatuor parietes. It was never heard to cry within four walls. Bracton, fol. 2ltjin.; Fleta, 
 vi, c. 55, §§4-6. 
 
 Auditus, tls, n. [audio.] A hearing, a listening. Tacitus, A. iv, 6g. A rumor, report. 
 Id. H. i, 76. The sense of hearing ; the hearing. Cicero, N. D. ii, 57 et al 
 
 In Pleading and Practice: Hearing. In auditu quaviplurimorum, — in the hear- 
 ing of very many. T. Raym. 196. Oyer (which signifies an actual hearing). Hob. iga/ 2 
 LordRaym. 1540. Si quereus petal auditum, — if the plaintiff pray oyer. Stat. Westm. II. c. 39. 
 
 Augmentum, i, «. [augeo.] An increase, growth, augmentation. Augmentum aut demt- 
 nutio, — an increase or abatement; augmentation or diminution. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 13. />'• 
 8. Augmentum fundi, — an increase of a farm ; an augmentation of land. Pomponius, Dig. 
 xxx,/?-. 8. 
 
 Augur, uris, n. An augur, diviner, sooth-sayer. 
 
 At Rome, a particular college of priests, much reverenced in early ages, who foretold the 
 future by observing the lightning, the flight or notes of birds, the feeding of the sacred fowls, 
 certain appearances of quadrupeds, and other unusual occurrences. Cicero, Leg. 11, 8 ; 
 Adams' Rom. Antiq. 1,^.412 sq. Transferred: Any sooth-sayer, diviner, seer, in gen- 
 eral. Horace, Odes, i, 2, 32. Noctumae imaginis augur,— an interpreter of night visions. 
 Ovid, Am. iii. 5, 31. 
 
 221 
 
Aug.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aur 
 
 Augurium, ii> »■ (plur. Augm-a). [augur.} (a.) The observance and interpretation of 
 omens; augury. Var. L. L. vi, 6, 63; Cicero, Div. i, 17, 32; id. Off. iii, 16, 66. e.g., 
 Augurium salutis, — an augury of health, prosperity, preservation, deliverance, etc. 
 
 An augury that was instituted in time of peace, for the inquiry whether one could suppli- 
 cate the Deity for the preservation of the State (de saluti). Cicero, Div. i, 47 ; Suetonius, 
 Aug. 31 ; Tacitus, Ann. xii, 23. 
 
 Transferred : (6.) Every kind of divination, prophecy, soothsaying, interpretation; 
 e. g., A uguria rerum futurarum, — augural of future events. Cicero, Phil, ii, 35, 89. 
 
 Transferred to the internal senses: Presentment, foreboding of future 
 occurrences. Cicero, Tusc. i, 15, 33 ; id. Fam. vi, 6; Pliny, Ep. vii, 33, i et al. 
 
 Object.: A sign, omen, token, prognostic. Thymum augurium mellis, est, — thyme 
 is an omen or prognostic of honey. Pliny, xxi, 10, 31 ; id. xxviii, 6, 19. 
 
 Augusta., ae, /. {augustus.} In the time of the Emperors: A title given to 
 Lovia, the wife of the Emperor Augustus. /)Ǥ-. i, 3, 31; /rf. xxxi, 57; ;</. xl, 14,6, i; 
 Cod. vi, 22, 7. Like queen consort in England. I Bl. Com. 218. Afterward it became a 
 common title of the mother, wife, daughter, and sister of the emperor; y«(r«, Imperial Maj- 
 esty, Imperial Highness. Tacitus, A. \,i; xv, 23 ; iv, 16 ; xii, 26 ; id. Hist, ii, 89 ; Sueto- 
 nius, Calig. X, 15, 23. 
 
 Augusta, or fiisima regina conjux divi imperatoris. Augusta or the 
 most pious queen consort of the divine emperor. Broom. &= Had. Com. i, 257 ; I Bl. Com. 218. 
 
 AUGUSTA licet legibus soluta non est. Ulpianus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 31. The 
 queen is npt freed from the laws. The empress or queen is not privileged 
 or exempted from subjection to the laws, i £1. Com. 219 ; Broom iSr" Had. Com. 
 
 i, 257- 
 
 V. Princeps legibus solutus est, etc. 
 
 Augustus, a, um, a;^. [augeo.} Originally in the Language of Religion: 
 Consecrated, devoted, i. e. sacred, elevated, worthy of honor, majestic, august. Ovid, F. 
 i, 609 sq.; Cicero, N. D. i, 42 fin. 
 
 AUGUSTISSIMUM Anglicarum libertatum diploma et sacra anchora. The most august 
 <ir majestic diploma and sacred anchor of English liberties. Spelman. v. Magna Charta. 
 
 Aula, ae,/. = Gr. avX?f. The front court of a Grecian house. Horace, Od. iii, 11, 16. 
 Also as an inner court of a house, a hall. = astrum. Virgil, A. iii, 356. (6,) A palace, 
 the castle of a nobleman ; the royal court. Virgil, A. i, 140 ; Horace, Od. ii, 18, 31 et al. 
 
 Met on. : The princely power, dignity. Cicero, Fam. xv, 4 ; Tacitus, A. vi, 43. 
 
 In English Law: A hall or court; the court of a baron or manor ; a court baron. 
 A hall, or chief mansion house ; the usual appendage of a manor. In modern sense: 
 The hall of a house. Peg. Jud. 13^. v. Facio tibi aulum, etc. 
 
 Aula Regis (or regiae) The King's hall, or palace ; also called Curia Regis, — the King's 
 court. 
 
 When William the Conqueror was established on the throne of England, an import- 
 ant change in the machinery for administering justice was effected by the establishment of 
 this court in his own hall or palace. It was the supreme court of the kingdom, and was 
 composed of the king's great officers of State, resident in his palace, and usually attendant 
 on his person. These were assisted by certain persons learned in the law, called the king's 
 justiciars, etc. The presiding officer was called the chief justiciar (capitalis or summus justi- 
 ciareus totius Angliae.) Bracton, lib. iii, tr. I, c. 7, § 2, fol. 105^/ Fleia, ii, cc. 2, 3 ; 3 Bl. 
 Com. 37, 38 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 31, 36, 110-113 ; 1 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 2d ed., 48. 
 From this there gradually led to the establishment of the three superior courts of common 
 law, — the first ofF-shoot from the great court of the Aula Regis was the Court of Exchequer. 
 Reeve's Hist. Eventually the Aula Regis was dissolved, and its jurisdiction and authority 
 resolved into the several courts, K i n g ' s Bench, Common Bench, Exchequer 
 and Chancery. 3 Bl. Com. 39 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iii, 110 sq. 
 
 Aura, ae, /. =Gr. avpa. [-{- aca, avoo, I blow.] (a.) The air, a breath of air, a 
 breeze. Agitatus aer auram facit, — air a,gitated creates a breeze. Isidorhs, Orig. xiii, 11, 
 §17. Hence, in general, (6.) Any wind, breeze, blast (class.). Trop., Dum flavit 
 velis aura secunda meis, — while the favoring breeze swelled my sails, ;. ^. so long as I 
 was in prosperity. Ovid, ex Ponto, ii, 3, 26. 
 222 
 
Aur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aur. 
 
 Aura popularis. The breeze of popularity. The popular gale. T r o p . . The favor- 
 ing breeze of public caprice. The short-lived breath of popularity. 
 
 Applied to a man who has the masses of people on his side ; who for the time is on the tidal wave of dodu- 
 ^n^V"!!; ? °" ^^- "'^ V"''!, f't"'^'-''- Horace expressed the idea: Arbitrio MulaHs, aure,-i.x. the 
 will of popular caprice. Read the extract : llrtus refulsae nescia sordidae, etc. Horace, O^^. iii, 2, 17. 
 
 Aurarius, a, um, adj. [aurum.] Of or pertaining to gold ; golden. 
 Aurarius, a, m. A worker in gold; a goldsmith; a gold-dealer. Hence, Aurarii. 
 V. IsiDORUS, sui Aurum. 
 
 Aureus, a, um, adj. [id.'\ {a.) Of gold, golden. Aurea corona,— the golden crown (a 
 gift for distinction in war). LiVY, vii, 37. Aurea numus, and abs. Aureus, i, m. A gold 
 coin, gold piece — first struck in the second Punic war, of the value of twenty-five denarii or 
 one hundred sestertii, equaling about a ducat. Cicero, Phil, xii, 8 ; Pliny, xxxiii, 3, 13 ; 
 Suetonius, Cal. xlii; Adams' Roman Antiq. 2, pp. 261-266. (6.) Furnished with gold, 
 wrought, interwoven or ornamented with gold ; gilded (freq. and class.) (c.) T r o p . , of all 
 physical and mental excellencies Beautiful, magnificent, attractive, excellent, 
 golden. Aurea aetas, — the golden age. OviD, M. i, 89; v. infra. Aureds mores, — golden 
 morals. Horace, Od. iv, 2, 23. Aureum tempus, — the golden time or age. Id. Epod. xvi, 
 64. Ab aureo genere,— vn the golden age. Cicero, de N. D. ii, 53, § 159. Aurea mediocri- 
 tas, — the golden mean. The happy state of mediocrity. Horace, Carm. ii, 10, 5. 
 A-Xiream quisquis mediocritdtem 
 Dtligit, tutits caret obsoleti 
 Sordibus tecti, caret iiividenda 
 Sobrius aula. — Horace, Cartn. ii, 10, 5. 
 Whosoever loves the golden mean is secure from the sordidness of an antiquated 
 cell, and is too prudent to have a palace that might expose him to envy. 
 
 "Whoever delights in a state of golden (happy) mediocrity, avoids in safety the sordidness 
 of an old house, while he wisely escapes the cares of a splended establishment.'' 
 *' The man, within the golden mean, 
 Who can his boldest wish contain. 
 Securely views che ruin'd cell, 
 M^here sordid want and sorrow dwell. 
 And in himself serenely great. 
 Declines an envied room of State." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 -Aurea ne credas quaecumque nitescere cernis. — Pro v. Think not that 
 every thing that shines is gold. English Prov.; 'All is not gold that glitters.' 
 Trop.: 'Trust not to outward appearances.' 
 
 -Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nuUo 
 Si>onta sud, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat. 
 Poena nietusque aberant, nee verba mitiacia flxo 
 Acre legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat 
 Judicis ora sui, sed erant sine Judice tuti. 
 Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem. 
 
 Ovid, Metamorphoses, i, 89-94. 
 The Golden Age was firSt founded, which, without any avenger, of its own accord, 
 without laws, practiced both faith and rectitude. Punishment, and the fear of it, did not 
 exist, and threatening decrees were not read upon the brazen tables, fixed up to view, nor 
 yet did the suppliant multitude dread the countenance of its judge ; but all were in safety 
 without any avenger. 
 
 *Read upon the brazen tables.' The *Twelve Tables' were engraved on tables of brass, and 
 fixed conspicuously in the Capitol, that they might be open to the view of all. v. Lex Dtiodecim Tabulae. 
 
 Ovid describes the four Ages: Gold, Silver, Brass, and Iron. i. The Golden Age, supra. 1. The 
 Silver Age. Postquam Saturno ienebrosa in Tartara, etc. 3. The Age of Brass. Tertia post 
 illas successit aenea proles^ etc. 4. The A g e o f I r o n . De duro est ultima ferro, etc. 
 Virgil mentioned the Golden Age in these lines : 
 
 Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnis Olimpo^ 
 A rfiia Jovis fugiens et regnis exul ademptis. 
 
 A urea quae perhibent illo sub rege fuere 
 Saecula. etc. — Virgil, Aeneis^ viii, 319-327. 
 
 223 
 
Aur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aur. 
 
 Aureo piscdri hamo, — P r o v . To fish with a golden hook. 
 
 T r o p . : To attain the object of our pursuit by the expenditure of mone)', however large 
 the sum. A saying often expressed by Augustus Cjesar. 
 Aureds mores. Golden morals. Horace, Cann. iv, 2, 23. 
 
 AUREOS numos aes dicimus. Ulpianus, ^i^. L. 16, fr. 159. Golden coins 
 we call money. 
 
 The Jurists so expressed money {aei), because the first Roman coins, according to the 
 manner practiced in Italy from the earliest times, especially by the Etruscans, were struck 
 in copper, cf. Dr. Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. 
 
 Auri sacra fames ! The accursed greed or thirst of gold. 
 
 * * Quid non mortalia pectoracogis, 
 
 Auri sacra /ajnes I — Virgil, Aen. iii, 56. 
 Cursed thirst of gold! To what do'st thou not drive the hearts of men? 
 " O sacred hunger of pernicious gold ! 
 What bands of faith can impious lucre hold." — John Dryden. 
 
 Auribus teneo lupn/m. — Prov, I hold a wolf by the ears. An expression in the 
 mouth of Tiberius Caesar. As often as, on account of imminent fear, the critical 
 moment or dangerous condition, risk, hazard may be doubted. Suetonius, Tii. xxv. 
 
 ^ * * Iintno id quod aiunt^ aurihus teneo lu^ujn^ 
 
 Nam ncgue quomodo £t 7iie aimnittam^ invenio : neque uti retineam^ scio. 
 
 — Terentius, Phormio, iii, 2, 21. 
 
 Ves, indeed, as the saying is, 'I have a wolf by the ears' for I neither know how to get rid of 
 he "■' " ■■ ■ ■ .. ^ . . • ™ 
 
 her, nor yet how to keep her. =_The English phrase, " C a t c h i n g a Tartar.* 
 
 Graecum Proverbiuni : TSiv utrtav evw rbv AuKof, out' ej^etv^ ovt enfielvat. Svvafiai. a jjiuveru 01 me 
 Greeks: "I have got a wolf by trie ears, I can neither hold him nor part with him." 
 
 Auri-fodina, ae, /. [aurum.] A gold mine. Gaius, I>i^. iii, 4, /r. I pr. 
 
 Auris, is,/. Literally: The ear. Trop.: The hearing. 
 A ttriutn inditum nomen k vocibus hauriendis, unde et Virgilius : 
 
 Vocejnque his aitribus hausi. (Virgil, .^ £*?/. iv, 359) : 
 aut quia vocem ipsam Graeci oiSijr vocant, ab auditu. Per immutationem enim literae aures quasi audes 
 nuncupatae sunt. Vox enim repercusa per aufractus quo sensum excipiant audiendi, earum sunum facit. 
 Pinnula summa pars auris ab acumiae dicta. Pinnum enim autiqui acutum dicebant, unde et bipennis et 
 pinua. IsiDORUs, Orig. xi, i, § 46. 
 The term ears {aures) is so called from the voices {vocutes, sounds) to be drawn in, whence in Virgil: 
 "And with these ears I received the voice." — (Virgil, .^^«. iv, 359); 
 or because the Greeks call the voice itself avSV, from hearing. For by transfer of a letter the ears {aures) 
 are, as it were, called audes. hearings. For the voice, beaten on through the organs by which they receive 
 the sense of that which is to be heard, wakes the sound of them. 
 
 The topmost part of the ear {pinnula) is so called from its keenness or acuteness. For the ancients spoke 
 of a sharp leather, whence also bipennis^ double winged, and^z»»A, a feather. 
 
 AURES minus fidae existunt, quam oculi. = Gr. DiZa. yap rvyxdyi-T- hovra ajti 
 
 l^crspa o<pQoLk/.t^r. Lucianus, de Domo. The ears bring forth less faith than the eyes. 
 
 PuFENDORF, de Jur. Nat. et Gent, v, 13, § 9. 
 
 Pluris est oculaius testis tcnus, quam auriti decern. 
 Qui audiunt. audita dicunt: qui z'ident. plane sciunt. 
 
 Plautus, Truculerius, ii, sc. 6, 1. 8. 
 
 Aurioularum SClssio. — L. Lat. Cutting or cropping of the ears. Fleta. 
 
 Alirltas, a, um, adj. \auris, the ear, and trop., the hearing.] Furnished with ears, 
 for hearing ; (having long or large ears), eared. ' 
 
 Aur it us a magnis auribus dicitur, ut sunt asinorum et leporum, alias ab audiendi facultate. Festus, de 
 Verba. Sign. p. 8. 
 
 Awritus testis. A hearsay witness, i. e. one who has only heard, not seen, something. 
 
 Plautus, True, ii, 6, 8. Distinguished from Oculatis testis. 
 
 Read: Pluris est oculatus testis unus, quam auriti decem, etc. Plautus, ib. 
 
 AURO legato vasa aurea confinentur, et gemmis gemmae vasa ; secundum haec 
 sive gemmae sint in aureis vasts, sive in argenteis, auro argentove cedent, quo- 
 niam hoc spectamus, quae res cujus rei ornandae causd fuerit adhibita, non quae sit 
 pretiosior. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § 20. In a legacy of gold {eo 
 nomine) are contained the implements or utensils of gold, and of gems [eo 
 nomine), the implements, etc., out of (or adorned with) gems. In accordance 
 224 ' 
 
Aur.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Aur. 
 
 with this doctrine whether they may be gems in gold or silver implements, they 
 go with the gold or silver, because we judge of or regard that thing of which 
 thing shall have been added or used for the sake of adorning or ornamenting 
 any thing, not that which may be the. more precious or costly. 
 
 Read . Perveniamus et ad gemmas inclusas argento auroque, etc., stated under Ouum 
 fnncipahs causa non consisti, etc. ; and see Jies accessoria. 
 
 Si gemma ex annulo legetur, vel aliae materiae junctae, vel emblemata, rectfe legantur et 
 separantur, et praestanda sunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 2,/r. 17. 
 
 Auro pidsa fides, aur 6 venalia jura; 
 Aurum lex sequitor, mox sine lege pudoi: 
 
 Propertius, iii, 11, 48. 
 Read it in: At mmc deserlis cessant sacraria lucis, 
 
 Aurum omnes, victS. jam pietate, colunt, etc. 
 
 Aurum, i, «. = Gr. avpov. f+ am, avco, whence, also, avpa; therefore the glitter- 
 ing, shining metal.] Gold. Dig. xxxiv, tit. 2 ; Ulpianus, il>./rr. 19, 27 ; Paulus, ii. fr. 32. 
 
 Aurum ab aura dictum, id est \ splendore, eo quod repercusso aere plus fulget. Unde et Virgilius : 
 ^ Discolor inde auri Jier ramos aura re/uhit.' (Virgil, ^f«. vi, 204) ; 
 hoc est splendor auri. Naturale enim est, ut metalorum splendor plus fulgeat luce alia repercussus Hinc 
 et aurani dicti, quorum fulgor splendidos reddit. Isidorus, Orig. jtvi, 18, § i. 
 
 -4 arw/H is derived from nura, th^i is from sp\endor or brightness (A silenaore) bemuse eold shines tlie 
 more brightly when in a reflected light. Whence also Virgil (^c«. v, 204): 
 
 '•From whence the gleam of the gold, of different hue, shone through the boughs-" 
 that is the brilliance of gold For it is natural that the splendor or brightness of metals should glitter the more 
 when acted upon by another light. Hence they are called aurarii {goldsmiths or dealers in eoTd), from whom 
 there returns a brilliant distinction (or an illustrious renown). [F. J. M.l 
 
 M e t o n . ; Things made of gold, an ornament of gold, a golden implement, vessel ; e. g.-a. 
 golden goblet. Virgil, A. i, 539. A golden chain, buckle, clasp, necklace, jewelry. 
 Ovid, M. ix, 411 ; xiv, 394. A gold ring. Juvenal, i, 28 ; Coined gold, money. Plaut. 
 Aul. iv, 2, 4 ; Cicero, Att. xii, 6. The color or lustre of gold ; the glimmer, gleam or 
 brightness of gold. Ovid, M, ix, 689. The Golden Age. Horace. Od. iv, 2, 39. 
 
 Aurum auro expendetur ; argentum argento exaequabitiir, — Pro v. 
 Plautus, Rudens, iv, 4, 43. Gold shall be paid for gold ; silver shall have its weight in 
 silver in return. 
 
 Aurum in fortund invenitur, naturd ingenium bonum,. Plautus, Pom. 
 i, 2, 89. Gold is met with by luck or fortune ; a good disposition is found by nature. 
 Read it in: Invidia in me nunquam innata'st, neque malitia. Plautus, ib. 87. 
 Aurum, omnes, victd jam pietate, colunt : 
 Auro ptilsa fides, auro venalia jura, 
 Aurwn lex sequitur, mox sine lege pudor, 
 
 Propertius, iii, 11, 47. 
 All men now worship gold, piety being now conquered ; honesty (good faith) is driven 
 out by gold ; right can be bought by gold ; the law itself follows gold, and decency will soon 
 be without law i;r without restraint, i. e. will soon follow gold when law is gone. 
 
 The spirit of venality appears to have loosened all bonds of society. The age is become so venal, that 
 nothing is so much respected as wealth, howsoever ill-gotten, and its possessors. 
 
 Horace aptly portrays the power of gold in these lines : 
 
 Aurum per medios ire satellites 
 Et jjerrumpere amat saxa, potentius 
 Ictu fulm,ineo : cortcidit auguris 
 Argiri domos, ob lucrum 
 Demersa exitio ; diffidit iirbium, 
 Fondas vir Macedo et subruit aemulos 
 Meges muneribus. — Horace, Od. iii, 16, 9-15. 
 Gold delights to penetrate through the midst of guards, and to break through stone-walls, 
 more potent than the thunderbolt. The family of the Grecian augur perished, immersed in 
 destruction on account of lucre. The man of Macedon cleft the gates of the cities and 
 subverted rival monarchs by bribery. 
 
 [29] . 22s 
 
Aur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aut. 
 
 "Stronger than Thunder's winged force, 
 All-powerful Gold can speed its course ; 
 Through watchful guards its passage make. 
 And loves through solid walls to brealc ; 
 From Gold, the overwhelming woes 
 That crushed the Grecian Augur, rose; 
 Philip, with Gold, through cities brolte. 
 And rival monarchs felt his yoke ; 
 Captains of ships to Gold are slaves. 
 Though iierce as their own winds and waves. 
 Yet anxious care, and thirst of more. 
 Attend the still increasmg store." — Dr. Fkancis. 
 
 Anriun reginae. Queen's gold ; the gold of the queen. 4 Co. Inst. 358 ; i Bl. Com. 
 219, 220, 222 ; Broom &= Had. Com, i, 258. 
 
 AUSIS ialibus istis nan jura subserviunt. The laws will not assist in such 
 daring purposes. Buller, J., 3 J". J?. 51; 2 Smith's L. C. [164] 173 ; i 
 Johns. R. 471, 481. 
 
 " If a man will wickedly assert that which he knows to be false, and thereby draws his 
 neighbor into a heavy loss, even though it be under the specious pretense of serving his 
 friend, I say — ausis talibus istis non jura subserviunt? " Buller, J., id. supra. 
 
 Ausitot dit, ausitot fait. — Fr. Pro v. No sooner said than done. Like the Lat. 
 Die turn ac ja ctuvi . 
 
 Aut, conj. Or ; or rather ; or otherwise ; or more accurately ; either, etc. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Held in certain cases, to have the sense of ^/, and. Paulus, 
 Dig. L. 16, jr. 53 ; Cod. vi, 38, 4. v. Saepe ita eomparatum est, etc. Quum deeimus quod dedi 
 aut , etc. 
 
 In old pleadings: Or. e. g., Aut eo circiter, — or thereabouts. Town's PI. t%. 
 
 Aut affitur res in scents, aut acta refertur : 
 Segnius irratant animos demissa per aurem, 
 Quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus, et quae 
 Ipse sihi tradit spectator, — Horace, A. P. 179-182. 
 An action i,s either represented on the stage, or being done elsewhere, is there related. 
 The things which enter by the ear affect the mind more languidly than such as are submitted 
 to the faithful eyes, and what a spectator presents to himself, cf. MascARDUS, de Prob. 
 Quaest. 8, n. 20; Bonnier, Traite' des Preuves, § 51 ; Best on Evid. § 197, n. 
 
 " The business of the drama must appear 
 In action or description. What we hear, 
 With weaker passion will affect the heart. 
 Than when the faithful eye beholds the part." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Aut amat, aut odit mulier ; nil est tertium. A woman either loves or hates; 
 there is no medium. Publius Syrus. Trop.: Her passions are ever in extremes. 
 
 Aut bihat, aut abeat! (translation of the Gr. f/niBi, i} aniBi.) Let him quaff or 
 quit ! Cicero, Tusc. v. 41 Kilhn. 
 
 Aut Caesar, aut nvllus. Either Caesar or nobody, i. c. I will be supreme, or perish 
 in the attempt. Julius Caesar. 
 
 Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. The man is either mad, or he is making 
 verses. Horace. 
 
 Aut nunquam tentes aut perfice. Motto. Either never attempt, or accomplish 
 what you undertake. Ovid expressed: Aut non tentaris, aut perjce, — either try not, or 
 persevere. 
 
 Aut re, aut nomine. Either in the thing, or in the name ; either really or nominally. 
 4 Kenfs Com. p. 12 {a). 
 
 Aut certe bona sua dissipabit. Marcellus, Dig. xvii, i, jr. 38, § i; Kent's Ch.; 4 
 
 Johns. Ch. 538; I story's Eq. jur. § 641, note 4. Read it in Fidejussor an, et priusquam 
 soluat, agere possit, ut liberetur? etc. 
 226 
 
Aut.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aut. 
 
 AUT enim quis fidejubet separatimi traditio instrumento fidejussionis, et tunc jurt 
 cambiali adversus fidejussor em non est locus : aut in ipsis Uteris cambialibus 
 fidejussio latitat, et tunc fidejussor convenitur processa cambiali. Vocari haec fide- 
 jussio solet avallum, idque fit sola subscriptione litter arum combialium ab uno 
 conscriptarum : tunc enim primus est debitor, reliqui pro fidejussoribus habentur. 
 Heineccius, de Camb. cap. 3, § 26; id. ib. cap. 6, § 10. For either a person 
 becomes a surety separately, the instrument of guaranty having been delivered, 
 and then as against the surety there is no place for the operation of the law of 
 exchange ; or the guaranty lies in the bill of exchange itself, and then the surety 
 is proceeded against by the process of exchange. This guaranty is usually 
 called ' avallum^ and is effected by the mere subscription of the bill written by 
 one person ; then the first is the debtor, and the others are regarded as sureties. 
 Cited in Story on Prom. Notes, § 455, n. 2, and the authorities cited. [F. J. M.] 
 
 AUT pretium nobis solutum sit ; aut satis eo nomine factum, vel etiam fidem 
 habuerimus emptori sine ulld satisfactione. Pomponius, Dig. xviii, ^,fr. 19. 
 Either the price may be paid to us, or a sufficient act in that name, or else we 
 may have had faith in (given credit to) the purchaser without any one in satis- 
 faction or security. Cited in 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1223. 
 
 Read it in the fr.: Quod videndi, non aliter fit accipientis, quam si aut pretium nobis 
 solutum sit. Pomponius, Dig. xviii, i,/r. ig. v. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, §41. 
 
 AUT re contrahuntur, aut verbis, aut Uteris, aut consensu. (Obligations) are 
 founded on (delivery of) the subject, or words, or writing, or on consent. 
 Read: Obligatio est juris vinculum, et seq. Justinian. Inst, iii, 13, ' de Obligationibus ; ' 
 MoDESTINUS, Zlj^. xliv, 7, _/V. 52. V. Re, verbis, scripto, consensu, etc. 
 
 AUT si, citm emptor pecuniam ad manum non habuerit, venditor dixeritj I, licet j 
 nunc non require; postea dabis. Vinnius, ad Inst, ii, i, § 41. com. (2). Or 
 if, when the buyer shall not have had the money at hand, the seller shall have 
 said, " Go if you please," I require it not now, you will pay (give) it at a future 
 time. Cited in 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1223, n. i. 
 
 AUT stabit appellum aut cadet, secunditm quod secia sufficienter facta fuit vel 
 miniis ritl vel secundum quod variatum fuerit vel non variatum. Bracton, 
 iii, tr. 2, c. 20, § 4, fol. 140^. An appeal shall either stand or fall, according as 
 the suit has been sufficiently or ineffectively prosecuted, or according as there 
 has been a variation or no variation. 
 
 AUT statutum loquitur de his, quae concernunt nudam ordinationem vel solemni- 
 tatem actus; et semper inspicitur statutum vel consuetudinem loci, ubi actus 
 celebratur, sive in contractibus, siveinjudiciis, sive in testamentis, sive in instrumentis, 
 aut aliis conficiendis. Du Moulin. Either the statute speaks of what concerns 
 the mere arrangement or formality of the act ; and the statute or custom of the 
 place is always regarded where the act is celebrated (published, proclaimed) 
 either in the composition of contracts, judgments, wills, instruments, or other 
 matters to be accomplished. Cited in Story on Bills of Exch. § 137- [F- J- M.] 
 
 AUT ubi quisque contraxerit, etc. Gaius, Dig. xlii, 5,/r. 3. Quoted in Story 
 on Bills, § 147 ; Story on Prom. Notes, § 165. Read it in Venire bona 
 ibi oportet, ubi quisque defendi debet, etc. Gaius, Dig. supra. 
 
 Aut vincere aut mori. Motto. Either to conquer or to die. 
 
 227 
 
Aut.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aut. 
 
 A-Utant d'hommes, autant d'avis. — French Prov. So many men, so many 
 minds. As many men, so many different opinions. Like the Latin Proverb: Quot 
 homines, tot sententiae. Terentius, Phorm. ii, 4, 14; CiCERO, de Fin. i, 5, 15. 
 
 Autem, conj. But on the contrary; but on the other hand ; yet, however, nevertheless. 
 But, moreover, on the other hand. 
 
 Anter, Autre< — L. Fr. Another, other. Litt.%y). Auters, — others, /a'. § 38. 
 
 Allter action pendant. In pleading: Another action pending. A species of plead- 
 ing in abatement. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 61, § 12; i Chitt. PI. 454, v. Autre action pendant. 
 
 Auter capacitie, — another capacity. Auter droit, — another right. 
 
 " But there is a great difference, .and let it be well observed, between auter capacitie and attter droit: for in 
 case of auter capacitie the interests are contigua (bordering upon , neighboring), and not conti-nua (joining), 
 conjoined, but not confounded," Bacon's Arg. Lowers Case 0^ Ten.; Laiv Tr. 230. 
 
 Allter vie. — L, Fr. Another's life. Litt. § 56; 2 Bl. Com. 120; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 ii, 208. V. En auter vie. 
 
 Authenta, ae, m. =Gr. avBsvTjfi. A chief, prince, head. 
 
 Authenticae. [plur. of Authentica.] Authentics. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A. Latin translation of the Novels of Justinian by an anonj'mous 
 author; so called (autkentieae) because the Novels were translated entire, in distinction 
 from the epitome made by Julian, called Epitome Novelarum or /uliani. The same is also 
 termed versio vulgata, — common version, and was called by the Glossators Corpus authenticum. 
 I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 60, § 72, notes {f) and (<:). The term authenticae was also employed to 
 express the additions by the Glossators to the Code and Institutes, and which additions con- 
 sist of extracts from the Novels. Such authentics are preferred to the Code, so far as they 
 agree with their sources. Lindley's Inst. Jur. [36] and n. (/). 
 
 AuthenticUS, a, um, adj. =Gr. OLvfievrtnoi. [-\- avBevrrj?, contr. -\- avToBevrr/?, 
 suicide, real author of any act, + avToi, self, and Beiveiv, Oeveiv, to kill.] That comes 
 from the author ; authentic ; original ; genuine, as distinguished from a copy. 
 
 In the Jurists: Authenticutn testamentum, — the authentic will ; the original of a will. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxix, 3, fr. 12. Authenticum tabulae, — the authentic or original of a writing, 
 as a letter, will, contract, account, etc. Id. ib. x, 2, fr, 4, § 3. Also s u b s t . , 
 
 Authenticum, i, »• The original writing ; the original of any thing ; ex autJientico. 
 Paulus, Dig. xxii, 4,/n 2. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A deed or instrument which has been executed before a notary 
 or the public officer authorized to execute such functions, or which is testified by a public 
 seal, or has been rendered public b)' the authority of a competent magistrate ; or which is 
 certified as being a copy of a public register. Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. 21, ' de Fide Instru- 
 7nentortt7n et Amissione eorum, etc.; ' id. Dig. xxii, tit. 4, * de Fid. Inst, et Amis, eorujn */ Nov. 
 73, c. 2. 
 
 Author. V. Auctor. Authoritas. v. Auctoritas. 
 
 Authoritas praescripta. An authority prescribed or written out. Bacon's Cases of Trea- 
 son, ch. xiv. 
 
 AUTHORITATES philosophorum, etc. v. Auctoritates philosophorum, etc. 
 
 Auto acordado. — Span. In Span. Law: An order emanating from some superior 
 tribunal, promulgated in the name and by the authority of the sovereign. Schmit's Civ. Law, 93. 
 
 AutOgraphus, a, um, adj. =avToypa<po<i. [+airds, self, and ypdcpsiv, to write.] 
 Written with one's own hand ; original; autographical. Suetonius, Aug. 71; id. ib. 87. 
 
 AutOgraphum, I, «• An autograph. Lymm. Ep. 3, 11. v. Autographus. 
 
 AvTo-updroop. [autokrator.] Gr. [-\-avroi, self, and Kpocroi, strength, power.] 
 Emperor ; autocrat ; supreme ruler. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A title given to Justinian, in several of his Novels ; as the first, 
 fifth, seventh, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth et at. v. id. ib. 
 
 Autocracy, [z'- supra.'] An independent or self-derived power. A government where 
 the power of the monarch is supreme, unlimited, uncontrolled by law. 
 
 Autonomy. =Gr. avrovoni'a. [-|- avroi, self, and vo/ioi, law.] Subject to one's 
 own law. One's power to give law to himself. Hence, power or right of self-government. 
 The state of absolute freedom, independence. 
 
 In Diplomatic Language: Freedom, independence — the negation of a state of 
 political influence from without, or foreign powers., cf. Liebeo, Civ. Law. 
 
 228 
 
Aut.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Aut. 
 
 Autre, Autry, Autri, Auter.— L. Fr. Other, another. BHtt. c. 64. Different, else. 
 
 Autre action pendant or pendente.— L. Fr. Another action pending. 
 
 In General Practice: This plea may be made either at law or in equity, i Chilly's 
 PI. 393 ; Story's Eq. PI. § 736. They must be between the same parties (18 Verm. R. 138 ; 
 13 B. Monr. (Ky.) 197; 26 Alab. (N. S.) 720) in person or interest (i Grant. Cas. (Penn.) 359 ; 2 
 J.J.Marsh.{,Ky.)2il\ 2 Bail. (S . C.) 362 ; 21 JV. Hamp. 570). The second suit must be 
 for the same cause (23 Verm. R. 673 ; 25 Penn. St. R. 314 ; 2 Dutch. (N. J.) 461 ; 4 Blackf. (Ind ) 
 156; 18 Ga. R. 604; 2 Dick. Ch. 611); and, if in equity, for the same purpose (2 Mylne Is' C. 
 Ch. 602 ; I Conn. 154); and in the same right {Story's Eq. PI. % 739) ; and in which the same 
 judgment may be rendered (17 Pick. (Mass.) 510; 19 id. 523). Various other qualifications 
 obtain, for which cf. the English and American digests. 
 
 Autre (or auter) droit.— L- Fr. in right of another ; in another's right. 
 
 Ex. gr. A prochein amy sues in right of an infant. A trustee holds trust-property in right 
 of his cestui que trust or fidei commissarius. cf. 2 Bl. Com. 177 ; Broom on C. L. 612 ; Broom 
 <y Had. Com. ii, 329. v. En autre droit. 
 
 Autre vie. — L. Fr. Another's life. Litt. § 56 ; 2 Bl. Com. 120; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 
 268. V. Tenant pur autre vie. 
 
 Autrefois, Autrefoits, AutrefoitZ, Autrefez.— L. Fr. At another time ; formerly, 
 before, heretofore. L. Fr. Diet. D' autrefois, — of former times ; of times past. 
 
 Autrefois acquit.— L. Fr. Formerly acquitted. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A plea so called, by a criminal to an indictment, that he has been 
 formerly acquitted on an indictment for the same offense. 
 
 In the Common Law: The universal maxims in such cases are : Nemo bis punitur 
 pro code m delicto. 2 Hale's P. C. Zll; H Bl. Com. 315; Broom's Max. 341. Nemo debet bis 
 puniripro uno delicto. 4 Co. 43«/ 11 id. Sgb, Foster's case. Nemo debet bis vexari pro uno et 
 eddem causd. 5 Co. 61 ; Broom's Max. 321 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [593] 668 ; 4 Kent's Com. 261, note; 
 4 5/. Com. 335, and notes; l Chill. Crim. Law, 452, 460; I Russ. on Crimes, 831; Wharton's 
 Am. Crim. Law, 136-146 ; Broom &^ Had. Com. iv, 428, 9 (e). 
 
 But we should not lose sight of another maxim firmly rooted and well grown in the Com- 
 mon Law : Lnterest republicae, ne nialeficia remaneant impunita; et impunitas semper ad deteriora 
 invitat. 5 Co. logrt, Foxley's case ; Jenk. Cent. 30, 31, case 59. 
 
 "The law doth abhorre, that great offences should passe unpunished, according to these 
 ancient Maxims of the Law and State: Maleficia non debent remanere impunita; 
 et impunitus continuum affectum tribuit delinquendo; et minatur innocentes qui parcit nocentibus. 
 
 " Howbeit if upon an indictment of felony a man hath had judgment, quod suspendatur per 
 collum, and so is attainted, which is the judgment and end, that the Law hath appointed for 
 felony, in this case he shall not be again indicted and arranged, until that judgment be 
 reversed by error." Wingate's Max. 140, § 1; citing 4 Co. 45(r, in Vaux case. 
 
 A plea of autrefois acquit on an indictment for murder is good in answer to a charge of 
 manslaughter, and ^ converso. 2 Hale's P. C. 246 ; Foster, Disc. Horn. p. 329 ; cited per Earle, 
 J., Dearsl. &• B. 288, 293. An acquittal upon an indictment for burglary and larceny may be 
 pleaded to an indictment for larceny of the same goods. 2 Hale's P. C. 246 ; 11 C. B. in ; 
 Broom's Max. 341. 
 
 The true test by which to decide whether a plea of autrefois acquit is a suiBcient bar in any 
 particular case is : whether the evidence necessary to support the second indictment would 
 have been sufficient to procure a legal conviction upon the first. Archb. Cr. Plead. (15th ed.) 
 120-124, and "cases there cited ; 9 East, 437 ; 14 and 15 Vict. c. 100, %2'i; L. &' C. 378 ; per 
 BuLLER, J., 2 Leach. Cr. Cas. 708, 718, 719; 3 Bam. &' C. 502 ; I Brod. &• B. 473 ; 12 Pick. 
 (Mass.) 504 ; 2 Conn. 54. 
 
 It should be observed that a discharge of the jury is not equivalent to an acquittal. L. R. 
 I Q. B. 390 ; 13 Q. B. 716. cf. Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 429 ; Wait's note (743). 
 
 As to the form of this plea, j. 14 and 15 Vict. c. 100, § 28 ; and as to the mode of provmg 
 such a plea, v. id. c. 99, § 13. 
 
 Autrefois attaint. — L. Fr. Formerly attainted. 
 
 In English Criminal Law: A plea of former attainder in bar to an indictment. 
 4 Bl. Com. 336 ; 4 Steph. Com. 405, 406; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 429 {q). 
 
 Autrefois convict. — L. Fr. Formerly convicted. 
 
 In English Criminal Law: A plea by a criminal in bar to an indictment, that he 
 has been formerly convicted of the same identical crime. 4 5/. Com. 336; i Chitt. Crim. 
 Law, 462 ; Broom's Max. 341, and cases, z'. 4 Co. 45 a, Vaux's case ; Wingate's Max. 140, 
 § l; 3 Carr. &" K. 190 ; 3 Mete. (Mass.) 328 ; 8 id. 532 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 429. 
 
 This plea is essentially the same in form as the plea of autrefois acquit, and is founded on 
 the same maxims and general principles, i Bish. Crim. Law, §§ 651-680; i McLean, C. C. 
 420 ; I Green (N. J.) R. 362 ; 2 Swan (Tenn.) R. 493 ; 7 Alab. R. 610. 
 
 As to the form of this plea, v. 14 and 15 Vict. c. 100, § 28 ; and as to the mode of proving 
 such a plea, v. id. c. 99, § 13, 
 
 229 
 
Aut.] JURIDICAI. GLOSSARY. [Aux. 
 
 Autresi bien. — L. Fr. As well as; likewise. Autresi come, — as if. Autresint, — 
 
 likewise. Kelham. 
 
 Antumnale aequinOCtium. Autumnal equinox. IsiDORUS, Orig. V, 34, § 3. 
 
 Read: Aequinociinles, et seq. 
 
 Aux.— Fr. def. aft. m.f. pi. Contr. of ^,— to, at, etc., and £fj,— the. 
 
 Aux armes. — Fr. To arms. 
 
 Awx. grands manacles grands vemedes. — Yxevic'ii Pro v. Great, extraor- 
 dinary evils require extraordinary remedies. Trop., Desperate cases require desperate 
 treatment. Read : Atqui, tie corporis quidem morbos veteres, etc. 
 
 Auxi, Auxy, Aussi. — L- Fr- Also; in like manner; in addition to; too, further, like- 
 wise. V. Liu. §§ 5, 95. 
 
 Auxibieu, Auxybien. — L. Fr. As well. Liu. § 200. 
 
 AUXILIA, fiunt de gratid, et non de jure, ciim dependeant ex gratid tenentiuvi, et 
 non ad voluntatem dominormn. Aids are made of favor, and not of right, 
 as they depend on the affection of the tenants, and not upon the will of the lord 
 (of the fee). Bracton, lib. ii, tr. i, c. 16, § 8 ; id. fol. Ji^bs 2 Bl. Com. 63 (^)j- 
 Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 143, n. {x). 
 
 Auxilia, Orum, n. plur. -\- Auxilium, il. 
 
 Auxiliabundas, a, um, adj. [auxilior.'] Inclined to give aid ; aiding; helping; helpful. 
 
 Auxiliaris, e, adj. \auxilium.] (a.) Suitable for aid, furnishing aid, aiding, helping, 
 assisting ; auxiliary. Ovm, M. i, 275 ; id. ib. ix, 699 et al. (6.) Of or pertaining to auxili- 
 aries. Tacitus, A. ii, 52 ; id. ib. xi, 18. 
 
 Auxiliarius, a, um, adj. lauxilium.'] Serviceable for aid ; bringing aid ; helping, aid- 
 ing, auxiliary. Plautus, Touc. ii, I, 6. 
 
 Auxiliatio, onis, /. \auxilior.'] An aiding ; help. Non. iv, 403. 
 
 Auxillator, oris, tn. [iV.] A helper; assistant; c. g., auxiliator litigantium, — an assist- 
 ant of disputants or litigants. Quintilian, xii, 3, 2 v. Tacitus, A. vi, 37. 
 
 Auxiliatrix, icis, /. \auxiliator.'\ She who aids; that which aids; e. g., auxiliatrix 
 gratid, — she who aids on account of favor. Cassiod. Ep. ii, 40. 
 
 AuxiliatUS, fls, m. [auxiHor.] A helping, aid. LucR. v, 1039. 
 
 Auxilil petitio. — L- Lat. A beseeching of aid ; a prayer in or for aid. 
 
 In old practice and pleading: A prayer or petition to the court, by a tenant in 
 real actions, for the aid of another person interested in the property demanded, to help hira 
 defend the action ; otherwise called aid prayer; «. j-. a tenant for life might, at common 
 law, pray in aid of him that had the inheritance in remainder or reversion, i. c. that he 
 might be joined in the action, and help to defend the title. 3 Bl. Com. 300. 
 
 Aid prayer was a dilatory plea, to which the demandant might counter-plead, and 
 thereupon issue would be joined as in ordinary cases, i Roscoe's Real Act. 275-281. 
 
 Auxilio> ■v. the following _/f«. 
 
 Auxilior, 2rg, atus, i, v. dep. [auxilium.'] To give aid ; to aid, assist, succor, help. 
 Plautus, Trin. ii, 2, 102 et al. Auxilior vassalum in lege, — I give aid, assist my vassal in 
 his suit. 
 
 Auxilium, il, '«• [augeo-l Help, aid, assistance, support, succor. Cicero, Acad, ii, 28. 
 Auxilium ab alto, — help from on high. Auxilium argentdrium, — aid of monej'; pecuniary 
 assistance. Plautus, J'j. i, 1,103; id. Epid. i, 2, 14. Auxilium expetere, — to seek after 
 aid. Terentius, ^«(/?-. ii, I, igi 20. Auxilium petere, — to praj' aid. v. Auxilii petitio. 
 
 In Feudal and old English Law: Aid ; a kind of tribute or service paid by the 
 vassal to his lord, being one of the incidents of the tenure by knight's service. Aid or help 
 to commit a crime. Fleta, lib. i, c. 31, § 8. 
 
 Auxilium ah alto. Help from on high. Trop.: Providential aid. 
 
 A UXILIUM ad Jiliutii pHmogenitum militem jaciendum, vel ad jiliam primogenitam mari- 
 tandam. Aid to make the eldest son a knight, or to marry the eldest daughter. Bracton, fol. 
 36^. cf. Broom 5s' Had. Com. ii, 144. 
 
 An ancient writ which was addressed to the sheriff to levy compulsorily an aid toward 
 the knighting of a son and the marrying of a daughter of the tenants in capite of the crown 
 F.N.B.tz. Abolished. 
 
 230 
 
Attx.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ava. 
 
 Aaxilium curiae. Aid, assistance of the court. 
 
 An order or precept of the court citing and convening a party, at tlie suit and request of 
 another, to appear and warrant something. Ken. Paroch. Anliq. 477. 
 
 Auxilium regis. The aid, assistance of the king ; the king's aid. 
 
 Money levied for the royal use and the public service, as taxes granted by Parliament. 
 I Bl. Com. c. 8 ; Spelman. 
 
 A UXILIUM facere alicuii in curia regis. To bring or peform aid or assistance to another 
 in the king's court. 
 
 An office undertaken for and granted by some courtiers to their defendants in the countrj-. 
 Ken. Paroch. Antiq. H'JT. 
 
 Auxilium vicecomiti.— L. Lat. Assistance, support of the sheriff. 
 In old Eng. Law: A customary aid or duty payable to the sheriffs out of certain 
 manors for the better support of their offices. Monasticon Anglicanuni ; Cowell ; Wins/taw. 
 
 Auxy. — L. Fr. As ; so. Auxy icy, — so here. Yearb. P. 7 Hen. VI. 22 . Auxy 
 pleiument, — as fully. Artie, sup. Chaut. c. i. Auxy SOVent que, — as often as. Litl. 
 §430. 
 
 Aval. = d, val. — Fr. Literally: At the foot or bottom. L. Lat. Avallum. 
 
 In French Law: Undertaking; guaranty; surety for paj-ment. The -guaranty or 
 suretyship (avalage) oi a. h\\\ oi exchange; so called because usually placed at the foot 
 or bottom ((5 val) of the bill. Hence called Guarantie par un aval. Story on Bills of 
 Exch. §§ 394, 454, 455, n. 2 ; Story on Prom. Notes, § 455, and n. 2 ; 2 Lower C. 221 ; 9 id. 
 360. 
 
 Savary says: " CV mot d^ Aval signifie /aire valoir la leitre, on lillet. c^esi~h-dire. tes 
 payer en cas tju^its re soient acquittes ; c est Jirofrentent une caution, car it nest pas te principal preneur. 
 n^y ayant que cetui, qui tire la lettre. ou qui fait te bittett au profit d^une autre personne. qui recoit tes 
 deniers : de sorte que ceux qui souserivent. ou qui dounent leuv aval sur le lettres et billets, sont obliges 
 avec les tireurs et /aiseurs de billets.'* Savary, ie Par/ait Negociant ; cf. Story on Bills of Exch. § 455. 
 
 Avala^e, Avaleson, Avalison. — Fr. Guaranty, suretyship of a bill of exchange. = L. 
 Lat. Avallum. 
 
 Merlin gives this derivation : Ces Termes. qui sont synonymes, viennent de Vnncien tnot Aval qui vent 
 direenbas. Its signifient litteralement descente. Thsse terms, which are synonyms, are derived from 
 the ancient word ^z'a/, which is intended or needed to be written at the bottom. They sigrnify, literally, 
 descent (going down or getting down). Merlin. Repert de Jurisp. Story on Bills 0/ Exch. § 455, note i. 
 
 The name of the guarantor is preceded by the words pour A val. But this is not indispensable, for any equiva- 
 lent words will do. Story, ib. 
 
 Avaler, Avaller. — L. Fr. To descend, to go down ; to lower or bring down. Avalaunt, — 
 descending. Amountaunt et nient avalaunt, — ascending and not descending. Brill. Avale, — 
 lowered. 
 
 Avallum, Avalum. — L. Lat. A written guarantee, v. Aut enim quis, etc. 
 
 Avaut. — Fr. {a-vong). Before. Avant ces heurs, — heretofore. Artie, sup. Chart, pr. 
 Avant dit or Avaunt dit, — before said ; aforesad. Litt. §§ iq, 21, et passim. Avaunt dites, — 
 id. C«k/. C4nr/«?'. 25 Edw. I. Avant propos, — preliminary matter ; preface. 
 
 Avant-COUrier ta-vong'kOO'reer). — Fr. A fore-runner. — Lat. Antecursor, Praecursor. 
 
 Avautagium. — L. Lat. Advantage ; profit, v. Cum omnibus, etc. 
 
 Avanture. — L. Fr. Chance ; hazard ; mischance. D'aventure, — perchance ; perhaps. 
 En avenlure, — for fear ; lest there should be occasion for. v. Aventure. 
 
 Avaria carucae. — L. Lat. Beasts of the plough. 3 Bl. Com. 9. = Averia carucae. 
 
 Avaria. — L. Lat. In Maritime Law: Average or contribution. Loccen. de Jur. 
 Mar. lib. 2, u. 8. Pothier, Marit. Lonage. 105. = Avarie.— Vt. 
 
 Avarfe, «'fo., and Avariter, adv- [avarus.] Covetously, eagerly, greedily. 
 
 Avaritia, ae, /. [avarus.] A greedy desire for possessions ; avarice ; covetousness 
 (opp. to abstinentia, Suetonius, Dom. g). Avaritia est injuriosa appelitio alienorum, — avarice 
 is an unjust grasping at or striving for that which belongs to others. Cicero, ad. Her. iv, 25. 
 Avaritia Mans et imminens,— a gaping and eager avarice. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 54. v. Seneca, 
 Const. Sap. xii. Paraphr. , pecuniae cupiditas.—s. passion or lust for money ; a pecuniary 
 passion or desire. Suetonius, Vesp. xvi ; Cicero, Tusc. iv, ti, 26 ; id. de Or. ii, 40. Omnes 
 avaritae, — every kind of selfishness. Cic^KO, Fin. iv, 27, 75. 
 
 T r o p . : Avaritia gloriae,— eager desire for renown or glory. Curt, ix, 2. 
 
 231 
 
Ava.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ave. 
 
 A VARITIA vera senilis quid sibi velit, non inklligo ; potest quiiii esse quidquam absurdius, 
 qiiam quo minus viae restat eo plus viatici quaerere? CiCERO, de Senec. xviii, 66. What avarice 
 in an old man can propose to itself I cannot conceive ; for can anj' thing be more absurd 
 than, in proportion as less of our journey remains, to seek a greater supply of provisions. 
 
 Avarrus, a, um, adj. Eagerly desirous of something, especially of possessions ; avari- 
 cious, covetous, greedy, greedy for money. Isidorus, Orig. x, § g. 
 
 A varum et avidu7it ita discernuntur ; a varum semper in reprehensione est: avidum autem mails 
 aliquando, aliquando bonis adjungitur. Nonius, 442, 12. 
 
 Ava/Unt. — L- f r. Before ; forthcoming. Avaunt dit, — before said. Avaunt meyr, — 
 beforehand. Plus avaunt, — more fully, v. Avant. Fr. 
 
 ATenagium. — L. Lat. [ + Lat. avena, oats. ] In old English Law: A certam 
 quantity of oats paid to a landlord in lieu of some other duties ; or as a rent from the tenant ; 
 called avenage, a rent paid in oats. 
 
 Aveuture, Aventura. — L- Fr. [-|- avener, to happen.] A mischance or accident by 
 which the death of a man is suddenly occasioned without felony. Britl. c. 7 ; Co. Litt. 391 ; 
 Winshaw. Aventurous. — L. Fr. Casual ; contingent. 
 
 Aver et tener. — L. Fr. To have and to hold. = L. Lat. Habendum et tenendum (q. v.) 
 
 Aver penny. In old English Law: Money paid toward the king's carriages, by 
 rent from land, instead of services by beasts in kind. Burn. To be quit of divers sums of 
 money for the king's arrearages. Tertnes de la Ley. 
 
 Averagium. — L. Lat. Contribution to a general loss or damage accidentally happening 
 to merchandise on board a vessel, or to the vessel itself. Damage happening to merchan- 
 dise in the course of transportation. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: Contribution made by all the parties concerned in a sea- 
 adventure, to make good a specific loss or expense voluntarily sustained by some or one of 
 them, for the benefit of all. Loceen. de Jur. Mar. lib. 2, c. 8 ; i Stoiy's Eq.Jur. § 490 ; Story 
 on Bail/It. S5 583 ; Abbott on Ship. 473-4 ; Lord Mansfield, C. J., 3 Burr. 1555 ; i Xob. Adm. 
 Ji. ^tj'i ; 25 Penn. St. R. 366, 371. v. 2 Pars, on Contr. 324-332; 38-381. 
 
 Averia. — L- Lat- [-|- averium.'\ Live beasts ; work-beasts, or working animals ; cattle. 
 Transf.; Property, goods, chattels, etc. v. Avertim. 
 
 In old English Law: Operaria animalia, — working animals, or cattle; comprising 
 horses, oxen, mules. Keg. Orig. 81^-83. Fleta, lib. 2, cc. 44, 48. Catalla, — chattels might 
 be demanded under the name of averia. Bracton, fol. isqb ; Fleta, lib. 2, c. 48, § 3, 
 
 Averia carucae. — L. Lat. Beasts of the plough; draft-cattle. 
 
 At Common Law: These were privileged over other cattle. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 48, § r ; 
 Peg. Orig. 97* ; Co. Litt. 85* ; 3 Bl. Com. 9 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 81. v. Bestiae carucae. 
 
 Averia elongata. — L. Lat. Cattle eloigned, i. e. carried to places unknown. 
 
 Averia Otiosa. — L. Lat. Idle, unemployed beasts, cattle. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 17, § 15. v. 
 Catalla otiosa. 
 
 Averiis captis in Withernam.— L. Lat. Beasts, cattle taken in Withernam. Reg. 
 Orig. 82. V. Breve de averiis captis in Withernam. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Averium, — L. Lat. A beast ; a working-animal, o. Averia. Bracton, fol. 6oa ; Broom 
 &' Had. Com. ii, 197, 607. v. Heriot. 
 
 Averium ponderis.— L. Lat. Lit.: A live beast of full weight. Transf.; Prop- 
 erty, goods, chattels, etc., of full weight. = Aver de pois. 
 
 AversatiO, Onis, /. \aversor, arl, -|- ad^ A turning of one's self away; aversion. 
 QUINTILIAN, viii, 3, 65. 
 
 Aversio, Onis, /. \averto.'\ A turning away ; an averting, v. Per aversionem. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: Per aversionem, or aversione emere, aversione vendere, aversione 
 locare, etc. To buy, sell, let, etc., something (turned away, i. e. without accurate reckoning), 
 in the gross, or in bulk, or by the lot. Ulpianus, Dig. xviii, (>,fr. 4, §§1,2; Modestinus, 
 ib. xviii, I, fr. 62, § 2 ; Labeo, ib. xiv, 2, fr. 10; Florentinus, ib. xix, '2,/r. 36 ; Ulpianus! 
 ib. xiv, !,/»-. I, § 15 et al. Aversione locare, — to let a house altogether, instead of in cham- 
 bers. V. 4 Kent's Com. 517. 
 
 In Rhetoric: A turning away ; a figure by which the orator turns the attention of his 
 hearers from the theme before them by giving the discourse another turn ; a kind of apos- 
 
 232 
 
Ave.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Avi. 
 
 trophe, i e. whatever draws away the hearer from the subject in question. Quintilian ix 
 2, 38. cf. e.g. Virgil, A. iv, 425 ; Cicero, Ros. An. xlix et al. ' 
 
 Trop.: Aversion ; loathing. Aversione stomachorum. Arn. vii, p. 231. 
 
 Aversio periculi. — Lat. An averting or turning away of peril. 
 
 In Maritime Law: A name given to the contract of insurance («j-j^<rararfo) because 
 one of the parties undertakes to avert the peril of the other on the seas, , or takes it 
 upon himself. Loccen. de Jttr. Mar. lib. 2, c. 5, § i. u. 3 Kent's Com. 263. 
 
 AverSOr, ari, i, v. intens. [averta.] To turn one's self from ; to turn away (from dis- 
 pleasure, contempt, loathing, shame, etc.) Cicero, Clu. Ixiii, 167 ; id. Verr. ii, -jt/in. 
 
 (6.) To avert, repulse, repel a person or thing from one's self ; to send away, to scorn, 
 refuse, decline, shun, avoid, etc. Ovid, Pont, ii, 3, 5 ; Suetonius, Tib. 27 ; id. Vesp. 2 ct al. 
 
 AverSOr, oris, m. [averto.l A thief, pilferer, embezzler. Aversor pecuniae publicae, — 
 an embezzler of public money. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 58. 
 
 A-Vert6, ere, 3, V. a. To turn something away ; to avert, remove, etc. (6,) To purloin, 
 steal, embezzle ; to draw or appropriate to one's self. cf. Lexicons. 
 
 Averum. — L. Lat. [-|- Fr. avoir, to have.] Goods, property, substance, treasures. 
 Spelman. A beast of burden. Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Aves, um,/. [plur. -]- «»«.?•] Birds, etc. v. Avis. Aves migrantes,— Migrating birds. 
 Aves perennes, — perennial birds. Pliny, a, 25, 36. 
 
 AVES autem possidetnus, quas indusas habemus, aut si quae mansuetae factae 
 custodiae nostrae subjectae sunt. Paulus, Dig. xli, 2,/>-. 3, § 15. We will 
 possess [own] birds which we shall inclose, or if those which made tame are 
 subject to our custody. 
 
 V. Pavonum et columbarum ferae naturae est, etc. Gaius, Dig. xli, i, 5, § 5 ; 
 Justinian, /kj^ ii, i, § 15; 2 Bl. Com. 2!)2. Gallinarum et anserum non est fera 
 natura, etc. Gaius, Dig. xli, i, fr. 5, §6; Justinian. Inst, ii, i,§ 16. 
 
 AVIBUS legatis anseres, phasiani, et gallinae et aviaria debebuntur j phasianarii 
 autem, et pastores anserum non coniinentur, nisi id testator expressit. Paulus, 
 Dig. xxxii, /r. 66. In legacies of birds, geese, pheasants, and hens, and 
 aviaries [places where birds or fowls are kept] will be bound or due ; on the 
 other hand, pheasant-keepers and the keepers of geese [they being slaves] are 
 not contained [in the legacy] unless the testator expresses it. 
 
 Aviditas, Stis, /. \avidus.'\ An eagerness for something (either lawful or unlawful) ; 
 avidity, longing, vehement desire. Cicero, </.?&». xiv ; id. Fin. Mi, 2, t. Aviditas pecuniae,- — • 
 an eagerness or avidity for money. Parad. vi, i. (6.) Eagerness for money, covetousness, 
 avarice. Plautus, Merc. pr. 2g ; Cicero, Off. ii, 11 ; id. Ros. Com. T fin. 
 
 Avidus, a, um, adj. [aveo.] Longing eagerly for something (either lawful or otherwise) ; 
 desirous, eager, greedy. Cicero, Manil, iii; id. Phil, iii, i; Livy, i, S ; id. viii, 30. (6.) 
 Longing for gain, avaricious, covetous, greedy of money. = Avarus. Plautus, Ps, v, 2, 
 24; Cicero, de Or. ii, 43; id. Ros. Com. T fin. 
 
 Avi-peS, Sdis, oi^'. [avis.'] Bird-footed ; swift-footed. 
 
 Avis, is, /. A bird ; o r collect.: the winged tribe. Plautus ; Cicero. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A bird or fowl. What passed under this word, v. Paulus, 
 Dig. xxxii, /r. 66, supra. Avitium, i\, n. [avis.] The winged race. 
 
 Avisamentum. — L. Lat. In old English Law: Advice, counsel, u. De avisa- 
 mento, etc. 
 
 Avisare, — L. Lat. In old English Law: To advise, v. Et quia Justiciarii, ac. 
 
 Avisemeut. — L. Fr. Advisement; consideration; consultation. 
 
 Aviser. — L. Fr. In old English Law: To advise ; to deliberate ; to consult. 
 
 AVISES vous liien surv're r'ns. Advise (consider) you well upon your answer. -M. \ 
 Edw. III. 38- 
 
 [30] 233 
 
Avi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Avo. 
 
 Avins, a, um, adj. [via.] That is at a distance from the right way ; that goes out of the 
 way, remote from it. Hence, al so, untrodden, unfrequented. Aviisilineribus, — through 
 by-ways. Sallhst, /. liv, g ; Suetonius, ^a^. 96. Also subst. Avium, ii, «. A 
 by-way ; side-path ; a desert ; wilderness. Cicero, Her. iv, 21. 
 
 A VIA cursu dum sequor et nota excedo regione viarum. While in my journey I traced the 
 by-paths and forsake the known beaten tracks. Virgil, A. ii, 736. 
 
 Avizandum, — L. Lat. Advisement ; deliberation. 2 Brown's R: 306. 
 
 "The Lord Ordinary makes avizandum." 7 Wih. &' Shaw's Ji. 42. "The sheriff may 
 either forthwith decide thereon or make avhandum." 6 Bell's App. Cases, 362. = Advisari 
 or Cur. adv. vult. (q. v.) 
 
 In Scotch Law: To make avizandum ■vfX'Ca. a person is to take it from the public 
 court to the private consideration of the judge. BelVs Did. 
 
 Avoir, Avoyer. — L. Fr. Property, estate, wealth, money, substance, means, ability, 
 effects, goods, chattels ; having those or either of them ; e. g., Gentz de petit avoir, — per- 
 sons of small property, or estate, or wealth, etc. Kelham. 
 
 Avoir-du-pois, AverdupoiS. — Fr. [-|- avoir du poids, or aver de peys, — to have the 
 proper weight ; or -|- averer, to verify, to be of the true weight. = L. Lat. Veri sive jusli 
 ponderis, — of true or just (or full) weight.] The name of a weight. 
 
 Avoir d e pois est taut a dire, veri sive justi ponderis : et signifie en nostre ley deux choses : 
 P rentier ine nt , un kind de pois different de ceo que est appel Troy Weight, que nad foosque 
 Yl ounces al liver Ion le Avoir de pois, contaiti 16. Secondment , il signifie tiel Merchandises 
 qtieux sont poises per cest weight, et netny per Troy Weight. Come est a veier en la Stat, de 
 York, 9 Edw. in. et 27 Edw. III. c. 19. Stat. 2, c. 10, et le Stat, de Glocester, 2 Rich. II. c. i. 
 L. Fr. 
 
 Avoir de pois is as much as to say, true or just weight; and it signifies in 
 our law two things: First, a kind of weight divers from that which is called Troy 
 Weight, which hath but 12 ounces to the pound, whereas Avoir de pois hath 16. 
 Secondly, It signifies such merchandises as are weighed by this weight, and not by Troy 
 Weight. As you may see in the Statute of York, 9 Edw. III. and 27 Edw. III. c. 19- 
 Stat. 2, c. 10, and the Statute of Glocester, 2 Rich. II. c. i. v. Termes de la Ley. voc. 
 'Avoir de pois .' 
 
 Kelham A^.^nes Avoir de pois, — any bulky commodities. This is approved in .Sa;-. Obs, 
 Stat. 232. Brixton has it, Avers de peys, — any bulky commodities. Britton, c. 21, fol. jSb. 
 
 In England and the United States; Avoir-du-pois expresses the common 
 standard of weights by which goods in general (except precious stones, and metals, and 
 medicines) are weighed. The pound avoirdupois consists of sixteen ounces ; hence is of full 
 weight {averium ponderis), i.e. greater weight than the Troy pound of twelve ounces. 
 
 The term is applied to merchandise, etc., weighed by avoirdupois. Brand's Encyclopedia ; 
 I N. Y. Rev. Stat. [608], §§ 9, 10. v. Libra. 
 
 In New York, the unit or standard of weight, from which all other weights shall be derived and ascer- 
 tained, is declared to be the pound of such magnitude that the weight of a cubic foot of distilled water, at its 
 maximum density, weighed in a vacuum with brass weights, shall be equal to sixty-two and a half such 
 pounds. I N. V. Ji. S.\6jc,'] 617, § 8. 
 
 Note.— One pound avoirdupois contains sixteen ounces ; and an ounce contains sixteen drachms. In 
 distinction from Troy Weight: One pound avoirdupois contains seven thousand grains Troy, 
 /. e. fourteen ounces, eleven pennyweights and sixteen grains Troy. Thirty-two cubic feet of pure spring- 
 water, at the temperature of fifty-six degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, make a ton of two thousand pounds 
 avoirdupois, or two thousand two hundred and forty pounds net weight. Dane, Abr. c. 211, art. 12, 
 8 6; Encycl. Amer., 'Avoirdupois.' The avoirdupois ounce is less than the Troy ounce, in tlie 
 proportion of 72 to 79 ; though the pound is greater. Id. ib. 
 
 Avoucher, — L- Fr. and Eng. The calling upon a warrantor to fulfill his undertaking. 
 
 In old English Law: The calling or summoning into court by a tenant, of a person 
 bound to him to warranty, i. e. either to defend the right against the demandant, or to yield 
 him other lands, etc., in value. Co. Litt. xoib. 
 
 Lord Coke called this " a word of art," and employed it as an example of the necessity of using " signifi- 
 cant words, framed by art, which are called vocahula artis, though they be not proper to any language. Ib. id, 
 
 Avouterie. — I- Fr- Adultery. Britt. c. 42. Avowterer, — an adulterer, with whom a 
 married woman continues in adultery. The crime is called Avowtry. 43 Edw. III. c. ig ; 
 Termes de la Ley. v. Advowtry. 
 
 234 
 
Ave] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Awa. 
 
 Avowrie.— L. Fr. = Eng. Avowry. 
 
 In pleading: A pleading in the action of replevin, by which the defendant avows, 
 i. e. acknowledges the taking of the distress or property complained of, where he took it in 
 his own right, and sets forth the reason for it ; as for rent in arrear, damage done, services, 
 tolls. 3 Dev. (N. C.) 478. For cattle taken, damage feasant; and for heriots, and for such 
 rights wherever they exist. Comyn'sDig.,'V\e!iiex'\ 3 A'.y i Chitty's Plead 436. v. Gilbert, 
 Distr. 176 sq.; 3 Bl. Com. 149; Bacon's Abr. tit. 'Avowry'; i Tidd's Fr. b^'i ; Jieg. 
 Orig. 830. 
 
 But if he took it in 6r for the right of another, then when he hath shewed the cause, he 
 shall make conusance of the taking, as bailiff or servant to him in whose right he took it. 
 Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Tlie object of an avowry is to secure the return of the property, that it may remain as a pledge, s ((-'. 
 Jones, IS- To this extent it makes the defendant a plaintiff ; and it is sometimes said to be in the nature of an 
 action or of a declaration, so that the privity of estate is necessary. Co. Litt. yiaa; i Serg. Sr' R. (Penn.) 170; 
 V. 5 id. 377. He who so distrains is called the A v o w e r . 
 
 Avulsio, Onis, /. [avello, ere, to tear off, or awaj'.] A plucking off, tearing off of the 
 branches of a tree. Pliny, xvii, 10, 9 ; xiii, 21. </. Avello. 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law: A taking away by tearing loose; tearing 
 away any thing. A tearing off, severing, or forcible disruption ; the sudden removal of soil 
 from one man's estate to another's by the immediate and manifest power of a stream (vi 
 fluminis). Gaius, Dig. xli, T., fr. 7, § 2 ; Justinian, Inst, ii, i, § 21. 
 
 This is a species of adjunctio produced vi Jluminis; as a flood carrj'ing away a large piece 
 of a person's land at once, quasi in a body, and depositing it on that of another [yicinus'). 
 In such case, however, the property in the land so torn away is not changed until it has 
 adhered so long to the other's land as to become part of it ; or, as it is said in the Institutes, 
 after it has adhered so long that the trees which it brought with it have taken root in the 
 neighbor's land, such trees become his property. Justinian, Inst, li, i, § 21 ; Mackeld. Civ. 
 Law, ed. 1883, §§ 274, 279. This principle of the Civil was engrafted and has grown 
 into the Common Law. Bracton, fol. 9; i Crabb's Real Prop, no; Schulte's Aquatic 
 Rights, 116 ; Angell on Water-courses, § 60; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. I, § 14; 2 Washbttrne' s 
 Real Prop. 452. 
 
 AVUNCULO suo, debitori, mortis causd donaturus, quae debebat, ita scripsit : 
 tabulas vel chirographuin tot., ubicunque sunt, inanes esse, neque euin solvere 
 debere ; quaero, an, heredes si pecuniam ab avunculo defuncti petant, exceptione doli 
 mali tueri se possit. Marcellus respondit, posse : nimiruni enim contra voluntatem 
 defuncti heres petit ab eo. Marcellus, J^ig. xxxix, (i,fr. 28. Being about to 
 make a gift mortis causd to his uncle who is his debtor, he made this statement : 
 That the obligations and collateral securities, how many soever or whatever 
 they may be, are void, and that he is not bound to pay them ; the question is, 
 whether if the heirs demand the money from the uncle of the deceased he can 
 defend himself by an exception (plea) of fraud. Marcellus answered that 
 he can for the heir makes the demand from him against the will of the deceased. 
 
 [F. J. M.] 
 
 AvtmcillllS, \,m. dim. [avus.] A mother's brother; maternal uncle (a brother of the 
 father is called patruus). cf. Cicero, de Or. ii, 84 ; Isidorus, Orig. ix, t, 17 ; Paulus, Dig. 
 xxxviii, 10, fr. 10, § 14 ; 2 Bl. Com. 229. 
 
 AvnnculllS magnus, A grandmother's brother (aviae fraler), great uncle. Cicero, 
 Brut. Ixii ; Gaius, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. i, § 6 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 10, § 15. 
 
 AyimCOluS major. A brother of the great grandmother ; great grand uncle {proaviae 
 frater.) Gaius, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr i, § 7; Paulus, ib.fr. 10, § 16. 
 
 Avunculus maximUS. A brother of the great-great grandmother (abaviae frater). 
 Paulus, Dig. ib. § 17 ; Isidorus, Orig. ix, 16, § 26. 
 
 Awarda, Awardum.— L. Lat. [Old Fr. = agarda + agarder, to keep, preserve; to be 
 guarded, or kept — so called because it is imposed on the parties to be kept, observed by 
 them. Spelman, Closs.l An award. Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 In Common Law: The judgment or decision made and given by referees, or an 
 arbitrator, or arbitrators, or an umpire (imperator), respecting any matter in dispute submitted 
 to them. 3 Bl. Com. 16; Russelfs Arbitrator, 234 ; Watson on Arb. 174 ; Billings on Awards, 
 
 23s 
 
Axi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ays. 
 
 119. The verdict of a jury was also called an award. Spelmaii. (6.) The writing contain- 
 ing such judgment or decision. Cowell ; Termes de la Ley ; Jenk. Cent, case 137 ; Broom &= 
 Had. Com. iii, 7 sq.; and see Wait's Notes (434 and 435). 
 
 Axldma, atis, «. =Gr. a^ioofia. [-\- a^iovv, to think worthy, a^ioi, worthy.] A prin- 
 ciple, axiom. Pure "Lzim proloquium, pronunciatum,profatum, elc. Gellius, xvi, 8, 2. 
 
 (a.) A self-evident and necessary truth or proposition. (6.) An established principle in 
 some art or science. 
 
 In Mathematical and Physical Sciences: A truth or proposition which 
 admits of no demonstration, to which the assent of the student is demanded without proof, 
 as a foundation for further argument. Brande's Encycl. 
 
 iSi/n., Maxim; aphorism; adage. Axioms are the foundation of science; Maxims are guiding princi- 
 .lies in our practical concerns. An Aphorism isadetache' 
 Adage is a saying of long established authority. Webster. 
 
 pies in our practical concerns. An Aphorism is a detached sentence expressing a weighty sentiment ; an 
 
 Axidmata, a collection of axioms, etc. v. Axioma. 
 
 'Aftufiara quae M, Varro alias *■ pro/ata^ alias * prologuia'' appellat. Aulus Gellius. Att. 
 Noct. xvi, 8, 2, 
 
 Axioms, which Marcus Varro sometimes called profata (statements, propositions, axioms), and sometimes 
 iiroloquia (assertions, propositions, axioms). 
 
 Redimus igitur necessario ad Graecos libros.^ Ex quibus accipimus * a^iov-o. ' esse his verbis: Ae/crof auroreAes 
 o.'no^o.vTov otrov e<^*avTw. AuLus Gellius, xvi, 8, 4. 
 
 I returned, therefore, from necessity, to my Greek books; where 1 found an axiom defined in these words: 
 "a proposition perfect and self-evident." v. Pologuium. 
 
 Eritautem planius, quid istud sit, si exemplum ejus dixerimus. 'Aftw/ta igitur, si ve id ^proloquium^ 
 dicere placet, hujuscemodi est: * Hannibal roenusfuit;' ^Scipio Numantiam delevit;* * Milo caedis damp- 
 natus est; ' ' neque bonum est vo.uptas neque malum ; ' et omnmm quicquid ita dicitur plena atque perfecta 
 verborum sententia, ut id necesse sit aut verum aut falsum esse, id k diatecticis ^ a^itofia^ appellatum est, 
 k M. Varrone, sicuti dixi, ^ protoquiuni^^ k M. autem Cicerone ^ pro nunciat uni ,^ quo ilje 
 tamen vocabulo tantisper uti se adtestatus est, quoad melius, inquit, invenero, Aulus Gellius, xvi^ 
 8, 7, 8. 
 
 But its meaning will be more clearly shown by an example; an axiom, therefore, or a/r(7/^^»z«;/2, is of 
 this kind: *' Hannibal was a Phoenician (/. e. a Carthagenian) ; " " Scipio destroj-'ed Numantia ; " " Milo was 
 convicted of murder;'* "pleasure is neither a good noranevit." And whatever is so spoken, as a full and 
 perfect sentence, so that it must necessarily be either positively true or false, this by logicians is called 
 axiom; that is, a proposition contuining aperfect truth or falsehood. This was called, as I said before, by 
 Marcus V k^-ro proloquium. but by Marcus Cicero pronunczatuni^ which term he said he only used till he 
 should be able to find a better. 
 
 Ayant cause. — Fr. In French Law: An assignee; a successor to property; a 
 representative (not an heir, who acquires the right by inheritance). Folk. Obi. part i, c. i, 
 sect. I, art. I, § 2; 8 Toullier, n. 245. 
 
 Ayd or Ayde. Aid. [-|- Fr. Aide; Lat. Auxilium, adjuratoHum or subsidium^ v. 2 
 Bl. Com. 63, 64; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, in ; 3 Kent's Com. 504. 
 
 Ayd-pryer. [+ L. Fr. ozV^-^nV?'. —'L. hdiV. auxilii petitio.'] A prayer in aid ; or for aid. 
 V. Auxilii petitio. 
 
 Ayel, Aiel, Aile, In English Practice: The name of a writ. v. Breve de avo. 
 
 Ayle, Ail, Aieul, — L. Fr. Grandfather; a grandfather. Also named 
 
 Ayle, pere et fltz. — L. Fr. Grandfather, father and son. Dyer, loib. 
 
 AylOUTS. — L. Fr. Besides; otherwise; elsewhere. Kelham. u. Ailors. 
 
 Ayre. Aire, in old Scotch Law: Eyre, v. h. t. 
 
 Aysiameutum, — L. Lat. =-Aisiamentum (v. h. v.). Easement. 
 
 AD subscriptionein quod attinet, d, dextra solum praenomen et nomen trassantis, vel 
 tabernae, imtno et aliquando fidejussoris poni solet, additurque nonnumquam 
 epitheton, des Herrn bereitwilliger, dienstwilliger. Aliquando et ipsum solvendi 
 mandatum repetitur., si forte trassans literas sua vianu nin scripserit. Heineccius, 
 de Jur. Camb. cap. iv, § 17. As to what concerns the subscription, only the 
 first name and the name (the surname) of the drawer, or of the shop (place of 
 business), and sometimes of the surety, is usually placed, and at times is added : 
 Mess'rs — ready, and willing, at your service. Sometimes too, 
 the order itself to pay is repeated, if by chance the drawer did not write the 
 bill with his own hand. Cited in Story on Bills of Exch. § S3, n. 2. [F. J. M.] 
 Explanation: This maxim should have been placed in its order, on page 70. 
 236 
 
B.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [BaL 
 
 B. As an abbreviation: B. denotes bene ox bonus ox bona, ex.gr. B. M.. = Bene 
 Merenti. B. D. = Bona Dea. Sometimes B. = Beneyiciarius. Plur. B.B. = Beneficiarii. 
 
 Bacbarende, Bacbereud, Backberind, Backberynde.— Sax. Bearing or carrying 
 
 upon the back, or about the person ; an open or manifest robber or thief (latro manifestus). 
 Spelman. 
 
 In old English Law: This term was applied to a thief caught with the thing 
 stolen upon his back; latrocinium deferens h tergo, i. e. carrying robbery or theft upon 
 his back: Handhabend or hondhabend signified qui in manu rem furatam habuerit, i. e. one 
 who may or shall have the things stolen in his hand. 
 
 Bracton employed these terms as instances or proofs of what was called furtum mani- 
 festum, — apparent or open theft ; where the thief or robber was caught with the thing stolen 
 in his possession. Bracton, fol. I2li5, 150^, 154*/ Fleta, lib. I, c. 38, § I ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 40. cf. 2 Co. Inst. 188 ; 4 ib. 294. v. Furtum manifestum. 
 
 Baculo et ailHulo. With staff and ring. The insignia of a Roman Catholic bishop. 
 
 Baculuin, I, «. [baculus, I, m. very rare.] A stick, staff, as a support in \valking. 
 Scipio, — a staff as an ornament. Fustis, — a stick for striking, beating. But in later Latin, 
 baculum, used in all three significations. Cicero used bacillum. Baculum agreste, — a rustic 
 staff. Ovid, M. xv, 655. Baculmn pastorale., — a herdsman's or shepherd's staff. Id. ib. 
 viii, 218 ; id. ib. xiv, 655 ; xv, 659. Baculum {us) et fera, — staff and pouch (badges of Cynic 
 philosophers). Mart, iv, 53. The term also signified the augural staff or lituus, 
 V. h. V. LiVY, i, 18. A scepter. Florus, iii, 19, lo. 
 
 Baculus ^ Baccho repertore vitis fertur inventus, in quo homines moil vino inniterentur. Sicut autem & 
 Baccho bacillus, ita & baculo bacillus per diminutionem. Fustes, quod praefixi in terrain stent, quos palos 
 rustic! vocant, quibus juvenes pro criminibus feriuntur. V ectcs dicti, quod manibus vectentur, unde liostia 
 saxaque evelluntur. Isidorus, Orig. xx, 13, § i. 
 
 Baculus (a staff, stick) is said to have been discovered by Bacchus, the discoverer of wine ; upon it 
 men affected by wine propped themselves. As ^afw/wj comes from Bacchus, so does ^^^-zV/uj, a little staff, 
 a cane, come, as its diminutive, from baculus. Fustes (wands, reeds) because they stand, are stuck end- 
 wise in the ground, rustic people call them reeds, switches by which the young are chastised for their faults. 
 Vectes are called carrying-poles, levers, being carried in the hand and used in prying, pulling, carrying 
 animals sacrificed, and rocks. 
 
 In old English Customs: A staff, rod, or wand, anciently used in the cere- 
 mony of making livery of seisin, where there was no building on the land. Fiat seysina per 
 fustim et per baculum, — seisin should be made by rod and staff. Bracton, fol. 40; Fleta, 
 iii, c. 15, § 5. A baton, such as combatants fought with in the duellum. 
 
 Baculus nunciatorius. The proclaiming wand or staff ; a warning or summoning stick 
 (frequently used by criers of courts). 
 
 In English Law; A white stick or wand, by erecting which on the grounds of a 
 defendant in real actions, he was anciently vvarned or summoned to appear in court at the 
 return of the original wrir. 3 Bl. Com. 279. 
 
 Bail, Baile, Bailie.— Fr. and L. Fr. [+ bailer, to deliver.] Delivery of land ; livery. 
 
 Bail de la seisiue. Livery of seisin. Britt. u. 33. Nul bail ne mil seisine,— r\o 
 livery and no seisin. /</. c. 40. Delivery in general. Le b ail des escripts, — the delivery 
 of the writings. Britt. Delivery to a lessee or termor. Guyot, Inst. Feod. <-. 6, § 16. 
 Keeping or custody ; guardianship. En sa bailie, — in his keeping. Britt. 
 
 In modern sense: Bail, as embracing both delivery and keeping. Ceux que souni 
 icsscs par bail h ascuns, i respondre pur eux, cars pur cars, — those who are let by [to] bail 
 to any, to answer for them, body for body. Britt. c. 125. v. Balium. 
 
 Bailer Bailler Bayler. — L- Fr. To put into the hands of; to deliver, commit or 
 intrust getting ; to lease ; to send. Bailler i fcrme,— to let to farm ; to let on a lease. 
 The terms bailment, bailor and bailee are derivations of this word. 
 
 Balia Ballia.— L- Lat. A bailwick; the district, territor)' or jurisdiction of a bailiff. 
 Art. Mag. Cart. Johan ; Mag. Cart. Johan. 
 
 BaUife, Bailiff, Baillif.-L- Fr. [+ Fr. bailler, to commit, deliver or intrust.] A 
 bailiif ; a ministerial officer, with duties similar to those of sheriff. Britt. c. 21. The 
 judge of a court ; a municipal magistrate. Stat. Gloc. A person to whom some authority, 
 care, guardianship or jurisdiction is delivered, committed or intrusted ; one who is deputed 
 or appointed to take charge of another's affairs ; an overseer or superintendent; a keeper, 
 
 237 
 
Bai.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [BaL 
 
 protector or guardian ; a steward. Spelman, Gloss. A sheriff; a sheriff's officer or deputy. 
 I Bl. Com. 344, 345. The magistrate of a town. v. Ballivus. cf. Bacon's Abr. 
 
 Bailiffs errant, 'v. BalHvi errantes. Bailiffs of franchises, '"■ Ballivi franchesiamm. 
 Bailiffs of hundreds, i^- Ballivi hundredorum. 
 
 Baillinm, — L. Lat. Bail; delivery, Blackstone's Mag. Carta, -p. ■^i. v. Balium. 
 
 Bailment, [+ Fr, bailler ; L. Lat. balliare!\ A delivery of goods or property in trust 
 for some special object or purpose, and upon a contract (express or implied) that the trust 
 shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee in conformitj' with the object or purpose 
 of the trust, 2 Bl. Com. 451 ; 2 /Cent's Com. 558 ; Stoiy on Bailm. § 2 ; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 iii, 224-5. 
 
 Sir William Jones divides bailments into five sorts, viz.: (a.) De^osHum^ or deposit. (&.) Mandaium^ 
 or commission without recompense, (c.) Gj?«wo^«/ww, or loan for usewitliout pay. (d.) Pignori acceptiitn, 
 a thing received in pledge or pawn, (e.) Locaiuin^ or hiring, which is always with reward. This last is 
 divided mto locatio rci^ or hiring, by which the hirer gains a temporary use of the thing ; locatio operis/aci~ 
 endi\—vfhen something is to be done to the thing delivered ; locatio o/>eris vterciuvt vehendarum^ — when 
 the thing is merely to be carried from one place to another, Jones, Bailm, 36. 
 
 Lord Holt divides bailments into six kinds, thus : (a.) DeJ>ositum, i. e. a bare, naked bailment of goods, 
 to be kept for the use of the bailor. (6.) Commodaium. i. c. goods or chattels loaned for use without pay or 
 reward, because the thing is to be restored in specie, (c.) Locatio rei, i. e. goods or chattels lent to the bailee, 
 to be used by him for hire. This is called locatio et conductio. (<i.) Vadium, i. c. pawn or pledge {= planus). 
 (e.) Locatio ojteris faciendi, i. e, goods or chattels delivered to be carried, or something to be done about 
 them, for a reward to be paid to the bailee. (/.) Mandatum, i. e. goods or chattels delivered to somebody, 
 who is to carry them, or do something about them gratis, without any reward, cf. These several terms and 
 the authorities. Lord Ray m. gog ; i Smitlts L. C. [283] 341 sq.; Broom &f Had. Com. iii, 225. 
 
 Chancellor Kent divides bailments into three classes : (o.i Those in which the trust is exclusively for 
 the benefit of the bailor, or of a third person, when the bailee is liable for gross negligence only {v. 11 Mees. ^r* 
 W, 113) embraces deposits and mandates {.v. a. and f. supra.). (6.) Those in which the trust is exclu- 
 sively for the benefit of the bailee, who is then bound to the very strictest diligence. This embraces gratu- 
 itous loans for use (commodataj, {z<. b. supra.) {€.) Pledges or pawns, and hiring, and letting to hire {v. c. 
 d. and e. supra) . 2 Kent's Com. 558. In this class an ordinary and average degree of diligence is sufficient 
 to exempt the bailee from responsibility. 8 Mees. tf W. 258 ; 3 Scott, N.R. i\ 1 H, Bl. 158 ; 4 Nev. &^ M. 170; 
 I Smith's L. C. 355 sq.,- 2 Bl. Com. 451, Cooley's note ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 225, 226. 7/. Wait's note, 552. 
 
 Two ingredients are indeed essential to and must be presented (under some form or other) in every satis- 
 factory definition of a bailment, — a delivery and a trust, — this latter term being used to signify the confi- 
 dence which one man reposes in another. Broom on C. L. 809. As to the diiference between a mere license 
 to use, and a bailment, v.z H. ^ C. 602, 611. 
 
 Bailour.— L- Fr. A surety. L. Fr. Diet. A bailor, v. Balium. 
 
 Balaena, ae, /. =: Gr. cpdXaiva. A whale. Pliny, ix, 8, 7 ; Plautus, Jitid. ii, 6, 61. 
 Quanta delphinis balaena Brittanica major >^&s much as the whale of Britain exceeds 
 dolphins. Juvenal, 6'. a, 14. 
 
 In old English Law: Balaena,, Balcna, Ballena. One of the royal fish (t>iscis 
 regalis), the head of which belonged to the king, and the tail to the queen. Bracton, fol. 
 \20b ; Fleta, lib. i, c. 46. The grossus piscis is sometimes considered to be a kind of whale. 
 I Bl. Com. 222 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 260, 361. But in the Black Book of the Admiralty 
 ' whales and balens ' are both mentioned. Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars, i, c. 7. Bracton wrote 
 the word ballaena. v. Piscis regalis, 
 
 Balium or Ballium. — L. Lat. Safe-keeping or protection ; custody ; guardianship. 
 
 In practice: Bail or delivery; the bailing or delivery of a person out of prison, 
 subvadimonio, — under bail, surety or security ; for his return or appearance in court. Co. 
 Litt. tib. Bail or sureties for a defendant's appearance, and to whom he was delivered for 
 safe-keeping (traditio in ballium'). Demittere per ballium, — to discharge by or on bail. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 123. Tradere in ballium, — to deliver to bail. Id. ib. 123 ; Stat, of Marlbr. c. 28, 
 [27]. Impossuit commune ballium, — put in common bail, i Salk. 8. 
 
 Bail are regarded in law as the keepers of their principal, and are said to have him 
 alwa)'S "in a string," which they may pull whenever they please, and render him in their 
 discharge. 6 Mod. 131 ; i Tidd's Fr. 285 ; 3 Bl. Com. 290; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 390, 392. 
 
 Delivery of goods; e.g. Catalla felonum per vis.utit et ballium coronato7'is iradantur, — 
 the chattels of felons shall be delivered by the view and bail of the coroners. Chart. 3 
 Edw I ; Cowell. 
 
 Balliare. — L. Lat. [-f- Gr. lidXXsiv, to send, or deliver.] To bail, i. e. to set free 
 from arrest or custody, and deliver to the keeping of other persons. (6.) Rem alteri 
 iradere,vel covimittere, — to transfer or commit a thing to another, i. c. to deliver, for some 
 238 
 
Bai.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bal. 
 
 special object or purpose, upon a contract (expressed or implied), that tlie trust shall be faith- 
 fully executed. Spelman 
 
 In the Common Law: This is the general sense of the verb balliare , itam vi\i\c\i 
 the terms ba i 1 m en t, bailor and bailee are derived, v. h. v. v. 
 
 In practice: To deliver a person from arrest, or out of custody of the law to the 
 keeping of other persons, on their undertaking to be responsible for his return and appear- 
 ance at a day and place certain. Bracton, fol. 123 ; 3 Bl. Com. 290. To become bail for 
 another, i Leonard, 94. v. Balium, Ballium, supra, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Bailiwick, [+ O. Fr. bailUe, jurisdiction of a bailiflf, and A. Sax. wic, a termination 
 signifying station, residence.] The precincts in wiiich a sheriff or bailiff has juris- 
 diction. The jurisdiction of a sheriff or bailiff, i Bl. Com. 344 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 411. 
 
 Bailleur de fonds. — Fr. («.) A money-lender. (6.) Dormant, sleeping partner. 
 French Law. 
 
 In Canadian Law: The unpaid vendor of real estate. 
 
 Note. — His claim is subordinate to that of a subsequent hypothecary creditor (mortgagee) claiming under 
 a conveyance of prior registration (i Lower C. J?. 1, 6) ; but is preferred to that of the physician for services 
 during the last sickness, v. 7 id. 468 ; g id. 182, 497 ; 10 id. 379. 
 
 BaUiva, Baliva, — L. Lat. [iallwus.] A bailiwick; the district or territory under the 
 jurisdiction of a sheriff; a sheriffs county. Co. Lilt, bib ; 2 Co. Inst, 105 ; i Bl. Com. 344 ; 
 Broom &" Had. Com i, 411, 413. v. Infra nominatus, A. B. etc. In general' and 
 more extended sense; A district or place of jurisdiction. Art. Mag. Cart. Johan. 
 c. 40. 
 
 Ballivi errantes, Seu itinerantes. — L. Lat. Bailiffs errant, or itinerant. 
 
 In English Law: Officers who perform the duties of sheriffs within liberties or 
 jurisdictions, in which formerly the king's writ could not be executed by the sheriff. Spel- 
 man. v. 2 Bl. Com. 37, 38. 
 
 Ballivi franchesiarnm. — L. Lat. Bailiffs of franchises. 
 
 In English Law: Officers who perform the duties of sheriffs within certain liberties 
 or privileged jurisdictions, in which formerly the king's writ could not be executed by the 
 sheriff. Spelman. v. -^ Bl. Com. 37, 38 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 137, 413. 
 
 Ballivi hundredomm. — L. Lat. Bailiffs of hundreds. 
 
 In English Law: Officers appointed over hundreds (z/. A^mm^/^-^Aww) by the sheriffs 
 to collect fines therein and summon juries; to attend the judges and justices at the assizes 
 and quarter sessions ; and also to execute writs and process in the several hundreds. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 116; I Bl. Com. 344, 345 ; 3 Sieph. Com. 29; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 137, 413. 
 
 BallivO amovendo. — L- Lat. For removing a bailiff, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 BallivUS, BalivUS, Baillivus.— L. Lat. A bailiff, baily or bailie. 
 
 In a more general sense: A person to whom some authority or trust is committed 
 or deputed. Spelman; Co. Litt. tib. A judge. Mag. Charta, c. 28. A ministerial officer 
 of justice (this includes sheriffs and constables). Bracton, fol. 117 ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 38 ; Mag. 
 Cart. cc. 8, 17; 2 O. /«J^. 44. A sheriffs ofiicer or deputy. Bracton, fo\. 116. A steward. 
 2 Co. Inst. 44. An officer under a steward. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 73. One who acts for or repre- 
 sents another, with an authority, however, less than that of an attorney. Bracton, fol. iiib. 
 
 Baluearii fares. Bath thieves. Thieves lurking about the baths. Catul. xxxiii, i. 
 
 These were the idle thieves who frequently visited the public baths at Rome, and stole the clothes of the per- 
 sons who bathed there, of. Dig. xlvii, tit. 17, ' </? Furibus balneariis. ' Paulus, Dig. ii. fr. 3. 
 
 BalneariL Sram, m. A term applied to thieves who stole the clothes of bathers in the 
 public baths. Dig. xlvii, tit. 17 ; 4 Bl. Com. 23g; Calvini, Lex Jurid. 
 
 Balnearis e, n^'. [balneum^ Of or pertaining to the bath. Balneares argentum, — bath- 
 ing silver, j. k silver utensils used in baths. Paulus, />%-. xxxiv, 2, /n 33- Subst. Bal- 
 nearia, ium, «. Bathing utensils. App. Met. iii, p. 134, 136. 
 
 BalneariuS, a, um, adj. [balneum.] Of or pertaining to the bath. 
 
 Balnearium instrumentum. A bathing implement. Martal. Dig. xxxiii, 7, /'-■ n- 
 
 Balnearium ii. «■ A place for bathing ; a bathing-room ; bath. Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, i, i. 
 Balneaticxun, i, «• Bathing money to be paid for a bath. Juv. ii, 152. 
 Balneator, oris, m. One who has the care of a bath ; a bath-keeper. =Gr. /SaXavsv;. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iii, 2, fr. 4, § 2 ; Alfenus, ib. xix, 2, fr 30, g i et al. 
 
 239 
 
Bal.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. (Ban. 
 
 Balneum, l, «. [plur. balneae, arum, /.J A bath ; a place for bathing. Var. L. L 
 Cicero also called it balineum Cicero, Ati. ii, 3 fin.; id. ib. xv, 13, 5. A balineis, — after 
 the bath, after bathing. Pliny, xxii, ig, 77. 
 
 Baud narratores,^ — L. Lat. Counters of the Bench — otherwise called sergeant count- 
 ers ; advocates or pleaders, i Bl. Com. 24, n. if). 
 
 In old English Law: A class of advocates peculiar to the Bench, i.e. Com- 
 munis Bancus, — the Common Bench, or Court of Common Pleas, as that court was formerly 
 called. Coioell. Placitantiuin advocatorum, etc. 
 
 BauCO. — L. Lat. In the Bench. Dies in Banco, — days in the Bench, «'. e. days in 
 which the court sits. Banco regis, — on the King's Bench. In banco regis, — in the King's 
 Bench. ./%^n, lib. ii,c. 51, § 21. Justiciarii in banco residentes, — resident justices of the 
 Bench. Bracton, fol. 105^. 
 
 BaUCUS. — L- Lat. A bench or seat in the king's hall or palace. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 16, § i. 
 
 In English Law and Practice: A seat of judgment or tribunal for the adminis- 
 tration of justice ; the seat occupied by judges in court ; the judgment seat in courts. The 
 ancient and original name of the Court of Common Pleas, ot Communis Bancus, — 
 the Common Bench', as it was otherwise called; afterward distinguished as Bancus aj>ud 
 Wesimonasterium, — the Bench at Westminster, and Communis Bancus, — the Common Bench. 
 The justices were called Justiciarii de Banco, — justices of the Bench. Bracton, fol. 149, 
 353^/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 34. Justiciarii residentes in Banco, — justices sitting in the Bench. 
 Bracton, ubi supra; id. fols. 105^, 108. Dies in Banco, — a day (or da)'s) in the Bench, i. e. a 
 day (or days) in which the court sits. Bracton, fols. 353^, 360, 361 ; 3 Bl. Com. 2T]. Coram 
 justiciariis in banco residentibus, — before the justices sitting in the Bench — expresses the 
 seat or sittings of the court with its full judicial authority, or in full form, as distinguished 
 from sittings at Nisi Prius. Justiciarii Regis de Banco apud Westmonasterium, — the 
 King's Justices of the Bench at Westminster. Bracton, fols. 149, 353^/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 34 ; 
 Gilberts Hist. Com. Pleas, i. This is the proper technical title of the justices of the Common 
 Pleas at the present day. v. Bancus Regis. 
 
 BaUCUS Regis, — L- Lat. The King's Bench ; supposed to be always held coram ipso 
 rege, — before the king himself. Hence the term, in Banco Regis, — in the King's Bench. 
 
 During the reign of a queen the same court takes the name of 
 
 Bancus Reginae. — L- Lat. The Queen's Bench. 
 
 This is the highest court of common law in England (the supreme tribunal after Parlia- 
 ment) consisting of a chief justice and four puisne justices, who are by their office the sov- 
 ereign conservators of the peace, and supreme coroners of the land. After the dissolution 
 of the Aula Regis, otherwise Curia Regis, this court took its place as the highest common law 
 tribunal in the kingdom, and assumed also the name of Bancus, otherwise Bancus Regis, the 
 King's Bench, to distinguish it from the original Bancus, frequently called Communis Bancus, 
 the Common Bench ; the two courts being spoken of as the Benches {banci). Statutes 
 Westm. II. c. 30. And from this time the judges of these several courts are described as 
 Justiciarii de utroque Banco, or utrisque Banci, justices of either Bench, and certain writs are 
 said to be returnable coram Justiciariis Domini de uno Banco vel altero, before the King's Jus- 
 tices of one or the other Bench. Reg. Orig. 199 ; 3 Bl. Cotn. 41-43 ; 4 id. 265 ; Broom on C. L. 
 ch. II, 'Courts of Law,' msq.; Broom &" Had. Com. Hi. 
 
 BaUCUS ruptus. A broken bank. Hence, Bankrupt. 
 
 Banni nuptiarum. — L. Lat. The nuptial bans; the bans of matrimony. Bracton, fol. 
 307^/ 2 Steph. Com. 286 et seq. Bannum (sing.) — the ban. Bracton, fol. 307^. 
 
 BannimUS. — L. Lat. [+ bannirc.'] We ban or expel. 
 
 The form of expulsion of a member from the University of Oxford, by affixing the sentence 
 on some public place as a promulgation of it. 
 
 Bank. =L. Lat. Bancus. A bench. The bench of justice. 
 
 An official meeting of all the judges of a common-law court is called "sitting 
 in bank (or banc)." The expression is used of a court sitting for the determination of 
 questions of law, as distinguished from nisi prius sittings to determine questions of fact. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 28, n. V. Reports, passim. 
 
 Banniare, Banuire, — L. Lat. [-\- bannum.] In old English Law: To proclaim; 
 to declare or decree publicly; to publish an edict, decree or proclamation ; e. g., Bannivi- 
 7it us ut unusquisque judex , etc., — we have decreed that every judge, etc. Spelman. 
 
 (6.) To summon ; to call out by edict, either to court or to military service ; to summon 
 to a standard, bannum or banner; e. g., Omnes leudes in exercitu gradiendum banni ti 
 
 240 
 
Ban.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bar. 
 
 sunt, — all liege men are summoned to go into the armj-. Spelnmn. (c) To prescribe ; to 
 confiscate; e. g., Mullos bannivit occupans res eorum, — he proscribed many persons, seiz- 
 ing their property. Albert. Argentin. K.ti.l'ii^i. Rebus omnibus in b annum missis, — all 
 things being put to the ban. LL. Lougob. lib. ii, tit. 43, 1. 4. (d.) To banish ; to expel from 
 a bannum or certain territory. Spelman. 
 
 Bannitio, — L. Lat. \;\-bannire^ Banishment; expulsion by a ban or public proclama- 
 tion. Reg. Orig. ■i\ib. A banning, or putting to the ban. 
 
 Bannitus, BanniatUS. Banished ; outlawed. Reg. OHg. ^ilb; I Pitc. Cr. Trials. 
 
 '*To put to the horn," i'. f. when any person was banished (.5a««zV«j), the same was done by three 
 blasts of a horn or trumpet; also in denouncing contumacious persons, rebels and outlaws. This was called 
 "putting to the horn;" and the party so denounced was said to be "at the horn." Bell's Diet. 
 voc. 'Denunciation;' i Pz/c. C»-. Trja/j, part 2, pp. 77, 80, 113. 
 
 Bannus sive Bannum, — L. Lat. An edict, statute or public ordinance ; a ban. 
 
 In old European Law; (a,) A fine or penalty ; c.^., .5<7««»ot wfea/, — he shall pay 
 a ban or fine. Lex. Sat. tit. 2, § 9 ; Spelman. (6.) A tribute. Spelman; Esprit des Lois,\\\>. 
 XXX, c. 20, note, (c.) Banishment or exile; proscription; confiscation. An anathema or 
 curse. Spelman. {d.) A proclamation or publication — as the publication of marriage con- 
 tract in a church, called banns . Bracton, fol. 307^/ Bell's Diet.; 2 Steph. Com. 286 et seq.; 
 Termes de la Ley. (c.) A field or territory ; the limit or precinct of a town. Spelman, 
 
 Bannns regis. The king's proclamation. Bracton. fol. 142 ; Fleta, lib. i, u. 34, § i. 
 Barataria. — L. Lat. [-|- Ital. barratria, or Fr. baraterie. barratry, or L. Fr. barat, deceit, 
 fraud.] =:■ Barratria, — barratry. Avec baraterie, Fr. — barratrously ; fraudulently. 
 
 Baratarius, — L. Lat. A barrator. Spelman. One who encourages barratry. 
 Baratria, — L. Lat. The crime committed by a judge who is induced by a bribe to pro- 
 nounce a judgment ; e.g. in Scotch Law: 
 
 BARATRIAM committit qui propter pecuniam jttstitiam baractat. He commits 
 baratry who barters justice for money. Bell's Diet.; Erskine's Inst. b. 
 iv. t. 4, § 30. 
 Barectator. — L. Lat. A barretor or barretter, v. Barrctor. 
 Baret, — L. Fr. A wrangling suit. Britt. c. 92. A brawl or quarrel. Co. Litt. 368/'. 
 
 BarO, BarUS. — Gr.-Lat. papvi. A man. L. Salic, tit. 33, g i; L. Alam. tit. 95. 
 
 Mercenarii sunt, qui serviunt accepta mercede. Idem et Barones Graeco nomine, quod sint fortes 
 in laboribus. 0apt>9 enim, dicitur gravis, quod est fortis. Cui contrarius est levis, id est infirmus. Isidorus, 
 Orig. ix, 4, § 31 . 
 
 Mercenarii (day laborers) are those who serve for stipulated wages. The same by the Greek name 
 are Barons (men) who may be strong in their work or exertions. For Barus (a man) is called grave (7>- 
 great, which is from chance or by accident. The opposite to which is slight or light, that is infirm. 
 
 A freeman, or freedman. L. Alam. tit. 95; Spelman. A strong, able-bodied man, who 
 serves for hire. Gloss. Arabic-Latin; IsiDORUS, Orig. supra; Spelman. A warrior or chief ; 
 a baron ; e.g.. Sunt et alii potentes subrege, qui dicuntur barones, hoc est, roburbelli, — there 
 are other poweiful men under the king, who are called barones (barons), that is, the strength 
 of war. Bracton, fol. 5^. A vassal ; a freeholder who held of the king immediately. A man 
 of dignity and rank ; a baron, lord or nobleman. Bracton, fol. 351*. v. Baron, cf. Bacon's 
 Abr.; Comyn's Dig.; Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Baron, — L. Fr. and Eng. [G. Lat. baro, L. Fr. baroun?^ A lord or nobleman. 
 
 In England: (a.) The most general title of nobility. Finch's Law, "h. ii, c. 2 ; r Bl. 
 Com. 398, 399. (6,) A judge of the Court of Exchequer. 3 Bl. Com. 44. v. Barones Scaccaui. 
 (c.) A husband, i Bl. Com. 432, 442. A freeman. Co. Litt. 58a. 
 
 Baron et feme,— L. Fr. Husband and wife, i Bl. Com. ^ii,2 ; Co. Litt. 112a. 
 
 Baron and feme strictly means man and woman, or man and wife. =Lat. FtV 
 et mulier. =:Gr. avrjp xai yvvrj. "A feme took baron, i. e. a woman took husband." 
 Cro. Eliz. 825. V. Broom b' Had. Com. ii, 523. 
 
 Baronafium- — L. Lat. The whole body of the barons (Integra classis baronum). 
 
 It also signifies the baronage of the king's court. =homage in the court of the 
 manor or inferior lord. Spelman. The retinue, attendants or following (Fr. le train) of a 
 baron. Id. 
 
 Barones majores. Greater barons. Barones minores. Inferior barons. Erskiiie's 
 Inst, i, 3, 3. Barones quinC[Ue portuum,— Lat. Barons of the cinque ports. 
 
 [31] ^41 
 
Bar.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bar. 
 
 Barones Scaccarii, or de ScaCCario. — L. Lat. Barons of the Exchequer. The six 
 judges of the Court of Exchequer in England, of whom one is styled the chief baron. 
 
 The Court of Exchequer was the first offshoot from the great court of the ^ «/a i?^^zj. In its inception 
 it was but a select committee of the Supreme Council, appointed to sit apart from it in the king's palace, for the 
 purpose of auditing his accounts and compelling payment of such feudal dues as were in arrear to him. i 
 Reeved Hist. Eng. Law^ 2d ed., 48. Its jurisdiction at first was principally, if not wholly, confined to matters 
 connected with the king's revenue, or springing out of the feudal relations of lord and vassal ; from which it 
 gradually grew in extent of cognizance until it acquired jurisdiction in personal actions at law and in equity 
 having no relation to the rights or revenues of the crown. Reeve^s Hist^ Eng. Law, 51. %. Broom on C. L. 
 ch. II, *Courts of Law,' containing a very succinct history of all the courts of England. 
 
 BarOUettUS. — L. Lat. A baronet ; a little baron. 
 
 It is an hereditary dignity created by letters patent and usually descendible to the issue 
 male, but is not a title of nobility, i Bl. Com. 403 ; Spebnan, Gloss. 
 
 Baronia, Baronatus.— L. Lat. A barony. 
 
 The dignity, territory, patrimony or fee of a baron, Mag. Cart. 9 Hen. III. u. 31; Co. Liti. 83^. A manor 
 or the territory of a manor. A part of a county,= a hundred. A house of a certain kind in London. Spel 
 >nan. Gloss, v. Caput baroniae. 
 
 Barouissa, — L- Lat. A baroness ; the wife of a baron. Bracton, fol. 351^. 
 
 Barra, — L. Lat. [Fr. han-e, bar (of wood or metal), Ital. and Sp. barra, -|-W. bar, branch 
 of a tree; bar, bolt, used for a hindrance or obstruction.] Any obstacle which obstructs, 
 hinders or defends ; a barrier, a bar. 
 
 In English Law: (a.) The bar of a court, i. e. the railing that incloses the place 
 which counsel occupy in courts of justice ; e. g.. Ad h arratii vocatus, — called to the bar. 
 I Lord Raym. 595. Hence, Barrasterius, — a barrister. v. Apprenticius ad b arras, 
 etc. V. Cancelli: (6.) The legal profession who occupj' the bar of a court, (c.) The place 
 in court where prisoners are stationed. " The prisoner at the bar." 
 
 In pleading: A special plea, constituting a sufficient answer to an action at law — 
 so called because it barrs , i. e. prevents, obstructs the plaintiff from further prosecuting 
 it with effect, and, if established by proof, destroys the action altogether. Co. Lilt. 303^, 372a/ 
 Plowd. 26, 28 ; Hobart, 245 ; 3 Bl. Com. 303. v. Exceptio peremptoria. 
 
 Barr is also, in regard to the effect, divided into barr perpetual and barr tem- 
 porary. Perpetual is that which overthrows the action forever. Temporary is 
 that which is good for the present and may afterward fail ; as plene administravit is a good 
 barr until it appear that more goods came afterward to the hands of the executor, which also 
 holds for the heir, who in an action of his ancestor's debt pleads Reins per descent, v. Brook, 
 tit. 'Barr,' nu. 23 ; Termes de la Ley. ®. Exceptio dilatoria. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A special plea in bar goes to the merits of the indictment, and 
 gives a reason why the prisoner ought not to answer it at all, nor put himself upon his trial 
 for the crime alleged. Special pleas are principally of three kinds : i. A plea of autrefois 
 acquit. 2. A plea of autrefois convict, 3, A pardon, cf. Broom &' Had. Com, iv, 428, 429, 
 and the authorities cited. 
 
 Barraster. = Barrister. One admitted to plead at the bar. V. Barra. 
 
 Barrasterius. — L. Lat. A barrister ; a pleader at the bar. i Bl. Com. 23, note ; 3 id. 27. 
 
 Barratare. — L. Lat. To cheat, defraud, embezzle. Clerke's Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 39, 
 
 Barrator. One who commits barratry, v. Ban-atria. 
 
 Barratrare.— Ital. To cheat ; to defraud ; to embezzle, v. Barrattia. 
 
 Barratrous. Having the quality or character of barratry; fraudulent. Story, J,, 8 
 CrancKs R. 39. 
 
 Barratria. — L. Lat. Barataria. [+ Fr. baraterie, hsLmtry, or Ital. barratrare, to cheat, 
 defraud, embezzle.] Barratry; fraud, deceit, criminal fault, embezzlement, etc. 
 
 In the Italian Law: .5fl?-ra^n'« (barratry) has the sense of frau d or deceit com- 
 mitted in contracts and sales. Lord Ei.lenborough, 8 East. 126. Otherwise + Sp, bara- 
 teria, which has a similar meaning. Johnson, J., 3 Peters' R. 222, 230. Other sources have 
 been ascribed to it, and all in all the term imports fraud ; and so it is agreed that fraud 
 must be a constituent of the act of barratry. Abbot on Ship. 183, and notes ; iCar.&'P. 
 600; 3 id. 476 ; 12 Johns. R. 128 ; Johnson, J., 3 Peters' R. 222 ; 14 Mass. R. i. 
 
 Generally s peak i ng, the term 'barratry' comprehends every species of fraud, 
 knavery or criminal conduct in the masters or mariners of a ship, by which the owners or 
 freighters are injured, v. 3 Car. &' P. 476 ; i id. 600, where the term was much discussed. 
 V. Btoom &• Had. Com. iii, 214, n, (,(,■•),• i Strange, 581 ; 2 id. 1173 ; Cowper, 143 ; Park on Ins. 
 c. 5 ; Marshall on Ins. b. i, c. 12,^6; Parsons on Contr. ii, 378, 379, and notes. 
 242 
 
Bar.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bar. 
 
 In Maritime Insurance: Barratrj' is one of the risks usually insured against, and 
 the term comprehends ever}' species of fraudulent conduct or acting without due fidelity on 
 the part of the master of a vessel, in his character of master, to the direct prejudice of the 
 owners or insurers of the ship or cargo, and without their privity or consent ; including every 
 breach of trust or duty committed with dishonest views and objects, cf. 2 Lord Raym. 349 ; 
 2 Strange, 581 ; i T. R. 252 ; 6 id. 379; 8 id. 320; Cowper, 143 ; 8 East, 126 ; I Camp. 434 ;' 
 2 Maul. &^ S. 172 ; 5 Bam. 6^ Aid. 597 ; 2 Caine's R. 67, 222 ; 3 id. I ; I Jo/ms. R. 229 ; 11 
 td. 40; 13 id. 451 ; 5 Day (Conn.), i; 2 £inn. (Penn.) 274; 4 Dail. 294; 8 Cranch, 139 ; 3 
 Wheat. (U. S.) R. 163 ; 3 Kenfs Com. 305 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 378, 379, and notes ; Abbot on 
 Ship. 167, II. ; I Phillips' Ins. c. xiii ; 26 Wendell's R. 563. 
 
 In a bioader sense: Very gross and culpable negligence, as well as fraudulent or 
 willful misconduct of the master or mariners of a vessel to the prejudice of the owners of the 
 ship or cargo, and without their privity or consent, comes within the term barratry ; and 
 in tljis sense it is employed by the French writers. Pardessus, Cotirs de Droit Com. tom. iii, 
 n. 772 ; 3 Kf-nt's Com. 305. cf. Abbot, Park and Marshall, supra. 
 
 " Every willful act, on the part of the master, of known illegality ; every gross malversa- 
 tion in his office or criminal negligence, by whatever motive induced, whereby the owner is 
 damnified, comes within the legal definition of barratry." Shaw, C. J., 2 Cushing's R. 
 512. V. Abbot on Ship, (by Perkins) 183, and note. cf. Park on Ins. c. 5 ; Marshall on Insur- 
 ance, b. I, c. 12, § 6. V. U. S. Digest. 
 
 Note. — By the Laws of the United States: The grossest barratries, as piratically or feloniously 
 seizing or running away with the vessel or cargo, or voluntarily delivering the vessel into the hands of pirates, 
 or.mutiny, are capital offenses by the laws of the United States . Acta/ Congress, April 30, 1790 : Story's La'.us 
 0/ U. S 84, 
 
 Barratry, Barratrie, Baratry. v. Barratria, supra. In Scotch Law: The crime 
 of a judge who receives a bribe to pronounce a judgment. Brand, v. Baratria. 
 Read : Baratriam comviittit, qui propter pecuniam justiciam barectat. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Barretuer.— Fr. =Barretor, Barrettor, Barretour, v. h. v., infra. 
 
 Barre. — L. Fr. Bar ; the bar of a court. The bar, i. e. the members of the legal profes- 
 sion practicing in a particular court ; e. g., v. Fuit clerement dit, etc. 
 
 In Pleading: Bar ; a plea in bar. Dyer, \\'&, De barre nest bone, — the bar (plea) 
 is not good. Keil-v. 11. v. Barra. 
 
 Barretta, — L. Lat. [Fr. liaret.'\ A contention ; a quarrel; a wrangling suit, etc. 
 
 Barretor, Barrettor, Barretour.— L. Fr. =L. Lat. Barrector, Bareetator, Barre- 
 terins, =Fr. Barretuer. Lord Coke traces these terms to Fr. barat, deceit, fraud; 
 hence barretry, baretry, a contention, brawl or quarrel ; a wrangling suit. cf. Co. Litt. 3681^. 
 Hence, Barretor, etc., A common mover of suits and quarrels in disturbance of the peace, 
 either in courts or in the country, that is himself never quiet, but at variance with one or 
 other, taking and detaining the possession of houses and lands or goods of false invention, etc. 
 
 BARRETOR est common mover, excitor, ou maintainer de suits, quarrels, ou parts, ou en 
 courts, ou en pays. En courts de record, et en le country, hundred, et aut' inferior courts. En 
 pays, en trois manners : P rimerment , en disturbayice del peace ; second7nent, en prisel 
 ou detainer des possessions des measons, terre, ou biens, etc., que sonl en question ou controversie , 
 non solevient per force , mes auxy per subtilty et deceit, et pluistost en suppression de verity et droit; 
 tierce vient, pejfaux invention et sowing de calumniations, rumors et reports faisant discord 
 et disquiet surg' inter ses vicines, — L. Fr. Barretor is a common mover, stirrer up, or 
 maintainer of suits, quarrels or parts, either in courts or in the country. In the courts 
 of record, and in country, hundred and other inferior courts. In the c o u n try , in three 
 manners: First, in disturbing the peace; secondly, in taking or detaining the pos- 
 sessions of houses, lands or goods, etc., that are in question or controversy, not only by 
 force but by subtilty and deceit, and more usually in suppression of truth and right ; 
 thirdly, by false inventing and sowing of calumnies, rumors and reports, making dis- 
 cord and disquiet to rise between his neighbors, Terines de la Ley; citing 8 Co. 36, 37. 
 cf. Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 148, 149. 7^. Wait's note (659). 
 
 In old English Law: A litigious, contentious person ((roKto/rfoJWj),' one who haunts 
 the courts. Qui -praetorium nimis frequentat, i. e. one who frequents or visits the council of 
 war overmuch. Spelman. 
 
 "A barretor is in judgment of law accounted one of the most dangerous and perni- 
 cious vermin in the commonwealth, because whereas the law endeavoreth to settle peace and 
 amity, and to suppress discord and contention, he is scminntor litium et oppressor vicinorum 
 suorum, either by force and open maintenance of possessions, or the like; or by fraud and 
 
 24.1 
 
Bar.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bas. 
 
 malice under color of law, as by multiplicity of unjust and feigned suits, informations, or 
 the like, to the end he may by that means enforce poor people {ad redimendum vexationeni) 
 to give him money, or otherwise to compound with him, etc." Wingate's Max. 178, § 18, 
 citings Co.y], in the case of ' Barretry.' 
 
 In Scotch Law: A judge who takes a bribe for giving a judgment ; a simonist (k. 
 Sivwnia). Baratriamcommittit qui propter pecuniam justitiain bareciat. Bell's Diet.; Erskine's 
 Inst, iv, t. 4, § 30. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A common exciter, mover or maintainer of suits and quarrels 
 either in courts or elsewhere in the country ; a disturber of the peace who spreads false 
 rumors and calumnies, whereby discord and disquiet may grow among neighbors. 8 Co. 36; 
 Stat. Westm. I. c. 18 ; Cro. Car. 192 ; Termes de la Ley; Latch. 194 ; Co. Lilt. 368 ; Shaw, C. 
 J., II Fick. H. 432, 434 ; 2 Starkie on Evid. 304, 3d ed. 
 
 In cases of barretry, however, the defendant is entitled to notice or a bill of par- 
 ticulars of the particular acts of barretry or baretry intended to be relied on at the trial . 
 Buller's N. P. 296; t Mod. 261, 262; per WiLLES, ]., i Leigh &= C. 520, 542; 2 Starkie on 
 Evid. 304, 3d ed.; i Best on Evid. § 258, note i. The punishment is fine and imprison- 
 ment ; and if the offender belong to the profession of the law, he is disabled from practicing 
 for the future. 12 Geo. I. c. 29; 21 Geo. II. c. 3. The defendant must, however, be a com- 
 mon barretor (communis larrectator). Hence no one can be a barretor in respect of one 
 act onl)' ; it must be several, v. authorities, supra. 
 
 Barretry. \barretta.~\ The term comprehends the acts of a barretor, and see the 
 authorities there cited. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The offense of frequently exciting and stirring up suits, quarrels 
 and controversies, either in the way of litigations at law or otherwise. 8 Co. 366; Co. Litl. 
 368 ; I Hawk. PI. C. 243 ; 4 Bl. Com. 134 ; 4 Steph. Com. 262 ; Broom <5r» Had. Com. iv, 148, 
 149. A single act, however, does not constitute the offense. There must be several acts of 
 barretrj', and the indictment for that offense must charge the defendant with being a com- 
 mon barretor (communis liarrectator). I Siderjin, 282 ; 4 Bl. Com. 134, note ; 4 Steph. 
 Com. 262. And the proof must show at least three instances of offending. 15 Mass. 227 ; 
 II Pick. (Mass.) 432 ; i Cush. (Mass.) 2, 3 ; i Bailey (S. C), 379 ; 2 Stark, on Evid. 304 ; U. S. 
 Dig. 'Barretry.' 
 
 Under the head of fer;v/r)/ may properly be ranked the offenses of disturbing the 
 peace, making false inventions, propagating evil reports and calumnies, and spreading 
 false and groundless rumors, whereby discord and disquiet may ensue among neighbors. 
 I Co. Inst. 368 ; I Hawk. PI. C. 243. v. I Hale's P. C. c. 27 ; Bacon's Air. 'Barretry;' 8 
 Co. 36^. V. Baaretor 
 
 The offense of barretry is a common-la"y misdemeanor punishable by fine and imprison- 
 ment at the discretion of the court ; but if the offender (as is too frequently the case) belongs 
 to the profession of the law, he ought to be disbarred, i Hawk. PI. C. 244; Stat. 12 Geo. I. 
 c. 29 ; 4 Bl. Com. 134 ; Broom if Had. Com. iv, 149; i Bailey (S. C), 379. 
 
 11^° The student will note the difference between Barratry [L. Lat. Barrataria, — fraud, 
 deceit, etc ] and Barratry [L. Lat. Barretta, — a contention, quarrel, wrangle, etc.] 
 
 Barrister or Barraster. =L. Lat. Barrasterius, v. h. v. 
 
 Bas, — Fr. [L. Lat. bassus.^ Low ; base ; inferior. Bas chevaliers, — low or inferior 
 knights by tenure of a base military fee, as distinguished from barons and baronets, 
 who were the chief or superior knights. Cowell. 
 
 Bas estat. — Fr. Base estate, i. e. the estate of a base tenant. Cowell. 
 
 BasileUS, [Gr. /JadiAevS.] King ; emperor. =Imperator. 
 
 The title given to the Emperor Justinian in some of his Novels. Novs. 2, 3, 4, 6 et 
 seq. A title given to the King of England, in charters before the conquest, in imita- 
 tion of that assumed by the emperors of the east and west, i Bl. Com. 242 ; 7 Co. 44 [22] ; 
 I Spence's Chan. 1 1 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 288. 
 
 Basilica, [Gr. Pa6vKina, royal, princely, magnificent.] A compilation of Roman and 
 Greek law, in the Greek language, made during the latter part of the ninth and beginning of 
 the tenth centuries, under the superintendence of the Greek emperors of Constantinople. 
 
 It was first undertaken by Basilius Macedo (from whom it is supposed to derive its name), 
 and completed by his son Leo Philosophus, who published it as a code, A. D. 887. v. t 
 Mackeld. Civil Law. %% 84, 85, 87. 
 
 BaSSa, Basso, BaSSUS. — L. Lat. Low. De alto et basso,— ol high and low. This latter 
 term is applied to the absolute submission of all differences. Cowell. 
 
 BaSSa haia, — L. Lat. A low hedge. Reg. Orig. 2STb; Brownl. part 2, 326. 
 244 
 
Bas.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bat, 
 
 BaSSa justitia, =71. Bassa justice. Low justice. 
 
 In Feudal Law: The right of a feudal lord to try persons accused of petty offenses 
 or trespasses. Esprit des Lois, liv. 28, c. 42. 
 
 BaSSa tenura. — L. Lat. A base tenure, v. Broom ^ Had. Coin, ii, 140, 217, 2i8. 
 In England: A holding by villenage or other customary service; the antithesis of «Mj 
 tenura, the highest tenure, in capite, or by military service. 2 Steph. Com. 51. 
 
 Bastard eigne.— Fr. Bastard elder ; an older bastard son. 
 
 In Common Law: The child of two unmarried persons who afterward intermarry 
 and they have a legitimate son, who is known m law as filius mulieratus or mulier puisny. 
 Litt. § 400; Co. Litt. 243d; 2 Bt. Com. 247. a. Wingate's Max. 21, 5565 ; Broom if Had. Com. 
 ii. 399- 
 
 Bastarda. — L. Lat. A female bastard. Fleta, v, 5, § 40, Calvini, Lex. Jund. 
 
 Bastardia, — L. Lat. '\_-\-bastardus.'\ Bastardy ; the state or condition of a bastard. Bl- 
 Com. 454. V. Broom &= Had. Com. i, 559, 563. In Practice. The plea or objection of 
 illegitimacy. Brae ton, fol. 405, 416: Fleta, v. c. 39. 
 
 Bastardus. — L. Lat. [+Gr. /3ad6api?, a concubine ; or Saxon ias, low, and steort, risen, 
 upstart; or Brit, bastard, illegitimate; or German boftarb, bastard, bojiorttg, rti^'. = hybrid.] 
 Of spurious origin , base or low-born. One that is not only begotten but born out of lawful 
 matrimony. =.Fillius nullius. 1 Bl. Com. 4S4; 2 id. 247; 2 Kent's Com. 208; 4 id. 413; 
 Bacon's Abr.; 2 Stark, on Evid. 218 et seq.; 6 Binn. 283 ; Hill's R.; i Parsons on Contr. 336; 
 Broom &!' Had. Com. i, 559, 563. 
 
 He is not reckoned among the children (w. Qui ex damnato coitu, etc.), and cannot inherit 
 lands. Broom's Max. 499, and cases cited ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 398. 
 
 ''Children" is a word bearing a strict technical meaning in law, and is construed as 
 meaning children born in wedlock. As to when children born out of wedlock may take 
 under a devise 'to children,' etc., see Broom's Max. 541, 542, and cases cited. 
 
 BASTARDUS nullius est filius, aut filius populi. A bastard is the son of no 
 man, or rather [is] the son of the people, v. Cui pater est populus, etc. 
 He being born ex damnato coitu, his father is not known by the law. Hence he is, in law, 
 quasi, no man's issue, it being.regarded as uncertain from whom he is descended, v. Author- 
 ities, supra. As an individual, the public laws protect his life and property. 
 
 Baston. — L. F. A stafT or club ; z. baton; c. g. Son bas ton est depesne, — his baton is 
 broken. Fet Assarer, § 45. Offidarii de la bastoti,- — officers of the staff. 10 Co. 65 ; 4 
 M. &= Gr. &• Scott, 452, note. 
 
 The officers of the wardens of the Fleet were called Imstons, from the pointed staves by 
 which they were distinguished. Termes de la Ley. v. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Bastonicum. — L. Lat. [+ Fr. i5«jto».J Close custody. Spelman. 
 
 Bataille, Bataile, Battaile, Battel, Battail.— L. Fr. Battel; the trial by combat or 
 duellum (q. v.). Britt. c. 25. La bataile fuit gagee In le eyre, — the battel was waged in 
 the eyre. Yearb. M. 4 Edw. III. 12. v. Wingate's Max. 47, § 5. 
 
 Batalare. — L- Lat. To handle or brandish weapons ; to fight. Spelman. 
 
 Batalia, um. — L. Lat. A battle or combat. Spelman. v. Duellum. 
 
 Batellns.— L- Lat- A little boat; a skiff. Bracton, fol. 122. A ferry-boat. Yearb. T. 
 2 Edw. III. 13. 
 
 Battere. — L. Lat. [-f batte, a club.] To beat or strike with a club or stick. 
 
 In the Common Law: To beat another unlawfully ; to touch the person of another 
 unlawfully, whether with club, stick or fist, or otherwise. Hence, 
 
 Batteria Bateria.— L. Lat. [-f battered A battery. The unlawful beating of another ; 
 the least touching of another's person, willfully or in anger. 3 Bl. Com. 120. 
 
 "The law cannot draw the line between different degrees of violence, and therefore pro- 
 hibits the first and lowest stage of it, every man's person being sacred, and no other having 
 a right to meddle with it in the slightest manner." 3 Bl Com. 120; Broom on C. L. 685 \ v. 
 937 This rule applies where such unlawful touching of the person of another be either by 
 the aggressor himself, or any other substance or force be put in motion by him, if it have the 
 quality of willfulness or anger, or proceed from want of due care. ^ Bl. Com. 120, note; 
 Hob. 134; I Saund. 14, note W/ Bacon's Abr. ' Ba t te ry '; 8 ^</. &^ ^. 602 ; 3 ^'/- &' ^■ 
 
 245 
 
BatJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [BeL 
 
 28. Every battery, i fortiori, includes an assault. Bull. N. P., 7th ed., 150; Hawk. P. C. 
 b. 2, c. 62, § I. V. Assaltus. 
 
 Batture. — Fr. A bottom of sand ; a species of alluvion rising toward, or up to, or above 
 the surface of a river. 18 Louisiana R. 122 ; 3 Kent's Com. 428, note. 
 
 Bayle. v. Bailee. Bayler. v.Baiiier. Baylment. v. Bailment. Bayly, v. Bailiff. 
 
 Bayou, — Fr. A creek or stream peculiar to Louisiana and Texas. 
 
 General 1)': An outlet from a swamp, pond or lagoon, to a river or the sea. v. 8 
 Howard's R. 48, 70. 
 
 Beasts, Of the chase, v. Ferae compestres ; of the forest, v. Ferae sylvestres ; of the 
 warren, 'u. Ferae warrenae ; beasts of the contest with gladiators and criminals in the arena, 
 V. Bestia. 
 
 Beatae memoriae. Of blessed memory. Hier. Ep. ad Marc. 24 et al. 
 
 Seate vivendi cupiditate incensi sumus. We are animated with the desire of 
 living hapily. Cicero. 
 
 Beatitas, atis,/. The condition of ieatus, happiness, etc. 
 
 Beatitudo, Onis, /. [+ ieo.] The condition of ieatus, happiness, felicity, blessedness, 
 
 Beatns, a, um, Pa. [-f- leo.] Happy, prosperous, blessed, fortunate. Cicero, Trusc. 
 V, ro, 2g ; id. ill. v, 8 Jin. Opulent, rich, wealthy, in good circumstances. Cicero, N. D. 
 iii, 33 et al. 
 
 JBeatus esse sine virtute nemo potest. No one can be happy without virtue. 
 Cicero. 
 
 Beatus qui leges, juraque servat. That man is blessed who keeps the laws and 
 ordinances. 
 
 Bellagines.— L. Lat. =Billagiiies, v. h. v. 
 
 Beau-pleader, \Yx. Beauplaider,beu pleder, -\~ beau, fair, a.ni flaider, to plead.] In old 
 practice : Fair pleading ; apt or correct pleading ; or the fair or favorable hearing of a 
 plea, or suit. = L. Lat. de Pulchre placitando. 
 
 The explanation of the term, by the old writers, is somewhat mixed ; and to tell how, etc., would require an 
 unnecessarily long story. Confer Fleta, lib. ii, c. (£,% 18 ; Stat, of Marlbr. 52 Hen. Ill, c. 11 ; affirmed by 
 Stat, Westm. I. c. 8, §§ 19, 20 ', Cowell : Terjnes de la Ley ; 2 Reeve's Hist Eng, Law, 70 ; F. N, B. 270^. 
 
 S i r Matthew Hale adopted the view of Fitzherbert, that beaupteader meant a fine for not pleading fairly, 
 or aptly to the purpose. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, c. 7. Lord Coke considers it a fine imposed for the privi- 
 lege of pleading fairly, by way of amendment, after a former vicious plea. This appears to be the 
 more rational and consistent explanation, keeping in view the etymology of the term. 2 Co. Inst. 122, 123. v. 
 Contyn's Dig. 
 
 Beau id6al, — Fr- ideal beauty. Trop.: A species of beauty created by fancy, and 
 existing in the imagination alone. Beau monde, — the fashionable world. Beaux esprits, — 
 gay spirits ; men of wit. BeaUX yeUX, — handsome eyes, i. e. attractive looks. 
 
 BEDEFORDSIRE Maner. Lestone redd, per annum xxii, lib. etc.; ad opus reginae ii uncias 
 auri. Herfordscire. InLene,etc. consuetud. ut propositus manerii veniente domind sud 
 iregind) in maner, praesentaret ei xviii oras denar. ut esset ipsa laeto animo. — L. Lat. Bedford- 
 shire Manor. That Ley ton pay annually twenty-two pounds and two ounces of gold 
 for the queen's use. Herefordshire. In wool, etc., it is the custom for the lessee of 
 the manor, when his domina (queen) comes to the manor, to present her with eighteen silver 
 coins of money {denarii^, that she might be in her cheerful mind, i Bl. Com. 220, note (») .• 
 Broom i2r= Had. Com. i, 258, note (0). 
 
 Bees. Property in, etc. v. Apium quoque natura fera est, etc. 
 
 Bel esprit. — Fr. A brilliant mind. 
 
 Belld, are, I, 0. n. (bellor, bellari, v. dep.) [-)- bellum, war.] To carry on war; to war. 
 
 In the Poets: To fight, contend. Ovid, M. v, ioi ; Claud. Ep.i, 30. 
 
 In the Law of Nations: To war ; to make war. Grot, de Jur. Belli, lib. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Bellator, oris, m. \l>ello.'\ A warrior, a soldier. As an adj., warlike, ready to fight, 
 martial, valorous. Virgil, A. xii, 614. Bellator deus, — the war god, i. e. Mars. Id. ib. ix, 
 721. Bellator equus, — a spirited, mettlesome horse. ViRG. ^. x, 8gi ; OviD, jlf. xv, 368. 
 Of inanimate things: Bellatoris campus, — the field of battle. Stat. Th. viii, 378. 
 246 
 
Bel.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bel. 
 
 Bellatorius, a, um. adj. [bellalor.'l Warlike, martial ; useful in warlike expeditions ; 
 e.g., Pugnax et quasi bellatorius stilus,— a pugnacious, and as it were, a polemic style. 
 Puny, Ej>. vii, 9, 7. 
 
 BELLI aequitas sancttssime fetiali populi Romani jure per scripta est. Ex 
 quo intelligi potest, nullum bellu7n esse justum, nisi quod aut rebus repetitis 
 geratur aut denuntiatum ante sit et indicium. Cicero, de Officiis, i, 11, 9. The 
 justice of war was most religiously pointed out by the P'ecial Law of the 
 Romans. From this it may be understood that no war is just unless it is under- 
 taken to reclaim property, or unless it is solemnly denounced and proclaimed 
 beforehand, cf. Grotius, de fur. Bell ac Pac. iii, 3, 5 sq.; i Kent's Com. 6 (b). 
 
 Belli pacisq[lie artes. The arts of war and peace. LiVY. 
 
 Bellicdsus, a, um, adj. [iellicus.'] Warlike, martial, valorous. Cicero, Prov. Cons. 13. 
 Bellicosissimae nationes, — the most warlike nations. Cicero, Manil. to Jin. 
 
 Bellicus, a, um, adj. [iellum.] Of or pertaining to war ; war. Cicero, Z>iv. ii, 36 ; 
 Horace, Ode. iv, 3,6. Belliea disciplina, — discipline of, or pertaining to war. Cicero, 
 N. D. ii, 64. Bellicum jus, — right (or law) pertaining to war. Id. Off. iii, 29. Belliea 
 gloria, — the glor}' of war. Tacitus, A. i, 52. 
 
 Belliger, era, grum, adj. [belluiii-gero.'\ Waging war, warlike, martial, valiant. Belli- 
 giragentes, — warlike or valiant races. Ovid, Tr. iii, 11, 13. 
 
 Belligerator, oris, m. [HlHgero.'] A warrior ; combatant. 
 
 Belli-potens, entis, adj. [iellum.] Powerful or valiant in war ; e. g. 
 
 JBellipotentes sunt magis quam sapientipotentes. They are more valiant in 
 war than potent in wisdom. Trop,: " They are more warlike than sagacious." Enn. !» 
 Cicero, de Div. ii, 56 Jin. 
 
 Belli SOnuS, a, um, adj. [liellum-sono.] Sounding of war. 
 
 Bello ac pace, Both in war and in peace. Livv, viii, 35 ; Stat. Tk. iv, 839. 
 
 BELLO capta, et insula in mari enata, et gemmae, lapilli, margaritae in litorilms 
 inventae ejus Jiunt, qui primum eorum possessionem nactus est. Paulus, 
 Dig. xli, 2, fr. I, § I fin. Things captured in war, and islands sprung up in the 
 sea, and gems, pebbles, pearls found on the sea shores become the property of 
 him who has first the actual possession of the same. v. Pufendorf, de Jure 
 N. et G. iv, c. 6, § 14, note 2. 
 
 BELLO parta cedunt reipublicae. Things acquired in war belong or go to the 
 State. 
 " The right to all captures vests primarily in the sovereign." This is a fundamental maxim 
 of public law. I Kent's Com. lOl ; Sir W. Scott, 5 Rob. Adm. R. 155, 163 ; i Gillison, 558 ; 
 2 Russ. &' My. 56 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 BELLUINAS, atque Jerinas, iinmanesque Longobardorum leges aecepi. (Italy) received the 
 savage, wild and monstrous laws of the Lombards. Gravina, de Ortu et Prog. Jur. Civ. 
 % 139 ; cited in 2 Bl. Com. 47 ; i Kent's Com. 543. 
 
 Belluni i. «■ War. Trop.: contention, quarrel ; e.g., Tribunicum hellutn, — a quarrel 
 with the tribunes. LiVY, iii, 24. Meton.: A combat, fight, battle. Varro,Z. Z. vii,3, 92. 
 
 In Public Law: War; an armed contest between nations. Jus belli, — the law of 
 war. 
 
 Cicero dixit: 
 
 BELLUM certationem per vim. Sed usus obtinuit, ut non actio, sed 
 status eo nomine indiceiur, ita ut sit Bellum status per vim cer- 
 tantium, qua tales sunt : quae generalitas omnia ilia hellorum genera 
 comprehendit, de quibus agendum deincepserit : neque enim privatum hie excludo., ut 
 
 247 
 
Bel] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben. 
 
 quod reipsa prius sit publico, d hand dubie ciim publico communem habeat naturam, 
 quae propterea eoque proprio nomine signanda est. Cicero defines : W a r i s 
 a struggle (^^ debate by force. But custom hath the signification of 
 the word, not from the act itself, but the state and condition indicated or dis- 
 closed by that term, so that war (may be defined to be) the state and 
 condition of those that contend by force as such ; which gen- 
 eral acceptation of the word comprehends all the kinds of war by which it can 
 successively be moved ; not excluding that which sometimes happens between 
 private persons (as duels or single combats), which certainly are precedent to 
 those wars which are public, and being of the same nature, may well be signified 
 or comprised under the same proper name. Grotius, de Jure Bel. ac I'ac. i, 
 c. r, § 2. Read : Atque in republica viaxime conservanda, etc. 
 
 Bellum iuternecinUIU, An internecine war, i. e. a war of mutual destruction. Bellum 
 intestinum , — an intestine war; a civil war. Bellum lethale, — a deadly war. 
 
 BELLUM nee timendum, nee provocandum. War is neither to be timidly shunned, nor 
 unjustly to be provoked. Pliny the Younger. 
 
 BELLUM pax rursus. A war, and again a peace. Terentius. "Alternate warfare 
 and reconciliation." 
 
 BsXoi. [root BE^-, akin to /3aX-Xa>.] A missile, especially an arrow, dart, shaft. 
 In general: Any thing hurled from a distance at an enemy ; e. g. a fragment of rock. 
 Homer, Ode, ix, 495. = Lat. Telum, v. h. v. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 233, § 2. Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 18, § 5. 
 
 Ben trovato. — Ital. Well-found ; a happy invention ; an ingenious solution. 
 
 'Ben vienas, si vienas solo, — Span. Pro v. Thou comest well, if thou comest 
 alone. Spoken of a misfortune, which, it is often said, never comes singly. 
 
 Benfe, «fl'2'- — Lat. Well, rightly, honorably, ably, beautifully, prosperouslj', favorabl}'. 
 
 In the English Law: Well, sufficiently, safely, in due form. Ben^ et in pace, — 
 well, and in peace. Mag Carl. Joha?t. c. t^,. Ben} advocat captionem, — he rightly advised 
 the taking. Bene cognoscit captionem, — he well acknowledges the taking, i Salk. 3. Beni 
 cognovit actionem, — he fairly confessed the action. Ben} cognosco, — I well acknowledge ; I 
 fairly confess. 
 
 * Bene consultum, inconsultum est, si inimicis sit usui : 
 
 Nam honum consilium siirripitur saepisume, 
 
 Si minus cutn curd aut cate locus loquendi lectus est, 
 
 Quippe si resciverint inimici consilium tuum, 
 
 Tu opte tibi consilo occludunt linguam, et constringunt 
 
 tnanus : 
 Atque eadem, quae iUis voluisti facere, faciunt tibi. 
 
 Plautus, Miles Gloriosus, iii, i, 6. 
 A well-deserved plan is very often filched away, if the place for deliberating has not been 
 well chosen with care or with caution ; and what is well-advised is ill-advised if it proves 
 of use to the enemy ; and if it proves of use to the enemj', it cannot otherwise than prove a 
 detriment to yourself; for if the enemy learn )'0ur plans, bj' your own self-same plans they 
 tie your tongue and bind your hands ; and they do the very same to you that you intended 
 to do to them. 
 
 BENE di cere autem, quod est scienter et perite et ornate dicere,non hahet dejinitavi aliquam 
 regiojiem, cujus terviinis saepta teneatur. Ovinia, quaecumque in hominum disceptationem cadere 
 possunt, bene sunt ei dicenda, qui hoc se posse projitefur; aut eloquentiae iiovien relinquendum 
 est. Cicero, de Orat. ii, 2, 5. 
 
 To speak well, that is, to speak with learning, and skill, and elegance has no definite 
 province within the limits of which it is inclosed and restricted. Everj- thing thai can pos- 
 sibly fall under discussion among mankind must be effectively treated by him who professes 
 that he can practice this art, or he must relinquish all title to eloquence. 
 248 
 
Ben.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben. 
 
 BENE et honestl tractabit et gubernabit. He [the husband] shall well and 
 honestly use (or treat) and govern (his wife), i Siderfin, 109 ; 2 Smith's 
 L. C. [422] 481. 
 
 Sene ubi quod consilium discimas accidisse, hominem catnm 
 Eum este dedaramus : stultum autum ilium, quoi vortit male. 
 
 Plautus, Pseudolus, ii, 3, 16, 17. 
 When we learn that the counsels of any person have turned out well, we declare that he 
 is a prudent man ; but that he is a fool who is unsuccessful. 
 
 * * Pauci dignoscere possunt 
 
 Vera bona^ atgue illis tmiltutii dzversa^ rer/toid 
 Erroris nebula : etc. — Juvenal, Sat, X, 4 sq. 
 
 BenedlCO, ere, 3, v. n. To speak well of any one; to commend, praise. Plaut. Mil. 
 iv, 8, 31; Cicero, Sest.WK. In Religious Lang. : To bless, praise or adore; e. g. 
 Benedici deum omni tempore condecet. Tertullian, de Orat. 3. Of men and human 
 things: To bless, consecrate, hallow. 
 
 BENEDICTA est expositio quando res redimitur a destructione. That is a 
 blessed exposition (or interpretation) when a thing or subject is saved (by 
 it) frojn destruction. 4 Co. 26 ; Lofft's Max. 488 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 Read: Ut res majis valeat, etc., and Benign^ faciendae sunt interpretationes , etc. 
 , Benedictio, Onis, /. \bene-dico.\ In Ecclesiastical Latin: An extolling, prais- 
 ing, lauding. Me ton.: For a sacred object, a consecrated object. (6.) A benediction, 
 blessing. 
 
 Benedictnm, i, »• ox\g. part. [-\- iene-dko.] Sub St.: A speaking in praise of any 
 one, a commending ; praise, commendation. Plaut. Cure, iv, 2, 28 ; id. Pers. iv, 3, 24. 
 
 Bene-facio (or separately bene facid). Bene-facere, 3, 'v. n. To benefit, show favor ; to 
 do good. Plautus, Trin. ii, 2, 71 ; Livy, xxxvi, 35. Hence: Benefactum, i. «■ orig 
 Part. A good, honorable, praiseworthy act ; good, honorable action ; a heroic deed. Plaut. 
 Trin. ii, 2, 46 ; Cicero, Tuse. ii, 26 Jin.; id. de Sen. 3 Jin. et at. = Benejicium (v. h. v.). 
 Betiefacta male locdta, malefacta arbitror, 
 
 Ennius ap. Cicero, de Off. ii, 18, 62. 
 
 Benefactions, ill bestowed, I deem malefactions. 
 
 BenefactiO Onis, f. \bene-fado!\ The performing of an act of kindness ; a benefaction. 
 Tertullian, c. Marc. 4, 12 Jin. 
 
 Beneficentia, ae, f. \lienejicus.'\ The quality of benejicus ; kindness, beneficence ; an 
 honorable and kind treatment of others. Cicero, N. D. i, 43 fin.; id. de Off. i, 7, 20 et al.; 
 id. de Or. ii, 84, 343. 
 
 Beneficia Orum, ». [plur. + beneficium, v. h. v.] Benefits, favors, benefactions, etc. 
 
 In the time of the Emperors: Any kind of favors, subject by a sovereign. 
 Suetonius, Tib. xii ; ib. Tit. viii ; Tacitus, H. i, 25 ; iv, 48. 
 
 In the Feudal Law: Estates held by feudal tenure, being originally gratuitous 
 donations, were, at that time, denominated beneficia ; their very name as well as constitu- 
 tion was borrowed, and the care of the souls of a parish thence came to be denominated a 
 benefice. 4 Bl. Com. 107 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 105. 
 
 BENEFICIA eo usque laeta sunt, duiit tiidentur exsolvi posse : Ubi multum antevenere, pro 
 gratia odium redditur. Tacitus, Annal, iv, 18 fin. Benefits are only so far acceptable as 
 they seem capable of being requited ; but when they have much exceeded the power of 
 remuneration, they are recompensed with hatred instead of gratitude, v. Pufendorf, de 
 Jure Nat. et Gent, iii, c. 3, § 16 fin. 
 
 Beneficiarius, a, um, adj. \beneficium.'\ Pertaining to a favor. Seneca, Ep. 30. 
 
 Beneficio. Through favor, aid, support, mediation. Cicero, Fam. xi, 22; id. ib.yM\, 
 35. .fi^wi^«^/«'<7,— by this means. Terentius, //.faa/. ii, 4, I4- 
 
 Beneficio prime eCClesiastiCO habendO. For having the privilege or benefice in the 
 first church, v Breve de beneficio, etc. 
 
 [32] 249 
 
Ben.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben. 
 
 In England: An ancient writ, which was addressed by the King to the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, to bestow the benefice that shbuld first fall in the royal gift, above or under a spe- 
 cific value, upon a person named therein. Reg. Orig. 307. 
 
 Beneficium, ii, ». \benejicus^ A benefaction, kindness, favor, benefit, service. Seneca, 
 -5^«. iii, 18 (w. the pass.); Cicero, ^z'». ii, 35, 117 ; id. Off. \\, 20, ^o et al. Transferred 
 to political affairs; A distinction (proceeding from authority) ; a favor, grant, pro- 
 motion. Cicero, Lael. xxv Jin.; id. Phil, ii, 36, 91 ; id. pro Archia, v fin.; Suet. Tit. 8. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A privilege, a favor, right ; any particular privilege. Javolenus, 
 Dig. i, 4, fr. 3 ; Justinian. Cod.; e. g. anulorum ; Tryphoninus, Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 42 ; bene- 
 ficium religionis, v. religio (Modestinus, D. iii, 3, fr. 18) ; militaris, v. h. v. (Ulpianus, id. 
 xxix, I, /r. 3). ci. 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, %i&(j. v. Privilegium. Hence, Beneficium libere- 
 rum, — the privilege of children, ;. e. a release from the office of judge, received in conse- 
 quence of having a specified number of children. Suetonius, Claud, xv. v, Liberi. 
 
 In English Law: Used in the same sense as in the phrase ieneficium ox privilegium 
 clericale, — the clerical privilege, commonly called the ben efit of clergy. 
 
 In early Feudal Law: A benefice; a permanent stipendiary estate, =a fief, 
 feud or fee. 3 Steph. Com. TJ, note (i). A grant of lands to a retainer or follower, as a 
 return for services to be rendered, i id. 161. Others called it beneficium, because it was a 
 donation, given ex mero beneficio i Robertson's App., Charles V. note viii. 
 
 Otherwise defined to be that which is given ex benevolentia, in such a manner that an 
 immovable thing remained the property of the donor, but the usufruct passed to the 
 receiver and his heirs forever. Feud. Lib. 2, tit. 23, § I. It is more to be believed that the 
 name was adopted from beneficia (q. v.). 
 
 Beneficium abstinendi. The privilege of abstaining, i. c. from a benefaction or an 
 estate. The power of an heir to abstain from accepting the inheritance, v. Sandars' Justin. 
 313 ; Cumin, Civ. Law, 166. 
 
 Beneficium cedendarum actionem. The privilege, benefit of the cession or making 
 over actions. 
 
 In the Civil Law; The privilege by which a surety could, before paying the cred- 
 itor, compel him to make over to him the actions {cessio actionem cedendarum) which belonged 
 to the stipulator, so as to avail himself of them. v. Cessio cedendarum actionem, v. Sandars' 
 Justin. 456. Cumin, C. L. 248 ; Mackeld. C. L. § 453 ; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 12, § 66. 
 
 Beneficium (or privilegium) clericale. The clerical privilege ; the privilege of clergj'. 
 4 Bl. Com. 364-374; 4 Steph. Com. 121; i Salk. 61; Barrington Obs. Stat. 442-444. 
 
 Benefit of clergy was abolished by Stat. 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28. 3 Steph. Com. 9, note (») / 
 \id. 121, 436, note {b). 
 
 BENEFICIUM clericale 07nnil)us patet ubi poena capitalis statute inducitur, 
 nisi ex expresso tollatur. The benefit of clergy is open to all, when 
 capital punishment is inflicted by the statute, unless it be taken away expressly. 
 Lofft's Max. 43 1 ; HalkerstorHs Max. 
 
 Beneficium COmpetentae, The benefit of competency. The privilege of agreement, 
 i. c. for competency or support. 
 
 In the Civil Law: That peculiar right granted to certain persons, which saved them 
 from being condemned to an amount be}'ond what their means allow {quatenus facere possunt), 
 i. e. beyond such an amount as they can pay without depriving themselves of the necessaries 
 of life. V. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 173 pr.,In condemnatione personarum, etc. ; Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 6, ^ 37 ; Cumin, C. L- 318 ; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 87 ; 7 Toulher, note 258. 
 
 Beneficium cretionis. The benefit, privilege of deliberating, deciding. 
 
 In the Roman Law: The privilege of 'cretion' is given to extraneous heirs, 
 /. e. a period in which to deliberate ; so that within some specified time they are either to 
 enter on the inheritance, or if they do not enter, are to be set aside at the expiration of the 
 time. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 164. 
 
 Cretio appellata est, qui A. cernere est quasi decemere et constituere. Id. ib., et v. § 173. 
 
 Beneficium deliberationis. The privilege of deliberating. 
 
 In the Roman Law: To extraneous heirs is allowed a power of deliberating as to 
 entering on the inheritance or not. Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ 162-3. 
 
 Beneficium divisionis. The benefit or privilege of division. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A privilege by which the surety, against whom the creditor 
 sought an action, might require the Praetor, in granting one against him, not to grant it for 
 the whole debt (jk soliduvi), but only for a portion (ut pro parte in se detur actio), so as to 
 
 250 
 
Ben.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben. 
 
 compel the creditor to sue each of the sureties for their portions respectively, in so far as 
 solvent. Cumin, Civil Law, 248; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 63. 
 
 Beneficium disCUSSionis. The benefit or privilege of a shaking, or an examination or 
 a discussion — of a debtor. Also called ; 
 
 Beneficium exCUSSionis. The benefit or privilege of shaking or driving out, /. e. of 
 examining or searching a debtor. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The privilege of a surety (^fidejussor) to require a creditor to 
 examine, search and exhaust his remedy against a principal debtor before proceeding against 
 the surety. Justinian. Nov. iv, c. i ; Pufendorf, de Jure, N. et G. v, c. 10, § 11 ; Stores 
 Eq. Jur. i, § 494, n. 3 ; Story's Confi. of Laws ^ § 322/;. Sometimes called Beneficium ordinis 
 
 Jure nostro est potestas creditori, relicto reo, eligendi fidejussores, nisi inter contrahentes aliud 
 placituni docealur. JuSTINIAN. Cod. viii, 41, 5. 
 
 QuiNTlLiAN says; Periculuvi sponsoris miserabile est j bonitaie labitur, humanilate con- 
 
 turbat. A^on enim aliter salvo pudore ad sponsorem venit creditor, quant si recipere A deb- 
 
 itore non possit. Quintilian, DeLam. 273. The peril of a surety (his condition) is to be 
 pitied, for his kindness ruins him, and his good nature breaks him. But the creditor cannot 
 with any face apply to the suretj', but when he cannot recover his debt of the principal. 
 Cited in Pufendorf, de Jure, N. et G. v, 10, § 11, where the subject (beneficium excussionis, 
 etc.) is treated. 
 
 BENEFICIUM Iniperatoris, quod a divina scilicet ejus indulgentia projiscitur, 
 quant plenissime interpretari debemus. Javolenus, Dig. i, 4, fr. 3. The 
 favor, privilege (benejiciuni) of the emperor, we ought to interpret most fully to 
 be that which proceeds from his divine indulgence. 
 
 BENEFICIUM invito non datur. A privilege or benefit is not granted against 
 one's will. Com. Law Max. 
 
 Beneficium inventarii. The benefit of the inventor)'. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An heir might accept the ^aereo'zVflj without being liable beyond 
 such charges as the goods included in the haereditas would cover, and without having his 
 own goods mixed up in those of the deceased ; for this purpose it was necessary, before 
 meddling with the goods of the deceased, to have an i n ve n t o ry of them to protect him- 
 self from the debts. Justinian. Cod. vi, 30, const. 22, § 4 ; id. Inst, ii, ig, § 6 ; Cumin, Civ. 
 Law, 160; Mackeldey, Civil Law, § 743. 
 
 Beneficium juris. A benefit, privilege, favor of law, i. c granted according to law. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Beneficium juris is often called privilegium. Modestinus, 
 Dig. L, 17, fr. 196. So, too, <? converse a privilegium, in the stricter sense, is sometimes 
 denoted by the term beneficium. v. Javolenus, Dig. i, 4,/r. 3 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, % 189. 
 
 BENEFICIUM non datur nisi officii causd. A benefice is not granted except 
 on account or in consideration of duty. Lofft's Max. 489 ; Halkerston' s 
 Max. 
 
 BENEFICIUM non datum nisi propter officium. A remuneration, favor or 
 benefice is not bestowed unless it be because of some service or duty. 
 Hobart, 148 ; Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Beneficium ordinis, vel excussionis, vel discussionis. The privilege or benefit of 
 order, or of searching, or of examining. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The privilege of a surety to require a creditor to exhaust his 
 remedy against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. Justinian. Nov. 
 N. 4, c. I ; I Story's Eq. Jur. § 404, note 3 ; Cumin. Civil Law, 249 ; Story's Confi. of Laws, 
 8 322i5y Erskine's Inst. Ill, Xit. 3, %tl. v. Discussio ; Excussio. Principalis debet semper exciiti, 
 antequam, etc. Co. Inst, ii, 19. 
 
 BENEFICIUM principis debet esse mansurum. The benefaction of a prince 
 ought to be lasting. Jenk. Cent. 168. The favor or kindness of a prince 
 ought to be permanent. Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Beneficium separationis. The privilege or benefit of separation. 
 In the Civil Law: The right to have the goods of an heir separated from those of 
 the testator in favor of creditors. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 155 ; Mackeldey, Civil Law, § 744- 
 
 251 
 
Ben.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben, 
 
 Bene-placitniU. — L. Lat. Good pleasure; good will, i Bl. Com. 351. f- Durante 
 bencplacito. 
 
 Bene-VOleUS, entis, adj. [voio.] Wishing well, good will, benevolent, favorable, propi- 
 tious, kind, obliging. Plautus, PjfKfl?. ii, 4, 7, S. = Benevo/us. Subst.; A well-wisher, 
 friend. Plaut. Capi. ii, 3, 30 ; id. Musi, i, 3, 38. 
 
 Benevoleutia, ae, /. [ienevo/us.] Friendly disposition, good will, benevolence, kind- 
 ness, favor, friendship. CiCERO, Zaei. viii, 26, see the pass ; id. Fam. iii, g, i ; id. Off. ii, 
 9, 32 ; ii, 14, 48. Good will, readiness, willingness. Id. Or. i, l. Benevolentia singularis, — 
 an exceeding friendliness of feeling. Suetonius, Calig. 3. 
 
 In the Jurists: Mildness, benignitj', indulgence. Interponere benevolentiam, — to 
 interpose mildness, indulgence. Marcianus, Z>jj. xxix, 2, fr. 52. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20. 
 
 Bene-VolllS, a, um, adj. \yolo.] Well-wishing, benevolent, kind, friendly, favorable. 
 Plabtus, Capt. ii, 2, 100 ; Cicero, de Or. ii, 79, 322 ; id. Verr. i, 9 fin.; id. Quint, iii, 7, 24 ; 
 id. Fam.-v,\t fin. Of servants: Devoted, yielding willing service. Cicero, C/«. 63, 1 76. 
 
 BenignS. interpretatione. From, by, in or through a mild or favorable interpretation 
 (opp. to dura., which follows the strictness of the letter). Ulpianus, Dig. xxxix, 5, fr. 16 ; 
 Justinian. Cod. v, 27, i. 
 
 BENIGNAE enim faciendae sunt interpretationes, ut res magis valeat quam 
 per eat — et sic fit interpretatio ab antiquis. Interpretations are (ought) to 
 be mild, benignant, in order that the subject-matter may rather prevail than 
 perish — and so it becomes interpretation drawn from antiquity. Bracton, fols. 
 
 The last clause appears like an indirect acknowledgment of what, doubtless, is the truth, 
 that Bracton was inspired from the Civil Law, in laying down the above rule of interpreta- 
 tion. Gaius, Paulus, Ulpianus and Papinianus, each in his way, expressed the same prin- 
 ciple of interpretation, viz., benignant, mild, favorable interpretation, in opposition 
 to dura, which follows the strictness of the letter, v. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. i, § 13 ; Paulus, 
 id. xvii,/>-. 155, § 2 ; Ulpianus, id. xxxix, 5, 16 ; id. ib. L, 17, fr. 56 ; Papinian. id. xxxvii, 
 6, fr. 8 ; Marcianus, ib. xxxvii, 14, fr. 8. 
 
 BENIGNAE faciendae sunt interpretationes cartarum propter simplici- 
 tatem laycorum, ut res magis valeat quam per eat; et verba intentioni, 
 non I contra, debent inservire. Interpretations or constructions of written instru- 
 ments are to be made favorably or liberally, on account of the sim- 
 plicity of the laity (the common people), in order that the subject-matter 
 may rather have effect than become void ; and the words (of an instrument) 
 ought to be subservient to the intention of the party, and not to the contrary 
 («'. e. not to defeat the intention). Co. Litt. 36, 38a. v. 5 Co. 55^, Knight's case; 
 8 id. 94(2:, Fox's case; Wingate's Max. 84, § i; Wharton's Max. xiii. 
 
 "A liberal construction should be put upon written instruments, so as to 
 uphold them, if possible, and carry into effect the intention of the parties.'' 
 Broom's Max. 521 sq., and cases there cited. 
 
 Lord Coke made up this maxim, one of the oldest and. most celebrated, of different por- 
 tions of the text of Bracton, fol. 95 a, h. Bracton also stated that a grant, etc., would not 
 be invalidated, propter incongruam dictionem donalionis, i. e. on account of the incongruous 
 (inconsistent or incorrect) language of the gift expressed in the instrument, but would be 
 established b)'a favorable or benign inlerpretalion, propter simp/icitatem laycorum, on account 
 of the simplicity of the laymen or common people. Bracton, fol. 95^. 
 
 Lord Coke (arg.) quoted the maxim .f«/ra, and called it " Bracton's rule." \ Leon. 
 125, Pier's and Hoe's case. The same is made the theme of a chapter upon interpretations, 
 etc., in Broom's Max. 521 sq.; Wharton's Max. xiii ; and see 2 Smith's L. C. [545] 512, [548] 
 515 : II Q. B. 852, 856, 868, 870 ; t>, H. L. Cas. 556. o. Benedicta est expositio, etc., and Nihil 
 tarn conveniens est naturali aequitati, etc. 
 
 BENIGNAE faciendae sunt interpretationes chartarum ut res magis valeat, 
 quam pereat. The interpretations of writings (deeds) are to be made favor- 
 252 
 
Ben.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ben. 
 
 ably in order that more may prevail than be lost. 5 Co. 55/;, Knight's case; 
 
 IVingate's Max. 84, § i. 
 
 The rule is quoted in this form in some of the cases cited in Broom, and in Smith's L. C; 
 3 Daly, 361; 59 N. V. 131. 
 
 Benign^, adv. Kindly, benevolently, courteously, favorably, mildly, v. Benignus. 
 
 BENIGNE faciendae sunt interpretationes chartarum, ut res magis valeat quam 
 pereat; et quaelibet concessio fortissime contra donatorem interpretanda est. 
 Interpretations of deeds are to be made liberally, so that the subject-matter may 
 have effect rather than become void ; and every grant is to be taken most strongly 
 against the grantor. 4 Mass. 134; 1 Sandf. Ch. R. (N. Y.) 258, 268. 
 
 BENIGNE faciendae sunt interpretationes, et verba intentioni debent inservire. 
 Constructions (of wills, etc.) are to be made liberally, and the words 
 ought to be subservient to the intention. 4 H. L. Cas. 556; Broom's Max. 545. 
 To this general maxim of construction applicable to wills, the doctrine of cy-prh is at once 
 referable. Per Lord St. Leonards, 4 H. of L. Cas. 556. 
 
 BENIGNE faciendae sunt interpretationes, ut res magis valeat quam pereat j et 
 ut voletur repugtiantia et supervacua. Interpretations are to be made 
 favorably, that the thing may succeed rather than perish ; and that repug- 
 nancies and superfluities shall be avoided. Lofft's Max. 490; Halkerstons Max. 
 BENIGNE faciendae sunt interpretationes, propter simplicitatem laicorum, ut res 
 magis valeat quam pereat; et verba intentioni, non e contra, debent inservire. 
 Interpretations are to be made favorably, on account of the simplicity of 
 the laity, that the subject-matter may rather be valid than perish; and words 
 ought to be made subservient, not contrary to the intention. Co. Litt. 36. v. 
 Broom's AT ax. 521 sq., and cases there cited. 
 
 Read : Benignae faciendae sunt interpretationes cartarum propter, etc. , and the note therein. 
 
 BENIGNE interpretamur charias, propter simplicitatem laicorum. We interpret 
 deeds favorably (liberally) on account of the simplicity of laymen. Brae 
 ton, fol. 9S(Zy 2 Bl. Com. 379. 
 
 And therefore the construction must also be reasonable, and agreeable to common under- 
 standing. I Bulstr. 175 I Hob. 303 ; 2 Bl. Com. 379. z'. Willes, 332 ; 13 Pick. 282 ; 32 Barb. 
 381; I N. V./?.()6. 
 
 Benignior, More favorable. Benignior sententia, — a more favorable sense, way of 
 thinking, opinion, etc. Papinian. Dig. xxxvii, (j,fr. 8. 
 
 BENIGNIOR sententia, in verbis generalibus sen dubiis, est praeferanda. In 
 (interpreting) general or doubtful words the more favorable sense or 
 opinion is to be preferred 4 Co. i^a, Stanhop and Bilth's case; Wingate' s Max. 
 164, § 2; Broom's Max.; 2 Kent's Com. 557. 
 
 In the Civil Law, from which this maxim was drawn, the rule is : Semper in dubiis 
 benigniora praeferanda sunt. Gaius, Dig. L, 17, /;-. 56. In re dubia, benigniorem interpre- 
 tationem sequi, non minus justius est, quam tutius. Marcellus, Dig. L, 17. fr. 192, g i. 
 
 BENIGNIUS leges interpretandae sunt, quo voluntas earum conscrvctur. Celsus, 
 Dig. i, 3,/;-. 18. Laws are to be more liberally interpreted, in order that 
 their intent may be preserved, cf. Domat, Civ. Law. 
 Senigno numine. — Motto. By the favor of providence. 
 This is the motto of the founder of the first house of Chatham. 
 Benignus, a, um, ad/. Of a good kind or nature ; beneficent, kind. 
 
 In feeling or external bearing toward others: Good, kind, friendly, 
 pleasing, mild, favorable. Cicero, Balb. xvi, 36; Pliny, xxxv, 10, 37, ■■. 13 <''''"'• 
 
 253 
 
Ben.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bib. 
 
 Of inanimate things: Friendly, favorable, pleasant, mild. Cicero, 0^. ii, 14, 48. 
 
 By action: Beneficent, obliging, that gives or imparts freely, liberal, bounteous. 
 Plautus, Rud. V, 3, 33 ei al.; Cicero, de Off. i, 14, 44 ; id. Leg. i, 18, 48 et saep. 
 
 In the Jurists: Benignus interpretation — a mild, favorable interpretation (opp. to 
 (/ara, which follows the letter strictly). Ulpianus, Z>!j-. xxxix, 5,/r. 16. Benignior senten- 
 tia, — V. supra. Semper in dubiis benigniora praeferenda sunt, — v. in loco. In poenalibus causis 
 benignius inlerpretandum est, — v. in loco. 
 
 Benignus etiam dandi causam cogitat. — Pro v. The benignant man ever 
 should consider the cause of his giving, i. e. should contemplate the grounds of his liberality. 
 
 Bene/acta mali locata, mal'efacta arbitror, Ennius ap Cicero, de Off, ii, iS, 62. 
 
 Bes, sis, m. Two-thirds of a unit Uhe as, q. v.); as a coin, or, before money was coined, 
 as a weight, measure, etc. cf. As. 
 
 In the Ci^il Law: Eight per cent interest. Cicero, /^« iv, 15, 7 : Proc. jDz^. xvii, 
 2,/r. 76; Ulpian. ib. xvii, i,/>. 12 ; Julian, ib. xvi, 21, /n 2, § 39; 2 Bl. Com. 462, n. (//;). 
 Two-thirds of an inheritance. Justinian. Inst, ii, 14, § 5. 
 
 Melon, for eight, the same being two-thirds of a unit divided into twelve parts ; c. g. 
 a pound Troy weight = twelve ounces ; a foot = twelve inches. 
 
 Bessam fundi emere ab aliquo, — to purchase from another two-thirds of an estate. Julian. 
 Dig. xxvi, 21, 2, 3g. 
 
 Bestia., ae, f. A beast, as a being without reason ; opp. to man ; while animal, a living 
 being, includes man also. v. Ferae besiiae,etc. Justinian. /«i/.ii, i,§ 12. Read: Facilius 
 vera etiam in bestiis, etc. Cicero, Tusc. Disp, v, 13, 38. 
 
 Bestiarum vocabulum propria convenit leonibus. pardis et lupis, tigribus et vulpibus, canibus et simiis 
 ac caeteris, quae vel ore, vel unguibus saeriunt, exceptis serpentibus. Bes tine autem dictae k vi, qua 
 saeviunt. Isidorus, Ortg. xii, 2, §1. 
 
 The vocabulary of beasts strictly includes lions, male panthers and wolves, tigers and foxes, dogs and the 
 like, and all others which vent their fury with the mouth or claws, except serpents. They are called beasts 
 from the force by which they vent their anger. 
 
 When the contest with animals became more usual in the public spectacles at Rome (not 
 yet customary in the year of the city 583, 171 B. C, LiVY, xliv, g), bestia designated, without 
 the addition of fera, a beast destined for the public contest with gladiators or crimi- 
 nals (usu. lions, tigers, panthers, etc, v. Adams' An/i^. 2, p. 22). Hence, 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law, as a condemnation of criminals: 
 Ad bestias mittere aliquem, — to send one to the beasts, i. e. to the contest vi^ith wild beasts. 
 Cicero, Pis. xxxvi, 89. Bestiis objicere aliquem, — to give one over to the beasts, i. e. to the 
 contest, etc. Pollio in Cicero, Fatn. x, 32, 3. Condemnare aliquam ad bestias, — to condemn 
 some one to the beasts, i. e. to the contest. Suetonius, Calig. 27 ; Claud. 14. Dare aliquem 
 ad bestias, — to give one to the beasts, i. e. to the contest with, etc. Modestinus, Dig. xlviii, 
 8, fr. II ; Gellius, v, 14, 27. Ad pugnam bestiarum datus, — having been given over to the 
 contest with the beasts. Gellius, i, i, § 10. Bestiarum damnatio, — the condemnation to 
 fight with wild beasts. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 13, fr. 6 et al. Tradere aliquem ad bestias 
 depugnandas, — to hand one over to the beasts for the violent combat. Modestinus, xlviii, 
 8,/.-. II. 
 
 Bestiae Carucae. — L. Lat. =L. Fr. Bestes des charues. Beasts of the plough. Fleta, 
 iv, C. 17, § 14. = Averia ca7'U€ae. 
 
 BestiarillS, a, um, adj. [bestia.] Of or pertaining to beasts. Seneca, Ep. 70. 
 
 Bestiarius, ii, m. Subst. : One who fights with wild beasts in the public spectacles; 
 a beast fighter. 
 
 These were persons hired, or criminals ; the former with weapons, and as victors rewarded; 
 the latter, unarmed, and sometimes bound. Vop. Aurel. 37 ; Tertullian, Pudic. 22. Prae- 
 dara aedililas ! Uttus leo, dueenti bestiarii, — beautiful aedleship ! one lion, two hundred 
 beast-fighters. Cicero, Sest. Ixiv, 135 Schol. v. Seneca, Ben. ii, 19 ; Suetonius, Claud. 34. 
 
 Bete now, — Fr. A black beast. M e t o n . ; A bugbear, specter, ghost. 
 
 BiarcMa, ae, /. =Gr, liiapxioc. The office of a biarchus ; a commissaryship. Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. i, 31, I. 
 
 Biarchus, i. »'• = Gr. /Siapxa. A commissar^' ; superintendent of provisions. Imp. 
 Leo. Cod. xiv, 20, 3. 
 
 Bibax, acis, adj. [bibo.] Given to drink. NiGinius, in Gellius, iii, 12. 
 
 Bibitor, Rris, m. [id.] A drinker ; toper. Sidoneus, Ep. i, 8. z-. Bibo. 
 
 Bibliotheca, ae, /. = Gr. PiftXioQijHr/. [-\- ftipXiov, a book, and At^k^, a repository.] 
 A library; a library- room, and a collection of books. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxii,/). 52, § 7. 
 
 254 
 
Bib.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bie. 
 
 Biiliolhecit est locus, ubi reponuntur libii, /Si^Aoi, enim Graece liber, flij/cij repositorium dicilur. Utdokis 
 aJf' "' ^1 8 5 ; '«• If- "1", .9. 3; VI, 3, I, Bibliotheca is a place where books are laid or stored un 
 pipAot really, in Greek, [is] a book, fl^'ici), is called a repository or cabinet. 
 
 The first public library at Rome was collected by AssiNius Pollo, A. U. C. 715, B. C. 39, /a «/>•/> 
 Lihertatis,— in the hall of the Temple of Liberty. Pliny, vii, 30, 31 ; id. xxxv, 2, 2 ^^ n/. Augustus founded 
 two others: the Octavian, named after his sister Octavia, A. U.C. 721, B. C. 33, near the Theatre of 
 Marcellus ; and five years after, the Palatin e (Gr. and Lat.) library, on the Palatine Hill, in the Temple of 
 Apollo. Suetonius, Aug-. 29; Dio, liii, ,. Besides these three, there were other considerable libraries in 
 Rome ; e. g. in the Temple of Peace (Gellius, xvi, 8, 2) ; in the house of Tiberius (id. xiii, 19) ; but especially 
 one founded by Trajan [id. xi, 17, and united by Dvocletian with his Thermis, Vop. Proi. 2. Individuals 
 also possessed large libraries (Cicero, Fam. vii. 28, 2 ; id. Q. Ft: iii, 4, 5 ; id. Alt. iv, 10 el al.) j especially at 
 their country seats. Ciceko, Fin. iii, ■^, 7 ; Mart, vii, 17 j Pliny, EJi. iii, 7, 8 el a!. 
 
 BibUothecariuS, ii, »'. [+ bibliotheca^ A librarian. c£. Adams' Rom. Antiq. 2, p. 295. 
 Bibliothecalis, e, adj. [InbHotkeca.'] Of or belonging to a library. T/iesau>-us Hblioihi- 
 calis, — a repository of books. Sid. Ep. viii, 4. 
 
 BIBLIOTHECAS, meherctile, omnium fhilosophorum uniis viihi videtur XII Tabularum 
 libellus, si quis legtim f antes et capita videtur, et auctoritatis pondere et utilitaiis ubertale superare. 
 Cicero, de Oratoie, i, 44. That single little book of the Twelve Tables, if any one look to the 
 fountains and sources of lavys, seems to me, assuredly, to surpass the libraries of all the 
 philosophers, both in weight of authority and in plenitude of utility. 
 
 On the other hand Cicero says : " The last two tables contain nothing but jus iniquum." 
 Cicero, Rep. ii, 36, 37. He says that after having composed with much wisdom andjsquity, 
 the Ten Tables of Laws, they nominated as their successors in the ensuing year other 
 decemviri, whose good faith and justice do not deserve equal praise, etc. Thus, out of the 
 injustice of these men, they suddenly produced a great revolution, which changed the entire 
 conduct of the government ; for they added two tables ot very tyrannical laws, and although 
 matrimonial alliances had always been permitted, even with foreigners, they forbade, by the 
 most abominable and inhuman edict, that any marriage should take place between the nobles 
 and the commons, etc. 
 
 Bibo, 5nis, m. A drinker, tippler, drunkard. Firm. Mat/i. v. 4 Jin. Bibonius, ii, "'- A 
 hard drinker, a tippler. Vet. Gloss. BibosUS, a, um,ai^'. Given to drinking, fond of drink. 
 Laber. in Gellius, iii, 12. 
 
 Bibulus, a, um, adj. Drinking readily, freely. Horace, Ep. i, 14, 34; i, 18, 91. 
 
 Of inanimate things; That draws, sucks in, or absorbs moisture. Trop.; Of 
 the hearing. Bibulus aures, — ears read)' to hear, listening. Pers. iv, 50. 
 
 Biennalis, e, adj. [biennium.'] Continuing two j'ears ; of two years. Justinian. Cod. 
 V. 37. 27. Biennis, e, adj. [id.'\ Of two years ; lasting two years ; biennial. 
 
 Biennium, ii, «■ [bis-annis.] A period or space of two )'ears. Plautus, Merc, iii, i, 35. 
 Biennio spatio, — for or during the space of two years. Pliny, ii, 82, 84. 
 
 Biens. — Fr. = Lat. Bona. Goods ; chattels ; personal property. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term W^kj includes all chattels, as well real as personal. 
 Co. Liit. nib. S i r Wm. Blackstone claims that it does not include ever)' variety 01 inani- 
 mate property. Read his classification of g o o d s . 2 Bl. Com. 389. Goods in a deed or 
 contract will not, in general, include fixtures, i Chitt. Gen.Pr.cp. In wills the term 
 goods is taken in a larger sense, and will comprise the entire personal estate of a testator, 
 unless restrained by the context within narrower limits. \ Jann. on Wills, 692 (594, ed. of 
 1849 by Perkins). 
 
 In the United States: The term goo d s has been held to include money, bank- 
 notes and coin, promissory notes, and the stock or shares of an incorporated company, 5 
 Mason^s R. 537 ; Story, J., 2 Storfs R. 52 ; 20 Pick. R. <)\ ^ Mete. R. 365, 367. 
 
 It is called nomen generalissimum, and, when construed in the abstract, is of large signifi- 
 cation, and will embrace all the personal estate of a testator, as stocks, bonds, notes, bank- 
 notes, money, plate, furniture, etc. Ward on Legacies, 208, 209; l Roper on Legacies, 250; 2 
 Stor/s R. 53 ; Wild, J., 3 Mete. R. 367. 
 
 Biens et cbateux. — f r = L- Lat. Bona et catalla. Goods and chattels. 
 
 In the Common Law: A common term employed to designate personal property ; 
 the word cliatenx (chattels) serving to extend its application to subjects not embraced in the 
 term goods. The term chattels ex vi termini, includes not only personal property in 
 possession, but also choses in action, and all animate as well as inanimate propert)', emble- 
 ments and other vegetable productions, and leases for years of houses or lands. 12 Co. i ; 
 I Atk. 182 ; I Chiity's Gen. Pr. 89, 90. cf. Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 571-575. and cases. 
 
 255 
 
Bie.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Big. 
 
 In wills, the term goods and chattels will, unless restrained or limited by the 
 context, pass all the personal estate, including leases for j'ears, cattle, corn, debts and the 
 like. Ward on Legacies, 208, 211. The term includes all personal things that belong to a 
 man. Pollock, C. B., Mees. &= W. 68. 
 
 As to the Law in the United States, ». citations under ^zV^j. 
 
 Bieus meubles et immeubles. — Fr. Goods movable and immovable, cf. Story's Conjl. 
 of Laws, § 13, note i. 
 
 Bigamia, [+ Ugamus, ■\- Hs, twice, and Gr. ydfioi, marriage.] Bigamy ; a second 
 marriage. 
 
 In Canon Law: The term was adopted by the canonists, and applied to the offense 
 peculiar to their law, of a second marriage, ;'. e. marrying two virgins successive!}', one after 
 the death of the first wife, or a marriage with a widow ; and incapacitated the party con- 
 tracting. Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; 2 Co. Inst. 273 ; 3 id. 88 ; 4 Bl. Com. 163, note {V). 
 
 In Criminal Law: The offense of a husband or wife contracting a second marriage 
 during the life of the first husband or wife, which, by the law of England, is felony, punish- 
 able by penal servitude for the term of seven years, or to be imprisoned, with or without 
 hard labor, in the common jail or house of correction for any term not exceeding two years. 
 Stat. 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, § 22. cf. Wharton's Am Ciim. Law, 2616. v. Stat. 24 and 25 Vict. 
 c. 98, §§ 36, 37. 
 
 S i r Wm. Blackstone defines the term : *' Another felonious offense is what some have corruptly called 
 bigamy, which properly signifies oeing twice married; but is more justly denominated polygamy, or 
 having a plurality of wives at once." 4 St. Com. 163. .'. B-^oom b' Had. Com. iv, 201. 
 
 Mr. Serjeant Stephens questions and criticises the corrrectness of Sir Wm. Blackstone's definition. 4 
 Steph. ^om. note (m). 
 
 Lord Coke expressly defines polygamy in terms similar to Sir Wm. Blackstone's definition of 
 bigamy. Polygamia est pturium simul z'i'i'oruvi jixorumve connul'ium. — poly gamy is the marriage 
 of several husbands or wives at the same time. 3 Co. Inst. 88. He also defines a polygamist. Poly- 
 gam us gui duas Tel ftures simul duxit uxores, — ■ a polygamist is he who has had two or more wives at the 
 same time. Ibid. 
 
 Bigamy in its present sense, in the Criminal Law, is well settled in accordance with the definition 
 given by Sir Wm. Blackstone, svpra ; he, nevertheless, observes that it is an obvious corruption of the 
 meaning of the term, polygamy being the term properly applicable to the offense of having a plurality of 
 wives (or husbands) at the same time. 4 Bl. Com, 163; 5 Co. Inst. 88 ; liargr. dr' £. note 48, lib. 2; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 80, St. z'. Polygamia, 
 
 The term bigamy appears to have acquired its present improper sense, in the Criminal Law, since 
 the time of Lord Coke, who, in his full enumeration of offenses recognized by the English Criminal 
 Law, does not sven mention the term bigamy. 
 
 Bigamus. [+ Hs, twice, and yanoi, marriage.] Lit.; A person twice married. 
 [I'OA- hibrida, bis — yanioo — a numero vxoriim z'ocattis.\ A bigamist. 
 
 Bigamus autem et trigaju us ^ numero uxorum vocatus, quasi duabus, vel tribus maritus. Lsidorus, 
 Orig. ix, 7, § t6. 
 
 Called digamtis and irigavzus. from the number of wives, the same as twice or thrice married. 
 
 In the Canon Law: The term ^;^nw«M was originally applied to ecclesiastical per- 
 sons, who were forbidden to marry two virgins successively, i. e. one after the death of 
 another ; or once marrying a widow. 3 Co. Inst. 88 ; 2 id. 273 ; 4 Bl. Com. 2Ti, note (i). 
 
 BIGAMUS seu tr ig amti s , etc., est qui diversis temporibus, et successive, duas 
 seu trcs, etc., uxores hal'uit ; P oly g amus qui duas vel plures simul diixit 
 uxores. A bigamist, or trigamist, etc., is he who, at different times and 
 successively, has had two or three, etc., wives ; a polygamist is he who has 
 had two or more wives at the same time. 3 Co. Inst. 88. 
 
 In affirmance of this principle of Canon Law it was further ordained by statute that a 
 bigamus should be deprived of the benefit of clergy, if he was convicted of any clergj'able 
 felony whatever. From this it was called the Statute de Bigamis. 4 Edw. I. st. 3, c. 5; 2 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 242. z: Tennes de la Ley, voc. 'Bigamy. ' Afterward by Stat, i 
 Edw. VI. c. 12, § 16, bigamy was declared to be no longer an impediment to the claim of 
 clergy. Dyer, 201 ; 4 Bl. Com. 163, note (b\ 
 
 In old English Law: One who has been twice married, or has married more than 
 one wife ; a bigamist, v. Bigamia. 4 Bl. Com. 163 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 201. 
 
 Blgener, era, erum, adj. [h's-genus.] Descended from two different races ; hj'brid. 
 
 Bigenera dicuntur animalia ex diverse genere nata, ut leopardalis ex leone et panthera ; qicur sus ex apro 
 et scropha domestica ; muli ex equo et asina. Festus, de Sign. Verho. W, p. z8. 
 
 Animals born of different races are called hybrid or mongrel; as a certain or peculiar leopard from the 
 crossing of the lion and panther ; tame swine from the wild hog and the domestic breeding sow ; the mule 
 from the horse and the ass. cf. Isidorus, Orig. xii, 2, § 11. 
 
 256 
 
Bil] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [BU. 
 
 Bilagines. — L. Lat. =Billagines, v. h. v. By-laws. 
 
 Bilinguis, c, adj. \l>is-Hngua.'\ Two-tongued; double-tongued. 
 
 Humorously : Having two tongues. Plaut. Ps. v, 1,15. Speaking two languages. 
 " Bilinguis Siy\oo6doi," Gloss. s Horace, S. i, 10, 30; Curt, vii, 5, 15; Festus, p. 29. 
 
 T r o p . ; Double-tongued ; hypocritical, deceitful, false, treacherous. Plautus, Fers. 
 ii, 4, 28; id. True, iv, 3, 7. Belinguis fabula, — a deceitful narration; having a double 
 meaning ; allegorical. Arnob. v, p. 228. 
 
 In Jurid. sense: Of a double language or tongue ; that can speak two languages ; 
 applied to a jury composed one-half of natives, the other half of foreigners ; commonly 
 called a jury de medietate linguae. 3 Bl. Com. 360 ; 4 Steph. Com. 422 ; Vermes de la Ley. 
 Triatio belinguis, — a. trial by a jury thus constituted. Molloy de Jur. Marit. 44S. 
 
 Billa, — L. Lat. [Gr%eco-barb /JMA.05.] Bill ; a bill. = Narratio, v.h. v. 
 
 In practice and pleading: A formal statement or declaration of the facts of the 
 case, as the ground of the action. = Narratio. 12 Mod. 399. 
 
 A formal written statement of complaint to a court of justice; ^. ^. abiU of privi- 
 lege. 3 Bl. Com. 289; 2 Arch. Pr. 118, 119. A bill in equity. 3 Bl. Com. i\,ii; 
 Story's £f.Pl.%% 7-48. A bill of indictment. 4 Bl. Com. 302, 305,306. A bill 
 of exceptions. 3 Bl. Com. 372 ; 3 Steph. Com. 61 5 ; 2 Tidd's Pr. 862, 864 ; i Arch. Pr. 
 196, 210; U. S. Dig., 'Bill of Excep.' And a bill of particulars, i Tidd's 
 Pr. 596-600; 2 Arch. Pr. 221. 
 
 In the Law of Commerce: A bill of exchange (i/. ^z7/a wcamto')/ a bill of lading 
 {v. billa exonerationis) ; a bill of sale (3 Kent's Com. 130; 5 Rob. Adm. R. 155 [142] ; 2 Steph. 
 Com. 104); a bill of health, i Marsh, on Ins. 319, b. I, c. 8, § 4. 
 
 Billa cassetur, or quod billa cassetur. That the bill be quashed. 3 Bl. Com. 303 ; 2 
 Arch. Pr. 4 ; Steph. PI. 107, 109. 
 
 Billa escambii or excambii. — L- Lat. A bill of exchange ; otherwise called litera cambii 
 or litera cambitoria. z\ Fr. Billet de change or Lettre de change. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: A written order or request by one person to another, for the 
 payment of money absolute!)' and at all events. Chitty on Bills, i ; 2 Bl. Com. 466 ; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 74 ; Story on Bills, § 3; 2 Steph. Com. 162. In common language it is frequently 
 called a draft. 2 Bl. Com. 467 ; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 184 sq. v. Per cambium intelligi- 
 mus litetas, etc. 
 
 Billa ex oneratiouis. — L. Lat. Literally: A bill of or on account of the lading or 
 freight. {Jix onerationis is sometimes written as one word, thus making it another thing, v. 
 Exoneratio, as one word.) 
 
 In Mercantile Law: A bill of lading is a written acknowledgment by the master 
 of a vessel that he has received the goods therein specified, from the shipper, to be conveyed 
 on the terms therein expressed to their destination, and to be then delivered to the parties 
 therein designated, in as good condition as when received. It is usually in tripartite; 
 one of which is retained by the captain, another is transmitted to the consignee, and a third 
 is held by the consignor himself for his own security. Per Buller, J., 2 T. R. ^2 ; 1 H. 
 Bla. 357 ; 6 East, 21, note. 
 
 Such bill, though signed by the master only, binds the owners also. 3 Kent's Com. 206, 
 207 ; Abbott on Ship. 319 et seq.; Broom's Max. 802. 
 
 As to the negotiability of a bill of lading, and the effect of the indorsement of a bill of 
 lading upon the title to and jus disponendi over the goods, v. Broom's Max. 456 ; Broom on 
 C. L. 498, 499, and cases there cited ; l Smith's L. C. [604-5] 744 I [884-5] I073-4 \ [890-9] 
 1081-1091 ; I Parsons on Contr. 289. 
 
 BUla vera- — L. Lat. A true bill. 
 
 In Criminal Practice: The indorsement made on a bill of indictment by a grand 
 jury, when they found it sufficiently sustained by evidence. 4 Bl. Com. 306; Bacons Use of 
 the Law. v. Law Tr. 121 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Bilagae, BillagineS, or BellagineS.— L. Lat. [-|- Sax. by, a dwelling ; Goth. Dan. and 
 Swed. a town, and lagh or lagheu, laws.] By-laws ; laws made obiter, or by the by ; such as 
 are made by a common consent, in Courts-Leet or Courts-Baron, for the particular good of 
 those that make them, further than the common or statute law doth bind. 
 
 In old European Law: The laws of towns ; municipal laws; b3Maws. Leges quas 
 villarum incolae sibi constituent observandas,— \z.'«s which shall have been made by the 
 inhabitants of towns for their own observance or government. Spelman, yoc. ' B e llagi nes. 
 
 By Letters Patents, the like (of making by-1 a ws) are generally allowed of mcor- 
 porations to any Guild or Fraternity, for the better regulation of trade among themselves 
 and with others. 6 Co. 63a ; Kitchen, fols. 45, 79- 
 
 [33] ^" 
 
Bil.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bis. 
 
 In Scotland, these laws are called Birlaws or Burlaw s, which are laws made 
 and determined by consent of neighbors, chosen by common approbation in the courts 
 called Birlaw- Courts, where they take cognizance of complaints between neighbor and 
 neighbor. The men so chosen are judges and arbitrators, to adjudge, etc., and are called 
 Birlaw-men or Byrlaw-men ; for bawr or bawrsman, in Dutch is ^rusiicus, and so 
 Burlaw is no other than Leges rusticorum. Skene de Verb. Signif. voc. 'Burlaw.' 
 Termes de la Ley, voc. 'By-Laws.' 
 
 In Modern Law: The term ' by-1 aws ' is used to denote the private laws or regu- 
 lations made by any corporation for its own government, which are binding upon it if made 
 in conformity with the general law; otherwise they are void, i Bl. Com. 475, 476; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 296, and note. 
 
 Billae nundinales. — ^- Lat. Fair (or market) bills. 
 
 BiUe. — L. Fr. Bill ; a bill ; a bill of exceptions. = Lat. Billa. 
 
 Billet d'amour. — Fr. A letter of love ; a love-letter. ■= Billet doux. 
 
 Billet de change, — Fr. A billet or letter of exchange, v. Billa escamlii. 
 
 In French Law: The billet de change is when the party with whom the contract is 
 made is not at present prepared to give the bill of exchange agreed on, and merely gives a 
 billet, by which he engages hereafter to give or furnish one on the proper place. It is thus 
 distinguished from a proper bill of exchange, called in Fr. lettre de change. Pothier de 
 change, note 4, cited in Story on Bills, § 2, note i. v. Lettre de change. 
 
 Billet doilX. — Fr. A letter of love ; a love-letter. = Billet d'amour. 
 Billeta, — L. Lat. A bill or petition exhibited in Parliament. 
 Billetum. — L. Lat. A billet, bill or memorandum. 
 
 Such as was allowed to parties to require of the sheriff or under-sheriff to whom a writ 
 was delivered. Stat. Westm. II. c. 39 ; 2 Co. Inst. 449, 451. 
 
 BUlO, Billio.— L. Lat. Bullion. 2 How. St. Tr. 118. 
 
 Billos, Graeco-barb. /3t/l/lo?j supposed to be + /32/J/l.ofj a book. Hence, a bill. v. 
 Biblion. = fiifiXiov. 
 
 BINOS, trinos, vel etiam senos, ex singulis territorii quadrantibus. — L. Lat. [They (the 
 Gothic jury) were summoned] by two, three, and even six, from every part of the district (or 
 countrj'). Siiemhook, de Jur. Goth. L, i, c. 4; 3 Bl. Com. 359. 
 
 Bi-partite, — Fr. and Eng. [-|- Lat. bipartitus, -\- bis, twice or double, and partitus, 
 divided.] Of two parts ; divided in two. 
 
 In conveyancing: An indenture, where there were two parties, and two parts of 
 the deed, was called bipartite. Litt. § 370; Co. Litt. 22<)a ; Shep. Touch. 50. Tripartite, — 
 of three parts, and quadripartite, — of four parts, are also used. v. Charta chyrographata. 
 
 Bi-parti5, ire (also bipertio), 4, c. a. \bis, twice, or doubled, and partitus, divided.] I 
 divide into two parts ; I bisect. Bipartitur, — is divided. Bipartita divisio, — a division or 
 separation in two parts. Bipartitum, — two-fold, divided into two parts. Cicero, Top xxii, 
 85. Bipartiens, — dividing into two parts. Bipartitus, — divided into two parts. 
 
 Bi-partito, {bibert), adv. In two parts or divisions ; in two ways ; in a two-fold manner , 
 in two different directions. Cicero, Fl. xiv ; Ovid, Xem. Am. 443. 
 
 Bi-patens, entis, adj. Opening in two ways ; open in two directions. Virgil, vi. x, 5 ; 
 id. ib. ii, 330. Quae ex utraque parte aperiuntur. Servius. 
 
 Bi-pes, edis, adj. Two-footed. Virg. G. iv, 389. Bi-pedes ambulo, — I am walking on 
 two feet Bi-pedes ambulans, — walking on two feet. Bi-pedes ambulant, — they are walking 
 on two feet. 
 
 Biretum, Biretus,- — L. Lat. A cap or coif of a judge or sergeant at law. Spelmon. 
 
 Bis, adv. num. Twice ; in two ways ; in a two-fold manner. 
 
 Bis in die, mense, anno. Twice a day, month, year. 
 
 Bis petitum, A thing twice demanded Cro. Jac. 21. 
 
 'Bis dat^ qui cito dat. — Pro v. He who gives promptly, gives twice as much. He 
 gives twice who gives in time. Alciatus. v. Statim daret, ne differendo, etc. Gratia ab 
 officio, etc. Ingratum est beneficium, etc. Inopi benejicium, etc. Tarde beneficere , etc. 
 
 J5is est gratum quod opus est, si ultro offeras, — P r o v . That which is 
 necessary is doubly grateful if you offer it unsolicited. M e t o n . : " Spontaneous bounty 
 is ever most acceptable." Publius Syrus. 
 258 
 
Bis.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bis. 
 
 Bis peccare in hello non licet.— P ro v. To blunder twice is not allowed in war. 
 M e t o n . : An error is to be prevented by as much caution as if it were irretrievable. 
 
 Bis pueri senes.— Adage. Old men are twice boys. "Once a man, twice a child." 
 
 Bis vincit, qui se vincit in victoria.— P r o v . He conquers a second time, 
 who controls or restrains himself in victory. Publius Syrus. 
 
 M e t o n . : He subdues his enemy by his valor, and himself by his moderation. 
 
 BIS idem exigi bona fides non patitur j et in satisfactionibus, non permiititur 
 amplius fieri quam semel factum est. Good faith does not siififer or allow 
 the same thing to be demanded twice ; and in making satisfaction [for a debt, 
 or other thing] it is not allowed to be done more than once, g Coke's J?. 53. 
 
 A party is not allowed to receive more than one satisfaction for the same debt or demand. 
 JVemo debet bu vexari, si constat curiae qtiod sit pro e&dem causd. 5 Co. 61. 
 
 The Civilians expressed the rule : Bona Jides non patitur ut bis idem exigaiur. Gaius 
 Dig.!., iT,fr. SI- 
 
 Bis VexatUS. Twice vexed, v. Nemo debet bis vexari pro eddem causA. 
 
 Bi-Sextiles, e, adj. [iisextus.] Containing an intercalary day. Bisextilis annus, — a 
 bisextile year. Isidorus, Orig. vi, 17, 25, infra, v. Bi-sextus. 
 
 In English Law: Bissextile (Lat. Bi-sexiilis, or iis-sextilis), vulgarly called Leap- 
 year, because the first day before the Calends of March is twice reckoned, viz. : on the 
 24th and 25th of February ; so that the bissextile year hath one day more than the other 
 years, and happens every fourth year. This intercalation of a day was first invented by 
 Julius Caesar, to make the year agree with the course of the sun. And to prevent all 
 ambiguity that might arise thereon, it was ordained by the Statute de Anno Bissextili, 21 Hen. 
 \\\. that the day increasing in the Leap-year, and the day next before, shall be accounted but 
 one day. cf. Britton, fol. 209 ; Dyer, 17 Eliz. 345 ; Termes de la Ley. v. Bi-sextus. 
 
 Bi-sextus, i. »'. (erroneously written bis-sextus) sc. dies. 
 
 Bi-Sextum, i, n. An intercalary day ; so called, since the 24th of February = vi Calen- 
 das Martii, i. n. the sixth day before the calends of March, was doubled, i, e. reckoned 
 twice every fourth )'ear by the intercalation of a day. Celsus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 98; Ulpian. 
 id. iv, 4, fr. 3, § 3. 
 
 In the Roman Law; Bisextus est posi annos quatuor unus dies adjectus, Crescit enim per sing- 
 ulos annos quarta pars assis. At ubi anno quarto assem conipleverit, bisextilem annum factt. § 26. Dictus 
 autem bisextus, quia bis sexies ductus assem facit, quod est unus dies, sicut et quadrantem propter quater 
 ductum, quod est Disextus, quem super dierum cursum in anno sol facit, sive quod nequeat annus subintroduci. 
 nisi bisextae nonas Mart, coraputaveris, hoc est et primo die se,':. non. Mart, et addito bis sexto aho die 
 sexta non. Mart, iteraveris. § 27. A sextis autem non. Mart, usque in diem pndie kal. Januarii, in lunae 
 cursu bisextus apponitur atque inde detrahitur. g 28. Int ercallar es autem dies idcirco vocantur, quia 
 interponuntur, ut ratio solis lunaeque conveniat. Kalere enim ponere dicitur, intercalare interponere. Isi- 
 dorus, Orig. vi, 17, §§ 25-28. 
 
 Bisextus is one day added after four years. For it increases through each year the fourth part of a unit (a 
 whole day). When in the four years it shall have completed the unit (whole day) it makes a bisextile year, 
 § 26. It is called bisextile, because, being prolonged twice six times, it makes the unit, which is one day, 
 just like the fourth part on account of being four times prolonged, which is intercalary {.bisextus)^ which the 
 sun makes beyond the course of the days in the year or because the year cannot be introduced unless you 
 have calculated from the intercalary day at the Nones of March, that is for the first day, the sixth of the Nones 
 of March and repeated it again in the sixth of the Nones of March by adding another day. § 27. From the 
 sixth of the Nones of March until the day before the Kalends of January the intercalary day is inserted in the 
 course of the moon and withdrawn therefrom. § 28. They are called intercalary days because they are 
 inserted so that the course of the sun and moon may agree. Kalere means to place, intercalcre to insert or 
 to reckon. 
 
 Thus every fourth year was properly made to consist of three hundred and sixty-six days. 
 V. 2 Bl. Com. 141 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 274. 
 
 Read : Quum bisextum kalendis est, nihil rcfert, utruin priore, an posteriore die quis 
 natus sit, etc. Celsus, Dig. L, it,fr. tji pr. §g i, 2. 
 
 Julius Cesar first invented this intercalation of a day, to make the year agree with the course of the sun. 
 
 In the English Law: This bi-sextile year was called annus major,~Va& greater year, as distin- 
 guished from the lesser or usual year. Bracton, fol. 359, c. xiii, 8 2. In what manner the year becomes bisex- 
 tile, read under Qualiter sit annus hisextilis. ^rrtc^(?«, § 2, fol. 359. 
 
 The dies excrescens, — repeating or increasing day, was made up ex ininutiis quatuor anno- 
 rum, — out of the (odd hours and) minutes (over three hundred and sixtj'-five da)'s) of the 
 four 3'ears, which, in their fractional parts of the days in the preceding years, had been disre- 
 garded, until they, by accretio, became = a day. Read: Dicitur etia/ii bisextus eo quod 
 inscribitur sexto kalendis Martii, etc. Bracton, 3591^. 
 
 259 
 
Bis.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. |_Bla. 
 
 It was enacted bj' Slat, de Anno Bissextili, 21 Hen. III. (A. D. 1237) that the dies excrescens 
 in the leap year, and the day next before, should be accounted but one day. Fleta, lib. vi, 
 c. II, §§ 2, 3 ; Dyer, 17 Eliz. 345 ; Tertnes de la Ley. And such is still the law in England, 
 and in some of the United States. 5 Ind. R. 196. v. U. S. Dig. A similar provision has 
 been expressly enacted in the State of New York, i R. S. [606] § 3. 
 
 The object atrained by the Romans in their intercalary day is now attained, in every fourth 5'ear, by adding 
 a day at the end of February ; making that month to consist of twenty-nine days. Brand's Encycl. 
 
 Bisillcilingua, ae, adj. [bisulcus-lingua.l With a cloven tongue. T r p . : Of a hypo- 
 crite ; a double-tongued deceitful person. Bisulcilingua, quasi proserpens hestia, — Bisulci- 
 lingua [is], as it were a creeping or crawling beast. Plautus, Poen. v, 2, 74. " You double- 
 tongue, just like a crawling reptile." 
 
 Bi-SlllcUS, a, um, ni^'. [fe.] (two-furrowed) ; h e n c e in general: Divided into two 
 parts; cloven. Bi-sulcus lingua, — a forked tongue. Pac. in NoN. 506, 17; OviD, M. ix, 
 65. Bi-sulcus-nugula, — the cloven hoof. Pliny, viii, 21, 30; x, i, i. 
 
 Bi-SUlca, 5rum, n. (sc. animalid). Animals with cloven feet. Pliny, xi, 37, 85. 
 
 Bla/Ck-mail, — Scot. A rent Ijribute, or stated payment. := Burrow-mailles or Borough- 
 mailles. This seems to make the whole term synonymous with black-rent (redditus or 
 reditus nigri), in which sense it is used in the old books. Stat, g Edw. III. c. 4 ; Blount. 
 Hence: 
 
 {a.) It was called black mail or rent from its being generally paid in work, or in the 
 baser money, i. e. other money than redditus albi, or in grain or provisions {aere vel opsoniis), 
 instead of silver. Spelman ; 2 Bl. Com. 42-3 ; Broom. &" Had. Com. ii, 53-4 ; or in a moral 
 sense, as denoting its illegality (Jamieson), and Ang. Sax. tnal ; Goth, maala ; Germ. 
 iiiakl, tribute ; Gael, mal, rent. T r a n s f . : 
 
 (6.) A rent or tribute paid yearly by the poorer inhabitants of some of the northern 
 counties of England (about the middle of the sixteenth century) to some powerful Scottish 
 border chieftains (potenti alicui Scoto limitaneo), in order to be protected and secured from 
 the depredations of the Scottish border theives, rievers or moss-troopers. Spelman ; Tennes 
 de la Ley. Sometimes paid to the marauders, rievers or moss-troopers themselves, who laid 
 the inhabitants under contribution, cf. Hume's Hist, of Eng. i, 473 ; ii, App. No. 8 ; Cowell ; 
 Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 64 ; BelVs Diet. Hence, called ' protection-rent ' or ' protection- 
 money.' Scott's Minstrelsy of Scott. Borders. 
 
 (c.) A certain rate formerly levied by border-chiefs, who were allied with robbers, on the 
 peaceable inhabitants of adjoining districts in the Scottish highlands, and near the confines 
 of England and Scotland, as a recompense for protecting their cattle and goods against 
 depredations. [North of England.] Winshaw ; Worcester, ci. Hume's Hist, stipra. 
 
 A certain rate of money, coin, cattle or other thing anciently paid in the North of England 
 and South of Scotland to certain men who were allied to robbers, to be by them protected 
 from pillage. Webster, cf. 4 Bl. Com. 244. 
 
 (d.) In Popular Language: A contribution made or tribute paid by honest men 
 to the confederates of rogues, to avoid threatened pillage and depredation. Money or prop- 
 erty extorted from a person, whether guilty or innocent, under the threats of injurious accu- 
 sation; or of exposure in print for an alleged offense ; hush-money [U. S.]. Bartlet ; Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 Black-rents. J'- Redditus nigri. 
 
 Black Rod, In England, this term is applied to the usher belonging to the most 
 Noble Order of the Garter; so called of the Black Rod he carried in his hand. He is 
 also usher of the Lords' House in Parliament. Tertnes de la Ley. 
 
 Blada, plur. of Bladum. — L- Lat. Corn or grain growing; growing crops. Bracton, 
 fol. g6, 222^, 2231?/ Glanv. lib. ii, c. 3 ; 2 Co. Inst. 81. 
 
 Blader, according to Lord Coke, is taken for all manner of corn or grain, or things 
 annual, coming by the industry of men ; c. g. hemp, flax, etc. 2 Co. Inst. 81. v. Keilw. 125. 
 
 Blada d. solo separata. Grain separated from the soil; grain after it has been harvested. 
 Bracton, fol. 217^. 
 
 Blada nondum &, solo separata, Crops not yet severed from the soil. Bracton, fol. 
 217^. 
 
 Blada in garbiS. Grain in swaths or straw. Reg. Orig. 94/^ 96. 
 
 Blada vel alia catalla. Grain or other chattels. Mag. Cart, g Hen. III. c. 19. v. 
 Quaere blada, etc. 
 
 BladariUS. — L- La'. [+ ilada.\ A corn-monger; a meal-man, or corn-chandler; a 
 bladier, or engrosser of corn or grain. 2 Co. Inst. 81. 
 260 
 
Bla.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ble. 
 
 Blancll-ferme, — L. Fr. White farm, or white rent; rent paid in silver and not in cattle. 
 2 Bl. Com. 42 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 54 ; 2 Co. Inst. 44. 
 
 Lord Bacon calls them blanch-rents. Works, iv, 1 32. v. Redditus alia ; R. ni^'ri. 
 
 Blande, adv. Flatteringly ; soothingly ; courteously, v. Blandus. 
 
 Blaudicella, Orum, «. dim. Coaxing or flattering words. Festus, p. 29. 
 
 BlandilO^UenS, entis, adj. [blandus-loquor.'] Speaking courteously, flatteringly, or 
 soothingly. Laser, in Macr. 5a/. ii, 7. 
 
 Blandiloq^Uentia, ae, /. [plandi- loquus.'\ Coaxing language ; softness of expression. 
 Cicero, N. D. iii, 25 Jin. Allurement of speech ; charm of eloquence. 
 
 Blandiloq^Uium, ii, «. \}landi-loquor.'] Softness of language ; flattering speech. Blaii- 
 diloquium insidiosum, — cunning, artful or insidious softness of language. Aug. Ep. ad 
 Hier, xix, 4. v. Blandiloquentia. 
 
 BlandiloqUUS, a, um, adj. [lilandus-hquor.'] Speaking smoothly, or flatteringly; fair 
 spoken. Plautus, Bac. v, 2, 54 ; Seneca, Agam. 289. 
 
 Blandimentum, i, «. [blandior.] Flattering words, blandishments ; complimentary 
 speech; flattery. Cicero, Tusc. v, 31, 87; Plautus, Rud. ii, 6, 23; id. True, ii, 2,63. 
 
 Trop. : Anything that pleases the senses; an object that charms; an allurement; a 
 pleasure, charm, delight. Blandimenta vitae. — the pleasures or charms of life. Tacitus, 
 A. XV, 64. V. Cicero, Coel. xvii, 41. 
 
 Blanditia, ae, /. \blandus^ The quality of blandus ; a caressing, flattering, fondling 
 (mostly in an honorable sense ; on the caxiXmiy , assentaiio,?cai adulatio, in dishonor- 
 able sense). Plautus, True, ii, 7, 19 ; Cicero, Rep. iv, 7 ; id. Off. iii, 18, 74 et al. 
 
 Facilis est ilia occursatio et blanditia popularis: aspicitur, notl attrectatur : procut apparet, non 
 excutitur. jton in manus sumitur. Cicero, pro Plaucio. xii, 29 Jin. 
 
 All that running about and caressing of the people is very easy work ; it is looked at at a distance, 
 not taken into the hand and examined ; it makes a fine show if you do not get too near and shake it. 
 
 Trop.: Pleasure, delight, enticement, charm, allurement. Cicero, Fin. i, ro, 33; 
 QuiNTiLiAN, X, I, 27 ; see both passages. 
 
 Blandus, a, um, adj. Of a smooth tongue ; flattering, fondling, caressing. Plautus, 
 Cas. iii, 3, 21; id. Aul. ii, 2, 19; CiCERO, Att. xii, 3; id. Lael, 25. Trop.: Flattering, 
 friendly, kind, pleasant, agreeable, enticing, alluring, charming. Horace, Od. iv, i, 8 ; 
 Ovid, M. x, 642 ; Cicero, Off. ii, 10, 37; see the passage ; Quintilian, 6 praem, § 8. Per- 
 suading to something by caressing. Plautus, Coj. ii, 3, 56. 
 
 Blasphematio, Snis, f. \blasphemia.'\ A reviling ; reproach ; blaspheming. 
 
 Blasphemia, ae, y. =.Gt. p\a6(pTinia. [-|-/S'l.a('r(0, to hurt, and ^it;/*^, reputation.] 
 A reviling, slander, calumny, blasphemy. Hier, Ep. 62, No. 2. = Blasphemiutn, ii, n. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A reviling by one person of another; a slander. Nov. Ixxvii. 
 
 Si enim maledicta in homines /"a c t a e blasphemiae collata non inulta relinquuntur. multo inagis 
 ille, qui deuTn blasphematur. dignus est, ut supplicium sustineat. Nov. Ixxvii, i, § i. 
 
 For if maledictions, curses (committing blasphemies) against men is not left unpunished, much more does 
 he deserve punishment who blasphemes God, it is becoming that he shall sustain the punishment. 
 
 In Mod. Law: The term is exclusively applied to sacred subjects. 5/rt/. i Geo. IV. c. 8. 
 
 In Criminal Law: An offense against religion, either by denying the being or provi- 
 dence of God, or by contumelious reproaches of Christ, or by profane scoffing at the holy 
 scriptures, or exposing it to contempt and ridicule, Christianity being part of the laws of 
 England. 4 Bl. Com. 59 ; 4 Steph. Com. 233 ; Broom df Had. Com. iv, 69. 
 
 In the United States: The Christian religion is received as part of the Common 
 Law, and to revile it publicly and blasheniously, or to blaspheme its author, is an indictable 
 ofTense. Wharton's Am. Cr. Law, iv, 536 ; Story, J., 2 Howard's R. 127, 198 ; 20 Pick. R. 
 206 ; Shaw, C. J., 213 ; i Johns. R. 290; 11 Serg. Ss' Rawle, 394; 33 Barb. 548. 
 
 Blatero, Snis, m. A babbler, prater. Aulus Gellius, i, 15 Jin. 
 
 Blatie, Ire, 4, z-. a. [-|- Gr. /JAa'?.] To utter foolish things ; to babble, prate. Plautus, 
 Am. ii, I, 79 ; id. Cure, iii, 82 et al. 
 
 Blennus \, m. =Gt. pXewoi. Properly; Dirty-nosed, and th e n ce a driveler, 
 an idiot. An oaf, dolt, block-head. 
 
 .5/f KM<;j stultosesse, Plautus indicat, qui ait: 
 
 ' Stulti stolid!, fatui, fungi, bardi, ilenni, buccones.'—Pl.AVTUS, Bacchides, v, i, 3. 
 
 Plautus indicates blennus to be an oaf. He says: 'Fools, blockheads, idiots, dolts, sots, oafs, 
 tubbers.' — Festus, de Sign. Verbo, p. 29. 
 
 261 
 
Bio.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 BLOOD WIT est, quietum esse de Amerciamentis de sanguine fuso ; ei que teneantur Placita 
 in Curia vestra, habelitis Amerciamenta inde provenientia : quia Wit en Anglois est Miser- 
 icordia en Latin. Bloodwit is to be quit of (exempt from) Amercements assessed for 
 blood-shedding ; and what Pleas are holden in your Court, you shall have the privilege of 
 taking the Amercements thereof coming; because Wi t in English is Misericordia in Latin. 
 Terines de la Ley ; Cowell. 
 
 BOADICKA, generis regii femind, duce, (neque enim sexum in hnperiis discernunt), suvisere 
 universi bellum. TtLCnvSiinvitd Agricolae,cz.\>.lb. Led b)' Boadice a , a woman of royal 
 descent (for they make no distinction between the sexes in succession to the throne), they 
 unanimously rose in arms. Broom &= Had. Com. i, 227, note («). 
 
 Boc. Sax. In general, A writing ; a book ; a charter. 
 
 In old English: Used of the 1 and-bocs , or evidences of title, corresponding to 
 modern deeds. These boos were destroyed by William the Conqueror, cf. 2 Bl. 
 Com. go; i Spence, Eq. Jur. 22 ; i Washb. Real Prop. 17, 21 ; Kent's Com. iv, 441. 
 
 Bon. — Fr. Good ; sufficient in law, etc. Bon ami, — good friend. Bon brevato, — a good 
 hit, a happy suggestion. Bon gri ou mal gr/, — with the consent, or against the consent ; 
 willing or unwilling. Britt. c. 41. Bon jour, — good day. Bon mot, — a witty repartee, a 
 jest. Bon pere de famille, — a good father of a family. = Lat. Bonus pater familias. Bon. 
 sour, — good evening. Bon ton, — the height of the fashion; fashionable society. Bon 
 vivant, — a good fellow; a jovial companion. Bon abearing, — good abearing. =^ Bonus 
 gestus. 
 
 Bona, 5rum, ». [plur. + bonum.'\ Gifts of fortune, wealth, riches, goods, property, for- 
 tune. Cicero, Caec. xiii, 38. Multa bona benh parte habemus, — we possess much prop- 
 erty or wealth honestly obtained. Plauths, Trin. ii, 2,66. Bona patema, — paternal 
 property ; patrimony. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst, iii, 11, § 13. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Goods, property, fortune, wealth, riches in general, including 
 lands (praedia). Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 21; fr. 31, § i, infra; fr.^g; Ulpianus, id. 
 xxxvii, I, fr. 3, infra; ScAEVOLA, id. xxxiii, •2,,fr. 37; Story on Confl. of Laws, § 375. All 
 that is our own, all that forms a part of our estate, whether it be corporeal or incorporeal. 
 Bonorum appellatio aut naturalis, aut civilis est, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 49. cf. 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, g§ 259-262 ; id. §§ 265-268, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Common Law: Goods; personal chattels; movable property; chattels 
 real as well as personal. Co. Litt. 118^. v. Biens. 
 
 BONA autem hie, ut plerumque solemus dicere, ita accipienda sunt : universiiatis 
 cujusgiie successionem, qua succeditur in jus demortui, suscipiturque ejus rei 
 commodum et incommodum ; nam sive solvendo sunt bona, sive non sunt, sive damnum 
 habent, sive lucrum, sive in corporibus sunt, sive in actionibus, in hoc loco proprie 
 bona appellabuntur. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxvii, i,fr. 3 pr. Property in a general 
 sense, as we are frequently wont to say, is thus to be accepted or understood : 
 the succession to the entire property of a person by right of decease, whereby 
 both the good and the bad (the advantages and disadvantages) of the estate are 
 undertaken ; for whether the property or estate be solvent or not, whether it 
 bring loss or gain, whether it be in bodies or in actions (corporeal things or 
 rights in action), it will be here rightly designated as property. 
 
 BONA intelliguntur cujttsque, quae deducto acre alieno supersunt. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 39, § I. That is understood to be a person's property 
 which remains after one's debts are deducted. 
 
 V. Aes alienum est quod nos aliis debemus, eic. Dig. L,, 16, fr. 213, ^ 1. 
 
 Princeps bona concedendo videtur etiam obligationes concedere. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, 
 fr. 21. Bonorum appellatio aut naturalis, aut civilis est, etc. Ulpian. Dig, L, 16, fr. 49. 
 
 Bona Cadnoa. Fallen possessions ; every thing which falls to the legal heir by descent. 
 V. Caduca, where the term is fully defined. 
 
 Bona caduca are, by some, said to be those to which no heir succeeds, hence, escheats. 
 Du Cange. 
 
 262 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 BONA civitatis abusive p u b li c a dicta sunt, sola eni/n ea public a sunt, quae 
 popitli Romani sunt. Ulpianus, Dig. L, i(),fr. 15. The goods or wealth 
 of the State are improperly called public, for those only are public which 
 belong to the people of Rome. 
 
 Bona civiuni. The citizens' goods ; the goods of citizens. 
 Bona COnfiscata. — Lat. Confiscated or forfeited goods. 
 
 In the Jurists: Goods forfeited for offenses were called bona confiscata, because they 
 belonged to the fiscus, i. e. the Imperial treasury. Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 4, fr. 9 Jin.; i Bl. 
 Com, 299 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 493. v. Fiscus. 
 
 Bona et Catalla> Goods and chattels. Bracion, fol. bob ; Fleta, lib. 2, c. 64, § i. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term is restrained to extend only to movables. 8 Co. 
 32 ; I Smith's L. C. [197] 228. The expression includes all personal things that belong to a 
 man. Pollock, C. B., 16 Mees. 6^ W. 68. v. Biens et chateux, where the subject of g o o d s 
 and chattels is explained, etc. 
 
 Bona et catalla felomim et fugitivorum, or utlagatorum, fines, amerciamenta, etc. — L. Lat. 
 The goods and chattels of felons and fugitives, or outlaws, the fines, amercements, etc. 3 
 Co. 32ii / Butler and Baker's case ; Wingate's Max. 63, § 18. v. Max. 25, § 21. 
 
 Bona et catalla proditorum, faelorum, etc. — L. Lat. The goods and chattels of traitors, 
 felons, etc. I Co. Inst. 114^/ Wingate's Max. 62, § 4. 
 
 Bona et estella transeuntiS. — L. Lat. The goods and effects of a transient, or trav- 
 eler. I Smith's L. C. [311] 380. 
 
 Bona et merchandisae. Goods and merchandises. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 64, § i. 
 
 Bona felonum. Goods of felons; the goods of those convicted of felony. 5 Co. no. 
 Bona felonum, etc., idea flene Jirout abbas habuit. The goods of felons, etc., and that as 
 fully as the abbot enjoyed. 
 
 Bona forisfacta. Forfeited goods. Hale's Anal § viii, i. e. whereof the property is gone 
 away or departed from the owner. I Bl. Com. 299 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 493. 
 
 V. Foris/actum. Bonorum forisfactura, — forfeiture of goods. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 65, § 8. 
 
 Bona fugitivomm. Goods of fugitives, i. e. of him who flies for felony. 5 Co. logb. 
 
 Bona fide. In good faith, zi. /lost, p. 264. Bona gestura, — good behavior, z-./r-j^, p. 266. 
 Bond gratid, — with good grace ; kind favor, etc. v. post, p. 266. 
 
 Bona immobilia. Immovable goods. V. Res immobiles. 
 
 Bona mobilia. Movable goods, or personal chattels, i P. Wms. 249, 284. v. Res 
 mobiles. 
 
 Bona notabilia.— L. Lat. Notable goods ; extraordinary goods. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: Goods worthy of notice, or of sufficient value 
 to be taken into account, v. the subject in 2 Bl Cotn. 509 ; 2 Steph. Com. 237, 238 ; Shep. 
 Touch. 499, 500; Chitty's Genl. Fr. 523; i T. R. 781 ; I Smith's L. C. [784J 952. A bond is 
 bona notabilia, etc. Lord Hardwick, 2 Ves. 441, 442 ; I Story's Eq. Jur. § 6070, note 3. 
 
 Note.— Tlie value necessary to constitute property liona notabilia, lias varied at different periods, but was 
 finally established at;£s, in A. D. 1603. 
 
 Bona patria. The good country, etc. v. post, p. 266 med. 
 
 Bona paraphernalia. — L. Lat. Goods which the wife has for her own separate use ; 
 e. g. rings for her fingers, ear-rings, and other personal ornaments, v. Paraphema. 
 
 Bona peritura. — Lat. Perishable goods. Co. Litt. 207 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 654, a. (ro.) 
 
 In Common Law: An executor, administrator, or trustee is bound to use due dili- 
 gence in the custody, care and disposition of bona peritura, such as fatted cattle, grain, fruit, 
 or any other article may deteriorate or be worse for keeping. 5 Co. 9 ; Cro. Eliz. 518 ; Bacon's 
 Abr. ' E X ' rs ' ; i Rolle's Abr. 910 ; i Beatt. Ch. Tr. 5, 14 ; 3 Munf. (Va.) R. 288. 
 
 BONA sequestranda sunt, et neutri litigantium tradenda. The goods are to be 
 sequestered, and to be delivered to neither of the litigants. Gierke's 
 Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 40. v. Sequestratio. 
 
 Bona superflciaria. Superficiary property, i. e. the buildings or property held under a 
 jus superficiarium. v. Ulpianus, Dig L, 16, fr, 49 ; PuFENDORF, iv, c. 8, § 4, note 5- ■". 
 pig. xliii, tit. 18, 'de Super ficiabus.' 
 
 263 
 
Bon.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 Bona Utlagatorum, — L. Lat. Goods of outlaws. Hale's Anal. § viii. 
 
 Bona vacantia, — Lat. Vacant, unoccupied or ownerless goods. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Goods wanting an owner ; goods without an owner, or in which 
 no one claims a property. Justinian. Inst, ii, 6, § 4 ; Cod. x, tit. 10. = Res nullius, q. v. 
 cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 156, 682, ed, of 1883. 
 
 By the Common Law: These belong to the first finder, with the exception of royal 
 fish {piscis regalis), shipwrecks, treasure trove (thesaurus inventtis), derelicts (derelicta), 
 waifs (waiviata), and estrays {aniinalia vagantia), which in England are the property of the 
 sovereign. I Bl. Com. 298 ; 2 ib. 410, 415; Hale's Anal. § viii ; 2 Steph. Com. 553, 554 ; 
 Broom's Max. 346; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 10, § 18 ; Broom dt' Had. Com. i, 365, 366. 
 
 Bona waiviata. — L. Lat. Waived goods, waifs, v. Wayvium. 
 
 In English Law; Goods stolen and waived ,«. ^. thrown away or relinquished by 
 the thief in his flight for fear of being apprehended, or to facilitate his escape ; and which 
 go to the sovereign. Cro. Eli%.-bi^^; 5 Co. logi, Foxley's case; I Bl. Com. 296; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 358 ; Broom is' Had. Com. i, 359, 365. 
 
 " The reason why bona viaviata (viz. such shelme goods as a felon in flying waives, or leaves behind him) 
 are forfeit to the king, and that the owner shall in such case lose his property in them, is, because of the neg- 
 ligence and default in the owner ; for that he made not fresh suit to apprehend the felon ; for Interest 
 repubticae. ne maleficia remaneant itnpunita ; ei itnpunitas semper ad deteriorainvitat. And therefore 
 the law hath imposed this penalty upon the owner, that if the felon, by his industry and fresh suit, be not 
 taken, by such default he .shall lose all his goods which the felon so leaves behind him." Wingate's Max. 
 140, § 2 ; citing 4 Co. 45a, m Vaux case. 
 
 In the United States: This doctrine of England does not obtain. Goods waived 
 or scattered by a thief in his flight may be reclaimed by the real owner. 2 Kent's Com. 358. 
 
 Bonis cedere. To transfer, make over goods, property. To make a transfer or sur- 
 render of property (as a debtor does to his creditors.) Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. 71. 
 
 Bonis non amovendis. For the goods not to be taken away. 
 
 In Common Law: A precept issued where a writ of error has been brought, in 
 order that the goods be not removed until the error be tried and determined. Reg. Orig. 
 131^ / Termes de la Ley. v. Breve de bonis non amovendis. 
 
 Bona, Orum, K. S u b s t . plur. -\- bonum, i, n. v. supra, p. 262. Property, etc. 
 
 Bona, A d j . _/. K. -\- bonus, a. um, adj. v. infra, p. . Good, right, suitable, etc. 
 
 Bona Dea. The goddess of chastity ; the good goddess. 
 
 Honored by the Roman women, whose temple it was unlawful for a man to enter, Macr. Sat. i, 12 ; Lact, 
 1, 22. But afterward, when morals had degenerated, it became a place of the grossest licentiousness, Juvenal, 
 Sat. ii, 84 sy.: vi, 314 sq. v. 1 Bl. Com. 237 ; Broom bf Had. Coin, i, 284. 
 
 Bona fide, — Lat, [abl, of bona fides.'\ In good faith ; without fraud, collusion, circum- 
 vention, or deceit; without dolus malus. v, Bonae fidei, p. 266 med. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term bonA fide, and bonae fidei -f- bona fides., were employed 
 to express the opposite of malA fides and dolus malus. 
 
 In. Juridical Lang,: In good faith ; sincerely, honestly, conscientiously, Cicero, 
 Off. iii, l5, 66 ; id. iii, 17, 70; CiCERO, Att. vi, i, 15 ; Ulpianus, Dig. vi, 2, fr. 7, i? n sq.; 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, t.pr. i, 2 ; id. ii, 8, 2 ; id. ii, % pr. 5, 6; id. iv, r, 315 ; Pomponius, Dig. 
 xli, 3, 24 ; Paulus, id. xli, 2, Jr. 1, § 6. The term was applied to acts, actions, contracts, 
 sales, purchases, possessions, etc. v. infra. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term was employed at an early day. v. Quod haec 
 omnia supra-dicta bond fide, etc. It has been so frequently employed that it may be 
 called not only a familiar term of Civil and Common Law, but also a popular term in com- 
 mon affairs. 
 
 Bona fide asportavit. — L. Lat. He carried off (the goods) in good faith, or with a good 
 intent. 
 
 Bona fide emptor, A purchaser in good faith; ^ bond fide purchaser, 2 Kent's Com. 
 ^12 sq., 4 id. 463 sq. v. Bonae fidei emptor, p, 266, 
 
 BONA fide et animo remanendi. In good faith, and with the intention of remaining, 2 
 Kent's Com. 112. 
 
 BONA FIDE ; ei dausulae inconsuetae semper inducunt suspicionem. In good 
 faith; and unusual clauses always create or induce suspicion. Bishop, 
 Man-. 6^ Div. § 659- 
 V. Clausula inconsuetae, etc, 
 264 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 BONA fide observare et in nulla contravenire. To observe in good faith, and in naught to 
 contravene. (Sometimes written contrapraedicta venire.) Cart. Confirm. 49 Hen. III. 
 
 Bon§, fide possessor. — L. Lat. A possessor in good faith. 
 
 Inthe Civil and Common Law: One who being in actual possession is excus- 
 ably ignorant of the facts which show that he is not entitled to possess ; one who believes 
 that no other person has a better right to the possession than himself. Modestinus, Dig. 
 L, 16, fr. log, V. supra ; Paulus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 27 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 35 ; Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, § 234. v. Bonae fidei possessor, et seq. p. 267. 
 
 A possessor who has knowledge of the instruments of proof which show that the jus 
 possessionis is in another is not, juridically speaking, a bond fide possessor, although no 
 mala fides in a moral sense can be attributed to him. v. per Lord Hardwicke in 3 Atkins, 
 134 ; per Lord J. Turner in 3 DeG. M. &f G. 815. 
 
 A possessor malae fidei is one who knows that he is not entitled to the possession, v. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, ■i, fr. 38 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 35. 
 
 BONA fide possessor facit fructus consumptos suos. A bond fide possessor 
 makes the profits which have been consumed his own. Com. Law Max.j 
 Wharton' s Law Lexicon. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Bonae fidei possessor fructus industriales consumptos lucratur 
 pro cultura et cura. Paulus, Dig.; Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jur. 147, 148. 
 
 BonS. fide praescriptio, A prescription in good faith, cf. Lindley's Intr. Jur. § 20i 
 and authorities, v. note ib. c. x. 
 
 Bona fide purchaser, A purchaser in good faith. 2 Kent's Com. 512 sq., 4 id. 463 sq.; 
 I Story's Eq. Jur, = Bond fide emptor (q. v.) . 
 
 Bona fides. Good faith, sincerity, honesty, truth, conscientiousness. 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law (z/. citations, etc., supra): The opposite of 
 mala fides. 
 
 BONA fides exigit ut quod convenit fiat. Javolenus, Dig. L, \i,fr. 57. Good 
 faith demands that what is agreed upon shall be done. cf. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. L, «,/r. 2, § 13 ; Labeo, id. xix, \,fr. 50. 
 
 BONA fides non patitur, ut bis idem exigatur. Gaius, Dig. L, 17, fr. 57. 
 Good faith does not allow the same thing to be demanded twice. 4 Johns. 
 Ch. R. 140, 143; Broom's Max. 331, note 4. "The same thing cannot be 
 demanded twice of the same person by virtue of the same obligation." Wood's 
 Inst. p. 207. 
 
 V. Bis idem exigi bona fides non patitur; etc. 9 Co. R. 53. 
 
 BONA fides, quae in contractibus exigitur, aequitatem summam desiderat. Sed 
 earn utrum aestimamus ad merum jus gentium, an vero ciim praeceptis civili- 
 bus et praetoriis 1 Veluti reus capitalis judicii deposuit apud ie centum, is depor- 
 tatus est, bona ejus publicata sunt, utrumne ipsi haec reddenda, ati in publicum 
 defer enda sinti Si tantum naturale et gentium jus intuemur, ei, qui dedit [deposuit], 
 restituenda sunt, si civile jus et legum ordinem, magis in publicum defer enda sunt ; 
 nam male meritus publice, tit exemplo aliis ad deterrenda maleficia sit, etiam egestate 
 laborare debet. Tryphonius, Dig. xvi, 3, fr. t,i. The good faith that is exacted 
 in contracts, calls for the highest equity. But do we estimate it according to the 
 pure law of nations, or rather by the civil and praetorian precepts ? For instance, 
 one condemned to a capital sentence deposited with you a hundred pieces of 
 coin ; he is transported ; his property or goods are appropriated to the state ; 
 are those goods to be returned to him or confiscated to the public revenue 1 If 
 we look only at the natural law and the law of nations, the goods are to be 
 restored to him who surrendered them ; if we look at the civil law and legal 
 order, they are rather to be confiscated to the public revenue ; for having been 
 [34 J 265 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 a public malefactor, he ought to labor even in want, in order that his malfeasance 
 may serve for an example to deter others. 
 
 BONA fides tantumdem possidenti praestat, quantum Veritas, quoiies lex impedi- 
 mento non est. Paulus, Dig. L, \'j,fr. 136. Good faith gives to the pos- 
 sessor the same rights as a valid title, unless the law prevents it, i. e. where the 
 law has not otherwise provided. 
 
 This maxim must be coupled with the maxim : Non videtur possessionem adeptus is, 
 qui ita nactus est, ut earn retinere non possit. Javolenus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 22. 
 
 V. Phillimore' 5 Princ. and Max. Jur. xxvii, p. 146, and xxxiii, p. 177. cf. Hildreth vs. 
 Sands, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 43 ; Codwise vs. Sands, 8 Johns. 446 (a sale made to defeat an execu- 
 tion, held void though full price was paid; ; Stone vs. Grubham, 2 Bulstrode, 225 ; 2 Vesey, 
 Jun. 292 ; PuFENDORF, de Jure, iv, c. 13, § 8, note 2. 
 
 Bona gestura, — L. Lat. \^gestura -\- gerere, to bear.] Good abearing ; good behavior. 
 Jacobus Law Diet. v. Bonus gestus. 
 
 Bona gratia. By or through kind favor ; with good grace ; by mutual good will or con- 
 sent; voluntarily. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term was applied to a species of divorce where the parties 
 separated by mutual consent ; or where the parties renounced the marriage engagements 
 without assigning any cause, or upon mere pretexts. Justinian. Cod. v, 13, const, i, § 16. 
 Nov. xxii, c. 4; Ulpianus, Dig. xl, 9, /r. 14, § 4 ; Taylor, Civil Law, 361, 362. 
 
 BONA g rati A matrimonium dissolvitur. Hermogenianus, Dig. xxiv, 2, 
 fr. 62 pr. Marriage is dissolved by mutual consent. Mutual agreement 
 dissolves the marriage, v. 2 Kent's Com. 102. 
 
 Bona patria. The good country, i. t. the good men of the country ; good neighbors. 
 Assiza bonae patriae, — zxi assize or jury of countrymen or good neighbors ; otherwise called 
 " juratores." Reg. Mag. lib. i, c. si vero, 29 ; Cowell; Bell's Did. i). Boni homines; Juratores. 
 
 Bona verba. Words of good omen ; words of favorable significance. Tiberius, ii, 2, i. 
 
 Bonae fidei. — Lat. [gen. ■\- bona fides.'] Of or in good faith, v. Bond. Jide, p. 264. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This was a more frequent form of expression than bond, Jide, 
 occurring in the phrases bonae Jidei actiones; bonae fidei contractus; bonae fidei emptor; bonae 
 Jidei possessor, etc. It is the opposite of malae Jidei and dolus malus. 
 
 Bonae fidei actio. An action of good faith. V. Actio bonae fidei. 
 Bonae fidei contractus. A contract of good faith. 
 
 Those contracts in which equity may interpose to correct inequalities, and to adjust all 
 matters according to the plain intention of the parties. I Kame's Equity, 200; Story's Eq. 
 
 Bonae fidei emptor. A purchaser in good faith. V. Bond fide emptor. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One who supposed and believed that the vendor had the right 
 to sell, or was ignorant that the thing he bought belonged to another. Modestinus, Dig. L, 
 16, fr. 109. V. id. vi, 2, Jr. 7, § 11 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 15. 
 
 BONAE fidei emtor esse videtur, qui ignoravit, earn rem, alienam esse, aut 
 putavit eum, qui vendidit, jus vendendi habere, puta procuratorem aut tutor em 
 esse. Modestinus, Dig. L, id, fr. 109. A purchaser in good faith seems to be 
 he who did not know that the property in question was another's, or who 
 believed him who sold it to have the right of selling it, as for instance to be an 
 agent or guardian, cf. Mackeldey, Civil Law, § 234. 
 
 BOl^KK fidei emtor non dubie percipiendo fructus etiam ex aliena re, suos 
 interim facit, non tantum eos, qui diligentid et opera ejus pervenerunt, sed 
 omnes, quia, quod ad fructus attinet, loco domini paene est. Denique etiam, prius- 
 quam percipiat, statim ubi a solo seperati sunt, bonae fidei emtoris fiunt. Nee 
 interest, ea res, quam bond fide emi, longo tempore capi possit, nee ne j veluti si 
 pupilli sit, aut vi possessa, aut Praesidi contra legem repetundarum donata, ab eoque 
 266 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 abalienata sit bonae fidei emtori. Paulus, Dig. xli, i,yV". 48 pr. A purchaser 
 in good faith undoubtedly by gathering the fruits even from another's property, 
 makes it the mean time his own, not only those which have come (or been 
 acquired) by his own diligence and labor, but all, because what he holds or 
 possesses in the fruits, he is almost in the place of an owner. Accordingly also, 
 before he can gather or possess, immediately as they are separated from the 
 soil, they become the fruits of a purchaser in good faith. It is of no importance 
 whether the property which I have purchased in good faith can be taken after 
 long time, or not : for instance, if it be the property of a ward, or possessed by 
 violence, or given to a chief or ruler contrary to the law about extortion, and by 
 him alienated or transferred to a purchaser in good faith, cf . Pufendorf, de 
 Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, 8, § 5, note 3. 
 
 JuLiANUS stated and explained this rule: In alieno fundo quem Titius bona fide mer- 
 catus fuerat frumentum sevi, etc. Dig. xxii, \,fr. 25, § i: v. Phillimores Princ. and Max. 
 147 sq. 
 
 BOKAE fidei ex mora debitoris. Of good faith, on account of the delay of the debtor. 
 
 Among the Romans: Interest was due upon all contracts of good faith, on 
 account of the delay of the debtor to pay, after a demand made upon him. 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. iii, § 76. 
 
 Bonae fidei iudicium. A decision of good faith ; an action or judicial investigation of 
 good faith. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 29, 30 ; Gaius, Inst, iv, ^ 61. 
 
 Quum enim sit bonae fidei judicium, nihil majls bonae fidei congruit, quam id praestari, quod inter 
 contrahentes actum est. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, \,fr. ii, in § i, 
 
 BONAE fidei non congruit de apicibus juris disputare. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xvii, I, 29, fr. % 4. It is unbecoming to (or incompatible with) good 
 faith to discuss (insist upon) the extreme subtleties of the law. " To insist on 
 extreme subtleties of law is an encouragement to fraud." Phillimore's Princ. 
 and Max. (arguments, etc.) ii, p. 369. 
 
 V. Apices juris, and De bona fide enim agitur, etc. De minimis non curat lex, etc., and the 
 authorities there cited. 
 
 Bonae fidei possessor. A possessor in good faith. V. Bond fide possessor, seq. 
 
 In the Civil Law; One who believes that no other person has a better right to the 
 possession than himself. Mackeld. Civil Law, 244, § 234. v. Malae fidei possessor. 
 
 BONAE fidei possessor in id tantuni quod ad se pervenerit, tenetur. A bond fide 
 possessor is bound only for that which has come to him. 2 Co. Inst. 285. 
 V. Grotius, de Jur. Bell. lib. ii, c. 10, § 3 <?/ seq.; Broom's Max. 
 
 BONAE fidei possessor fructus industriales consumptos lucratur pro cultUrd et 
 curd. Paulus, Dig. ■ The industrial fruits gathered and 
 
 consumed by a bond fide possessor (during his possession) are gained or acquired 
 for himself, on account of their culture and care. Phillimore's Max. pp. 147, 148. 
 
 BONAE fidei venditorem nee commodorum spem augere, nee incommodorum cog- 
 nitionem obscurare oportet. Cato, apud Valerius Maximus, viii, c. 2, § i. 
 It behooves a vendor of integrity neither to increase the expectation of profits, 
 nor to conceal his knowledge of the disadvantages. 
 
 An honest seller should neither heighten the buyer's hopes of gain, nor hide from him his 
 knowledge of the incommodities of what he sells. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. 11, c. 12, 
 e q ; Pufendorf, de Jur. N. et G. m, c. ^,%i. _ .... 
 
 In contractibus etiam vitia eorum quae veneunt prodi jubentur, ac nisi intimavent ven- 
 ditor quamvis in jus emptoris transcripserit, doli actione vacuantur. Saint Ambrosius, . 
 de Officiis iii 10. Qui vendentis errorem non redarguit, ut aurum parvo emat, aut qui non 
 profitetur'fugitivum servum, etc. Lactantius. cf. Cicero, de Off. 111, 13, 57- 
 
 267 
 
Bon.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 Plato says; ''The law which provides against the seller's over-reaching ought also to 
 be extended to the workman : and therefore he had best take heed that he does not rate his 
 work at more than 'tis worth, for he cannot be ignorant of the value of it. And certainly 
 it ought to be allowed, in a free State, that a workman should make use of art, which is a 
 plain thing, and far from deceit to impose upon the unskillful." Plato, de Leg. xi, p. g55. 
 
 Bonae memoriae, — L. Lat. Of good memory. Bracton, fol. I4i5. v. Sanae mentis. 
 
 Bondagium, — L- Lat. Bondage ; villeinage ; slavery or servitude. 
 
 Bondagium per aenteriores crines capitis.— L. Lat. Literally: Bondage by the 
 forelocks of the head. " Bondage by the forelock.'' 
 
 A quaint description of this kind of " symbolical delivery " of a freeman into bondage is 
 thus yated : " Quhen ony freeman renuncis his libertie, and makis himselfe ane bond or 
 slave to ane great man in his courte, and makis tradition and delivering of himselfe be giving 
 ane grip of the haire of his forehead." Skene de Verb. Sign, quoting the old book called 
 Quoniam Attachiamentoruvt (c. ' de brevibus,' xxxi, 15). 
 
 Bondi. — L. Lat. Bondmen or villeins. Bondus. — L. Lat. A bondman; a slave. 
 Skene de Verb. Sign. voc. ' Bondagium.' 
 
 Bone gree. — L. Fr. [= Fr. Bongr/.'] Good will; accord; consent, e.g., De son bone 
 gree, — freely, of his own accord. Dyer, i^t). v. Bon gree ou mal gree. 
 
 Bones gents. — L. Fr. Good men (of the jury) ; persons qualified to act as jurors. Mirr. 
 <^- i> § 3 i 9 ^"^ /''C/- 
 
 Bonhomie, — Fr. [bo-no-ml], n. f. Good-nature ; simplicity ; credulity, etc. 
 
 Boni homines. — Lat. Good men ; lawful tnen ; good men and true. 
 
 In European Law: A name given to the tenants of the lord, who judged each other 
 in the lord's courts. 3 Bl. Com. 349. All the nations which adopted the Feudal system, 
 Germany, France and Italy, had a tribunal composed of Xwe\ve good men and true (boni 
 homines), usually the vassals or tenants of the lord, being the equals or peers of the parties 
 litigant. 3 Bl. Com. 349; Esprit des Lois, liv. 30, c. 18. The term has been maintained to 
 the present day. v. Probus homo. Probus et legalis homo. 
 
 Boni et legales homines. Good and lawful men. Lord Mansfield, C. J. Burr. 304. 
 
 BONI ju diets est ampliare jurisdictionem. It is the province of a good 
 judge to amplify or increase the jurisdiction, i Burr. ^04. Otherwise 
 translated: "It is the part of a good judge to enlarge, i. e. use liberally 
 his remedial authority (or to amplify the limits of his jurisdiction)." Chan. 
 Free. 329 ; Wright, J., i Wils. 284 ; Wilmot, C. J., 2 id. 350 ; i Smith's L. C. 
 [497J 616 ; Nares, J., 2 W. Bl. 746 ; Wharton's Max. xiv, and cases. " It is 
 the duty of a judge, when requisite, to amplify the limits of his jurisdiction." 
 Broom's Max. 80; 9 Mees. &^ W. 818 ; 1 C. B. n. s. 255 ; 4 Bing. JV. C. 233 ; 
 4 Scott, N. Ji. 22g ; 17 Mass. 310. 
 
 This maxim, as above worded and literally rendered, might lead the student into error. 
 Lord Mansfield, C. J. (i Burr. 304), suggested that for the word jurisdictionem, justitiam 
 should be substituted, and in reference to it. Sir R. Atkyns, Arg. 13, Si. Tr. 1430, remarked 
 as follows : " It is indeed commonly said boni judices est ampliare jurisdictionem. But I take 
 that to be the better advice which was given by the Lord Chancellor Bacon to Mr. 
 Justice HuTTON upon the swearing him one of the Judges of the Court of Common 
 Pleas — that he would take care to contain the jurisdiction of the court within the ancient 
 mere-stones without removing the mark." Bacon's Works, vol. vii, p. 271. 
 
 The true maxim of English Law accordingly is " to amplify its remedies, and, without 
 usurping jurisdiction, to apply its rules to the advancement of substantial justice ; 
 "the principle, therefore, upon which courts of law act is, to administer justice to a 
 party who can make that justice appear, by enlarging the legal remedy, if necessary, in order 
 to attain the justice of the case ; for the Co m m on Law is the birthright of the 
 subject, and bonus judex secundum aequum et bonum juiicat, et aequitatem stricto juri prae- 
 fert, per BuLLER, J,, 4 T. R. 344. 
 
 " I commend the judge, that seems fine and ingenious, so it tend to right and equity, and 
 
 namely, that in these cases of captious misnomers doth mould the small disorders of the 
 
 . name to make good the contract and bargain. And I condemn them, that either out of 
 
 pleasure to show a subtle wit, will destroy, or out of incuriousness or negligence will not 
 
 labor to support the act of the party by the art or act of the law." Per Lord Hobart, Hob. 
 
 268 
 
Bon.] ' JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 125. "I do exceedingly commend the judges that are curious and almost subtle * * * 
 to invent reasons and means to make acts according to the just intent of the parties, and to 
 avoid wrong and injury, which by rigid rules might be wrought out of the act." Per Lord 
 HoBART, Hob.2Tj ; cited per Turner, V.-C, q Hare, 57. Optima est lex, etc. Lord Bacon. 
 The rule in the Civil Law is: Bonae fidei non congruit de apicibus juris disfiu- 
 tare. UlpIANUS, Dig. xvii, \, fr. 29, § 4. j r 
 
 BONI J u diets ampliare justitiam. It is the province or duty of a good 
 judge to enlarge, amplify or extend justice. Per Lord Mansfield, i 
 Burr. 304 ; Wilmot, C. J., 2 Wih. 341, 350. 
 
 "The true text is (as above quoted), and not yanV2V/jo«^?«, as it has been often cited." 
 Per Lord Mansfield, supra, u. the maxim as quoted above preceding this, and the cases 
 there cited. 
 
 BONI J u diets est eausas litium derimere. It is the duty of a good judge to 
 remove the causes of litigation. 2 Co. Inst. 304. 
 Legal remedies Should be so employed as at once to put an end to the grievance com- 
 plained of, without giving occasion to new suits for the same matter. Interest reipublicae ut 
 sit finis litium. Co. Litt. 303. 
 
 BONI j udi cis est judicium sine dilatione mandare executioni. It is the duty 
 of a good judge to cause judgment to be executed without delay. Co. 
 Litt. 2%^b J Broom's Max. ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 BO'Hl J udi c i s est lites dirimere. It is the duty of a good judge to put an 
 end or stop to lawsuits {i. e. to discourage litigation). 4 Co. 15. 
 BONI j udi cis est lites dirimere, ne lis ex lite oriatur. It is the duty of a 
 good judge to put an end to litigation, i. e. to discourage litigation, that 
 suit may not grow out of suit. 5 Co. 31a, in Coulter's case; Broom's Max.; 
 Wingate' s Max. 179, § 6. 
 
 BONI j udi cis est lites dirimere, ne lis ex lite oritur ; et interest reipublicae jit 
 sint fines litium. It is the duty of a good judge to put an end to litiga- 
 tion, i. e. to discourage litigation, that suit may not grow out of suit ; and it 
 concerns the State that there be an end of lawsuits. 4 Co. 15; 5 id. ^la; 
 Lofft's Max. 49 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 The several maxims above quoted embody one fundamental principle as to the adminis- 
 tration of jurisprudence, viz.: the discouragement of lawsuits and the prevention of strife. 
 The English Common Law contains the inherent principle and power to enlarge and 
 amplify its remedies (ubi jus ibi remediuni), and, without usurping jurisdiction, to apply its 
 rules to the advancement of justice. While Optima est lex quae mimmu?n relinquit arbitno 
 judicis : optimus judex qui minimum sibi. Bacon's Aph. 46. cf. 9 Mecs. 6^ W. 818; 6 Scott, 
 N. R. 180. 
 
 And although the law should be vindicated by speedy execution, yet it should not be so 
 employed that suit may grow out of suit («<? lis ex lite oriatur), nor be so applied as to fur- 
 ther litigation ; for ' componere lites,' — the prevention of iniquitous and vexatious litigation, 
 is more the aim of an enlightened jurisprudence than ' discordias alere,' — the stirring up of 
 unjust strife. 
 
 Bonis nocet quisquis pepercer'it mali.'i. He injures the good who spares the 
 wicked. "Misplaced sympathy is an injury committed against society." Publius Syrus. 
 
 Bonis non amovendis. ■"■ Breve de bonis non amovendis, p. 278. 
 
 Bonis quod bene fit haud perit. What's kindly done to worthy men isn't thrown 
 away. Plautus, Rudens, iv, 3, 2. "Good deeds are never ill bestowed." 
 
 Bonitas atis, /. \bonus.\ The good quality of a thing ; goodness, excellence. Bonitas 
 agrorum, — the excellence of the fields or country. Cicero, Agr. iii, 3 fin. Bonitas praedi- 
 orum, — the excellence of the farms or estates. Cicero, Ros. Com. v'n fin. Bonitas verbo- 
 rum, — the goodness or excellence of words. Cicero, Or. xviii, 59. Of character: 
 Good, honest or friendly, agreeable conduct ; goodness, virtue, integrity, friendliness, kind- . 
 ness, benevolence. Bonitasque vostra adjutans aique aeqnaniinitas, — your good-will and 
 candor seconding it. Terentius, Phormio, Prol.fin. 
 
 269 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 BONITAS tota aestimabitur cinn pars evincitur. The goodness, or good 
 quality, or value of the whole will be estimated when a part is proved. 
 V. 5 Johns. (N. Y.) R. 49-56. '''' Ab uno disce omnis." Virgil, Aen. ii, 65. 
 The same rule has been expressed in this form : 
 
 BONITATIS aestimationem faciendam ciimpars evincitur. An estimation of the 
 good quality of a thing is to be made when a part is proved, v. 5 Johns. 
 Bonne foi. — Fr. Good faith. = Lat. Bona fides. 
 Bono et nial5. — Lat. For good and evil. v. De bono et malo. 
 
 'Bono ingenio me esse orndtum, quam aura multo mavolo, 
 
 — Plautus, Poenalus, i, 2, 88. 
 I had rather by far that I was adorned with a good disposition than with gold. 
 
 Invidin in 7ne nunguajn innaia^st. neque maliiia. * 
 
 Bono ingenio me esse ornatatn^ quafn auro ntulto mavolo . 
 
 A urum in fortuTta invenitur. naturd ingeniutn bonunt. 
 
 Bonant ego quam heatayn 7ne esse nimio diet jnavoio. — Plautus, Poen. i, 2, 87-go, 
 Envy was never inbred in me, nor yet malice or spitefulness : I had rather by far that I was 
 adorned with a good disposition than with gold. Gold is met with by1uck,agood disposi- 
 tion is found by nature. I very much' prefer for myself to be called good than fortunate. 
 
 BONO publico usucapio introducta est, ne scilicet quarundam rerum diu, et fere 
 semper incerta dominia essent, guum sufficeret dominis ad inquirendas res suas 
 statuti temporis spatium. Gtavs, Dig. xW, ^,fr. i. Us u caption was intro- 
 duced for the public good, namely, that the ownership of certain property might 
 not continue to be uncertain long and almost forever, since a period of fixed 
 time (an established period of time) would be sufficient for owners to inquire 
 after their own property. [ F. J. M.] 
 
 It is upon this reason as well as the negligence of the proprietor to claim his goods again, 
 that the Roman lawyers have founded the right of prescription, cf. Pufendorf, de Jar. JV. 
 et G. iv, 12, § 2. 
 
 BONORUM appellatio aut naturalis, aut civilis est j naturaliter bona ex eo 
 dicuntur, quod beant, hoc est beatos faciunt ; beare est prodesse. In bonis 
 autem nosiris computari sciendum est, non solum quae dominii nostra sunt, sed et si 
 bond fide a nobis possideantur, vel superficiaria sint. Aeque bonis adnumerabitur, 
 etiam si quid est in actionibus, petitionibus, prosecutionibus j nam haec omnia in bonis 
 esse videntur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 49. The term goods {or property, 
 or wealth — bona) is either of natural or of civil import. They are naturally 
 called goods from the fact that they bless or enrich, that is, they make us opu- 
 lent or wealthy ; to prosper is to be useful (or to do good, to benefit). But it 
 is to be known that among our goods or wealth are to be computed not only 
 those things which are in or under our right of ownership, but also those which 
 are possessed by us, if in good faith, or may be superficiary {i. e. situated on 
 another man's land). In like manner there shall be added by way of increase 
 to goods or wealth, if any thing also exists in right of actions, claims or prose- 
 cutions ; for all these things appear to be in the nature of goods or wealth, cf. 
 Mackeldey, Civil Law, % 259 {b). v. § 265, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 BONORUM appellatio, sicut hereditatis, universitatem quandam ac jus succes- 
 sionis, et non singulares res demonstrant. Africanus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 208. 
 The term goods or property, like that of inheritance, signifies a whole (univer- 
 sitas, a whole number of things, an entire property) and the right of succession, 
 and not single or particular things, v. 3 Kent's Com. 402, note i. [F. J. M ] 
 Bonorum cessio. A cession, giving up of goods or property, v. Cessio bonorum. 
 270 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 Bonoriim distractio. A dividing of goods or property, v. Distractio bonorum 
 Bonorum emptio. A buying or purchase of goods, v. Emftio. 
 Eniptio et venditio contrahitur ckm depretio, etc. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 139. 
 Bonorum forisfactura. — L. Lat. A forfeiture of goods. Flela, ii, 65, § 8. 
 
 BONORUM igitur possessionem ita recti definemus : Jus persequendi 
 retinendique patrimonii, sive rei, quae cujusque, quum moritur, fuit. Ulpi- 
 ANUS, £>ig. xxxvii, i,fr. 3, § 2. We therefore thus rightly define the possession 
 of goods or property : The right of pursuing and holding the 
 patrimony, or thing, that of whom it was when he died. 
 
 Uli lANus adds in />-. 3,83. Invito autem nemini bonorum possessio acquiritur. § 7. Acquirere quis 
 bonorum possessionem potest, vel per semet ipsum, vel per alium. Quodsi me non mandante bono- 
 rum possessio mibi petita sit, tunc competet, quum ratum habuero id, quodactum est. Denique si ante deces- 
 sero, quam ratum habeam, nulla dubicatio est, quin non competet mmi bonorum possessio, quia neque ego 
 ratum habui, neque heres mens ratum habere potest, quum ad eum non transeat jus bonorum possessionis. 
 §9. In bonorum possessione sciendum est, jus esse accrescendi ; proinde si plures sine, quibus bono- 
 rum possessio competit, quorum unus admisit bonorum possessionem, ceteri non admiserunt. {/r, 4, 
 Gaius.) — veluti quod spreverunt jus sum, aut tempore bonorum possessionis finitio exclusi sunt, aut ante 
 mortui sunt, quam petierunt bonorum possessionem, {/r. s, Ulpianus.) — ei qui admisit, accrescent etiam liac 
 portiones, quae ceteris competerent, si petiissent bonorum possessionem, (/r. 7, § r, Ulpianus.) I m p u b e s 
 nee bonorum possessionem admittere, nee judicium sine tutoris auctoritate accipere potest, quia tutor pupiilo 
 et pater infanti tilio bonorum possessionem petere possunt. {/r. 8, Paulus.) Tutor autem bonorum posses- 
 sionem pupiilo competentem repudiare non potest, quia tutori petere permissum est, non etiam repudiare, 
 {/r. 10, Paulus.) In bonorum possessionibus juris ignorantia non prodest, etc. (See this/r. in place, under 
 In bonorum possessionibus^ etc.) 
 
 Ulpianus adds in fr. 3,83. Tlie possession of goods or property is acquired in no one against his will . 
 8 7. One can acquire possession of goods or property either in person or by another. If, without my order, 
 the possession of goods was claimed or sought for me, then it will belong to me when I have ratified what was 
 done. Finally, if I shall have died before I have made a ratification, there is no doubt that the possession of 
 the goods or property does not belong to me, because I had not ratified the act, nor can my heir do so, since 
 the right to the possession of the property does not pass to him. LP". ^ • M.] 
 
 i^"The other yVr. and §g may be found elsewhere in loco. 
 
 Bonorum possessio. Possession of goods or property. 
 
 Bonorum possessio est jus possessionis, certo ordine certoque titulo acquisita. Isidorus, OrzV. v, cap. 
 25, § 6. Possession of goods is a right of possession acquired in a certain order and through a certain title, 
 cf . Mackeld. Civil Law, §8 657-661, and the authorities, ed. 1883. 
 
 Bonorum possessio ab intestato. The possession of property upon or in case of 
 intestacy. Ulpianus, Reg. xxviii, §§ 7, 13. 
 
 Bonorum possessio contra tabulas. The possession of property in opposition to the 
 testament. Ulpianus, Reg. xxvii, § 3 ; Dig. xxxvii, tit. 4. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term was applied to the right of succeeding by the posses- 
 sion of goods, property — not only the inheritances of intestates, but of those also who died 
 testate. It was not strictly due by the Civil Law, but was granted by the Praetor upon a 
 principle or principles of equity. Justinian. Inst, iii, tit. 10, ' de Bonorum Possessionibus' ; 
 Ulpianus, et al.. Dig. xxxvii, tit. i, ' de Bonorum Possessionibus' j Heineccius, Elem. Jur. 
 Civ. lib. 3, tit. 10, §§ 714, 715 ; Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ iig, 120, 125, 126, 129, 135 ; iii, ib. %% 32, 
 35, 80 ; Ulpianus, Reg. xxviii, §§ 1-13. This was a species of succession very similar to 
 the modern right of administration. Hallifax, Anal. b. 2, c. ii, note 8. v. Mackeldey. 
 
 BONORUM possessio {possessione) admissa commoda et incommoda heredi- 
 taria, itemque dominium rerum, quae in his bonis sunt, trihuit {tribuitur); nam 
 haec ojnnia bonis sunt conjuncta; (fr. 2.) in omnibus enim vice heredum bonorum 
 possessores habentur. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxvii, T.,frr. i, 2. In the possession of 
 goods or property the hereditary advantages and disadvantages (the benefits and 
 losses) are admitted, and likewise the ownership of those things which are in 
 these goods or property, is conceded with or bestowed upon it ; for all these 
 things are conjoined in the goods or property ; (fr. 2) for in every respect the 
 possessor of the goods or property is considered (to have or hold) like an heir 
 {i. e. he is deemed the owner). 
 Out of this was drawn the terse maxim in Common Law: 
 
 BONORUM possessio commoda et incommoda tribuit. The possession of 
 property grants (carries with it) the advantages and disadvantages. 
 
 271 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 Secundum naturam est commoda cujusque rei eum sequi, quern sequuntur incommoda. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, iTtfr. lo ; Phillimore's Princ. andMax.Jur. xxvi, p. 138 sq. 
 
 BONORUM p o s s e s sionis beneficium multiplex est; nam quaedam bonorum 
 possessiones competunt contra voluntatem ; quaedam secundum voluniatem 
 defunctorum, necnon ab intestate habentibus jus legitimum, vel non habentibus propter 
 capitis diminutionem. Quamvis enim jure civili deficiant liberi, qui propter capitis 
 diminutionem desiderunt sui heredes esse, propter aequitatem tamen rescindit eorum 
 capitis diminutionem Fraetor. Legum quoque tuendarum causa dat bonorum posses- 
 sionem. Paulus, Dig. xxxvii, i,fr. 6, § i. The benefit arising from the pos- 
 session of goods or property is manifold : for the possession of some goods or 
 property accrue contrary to a will ; some in accordance with the will of the 
 dead, and also to those who have a lawful right on account of intestacy, or to 
 those who do not have it on account of the loss of civil or political life, i. e. loss 
 of a status or civil qualification (v. Capitis diminutio). For although by the 
 Civil Law there may be a failure of children who on account of the deprivation 
 of civil rights have ceased to be heirs of one, the Praetor rescinds their loss of 
 status or loss of civil rights. The cause or consideration of defending the laws 
 also gives the possession of goods or property. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Bonorum pOSSeSSiO, ««' dm re, aut sine re. Possession of goods cr property, 
 either "with benefit" or "without benefit." Ulpian. Reg. xxviii, § 13; Gaius, Inst, ii, 
 g§ 148, 149 ; iii, §§ 35-37. cf. Mackeldey, §§ 660, 661 (Dropsie). 
 
 Bonorum pOSSeSSio contra tabulas. Possession of goods «?- property in opposi- . 
 tion or contrary to the provisions of the testament. Ulpian. Reg. xxviii, §§ 2, 3 ; Justinian. 
 Inst, iii, 9, § 3. cf. Mackeldey, § 659 (Dropsie). 
 
 Bonorum pOSSessiO intestati . Possession of goods or property upon intestacy. 
 Ulpian. Reg. xxviii, §§ 7, 13 ; Mackeldey, § 659 (Dropsie). v. Lex XII. Tab. v, fr. 4. 
 
 Bonorum pOSSessio secundum tabulas. Possession of property in accordance with 
 the provisions of the testament. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 119 ; Ulpianus, Regl. xxiii, § 6 ; id. ib. 
 xxviii, § 5 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 9, § 3. cf. Mackeldey, Civil Law, §§ 659, 725 seq. (Dropsie). 
 
 Bonorum pOSSesSOres. The possessors of the property. 
 
 In the Civil Law: = Those whom the Praetor recognized as successors, although 
 they had not the hereditas of the Civil Law. Gaius, Inst, iii, §§ 78-81. cf. id. iv, § 34. 
 
 Bonum, i, «., or in plur. Bona, orum, n. [bonus.] A (moral) good or blessing; a gift, 
 
 valuable possession, prosperity, happiness. ClCES.0, Tusc. v, 30 ; id. Acad, i, 5 ; id. Fin. 
 
 V, 6 et al. A good ; an advantage or benefit. = Commodum, — utility, profit, good ; bonum 
 publicum, q. v. 
 
 BONUM defendentis ex integrd causd. The good, /. e. success, of a defendant 
 depends on a perfect case. Otherwise quoted: 
 
 BONUM defendentis ex integrd causd; malum ex quolibet de/ectu. The good, 
 /. e. success, of a defendant depends on a perfect case ; his loss arises from 
 some defect. 1 1 Co. 68 ; Halkerston's Max. 
 
 Bonum et aequum. Good and honorable ; just and equitable, v. Aequum et bonum. 
 
 BONUM necessarium extra te'^minos necessitatis non est bonum. A necessary 
 good (a good required by necessity) is not good beyond the limits of such 
 necessity. A maxim applied to commendams in certain cases. Hob. 144, 491. 
 Bonum factum est. I' is a good deed, i. e. well done, fortunate. Plautus, Poen. prol. r6 . 
 Bonum publicum. The public weal ; public advantage. Sallust, C. 38 ; Plautus, 
 Most, ii, I, 23. The public or common good. Bacon's Arg. Imp. of Waste, Law Tr. 217. 
 272 
 
Bon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bon. 
 
 Bonus. [Lat. bonus, good, etc.] In general: A premium paid for a loan, or for a 
 special favor, or for an extraordinary service, or for a grant. 
 
 In Law: A premium given for what is received, (a.) A premium paid to a grantor or vendor. (6.) A 
 premium given for a charter or other privilege granted to an individual or a company, (c.) An extra dividend 
 paid out of accumulated or extraordinary profits, accruing in the operations of a stock company or private 
 corporation. lo Vesey's Ch. R. 185 ; 7 Simons Cli. R. 634; 2 Spence, Eq. Jur. 569. (<t.) A sum of money paid 
 to an agent in addition to a share in profits or to stated compensation. Webster, (e.) An additional premium 
 paid for the use of money, distinct from and independently of and beyond the legal interest. 24 Conn. R. 147 ; 3 
 Parsons on Contr. 113. (/.) A premium paid (which may be an outright sum or a percentage) to one who 
 indorses or gives accommodation paper. 3 Parsons on Contr. 148 sq. Bonus on loans, when in conflict with 
 usury laws, cf. 3 Parsons on Contr. 1x3, 148. 
 
 Bonus, a, um, adj. Good, beautiful, pleasant, fit, suitable, right, upright, honest, etc. 
 It is the most general designation of every kind of physical, mental or moral excellence. 
 Opposite to malus, evil, bad. Used in every person and in every species of composition. 
 
 In English Law: Good; good in lawr ; unexceptionable, etc. 
 
 Sonus animus in maid rein dimidium est tnali. — Pro v. Good courage 
 in a bad case is half the evil got over. Plautus, Pseudolus, i, 5, 37. 
 
 * * * Sonus atque fidus 
 
 Judex honestum praetttlit utili, 
 
 Hejecit alto dona nocentium 
 
 Vultu, per obstantes catervas 
 
 Explicuit sud victor armd. — Horace, Cami. iv, g, 40. 
 
 The good and upright magistrate has preferred the honorable to the profitable, and has 
 
 rejected with a disdainful brow the bribes of wicked men (the guilty), and victorious, makes 
 
 for himself a way by his own arms amid opposing crowds. 
 
 Explicuit sua anna — maybe rendered more literally, though less intelligibly, 'displays his arms,' 
 The 'opposing crowd s' are the difficulties that beset the path of the upright man, as well from the 
 
 inherent wickedness of his own nature as from the arts of the flatterer, and the machinations of secret foes. 
 
 Calling, however, virtue and tirmness to his aid. he employs these arms of purest temper against the host that 
 
 surrounds him, and comes off victorious from the conflict 
 
 ** Perpetual magistrate is he. 
 
 Who keeps strict justice full in sight ; 
 With scorn rejects th' offender's fee. 
 
 Nor weighs convenience against right; 
 Who bids the crowd at awful distance gaze. 
 And virtue's arms victoriously displays." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Bonus gestns. Lit., A good carriage, posture, motion, gesture, behavior. 
 
 In the Jurists: A good management, favorable administration. v.Gestus. 
 
 In old English Law: Good abearing (or abearance). The exact carriage or good 
 behavior of a subject to the king and his liege people, to which men were sometimes anciently 
 bound, upon their evil course of life or loose demeanor. 
 
 He who was bound to this was more strictly bound than to the peace ; (or the peace was not broken with- 
 out an actual affray, battery, etc. (vixando et fugnando); but this might be forfeited by the number of a 
 man's company or by his or their weapons. Lanih. Eirenarik,\\\i.\\.c.^\ Cowell; Termes de ta Ley. 
 
 A recognizance, with sureties, for the good abearance or good behavior includes security 
 for the peace and somewhat more. By the statute 34 Edw. III. c. i, the justices are empowered to bind over 
 to the good behavior toward the king and his people all of them that be not of good fame, wherever 
 they be found \ {,v . i E. if B. 471. in which this subject was examined by Lord Campbeli, ; also j. B. b" B. 
 548] ; to the intent that the people be not troubled or endamaged, nor the peace diminished, nor merchants and 
 others passing by the highways of the realm, be disturbed nor put in the peril which may happen by such 
 offenders. Under the general words of this expression 'that be not of good fame," it is holden that 
 a man may be bound to his good behavior for causes of scandal, contra bonos mores, as well as contra 
 pacem: as, for haunting bawdy-houses with women of bad fame; or for keeping such women in his own 
 house; or for words tending to scandalize the government, or in abuse of the officers of justice, especially in 
 the execution of their office. Thus, also, a justice may bind over all night-walkers, eaves-droppers, such as 
 keep suspicious company or are reported to be pilferers or robbers, such as sleep in the day and wake in the 
 night, common drunkards, whore-masters, the putative fathers of bastards, cheats, idle vagabonds, and other 
 persons whose misbehavior may reasonably bring them within the general words of the statutes as persons 
 not of good fame — an expression, it must be owned, of so great a latitude as leaves much to be deter- 
 mined by the discretion of the magistrate himself. 4 Bl. Com. 256. cf. Broom if Had. Com. iv, 325, 331. 
 
 In American Law: This subject will be found covered by statutes in the several states of the Ameri- 
 can Union, and in the elementary treatises published for the guidance of magistrates in criminal cases, and 
 also in most of the works on criminal law. 
 
 [35] ^73 
 
Bon.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bot. 
 
 Bonus et diligens paterfamilias. Lit., A good and diligent father or head of a family. 
 Transf., A good and diligent man of affairs or business man. cf. Wharton on Agency, 
 § 273 ; Wharton on Negligencey §§ 31, 460. 
 
 Bonus paterfamilias. Lit., A good, prudent father or head of a family. Transf., 
 A good man of affairs ; a good business man. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 301. cf. Wharton on 
 Agency, § 779 ; Wharton on Negligence, § 31. 
 
 BONUS judex secundum aequuvi et bonum judicat, et aequitdtem stricto juri 
 \strictae legi\ praefert. A good judge judges or decides according to 
 equity and virtue [or justice and right] and prefers equity to strict law. Co. 
 Litt. 2^; per Buller, J., 4 T. R. 344 ; Wi?igate's Max. 57, § 8 ; Broom's Max. 
 81; 2 Q.B.?,2,1. 
 
 " I commend the judge who seems fine and ingenious, so it tend to right and equity; and 
 I condemn them who, either out of pleasure to show a subtle wit, will destroy, or out of 
 incuriousness or negligence will not labor to support the act of the party by the art or act of 
 the law." Lord Hobart, 125. v. Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem. 
 
 Bonus vir, = Gr. HaXo'i HdyaBoi. Comprehending all the excellent qualities of an 
 honorable and good man. 
 
 Quos dicaiH b o n o s Jterspicuum est : Omnibus eniin viatutibus instrucios et ornaios titru sapzentes, tunt 
 virus bonos dicimtis. Cicero, Tusc. Disji. \, 10. It is clear what I mean by good rule; I call those both 
 wise and good men who are provided and adorned with every virtue, cf. Cicero, de Legf^. \, 14, 41; ib. 
 18 et saep. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A good man; an honest, upright man; a man of integrity. 
 Brissonius. =Bonus homo. 
 
 Bordagium, — L. Lat. [-|- Sax. bord, a house, cottage or table.] A species of base tenure 
 by which certain lands, known as bord lands, were anciently held in England, the ten- 
 ants being termed bordarii. Co. Litt. 5^/ Spelman, Gloss.; Kennett's Gloss. Paroch. Antiq. 
 
 Note. — These bordarii appear to have been tenants of a less-servile condition, who had a cottage and land 
 assigned to them on condition of supplying their lord with poultry, eggs, and such-like small matters for his 
 table. Cowett , Winshaw. 
 
 Borgh-breoh. =Burgh-brech, V. h. t., p. 295. 
 
 Borough English or Burgh English, v. Burgh Engioyse, p. 295. 
 
 Bos, bovis, c. An ox, bullock ; a cow. Cato, R. R. Ixx sq. v. Boves, p. 275. 
 S6s in lingua,. An ox on his tongue. Trop., Tongue-tied by bribery. 
 An ancient expression applied to a man who had been bribed ; as the Athenians had money 
 stamped with the figure of an ox. 
 
 BOBCagium, — L. Lat. \-\-boscus.] Boscage; browse-wood. 
 
 In English Law; The food which wood and trees yield to cattle ; browse-wood, 
 mast, etc. Cowell; Spelman. An ancient duty of wind-fallen wood in the forest. Manwood. 
 
 BOSCUS, — L. Lat. \\.\.i\. bosco, -\-Gx. p66uiiv ,\.o i&e.i.; Yt. bois.'\ Wood. 
 
 In old English Law; Wood generally; all manner of wood. Reg. Orig. lb, 2; 
 Mag. Carta, 9 Hen. III. c. 2i; id. Johan. c. 31; 2 Co. Inst. 36; Co. Litt. ^,b. Wood growing; 
 a wood (sylva). Cart, de Forest, 9 Hen. III. cc. 1, 2. 
 
 Bote, — Sax. = L. Fr. Estovers, v. 2 Bl. Com. 35 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 23. 
 
 Bottomage. — L. Fr. Bottomry. The word Bottomry is founded upon an ancient 
 usage, still in some force, which considers the bottom or keel of the ship as the ship. 2 
 Hagg. Adm. 53. v. Ceo est bottomage , etc. 
 
 In French Law: Contract a la grosse aveniure, — a contract for an extraordinary risk. 
 
 In Maritime Law: An agreement entered into by the owner of a ship or [the master 
 asj his agent, whereby, in consideration of a sum of money advanced for the use of the ship, 
 the borrower undertakes to repay the same with interest if the ship terminate her voyage 
 successfully, and binds or hypothecates the ship for the performance of this contract. 
 Smith's Merc. Lam, 261; Broom dr' Had. Com. iii, 2og. v. Wait's note (540). Originally, the 
 contract was made and the bond executed chiefly, perhaps only, by the master in a foreign 
 port, to raise funds to enable the ship to return to her home port. 2 Parsons on Contr. 280. 
 Hypothecation by bottomry is at once one of the most ancient and one of the most 
 common transactions of shipping. It is almost, if not quite, always effected by an instru- 
 
 274 
 
Bou.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 ment known as a bottomry bond, which is in the nature of a pledge or mortgage of 
 the vessel; and is a contract for a loan of money on the bottom of the ship (her keel or 
 bottom is pledged partem pro toto), at an extraordinary interest upon maritime risks, to be 
 borne by the lender, for a voyage or for a definite period. Per Story, J., 2 Sumner's R. 157, 
 186 ; 3 Kent's Com. 354. Bottomry is a contract of a peculiar character, differing essen- 
 tially from an ordinary loan, i Curtis' R. 340, 349. v. U. S. Big. 'Bottomry and 
 Respondentia.' If the ship be totally lost, the lender loses his money; but if she 
 return safely, he recovers his principal together with the interest agreed upon, however it 
 may exceed the legal rate of interest, which is allowed as valid in all trading nations for the 
 benefit of commerce, and as ^.pretium periculi for the extraordinarv hazard run by the lender. 
 2 Bl. Com. 457 ; Broom <y Had. Com. iii, 435 ; Abbott on Shipp. p. 2, c. 3 ; i C. L. R. 6l6. 
 They are certainly and eminently maritime contracts, and admiralty has complete and exclu- 
 sive jurisdiction over all bottomry bonds. 2 Parsons on Contr. 280, 281. v. Respondentia. 
 
 Bourg. — Fr. A market town ; a borough, town or village. 
 
 In French Law; An assemblage of houses surrounded with walls ; a fortified town 
 or village. Originally, any aggregation of houses from the greatest city to the smallest 
 hamlet. A corporate town. 
 
 Bourg, — L. Fr. I L. Lat. burgus.\ A borough ; a town that is not a city. Co. Litt. \Q&b, 
 logay 1 Bl. Com. 114, 115 ; i StepA. Com. n6 ; 3 id. 191. z/. Burgus, p. 296. 
 
 Bourgeois. — Fr. The inhabitant of a bourg. A person entitled to the privileges of a 
 municipal corporation ; a burgess. 
 
 Bourgeoisie. — Fr. In old French Law: The citizens of a fo«),j-, spoken of col- 
 lectively. In later French Law: The privilege or franchise of being a burgess ; 
 citizenship. 
 
 Bout. — Fr. An end ; a butt ; the end of a piece of land; aline limiting at the end. 
 Bouts et cSt/s, — ends and sides ; buts and bounds. Guyot, Inst. Feod. ch. 3, § I. 
 
 Bove de terre. — L. Fr. =L. Lat. Bovata (or Bovatus) terrae. 
 
 In old English Law: An ancient measure of land ; as much as an ox could till or 
 go over. Co. Litt. say Shep. Touch. 93. Called by some fifteen acres. Co. Litt. 69^. In 
 Scotch Law: Called an oxgang or oxengang; oxgate or oxengate of land = twelve 
 acres. Spelman, Gloss, v. BelPs Diet. 
 
 BoTeS, um. \^\Mr. -\- bos, bovis.] In general ; Oxen, bullocks, v. Bos,' p. 274, 
 
 BOVES majis armentarum, quam jumentoricm generis appellantitr. Pompo- 
 Nius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 89 pr. Oxen are called rather of a herd race than 
 draught cattle. 
 
 Sovi cUteUas imponere. — Pro v. To put a pack-saddle upon the ox. Trop. . 
 To assign one a duty for which he is not qualified. 
 
 Clitellae bovi sunt iinpositae: plane non est nostrum onus, sed /'erenius. Cicero, E/>. ad 
 Atticum, V, 15, 3. The pack-saddles are placed upon the ox : clearly the burden is not mine (or ours), but we 
 shall tsear. 
 
 QuiNTiLlAN changed the form of the proverb ; Non nostrum, inguit, onus ; /ids clitellas. Quintilian, 
 V, II, 21. The burden is not mine (or ours) ; the ox, as they say, is carrying the panniers. 
 
 Note. — The panniers or pack-saddles were for asses or mules, not for oxen. 
 
 Brace de la mer. — L- Fr. An arm of the sea. = L. Lat. Brachiut,i maris. 
 A portion of the sea where the tide flows and reflows. 5 Co. 107 ; 7 Peters' R. 331, arg. ; 
 I JCent's Com. 26-30; LLale, de Jur. Maris, pars. 1, c. 4 ; Angell on Tide Waters, 73, c. 3. 
 
 BRACHIUM maris: in. quo unusquisque subjectus domini regis habet, et 
 habere debet liberam piscariam. An arm of the sea: in which every 
 subject of the lord the king hath, and ought to have, free fishery. Com. Law 
 Max. V. Libera piscaria. 
 
 Brachium seculare aut civile. The secular or civil power. 
 
 BrangfWyn. — Brit. A name, signifying a white crow, given to the statute 4 Hen. 
 IV. c. 4 I 10 Co. 113, Legat's case. 
 
 Bref.— O. Fr. and L. Fr. A writ. Bref k prendre la terre,— a writ to take the land. 
 Pet. Ass. § 51. V. A prendre. Brofe d'annuitie,— a writ of annuity. Brefe d'cntre,— a 
 
 writ of entrj'. Britt. c. 114. = Bief de entree, -f^et. Assaver, § 15. v. Breve de ingressu. 
 
 27s 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Brefe de droit, — a writ of right. Britt. passim. Brefe d'erroiir. — L. Fr. A writ of 
 
 error, z/. Breve de errore, p. 281. 
 
 Brephotroplieum, n. = Gr. PpEiporpocpsiov. A foundling hospital. Justinian. Cod. 
 1,2, ig. Brephotrophus, i, m. =Gt. Pps<poTp6q}oi. One who brings up foundlings. 
 Justin. Cod. i, 3, 42, § g. BrephotropM. = Gr. fipeqioTpocpoi, from fipecpoi, an infant, 
 and rpo<pd^, a nurse. Persons appointed to take charge of foundlings. Justinian. Cod. 
 i, 3 in tit. ; Id. i, 3, 46, §§ i, 3. 
 
 Breve, [n. -|- brevis (abl. breve) -\- brevio, Ire, to shorten, abridge, abbreviate.] (plur. 
 brevia.) Brief, short,. concise, narrow, etc. (freq. and class.). 
 
 In Common Law i A writ ; an original writ {breve originale), by which all actions in 
 the Superior Courts of England were commenced ; the rule being : Non potest quis sine 
 brevi agere. = No one can sue without a writ. Bracton. fol. 413^, § 2. Nemo sive actione 
 experitur, et hoc non sive brevi sive libello conventionali ^ quia nemo de libero tenemento suo 
 sive breve vel ejus pertinentiis, nisi gratis voluerit respondebit. = No one proceeds without 
 an action, and this not without a writ and a formal libel, because no one shall answer for 
 his freehold or its appurtenances without a writ, unless he is gratuitously willing. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 112, § I. cf. 3 Bl. Com. 272-3 ; Steph. PI. 5, 6. 
 
 In a larger sense: Any writ or precept of the king in writing, under seal, issuing 
 out of the Chancery or other court, whereby he commanded any thing to be done for the 
 furtherance of justice and good order ; comprising judicial (breve judiciale) as well as original 
 writs. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 A commission to a judge or justice of a Superior Court had the form of a breve, and 
 was so called. Bracton, fol. io8i5, c. 11, §§ 3-ig. 
 
 In the Roman Law; These ^/v«a were in the form of letters or epistles. Titius, 
 AuLO suo Salulem. Titius to his friend A u 1 u s , Greeting. In the early English brevia 
 this form was also given. Rex, justiciariis suis, etc., Salutem, — the king to his justices, 
 etc.. Greeting; and this form is retained to some degree in the modern writs. Spelman, 
 Gloss. Bracton states the reason why the name breve was given : 
 
 Dicitur ideb breve, quia rem de qua agitur, et intentionem petentis, paucis verbis breviter enarrat, 
 sicut facit regula juris, quod rem quod est breviter enarrat, et ideb videtur quod sine brevi sive libello non 
 debet quis experiri lu judicio, ne mutari possit petentis intentio vel modus petendi. 
 
 It is called a writ {breve) because the subject-matter concerning which it is brought, and the intention or 
 claim of the demandant, is briefly set forth in a few words, just as a rule of law does, which states briefly 
 the thing, what it is, and therefore it appears that without a writ or a libel no one ought to proceed in judg- 
 ment, so that the claim of the petitioner or his mode of petitioning may not be changed. Bracton, iii, tr. i, 
 
 C. 12, § 2, fol. I12fZ. 
 
 Bracton also states, in another place, the reason in this form : 
 
 Breve quidem, ctim sit formatum ad similitudinem regulae juris, quia breviter et paucis verbis intentionem 
 proferentis exponit et explanat, sicut regula juris, rem quae est breviter enarrat. Non tamen ita breve esse 
 debeat, quin rationem et vim intentionis contineat. 
 
 A writ truly, when it shall be formed after the likeness of a rule of law, because it briefly exposes or sets 
 forth and explains by a few words the intention or claim of the proferent or claiming party, just as a rule of 
 law expounds that which is the subject-matter. Nevertheless it ought not to be so brief, but that it can 
 contain the reason and force of the intention or claim. Bracton, v, c. 17, S 2, fol. 413^, v. Fteta, ii, c, 13, § 2, 
 stated under Brevia. 
 
 Breve ad admittendum clericum. A writ for admitting a clergyman, clerk or priest. 
 V. Breve de clerico admittendo, p. 279. 
 
 Breve ad inq^uirendum. — L. Lat. A writ to inquire ; a writ of inquiry. 
 
 A judicial writ, commanding inquiry to be made of any thing relating to a cause or matter 
 pending in court. Cowell. v. Breve de inquirendo, p. 284. 
 
 Breve ad C[Tl0d damnum, — L. Lat. A writ as to what damage. 
 
 In English Law: A writ which derived its name from the formal words of the writ, 
 ad quod damnum et quod praejudicium nostrum, et ad quod damnum, et quod praejudicium 
 aliorum, i. e. in relation to what damage or what prejudice of us, and in relation to what 
 damage or what prejudice of others, etc. Reg. Orig. 247, a et seq.; F. N. B. 221. '.'An 
 ancient writ, and well known to the law." L. Blanc, J., 2 M. Ss" S. 236. The writ com- 
 manded the sheriff to inquire by the oaths of jurors as to the damage, etc., before the crown 
 can grant certain liberties, as a fair, market, etc., and it was also formerly had to inquire, 
 etc., for the turning and changing of ancient highways, water-courses, etc. Termes de la 
 Ley ; Winshaw ; Brootn &' /fad. Com. ii, 447 ; 2 Smith's L. C. 220. 
 
 In American Law: A writ under this name is given, in certain cases, to inquire, 
 etc., where lands and tenements are appropriated for public use, etc. v. 2 Rev. Stat. (N. Y.) 
 [588] § 66. It may be issued on applications to build mills, mill-dams, establish or alter 
 roads, ferry-landings, and for other purposes, v. Rev. Stat, of Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, 
 Mississippi, Code of Virginia, and others, v. Kent's Com, 
 
 276 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve casu proviso. — L. Lat. A writ in the case provided. 
 
 A writ of entry, given by the Stat. Gloucester, c. 7, where a tenant in dower alienated in 
 fee, or for life, etc., and it lay for him in reversion against the alienee. F. N. B. 207 ; 
 Roscoe's Real Actions, 94, 95. It is abolished. 
 
 Breve clausum. — L. Lat. A writ close, v. Brevia clausa, 'p. 2()2. 
 
 Breve de admensuratione dotis. A writ for the admeasurement of dower. 
 
 In the English Law: A writ which lies where a widow has assigned to her, by the 
 heir or his guardian, more land as dower, than rightly belongs to her ; commanding the 
 sheriflFto cause the dower to be admeasured. Reg. Orig. 171 ; F.N. B. 148 ; 3 Bl. Com. 183. 
 
 The operation of the writ (which, however, is in a great measure obsolete) is to fix the 
 amount of dower to which the widow is entitled, and to restore the overplus to the heir. 
 Termes de la Ley ; 2 Bl. Com. 136 ; 3 id. 183 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 145, § 1148 ; i Steph. Com. 
 254. 
 
 Breve de admensuratione pasturae. — L. Lat. A writ for the admeasurement of 
 pasture. 
 
 In English Law: A writ which lies between those that have common of pasture 
 appendant, or by vicinage, in cases where any one or more of them surcharges the common 
 with more cattle than they ought. Bracton, fol. 229a/ Termes de la Ley ; 3 Bl. Com. 238 ; 
 Broom Ss' Had Com. iii, 297, v. (q.) ; i Crabb's Real. Prop. 318, g 358 ; 3 Kent's Com. 419 ; 
 Wingate's Max. 74, § 10. v. Superoneratio. 
 
 Breve de aetati probanda.— L. Lat. A writ for proving age. 
 
 An ancient writ which lay to the escbeator or sheriff of a county, to summon a jury to 
 inquire whether the heir of a tenant in capite, claiming his estate on the ground of full age, 
 was, in fact, of age or not. Reg. Orig. 294 ; F. N. B. 257 ; 3 Kent's Com. 505. 
 
 Breve de allocatione faciendae. — L. Lat. A writ for making an allowance. 
 
 In old practice: A writ directed to the lord of the treasury and barons of the 
 exchequer for allowing certain officers, e.g collectors of customs — in their accounts, certain 
 payments made by them. Reg. Orig. 192. 
 
 Breve de annua pensione, — L. Lat. A writ for an annual pension. 
 
 The name of an ancient writ which demanded of the abbot or prior a yearly pension due 
 to the king out of an abbey or priory, for any of the king's chaplains, to be paid to the per- 
 son named in the writ. Reg. Orig. 265^, 307 ; F. N. B. 2'ilG ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Breve de anno redditu.— L- Lat. A writ for an annuity. 
 
 The name of a writ for recovering an annuity, whether payable in money or goods. Reg. 
 Orig. li&bj Fleta, lib. ii, c. 63, § 3 ; F. N. B. 152^ ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 258. 
 
 Breve de apostata capienda.— L. Lat. A writ for taking an apostate. 
 
 The name of an ancient writ which lay against one who, having entered and professed 
 some order of religion, apostatized, left and wandered about the country, contrary to the 
 rules of that order. The writ commanded the sheriff to apprehend him and bring him back 
 to his abbot or prior. Reg. Orig. ^\b, 267 ; F. N. B. 233, 234. 
 
 Breve de arrestandis bonis ne dissipentnr.— L- Lat. A writ to arrest or seize goods 
 that they may not be squandered or dissipated. 
 
 In old practice: A writ which lay to seize the cattle and goods in the hands of a 
 party, and to hold them during the pendency of a suit, to prevent their being made away 
 with. Reg. Orig. 126b. 
 
 Breve de arrestando ipsum qui pecuniam recepit.— L. Lat. A writ for the appre- 
 hension of one who has taken (the king's prest) money. 
 
 The name of an old writ which lay for apprehending one who had taken such money to 
 serve in the wars, and then secreted himself when he should go. Reg. Orig. 24b. 
 
 Breve de assisa COntinuanda.— L. Lat. A writ to continue an assise. Reg. Oi-ig. 217*. 
 
 Breve de assisa proroganda.— L Lat. A writ for proroguing an assize. 
 
 An ancient writ which lay, where one of the parties, in consequence of being employed 
 in the king's service, could not attend ; directed to the justices assigned to take assizes, 
 commanding them to prorogue or postpone an assize to a certain day. Reg. Orig. 207*, 221*. 
 
 Breve de attornatO recipiendo.- L. Lat. A writ for receiving an attorney. 
 An ancient writ which lay to the judges of a court, requiring them to receive and admit 
 an attorney of a party. Reg. Orig. 2bb, 172 et passim , F. N. B. 156/?. 
 
 277 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de audiendo et terminando. — L. Lat. A writ for hearing and determining ; or 
 to hear and determine, v. Oyer and terminer. 
 
 The name of a writ, or more properly a commission, issued to certain justices, to hear and 
 determine cases of treason, felonies, heinous misdemeanor, trespass, riotous breach of the 
 peace, etc. Reg. Orig. 123 et seq. ; 4 Bl. Com, gbg, 270 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 350-2. v. 
 Breve de transgressione, ad audiendam et tenninendam, p. 289. 
 
 Breve de averiis eaptis in withernamium.— L. Lat. A writ for takiiig cattle in 
 
 withernam. 
 
 The name of a writ which lay in a case where the sheriff returned to a pluries writ of 
 replevin, that the cattle or goods, etc., were eloined, i. c. carried away, concealed or other- 
 wise withheld, etc ; by which writ the sheriff was commanded to take other cattle or goods 
 of the defendant in withernam^ i. c. by way of reprisal for the first distress — and detain them 
 until he could replevy the other cattle. Reg. Orig. 32 ; F. N. B. tt)A, 73, E. F. ; 3 Bl. Com. 
 148. This writ is also called Capias in withernam; et v. Withernamium. 
 
 Breve de averiis replegiandis, — L. Lat. A writ for replevying beasts. 
 
 The name of a writ brought by one whose cattle were distrained or put in the pound, 
 directed to the sheriff, demanding him to cause to be replevied the beasts or chattels, etc., 
 which one had taken and unjustly detained from the owner. Reg. Orig. 81. It was other- 
 wise called Breve repligiare de averiis. F. N. B. tiiE. 
 
 Breve de avo. — L. Lat. A writ of ayle or ayel. v. Ayel. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ which lay for an heir to recover the possession of 
 lands of which a grandfather or grandmother was seized in fee-simple on the day of his or 
 her death ; and a stranger entered on that day and abated or dispossessed the heir of the 
 inheritance. F. N. B. 221 D ,■ 3 B/. Com. 186. It was a possessory ancestral writ, i Rose. 
 Real Act. 127. Abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. v,. 27, § 36. 
 
 Breve de bono et malo, — L. Lat. A writ for good and evil. 
 
 In old English Law: It was the course to issue special writs of gaol delivery for 
 each particular prisoner, which Avere called writs de bono et malo. These being found incon- 
 venient or oppressive, a general commission for all the prisoners has long been established 
 in their stead. 2 Co. Inst. 43 ; 4 Bl. Com. 270 ; 4 Steph. Com. 380 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 
 351. •=. de Bein et de Mai. 
 
 Breve de bonis non amovendis. — L. Lat. A writ for not removing goods. 
 
 The name of an ancient local writ directed to the sheriffs of London, commanding them, 
 in cases where a writ of error was brought by a defendant against whom a judgment was 
 recovered, to see that his goods and chattels were safely kept without being removed., while 
 the error remained undetermined, so that execution might be had of them, etc. Reg. Orig. 
 I'ilb ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Breve de CalcetO reparandO, — L. Lat. A writ for repairing a causeway. 
 An ancient writ by which the sheriff was commanded to distrain the inhabitants of a place 
 to repair and maintain a causeway. Reg. Orig. 154. 
 
 Breve de cartis (or chartis) reddendis. — L. Lat. A writ for rendering or re-deliver- 
 ing charters or deeds. It was, in its nature, a writ of detinue of charters. Reg. Orig. 159*/ 
 F. N. B. 13B. 
 
 Breve de catallis reddendis. — L. Lat. A writ for rendering chattels. 
 
 The name of a writ to compel the delivery of a specific chattel unjustly detained from the 
 owner. Reg. Orig. I39i5 ; 0. N. B. 63. It was, in its nature, a writ of detinue. F. N. B. 
 138 ; Reg. Orig. 39. 
 
 Breve de cantione admittenda, — L. Lat. A writ to take security, v. Cautio. 
 
 The name of an ancient writ which lay against a bishop who held an excommunicated 
 person in prison for his contempt, notwithstanding he had offered sufficient security to obey 
 the commands of the church ; commanding the bishop to take such security and release the 
 prisoner. Reg. Orig. 66; F N. B. 63, C. 
 
 Breve de certificando. — L. Lat. A writ for certifying ; or requiring a thing to be cer- 
 tified. \t -was a. ViXnd oi certiorari. Reg. Orig. 151, 1521}. Otherwise called : 
 
 Breve de certiorando. — L. Lat. A writ for certifying or informing. 
 
 The name of a writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to certify to a particular fact. 
 Reg. Orig. 24. 
 
 Brevia de Champertia. — L. Lat. Writs of or in relation to champerty, v. Champertia. 
 
 The name of a writ directed to the justices of the bench, commanding the enforcement of 
 the statute of Champertores (q. v.). Reg. Orig. 183 ; F. N. B. 172. v. De conspiratoribus. 
 
 278 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de Chimino.— I- Lat. A writ of way. v. Chiminus. 
 
 The name of a writ for the enforcement of a right of way {chiminum). Reg. Orig. 155 It 
 is a species of quod pennittat (v. h. t.) 
 
 Breve de clamia admittenda in itinere per attornatum.— L. Lat. A writ in eyre, to 
 
 admit a person's claim by attorney. 
 
 An ancient writ directed to the justices in eyre, commanding them to admit a person's claim 
 by attorney, who could not corhe in person, in consequence of being employed in the king's 
 service. Reg. Orig. \t)b. 
 
 Breve de clerico admittendo.— L. Lat. A writ for admitting a clerk. 
 
 The writ of execution in a quare impedit, directed to the bishop, and commanding him to 
 admit the plaintiffs clerk. It is otherwise called Breve ad admittendum clericum. 3 Bl. Com. 
 413 and note ; 3 Steph. Com. 665 and note. 
 
 Breve de clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando.— 
 
 L. Lat. A writ for discharging a clerk under conviction, from imprisonment in jail, by the 
 default of his ordinary. 
 
 The name of a writ that lay for the delivery of a clerk to his ordinary, that was formerly 
 convicted of felony, by reason his ordinary did not challenge him, according to the privilege 
 of clerks. Reg. Orig. 6g. 
 
 Breve de clerico infra sacros ordines constitute non eligendo in ofSciuni.— L. Lat. 
 A writ concerning a clerk established in holy orders, for not choosing to serve in ofiSce. 
 
 A writ directed to the bailiffs, or those who had, commanding him or them to release a 
 person in holy orders who had been compelled to accept the office of bailiff or beadle, and to 
 desist from their attempts to compel him to discharge the office. Reg. Orig. \%-]b. 
 
 Breve de clerico capto per statutum mercatorium deliberando.— L. Lat. A writ 
 for delivering a clerk arrested on a statute merchant. 
 
 A writ for the delivery of such clerk out of prison, who had been imprisoned upon the 
 breach of a statute merchant. Reg. Orig. I47i5. 
 
 Breve de commnni pastura admensuranda. Also written : 
 
 Breve de communi pastura admensurare. — L. Lat. A writ to admeasure common 
 
 of pasture. Bracton, fol. 3143/ Reg. Orig. 157. 
 
 Breve de COmputO. — L. Lat. A writ of account. 
 
 In the Common Law: An action which lies against a person who by reason of his 
 office, or business, as bailiff, receiver, or guardian, ought to render an account to another, 
 but refuses to do so. F. N. B. 116 ; Co. Litt. 172. 
 
 The old writ of account was called Breve de compute, from the commanding words of the 
 writ: Quod justi et sine dilatione, reddat rationabile computum suum, etc., — that justly and 
 without delay, he render his reasonable account to the plaintiff, or show the court good 
 cause to the contrarj'. Reg. Orig. 135 ; 3 Bl. Com. 162, 163. 
 
 In Modern Practice: It is called an action of account. 3 Reeve's Hist. 77 ; 3 Bl. 
 Com. 162, 163 ; I Tidd's Pr. I, 2 ; I Archb. Nisi Prius, lg6, 197 ; 4 Kent's Com. 359 ; i Sto,y's 
 Eq. Jur. § 442 and note. 
 
 Breve de COnsanguineo. — L. Lat. A writ of consinage or consanguinity. 
 
 The name of an ancestral writ that anciently lay where a man's great great grandfather 
 (termed tresayle) or collateral relative, beyond certain degrees (to both of whom the title 
 cosin was applied), was seized of lands, etc., in fee on the day of his death, and afterward a 
 stranger entered and abated, and so kept out the heir. Reg. Orig. 226 ; F. N. B. 221 ; 3 Bl. 
 Cam. 186 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 127. It is also called Breve de consanguinitate. Co. Litt. xtoa ; 
 I Reeve's History Eng. Law, 363. 
 
 Breve de COnspiratione.— L- Lat. A writ concerning a conspiracy. 
 
 A writ which lay where two or more persons maliciously and covinously conspired to 
 indict a person falsely, and afterward he who was indicted was acquitted. Reg. Orig. 134; 
 F. N. B. 114 D, llsG ; 3 Bl. Com. 126 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 328. v. Conspiraiio. 
 
 Breve de COnSUetudinibus et servitiis.— L- Lat. A writ of customs and services. 
 
 A writ that the lord resorted to against the tenant to compel the customs and services 
 which the tenants of lands owed to the lord, and which they withheld from him, or deforced 
 him of the rents and services due by custom or tenure of his land. Reg. Orig. 159 ; F. N. B. 
 151 ; Bracton, fol. S3 ; 3 Bl. Com. 232 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 32. 
 
 » Breve de COntinuandO assisam.— L. Lat A writ to continue an assise. Reg. Orig. 
 ix'jb. Also called De assisa continuanda. 
 
 279 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAT. GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de COntribntione facieuda. — L. Lat. A writ for making contribution. 
 
 A writ founded on the statute of Marlbridge, c. 9, to compel co-parceners, or tenants in 
 common, to aid the eldest in performing the services done by them ; or to make contribu- 
 tion, where the services had already been performed. Keg. Orig. i-jdi j F. N. B. i(i2B, C j 
 Crabb's Hist. 212 ; 2 Reeve's Hist, Eng. Law, 32J ; 3 ia!. 55 ; 1 Parsons on Contr. 31, note {c) ; 
 5 Man. (Sr= Gr. 758, 759. 
 
 Breve de COpia libella deliberanda.— L. Lat. A writ for delivering a copy of the libel. 
 The name of an ancient writ directed to the judge of a spiritual court, commanding him 
 to deliver to a defendant a copy of the libel filed against him in such court. Reg. Orig. 58. 
 
 Breve de COnSUetudinibuS et servitiis. — L. Lat. A writ of customs and services. 
 
 A writ which lay for the lord against his tenant who withheld from him the rents and 
 services due by custom or tenure for his land. This compelled a specific payment or per- 
 formance of the rent or service. F. N. B. 151; Reg. Orig. 159 ; Bracton, fol. 83^/ 3 Bl. Com. 
 232 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 32. 
 
 Breve de COntumace capiendo. — L. Lat. A writ for taking a contumacious person. 
 
 The name of a writ which issued out of the English Court of Chancery in cases where a 
 person has been pronounced by an Ecclesiastical Court to be contumacious and in contempt. 
 Shelf ord, Marr. &• Div. 494-496 and notes. It is a commitment for contempt. Id, 504, 505 ; 
 5 Ad. Sr Ell. (N. S.) 335. V. 3 Bl. Com, loi, Cooley's note (8), 102. This writ superceded 
 the Breve de excommunicato capiendo, p. 282. 
 
 Breve de COnventioue, — L. Lat. A writ of covenant. Reg. Orig. 165-167 ; F. N. B. 
 145. V. Conventio. 
 
 Breve de COronatore eligeudO. — L. Lat. A writ for electing a coroner. 
 
 The name of a writ issued to the sheriff in England, commanding him to proceed to the 
 election of a coroner, which is done in pleno comitaiu — in full county court — the freeholders 
 being the electors. Reg. Orig. 177 ; I Bl. Com. 347 ; Sewell's Law of Sheriffs, 372 ; 3 Steph. 
 Com. 31; 35 Eng. Law Sf Eq. R. 136 ; Broom &> f/ad. Com. i, 416. 
 
 Breve de COrOUatore exonerando. — L. Lat. A writ for discharging or removing a 
 coroner (for some cause assigned therein). F. N. B. 163, 164 ; i Bl. Com. 348 ; SewelVs 
 Law of Sheriffs, 373 ; Broom &> Had. Com. i, 417. 
 
 Breve de COrrodio habeudo. — L. Lat. A writ for having a corody, i. e. to exact a 
 corody from a religious house. Reg, Orig, 264 ; F, N, B. 230. v. Corodium. 
 
 Breve de curia claudenda.— L. Lat. A writ for closing a court. 
 
 A writ, now disused, to compel a party to close or inclose his court {curia) or land about 
 his house, where it was left open ad nocumentum liberi ienementi, — to the nuisance of his 
 neighbor's freehold. Reg. Orig. 155 ; F. N. B. i^iG; i Crabb's Real Prop. 314, § 350. 
 
 Breve de cursu. — L. Lat. A writ of course, or in ordinary course. 
 
 The name of a writ which issued in ordinary cases, and of course, which it was the 
 office of a cursitor to make out. Reg. Orig. 2q6, regula; Hobart, 118; Broom on C. L. 39. 
 V. Clericus de cursu and Brevia formata, p. 292. 
 
 Breve de custodia terrae et haeredis. — L. Lat. A writ for the wardship of the land 
 
 and heir. A writ of ward, or writ of right of ward. 
 
 A writ which lay for a guardian in knight's service or in socage, to recover the possession 
 and custody of the infant or the wardship of the land and heir- Reg. Orig. ibib; 
 F. N. B. I2<)b; 3 Bl, Com, 141. 
 
 Breve de CUStode admittendo.— L. Lat. A writ for admitting a guardian. Reg, Orig. 
 
 93*. 198- 
 
 Breve de CUStode amovendo. — L. Lat. A writ for removing a guardian. Reg. Orig. 198. 
 
 Breve de debito. — L. Lat. A writ of debt; a writ for the debt. Reg. Orig. 139. 
 
 The name .of a writ in an action which lies at law to recover a certain specified sum of 
 money, or a sum that can readily be reduced to a certainty. F. N. B. 119C-121; 3 Bl. Com. 
 154 ; V, Breve, seu actio de debito. 
 
 Breve de deceptione. — L. i^at. A writ of or on account of deceit. 
 
 An original writ, and the action founded upon it, which lay to recover damages for a 
 wrong or injury committed deceitfully, either in the name of another, c. g. by bringing 
 an action in the name of another and then suffering a nonsuit whereby the plaintiff became 
 liable for costs; or by a fraudulent warranty of goods or property, or other personal 
 wrong committed contrary to good faith and honesty. Reg. Orig. 112-116 \ F N. B. 95-£./ 
 98 ; 3 Bl. Com, 166. 
 280 
 
Bre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 In Old Practice: A judicial writ was so called which lay to recover lands which 
 had been lost by the default of the tenant in a real action, in consequence of his not having 
 been summoned by the sheriff, or by the collusion of his attorney. Reg. Jurid. i8. v. Reg. 
 Orig. 113 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 136 ; 3 Bl. Com.ltt. Abolished by Siat. 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 27. 
 
 In Modern Practice: This has been superseded by the action on the case in the 
 nature of deceit. Buller's N. P. 30; i Archb. N. P. 440; 2 Kent's Com. 483, note. 
 
 Breve de deteutione. J*. Breve vel actio de detentione, p. 2gi. 
 
 Breve de domo reparando. — L. Lat. A writ for repairing a house. 
 
 A writ which anciently lay to compel a man to repair his house when it threatened to fall 
 (tninaturruinam) to the nuisance of another's freehold, etc. Reg. Orig. 153^. 
 
 Breve de dote assignanda. — L. Lat. A writ for assigning dower. 
 
 It lies for the widow of a tenant in capite, commanding the king's escheator to cause her 
 dower to be assigned to her. Reg. Orig. 297 ; F. N. B. 263Cy Co. Litt. 33a. cf. i Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 628, note I. 
 
 Breve de dote, Unde nihil habet.— L. Lat A writ of dower whereof she has nothing. 
 Otherwise called 'A writ of dower unde nihil habet.' 
 
 A writ, now much disused, which lies for a widow entitled to dower of her husband's 
 land, where no part of it has been assigned her, commanding the tenant or person 
 deforcing her to assign her reasonable dower. Reg. Orig. 170; F. N. B. i^jE, 14SA; 3 Bl. 
 Cam. 183. It is, in its nature, a writ of right. Roscoe's Real Act. 39. v. 3 Stejih. Com. 494; 
 Broom &> Had. Com. iii, 309, 310. 
 
 Breve de ejectioue cnstodiae. — L. Lat. A writ of ejectment of wardship. 
 It lay where a guardian had been forcibly ejected from his wardship. Reg. Orig. 162. 
 V. Breve de custodia terrae et heredis, p. 280. v. Ejectione custodiae. 
 
 Breve de ejectione custodiae terrae et haeredis.— L. Lat. A writ concerning the 
 ejectment of the wardship of the land and the heir. 
 
 A special writ which lay for a guardian in socage to recover the wardship of the land and 
 the heir. Holt, C. J., Lord Raym. 938 ; i Smith's L. C. [359] 440. 
 
 Breve de ejectione firmae. — L. Lat. A writ of ejectment or ejection of farm. 
 
 It lay where lands or tenements were let for a term of years (Jimia) and afterward the 
 lessor, reversioner, remainder-man or any stranger ejected or ousted the lessee of his term. 
 Bracton, fol 220. 
 
 Originally, it was a writ or action of trespass {breve de transgressione) for the recovery 
 of damages for such ejection, but was afterward used as a remedy for the recovery of the 
 term itself, with damages and costs for the wrongful withholding of the same, and in this 
 way it became the foundation of the modern action of ejectment. Reg. Orig. 2271^/ 
 F.N.B. 220; "i Bl. Com. 199-201; Crabb's Hist. 2go, 448; Roscoe's Real Act. 481; Reeve's 
 Hist. 390. V. Ejectione firmae. 
 
 Breve de errore. — L. Lat. A writ of error. Also called 
 
 Breve de errore corregendo. A writ for correcting error. 
 
 In Practice: An original writ which lies after judgment, to correct some supposed 
 error of law or fact in the proceedings or judgment of tire court, that is not aided, amendable 
 or cured at common law or by some of the statutes of jeofails. 
 
 Lord Coke defines it to be "a writ which lieth where a man is grieved by any error in 
 the foundation, proceeding, judgment or execution [of a suit], and thereupon it is railed 
 breve de errore corrigenda. But without a judgment, or an award in the nature of a judgment, 
 no writ of error doth lie ; for the words of the writ be si judicium redditum sit, — if judgment 
 be given ; and that judgment must regularly be given by judges of record and in a court of 
 record, and not by any other inferior judges in base courts ; for thereupon a writ of false 
 judgment doth lie." Co. Lift, ifsib; 2 Bl. Com. 406; i Archb. Pr. •2.'2.% 230; 2 Tidd's Pr. 
 1134, 1136, 1140; Broom on C. L. 209, 210, and cases there cited; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 
 479, Wait's note (759). On judgments in criminal cases, cf. Broom on C. L. 999, 1000. 
 
 Breve de eSCaeta. — L- Lat. A writ of escheat. V. Eschaeta. 
 
 The name of a writ which anciently the lord had, where his tenant died without heir, to 
 recover the possession of lands that had escheated to him. Reg. Orig. 164^/ F. N. B. 143, 
 144 ; Vermes de la Ley; 2 Bl. Com. 245 ; 3 id. 194. It is now abolished, i Steph. Com. 401, n. 
 
 Breve de escambio monetae.— L- Lat. A writ for the exchange of money. 
 An ancient writ to authorize a merchant literas cambitorias facere, — to make a bill of 
 exchange. Reg. Orig. 194. 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de essendo ^uietum de theolonio.— L- Lat. A writ of being quit of toll. 
 
 It lay for citizens and burgesses of any city or borough [and other persons] who by charter 
 or prescription were exempted from toll, to enforce such exemption. Reg. Orig. 258^, 261; 
 F. N. B. 226 ; I H. £1. 206. 
 
 Breve de eSSOnio de malo lecti. A writ of essoin of infirmity or sickness of bed. 
 The name of a writ which issued upon an essoin (essoniuni) of malum lecti being cast, to 
 examine whether the party was in fact sick or not. Reg. Orig. lib. v. De malo lecti. 
 
 Breve de estoveriis habendis. — L. Lat. A writ for having estovers. 
 It lay for a wife divorced h mensa ct thoro, to recover her alimony or estovers (estoveria). 
 I Bl. Com. 441 ; i Lev. 5. 
 
 Breve de estrepameutO. — L- Lat. A writ of or concerning estrepement. 
 
 The name of a writ to stop or prevent the commission of waste in lands by a tenant, during 
 the pendency of a suit against him for their recovery. Reg. Orig. idb ; F. N. B. 60, 61 ; 3 
 Bl. Com. 225, 226. Other writs of similar character are called de extirpatione. Reg. Jud. 
 13.58^/ Termes de la Ley, voc. 'Extirpation.' 
 
 In real actions depending, as Formedon dum fuit infra aetatem, writ of right or the like, 
 the demandant shall have a writ of estrepement, to inhibit the tenant from committing waste 
 or estrepement, hanging the suit; the like writ may also be had after judgment, and before 
 execution. It lieth also in an action of waste ; and the words of the writ are : Tibi prae- 
 cipimuSt quod ad messuagium praed. person aliter accedens iollitur ordinari facias, quod vastum 
 seu estrepamentum de eodevi messuagio contra fonnam statuti praedict. non fait pendente placito. 
 praed indiscusso. F. N. B. boa ; Wingate's Max. 181, § 2, citing 5 Co. 115, Foliamb's case. 
 
 The statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I. cap. 13, which gave the writ of estrepement pendente 
 lite, also directed (c. 5) that the tenant should forfeit the place wasted, and also treble dama- 
 ges. Com. Dig. ' Waste, ' C. I ; ea?. ' C han eery , ' D. n ; 2 Co. Inst, z^; 3 Bl. Com. 
 227, 299 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 910. 
 
 The writ was abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27. u. Estrepamentum. 
 
 Breve de excommunicato capiendo. — L- Lat. A writ for taking an excommunicated 
 person. 
 
 A writ by which the sheriff was commanded to take an excornmunicated person, and 
 imprison him in the county gaol, until he was reconciled to the church. Reg. Orig. 65 ; 3 
 Bl. Com. 102 ; 4 id. 299. It is now superseded by the writ de contumace capiendo, v. p. 280. 
 
 Stat. 53 Geo. III. c. 127 ; Shelford, Marr. &= Div. 494-496, and notes. 
 
 Breve de excommunicato deliberando. — L. Lat. A writ for delivering an excommu- 
 nicated person from prison. Such writ was allowed where he had made satisfaction to the 
 church. Reg. Orig. b^b ; F. N. B. b^a ; 3 Bl. Com. 102. 
 
 Breve de excommunicato recapiendO. — L. Lat. A writ for retaking an excommuni 
 cated person. Such writ was allowed where he had been liberated from prison without 
 making satisfaction to the church, or giving securitj' for that purpose. Reg. Orig. b"]. 
 
 Breve de executione facienda in withernamium.— L. Lat. A writ for making 
 
 execution in withernam. A kind of capias in withernam. Reg. Orig. 82^. v. Withernam, 
 
 Breve de executione judicii. — L. Lat. A writ of execution of judgment. 
 It is directed to the sheriff or bailiff, commanding him to do execution upon a judgment. 
 Reg. Orig. 18 ; F. N. .S. 20 ; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 56. 
 Breve de exemplificatione,— L. Lat. A writ of exemplification. 
 It is granted for the exemplification of an original. Reg. Orig. 2gob. 
 
 Breve de exoneratione sectae. — L. Lat. A writ of exoneration of suit. 
 
 A writ that lay for the king's ward to be discharged of all suit to the county court, hun- 
 dred, leet, or court baron, during the time of his wardship. F. N. B. 158 ; New N. B. 352. 
 
 Breve de expensis militum levandis.— L. Lat. A writ for levying the expenses of 
 knights. 
 
 Directed to the sheriff, for levying the allowance for knights of the shire for attendance in 
 parliament. Reg. Orig. \()\b, ig2. His allowance was four ^\\\\n%% per diem by statute. 
 
 Breve de expensis militum non levandis.— L. Lat. A writ to abstain from levying 
 
 the expenses of knights. 
 
 The writ prohibited the sheriff from levying any allowance for knights of the shire upon 
 those that held in ancient demesne, and others. Reg. Orig. 261. 
 
 Breve de exteutO. — L. Lat. A writ of extent. V. Extendi facias. 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de falso judicio.— L. Lat. A writ of or concerning a false judgment. 
 
 In English Law; A writ lies to the courts at Westminster to reverse the judgment 
 of some inferior court not of record. F. N. B. i8 ; Reg. Orig. 15 ; Finch's Law, b. iv, c. 47 ; 
 3 Bl. Com. 34, 406. 
 
 In old French Law: An appeal of false judgment was where the party against 
 whoni a judgment was given, charged the judges or peers of the court with pronouncing a 
 false judgment, and thereupon usually appealed or challenged them to the combat. Esprit 
 des Lois, liv, 28, c. 27. 
 
 Breve de fine capiendo pro terris.— L. Lai. A writ for taking a fine for or instead of 
 the lands (s. e. for giving a false verdict). 
 
 Such writ lay for a juror who had been attainted for giving a false verdict, to obtain the 
 release of his person, lands and goods, on payment of a certain fine to the king. Reg. Orig. 
 232. 
 
 Breve de fine non capiendo pro pulchre placitando. — L. Lat. A writ prohibiting the 
 
 taking of fines for fair pleading. Reg. Orig. 179. v. Beau pleader, p. 246. 
 
 Breve de fine pro redisseisina capiendo. — L. Lat. A writ for taking a fine for a 
 re-disseizin. 
 
 A writ which lay for one imprisoned for a re-disseizin, to procure his release, on payment 
 of a reasonable fine. Reg. Orig. ■2.21b. 
 
 Breve forisfactura maritagii.— L. Lat. A writ of forfeiture of marriage. Reg Orig. 
 163, 164. 
 
 Breve de forma donationis. — L. Lat. A writ concerning the form of the gift. 
 
 A writ formerly used to recover entailed propert}-. A writ in the nature of a writ of right, 
 and is the highest action that tenant in tail can have. v. Formedon, etc. 
 
 Breve de haerede deliberando illi qui habet custodiam terrae.— L. Lat. A writ 
 
 for delivering an heir to him who has wardship of the land. 
 
 The writ commanded the sheriff to require one that had the body of him that was ward to 
 another to deliver him to the person whose ward he was by reason of his land. Reg. Orig. r6i. 
 
 Breve de haeredi raptO et abductO, — L. Lat. A writ concerning an heir ravished and 
 carried awaj'. 
 
 The writ anciently laj' for a lord who having by right the wardship of his tenant under age, 
 could not obtain his body, the same being carried awav bj' another person. Reg. Orig. 163 ; 
 F. N. B. 93. 
 
 Breve de haeretico combnrendo. — L. Lat. A writ for burning a heretic. 
 
 A writ as ancient as the common law. i Hale's P. C. 292 \ 4 Bl. Com. 46 sq. The writ 
 laj' against a heretic who, having been convicted of heresy by the bishop and abjured it, 
 afterward fell into the same again, or some other, and was thereupon delivered over to the 
 secular power. F. N. B. litr^B. An instance of its use is stated in 1 How. State Trials, 173, 
 174. Abolished by Statute 29 Car. II. c. 9. 4 Bl. Com. 49, 439; 3 Steph. Com. 99, 101. 
 
 Breve de homagio respectuando.— L. Lat. A writ for respiting or postponing hom- 
 age. F. N. B. 26gA. 
 
 Breve de homine capto [capiendo] in witbernaminm.— L. Lat. A writ for taking 
 a man in withernam. 
 
 The writ anciently lay to take in withernam one that had taken and led out of the country 
 any bondman or woman so that he or she could not be replevied according to law. Reg. 
 Orig. 79, 80. It is a species of Capias in withernam. 3 Bl. Com. 129. v. Withernamium. 
 
 Breve de homine replegiando.— L. Lat. A writ for replevying a man. 
 
 The writ la)' to replevj' a man out of prison, or out of the custody of any private person, 
 upon giving security to the sheriff that the man shall be forthcoming to answer any charge 
 against him. Reg. Orig. T]b, 78 ; F. N. B. tbE; 3 Bl. Com. 129; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law. 
 83 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 137, 138. 
 
 In England the writ is now obsolete, but in some of the United States it is still 
 in use l Kent's Com. 404, note; 2 Paine's R. 348. In New York the writ was form- 
 erly allowed to one who was claimed by another as a fugitive from another state and bound 
 to serve him, notwithstanding a habeas corpus may have been previously issued or served. 
 2 Rev. Stat. [561] § 15. u. 3 Rev. Stat. (5th ed.) B78 ; I Kent's Com. 404, note ; 2 id. 32. 
 
 Breve de idemptitate (or identitate) nominis.— L. Lat. A writ respecting the ideiitity 
 of name. An ancient writ given for one who was taken and arrested in any personal action, 
 and committed to prison for another of the same name. Reg. Orig. 194-196; Reg.Jund. 
 il ■ F N. B. 2(>tE, 268. V. Termes de la Ley, 400. 
 
 283 
 
Bre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de idiota inquirendo vel examinando.— L- Lat. A writ to inquire or examine 
 
 whether a man be an idiot or not. v. Breve de lunatico inquirendo, infra. 
 
 Directed to the sheriff of the county, to call before him the party suspected of idiocy and 
 examine by the oath of twelve men whether he have sufficient wit to dispose of his own lands, 
 and to certify this into the chancery. 17 Edw. II. c. g; Reg. Orig. z66 ; F. N. B. 232A ; i 
 Bl. Com. 303, 305 ; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 83, 84. cf. 3 Daly, 529 ; II Abb. P. R. (N. S.) 209. 
 
 Breve de ingressil. — L- Lat. A writ of entry. 
 
 In English Lawr A very ancient species of real action to regain the posses- 
 sion of lands of which the demandant, or his ancestors, had been unjustly deprived by the 
 tenant of the freehold, or those under whom he claimed, and hence it belonged to the pos- 
 sessory division of real actions. Bracton, fols. 318, 319; Reg. Orig. ziTb-z'il, 235-237. 
 
 It was, until a comparatively recent period, the general remedy to recover the possession 
 of lands when wrongfully withheld from the owner. 3 BL. Com. 180-183 i Roscoe's Real Act. 
 3, 88-100. 
 
 For the variations in the form and object of this writ, o. Reg. Orig. 229; 3 Bl. Com. 181- 
 183 ; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 33, 34; Roscoe's Real Act. 3, 88-100 ; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 
 256, 267. 
 
 Breve de inquirendo. — L- Lat. A writ for inquiring. A wrii of inquiry. 
 
 In Practice: A judicial writ (^ri?i'? y«(/j«'a/i?) given in certain actions at law, where a 
 defendant has suffered judgment to lie taken against him by default, for the purpose of ascer- 
 taining and assessing the plaintiff's damages in all cases where they cannot be ascertained 
 b.y calculation. It is directed to the sheriff, etc., and recites the judgment that the plaintiff 
 ought to recover his damages, etc., " but because it is unknown what damages the plaintiff 
 has sustained by means of the premises," commanding the sheriff that by the oath of twelve 
 good and lawful men of his county (commonly known as a sheriff's jury) he diligently 
 inquire the same, and return the inquisition which he shall thereupon take into court. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 398; 2 Archb. Pr. 38, 39; i Tidd's Pr. 580, 581; 3 Steph. Com. 635. 
 
 Breve de intrusione, — L. Lat. A writ of or respecting an intrusion. 
 It lay for a reversioner, where tenant for life, or in dower, or by the courtesy, died seized, 
 etc., and after their death a stranger intruded upon the land. Reg. Orig. 23315,- F. N. B. 203^. 
 
 Breve de leproso amovendo.— L. Lat. A writ for removing a leper. 
 
 Where a leper thrust himself into the company of his neighbors in any parish, in public or 
 private places, to their annoyance, etc., such writ lay to remove him. Reg. Orig. 267 ; F. 
 N. B. iji^E; New N. B. 521 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Breve de libera falda. — L. Lat. Writ of freefold ; a species of quod permittat. Reg. 
 Orig. 155. V. Libera falda, and Frank-fauld. 
 
 Breve de libera piscaria. — L. Lat. A writ of free fishery; a species of quod permittat. 
 Reg. Orig. 155. v. Libera piscaria. 
 
 Breve de liberati allocanda, — L. Lat. A writ for a free allowance. V. Liberate. 
 
 V. Breve de libertatibus allocandis. 
 
 Breve de libero passagio, — L. Lat. A writ of free passage ; a species of quod permittat. 
 Reg. Orig. 155. 
 
 Breve de libertati probanda-— L. Lat. A writ for proving freedom. 
 
 The writ lay for such as, being demanded for villeins or viefs, offered to prove themselves 
 free. Reg. Orig. 87*/ F. N. B. T]F. v. Wharton's L. D. 442. 
 
 Breve de libertatibus allocandis. — L. Lat. A writ for allowing liberties. 
 
 There were various writs of this nature, which lay for a citizen or burgess entitled to cer- 
 tain liberties to have them allowed him. Reg. Orig. 262, 263^; F. N. B. 229. 
 
 Breve de licentia transfretandi. — L. Lat. A writ of permission to cross the sea. 
 Directed to the wardens of certain ports, commanding them to permit the persons named 
 in the writ to cross the sea from such port, on certain conditions. Reg. Orig. 193*. 
 
 Breve de lunatico inquirendo. — L. Lat. A writ for inquiring about a lunatic or lunacy. 
 
 In Equity Practice: The name of a writ, or commission in the nature of a writ, 
 issuing out of chancery in cases of alleged lunacy, to inquire into the party's state of mind 
 and whether the party be a lunatic or not ; otherwise called a commission of lunacy. 
 I Bl. Com. 305, Cooley's note (20). v. Steph. Com. 531 ; Broom if Had. Com. i, 462 ; iii, 85. 
 It is analogous to that de idiota inquirendo, etc., supra. 
 
 Breve de magna assisa eligenda, — L. Lat. A writ of or for choosing the grand assise. 
 
 Directed co the sheriff to summon four lawful knights before the justices of assise, there, 
 
 upon their oath, to choose twelve knights of the vicinage to be joined with them ; which six- 
 
 284 
 
B^^e.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 teen knights constituted the grand assise or great jury, which was to try the matter of right 
 in a writ of right Reg. Orig. 8 ; F.N. B. ^F; 3 Bl. Com. 351. The writ was abolished by 
 iitat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27. v. Magna assisa. 
 
 Breve de manucaptione.— L. Lat. A writ of manucaption or mainprise. 
 
 It lay for one who, imprisoned on a charge of felony, had offered bail which nad been 
 refused, commanding the sheriff to discharge him on his finding sufficient mainpernors or 
 bail. Reg. Orig. 2bU; F. N. B. 24<)G. v. Mainpernor. 
 
 Breve de maniltenendo.— L. Lat. A writ of maintenance. 
 
 It lay against a person for the offense of maintenance (q. v.). Reg. Orig. 1S21}, i8g. 
 
 Breve de medio. — L. Lat. A writ of mesne, or middle. 
 
 The name of a writ which was in the nature of a writ of right. It lay for an under-tenant 
 against the mesne or middle lord, where, upon a subinfeudation (v. 2 Bl. Com. gi ; 3 
 JCenfs Com. 497 ; i Spence's Chancery, 138), the mesne or middle lord suffered his under- 
 tenant, or tenant paravail (v. 2 Bl. Com. 60) to be distrained upon by the lord paramount for 
 the rent due to him from the mesne lord. Bracton, fol. 21b; Co. Lilt. 100a ; Reg. Orig. 160; 
 F. N. B. 135, M. M. ; 3 Bl Com. 234 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 38. u. Mesne and Medius. 
 
 Breve de minis.— L. Lat. A writ against threats. 
 
 The name of a writ which lay where a person was threatened with personal violence, or 
 the destruction of his property, to compel the offender to keep the peace. Reg. Orig. iib, 
 89 ; F. N. B. 79C, 80. V. Breve de securiiate pads, p. 288. 
 
 Breve de mittendo tenorum recordi, etc. — L. Lat. A writ to send the tenor of a 
 
 record, or to exemplify it under the great seal. Reg. Orig. 220b. 
 
 Breve de moderata misericordia capienda.— L. Lat. A writ for taking a moderate 
 amercement. 
 
 It lay for one who was excessively, outrageously amerced in a court not of record, 
 directed to the lord of the court, or his bailiff, commanding him to take a moderate 
 amercement of the party or to mitigate it. Reg. Orig.&ob; F.N. B. 75, 76. It was 
 founded on ^/of. C.4ar^« (c. 14), 9 Hen. III. Siinciderit in miseric ordiam , etc. 
 
 Breve de nativO habendo.— L. Lat. A writ for having one's villein. 
 
 A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to apprehend the villein who had fled 
 from his lord, and restore him, with all his chattels, to the lord. Reg. Orig. 87 ; F. N. B. 
 77 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 34. 
 
 Breve de non procedendo ad assisam rege inconsulto.— L- Lat. A writ for not 
 
 taking an assise, without the king's advice. 
 
 It was directed to the justices assigned to hold assises, commanding them not to proceed 
 to take an assise in a particular case, unadvised by the king. Reg. Orig. 221. 
 
 Breve de non residentia clerici regis.— L- Lat. A writ of non-residence of a clerk or 
 servant of the king. 
 
 An ancient writ where a person was employed in the ro3'al service, etc., to excuse and 
 discharge him of non-residence. 2 Co. Inst. 264. 
 
 Breve de Odio et atia. — L. Lat. A writ of hatred and malice, or ill-will. 
 
 The name of an ancient writ which lay for a person committed to prison on a charge of 
 homicide, and who otherwise could not be bailed. It commanded the sheriff to make inqui- 
 sition by the oaths of lawful men, whether the party in prison was committed upon just 
 cause of suspicion, or was charged through hatred and malice («fr«OT rectatus de odio et 
 atya). If the finding was either that he was accused propter odium et atiam, and that he 
 was not guilty ; or that he committed the act se defendendo, ox per infortunium, then a writ of 
 tradas in ballium, — you deliver to bail — might issue commanding the sheriff, if the prisoner 
 could find twelve good and lawful men of the county, who would be mainpernors for him, 
 then he should deliver him to them in bail. Reg. Orig. liib ; Bracton, fol. 123 ; Mag. 
 Chart, c. 26; 3 Bl. Com. 128 ; Broom &• Bad. Com. iii, 138. 
 
 In Magna Charta it is mentioned by name as breve inquisitionis,- — a writ of inquisi- 
 tion — which ordained that it should issue gratis, anA should never be denied. Bracton, 
 iii, tr. 2, c. 8, § 6. The form of the writ and the practice is given id. ib. § 7 sq. Mr. Crabb 
 states that it existed at Common Law. Crabb's Hist. 148. 
 
 It was, while in use, one of the great securities of personal liberty in England, its objects 
 being similar to the writ of habeas corpus, by which it was superseded. I Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 252. 
 
 It was abolished by Stat. 28 Edw. III. c. 9. Lord Coke considered it to have been 
 revived by Stat. 42 Edw. III. c. i. 3 Bl. Com. I2g. This latter statute was, however, itself 
 repealed by 26 and 27 Vict. c. 125. v. Broom &f Had. Com. iii, 138, u. (r). 
 
 285 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de onerando pro rata portione, — L. Lat. A writ for charging according to a 
 ratable proportion. Also called in the Register : 
 
 Breve de onerando secundum ratum portionis.— L. Lat. A writ for charging accord- 
 ing to the rate of proportion. 
 
 Such writs lay for a joint tenant, or tenant in common, who was distrained for more rent 
 than his proportion of the land come to, to be paid by others proportionably with him. New 
 N. B. 586 ; Reg. Orig. 182 ; F. N. B. 234//. 
 
 Breve de parco fracto. — L. Lat. A writ of pound breach. 
 
 It lay against him who violently broke a pound, and took from it beasts which were law- 
 fully impounded. Reg. Orig. Ii63/ F. N. B. 100, E. F.; Co. Litt. 47*,- 3 Bl. Cotn. 146. 
 
 Breve de partitione facieuda- — L. Lat. A writ for making partition. 
 
 The writ lay to make partition of lands or tenements held by several pro indiviso, as copar- 
 ceners, etc. Reg. Orig. 76 ; F. N. B. 61R ; 0. N. B. 142 ; Bacon's Max. in reg. 24 ; 2 Bl. 
 Com. 189 ; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 55. v. Pariitio, and Breve de proparte. 
 
 Breve de perambulatioue facienda. — L. Lat. A writ for making perambulation, v. 
 
 Perambulatio. 
 
 The writ is sued out with the assent of both parties, where the parties are in doubt of the 
 bounds of their lands, their lordships or manors, or of their towns. The boundaries are 
 ascertained by walking about, through or between them. The writ commands the sheriff 
 to go with twelve knights of his county to the land in question, and by their oath to cause a 
 perambulation to be made between them per teii-as metas et divisas, — according to their 
 respective metes and bounds. Reg. Orig. 157^ / F. N. B. I'i'^D ; l Story's Eq. Jur. § 611. 
 
 Breve de pipa vini carianda. — L. Lat. A writ for carrying a pipe of wine. 
 A writ of trespass for carrying a pipe of wine so carelessly that it was stove and the con- 
 tents lost. Reg. Orig. no ; Jones on Bailment, 59. 
 
 Breve de plegiis acquietandis. — L. Lat. A writ for acquitting or releasing pledges. 
 
 The writ issued in favor of a surety against one for whom he had become surety for the 
 payment of a certain sum of money at a certain day, where the latter had not paid the money 
 at the appointed day, and the surety was compelled to pay it. Reg. Orig. 158 ; F. N. B. 
 T-yiC ; 3 Reeve's Hist. 65. 
 
 Breve de pone. — L. Lat. A writ of pone. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 44, § 3. «. Pone. 
 
 Breve de ponendo sigillum ad exceptionem.— L. Lat. A writ for putting a seal to an 
 exception. The writ commanded the justices to put their seals to exceptions taken by a 
 party in a suit. Reg. Orig. 182. 
 
 Breve de post disseisina, — L. Lat. A writ of post disseisin. 
 
 It lay in behalf of him who, having recovered lands or tenements by praecipe quod reddat, 
 i. e. a command that he render, — on default or rendition, was again disseised by the former 
 disseisor. Reg. Orig. 208 ; F. N. B. 190. 
 
 Breve de procedendo ad judicium' — L. Lat. A writ for proceeding to judgment. 
 
 In the English Law: The writ issues out of the Court of Chancery, where the 
 judges of any subordinate court (as well of record as other) do delay the parties plaintiff or 
 defendant, and will not give judgment either on one side or the other, when they ought to 
 do so. In this case, the party grieved may have a writ de procedendo ad jtidicium, directed to 
 such judges or justices, commanding them to proceed to judgment, but without specifying 
 any particular judgment, for that, if erroneous, may be set aside in the course of appeal, or 
 by writ of error or false judgment ; and upon further neglect or refusal the judges of the 
 inferior court may be punished for their contempt by writ of attachment, returnable in the 
 King's Bench or Common Pleas. F. N. B. 153, 154, 240; Wingate's Max. 176, g 11 ; 3 Bl. 
 Com. 109, no. 
 
 If the Superior Court should consider that a cause has been improperly removed hy certio- 
 rari, it may issue a writ de procedendo commanding the inferior court to proceed, or the writ 
 of certiorari may be quashed on motion. 18 Q. B. •Jl'i ; Broom on C. L. 238. 
 
 Breve de procedendo in assisa. — L. Lat. A writ for proceeding in an assise. 
 The writ commanded the justices of assise to proceed in an assise, where the proceedings 
 had been sta3'ed. Reg. Orig. 220. 
 
 Breve de proparte,— L. Lat. A writ of partition. V. Breve de partitione facienda. 
 
 An ancient writ established in the Common Law as the mode for procuring a partition 
 of an estate. Bracton, fol. 276, 2-jib ; but in modern times it has fallen into disuse, and, in 
 England, has been abolished. 
 
 286 
 
Bi'e-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 In Equity: Partition may be effected by bill filed for that purpose, which is the form 
 of proceedmg now generally adopted, i Steph. Com. 31-! ; i Star/s Eq.Jur. § 646 ; Broom 
 ^ Had. Com. iii, 71, 72. o. Wait's note (468). 
 
 Inthe United States: Various modes have been adopted by statute for making 
 partition. 4 Kent's Com. 364-366, and notes ; Washburn's Real Prop. 426-441, notes. 
 
 Breve de proprietate probanda.— L. Lat. A writ for proving property. 
 
 Where the defendant in an action of replevin claims the property replevied, this writ 
 directed the sherifT to inquire of the property of goods distrained. Reg. Orig. 85*/ 3 Bl. 
 Com. 148. 
 
 Breve de protectione.— Lat. A writ of protection. Reg. Orig. 25, 26. 
 
 A writ by which the king might, by a special prerogative, privilege a defendant from all 
 personal and many real suits for one year at a time, and no longer, in respect of his being 
 engaged in his service out of the realm. F. N. B. 285/ 3 Bl. Com. 289. It is now disused. 
 
 Breve de quaerentina habenda. A writ for having quarantine. F. N. B. 162A, n ; 
 A'oy's Max. ch. viii, n. (c). v. Quarentina. 
 
 Breve de rationabili parte.— L. Lat. A writ for a reasonable part. 
 
 One of two or more coparceners deforces the other by usurping the sole possession, the 
 party aggrieved shall have a writ of right, de rationabile parti (F. N. B. g) which may be 
 grounded on the seisin of the ancestor at any time during his life. 3 Bl. Com. 195. 
 
 Breve de rationabili parte bonorum. — L. Lat. A writ for a reasonable share of goods. 
 
 In old English Law: The writ lay for the wife and children of a deceased person 
 against his executors, to recover their reasonable part or share of his goods after debts paid 
 and funeral expenses discharged. F. N. B. i2zL; 2 Bl. Com. 492 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Breve de rationabilibus divisis.' — L. Lat. A writ for reasonable boundaries. 
 
 The writ lies to settle the boundaries between the lands of persons in different towns or 
 hamlets, and they do not know the boundaries, etc., or where one complains of encroach- 
 ment. Reg. Orig. 1571^/ F.N. B. izSAf; 3 Reeve's Hist. 48 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 31; i Story's 
 Eq. Jur. § 61 1. 
 
 Breve de recordo et prOCesSU mittendis. — L. Lat. A writ to send the record and 
 process. 
 
 In English Law: A species of writ of error requiring the record and process in a 
 cause to be sent to a superior court. Reg. Orig. 209. 
 
 Breve de recto. — L. Lat. A writ of right. Bracton, fol. 328 ; Reg. Orig. i, 2. 
 
 An ancient writ, so called by reason of the formal words in the writ, quod sine dilatione 
 plenum rectum teneas, — /. ^. that without delay you do full right (Bracton, io\. •i'2'ii,c\\. 
 ii, §§ I, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8) ; or because the subject-matter of the writ was the rectum —right — of 
 property inlands. Co. Litt. Ii5ff, I'S'ib; 3 Bl. Com. 191-193; Broom G^ Had, Com. 111,271,272. 
 
 In old Practice: The writ lay to recover lands in fee-simple unjustly withheld from 
 the true owner. It was in its nature the highest writ in the law, and lay only of an estate in 
 fee-simple, and not for him who had a less estate. It lay concurrently with all other real 
 actions in which an estate of fee-simple might be recovered, and was the great and final 
 remedy for the recovery of the right of property {jus proprielatis) or mere right {jus meram) 
 as distinguished from the right of possession {jus possessionis). 3 Bl. Com. 191-194; Roscoe's 
 Real Act. 19. The writ has been abolished in England by 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 27 {v. 3 Steph. 
 Com. 492), and also in some of the United States, and is, in general, disused in prac- 
 tice. 4 Kent's Com. 70, n. The}' may, however, be used as process in the Circuit Courts of 
 the United States. l6 Howard's R. 354, 365. 
 
 Breve de recto patens.— L- Lat. A writ of right patent ; an open writ of right. 
 
 It is called the highest writ in law. F. N. B. i ; Cowell. An open writ ; one not closed 
 or sealed up. v. Brevia clausa. 
 
 Breve de recto de dote.— L. Lat. A writ of right concerning dower. Bracton, fols. 313, 
 339 ; F. N. B. lE; Reg. Orig. 3. 
 
 Breve de recto de advocatione.— L. Lat. A writ of right of advowson. 
 
 The writ lay for one who had an estate in an advowson to him and his heirs in fee-simple, 
 if he were disturbed to prevent. F. N, B. ^oB; Roscoe's Real Act. 26. The writ resembled 
 other writs of right, the only distinguishing advantage attending it being that it was more 
 conclusive than a quare impedit. 3 Bl. Com. 250. It was abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 Will. 
 IV. c. 27. 
 
 Breve de recto de rationabili parte.— L. Lat. A writ of right of reasonable part. 
 
 The writ lay between privies in blood ; c. g. brothers in gavelkind, or sisters or other copar- 
 ceners for land in fee-simple, where one was deprived of his or her share by another. Reg. 
 
 287 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Orig. 3i; F. N. B. <jB; Roscoes Real Act. 25 : 3 Bl. Com. 195. The writ was abolished by 
 Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27. 
 
 Breve de redisseisina, — L. Lat. A writ of re-disseisin. 
 
 The writ lay for one who recovered, by assise of novel disseisin, land, rent or common, 
 and the like, and was put in possession thereof by verdict, and afterward was disseised of 
 the same land, rent or common bv him by whom he was disseised before. Reg. Orig. 20bb; 
 F. N. B. i88i5. 
 
 Breve de reparatione facieuda. — L- Lat. Writ for making reparation. 
 
 In old English Practice: The writ lay to compel the repairing of a house, mill, 
 bridge, etc. F. N. B. T-TTjA; Reg. Orig. I53i5/ Co. Litt. 200; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1235, and 
 cases in note l ; 4 Kenfs Com. 470 {d). v. WhaHon on Agency, § 373. 
 
 Breve de replegiare. — L- Lat. A writ of replevin. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 43, § 3 ; Reg. Orig. 
 81; F. N. B. 6SI}; 3 Bl. Com. 13, 146 ; i Arc/ii. N. P. 466. v. Reflevina. 
 
 Breve de replegiare de averiis. — L. Lat. ^=Breve de averiis replegiandis. V. p. 278. 
 
 Breve de rescnssu. — L. Lat. A writ of rescue or rescous. 
 
 The writ lay where cattle distrained or persons arrested were rescued from those taking 
 them. Reg. Orig. iibb, 117, 118; F. N. B. loiCD. v. Rescous. 
 
 Breve de retorno habendo. — L. Lat. Writ for having a return. 
 
 In English Practice: The writ or execution issued upon a judgment for the 
 defendant in an action of replevin, awarding him a return of the goods or property replevied. 
 3 Bl. Com. 149 ; Tidd's Pr. 993, 1038 ; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 261. 
 
 Breve de salva gardia.— L. Lat. A writ of safeguard. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ in the nature of a protection or safeguard which was 
 granted to strangers seeking their right by course of law in England, and apprehending 
 violence or injury to their persons or property from others. Reg. Orig. 26. v, Salva garda. 
 
 Breve de salvo COuduCtO. — L. Lat. A writ of safe conduct. 
 
 In old English Law: A license or permit in the form of a writ granted to a stranger 
 or foreigner to come into, remain in, go through and depart from the kingdom without moles- 
 tation during a certain specified time. Reg. Orig. 2^6; i Bl. Com. 260. f. Broom &' Had. 
 Com. i, 309. V. Salvus conductus. 
 
 Breve de SCUtagio habendo. — L. Lat. A writ for having escuage or scutage. 
 
 An ancient writ which lay against tenants by knight-service to compel them to serve in the 
 king's wars or send substitutes or pay escuage (zi. Scutagium). F. N. B. 83 C The same 
 kind of writ lay for one who had already served in the king's army or paid a fine instead, 
 against those who held of him by knight-.service, to receive his escuage or scutage. Reg. 
 Orig. 88 ; F. N. B. i^DF. 
 
 Breve de secta ad molendinum. — L. Lat. A writ of suit at mill. 
 
 A writ for compelling suit to a mill. The writ was given as a remedy for the withdrawal 
 of the customary service of doing suit to another's mill. Reg. Orig. 153 ; F. N. B. '122M; 3 
 Bl. Com. 235 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 294. Abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 27. 
 V. Secta ad molendinum. 
 
 Breve de secunda deliberatiOUe, — L. Lat. A writ of second deliverance. 
 
 It is allowed to a plaintiff in replevin, where the defendant has obtained judgment for the 
 return of the goods by default or nonsuit, in order to have the same distress again delivered 
 to him on giving the same security as before. 3 Bl. Com. 150; 3 Steph. Com. 668. Abolished 
 in New York. 2 R. S. [533], § 63. 
 
 Breve de secunda superoneratione.— L- Lat. A writ of second surcharge. 
 
 The writ lay where admeasurement of pasture had been made, and he that first surcharged 
 the common did it a second time notwithstanding the admeasurement. Reg. Orig. 157; F. 
 N. B. l2(iE; 3 Bl. Com. 239 ; 2- Reeve's Hist. 198 ; Wingate's Max. 74, s. 10. 
 
 Breve de securitate pads, A writ of security of the peace. 
 
 A writ which lay for one who was in fear of some bodily harm from another ; as where 
 another had threatened to kill, beat or assault him. F. N. B. 79(?. Called in the Register 
 Breve de minis. — a writ of threats, or in case of threats. Reg. Orig. 88*. 
 
 Breve de servitiis et COnSUetudinibuS. v. Breve de consuetudinibus et servitiis, p. 280. 
 
 Breve de statute mercatorio.— L. Lat. A writ of statute merchant. 
 
 The writ lay for imprisoning one who had forfeited a statute-merchant bond until the debt 
 was satisfied. Reg. Orig. 146*, 148 ; Reg. Jud. 8. v. 2 Bl. Com. i5o. It is now out of use. 
 I Sleph. Com. 287. v. Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 312, 313. 
 
 288 
 
Bre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve de statute Stapulae,— L. Lat. A writ of statute staple. 
 
 The writ lay to take the body to prison and seize upon the lands and goods of one who 
 had forfeited the bond known as a statute-staple bond. Reg. Orig. 151. It has fallen into 
 disuse. 2 Bl. Com. 160; I Sleph. Com. 287 ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 313. 
 
 Breve de superoneratione pasturae,— L. Lat. A writ of surcharge of pasture. 
 
 It was a judicial writ which lay for one who was impleaded in the county court, for 
 surcharging a common with his cattle, in a case where he was formerly impleaded for u in 
 the same court, and the cause was removed into one of the courts at Westminster. Reg. 
 Orig. 366. V. 3 Bl. Com. 237, 238. v. Superoneratio and Surcharge. 
 
 Breve de SUpersedendO.— L. Lat. A writ of supersedeas. V. Supersedeas. 
 
 Breve de sylva caedua. — L. Lat. A writ concerning coppice wood. i.e. forest that 
 can be cut without injury. Reg. Orig. 44. v. Sylva caedua. 
 
 Breve de theolonio.— L Lat. A writ of toll. 
 
 A writ of trespass which lay in favor of one who was prevented from taking toll. Re^. 
 Orig. 103. V. Theolonium. 
 
 Breve de transcripto pedis finis levati mittendo. — L. Lat. A writ for sending the 
 transcript of the foot of a fine levied. Reg. Orig. 169. 
 
 Breve de transgressione. — L. Lat. A writ of trespass, or transgression. Reg. Orig. 
 92-1 1 1. V. Transgressio. 
 
 Breve de transgressione, ad audiendam et terminandum.— L. Lat. A writ for 
 hearing and determining concerning a transgression. 
 
 The name of a writ or commission directed to the judges, for hearing and determining any 
 outrage or misdemeanor. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 170. It is also called a commission of 
 Oyer and Terminer, directed to the judges, empowering them to "inquire, hear and 
 determine" all treasons, felonies and misdemeanors. 4 Bl. Com. 269, 270. v. Broom &■ 
 Had. Cotn. iv, 350, 352. v. Breve de audiendo et terminendo, p. 278. 
 
 Breve de UXOre rapta et abducta. — L. Lat. A writ of or in relaltion to a wife ravished 
 and carried away. A species of writ of trespass. Reg. Orig. 97 ; F. N. B. 89O , 3 Bl. Com. 
 139. V. Broom on C. L. 847, 848 ; Broom &• Had. Com. lii, 149-152. v. Rapta et abducta. 
 
 Breve de VastO.— L. Lat. A writ of waste. Reg. Orig. 72-75 ; F. N. B. 55C. 
 
 In old Practice: A writ given as a remedy for waste in lands, houses, etc. ^ partly 
 founded upon the Common Law, and partly founded upon the Statute of Gloucester. It lay 
 for him who had the immediate estate of inheritance in reversion or remainder, against the 
 tenant for life, tenant in dower, tenant by courtesy, or tenant for years. 3 Bl. Com. 227, 228 ; 
 Roscoe's Real Act. 107, 121-125 ; Co. Inst. 54, a\, 2. v. Broom iSr' Had. Com. iii, 293, 294. 
 
 Having long fallen into disuse, it was expressly abolished in England by Stat. 3 and 4 
 Will. IV. c. 27. 
 
 In the United States: It has been generally adopted, though little used, being 
 for the most part superseded in practice by an action on the case in the nature of waste, to 
 recover damages, or by bill in equity. 4 Kent's Com. 76-80. As to the American doctrine 
 of waste generally, v. 19 Penn. St. 323; 24 id. 162 ; 27 Md. 36 ; 2 Ohio St. 180; i Hilliard's 
 Real Prop. 268, 276; I Greenleaf's Cruise's Dig. 122, note. 
 
 Breve de ventre inspiciendO, — L. Lat. A writ of or for inspecting the abdomen. 
 
 In English Law: The name of a writ, which a presumptive heir may have, to 
 examine a widow suspected of feigning herself pregnant (with a view to produce a supposi- 
 tious heir to the estate), in order to ascertain whether she be with child or not. Bracton, ii, 
 c. 32, § I, fol. 6g ; Fleta, i, c. 15 ; Reg. Orig. 227 ; Co. Lilt, i; i Bl. Com. 456 ; 3 id 362 ; i 
 Madd. Ch. 11 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 561 ; 2 Sleph. Com. 318. Read : Aliquando supponi- 
 tur partus ah uxore, quae se facit praequantem, cum non sit, etc. The forms of the writs are 
 laid in Bracton, supra, §§ 2-5. v. Partus suppositus. 
 
 The writ is granted not only to an heir-at-law, but to a devisee for life, or in tail, or in fee; 
 and whether his interest is immediate or contingent, v. 4 Bro. 90. For the proceedings 
 under this writ, v. 2 P. IVms. 591 ; Moseley's R., Aiscough's case. 
 
 It appears to have been derived from the Civil Law. f. Paulus, iJi^f. xxv, tit. 4, "nV 
 Inspiciendo Ventre, etc.'; Ulpianus, ib. tit. 6,/r. I ; xxxvii, 9,/?-. 1, § 13; Paulus, Recept. 
 Sent, ii, tit. 24, §§ 7, 8, 9. A peculiar case of this nature is mentioned in Easter Term. 39 
 Eliz. v, Cro. Eliz. 566, Lady Willoughby's case ; Cro. Jac. 686, Theaker's case ; Moore. 523. 
 v. also Ex parte Ayscough, P. Wins. Trin. Term. 17, 31. 
 
 A similar writ might be issued in cases, where a woman sentenced to be executed pleaded 
 pregnancy. 4 Bl. Com. 39, 45 ; 2 Chandler's Am. Cr. Tr. 381. 
 
 Breve de Vi laica amOVenda.— L- Lat. A writ of or for removing lay force. 
 
 The writ lay where two persons contended for a church, and one of them entered into it 
 with a great number of laymen, and held the other out, vi et armis , then he that was 
 
 [37] 289 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 holden out had this writ, directed to the sheriff, that he remove the force. Reg. Orig, 59 ; 
 F. N. B. S4£>. 
 
 Breve de viridario eligendO. — L- Lat. A writ to elect a verderor. J!eg. Orig. \^^b ; 
 F. N. B. 164C V. Viridanus. 
 
 Breve de warrantia chartae. — L. Lat. A writ of warranty of charter. 
 
 The writ lay for one who was enfeoffed, with a clause of war ran ty in the charter 
 of feoffment, and was afterward impleaded in an assise or other action, in which he could 
 not vouch or call to warranty ; in which case he might have this writ against the feoffor, or 
 his heir, to compel them to warrant the land unto him. Reg. Orig. 'i.'^lb ; F. N. B. 
 134Z? ,• Tennes de la Ley ; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 55. It was abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 
 Will. IV. c. 27. 
 
 Breve de warrantia diei. — L. Lat. A writ of warranty of day. 
 
 An ancient writ where one having a day assigned personally to appear in court to an 
 action, was, in the mean time, employed in the king's service, so that he could not come at 
 the day appointed. It was directed to the justices, commanding them not to put the party 
 in default for his absence on that day, because, as to that matter, the king warranted to 
 him that day. Reg. Orig. 18, 19; F. N. B. 17. 
 
 * * * Breve et irreparibile tetnpus 
 
 Omnibus est vitae ; sed fatnam eoetendere factis, 
 Hoc virtutis opus. — Virgil, Mneid, x, 467. 
 A short and irretrievable term of life is given to all : but by deeds to lengthen out fame, 
 that is virtue's task. Read: Praeteritosque dies et totos respicit annos, etc. 
 Jove, to soothe "his sorrow, thus began: 
 " Short bounds of life are set to mortal man; 
 Tis virtue's work alone to stretch the narrow span." — Mr. John Drvden. 
 Read: Nemo potest non beatissimus esse, etc. CiCK^O, Farad, ii, 18. 
 
 Breve in^uisitionis, — L- Lat. A writ of inquisition, Mag. Charta, c. 26. v. Inqui- 
 sitio. u. Breve de odio et atya, p. 285. 
 
 BREVE ita dicitur, quia rem de qud agitur, et intentionem petentis, paucis verbis 
 breviter enarrat. A writ is so called because it briefly states, in few words, 
 the matter in dispute, and the object of the party seeking relief. Bracton, iii, 
 tr. I, c. 12, § 2, fol. 112a; 2 Co. Inst. 39. ii. Breve. 
 
 Breve iudiciale, — L. Lat. A judicial writ. Bracton, fol. 413^. 
 
 In English Practice: A writ issued in the course of judicial proceeding imy«(Sao) 
 after a suit was commenced. Crabb's Hist, of Eng. Law, 114 ; e. g., v. Breve de inquirendo. 
 
 A writ issued under the private seal of the court, and tested in the name of the senior or 
 Chief Justice ; as distinguished from an original writ which issued out of Chancery under 
 the great seal, and is tested in the king's name. 3 Bl. Com. 282. v. Brevia judicialia. 
 
 BREVE judiciale debet sequi suuni originate, et accessorium suum principale. A 
 judicial writ ought to follow its original, and an accessory its principal. 
 Jenkins' Cent. cas. 292. 
 
 BREVE judiciale non cadit pro defectu formae. A judicial writ fails not 
 through defect of form. Jenkins' Cent. cas. 43. 
 
 Breve ne injust^ vexes. — L. Lat. A writ that you do not unjustly vex [or oppress]. 
 
 A prohibitory writ (now abolished), v. Ne injuste vexes. 
 
 Breve nominatlllU, — L. Lat. A writ having the facts named. A nominate writ. 
 
 So called because the circumstances of the case as to time, place and demand were oar. 
 ticularly expressed, or named ; as distinguished from the breve innominatum, which con- 
 tained only a general complaint without particulars. Gilb. C. Pleas, 3, and note. 
 
 Breve originale. — L. Lat. An original writ. 
 
 The name of a writ quod actioni originem fraestat, i. e. which gave origin to the 
 action or suit. Bracton, fol. 413/5 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 319. 
 
 It was commonly used in the Court of Common Bench, and constituted the foundation of 
 the suit, and of the jurisdiction of the court, etc. 3 Bl. Com. 273. 
 
 In Modern Practice, the use of original writs is confined to real actions exclu- 
 sively. 3 Steph. Com. 565, 658. 
 
 Breve patens, a patent or open writ ; one not closed or sealed up. v. Brevia clausa. 
 290 
 
Bre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Breve reparatione faeienda.— L. Lat. A writ for making repairs. 
 
 In old English Practice: A writ which lay for one to compel another to repair 
 a house, mill, bridge, etc. Jieg. Orig. 153*/ F. N. B. 127^. 
 
 Breve replegiare de averiis.— L. Lat. A writ of replevin of cattle. F. N. B. 68. = 
 
 Breve de averiis replegiandis (q. v.). 
 
 Breve tarn tardd venit qu6d exequi non potuit.— L. Lat. The writ came so late 
 that it could not be executed. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 67, § 4 ; Stat. Westm. 2, ■,. 39. 
 
 This or a similar return is still used. 7 Penn. St. (Barr's) R. 128. v. Tardus. 
 
 Breve tempore, = /« brevi tempore. In a short time ; shortly. 
 
 Breve testatem. — Lat. An attested brief; a brief memorandum in writing attested by 
 witnesses, v. Brevia testata. 
 
 In old English Law: A written memorandum prepared after the transaction, 
 introduced to perpetuate the tenor of the conveyance and investiture of land, and depended 
 for its validity upon the testimony of witnesses, as it was not sealed. Spelman's Gloss.; 2 
 Bl. Com. 307. 
 
 In later English and Scotch Law: This was a written memorandum of 
 acknowledgment made out on the lands at the time of giving possession to the vassal, and 
 attested by the seals, both of the superior and Ihe pares curiae, v. Erskine' s Inst, ii, t. 3, § 17. 
 
 Breve vel actio de detentione. A writ or action for detention. 
 
 In practice: Commonly known as the action of detinue, a species of personal 
 action ex delicto, which lies to recover the specific possession of a personal chattel wrong- 
 fully detained from another, where the original taking was lawful {e.g. where the posses- 
 sion was acquired by deliver)', finding, etc.), or its value, and damages for its detention. 
 F. N. B. 138; Co. Liit. litb ; 3 Bl. Com. 151, 155; i Tidd:s Fr. s; ^ M.&' W. ig; 15 id. 
 553; 5 C. B. (N. S.) 84 , 2 .9. 6^ 5. i. 
 
 It was even before the Common Law Procedure Act {1852), often associated with a claim 
 of debt, or, as it was called, was in the debet et detinet. The judgment in detinue was 
 in the alternative, that the plaintiff should recover the goods, orthe value thereof. (15 Q. B. 
 859) which it was the province of the jury severally to assess, if he could not have the goods 
 themselves, and his damage for the detention, and his costs of suit ; thus giving the option 
 to the defendant, of either giving up the goods, or paying their value. This state of the 
 law has been changed by the Common Law Procedure Act, 1854, § 78, by which it is enacted 
 that, whenever money is deemed by the plaintiff an inadequate compensation for the loss to 
 him of the chattel in respect of which he is suing, he may apply to the court to order that 
 " execution shall issue for the return of the chattel detained, without giving the defendant 
 the option of retaining such chattel upon paying the value assessed ; and that if the chattel 
 cannot be found, and unless the court or a judge should otherwise order, the sheriff shall 
 distrain the defendant by all his lands and chattels, or, at the option of the plaintiff, that he 
 cause to be made of the defendant's goods the assessed value of such chattel." 
 
 When re-delivery of the chattel had become impossible, etc., it was competent to the 
 jury, in this form of action, to find specially the facts, and confine themselves to an assess- 
 ment of damages. 5 C. B. 318. 
 
 Brevet. — Fr- [+ Lat. brevis, short.] A patent, commission, warrant; e. g.. Patent 
 d'invention, — a patent of invention. Brevet d' importation, — a patent or license for importa- 
 tion. Brevet de perfectionment, — a patent for improvement. 
 
 In French Law- A warrant or commission granted by government to authorize an 
 individual to exercise some right or do something for his own benefit. 
 
 In English Law: A royal warrant, granting a favor, privilege, title or dignity. 
 
 In Military Law: A commission in the army at large, conferring on a military 
 officer a degree of rank specified in the commission (without, however, conveying a right to 
 receive the compensation usually paid to such rank), in distinction from a commission in a 
 particular regiment or corps. 
 
 Brevi tempore, =/» brevi tempore. In a short time, shortl}'. 
 
 Brevi manu, — Lit., With a short hand. Hence, Immediately, off-hand, without delay. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 43, § l. Tro p . : At or by his own hand ; without the inter- 
 vention of a judge. Erskine' s Inst. \\,\:\X.%%Z'^- = Manu brevi. z/. Pufend. p. 417, >? 9. 
 
 Brevia. [plur. of breve.'] — L. Lat. Writs. 
 
 Lord Coke says : Dicuntur b r e v i a propter eorum brevitatem, — they are called writs 
 on account of their brevity. 3 Co. 44. 
 
 Dicuntur brevia, cum sint formata ad similitudinem regulae juris, quae breviter et faucis vtrlns 
 intentionem pro/erentis exponunt et explannnt, sicut re fula juris ran quae est lireviter enarrat : non 
 tamen ita debet esse breve, quin rationein et vim intentioms contineat. 
 
 They are called writs (brevia) because they are framed after the likeness of a rule of law, which b r i e f 1 y 
 and in a few words sets forth and explains the claim of the proferent of the complaining party ; it ought not, 
 however, to be so briefer concise but that it can contain the reason and force of the intention or claim. Fleta, 
 lib ii c II. % 2. </. Bracton, iii, tr. ,, c. 12, § 2, fol. 112a. v. Id. c. 17, § 2, fol. 413*, stated under Breve. 
 
 291 
 
Bre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bre. 
 
 Brevia adversaria, — L- Lat. Adversary writs, i. e. writs brought by an adversary to 
 recover land. 6 Co. 67, Finches case ; Wingate's Max. 122, § 7. 
 
 Brevia amicabilia, — L- Lat. Amicable writs, i. e. writs brought by consent and agree- 
 ment amongst friends. 6 Co. 67 ; Wingate's Max. 122, § 7. 
 
 Brevia auticipantia. — Writs in anticipation, «'. ^. of or for prevention. 2 Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 825. 
 
 Brevia Clausa, — L. Lat. Writs close ; close (or clause) writs. 
 
 The term close {clausa), or %vrlt close is derived from the circumstance of the writ being 
 close folded up with the wax round it; thus it was distinguished from a writ patent 
 (open), which although folded up, is sealed at the end of the label which issues from the 
 same piece of parchment and surrounds the writ. SewelVs Law of Sheriff, 372. 
 
 Letters of the king, sealed with his great seal, directed to particular persons, and for par- 
 ticular purposes, which, not being proper for public inspection, are closed up and sealed 
 on the outside, and are therefore called writs close, otherwise called literae clausae, 
 and .ire recorded in the close-rolls, in the same manner as writs or letters patent are 
 in the patent-rolls. 2 Bl. Com. 346 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 553. 
 
 In English Practice: Writs directed to the sheriff, as distinguished from those 
 which were directed to the lord, which were called patent. 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 45 ; 
 F. N. B. I F, iiF; Cro. Eliz. 158. 
 
 Brevia coram rege, vel coram justiciariis de banco, vel coram justiciariis itin- 
 erantibus. — L. Lat. Writs before the king, or before the justices of the bench, or before 
 the justices itinerant. Stat. Marlbr. c. 5. 
 
 Brevia de transgressione. — L. Lat. Writs of trespass, v. Transgressio. 
 
 Brevia de videudo mulierem, etc. Writs to examine a woman, etc. Bracton, fols. Gg, 
 70. v. Breve de ventre inspiciendo, p. 289. 
 
 Brevia formata, or de cursii. L. Lat. Writs formed or of course. 
 
 In English Practice: Original writs, the form of which was fixed; otherwise 
 called special writs, i. e. made to suit particular cases, and which issued of course without 
 special cause shown. Bracton, fol. 413^/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 13, § 2. i Reeve's Hist. 319; 2 id. 
 203 ; 4 id. 430 ; I Spence's Eq. Jur. 226, 239 ; 3 T. R.63; 17 Serg. S^ R. (Penn.) 194, 195. 
 Brevia fo r mdta super certis casibus de cttrsU , et de commune consilio totius regni concessa et 
 approbata, — writs formed or framed on special »r certain cases of course, and allowed and 
 approved of by the general advice of the whole kingdom. Bracton, ib. T[ 2. 
 
 Brevia judicialia, — L. Lat. Judicial writs. V. Breve judiciale. 
 
 In English Practice: Writs which followed after the original writs, and during the 
 progress of an action, which varied according to the varieties of actions, etc. Bracton, v. c. 
 17, § 2, fol. 413*. They were subsidiary writs issued under the private seal of a court, 
 and tested in the name of the chief or senior justice ; thus distinguished from an original 
 writ which issued under the great seal, and tested in the king's name. Bracton, fol. 
 IIS*/ Fleta, lib. ii, c. 13, § 3; Co. Litt. 54*, Ti/> ; 3 Bl. Com. 2B2 ; i Rawle (Penn.), 52. v. 
 Mesne process. 
 
 Brevia magistralia. — L. Lat. Magisterial writs. 
 
 In English Practice: Writs adapted to special cases, and to suit the nature of the 
 action and the circumstances of each case. They were subject to variation according to 
 the diversity of cases and complaints, and were called magisterial from being framed 
 and issued by the masters or principal clerks of the chancery. Bracton, fol. 4131^ / Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 13, § 4; Crahb's Hist. 547, 548; 3 Wooddes, Led. 89 ; 4 Reeve's Hist. 426. 
 
 BREVIA, tarn origindlia quam judicialia, patiuntiir Anglica nomina. Writs, 
 as well original as judicial, bear English names. 10 Co. 132. v. Breve 
 originale. 
 
 Brevia testata. — L. Lat. Short written memoranda attested by witnesses. 
 
 These were employed to perpetuate the tenor of conveyances and investitures, after parol 
 grants had given rise to disputes and uncertainties. Feud. Lib. i, tit. 4 ; 2 Bl. Com. 307 ; 
 Broom cSr" Had. Com. ii, 494. They were not executed or sealed by the parties but were 
 strong authority from the testimony of the witnesses (who were the neighbors and peers of 
 court). 
 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone regards our modern deeds as amplifications of these .Srez'ja. 2 
 Bl. Com. 307. 
 
 Breviarium Alaricianum, or Breviarium AnianL— Lat. The breviary, or abridg- 
 ment of Alaric, or of Anian. 
 
 The name of a code of laws, compiled under the direction of Alaric II. King of the Visi- 
 goths, for the use of the Romans living in his empire, published A. D. 50C. v, Mackeld, 
 Civ. Laiv, 49, § 59 ; Schmidt's Civ, Law, Introd. 25, 26. 
 
 292 
 
^^e.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bro. 
 
 Breviarius, a, um, rti^; [Srevio.] Abridged. More frequently subst.: 
 
 Breviarium, ii, «. A summary, abridgment, abstract, epitome. Seneca, E/>. 39. 
 
 Breviate. in English Law: An abstract or epitome; a brief. 12 Mot/. $60. A 
 short extract or copy of a paper or writing, //oi. 114. 
 
 BreviatiO, Onis,/. A shortening. 
 
 Breviator, oris, m. An abbreviator, epitomizer. 
 
 Brevibus et rotulis liberandis. To deliver with the briefs and rolls. 
 
 A writ or mandate to the sheriff to deliver to his successor, the county, and the appurte- 
 nances ; with the rolls, briefs, remembrances, and all other things belonging to the office of 
 
 Breviculus, a, um, ai/J. Somewhat short or small. Plautus, Merc, iii, 4, 54. 
 Breviculus, i, '«. A summary. Justinian. Cod. i, 7, tit. 44 ; rHEOD. Coti. i, 4, tit. 17. 
 Breviloquens, entis, m/J. [brevis-loqtior.'] Speaking briefly, short, brief. Cicero, Alt. 
 vii, 20. 
 
 Breviloqnentia, ae, /. Brevity of speech. Cicero in Gellius, xii, 2, 7. 
 
 BreviloquUS. Gr. PpaxvXoyo';. Short in speech ; speaking briefly. Gloss. Labbei. 
 
 BreviO, are, i, v. a. [brevis.] To shorten, abbreviate, abridge, contract. G/oss. Vel. 
 QuiNTILlAN, i, 9, 2 ; V, 13, 41. 
 
 Brevis, is, m. subsl. A short catalogue, summary, = Brevidrum (q. v.) 
 
 Brevis, c, fl<^'. Short, little, of small extent. In. space: Little, small, short, narrow. 
 In time: Short, brief, small, little. In breve spatio, — in a short time. In brevi tempore, — 
 in a short time. In breve, — in short. Of discourse: Brief, short, concise. 
 
 Brevissime, superl. in the shortest time, space, etc. 
 
 Brevissimum tempus. The shortest time. 
 
 Breviter, a-dv. Shortly, briefly, in brief, with few words, summarily, etc. Cicero, Off. 
 i, 29, 104. 
 
 * * * Brevis esse lahoro, 
 Obscurus fio, — Horace, Art. Poet. 25. 
 
 While I endeavor to be concise I become obscure. 
 
 Brie^ Briefe, Brieffe, Briefre, Bref.— L. Fr. A writ. 
 
 Briefe de droit.— L. Fr. A writ of right. Co. Lilt. 158^. —Breve de recto.— h. Lat. 
 
 Briefe <i^ recto clauso. — Fr. and L. Lat. A writ of right close. F. N. B. 11. 
 
 Brieve. [+ breve.} A writ. 1 Kame's Eqtiity, 146. 
 
 Briga, — L. Lat. in old European Law: Contention, litigation, strife, contro- 
 versy. Hence: Brigand ; a lawless fellow, a robber, freebooter. 
 
 Brocagium. — L. Lat. Brocage or brokerage. The business or occupation of a broker. 16 
 M. &• W. 177. V. Factor. (6.) The fee or commission for transacting business as a broker. 
 
 Brocarius, BrOCCarius. — L. Lat. in Scotch Law: A broker, or brocker, nego- 
 tiator, mediator, or middle-man, in any transaction or contract. Skene, de Verb. Signif. 
 
 Brocator, or Brocciator. — L. Lat. A broker, a mediator, a middle-man. 
 
 BROKER semble de venir del /inrol Frattfois Broicur, id est. Tritor, cesttty que grinde ou ruiu- 
 per un chose en peiie parcels. Et le voyer office d'un Broker est de batre, contriver, /aire et conctuder 
 bargains enf Merchants et Tradesmen. Mes le parol est ore auxi appropriate as ciix que achate et vend 
 vieux et broken apparel et household-stuff. — L. Fr. Broker seems to come of the French word Broicur, 
 that is Tritor, he that grinds or breaks a thing into small pieces. And the true trade of a broker is to beat, 
 contrive, make and conclude bargains between merchants and tradesmen. But the word is now also appro- 
 priated to those that buy and sell old and broken apparel and household-stuff, ci. Statute, fait i. Jac. c. zi ; 
 Tervtes de la Ley. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: A broker is a specialist employed as a middle-man to nego- 
 tiate between the parties a sale or other business contract. Story on Agency, §§ 28, 31 ; 16 
 Gray, 442 ; Wharton on Agency, § 695. 
 
 A broker differs from a factor in that a broker has not the possession of the 
 goods he is to sell, and so the vendor cannot be deceived by the circumstance ; while a 
 factor has such possession, and hence a factor has a special property-interest in the goods; 
 e.g. a general lien upon them — which the broker has not ; and besides, a broker is not 
 authorized to sell in his own name. If he sells in his own name he acts beyond the scope of 
 his authority, and his principal is not bound. McCulloch's Com. Did., 2 B. &= Aid. 137 ; 
 L. R., 5 Ex'. 169: L. R., 7. Q. B. t\b ; affirmed in House of Lords, 33 L. T. (N. S.) 73. cf. 
 7 Mass. R. 36 ; t Johns. R.bfj; 2 Wash. C. C. 413 ; 22 Ohio St. 597. 
 
 293 
 
Bru.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bur. 
 
 Brokers are divided into different classes ; e. g. bill or exchange brokers ; stock brok- 
 ers, custom-house brokers, ship and insurance brokers, pawn brokers, and brokers simply 
 so-called, or those who sell or appraise household furniture distrained for rent. Besides 
 the classes now enumerated, the brokers who negotiate sales of produce between different 
 merchants usually confine their sales to some one department or line of business, etc. As 
 to these several classes and their functions, etc., v McCulloch's Com. Diet.; Wharton on 
 Agency, §§ 700-725, and the authorities there collated ; Story on Agency, § 32. v. Factor. 
 
 A broker is deemed the agent only of the party by whom he is originally employed ; but 
 when the bargain or contract has been definitely settled as to the terms, between the princi- 
 pals, he then becomes the agent of both parties. Paley on Agency, 171, note (/)/ i Young 
 &'J. Exch. 387 ; I Mete. (Mass.) 463. 
 
 Bruarium, Bruyrium. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A heath ground. 
 
 Bruera, A heath or heathy ground. Braeton, fol. 231 ; Co. Lilt. 46. 
 
 Brugbote (en ascun copies Bridgebote) est quietam esse de auxilio dando ad reficiendum 
 pontes. Brugbote (in some copies Bridgebote) is to be quit of giving aid to the 
 repairs of bridges. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Brutum fulmen. — Lat. A harmless thunderbolt. Melon.. A noisy but ineffectual 
 menace ; a law neither respected nor obeyed. 3 Bl. Com. loi. -v. Conditio derisoria. 
 
 Bullaria, — L. Lat. A place for boiling. Bullaria aquae salsae, — a boilary of salt 
 water; a salt pit or salt house where salt is boiled. Co. Litt. /^b. Bullilio salis, — a boiling 
 of salt ; as much brine or salt as was made from one boiling. Cowell. 
 
 Bullion vemist del parol Francois Bullion, que est le lieu lou Or est trie. Et issint 
 Bullion est prise en les Statutes fait en 27 Edw. IIL stat. 2, c. 14, et en 4 Hen. IV. stat. i, 
 c. 10, pur le lieu a que Or ou Argent est port d'estre trie ou exchange. Mes Bullion est auxy 
 prise en le Statute 9 Edvv. III. stat. 2, c. 2, pur Or ou Argent en le Masse ou Billet. — L. Fr. 
 Bullion comes from the French word Billion, which is the place where gold is tried. 
 And so Bullion is taken in the Statutes made in 27 Edw. III. stat. 2, c. 14, and in 4 Hen. IV. 
 stat. I, c. 10, for the place whither gold or silver is brought to be tried or exchanged. But 
 Bullion is also taken in the Stat. 9 Edw. III. stat. 2, u. 2, for gold or silver m the Mass or 
 Billet. Termes de la Ley, voc. 
 
 Webster gives the etymon + Lat butlci, any object swelling up and thus becoming round, any thing 
 rounded by art. Hence, Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. Often used, however, to denote gold and 
 silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign 
 or uncurrent coin. 
 
 Buuda, Bouda. — L- Lat. [L. Fr. bunde.\ Gr. /3ovvo?, a hill or hillock. 
 
 In old English Law- A bound, boundarj', border or limit. 4 Co. Inst. 318. 
 
 BUN DAE et metae, et rationabiles divisae quae ponuntur in terminis et finibus 
 agrorum, ad dtstinguendum praedia et dominia vicinorum. Bounds and 
 metes and reasonable divisions which are set up on the boundary lines and limits 
 of lands, in order to distinguish the estates and properties of neighbors. Brae- 
 ton, fol. \(>tb, 167 ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 41, § 30. v. Meta et bundae. 
 
 Burbreach est, quit ' esse de Transgressionibus factis in Civitate vel Burgo contra pacem. — 
 L. Lat. Burbreach is to be quit of Trespasses done in the City or Borough against the 
 peace. Termes de la Ley. v. Burghbrech. 
 
 Burg, Burgh. — Sax. = Burgus, v. h. v 
 
 Burga, — L. Lat. House-breaking ; breaking into an inclosed place, v. Burgus. 
 
 Burgagium. — L. Lat. \;\- burgus^ Burgage ; the tenure of burgage. Mag. Cart. Johan, 
 c. 37 ; id. 9 Hen. III. c. 27. 
 
 In English Law: A tenure by which houses, or lands which were formerly the site 
 of houses, in ancient boroughs are held of the king or other lord of the borough at a certain 
 yearly rent called burgage tenure. Glanv. lib. vii, c. 3 ; Litt. §§ 162, 163 ; Co. Litt. loib; 2 
 Bl. Com. 82 ; I Crabb's Real Prop. 593, § 749 ; Termes de la Ley, voc. 'Burgage . ' 
 
 Burgarii, 5rum, m. [burgus^ Inhabitants of a castle or fortress ; defenders, etc. 
 
 Burgdrii i burgis dicit, quia crebra per limites habitacula constituta burgos vulgo vocant. Isi- 
 DORus, Orig. ix, 4, § 28. 
 
 The inhabitants of a castle {burgarii) are called from burgi (castles, fortresses), because the dwelling-places 
 confined by or within the limits constituted what they commonly called castles or fortresses (burgi'). 
 
 In English Law; Burgers or burgesses; inhabitants of a borough or walled town. 
 Spelman. v. Burgus and Burgarius. 
 294 
 
Bur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Bur. 
 
 Burgarius. — L. Lat. A burgess ; a citizen of a city. 
 
 In English Law: An inhabitant or freeman of a borough {iurgus} ; a person duly 
 and legally admitted a member of a municipal corporation {mtinicipalis or villa corporata). 
 Spelman, Gloss.; 3 Steph. Com. 188,189. A burgess of a borough is quasi a citizen of a 
 city. They are mentioned as distinct classes in the Slat. 5 Rich. II. c. 4. The inhabitants 
 of a city were sometimes called burgesses {burgarii), and the application of the term is now 
 revived in England. 5 East, 208 ; i Man. b' Gr. i, note (a). An elector ; a person legally 
 qualified to vote at elections. Stat. 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, §§ 9, 13 ; 3 Steph. Com. 192. A 
 representative of a borough or town in Parliament. Co. Litt. joga; i Bl. Com. 174. 
 
 Burgator. — L. Lat. One who broke Into and robbed a burgus ; a burglar or house- 
 breaker. One who breaks into houses or inclosed places, as distinguished from one who 
 committed robbery in the open country. Spelman. Gloss, ' B u rgla ria.' 
 
 In old Criminal Law: .S«?ya^r was distinguished from a robber (/ra^rfo and ro/i- 
 bator) as well as a thief (Jatro and fur). Fleta, lib. i, c. 16, § 6 ; id. c. 20, § 5 ; id. lib. ii, c. 
 52. § 9- Burgator, quasi burgi latro,— 3. burgator [is] the same as or like the robber of a 
 burg or fenced place. = Burglator. 
 
 Burgbote est, quietam esse de auxilia dando ad faciendum Burgum, Caslrum, Civitatem, 
 Morus prostrat.' — L. Lat. Burghbote is to be quit of giving aid to make a Borough, 
 Castle, City, or walls thrown down. Termcs de la Ley. 
 
 Burgbote, Burghbote. — Sax. [+ burg, a castle or town, and bote, reparation.] I n o 1 d 
 English Law: A tribute {auxilium) toward the repairing of castles or walls of defense, 
 or of a borough or city. Co. Litt. loga. 
 
 Burgh. A borough. Litt. g§ 162, 164 ; Co. Litt. 108, 109. = Burgus. 
 
 Burgh-brech, Burgh-brich, Borg-brech. [Sax. borhbryce, borhbrece + borh, a pledge 
 or surety, and bryce, a breach or violation.] Breach or violation of pledge. 
 
 In Saxon Law: The offense of breaking, violating the pledge (yfcfe-yaj-j-joMij- ot^/it/w 
 01 plegii fractio) given by the inhabitants of a tithing, to keep the peace ; breach of the peace. 
 Spelman. ■(.■. ' Burbreach.' 
 
 Burgh-mote, Burg-mote, Burgemote. Sax. = L. Lat. Burgemotus, Burgesmotus, 
 Burgimotus. \-\- burg, a borough, and mote or gemote, a meeting.] The court or meeting of 
 a borough or burg. 
 
 In Saxon Law; A court held in burghs or towns three times a j'ear, at which the 
 earldorman or alderman presided. LL. Edgar, c. 5 ; LL. Canute, c. 44 ; Spelman; Crabb's 
 Hist. Eng, Law, 27 j I Spence's Chanc. 58. 
 
 Burgh Engloyse. — L. Fr. Borough English. Yearb. P, i Edw. III. 38. 
 
 The term signifies a particular custom prevailing in certain ancient English boroughs and 
 copy-hold manors, by which land descended to the j'oungest son instead of the eldest, or, if 
 the owner had no issue, to his youngest brother. This custom existed in the reign of Hen. 
 II. (A. D. 1154-1189), and was established, undoubtedl)-, prior to the reign of Henry II. 
 V. Glanv. lib. vii, c. 3. The reason given for the custom is, because the youngest son, by 
 reason of his tender age, is not so capable as the rest of his brethren to help himself. Litt. 
 § 211. Other reasons are also given. 2 Bl. Com. 82, 83. See the subject more fully in 
 Litt. §§ 165, 735 ; Termes de la Ley; Cro. Jac. 198 ; i P. Wms. 63 ; I BL Com. 75 ; 2 id. 83 ; 
 I Crabb's Real Prop. 593, § 749. The custom of Borough English still prevails in divers 
 cities and ancient boroughs and districts adjoining to them in different parts of the kingdom 
 and under different circumstances, v. I Steph. Com. 199, note («)/ 2 H. &" N. 653 ; s. c. i 
 id. 282 ; Broom on C. L. 12. 
 
 Burgi latrocinium. — L. Lat. Theft or larceny from a castle or mansion-house (burgus). 
 4 Bl. Com. 223 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 270. w. Burglaria. 
 
 Burglaria. — L. Lat. \j\- burgh, borough, town, -|- Lat. burgus, and O. Fr. laire, thief, 
 -\- Lat. latro^^ Burglary. Spelman defines burglary to be Nocturna disruptis alictijus habi- 
 taculi, etc. — the nocturnal breaking of another's dwelling-place. 
 
 In English Criminal Law: The crime of breaking and entering into a dwelling- 
 house (domus mansionalis), or a building immediately connected therewith, in the night-time 
 {noctanter) with intent to commit a felony therein, whether such felonious intent be executed 
 or not. 3 Co. Lnst. 63 ; i Hale's PI. Cr. 549 ; l Hawk. PI. Cr. c. 38, § i; 4 Bl. Com. 224 
 sq.; Pascals Crim. Ev. 252 ; Stat. 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, § 13 ; Reeve' s Hist. Eng. Law, 539; 
 Crabb's Hist. C. L. 309 ; r Puss, on Crimes, 785 ; Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 352 ; Broom on 
 C. L. 977-982 ; Broom &° Had. Com. iv, 270 sq. If a servant conspire with other men to rob 
 his master, and to that intent opens his master's doors and windows in the night for them 
 and they come into the house by that way, this is burglary in the strangers, and the serv- 
 ant is a thief, but no burglar. Opinion of Lord C. J. Manwood of the Exch., Quarter 
 Sess. at Canterbury, January, 1579, 21 Eliz. ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 295 
 
Bur.J JURIDICAL GLOSSA-RY. [Byl. 
 
 Entering the dwelling-house of another with intent to commit an)' felony therein, or being 
 in such dwelling-house shall commit any felony therein, and shall in either case break ou t 
 of said dwelling-house in the night-time, constitutes burglary. 4 Bl. Com. 227 ; Stat. 7 and 
 8 Geo. IV. c. 2g, § 11; Slat. 24 and 25 Vict. c. 96, § 51. v. Steph. Crim. Law, 162 ; 4 Steph. 
 Com. 1^1. In regard to the meaning of the word 'dwelling-house,' w. 24 and 25 
 Vict. c. 96 ; Broom on C. L. 976, 978. v. Domus mansionalis. 
 
 In American Criminal Law: The term burglary includes offenses committed by 
 day as well as by night, and in other buildings than dwelling-houses. Wharton's Am. 
 Crim. Law, 350, 352. In several of the States various degrees of burglary have been 
 established by statute. Id. ib. cf. Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 270-277, Wait's note (713). v. U . 
 S. Dig. If the breaking and entry be with an intention to commit a trespass or other mis- 
 demeanor, and nothing further is done, the offense will not constitute burglary, i Hale's 
 PL Cr. 500; East's PI. Cr. 509-14-15 ; 2 Russ. on Cr. 33 ; 7 Mass. 245 ; 16 Vt. R. 551. 
 
 Surglariter, — L. Lat. Burglariously. 4 Bl. Com. 307 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 409. 
 
 In old Criminal Pleadings: A word of art {vox artis) which could not be 
 expressed by any paraphrasis or circumlocution. 4 Co. 39 ; Cro. Eliz. 920 ; -^ East, 30. An 
 essential word in indictments for burglary. 4 Bl. Com. 307 ; Broom on C. L. 979 ; Wharton's 
 Am. Crim. Law, loi. The word has been held not essential under the Revised Statutes of 
 Massachusetts. 4 Metcalf's R. 357. 
 
 Burglator. — L- Lat. Also burglarer or hurglerer and burglayer. [-\- burgh, borough, 
 town, and O. Fr. laire, thief, -)- Lat. /atro.] A burglar. = Burgator, v. h. v. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A house-breaker by night (wocfeKte?-)/ one who breaks and enters 
 into a mansion or dwelling-house by night, with intent to commit a felony. 3 Co. Inst. 63 ; 
 other cases, supra; Broom on C. L. 978 sq. and cases cited. 
 
 In American Law: One who breaks and enters by day as well as by night, and in 
 other buildings as well as dwelling-houses. Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 350, 352. 
 V. Burglaria. 
 
 BurgUS, i, m. [A German word. J A castle, fort, fortress; a burg or bourg. 
 
 Nomen ex locis sumpserunt, quia crebra per limites babitacula constituta btirgos vulgo vocant. Isidorus, 
 Orig. ix, a, % 99. 
 
 A name assumed from its locality, because the dwelling-places confined by (within) the limits constituted 
 ■what they commonly called a castle or fortress (burgus), v. Bulgarii, 
 
 In Saxon: ^ Burg, [-j- Gr. TTzpoS, a tower.] A burg, borough, castle, fortress. 
 
 In old European Law: A fortified or inclosed place or dwelling ; a town or place 
 inclosed with a wall or rampart. The large burgi or towns in England had gates like cities. 
 Fleta, lib. i, c. 24, § 4. A place distinguished both from a c\\.y (civitas^ and a town (villa), 
 and occupying a middle rank between both. Mag. Cart. Johan, c. 13; id. 9 Hen. III. c. g. 
 
 In English Law: An ancient town. Z/rt. §§ 162, 164 ; Tennes de la Ley. A walled 
 or fortified town ; a town of note or importance ; a corporate town that is not a city. 
 Cowell. A town. Co. Litt. 108^. An ancient town, holden of the king or any other lord, 
 which sends burgesses to Parliament. Co. Litt. I09«. A town, whether corporate or not, 
 that sends burgesses or members to Parliament, i Bl. Com. 114, 115. A corporate town or 
 city, whether sending members to Parliament or not. Eng. Munic. Corp. Act, 5 and 6 Will. 
 
 IV. c. 76 ; 3 Steph. Com. igi et seq. A city or other town, whether corporate or not, that 
 sends burgesses or members to Parliament, i Bl. Com. 114, 115 ; i Steph. Com. 116. A 
 town or place organized for local government. " Every borough is a town, but not h con- 
 verso." Litt.^i^i. " Every city is a borough, but every borough not a city." Co. Litt. 
 loga. V. Hargrave's note 123, lib. ii. 
 
 In American Law: An incorporated town or village. 
 
 Bursa, — L. Lat. A purse. Bracton, fol. 84. A bag. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 82, § 2. 
 
 Bursarum SCisSOreS. — L Lat. Cutters of purses ; cut-purses. Fleta, lib. i, c. 38, § II. 
 
 Bursee. — L. Fr. A purse. Britt. c. 29. 
 
 Burning in the hand. v. Cauterizetur in manu. 
 
 Burrough mailles, Burrow mailles, Burrow mealis.— Scot. Burrow-meals. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Rents paid to the king by the burgesses, or inhabitants of a bor- 
 ough, or burrow (burgenses^.^nA which went to the king's private treasury {fisco et patrimonio 
 regis). 
 
 Mealis (the form of the Scotch plural) is considered as signifying the same thing as the old English Law, 
 ^. ^. yfrw/rt, a f erm or farm , i. ^. provisions, or rent paid in provisions. SJielman. It is probably = mail 
 in the word black-mail, and with the Modern English meal, a portion of food taken at stated intervals. 
 
 V. ^Blackmail.' 
 
 Byhe spere off' syde, otlie baer.— Old English Prov. Buy spear off side, or 
 bear, i. e. buy exemption from war, or carry it on. Spelman, voc. ' Faida ' ; i R»bertson's 
 Charles V. Append. Note xxi. v. Faida mortalis. 
 
 By-laws. '». Billagines. 
 296 
 
C] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cac. 
 
 C. As an abbreviation; C. designates Cajus or Gajus or Qaius, and d. Gaga. 
 Cf. QUINTILIAN, i, 7, 28. 
 
 As a numeral: C. or c. = cenium, i.e. anhundred; c c ., two hundred ; ccc. three 
 hundred ; c c c c . , four hundred ; D. standing for five hundred, M. one thousand. 
 
 Upon voting tablets: c. = condemno, — I condemn (opp. to absolve, — I absolve, I 
 declare innocent). ASCON. Cicero, Div. in Caecil. vii, 24. Hence, condejnno is called litera 
 tristis, — a sorrowful letter, opp. to absolve, which is called litera salutaris, — a salutary, serv- 
 iceable, beneficial letter. Cicero, Mil. vi, 15. C. The initial letter of Codex, used by some 
 writers in citing the Code of Justinian. Taylor's Civil Law, 24. 
 
 Ca. — L. Fr. Here. Oi ^; /a,— here and there. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 CaballariuS, i, »'• — Lat. A river ; a horseman. Gloss. Vet. 
 
 Caballeria, In Spanish Law; A portion of spoils taken or lands conquered in a 
 war, granted to a horse soldier. 12 Peters' R. 444, note. An allotment of land, being a lot 
 of one hundred feet front and two hundred feet deep. 2 White's Recop. [38] 49. 
 
 Caballero, — Span. [-{-Lat. Caballus, a riding or pack horse.] In Spanish Law: 
 A knight. 
 
 So called on account of its being more honorable to go a caballo — on horseback — than on 
 any other beast. White's New Recop. b. i, tit. 5, c. 3, § 3. 
 
 Cachecta, ae, m. = Gr. Kax^tirrfi, in a bad physical condition. One afflicted with con- 
 sumption or cachexy. Pliny, xxxii, 10, 39. 
 
 CachecticnS, i', um. (^dj. = Gr. naxs.uriv.o'i. Pertaining to cachexia; cachectic. Id. ib. 
 
 Ca-chex i-a, ae, /. r= Gr. ?ra:;i;£?z'a:. [-)- Kajfo?, bad, evil, and e'^j?, a habit.] Cachexy. 
 
 Cachexia nomen sumpsit ^ corporis injuria, aut ab habitu [malo habitu]. Kaxefiaf enim malam vexatio^ 
 nem Graeci vocaverrunt. Kit haec passio iatemperantii aeerotantis, vel mal^ curatione medicaminis, aut post 
 aegrltudinem tard^ resumptione. IsiDORtis, Orig. iv, 7, § ao 
 
 Cachexy has assumed its name from an injury or from a habit [an evil depraved habitj of the body. For 
 Cachexy the Greeks have called a bad discomfort [an injurious annoyance]. This disease arises from an 
 excess of sicliness [an immoderateness of morbid condition] or from an improper cure or treatment by medi- 
 cines, or from a sluggish resumption [tardy recovery] after sickness. 
 
 In Medical t.t.: Consumption, wasting, hectic, cachexy. Pliny, xxxii, 10, 39. A 
 depraved habit of body. Thomas' Med. Diet.; Dunghson's Med. Did. Plur. Ca-c/iex'i-ae, — 
 cachetic diseases. 
 
 In Nosology: A term applied to a class of diseases, comprising many. v. Cullen's 
 Nosology. 
 
 Ca-chin'lia-tiO, Onis,/. \idi\ A violent laughing ; immoderate laughter. Cicero, /"ajf. 
 iv, 31, 66. 
 
 Ca-cMu'llO 5re, I, V. 71. = Gr. naxaZoo or uayx'^^"^- To laugh aloud ; laugh immod- 
 erately. LuCR. i, 1172 ; Cicero, Fi'?-?-. ii, 3, 25. Of the water of the sea: To plash, 
 roar, rush upon. Att. in NoN. 463, 16. Whence: 
 
 CacMn-nO Onis, ?«. One who laughs violently; a laugher; derider. Persius, &/. i, 12. 
 
 Ca-cMnnUS, i, "'• [cachinno.] Aloud laugh; immoderate laughter; a laugh in deris- 
 ion ; a jeering. LucR. v, 1396; Cicero, /a^. v, 10. 
 
 Poet., of the sea: A plashing; roaring. Catul. Ixiii, 274. 
 
 Cac-O-e th.es is, ?;. = Gr. Ka^o^SfS. [-|-Ma:Ko;, bad, and 7760S, manner or disposition.] 
 A bad or evil habit, custom or disposition. M e d i c a 1 /. A .• An obstinate, malignant dis- 
 ease. Cols, v, 28 ; Pliny, xxiv, 3, 3. In the plural, Cacoethe = Gr. ra HaKorjQr;. Pliny, 
 xxii, 25, 24; xxiv, 10, 47. Hence, Trop., CaCOethes carpendi,— a rage for picking, 
 plucking, gathering. In a bad sense: An evil habit of gnawing, yaaj;, with an envious 
 tooth ; to lower in reputation by words ; to detract, slander, calumniate, revile. Cicero, 
 Balb. xxvi, 57 ; Quintilian, xi, i, 24 ; Suet. Aug. xxvii ; id. Domit. 2 ; Pliny, Ep. i, 9, 5. 
 V. the pass, in each. CacoetheS loquendi,— a rage for speaking, talking. Trop., A 
 wish or itching frequently to speak in public. CacoetheS SCribendi,— a rage for writing. 
 Me ton.. An arrant scribbler. Trop., The incurable passion for writing or scribbling. 
 CacoetheS insanabile SCribendi — an insane or raging passion for writing or scribbling. 
 Juvenal, vii, 52. v. Furor loquendi or scribendi. 
 
 [38] 297 
 
Cac] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cad. 
 
 CaCUmeil, inis, «. [acumen with the prefix c] The extreme end, extremity, or point of 
 a thing ; the peak, utmost point (whether horizontal or perpendicular); on the contrary, 
 culmen is an extremity projecting in height. Doid. Syn. Trop., The end, limit. LucR. 
 
 Grammatical t. /.: The mark of accent placed over a letter. Marc. Cap. iii, p. 63. 
 
 Gado, ere, 3, </. ». In an extended sense: To fall down, to precipitate, sink down, 
 fall, cease, abate. LncR. vi, 745. Trop., To come, happen' or fall somewhere involun- 
 tarily ; to be subjected to something. To remain unfulfilled, unaccomplished. To fall into 
 disuse, grow out of date. To fall through, to fail, be condemned, gain no favor. To be 
 terminated, end, close ; to abate, cease or come to an end ; e. g. 
 
 In the Jurists: Cadat ^ causdsud,— hs shall lose his cause. Bracion, fol. 20S&. Cadat ah actione 
 sua et a causa, — he shall fail in his action and cause. Braciott, fol. 280. Cadere i or a6, — to fail in, or be 
 defeated; to lose, Bracton. Cadere ad actio, — to fall or fail in an action. Cadere causA, — to fail in or lose 
 one's cause; to be cast. Cicero, de Or. i, 36; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 33. Cadere assisa, — to fall from the 
 assize, z. f. to be nonsuited. i^/t?/«, lib. iv, c. 15. "To fall from a right" is to lose or forfeit it. ^ Karnes' 
 Eq.zuZ. Cadere in assisatn, — to become liable to, or be the subject of an assize ■ — as an agreement or cove- 
 nant to be sued for in that form. Bracton, io\. rzi-^d . Cadere in partem, — to become subject to a division. 
 Cadet guaestio,— the question shall or will fall, come to an end. Lord Ellenbordugh, 12 East, 381. Cadit, — 
 It falls, fails, abates, is changed, etc. Cadit actio, — the action fails or abates, Bracton, fol. 30S, cadit. Cadit 
 appellutn, — the appeal fails or abates. Bracton, io\. -nob, i^i. Cadit assisa, — the assise fails. Fleta. Cadit 
 assisa et vertitur inj'uratatn, — the assise falls and is turned into a jury. Bracton,io\, zio^, Cadit assisa in 
 juratam, — the assise is turned into or has become a common jury. Bracton, fol. 213^. Cadit assisa in per- 
 amhulationem, — the assise is turned or changed into perambulation. Bracton, fols. 180, 211^,- Reeve^s Hist, 
 Eng. Lain, 336. Cadit assisa, nee est capienda ut assisa, sed vertitur injurataTn, — the assise falls, nor is it 
 to be taken as an assise, but is turned into a jury. Bracton,io\.^<j^h . Cadit breve, — the writ fails. Bracton, 
 fols. 161, 1823. Cadit brevis et assisa verbis talis, licet ieneat versus alios, — the writ and assise fails against 
 such, though it holds against the others. Bracton, fol. 203. Cadit donatio in partem or venit in divisio- 
 nem, — the gift becomes the subject of division tjr goes into a common stock for the purpose of making a 
 division. Bracton, fol. 22. Cadit loguella, — the plaint or plea fails, or comes to an end. Bracton, fols. 260^, 
 363. Cadit ntulier a casu, — the woman loses her case. Bracton, fol. 301^. Cadit warrantia, — the warranty 
 fails. Bracton, fol. ^g^. Cadit guaestio, — there is an end of the question, v. Casus guaestionis. 
 
 Cadtica, 5rum, ». [J>lur. -^ caducum.] Fallen, vacant, having no heir. Hence, those 
 things which fall to the state ; escheats ; lapses. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Cadtica bona — fallen possessions — are all those possessions 
 which fall not to the heir mentioned in a will because he is childless, and hence passes by 
 descent to other heirs who have children (in default of the same to the exchequer), v. 
 Quod quis sibi testamento relicium, ita ut jure civili capere possit, etc. Ulpian. Reg. xvii. 
 Caduca heredi tales , — fallen, vacant or escheated inheritances. Cicero, Fhil. x, 5; 
 Juvenal, Sat. yi, 86. Caducae , — escheated portions, v. Caducus. 
 
 In the Common Law: Escheats; escheated estates or lands. Co. Litt. 130. cf. 
 2 Bl. Com. 72, 89, 241 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 155, 198, igg. 
 
 Caducary. — Lat. Eng. [-\- cadacus.'] Relating to escheat, forfeiture or confiscation. 
 ■z, Bl. Com. 245. Having the character or quality of escheat. "A sort of caducary suc- 
 cession." Lord Mansfield, C. J., i W. Bl. 163. 
 
 Cadiiceator, oris, m. \caduceum\ A herald sent to the enemy ; an officer with a flag of 
 truce. Festus, p. 36 ; LiVY, xxvi, 17; xxxi, 38yf»./ xxxii, 32 ,!/«/. A servant to a priest. 
 Arn. V, p. 174. 
 
 CaduceatUS, a, um, adj. \caduceus.'\ Having or bearing the herald's wand. Inscr. Grut. 
 927, 6. 
 
 CaduceS ornatus. Adorned or decorated with the herald's staff (an olive branch). Cicero, 
 de Or. i, 46, 202. 
 
 Caduceum, i, «• (sc. sceptrum or bacculum) or CaduCCUS, i, m. (sc. scipio.) The herald's 
 staff. Originally an olive stick with 6rttxiJ.a6i — garlands or wreaths — which afterward 
 were formed into serpents. O. MOll. y4nAf</. § 379, 3. Caduceus pads signum, — 
 the herald's staff (an olive branch), a sign of peace. Varro, de Vita Pop. Rom. lib. ii ; Nov. 
 
 528, 17. 
 
 CaduCUrSUS, a, um, fl(^'. \;\- caducus. '\ Relating to property without a master. Ulpian. 
 Reg. i, 21 ; ib. xvii, ' de Caducis;' ib. xxiv ; xxv, § 17. 
 
 Caducus, a, um, adj. [cado.'] That falls, or has fallen ; falling ; lapses. Lucretius, v, 
 1362. V. Glaus caduca est, quae ex arbore cecidit. Gaius, Dig. L, ib.fr. 30, § 4. 
 298 
 
Cae.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cae. 
 
 In Juridical Lang.: v. Cadiica bona ; Caduca hereditates, and Quod quis sibi testa- 
 mento, etc. Caducae, — escheated portions. Ulpianus, Z'j^f, v, 3, /;»-. 20, g§ 6, 7. Hence, 
 (6.) Esclieated ; falling or fallen to the state ; c. g., Partes. 
 
 Trop. of other things: v. C\CMSt,de Ora^. iii, c. 31, § 122. Caducus morbus, — 
 the falling sickness; epilepsj. Ktt. Herb. 60; Isidoeus, Orig. xiv, 7, 5. Caduca ligna, — 
 fallen wood. 
 
 Caeca invidia est, nee quid quam aliud sit quam detrectare 
 virtutes. Envy is blind, and knows not how to do aught but detract from the virtues 
 of others. LiVY. v. Invidia , sq. 
 
 Caeci sunt oculi, ctinh animus res alias agit. The eyes are blind when the 
 mind is intent upon something else. Publius Syrus. 
 
 CaedO, ere, 3, V, u. To cut, fell, cut down, cut to pieces. Caedere arbores, — to cut down 
 trees. Cicero. Div. ii, 14, 33. Caedere lignum, — to cut wood to pieces. Plautus, Merc. 
 ii, 3, 63. Caedere silvam, — to fell or cut down a forest. Lucretius, v, 1265 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To cut, i. c. trees"; to cut down ; to strike with a view of cutting 
 down. Paulus, Dig. xlvii, 7, fr. 5 pr. 
 
 GaeduUS, a, um, adj. [caedo.] In agriculture, /. /. .• That can be cut without 
 injury. Gaius, Z>ig. L, 16, /r, 30. Caeduus silva, — a forest that can be cut without injury. 
 Cato, de Re Rustica, i fin.; Varro, de Re Rustica, i, 7, 9 et al. 
 
 Caedua. [+ caedo^ Kept for cutting, i. e. wood intended or used to be cut. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Silva caedua est quae in hoc habetur ut caederetur, — a forest kept 
 for cutting is that which is held, kept, or possessed that it might be cut ; is that kind of wood 
 which is intended or kept for the purpose of being cut. Gaius, Dig. L, i6,/>-. 30. It is that 
 kind which, when cut down, grows up again from the trunks or roots. Id.; Ulpianus, Dig. 
 vii, I, fr. 9, § 7 ; PoMPONius, id. fr. 10, § 11 ; Census, id. xliii, 2^,fr. 18 J>r. 
 
 Caesar, 2ris, m. A surname in the^.f»j Julia, which was assumed by the successors of 
 Julius. Taylor's Civ. Law, 31 ; AuR. Vict. Caes. 13 fin. 
 
 Of these the most celebrated, C. Julius, — alike distinguished as general, orator, states- 
 man and author, was murdered by Brutus and Cassius, B. C. 44. After him all the 
 emperors bore the name Caesar, with the title Augustus (= majesty or imperial maj- 
 esty), until under Adrian, this difference arose : Augustus designated the ruling emperor, 
 Caesar the heir to the throne, the crown prince, etc. Spart. Ael. Ver. i ; Aurelius 
 Victor, Caes. 13 fin. 
 
 CAESAR gladium cith condi dit , unquam posuit. Caesar soon sheathed 
 his sword, but never put it off (never laid it down). Seneca ; Bacon's Offer of a Digest, etc. 
 V. Law Tr. 18. 
 
 CAESAR si ab eo quaereretiir, quid egisse in togd ; leges se respondisset multas et praeflaras 
 tulisse. If you had asked Caesar what he did in the gown, he would have answered to have 
 set in motion (made) many and excellent (remarkable or celebrated) laws. 
 
 Cicero gave Caesar this attribute as a law-giver. Quoted in Bacon's Offer of a Digest, 
 etc. V. Law Tr. 18. 
 
 CaesariaHllS a, um, adj. {a.) Of or relating to the triumvir ; Caesarian. Cicero, Att. 
 xvi 10, Orel. (6.) Of the triumvir Caesar ; Caesarian. Nep. Att. vii, i. Hence, 
 
 Caesariani Orum, m. The adherents of Caesar in the civil war. Hert. Bell. Afr. 13. 
 (c.) Imperial. Mart, viii, i. Hence, Caesariani, Drum, m. A class of provincial officers. 
 Justinian. Cod. x, i, 5. 7 ; Theod. Cod. x, 7. 
 
 Caetera. = Cetera. As for the rest ; otherwise ; besides, v. Ceterus. 
 
 Caetera desunt. The rest is wanting; the remainder is out or omitted. 
 
 Caeteris paribus. Other things being equal. Trop.: The circumstances being the 
 same in both cases. Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. i, § 16. 
 
 Caeteris tacentibus. The others being silent, i. e. the other judges expressing no 
 opinion. Comb. 186. 
 
 Caeterorum. Of the rest ; as to the residue, etc. v. Ceterus. 
 
 In Practice: Administration granted as to the residue of an estate, which can- 
 not be administered under the limited power already granted. 2 Hagg. Eccl. R.ti; a, id. 
 382, 386 ; I Curt. Eccl. 286 ; 4 Mann, (s' Gr. 398 ; i Wms. Exrs. 357. 
 
 CAETERUM commune id habent utraque cambia, quod aliquendo h tertio, qui in cambio non 
 est nominatus, solvantur. Quum enim saepenumero contingat, ut is, ad quern cambium dirigitur, 
 
 299 
 
Cae.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cae. 
 
 acceptationem denegct, tertius vera, trassantis amicus, illud sponte et ultro acceptet : Haec accep- 
 tatio vacatur i}i honorum litterarum . Eaquenonaliter fieri potest, quam {a,) interposita 
 h praesentate protestatione , et (&,) expresso ejus nomine, cujus in honorem acceptatio facia sit. 
 Heineccius, de Camb. cap. 2, § i6 ; id. cap. 6, §9. But both kinds of bills of exchange 
 have this in common, that sometimes they are paid by a third person who was not named in 
 the bill. For it may often happen that he to whom the bill is addressed may refuse accept- 
 ance, while a third party, a friend of the drawer, may willingly accept it. This acceptance 
 is said to be in honor of the bill. And it can be done in no way other than by a 
 presentation of the bill for protest by the party, and his name in whose honor the acceptance 
 was made being expressed. Quoted in Story on Bills, g 257. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CAETERUM ex eo solo, quod quis promissit solvere certo loco, licet ibi conveniri 
 fossil de jure, sicut si ibi contraxissetj tamen hoc non observatur in hoc regno; 
 quia in hoc regno non sortitur quis forum ratione contractus, etiam vere et realiter 
 facti in loco. Dumoulin. But from the mere fact that a person promised to 
 pay in a certain place, it is lawful for him, as a matter of right, to bring his 
 action there, as if he had contracted in it ; yet this is not observed in this 
 kingdom, because in this kingdom one does not obtain a tribunal on account of 
 his contract, even though truly and really made in the place. Quoted in Story 
 on Confl. of Laws, § ^■^1 fin. note i. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CAETERUM Junioribus plerisque placuit distinctio inter statuta, realia, person- 
 alia, et mixta. Verum. in iis definiendis mirum. est, quam sudant Doctores. 
 Hertiur. On the other hand, the distinction between statutes real, personal 
 and mixed has been approved by very many of the Juniors (or Moderns). Yet 
 in defining them it is strange how the learned men {Doctores) exert themselves 
 (sudant, literally, ' they sweat '). Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, % 14. 
 
 CAETERUM occasione variantium in successionem intestatam statutorum, gener- 
 aliter observanduni est, bona defuncti immobilia, et quae juris interpretatione 
 pro talibus habentur, deferri secundum leges loci, in quo sita sunt; adeo, ut tot cen- 
 seri debeant diversa patrimonia, ac tot hereditates, quot locis, diverso jure utentibus, 
 immobilia existunt. M obilia verb ex lege domicilii ipsius defuncti, vel quia semper 
 domino praesentia esse finguntur, aut (ut exposui ) ex comitate, passim usu. J . Voet, 
 ad P and. xxxviii, 17, n. 34, p. 596. But on account of the diiferent statutes 
 affecting intestate succession, it is generally to be observed that immovable 
 property, and the things that by interpretation of law are held as such, are dis- 
 tributed according to the laws of the place in which they are situated, so that 
 there may be deemed to be as many different patrimonies and sources of inherit- 
 ance as there are immovables in places using a different system of law. But 
 movables are treated according to the law of the domicile of the deceased him- 
 self, either because they are always feigned to be present with the owner, or (as 
 I explained) from comity, in use everywhere. Quoted in Story on Conjl. of 
 Laws, § 482a. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Sandius, in speaking of successions, etc., says : Aliud judicium est in mobilibus, quae ex 
 conditione personarum legem accipiunt, nee loco continere dicuntur, sed personam sequuntur, et ab 
 ea dependent; et ideo omnia ubicunque mob Hi a le gibus domicilii subji- 
 cuntur. Sandius, Decis. Frisic. lib. iv, tit. 8, defin. 7, p. 194. A judicial investigation con- 
 cerning movable property is another thing, which the law accepts or comprehends according 
 to the condition of persons, they are not decided to exist in the place (where they may be), 
 but follow the person, and depend upon that circumstance; and therefore all movable 
 goods, wheresoever they may be, are subject or subordinate to the 
 laws of the domicile of the deceased. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, 
 §4823. Read: Mobilia.sq. 
 
 300 
 
Cae.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cal. 
 
 Read, in this connection: Oninino igitur interest scire non tarn ubi quis decessit etc 
 Bynkershoek. Quoted in Story, supra. 
 
 CAETERUM, si dolus et caliditas intercessit, de dolo actio competit. It is other- 
 wise if fraud and craft have been used, there the action lies because of the 
 fraud and deceit. Quoted in Story on Bailm. §155. Read it in Consilii non 
 fraudulenti nulla obligatio est; etc. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17,//-. 47. 
 
 CAETERUM si gut opera mediastini fungitur, non contineturj utputa, atriarii 
 et focarii, et his similes. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 9,/r. i, § 5. Quoted in Story 
 on Bailm. § 468a. Read the whole, § 5. C amp one s, autetti, et stabularios 
 aeque eos accipimus, etc. Ulpian. supra. 
 
 CAETERUM si quid non ab actu hominis, sed a potestate legis proficiscitur, cujus- 
 modi sunt praelationis privilegia omnia, dicendum est vim legislatoris nullam 
 esse in bona sibi non subjecta tertii respectu, seu creditorum aliorum, qui inibi nullum 
 gesserint negotium, nee legibus loci istius se submiserint. Ad haec constat privilegiis 
 istis non agi in debitoris personam, utputo quae in res direcia, locum habeant inter 
 crediiores. Rodenburg, de Div. Stat. tit. ii, ch. 5, § 16. But what proceeds 
 not from the act of man, but from the authority of the law, of which kind are 
 all the privileges of preference, it is to be said that the law-maker has no authority 
 over property not subject to him, with respect to a third person or the other 
 creditors, who have done no business, made no contracts there, or submitted 
 themselves to the laws of that place. Moreover, it is plain that nothing, no 
 action can be taken against the person of the debtor by virtue of those privi- 
 leges, inasmuch as being directed against the property they take their place 
 among the creditors at large. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 325 /. 
 
 [F. J. M.] 
 
 CAETERUM ut sciamus, contractus, ex parte materiae iitilis sit, vel inutilis, ad 
 leges, quae, de quibus tractatur, impressae sunt, hoc est, ad consuetudinem situs 
 respiciemus. {Idefn in quasi contractibus, quod iti contractibns obtinet). Burgund. 
 But that we may know whether a contract, as to its subject-matter, is valid or 
 invalid, we shall refer to the laws which are impressed upon the things concern- 
 ing which there is question, that is, to the custom or law of the place (situs). 
 (The same rule obtains in quasi contracts as in express contracts.) Quoted in 
 Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 237, 372. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CajUS, Caius, Pronounced as Gajus, Gains, v. li. v. 
 
 CalamitaS, atis,/. \calamus.~\ A hail storm which breaks the calamus, or stalk of plants. 
 Hence, i n Agriculture: The mutilation or injurj' of crops. 
 
 Hence in general : Loss, mischief, harm. Terenth;s, Eun. i, i, 34; id. Heanl. ii, 
 4,15; Serv., Virgil, C i, 51 ; Plautus, C«j-. v, 2, 34 ; Cicero, Kc/-;-. ii, i, 17. In calami- 
 tate fructuum, — in the failure of fruits. Cicero, Verr. it, 3, qS. Trop.: Loss, misfor- 
 tune, mishap, injury, calamity, disaster, ruin, adversity. Plautus, Puen. iv, 2, loi ; Cicero, 
 ^g'^- i'j 3 yf»'/ ''^- Cat. i, 5. II. Calami tatern capere. Cicero, Div. i, 16. /« calami- 
 tate esse, — to be in misfortune. Sallust, C xliv, 5. Calaiiiitate proliihere aliquem, — 
 to hold or ward off another from a misfortune or calamity. Cicero, Manil. vii, 18. 
 
 CalamitOSi Orum, ?«. \-\- calamitas^ The ruined; persons in distress. Cicero, de 
 Amicitia, xiii, § 46. 
 
 CalamitOSUS a, um, adj. [caiamitas.] That causes great damage or loss ; very ruinous, 
 destructive. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 38. Ca lamttos tis tcmpestas, — a destructive tempest. 
 Ulpianus, i?;^. xix, 2, /r. 15, § 2. Trop.: Destructive, disastrous, ruinous, calamitous. 
 Cicero, PAH. xi, 13. Suffering great damage ; exposed to injury ; very unfortunate or 
 miserable, unhappy. Non. xxxiii, 26 ; Cicero, Pam. ix, 13, 3 ; id. Tusc. iv, 38, 82. 
 
 301 
 
Cal.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cal, 
 
 Calamus, i> »2- =:Gt.xdXaMoi. Lit.. A reed, cane. Pliny, xvi, 36, 65 j-j^. Transf.^ 
 (a.) In general: Any straw of grain; a stalk, stem, blade. (6.) A graft, a scion. 
 Melon, for obj. made of reeds; A reed-pen. Calamus in manus. Cicero, 
 Q. Fr. ii, 15, 6. v. Arundo. Hence, 
 
 In English Law: A pen; writing or penmanship; e. g„ Calami diversitas vel 
 atramenti, — the difference of writing or of ink. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 10, § 3. 
 
 Calamus legis. The pen of the law. 
 
 " I sum up my argument thus : My major is, where calamus legis doth write the tenure, it 
 is knight-service in capites BacorCs Arg. in Lowers case of Tenures ; Law Tr. 230. 
 
 Calaugium. — L. Lat. [-1-Fr. calanger.\ A challenge; a claim or dispute. 2 Mon. 
 Angl. 252. 
 
 Calcar, atis, «. [calx.l A ^pur. Ism. Orig. xx, 16, § 6 ; Plautus, Asin. iii, 3, 118; 
 ViRG. ^. vi, 882. Trop.: Spur, stimulus, incitement. Lucretius, v, 1074; Cicero, <& 
 Or. iii, g, 36 ; id. Brut, xxxvi, 204.. 
 
 Calcaria, 5rum. Spurs. Calearia deaurata, — gilded sandals. Bracton, lo\. ■iSl'- 
 Calcaria, ae, /. [+ calx, lime.] Concerning lime. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 19, fr. 8, § 10. 
 Calcariarius, a, um, adj. [calcarius.] Of or pertaining to burning lime. /nscr. Grut. 
 641, I. 
 
 Calcarius, ii, m. A lime burner. Cato, j?. J?. 16. 
 
 Calcarius, a, um, adj. Of or pertaining to lime. Calcarium fomax, — a lime-kiln. 
 Cato, H. S. xxxviii, i ; Pliny, xvii, 9. 6. 
 
 Calcea, Calceata, Calcetum. — L. Lat. A cause-way, or causey ; a path or road raised 
 with earth and paved. Spelman. Calcetum, — ^ a cause-way. Reg. Orig. 154; Fleta. 
 
 Calcifurnium, — L. Lat. Alime-kiln. In old European Law: Furnus ad coquen- 
 dum calcem, — an oven for burning lime. Spelman. 
 
 Calcularius, n, um, adj. [cakulo.] Of or pertaining to calculation ; reckoning. Modes- 
 TINUS, Z>ig. L, S,/r. 8. 
 
 Calculatio, Onis,/. [caku/o.] A computation, calculation, reckoning. Casiod. £/*. i, 10. 
 
 Calculator, oris, ?«. [calculo.] A calculator, computer, accountant. Ulpian. Z>ig. 
 xxxviii, I, /r. 8. 
 
 CalculO, are, I, i/, u. To calculate, compute, reckon. Trop., To consider as; to esteem. 
 Sid. £/. vii, 9. Hence Calculo, 6ms, m. A computer, an accountant. Aug. (/i? 0«/. ii, 12. 
 
 Caleudae, arum,/, [-\-calere, to call, proclaim; Gt. xcxXsiv, -\-KaAeco, to call.'] The 
 first day of the Roman month ; the calends. Varr. L. L. v, 4, 59 ; Adam's Antiq. ii, p. 273; 
 id. 335 ; 2 Co. Inst. 675. v. Kalendae. .M e to n . I^pars pro tanto), A month. Ovid, F. iii, 
 99. Calendae sextae, — the sixth calends, ;'. e. the calends of June. Id. ib. v\, 181. Intra 
 septimos calendas, — within the seventh calends. Mart, i, 100, 6 ; id. x, 75, 7 ; Paulus, Dig. 
 xlv, 1,/r. 46. 
 
 Caleudarium, ii. «• \calendae.'] An interest or account-book ; a day-book. Sen. Ben. 
 vii, 10 ; id. ii. i, 2 ; African. Dig. xii, i, fr. 41 ; Scaev. ib. xv, i, /?-. 58 ; xl, 7, 40 et saep. 
 
 In late Latin: The calendar. Grut. /«.?«•. 133 jy. 
 
 In English Law: The established division of time into years, months, weeks and 
 days. "The calendar is settled by law, and is part of the law." Holt, C. J., 6 Mod. 252. 
 A register or table of such divisions. Brand's Encyclop. As to the calendar or solar 
 month, V. Co. Litt. T.T,ibj 4 Kent's Com. 95, note. cf. Broom fir' Had. Com. ii, 275, 276. f. 
 Wait's note (256). 
 
 Calendar of causes: A list of litigated causes, prepared by the clerks of courts of 
 record, containing the title, the nature of, the date of issue, and the names of the attorneys 
 in each of the causes ; intended for the use of the court and bar. 2 Tidd's Fr. 818, 819. 
 
 Calida mellela. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Chaud melle. A sudden, rash, or fierce affray. 
 
 Caligin5suS, a, um, adj. [caligo.] Full of mist, covered with mist, dark, obscure, gloomy. 
 Cicero, Tusc. i, 19, 43; id. Div. i, 57, 130. v. the passages. Trop., Caltginosissima 
 quaestio, — a very dark or obscure question. Aug. Ep. 7. 
 302 
 
CalJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [CaL 
 
 CallgO, Onis,/. A thick atmosphere, a mist, vapor, fog. Lucr. vi, 479 et al. ; e. g. inter 
 caligines, — in the midst of a thick atmosphere or fog. Col. iii, 1,7. Hence {causa pro 
 effectu). Darkness, obscurity. Plautus, Mil. ii, 4, 51 et al. Trop., of dark, diffi- 
 cult circumstances: Calamity, affliction. Cicero, Flanc. 
 
 CaligO, 5re, I, 'J. n. and a. To be involved in darkness; to be dark, gloomy. Cdligare 
 oculos, — darkness covers the eyes. Lucretius, iii, 157. 
 
 Cdligare in sole. — P r o v . To grope in clear light. Trop., To understand noth- 
 ing in the greatest clearness. 
 
 Cicmproferenda sunt studio, Caliga t in sole et omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit 
 quod inter multos faciendum est. Quintilian, Inst, i, 2, § 19. 
 
 Callid^, ad'j. Skillfully, dexterously, shrewdly, expertly, vrell. (6.) Cunningly, craftily, 
 artfully, v. Callidus. 
 
 CalliditaS, Stis, /. \callidus!\ The quality' of callidus, in a good or bad sense. 
 
 In a good sense: Shrewdness, skillfulness, readiness, aptness; e.g.caliditasingenii, — 
 aptness of talents; readiness in abilities, genius. Ovid, F. iii, 380; Pliny, xxxvii, 12, 74; 
 Tacitus, Agr. g. 
 
 In a bad sense: Cunning, craft, slyness, artfulness. Cicero, de Off. i, 19, 63 {v. the 
 pass); iii, 32, 113; id. Rose. Com. vii, 20; Quintilian, ii, 5, 7; iv. 2, 126; Stratagem (in 
 war). LiVY, xlil, 47. Trop., Of oratorical artifice. Cicero, Part. Or. xxxix, 137. 
 
 Callidus, a, um, adj. [calleo.] That is taught wisdom by experience and practice ; shrewd, 
 expert, worldly-wise, experienced, skillful. Cicero, W.Z). iii, 10, 25. v. Versato eos appello, etc. 
 
 (a,) In a good sense: Ingenious, prudent, dexterous, skillful. Plautus, Asin.K, 
 3, 34 ; id. True, ii, 4, 62 et al.; Cicero, Acad, ii, 29, 94 ; id. N. D. ii, 57 ; id. de Or. vii, 23. 
 In reference to art: Excelling in art, skillful. Horace, Sat. ii, 3, 23; Cicero, 
 Tusc. i, 2a fin. 
 
 (6.) In a bad sense: Crafty, cunning, artful, sly. Plautus, Am. i, i, 112 et al.; 
 Cicero, de Off. ii, 3, 10; id. Verr. ii, 3, 14 ; id. Caec. xix, 55 ; Quintilian, vi, 3, 96 ; xii, 2, 
 14. Melon, of things: Callidum doli, — artful or crafty in guile or fraud. Plautus, 
 Bac. iv, 4, 4. Callida sed malitioso juris interpretatio. — a cunning or artful but fraudulent 
 interpretation of the law. Cicero, de Off. i, 10, 33. Callidum versatumque jus, — an artful 
 and versatile interpretation of a (written) law. Jd. Caec. xxiii. 
 
 GallistratllS. A Roman Jurisconsult who wrote several works on Roman Law; 
 one entitled de Cognitioniius ; another ad Sdictum Monitorium; aaother dejure Fisci; another 
 Quaestionum. Fragments of these works have come down to us in the Pandecta, cf. Dr. 
 Smith's Diet, of Roman Biog. 
 
 Calumnia, Calumpilia. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A claim or demand (in 
 Lat. vindication ({. v.). Spelman. Juris in re aliqua postulatio,- — a demand of a right in some- 
 thing. Id. V. Calumpnia. A challenge. Reg. Grig. 223, 224; Co. Lilt. 155^/ CrabV s Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 299. An objection. Feud. lib. ii,. tit. I. 
 
 Calunillia, ae, t'. — Lat. A Juridical t. t. in Roman and Civil Law: Artifice, 
 chicanery, trick, wiles, calumny, malice, ill-design, perversion of law; false accusation; 
 vexatious litigation ; a malicious prosecution. Dig. \\\, \.\\.. t, 'de Calumniatoribus ;' 
 Justinian. Co</. ix, tit. 46, 'de Calumniatoribus ;' Gaius, /kj-/. iv, §§ 163, 172-181, 186. 
 
 CALUMNIAE judicio * * qui intelligit non recte se agere, sed vexandi adversarii 
 gratid actionem instituit, potiusque ex judicis errore vel inquisitate victoriam sperat quam ex causa 
 veritotis; calumnia enim in adfectu est, sicut furti crimen. Gaius. Inst. 
 iv, § 178. In the action of vexatious litigation * * one who is aware that 
 he is bringing his action improperly, and be taking proceedings for the mere purpose of 
 annoying his opponent [vexing his adversary], expecting to succeed rather through the mis- 
 take or unfairness of ii^e judex than through the merits of his case; for vexatiousness, 
 like the crime of thef t , c on s i s t s in intention. 
 
 Calumnia is the antithesis of Veritas. Quintilian, xii, i, 26, and \o fides; Suet. Calig. 16; 
 e.g. Calumnia et malitia, — artifice and ill will, spite or malice. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 27. 
 Calumnid litium aliquit petere , — to seek to obtain other people's estates by actions at law and 
 f.ilse accusations. Cicero, Mil. xxvii, 74, and v. id. Off. i, 10, 33 ; id. Att. iv. 33 ; id. Fam. 
 i, I, I. Hence, Meton., ior Actio calumniae, — an action concerning artifice, chicanery, 
 intrigue, v. Cicero, Clu. lix, 163 ; LivY, xxxix, 4 ; Cael in Cicero, Fam. viii, 8, i; Tac. 
 .^.xiv, 41. Calumniam jurare, — to swear that one does not bring a malicious accusation. 
 Gael 2» Cicero, />!OT. viii, 8, 3 ; Livy, xxxiii, 47. De calumnia jurare. Vi^fianvs, Dig. 
 
 3°3 
 
Cal,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [CaL 
 
 xxxix, 2, fr. 13, Jusjurandum de calumnia, — the oath of or concerning calumny. Id. ib. 
 xii, 2, fr. 2,^. Jusjurandum exigire non calumniae causa agere. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 § 176. w. Qui juraverit non calumniae, etc. Id. ib. xxxix, /r. 2, 7. 
 
 In Common Life: Intrigue, chicanery, triclc, artifice; a false, sophistical interpre- 
 tation ; a perverting, wresting of a matter ; sophistry ; a sophistical attack of a person or 
 thing ; e. g., v. Cicero, Fat. xiv ; id. Rep. frag, in Don. it-i, 15 ; id. Acad, ii, 5, 14; Sal. C. 
 30 i QuiNTlLlAN, ii, 17, 18. Trop., The anxiety, apprehension produced by sophistry ; 
 e. g., V. Caec in Cicero, Fam. vi, 7. 4 {v. the pass.); Quintilian, x, i, 115 ; Cicero, Brut.. 
 Ixxxii, 283. 
 
 Calumniae judicium. An action of vexatious litigation. Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 174, 176, 
 178-181, 186. 
 
 Calumniae jusjurandum. The oath of (or against) calumny.' 
 
 In the Civil Law: An oath imposed upon the parties to a suit that they did not sue 
 or defend with the intention of caXamnialmg {calumniatidi animo), i. e. with a malicious design, 
 but with a firm belief that they had a good cause, v. Ulpian. Big. xxxix, 2, fr. 13 ; id. ib. 
 xii, 2,fr. 24; Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 16; id. Cod. ii, 59, 2 ; iii, i, 14. 
 
 In the Canon Law: A similar oath, named juramentum calumniae, was formerly 
 used, but is now discontinued. 4 Reeve's Hist, of Eng. Law, 16. It was especially used in 
 divorce cases. Bishop on Mar. &■ Div. § 353. 
 
 Calumniae litium, i. e. lites per calumniam intentae. Of unjust lawsuits, i. c. suits 
 intended for calumny {calumnia). Cicero, pro Milone, xxviii. 
 
 Calumniam jurari. To swear that one does not bring a malicious accusation. Cael in 
 Cicero, Fam. viii, 8, 3. i/. Ulpian. Dig. xxxix, 2, 13, § 3 ; id. ib. xii, 2, 34, § 4 ; id. ib. 
 xxxix, 2, 7. V. Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 172, 181, 186 ; Justin. Inst, iv, 16, § i. 
 
 Calumnior, arl, l, v.dep. act. [-)- calumnia.~\ A Jurid. /. t. in Rom. and Civil 
 La w : To contrive artifices or false accusations ; to attack with artifice or false accusations. 
 Cicero, Quint, xxi, 67 ; id. Rose. Am. xx, 55 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 15 ; Quintilian, iv, 2, 8. To 
 calumniate, or maliciously injure ; to accuse falsely. Justinian. Inst, iv, 16, § i. 
 
 Calumniari verba jutis, — to interpret in a sophistical manner (to pervert, wrest) 
 the words of the law. Paulus, Z);^. x, 4, />-. ig. v. Cavillatio. 
 
 In common life: To censure, attack, in a sophistical or unfair manner. Cicero, 
 Fam. ix, 7, Orell. N. cr.; Quintilian, ii, i, 12 ; Tacitus, H. iii, 75. Trop . : To torment 
 one's self with groundless care or anxiety. Cicero, Fam. ix, 2, 3 ; Caesar in Cicero, Fam. 
 vi, 7, 4 ; Quintilian, x, i, 115. 
 
 CALUMNIARI est, falsa crimina intendere ; pr aevai-ic ari , vera crimina 
 abscondere ; fergi vers art, in universum ab accusatione desistere. Mar- 
 ciANUS, Dig. xlviii, 16, fr. i, § i. To calumniate is to intend a false 
 charge ; to prevaricate or collude is, in truth, to conceal a charge ; to 
 tergiversate or shift is to desist entii'ely from an accusation. 
 
 M ARCIANUS adds: § 2. Calumniatoribus poena lege Remmia irrogatur. § 3. Sed non uiique 
 qui non probat, quod intendit. protinus calumniari videtur ; nam ejus rei inquisitio arbitHo cog- 
 noscentis commiitititr, qui reo absoluto de accusatoris incipit consilio quaerere, qua mente ductiss ad 
 accusationem processit ; et si quidem justum ejus errorem repererit, absolvit eum , si vero in evidenti 
 calumnia eum deprehenderit, legitimam poenam ei irrogat. Marcianus, ib. §§ 2, 3. 
 
 § 2. A punishment is ordained by the Remmian law for calumniators [false accusers]. 
 § 3. But decidedly he does not directly seem to calumniate who does not prove what he 
 intends; for the investigation of this matter is committed to the judgment of a judicial 
 examiner who, having absolved the party charged, begins to inquire into the design of the 
 accuser, influenced by what purpose he made the accusation ; and if he has found his error 
 a just one, he acquits him ; but if he has detected him in a palpable calumny, he imposes 
 the lawful punishment upon him. [F. J. M.j 
 
 Calumniare, Calumpniare. — L. Lat. In old English Law; To claim (c/ootot-^), 
 ot AevaawA (vindicare). Spelman. To object to; e. g.. Imprimis calumpniati poterit summon- 
 itio, — in the first place the summons may be objected to. Fleta, lib. ii, c 54, § i. Calum- 
 niata ox Calumpniata, — objected to. Bracton, fols. 257,354. To challenge; e. g., Calump- 
 niavit aniamentum panelli, — he challenged the array of the panel. Dyer, yjb. Ut omnes 
 juratores in panello calumniare possit, — that he might be able to challenge al-i the jurors in tne 
 panel. Reg. Orig. 223 ; Co. Litt. 155^. 
 
 304 
 
CaL] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cam, 
 
 Calumiliator, oris, m. [calumnior.] AJuridical /. /. in Rom. and Civ. Law: 
 (a.) A contriver of tricks or artifices; a pettifogger ; a perverter of law; a chicaner, ei cet. 
 (6.) One who accuses another of a crime without cause ; one who brings a false accusation. 
 Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 46. v. Cicero, Caec. xxiii, 65 ; id. Verr. ii, i, 10; ii, 2, 8; id. Clu. 
 lix, 163; QuiNTlLlAN, xxviii, 87 ; Suetonius, .^A^;. 4. Trop.: Calumniator sui, — one who 
 is too anxious in regard to his work ; over-scrupulous of himself. Pliny, xxxiv, 8, 19, no. 
 25. Anxiety of one's self, etc., v. Calumnia, ad Jin. 
 
 C ALUMNI ATORES appellati sunt, qui per fraudem et frustrationem alius vexa- 
 rent litibus. GaiuSj Dig. L, 16, fr. 233. They are called calumnia- 
 tors, who, by fraud and deceit, damage, annoy, plague others with suits. 
 
 Read: Si calvitur, et vioreiur et frustreturj inde et calumniatores appellati sunt, etc, 
 Calumniatrix, icis, /. [calumniator^ She who plots against or malies false accusations. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxxvii, % fr. i, §§ 14, 16. 
 
 Caltunniose, adv. Artfully; by trick, maliciously, etc. Papinianus, Dig. xlvi, 5,/?-. 7. 
 CalmnniOSUS, ■>-, um, adj. \calumnia.\ Full of tricks, artifices, chicanery. Accusatio. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxxviii, 2, fr. 14. Criminationes. Arn. i init. 
 
 CALUMNIOSUS est, qui sciens prudensque per fraudem negotium alicui corn- 
 par at. % 2. Et in privatis, et in publicis judiciis extraordinariis criminibus 
 omnes calumniosi extra ordinein pro quilitate admissi plectuntur. Paulus, Recept. 
 Sent, i, tit. 5, §§ i, 2. He is full of artifice, chicanery, malice, who intentionally, 
 and with full knowledge, makes or procures the business of another through 
 fraud. § 2. And in private and public trials for extraordinary crimes all trick- 
 sters are punished in an extraordinary manner according to the quality or nature 
 of the wrong done. 
 
 Calxunpnia. — L. Lat. In English Law: Challenge or c\3.im; e. g.. Sine calumpnia, — 
 without challenge or claim. J^leta, lib. ii, c. 51, §§ 8, 9. An objection or exception ; e. g. v. 
 Ostensura in hac parte. 
 
 CalnmpniOSUS. — L. Lat. In old EnglishLaw: That may be challenged or objected 
 to ; objectionable, Bracton, fol. 3981^. 
 
 CKiA^lA. platearum sunt, vel a Vista , quando solutio injungitur aliquot diebus 
 post visum cambium, vel a Da to, quando acceptans solvere jubetur intra 
 certam tempus a datis litteris cambialibus; vel denique a Uso , quando tempore con- 
 sueto solvere tenetur acceptans. Heineccius, de Camb. cap. 2, § 13 ; id. cap. 4, 
 § 6. Bills of exchange are either at sight, when payment is enjoined several 
 days after the bill is seen ; or a t d a t e , when the acceptor is directed to pay 
 in a certain time from the given bill; or in fine at usance, when the acceptor 
 is bound to pay in the usual customary time. Cited in Story on Bills, § 51 ; 
 Story on Prom. Notes, § 31. 
 
 Gambiator. — L- Lat. [-|- Lat. CamUo, ire.] An exchanger ; a cambist. 
 
 Merchants and Bankers, t. t.: A person skilled, expert in cambistry or 
 exchanges ; a trader or dealer in bills of exchange and promissory notes. Wharton's Law 
 Lex. A banker ; one who deals in exchange, or is skilled in the science. Webster. 
 
 Cambiatores monetae, — exchangers of money ; moneychangers Fleta, i,c.22,g7. 
 
 CambiO, ire, v. n. To exchange, barter. App. Apol. p. 2B4. 
 
 Whence the Italian and mercantile Cambio, cavibiare, cambiatura, etc. Spanish, Cavibio, — 
 exchange. Schmidts Civ. Law, 148. French, Change, changer, etc. Hence: 
 
 Cambitas, atis, /. Exchange, trade. =Gt. ocvriKOLraXXayrj. Gloss. Or. Lat. 
 
 Cambi-particeps, Cambipartitor.— L. Lat. In old English Law: A champer- 
 tor. One who promotes, undertakes or maintains another suit ad ca mpi partem vel pro 
 parte lucn habendum,— \n order to have or obtain a share of the land or propor- 
 tionate part of the gain, profit or advantage. Stat, de ConspiratoHbus , 33 Edward III. 
 [39] 30s 
 
Cam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cam. 
 
 Cambi-partia. — Lat. Cambipartita. — L. Lat. [+ campus, a field, and partin, to 
 divide.] In old English Law: Champerty. Co. Litt. ■>fAb. v. Champerty. 
 
 Cambist, \-\-cambium.\ Merchants and Bankers, t. t..- A cambiator. A per- 
 son skilled, expert in exchange. One who trades in notes and bills of exchange. Wharton's 
 Lex. A bill or exchange broker. 
 
 "Those who exercise the function of bill-broker ought to be men of honor and capable of their business ; 
 and the more so as both the credit and fortune of those who employ them may, in some measure, be said to be 
 in their hands ; and therefore they should avoid babbling, and be prudent in their office, which consists in one 
 sole point, that is, to hear all and say nothing; so that they ought never to speak of the negotiations 
 transacted by means of their intervention, or relate any ill report which they may have heard against a drawer, 
 nor offer his bills to those who have spread it." Mr. Windham Beawes. 
 
 Cambitoria, — L. Lat. \cambium.\ Of or relating to exchange. Town's PI. c,?i- 
 
 Cambium. =Escambilim. — L. Lat. [Ital. and Span., CaOT^/o.] Change or exchange. 
 
 = Permutatio. Grotius, dejur. Bell. lib. ii, c. 12, § 3, par. 4. (6.) A bill of exchange. 
 
 ScAcciA remarked more than two centuries ago: Quinima, Camiin adeo sunt Reifuhlicae utilia it 
 necessarza, ut si Canibia cessarent^ omnia pene mercaturae oj^cia dissiparentur^ ac destituerentur, 
 ScACCIA, Tract, de Comm. § i, Quaest. 6, § 14. 
 
 CAMBIUM est convention qud ego tibi mando, ut tertio summam pecuniae pendes, quavi alius 
 mihi jam dedit, vel de qua fidem illi habeo. HuBERUS, Prel. Jur. Civ. lib. xvii, tit. I, § 12. A 
 bill of exchange is an agreement by which I request you to pay a third person a sum of money 
 vphich another person has already given me, or concerning which I put my trust in him. 
 Cited in Story on Bills of Exch. § 3. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read: Per Cafiibium intelligimus litteras solemni formula scriptas, etc, Heineccius. 
 
 Cambium reale or manuale, Common Law, t.t.. Real or manual exchange. 
 Exchange of goods for goods. Story on Bills, §§ 2, 21. 
 
 Cambium locale, mercantile, or trajectitium. Local, mercantile or foreign exchange. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: Terms used to designate the modern mercantile contract of 
 exchange, whereby a man agrees, in consideration of a sum of money paid to him in one 
 place, to pay a like sum in another place. Pothier, de Change, n. 12 ; Story on Bills, § 2 sq. 
 
 Camera, ae, /. = Gr. Ka^idpa. A vault ; an arched roof; an arch. Var. P. P. iii, 7, 
 3; Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, i. Camerae coelum, — the interior of a vault or arch. Vitr. 
 vii, 3. (6.) A flat ship with an arched covering, used by those dwelling on the Black Sea. 
 Tacitus, H. iii, 47 ; Gellius, x, 25 fin. 
 
 In old European Law: (a.) A chamber ; an apartment in a dwelling-house. 
 Camera dividitur ab aula, — a chamber is separated from a hall. Bracton, fol. 76. 
 
 (6.) A treasure chamber, or treasury ; a chamber with a vaulted roof, for the keeping of 
 the public treasure ; e. g.. Camera est locus in quern inferuntur mulctae et thesaurus principis, — 
 the treasury is a place in which the fines and treasure of the prince are kept. Spelman, 
 voc. 'Cam-bellanetts.' Camera est locus inquem thesaurus colligitur. A treasury- 
 chamber is a place in which the treasure is collected. Zasius, de Feudis. 
 
 Hence the modern vault, as a place of deposit for money, v. Camerarius. 
 
 (c.) A private treasury ; a place for keeping private funds or moneys ; a cofTer ; personal 
 funds as distinguished from land. Feudum de Camera, — a fee or fief from the chamber 
 or coffer ; a pecuniary stipend paid to a vassal by his lord. Feud. Lib. 
 
 In Juridical Language: A judge's chamber. Dyer, ^^b ; id. 140*. A private 
 place where a judge sits to do such judicial business as may be done } piano. 
 
 Camera regis. — L. Lat. A chamber of the king ; the king's chamber. A place of pecu- 
 liar privileges, especially in a commercial point of view. The city of London was so called. 
 Yearb. P. 7 Hen. VI. 27; Calthrop's R. 48, 56. 
 
 Camera SCaccari. — L. Lat. The chamber of the exchequer; the exchequer chamber. 
 It is abbr. Cam. Scac. Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Camera Stellata, — L- Lat. "The Star Chamber." 4 Bl. Com. 266 et vid. note ifi) ; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 342. v. Curia Camera Stellata. 
 
 Camerarius. — L- Lat. [-)- camera^ A chamberlam ; a keeper of the treasure chamber ; 
 a keeper of the public money ; a treasurer. 
 
 CAMERARIUS dicitur h camera, i. c. testudine sive fomice, quia custodit pecunias quae in 
 cameris praecipue reseruantur. A chamberlain is so called from camera (a chamber), i. c. 
 from a vault or arch, because he keeps in vaults those funds which are specially reserved. 
 Onuphrius, de Interpr. voc. ' Ecclesie.' v. Spelman, Gloss, ' Cambellarius.' 
 306 
 
Cam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cam 
 
 In old English Law: A chamberlain; an officer who had charge of the royal 
 chambers or apartments, and whose office was quite distinct from that of the treasurer 
 (thesaurarius). FUta, lib. ii, cc. 6,7. v. 1 Perr. &- Z". 243. A bailiff or receiver. Stat 
 Westm. II. c. II ; 2 Co. Inst. 380. 
 
 CameratiO, Onis, /. [4- f«»«ro, an arching j vaulting.] Hence, A vault; arch. 
 
 Campana.— L. Lat. A bell. Campana bajula,— a small hand-bell used in the cere- 
 monies of the Romish church ; and among the protestants, by sextons, parish clerks and 
 criers. Cowell. 
 
 Campanarinin, Campanile. — L. Lat. A belfrey, bell tower or steeple, a place where 
 bells are hung. Town's PL 191, 213. 
 
 Campartum. — L. Lat. A part or portion of a large field or ground. Champerty. Cowell. 
 
 CampaneUS or CampanillS, a, um, adj. [campus.'] Of or pertaining to the fields ; field. 
 V. Campester. 
 
 Campers, Campipars.— L. Lat. [Jx. Champert:\ in old English Law: A share 
 or division of land, or other thing. = Champerty, v. Nullus minister domini regis, etc. Rot. 
 Pari. 21 Edw. I. ; Stat. Westm. II. c. 49 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 212. 
 Campertum. — L. Lat. Acorn-field; a field of grain. Blount; Cowell. 
 Campester, tris, tre, adj. [campus.] Of or pertaining to a level field ; even, fiat, cham- 
 paign, level (opposed to montanus and collinus). Varro, de R. R. i, 6, §§ 2, 6, et mull. al. 
 Campestria, ium, «. Plain, fiat land ; level ground. Tacitus, G. 43; Pliny, vi, 26,30. 
 Campestres melius Scythae, 
 
 Quorum plaustra vagus rite trahunt dotnos, 
 Vivunt, et rigidi Getae; 
 
 Inmetata quibus Jugera liberas 
 Fniges et Cererum ferunt, 
 
 Nee cuZtura placet longior annua / 
 Defunctumque laboribus 
 Aequali recreat sorte vicarius. — Horace, Carm. iii, 24, 9-16. 
 The Scythians that dwell in the plains, whose carts, according to their custom, draw their 
 vagrant habitations, live in a better manner ; and [so do] the rough Getae, whose uncircum- 
 scribed acres produce fruits and com free to all, nor is a longer than annual tillage agree- 
 able, and a successor relieves him who has accomplished his labor by an equal right. 
 
 V. PvmiiDOlLF,de /ure Afat. et Gent, iv, c. 6, § 3. v. 4 Kent's Com. 441, ii.(r); id. i6. 44s, n. (g). 
 " Happy the Scythians, houseless traio ! 
 Who roll their vagrant dwellings o'er the plain; 
 Happy the Gates, fierce and brave, 
 Whom no fix'd laws of property enslave; 
 While open stands the golden grain, 
 The free-born fruitage of th' unbounded plain. 
 Succeeding yearly to the toil, 
 They plow with equal tasks the public soil." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 1, Campestres, iuni, m. — Lat. The deities who preside over contests. Grut. 1015, 2. 
 
 2. Campestres. — L- Lat. Field birds, — as partridges, quails, rails, etc. 
 
 In English Law: Lord Coke divided fowls of warren, or birds of game, into 
 three classes : Campestres, sylvestres and aquatiles. Co. Litt. 23$a. Manwood claimed but 
 two fowls of warren, viz., (he pheasant and the partridge. Manw. porest Law, c. 4, % 3 ; 
 Reg. Orig. gji J- 2 SI. Com. 38, note (b). v. Libera warrena. As to animals, v. Ferae campes- 
 tres, sylvestres warrenae. 
 
 Campi-CUrsiO Snis, /. \campusj\ Military exercise upon the Campus Martius. Veg. 
 Mil. iii, 4. 
 
 Campi-doctor, oris, m. [campus^ One who drills or exercises soldiers on the Campus 
 Martius ; a drill-master. Veg. Mil. iii, 6, 8 ; i, 13 et al. 
 
 Campi partitio.— Lat. A division, partition of the land ; champerty. 
 
 An offense mentioned by different names; e. g., C ampi-pariia , Campertum , 
 Champ ert, Champertia, Champerty , qq. v. v. Campum partire. 
 
Cam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Can. 
 
 In Common Law: It is the purchasing a right, or pretended right to property, under 
 a condition that part of it, when obtained by suit, shall belong to the purchaser. 2 Story's 
 Eq.Jur. § 1048. 
 
 Under the Julian Law, such agreements were held void. v. Qui improbe coeunt 
 in alienum litem, etc. MODESTINUS, Dig. xlviii, 7, fr. 6. And so also by Stat. Westm. I. 
 c. 25. V. the authorities under Champerty, cf. 4 Bl. Com. 135 ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. iv, 
 150. V. Wait's note (661). 
 
 Campio. — L. Lat. {campus^ In Feudal and old English Law: A cham- 
 pion. Bracton, fol. 344. One who fought in his own cause. Cowell ; Blount. In old 
 Scotch Law: A campion. Skene de Verb. Sign. Campio COUductiVUS, — a hired 
 champion. Bracton, fol. 137/'/ Fleta, lib. i, t. 38, § 8. 
 
 One that striketh a legal camp-fight, or combat in another man's quarrel. 3 Co. Inst. 221. 
 He who, in the trial b)' battle or combat {campus or duellum), fought either for the tenant or 
 demandant. 3 Bl. Com. 339. 
 
 CAMPUM pro comitia ; togam pro pace ; arm-a ac tela pro bello. The campus, for 
 the comitia or elections; the gown, for peace; arms or weapons, for war. Cicero, 
 de Or. iii, 42. ' Cedant arma togae.' 
 
 Campum partire. To divide the field or land. 
 
 In Common Law: To bargain with a plaintiff or defendant to divide the land or 
 other thing which is the subjective cause of a suit, between them, if they prevail at law or 
 in equity ; whereupon the champerter is, at his own cost and expense, to carry on the parties' 
 suit. Stat, of Conspir. 33 Edw. I. St. 2 ; 4 Bl. Com. 135 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1048 ; Broom 
 &• Had. Com. iv, 150, Wait's note (661). v. Campi partiHo and Champerty. 
 
 Campus, i, rn. — Lat. An even flat place; a plain, field (suitable for agriculture, pastur- 
 age, warlike operations, large assemblages of men, etc. ; opposite to mons, collis, silva, eic. 
 V. DoED. Syn.xn, p. 8 sq.\ Met on.; The produce of the field. Stat. Th. v, 528; 
 Cicero, Phil, iii, g, 22 ; id. Agr. ii, 35, 96 et al. 
 
 Campus, uar' si,oxflv . A grassy plain in Rome along the Tiber, in the ninth district, 
 originally belonging to the Tarquinii, after whose expulsion it was consecrated to Mars. 
 Hence called Campus Martins, — the field of Mars; a place of assemblage for the 
 Roman people at the Comitia centuriata. Cicero, Cat. i. 5 ; id. Q. Fr. ii, 2 ; Quintilian, xi, 
 I, 47 £•/ al. 
 
 Hence, M e t o n . : The comitia itself. Cicero, de Or. iii, 42, 167 ; id. Pis. 2. 
 
 Also, Ca mp u s , — a place much sought by the Romans for games, exercise and recreation ; 
 a place for military drills, etc. Cicero, Off. i, 29, 104; Quintilian, xviii, 59 et al. Hence, 
 Trop. : A free, open space for any kind of action ; a place of action ; a field, a theatre. 
 Cicero, Caec. xxviii, 84, v. the pass.; id. Acad, ii, 35, v. the pass.; id. de Or. iii, 19, 70; iii, 
 31,124; id. Phil. ii\v,b Jin. Catnpus honoris et gloria, — the field or theatre of honor 
 and glory. Pliny, Pau. Ixx, 8. 
 
 In old European Law: An assembly of the people. So called from being anciently 
 held in the open air, in some plain capable of containing a large number of persons. 1 Rob. 
 Charles V. App., note xxxviii. 
 
 In Feudal and old English Law: A field or plain. The field, ground or lists 
 marked out for the combatants in the duellum or trial by battle. Hottoman, in Verb. Feud. 
 voc. Campio. The duellum or combat itself ; camp-fight. Spelman. 
 
 Campus Campiones. Field champions. Hence, Those who entered the field as cham- 
 pions; the combatants in the judicial combat, ot duellum. 3 Co. Inst. 221. 
 
 Campus Mali. — L. Lat. The field of May ; the assembly of May. 
 
 An anniversary assembly of the Saxons, held on May-day, when they confederated for the 
 defense of the kingdom against all its enemies. LL. Edw. Conf. c. 35 ; Wharton's Lex. 
 V. Champ, de Mai. 
 
 Campus MartiuS. The field of Mars. cf. Campus Kar'skoxv^- 
 
 Campus Martii. — L. Lat. The field of March ; the assembly of March. 
 
 The national assembly of the Franks, held in the month of March, in the open air, in some 
 campus capable of holding a large number of persons. 1 Pob. Charles V., App. note xxxviii. 
 V. Champ de Mars. 
 
 Cancellare. ■"■ Cancello, are, etc. 
 
 CanceUa or Cancellaria. — L. Lat. [+Lat cancellarius.] Chancery ; the chancery ; the 
 court of chancery ; a court of equity, v. Curia cancellariae • 
 
 308 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Can. 
 
 In English Law; The office from which all writs in the Superior Courts were 
 anciently issued, the chancellor being the keeper of the great seal under which the writs 
 passed. Fleta, lib. ii, cc. 13, 29 ; 3 Bl. Com. 46, 47, 48 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 27 sq. 
 V. Curia cancellariae. 
 
 It has its name of chancery \cancellaria) from the judge who presides, the Lord Chancellor or Cancella- 
 rius ; who is so termed <i canceltando^— from the canceling the king's letters patent when granted contrary to 
 law, which is the highest point of his jurisdiction. 4 Co. Inst, 88. As to the various derivations ascribed to 
 the name, cf. Gibbon's Decl. and Fall 0/ the Rom. Empire, ii, 99 ; i Campb. Lives of the Ch's, 2 ; i Story's 
 Eq.J-ur. 8 40 ; 3 Bl. Com. 46, 47, 48 ; Broom b' Had. Com. iii, 27 sg, 
 
 CANCELLARI A ngliae dignitas est, ut secundus d, rege in regno habetur. The 
 dignity of the Chancellor of England is, that he is deemed the second 
 from the sovereign in the kingdom. 4 Co. Inst. 78. 
 
 Cancellarins, ii, m. [-|- cancelli.'\ A kind of porter; door-keeper. VopiN. Carin. xvi. 
 (6.) A director of chancery ; the head of the clerks in chancery ; the chancellor. 
 
 The term was derived from the cancelli, i. e. lattices, or latticed inclosures or bars within which the chan- 
 cellor performed his official duties. Cassiodorus Variar, lib. xi, form 6 ; jtii, t. 
 
 In the Lower Roman Empire: An officer, otherwise called jcriiJa (a scribe), j^f:rf^ar/«j (a keeper 
 of secrets, a secretary), graphiarius (a register), notarius (a notary), scrinarius (a keeper of the scriniarium). 
 a cancellis (in the cancelH, i. e. a chancellor), ii sceretis (in the secrets, i. e. a secretary), ab actis (on account of 
 the acts, records, etc.), A libellis (of or in the bills, petitions, memorials, etc.), autographus, logographus and 
 caniclinus. The term originally signilied a porter or door-keeper, i. e. of the Cancelli leading to the presence 
 chamber of the Emperors, v. i Gibbon's Roman Empire, c. 12, p. 193, note. Afterward the term was applied 
 to the secretaries, scribes, registers, notaries, who attended on the emperors and principal judges, and sat in 
 a separate placd, inclosed with a cancelli. Justinian. Cod. i, tit. 51 ; i Wooddes. Led. 95. Afterward one of 
 these cancellarii gained precedence in rank and authoritv, and became the head or director in chancery. 
 CASSiODORtJs, Var. xi, 6 ; xii, i. At this time his functions were to receive petitions, supplications, etc., 
 addressed to the throne, and to frame and issue the imperial writs and mandates. Wooddes. Led. 96. From 
 the Roman Empire the name and office of Cancellarius passed to the Roman church ; and through that 
 channel, adopted by the courts of most of the States of Europe . Id. ib. : 3 Bl. Com. 46 ; Broom &* Had. 
 Com. iii, 27. Thus the office of chancellor, with very transcendent powers, was established in England, as 
 early, at least, as the year 920. i Spence's Chancery, 78, and notes. The office of C^«£-f//arz«j,— chancellor, 
 — is mentioned by Bradon, fol. 338^, 403^/ Fleta, lib. ii, cc. 13, 27, 29. v. 4 Co. Inst. 88 ; Selden's Office 0/ 
 Chancellor ; Spence's Chancery., 78, 79; cf. i Story's Eq.Jur. §§ 39, 40, and notes. 
 
 In England: The chancellor (cancellarius) is the presiding judge in the Court of 
 Chancery. The lord high chancellor is the highest judicial officer of the realm, and, 
 in respect of precedency and dignity, ranks above every temporal lord, and he is deemed 
 the second from the sovereign. 4 Co. Inst. 78 ; 3 Bl. Com. 46 ; 3 Steph. Com. 407 ; Broom 
 b" Had. Com. iii, II sq. He is indeed much more than a judicial officer, being also the 
 keeper of the great seal, a privy councillor, and prolocutor of the House of Lords. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 47 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 28. v. Officium cancellarii est sigillum, etc. 
 
 Cancellarius de Scaccario.— L- Lat. Chancellor oi the Exchequer. 
 
 A high officer of the British crown, who formerly sometimes sat in the Exchequer with the 
 regular judges or barons of the court, where his duties were to take care of the interests of 
 the crown. 3 Bl Com. 44. He appears to have originally acted the functions of a chancel- 
 lor, or "to have been created for the qualifying of extremities in the Exchequer." 
 By Stat. 5 Vict. c. 5, abolishing the equity side of the Court of Exchequer, the functions of 
 chancellor therein seem to have been extinguished. Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 115. 
 
 Cancellarius ducatfis et comitatus palatini domini regis Lane. Chancellor of 
 
 the duchy and county palatine of Lancaster from the lord the king. 
 
 In English Law: The title of an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the 
 duchy of Lancaster is held. He has a special equity jurisdiction relating to lands holden of 
 the king, in right of the duchy of Lancaster. Hob. 77 ; 3 Bl. Com. 78. 
 
 Cancellarius et subthesaurarius scaccario domini regis.— L. Lat. The chancellor 
 and sub-treasurer of the exchequer of the lord the king. 
 
 The most important duties of this officer concern the management of the royal revenue, he 
 being the principal financial minister of the government. 3 Bl. Com. 44. 
 
 Cancellatim, o'^J'- \cancellatus -\- cancello.l Lattice-formed ; trellis-like. Pliny, vii, 20. 
 
 Cancellatio Onis, /. \cancello:\ The fixing of boundaries; the measuring of land. 
 Frontin, de Col. p. log, Goes. 
 
 In modern sense: An expunging or wiping out the contests of an instrument by 
 two lines drawn in the manner of a lattice or cross. As to the cancellation of a will or deed, 
 of. Greenleafon Evidence, § ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 496. 
 
 309 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY [Can. 
 
 Cancelli, orum, m. dim. [sing, cancellus.] A lattice, inclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, 
 bars, railings. Var. Ji. R. iii, 5, 4; Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 50 et al. Catuelli aedium, — the 
 inclosure of dwelling-houses. Ulpian. Dig. xxx, fr. 41, § 10; id. ib. 7, fr. 12, § 26. 
 
 Cancelli fori , — the bars or railings of the forum or court (in courts of justice). Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 3, 59. Trop., Boundaries; limits. Cicero, Quint. Tufin.; id. de Or. i, 12, 52. 
 Me ton.. The place is closed by boundaries. Hirt. Bell. Afric. \<i fin. Cancellorum 
 area, — the area or space within the railings or bars (in courts of justice), v. Barra. 
 
 CanceUd, are, i, v. a. \cancelli!\ To make like a lattice ; to lattice. Col. iv, 2, 2. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To strike through a writing in the form of a lattice (X); to strike 
 or cross out ; to cancel ; <r. g. Cancellare testamentum, — to cancel a will or testament. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxviii, 4, fr. 2. Cancellare ckirographi-Um, — to cancel one's own handwriting or auto- 
 graph. Modest. Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 24. v. Paulus, id. xlvii, 2, fr. 84 ; Scaev. ib. ii, 14, fr. 47. 
 Cancellare manus , — to cancellate the hands, i. e. to lay them across each other. 
 
 Cancellus, i, '«• A lattice, inclosure, bar, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xliii, 24, fr. 9. v. Cancelli. 
 
 Candidati. Candidates. Those who sought for office under the Roman government in 
 the time of the emperors, v. Candidatus. 
 
 Candidatorius, a, um, adj. [candidatus^ Of or pertaining to a candidate for office. 
 Cicero, de Off. i, i, 2. 
 
 Candidatns, a, um, adj. [candidus.] Clothed in white. PlAutus, Jlead. i, 5, 12 ; id. 
 Cas. ii, 8, 10 ; Suet. Aug. gS. S u b s t . , A candidate for office (because clothed in a glitter- 
 ing white toga). Adams' Antiq. i, p. 131 sq.; e.g. 
 
 Ctfndidatus Caesaris, — a candidate of Caesar, i. e. specially recommended by Caesar. Vel. 
 ii, 124. »/. Suet. Co^i. xli. Hence, proverb, Petis tamquam Cae saris candi- 
 datus , — you request or require just as a candidate of Caesar, i. e. as if certain of the result. 
 Quintilian, Inst, vi, 3, 62. 
 
 In the time of the Emperors: Candidati principis , — the candidates of the emperor 
 (an appellation for the quaestors who, appointed by the emperor himself, read his speeches 
 and rescripts). Ulpian. Dig. i, tit. 13. v. Tacitus, A. xvi, 27 Lips ; Suet. Aug. Ixv, tit. 
 5; Adams' Antiq. 1., ^. 2\oz.nd.'i\. Trop., He who strives zealously for something; lays 
 or can lay claim to something. Pliny, Pan. Ixiii, 1 ; Quintilian, xii, 2, 27. v. Officiossis- 
 sima ratio candidatoriwn. 
 
 Candidus, a, um, adj. [candeo.] Of a glistening, dazzling white ; white, clear, bright (opp. 
 to niger, a glistening black; while albus is a lustreless white opp. to alter, a lustreless black, 
 jy. Virgil, C. iii, 82; Isidorus, Orig. xii, i, 51). These Proverbs, ex.gr.: 
 
 Candida de nigris facere, et de candentibus atrd. To make white out of 
 black, and black out of white. Ovid, M. xi, 315. And 
 
 NigruTn in Candida vertere. To turn black into white. Juvenal, Sat. iii, 30. 
 Trop., a general epithet for any thing. Pure, clear, serene, spotless. 
 
 («.) Of the voice: Distinct, clear, pure, silver-toned. Quintilian, Inst, xi, 3, 15. 
 
 (6.) Of discourse: Clear, perspicuous, flowing, artless, unaffected. Cicero, de Off. 
 xvi, 53; Quintilian, x, i, 121, see the pass.; Gellius, xvi, 19, i. 
 
 (c.) Of purity of mind, character: Unblemished, pure, guileless, honest, upright, 
 sincere, fair, frank, open; e. g. Candidus judex, — an upright, fair judge. Horace, 
 Ep.\, 4, I. Candidus ingenium , — a frank, open disposition. Horace, .£/»</. xi, II. 
 Candidus humanitas , — a guileless, honest humanity. 
 
 Candida pax. White-robed peace. Tibullus, i, 45. Honorable peace. 
 
 Candida pax homines, trux decet ira feras. Fair peace becomes men ; fero- 
 cious anger should belong to beasts. OviD. 
 
 Candor, oris, m. {candeo^ A dazzling, glossy whiteness ; a clear, light lustre ; clear- 
 ness, radiance, brightness, brilliancy, splendor, glitter, etc. Lucretius, v, 283 ; iv, 233. 
 Candor splendissimus , — the most splendid brightness, brilliancy. Cicero, .^«^. vi, 
 16. V. id. N. D. ii, 15, 40. 
 
 Trop., (a.) Of discourse: Brilliancy; splendor. Cicero, de Or. 2'i fin. Claris- 
 simi candoris. Quintilian, x, i, loi. (6.) Of mind or character: Purity, integrity, 
 sincerity, openness, frankness, candor ; e. g. Candor animi. OviD, TV. iii, 6, 7 ; id. ib. ii, 467. 
 
 Candor dot viribus alas. Sincerity, candor, truth gives wings to strength. Motto 
 
 of Earl of Belvidere. 
 
 310 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Can. 
 
 Cane pejus ef angui vetare aliquid.— P r o v . To shun any thing with greater 
 aversion than [the bite of] dog or viper, v. Horace, Ejiisl. i, 17, 30. 
 
 CANES interdiu clausus esse oportet, ut noctu acriores sint. It is necessarj' or reasonable 
 that dogs be inclosed [kept up] in the da3'.time, that they may be more active, ardent or 
 fierce in the night. Cato, de Re Rustica, 124. 
 
 Canina facundia. — P r o v . Dog eloquence. 
 
 QuiNTiLiAN mentions this as a kind of eloquence which distinguished itself in snarjing at 
 others, v. Lit era canina. 
 
 Cants d corio nunquam absterrebitur undo.— ha. t. Pro v. A hound will 
 never be frightened away from the reeking skin [of the new-killed game]. Horace, Sat. 
 ii, 5, 83. 
 
 Cants stmtlis lupo est. A dog is similar to a wolf. Cicero. 
 
 Cants timidus vehementius latrat qudm mordet. — Pro v. The timorous 
 dog barks more fiercely than he bites. Cowardly dogs bark worse than they bite. Q. CuR- 
 Tius, vii, 4, 14. 
 
 Canon, Onis, m. = Gr. Kavcov. A marking or measuring line ; a ruler ; a rule, canon, 
 model. Ace, canona. Pliny, xxxiv, 8, 19, n. 2. Ace. plur., Canonas. Ans. Ep. 136. 
 
 In Cicero, Fam. xvi, 17, used as a Greek word. 
 
 Under the Emperors: An annual tribute, established by law, in grain, gold, silver, 
 clothing, etc. SvAKT. Sever, i; Lampk. Eleg. 2^. A rent, i Macke/d. CiviiLaw,3iy,%324; 
 id. 355, note. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Latin: A catalogue of sacred writings ; a list, roll ; the canon. 
 V. IsiDORUS, Orig. vi, 15, 16 ; Lindley's Int. Jur. 12. cf. Brande. 
 
 A law, rule or ordinance in general ; especially an ecclesiastical law or rule of doctrine or 
 discipline of the church in particular. Jacob's Law Diet. 
 
 In English Law: Canon. \canonicus.'\ A prebendary or member of a chapter. 
 I Bl. Com. 382. A person possessing a prebend or revenue allotted for the performance of 
 divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church. By Stat. 3 and 4 Vict. c. 113, § i, it is 
 provided that all the members of chapters, except the dean, in every cathedral and collegiate 
 church in England, shall be styled 'Canons .' 3 Steph. Com. 67, note (/«)/ i Bl. Com. 382. 
 
 Canon Law. a body of Ecclesiastical Law, which originated in the church of Rome, 
 relating to matters of which that church has or claims to have jurisdiction. It is styled Corpus 
 Juris Canonica, v. h. t. cf. I Bl. Com. 82; Broom S^ Had. Com. i, 11-13, 82-83; Erskine's 
 Inst, i, tit. I, § 10. 
 
 Canonicarins, ii, m. [canon, under the emperors.] A collector of an annual tribute. 
 Justinian. Novell, const. 30. 
 
 Canonicns, a, um, adj. — Gr. xavoviKOi. Regular ; according to rule. 
 
 In Music: Theoretical ; the theory of music or sounds. Vitr. i, I ; v, 3 ; Gellius, 
 xvi, 18. 
 
 In Astronomy: Canonica defectionis solis, — regular defections of the sun, i. e. fol- 
 lowing at regular intervals. Augustus, Civ. Dei. iii, 15. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Of or pertaining to an annual tribute; e. g., Canonica pensita- 
 tiones, — pertaining to annual payments, or compensations; or annual expenditures. Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. xii, 62, 2. V. xi, 17, 3 ; id. ix, i. 
 
 In later Ecclesiastical Law: A spiritual person found in a list ; a canon, pre- 
 bendary. V. Eleta, lib. ii, i,. 6g, § 2. 
 
 Canonica, orum, n. = Canonica ratio. Theory. Pliny, i, 2, 12. 
 
 Canonici, Drum, m. Theorists. Pliny, ii, 17, 14. 
 
 Canonrv. In English Ecclesiastical Law: An ecclesiastical benefice, attach- 
 ing to the office of canon. Holthouse ; I Man. iy Gr. ii2i. 
 
 CantabiariuS ii, »*• \cantabrum.'\ A standard-bearer on festive occasions. Theod. 
 Cod. iv, 7, 2. 
 
 Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator.— ]v\mi hi., Sat. x, 22. 
 
 An empty traveler will sing before a robber. The traveler with empty pockets will sing 
 even in the robber's face. 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Juvenal's preceding words are elegant and pertinent : 
 
 Pauca licet partes argenti vascula puri^ 
 Nocte iter ingressus^ gladium coniutngue timebis. 
 Et motae ad lunam trepidibis arundinis umhram. 
 
 Cantabit vacuus coram latrones viator. — Juvenal, i^. 19-22. 
 Thougli you are conveying ever so few vessels of unembossed silver, entering on your journey by night, 
 you will dread the bandit's linife and bludgeon, and tremble at the shadow of a reed as it quivers in the 
 moonshine. The traveler with empty poclcets will sing even in the rob ber's face. 
 
 "The traveler, freighted with a little wealth. 
 Sets forth at night and wins his way by stealth ; 
 Even then, he fears the bludgeon and the blade. 
 And starts and trembles at a rush's shade ; 
 While, void of care, the beggar trips along. 
 And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song." — Wm. Gifford, x, 29-34, 
 
 '* The fearful passenger, who travels late, 
 Gharg'd with the carriage of a paltry plate. 
 Shakes at the moonshine shadow of a rush, 
 And sees a red-coat rise from every bush ; 
 The beggar sings, even when he sees the place 
 Beset with thieves, and never mends his pace." — Mr. John Dryden. 
 
 Cantatio, Snis,/. \canto.'\ Lit.; A singing, a playing; hence afo^n/ri? Co«cr. Music, 
 song. Varro, L. L. vi, 7, 71. A charm, spell, incantation. Firmic. Mathes, iii, 6. 
 
 Cantator, Sris, m. [canto.] A musician, a singer, minstrel. Varro, Z. L. viii, 32, 118. 
 Cantatrix, icis, /. adj. [caniator.'] Musical, singing. Claud. £e/l. Gild. 448. Speak- 
 ing in incantations, using enchantments. App. Met. ii, p. 128. 
 
 Cantilena, ae, /. {cantillo^ An oft-repeated song ; an old song or air. V u 1 g . , for 
 silly, trite prattle, gossip or conversation often repeated. Cicero. 
 
 "The mere repetition of the cantilena of lawyers." Lord Denman, C. J., cited in Brooms 
 Max. 142. 
 
 Capaces doli. Capable of fraud, v. Capax doli. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 5, § 9. 
 
 Capacitas, Stis, /. [capax^ A capacity of holding much ; largeness, capaciousness, 
 capacity. Cicero, Tusc. i, 25, 61 ; Front. Ag. 26. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: A capacity of entering upon an inheritance ; right 
 of inheritance. Gaius, Dig. xxxi, /n 55 ; Paulus, Dig. xxxiv, 3,/?-. 29. v. Capax. 
 
 In English Law: Ability or power given by law to take or dispose. HaWs Anal. 
 %, I. The legal ability or power of an individual or corporation to do certain acts, as to give 
 or take lands or other things ; or to bring actions, etc. Termes de La Ley ; 2 Bl. Com. 290. 
 V. Story on Conjl. of Laws, c. iv. 
 
 Capax, acis, adj. [capio.] That can contain, receive or hold much ; wide, large, spacious, 
 roomy, capacious. LucR. vi, 23 ; Pliny, Ep. vii, 27, 5 ; ii, 17, 4 ; Quintilian, i, 10, 40. 
 
 Trop.: Susceptible; capable of; good; able, apt, fit for. Cicero, Or. iq fin. Great, 
 capacious. OviD, M. viii, 533, 243, v. the pass.; id. ih. xv, 4. Capax secreti, — that can 
 keep or conceal a secret. Pliny, Ep. i, 12, 7. Capax dili, — capable, fit or qualified foi 
 deceit or fraud. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 4, fr. I, § 6. v. Doli capax. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: Able to take or inherit. Scaevola, Dig. xxii, 3, 
 fr. 27 ; Hermog. id. xxxviii, 7, fr. 6 ; Gaius, id. xxxix, 6, fr. 30 ; Quintilian, v, 14, i6. 
 V. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 71. That has a right to an inheritance. Paulus, Dig. xxxiv, 
 3, fr. 2g ; Valens, id. xlix, 'H,fr. 42. One who takes or holds. Bracton, fol. 67^. Capaces, — 
 takers. Id. ib. 
 
 Capax doli. Capable of dolus, etc. -v. Doli capax. 
 
 Capax negOtii. Capable, qualified, fit for transacting business. Whart. on Ag. § 149. 
 
 Cape. — Lat. \capio.\ Take; take thou. 
 
 In old English Law: A judicial writ concerning lands or tenements formerly in 
 use in England. Cape in manum nostrum teriiam partem messuagii, etc., — take into out 
 hand the third part of a messuage, etc. It was divided into Cape magnum (great), which lay 
 before appearance ; and Cape parvum (little), which lay after appearance. Reg. Judg. 2, 24,- 
 Termes de la Ley. v. Hale's Hist. 418 ; Hoscoe's Real Act. 165 sq., 268. v. Grand cape, and 
 Petit cape, and Parvum cape. As to the form and use of these writs, v. Fleta, vi, c. 55, § 40; 
 2 Wm. Saund. 45, c, d. 
 312 
 
Cap.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Cape ad Valentiam, — L. Lat. Take to the value ; take equal to the value. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ in the nature of Co/^ maj-»a»2, which issued in behalf 
 of the tenant, where a vouchee made default, on the return of the summons against him, and 
 the demandant recovered. The writ commanded the sheriff to take as much land of the 
 voucher as was equal to the value of the land in question. Bracton, fols. 258*, zggi/ 
 Old Nat. Brev. 161 ; Reg. Jud. 2 ; Temies de la Ley ; I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 440, 441. 
 
 Cape de terra in baliva sua tantae terrae, quod B. clamat ut jus suum.— L. Lat. 
 Take of the land in your bailiwick to (the value) of so much land which B. claims as his 
 right. 
 
 Capella, — L. Lat. [-|- capa.\ A box, cabinet or repositary in which were preserved the 
 relics of martyrs. Spelman. A small building in which relics were preserved. Id. 
 
 In old English Law: A chapel. T^/ifto, lib. v, c. 12, § i. Hence, 
 
 CapellanuS, A chaplain, or minister of a chapel. Erskine's Inst, i, 5, 3. 
 
 CapelluS ferreUS, A steel cap ; a helmet or head-piece. Fleta, lib. i, c. 24, § 12. 
 
 Capidulum, — Lat. A kind of covering for the head. Festus, p. 37. 
 
 Capid, ere, ■i, v. a. M o s t g e n . s i g n i f . : To take, lay hold of, seize ; e. g. 
 
 Capere arma, — to take arms. Cicero, Rah. Perd. vii ; Caesar, B. G. vii, 4 et al. Cajiere haculum, — to 
 seize, lay hold of a stick, staff. Ovid, M. ii, 789. Capere consilium, — to take counsel or deliberation. Ter- 
 KNTIUS, /T^rtw/. ii, 3, 86. Pignuscapere togas, — to take garments in pledge. Plautus, ..4 wz. prol. 68. Capere 
 fustum aui siitnulum in jnanum,— \.o take a cudgel or pointed stake in the hand. Plautus, Aul. i, i, g. 
 
 Esp. of power: To take in a hostile manner, or by force, (a.) Of living beings; To seize, lay 
 hold of, catch. Varro, L. L. viii, 33, iig ; Cicero, iii, 14, 58 et al. (6.) Of inanimate things: To 
 take, capture, seize, acquire; or also merely = (9ccK/ar?, — to occupy, (c.) To overcome one before a 
 tribunal ; to convict of crime. Plautus, Am. ii, 2, 189. (d.) To take upon one's self some employment, a 
 calling, an office ; to undertake, enter upon. Sal. J. Ixiii, 2 ; id. Hist, i, 15 ; id. C. v, 6 ; Livy, ii, 33 ; Tacitus, 
 A. vi, 50; Suetonius, Aug. ii; id. ib. xxvi; id. Caes. Ixxv; id. Claud, x. 
 
 With the idea that one participates in a thing: To take, get, obtain, receive, gain ; f. ^. of 
 taxes, revenues, incomes from possessions, Terentius, Ph. v, 3, 7 ; Cicero, Parad, vi, 3, 49 ; Caes. B. G. i, 
 44 et al. So of an inheritance. Cicero, Leg. ii, ig, 48 ; id. Off. iii, 24 Jin., r-. the pass. 
 
 Hence in the Jurists: To take. Capere ciitn effectu, — to take with effect, i. e. 
 with the intention of holding or keeping. Ulpianus, Dig. L, r6, fr. 71. To inherit. 
 ScAEVOLA, Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 27 ; Hermog. id. xxviii, 6, fr. 6 ; Gaius, id. xxxix, 6, fr. 30. 
 
 With the idea of right: To have a right of inheritance. Valens, Dig.yiWis., 14, 
 fr. 42. V. Aliud est capere, aliud accipere ; Kon videiur guis, etc. 
 
 I II old English Law : To take, seize or arrest; e.g.. Quod capias, — that you may 
 or can take. To take or receive judicially ; e. g., Capiator veredictum juratorum, — the verdict 
 of the jurors shall be taken. Fleta, lib. i, c. 41, § 6. 
 
 To hold courts at which such verdicts are taken ; e. g. qui cii?n militibus comitatuum, 
 capiant in comitatihus assisas praedictas, — who together with the knights of the shires, 
 shall take in the counties aforesaid. Mag. Carta, 9 Hen. III. c. 12. 
 
 Capere et habere potuisset. He ought to take and to hold. 
 
 Capi et arrestari. To be taken and arrested. Reg. Orig. 278*. 
 
 Capias.— Lat. You may take. Quod capias,— that you may take or arrest. 
 
 In English Law: A judicial writ in actions at Common Law, so termed from the 
 commanding words in the writ (when in 'Lz.iva), praecimus tibi quod capias A., etc. We 
 command to you that you may take, or arrest A., etc. (the party named in it). Reg. Jud. lb. 
 Capias is of two sorts. The one before judgment called Capias ad respondendum in an action 
 personal, if the sheriff return upon the first writ. Nihil habet in Balliva nostra. And the 
 other is a writ of execution after judgment, which also is of divers sorts, viz.. Capias ad sat- 
 isfaciendum. Capias pro fine. Capias utlagaium. Capias utlagatum et inquiras de bonis et catalis, 
 etc. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Capias ad audiendum judicium.— L. Lat. You take to hear judgment. 
 
 In English Practice: A writ which is awarded to bring in a defendant who has 
 been found guilty of a misdemeanor, to receive his judgment. 4 Bl. Com. 375 ; 4 Steph. 
 Com. 436. 
 
 Capias ad COmputandum.— L. Lat. You take (the defendant) to make a count. 
 
 Capias ad respondendum,— L- Lat. You take to answer. 3 Bl. Com. 414. 
 
 In English Law: An original writ, generally termed a capias, by which actions at 
 law were frequently commenced. The writ, in its Law Latin form, runs thus : 
 
 Rex vicecomiti salutem. Praecipimus tibi quod Capias A. si inventus fuerit in balliva tua, et 
 eum salvo custodias, ita quod habeas corpus ejus coram justitiariis nostris apud Westmonasterimn {tali 
 die), ad respondendum B. di placito quod, etc. Et habeas ibi hoc breve. Teste, etc. 
 
 [40] 313 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 The king to the sheriff greeting. We command (to) you that you take (or arrest) A. if he 
 may be found in your bailiwick, and him safely keep, so that you may Iiave the body of him before our jus- 
 tices at Westminster (such a day) to answer B. of a plea that, etc. And hare you there this writ. Tested, 
 etc, Reg.Jud. i<5. 
 
 The modern English writ was, with some modifications, a substantial translation of this 
 form, V. the practice, 3 Bl. Com. 382 ; i Tidds Pr. 128 ; Archb. New Pr. 219, 
 
 In later English Practice the writ is only issued after the suit has been com- 
 menced by summons, where an arrest of the defendant is required. Stat, i and 2 Vict. c. 
 no; Chitt. Arch. Pr. 461; Broom <5r= Had. Com. iv, 416. 
 
 Capias ad satisfaciendum. — L- Lat. You take to satisfy, 3 S/, Com. 414, 
 In English Law: A writ of execution, called for brevity Co. ja., which a party may 
 issue after having recovered judgment against another, in certain actions at law. Broom &• 
 Had. Com. iii, 371. The writ, in its original Law Latin form, runs as follows : 
 
 Rex vicec omiii saluteTfi . PraecipiTiius tibi quod Capias J, de C. et eum salvo custodias, ita quod 
 habeas corpus ejus coram justitiartis nostris apud Westntonasteriutn (tali die)^ ad satis_faciendtim 
 G. de K. tarn de viginti solidis quos idem G. in curia nostra^ etc., recuperavii versus eum, quam de viginti 
 solidis qui ei, in eadem curia nostra^ adjudicata fuerunt pro dantnis suzs quae kabuit occasione detentionis 
 debiti praedicti. Mt habeas ibi hoc breve . Teste, etc. 
 
 The king to the sheriff greeting. We command you that y u take J. of C, and him keep in 
 safe custody, so that you may have his body before our justices at Westminster (such a day), to s a t i s f y G. 
 of K., as well for twenty shillings, which the same G, in our court, etc, has recovered against him, as for 
 twenty shillings which to him in our same court was adjudged for those damages which he has sustained by 
 occasion of the detention of the debt aforesaid. And have you there this writ. Tested or witnessed, etc. 
 Reg. Orig. 31, 
 
 In modern use the writ runs very closely up to this form. The return made by the 
 officer is either cepi corpus et committitur (a b b r . , C. C, and C), or non est inventus (a b b r . , 
 N, E. I.), Its effect is to deprive the party of his liberty until he makes satisfaction of the 
 judgment debt. 3 Bl. Com. 414,415; Litt. § 504; Co. Litt. 2890/ 2 Tidd's Pr. 993,1025; 
 Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 371, v. Stat. 7 and 8 Vict, c, 96, § 57 ; 32 and 33 id. c, 83, As to 
 the class of persons privileged from arrest under this process, v. 1 Chitt. Arch. Pr. nth ed. 
 p. 682 et seq. As to the immunity of a married woman, v. 2 C. P. 241. 
 
 Capias ad satisfaciendum, ita quod habeas corpus ejus, etc. You take (defendant) 
 to satisfy, so that you may have his body, etc. 3 Bl. Com. 414. 
 
 Capias ad valentiam. You take to the value. V. Cape ad valentiam. 
 Capias exigi facias. — L- Lat. You take to cause to be driven out, or expelled, n. 3 
 Bl. Com. 283, 284 ; 4 id. 319 ; et v. Exigi facias. 
 
 Capias in withernam. — L. Lat. You take in withernam (a reprisal). 
 
 In English Law: A writ which lies where a distress is driven out of the county, or 
 concealed ; and the sheriff, upon a replevin, cannot make deliverance to the party; In such 
 case the writ of Capias in withernam is directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take of 
 his (the defendant's) beasts or goods of equal value into his (the sheriffs) keeping, until the 
 party make deliverance of the first distress. It is, therefore, " a taking or reprisal of other 
 cattle or goods in lieu of those that were formerly unjustly taken away or eloigned, or other- 
 wise withdrawn." F. N. B. 68, 69 ; Reg. Orig. 82, 83 ; 2 Co. Inst. 140 ; Wingate's Max. 145, 
 § 46 ; 3 Bl. Com. 129, 148, 413 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 138. v. Si autem averia inveniri non 
 possunt, etc. v. Withernam. 
 
 Capias in withernam de averiis. — L- Lat. You take of the cattle in withernam. V. 
 Keg. Orig. f. 82, 13 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Capias in withernam de homine. — L. Lat. You take for a servant, in withernam, 
 V, Reg. Orig. f . 79 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Capias pro fine, or miseriCOrdia. — L- Lat. You take for the fine, or in mercy. 
 
 In English Law: A writ by which a party condemned to pay a fine to the king, 
 was taken and imprisoned until he paid it. Cro. Eliz. 170; 5 Co. 89; 8 id. 60; 11 id. 43; 
 5 Mod. 285, It was disallowed by Stat. 5 and 6 W, and M, c, 12, in actions of trespass, 
 ejectment, assault and false imprisonment (3 Bl. Com. 398) ; but is still used in criminal 
 cases. It has been employed in American practice. 8 Grattan's R. 702, 
 
 Capias qui capere possit. — P r o v . You may catch who may be able to catch, 
 :. e., Let him catch who can. 
 
 Capias si laicUS.— L. Lat. That you take (defendant) if he be a layman. 
 
 Capias simul Ciim.— Lat. You take together with. 
 
 A writ in which the sheriff is directed to take a certain defendant together with 
 other defendants in the action, i Burr. Pr. 103. 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Capias Utlagatum, — L. Lat. You take the outlaw. 
 
 In English Law: A writ which lies against one who has been outlawed in an 
 action. The writ commands the sheriff to take, and keep him in custody until the return 
 day, and then present him to the court, there to be dealt with for his contempt. Reg. Orig. 
 138*/ 3 Bl. Com. 284 ; 3 Steph Com. 569 ; i Parsons on Contr. 422 ; 2 Chitt. Arch. Prac. 1251 ; 
 Broofn &• Had. Com. iv, 417. 
 
 Capias utlagatum et inquiras de bonis et catallis.— L. Lat. You take the outlaw 
 and inquire concerning his goods and chattels. </. Bracton, fol. 129. 
 
 Capiatur pro fine. — L. Lat. Let him be taken for the fine. 
 
 In English Law; A clause in a record of judgment in an action of debt, where the 
 defendant denied his deed, and it was found against him upon his false plea, and the jury 
 were troubled with the trial of it. Cro, Jac. 64. Also used in actions of replevin, trespass, 
 ejectment, assault and false imprisonment ; the judgment ordering the party to be taken until 
 he paid a fine, a quasi punishment for the public misdemeanor as well as the private injury 
 in such cases. 3 Bl. Com. 398. It has been disused since the Stat. 5 and 6 W. and M. c. 12. 
 3 Steph. Com. 636, note (j-). 
 
 CapiO, Capere, o. a. v. Capere. 
 
 Capio, Onis,/. In the Civil Law: A taking; e. g., Capio dominii, — a taking by 
 right of ownership. Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 2, fr. 18 ; Gellius, vii, 10 Jin. (6.) Usucapio, — 
 the right of property acquired by prescriptioii. Paulus, Dig. Ixi, i, fr. 48, § i ; Javolenus, 
 id. xli, 3, fr. 21 ; Paulus, id. xli, i, fr. 4. 
 
 Capita, um, ». \_plur. ■\- caputl\ Lit.: The heads (of men and animals, v. Caput). 
 T r o p . : The entire bodies, whether of men or animals, or inanimate things, v. Caput. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat. i. t. . Per capita, — by heads. In capita, — in heads; to or among 
 heads. These familiar phrases refer to persons individually considered, without relation to 
 others (polls') ; as distinguished from stirpes, or stocks, races, etc., of descent, v. Stirps. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, i, § 6; id. iii, 2, 4; Justinian. Nov. cxviii, c. 3 ad fin. Also, Heads 
 of animals. Justinian. Inst, ii, 1, § 38 ; id. ii, 20, § 18 ; Ulpianus, Dig. vii, i, fr. 68, 70. 
 And so in the Common Law. Bracton, fol. 374^. v. Per capita. 
 
 Of inanimate things: Tithes, grand divisions, chapters, heads ; e. g., capita legis,— 
 heads or chapters of law ; capita libri, — heads or grand divisions of a book. v. Hale's Hist. 
 Com. Law, 87, 88. 
 
 Capita distributio. — Lat. A division or distribution to every person an equal share, 
 when all the parties claim in their own right, and not by right of representation {jure repre- 
 sentaiionis'). 
 
 Capitagium Vel capitale argentum. — L. Lat. Capitage on head silver. Vermes de 
 la Ley, voc. ' Common fine. ' 
 
 Capitaine. — Fr. and L. Fr. [+Lat. capitanens.} Captain, commander, leader; e.g., 
 Capitaine fiote, — commander of the fleet. OviD, Mar. lib. ii, tit. i, art. 1. Master of a 
 vessel. Emer. Tr, des Ass. ch. 7, § 5. 
 
 Capital (sometimes ca/iVa/f, is), plur. Capitalia. A death (real or civil — as by banish- 
 ment, imprisonment, etc.) in consequence of crime; capital crime; e.g.. Capital facinus 
 quod capitis poena luitur, — a capital offense is what is expiated by capital punishment. 
 Festus, de Verbo. Sign. p. 37. 
 
 Capital. Plautus, Men. i, l, 16; id. Merc, iii, 4, 26; CiCERO, de Leg. ii, 8 fin.; id. Inv. 
 ii, 31, 96 et al. Capitale. Quintilian, ix, 2, 67 ; Pliny, xii, 14, 32, § 63 ; id. x, 23, 31 ; 
 Tacitus, Agr. 2. Capitalia. Cicero, de Leg. iii, 3, 6; Livy, xxvi, 40; Suet. Tib. 58. 
 V. the adjective Capitalis. 
 
 In English Law: A capital crime or felony is a crime or felony punishable with 
 death {quod ultimum inducit supplicium, — which induces the last supplication or humilia- 
 tion before God). Bracton, fol. loi^, cap. 3, § 2. 
 
 Capitales constabularii.— L. Lat. High constables. 
 
 In England: Officers appointed in every hundred or franchise, whose duty is to keep 
 the peace, and other duties, such as serving process and returning lists of jurors, within 
 their respective hundreds, i Bl. Com. 356. 
 
 CKPIT A-UES, generales,perpeiui, etmajores; a latere regis residentes, qui omnium 
 aliorum corrigere tenentur injurias et errores. They (the judges of the 
 King's Bench) are principal, general, perpetual, and supreme ; sitting by the 
 side of the king, who are bound to correct the wrongs and errors of all the others. 
 Bracton, lib. iii, c 10, § 2, fol. 108 ; 3 Bl. Com. 41; Broom b' Had. Com. iii, 117- 
 
 31S 
 
Cap.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Capitales inimicitiae. — Lat. Mortal enmity ; deadly hostilities. 
 
 This was formerly held sufficient to dissolve the espousals of marriage. 
 
 Capitals viveUS. Live cattle. Blount. 
 
 Capital. «'• the following. 
 
 Capitalis, e, fli^'. [cafut.'] (a.) Relating to or belonging to the head. Sub St., capital, 
 a head-covering of priests. Varro, L- L. v, 2g, 37. v. Festus, p. 43. (6.) Relating to life, 
 by which life is endangered ; affecting or involving the life of a person ; capital ; e. g., capi- 
 talis periculum, — a peril affecting the life of a person ; peril of life. Plautus, Trin. iv, 3, 
 81 ; id. Rud. ii, 3, 19. Capitalis caedis, — relating to or affecting the life of a person by blood- 
 shed, or by murder. Id. Most, ii, 2, 44. Capitalis morbus, — a sickness or malady endanger- 
 ing life. Gellius, xvi, 13,5. T r o p . , Capitalis hostis, — a very dangerous, or chief enemy. 
 Cicero, Cat. ii, 2. Capitalis inimicus, — a mortal enemy. Plautijs, Pom. iv, 2, 57. Capi- 
 talis odium, — deadly hatred. Cicero, ^ael. i, 2. Capitalis oratio, — a very pernicious, dan- 
 gerous language. Cicero, de Off. ii, 21, 73. v. id. ib. i, I'ijin. 
 
 A s a J u r i d i c a 1 /. ;. .■ Of those crimes by which life is forfeited ; e. g. 
 
 Capitalis locus ubi si quid violatum est, caput violatoHs expiatur. Y'E.5T\J5, de Sign. Verbo, 
 50. Capital f acinus quod capitis poena luitur. Festus, de Sign, Verbo, 37. 
 
 Accusare aliquem rei capitalis, — to accuse some one of a thing by which life is forfeited, 
 i. e. of a capital crime. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 28. Reus rerum capitalium, — a defendant or 
 party accused of things by which life is forfeited, i. e. of capital crimes. Cicero, Vem. ii, 
 2, 3g. In rerum capitalium questionitus, — in questions of capital offenses or crimes. Id. 
 ib. ii, 2, 28. Judex rei capitalis, — a judge of a capital offense. Quintilian, vii, 3, 33. And 
 so, Capitales causae. Id. viii, 3, 14. Judicia. Id. iv, i, 57. v. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, \,fr. 1, 
 §2. Noxa. LiVY, iii, 55. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Offenses punishable by the loss of civil rights (fl/«u«V «'OTVa//j)y 
 interdiction of fire and water {aquae et ignis interdictione. — Cicero, Dom. 30); banishment 
 (deportatio), or labor in the mines {metallum), were also termed capital. Vmji.vs, Dig. 
 xlviii, i,fr. 12; Justinian. /kj<. iv, 18, 2. 
 
 Licet capitalis Latine loquentibus omnis causa exisiimationibus videatur, tamen appellatio 
 c api talis , mortis -vel amissionis civitatis intelligenda est. MoDESTlNUS, .Z?j§". L, lb,fr. 103. 
 
 Capitalis, — L. Lat. [-j- ra/a/, head or chief.] In old English Law: The head, 
 chief or principal, as applied to persons, judicial proceedings, property, etc.; e.g.: Capi- 
 talis baro,— chief baron. Capitalis baro scaccarii domini regis,— chief baron of the 
 
 Icing's exchequer. Town's PI. 211; 3 Bl. Com. 44. Capitalis CUStOS, — chief warden or 
 magistrate ; mayor. Pleta, lib. ii, c. 64, § 2. Capitalis debitor, — a principal debtor, as 
 distinguished from plegius, a surety. Mag. Chart, c. 8 ; id. Johann. c. 9 ; also called princi- 
 palis, q. V. Capitalis domiuilS, — chief lord. Fleta, lib. i, c. 12, § 4 ; id. c. 28, § 5. Cap- 
 itale placitum,— a principal plea. Bracton, fol. 366. Capitale meSSTiagium,— a chief 
 messuage. Bracton, fols. ^tb, 96. Capitalis plegiuS, — a chief pledge ; a head borow ; 
 the head of a decenary, v. h. v. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 52, § 5. Capitalis redditUS, — a chief 
 rent. v. Redditus capitales. o. Bl. Com. 42. Capitalis terra, — a head-land, »'. c. a piece of 
 land lying at the head of other land. 
 
 Capitalis dominus, — L. Lat. The chief lord. 
 
 In English Law: The immediate lord of the fee, to whom the obligation of the ten- 
 ant is direct and personal. Stat. Quia Emptores, 18 Edw. I. c. i; 2 Co. Inst. 501; Litt. 
 §§ 479. 538. The chief e seigniour — Fr. — is used to signify the lord paramount, as distin- 
 guished from the mesne lord. Reg. Orig. I^b, regula. 
 
 Capitalis justiciarius. — L. Lat. In old English Law: Chief justice ; chief jus 
 ticiar or justiciary, v. Bacon's Uses of the Law; Law Tr. 112. Otherwise termed Capitalis 
 (or sumnus) jusliciarius totius Angliae, — chief justice of all England. Broom &= Had. Com. 
 iii. III. V. Jusliciarius. The title of the presiding justice in the court of Aula Regis, v. h. t. 
 3 Bl Com. 38 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 48 ; Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. c. 12. This title ceased 
 in 52 Hen. III. 2 Reeve's Hist. 91. 
 
 Capitalis justiciarius ad placita eoram rege tenenda,— L. Lat. Chief justice foi 
 holding pleas before the king. The title of the chief justice of the King's Bench, first 
 assumed in the latter part of the reign of Henry III. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 91, 285. 
 
 Capitalis justiciarius bauci or de banco. — L. Lat. Chief justice of the bench, or in 
 the bench. The title of the present Court of Common Pleas, first mentioned in 1 Edw. I. 
 316 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 1 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 91, 205; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 146. The title CafHalis jus- 
 ticiarius was originally confined to the justices of the Aula Regis, the Bancus. Bracton, fols. 
 loS, ii83. 
 
 Capitalis justiciarius in itinere.— L. Lat. The chief justice in eyre ; or chief itine- 
 rant judge. 3 Bl. Com. 72. 
 
 Capitaliter, adj. Capitally, mortally. Capitaliter /flf^j-j^r^,— to provoke, irritate, 
 exasperate mortally or capitally. Pliny,£/. i, 5, 4. Capitaliter ai/zj-j^,— tohate, dis- 
 like mortally. Amm. 21, 16. 
 
 Capitanens, a, um, adv. [caput.] Prominent from size. AucT. Rei Agr. 270. 
 
 Capitaneus. — L. Lat. [<ra/«/, a head; Fr. capitaine,] In Feudal Law: One who 
 held an estate or dignity in capite. Feud. Lib. i, tit. 7 ; id. ii, tit. 10, 51. 
 
 In English Law; Capitaneus ban regis vel regni, — a chief lord or baron of the king 
 or kingdom. Spelman, Gloss. A leader; a captain. Spelman; Town's PI. 210, 214. A 
 naval commander. Reg. Orig. 191; Spelman, Gloss. Capitaneus et custos kootV,— captain 
 and warden of the sea (the title given to a naval officer A. D. 1264). Chart. 48 Hen. III. 
 V. Admiralens. 
 
 In Maritime Law: A captain; the commander of a ship or vessel, as being its 
 master, intrusted with the care and navigation of the vessel and cargo, v. Magister navis. 
 
 Gapitatim, adv. — L. Lat. By the head; to each individual. Lord Ellenborough, 4 
 M. &= S. 206. 
 
 Capitatio, Onis,/. [caput.] InJurid.Lat.: A poll-tax. Ulpian. Dig. L, 15, fr. 3. 
 In American Law: Capitation; a poll-tax; a tax imposed yearly on the head or 
 person. Const. U. S. art. I, § ix, n. 4. v. 5 Wheaton, 317 ; 3 Dall (Penn.) 171. 
 Capite. [abl. + caput.] Of, from, by the head. v. In capita. 
 
 Capite minutUS. In the Civil Law: One who had suffered the ca/jftV ^^OTj«»rfo. 
 Dig. iv, tit. 5, ' de Capite Minutis.' 
 
 Capitilitium. — L. Lat. [-{-caput, head.] Poll-money; money individually, one by one. 
 
 Capitis, [gen. -\- caput.] Of the head; of the person; of the life, physical, civil or 
 political ; of the status civilis or civil right or qualification, etc. ; c g., infra. 
 
 (a.) Of the head, of men and animals, z/. Ca/»A (6.) Of the man, the person 
 or the animal itself, v. Caput. Melon., (c.) Of the life, and specif., (a.) 
 Physical life: Capitis accusare,— 10 accuse of a capital crime Nep. Paus. 2 fin. 
 Capitis absolvere, — to absolve, free, declare innocent of a capital crime. Nep. Mitt, vii, 6. 
 Capitis damnare, — to condemn, sentence of a capital crime. Nep. Alcib. iv, 5. Capitis pcri- 
 culum adiri, — to risk the peril of life; to risk one's life. Terentius, Audr. iv, i, 53 ; id. 
 Hic. iii, I, 54, Capitis poena, — capital punishment. Caes. B. G. vii, 71. Cujti altera certa- 
 men honoris et dignitatis est, cum altera capitis et famae, — with the one the contest is for 
 honor and dignity, with the other for life and reputation. Cicero, Off. i, 12, 38, in judicio 
 capitis; id. de Or. i, 54. v. id. Brut, xii, 47 et al. Pactum pro capite pretium, — an agree- 
 ment for the price of your life. Id. Off. iii, 29, 107. {fi^ Civil or political life, 
 according to the idea of the Romans, including status, libertas, civitas familia. Gaius, Inst. 
 i, 158-163. Its loss or deprivation was called diminutio or minutio capitis, according to the 
 following juridical distinction : 
 
 Capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt: maxiiKa, media, minima; tria enim sunt, quae 
 hahemus : libertatem, civitaietn, /amiliam. Igitur ckm omnia haec aTntnittimus hoc est, lihertatent, et 
 civitatem, et faTniliam (as by servitude or coademnation to death), maxima-m esse capitis diminutionem : 
 guum vera amitiitnus civitatem (quasi interdictio aquae et ignis) libertatem retinemus, mediam esse 
 capitis detninutionem; quum et libertas et civitas retinctur,/amilia tantuin mutatur (as in adoption, or 
 with woman, by marriage), ?« z« iwaw esse capitis deminutionem const. Pmjlus, Dig. Iv, $,Jr, 11. 
 
 There are three kinds of *Ioss of civil life' : the greatest £7r highest [tnaxima], the med'mm [fnedia"], 
 the least \^minima'\ ; for there are three boons we possess, ' liberty, citizenship, family.' Now when we lose 
 ail these, that is, liberty, citizenship and family (as by servitude or condemnation to death), it is clear that we 
 suffer the * g r ea t e s t ' loss of political life ; but when we lose citizenship (as by the * interdictio aquae et 
 r>-«z>') yet retain our liberty, it is true that there is a 'medium' loss of civil life; when both liberty and 
 citizenship are retained, and only family ties are changed (as in adoption, or with woman by marriage), the 
 'least' loss of civil life is undergone. 
 
 Ulpianus classified and defined them thus : 
 
 §10. Capitis viinutionis species sunt tres : Maxima, media, vtinima. § 11. Maxima 
 capitis deminutio est, per quant et civitas et libertas atnittitur: veluti cum in census aliquis venierit, aut 
 mulier, quod alieno servo se junxerit denuntiante domiTto, ejus ancilta facta fuerit ex senatus consulto 
 claudiano. § 12. Media capitis deminutio dicitur, per quam, sola civitate amissa, libertas retinetur ; 
 quod fit in eo, cut aqua it ignl interdicitur. 8 13. Minima capitis deminutio est, per quam, et civi- 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 tate et libertate salva^ status dumtaxat hominis tnutatur ; quod fit adojttione et in manum conventione. 
 Ulpianus, RegL xi, §§ lo, ii, 12, 13, 
 
 § 10. There are three varieties of capitis deminutio: ntaxitna^ media tnininia. § 11. Capitis detninutio 
 maxima is that by which both citizenship and liberty are lost, as in the case of a man being sold for not enroll- 
 ing himself on the censor's register, or in that of a woman who cohabits with another person's slave against 
 his master's warning, and is made his slave in accordance with the senaius-consultum. of C 1 a u d i u s. §12. 
 Capitis deminutio media is the name applied when citizenship alone is lost and liberty retained, which is the 
 case with one interdicted from fire and water. § 13. Capitis deminutio minitna is that whereby the 
 status only of a man is changed, his citizenship and liberty being unaltered ; a result which follows on adop- 
 tion and the passing under manus. 
 
 Those several genera capitis deminutionis have been separately employed ; e. g. infra, {(I,) 
 (6.) (c). 
 
 Capitis deminutio (or diminutio). in the Roman Civil Law: The abatement 
 or loss of a status or civil qualification. Prions status mutatio, — a changing of a former 
 condition. Gaius, Com. i, 159 sq.; Rules of Ulpianus, xi, 9-13 , Justinian. Inst, i, 16 fr.; 
 Caesar, B. C. ii, 32, 9 ; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 131, § 121. v. Deminutio capitis, sometimes 
 called Capitis minutio. 
 
 Capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt, viz. .- 
 
 (w.) Capitis deminutio maxima, — the highest kind of capitis deminutio. 
 
 This was the loss of liberty (libertas), which carried with it citizenship (civitas), and family (/amilia}. 
 Justinian, Insi. i, 16, 8 t ; Paulus, Dig. iv, 5,y?-. 11, su^ra; Ulpianus, Reg. xi, § 10, supra. 
 
 (6.) Capitis deminutio media, — the middle or medium kind of capitis deminutio. 
 
 This was the loss or abatement of the right of citizenship, which carried with it &mily, but liberty was 
 retained. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 40 ; id. Brut, xxzvi ; Quintilian, ii et seg.: Justinian. Inst, i, 16, § 2 ; Paulus, 
 Dig. iv, s,fr- II, supra. 
 
 (c.) Capitis deminutio minima, — the least or lowest kind of capitis deminutio. 
 
 This was when liberty and citizenship were retained, hut/amity or family relations underwent a chang^e, as 
 by arrogatio, of a Jilius-/amilias. Justinian. Inst, i, 16, 3 ; Paulus, Dig. iv, 5, 3, fr. 11 ; Cicero, Top. iv ; 
 Macketd. Civil Law, § 144, ed. 1883. v. MiniTna capitis deminutio est cuvi, etc. 
 
 Capitis aestimatio- The estimation, in money value, of the price of a man ; a fine paid 
 by the Saxons for murder, etc. v. Aestimatio capitis, v. Luitur homicidium certo, etc. 
 
 Capitis minutio, A lessening or diminishing of a status, or civil qualification. Prioris 
 statAs mutatio. = Capitis deminutio, q. v. Gellius, i, 12. 
 
 Capitium, ii, »■ A covering for the breast (of a female) ; an under-waistcoat, bodice, 
 stomacher. Varro, L. L. v, 30, 37 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, i^fr. 24. 
 
 Capitula, Orum. [plur. -\- capitulum.\ A collection of laws, regulations or ordinances 
 (legum canones) drawn up, arranged under different heads, or divisions, or chapters. Feud. 
 lib. ii, tit. 40. Chapters or assemblies of ecclesiastical persons, v, Capitulum. 
 
 Capitula COronae. — L- Lat. Chapters or schedules of the crown. 
 
 In old English Practice: Chapters or heads of inquiry, resembling the «/2V«/d! 
 itinere, but of a more minute character. I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 201 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 130 ; Hale's Hist. Com. Law, c. 7. 
 
 Capitula de Judaeis, — L. Lat. Chapters or articles concerning the Jews. 
 
 In English Law: Articles directed to the justices itinerant in the reign of Richard I. 
 to inquire and adjudge what revenue should be paid by the Jews to the king for protection, 
 license to trade, and the like. 2 Bl. Com. 343 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 131 ; Hale's Hist. 
 Com. Law, c. 7. 
 
 Capitula itineris.— L- Lat. = L. Fr., Chapitres de eyre. Chapters of the eyre. 
 
 In old English Practice: Chapters, articles, heads or schedules of inquiry, 
 delivered to the justices itinerant {.in itinere, in eyre), in behalf of the crown, for their direc- 
 tion, and read and given to the juries from the various hundreds, at the opening of the eyre. 
 Bracton, fol. 109, 1 16 ; Fleta, lib. i, c. 20; I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 50, 201 ; 2 id. 4, 5. 
 
 These capitula consisted, in some instances, of from fifty to one hundred and thirty heads, 
 embracing every variety of crime and misdemeanor to which the attention of the jury could 
 be directed ; a copy of which had to be delivered to the jury ; and upon these their present- 
 ments were made, each head being separately answered to. Bracton and Elela, supra. 
 Hence the modern practice of charging the grand jury. Hubback's Evid. 603. 
 
 Capitula ruralia. — L- Lat. Rural assemblies or chapters. 
 
 In England: Held by rural deans and parochial clergy, within the precinct of every 
 deanery. At first these were ever)' three weeks, afterward, once a month, and subsequently 
 once a quarter. Cowell. 
 
 318 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Capitularia. — L. Lat. [-\- capitulum.] Capitularies, chapters, etc. 
 
 In Feudal Law: A collection of laws, divided into short heads or chapters, promul- 
 gated by Charlemagne and other kings of the Franks, v. Co. Litt. igio, Butler's note, 77, 
 lib. 3; Esprit de Loi, liv. 28, c. 9; Rob. Charles V., Append., note xxxix. 
 
 Gapitlllarii, Orum, m. \_-\- capitulum.'] In the Civil Law: Assistants of tax- 
 gatherers and revenue officers. Justinian. Cod. xii, 29, 2 ; Cassiod. Var. x, 28. 
 
 Gapitulatim, <2<^v. [«a?.] By heads; summarily. Pliny, ii, 12, gyfw.y Nep. Crt/s, iii, 4. 
 
 Capitulum, i, ». dim. [caput.'] A small head. Plaut. Cure, ii, 3, 14. 
 
 In late Lat.; A prominent part of a division of a writing ; a chapter, section. Tert. 
 Adv. Jud. ix, 19 ; HiER. in Ezech. c. 47 fin. A section of a law. Justinian. Cod. v, 37, 28. 
 
 In English Law: A chapter, a small head or division. Cowell; Spelman, Gloss. j 
 Termes de la Ley. In Ecclesiastical Law: An assembly of ecclesiastical persons. 
 Capitulum est clericorum congregatio sub uno decano in ecclesid cathedrali, — a chapter is a con- 
 gregation of clergymen under one dean in a cathedral church. Co. Litt. 96. 
 
 Capituli agri. Head lands, i. e. lands lying at the head of furrows. 
 
 Cappa. — L. Lat. A cap. Cappa honoris, — the cap of honor. 
 
 In England: One of the solemnities or ceremonies of creating an earl or a marquis. 
 Bacon's Works, v, 474. 
 
 Capsa, ae, /. A repositorj', chest, box, satchel, case ; especially for books. Cicero, 
 Div. in Caecil, xvi, 51; Horace, Sat. i, 4, 22 ; i, 10, 63 ; Adams'' Antiq. 2, pp. 288, 297. 
 
 Capsarius, ii, m. \capsa^ A slave, who carried the books of boys going to school. 
 Suetonius, Ner. 36; Ulpianus, Dig. xl, 2, /r. 13 ; Adams' Antiq. 2, p. 288. A slave who 
 took care of the clothes in baths. Paulus, Dig. i, 15, 3. 
 
 Capsella, ae, /. dim. [capsa.] A small box or coffer. UlpiAnus, Dig. xxxiii, 7, fr. 12. 
 
 CapSUla, ae, /. dim. [id.] A small box or chest. Gellius, x, 15, 14. Hence, //o»;o 
 de capsula, — one who is excessively neat, nice. De capsula iotus, — as if just taken out of a 
 band-box. Seneca, £/. 115. 
 
 Captatio, Onis. /. [capto.] A reaching after or catching at something ; captation ; e. g. 
 Captatio verborum, — a catching of words. Cicero, Part, xxiii, 81. Captatio puerilis 
 VOCum similium, — a puerile seeking for similar or equivocal expressions. Quintilian, 
 Inst, viii, 3, 57. CaptatiO testamenti, — a reaching after a will, i. e. legacy-hunting. 
 Pliny, xx, 14,56; Quintilian, Inst, viu, 6, 51. Captatio benevolentiae, — a reaching 
 after benevolence ; a currying favor. Captare verba, v. Capto, 2LTe; intens. act. 
 
 In French Law: Captatio, in a good sense, occurs through certain demonstra- 
 tions of affection, attachment, friendship, and certain assiduous attentions, and those services 
 and officious little presents which are common among friends, and by those means which 
 render a person agreeable to others, and for that object merely. In a bad sense, it 
 denotes undue influence. The act of one who succeeds, by crafty means or wily appliances, 
 in controlling the will of another, so as to become master of it. 
 
 When captation is unattended by craft, deceit or fraud, it is not unfair, and the captation 
 is lawful ; but if, under the guise of friendship, fraud is the object, and the person is over- 
 reached, deceived, then the captation is fraudulent, and the acts procured by the captator 
 are void, cf . Pothier; Story's Eq. Jur. et al. 
 
 Captator, oris, m. [id.] One who eagerly reaches after, endeavors to obtain, or strives 
 for something. Prudent, v, 17. Trop., One who strives for an inheritance; a legacy- 
 hunter. Horace, Sat. ii, 5, 57 ; Juv. Sat. x, 102 ; Petr. 141. Captator aurae popularis, — 
 one who endeavors to obtain, or strives for the popular ear, i. e. agreeable to the people. 
 LivY, iii. 33. A person who obtains a gift or legacy through fraud or artifice. 
 
 Captatorius, a, um, adj. [captator^ Pertaining to legacy-hunters. Captatorial. 
 
 In the Jurists: Capiat orias ins titutiones , — arrangements pertaining to leg- 
 acy-hunters, i. e. the establishing of a person as one's heir, on the condition of being also 
 made heir by him. 'P Knt^. infra; 'Pa.vl. infra. In (he sa.me se.nse Scripturae. Gtavs, infra. 
 
 CAPTATORIAS institutione s non eas Senatus improbavit, quae mutuis 
 affectionibus judicia provocaverunt ; sed quarum conditio confertur ad secretwn 
 alienae voluntatis. Papinian. Dig. xxvii, 5,/r. 70. Captatorial arrange- 
 ments are those not disapproved by the Senate, which in mutual affections are 
 invited or cited before a court ; but the condition of those which are conferred 
 or carried through by the secret will of another. 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 Paulus explains: Illae autem institutiones captatoriae non sunt, veluti si ita 
 heredem quis instituat i quae ex parte Titius me heredem instituit, ex ea parte 
 Maeviusheresesto; quia in praetoritum, non in fulurum institutio collata est. § i. Sed 
 illud quaeri potest, an idem servandum sit, quod Senatus censuit, etiamsi in aliatn personam cap- 
 tionemdirexerit, veluti siitascripserit; Titius, si Maevium tabulis testamenti sui 
 heredem h se scriptum os tenderit probaveritque , heres esto; quod in senten- 
 tiam Senatus consulti incidere non est dubium. Paulus, ib. fr. 11, pr. § i. 
 
 But those arrangements are not captatory, as if a person appointed an heir in this manner: 
 Let Maevius beheir to theextent that Titius made me his heir, because 
 the appointment was made as to the past, not the future. But it may be asked whether the 
 same decree of the Senate must be observed, even if he directed the taking to another per- 
 son, as if he wrote thus : Let Titius be heir, if he has shown and proved 
 that Maevius was set down in his will as his heir; which, there is no doubt, 
 falls under the opinion (is subject to the decree) of the Senatus consultum. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CAPTATORIAE s criptur ae simili niodo neque in heredttatibus, neque in 
 legatis valent. Gaius, Dig. xxx, fr. 64. Captatorial writings in a 
 similar manner are valid neither in inheritances nor in legacies, cf . Mackeldey, 
 Civil Law, § 705, by Dropsie. 
 
 Captio, 5nis, /. \capio, ere, a taking, seizing.] Lit.: A taking, laj'ing hold of, seizing. 
 Trop. : (a.) A deceiving, deception, fraud, deceit. Plautijs, Epid. ii, 2, 112 ; id. ib. v, 
 2, 36 ; Cicero, Quint, xvi, 53. Incidere in captionem, — to fall into or incur a fraud or deceit. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 1, fr. 1. (6.) In dialectics: A fallacious argument; a sophism, 
 quirk. Cicero, Fat. xiii, 30 ; id. Acad, ii, 14 fn.; id. Fin. ii, 6, 17. Captiones discutere, — 
 to dash to pieces, or shatter fallacious arguments. Cicero, Acad, ii, 15, 46. Captionem 
 explicare, — to unfold, spread out a fallacious argument or sophism. Cicero, Div. 11, 17, 41 ; 
 id. Bout, liii, 198. -v. Cicero, Div. ii, 17,41; id. Att. x, 15. Me ton [causa pro effectu) : 
 An injury ; a disadvantage. Plautus, Most, iii, 3, 19 ; Gaius, Dig. xxix, 3, /;-. 7. 
 
 In old English Law: A taking or seizure of a thing, as an animal. Bracton, io\. 
 156; I Salk. 3. Also of land. Bracton, fol. 365^. The taking or arrest of a person. 
 Reg. Orig. ^2■^ib ; Bracton, fo\. 145^. Injusta captio et injusta detentio, — the unjust arrest 
 and unjust detention. /7.?te, lib. i, c. 42, § i. A taking or holding of a court ; ^. ,§-., Captio 
 assisae,— ^& taking of the assise. Bracton, fols. ill, 202i5. A taking or receiving; e. g., 
 Homagii captio , — a taking or receiving of homage. Bracton, fol. l6. 
 
 Captio rei unius in alteriuS Satisfactionem. A taking of one thing in satisfaction of 
 or for another. Spelman. v. ' Repraesalia.' (6.) 
 
 1. Caption, [-^captio.] In English Law: Has the various significations above 
 stated ; e. g. of a person. 2 Sali. 498 ; 7 JVits. &" Shaw's R. 519, 520. Of an animal. 
 Vaugh.iTi. " Caption and asportation." T. Jones, I0<). 
 
 2. Caption. [+ caput, a head.] The title or heading of a legal document ; e. g. as a 
 bill in equity, an indictment, etc. I Lord Raymond, 458; Marshall, C. J, 8 Peters' R, 149 ; 
 Wharton's Am. Cr. Law, 63. 
 
 GaptidSUS, -^t uni, adj. \captio.'] (According to captio, a.) Fallacious, deceptive. Cic. 
 Ros. Com. x, 29 ; xvii, 52. (According to captio, 6.) Captious, sophistical. Cicero, Acad. 
 ii, 15, 46 ; ii, 16, 49 ; Cicero, Fin. iii, 21. 
 
 Captivitas, Stis, /. The condition of ira/riz'«j'. Of living beings: Captivity, Sen. 
 Ep. 85 ; Tacitus, A. xii, 51 ; iv, 25 ; xi, 23 ; id. Hist, v, 21. Also of animals: Pliny, 
 viii, 37, 56 I Flor. i, 18, 28. Of inanimate things: A taking; capture. Tacitus, 
 A. xvi, 16 ; Hist, iii, 83 et al. 
 
 CaptiVUS, a, u™, '^'^j- [captus, capio.'l Of or pertaining to taking, seizing of things 
 animate or inanimate. 1. Of living beings: (a.) Of men: Taken prisoner ; cap- 
 tive ; a captive in war j a captive prisoner. Cicero, JV. D. iii, 33 fin.; id. Phil, viii, 11 ; id. 
 Tusc. iii, 22, 54 ; id. Off. i, 12, 38 et al. (6.) That pertains or belongs to captives. Virgil, 
 A. X, 520; Tacitus, ^4. xiv, 30; Ovid, Am. i, 14, 45. (c.) The booty (prey) in men and 
 animals. LiVY, xxxi, 46. (d.) Of persons: Taken captive or made prisoners (other- 
 wise than in war). Ovid, J. A. ii, iS^. (e.) O f animals: Caught or taken. OviD, M. 
 320 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 xiii, 932; id.ib.\, 475; Puny, viii, 25, 38. 2. Of inanimate things: Captured, 
 plundered, talcen as booty, spoiled : talcen by force. Caesar, B. C. ii, 5 ; Livy, ii, 3, 47 • 
 id. X, 2. Captivus aurum argentumque, — go\d and silver taken as booty. LiVY, xlv, 40. 
 Pecunia. Id. i, 53 et al. 
 
 CaptO, are, I, V. ittlens. act. \capio.\ (a.) To strive to seize, lay hold of a thing with zeal, 
 longing, etc. ; to catch at, snatch, make chase for, etc. Horace, Sat i, 1, 68; id. ii. i, 2, 
 io8 ; Ovid, M. iii, 432 ; id. ib. viii, 217 ; Virgil, G. i, 376 et al. (6.) To catch or take any 
 one in a crafty manner; to seek to win ; to entice, to allure. Plautus, Ps. v, i, 6. v. Cap- 
 tatio. Plautus, Am. ii, 2, 189 ; i, i, 266 ; ii, 2, 163 ; Cicero, Acad, ii, 29, 94 ; id.Juv. ii, 52 ; 
 Livy, ii, 50; xliv, 24, 25 et al. Captare Verba,— to catch a word in a crafty manner; 
 to interpret sophistically {v. Capiatio and Captid). Paulus, Dig. x, 14, fr. 19. Hence, (c.) 
 A standing expression for: To practice legacy-hunting; to hunt for legacies. 
 Captare testamenta senum, — to He at catch for the wills, testaments, of aged persons, 
 old people, i. e. to seek to win a legacy from aged persons. Horace, Sat. ii, 5, 23 ; Petr. 
 116, 6; Juv. Sat. xvi, 56 et al. v. Captator and Captatorius. 
 
 Captor, oris, VI. [capio.] He who catches (animals), a hunter, huntsman. (&.) One who 
 takes, seizes, captures any thing. 
 
 In International Law: One who takes or seizes property in time of war; one 
 who takes the property of an enemy. In Maritime sense: One who takes a prize at 
 sea. 2 £1. Com. 401 ; i ICent's Com. 86, 96, 103. 
 
 Captura, ae,/. [capio.'] [a.) A taking, catching (of animals; e.g., Captuta piscium, — 
 a taking, catching of fish. Pliny, ix, 19, 35. '^<i\.OTi. {abstr. pro concrete) : That which 
 is taken ; a capture, prey. Pliny, xxxv, 10, 36. Hence, (6.) Gain, profit (acquired by 
 low or immoral employments) ; reward, pay, hire, wages, v. Suetonius, Calig. xl ; Val. 
 Max. ix, 4. 
 
 In International Law: A taking or seizure of the goods of an enemy ; a taking 
 of prizes in time of war, particularly at sea. 2 Bl. Com. 401, 402 ; i Kent's Com. 91, 92. A 
 seizure. " Every capture is a seizure." Lord Ellenborough, 15 .fi'aji', 13. v. Captor. All 
 captures/an? belli are made for the government. 1 Kent's Com. 100 ; 10 Wheaton's (U. S.) R. 
 306. cf. generally. Story on Const. §§ 1168, 1177 ; 2 Caine's Cas. 158 ; ■] Johns. R. 449 ; 13 id. 
 161 ; 14 id. 227 ; 6 Mass. 197 ; 4 Cranch, 43 ; II Wheaton, i ; 2 Howard, 210 ; I Curtis, C. C. R. 
 266; Paine, C. C. R. 129. 
 
 CAP TU RAM avium per totam Angliam interdixit. He interdicted (forbade) the catching 
 of birds throughout all England. 2 Bl. Com. 416 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 598, note (/). 
 
 CaptnS, us, m. [capio.'] (a,) A taking, a seizing ; that which is grasped ; a pinch, /. r. 
 "as much as one can grasp with three fingers." Pliny, xxiv, 10, 47. CaptUS bonorum, — 
 a taking, seizing of goods. YAi-.Max.m,iJin. z/. Paulus, Z'jf. xviii, i,/r. 8. (6.) Power 
 of comprehension ; discernment, understanding, capacity. Terentius, Ad. iii, 4, 34 ; Caes. 
 B. G. iv, 3 Herz. ; Cicero, Tusc. ii, 27, 65 ; Gellius, i, 9, 3. 
 
 CaptuS et in prisona detentus. — L. Lat. Taken and detained in prison. Bracton, fol. 
 17. 123- 
 
 Capild' — L. Lat. Head ; a or the head ; e. g. Ad capud bosci, — at the head of the wood. 
 Rob. Paramb. Forest, 29 Edvv. [. m. 8. Usque ad summum capud, — until or as far as to the ' 
 extreme head. Id. ib. 
 
 Caput, Itis, n. = Gr. nSipayCij, and Germ. Kopf. The head of men, animals, etc. 
 
 (a.) Of men and animals: Plautus, Merc, ii, 2, 35 ; id. Asin. v, 2, 84; Horace, 
 Odes, iv, 13, 12; Quintilian, viii, 6, 17, Spald.; id. a, 12, 47; Cicero, de Sc;i. \oJin.; id. 
 Phil, ii, 31, 77, Orell N. cr.; id. ib. . Capita eonferre, — to put (bring) heads together, 
 
 «'. e. to confer together in secret. Livy, ii, 45. Capita aut navim, — heads or tails (a play in 
 ■which a piece of money is thrown up, to see whether the figure side — the head of Janus — 
 or the reverse side — a ship — will fall uppermost. Macr. Sat. i, 7; AuR. Vict. Orig. 3. 
 Nee caput nee pedes, — neither head nor feet : neither beginning nor end. Cic. Fam. vii, 31. 
 
 (6.)Transf., of inanimate things: The head, top, summit, pomt, end, extrem- 
 ity (beginnmg or end). Cato, R. R. 71. Caput pontis, — head of a bridge; s. t^te de pont. 
 Cicero, Fatn. x, 18 Jin. v. id. Div. ii, 13 Jin. Caput pinus, — the head or top of a pine 
 tree. Quintilian, ix, 4, go. Caput silvae, — the head of the forest. Sen. Troad.\ii. Of 
 rivers or streams: Their origin, source, head. LucR. v, 271 ; vi, 637; vii, 30. 
 
 Met on. {pars pro toto). The man, the person, or the animal itself. Plautus, Most, i, 3, 
 54 , id. Pers. i, i, 37 ; id. Epid. i, I, 86; id. Pseud, ii, 4, 33 ; Cicero, Verr. li, 2, 32/«. In 
 
 [41] 321 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cap. 
 
 capita,— to or for each person (in distribution) ; for each head or individual. LivY, ii, 33 fin.; 
 32, 17 et al. In capite libera, — in or over a free person. JusTINlAN. Inst, i, 13, § i. 
 
 Trop. , (a.) Life, and specif, (a.) Physical life. Plaut. Capt. i, 2, 38 sq.; e.g.. Capitis 
 poena, — the punishment or penalty of life, i. e. capital punishment. Caesar, B. G. 7, 71. 
 ■ Capitis periculum adire, — to go to the peril of life; to risk one's life, Terentids, ^«(/n 
 iv, I, 53 ; id. Hec. iii, l, 54, etc. (6.) Civil and political life. v. Capitis, and what follows 
 it. Poet.: The head (as the seat of the understanding); the judgment, sense. Horace, 
 Sat. ii, 3, 132 ; id. A. P. 300 ; id. S. ii, 6, 34. 
 
 Transf. : That is pre-eminent; the first, the chief person or thing; e. g.. Caput scele- 
 rum, — -the chief of wicked, heinous or impious actions ; an arrant knave. Plautus, Cure. 
 ii, I, 19; id. Bach, iv, 7, 31; id. Pseud, i, 5, 31 ; iv, 5, 3. Caput perjurii, — the chief of per- 
 jury. Plautus, Rud. iv, 4, 55 ; id. Asin. iii, 3, 138 sq. Caput rei, — the author, contriver of 
 a thing. Terentius, Aud. ii, 6, 27 ; id. A. iv, 2, 29. Capita, — the heads, chiefs. LivY, i, 
 52. Guide, leader. Id. v, 46; id. x, i. 
 
 Of things: The head, principal, etc. Cicero, 7'«jf. v, 34, 98 ; id. de Or. \, it), \yi ; 
 id. ib. ii, 82, 337; id. Ait. i, 17, 4; id. Pam. iii, 7, 4. Summary, chief contents. CiCERO, 
 Phil, ii, 31. The fundamental principle ; dogma. Id. Acad, ii, 32. Chief, central point, 
 head. Id. Brut, xliv, 164. In writings: The principal clause or division, paragraph, 
 chapter, etc.; e.g., A prima capite legis usque ad extyemum, — from the principal division of 
 the law until to the end. Cicero, Agr. ii, 6, 15 ; id. Verr. ii, i, 46 ; id. de Or. ii, 55, 223 ; 
 QUINTILIAN, X, 7, 32. O f m o n ey : The principal sum ; the capital stock. CiCERO, Verr. 
 ii, I, 4; ii, 3, 35 ; id. Alt. xv, 26 ; LiVY, vi, 36; Horace, Sat. i, 2, 14. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A person or individual. In capite libera, — in or over a free per- 
 son. Justinian. Inst, i, 13, i. Omnis noxalis actio caput sequitur, — every noxal action fol- 
 lows the person. Id. iv, 8, 5. A certain personal condition, qualification, called status, 
 which formed the indispensable requisite to the capacity for civil rights among the Romans. 
 Of all this, see Capitis and what follows. 
 
 In Feudal Law: A head or chief ; the king or head of the state, v. Caput priticipium 
 et finis, and In capite. 
 
 In old English Law: A head or upper end of a place; e. g,. Caput villae, — the 
 head of a town. Fleta, lib. i, c. 24, § i. Caput terrae,- — the head or upper end of a piece of 
 land. A chief or principal place, house or messuage. A head or beginning. Caput anni, — 
 the beginning of the year. Cowell. Caput legis, — a head or principal division of a law. 
 
 Caput baroniae. — L. Lat. The head of a barony ; the castle, chief seat or manor-house 
 of a baron. Bracton, fol. 76^/ id. ib. fol. 93 ; Spelman, voc. 'Baronia.^ 
 
 Caput COmitatuS. The head or chief of the county. The sheriff; the king. Spelman, 
 Gloss. One of the ancient titles of the earl. Gilbert's C. Pleas, 2. v. i Bl. Com. 398. 
 
 Caput feudi vel terrae. — L. Lat. The head or chief of the fee or land ; the chief lord 
 of a fee. .Spelman, Feuds, c. 4. 
 
 Caput gerit lupinum. He carries a wolf's head. 7 Co. 14a. v. Caput lupinum. 
 
 Read: Utlagatus lupinum gerit caput, quod Anglic^, Wo Ife s head dicitur, etc. 
 
 Cnput inter mibila condit. A head (or author) concealed in the midst of the clouds. 
 Bacon's Ofiflce of Constables, ch. xix ; Law Tr. 181. Quoted from Virgil, A. iv, 177. 
 
 Caput lupinum. — L. Lat. A wolf's head. 
 
 In old English Law: "In the reigne of King Alfred, and until a good while 
 after the conquest, no man could have been outlawed but for felonie, and then the outlawed 
 person was said to have caput lupinum, because he might be put to death by any man, as a 
 wolf, that hateful beast, might ; and in ancient time, the head of either of them being 
 brought to the chiefe place of the county or franchise where, they were killed, the partie so 
 killing them was to have a mark for his paines. Howbeit, in the beginning of the reigne 
 of Edward III. (A. D. 1326) it was resolved by the judges (for avoiding of inhumanitie and 
 effusion of Christian blood) that it should not be lawful for any man but the sheriffe only 
 (and that upon lawful warrant) to put to death any outlawed person, though it were for felonie, 
 in pain to suifer death, as in case of killing another man." I Co. Inst. \2%b; Wingate's Max. 
 3, s. I. 
 
 So it seems that up to the time of the resolve by the judges, such outlawed felon might be 
 slain or knocked in the head like a wolf, by any one that should meet him, i. e. if he 
 resisted being taken or endeavored to escape ; but if he did neither, whoever killed him was 
 bound to answer for him as for any other person. Bracton, fols. 125, 128^, 134; Fleta, lib. 
 i, c. 27, § 13 ; Co. Litt. \.l%b; 4 Bl. Com. 320 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 417 ; 2 Reeve's Hist, 
 Eng. Law, 20. v. Utlagatus, seq. v. Si vera postea repei'tus fuerii et retineri possit^ etc. 
 
 Caput mortuum. — Lat. Lit., The dead-head. 
 
 In the arts: The worthless remains ; the ashes remaining in the crucible ; the resid- 
 uum of a substance that has been acted on by heat. Ironically, The term is applied to 
 a dull person, a block-head. 
 
 322 
 
Cap.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Car. 
 
 Caput portus.— L. Lat. The head of a port. 
 
 In old English Law; The town to which a port belongs, and which gives the 
 denomination to the port, and is the head of it Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars 2 (de Portibus Maris), 
 c. 2 ; 4 Taunt. 66o. 
 
 Caput, principium et finis.— Lat. The head, origin and end. 
 
 In English Law: A term applied to the king as head of parliament. 4 Co. /kj/. 3 ; 
 1 Bl. Com. 153, 188 ; Broom 6^ Had Com. 182, 221. 
 
 Caput terrae. The head or upper end of a piece of land. 
 
 In English Law: A slip of unplowed land left at the head or end of a plowed field ; 
 otherwise called a butt . Litt. R. 13 ; 2 Leon. 70, case 93 ; Bunb. 284, case 260. 
 
 Caput villae. The head or upper end of a town. Cornell ; Fleta. 
 
 Caputagium.— L. Lat. [+ <ra/--«^, Lat.] In old English Law: Head, or poll- 
 money, or the payment of it. Spelman, Gloss, j Cornell, v. Chevagium. 
 
 Caputium. — L. Lat. (plur. caputia.) A head of land; a headland. = Caput terrae. 
 Cowell, voc. ' Buttum.' 
 
 Car tel est notre plaisir, — Fr. For such is our pleasure. 
 
 Under the Norman line: A form of regal ordinance. It is now used only ironically, 
 to note some arbitrary act. 
 
 Car parols SOnt pleas. — Fr. For words are pleas. Bacon's Max. in reg. 3. 
 
 Carbone notare. — P r o v . To mark with charcoal, v. Cretd noldre. 
 
 To place a black mark or line against the name of a person was to signify disapproval. 
 Sanin' cretd, an carbone notati? HORACE, 5a/. ii, 3, 245. Are they to be marked 
 with chalk or charcoal? A proverbial expression : Are they to be acquitted or con- 
 demned ? Persius uses the figure : Ilia prius cretd, mox haec carbone notasti? Sat. v, 108. 
 
 CARBONUM appellatione materiam non contineri, sed an lignorum ? Et fortassis 
 quis dicet, nee lignorum ; non enim lignorum gratia habuit. Sed et titiones, et 
 alia ligna coda, ne fumum faciant, utrum ligno, an carboni, an suo generi adnum- 
 erabitnus ?_ Et magis est, ut propriitm genus habeatur \habeanf\. 
 
 Sulphurata quoque de ligno aeque eandem habebunt definitionem. Ad faces 
 quoque parata non em /it lignorum appellatione comprehensa, nisi haec fuit voluntas. 
 Idem et de nucleis olivarum, sed et de balanis est, vel si qui alii nuclei. De pinu 
 autem integri strobili, ligni appellatione continebuntur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, j6,/r. 
 167, ' de Verborum Significatione.' Material is not comprised in the term char- 
 coal; but does it belong to the class of wood.? And perhaps some one will 
 say, not even of wood; for it had not the signs of wood. But shall we enumer- 
 ate fire-brands and other parched wood that cannot create smoke, under the 
 head of wood or charcoal, or of a genus of their own' [under their own class] .' 
 And there is greater reason that they should have a peculiar genus. Brim- 
 stone matches, also of wood, received in like manner the same definition. 
 Moreover, prepared torches will not have been included within the term wood, 
 unless such was the intention. The same remark applies to kernels of olives ; 
 but it is otherwise with acorns, or some other kernels. But as to the pine of a 
 sound pine-cone, it was comprised within the term wood. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Carcanum. — L. Lat. [-f-Fr.c3«-a», punishment.] A prison or workhouse. LL. Canute. 
 
 In French Law: Carcan. =An instrument of punishment, somewhat resembling 
 a pillory. Sometimes the punishment itself. Bird, Vocab. 
 
 Carcare. — L. Lat. in old English Law; to unload ; to unload a vessel ; to load 
 a cart or wagon. Fleta. To charge (in an account). Id. Carcare et discarcare,— to 
 load and unload. Town's PI. s^- Carcata,— freighted. Id. Loaded. Fleta. Carcatio,— 
 lading. CarCatiOUeS,— ladings. Town's PI. 226. 
 
 Career, Sris, m. — Lat. An inclosing, inclosed place. Hence, A prison, jail. Plaut. 
 Am. i, 3, 3 ; id. Poen iii, 3, 79 ; Cicero, Cat. ii, 12 ; id. Verr. ii, 5, 28. 
 
 323 
 
Car.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Car. 
 
 In Rome close to the forum built by A ncus Martius (Livv, i, 33) ; extended underground by S e r v 1 u s 
 T u 1 1 1 u s ; hence this part ot the prison "is called TuUiamcm. Var. Z. ^. v, ^2, 42 ; Livy, xxix, 22. A nd on 
 account of the strength of its construction^ {Robor ox Robus). Livy, xxxviii, 59 ; Tacitus, ^. iv, 29 ; Val. 
 Max. vi, 3, I ; Festus, de S. V. Robutn^ p. 134; Adatns^ Rom, Aniiq, i, p. 375. 
 
 Trop.: Qui ex corpmn vinculis tanquam ^ carcere evolaverunt, — they who have escaped 
 from the chains of the body as from a prison. Cicero, Rep. vi, 14 ; id. Tusc. 1, 30 fin. 
 
 M e t o n . : An imprisoned criminal. Cicero, Pis. vii fin. And as a term of reproach. 
 Career vix carcere dignus. LuciL. in Don.; Terentihs, Ph. ii, 3, 26; id. ib. i, i. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A prison or gaol. Strictly, a place of confinement or detention 
 and safe-keeping, and not of punishment; e.g., 
 
 CARCER ad cotitinendos homines, non ad puniendos, haberi debet. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlviii, 19, §§ 8, 9. A prison ought to be used for confining men, not 
 for punishing them. 
 
 Bracton quotes this with a slight variation, i. c, 
 
 CARCER ad continendos, et non puniendos, haberi debeat. A prison ought to be 
 used for confining, not for punishing. Bracton, fol. 105. v. 2 Mason's R. 
 
 516- 
 Lord Coke slightly varies the quotation from the Digests, i. e., 
 
 CARCER ad homines custodiendos, now ad puniendos, dari debet. A prison should 
 be assigned for keeping men, not for punishing them. Co. Litt. 260a. 
 Read: Solent praesides in carcere custodiendos damnare, ut in vinculis continentur, 
 etc. . Bracton, fol. 105. v. Prisona. 
 
 Carceralis, e, adj. [career.^ Of or pertaining to a prison. Prud. v, 269 ; id. ib. v, 51. 
 
 Carcerarius, a, um, adj. [«v.] Of or belonging to a prison. Carcerarius quaestns,— 
 of keeping (opening, closing, etc.) a prison. Plautus, Capt. i, 2, 20. Hence, Subst. 
 
 Carcerarius, ii. m. A prison-keeper, jailer. Inscr. Grut. Ixxx, 5. 
 
 CarcereUS, a, um, adj. \idl\ Pertaining to a prison. = Carceralis. Prud. vi, 16. 
 
 Carcere mancipeatlir in ferris. They shall be kept in prison in bars. 
 
 Carcere, are, l, v. u,. \id.\ To incarcerate, imprison. Salv. de Prov. 2, p. 53. 
 
 Carcinodes, is, «. Gr. uapMivwSEi. [-\- Gr. Kapxivoi, an eating ulcer, and <a5i;5, + 
 EiSoi, a form or resemblance.] A cancerous disease. Pliny, xx, 17, 7, 3. 
 
 Carcindma, atis, n. Gr. nap-nivooixa. [-|- Gr. KapKivoi, an eating ulcer.] A cancer ; 
 an eating, suppurating ulcer. Called in pure Latin cancer. Cato, R. R. 157, 4 ; Celsus, v, 
 28, note 2 ; Pliny, xxix, 2, 10. 
 
 Caesar Augustus employed it as a term of reproach for his daughter Julia, and her daughter Julia 
 and son Agrippa, on account of their incorrigible wiclcedness. Of whom he would say : *At,)' o^eKov 
 ayajbLo; t' l/ievat, a-yax-ds t' olit oke<T ^tLi , — would I were wifeless, or had childless died ! (Hector, 
 ap. Homer, Illiad, iii, 40) and he usually called them his three imposthumes (plagues), or three can- 
 cers, {treis vomicas, aut tria carcinoniaia sutC). Suetonius, Aug. 65. 
 
 Cardinalis, «, adj. [cardo.'] Of or pertaining to a door-hinge. Vitr. iv, 6. 
 In late Latin; Principal, chief. Cardinalis venti, — the principal or cardinal winds. 
 Serv. Virg. a. i, 131. Cardinalis numeri, — the cardinal numbers. Pris. de Pond. p. i35iP. 
 
 Cardinaliter, adv. Chiefly, principally, especially. Firm. Mathes. 410. 
 
 Carecta, Carrecta, Careta. — L. Lat. [+ carrum, Lat., a car.J In old English 
 Law : A cart. Reg. Orig. 2Sii / Bracton, fol. 217, 232 ; Fleta, lib. i, c. 25, § 9. v. Vestigia 
 malefactorum sunt, etc. The same, in Mag. Charta, is written Careta, Caretta and Carreita. 
 V. Nullus vice comes capiat equos vel caretas alicujus, etc. 
 
 CarectariUS. a carter. Reg. Orig. 190. Carectata,— a cart-load. 2 Mon. Angl. 340 ; 
 Dyer, 70. 
 
 Carena, Carina, Carrena.— L. Lat. [+ Fr. yaa««fe, forty.] In old Ecclesias- 
 tical Law: A period of forty days. = Quarentena, ¥1., Quarantaine, — quarantine. 
 
 Caret periculo, qui etiam, tutus, caret. — Prov. He is most free from danger 
 who, even when safe, is on his guard. Publius Syrus. It illustrates the advantages of 
 vigilance. 
 
 324 
 
Car.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Car. 
 
 Caret initio et fine. — Pro v. It wants both beginning and end. Trop., It is with- 
 out head or tail. It is a sheer absurdit}'. 
 
 Cariagium.— L. Lat. [-\- cariare,- L. Fr. caria^e.] In old English Law: Car- 
 riage ; the carrying of goods or other things for the king. Mag: Chart. 9 Hen. III. c. 21. 
 
 Cariare.— L. Lat. In old English Law: To carry. Reg. Orig. i^tb. Cariare et 
 recariare,— to carry and recarry. Id. 12T. Cariavit,— he carried. Id. 110. Ad cari- 
 andum, — to carry; for carrying, /a^. 127 ; .Wifto, lib. ii, c. 76, g 2 Cariator,— a carrier. 
 Cariatores, — carriers. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 73, § 4. 
 
 Carmen, inis, K. [cajto.l Lit.: A poem, verse, epigram ; tune, song. Carmen tri- 
 umphal e ,■ — a song of triumph. (6.) An oracular response, a prophecy; a form of incan- 
 tation. QuiNTiLiAN, X, 7, 19 ; Ovid, M. xi, 317 ; Cicero, Brut, xviii, 71 ; Horace, Od. i, 
 (>2 et al. (c.) A magic formula; an incantation. Fragm. xii, Tab. in Pliny, xxviii, 2,4. 
 V. Dirks. Transl. p. 619 sq.; Virgil, E. viii, 69 sq.; Horace, Ep. v, 72 ; xvii, 4; QuiN- 
 TILIAN, vii, 3, 7. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A formula in religion or law ; a formulary ; a form of words 
 used on various occasions, as of divorce, etc. Taylor's Civ. Law, 349. Cannen necessarium, — 
 a necessary formula; an indispensable lesson. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 23; i Bl. Com. 6; i 
 Kent's Com. 529. 
 
 CARMEN facit, non tantum qui satyras et epigrammata, sed illegimam insectandi 
 alicujus causa?n quidve aliud alio genere componit. Paulus, Sent. Rec. v, t. 4. 
 ' de Injuriis,' § 15 med. He makes a formula (a poem) not only who composes 
 satires and epigrams, but who, contrary to law, composes (creates) a cause to 
 persecute some one, or something else of another kind. 
 
 Carualis, e, fli^'. Fleshly, carnal. CamalitaS, atis. [carnalis.l Fleshliness ; carnality. 
 Carnaliter, ad-a. Carnally. Carnaliter cognovit,— carnally knew. 
 
 In Criminal Law: Technical words in indictments, and held essential to charge the 
 defendant with the crime of rape. No other words nor circumlocution will answer, i Hale's 
 PI. Cr. 632-639 ; Co. Litt. 137 ; 3 Co. Inst. 60 ; i Chitt. Cr. Law, 243 ; 3 id. 812 ; Comyn's Dig. 
 'Indictment.' Omission of those words renders an indictment bad on demurrer, but it 
 is cured by a verdict. I East, PI. Cr. 448 ; I Russ. Cr. Cas. 686. 
 
 Camifex, icis, m. [caro-facio.} An executioner ; hangman. Plautus, Bae. iv, 4, 37 ; 
 Cicero, Fer. ii, 5, 45 ; Quintilian, Inst, v, 10, 59 ; Adams' Antiq. i, p. 254. 
 
 Trop.: A tormentor, murderer. Pliny, xxviii, 4, 7. .<4^'. murderous. Mart, xi, 84. 
 
 As a term of reproach: Scoundrel, villain. Plautus, /4m. i, i, 220, 206 ; Cicero, 
 Pis.v; id.Vetr. ii, i, 3. 
 
 Carnificina, ae, /. The office of hangman. Plautus, Capt. i, 2, 29. The place of tor- 
 ture or torment. LiVY, ii, 23; Cato in Gellius, x, 3, 17, Hence, Melon. : The rack, 
 torture, torment. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. iii, 13 ; v, 27, 78. 
 
 Carpe diem.— Lat. Enjoy the present day. Horace. Carpe et colligerl To pluck 
 and bind together ; to collect together. 
 
 Garruca ae, /. = Gr. y<.apovx<^. In the Civil Law: A sort of four-wheeled 
 traveling carriage. Pliny, xxxiii, 11, 40 ; Suet. Ner. xxx ; Scaev. Dig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 13. 
 
 Carrncarius a, um, adj. [carruea.] Pertaining to the cari-uca. Ulp. Dig. xxi, 1, fr. 38. 
 
 Carrulus i, '«■ «'"«• [carrus.1 A little wagon or cart. Ulpianus, /);;?•. xvii, 2,/?-. 52. 
 
 Carrns i. »'■ Uarrum, i, ».] A kind of four-wheeled wagon for transporting burdens. 
 Caesar, B. G. i, 26 ; Livy, x, 28. v. Bracton, fol. 168. 
 
 Cart bote. Wood or timber which a tenant is allowed by law to take from an estate, for 
 the purpose of repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry. 2 Bl. Com. 35 ; Broom 
 &• Had. Com. ii, 23. v. Bote. 
 
 Carta. [-\- charta.] In old English Law: A charter, deed or writing. 2 Bl. 
 Com. 296 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 477- '"■ Charta. 
 
 In Span. Law: A deed ; a letter ; a power of attorney. Las Partidas, pt. 3, t. 18, 1. 30. 
 
Car.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 CARTA non est nisi vestimentum donationis. A deed is nothing but the vest- 
 ment or clothing of the gift. Staunford, J., Plowden, i6o. 
 
 Carta partita de affrectamento. a charter-party of affreightment. To^on's PI. 224. 
 V. Charta partita. 
 
 Carta perdonationis. A charter of pardon. Reg, Orig. 288, 512. 
 
 Carta de Foresta. The charter of the Forest, v. Charta de Foresta. 
 
 Carta de una parte. = Charta de und parte. A charter or deed of one part. 
 
 Carta indentata, or indentura. — L. Lat. A deed indented or indenture. 
 
 In English Common Law; A deed executed in parts, as many copies as there 
 are parties, and each should be cut or indented (anciently instar dentiam, like the teeth 
 of a saw, but later in a waved line) on the top or side, to correspond with the other, which 
 deed, so made, is called an indenture. 2 Bl. Com. 295, 296; Litt, § 370; 5 Co. 20; 
 Broom fir" I/ad. Com. ii, 478. v. Indentura. v. Cirographuvi or Cyrographum. 
 
 In England: This practice is unnecessary at the present day, by Stat. 8 and 9 Vict, 
 c. io5, § 5. And so in the United States. 
 
 Carte, — Fr. In French Marine Law: A chart. On/. j?/an liv. i, tit. 8, arts. 2, 3. 
 
 Carte blanche, — Fr. A white or blank sheet of paper. T r o p . : Unlimited power. 
 
 In general: An unqualified authority to do any act pertaining to any afiair. To give 
 a carte blanche is when one party is so far reduced as to sign his name to a blank paper, 
 and to leave the other to prescribe the conditions. It imports an unconditional submission. 
 
 In Mercantile affairs: For the sake of convenience, signatures in blank sheet 
 of paper are given with authority to fill them up ; and these are binding upon the parties. 
 The blank must, however, be filled up by the very person authorized, cf. Chitty on Bills, 
 70 ; 2 Penn. 200; 6 Martin (La.) 707. 
 
 Cartel, [kar-tfel.] — Fr. Challenge ; challenge to fight. 
 
 Cartel d' 6challge, Military: An instrument or writing to arrange, settle terms for 
 the exchange of prisoners of war. Spiers if Surrenes' Diet. 
 
 Caruca, — L. Lat. A plow. Bracton, fol. 40; Mag. Charta, c. 5. 
 
 Carucariae apparura, Plow-tackel. Cowell ,- Jacob's Law Diet. 
 
 CarUCaginm. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A kind of tax or tribute anciently 
 imposed, upon every plow, for the public service. Spelman ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Carucarius, ii, '«■ [(ra>r«c-am<j, q. v.] In the Civil Law: The driver oi a caruca 
 or carruca. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, 2, fr. 13. In old English Law: A plow-man. 
 Reg. Orig. Igo; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 73, § 2. 
 
 Carucata. — L- Lat. [caruca, a plow.] A carucate or carve of land ; a plow-land. 
 
 In old English Law; A quantity of land containing as much as might be tilled by 
 one plow in a year and a day. Skene ; Reg. Orig. lb ; Co. Litt. 50, 69a / Termes de la Ley. 
 By some said to be one hundred acres, but probably no fixed quantity. Thil. Dig. lib. viii, 
 c. 12. 
 
 Carncatarius, — L. Lat. One who held land in carvage, i. e. in socage, or plow tenure. 
 Cowell; Kennetfs Par. Ant. 354. 
 
 Carvage. = Carucagium, v. h. v. 
 
 Cas. — Fr. Case ; a or the case ; an event or occurrence. Britt. c. 75. 
 
 Cas fortuit. — Fr. A fortuitous event; an inevitable accident. Emerig. Tr. des Ass. 
 c. 12 ; 3 Kenfs Com. 300. v. Casus fortuitus. 
 
 Casa, ae, /. A simple or poorly built house; a hut, cottage, cabin, garden-house; a 
 country house. In war: A barrack, tent. Varro, R. R. ii, 10, 6; Cicero, Tusc. v, 34, 
 97 ; QuiNTlLiAN, ii, 17, 10; ix,4, 4 f/ «/. Casae, In late Latin Meton.: A country 
 estate ; a farm. Cassiod. Var. v, 14, Cassarius, a, um, adj. [casu.] Of or belonging 
 to a cottage. CaSSariuS, ii- A dweller in a cottage ; a cottager. Theod. Cod. ix, 42, 7. 
 Casata, CaSSata.— L. Lat. [+<r3Ja.] In old European Law: A house with land 
 sufficient for the support of one family ; otherwise called hida, a hide of land. Spelman. 
 CasatUS, CaSSattlS. [-\-casa.\ In old European Law; A vassal or feudal tenant 
 possessing a casata, i e. suus aedes, suam fatniliam, suufn peculiuvi, — his own dwelling, his 
 326 
 
Cas.] JURIDICAL CxLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 own family, his own property. The casati or cassati embraced both bond and free tenants 
 engaged in husbandry (vassalli colonici ,— vassaXs of agriculture ; agricultural vassals). S/>e/- 
 man. v. Spence's C/iancery, 50, and notes. Casamentum. [+ casa.'] In old Euro- 
 pean Law: The. land held by a vassal or tenant {territoriuni vassalli; tenementtmi). 
 Spelman. 
 
 Casearius, a, um, adj. \casens^ Of or pertaining to cheese. Casearia taberna.— a 
 booth or shop in which cheese was smoked and kept. Ulpianus, Dig. viii, 5, fr. 8, § 5. 
 
 Caseatus, a, um, adj. \id7\ Mixed with cheese. Caseata montes,— mountains where 
 much cheese was made. Caseatrix.— L. Lat. A dairy woman. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 87. 
 
 Cassare. — L. Lat. ^-^-I-^X. casso,Qx cassus!\ In old English Law: To quash or 
 make void ; to annul, to abate. Cassabitur breve,— the writ shall be quashed. Fleta, 
 lib. V, c. 6, § 47. Cassatae,— quashed. Bracton, fol. 394. Cassetur,— shall be annulled. 
 Mag. C,4a?-/. 9 Hen. HI. c. 36. CaSSatiO, — a quashing, making void ; an abatement. Town's 
 PI. 29, 59. 
 
 Cassation. Court of. V. Cour de cassation. 
 
 Cassetur billa, or quod Billa cassetur.— L. Lat. That the bill be quashed. 
 
 In Law Practice: The form of the judgment for the defendant on a plea of abate- 
 ment, where the action was commenced by bill (billa). 3 Bl. Com. 303 ; Steph. PL 128, 131 ; 
 5 T. P. 634. The form of an entry made by the plaintiff on the record, after a plea in abate- 
 ment ; amounting, in fact, to a discontinuance of the action. [ Tidd's Pr. 683 ; 2 Arch. Pr. 
 3. 236' 
 
 Cassetur breve, or quod breve cassetur. — L. Lat. That the writ be quashed. 
 
 In Law Practice: The form of the judgment for the defendant on a plea in abate- 
 ment, where the action was commenced by original writ (breve). 3 Bl. Com. 303 ; Steph. 
 PI. 107, 109 (128, 131); 5 T. R. 634. 
 
 Cassetur processus. — L. Lat. (That) the process be quashed or abated. 
 Cassis tut issima virtus, — Prov. Virtue is the safest helmet. Horace. 
 CaSSO, are, i, v. a. [cassus^ To annihilate, ruin, destroy. SiDONlus, Ep. I fin. 
 In the Jurists: To annul, make null or void Cassiod. Var. if, 14 ; Just. Cod.\,2, 16. 
 Cassus, a, um.ai^'. Empty, void, hollow. Plautus, Ps.\, 3, 137; Horace, Sat. ii, 5,36; 
 Plautus, Pud. V, 2, 37. Unfruitful. Ovid, F. vi, 406; Pliny, xviii, 17, 45. Trop.: 
 Vain, empty, useless, futile, null, fruitless. Cicero, Tusc. v, 41, lig. Cassus copia verbo- 
 rum, — a vain or fruitless multitude or abundance of words. LucR. iv, 513. Casus fraudem, — 
 an empty or fruitless deceit or fraud. Id. v, 130. Consilia. Seneca, Troad. 574. Vain, 
 profitless. Stat. Th. xi, 449. Cassum labores, — vain, profitless labors. Pliny., Ep. viii, 
 23, 6. Without effect. Stat. Th. ix, 770 ; id. ib. 629. Cassa memotare (subst.), — to talk 
 idly. Plautus, Cist, iv, i, 16. In cassum (or in one word incassum,2iAv.), — in vain, use- 
 lessly, to no purpose. Plautus, Poen. i, 2, 147. Without aim or purpose, fortuitously. 
 Lucr. ii, 1000, 1060, 1160, 1429. V. LiVY, X, 29 ; id. ii, 49. Quid cassum times? — what do 
 you fear or apprehend uselessly? Seneca, ZT^r <9r^. 353. (6.) With the add. of abl. 
 respect. = Wanting, devoid of, deprived of, without ; e.g. Sanguine cassa (cochlea), — wanting, 
 or devoid of blood ; bloodless. Cicero, Div. ii, 64, 133. Cassa lumine corpus, — a body 
 devoid of light. LuCR. v, 718. Cassus luminis ensis, — a sword devoid of brightness, lustre. 
 Cicero, Aral. 369. Cassus anima corpus, — a body wanting a vital principle, life. LucR. iii, 
 561. Poet.: Lumine cassus, — deprived of life, dead. Virgil, .,4. ii, 85. 
 Castaque privatae veneris connubia laeta 
 Cognita sunt, prolemque ex, se videre creatam : 
 Turn genus htitnanuni prinium molescere caepit. 
 
 Lucretius, de Per. Nat. v, ion sq. 
 Marriages and the chaste and private enjoyments of love are [were] known, and they saw 
 an offspring born from them ; then first mankind began to soften. Quoted in this form in 
 2 J^ent's Com. 75, note, citing Lucretius, supra. 
 The text in Lucretius reads ; 
 
 * Mutter conjunct a viro concessit in unittti 
 Co njugiu m , prolemque ex se videre creatam ; 
 
 Turn genus kumanum primum molescere coepit. — Lucretius, de Rer. Nat. v, 10, 11. 
 The woman united with the man passed with him into one [domicile, and the duties ofwedlocic were] 
 learned [by the two], and they saw an offspring born from them ; then first mankind began to soften. 
 
Cas.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 CASTE jubet lex adire ad deos, animo videlicet, in quo sunt omnia. Nee tollit castimoniam 
 corporis, sed hoc oportet intelltgi, quum multum animus corpori praestet observeturque, ut casto 
 corpore adeatur, multo esse in animis id servandum magis. Nam illud vel aspe rsione 
 aquae vel dierum numero tollitur : animi labes nee diuturnitate 
 evare scere nee amnibus ullis elui potest . ClC^ViO, de Legg. i\, c. 10, § 24. One 
 of the legal maxims («. e. Lex XII. Tab.) states that we should approach the gods chastely — 
 that is to say, with purity of mind, for this is every thing. Not that the law dispenses with 
 purity of body ; but this must be understood, inasmuch as the mind is far superior to the 
 body ; and it may be observed that if we are to be attentive to the purity of our persons, we 
 ought to be still more so to the purity of our souls. For the pollutions of the 
 body may indeed be removed by a few ablutions of water, or in a few 
 days; but the stains of the conscience cannot be obliterated by an)' 
 lapse of time, and all the rivers in the world cannot wash them out. 
 
 The legal maxim referred to reads : Ad divos adeunto caste. Lex XII. Tab. x, fr. 12. 
 
 Castel-guardum. — L. Lat. The defense or guard of a castle. Termes de la Ley j Litt' 
 § III ; Co. Litt. %2b ; 4 Co. 88, Luttrell's case ; 3 How. St. Tr. 866. The circuit itself, inhab- 
 ited by such as were subject to the service or tenure pertaining thereto. Cowell ; Termes de 
 la Ley. 
 
 CK^TElAjPi. p I u m b e a , putea, opercula puteorum, epitonia {epistonia] fistulis 
 aiiplumbafa, aut quae terrd continentur, quamvis non sint affixa, aedium esse 
 constat. § 9. Item constat, sigilla, columnas quoque et personas, ex quarum {quorum) 
 rostris aqua salire solet, villae' esse. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, i, fr. 17, §§ 8, 9. It 
 is clear that leaden reservoirs, wells, covers of wells, stoppers soldered to pipes, 
 or things which are contained underground, although they are not affixed, belong 
 to houses. § 9. It is clear, also, that little figures or images, pillars or columns, 
 and also heads with masks used as ornaments for spouts wherefrom water is 
 accustomed to flow, are parts of a country-seat (villa). 
 
 Read this in connection with Ea quae perpetui usus causa in aedijiciis sunt, aedificii esse, etc. 
 Read: Papinianus quoque libra septimo Responsorwii ait, etc. Dig. xxxiii, 7, 12, § 23. 
 
 Castellani, Brum, ?«. The occupants of a castle. Sal. Jug. xcii, 7; Livy, xxxiv, 27. 
 Castellania, — L. Lat. The office of a castellain ; the territory, precinct or jurisdiction of 
 a castle. Spelman, Gloss. r=. Cas tell arium . 
 
 Castellanus, Castellarius.— L. Lat. A castellain. 
 
 In old English Law; The keeper, captain or constable of a castle or fortified house, 
 dotnini vices ibidem agens, acting in the place or in the name of the owner. Spelman; Bracton, 
 fol. 6gi, 363 ; 2 Co. Inst. 31 ; Termes de la Ley. An officer of the forest. Manwood. 
 
 Castellauns, a, um, adj. \castellum.\ Lat. Of or pertaining to a castle or fortress. 
 Cicero, Brut. Ixxiii, 256. Castellanum miles, — a soldier belonging to a castle or fortress. 
 Theod. Cod. xi, 59, 2. S u b s t . Castellani, orum. 
 
 Castellarium. — L. Lat. \-\-castellum\ The precinct or jurisdiction of a castle. 
 
 Gastelli-guardia, — L. Lat. Guard of a castle ; castle guard. 
 
 In old English Law; Castle guard is an imposition laid upon such of the king's 
 subjects as dwell within a certain compass of any castle, to the maintenance of such as watch 
 and ward it. Magna Charta, cap. 2 ; An. 32 Hen. VIII. cap. 48 ; Termes de la Ley. It is 
 sometimes used for the circuit itself which is inhabited bj' such as are subject to this service. 
 Id. ib. 
 
 Gastellortlin Operatio. — L. Lat. Castle work ; work upon castles. 
 
 In Saxon and old English Law: Service and labor done by inferior tenants for 
 the building and upholding castles and public places of defense. Cowell; Kennett's Par. 
 Ant. 114. V. Trinoda necessitas, etc. 
 
 Castellum, i, «• 'i">'- Icastrum.'] A castle, fort, citadel, fortress, stronghold. Caesar, 
 B. C. i, &; ii, 30 ; id. B. C. iji, 36 ; Cicero, Phil, v, 4 ; id. Att. iii, 7 ; id. Fam. xi, 4 et at. 
 Trop., Shelter, defense, refuge. Cicero, Pis.v, 11; id. Div. ii, 16, 37; LiVY, iii, 57. 
 Meton., Dwelling in an elevated position. Virgil, C iii, 475 v. Castrum. 
 328 
 
Gas.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 In Mechanics: A structure in which the water of an aqueduct is collected, to be dis- 
 tributed by pipes or channels in different directions ; a reservoir; a cistern. Pliny, xxxvi 
 15, 24, no. 9 ; Front. Aq. 35 ; Ulpian. Dig. xix, i, fr. 17, § 8 ; xlin, 20, fr. i; xxx, fr. 41! 
 §§ 8-10. V. Castella plumbea, putea, opercula puteoruvi, etc., supra. 
 
 In England: A castle ; a fortified building, place or town. 
 
 Castigatio, Snls,/. \castigo.'\ A correcting, chastising, punishment, correction, reproof, 
 etc. Cicero, de Off. i, 25, 88 {v. the pass.); id. Tusc. iv, 20; Quintilian, Hi, 8, 54. 
 
 Castigatio verborum , — a correcting or reproof by words. Livy, xxvii, 15 , Seneca, 
 Ep. yi. Castigatio tacita , — silent reproof. LiVY, xxvii, 10. Castigatio een- 
 soria, — rigid, severe punishment or reproof. Pliny, xviii, 6, 7. In the plural. Cicero, 
 Tusc. iv, 20 ; Livy, xxxvi, 15 et al.; Quintilian, i. 3, 14. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Castigatio flage llorum , — a chastising or punishment by 
 vvhips, scourges. Callistratus, Dig. xlviii, 19, fr. 7. Castigatio fustiuni,— 2.cd.s- 
 tigation by cudgels, staffs, clubs Paulus, Dig. i, 15,/?-. 3. 
 
 CASTIGATIO ilia in casu consimili timorem aliis praebeat delinquendi. Chas- 
 tisement in him may occasion terror to others [may deter others] from 
 offending in a like case. Wingates Max. 140, § 4. 
 
 Castlgatissima disciplina. The most restrained or strictest discipline ; the extreme 
 rigor of discipline. AuLus Gellius, Noct. Attic, iv, 20, i. 
 
 Castigator, oris, m. [castigo.] One who corrects or chastises ; a corrector, reprover. 
 Plautus, Trin. i, 2, 150; id. id. iii, i, 14; Horace, A. P. 174; Livy, i, 59, He who 
 restrains, holds close. Pliny, Pan. xl, i, Gesu. 
 
 Castlgatorins, a, um, adj. [castigator.] After the manner of reprovers or correctors. 
 Pliny, £pist. v, 16, 10 ; SiDONius, Epist. iv, i. 
 
 Castigatorium, — L- Lat. [+ castigo, are, to correct, chastise, punish, etc.] A castiga- 
 tor)', i. e. an engine of correction or punishment. In Domesday it is called Cathedra stercoris. 
 
 In old English Law: An engine of correction for the punishment of scolds or 
 unquiet women (communes rixatres); otherwise called the tumbrel {tymborella), tre-bucket, 
 scolding-stool, cucking-stool, ducking-stool, gogin-stole, coke stole — corrupted from chok- 
 ing-stool. It was an instrument of punishment consisting of a stool or chair fixed to the end 
 of a long pole or stick of timber, provided for scolding women {v. Communis rixatrix), 
 wherein they were seated and plunged, soused or ducked overhead in water, v. Fleta, ii, c. 
 12, § 29 ; 4 £1. Com. 168, 169 ; 12 Serg. &= P. (Penn.) 225. 
 
 The Saxons called it scalfing stole, and it was anciently inflicted on brewers and bakers , 
 and other transgressors of the sumptuarj' laws, convicted of violating the laws, who were 
 placed upon such a stool, fixed to the end of a tree, long pole or piece of timber, and ducked 
 in filthy water (in stercore). 
 
 It is said that the municipalities of Lichfield and Stafford, England, still possess the branks which were form- 
 erly used for taming shrews and common scolds. That at Stafford is inscribed "Gar r«/rt lingua nocei.'* 
 
 The C7rt//rtjry gives us the following description ot the Castigatorium or Ducking Stool: 
 
 " In the crypt of Warwick Church, the mighty ruined arches of which spring from one enormous pier, there is 
 an article which has long gone out of use — whether advantageously or not, 1 shall not venture to say — a 
 ducking stool, made for the public discipline of scolding women. .This is one of the only two, 1 believe, 
 that remain in England. It consists of a strong oaken frame on low wheels, from which a seat rises upon an 
 inclined beam that works upon a pivot or axle. The scold was lashed into the seat, and then the "institution'" 
 was drawn to the river side at a convenient deep place and rolled into the water. Then the land end of the 
 beam was tipped up, and consequently the other end with its lading went down under the water, where it was 
 allowed to remain not too long, and was then raised for breathing time. This process was repeated as often 
 as it was thought beneficial to the lady under treatment, or necessary for the peace of her family and neighbor- 
 hood. Whether husbands ever interceded for wives thus disciphned, as wives do now sometimes tor husbands 
 who are unreasonably interfered with in the gentle sport of blacking their eyes or kicking their ribs, is not 
 recorded." 
 
 Castigd, are, i, v. «. To set right by word or deed ; to correct, chastise, punish , to blame, 
 reprove, chide, censure, find fault with. Cicero, Tusc. iii, 27 ; id. ib. v, t, 4 ; Cicero, de 
 Or. i, 41 et at.; Quintilian, ii, 2, 5. (6.) To correct some error ; to set right ; mend. Hor- 
 ace, A. P. 294 ; Juvenal, Sat. vi, 454. (c.) To hold in check, to restrain, Tacitus, An. vi, 
 13 ; Cicero, Tusc. ii, 21 _fin. Hence, (d.) Of relations of space: To inclose, sur- 
 round, encompass, invest. SiL. xii, 355 ; Pers. i, 7, Diibner. Whence, 
 
 CastigatUS, ■i, uni, Pa. Confined, compressed. Hence, of physical beauty; 
 Small, slender, close. Ovid, ^/«. i, 5, 21 f^a/. Tro p ., Restrained, checked. AvG. Civ. 
 
 [ 42 ] 329 
 
Cas.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 Dei, V. 24. Castlgatissima discip lina, — the strictest discipline; the extreme rigoi 
 of discipline. Gellius, iv, 20, i. 
 
 Castimonia, ae, /■ Physical purity, such as is requisite for religious services, abstinence, 
 purity, chastity. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 45 Jin. 
 
 In General: Purity of body, of mind, of morals; morality. Read: Caste jubet lex 
 adire ad deos, animo videlicet, in quo sunt omnia, etc. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 10, § 24. 
 
 Castitas, atis, /, [castus.] Moral purit)'; chastity. Ciceko, de Leg. ii, 12, 29, Orell ; 
 Horace, Odes, iii, 24, 22 ; Pliny, xxiv, 9, 38 ; id. Pan. xx, 2 et al. Hence, Castitas = 
 Minerva. Pal. i, 6, 14. (6.) In general: Purity of morals, morality. Vitr. i, i; 
 Gellius, xv, 18 ; Macrobius, S. vii, 3. 
 
 Castitiido, onis, /. [/</.] Moral purit)'. Att. z'k NoN. Ixxxv, 11. Chastit)'. v. Pudor. 
 
 In Common Law: The mere solicitation of chastity is not indictable. 2 Chitty's 
 Prac. 478. But sending a letter to a married woman, soliciting her to commit adultery, is an 
 mdictable offense. 7 Conn. 266. cf. 14 Penn. St. P. 226. 
 
 As a general rule: Words charging a woman with a violation of chastity are action- 
 able per se, because they charge her with an offense punishable by law, and of a character to 
 degrade, disgrace and exclude her from society. Beard, Lib. &• Stand. § 36 ; 8 Piei. (Mass.) 
 384 ; 5 Gray (Mass.), 2, 5 ; 2 Conn. 707 ; 2 J\lew Hamp. 194. 
 
 In New York: To charge a married woman with adultery K?, not actionable, unless 
 special damage is alleged, adultery not being a criminal offense by the law of New York. 2 
 Johns. R. 115. To call a woman a common prostitute is not actionable without 
 showing special damage, notwithstanding such persons are punishable as disorderly persons. 
 ^ Johns. R. 188; 13 Wend. 253. Charging a female with unchastity is actionable if special 
 damage is shown. 19 Wend. R. 305. See Anon., 69 N. Y. 262. 
 
 Castra, Orum, n.{castra, ae, /.). Several soldiers' tents situated together. Hence, a 
 military camp, an encampment, v. c\z.ss\cs, passim, v. Castrum ,\, n. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A camp. In old English Law: A castle. Bracton, 
 fol. 69^. A castle including a manor. 4 Co. 88, Luttrell's case ; 2 Co. Inst. 31. 
 
 Gastrensiaui, orum, m. [castra or castrum.] Soldiers for protecting the borders; bound- 
 ary-keepers. Justinian. Cod. xii, 36, 14. 
 
 Castrensis, e, ai^'. [castrum.] Of or pertaining to the camp ; camp, ClCERO, Cael.v, IX. 
 Castrensis jurisdictio , — jurisdiction or authority pertaining to the camp. Tacitus, 
 Agr.q. Castrensi s latrocinitim , — camp robbery. Cicero, Cai. iii, 7, 17. Castren- 
 sis corona, — the garland, wreath or crown of the camp; the camp crown. Awarded to 
 him who first entered the enemy's camp. GelLius, v, 6; Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 43. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Relating to the camp or military service. Castrensispecu- 
 lium , — private property acquired by military service. Ulpian. Dig. xxxvii, 6, Jr. i, § 15; 
 Paulus, Sent. Recept. iii, 4^1, § 3. 
 
 CASTRENSE p e culium est, quod ci parentibus vel cognatis in militia agenti 
 donatum est, vel quod ipse Jilius familias in militia acquisiit, quod, nisi militaret, 
 acquisiturus non fuisset; nam quod erat et sine militia acquisiturus, id peculium ejus 
 castrense non est. Macer. Dig. xlix, 17, fr. 11. Private property acquired by 
 military service {peculium castrensis) is that which is given by parents or relatives 
 to a soldier in active military service, or which a son of a family has himself 
 acquired in military service, which, except he should serve as a soldier, he would 
 not have been about to acquire ; for that which he was about to acquire without 
 military service, that is not his 'peculium castrense.' 
 
 Castrimi, i, n. [kindred with casa, a hut, tent.] Any fortified place ; a castle, fort, fort- 
 ress. = Castellum. Pompey in Cicero, Att. viii, \^B; LiVY, xxxvi, 3 ; Pliny, iii, 13, 18. 
 More frequently used in the plural. Castra, orum, «. 
 
 Ca strum aniiqui dicebant oppidunt loco altissitno situm, quasi casatit altam, cujus pluralis nuinerus 
 castra, diTltinutivum castellum est: sive quod castrabatur licentia inibi habitantium, ne passim vaga 
 hosti paterei. IsiDORUS, Ori};. xv, 2, § 13. The ancients called a town, situated in a very lofty place, castrum, 
 as if a high hut, a tall tent, the plural of which is castra, a camp, the diminutive castellum, a castle ; or it was 
 curtailed, cut away from the license of the dwellers thereabouts, that it might not here and there be loosely 
 open to the enemy, v. Castellum . [F. J. M.] 
 
 Castus a, um, adj. In general: Morally pure, unpolluted, spotless, guiltless. 
 Plautus, Poen. v, 4, 13; Cicero, Phil, iii, 6, 15; id. Ros. Com. vii, 21; id. Inv. ii, 11, 36. 
 
Cas,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 Of particular virtues; Pure, chaste, unpolluted, continent, i^. classics, J>assim. 
 Trop. of style: Pure, free from barbarisms. Gellius, Mod. Aiiii:. x\x, 8, 3. 
 In a religious respect; Pious, religious, holy, sacred, n. classics, passim. 
 
 Casu, [abl. -|-<^<z-f«-f-] Adverbially; By chance, by accident, casually. Cicero, 
 Div. ii, 7, 18 ; id. jV. Z>. ii, 2, 6 ; QuiNTlLlAN, iii, 6, 26 ; v, 10, 69. v. Casus. 
 
 Casu COnsimili, — L. Lat. In a like case. v. Consimili casu. 
 
 In old English Law; Casit consimili was a. ■well ol entrj' granted where the tenant 
 by courtesyor tenant for term of life, or for the life of another, aliened in fee or in tail, or for 
 the life of another. And it hath this name because of the rule established by the statute of 
 Westminster II. (13 Edw. I.) c. 24, which willed : Quotiescunque cvenerit in cancellaris, quod 
 in ,uno casu reperitur breve, et in consimile casu indigente remedio, concordent clerici de 
 cancellaria de breve faciendo, etc. And this writ was granted to him in reversion against the 
 party to whom the said tenant so aliened to his prejudice, and in the life of the tenant, v. 
 Fitz. Nat. Brev, fol. 206 ; Termes de la Ley. The writ is now abolished. 
 
 Casu proviso. — in the case provided for. 
 
 In old English Law; Caj«/«z'!V<; was a writ of entry given by the Statute of Glouces- 
 ter (6 Edw. L), c. 7, where a tenant in dower aliened in fee, or for life, or in tail, the land 
 which she holds in dower, there he that had the reversion in fee, or in tail, or for term of 
 life, should presently have this writ against the alienee or him that was tenant of the freehold 
 of the land, and that during the life of the tenant in dower. Fitz. A'at. Brev. fol. 205«/ 
 Tertnes de la Ley; Roscoe's Real Act. 94, 95. v. Breve casu proviso. The writ is abolished. 
 
 Casu fortuitu. By an unforeseen event. Erskine's Inst.iv,\\X.. 1,^^^,. v. Casus f. 
 
 Casualis conditio. A condition depending upon chance. Justinian. Cod. vi, 27, 6. v. 
 Honiicidiuvi casuale. 
 
 CaSUaliter, adv. Accidentally, casually. 
 
 CASUALLTER et per infortuniam et contra voluntatem suam. Casually and bj' misfortune 
 and against his will. Broom on Com. Law, 684 ; Hobart, 134. 
 
 Casus, fts, m. [cado.] Lit., A falling ; a falling down, etc. LucR. i, 314 et al. (6.) A 
 fall, an overthrow, a throwing down. Att. in Cicero, Div. i, 22, 44 ; Quintilian, i, 12, 
 10; LuCR. v, 1332. Trop., of time. The end. Virgil, G. i, 340. (c.) A moral fall, 
 an error, a false step. Cicero, Coel. xvii fin. {(I.) That which comes to pass, turns out or 
 happens unexpectedl)'; an occurrence, event, accident, chance. Cicero, Z^zz/. ii, 6; id. N. 
 D. i, 32, 90; id. Manil. xx, 60; Quintilian, vii, prooem, § 3 et al. (e.) An adverse event; 
 a misfortune, mishap, calamity. Cicero, &.?/. xxiv, 53 ; Quintilian, vi, i, 18 ; id.ib.i,^^; 
 Suet. Tib. xxv ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § 3. H e n c e , in abl. casil, by chance, by accident, 
 casually. 
 
 In English Law: A case; c g.. Casus iste evenit apttd Clarendone, — that case hap- 
 pened at Clarendon. Bracton, fol. 45. In prima casH, — in the first case. Fleta. In hoc 
 casii, — in this case. Bracton, tols. 22,. 2-](>. In omni casu, — in every case. Bracton, iol. ■i'},. 
 (6.) A case at law ; a cause or action ; e. g., Cadit mulier h casu, — the woman falls from or 
 in her case. i. e. the woman loses her case or action. Bracton, fol. 301*. (c.) An event ; a 
 circumstance or combination of circumstances ; e. g. v. infra, [cl.) A chance ; an accident 
 or misfortune {infortunium, q. v.). v. infra. 
 
 Casus abies visum marinos. The fir-tree doomed to visit the dangers of the main. 
 Virgil, G. ii, 6, 8. v. 3 Kent's Com. 152, note {b.) 
 
 Casus amissiouis. A case of loss ; an accident by which a loss happened, such as fire, 
 flood, robbery, shipwreck, etc. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 1, ^ 54- 
 
 Casus belli. A case of war ; ii cause for war. 
 
 Casus foederis. The case, matter, or event of the treaty. 
 
 In International Law: A case or event stipulated or contemplated by a treaty ; a 
 case within the stipulations of a treaty, cf. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, c. 25 ; Vattel, 
 
 ii, c. 12, I 168. . , . , c 
 
 In Common Law: The case or matter which comes withm the terms of a compact, 
 
 or to which it applies. I Kent's Com. 49 ; ib. 117 ; Wells' arg., 3 Cowen R. 104. The end of 
 
 the league ; the end, event of the compact ; e. g. An agreement entered into by B. to pay 
 
 A the sum of $100 when the latter should have served him one year. Until the full year s 
 
 service has been rendered, the casHs foederis does not arise. 2 Parsons on Contr. 521 ; i 
 
 1'^ V ari t Ime'^^La w : The term is also applied to an ordinary contract ■,e.g.a respon- 
 dentia bond. Story, J., 4 Mason's R. 253. 
 
 331 
 
Cas.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 Note. — The term is applied to an exigency contemplated by the Constitution of the 
 United States, ihefoedus, — compact or league of the states. Id. 264. 
 
 Casus fortuitllS. — Lat. An accidental case ; a fortuitous or accidental event ; an inevit- 
 able accident. 3 Kenfs Com. 2io, 300. Casus fortuiti, — a stroke of fate. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Casus foriuitus(\s defined to be) quod damno fatali contingit, 
 cuivis diligentissimo possit contingere. cf. ViNNlus, ad Inst, iii, 15, §§ 4, 5, 6 ; 3 Kenfs Com. 
 216, 300. Casus fortultus (is defined to be) accidens, quod per custodiam, curam vel dili- 
 gentiam mentis hominae evitari non potest. Straeccha, Glossa, 22. v. Baldus, infra, 
 
 Santerna adds: Ubi diligentissimus praecavisset, et providesset non dicitur proprie casus 
 fortuitus . Santerna, di' v4jj. part 3, n. 65. cf. ■i Kent's Com. 300. Ad vim majorem vel 
 ad casus fortuitos non tenetur quis, nisi sud culpd intervenerit. Fleta, ii, 72, ^ 16. 
 
 In Maritime Law: A cajaj yb?'^«f/«j' excuses ship-owners from liability for goods 
 conveyed. 3 Kenfs Com. 216. A loss happening through the agency of rats was held an 
 unforeseen, but not an inevitable accident. I Curtis C. C, 148; 'i Kent's Com. 301, n. I. 
 Furtum non est casus fortuitus. 3 Kent's Com. 303, and cases n. (^). 
 
 CASUM fortuitu m dejinimus, omne, quod humano captu provideri non potest, 
 aut cui praeviso non potest resisti. Vinnius, ad. Inst, iii, 15, § 4. We define 
 chance cases (or fortuitous events), those which cannot be provided against by 
 human foresight, or which seen beforehand cannot be resisted or avoided. 34 
 L. T. Rep. (N. S.) 827 ; cited per Lord Cockburn, C. J. 
 
 Vinnius enumerates the various instances : 
 
 Cassus f ortuiti varii sunt: veluti a vi ventorum^ iurbinum,pluviarum^ grandinum, 
 fulminum, aestus, frigoris, et similium calamitatum quae caelitus immituntur. Nostri vim 
 divinam dixerunt, Graeci Beov Pi'av. Item naufragia, aquarum inundationes, incendia, 
 mortes animalium,ruinae aedium, fundorum chasmata, incursus hostium,praedonum impetus, etc., 
 fugae servorum, qui custodiri non solent. His adde damna omnia a privatis illata, quae quomi- 
 nus inferrentur, nulld curd caveri potuit. Ad casus autem fortuitos non sunt referendi illi 
 casus, qui ciim culpd conjuncti esse solent : cujusmodi sunt furta. Quamobrem, qui rem furto 
 amissam vel incendio, verbi causd servorum negligentid orto, consumptam dicit, is diligentiam 
 suam probare debet. Quod vero incendium in alienis aedibus obortem occupat aedes vicinas, aut 
 quod fulmine excitatur, aut a grassatoribus vel incendiariis immittitur, id inter casus fortuitos 
 numerari debet. Vinnius, ad Inst. lib. iii, tit. 15, § 2, notes 4, 5. 
 
 Chance cases are varioiis : for example, from the force of the winds, hurricanes, rain 
 storms, hail storms, lightnings (that strike or set on fire), heat, cold, and similar calamities 
 which are sent from heaven. They are called by .our people divine force, by the Greeks 
 the act of God {Beov fiioLV, the force or power of God). Also ship-wrecks, inundations of 
 water (floods), conflagrations, death of animals, the downfall of buildings, chasms of the 
 earth, the incursion of enemies, the attacks of robbers, etc., the flight of slaves who are not 
 accustomed to be guarded. Add to these all losses caused by private persons, which could, 
 by no care, be prevented from being inflicted. But chance cases are not to be referred to 
 those cases which are accustomed to be combined with (usually occur through) fault of 
 remissness or neglect ; of which sort are thefts. Wherefore, one who saj'S a thing was lost 
 through theft or by a conflagration, — for the sake of an expression ;»- illustration — occa- 
 sioned by the negligence of servants, he ought to demonstrate his own diligence. But in 
 truth, a conflagration that originated in another's house invades (takes to) a neighboring 
 house, or that is kindled by lightning, or is instigated by rioters or incendiaries, this should 
 be reckoned among chance cases. Quoted in Story on Bailm. § 30. 
 
 CASUS fortuitus est accidens, quod per custodiam, curam vel diligentiam 
 mentis humanae non potest evitari ab eo qui patitur. Baldus, Quaest, xii. 
 No. 4. A chance case is an accident which cannot be averted by the 
 custody, care or diligence of the human mind, from that which one is exposed 
 to. Cited per Lord Cockburn, C. J., 34 L. T. Rep. (N. S.) 827. v. 3 Kent's 
 Com. 300, note (a), citing Straecha, Glossa. 22. 
 
 CASUS fortuitus; magis est improvisus proveniens ex alterius culpa, quam 
 fortuitus. A chance case: this is the most unexpected as arising 
 from the fault of another {e. g. by rats) than as happenning accidentally. San- 
 terna, de Ass. 4, notes 31, 32 ; quoted in 3 Kent's Com. 301, n. (a.) n. i. 
 
 332 
 
Ca8.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cas. 
 
 CASUS f ortuttus non est sperandus ; et nemo tenetur divinare. A fortu- 
 itous event is not to be expected ; and no man is bound to foretell 
 or foresee it. An accidental case is not to be apprehended ; and no person is 
 bound to divine or predict it. 4 Co. 66. 
 
 CASUS f ortuttus non est supponendus. A fortuitous event is not to 
 be presumed. Hardr. 82, arg. 
 Casus in eventu est. The result is doubtful. Ovid, A. A. i, 379. 
 Casus isolatUS, An isolated case ; an uncommon circumstance. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 
 7. 8 35- 
 
 Casus major, in the Civil Law: An extraordinary casualty, as fire, shipwreck, 
 etc. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7,/r. I, § 4 : Story on Bailm. § 240. 
 
 CASUS nunquam praestatur nisi vel in mord sit debitor, vel casum in se ultro sus- 
 ceperit, vel culpatn simul admiserit. Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Inst. lib. iii, 
 tit. 14, § 785. A casualty is never answered for unless either the debtor has 
 been guilty of delay, or has voluntarily undertaken the risk, or is at the same 
 time guilty of neglect. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 37. 
 
 Casus omissus. An omitted case ; a case overlooked or not provided for; an opportu- 
 nity neglected ; a casual omission, cf. Broom's Max. 47, 85. 
 
 Most frequently applied to omissions in a statute to provide for cases of a given character 
 which may arise, or for a particular case. 5 Co. 38 ; 2 Bl. Com. 260 ; 4 id. 302 ; i P. Wms. 
 392; I W. Bl. 426 ; II East, i ; 2 Binn. (Penn.) 279. It applies generall)' to contingencies 
 not provided for. It may occur in a contract as well as in a statute. 2 Bl. Com. 260. 
 
 Casus omissi, //«''. Omitted cases; casual omissions. 4 Bl. Com. 85, 302. 
 
 CASUS omissus et oblivioni datus dispositioni juris communis relinquitur. A 
 case omitted and given to oblivion [forgotten] is left to the disposal 
 of the Common Law. 5 Co. 38. 
 
 Where a casus omissus does really occur in a statute, the rule is that the particular case 
 thus left unprovided for must be disposed of according to the law as it existed prior to such 
 statute. Broom's Max. 47. A casus omissus can in no case be supplied by a court of law, 
 for that would be to make laws. Per Buller, J., i T. R. 52. v. per Lord Abinger, C. B. 
 1 M. Is" W. Ti; \ Exch. 476 ; 11 id. 64, arg.; id. 476. 
 
 CASUS omissus habetur pro amisso. An omitted case is deemed as lost. 
 Wharton's Law Lexicon. 
 CASUS omissus pro omisso habendus est. A case omitted is to be held as 
 omitted, i. e. a case not mentioned is not to be included. 
 CASUS proxima non remota spectatur. The immediate or proximate, not the 
 remote case, is to be viewed or considered. 3 Kent's Com. 302, note i. 
 In construing statutes, cases excepted, however similar to those not excepted, are 
 to be held as really and truly intended to be excluded. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. i, § 57. 
 Casus quaestionis. Loss of question ; a fall, an overthrow, or end of the question. 
 In Logic : The failure to maintain the question ; or maintain a position. 
 Shakspeare employs the expression : 
 
 ' As I subscribe not these nor any other, 
 But in the loss of question . — Measure for Measure, ii, 8, 4. 
 
 Casus ubique valet. Semper tibi pendeat hamus : 
 
 Quo minime credus gurgite, piscis erit. 
 Saepe canes frustra nemorosis tnontibus errant. 
 Inque plagam nullo cerves agente venit.— Ovid, A. A. iii, 425. 
 Chance is powerful everywhere ; let your hook be always hanging ready. In waters where 
 you least think it, there will be a fish. Many a time do the hounds wander in vain over the 
 woody mountains ; and sometimes the stag falls in the toils, with no one 10 pursue him. 
 
 333 
 
Cat.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cat. 
 
 Catabolenses, ium. A class of day laborers who transport burdens by means of draft 
 animals, Theod. Cad. xiv, 3, 9. 
 
 Catachresis, is, /. = Gr. Kardxpri^ii. An improper use of a word. Quintilian, viii, 
 6. 34; 2, 5 ; Cicero, de Oral, xxvii, 94, used it as a Greek word. 
 
 Catackresin tropum nos abusionem dicimus, quum alienis abatimer ac si propriumquum propria defici- 
 unt. Festus, de Sign, Verb. lib. iii, p, 45. 
 
 Catachresis we call the corrupt use (the abuse) of tropes when we use foreign terms, or tropes as though 
 they were proper, when the proper ones are deficient. 
 
 Catachresis est alienae rei nomen appositum. Haec et eo k metaphora distat, quod ilia vocabulum 
 habenti largitur, haec quia non babet proprium, alieno utitur, ut : 
 
 Facie^ntjue simillivta lauro. (Virgil, C li, 131) ; et 
 
 * Nunc una a^nbae j'unctisque fer uniur . 
 
 Frontibus. et longa sulcant vada salsa carina, (Virgil, y4. V, 157.) 
 
 Dum facies et frons tantum animalium et hominum sit. Quod nomen si poeta navi non apposuisset, quo& 
 proprium eidem parti diceret, non haberet Isidorus, Hispal, Episc, Orig, i, 36, § 6. 
 
 Catachresis is a term applied to another thing (something foreign). It differs from a metaphor in this, 
 that the metaphor amplifies (enlarges) the term already in use, while the other which has no exact term (to 
 apply), uses a foreign one, as : And in form most like a laurel tree." (Virgil, G. ii, 131); and 
 '*Anon both advance together with united prows, and their long keels plow the 
 briny waves" (Virgil, A, v, 157) ; while the terms face and brow (facies et frons) are properly 
 only applied to men and animals. But if the poet had not here applied it to the ship he would have been at 
 loss for (would not have had) a propei- term to apply to that part of the vessel. 
 
 Cataclista vestis. = Gr. KaraxXsidrov tuatiov. A splendid garment for festal 
 occasions. Apulejus, Met. 
 
 Catalla. — L. Lat. Chattels. Anciently written Calais. 
 
 In old English Law; Omnia dona niobilia et immobilia^ quae nee feoda sunt, nee 
 libera tenementa, — all goods, movable and immovable, which are not the fees nor the free- 
 tenements or freeholds. Spelman ; Reg, Orig. 139^ y Termes de la Ley; I Steph, Com. 2(12. 
 V. Quamdiu catalla debi tori s , etc. 
 
 Catalla had nearly or quite the sense of averia (beasts or cattle), being demandable under 
 that name. Bracton, fol. 159^. u. Averia. From a very early period it has been united 
 with the word bona, in the familiar term bona et catalla, of which the familiar modern phrase 
 goods and chattels is a translation. Bracton, io\. bob ; Reg. Ong. lip, i\\. Money 
 is not accounted goods or chattels ; nor hawks nor hounds, for they are ferae naturae. But 
 it seems that money is not a chattel, because it is not in itself valuable, but rather in imag- 
 ination than in deed. Kitchen, fol. 12. But see 2 Bl. Com. 387. 
 
 Chattels are either real or personal. Co. Litt. wib ; 2 Bl. Com. 386. Real are 
 either such as do not immediately appertain to the person, but to some other thing by way 
 of dependence : as a box with writings of land, the bodj' of a ward, the apples upon the tree, 
 or the tree itself growing upon the ground. Cromp. fol. 33^. Or else such as are issuing 
 out of something immovable to the person ; as a lease for rent or term of years, i Co. Inst, 
 118; 2 Bl. Com. 386; Broom Sf Had. Com. ii, 573. Personal may be so called in. two 
 respects. The one because they belong immediately to the person of the man ; such as 
 animals, household goods, jewels, corn, garments, and every thing else that can be put in 
 motion and transferred from place to place. Co. Litt 48a ,■ 4 Co. b; i New Hamp. 350 ; 
 2 Kent's Com. 340. The other because when they are wrongfully detained, we have no 
 other means for their recovery but personal actions. Co. Litt. Ii8i5/ Termes de la Ley; 2 
 Bl. Com. 384, and see Cooley's note (i) and cases; id. ib. 387, 388 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 
 574. V. Cateux sont meuhles et immeubles, etc. v. Res mobiles and Res immobiles. 
 
 Catalla felonum, vel fugitivum aut utlagatorum.— L. Lat. The chattels of felons, 
 
 or fugitives, or outlaws. Noy^s Max. [48] c. xxvi. 
 
 Catalla Otiosa. — L. Lat. Unemployed, idle goods or chattels, as distinguished from 
 animals, v. Willes. 512 ; i Smith's L. C. [529], 663. 
 
 In old English Law: Idle, unemployed cattle (comprising horses, oxen, mules), 
 such as were not used for working, as distinguished from averia carucae, — beasts of the 
 plow, and sheep ; also called anamalia otiosa and averia otiosa, q. q v. Bracton, fols. 217, 
 2171!' / Fleta, lib. iv, c. 17, § 15 ; 3 Bl. Com. 9. 
 
 CATALLA justi possessa aniitti non possunt. Chattels justly possessed cannot 
 be lost. Jenk. Cent. cas. 28. 
 CATALLA reputantu7- inter minima in lege. C h a 1 1 e Is are considered in law 
 among the minor things. Jenk. Cent. 28, cas. 52. 
 Catallis captis nomine districtionis.— L. Lat. You take the goods or chattels in the 
 name of distress. 0. N. B. 66. An obsolete writ. 
 
 334 
 
Cat] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cat. 
 
 In old English Law; A writ that lay where a house was in a borough, for rent 
 going out of the same, and which warranted the taking of doors, windows, etc., by way of 
 distress. Old Nat. Brev. 66. 
 
 Catallis reddendis. v. Breve de catalHs reddendis. 
 
 Catallum. — L. Lat. A chattel. Art. Mag. Cart. Johan. c. 34; Bracton, fols. tob, 131. 
 172, 412. 
 
 GatalogUS, i. m. = Gr. KazdXoyo';. \-\- xaTcc, down, completely, and XeyEiv, to say.] 
 A list of names, titles, articles arranged methodically ; a catalogue. 
 
 Catals. = Catalla, v. h. v. Goods and chattels. 
 
 CataneUS. — L. Lat. A tenant in capite, Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Catchpole. [L- Lat. cachepolus.'\ An officer who makes arrests ; a bailiffs assistant. 
 
 In old English Law: A sheriffs officer, assistant or bailiif, probably so called 
 because he catches by the poll or head the party arrested. Formerly the term was 
 applied without reproach, as an ordinary official epithet. Stat. 25 Edw. III. st. 4, c. 2. In 
 later times applied as a term of contempt for a sheriff's officer, assistant or bailiff, cf . 
 Cowell ; Blount; Wharton's Law Lex. 
 
 Categoria, ae, /. = Gr. Harrjyopia. [-\- Kara, down, against, and ayopevsiv, to 
 harangue, assert.] (a.) An accusation. Hier. Ep. Ixxxii, 9. cf: Macr. S. vii, 3 (where 
 others write it as a Greek word), (ft.) In Logic: The predicament, state, condition 
 applied to any object ; a category (pure Lat. praedicamenta). Isidorus, Origines, ii, 26, § i. 
 
 (c.) A series or order of all the predicates or attributes contained under a genus. 
 
 Aristotle made ten categories, viz. : substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, pas- 
 sion, time, place, situation and habit, cf. Isidorus, Orig. ii, 26, tot. 
 
 Cdtegoriaru m autem species decern sunt, id est, substantia, quantitas, qualitas, relatio, locus, tempus, 
 situs, habitus, agere at pati. Isidorus, Orig. ii, 26, § 5. 
 
 CateUX. = ChateUX. — L. Fr. (v. h. v.) = L. Lat., Catalla, v. h. v. 
 
 CATEUX sont meubles et immeubles; si comme vrais meubles sont qui 
 transporter se peuvent, et ensuivir le corps ; inimeubles sont chases qui ne peuvent 
 ensuivir le corps, ni estre transportees, et tout ce qui nest point en heritage. Chat- 
 tels are movable and immovable; if they are really movable chattels 
 they are those which may be taken away and follow the person ; immovable 
 chattels are those things which cannot follow the person, nor be carried away, 
 and all that is not in heritage. L. L. Will. Nothi. c. 4, apud. Dufresne, ii, 409 ; 
 2 Bl. Com. 386, note {e) ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 573, n. (f.) v. Res immobiles. 
 
 Cauda terrae. — L Lat. a land's end. Lit.. The tail or end of the land. 
 
 The bottom or extreme part of a ridge or furrow in arable land. The bottom or lower 
 end of a field as caput terrae, — a head land — was at the upper end. 
 
 Caudex, ids, m. The more recent orthography is Codex, q. v. 
 
 Cath'e-dra, or Ca-the'-dra, ae, /. = Gr. Kaef'Spar, seat. [-{- K6irra, down, and sSpa, 
 seat, chair.] A chair, a stool, e s p . one furnished with cushions and supports for women ; 
 an arm-chair. Horace, Sat. i, 10, 91 A 1 so a sedan chair. Juvenal, Sat. •., 65 ; id. ih. ix, 
 52 I Adams' Rom. Antiq. ii, p. 353- Hence, (&.) Me ton ., Cathedrae molles, — a soft or 
 easy chair — for effeminate women. Juvenal, ia/ vi, 90. (c.) Transf., A teacher's or 
 professor's chair. Id. vii, 203 ; Mart, i, ^^ fin. Usurpare. Aus. Prof, x, i. Also, appro- 
 priately, the seat of a person in authority ; the chair of a bishop. Tenere. Sidonius, Ep. 
 vii, 4. V. Ex cathedra. 
 
 Cath'e-dra pacis. a seat, chair or place of peace. 
 
 CathedrariUS, a, um, adj. (access, form Cathedralis, e. Paulus, Dig. xxxiii, 10, fr. 5.) 
 Of or pertaining to an arm-chair. Send, — servants who carry a chair. Sidonius, Ep. ., ir. 
 Philosophi,— \.ez.c\i&xs of philosophy. Sen. Brev. Vit. x. cf. Cathedra (c). So Oratores- 
 Sidonius, Ep. iv, 3. 
 
 Cath'e-dra stercoris. L i t . , A chair or seat of dung. 
 
 In Domesday it is described : Cathedra in qua rixose mulieres sedentes aquis deincrge- 
 bantur, i. t. a chair or stool in which scolding women are seated and plunged or ducked m 
 the water, v. C a s tigatori um , 
 
 335 
 
Cat.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Can. 
 
 In later times it was called the ducking or cucking stool, also the tre- 
 bucket — so called from the stool or bucket in which the victim was placed when ducked 
 in the water being fixed to a tree or piece of timber. Bracton calls it iimboralla, v. h. v. 
 It is also called Castigatorium , v. h. v.. where it is more fully described. 
 
 Gatholicus, a, um, aifj. =Gr, HaBoXoxoi. [-|- fcdOoXoi, whole, -|- xara, down, through- 
 out, and o/lo?, whole.] (a.) Universal, general, relating to all. (In Quintilian, ii, 13. § 14, 
 MocOo\ixcc is translated by universalia or perpetualia, — general ' or ' constant.') 
 
 More frequently subst. in plur., Catholica siderum. — the universal sky (general 
 properties). Pliny. H. N'. i, epit. ii, no. 15. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Latin: (a.) Orthodox, catholic. Fides, Prhd. drecp, xi, 24 
 ei saep. (6,) Catholic , pertaining to or affecting the Roman Catholics. Webster. Ecclesia 
 Catholica universalis, — the Catholic Church universal. Isidorus, Orig. viii. i, § i. 
 
 CaupO, Snis, m. A petty tradesman, huckster, innkeeper. Plautus, Aul. iii, 5, 35 ; 
 Cicero, Di-v. i, 27, 51 ; Ulpian. Dig. iv, <^,fr. i et al. 
 
 CK\J'PO J>raestat factum eorum, qui in ed caupond, ejus cauponde exercendae causd 
 iU sunt; item eorum, qui habitandi causd ibi sunt; viatorum autem factum non 
 praestat; namque viatorem sibi elegere caupo vel stabularius non videtur, nee repel- 
 lere potest iter agentes, inhabitatores vero perpetuos ipse quodammodo elegit, qui non 
 rejecit, quorum factum oportet eum praestare. In navi quoque vectorum factum 
 non praestatur. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 5, fr. i, § 6. An innkeeper is responsible 
 for the acts of those who abide in his inn for the purpose of carrying it on, as 
 also for those who inhabit it ; but he is not responsible for the acts of travelers; 
 for an innkeeper or stablekeeper does not appear to select his own travelers, nor 
 can he repel wayfarers ; but in a certain manner he chooses those who are always 
 about him, whom he does not expel, the acts of whom he ought to be considered 
 answerable for. In a ship also, the captain is not responsible for the acts of 
 passengers. Cited in Story on Agency, § 458 ; Story on Bailment, § ifida; Story 
 on Partnership, § 459. Read: Exercitor navis aut cauponae, etc. 
 
 Caup5lia, ae, /. A female shopkeeper, huckster ; a landlady, hostess. LuciL. in Prise. 
 i, I. (ft.) A retail shop, an inn, tavern. Cicero, Pis. xxii fin.; Horace, Sat. i, 5, 51; id. 
 Ep. i, II, 12. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An inn or tavern. Justinian. /«j-/. iv, 5, § 3 ; Ulpianus, X>z§-. 
 iv, g, />-. I, § 5 ; Gaius, «(/. iv, 9, /V. 5. Cauponaria, ae, f. A female shopkeeper. Onotn. 
 Vet. 
 
 Caupouarius, ii, »'• A shopkeeper. Gloss. Ayr. 
 
 Caupones, um (or ium), m. [plur. -\- caupo.'] Petty tradesmen, hucksters, etc. 
 In the Civil Law: Innkeepers. Ulpian. Zi/j-. iv, 9, /r. i, § 5 ; /rf. ii. xlvii, iit. 5 ; 
 Story on Agency, § 458 ; Story on Bailment, § 658. 
 
 CAUPONES autem, et stabulario s aeque eos accipiemus, qui cauponam, vel 
 stabulum exercent, institoresve eorum. Ceterum si qui opera mediastiiii fungi- 
 tur, non continetur, utputa atriarii et focarii et his similes. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 9, 
 fr I, § 5. We reckon those alike innkeepers or stablekeepers who either con- 
 duct a stable or an inn, or who hire them. But he who performs the offices of 
 an employe is not included, as porters, cooks and such like. Cited in Story on 
 Bailm. § 668ffy Story on Agency, § 454 ; Story on Partn. § 459 ; Wharton on 
 
 Agency, §§ 737, 753- 
 
 Ait Praetor: Nautae. caupones, stabularii quod cujusque salvum fore receperint. 
 nisi restituent [restituant], in EOS judicium dabo. Ulpian. Digivj, ^, fr. ipr. Story 
 on Agency, §§ 317, 458 ; Story on Partn. % 459 ; Story on Bailm. §§ 458. 464. v Nauta. et 
 caupo, et stabularios, tnercedeni accipiunt non pro custodia, etc. Gaius, Dig. ih. fr 5 
 
 Cauponium, ii, «• =Caupona. A tavern, an inn. Pomponius, £>(f. xxxiii, 7, /r. 15. 
 
Cau.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 Caupdllius, a, um, adj. [caufo.'^ Of or belonging to a retail shopkeeper, or to an inn- 
 keeper. Cauponius puer, — shop or tavern boy ; waiter. PLAUTUS,/'»fK. v, 5, ig. Cauponia 
 tabema^ — a shop or tavernkeeper. Ulpian. Dig. xxiii, 2, /r. 43 ; Paulus, id. xxxiii, 7,/>-. 15. 
 
 CaupontUa, ae, /. dim. A small inn or tavern Cicero, Phil, ii, 31, 77. 
 
 Gaursines. [L- Lat. Caorcini, Caursini, Corsini.] Money lenders from Italy, who came 
 into England in the reign of Henry III. but were soon expelled for their usurj' or extortion. 
 Cowell; Blount; Spelman. 
 
 Causa, ae, /. That by, on account of, or through which any thing takes place or is done; 
 a cause, reason, motive, inducement for an act. Dig. passivi. 
 
 Also in general: An occasion, opportunity. Opposite to f^^r^u (Quintiuan, vi, 3, 
 56; vii, 3, 29); lo faciis {Jd. ib. xii, I, 36; iv, 2, ^2 et al.); to prelejcius {SvET. Caes. 30). 
 
 CAUSA laest, quae idefficit,cujus est causa; ut vulnus mortis ; cruditas morbi ; ignis ardoris. 
 Itaque non sic causd intelligi debet, ut quod cuique antecedat, id ei causa sit^ sed quod cuique effici- 
 enter antecedat. CiCERO, de Fato, xv, 34. By a cause we mean that which produces the effect 
 caused ; as a wound is the cause of death, indigestion of disease, and fire of heat. Thus we 
 do not understand by a cause a mere antecedent, but in respect to every effective antecedent. 
 
 Causa, abl. By reason of ; on account of ; for the sake of ; for the purpose of. Causd 
 quare, etc. CiCERO, Inv. ii, 20, 60. Causd quod, etc. Id. Verr. ii, 3, 46. 
 
 (6.) In a preg. signif.: =Justacausa, — good reason, full right, just cause. Cicero. 
 Verr. ii. i, 8 ; id. Att. vii, 3; Paulus, Dig. xli, i,/n 31 pr.; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 274. 
 
 In Juridical Language t. t.: A cause in law; judicial process; lawsuit; e.g. 
 Causam agere, — to move or prosecute a cause ; to manage a lawsuit. Cicero, de Or. ii, 48 
 fin.; QuiNTlLlAN, vi, I, 54 ; vii, 2, 55 ; x, 7, 30 ; xi, i, 67 et saep. Causa cadere, — to lose 
 one's cause or suit. Cicero, Inv. ii, ig, 57 ; id. de Or. i, 36, 166 ; Quintilian, vii, 3, 17. 
 = in Quintilian, formula cadere. Quintilian, iii, 6, 6g. v. Paulus, R. S. i, 10, quoted 
 infra. Causa constituere, — to institute or establish a cause in law, lawsuit. Cicero, Verr. 
 ii, 5, I. Causam dicere, — to defend one's self ; to make a defense (as an advocate). Cicero, 
 Rose. Am. v; Quintilian, Inst. Or. v, 11, 39 ; viii, 2, 24 ; Suet. Caes. xxx et saep. Causa 
 exponere, — to exhibit, set out, expose a judicial process or cause in law. Quintilian, ii, 5, 
 7. Causam perdere, — to lose utterly one's cause in law. Cicero. Ros. Com. iv. Causam 
 defendere, — to defend, vindicate, one's cause in law. Quintilian, iii, 6, g ; xii, i, 24. (ft.) 
 A cause, reason or consideration ; the consideration or motive for making a contract. 
 Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, §§ 1-4. v. i Story on Contr. § 544. 'Civilians used the word 
 causa, in relation to obligations, in the same sense as the word consideration is used 
 in the jurisprudence of England and the United States.' Per Eustis, J., i La. An. 192. 
 But see Patterson, J., 2 Q. B. 851 ; cited in l Parsons on Contr. 429 {e\ v. s A. Sr' E. 548. 
 
 In Pleading: Ca«ja comprehends all the facts alleged in an action as an excuse or 
 reason for doing the act. 8 Co. 67 ; 11 £ast, 451 ; i CAitty on Pleading, 585. 
 
 Out of the sphere of Judicial proceedings: (a.) The party, faction, cause 
 that one defends. Cicero, Dejot. x, 28; id. Leg. ix, 27 sq.; Quintilian, iii, 8, 57; id. ib. 
 V, II, 42. (&.) A condition, state, situation, relation, position. Cicero, de Off. i, 31, 112; 
 iii, 27, TOO ; id. Fam. ii, 4, i. (C.) A cause, business undertaken for any one ; an employ- 
 ment. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 73. 
 
 Causa adulterii. On account of adultery ; by reason of adultery. 
 
 CA USA adulterii, saevitiae, consanguinitatis , praecontracttis, fragiditatis , impotentiae. By 
 reason of adultery, cruelty, consanguinity, prae-contract frigidity, incapacity. Hale's Anal. 
 sect. xiv. V. Causa praecontractus, et seq. 
 
 CAUSA aut argumento aut probatione constat. Argumentum nunquam testi- 
 bus, nunquam tabulis dat probationem, sed sola investigatione invenit veritatem, unde et dictum 
 argumentum, id est argutum inventum. Probatio autem testibus et fide tabularum (Pit - 
 Stat. IsiDORUS, Orig. xviii, 15,55 5. A cause consists either in argument or demon- 
 stration. Argument furnishes proof never through witnesses nor writings, but 
 arrives at the truth solely through investigation, whence the word argument; that is, a 
 lively invention (a sagacious device that affects the hearing). But proof or demonstration 
 consists in witnesses and the faith of writings. 
 
 Causa cadere. To fail in his cause, i. e. to lose the thing sued for. Gaius, Inst, iv, 53. 
 
 CAUSA cadimus aut loco, aut summa, aut tempore, aut qualitate. Loco , si ahbt; 
 sum VI a, si plus, quam damus petimus; tempore, repetendo ante tet/ipusj 
 qualitate, ejusdem speciei rem meliorein postulantes. Paulus, Sent. Recept. 1, 
 [43] 337 
 
Cau.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Can, 
 
 10, § I, ' de Plus Petendo.' We fail in (lose) our cause either on account of 
 place, or subject-matter, or time, or quality. On account of place, if else- 
 where ; on account of subject-matter, if we seek more than the damage ; 
 on account of time, by demanding back before the time ; on account of 
 quality, by requiring a better thing of the same species, v. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 § a 'i Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 34; id. Cod. iii, 1-3, ' de Plus Petitionibus.' 
 
 Causa causae. The cause of a cause. = Causa causans. 
 
 CAUSA causae est causa causati. The cause of a cause is the cause of the thing 
 caused. That by, or on account of, or through which any thing takes 
 place or is done, is the reason or inducement of the thing caused. 9 Co. 50, 51; 
 12 Mod. 639 ; Freem. 329. v. Causa proxima. 
 
 Causa CaUSaUS. The cause causing, i. e. the cause producing another cause ; the remote 
 cause. Lord Ellenborough, 4 Cowp. 284. 
 
 As to the remote damag^e and the liability of one who is the ca«j^ (rawjawj, z/. per Lord Mansfield, 
 C. J., I H. Bl. 439, note ; Broom^ s Leg. Max, 205, and cases ; Broofit Gf Had, Com. lii, 214. u. Causa causae 
 esi causa causati^ otherwise wrttten : 
 
 CAUSA causantis, causa est causati. The cause of the thing causing, is the 
 cause of the thing caused. 4 Campb. 284 ; 4 Gray (Mass.), 398. 
 
 In its general sense: Causa signifies any thing operating to produce an effect. 
 The general rule, however, is: Causa proxima, et non remota, spectatur. See this 
 maxim and the authorities under it. Lord Bacon expressed the doctrine: In 
 jure non remota causa, sed proxima spectatur. Bacon's Max. Reg. i; Broom's Max. 215. 
 
 That which gave the occasion is esteemed the cause of all accidents that follow, cf. Ulpian. 
 Dig. ix, 2, fr. 7. V. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iii, c. i, § 'i fin. c. et n. 2. 
 
 This doctrine was applied in Scott vs. Shepherd, where it was held that trespass and assault 
 will lie for originally throwing a squib, which, after having been thrown about in self-defense 
 by other persons, at last put out the plaintiff's eye. Reported 2 Blackstone, 892 ; s. c, i 
 Smith's Lead. Cas. [549] 686 seq. Quaere as to the action — trespass or case. 
 
 Causa CaUSarum, The cause of causes. 
 
 Causa causata. The state or condition caused, i. e. the consequential damage or imme- 
 diate cause. 
 
 In actions on the case a distinction was formerly made between ffl«j-a ^-^kjamj and 
 causa causata, the consequential damage or immediate cause of the action. 3 Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 244. "When a man is interrupted in exercising an office, that is causa causans, 
 by which he loses his fees, etc., and that is causa causata, the immediate cause or point of 
 the action. 9 Co. 50, 51, the Earl of Shrewsbury's case. v. Grier, J., 14 Howard's R. 487. 
 
 Causa causati. The cause of the thing caused, u. Causa causae. 
 
 Causa COaduuandi lanam reginae. For the sake of adding to the wool of the queen. 
 Domesday. Cited in Broom &= Had. Com. i, 259, note (p). 
 
 Causa COguita, A known cause. A cause understood, recognized. 
 Causa COgnita. Upon the cause being examined, investigated judicially. Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, tit. II, § 8. 
 
 CAUSA data et non secuta. Consideration given and not followed, i. e. no 
 event took place — no benefit resulted from the consideration given. 
 In the Civil Law: The name of an action by which a thing given in the view of a 
 certain event, was reclaimed if the event, upon which it was given, did not take place. Dig. 
 xii, tit. 4 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 6 ; Cas. temp. Talbot, 122. 
 
 CAUSA ecclesiae publicis causis aequiparatur ; et summa est ratio quae pro relig- 
 ione facit. The cause of the church is equal to public causes ; and for the 
 best of reasons, it is the cause of religion. Co. Lift. 341. v. Wingate's Max. i, § 3. 
 Causa efficiens. The efficient or producing cause. Cicero, Acad, i, 2, 6. 
 
 Causa et modus trausferendi domini. The consideration or reason and the mode or 
 manner of transferring property. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. I, § 18. 
 
 338 
 
Cau.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 CAUSA et origo est materia negotii. The cause and origin is the substance of 
 the thing. The cause and origin [of a thing] is the substance or material 
 part of the affair, trouble or difficulty. " The law regards the original act." i 
 Co. 99, Shelley's case. 
 
 Things are construed secundam subjeciam materiam. Wingate's Max. 31. Things are con- 
 strued according to that which was the beginning of them. Wingale's Max. 25. Things are 
 construed according to that which was the cause thereof. Wingate's Max. 21 ; Finch's Law, 
 b, I. V. Cujusque rei poiissima pars frincipium est. Gaius, Dig. i, 2, /n I. 
 
 Therefore every man has a right to enter into a tavern, and every lord to distrain his ten- 
 ant's beasts ; but if in the former case a riot ensues, or if in the latter the landlord kills the 
 distress, the law will infer that thej' entered for these purposes, and. deem them trespassers 
 ab initio, i. e. from the beginning, v. 8 Co. 146(2, the Six Carpenters' case; 3 Bl. Com. 213 ; 
 Broom on C. L. 783 sq. and cases. 
 
 Causa frigitatis.— L- Lat. On account of coldness, frigidity. 
 
 In English Law: Divorce may be causd frigitatis; and therefore if a man be married 
 to a woman, and after they are divorced causd frigitatis, and then the man takes another 
 wife and hath issue by her, )'et this issue is lawful, because that a man may be habilis et 
 inhabilis diversis iemporibus, and by the divorce causd frigitatis the marriage was dissolved 
 h vinculo matrimonii, and by consequence either of them might marry again. 5 Co. <)Sb/ 
 Termes de la Ley; Wingate's Max. Igo, § 14. 
 
 CausS, hospitandi. For the purpose of being entertained as a guest. Lord Ellen- 
 borough, ^ M. &= S. 310; I Smith's L. C. [19B] 229. 
 
 Causa impoteutiae. On account of incapacity. 
 
 Causa impubertatis or minoris aetatis. On account of impuberty or minor age. 
 
 At Common Law: A man maybe divorced causd impubertatis or minoris aetatis; 
 and in this case, if two are married infra annos nubiles, and after full age divorce is had 
 between them, this dissolves the marriage and the woman maj' arraign an assise against the 
 husband for the lands or tenements given with her in frank-marriage. 19 lib. Assise, Pla. 2 ; 
 Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Causa jactitationis maritagii (or matrimonii). A suit of jactitation of marriage. 
 
 This is a suit of very unfrequent occurrence, brought in the Ecclesiastical or 
 Divorce Court, when a person maliciously and falsely boasts or gives owi \_jactitdtio\ 
 that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their marriage may 
 ensue. The party injured sues for the purpose of having perpetual silence enjoined upon 
 the jactator, and, as a punishment, make him (or her) pay the costs, cf. 3 Bl. Com. 93 ; 3 
 Steph. Com. 712-715; 20 and 21 Vict. c. 85 ; 2 Hagg. Cons. 285, 422; 2 Chitty's Prac. 459. 
 v.Jactitatio matrimonii, and Causae jactitationis matrimonii. 
 
 Causa latet, vis est notissima. The cause lies hid, the power is most evident. 
 OviD. The cause is unknown, but the effect is most evident, or most powerfully felt. 
 Causa mancipii. In tlie condition called mancipium. Gaius, Inst, i, § 132 ; ii, j5 160. 
 Causa matrimouialis. — L. Lat. A matrimonial cause. Bracton, fol. 61 ; 3 Steph. Com. 
 
 712-715. 
 
 Causa matrimonii praelocuti.— L. Lat. By reason of the marriage before treated of. 
 
 In old English Law: The name of a writ of entry that formerly lay for a woman 
 who had given lands to a man in fee or for life, causd matrimonii praelocuti, and he refused 
 to do so within a reasonable time, after having been required by the woman. F. N. B. 205 ; 
 Reg. Orig. 66, 233 ; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 38 ; 3 Bl. Com. 183, note (z) ; Roscoe's Real Act 
 98. But it was otherwise in case of a man. i Co. Inst. 20-L; Wingate's Max. 19, § 17. 
 
 Thereason for the d istinc tion is stated in another place : " If a woman gives lands to a man and 
 his heirs, causd matrimonii praelocuti . In this case, if she either marry the man, or the man refuse to marry 
 her, she shall have the land again to her and her heirs, raiisd matrimonii praelocuti, though he marry her, or 
 the woman refuse, he shall not have the lands again ; for it stands not with the modesty of women in this kinde 
 to ask advice of learned counsel, as the man may and ought, etc. And for the same reason a woman may aver 
 the cause, although it be not contained in the deed ; yea, albeit the feofment be made without deed." Win- 
 gate s Max. 76, § 2. 
 
 This writ was abolished by Stat. 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 27. 
 
 Causa mortis, in prospect or expectation of death ; in anticipation or contemplation of 
 death. 2 Bl. Com. 514 ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 568, v. Wait's note (426) ; I Parsons on Contr. 
 236. V. Donatio causd mortis. 
 
 Causa paUCOrum calculorum. a cause of small importance. Quintilian, viii, 3, 14. 
 A dispute about a small sum. v. Rixator de lend caprlnd. 
 
 339 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 Causa patet. The cause or reason is open, clear, obvious, plain. Perk. c. i, §§ ii, 14, 97. 
 Causa patet ex praemissis, — the reason is plain from the premises. Id. c. 3, § 226. 
 
 Causa perpetua. A perpetual or permanent cause, u. Mackeld. Civ. Law, % 315, ed. 
 1883. Causa pia. A pious or charitable cause. ». Pia causa. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 157, 
 ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Causa possessiouis. The source, cause, ground, reason, object of possession. 
 
 V. Causam possessionis Kentinem sibi Tnutnre posse. Julian. Z?zV. xll, SiyV. 2, 8 i. 
 
 Nemo sibi ipse causam possessionis mutare potest, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 252, ed, 1883; Gaius, 
 Insi. ii, §§ 52-58. Quod vulgo respondetur-, ipsum sibi causam possessionis mutare non posse, toties 
 verunt. est, etc. JuLlANOS, Dig: xll, SiyV. 33, § i; id, id. tit. $,yr, 2, § 1. Separata est causa possessionis 
 et usucapionis, etc. Paulus, ib. xli, 4,yr. 2, § i. 
 
 Causa praeCOUtractuS, On account of precontract. 
 
 In English Law: If a man marry with a woman precontracted, and hath issue by 
 her, this issue in law and in truth bears the surname of his father. But if after the husband 
 and wife be divorced for the praecontract, there the issue hath lost his surname, and is 
 become a bastard, and nullius jilius. 6 Co, 66 ; Termes de la Ley, 
 
 There are divers causes for which the husband and wife may be divorced, viz. : Causd 
 praecontractus, causd vietus, causd hnpotentia seu frigidiiatis , causd affinitatis, causd consan- 
 guinitatis, — on account of precontract, fear, impotence or frigidity, affinity, consanguinity. 
 IVingate's Max. 21, § 2 ; 190, § 14 ; 2 Kent's Com. 95. 
 
 Causa pro effectu, The cause for the effect (class, pass.). The antithesis: Effectus 
 pro causa, — the effect for the cause. 
 
 Causa proxima. The immediate, nearest cause ; the proximate cause, v. 2 Parsons on 
 Contr. i6o; 3 id. 178, 180. u. Causa remota. 
 
 CAUSA proxima et non remota spectatur. The immediate or proximate 
 cause, and not the remote, is looked at or considered. 9 Co. 50 : 2 Bast, 
 348; Lord Ellenborough, 12 East, 648; 14 M. &> W. 476; 15 id. 746; i 
 E. &• B. 456; Broom's Max. 215 et seq.j 3 Kent's Com, 302, 374; Story on 
 Agency, § 217 ; Story on Bailm. § 515 ; 2 Story on Contr. § , p. 96 ; 11 Johns. 
 R, (N. Y.) 14 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 446 ; 3 id. 178 ; x\ N. Y. R. 516, 523. 
 
 It is not merely distance of place or causation that renders a cause remote. The cause 
 nearest in order of causation, which is adequate without any efficient concurring cause to 
 produce the result, may be considered the direct cause. See the rule stated by Thomas, J., 
 4 Gray (Mass.), 412 ; 45 N. Y. 422 ; 5 Bosw, 395, 408. v. Wharton on Negl, §§ 84, 124. 
 
 In cases of injuries sustained in consequence of negligence. 2 Taunt, 314; 5 
 Can: &= P. igo ; i g. 5. 29 ; 4 Bing, 607 ; 9 Mete. (Mass.) r ; 3 Cush, (Mass.) 300 ; 4 Denio 
 (N. Y.), 464. 
 
 In cases of fire and marine insurance: This maxim is peculiarly applicable 
 Erle, C. J., 14 C, B. N. S. 259 ; Broom's Max. 215 sq,; 12 East, 648 ; 6 Bing, 716; 6 Exch, 
 451 ; Story, J., 14 Peters, 99 ; 14 How, (U. S.) 351, 487 ; 2 Sumner, C, C 218 ; 13 Mass, 354 ; 
 8 Cush. (Mass.) 477 ; ir N, Y, R, (i Kern.) 9 ; 32 Penn, St. 351 ; i Phillips' Ins, §§ 1097, 
 1132 ; 2 Arnold's Inst. § 284. 
 
 Lord Bacon expressed the doctrine in this form: In jure, non remota 
 causa, sed proxima spectatur. Bacon's Max., Reg. I. v. Broom's Max, 215. 
 
 Causa qua supra, in the case as above ; for the reason as above. Bacon's Max, in Reg. 9. 
 
 Causa quod ex fatO COUtingit. By or from a cause which comes to pass, or befals one 
 through orhy bad fortune, ill fate or calamity, v, Ulpiands, Dig. iv, g,/?-. 3, § i. 
 
 The term is applied to damages, disasters, etc., arising from inevitable events ; e, g. loss 
 by shipwreck, lightning, etc. v, Davmum fatale. 
 
 Causa rei, S. Omuis causa. Lit.: The cause of a thing, to-wit, every cause. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term expresses the accessions, appurtenances or fruits of a 
 thing {res causae), and the rights incident to it. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 23. Compre- 
 hending all that the claimant of a principal thing can demand of a defendant in addition 
 thereto, and especially what he would have had, if the thing had not been withheld from 
 him. Justinian. Inst iv, 17, § 3; Gaius, Z>zj-. vi, \, fr. 20; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 166, 
 ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Causa remota. The remote cause ; a cause operating indirectly by the intervention or 
 instrumentality of other causes, v. Causa proxima. 
 
 In general: Causa comprehends any thing operating to produce an effect. Causa 
 causantis, causa est causati, 9 Co, 50, 51 ; 12 Mod. 639 ; 4 Camp. 284 ; 4 Gray (Mass.). 398 
 The rule, however, is Causa proxima, et non remota spectatur. v. supra, and the autherities. 
 
 340 
 
Can.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 Causa SCientae patet. — L. Lat. The reason of ihe knowledge is clear, evident. 
 
 In Scotch Practice: A phrase used in the depositions of witnesses. 
 
 Causa sine quS, non. A state, condition, or position not without which ; a condition 
 which is indispensable. Broom's Max. 222. 
 
 Causa SOUtica. A dangerous, serious cause, arising from a morbus sonticus. v. Sontica 
 causa. 
 
 CAUSA spiritualis committi potest principio laico. A spiritual cause may be 
 committed to a lay prince. Davis, 4. 
 Causa testameutaria, A testamentary cause. Bracton, fol. 61. 
 Causa UtrillC[ue perorata. In the cause or suit closed on both sides. 
 
 CAUSA vaga et incerta non est causa rationabilis. A vague and uncertain cause 
 is not a reasonable cause. 5 Co. 57. 
 
 CauSi, Venationis. — L. Lat. For the sake of hunting, ■i Bl. Com. 'iii,. 
 
 Causa Venditionis. — Lat. On account of a selling, sale; by reason of a vending or 
 vendition, v. Vendilio. 
 
 Causae COUeCtiO, A recapitulation, summary of a, or the cause ; a summing up of things 
 relating to a cause. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 15 fin. In the Dig. it is called Causae conjectio, v. h. t. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. I. 
 
 Causae COUJectiO, The putting together, summarizing of the controverted question, or 
 subject-matter of a controversy; hence, t. i., the drift, draft or outlines of a law case. 
 AscoN. ap. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 9, § 26 ; Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. i. v. Conjectio. 
 
 In the Roman Law: The advocates were ordered to plead, which they did twice, 
 each in order, in two different methods : first, briefly, i. e. quasi causae conjectio, as it 
 were conjecturing or briefly considering the facts and law of the case, succinctly explaining 
 the principles by which the cause should be governed ; and then justd oratione perorabant, 
 i. e. arguing in a complete or formal oration. Gellius, xvii, 2. They explained the cause 
 and proved their own charge or defense bj' witnesses and writings (lestibus et tabulis), and by 
 arguments drawn from the case itself (ex ipsd re deductid). ClCEfiO, pro Quinct.,et Rose. Orat. 
 ii, 42, 43, 44, 7g, 82. To prevent them from being too tedious, lest they should greatly 
 wander from the case {ne in immensum evangerentur), it was ordained by the P o m p e i a n 
 Law, in imitation of the Greeks, that they should speak by an hour-glass (ad clepsydra). 
 Cicero, de Or. iii, 34 ; Pliny, Ep. ii, 11 ; iv, 9 ; vi, 2. v. Causae coUectio. 
 
 CAUSAE dotis., vitae, libertatis, fisci, sunt inter favorabilia in lege. Causes of 
 dower, life, liberty, revenue, are among the favorable things in law. Jenk. 
 Cent. 284 ; Co. Litt. 341. 
 
 Causae errore probatio. A proving, or the proof of a case or cause of error {per igno- 
 rantiam). Gaius, Jnst. i, § 67 ; ii, § 142 ; iii, § 5. 
 
 Causae jactitationis matrimonii. By reason of a boast of marriage. 
 
 When one of the parties boasts or gives out that he or she is married to the other, whereby 
 a common reputation of their marriage may ensue, the party injured may petition the 
 Divorce Court, which will enjoin a perpetual silence on that subject, v. 'i Bl. Com. 
 73. v.Jactitdtio ma tri monii and Causa Jactitationis maritagii. 
 
 Causae probatio. A proving, proof of a, or the case or cause. Gaius, Inst, i, §§ 29, 32; 
 iii, § 5. V. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 CAUSAE quae non sunt de matrimonio vel testamentis spectant ad curiam nostram. 
 The causes which are not concerning marriage or testaments are tried, 
 examined or judged by our court. Reg. Orig.; 2 Smith's L. C. [415] 475. 
 
 CA USA M finit Afo-llodorvs, ita : Causa est n ego Hum omnibus suis par- 
 tibus spectans ad quaes tionevi ; aut : Causa est negotium, cujus finis 
 est controversia. Ipsmn deinde negotium sic finit : Negotium est congregatio 
 personarum, locorum. temporum, causarum, modorum, casiium , fac to- 
 rum , instrumentorum. sermonum,scriptorum,et non scriptorum . Causam 
 nunc intelligamus VTto$E6iv, negotium TtEpi6ra6iv. Sed et ipsam causam quidam similiter 
 finierunt, ut Apollodorus negotium . IsOCRATES autem causam esse ait quae s tionem fini- 
 tam civilem aut rerum controversiam in personarum finitarum com- 
 
Cau.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 plexu. Clc^KO his verbis : Causa cerlis per sonis , locis, temporibus , ac iioni- 
 bus, negotiis cernitur, aut in omnibus aut in plerisque eorum. Quint. 
 Inst. Orat.\\\,c„ g§ 17,18. ApoLLODORUS defines a cause thus: The cause is the 
 matter having regard in all its parts to the question; or, the cause 
 is the matter o£ which the question is the object. He then gives this 
 definition of the matter: The matter is the combination of persons, 
 places, times, motives, means, incidents, acts, instruments, say- 
 ings, things written and not written. For my part, I here understand by the 
 cause what the Greeks call vTedBedii (hypothesis), by the matter what they term jiepid- 
 Tadii (peristasis). But some writers have defined the cause itself in the same way as 
 Apollodorus defines the matter. Isocrates saj'S that a cause is a definite ques- 
 tion relating to civil affairs, or a disputed point between a definite 
 number of persons. Cicero ( Topica, c. xxi, zwV.) speaks in these vi^ords : A c a u s c 
 is determined by reference to certain persons, places, times, actions 
 and events, depending for decision either on all or the majority of 
 them . 
 
 CaUSam nobis Significes, — L. Lat. You signify to us the reason. 
 
 In old English Practice: A writ which formerly lay, commanding a mayor of a 
 city or town to show cause why he delayed the performance of certain duties. Cowell ; 
 Blount. 
 
 CAUSAM possessionis neminem sibi mutare posse. Julianus, Dig. yX\!!^^, fr. 2 
 § I. No man can change the cause or ground of possession for himself, 
 i. e. for his own advantage, v. Causa possessionis. 
 
 Read: Quod vulgo respondetur : Causam possessionis neminem sibi mutare posse, sic accipi- 
 enduiii est, etc. Julianus, supra. Paulus expressed the rule: Quoniam non possit 
 causam possessionis sibi ipsa \(psi\ mutare, etc, Paulus, Dig. xli, 6, fr, 1, § 2. Nem-o sibi ipse 
 causam possessionis mutare potest. Mackeldey, Civ. Zaw, § 242, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 CailSans. Causing. Causata,— caused. 
 
 CaUSare, — L. Lat. [-)- <ra«ja.] To cause or produce; to complain of ; to show cause 
 against; to object to; e. g., Causari poterunt et calumpnian multis modis, — the)' may be 
 objected to, and challenged in many ways. Bracton, fol. 75^/ id. 238, 274. 
 
 In old European Law: To manage a cause; to litigate; e. g., Causam agere, — 
 to move, press or urge a cause. Causam litigare, — to litigate or cause a suit. Spelman. 
 Causam alterius agere aut causare, — to prosecute or manage the cause of another. LL. Longob. 
 ii, 52, I. 
 
 CAU SAS POPULi TENETO. Lex XII. Tab. ix, fr. Let him (a senator) 
 
 uphold the interests of the people. 
 
 This is the conclusion of the law : Senatori qui nec Aderit, aut causa aut culpa 
 ESTO, etc. Lex XII. Tab. ix, fr. ap. Cicero, de Legg. iii, cap. 4, § 11. v. cap. 18, § 41. 
 
 Read the Law : Quae cum populo quaeque in patribus agentur, modica sunto. 
 Lex XII. Tab. ix, fr. ap. Cicero, ib. cap. 4, § 10 fin.; id. ib. cap. 18, § 40 et seq. 
 
 Cicero, in another place, observes : Quodque addit Causas populi teneto, est senatori 
 necessarium nosse rem publicam : idque late patet : quid habeat militum, quid valeat aerario, 
 quos socios res publica habeat, quos amicos, quos stipendiarios, qua quisque sit lege, condicione, 
 foedere, tenere consuetudinem decemendi, nosse exempla majorum. Videtis jam genus hoc omne 
 scientiae, diligentiae memoriae esse, sine quoparatus esse senator nulla pacto potest. Cicero, de 
 Legg. iii, c. 18, § 41. 
 
 And as to the addition, that he should uphold the interests of the people, 
 it is clearly necessary for a Senator to be acquainted with the general state of the republic, 
 and this is a subject of very extensive application ; since it comprehends a knowledge of 
 military aflfairs, the state of the treasury, the foreign alliances, the friends and stipendiaries 
 of the republic ; an acquaintance with the regulations, the resources and the engagements of 
 each people ; a sufficient knowledge of the practices of deliberations to maintain them ; and 
 a familiarity with the precedents of our ancestors. You therefore see that the science of 
 politics taxes every power of the intellect, diligence and memory, in order to acquire and 
 maintain that elaborate information without which no one can be called an accomplished 
 Senator. 
 
 342 
 
Cau.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 Causate, arfj'.— Lat. With reason. Puny, //. i\^. praef. § 8. 
 Causatio, Onis, /. [causa.] A pretext, an excuse, apology. Geluus, xx, i, 30. 
 CausatlVUS, a, um. adj. [causa.] Of or pertaining to a lawsuit. 
 Gaiisativum litis, a cause that establishes jurisdiction. Marc. cap. v, p. 154. 
 Causator. — L. Lat. [causare.] A litigant ; one who takes the part of a party in a suit ; 
 one who manages or litigates another's cause. Sfielman. 
 
 Cause. = Lat. Causa, v. h. v. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Causa. = The motive, inducement, consideration for making 
 a contract or performing an act. Dig. v. Justa causa. 
 
 In Practice: An action or suit at law. Any civil or criminal question contested 
 before a court or tribunal. 
 
 In Pleading: Reason, motive, consideration; e. g.. In a replication de injuria, the 
 plaintiff alleges that the defendant, of his own wrong, and without the cause by him, 
 etc. The word cause here comprehends all the facts alleged as a reason or motive for 
 doing the act. 8 Co. 67 ; I Chitty's PI. 585 ; 11 East, 451. 
 
 Cause de remover plea. — L- Fr- Cause to remove a plea. 
 
 Causes C6l6bres. — Fr. Celebrated, famed, renowned causes. 
 
 Causidicalis, e, adj. [causidicus.] Of or pertaining to an advocate. 
 
 Causidicatio, Onis,/. [id.] The office of advocate. 
 
 Causidicatus, ns, m. Forensic oratory. = Gr. SiHoXo/ia. Glass. Gr. Lat. 
 
 Causidiciua, ae, y. [causidicus^ The office of advocate. Theod. Cod. viii, 4, 30; xii, 
 1, 88. 
 
 Causidicus, a, um, adj. [causa-dico.] A pleader, advocate (in a contemptuous sense as 
 one who pleads for money, and without skill ; diff . from orator, u. Burn, Petr. 46, 7). 
 Litium advocatus. QuiNTiLlAN, xii, I, 25 ; Cicero, de Or. i, 46, 202 ; id. Or. ix, 30 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law; One who argues a cause !?«• ^«j«j. Justinian. Cod. ii, 5, 6. 
 
 In the Civil Law there was a distinction between (raMj/VzVwj and rt^z'i^Cfz/wj. Cod. uh. sup. 
 
 In English Law; A pleader. \ Bl. Com. IT \ l Spence's Chancery, n, -aote {d). 
 
 Causis et litibus praepOSitUS. Of causes and suits preferred or placed before. Spelman. 
 
 CaUSOr are, i, v. «. and a. [causa.] To give a reason (a real, and more frequently, a 
 feigned one) for something; to make a pretext, to pretend, to plead. Tib. i, 3, ij sj.; 
 Ovid, M. ix, 768 ; Horace, £p. i, 14, 12 ; Livy, xxiii, % et al, T r o p . ; To plead, dispute, 
 concerning a subject ; to discuss it for and against ; to debate a question. LucR. i, 399. 
 
 In Judicial Lang.: To conduct a cause in law ; to be an advocate; to make a 
 defense. Pac. in Non. Ixxxix, 12 ; Att. ib.; Afran. ib. 
 
 CaUSUla, ae, /. dim. [causa.] A petty lawsuit. Cicero, Opt. Gen. 3 Jin. A slight 
 pretext, unimportant occasion. Caesar, B. Afr. 54. 
 
 Caut6 o-d'". Cautiously, carefully, etc. z=Cauti?ii. Caute pedetentimque omnia 
 
 die ere, to speak all things carefully and deliberately. Cicero, Cluent. xlii. v. A tne 
 
 tamen, ut aequum est, etc. Cicero. Caute ut incedas via, — vou are to proceed with 
 caution on your path. Plautus, Cure, i, i, 32. 
 
 CAUTE VOTA REDDUNTO. Lex XII. Tab. fr. — . Let vows be carefully per- 
 formed. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 8, § 22. 
 
 Cautela ae, /. [cautus, caveo.] Caution, precaution. App. Met. v. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat. = Cautio, — a suret}', security; c. g., Cautela reddere, — a security to 
 give back, return, restore. Gaius, Dig. x, vi, 3, fr. 14. Cautela interponerc,— a security to 
 interpose, stand between. Ulpianus, Dig. iii, i,/r. 15. Cautela idonea praestanda,— 3. suf- 
 ficient surety to be answerable, etc. Pomponius, Dig. xiii, 7,/?-. 6. 
 
 Cauter eris, »«. =Gr.Kavt7ip. A burning or branding iron. Pal. i, 41, 2 ; 43, 3. A 
 wound made by burning. Prud. v, 229. 
 
 Cauterium ". «• = navTripiov. A burning or branding iron for marking ; c g. a 
 mark in the flesh of animals. Veg. i, 14, 3 ; i. z8. 
 
 In Medicine: A cautery. Pliny, xxvi, 8, 29 ; xxii, 23, 49. 
 
 In Painting: An instrument held against the wall for cauterizmg a paintmg. iWART. 
 
 Dig. xxxiii, 7, fr. 17. 
 
 343 
 
Cau.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cau. 
 
 CauteriZO, are, V. u. = Gr. HavzrjptaZoo. To burn with a hot iron ; to brand. Veg. 
 V, I. Cauterize tur in nianu, — he may [shall] be burned in the hand. 4 5/. Com. 
 367 t 5 ^O' 51* ^* ^^^o consideratum est^ in manu sua laeva cauterizetur. 
 
 Cautele, — L. Fr. Precaution. Et bone cautele serra, — and it will be a good precaution. 
 Britt. c. 3g. V. Cautela. 
 
 Cailtin. — Lat. adv. \cautus, caveo.l Cautiously, warily. Att. j'k NoN. 512. 
 
 Cailtio, Onis, /. \caveo.\ In general: Wariness, precaution, caution, circumspec- 
 tion. Cicero, Tusc. iv, 6, 13 ; id. de Or. ii, 74, 300 ; id. Lael. xxi, 78 ; c g., 
 
 Cautio ac rf///^^ w/zff , — circumspectlonand diligence. Qiqv.'ro, Font.\^'2etal. Cautio opus est., — 
 care must be taken. Plaut. Capt.\\i..ztjet al. Mihi cautio est. ^ Caviendutnest. — foresight, caution 
 is necessary. Plautus, 5ae*. iv, 2, 15 f/ «/. Mea cautio est ^ — I must see to it. Cicero, .(4^^. v, 4_/?«. 
 
 Jies cautionem hahe^t. — the matter requires caution ; the matter permits or allows foresight. Id.de 
 Off. i, 14. 
 
 In the Civil L a w , i^. /. .• That by which one places himself or another in safety ; an 
 obligation, security, bond, warranty, bail (it consists in a writing, obligation or pledge) ; e. g., 
 
 V. Quando vestrae c atttione s injinnae sunt, etc. Proferre cautionem, — to bring forth, 
 produce a security. Sen. Ben. iii, 7. Cautionem cavere,- — to guarantee a security. Venul. 
 Dig. xlvi, 8, 6. Cautionem offerre, — to present, offer, security. Papinianhs, Dig. xl, ^,fr. 
 50. Cautionem interponere, — to interpose, bring forward security. JuLlANUS, ib. xliv, i, 
 fr. II. Cautionem praebere alicui indemnitatis, — to offer or bring an obligation or pledge of 
 indemnity to any one. Papinianus, ib. iii, 5, 30 et saep. 
 
 (6.) Security for the performance of an obligation, or other act ; bail, security in Ian action, 
 otherwise termed satisdatio. Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. 11 ; Dig. ii, tit. 8 ; Cod. ii, tit. 57, 
 
 Cautio juratoria, — security given by the oath of the party. Justinian. Inst, iv, 11, 
 § 2. Mackeld. Civ. law, § 184. v. T. Raym.. 226 arg. Cautio Jidejussoria, — security given 
 by the sureties, pledgees or bondsmen. Id. ib. Bracton, fol. 337^,- Clerke's Prax. Cur. Adm. 
 tit. 4. Catitio pignoratoria , — security given by pledge or deposit — as money, plate, 
 etc. T. Raym. 226 ; Reg. Orig. 66, 67 et in marg. Cautio pro expensis, — security for costs 
 or expenses, v. Justinian. Nov. 112, u. 2. 
 
 ^W Cautio is the general term for the documentary evidence of a contract or obligation. 
 
 Cautio de damni infecti. Security against threatened or anticipated damage, cf. Dig. 
 xxxix, tit. 2, ' de Damno Infecto,' etc.; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 516, ed. 1883; Pufendorf, ^^ 
 Jur. iii, 6, § 8 ; Wharton on Negl. § 783. v. Damnum infectum, 
 
 Cautio USUfrUOtiaria. A usufructuary security or bail. 
 
 In Roman Law: A caution or security given by a usufructuary or a life-renter to 
 secure the performance of his duties, etc., or to preserve the subject from waste or destruc- 
 tion. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 309, 310; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. g, § 59. 
 
 Cautionalis, c, ai^'. \cautio.'\ Of or belonging to security. Ulpianus, Z>«j-. xlvi, 5,/;-. i. 
 
 Cauto opus est. There is need of caution. Care must be taken. Plautus, Capt. ii, 
 I, 29; id. Cist, ii, I, 55 ; id. Most, iv, 2, 22. 
 
 Cautor, Oris, m. [caveo.l One who is on his guard, or is wary. Plautus, Capt. ii, 2, 7. 
 (6.) One who is surety for any one. Cicero, Sest. vii, 15. 
 
 Cautum est. It is provided »?■ enacted. Justin. -^«J<. iii> 8, § 2 : iv, 3/n Cautum est lege 
 XII. Tab. ut, etc., — it is provided by the law of the XII Tables, that, etc. Pliny, xvi, 5, 6. 
 
 CAUTUM intelligitur, sive personis, sive rebus cautum sit. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, 
 fr. 188, § I. He is considered safe who may be secured either in persons 
 or property. 
 
 CautUS, a, um. Pa. (a.) neutr. Cautious, careful, circumspect, wary. (6.) pass. 
 Secured, made sate. 
 
 CautUS enim metuit foveam lupus : accijntiirque 
 Susj>ectos luqueos, et opertum tneluus hamum 
 Oderunt peccare boni virtutis amove : 
 Tu nihil admittes in te formidine poenae. 
 Sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis. 
 
 Horace, Epist. i, 16, 50-54. 
 
 For the wary wolf dreads the pit-fall, and the hawk the suspected snares, and the kite the 
 concealed hook. The good [on the contrary] hate to sin from the love of virtue ; you will 
 
 344 
 
Cav.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cav. 
 
 commit no crime merely for the fear of punishment. Let there be a prospect of escaping, 
 
 you will confound sacred and profane things together. 
 
 " For wily wolves the fatal pit-fall fear ; 
 Kites fly the bait, and hawks the latent snare ; 
 But viriuous minds a love of virtue charms : 
 The fear of chastisement thy guilt alarms."— Dr. Framcis. 
 
 CAVE, auteiii, in haec materia, confundas actuum et contractuum solemnia, tiec 
 twn effectus ac ipsis causatos dim eorum onere, et accidenti extritiseco, quod 
 contractus subsequitur, sed ex non ipsis contractibus est. Id, dum multi ignorant, 
 aut non discernunt, forenses maxime laedunt, et gravantur. Maevius, ad Jus 
 Lubecense. But beware of confounding in this matter the solemnities (formali- 
 ties) of acts and contracts, also the effects caused by them, with the burdens or 
 charges and the extrinsic accidents which result from, but are not in, the con- 
 tracts themselves. While many are ignorant of or do not discern this, the jurists 
 are much concerned, and labor over it. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, 
 
 § 236. ^ LF- J- M.] 
 
 Cave a, signafis. — P r o v . Beware of those who are marked. Avoid bad company. 
 
 Cave quid dicis, quando, et cui. Pro v. Be cautious what you say, when, and 
 to whom. 
 
 Caveat, {caveo.} Let him beware ; let him take heed. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: A process issued in the spiritual courts, to prevent the 
 proving of a will, or the granting of administration ; and in the Common Law, to 
 prevent the granting of letters-patent. 3 Bt. Com. 98, 246 ; 2 Steph. Com. 89. 
 
 A formal notice or caution to a court, judge, or public officer, against the performance of 
 certain judicial or ministerial acts. 
 
 In American Law: A kind of equitable process, in the nature of an injunction, 
 issued to prevent the grantmg of a patent for lands. 2 Milliard's Real Prop. 251, and notes. 
 The terms "to caveat," "caveator" and "caveatee," are used in some of the 
 states. 3 Call. 28 ; 4 id. 196 ; 9 Grattan's R. 508 ; 12 id. 670 ; I Hare &' McH. R. 189. 
 
 A caveat has the quality and effect of an injunction, and staj'S the proceedings to allow 
 an opportunity of contesting the validity of a will, or the right to the administration, or the 
 right to letters-patent. 3 Bl. Com. 98, 246; 2 Chitty's Genl. Pr. 502, 503. A caveat in 
 marriage, v. Broom &' Had. Com. i, 537. 
 
 CAVEAT actor. Let the actor or doer beware, or be cautious. Let him 
 beware of his own conduct. 
 CAVEAT emptor. Let the purchaser beware, or take heed ; the buyer must 
 take care or be on his guard. Hobart, 99 ; 2 Co. Inst. 714 ; Co. Litt. 1.02a. 
 
 By the Civil Law: A warranty of title was, as a general rule, implied on the part 
 of the vendor of land, so that in case of eviction an action for damages lay against him at the 
 suit of the vendee. Read : Sive tola res evincalur, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xxi, 2, fr. i. 
 
 A'on dubitatur, elsi specialiter, etc. Justinian. Cod. viii, 4ij, 6. 
 
 By the Common Law: A vendoris not bound unless there be a warran ty either 
 in deed or in law ; for Caveat emptor, qui ignorare non debuit, quod jus alienum emit. Hob. 99 ; 
 Co. Litt. 102. The purchaser must examine for himself the article offered to him for sale, 
 and exercise his own judgment respecting it. The application of this leading maxim is not 
 affected by the circumstance that the price is such as is usually given for a sound commodity, 
 Cro. Jac. 2 ; Broom's Max. Ty) et seq.; 2 Kent's Com. 478-488, and notes ; 4 id. 470, note (a), 
 471, note {b); I Stores Eq.Jur. § 212 ; 5 N. Y. R. (l Seld.) 88 ; 3 Taunt. 439. The rule 
 applies to judicial as well as other sales. 15 Illinois R. 295 ; 2 Ohio R. (N. S.) 36 ; 25 Ala- 
 bama R. 626,681,690. The rule, however, has this qualification, that if the seller has posses- 
 sion of the article, and sells it as his own, and not as agent for anqther, and for a fair price, 
 he is understood to warrant the title. 2 Kent's Com. 478, and notes. And as to latent 
 defects, v. Broom's Max. 742, and cases. As to patent defects, v, id. 743. When usage of 
 trade, proved as a matter of fact, raises an inference of warranty, v. Broom on C. L. 818, and 
 cases'. The maxim stated at length is : 
 
 CAVEAT emptor ; qui ignorare non debuit quod jus alienum emit. Let the pur- 
 chaser beware ; one should not be ignorant that he is buying the right of 
 another. Hobart,')':); Co. Litt. 1023.. Paraphrastically: ' Let a pur- 
 [44] 345 
 
Cav.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cav. 
 
 chaser, who ought not to be ignorant of the amount and nature of the interest 
 which he is about to buy, exercise proper caution.' Broom's Max. 739. 
 
 Lord HoBART cited the statute of Westm. II. c. 14 [40], as stating the principle of this 
 maxim. The words are : ILxp ectet emptor: qui ignordre non debuii quod jus alienuvi 
 emit, etc. But he substituted the important word caveat for expectet. Hobart, gg. 
 
 Lord Thurlow said that as to this maxim he was willing to carry it to a great extent, 
 but not to the extent of saying it should apply where there was a positive representation 
 essentially material to the subject sold, and which at the same time is false in fact. Any 
 fundamental mistake in the particulars of an estate must be considered as furnishing a, case 
 in which the purchaser would be entitled to have the mistake set right, if recently applied 
 for. Lowndes vs. Lane, 2 Cox, 363. 
 
 If a man purchase goods of a tradesman, without, in any wa}', relying upon the skill and 
 judgment of the vendor, the latter is not responsible for their turning out contrary to his 
 expectations ; but if the tradesman be informed, at the time the order is given, of the purpose 
 for which the article is wanted, the buyer relying upon the seller's judgment, the latter 
 impliedly warrants that the thing furnished shall be reasonably fit and proper for the purpose 
 for which it is required. Per Lord Tindal, C. J. (Brown vs. Edgington), 2 Scott, N. R. 504. 
 V. I Story's Eq. Jur. § 212 sq., and the authorities there cited ; 2 Kent's Com. 478. 
 
 No seller should be guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation or concealment in respect to a 
 material inducement to the sale, i Peter's C. C. 301 ; 4 Johns. (N. Y.) 421 ; 20 id. ig6 ; i 
 Wend. (N. Y.) 185 ; 11 Metcalf, 559; ■ Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 212 sq.; Sugden, Vend, and Purch. 
 
 If a purchaser, choosing to judge for himself, does not efTectually avail himself of the 
 knowledge or means of knowledge accessible to him or his agent, he cannot afterward be 
 permitted to say that he was deceived and misled by the vendor's misrepresentations ; for the 
 rule is Caveat emptor. 6 CI. &' Fin. 232, 233. v. I H. L. Cases, 605. 
 
 Equity will not interpose in favor of a man who willfully was ignorant of that which he 
 ought to have known — a man who, without exercising that diligence which the law would 
 expect of a reasonable and careful person, committed a mistake, etc. Per Lord Campbell, 
 12 CI. &}= Fin. 246, 286 ; I Storfs Eq- Jur. § 212. 
 
 The maxim applies to purchases of all descriptions of property, whether of lands or goods, 
 as well to title as to quantity and quality. Wharton's Max. xv, and cases ; b CI. &• Fin. 
 232 ; .8 id. 766 ; i Camp. 193 ; 2 Cox, 263 ; 12 Mees. b' W.ti; 2 Scott, N. R. 504, 508 ; 2 
 East, 314 ; 7 Man. b' Gr. 663 ; i, B. Ss' C. 108 ; 5 Bing. 533 ; 4 Johns. 421 ; 20 id. ig6 ; I 
 Wend. 185 ; Broom's Max. 351, 704, note i, and cases, 739 seq. 
 
 CAVEAT sacerdos ne de kits qui ei eonjitentur peccaia sua alicui recitet quod ei 
 confessus est., non profinquis nee extraneis; quod si fecerit, deponatur, et omni- 
 bus diebus vite sue ignominiosus peregrinando poeniteat. LL. Henry I. c. 5, § 17. 
 Let the priest beware of telling any one, whether relatives or strangers, the sins 
 that any one has confessed to him ; if he has done this, let him be deposed and 
 do a pilgrim's penance in shame all the days of his life. Cited in 2 Best on 
 Evid. § 584. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CAVEAT venditor. Let the vendor beware. Lofft's R. 328; 
 18 Wend. R. 449, 453 ; 23 id. 535 ; 3 Barb. R. 323 ; c, N. Y. R. (i Seld.) 
 73, 82 ; 21 N. Y. R. 552, 558 ; i Parsons on Contr. 561; 2 Kent's Com. 480, 
 note (1^). The duty of the vendor is treated in i Story's Eq. Jur. § 211. 
 
 Anitnalium qtwque venditor cavere debet, ea s ana praes tari ; et qui jumenta 
 vendidit, solet ita promittere, esse, bibere, ut oportet. Ulpian. Dig. xix, 1, fr. 11, §4. 
 Let the seller of animals also take care that they are delivered sound ; and he who has sold 
 beasts usually promises thus that they should be up to the need of them. [F. J. M.] 
 
 As to the duty of the vendor to disclose every circumstance, etc., read: Ac de jitre qui- 
 dam praediorum sanctum apudnos est jure civili, etc. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 16, § 65. 
 
 Marcus Cato sententiam dixit, etc. CiCERO, ib. §§ 66, 67. 
 
 The Civilians denounced fraud in vending : Dolum malum i se abesse praestare venditor 
 debet, etc. FloreNTINUS, Dig. xviii, I,/n 43, § 2. Venditor , si quum sciret deberi servi- 
 tutem, celavit, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, i, fr. i, § i. 
 
 In the Common Law: The general view is that " the concealment of a material cir- 
 cumstance is a fraud, which vacates the contract." v. Mr. Christian's note 2 Bl. Com. 451. 
 Jervis, Ch. J., in Keates vs. Cadogan (2 Eng. L. &■ Eq. 318), after quoting the language of 
 Lord Ellenborough in Hill vs. Gray (r Siarkey, 434), where the purchaser had fallen into a 
 delusion, in supposing a certain picture to be Sir Felix Agar's, and yet the vendor did not 
 
 346 
 
Cav.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cav. 
 
 remove it, the Chief Justice adds : "Not removing that delusion might be 
 taken as equivalent to an express misrepresentation " 
 
 This interesting subject is treated in i Story's Eq. J ur. §S 211-221, and the cases there cited 
 
 Let the student beware and discriminate. 
 
 CAVEAT viator. Let the traveler beware, v. Alderson, B., 10 Exch. 771. 
 774 ; Broom's Max. 374, n. and cases there cited. ' 
 Caveat vicecomes. Let the sheriff beware, or talce care. 
 
 CAVENDUM est h fragmentis. Beware of fragments. " Care is to be taken 
 of small pieces." Bacon, Aph. 26. 
 CAVENDUM est etiam ne major poena, quam culpa, sit j et ne iisdem de causis 
 alii plectantur, alii ne appellentur quidem. Prohibenda autent tnaxime est ira 
 in puniendo. Nunquam enim iratus qui accedet ad poenam mediocritatem illam 
 tenebit, quae est inter nimium et parutn, quae placet Peripateticis et recte placet, 
 modo ne landarent iracundiam et dicerent utiliter a natura datam. Ilia vero omni- 
 bus in rebus repudianda est optandumque, ut ii, qui praesunt rei publicae, legum 
 similes sint, quae ad puniendum non iracundia, sed aequitate ducuntur. Cicero, de 
 Officiis, i, c. 25, § 8g. Care is likewise to be taken in all cases that the penalty 
 does not exceed the fault (the punishment does not exceed the guilt); and also 
 that some men may not suffer for offenses for which others are not so much as 
 called to account. Above all things, in punishing we ought to guard against 
 passion ; for the man who is to pronounce a sentence of punishment in a pas- 
 sion never can preserve that mean between what is too much and too little, 
 which is so justly recommended by the Peripatetics, did they not too much 
 recommend the passion of anger, by asserting it to be a useful property of our 
 nature. For my part, I think that it ought to be checked under all circum- 
 stances ; and it were to be wished that they who preside in government were 
 like the laws, which in punishing are not directed by resentments but by equity. 
 
 Horace pertinently expressed : 
 
 Est modus in rebus, sunt certi dinique fines, 
 
 Quos ultra citrdque nequit consistere I'ectuvi. — HORACE, Sat. \, I, 106. 
 
 * * * * Adsit 
 Regula, peccatis quae poenas inrogat aequas : 
 
 Ne scuticd dignum horribili sectere flagello. — HORACE, Sat. i, 3, 117 sq. 
 
 Claudian. stated this grand idea : 
 
 * * * Diis proximus ille est 
 Quern ratio, non ira movet, qui facta repedens 
 Consilio punire potest. — Claudianus. 
 
 Bracton expressed the doctrine of punishment in England: Respiciendum est 
 judicanti, ne quid aut duriiis aut remissiiis constituatur, quhm causa deposcit, nee enim aut ser- 
 vitatis aut clementiae gloria affectanda est, etc. Bracton, iii, c. 6, § i, fol. 105a. 
 
 CAVENDUM tamen est ne cavellantur res judicatae, ubi leges ciim justicia retro- 
 spicieri possint. It is, however, to be guarded against, that adjudged cases 
 be not reversed, where the laws on a review appear to have had respect to justice. 
 Com. Law Max. v. Stare decisis. 
 
 CaveO crB. 3. '"■ "■ To be on one's guard, either for one's self or another, (a.) With 
 or without sibt : To be on one's guard ; to take care, take heed, beware, guard against, 
 avoid. (6.) With ne: To take heed that ; to be on one's guard, lest. Plautus, Capt. ii, 
 2, 5 and 6; Cicero, Rose. Am. 53. (c.) With ut: To take care that. Cicero, de Off. i, 
 Z<)fin.etal.; Pliny, /"an. xxxix, I. t. t. Cavere ab aliquo,— to ma.'ke oa&'s se\i secure; to 
 procure bail or surety. Cicero, Brut, v, 18 ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 23. 
 
 In the language of Business: To make one secure by bail or surety (either 
 written or real); to give security; to guarantee. Cicero, Clu. 159, 162; Scaev. Dig.^\v\ 
 3,/?-. 89. Cow^^JWOTOTO/w,— to give the highest security ; to give the best guaranty. Id.ib. 
 
 347 
 
Cav.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ce n'est. 
 
 xxix, 1, fr. g8. Cavere chirographum, — to give security by a bond or obligation under one's 
 own hand. Id. ib. xlvi, 3, fr. 89. Cavere cautionem, — to guarantee a security. Hermog. id. 
 xlvi, 8,/?-. 6. Cavere capiie, — to give security in chief. Pliny, xxxiv, 7, 17. Cavere jureju- 
 rando et chirographo, — to give security, or to make secure by oath or swearing, and by bond. 
 Suet. Calig. 12. Cavere in duplum, — to make one secure or give security in double the • 
 value. Suetonius, ^»^. 41. Hence, 
 
 In Juridical Latin, t. i.: To take care for, provide, order something, legally, or 
 (of private relations) to order, decree, dispose of in writing, by will, etc Cicero, Z^r. ii, 
 21, 53; 24, 61; id. Verr. ii, i., 50; id. Inv. ii, 41, iig, 120; QuiNTlLIAN, Inst, v, 10, § 13. 
 e. g., Cavetur, — provision is made ; a remedy is given. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § 13. Can- 
 turn est, — • it is provided or enacted. Id. iii, 8, 2 ; id. iv, ■ipr. To provide against ; to forbid 
 bylaw. Id.i, 25,13. To give security; e. g.. Nisi caveant tutores et curatores, — unless 
 the tutors and overseers give security. Id. i, 24, § 3. v. Dig. L, 16, fr. 188, § i. 
 
 Cavilatio, Onis, /. \cavillor.'] A humorous jesting; a jeering, raillerj', scoffing, irony in 
 jest or in earnest, v. Quum duo genera sint facetiarum, etc. Cicero, de Or, ii, 54, 218. 
 
 Cavillatio est j'ocosa catumniaiio, — cavillatio is a jocose accusation or perversion. Festus, de S. V. 
 
 (6.) An empty sophistical discourse ; sophistry. Sen. .£/. iii. Natura cavilaiionis , 
 etc. Ulpian. Dig. L, ib, fr. 177; Julianus, L, 17, fr. 65 ; Quintilian, vii, 9, 4; x, 7, 14. 
 Cavillatio juris. Id. vii, 4, 37. Cavillatio manifesta. Id. ix, i, fr. is et al. 
 
 Cavillator, oris, m. [id.] A humorist, jester, jeerer, caviller. Plautus, Mil. iii, i, 46; 
 Cicero, Alt. i, 13, 2 ; Gellius, iv, 20, 3. (6.) A sophist. Seneca, Fp. 102. 
 
 Cavillatrix, icis, /. She who seeks to take by sophistry ; a female sophist. 
 
 Cava, — L- Lat. A quay, kay or key, or wharf. Cowell. 
 
 Cayagilim, — L. Lat. Cayage or kayage ; atoll or duty anciently paid to the king for 
 landing goods at a quay or wharf. Cowell. 
 
 Ce, Ceo, Cecy.— L- Fr. This, that. Ceals,— those. Kelham. 
 
 CE beau c antral est le noble produit du gMie de I'homme, et le premier garant du com- 
 merce maritime. II a consults les saisonsj il a portd ses regards sur la mer; il a interroge ce 
 terrible Aliment; il en a jugi Vinconstance; il en a presenti les orages ; il a ipii la politique; il 
 a reconnu les partes et les c6tes des deux mondes; il a tout soumis h des calculs savans^ a des theo- 
 ries approximatives, et il h dit au commer(ani habile; au navigateur intrepide; certes il y a des 
 desastres sur lesquels Vhumanite ne peut que gemir; mais quant i voire fortune, allez francissez 
 les mers, d^ployez voire aciivM et voire industri^, je moi charge de vos resqnes. — Fr. This 
 excellent contract is the noble product of the genius of man, and is the chief guar- 
 anty of maritime commerce. He has consulted the seasons ; he has made his observations 
 on the sea; he has, so to speak, interrogated this terrible element; he is a judge of its 
 inconsistency ; he has experienced the effects of storms ; he has the political astuteness ; in 
 short, he has a knowledge of the ports and coasts of the two worlds ; he is in possession of 
 all the calculations [researches] of the learned men [savans] and of their approximate theo- 
 ries, and he is said [acknowledged] to be well skilled in commercial affairs ; he is also a 
 most intrepid navigator, that is, one well experienced in those dangers at which humanity 
 shudders ; but when your fortunes, your activity and your industry are employed on the 
 sea, I become responsible for the risks [the results]. Maxim in Mariiime Law. 
 
 Ce mond est plain de f WIS. — Fr. The world is full of fools. Boileau. 
 
 Ce n'est qui le premier pas qui coute. — Fr. It is only the first step which is 
 difficult. The Lat. Prov. is: Dimidium facii , qui coepit habet. v. Horace, 
 Ep. i, 2, 40. 
 
 CE n'est que sous Constantin que nous voyons V exclusion (i. e. of the testimony of 
 a single witness), nettement formuUej et encore I'empereur n'en vint il la 
 qu'a la suite d'une premiere constitution, qui recommandait seulement aux juges 
 d'etre circonspects : Simili modo sanximus, ut unius te stimonium 
 nemo judicum in quacunque causd facile patiatur admitti. 
 Et nunc manifestl s ancimus , ut unius omninh testis r esponsio 
 non audiatur , etiamsi pr ae c lar ae cur iae honor e pr aefulgeat . 
 (Justinian. Cod. iv. tit. 20, 1. 9, § i.) C'est done au Bas Empire qu' appartient 
 348 
 
Ceter.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ced. 
 
 I' introduction de la maxime testis unus testis null us. Bonnier, Traitt! 
 des Preuves, § 201. It is only under Constantine that we see the exclusion (/. e. 
 of the testimony of a single witness) concisely formulated, and the emperor only 
 touched upon it at the end of a former constitution which recommended merely 
 to the judges to be circumspect. In like manner we ordained that 
 no judge shall readily suffer the testimony of one person 
 to be admitted in any cause whatever. And now we plainly 
 decree that the testimony of one person shall not be heard 
 at all, although he be distinguished by the honor of a shin- 
 ing position. It is accordingly to the Lower Empire that belongs the intro- 
 duction of the maxim, one witness no witness. Cited in 2 Best on 
 Evid. § 597, n. 2. [F. J. M.J 
 
 CE terme {s tatut) s' applique en g^niral a toutes sortes de lois et de regUmens. 
 Chaque disposition d'une lot estun statut, qui per met, ordonne, oii defend quelque 
 chose. — Fr. The term (statute) is applied in general to all sorts of laws and 
 regulations. Every disposition (provision) of law is a statute, which permits, 
 ordains, or prohibits any thing. Merlin, Repertoire, art. 'Statut.' Quoted in 
 Story on Confl. of Laws, § 12. 
 
 Ce qui manque aux auratetirs en profondeur, 
 Us vows la donne en longueiir. — Fr. 
 
 What our orators want in depth, they give you in length. Montesquieu. 
 
 Cedant arma togae. Let arms yield to the gown. Trop. , Let war give way to 
 peace. 
 
 Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea linguae. Let arms yield to the gown, 
 and laurel crowns give way to lore or eloquence. Cicero, poet, de Off. i, 22, 77 ; id. Pis. 
 XXX, 73. Trop., Let force and violence give place to law and justice ; let eloquence and 
 reason suppress military force, v. Quintilian, xi, i, § 24. 
 
 Cede Deo. Yield to God. Virgil. " Submit where all opposition must be vain." 
 Cede repugnanti; eedendo victor alibis. Yield to the opposer; by yielding 
 
 you will attain the victor}'. Ovid. Trop., A prudent concession will often secure an 
 
 advantage over your opponent. 
 Terentius and Cicero advanced the same idea. 
 
 Cedent, [-{- Lat. r£'o?^«j, one who cedes or transfers.] In Scotch Law: An assignor. 
 I Kames' Equity, pref. ; zV. 403 ; 2 ;'</. 351. Cedenter. — Lat. adv. By yielding. 
 
 CedO, ere, 3, u. n. and a. Ingeneral: To go, i. e. to be in motion, move, go along. 
 Trop., To succeed, prosper, to have some result, to eventuate, result, happen, turn out, 
 to work. V. classics. Cedere pro aliqtia re, — to be equivalent to, to go for something. 
 
 In Particular: In respect to the terminus h quo: Togo from somewhere, to 
 remove, withdraw, go away from, depart, retire. Plautus, Men. v, 7, 29 ; Cicero, Mil. 34, 
 93; id. Phil, x, 4, 8. Cedere patrid, — to go away from the country. Id. Mil. 2ijiii. Cedere 
 i patria, — to withdraw from the country. Cicero, Phil, a, 4, 8. Cedere ex ingrata civitate, — 
 to withdraw from a disagreeable citizenship; to remove, depart out of an ungrateful com- 
 munity. Cicero, Mil. xxx, 81. 
 
 In Commercial Language, t. t. : Cedere foro, — to withdraw, as it were, from the 
 market, to be insolvent, stop payment. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, fr. 7, § 2 ; Seneca, Ben. iv, 
 39 ; Juvenal, xi, 50. Cedere bonis or possessionis {alicui), — to give up or cede one's property 
 or interest (in favor of a person). Cicero, Mil. i-j fin.; id. de Off. ii, 23, i2etal. Hence, 
 of debtors: To make over their property, instead of payment, v. Dig. xlii, 3, tit. ' de 
 Cessione bonorum.' Trop., Cedere alicui, — to go, as it were, out of the waj' of one, /. e. to 
 yield to one (to his superiority) ; to give the preference or precedence, give place to, submit 
 to. To yield to, to give place to. Plautus, Am. i, 3, 48 ; Cicero, N. D. ii, 33, 83 ; Quint. 
 vi, 4, 16, To yield to in rank, in distinction, i. r. to be inferior to. Cicero, Brut, vi ; id. 
 
 349 
 
Ced.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cel. 
 
 N. D. ii, 6i, 153 ; Qjjintilian, i, 6, 36 ; id. x, i, 108 et al. To comply with the wishes ; to 
 yield to one. Cicero, /ro Zzg-. vii, 22 ; id. Plane. \v,<)et al. Cedere alicui aliquid, — to grant, 
 concede, allow, give up, yield, permit something to some one. Cicero, Sul. xvi, 46 ; id. 
 de Off. ii, 18,64. Cedere possessionem, — to grant a possession; to give up the possession. 
 Paulus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. i. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Cs^^re is of frequent occurrence; e. g., Cedere solo, picturae, vesti- 
 niento, etc., — to go with or belong to the soil, painting, garment, etc Justinian. Inst, ii, i, 
 26. V, Frumenta quae sata sunt, etc., and Omni quod inaedijicatur solo cedit. 
 
 So in general: To yield or give up ; to assign or transfer ; to cede. Justin. /«j-<. iii, 
 26, 8 ; id. iv, 6, 40. To yield or give way to another, as superior ; to go or pass with a thing 
 as an inferior or subordinate thing ; to belong to. e. g., v. the compounds accedere and accessio. 
 
 In the English Law: v. Aqua cedit solo. Minor cedit, etc. Purpura cedit, 
 etc. Tabula c e d i t picturae , etc . 
 
 CEDERE diem significat,incipere deberi pecuniam. . Venire diem significat, 
 eum diem venisse, quo pecunia peti possit. Ubi pure quis stipulatus fuerit, et 
 cessit, et venit diesj ubi in diem, cessit dies, sed nondum venitj sub conditione, neque 
 cessit, neque venit dies pendentl adhuc conditione. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, fr. 213/r. 
 To grant or establish a day signifies, money to begin to be owed. To reach, 
 come to a day, signifies, that day to have come in which one can seek his 
 money. Where one shall have stipulated purely or absolutely, the day has both 
 gone and come ; where (he shall have stipulated) for a day, the day has begun 
 but has not yet come ; where, under a condition (or conditionally) the day has 
 neither begun nor come, while yet pending under the condition. 
 
 Dies denotes either a day certain or an event sure to happen, although it may be doubtful 
 when. The effect of this obviously is that, whilst a condition postpones the acquisition of 
 (or, perhaps, reacquisition of) a right, a limitation of time does not affect the vesting of a 
 right, but simply its enjoyment, cf. Savigny, System, iii, § 125. v. Pufendorf, dejure, 
 iii, c. 8, § 3, n. 2. 
 
 Ulpianus has clearly stated the application of the terms dies cedit and dies venit. 
 Dies cedit denotes that the day has arrived on which a right is vested; dies venit 
 denotes that the day has arrived and the right is now exercisable. Hence, dies cedit et 
 venit denotes a right vested in possession; dies cedit sed non venit denotes a right 
 which is vested, but the enjoyment of which is postponed ; and dies nee cedit nee venit 
 QX neque ce s si t neque venit dies denotes a right which is not vested, but is wholly 
 contingent, cf. &»</««' Justinian. Inst. p. 311. v. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 185, ed. 1883. 
 
 Cedula.— L. Lat. In English Law: A schedule. Cedula. — Span. A circular 
 letter or order ; a bill or order. White's New Recop. Cedule. — Fr- I" French Law; 
 A note in writing. Path. Obi. part 4, ch. I, art. 2, § i. 
 
 Cel. — L. Fr. This. A eel jour, — at this day. ZzV/. §§ 140, 317. Celles, — those. Celles 
 que, — those who. 
 
 Celeber, bris, bre, adj. [masc. Celebris.] (a.) That exists in abundance, or happens often, 
 frequent, numerous. (6.) Of places: Much frequented or resorted to, populous, abound- 
 ing in, rich in. Cicero, Part. Or. 10 7?».y id. Zest. 67, 140 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 58 ; id. ii, 4, 48 ; 
 Cicero, Manil. xii, 33 et al. fc.) That is celebrated, honored by a great assembly, proces- 
 sion, train, etc. ; renowned, distinguished, celebrated, famous. Tiberius, ii, 1, 33 ; LivY, 
 XXV, 12 et al. 
 
 CELLEBERRIMO huic conventu episcopus, aldermanus inter sunto j quorum alter 
 jura divina : alter humana populum edoceio. At this renowned assembly, 
 let a bishop and an alderman be present ; let one instruct the people in divine, 
 the other in human laws. LL. Eadgar, c. 5 ; 3 Bl. Com. 61, note (a). 
 
 Celebratio, Snis, /. [-|- celebro.'] [a.) An assembling together in great numbers; a 
 numerous assemblage, concourse. Cicero, Of. i, 4, 12 ; id. Sail, xxvi, 73. (6.) The cele- 
 brating of a festival in great numbers ; a festal celebration, a festival. Cicero, Att. xv, 29, i; 
 Pliny, xxxi, 3. (c.) An honoring, a commending, praising. Pliny, xxxiv, 5, 10. 
 
 Celebrator, oris, m. [id.] He who extols ; a celebrator. Martialis, Epig. viii, 78. 
 350 
 
CeL] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cel. 
 
 CelebritaS, atis, /. lid.] (a.) A great number, a multitude, a large assemblj', a numer- 
 ous concourse or gathering, a crowd. Cicero, >«;«. vii, 2 ; id. Ati. iii, 7. Cekbritas virorum 
 ac mulierum,— & large assembly of men and women. Cicero, Legg. ii, 26, 65. Celebntas 
 audientium. Quintilian, i, 2, 29. (6.) A festal celebration ; a splendid pageant. Celebntas 
 supremi diei,— ^ solemn procession for the dead. Cicero. Mil. xxxii. v. Livy, xxx, 38 /k. 
 (c.) Fame, renown, celebrity. Cicero, Jiep. vi, 19 ; id. Off. ii, 13, 44 ; zV. r«j-f. i, 12. 
 
 Celebrd, Sre, i, v. a. [-)- celel/er.'] To resort or go to a place or person in great numbers 
 or often, to frequent. Cicero, Coel. xiv fin; Lest Ixiii, 131. (6.) To go in great numbers 
 to a celebration ; hence, in general, to celebrate, solemnize, keep a festival. Cicero, 
 Arch, vi, 13; id. Tusc. i, 49, 117 et al. (c.) To honor, praise, celebrate the praises of any 
 person or thing ; to celebrate in song. Cicero, Rab. Post, xvi ; id. Pis. xiii _fin.; id. Fam. 
 V, 12 ; id. Fl. xxxviii, 95. (rf.) Without the access, idea of extolling in gen- 
 eral: To make something known ; to publish abroad, proclaim. Cicero, Mur. xli, 89; 
 id. Div. i, 17, 31. 
 
 Gellarius, a, um, adj. Of or pertaining to a store-room. Hence, subst. 
 Cellarius, ii, m. One who keeps provisions ; a steward, a butler. Plaut. Co//, iv, 2, 115. 
 In English Law: A steward of a monastic institution; a cellarer or bursar. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 318 ; Fleta, lib. vi, c. 37, § 3. 
 
 Celles que ne recognoissent superieure en feidalit^.— Fr. Those who recognize or 
 
 acknowledge no superior fidelity. Kent's Com. iv, 23 (b). 
 
 Celles que trusts.— Fr. Those whose trusts, i. e. those persons entitled to the purchase- 
 money, or the residue of any other property, after discharging debts, etc. 
 
 Cel6, are, i, v. u. To hide something from one ; to keep secret, to conceal. Celare 
 aliquem, — to hide, conceal one. Caesar, B. C. i, 76. Celare fugitivum, — to conceal, 
 hide a fugitive. Ulpianus, Dig. xi, 4, fr. i pr. 
 
 Celsns. P- Juventius Celsus was a famous Roman lawyer, who lived under 
 Trajan and Hadrian, and wrote Digests and Commentaries on Roman Law ; the only 
 portions of which now remaining are those cited in the Pandecta — in all one hundred and 
 ten citations, cf. Dr. Smith's Cr. and Rom. Biogr. 
 
 Celui, Celuy.— L. Fr. He, him. Litt. §§ 57, 575. He who. 
 
 CELUI dont cette eau V heritage, pent meme est user dans Vintervalle qu'elle y 
 parevent, mats a la charge de la rendre a la sortee, de des sords a sou course 
 ordinairie. He who owns the waters of an estate, can use the same all along 
 the space or course through which they run, with the obligation of returning 
 them again within their ordinary course. Civ. and Com. Law. 
 
 CELUI dont la pur priette bord un eau courante autre que celle qui est declarie 
 dependance du domain publique par l' article, etc., — peut a en saver a son pas- 
 sage pour r irrigation de ses proprieties. — Fr. He whose property is bounded 
 upon a stream of water which is declared by the article [deed] to depend upon 
 [belong to] the public domain, etc., may still use sufficient water from its pas- 
 sage for the irrigation of his lands. Civ. and Com. Law. 
 
 CEL UI que fist le lease est appel lessor, et celuy a que le leas est fait est appel lessee . — 
 L. Fr. He who makes or gives the lease is called the lessor, and he to whom the lease 
 is made or given is called the lessee. Litt. § 57. 
 
 CELUI qui a parte dans une fonds peut an user a sa volante, saufl-e droit que la 
 proprietaire du fonds superieur pourait avoir acquis, par litre, ou par pro-, 
 scriptione. — L. Fr. He who has a part in any lands has the power and use of it 
 at his own will, saving the rights which the chief proprietor of the lands might 
 have acquired by virtue of the writing, or by prescription. Civ. and Com. Law. 
 
 351 
 
Cel.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cen. 
 
 Celui qui se dSfait de son Men, avant que de mourir, se prSpar a Men 
 souffrir, — Fr. He that parts with his property before his death, prepares himself for 
 much sufTering. 
 
 He will have to encounter a degree of insolent neglect, which he might have avoided by 
 keeping his property at his own disposal. 
 
 CELUY que droit avera, recovere ; it que tort avera soit puny. — L. Fr. He who 
 shall have the right, shall recover ; and he who shall have done wrong shall 
 be punished. Britton, c. 68. 
 
 Ceueg^ild, [-|- Sax. cyn, relationship, kin, and gelda, a payment.] Kin-money. 
 
 In Saxon Law: The mulct, fine or pecuniary composition which was paid by one 
 who had killed another, to the relatives of the deceased, by way of compensation or expia- 
 tion. LL. Aethelstan, c. 7 ; Spelman. 
 
 Cens. — Fr. [= Lat. census.^ In French and Canadian Law: A tax, tribute 
 or payment imposed on a tenant. Guyot, Inst. Feod. i,. 9. A quit-rent. Steph. Led. 351. 
 
 Censaria. — L. Lat. In English Law: A farm or house and land let at a standing 
 rent {ad censam). Cowell ; Blount. Censarii. — L. Lat. Farmers subject to a tax. Cowell. 
 
 CenseO, Censere, 2, t/. a. In the Roman Law: To decree, resolve, ordain, etc. 
 
 CENSERE est, cotistituere et praecipere . unde etiam dicere solemus : censeo, 
 hoc facias, et semet aliquid censuisse. Inde censoris notnen videtur esse 
 tractum. Javolenus, Dig. L, 16, fr. in. To decree or ordain is to constitute, 
 resolve, determine, and to give rules or precepts, whence also we are accustomed 
 to say: I decree or ordain that you shall make, produce or 
 create, and to have decreed something by himself. From that the name of 
 censor appears to be drawn. 
 
 CensiO, Onis, /. An estimating, taxing, assessing. Plautus, Rud. iv, 8, 9. (6,) The 
 censor's estimating, rating, appraising. Gellius, x, 28. Hence: (c.) The punishment, 
 chastisement (of the censor). Festus, pp. 41,42. A scourging. Plautus, ^k/. iv, i, 15. 
 (d.) An opinion, judgment. Ep. i, 3. 
 
 Censitio, Onis, /. In Roman Law: A taxing, tax, tribute. Censliio levare, — to 
 levy a tax. Spart. Presc. Nigr. 7 fin. (6.) A declaration of a will, a command. Frontin. 
 de colon, p. 146. 
 
 CensO. — Span. [-{-hat. census.] An annuity. 13 Texas Ji.6ss. Ground rent. Sc/imidt's 
 Civ. Law, 149, 309. 
 
 Censor, oris, m. A censor, a Roman magistrate. As to their duties and powers, etc., v. 
 Lex XII. Tab. ap. Cicero, Legg. iii, 3, § 7 infra ; Adams' Antiq. \, pp. 185-194. 
 
 Trop., A rigid judge of morals; a censurer, critic. Cicero, Coel. xi, 25; Horace, ^4. 
 P. 174; id. Ep. ii, 2, no. Also called Consitor. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 15, fr. 4. 
 
 CENSORES FIDEM LEGUM CUSTODIUNTO : PRIVATI AD EOS ACTA REFERUNTO 
 NEC Eo MAGis LEGE LiBERi SUNTO. Lex XII. Tab. xii,/r. — . Let these 
 regulations be committed to the charge of the censors. Let public officers, on 
 their retiring from their posts, give these censors an account of their conduct, 
 but let them not by this means escape from legal prosecution if they have been 
 guilty of corruption. Cicero, de Legg. iii, 4 fin. 
 
 CENSORES POPULI AEVITATES, SUBOLES, FAMILIAS PECUNIASQUE CENgENTO, 
 URBIS TEMPLA, VIAS, AQUAS, AERARIUM, VECTIGALIA TUENTO, PGPULIQUE 
 PARTES IN TRIBUS DESCRIBPNTO, EXIN PECUNIAE, AEVITATES, ORDINES PARTI- 
 UNTO, EQUITUM PEDITUMQUE PROLEM DISCRIBUNTO, CAELIBES ESSE PROHIBENTO, 
 MORES POPULI REGUNTO, PROBRUM IN SENATU NE RELINQUUNTO : BINI SUNTO : 
 MAGISTRATUM QUINQUENNIUM HABENTO, RELIQUI MAGISTRATUS ANNUI SUNTO, 
 
 EAQUE POTESTAS SEMPER ESTO. Lex XII. Tab. xii, fr. — . Let the censors take 
 352 
 
Cen.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cen. 
 
 a census of the people, according to age, offspring, family and property. Let 
 them have the inspection of the temples, the streets, the aqueducts, the rates, 
 and the customs. Let them distribute the citizens according to their tribes ; 
 after that let them divide them with reference to their fortunes, age and rank. 
 Let them keep a register of the families of those of the equestrian and plebeian 
 orders. Let them impose a tax on celibates. Let them guard the morals of the 
 people. Let them permit no scandal in the senate. Let the number of such 
 censors be two. Let their magistracy continue five years. Let the other magis- 
 trates be annual, but that offices themselves should be perpetual. Cicero, de 
 J^egg. iii, 3, § 7. 
 
 Censorius, a, um, adj. Of or pertaining to the censor; censorian. Trop.: Rigid, 
 severe. Cicero, Coel. xv ; Quintilian, i, 4, 3. 
 
 CeHSUalis, e, adj. [c-ensus.] Of or pertaining to a census. Ulpianus, Dig; L, 15, /r. 4 ; 
 Arcad. id. h, 4,/r. 18. Hence subst. : Censuales, ium, m. Those who make out the 
 censor's lists. Theod. Cod. viii, tit. 2. 
 
 Censuales, — L. Lat. l-\- hat. census.] In European Law: A class or species of 
 oblati, or voluntary vassals of churches and monasteries. Persons who subjected themselves 
 voluntarily to a church or monastery, in order to procure protection. Roberts, Charles V., 
 App. note XX. 
 
 CeUSUere, — Lat. In Roman Law, t. i. : They have decreed, resolved, ordained. 
 
 A term of art, or /. t. for the judgment, resolution or decree of the senate. LiVY, xxxi, 
 T /in.; Caesar, B. G. i, 35 ; Tacitus et al.. Taylor's Civil Law, 566. v. Censere. 
 
 Censura, ae, /. {censor^ The office of censor ; censorship. Cicero, de Inv. i, 30, 48. 
 
 Trop. . (a.) A judgment, opinion. Gellius, xii, 2, 2. (6.) A severe, rigid judgment; 
 severity. Censura parentis, — severity of a parent ; parental severity. Treeellius, Ca//. 3. 
 
 Census ns, «. [censeo.] In the Roman Law- A registering and rating of Roman 
 citizens, property, etc. ; a census. Personarum et bonorum descriptio, — a description of per- 
 sons and property. LiVY, i, 42 ; Ulpianus, Dig. L, tit. 15. Melon.: The register of the 
 census; the censor's lists. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 15, fr. 4; Marc Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 10. 
 
 (6.) The registered property of Roman citizens. Suetonius, Aug. xli ; Juvenal, xiv, 326. 
 
 (o.) And so, wealth, riches, property, possessions in general. Cicero, Fl. xxii, 52; 
 Pliny, xiv, prooem ; Tacitus, A. ii, 37 et al. 
 
 Census, — L. Lat. In general: A tax or tribute; a toll. £j/. otj Z«V, liv. 30, c. 14. 
 In parti cular : A particular tax imposed on bondsmen. /(/. c. 15. (6.) A yearly pay- 
 ment or rent. v. Censaria. A yearly income or revenue. Census regalis, — the royal revenue. 
 Hale's Anal. § vii ; i Bl. Com. 300, 306, 406 ; 2 Steph. Com. 564 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 366. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A subsidy or tax. A general valuation of lands first introduced by 
 Alexander III., who, to create a tocher to his daughter, who was married to Eric, King of 
 Norway, raised a subsidy. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 5, § 31. 
 
 Centena.— L- Lat. [+ «»/««, a hundred.] In general: A hundred. 
 
 In particular, among the Goths, Germans, Franks, Lombards: A 
 district or division containing originally one hundred freemen, established for military and 
 civil purposes. = A Saxon hundred. Esprit des Lois, liv, 30, c. 17 ; i Bl. Com. 115. 
 
 V. Centenarius, Centeni, LIundredum. 
 
 Centena. L- Lat. A hundred weight; e.g., Centenapisdum,— a. hundred weight of fish. 
 
 Pruyn, 303. 
 
 Centenarii. L. Lat. \^\\ix.oi centenarius.] In English Law: Hundredors. The 
 
 freeholders of a hundred. Liberi tenentes qui in centena degunt, i. e. the free tenants who live 
 in a hundred ; hundredors. Spelman. 
 
 Centenarius a, um, a^'.— Lat. {centeni.] Composed of the number one hundred ; con- 
 sisting of one hundred ; relating to a hundred. Varro, L. L. v, 16, 26 ; Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xxxvii, 14, fr. 16. V. TUSTINIAN. Inst, iii, 8, § 2. 
 
 [45]' 353 
 
Cen.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cen. 
 
 CenteUarillS, — L. Lat. [Fr. centenia -\- centana.l In European Law- One of a 
 centena, or hundred ; the head or chief of a centena (in t. t. praefectus centenae), among the 
 Goths, Germans, Pranks and Lombards ; an inferior judge. Montesq.; Esprit des Lois, liv. 
 28, c. 28 ; liv. 30, cc. 17, 18, 22 ; l Bl. Com. 115 ; Broom b° Had. Com. i, 137. v. Centenarii. 
 
 CENTENARIUS prima dictus est unusquisque exeadem centena, demum praefectus tantum. 
 The Centenarius is called the head or chief of every one in the same centena, indeed 
 \heprefectus to that extent. 
 
 In addition to his military rank as leader of the freemen of the centena, under the count 
 (comes), he had also judicial powers, and held courts answering to the hundred courts among 
 the Saxons. Spelman, voc. ' Centena.' 
 
 In Anglo-Saxon Law: A judicial magistrate, a ««/»ni;, who had jurisdiction over 
 a hundred friborgs, or ten tithings ; and was a judge in small concerns among the inhabit- 
 ants of the hundred ; afterward called bailiff or constable of the hundred (dominus hundredi). 
 I Bl. Com. 115 ; i Vent. 211. 
 
 Centeni, ae, a, num. distrib. [-|- centum^ A hundred each ; a hundred. Cic. Par. vi, 3. 
 
 In European Law: A hundred men; the number of men enrolled for military 
 service from each district, among the ancient Germans, v. 3 Bt. Com. 34 ; Broom &■ Had. 
 Com. i, 137. 
 
 D e finitur et numerus : 
 
 CENTENI ex singulis pagis sunt; idque ipsum inter suos vocantur; et quod prima nnmerus 
 fuit,jam nomen et honor est. Tacitus, de Mor. Germ. c. 6. Their number, too, is determined; 
 a hundred from each canton ; and they are distinguished at home by a name expressive of 
 this circumstance ; so that what at first was onl)' an appellation of number, becomes thence- 
 forth a title of honor, v. i Bl. Com. Ii5; 3 id. 35, n. {v); Broom &• Had. Com. i, 138. 
 
 This is supposed to be the origin of the military and civil divisions called centenae, — or 
 hundreds, i Bl. Com. 115, 116 ; 3 id. 34, 35. 
 
 Ceutesima, ae, /. The one hundredth part of a thing — as a revenue, tax ; a percentage. 
 Tacitus, A. i, 78. v. id. ib. ii, 42. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Of interest, one per cent monthly; therefore, according to 
 our mode of computing interest, twelve per cent per annum. Cicero, Ati. v, 21, 11 sq. 
 Seneca, Ben. vii, 10. The Romans divided the principal sura into a hundred parts, 
 one of which they allowed to be taken monthly ; and this, the lawful rate of interest, they 
 called usurae centesimae, amounting to twelve per cent per annum, 2 Bl. Com.. 462, note (ni); 
 Broom Ss" Had. Com. iii, 207. 
 
 Ca.IlticepS, cipitis, adj. \centum-caputl] Hundred-headed. Horace, Odes, ii, 13, 34. 
 GentimanUS, a, um, adj. [centum-manus.] Having a hundred hands. HoR. Od. ii, 17, 14. 
 Geutipes, edis, adj. [centum-pes.] Hundred-footed. Pliny, ix, 43, 67. 
 Centiplex. ^. Centuplex. 
 
 CentOCulus, i, m. \centum-oculus^ Hundred-eyed, or with a multitude of eyes. Argo 
 in HiER. in Exech. i, I. v. Argus. 
 
 Gentlim, indecl. num. A hundred. Class, passim. 
 
 Centum doctuni hominum consilia sola liaec devincit dea 
 Fort una. — Plautus, Pseudolus, ii, 3, 12. 
 
 This goddess Fortune, unaided, prevails over the plans of a hundred learned men. 
 
 Centum-gemiuus, a, um, adj. A hundred-fold. Virgil, A. vi, 287 ; Val. El.vi, 118. 
 
 Centum-peda, ae, m. Hundred-footed. Aug. Civ. E>iv. vii, 11. 
 
 Centum-pondium or Centupondium, ii, n. A weight of a hundred pounds. 
 
 Centuinviralis, e, adj. [centumviri.] Of or pertaining to the centumviri. CiCERO, Caec. 
 xviii, 53 ; id. de Or. i, 38, 173 ; Quintilian, v, 2, i ; id. xi, i, 78. 
 
 Centutnvirdlia judicia a. centumviris sunt dicta. Nam quum essent Romae triginta et quinque tribus, 
 quae et curiae sunt dictae, terni ex singuli.s tribubus sunt electi ad judicandum, qui centumviri appellati sunt; 
 et, licet quinque amplius, quam centum, fuerint ; tamen, quo facilius nominarentur, centumviri sunt dicta. 
 Kestus, de Sign, Verba, lib. ill, p. 42. 
 
 Centumviral causes or trials are so called from the centumviri (the hundred men). For as there 
 were in Rome Ihirty-five tribes, which were called also curiae, three were chosen as judges from each tribe, 
 and were called the centuviviri ; and this although they were five more than a hundred (centum) ; yet for 
 easier expression they were called centumviri. \^. J. M.] 
 
 354 
 
Cen.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ceo. 
 
 Centum-Viri, Orum, m. A college or bench of judges chosen annually for civil suits, 
 especially those relating to inheritances, consisting of three being chosen from each of the 
 thirty-five tribes, in all one hundred and five (in the time of the empefors of one hundred 
 and eighty) persons. Cicero, iff Or. i, 38; Quint, iii, 10, 3; id. iv, 2, 5, Spald.; Adams' 
 Antiq. 1,388. But they were al«rays named by around number, ««/«OT«/m. Fest. p. 42, j;^;). 
 
 In the Roman Law. This important tribunal had jurisdiction to decide the most 
 important questions of law; such as those relating to inheritances, wills, guardianships, 
 sales, the enjoyment of party walls, windows, the drip of water, and various other important 
 subjects, which were distinguished as causae centttmvirales. Cicero, de Or. i, 38, 30 ; Pliny, 
 Ep. ii, 14; id. vi, 33 ; 3 Bl. Com. 315. 
 
 Centuplex. Icis, adj. [centum-pHco.] A hundred-fold. Plautus, Pers. iv, 4, 11. 
 
 CentuplicatUS, a, um, part. Increased a hundred-fold ; centuple. 
 
 Centuria, ae,/. {centum.'] A division of a hundred things of a kind. Hence in gen- 
 eral: Any division, even if it consists not of a hundred. So («.) I n Agric u 1 1 u re : A 
 number of acres of ground. Varro, L. L. v, 4, 10 etal. (6,) In Military Language: 
 A division of troops, a century, compan)'. Varro, L. L. v, 16, 26 ; LiVY, i, 13 et al. 
 
 Of the Roman People: One of the one hundred and ninety-three orders into which 
 Servius Tullius divided the Roman people according to their property; a century. 
 Cicero, Hep. ii, 22; LivY, i, 43. Hence the assemblies in which the)' voted according to 
 centuries were called comitia centuriata. LiVY, x, 13. The century designated by lot as vot- 
 ing first was called centuria prerogativa. Cicero, Plen. c. 20. v. Praerogativus. 
 
 Centuriatim, adv. {centuria.] By companies or in centuries. Caesar, B. C. i, 76 ; 
 LiVY, vi, 20. Trop. , In masses or crowds; by hundreds. Pompon, in NoN. xviii, 12. 
 
 Centnriatus, tls, m. [-|- centuria, are, v. a., to divide into centuries.] (a.) A division into 
 centuries. LiVY, xxii, 38. (6.) = Centuria. The office of centurion ; the place of head man 
 of a century. Cicero, Manil. xiii, 37; id. Pis. xxxvi, 88; Suet. Gramm. 24. 
 
 Centurlnarii, = Centuriones. V. the following. 
 
 Centurio, Snis, m. [-]- centuria (b.).] The commander of a century, a captain, centu- 
 rion — occupying a station below the /n'^MMKj-. LiVY, ii, 27; vii, 41 ; viii, 34; Caesar,^. 
 G. vi, 39 ; Cicero, Bn/i. xv. v. 2 Adams' Antiq. p. 64 sq. 
 
 In English Law; A judicial officer who had jurisdiction over a hundred friborgs, or 
 ten tithings ; afterward called bailiff or constable of the hundred (dominus hundredi). LL. 
 Edw. Confess, c. 32, apud. Spelman. = Centenarius, v. h. v. 
 
 Ceo. — L. Fr. = Lat. /loc. This, that (plur. ceux). 
 
 C'EjO esi bottomag e, quant argent est borro7v stir le keil del neif, et le net/ 
 oblige al payment de ceo. — L. Fr. Bottomry is when money is borrowed 
 upon the keel of a ship, and the ship is bound to the payment of it. Latch, 252. 
 
 CEO esi le serement que le royjurre a soun coronevient; Que il gardera et 
 viaintenera lez droitez et lez franchisez de seynt esglise' grauntez auncienment des droitez rays chris- 
 tiens d ' Engleterre ; etquit guardera toutez^ sez terrez, honoures et dignitez droiturelx et franks del 
 coron du roialme d'Engleterre, en tout maner dentierte sanz null maner damenusement, et lez droitez 
 dispergez dilapidez ou perduz de la corone a soun poiair, reappeller en I 'auncien estate, et quit gjiar- 
 dera le peas de seynt esglise, et al clergie, et al people de hon accorde, et quit face faire en toutez sez 
 jugementez owel et droit justice, oue discrecion et misericorde, et quil grauntera a tenure lez leyes 
 et customez du roialme, et a soun poiair lez face garder et affirmer, que lez gentez du people avont 
 faitez et esliez, et les malveys leyz et custumes de tout oustera, et ferme peas et establie al people 
 de soun roialme, en ceo garde esgardera a soun poiair; come Dieu luy aide. — L. Fr. This is the 
 oath which the king swears at his coronation: "That he will guard and 
 maintain the right and the franchises of the holy church anciently granted by the rightful 
 Christian kings of England ; and that he will guard all his lands, honors and dignities of 
 roj'al and free right belonging to the crown of the kingdom of Engla'nd, in every manner 
 without any manner of diminution ; and that the rights of the crown dispersed, dilapidated 
 or lost, he shal' recall according to the best of his power, to their ancient estate ; and that 
 he will guard the peace of the holy church both to the clergy and the people with good 
 
 3S5 
 
Ceo.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cep. 
 
 accord; and that in all his judgments he will bestow equal and exact [impartial] justice, 
 with discretion and mercy ; and that he will adhere to the laws and customs of the realm ; 
 and, according to the best of his power, to cause them to be kept and maintained, which the 
 people have made and agreed to ; and that he will abolish the bad laws and customs alto- 
 gether ; and preserve iirm and lasting peace to the people of his kingdom, in this regard he 
 will keep to the utmost of his power. So help him God. cf. i ^/. Coot. 236, note (/^) , Broom 
 &= Had. Com. i, 281, n. (z). 
 
 Ceo est Tin COmon enidiciou en nostre ley.— L. Fr. This is a common doctrine in 
 our law. Yearb. M. 20 Henry VI, 16; Dyer, 27^, 33. 
 
 CEO mot terme se estent ausibien a terme de vie, come h terme des aus. — L. Fr. 
 This word 'term' extends as well to a term of life as to a term of years. 
 Britton, c. 114. 
 
 Ceo n'est ley. — L. Fr. This is not law. Yearb. M. 20 Henry VI, 16. 
 CEO n'est que un restitution en leur ley, per que a ceo n'avemus regard, etc. — L. Fr. This is 
 but a restitution in their law, to which we pay no attention, i Bl. Com. 22 (0); Broom &' 
 Had. Com. i, 16. 
 
 Ceo poles retter ^ VOStre folly demesne. — L- Fr. You may lay this to your own folly. 
 Yearb. H, 10 Edw. iii, 8. 
 
 Ceo pnrra 11 retter ^ sa negligence. — L. Fr. He must charge this to his own negli- 
 gence. Britton, c. 59. 
 
 Ceo serra marveillons ley. — L- Fr. This would be strange law. Yearb. T, 20 Hen. 
 VI, 4. 
 
 Ceo VOUS monstre. — L. Fr. This shows to you. = Lat. Hoc ostendit vobis. Bracton, 
 fol. 296^, 372i5/ Steph. PI. 422 ; id. App. note (75). 
 
 Cepi corpus. — L. Lat. I have taken the body. 
 
 In Practice: The technical name of the return made by a sheriff to a capias, that he 
 has taken the body of the party. F. N. B. 26; "i Bl. Com. 288; i Tidd's Pr. 308-310; 
 Termes de la Ley, ex. gr., Cepi corpus, et est in custodia,-— I have taken the body and it is in 
 custody. V. I Tidd's Pr. 308, 309. Cepi corpus, et est languidas, — I have taken the body 
 and he is sick. Cepi corpus, et quod est languidas in prisona, — I have taken the body, and 
 which is sick in prison. Bacon's Max. in Peg. 6. Cepi corpus, et paratur habeo, — I have 
 taken the body and have it ready. F.N. B. 2b; i Tidd's Pr. 308, 309; Sewell's Law 0/ 
 Sheriffs, 387. Cepi corpus in custodia, — I have taken the body in custody. 
 
 CEPISSE qxds intelligitur, quam'vis alii acquisiit. Paulus, Dig. L, i6, fr. 140. 
 Any one is understood to have inherited, although he has acquired it of 
 another. 
 
 Cepit. — Lat. [capio, capere, to take, seize.] Took, he took. 
 
 In Pleading: The emphatic word in a writ of trespass and replevin. Thus in replevin, 
 when the action is for the taking only, it is said to be 'in the cepit.' 3 Hill's P. (N. Y.) 
 282, 348; 3 Comst. i?. (3 N. Y. R.) 506. 
 
 Cepit et abcarriavit. — L. Lat. He took and carried away. Dyer, 70a. 
 Cepit et abduxit. — L. Lat. He took and led away, or carried away. 
 In English Practice: The t. t. in writs of trespass, where the writ was for living 
 things, either persons or animals. Reg. Orig. 92, 163 ; F. N. B. itA, note ; id. 88.5. 
 
 Cepit et asportavit, — L. Lat. He took and carried away. 
 
 In English Practice: The t. t. in writs of trespass where the writ was for dead 
 things. F. N. B. ibA, note; id. 885/ 4 Bl. Com. 231; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 280. 
 :=Cepit et abcaniavit, q. v. 
 
 Cepit et asportavit captivum ; et ipsum in salva sua custodia adtunc et ibidem habuit et 
 custodivit, quosque defensores ipsum e custod' praedict ' felonice ceperunt et recusser, etc. — L. Lat. 
 He took and carried away the prisoner; and then and there held and kept him 
 in safe custody, until the defendants feloniously took him out of his said custody, and 
 refused, etc. 
 356 
 
Cep.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cer. 
 
 Cepit et asportavit centum CUniculOS,— L. Lat. He took and carried away a hundred 
 rabbits. 
 
 Cepit in alio loco.— L. Lat. He took in another place. 
 
 In pleading: The name given to a plea in the action of replevin, which should be 
 pleaded where the defendant took the goods or cattle in another place than that in the dec- 
 laration, and he desires a return of the goods or cattle taken, i Chin. PI. 490; 3 id. 1045 ; 
 Wood/all's L. &= T. 680 ; IVilles, 475. 
 
 Cera, ae, /. = Gr. KTipoi. Wax. LucR. vi, 516, 966; Cicero, de Or. iii, 45, 177. 
 
 Me ton: A writing tablet smeared over with wax. Plautus, Pers. iv, 3, 59; Cicero, 
 Virr. ii, 41,36; Quintilian, i, i, 27 ; x, 3, 31 ; xi, 2, 32 et al. A seal of wax. Plautus, 
 Bac. iv, 4, 96; Cicero, Fl. xvi, 37. And so in English Law. Stat. Westm. H. c. 10. 
 
 Cera impressa, — L- Lat. Wax impressed ; wax with an impression. M e t o n . : A 
 seal. 3 Co. Inst. 169. v. Sigilluin. 
 
 CERA situ impressione non est sigillum. Wax without an impression is not a 
 seal. 3 Co. Inst. 169. 
 
 Ceres, eris, /. The daughter of Saturn and Ops (Ovid, Fastorum, vi, 285), sister of 
 Jupiter and Pluto, mother of Proserpine, goddess of agriculture; especially of the 
 cultivation of corn, and of the growth of fruits in general, cf. Dr. Smith's Diet. 
 
 Represented as betaking her chariot drawn by dragons ; borne on her winged chanot with a torch in her 
 band, and her floating locks crowned with poppies, or garlands of wheat, or ears of corn. cf. Ovid, Fast, iv, 
 497, 56^, 616; ill, 786. 
 
 Prima Ceres docuii tjirgescere semen in agris, 
 
 Falce coloratus subsecuitque comas: 
 Prima jttgis iauros supponere colla coegit 
 
 Et veterem curve dejtte revetlis Aujnnm. — OviDj Afnorum. iil, lo, ii, 
 Ceres was the first to teach 'the seed to swell in the fields, and with the sickle did she cut her colored locks j 
 she first forced the bulls to place their necks beneath the yoke \ and she with crooked tooth turned up the 
 fallow ground, v. Ovm, Meiamnt. V, 341. 
 
 Meton. ; Corn, grain, bread, fruit, food, etc. Virgil, Aen. i, 177, 701 ; Ovid, M. iii, 
 437 ; viii, 292; xi, 112. Hence the Proverb : Sine Cere et Libera friget Venus. Ter- 
 ENTius, Eun. iv, 5, 6 ; Cicero, Nat. Dear, ii, 23, 60. 
 
 CEREREM fro frtigibus , Lib erum pra vino ; N eptunum pro tiiari ; Curiam pro 
 sendtu ; C a m p u m pro comitiis ; t ogam pro pace ; ar7na ac tela pro bello appelldre solent. 
 Cicero, de Oratore, iii, 42, 167. They are accustomed to use the word Ceres for fruits or 
 corn ; B a c c h u s , for wine ; Neptune, for the sea ; Curia, or house, for the Senate ; 
 campus (i. c the field of Mars), for the comitia or civic elections ; the gown, for peace ; 
 arms and weapons, for war. Read: Gravis est modis in ornatu orationis, etc. 
 
 Cererem te melius quam Venerem sectarier, 
 Amove haec curat, fritico curat Ceres, — Plavtvs, Rudens, i, i, 57. 
 It's better for you to be a waiter upon Ceres than upon Venus; Venus attends to 
 love, Ceres attends to wheat. 
 
 Cern6 ere, s,?;. a. To perceive, see, understand. In general: To decide, to conclude 
 upon, to resolve. 
 
 In the Jurists: (a.) To resolve to enter upon an inheritance. Varro, L. L. vii, 5, 92. 
 V. Cretio. (6.) To make known this determination. (C.) To enter upon an inheritance. 
 
 CERT A debet esse intentio et cer turn nar ratio, et certum fundmnentum, et certa res 
 quae deducitur in iudicium, et vera probatio pro petente vel quercnte. The 
 charge and declaration ought to be certain, and its foundation certain, and the 
 thing or subject-matter which is brought into court certain, and the proof for 
 the claimant or plaintiff true. Bracton, fol. 240 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 13, § i ; Co. 
 Litt. 3033^ I Best on Evid. § 252. 
 
 Oportet quod certa res , deducantur in donationem, etc. 
 
 Certa res. A certain thing ; a thing determined, certain, sure. 
 
 Certa et Utilia agendo.— L. Lat. By doing things sure and useful. 
 
 357 
 
Cer.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cer. 
 
 Certain pecuniam SUmmam. A certain sum of money, story on Prom. Notes, § 19. 
 Certain de damno vitandO. Story on Prom, Notes, § 430. 
 
 CERTASQUE fruges certasque bacas sacerdotes publice libanto : 
 HOC certis sacrificiis AC DiEBUs. Lex XJI. Tab. X, fr. — . Let the 
 priests duly render the public thank-offerings to heaven, with herbs and fruits 
 on the sacrificial days. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 8, § 19. 
 
 The next laws read : Itemque alios ad dies ubertatem lactis fetukaeque servanto. 
 Idque ne committi possit, ad eam rem ratione cursus annuos sacerdotes finiunto. 
 Quaeque quoique divo decorae grataeque sint hostiae providento. Lex XJI. Tall. 
 
 frr. . Also on the appointed holidays let them offer up the cream of milk and the 
 
 sucklings ; and lest ,the priests should commit any mistakes in these sacrifices, or the reason 
 of these sacrifices, let them carefully observe the calendar, and the revolution of the stars. 
 Let them provide the particular victims which are most appropriate and agreeable to each 
 particular deity. Cicero, id. ib. 
 
 Certatim, adv. [certatus, certo.] Emulously ; in an emulous manner; earnestly, eagerly. 
 Cicero, Lest, xxxiv, 74 ; Livy, i, 54 et at. 
 
 Certatio, Onis, /. [certo.] A contending, striving, struggling ; a combat, strife, contest. 
 
 In the language of political life: C ertatio mulctae, — a public discussion 
 concerning a punishment to be inflicted. CvxfX), de Legg. iii, 3. Certatio per vim, — 
 a debate by force. Cicero ; Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. i, i, § 2. 
 
 Cert^, adv. (a.) Affirming strongly: With certainty, certainly, undoubtedly, 
 assuredly, surely, really (freq. and class.). (6.) Af f i rmi ng with restriction; Yet 
 surely, yet indeed, yet at least, notwithstanding (very freq. and class.). 
 
 CERTE, altero huic seculo, nominatissitnus inpatriS. juris consultus, aetate provectior, etiam 
 inunere gaudens publico et praediis amplissimis , generosi titulo bene se habuit ; forte quod togatae 
 genti magis tunc conveniret civilis ilia appellatio, quam castrensis altera. Undoubtedly, in the 
 last age or generation the most celebrated juris-consult in the country, more advanced in age, 
 likewise enjoyed in a public gift [or pension], and the most ample estates, held rightly in 
 himself the title of a superior or noble man ; perchance, that this civil appellation could 
 better apply to a gownsman at that period than another pertaining to the military camp \i. e. 
 a military title]. 
 
 CERTE illud constat : si in possessione constituto aedificatore, soli do7ninis petal 
 domum suam esse, nee solvat pretium niateriae et mercedes fabrorum; posse eum 
 per exception em doli mali repelli j utique si bonae fidei possessor fuit, qui 
 aedificavit. Nam scienti, alienum solum esse, potest objici culpa, quod ae difica- 
 verit temerl in eo solo, quod intellig er et alienum esse. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, ii, I, § 30. It certainly is clear, that if the builder be in confirmed 
 possession, and the owner of the ground should claim the edifice as his own, 
 and refuses to pay the price of the materials and the wages of the workmen, he 
 may be repelled by an exception of evil intent (want of equity) ; 
 provided the builder was in possession bond fide. For if he knew that he was 
 not the owner of the soil, it might be fairly objected "that he had built 
 rashly upon that ground which he knew to be the property 
 of another." v. Ex diverse, si quis in alieno solo sua, etc. Gaius, Dig. xli, i, 
 fr. 7, § 12 ; ViNNius, Com. ad Inst, ii, i, § 30, notes 3, 4, pp. 194, 195. 
 
 This rule is quoted and commented on per Story, J., 1 Story's R. 478, 494 ; 2 Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 7ggi, note 3, § 1237 in note 4. 
 
 Read ; Qua ratione autem plantae , quae terrae coalesciint, etc. Gaius, Dig. xli, i, fr. g pr. 
 
 Certificando de reCOgnitione Stapnlae. For certifying as to a recognition of a staple. 
 
 In English Law: A writ commanding the mayor of a staple to certify to the Lord 
 Chancellor a statute-staple taken before hira where the party himself obtains it, and refuses 
 to bring in the same. A similar writ is used to certify a statute merchant, and in divers other 
 cases. Reg. Orig. 152. 
 
Cer.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cer. 
 
 Certificatio assisae novae disseisinae, — L. Lat. A cenificaiion of assise of novel 
 disseisin. Reg Orig 200 ; Terines de la Ley. 
 
 Certi5rari, pres. infin [+ certior.'] To be informed ot ; to be certified of. 
 
 In Practice: A writ directing tlie proceedings, or record of a cause either civil or 
 criminal, to be brought before a superior court. lieg. Orig. 284 ; F. N. B. 242/1 sq.; 4 Bl. 
 Com. 265,272, 320, et V. Cooley's note (2); i Tidd's Pr. 397 ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. iv, 341, 
 356, 417, 418. It lies also as an auxiliary process on appeal, writs of error, or other lawful 
 mode, to obtain a full or more complete return. 2 Tidds Pr. 1167 ; 3 Johns. R. 23 ; 2 
 Cowen's R. 38 ; 3 Dall. (Penn.) 413 ; 11 Mass. 414; 7 Cranch, 288; g Wheat. 526. v. U. S. 
 Big. It lies also (in place of a writ of error), after judgment, to review the judgments of 
 inferior tribunals, where their proceedings were out of the course of the common or statute 
 law. I Tidd's Pr. 400; 2 id. 1134. In American Practice: A ceriidrari is z. moAe 
 of appeal from judgments of courts not of record. U. S. Dig. It also comprehends the 
 determinations of special tribunals. 25 IVend. R. 167 ; 2 HilCs (N. Y.) R. 9, 14. As to a 
 bill of certiorari, cf. Story's Eq. PI. 356 ; i Madd. Ch. 249. 
 
 Certi5rari, ad informandum COnscientiam. To be certified, to inform the conscience. 
 
 Gerti5rarl ex debitO justitiae. To be informed of a debt (or what is due) on account 
 of justice. 
 
 Certidrari facias. You may cause to be certified. 4 Bl. Coin. 272, 320 , Broom ir" Had. 
 Com. iv, 356, 417. 
 
 Certiorari quare executionem non. To certify why execution (has not been issued). 
 
 Certidrari quare improvide emanavit, To be certified wherefore it improperly issued. 
 
 Certioro, Sre, avi, atum, I. v.intens. [eertior.] = Certiorem facere, — to inform, appraise, 
 show (most freq.). Used by Julian, in Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. s.%S; id ib. xix, i, fr. 1 
 fin. CertioratUS, — having been informed. Ulpianus, ib. xx, 4, /n i, § 4 ; id. ib. xliii, 
 29. A- 3. § 6- 
 
 CERTISSIMUM enim est, ex alterius contractu nemmem obligari. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 12, const. 3 fin. It is very certain, indeed, that no person is to be 
 obligated by the contract of another. Q)}i<:>\.^A\a. Story on Agency, % 261, note 
 
 I, P- 324- 
 
 Certitudo. — L. Lat. [-\- certus.^ Certainly, v. Talis certitudo, etc. 
 
 Certo, adv. Object. . Certainly, with certainty, of a truth, in fact, really, surely. 
 Subject.: Cerio scio, — I certainly know ; I know with certainty ; I am fully persuaded ; 
 beyond all doubt. 
 
 Certum, [«• certus, a, um. Pa. -\- cemo.} Certain, determined, resolved, sure, fixed. 
 Cerium est , — it is resolved, determined. Certum mihi est , — it is my decision, reso- 
 lution, will. Object-: Established, fixed, settled. Trop.: Certain, true, faithful, sure, 
 unerring, to be depended upon. Subject.: Certain, sure, true. Certum scire, — to 
 know for a certainty. Certum facere alicui, — to give certainty to one concerning any 
 thing. Transf.: With a foUg. ace. c. /»/., with a relative clause or abs. : To inform, 
 assure, apprise one of a thing. 
 
 CERTUM est, malae fidei \_mald fide\ possessores omnes fructus solere cum ipsa 
 re praestare, bonae fidei [bond fide^ vero extantes, post litis autetn contesta- 
 tionem universos. Justinian. Cod. iii, 32, const. 22. It is certain that possessors 
 in bad faith are wont to take upon themselves (answer for) all the fruits, together 
 with the property itself, while those of good faith take to themselves every thing, 
 except after the beginning of a suit. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 284 (^), 289 (1^); 
 §§ 294, 297, s. 4, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 CERTUM est quod certum reddi potest. That is certain, fixed or determined, 
 which can be made certain [or is capable of being reduced to a certainty]. 
 9 Co. 30, 47; Co. Lilt. 45b, g6a, 142a; 2 £1. Com. 143; 3 Term. i?. 463; 4 Cruise, 
 Dig. 26g. "That is sufficiently certain which can be made certain." Broom's 
 Max. 599 ; Wharton's Max. xvi ; 2 M.&^ S. ^o; 3 J^yine iV K. Ch. 353 ; 11 
 Cush. (Mass.) 380 ; 47 Barb. 287, 294 ; 49 id. 645, 649. 
 
 359 
 
Cer.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ces. 
 
 This maxim is a rule of logic as well as of law, and is peculiarly applicable in con- 
 struing a written instrument. For instance, although every estate for years must have a 
 certain beginning and a certain end, "albeit there appear no certainty of years in the lease, 
 yet, if by reference to a certainty it may be made certain, it sufficeth." Co. Litt. 45^. There- 
 fore, if a man make a lease to another for so many years as J. S. shall name, this Is a good 
 lease for years ; for although it is at present uncertain, yet when J. S. hath named the years 
 it is thus reduced to a certainty. 6 Co. 35i5y 2 Bl. Com. 142 ; Btoom if Had. Com. ii, 279. 
 V. Jnstinian. Inst, iii, 24, § i. 
 
 The same has been applied to a deed of conveyance (4 Co. Litt. da; 4 Cruise, Dig. 269); to 
 an agreement for the sale of a house (3 My. Ss' K. 353); to a will (id. 417, 425); to a contract 
 for the sale of goods (per Lord Ellenborough, C. J., i S. &" Aid. 12); to a custom ; an 
 award ; a contract for labor ; an indenture of apprenticeship, etc. v. Broom's Max. 599 sg. 
 and cases ; Story on Bailm. § 375 • 6 Ad. &= Ell. (N. S.) 152, 566 ; Broom on C. L. 16, and 
 cases. The same maxim, slightly varied, is in the following form : 
 
 CERTUM est, quod certo reddi potest. That is certain which can be reduced 
 to a certainty. 9 Co. 47; Cowper, Lord C, 3 Rep. in Ch. 142 ; Wharton's 
 Max. xvi, and cases ; Brootn's Max. 599, and cases, cf. Justinian. Inst, iii, 
 23) § I ; Justinian. Cod. iv, 38, const. 15. 
 
 Id certum est, quod certum reddi potest: sed id magis cerium est quoa de semet ipso et certum. 
 9 Co. 4a. 
 
 Certum peti flnem, — P ro v . Aim at a certain end. 
 
 Certus, a, uza. Pa. [-\-eerno.'\ Determined, resolved, certain; particularly specified. 
 
 Cervus equmn pugua melior cotnmunibus herbis 
 PeUebat, donee minor in certamine longo 
 Imploravit opes hominis frenum.que recepit ; 
 Sed postquam victo ridens discessit ab hoste, 
 Non equitetn dorso, non frenutn depulit ore. 
 Sic qui paupereitn veritus potiore metallis 
 Libertate caret, dominum vehit im,probus atque 
 Serviet aeternum, quia parvo nesciet uti. 
 
 Horace, Epist. i, 10, 34-41. 
 The stag superior in flight, drove the horse from the common pasture, till the latter, 
 worsted in the long contest, implored the aid of a man and received the bridle ; but after he 
 had parted an exulting conqueror from his enemy, he could not shake the rider from his 
 back, nor the bit from his mouth. So he who. afraid of poverty, forfeits his liberty, more 
 valuable than mines, avaricious wretch, shall carry a master, and shall eternally be a slave 
 for not knowing how to use a little. 
 
 *' A lordly stag, arm'd with superior force. 
 Drove from their common field a vanquish'd horse. 
 Who for revenge to man his strength enslaved, 
 Took up his rider, and the bit received : 
 But though he conquered in the martial strife, 
 He felt the rider's weight, and champed the bit for life. 
 So he, who poverty with horror views. 
 Nor frugal Nature's bounty knows no use ; 
 Who sells his freedom in exchange for Gold, 
 (B'reedom for mines of wealth too cheaply sold) 
 Shall make eternal servitude his fate. 
 And feel a haughty master's galling weight."— Dr. Fkancis. 
 
 Cervisia (or Cerevisia), ae, /. Beer. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiii, 6, fr. 9 ; Isidorus, Otig. 
 In old English Law; Ale. Cervisarius, — an ale brewer; an ale-house keeper. 
 Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Cervisarii. ^cerevisia.^ Among the Saxons: Tenants who were bound to supply 
 drink for their lord's table. Cowell; Domesday. 
 
 CES loix personelles affectent la personne d 'une qualitd, qui lui est inherente, et la personne est 
 telle partout. — Fr. BonLLENOls. These personal laws alTect the person of one rank or con- 
 dition to whom it is inherent, and the person is the same everywhere. Quoted in Story on 
 Conjl. of Laws, % Si. Read : Les loix pures personelles, etc. Story, ib. 
 360 
 
Ces.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ces. 
 
 Gesionario. — Sp. An assignee. White's New Recop. ■io^. 
 
 CESSA regnare, si non vis mdicare. Cease to reign, if you will not adjudicate. 
 Jlobart, 155. 
 CESS ANTE causd, cessat {cessabit) effectus. The cause ceasing, the effect also 
 ceases. Br acton, fol. 202 ; 4 C(7. 38 ; \ Co. Inst, i^b ; Co. Litt. 70; Plowd. 
 267 ; Wingate's Max. 19 ; Shep. Touch. 287 ; Bacon's Works, iv, 344 ; 1 Exch. 
 430 ; Broom's Max. 160 ; Broom dr Had. Com. ii, 149, note {x) j 3 We/ui. R. 
 503, 509 ; 2 Edivards' Ch. R. 486, 489. v. Sublatd causd tollitur effectus. 
 
 The Civilians held : Quum principalis causa non consistit, ne ea quideiii, quae sequtcntur, 
 locttm kabent. Paulus, Dig. L, iT.fr. 129, § i. v. Broom's Max. 478. 
 
 CESSANTE primitivo, cessat derivativus. The primitive ceasing, the derivative 
 ceases. Wharton's Law Lex. 
 Derivative potestas non potest esse ?iiajor primativa, — a derived power cannot be greater than 
 the primitive — that from which it is derived. Wingate's Max. 26. 
 
 CESSANTE ratione legis, cessat beneficium legis. The reason of the law ceas- 
 ing, the benefit of the law ceases. Co. Litt. -j^bj Wingate's Max. 19, § 7. 
 Et heic valet tritum illud : 
 
 CESSANTE ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex. And here that common saying 
 takes place : The reason of the law ceasing, the law itself ceases also. 4 
 Co. 38 ; 7 id. 69; Co. Litt. 10b, 122a j Wharton's Max xvii ; Branch's Max. 
 6,8. Paraphrastically: ' Reason is the soul of the law, and when the 
 reason of any particular law ceases, so does the law itself.' Broom's Max. 160. 
 V. 2 Bl. Com. 390, 391 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 587 ; 13 East, 348 \ \ B. b' Aid. 
 33; 4 Bing. N. C. 388 ; r Smith's L. C. [532] 668 ; 11 Wend. R. 442, 456 ; 28 
 Barb. 9, ir ; 7 Lansing (N. Y.), 236 ; 3 Hun (N. Y.), 323, 425 ; Best on Evid. 
 ii, §§ 486, 513. cf. PuFENDORF, de Jure, N. et G. v, c. 12, § lO. 
 
 The rule of the Common Law that the opinion of witnesses is not admissible, 
 is "based upon the presumption that the tribunal before which the evidence is given is as 
 capable of forming a judgment on the facts as the witness. When circumstances rebut this 
 presumption, the rule itself naturallj' ceases. Cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex. Hence 
 it is that on questions of science, skill, trade, or others of like kind, persons of skill or 
 experts are permitted to give their opinions." 9 N. Y. R. {5 Seld.) 371, 375. 
 
 The rule of the English Law thjit a legacy from a parent to a child is presumed 
 to be satisfied by a subsequent gift from the parent, is one which sprang from and was sus- 
 tained by the peculiar policy of the English law of real property and succession, and is 
 plainly inconsistent with the spirit of the American Law upon those subjects. "The 
 reasons of the doctrine with us have ceased to exist, and if there is any truth or obligatory 
 force in the maxim Cessante ratione, cessat ipsa lex, the doctrine has perished with them." Per 
 DuER, J., 3 Diier, 557. 
 
 In Equity : The practice of granting injunctions to stay legal proceedings was founded 
 upon the Inability of the courts of law to do full justice. 
 
 Under the New York Code of Civil Procedure: The union of law and 
 equity has removed the ground of the rule, and such injunctions are not now to be allowed. 
 5 Sandf. Sup. C. R. 612. cf. 27 Barb. 104, 148 ; 5 Duer, 183, 186 ; 3 Abb. Pr. 392, 394. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The rules in respect to restrictive interpretation are expressed : 
 (a.) When it fairly appears that the law-giver did not intend the law to extend to the case 
 in question, then restrictive interpretatioft is to be adopted. Paulus, Dig. y.,i,fr. 19; 
 MoDESTiNUS, ib. xxvii, I, fr, 13, § i; Paulus, ib. xxxvii, 14, fr. 6, S 2. (6.) If, in course 
 of time, the reason of a law ceases to exist, nevertheless the law itself continues in force 
 (Thibaut, Theorie, § 22 ; VoN Vangerow, Leitfaden, § 25), and it is not to receive a restrictive 
 interpretation merely because some particular case may not come within its reason. Ex his, 
 quae forte una aliquo casa accidere possunt, jura non constituitur. Celsus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 4. 
 Nam ad ea potiits debet aptari jus, quae et frequenter et facile, quam quae perraro eveniunt. 
 Id. ib.fr. 5. Quod enimsemel.aut bis existit, praetereunt legislatores. Paulus, ib.fr.t. fura 
 non in singulas personas, sed generaliter constituuntur. Ulpian. ib. fr. 8. Hence the maxim 
 Cessante ratione legis, cessat lex ipsa is unsound, fallacious when applied to restrictive inter- 
 pretation. 
 
 [46] 361 
 
Ces.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ces. 
 
 CESSANTE statu primitivo, cessat derivativus. When the primitive or original 
 estate determines, the derivative estate determines also. 8 Co. 34, Pain's 
 case; id. 67; Shep. Touch. 155; Wingate's Max. 26, § 15. "The derived 
 estate ceases on the determination of the original estate." Broom's Max. 478.; 4 
 Kent's Com. 32. 
 
 The exceptions to this rule have been said to create some of the diiGculties which present 
 themselves in the investigation of titles. 1 Prest. Abstr. Tit. 245 ; Shep. Touch. 286 ; t C. B. 
 JV. S. 798, 810; Broom's Max. 478, and cases there cited. 
 
 CESSAT quidem condictio, quum turpitur datur. Pothier, Pand. xii, 5, 8. • A 
 condiction sometimes ceases [is void] when it is given basely, dishonestly, 
 corruptly, i Story s Eq. Jur. § 299, note 2. v. C ondi ctio . 
 
 Cessatio, Snis, /. [«j-io.] A tarrying, delaying. Plautus, Poen. iv, 2, 103. Hence, 
 An omitting; an idling; cessation, omission, idleness. Cicero, Lig. i, 3, 10 ; id. N. D. i, 
 36 y?K. and 37 z»^. Of ground: A laying fallow. CoL.ii, 1,3. 
 
 Cessator, oris, ?«. [«W.] A loiterer, an idler, a dilatory person. Cicero, Fam. ix, ^1 fin. 
 
 Cessatrix, icis,/. A female loiterer, idler. 
 
 Cessavit. He has ceased. 
 
 In old English Law: A ^. A for a writ to recover lands when the tenant has ceased 
 for two years to perform the service which constituted the condition of the tenure, and no 
 sufficient distress may be found. The writ of cessavit lieth in divers ways. As to these cf. 
 Fitz. N. B. 283, 478-484 ; 3 Bl. Com. 232 ; Reg. OHg. 237 ; Tei-mes de la Ley. 
 
 CeSBavit per bienniuni. He has ceased through two years. Fitz. N. B. 20?>Il; Reg. 
 Orig. zyjb; 3 Bl. Com. 232. An obsolete writ. 
 
 Cesser, CeSSUre. Neglect ; a ceasing from or omission to do a thing. 3 Bl. Com. 232. 
 The determination of an estate, t Co. 84 ; 4 Kent's Com. 83, 90, 105, 295. "A substantial 
 dismission and cesser." 6 Mod. 232. 
 
 Cesset executio. — L. Lat. The execution ceases; let execution stay. 
 
 In Practice: A stay of execution or an order for such stay ; the entry of such stay on 
 the record. 2 Tidd's Pr. 1104; 3 Wooddes. Led. 8. 
 
 Where the defendants plead severally, if they be found guilty of the same act of trespass, 
 the jury cannot sever the damages ; but the jury who try the first issue shall assess damages 
 against all ; and there shall be a cesset executio until the other issues are tried, when the other 
 defendants, if found guilty, shall be contributory to those damages. 11 Co. 6a, ya; 2 Tidd's 
 Pr. 1 104. 
 
 Cesset processus. t- L. Lat. The process stays ; let the process stay. 
 
 In Practice: A stay of proceedings entered on the record on an issue ; the entry on 
 record of a stay of the proceedings. 11 Mod. 231-234. v. 2 Dougl. 627. 
 
 CeSSit processus, — L- Lat. The process or proceeding has ceased. 
 
 Cessicius or tius, a, um, a(^'. \cessus, cedo.'\ In the Civil Law: Of or pertaining 
 to giving up, ceding. Gaius, Inst, i, § 169 ; Ulpian. Reg. ti'. iv. 
 
 CeSSiO, onis, y". \cedo.\ InJurid.Lang.: A giving up, assigning, surrendering. 
 Cessio diei, — the assigning of a day, the approach of a term. Dig. xxxvi, 1, fr. 7. 
 
 C e ssio es proprife rei concessiu, sicut est illud : Cedojurepropinquitatis. Ce der e enim dici- 
 mus-quasi concedere, id est, quae propria sunt, nam aliena restituimus, non cedimus. Nam cedere proprife 
 dicitur [dicimus] qui contra veritatem alter! consentit, ut Cicero ; Cessit aTnplissimi viriauctori- 
 iaii , vel potius paruit (Cicero, pro Ligar, c. vii, § 22). IsiDORUS, Origines. v, 25, g 32. 
 
 A cession ijr giving up is, strictly speaking, a conqession or granting of a thing, just as it is said that : 
 I grant or cede by right of propinquity. For to grant or cede we say the same as to con- 
 sign something over to, that is, those things which are properly one's own, for we restore, not grant or cede, 
 what belongs to another. For to grant or cede is strictly called (or we say) one who, against truth, 
 consents to or submits to another, just as Cicero expresses : "He submitted to the authority of a 
 most distinguished man, or, I should rather say, he obeyed him." 
 
 Abalienalio est ejus rei, quae mancipi est, aut traditio alteri nexu aut in jure cessio , inter 
 quos ea jure civili fieri possunt, CiCERO, Topica, v. 
 
 Alienation is the surrender of any thing which is a man's private properly, or a legal 
 cession of it to men who are able by the Civil Law to avail themselves of such cession, 
 cf. Dig. xlii, tit. 3, ' de Cessione Bonorum.' 
 362 
 
Ces.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ces. 
 
 Gessio actionum cedendarum. An assignment of actions to be granted. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A surety might, before paying his liability as surety, require the 
 creditor to assign to him his actions, either for the purpose of compelling his co-sureties to 
 refund (o him the shares respectively due by them, or to enforce the payment from the prin- 
 cipal debtor, v. Cumin, Civil Law, iii, tit. 2, § 4, p. 24S. 
 
 Cessio bonorum. A giving up, assigning or cession of goods or property. 
 
 In Roman Law: The surrender of all a debtor's property to and for the benefit of his 
 creditors, by which, under the law ' de Cessio Bonorum,' he obtains an exemption of his per- 
 son from imprisonment and also from all remote corporal punishment {omne quoque corporali 
 cruciatu semoto). Justinian. Cod. vii, 71, const. 8; Dig. xlii, tit. 3, ' de Cessione Bonorum;' 
 Nov. iv, c. 3; Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 523-525, ed. 1883; 2 Bl. Com. 473 ; Broom &° Had. 
 Com. ii, 623 ; 3 Parsons on Contr. 429 (K); Story on Confi. of Laws, §§ 339, 492. 
 
 In case of a bonorum cessio the universitas of the defendant (except his rights of status) is 
 ceded voluntarily to his creditors, who sell the same and apply the proceeds for their use ; 
 the defendant suflfers no capitis diminutio, still he remains answerable for all unsatisfied 
 debts. V. id. ib. 
 
 In Modern Jurisprudence: The surrender of an insolvent's estate and effects to 
 his creditors for their benefit. I Kent's Com. 422, 427; 2 id. 396, note. v. ■^ Parsons on 
 Cont. 429 ; Story on Confl. of Laws, 492 ; Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 3, § 26. 
 
 Cessio in jure. A cession in or according to law ; a legal cession or giving up. Cicero, 
 Top. v. A cession in court. Gaius, Inst, ii, g§ 24, 96. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 281, 322, 
 323, ed. 1883. 
 
 Cessio injure quoque communis alienatio est et mancipi rerumet nee viancipi. Quae fit per 
 ires personas, injure cedentis, vindicantis, eddicentis. Ulpian. Reg. xix, § 9. 
 
 Cession in court is a mode of transfer common to both classes of things, either man- 
 cipable or not mancipable. It is transacted by three parties, the cessor in court, the claim- 
 ant, and the adjudicant. v. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 24; Sandars' Justinian, p. 157, 193. 
 
 Cessio aominis. An assigning, transferring of a debt, claim, demand, bond or note. 
 
 Cessd, Sre, I, V. intens. n. and a. Lit., To stand back very much. Hence, To be 
 remiss in any thing, delay, loiter ; or in general, to cease from, stop, or give over ; e. g., 
 V. Cessante causa, cessat effectus. Cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex. (6.) To come to an 
 end ; to determine, as an estate ; e. g., v. Cessante statu primitivo, cessat derivaiivus. 
 
 In Judicial Language, t. t.: (a.) Of persons: Not to appear before a tri- 
 bunal ; to make default. Suet. Claud. 15. e.g. Cessare absentibus, — to make default bj* 
 absence or absenting, v. Callistratus, Dig. xlix, 14, fr. 2, § 4; Ulpian. ib. xlvii, 10, fr. 
 17, § 20. (6,) Of things (a process or verdict): To be invalid, null, void; e. g., 
 Cessat injuriarum actio, — the action of wrongs, torts, ceases, is null. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 
 10, fr. 17, § I. Cessat edictum, — the ordinance or edict is void. Id. ib. xxx, i.,fr. i. Ces- 
 satrevocatio, — the revocation is invalid. Id. ib. xlii, 8,/?-. 10, § I. Cessure senatus consultum. 
 Paulus, Dig. xiv, 6, fr. 12 et saep. 
 
 C'EST 'a propremcnt pdrler, Vendroit, oli Von aplac^le centre de ses affaires. — Fr. (Domicile) 
 is, properly speaking, the point or place where one has the center of his affairs or business. 
 Encycl. Mod. art. ' Domicil.' Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 43. 
 
 C'est i saver. — L. Fr. Itisto-wit; it is to be known ; that is to saj'. C est ascavoir 
 is another form of the same phrase. 
 
 Vest la prosperite qui donue le amis, inais c'est Vadvcrsife qui les 
 Spreuve, — Fr. Pro v. It is prosperity that gives us friends, but it is adversity that tries 
 them. 
 
 The Romans expressed it : Ainlcos res ophnae pariunt, adversae probant. PuBLlus Syrus. 
 Amicus certus in re incertd cernitur. Ennius ap CiCERO, de Amicitia, xvil, 64. 
 
 C'EST le crime qui fait la honte, et iion pas Uchafaud. — Fr. It is the 
 crime which causes the shame, and not the scaffold. Corneille. 
 
 C'EST le lieu, oil un persbnne a etabli la siige principal de sa demeure et de ses affaires. — Fr. 
 (Domicile) is the place where a person has established the principal seat of his residence and 
 of his affairs or business. Pothin: Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 43. 
 
 CEST ma facon de parler. — 'Pi. It is my fashion of speaking. It is the manner 
 in which I choose to express myself. 
 
 363 
 
Ces.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cet. 
 
 C 'EST un beau spectacle que celui dcs Joix f^odalesj un chine antique s'/lkvej il faut percet 
 la terre four les racines trouver. — L. Fr. That is a beautiful spectacle which the feudal laws 
 present; like an ancient oak it elevates itself; you should pierce ar penetrate the ground 
 for the discovery of the roots. Quoted in 3 Kent's Com. 514, n. {c). 
 
 C'est un autre chose, — Fr. That is quite a different thing. The facts completely differ 
 from the statement. 
 
 C'EST un esfece de jeu, qui exige beaucoup de prudence de la part de ceux qui s''y addonent. 
 11 faut faire I'annalyse des hazards^ ei possider la science du calcul des probabilities j pr^voir les 
 ecueils de la mer^ et seu de la viarivaise foij ne pas perdre de vue le cas isolites et extraordinaires; 
 combiner le tout, le comparer avec le taux des primes des juger quel sera le resultat de I' ensemble. — 
 Fr. This is a species of game which requires much prudence on the part of those who engage 
 therein ; persons must examine with scrutiny all its hazards, and possess the science of cal- 
 culating probabilities ; they must previously know the effects of sea storms ; nor are they 
 to lose sight of isolated or rare occurrences; those must be well combined and compared 
 together ; nor let the result of the whole be considered despicable or unworthy of notice. 
 
 Cestui, Cestuy. — L. Fr. He. Cestuy a V use de que , — he for the use of whom. 
 Cestuy h que use, — he for whose use. Dyer, ^ib; Termes de la Ley. Cestuy qui 
 use , — he to whose use; he who has the use or benefit. 
 
 In the Common Law: These terms are applied to one who has the equitable 
 title and has the right to take the profits of an estate of which another has the legal title 
 and possession together with the duty of defending the same and to direct the making estates 
 thereof. 2 Bl. Com. 330 ; Tudor' s Lead. Cas. 252 ; 2 Washburn's Heal Prop. As a t. /..they 
 express the substantial and beneficial owner, as distinguished from the feofee to uses. v. 
 Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses; id. L. Tr. 303 ; 2 Bl. Com. 328, 333 ; 4 Kent's Com. 289, 2g6 ; i 
 Steph. Com. 332 ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 525. v. Ille cujus usui. 
 
 Cestuis C[Ue trustent. — L- Fr. They in trust for whom. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1233a. 
 
 Cestuy k CLUe vie, also Cestuy que vie. — L. Fr. He for whose life. He whose life is 
 the measure of the duration of an estate. 
 
 Cestuy a que vie is he for whose life another holds an estate ; and Cestuy a que use is he 
 who is a feoffee for tbfe life of another. Termes de la Ley. If A. grant or devise lands to B. 
 during the life of C, here C. is termed the cestuy que vie, and B. tenant pur autre vie. 2 Bl. 
 Com. z.'Z'ii, 258 sq.; I Steph. Com. 242 ; Broom's Max. 504 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 238, 269. 
 cf. I Washburn's Real Prop. 88; 2 id. gg. 
 
 Cestuy que trust. — L- Fr. He in trust for whom, or for whose benefit another is 
 enfeoffed or seized of lands or tenements, or is possessed of personal property. 
 
 He who is the real and beneficial owner, and equitably entitled to take the rents and profits 
 of lands or personal property which are held in trust for him, as distinguished from the trus- 
 tee. 4 Kent's Com. 301-305 ; Story's Eq. Jur. § 321 {v. note i) ; 2 Washburn' s Real Prop. 163. 
 V. Haeres fidei commissarius. He may properly be called the equitable owner. I Spence, Eq. 
 Jur. 497 ; I Edw. Ch. R. 223 ; 2 Pick. (Mass.) 29. He may defend his title in the name of 
 his trustee, i Cruise, Dig. tit. 12, c. 4, § 4. He may transfer his equitable interest, subject 
 to the provisions of the instrument creating the trust, i Spence, Eq. Jur. 507 ; 2 Washburn's 
 Real Prop. 195. If he occupies the estate, he, having no legal title to the estate, is merely 
 a tenant at will of the trustee. 2 Ves. Sen. Ch. 472 ; 16 C. B. 652 ; i Washburn on Real 
 Prop. 88. And he may be removed from the possession in an action of ejectment by his own 
 trustee. Hill, Trust. 274 ; 2 Pick. (Mass.) 508 ; 3 Dev, (N. C.) 425. 
 
 In the French Law: A. cestuy que trust is caWei Jidei-commissaire. = Lat. Fidei- 
 commis sarius ; Anglicfe, Fidei-commissary or fide-commissary. 
 
 CESTUY que doit enheriter al pere, doit enheriter al fitz. — L. Fr. He who 
 would have been heir to the father shall be heir to the son. Yearh. M. 12 
 Edw. IV. 14 [12] ; 2 Bl. Com. 223, 239, 250; Broom's Max. 498. 
 
 Qui doit inheriter al pere , doit inheriter al Jitz, 2 Bl. Com. supra. 
 
 CESTUY que voit prendes advantage de un condition doit estre party ou privy al 
 ceo. — Fr. He who will take advantage of a condition ought to be party or 
 privy to it. Litt. § 34 ; Doctor and Student, cap. 20, 24 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Cetera, adv. As for the rest, otherwise. CeterO, adv. — for the rest in other respects ; 
 otherwise. Ceterum, adv. — that which relates to the other, the rest. For the rest, in other 
 
 364 
 
Get.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Get. 
 
 respects, otherwise. In a new thought: Besides, for the rest. Often to be read 
 But yet, still, notwithstanding; on the other hand ; contrary-wise. 
 
 Ceterus, a, um, adj [ce-£'r£po;.] The other, that which exists besides, can be added to 
 what is already named of a like kind with it. Inplur., the rest, the others. 
 
 CETERORUM et relinquorum appellatione etiam onines continentur, ut 
 Marcellus dixit circa eum, cut optio servi legata est, ceteri Sempronio j nam 
 tentat, si non optet, omnes ad Sempronium pertinere. Ulpianus, Dig. L, \i>,fr. 
 1 60. Under the term others and the rest all are included, as Marcellus 
 said of him to whom the freedom of a slave was given as a legacy of the other 
 to Sempronius ; for he tries even if he does not wish, that all belong to Sempro- 
 nius. 
 
 Potest relinquorum appellaiio et universes significare. Marcelujs, Dig. ib. fr. 95. 
 
 CETERORUM sciendum est aedilitio edicto prohiberi nos canem verrem, aprum, 
 ursum, leonem ibi habere qua vulgo iter fit ; et si adversus ea factum erit, et 
 nocitum libera homini esse dicetur, quod bomtm et aequum judici videtur, tanti domi- 
 nus condemnatur ; ceterarum, rerum, quanti damnum datum sit dupli. Praeter has 
 autetn aedilitias actiones, et de pauperie locum habebit ; nunquam enim actiones, 
 praesertim poenales, de eadem re concurrentes alia aliam consumit. Justinian. 
 Inst, iv, 10, § I. It is to be observed, among other things, that the edict of the 
 aedile prohibits any man to keep a dog, a boar-pig, a wild sow, a bear or a lion, 
 where there is a public road ; and if this prohibition is disobeyed, and any free- 
 man receives hurt, the master of the beast may be condemned at the discretion 
 of the judge ; and in case of damage to any thing else, the condemnation must 
 be in double the amount of damages done. Besides the Aedilitian actions, the 
 action de pauperie may also be brought against the same person ; for when 
 concurrent actions, especially penal actions, may each be brought on account of 
 the same thing, the employment of one does not prevent the employment of 
 another. 
 
 V. Deinde aiunt Aediles : Ne quis CANEM, verrem, vel minorem APRUM, luprum, ursum, 
 PANTHERAM, LEONEM, et generaliter: ALIUDVE, QUOD NOCERET, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xxi, I, 
 frr. 40, 41, 42. 
 
 Read: Feram bestiam in ea parte , qua populi iter est, colligari praetor prohibet, etc. Paulus, 
 Sent. Recept. i, 15, § 4. 
 
 CETERUM, si qui operd mediastini fungitur, non continetur ; utputa, atriarii ei 
 focarii, et his similes. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 9,/r. i, § ^ fin. On the other 
 hand, if one performs the duties of an employ^ he is not included ; such as 
 porters, cooks, and similar to these. Quoted in Story on Bailm. § 468a. 
 
 Itis the latter part of I 5. Read the whole section : Caupones , autem, et stabularios 
 aeque eos accipiemus, etc. Ulpian. supra. 
 
 CETTE importante prhomption (autorit^ de la chose jugde) se rattachant au fond 
 du droit, autant qu'a la preuve, les rigles sur I'effet des jugements, c'est a dire 
 sur les personnes et sur les objets auxquels elle s applique, reposent sur les memes 
 bases que les rigles sur Feffet des conventions. On I'a souvent dit avec raison 
 judiciis contrahimus. Bonnier, Traits des Preuves, § 680. This 
 important presumption (the authority over the thing adjudicated) incidental to 
 the basis of right as far as it proves the rules on the effect of the judgment, that 
 is to say, on the person and on the objects to which they apply, rests on the 
 same basis as the rules on the effects of the agreements. It is often said with 
 reason, we draw to the court of justice. Quoted in ^«/ tf« -fi'wV. ii, 
 § 594, note 4. ^^^ 
 
Cet.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cha. 
 
 CETTE inter dictio de commerce avec les ennemies comprehend aussi de plain droite, 
 le defense d'assurer les effets, qui leur apartiennent, qu'ils soient charges sur 
 leur propres vaisseaux, ou sur des navires amis, allies, au neutres, etc. This inter- 
 diction of commerce with the enemy comprehends also, in full right (by plain 
 law), the prohibition to insure the effects which belong to them, whether loaded 
 in their own vessels or those of their friends, allies or neutrals. 
 
 CETTE question ne me semble pas susceptible d'une grande difficult^; parceque la 
 puissance paiernelle est un droit personnelle, et par consequent il ne peut itre 
 borne par aucun territoire; car c'est une maxime certaine meme dans les pays de cou- 
 tume, que les statuts personnelles sont universels, et produisent leur effet partout. 
 D'ailleurs, les fruits sont de choses mobiliares. Or, constat inter omnes, 
 que les meubles suivent les personnes, et se riglent suivant la coutume du domicile. 
 Bretonnier. This question does not seem to me susceptible of any great diffi- 
 culty ; because paternal power is a personal right, and consequently it cannot 
 be limited by any jurisdiction ; for it is' a sure maxim in all civilized countries 
 that personal statutes are also universal and have their effect everywhere. Else- 
 where the effects or results are from the movable chattels. Now, it is clear to 
 all that the movables follow the person of the owner, and are regulated by the 
 custom of the domicile. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 457. 
 
 Cettenx que trust. — L. Fr. Those in trust for whom ; those for whose benefit. 2 
 Smithes L, C, 625. v, Cestuy que trust. 
 
 * * * * Ceu nubihus arcus 
 
 Mille jacet varios adverso sole colores. — Virgil, Aen. v, 88. 
 
 As the bow in the clouds draws a thousand various colors from the opposite sun. 
 
 Quoted in I Story's Eq. fur. § 439. 
 
 Ceu.^ L. Fr. This, that. (It is a corruption of Ceo.) Ceuls. — L. Fr. Those, v. Ceux. 
 
 CeUX. — L. Fr. These, those. Ceux parolx. — L. Fr. These words. Litt.%1. 
 
 Ceux que endorment la gent. — L. Fr. Those who charm the people. Britt. c. 15. 
 
 CHACEA est ad communem legem. A chase is by common law. Heg. Brev. 
 86. V. Chasea. 
 Chaceare ad leporeS vel VUlpeS. To hunt hares or foxes. Cart. Abb. Glost. MS. 87. 
 Chacon a son goiit. — Fr. Ever}' one to his taste. 
 
 Challenge, f-|- L. Fr. ckalenge, -\- chalenger, to object, to claim. Lat. calumnia, false accu- 
 sation.] An accusation or an exception taken either against things or persons. 0. N. B. 
 fol. 76 ; Cowell; Termes de la Ley. In general: An invitation to a contest of any kind ; 
 especially, an invitation or summons to engage in single combat. 
 
 In Military Language; Act of a sentry in demanding the countersign from those 
 who appear at his post. 
 
 In Juridical Language: An accusation against, or an exception to, a juror or 
 voter. An exception or objection to a jury. 
 
 In Civil Actionst Either party may accuse, object, challenge, a full jury for cause, 
 as well the talesmen as the jurors originally returned. Challenges are of two kinds : i. To 
 the array. 2. To the polls. And each of these is again subdivided into principal challenges 
 and challenges to the favor, i. A challenge to the array is at once an objection or 
 exception to the panel, i. e. all the jurors returned by the sheriff collectively; and this may 
 be made upon account of partiality or some default or irregularity in the sheriff or his under 
 officer who arrayed the panel, cf. 3 Bl. Com. 359; Co. Lift. 155^, i^ta; Wingate's Max. 78, 
 5,4; Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 599. 2. Challenges to the polls, in capitie,i. e. 
 exceptions to particular individuals in the panel, are similar to the recusatio judicis in the 
 Civil and Canon Laws. v. ■} Bl. Com. 361. Challenge to or by the poll, is 
 where exception is taken to any one or more as not indifferent. Termes de la Ley. Chal- 
 lenge to the jurors is also divided into challenge principal or peremptory, which the 
 
 366 
 
Cha.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cha. 
 
 law allows without cause alleged, and challenge for cause, i. e. upon cause or reason, cf. 
 Co. Litt. isbi; 4 Bl. Com. 353; 3 ib. 363. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke has reduced challenges to the polls of the jury (who are judges of fact) to four heads : 
 i>roj>ter honoris res^ecium; propter defectum: pro:pter affectum: &nA fro^ter 
 deliciuvi, cf. i Co. Inst. 156, 157; 3 Bl. Com. 361-364. 
 
 Mr. WiNGATE has summarized Challenge to the polles; "If a luror be of blood or kindred to 
 either party (consanguineous, which is compounded of .tok and sanguine, quasi eodem sanguine natus) this is 
 a principal challenge to the polles, because the law presumeth that one Itinsman doeth favor another before a 
 stranger; and how remote so ever he is of kindred, yet the challenge is good. And if the plaintiff challenge 
 a juror for kindred to the defendant, it is no counter plea to say that he is of kindred also to the plaintiff, though 
 he be so in a nearer degree ; for the words of the venire facias forbiddeth the juror to be of kindred to either 
 party." Wingate's Max, 78, § 5, citing i Co, Inst. 157, a 3. 
 
 Chambium, — L. Lat. Change or exchange. .5rar/0K, fols. 117, 118. = Cambium. 
 
 Champ de Mai.— Fr. = Campus Mali. The assembly of May. 
 
 Champ de Mars. — Fr. = Campus MartU. The field of Mars. 
 
 Champart. — Fr. In French Law- A share or division of the profits of land; apart 
 of the crop annually due to the landlord by bargain or custom. 4 Bl. Com. 135 ; Broom &• 
 Had. Com. iv, 150. 
 
 Champert. — L. Fr. [L. Lat. campers, q. v.] A share or division of land ; champerty. 
 ^ L. Lat. Champertia or Campi pariitio. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The maintenance of any man in his suit upon condition to have 
 part of (^partiva) the thing in dispute, when it is recovered, or pro parte rei quae est in placito 
 habenda, — for a part of the thing which is to be had in the pleadings or judicial proceedings, 
 whether it be land {campus), or any thing out of the land, goods, debt or any other thing 
 which is the subjective cause of the plea or suit. Stat. Westm. I. c. 25 ; Reg. Orig, 183 ; F. 
 N.B.\Ti\ Q. Co. Inst, 20% ; Co. Litt. ■^diib. It is an unlawful agreement with a party, cawz/aw 
 partive, — to divide land — or other matter sued for, or some profit growing out of it, between 
 them, if they prevail at law; whereupon the champertor is to carry on the partj''s suit at his 
 own expense. 4 Bl. Com, 135 ; Hawk. P, C. b. I, c. 84 ; 7 Bing, 369 ; Broom &= Had. Com, 
 iv, 150, Wait's n. (661;; Shaw, C. J., i Pick. R. 416; g Mete. (Mass.) 489; <i Johns. Ch. 44 ; 
 2 Parsons on Conl. 765, 766, and cases ; St. Eq. § 297 ; 2 Story on Contr. § 713. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A gift or bribe taken by any great manor judge for delay of just 
 actions, or furthering of wrongous actions, whether it be lands or things moveable. Stat. 2 
 Rob. Br. c. dominus Rex. 22, cited by Skene. 
 
 In the United States: As to the law in New York: 2 R. S. [691] §§ 5-7 ; 5 
 Johns. Ch. 44; 21 Wend..R. 98; 2 Denio's R, 607; 14' N. Y. R. 289; 2 Kent's Com. 44S, 
 449, notes. In Vermont: 28 Verm. R. 490, 496. In Michigan: 20 How. R. 467. 
 And generally, v. U. S. Dig. 'Champerty.' 
 
 Champertor, Champartor. [L. Lat. cambi-particeps.'\ One who is guilty of the offense 
 of champerty. A purchaser or promoter of other persons' suits. 4 Bl, Com, 135 ; Broom <5r= 
 Had. Com. iv, 150. 
 
 By the statute De conspiratoribus (of conspirators), 33 Edw. III. champertors are defined to 
 be " those who move, or cause to be moved, pleas and suits, either by their own procurement 
 or by that of others, and sue them at their own costs, ad campi partem, vel pro parte lucri 
 habend, — to have [for having] part of the land [in dispute] or for part of the gains." v, 2 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 243, and Fleta, lib. ii, c. 36, § 4. 
 
 Champs Elys6es, — Fr. Elysian Fields. Des Champs £,lysde. 
 
 Chance-medley. [+ Fr. chance, accident, and meler, to mingle.] A casual meeting or 
 affray. Some choose to write it chatid-medley, q. v. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The accidental killing a man in self-defense upon a sudden 
 encounter. Stat. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 5 ; 3 Co. Inst. 55, 57 ; Post, 275, 276 ; 4 Bl. Com. 184. 
 Manslaughter on a sudden quarrel. 4 Steph, Com, 103, note (<). 
 
 Chancellary, Chancellarie.— L. Fr. Chancery, i Rep. in Ch. Append. 
 
 Chancellor. L. Lat. =L. Fr. Chancellier, Chancellour. The presiding judge in the 
 
 Court of Chancery. 
 
 In England: The Lord High Chancellor is the highest judicial ofBcer of the realm, 
 and in point of precedency ranks above every temporal lord. 3 Bl. Com, 46 sq,; 3 Steph, 
 Com. 407 : Broom <&= Had. Com, iii, 28 sq. He is also keeper of the great seal, a privy coun- 
 sellor, and prolocutor of the House of Lords. 3 Bl. Com, 47. v, Cancellarius and Curiae 
 cancellariae. 
 
 Chars6 d' Affaires. — Fr. A person in charge of the affairs of an embassy. 
 
 The title of an inferior diplomatic representative, or minister of the fourth grade. Wheaton's 
 Elem. Intern. Law, 277; l Kent's Com. 39, note {e) ; 4 Dall, Penn. R, 321. 
 
 367 
 
Cha.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cha. 
 
 Charta, ae, /. =Gt. 6 xd.pT^V''- A leaf of the Egyptian papyrus; paper; any material 
 to write upon. Pliny, xiii, ii sq.y LucR. vi, 112 ; Cicero, Att. v, ^Jin. 
 
 The ancients made it of various things, as leaves, baric of trees, etc., and the Egyptians of the flag of the 
 river Nile, which was called papyrus^ hence the word paper. Chart a Pergamena, i. e. apud Pergamum 
 invenia (Pliny, Epist. xiii, 12) signifies the parchment or vellum which they wrote upon, and which was 
 sometimes indifferently called charta or membrana. Comp. Horace, Sat, i, 10, 4, and Sat. ii, 3, 2. 
 Jam liber ^ et bicolor posit is ntetnbrana capillis^ 
 Inque manus chart ae ^ nodosagjie venit arundo. — Persius, Sat. iii, lo. 
 
 Now his book, and the two-colored parchment cleared of the hair, and paper, and the knotty reed is 
 taken in hand, 
 
 M e t o n . , (a.) The papyrus plant itself. Pliny, xiii, 11, 21. (6.) That which is written 
 upon paper; a writing, letter, poem, etc. LucR. iii, 10; id. iv, 971 ; Cicero, Coel. xvi, 70. 
 T r a n s f . , A thin leaf, plate, lamina, tablet, v. Passow under ;[ci:'pr;;S, no. c. Hence. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Paper ; the material on which books, instruments, etc., were writ- 
 ten. Ulpian. Dig. xxxii, fr. 52 ; Justinian. Nov. xliv, c. 2. Distinguished from papyrus. 
 Ulpian. Dig. xxxii, ft. 52, § 6. Charta pura, — blank paper. Id. xxxii, fr. 52, § 4. What 
 passed by a bequest of chartae and chartae purae, v. id. xxxii, fr. 52, §§ 4, 6 ; id. fr. 76. 
 M e t o n . , An instrument or writing instructing the tabettiones (notaries) in the preparations 
 of their instruments, v. Justinian. Nov. xliv, c. 2. 
 
 Charta, Carta. — L. Lat. [L. Fr. chartre, charts; Span, carta.l A charter or deed. 
 
 In English Law: Scriptum obsignatum, quo praediorum cessiones, contractus, conven- 
 tiones et hujusmodi ratae fiunt, — a writing under seal, by which conveyances of lands, con- 
 tracts, covenants and the like were evidenced or ratified. Bracton, fols. 33^38 ; id. fol. 40. 
 
 This /. /. was derived from the material (charta^ upon which it was written. 2 Bl. Com. 
 2g5 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 477. e. g. Charta de confirmatione, — a charter of confirmation. 
 Bracton,io\. 33^. Charta de feoff amento, — a charter of feoffment. Id. fol. 33i5. Charta de 
 quieth clamantid, — a charter of quit-claim. Id. ib. 
 
 (6.) Any signal or token by which an estate was held ; as a horn, etc. Kennett 's Par. Ant. 
 73. (c.) A royal grant of privileges or liberties {charta regia) either to an individual, as 
 carta perdonationes, — a charter of pardon — to a public or private corporation (charter"), or to 
 a nation, as Magna Charta, — the Great Charter. Charta de Foresta, — the Charter of the 
 Forest, v. Co. litt. qb, 368a/ Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 88. 
 
 Charta chirographata (or cyrographata). A chyrographed or cyrographed charter. 
 
 A deed executed in two parts with the word chirographum. or chirographum written between 
 them in large letters. Talis scriptura dicitur carta cyrograp hata , quae scinditur per 
 medium, et una pars remanet parti uni, et altera alteri, i. e. such a writing is called a chirograph 
 charter, which is cut through the middle and one part remains with one party and the other 
 part with the other party. Bracton, fol. 34, v. Chirograph; Chirographum ; Scriptum chiro- 
 graphatum. 
 
 Charta COmiUllIlis. — L. Lat. A common or mutual charter or deed. 
 
 In English Law: A deed or charter containing mutual obligations, and to which 
 both parties might refer to establish their respective rights. Bracton, fols. 331^, 34. Hence 
 they were, in general, executed in two parts, each party holding one. Otherwise termed 
 chartae cyrograp hatae, — chirographed charters. Id. ib.; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 14, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Charta de confirmatione, — L. Lat. A charter of confirmation. Bracton, fol. 33.5. 
 Charta de feoffamento, — L. Lat. A charter or deed of feoffment. Bracton, fol. 33^. 
 Charta de Foresta. — L. Lat. The charter (laws) of the forest. 
 
 V. the history of it in i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 254 et seq.; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 136, 
 c. II ; Hale's Hist. Com. Law, ch. i ; Co. Litt. 6 ; Broom (5r= Had. Com. ii, 103. 
 
 CHARTA [carta] de non ente non valet. A deed of a thing not in existence 
 avails not [is void] . Co. Litt. ^6aj Broom's Max. 
 
 Charta de una parta ; factum simplex.— L. Lat. A charter or deed of one party or 
 executed by one party only; a simple deed. Otherwise called a deed pole, by which 
 only one of the parties does any act which is binding upon him. Co. Litt. 229. 
 
 In Conveyancing: A simple deed (factum simplex) is distinguished from an indent- 
 ure (indenturd) by having the edge of the parchment or paper cu t even, — anciently termed 
 polled, i. e. in a straight line or plain, without being indented. Litt. § 370 ; Co. Litt. 2290; 
 Shep. Touch. 50; 2 Bl. Com. 296; Broom b^ Had. Com. ii, 478, 479. In modern times 
 this is of comparative insignificance because of the disuse of the formality of indenting 
 the other description of deeds (indentura). v. 1 Spence's Chancery, 160. 
 
 368 
 
Cha.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cha, 
 
 A deed poll {factum simplex, or L. Fr. fait folle) is held to be the deed of the party 
 making it, and concludes him only; but an indenture is the deed of both parties and con- 
 cludes both. Finch's Law, b. ii, c. 2, p. log j 2 Hill's (S. C.) R. 439. cf. 2 Hilliard's Real 
 Prop. 265 sq. 
 
 Charta de quietfe clamantia.— L. Lat. A charter or deed of quit-claim. Bract, fol. 33^. 
 
 CHART A est legatus mentis. A charter or deed is the representative of the, 
 mind. Co. Lift. 36. 
 Gliarta indentata. — L- Lat. A charter or deed indented. 
 
 CHARTA non est nisi vestimentum donationis. A charter is nothing else than 
 the vestment of a gift. Bracton; Co. Litt. 36. 
 
 Charta (or carta) pardonationis,— L. Lat. A charter or deed of pardon. 
 
 In English Criminal Law: A charter under the great seal by which a man is for- 
 given a felony or other offense committed against the king's crown and dignity. Dyer, 34 ; 
 Reg. Orig. 288, 308 ; 4 Bl. Com. 400, 402 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 437. 
 
 Charta pardonationis se defendendo. A charter of pardon for defending one's self. 
 In old English Law: A form of pardon for killing another man in his own defense. 
 Reg. Orig. fol. 287 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Charta-partita. — Lat. = Fr. Charte-partie, or Chartre-partie. Charter-party. 
 
 In ancient English Law: All contracts under seal were called char te rs, and 
 they used to be divided into two parts and each party took one. It was a deed or writing 
 divided, consisting of two parts, like an indenture (charta indentata) at common law. Co. 
 Litt. Butler's note, 138, to lib. 3; 3 Kent's Com. 201. 
 
 In Mercantile and Maritime Law: A deed or writing divided ; a pair of deeds 
 or writings among merchants and sea-faring men, expressing the covenants and agreements 
 made between them in respect to their merchandise and maritime affairs. It is distinguished 
 from z. bill of lading in that it states the terms and settles the agreements of the parties as to 
 the condition of the cargo of the ship and the freight or carriage, and binds the master to 
 deliver the cargo in good condition at the place of discharge or consignment (dangers of the 
 sea excepted); and in some cases the owner or master binds himself, ship, tackel and furni- 
 ture for the complete performance ; whereas a bill of lading merely ascertains the contents 
 of the cargo. 2 Co. Inst. 673 ; 3 Kent's Com. 201, 303 ; Abbott on Shipping, [241] 315, 316 ; 
 17 Howard's R. 59. 
 
 In Modern Usage: It is by an instrument not generally under seal; nor is any 
 advantage gained by a seal. 2 Parsons on Contr. 300, and cases cited ; i Parsons' Marit. Law, 
 231. It may, indeed, be by parol. Id. ib.; 16 Mass. 336 ; 5 Pick. 422 ; 12 id. 425 : 16 id. 
 401 ; 2 Mete. T.'iii ; 9 id. 233 ; 3 Sumner C. C. 144. Of the provisions of a charter-party, cf. 
 2 Parsons on Contr. 302-304, and cases cited ; Kent's Cotn. iii, 202-206, and notes. 
 
 Charta libertatem regni.— L. Lat. The charter of the nation's liberty. 
 
 Applied to Magna Charta, as the great charter of liberty. 
 
 Charta per legem terrae. — L. Lat. The charter by the law of the land. 
 
 Charta pura.— Lat. A blank piece of paper. Dig. xxxii, 52, 4. 
 
 Charta regia.— L. Lat. A royal charter or grant. 
 
 In English Law: An instrument in writing conferring a grant from the crown to 
 any person or persons, or to anybody politic, of any rights, liberties, franchises or privi- 
 leges. It is commonly known as a royal charter. Bracton, fol. 33^/ the Prince's case, 8 Co. 
 
 Charta seu libelluS praedialiS.— L. Lat. A charter or deed of land. Reeve's Hist. 
 
 Eng. Law, 10. 
 
 Charta sua manifeste expressa,— L. Lat. Clearly expressed by her deed (or writing). 
 
 Chartae communes.— L. Lat. Common or mutual charters. 
 
 CHART ARUM super fidem, mortuis testibus ad patriam de necessitudine, recur- 
 rendum est. Concerning the truth of charters [the faith of deeds] ifmust, 
 from the death of the witnesses, be referred of necessity to the country [adpatrii/m, 
 i. e. to a jury]. Co. Litt. 36. 
 
 CHARTERS sont appelle '^muniments" a muniendo, quia muniunt et defend- 
 unt haereditatem. Charters are called 'muniments' from muniendo [from 
 fortifying, defending] because they fortify and defend the inheritance. 4 Co. 153. 
 [47] 369 
 
Cha.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Che. 
 
 Charte-partie. — Fr- A charter-party. Emerig. Tr. des Ass. ch. ii; Ord. Mar. \\h. \\\, 
 tit. I. V. C harta-partita . 
 
 Chartophylax, acis, m. = Gr. x<^P^O(pv\ei. [-\- xocprr/i, paper or writing, and cpvXak, 
 a Iceeper.] A keeper of archives. Inscr. Grut. 587, 11. 
 
 In European Law: A keeper of records or public instruments; achartulary; a reg- 
 istrar. Spelman. 
 
 Chartre, — L. Fr- A charter, v. Quant a gamement del escrit, etc. 
 
 Chartre partie. — Fr. Charter-party. V. Charta-partita. 
 
 Chartula, ae, /, dim. [charta.'] A little paper ; a small writing. Cicero, Fam. vii, 18, 
 2 ; Gaius, Inst, ii, 77 ; Theod. Cod. viii, 2, 2 et al. 
 
 Ghartularius, ii, m. {chartula^ A keeper of the archives of court. Justinian. Cod. 
 iii, 26, 10; xii, 21, I et al. 
 
 Chasea or Chacea, — L. Lat. A chase. 
 
 In English Law: A large extent of woody ground {saltus), less than a forest and 
 larger than a park, lying open and privileged for wild beasts and wild fowl. Co. Litt. 2330/ 
 Termes de la Ley; Manuood, 52. A chase differs from a park in that it is not inclosed, 
 and also in that a man may have a chase in another man's ground as well as in his own, 
 being indeed the liberty or franchise of keeping wild beasts of chase or royal game therein, 
 protected even from the owner of the land, with the power of hunting them thereon. 2 Bl. 
 Com. 38. 
 
 In a more extended sense: Chase, being a generic term, embraces both a forest 
 and a park ; e. g. 2. forest is called a royal chase, a park an enclosed chase. 2 Bl. Com. 38. 
 " Every forest is a chase, but every chase is not a forest." Co. Litt. 333a. 
 
 Chase d. respondre. — L- Fr. Driven to answer. Dyer, ■^'ili. 
 
 Chase de pleder. — L. Fr. Driven to plead. Id. ti. 
 
 Chase et rechase les bestes. — L- Fr. To drive and redrive the beasts. Yearb. M. 11 
 Hen. VI. 4. 
 
 Chastity. "■ Castitas. 
 
 Chateaux, Chateux.— L. Fr. Chattels. ZiW. §§ 321, 323. 
 
 ChateUX moeble. — L. Fr. Movable or personal chattels. Reg. Orig. g^i. 
 
 Chateux moeble et inmeuble. — L. Fr. Chattels movable and immovable. 2 Bl. Com. 
 386, note (e). 
 
 Chateaux en Espagne. — Fr. Castles in Spain, the land of romance. Trop., 
 Castles in the air. 
 
 Chattels or Catals. = Lat. Catalla, V. h. v. 
 
 Chaud-melle, — L. Fr. [-\-chaud, hot, and mesler, meler, to mingle.] An affray in the 
 heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion ; otherwise called chaud-medley or 
 chaud-mella. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The killing of a person in an affray in the heat of blood, 
 and while under the influence of passion. Distinguished from chance-medley, which 
 is killing in a casual affray in self defense. 4 Bl. Com. 184; Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, 
 § 40. V. I Russ, Cr. 660. 
 
 Che sara, sara, — 1 1 a 1 . P r o v . Whatever will be, will be. 
 
 Chef, Chefe.— L. Fr. Ahead; the head. Chefe del a »,— the head or beginning of the 
 year. Chef de la societe , — the chief or president of the company or firm or society. 
 
 Chef d'oeuvre. — Fr. A master-piece ; a capital work in art, literature, etc. 
 
 Chemin. — Fr. A way, or right of way. v. Chimin. 
 
 CheSCUn, — L- Fr. Every one; every. En chescun article et chescun point, — in 
 every article and every point. Artie. Sup. Chart, c. i. 
 
 CHESCUN resoyne pur son fait. — L. Fr. Every one shall answer for his own 
 act. Britton, c. 27. 
 CHESCUN fiction doit estre ex re possibili j ceo ne cerra d'impossible, car 
 le ley imitate nature. — L. Fr. Every fiction ought to be according to 
 a possible thin^ or case; it must not be [it cannot arise] from an 
 
 37° 
 
Che.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Chi. 
 
 impossible thing, because the law imitates nature. Per Doddridge, J., 2 Rol. 
 
 501 ; I Best on Evid. § 312, note 5. 
 
 Nulla impossibilia sunt praesumenda. Co. Litt. 78/'. Lex non iniendit aliquid impossibile. 
 12 Co. Sg. Lex non cogit ad impossibilia. Co. IJlt. 93«, 231*/ 9 Co. Tia; Hobart, g6. 
 
 Chevagium. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Chevage, Chivage, Chiefage. Head-money ; chevage. 
 
 In English Law: A tribute or sum of money formerly paid by villeins or bondsmen 
 {servi) to their lords in acknowledgment of their bondage. Co. Litt. lipaj Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Chevagium dicitur recognitio in signum subjectionis, et dominii de capite sua, et quamdiu 
 c heiiagium solverint, dicuntur esse sub potestate dominorum, nee solvitur dominica potestas. 
 Et cum solvere desierint incipiunt esse fugitivi, et si * * » fugam fecetint statim 
 prosequi debent, et petentur infra tertiv.m vel quartum diem, donee fuerint comprehensi et reducti, 
 ubicunque fuerint inventi. 
 
 Chevagium (head-money) is called acknowledgment in token of subjection (to their 
 lord) and of his property in them (dominion over their persons), and as long as they pay 
 head-money they are said to be under the authority of their lords, nor is the power of 
 their lords dissolved; and when they cease to pay it, they begin to be fugitives, and if 
 * * * they have run away they ought to be pursued immediately, and they should 
 be sought after within the third or fourth day, until they have been taken and brought back, 
 wheresoever they may have been found. Bracton, i, c. 10, § 3, fol. tb. v. Co, Lilt. I40(Z. 
 
 The Jews paid chevage annually at Easter, three pence per capite, in token of their servitude. Pat. 8 
 Edw. I. par. i, M. 15 ; Siat. de Judaismo. 'Chevage was also a sum of money annually given to a man of 
 power, for his avowment, countenance and protection as his head chief and leader. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Chevalier, — Fr. A knight, a military dignity. Chevalier d' Industrie , — a knight 
 of industry. In an odious sense: A man who lives by his wits, by his ingenuity and 
 the practice of fraud. A sharper. 
 
 Chevisance. — L. Fr. [-|- chevln, to come to the head {chef) or end of a business.] A 
 bargaining or perfecting of a bargain (i. e. drawing the matter to a head). Termes de la Ley. 
 A making of bargains, contracts. Stat. 37 Hen. VIII, i.. 9 ; Stat. 13 Eliz. c. 5, 7, 8, cited 2 
 Bl. Com. 474. 
 
 Chevitiae. — L. Lat. The heads at the end of plowed land. 2 Mons. Angel. 116. 
 
 Chi apres, — L. Fr. Hereinafter. Kelham. 
 
 Chi compra ha hisogno di cent ' occhii ; chi vetide n' ha assai di uno.— 
 I tal . P ro V . He who buys wants a hundred eyes; he who sells wants but one. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: Caveat emptor, — let the buyer beware. 
 
 C/ti *ace co»/cssa. — 1 1 a 1 . Pro v. He who is silent, confesses. " Silence is con- 
 fession. " Latin, Qui tacet consentire videtur. 
 
 CMldwite : fi^oc est, quod capiatis gersumam de nativae vestra, corrupta et praegnata fine 
 litentia vestra. C h i 1 d w i t e : that is, that you may take a fine of your bondwoman, defiled 
 and gotten with child without your license. Cowell; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 ChimilL. [+ Fr. chemin.'] = L. Lat. Chiminus. A way, or right of way. The same 
 with the Latin via or aditus, v. h. v. Co. Litt. 56a/ Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Chiminus reginae. The queen's highway. = Via regia. 
 
 Chiminagium.— L. Lat. Chiminage. 
 
 In old English Law: A toll due by custom for having a way through a forest. Co. 
 Litt. 560 A toll exacted by the foresters from carriages and horses passing through the 
 forest to the disquiet of the wild beasts of the forest. Charta de Forest, i,. 14. Also called 
 fedagium. Co. Litt. 56a. 
 
 Chirographa, Orum, «. \^\w-t.^chirographumr[ Hand-writings. 2 Bl. Com. 2<)(i. 
 
 ChirOgraphariuS, a, um, adj. [chirographum.] Of or pertaining to hand-writing, manu- 
 script. Chirographarius creditores,— creditors who have the obligation of the debtor in 
 his own hand-writing. Paulus, Dig. xlii, 5, 38- 
 
 Chirographum l, »• (access, form chlrographus, 1, m. So in Quintilian, vi, 3, 100, 
 Spald., together with Chlrographum, Id. ib. v, 13, 8.) = Gr. x^^Porpaq>ov. \^-X^tp< hand, 
 and ypolcpeiv, to write.] One's own hand-writing, autograph. Cicero. Phil 11, 4, 8; td. 
 
 371 
 
Chi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Chi. 
 
 Atl. ii, 20,5; id. JV. D. iii, 30, 74; Suet. Aug. 64. Hence, Melon, (ahtr. pro concr.). 
 That which is written with one's own hand, in his own manuscript ; e. g., Credidi chirographis 
 ejus, — I have assurances in his own hand-writing. Planc. in Cicero, Fam., x, 21. v. id. ib. 
 ii, 13, 3 ; xi, I, 2 ; id. Brut. Ixxx, 287 ; QuiNTlLlAN, ix, 2, 73 ; Suet. Aug. 87 et al. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law; («.) A bond, surety or obligation which a per- 
 son wrote or subscribed with his own hand. Juvenal, xiii, 137 ; Suet. Caes. 87 ; Gaius, 
 Inst, iii, § 134 ; Modestinus, Dig. xx, i, fr. 26, § i; Calistratus, Dig. xlix, 14, fr. 3 pr. 
 et al. (6.) An evidence or voucher of a debt ; an olaligation or security for a debt which a 
 person wrote or subscribed with his own hand ; an acknowledgment of debt, as of money 
 received, with a promise to repay. Scaevola, Dig. xxvi, 7, fr. 57 pr. v. form of such 
 instrument in Modestinus, Dig. xxii, i, fr. 41, § 2, Ille scripsi, me accepisse, etc. v. Scaev. 
 ib. ii, 14, fr. 47, § I ; JusTlNiAN. Cod, iv, 2, const. 17. (C.) A right of action for debt. Appel- 
 latione enini c h i rograp h i uti no s pro ipsius actionibus, palam est, etc. JuLlANUS, Dig. xxxii, 
 fr. 5g. V. Scaevola, Dig. xxxiv, 3, fr. 31, § 4; id. ib. xlvi, 3, fr. 89 pr.; . Justinian. Cod. 
 iv, 2, const. 17. Qui chirographum legat, non tantum, etc. Julianus, Dig. xxxii,/?-. 50. 
 
 A chirographum is signed only by the party making the obligation or promise to pay the debt: a syn- 
 .rro/>.^i7« (v. h. V.) is signed by both parties — debtor and creditor. Chirographs and syngraphs weie 
 not mere evidences of a contract, but instruments on which an action could be brought. 
 
 In the time of Cicero an obligation, security, bond (a writing, obligation or pledge) was termed caw^rtj. 
 V. Cicero, Fam. vii, 18. u. such a written bond in Paulus, Dig. xii, i, fr. 40. Cautionent praeltere aticui 
 indenmitatis. Papinianus, Dig. iii, 5, fr. 30, §1. In the time of Gaius, a, simple memorandum, which 
 was good only as evidence, was termed a cautio. In Justinian's time, cauiiones and chirographa were 
 regarded as identical. Inst, iii, 21 . 
 
 In Saxon Law; A chirograph; a deed or charter or instrument of conveyance in 
 writing. Spelman; Co. Litt. 143, 4 ; Broom if Had. Com. ii, 478. 
 
 In English Law; A deed or indenture executed in two parts with 'chirographum! 
 or certain other words written in the middle, and so divided, through those words, into two 
 parts (z;. ChartachirographataanAscriptumchirographatum); a chirograph. Bracton,io\. 'in; 
 Co. Litt. 143(5, Hargr. note 234, lib. 2 ; 2 Co. Inst. 468 ; 2 Bl. Com. 296 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 89. V. Lindewode, tit. de Offi-c. Archidiac. c. i; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 478, 
 
 In Modern Law: A written instrument containing the evidence of debt, as a bond, 
 bill or note ; e. g. 
 
 CHIROGRAPHUM apud debitorem repertum, praesumitur solutum. A written 
 evidence of debt found in the debtor's possession is presumed to be paid. 
 Halkerstofi s Max. 20; Broom's Max.; Bell's Diet. v. 14 Mees. &" W. 379; 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, 4, § 5. 
 
 CHIROGRAPHIS debitorum incendio exustis quum ex inventario tutores con- 
 venire eos possent ad solvendam pecuniam, aut novationem faciendam cogere, 
 quuni idem circapriores debitores propter eundem casum fecissent, et id o?nisissent 
 circa debitores pupillorum, au, si quid propter hauc cessationem eoruni pupilli dam- 
 nvm contraxerunt, judicio tutelae consequantur 1 Respondit, si approbatum fuerit, 
 eos tutores hoc per dolum vel culpam praetermisisse, praestari ab his hoc debcre. 
 Scaevola, Dig. xxvi, 7, fr. 57 pr. The written obligations of debtors having 
 been burnt by a conflagration, when the guardians, according to the inventory, 
 were able to constrain them to pay the money, or to compel them to make a 
 new liability (a novation), when they (the guardians) had done the same thing 
 in the case of their own debtors in the same circumstance, and they had omitted 
 to do it with regard to the debtors of their wards (Scaevola was asked), 
 whether, if their wards had suffered damage on account of this intermission, 
 they could be reached by a suit arising out of their guardianship ? He a,nswered 
 that if it shall have been proved that those guardians had omitted this through 
 fraud, or through culpable negligence, they would have to pay the damage arisen 
 thereby. 
 Chirographus or chirographarius finium et concordiarum. — L. Lat. A chiro- 
 
 grapher of fines and agreements or acknowledgments. 2 Bl. Com. 351 ; 2 Co. Inst. 46B. 
 Chirurgeon. 'i-^-Gt.. xupovpyo'i.'\ A surgeon ; chirurgeon. 
 
 372 
 
Chi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cie, 
 
 Chivalry, v. Semitium viilitare. cf. Broom &' Had. Coin, ii, 141. 
 Chochaunt.— L. Fr. Lying down. Yearb. T. I Edw. II. g. = Coiuhant. 
 Chochauntz et levauntz.— L. Fr. = Couchang el levant, q. v. 
 
 Chorepiscopus, i, m. = Gr. x<^P^«i<ix-OT(oi. A deputy of a bishop for a village, a suf- 
 fragan bishop. Justinian. Cod. i, 3, 42. 
 
 In old European Law; A rural bishop, or bishop's vicar. Spelman. 
 
 Chose. — Fr. A thing. The word is joined to other words to express, ,?. ^., Chose in action, 
 is to which v. 2 Bl. Com. 396, 397 ; 2 Kent's Com. 351; Grier, J., 8 Howard's R. 449 ; 3 N. 
 Y. R. 344 ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 594-596 ; Termes de la Ley; I Parsons on Contr. 223-229. 
 Chose in possession, v. 2 Bl. Com. 408. 
 
 Christianitatis curia.— L. Lat. The Court of Christianity. 
 
 In England: The Ecclesiastical Courts, as distinguished from the Civil Courts, i 
 Bl. Com. 83 ; 3 id. 64 ; 2 Co. Inst. 488 ; 3 Steph. Com. 430. 
 
 Chronicon pretiosum.— L. Lat. The title of a work showing the value of money at 
 different periods in English history, i Bl. Com. 173. 
 
 Chronique SCandalense. — Fr. A chronicle of vices and crimes. 
 
 Churchesset. ■«■ Termes de la Ley, p. 127. 
 
 Ci, Cy, Se. — L. Fr. So. a Dieu vous eyde (aide), — so help you God. Reg. Orig. 302^, 
 303. Ci Dieu moy eyde (aide), — so help me God. ^= L. Lat. Sic me Deus adjuret. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. Gr. Kixepoov. A Roman surname in the gens Tulia. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest of the Roman orators and philosophers; born on 
 the 3d of January, 106 B. C. (648 A. U. C.) at Arpinum (hence Arpinae Chartae, Mart, x, 
 18, 17); murdered at the age of sixty-three years by the soldiers of Antonius, 43 B. C. (711 
 A. U. C). V. Bdhrs Lit. Gesch. p. 357 j-^. and the references there given; Smith's Diet. Gr. 
 and Rom. Biog. QuiNTUS TuLLius Cicero, the brother of the former, whose work ' de Peti- 
 tione Cotisulatus' is yet extant, v. Bdhrs Litt. Gesch. p. 429. 
 QuiNTiLiAN makes the following observations and comparisons of the eloquence oi Demosthenes and Cicero: 
 
 Or at or e s verb vet praeci^ue Latinafn etoguentinm parent facere Gr aec ae possint. Nam Cice- 
 ro nem cuicunque eoruin/ortiter opposuerim. Nee igiioro, guantam Tnzhi concitem pugnam, ciimpraesertini 
 non sit id propositi, ut eutn Detnostkeni comparejn hoc tempore ; negue enim attinet, citm Dentosthenevi 
 in prijnis tenendum vet ediscendum potius putejn. Quoru?ft ego vtrtutes plerasgue arbitror simites, con~ 
 sitium, ordinem, dividendi, praeparandi, probandi rationent, omnia denigtte quae sunt inventionis. In 
 etoguendo est atiqua diversitas: densior itle hie copiosior, ilte concludit astrictius hie tatius, pugnat itle 
 acumine semper hie ^frequenter ei pondere.itti nihil detrahi potest huic nihit adjici, curae pius in itlo in 
 hoc naturae. Salibus certe et cotntniseratione, gut duo plurintuin effectus vatent, vincimus. Et /ortasse 
 epilogus illi mos civitatis abstuterit ; sed et nobis ilia, guae Attici mirantur, diversa Latini sernionis ratio 
 minus permiscrit. In epistotis quidem, guanquant sunt utriusque, dialogisve, quibus nihil ilte, nulla con- 
 tentio est. Cedendum vero in hoc, quod et prior fuit et ex magna parte Ciceronent, quantus est, fecit. Nant 
 mihi videtur M. Tullius, citm se totum ad imitationem Graecoruvi contutisset, ejffinxisse vint Demosthenis, 
 Copiam Ptatonis, incunditatem Isocratis. Nee vero quod in quoque optimum fuit, studio consecutus est 
 tantum ; sed pturitnas vet potius otnnes ex se ipso virtutes extulit imtnortalis ingenii beatissima ubcrtas. 
 Non enim pluvias , ut ait Pindarus, aquas colligit sed vivo gu rgite ex un dat , dono guodant 
 providentiae genitus, in quo tolas vires suas eloquentea experireiur. Nam quis docere diligentius, movere 
 vehementitts potest ? Cui tanta unquam jucunditas aj^uit ? Ut ipsa ilia, quae extorquet, impetrare eum 
 credas, et ciim transversum vi sua j'udicem /erat : tamen ilte non rapi videatur sed sequi. Jam in omni- 
 bus, quae dicit, tanta auctoritas inest, ut dissentire pudeat, nee advocati studiuTtt sed testis aut judicis 
 afferat fidem ; citm interini haec omnia, quae vix singula quisquam intensissima cura consequi posset, 
 fluunt illahorata, et ilia, qua nihil putchius auditum est, oratio prae se fert tamen /elicissimam/acilitatein. 
 Quare non immerito ab hominibus aetatis sua regnare in judieiis dictus est, apud posteros vero id 
 consecutus ut Cicero jam non hominis nomen sed eloquentiae habcatur. Hunc igitur speetamus, hoc propos- 
 itum nobis sit exemplum, ilte se pro/ecisse sciat, cui Cicero valde placebit. Quintilian, Inst, Oratoriae, x, 
 I, §S T05-112. But our orators may, above all, set the Latin eloquence on an equality with that of Greece ; 
 for I would confidently match Cicero against any one of the Greek orators. Nor am I unaware how great 
 an opposition I am raising against myself, especially when it is no part of my design at present to compare 
 him with Demosthenes, for it is not at all necessary, since I think that Demosthenes ought to be read 
 above all other orators, or rather learned by heart. Of their great excellences I consider that most are simi- 
 lar ; their method, their order of partition, their manner of preparing the minds of their audience, their mode 
 of proof, and, in a' word, every thing that depends on invention . In their style of speaking there is some dif- 
 ference; Demosthenes is more compact, Cicero more verbose; Demosthenes argues more closely; 
 Cicero with a wider sweep ; Demosthenes always attacks with a sharp-pointed weapon ; Cicero often with a 
 weapon both sharp and weighty ; from Demosthenes nothing can be taken away, to Cicero nothing can be 
 
 373 
 
Cid.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cir. 
 
 added ; in the one there is more study, in the other more nature. In wit, certainly, and pathos, two stimu- 
 lants of the mind which have great in6uence in oratory, we have the advantage. Perhaps the custom of his 
 country did not allow Demosthenes pathetic perorations ; but, on the other hand, the different genius of the 
 Latin tongue did not grant to us those beauties which the Attics so much admire. In the epistolary style, 
 indeed, though there are letters written by both, and in that of dialogue, in which Demosthenes wrote noth- 
 ing, there is no comparison. We must yield the superiority, however, on one point, that Demosthenes lived 
 before Cicero, and made him, in a great measure, the able orator that he was ; for Cicero appears to me, 
 after he devoted himself wholly to imitate the Greeks, to have embodied in his style the energy of Demos- 
 thenes, the copiousness of Plato, and the sweetness of Xsocrates. Nor did he, by zealous effort, 
 attain only what was excellent in each of these, but drew most, or rather all, excellences from himself by the 
 felicitous exuberance of his immortal genius. He does not, as Pindar says, collect rain water, but 
 overflows from a living fountain, having been so endowed at his birth by the special kindness 
 of Providence, that in him eloquence might make trial of her whole strength. For who can instruct a judge 
 with more earnestness, or excite him with more vehemence ? What orator had ever so pleasing a manner ? 
 The very points which he wrests from you by force, you would think he gained from you by entreaty ; and 
 when he carries away the judge by his impetuosity, he yet does not seem to be hurried along, but imagines 
 that he is following of his accord. In all that he says, indeed, there is so much of authority that we are 
 ashamed to dissent from him; he does not bring to a cause the mere zeal of an advocate, but the support of a 
 witness or a judge ; and, at the same time, all these excellences, a single one of which any other man could 
 scarcely attain with the utmost exertion, flow trom him without effort ; and that stream of language, than 
 which nothing is more pleasing to the ear, carries with it the appearance of the happiest facility. It was not 
 without justice, therefore, that he was said by his contemporaries to reign supreme in the courts; 
 and he has gained such esteem among his posterity, that Cicero is now less the name ofaman 
 than that of eloquence itself. To him, therefore, let us look ; let him be kept in view as our great 
 -example; and let that r^tudent know that he has made some progress to whom Cicero has become an object 
 of admiration. [Translated from Quintilian by Rev. John Selby Watson, M. A., M. R. S. L.] 
 
 Ci-devant. — Fr. Formerly ; former. 
 
 Ciens. — L. Fr. Here; hitherto. Cieus. — L. Fr. Those; such. 
 
 Cil. — L. Fr. He. Cil ky prendra, — he who shall take. V. Celui. 
 
 Cinque, Cink. — L. Fr. Five. Cinque ports, — the five ports, v. Quinque portus. 
 
 Circa. — Lat. About, concerning, respecting; in relation to ; e. g, Circa ardua regni, — 
 concerning the weighty affairs of the realm, i Bl, Com. 219. 
 
 CIRCA ejusmodi quoque instru^nenta firtnanda vel destruenda multum habet opeHs oratio, si 
 quae shit voces pervinum^ somnum dementiam emissae, vel excepta parvulorum indicia^ quos pars 
 altera nihil Jingere^ altera nihil indicare dictura est. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. v, 7, § 36. In 
 supporting or demolishing such circumstances in a cause the voice of the pleader has much 
 to do; as if, for instance, expressions have been uttered under the effects of wine, or in 
 sleep, or in madness, or if information has been caught from the mouth of children ; for in 
 regard to all such individuals, one party will say that they do not feign and the other that 
 they mean nothing, v. 2 Best on Evid. § 529, note 3. 
 
 Circa lioram. About or within the hour. 2 Co. Inst. 318. 
 
 In Law ; There is a distinction as to the certainty of stating a month or a day, and an 
 hour when a fact took place'; ' circa horam ' is sufficient ; but not so as to a day, which must 
 be stated with precision, though it maybe varied from the proof. 2 Co. Inst. 318; 1 Bl. 
 Com. 140, in Cooley's note (i). 
 
 CIRCA vo c abula artium propria^ quae vulgus vix capity observandum est, 
 ut ilia e xplic e ntur secundu^n definitione s prudentum 
 cuj us que artis. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 12, § 4. In 
 respect to peculiar terms of art, which are above the reach of the common 
 people, it is to be observed that they be set forth [amplified] 
 according to the definitions of the learned in each art. 
 cf. Id. ib, iv, I, § 6. 
 
 Grotius states the rule: In artium autem vocabuli s , quae populus vix capit, 
 adhibenda erit artis cufus que prudentum dejinitio, ut quid sit majestas, quid paricidium^ quae ad 
 finitivum statum referunt oratoriae artis magistri. Grotius, de Bell, ac Pac. ii, c. 16, § 3. 
 
 Cicero elegantly expresses : Qualitat es igitur appellavi, guas TrotoTijras Graeci vacant^ quod 
 ipsjini apud Graecos non est vulgi verbujUy sed pkilosophoruin atque id in niultis. Dialecticorum uero verba 
 nulla sunt publica : suis utuntur. Et id quidem cojnmune omnium /erh est artium. A ut enini nova sunt 
 rerum novarum faciienda nomina aut ex aliis trans/erenda. Cicero, Academica^ i, c. 7, § 25. 
 
 374 
 
Cir.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cir. 
 
 Gircaitus, Os, m.— Lat. A going around in a circle ; a circling, revolving ; a revolution. 
 Cicero, N. D. ii, 19, 49; id. Univ. 9; Suet. Aug. 17. Melon., = Ambitus,— an open 
 space kept round a building. Varro, L. L. v, 4, 9. An acre of space. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 18, 
 §1. -u. Oportebit me ire per circuitum^ etc. Circuity; e.g. 
 
 Circuitus actionis.— Lat. Circuity of action. 
 
 A circuitous or roundabout course of procedure instead of a direct and shorter one. Termcs 
 de ta Ley. " Circuit of action." v. Wingate's Max. 179 ; 2. B. &f A. 462. 
 
 CIRCUITUS est evitandus. Circuity is to be avoided. 5 (7(7. 31 ; Co. Lift. 
 384(2 y Wingate's Max. 179, § 6 ; Broom's Max. 337 ; 15 M. is' W. 208 ; 
 5 Exch. 829. "The law hateth circuity of action." Finch's Law, b. i, c. 3, n. 
 
 73. cf. I T. R. 441 ; 4 Cowen (N. Y.), 682. 
 
 CIRCUITUS est evitandus; et boiii judicis est lites dirimere, ne lis ex lite oriatur. 
 Circuity is to be avoided ; and it is the duty of a good judge to put an 
 end to lawsuits, /. e. to discourage litigation, that suit may not grow out of suit. 
 Wingate's Max. 179, s. 6; 5 Co. 31, 32, in Coulter's case. 
 
 A court of law will endeavor to prevent circuity and multiplicity of suits, where the cir- 
 cumstances of the litigant parties are such that, on changing their relative positions of plaintiff 
 and defendant, the recovery by each would be equal in amount. Broom's Max. 337, and 
 cases there cited. On this maxim depends the law of set-off. 2 Geo. II. t. 22, s. 13 ; 8 
 id. c. 24, s. 5. 
 
 Circuitus Verboruin. Circuity of words ; roundabout expressions; circumlocution. 
 
 Circulator, oris, m. [dreu/or.] A mountebank, qu.ick. Celsus, v, 27, n, 3 ; Peter. 
 Ixviii, 6. V. In circulatore s , qui serpentes circumfemnt ei proponunt, etc, 'Pk\s\x%, Dig. 
 xlvii, 11, fr. II. As a term of reproach: Circulator auclionem, i. <r. one who goes 
 around to all the auctions, and takes the wares purchased to the markets ; a peddler. Asm. 
 Pall, in Cicero, Fam. a, 32. 
 
 Circulatorius, a,um, ai^'. \circuldtorl\ Of a mountebank ; quackish. Circulatorius 
 jactatio , — ostentatious boastfulness. Quintilian, ii, 4, 15. Circuldtoria volit- 
 bilitas , — a mountebank volubility; the volubility of the charlatan. Quintilian, a, i, 8. 
 
 CirCUm-ducO, ere, 3, V. u. To lead or draw around. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: To draw lines around a law, i. e. to cancel, annul, expunge, 
 abrogate. Vi.via^. Dig. v, l, /r. y^j xl, 12,/?-. 27 ; Papinian. eo'. xlix, 1, 22. 
 
 Circumductio, Onis, /. [circum-duco.] A leading or conducting about. Vitr. viii, 7. 
 Trop., A cheating, defrauding, deceiving. Rlautus, Capt. Goos. 3. The extension or 
 expansion of a thought. Quintilian, xi, 3, 39 ; ix, 4, 118. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Circumduction is the time allowed for bringing proofs of allegiance. 
 Scotch Law. 
 
 Circumlocutio, onis, /. Circumlocution, periphrasis, nepiqypadti. Quintilian, viii, 6, 
 61 ; Gellius, iii, i, 5. 
 
 Circumscriptio, onis, /. (.a.) An encircling, a circle. Cicero, Phil, viii, 8, 23. (6.) 
 A boundar)', limit, outline, contour, circuit, compass. Cicero, Tusc. i, 20, 45 ; id. JV. D. i, 
 9, 24. (c.) A cheating, deceiving, overreaching; defrauding (especially in pecuniary trans- 
 actions and by judicial artifice, by pettifogging). Cicero, de Off. iii, 15, 6i ; id. Flac. xxx, 
 
 74. And in general, of deception, deceit, fraud. Seneca, Ep. ^t. Jin. 
 Circumscriptor, oris, m. A cheater, defrauder. Cicero, Cat. ii, 4, 7 ; Juv. xv, 136. 
 
 (6,) He who makes void, annuls. Tertullian adv. Marc, i, 27. 
 
 Circumspect^ '^'i'"- Cautiously, circumspectly, with mature deliberation, considerately. 
 Gellius, i, 5, 2 ; ix, io/«.y Quintilian, ix, 2, 69. 
 
 CIRCUMSPECT^ agatis. Act circumspectly, cautiously, considerately. 3 
 Bl. Com. 88. 
 These were the initial words or title of the statute passed 13 Edw. I. st. 4, A. D. 1285, 
 prescribing to the judges some cases relating to prohibitions. 2 Co. Inst. 187 ; 3 Bl. Com. 
 85, note (c)/ 2 Reeve's Hist. 215, 216 ; 12 Ad. &• El. 315 ; Termes de la Ley; Broom &■ Had. 
 Com. i, 88, n. («)y id. iii, 40, n. (a). 
 
 375 
 
Cir.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cit. 
 
 Circumspectio, Onis, /. Idnams/iicio.] A looking on all sides ; a looking about. 
 Trop., Foresight, circumspection, caution. Circumspectio et accurata consideratio, — cau- 
 tious and accurate consideration. Cicero, Acad, ii, ii, 35. 
 
 Circumstantia, ae, /. {circumsto^ (a.) A standing around ; a surrounding. Gellius, 
 "'. 7i 5 ; Seneca, Q. V. ii, 7. = Gr, nepidTa^H. C o ncr. , A surrounding circle, a band, 
 troop. Tertullian, Or. 3. Trop., The state, condition, circumstance, attribute, quality. 
 Gellius, xiv, i, 15 ; id. ib. 2, 2 : Quintilian, v, 10, 104. v. the pass. 
 
 Oirciim Stautia. — -L- Lat. Facts standing around. In a single word Circum- 
 Stantia. [-{-cinum, around, and stare, to stand.] A circumstance, i. e. the presence or 
 occurrence of a train of facts. The word is often treated as being essentially plural. In- 
 omnibus circumstantiis, — in all circumstances. Bracton, fol. 138. Also Circumstantias, — 
 circumstances. Id. 153. 
 
 Circumstautibus, — L. Lat. Among the standers around, the bystanders. 
 
 A word of art, signifying that if any jurors impanneled do not appear, or are chal- 
 lenged, etc., the number shall be made up by adding as many others of those that are 
 present and standers by. 35 Hen. VIII. u. 5 •,' 5 Eliz. c. 25 ; Termes de la Ley. v. 
 Tales de circumstantibus. 
 
 CirCTim-veniO, ire, a,, v. a. L i t . , To come around something. Hence (the coming 
 being considered as accomplished), to be around (a thing); to encircle, encompass, sur- 
 round it. Petr. g2, 8 ; Virgil, ^. vi, 132. Circumveniens, — flowing around. Tacitus,^. 
 ii, 6 ; SALLUST.y. 68, 2. Circumvenire,— to gras^. CoL. v, 9, 2 ; \v, 20, 10 et al. Specif., 
 To surround in a hostile manner; encompass, invest. Caes. B. G. i, 25; i, 42 etsaep.; 
 LlVY, A, 26 ; Tacitus, A . iii, 74 et saep.; id. ib. xii, %Ci fin. Trop., To encompass, beset, 
 oppress, distress, afflict, overthrow. Enn. in Cicero, Fin. iv, 23, 62; id. Brut, xii fin. {v. 
 the pass.); Quintilian, v, 13, 32 ; vi, 2, 31. To lay hold of. Cicero, ./?«. Coot, ix, 25 ; id. 
 de Off. ii, \d, fin. (b.) To circumvent, deceive, cheat, defraud one. Cicero, Clu. xxix, 79. 
 Circumvenire ignorantiam alicujus, — to circumvent or deceive the ignorance of one. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xvii, I, 29. V. id. ib. xliii, 28, 3 ; id. ib. xxiii, 3, 12. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists; To evade, to violate by evading; e. g., Circum- 
 venire leges, — to evade the laws ; to violate the laws by evasion. Marc. Dig. xxx, fr. 120 
 fin. Circumvenire voluntatem de fundi, — to evade the will or testament of the deceased. 
 Ulpian. Dig. xxix, 4, fr. 4. And v. id. ib. ii, 15, fr. 8. 
 
 Circumventio, 5nis, /. [circumvenio.l A circumventing, defrauding; circumvention. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Deceit, fraud, stratagem, imposition. Ulpian. ZJe^. L, 17, /n 49; 
 Hermog. ib. iv, 4, fr. 17. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Deceit practiced to induce a weak person to enter into a deed. 
 Bell's Diet. Any act of fraud whereby a person is reduced to a deed by deceit. Tech. Diet. 
 
 Circumveiltor, oris, m. A deceiver, defrauder. Lampr. Alex. Sev. 66. 
 
 GirCUIIlVeilt5riuS, a, um, adj. Deceitful, fraudulent. Hermog. Dig. iv, 4,/n 17. 
 
 CirCTim-VertO, ere, v. «. To turn around. Plautus, Pers. iii, 3, 38 ; id- Ps. v, i, 32 ; 
 Quintilian, Decl. 342. (6.) To lead about, to cheat, defraud, deceive. Plaut. Ps. i, 5, 127. 
 
 Cirographum or Cyrographum. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A chirograph. 
 An old form of Chirographum, q. v. Fleta, lib. i, c. 8, § 4; id. c. 13, § 4. v. 2 SI. Com. 
 296 ; Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 478. 
 
 Cirographattim, — L. Lat. Chirographed in the form of a chirograph ; e. g.. In scripto 
 cirographato, — in a chirographed writing. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 72, § 7. 
 
 Gista, ae,/. = Gr. nidvri. A chest, box for keeping money, clothes, books, fruit, etc 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 3. 85 ; Horace, Ep. i, 17, 54; Quintilian, viii, 3, 19 ; Juvenal, iii, 206; 
 vi, 44. A box for depositing votes in assemblies of the people. AscoN. Cicero, Div. in 
 Caecil, vii, 24 ; Adams' Antiq. I, p. 141. A box or chest for containing charters, deeds or 
 other things. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, fr. i, § 41; Reg. Orig. \20bj 3 Reeve's Hist- Eng. Law, 73. 
 
 Gitatdriimi, ii, «• [cito.] A summoning before a tribunal. Cod. xii, 22, 2. 
 
 Gitatio. — L. Lat. [-\- cito, are, to call or summon, etc.] A citation or summons to court. 
 Skene; 3 Bl. Com. 100 ; 3 Steph. Com. 720 ; BelPs Diet. 
 
 In Practice: A writ or summons issued by a court commanding a person therein 
 named to appear, at a day and place named, and do something therein mentioned, or show 
 
 376 
 
CitJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Civ. 
 
 cause why he should not. It is usually the original process in any proceeding, and so it is 
 analogous to a capias or summons at law and the subpoena in chancery, u. id. ib.j 12 Co. 44; 
 7 Cush. R. (Mass.) 529. 
 
 Citatio ad reassumendaill causam. A citation for resuming or reviving a cause. 
 
 In old Practice: The t. t. of a summons which issued when a party died pending a 
 suit, against the heir of the defendant ; or, when the plaintiif died, for the heir of the plain- 
 tiff. V. Wharton's Law Lex. Our bill of revivor is analogous to — probably borrowed 
 from — this proceeding. 
 
 CITATIO est de jure naturali. A citation or summons is by natural right or 
 according to natural law. Cases in Banco Regis, Will. III. 453. 
 CITATIONES non concedantur priusquam exprimatur super qud re fieri debet 
 citatio. Citations shall not be granted before it is expressed upon what 
 ground a citation ought to be issued. 12 Co. 44, 
 
 CitO, 5re, I, V. intens. a. To put into quick motion ; to move or drive violently or rapidly; 
 to hurl, shake, rouse, excite, provoke, incite, stimulate, promote, etc. 
 
 With reference to the terminus adquem: To urge to, to call or summon to (esp. 
 
 freq. in the language of business). LucR. v, 945 ; LiVY, i, 47 ; iii, 38 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 7. 
 
 In the Language of Law: To call the parties, to see whether they are present. 
 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 40 ; id. ib. 38 ; id. Mil. xix, 50 ; Suet. Tib. xi ; \-ii\et at. Hence, To 
 
 accuse. Cicero, Rabir. xi, 31; id. Sest. xv, 35. 
 
 Out of Judicial Proceedings: To call one to witness ; to call upon, appeal to, 
 quote, cite. CiCERO, de Off. i, 22, 75 ; LiVY, xxxviii, 47 et at. 
 
 CitO, adv. Soon, shortly, quickly, speedily (frequently in prose and poetry). 
 Citb inatiiruui, cito pudridum. — Pro v. Soon ripe, soon rotten. 
 Citra causae COgnitionem. Without a judicial examination or cognizance of the cause. 
 Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 8, § 53. 
 
 CYVE?) guidem origo, manumissio, allectio vel adoptio, incolasvero, 
 sicut et divus Hadrianus edicto suo manifestissime declaravit, domicilium facit. 
 Et in eodem loco singulos habere domicilium non ambigitur, ubi quis larem rerumque 
 ac fortunaru7n suarum summam constituit, unde rursus non sit discessurus, si nihil 
 avocetj unde quum profectus est, peregrinari videtur, quod si rediit, peregrinari jam 
 destitit. Justinian. Cod. x, 39 [40], const. 7. Origin, manumission, 
 election (to a higher office before having performed the duties of a lower) or 
 adoption produce residents or citizens, just as the divine Hadrianus has very 
 manifestly declared in his edict it creates a habitation or domicile, /. e. produces 
 inhabitants. And it is not doubted that individuals have a home in that place 
 where each has established his hearth and the sum of his possessions and his 
 fortunes ; whence he will not depart if nothing calls him away ; whence if he 
 has departed he seems to be a wanderer, and if he returns he ceases to wander. 
 V. Domicilium. cf. 2 Parsons on Contr. 578 ; 2 Kent's Com. 430, and notes. 
 
 CIVIBUS civitatis legatum vel fidei commissum datum, civitati relicticm videtur. 
 Papinian. Dig. xxxiv, 5, //-. 2. That which is bequeathed or given in 
 trust to the citizens of a state is considered as left to the state. 
 
 CivicUS a, um, adj. [eivis.] Of or pertaining to citizens ; civil, civic, citizens. 
 
 Civica corona,— X\\e civic crown — made of oak leaves (hence civilis queniis, the civic oak — 
 
 Virgil A. vi, '772 and querna corona, the oaken crown, a garland of oak leaves — Ovid, 
 
 Trest iii i 36 ; OviD, i^. i, 614) ; the highest mark of distinction, which was bestowed upon 
 him vvho'ha'd saved the life of a fellow citizen in war. Its inscription was OB. CIVEM. 
 (CIVES) SERVATUM (SERVATOS). v. Pi.iny, xvi, 4, 3; Gellius, v, 6, \isq.; Adams 
 Antiq. 2, p. 88. 
 
 (6.) Of or pertaining to the Roman state, (c) Of or pertaining to a town or city. 
 
 Civilis e, adj. lid.'\ (a.) Of or pertaining to citizens ; civil, civic. LucR. iii, 70 ; 
 Cicero, Fam. xv, 15 ; id. ib. v, 12, 2 ; id. Alt. vii, 13, a, Quintii.ian, xii, i, 16. 
 
 [48] 377 
 
Civ.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Civ, 
 
 Civile jus, either in a broader sense, opposite to jus naturali, the political 
 rights of actions (Cicero, Sest. xlii, 91; id. Top. ii, 9 ; Quintilian, xii, 3, i; 11, 9 ; Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, ii, 2 ; Ulpian. Dig. i, i, 6 ; Papinian. ib.fr.-]); o r in a nar ro wer sig- 
 nification, opposite to jus publicum, civil, private rights. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 42; 
 id. Caec. ii, 4; 26, 74. Civilis dies, — the civil day (from midnight to midnight; opposite to 
 naturalis dies, — from the rising to the setting of the sun). Varro, R. R. i, 28, i; Pliny, ii, 
 77, 79. Hence, (6.) Relating to public or political life; political, public, state; e. g., Civilis 
 scientia, — political science; political economy. Cicero, Inv. i, 5; id. Quint, ii, 15, 33. 
 Civilis quaestiones, — public or political questions. Id. Quint, ii, 1$, ^6. Civilis vir, — a pub- 
 lic or statesman. ^(Sr.TCoXiTMo'i. QvimuAKii, Proem. % 10; xi, 10, 15 ; xii, 2, 7; xi, 1, 35. 
 Trop., Demeaning one's self as a citizen. Hence, ofcourtly persons: Courtly, 
 courteous, polite, civil, affable, pleasing (class, pass.). 
 
 In English Law: Civil, as distinguished from criminal ; e.g., Civilis actio, — a civil 
 action. Bracton, fol. I0li5. Civilis causa, — a civil cause. Id. ib. Civilia placita, — civil 
 pleas. Fleta, lib. ii, c. i, § 25. Civilis injuriae, — civil injuries. Id. ib. § 5. 
 
 CIVILIS ratio civilia quidem jura corrumpere potest; naturalia vero nan potest. 
 Gaius, Inst, i, § 158. A civil law doctrine may destroy civil law rights; 
 but it cannot destroy those of natural law. 
 
 "A political reason may break civil laws ; but never natural ones." Erskine's Inst, iv, 
 tit. 4, § 56. 
 
 Civilista, — L- Lat. A civil lawyer or civilian. Dyer, 267. 
 
 CivilitaS, 3tis, /. \i:ivilisl\ (a.) The art of government ; politics. = Gr. jtoXiriJoj, 
 Quintilian, /K.f/. ii, 15, 25, Spald ; 15,33; 17. I4- (&•) Courteousness, politeness, affability. 
 Suet. ^«^. 51 ; Claud. 3s '• Samp. Alex. Sev. 20. Civilization. 
 
 Civilitas successit barbarum. — Latin Motto. Civilization succeeds barbarism. 
 The Motto of Minnesota when a Territory. 
 
 Civiliter, adv. After the manner of a citizen ; citizen-like ; civilly ; by a civil course of 
 proceeding. Justinian. Inst, iv, 4, § 10. (6.) Civilly, courteous!)', kindly, politely, v. 
 Civilis, Trop. 
 
 Civiliter et criminaliter. Civilly and criminally. Broom's Max. 319. 
 
 Civiliter mortuus. — L. Lat. Civilly dead ; dead in law. 
 
 One sentenced to die is said to be civiliter mortuus, or dead in the eyes of the law. And 
 so one suffering capitis diminutio maxima (v. h. t.), and which includes all civil rights and 
 capacities ; e. g. taking, holding and transmitting property ; the rights of suffrage, of suing, 
 of giving testimony in courts, etc. v. Litt. § 200 ; i Bl. Com. 132 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 
 156 ; Story on Part. § 10 ; Story on Contr. § 146 ; Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 5, § 66. v. Mors civilis. 
 
 Civis, is, m. A citizen — male or female. Civis mens, — my fellow citizen. Civis tuus, — 
 thy fellow citizen, v. Civium Romanorum quidam sunt, etc. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A citizen, as distinguished from z«i:o/a, — an inhabitant ; origin. 
 or birth constituting the former, domicil the latter. Justinian. Cod. x, 40, 7 ; Phillmore's 
 Law of Domicil, 25, 26. Concerning the political rights of the Civis Romanus (op'posiie to 
 feregrinus or hostis), v. Adams' Antiq. I, p. 61 sq. 
 
 Civis et liber homo de civitate et SOCietate ilia. A citizen and freeman of that city 
 and society, i Co. 85i5y Wingate's Max. 65, § 19. 
 
 Civitas, atis,/. [«otV.] (gen. plur. civitatium.) Abstr., The condition or privilege 
 of a (Roman) citizen ; citizenship ; freedom of the city (upon its conditions, Adams' Antiq. 
 I, p. 61 sq.). Cicero, de Leg. ii, 2, 5 ; id. Balb. xiii, 20. Jus civitatis, — the right of citizen- 
 ship (Cicero, Caec. 34), one of the three status, conditions or qualifications of persons, i 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, T.2Cj,% lit), v. Jus civitatis. IsiDORUS, xv, 2, i. Concr., The citizens 
 united in a communitj', and in as much as this forms the body politic, the 
 state (consisting of one city and its territory or of several cities). Cicero, Rep. vi, 13 et al. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Any body of people living under the same laws ; a state. Jus 
 civitatis, — the law of a city or a state ; civil law. Justinian. Inst, i, 2, §§ i, 2. Civitdtes 
 foederatae, — towns in alliance with Rome, and considered to be free. Bull. Hor. Juv. 29. 
 
 In old English Law: A city. =iUrbs; e.g., Civitas London habeat omnes antiquas 
 libertates, — the city of London shall have all its ancient liberties. Mag. Cart, g Hen. III. c. 
 g ; id. Johann. c. 13. v. Co. Litt. logb. 
 
 378 
 
Civ.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Civ. 
 
 CI VITA S ea autem in libertate est posita, quae suis stat viribus non ex alieno arbitrio pendet. 
 That city or state is free which depends upon its own strength, and not upon the arbitrary 
 will of another. LiVY. 
 
 CI VITAS et urbis in hoc differunt, quod incolae dicuntur civiias, urbs verb 
 complectitur aedificia. A c i t y and a t o w n differ in this, that the inhab- 
 itants are called the city, but the town includes the buildings. Co. Litt. 109. 
 
 Ci vitas enim dicitur, quatenus cum justitid et magis tratuuni ordine gubernatur : Opp i - 
 dum, quatenus est ibi copia incolarum ; et Urbs, quatentis muris debito modo cingitur. Pro- 
 pria autem dicitur Civ it as quae habet Episcopum. 
 
 It is called a city {civitas), in respect (of its citizens) that it is governed with justice and a 
 succession or methodical arrangement of magistrates ; a town {oppidum), in respect that it 
 is full therein of inhabitants ; and 3. c\ly , i. e. a. walled town (urbs), in respect that it is in 
 due form begirt about with walls. But that is properly called a city {civitas) which has a 
 Bishop. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Civitas Lund. COrdubanario reginae XX S. The city of London for the cordubananus 
 (a certain robe or garment) of the queen, twenty shillings. Mag. Hot. 2 Henry II. Cited 
 Broom &' Had. Com. i, 259, note {r). 
 
 Civitas Lundon. Pro oleo ad lampad reginae. The city of London. For oil for 
 
 the lamps of the queen. Mag. Hot. pip. temp. Hen. II. v. Broom t2r= Had. Com. i, 259, n. {q). 
 
 CIVITATIBUS legari potest etiam quod ad honorem ornatumque civitatis perti- 
 net. Ad ornatum , puta quod ad instruendum forum, theatrum, stadium 
 legatum fuerit. Ad honorem, puta quod ad Munus edendum Venationemve, 
 ludos Scenicos, ludos Circenses, relictum fuerit j aut quod ad divisionem singulorum 
 civium, vel epulum relictum fuerit. Hoc amplius, quod in alimenta infirmae aetatis 
 (puta senioribus, vel pueris puellisque) relictu7n fuerit, ad horwrem civitatis perti- 
 nere respondetur. Paulus, Dig. xxx, i, fr. 122 pr. There can be left as a 
 legacy, to cities (or States) what pertains to the honor and adornment (of the 
 same). For adornment, — for example, that which shall have been left as a 
 legacy for the building of a forum or public place, a theatre, a race-course ; for 
 honor, — for example, what shall have been left for a public building to be 
 built for the use of the people, or a hunting-spectacle, stage-plays or dramatic 
 representations, contests or games in the Circus ; or what shall have been left 
 for division among individual citizens, or a banquet or feast. Furthermore, 
 that which shall have been left for the sustenance of those infirm by reason of 
 age, — (for example, for aged persons, or boys and girls), is decided to pertain 
 to the honor of the city or State. 
 
 Civitatis jura. The laws of a city or State ; civil laws. 
 
 V. fus civitatis. Inst. \, 2, §§ i, 2. 
 
 CIVIUM Romanorum quidam sunt patresfamiliarum, alii filiifamiliarum. 
 quaedam matresfamiliarum, quaedam filiaefamiliarum. Patresfamili- 
 arum sunt, qui sunt suae pot'estatis, sive puberis, sive impuberes j simili modo 
 matresfamiliarum. Filiifamiliarum et filiae, quae sunt in 
 aliena potestate. Nam qui ex me et uxore mea nascitur, in mea potestaie est j 
 item qui ex filio meo et uxore ejus nascitur, id est nepos meus et neptis, aeque in 
 mea sunt potestate ; * et pronepos * et proneptis, et deinceps ceteri. Ulpian. 
 Dig. i 6 fr. 4. Of Roman citizens, some are fathers of families (patres- 
 familias), others sons of families (filiifamilias), some mothers of families 
 (matresfamilias), some daughters of families (filiaefamilias). Fathers of 
 families are persons who are in their own power (suae potestatis), whether of 
 
 379 
 
Cla.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cla. 
 
 age or under age; in like manner, mothers of families. Sons and 
 daughters are persons subject to another's power. For the one who is begot- 
 ten by me and my wife is subject to iny power ; likewise one who is begotten by 
 my son and his wife, /. e. my grandson and granddaughter, are in like manner 
 under my power ; also my great grandson and great granddaughter, and so in 
 the order of other and remote generations, v. Paterfamilias, also Familia. 
 
 Clam, adv. axiApraep. [celo.] Hidden, secretly, clandestinely, covertly, in private; oppo- 
 site to palam. Without the knowledge of; unknown to. Plavtvs, Merc, iii, 2, 2; id. Cure. 
 i, 3, 17 et al. 
 
 Clam me est, or Clam mihi est, — it is unknown to me ; I know not. Terentius, Hec. ii, 2, 
 19. Haud clam me est, — it is by no means known to me. Id. ib.WS., ^,10; iv, i, 53 ; iv,2,i. 
 Mihi clam est! — I know not. Plautus, Mil. iii, 3,9. Clam aliquam habere, — to keep 
 secret from one ; to conceal from one. Terentius, Hec. iv, 4, 35. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Covertly, secretly, clandestinely. Dig. xliii, tit. 24. v. Vi aut 
 clam. 
 
 CLAM factum id videtur esse, quod quisque, quum controversiam haberet, habitur- 
 umve se putctret, fecit. Q. M. Scaevola, Dig. L, 17, fr. 73, § 2. That 
 appears to be covertly (secretly) done, which any one did, when he had a legal 
 dispute, or thought he would have one. That seems to be done clam, which was 
 done by a person having, or anticipating to have, a controversy with another. 
 
 In the Civil Law: That is done covertly, V/am '/ ^. ^., what is done with a view to 
 expected litigation. What a person did and kept concealed from his adversary, in order to 
 escape his prohibition was ^ clam.' v. Celsus, Dig. xliii, 24, fr. 18, § i. 
 
 The Praetor's edict was: Quod vi aut clam factum est, qua de re agitur, id, 
 cfiM experiendi potestas est restituas. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 24, fr. i pr. Quid sit v i 
 factum, vel clam factum videamus, etc. Ulpianus, ib. § 5. Vi factum id videtur esse, qui 
 de re quis ciim prohibetur fecit : clam quod quisque qu,um controversiam haberet habiturumve 
 se putaret fecit. Q. M. Scaevola, Dig. L, iTtfr. 73, § 2. v. P hillimore' s Princ. and Max. 
 fur. xlv, p. 218 sq. 
 
 CLAM delinquentes magis puniuntur quam palam. Those sinning secretly are 
 punished more severely than those sinning openly. 8 Co. 127. 
 Clamare. — Lat. and L. Lat. V. below Clamo. 
 
 Glamator oris, m. [clamo.] A bawler, noisy declaimer. CiCERO, Brut, xlix, 182 ; id- 
 de Or. iii, 21, 81 ; Gellius, xix, 9, 7. 
 
 ClamatoriuS, a, um, adj. [damator.] Screeching, clamorous ; e.g., Clamatorius avis, — 
 a screeching or clamorous bird, i. e. a bird of bad omen. Pliny, x, 4, 17. 
 
 Clamantem et auditum infra quatuor parieties.— L. Lat. Crying and being heard 
 
 within the four walls. 
 
 This expression was applied to cases where a man married a woman, seized in fee, and a 
 a child was born, which had been heard to cry, the husband was then called tenant 
 bv the courtesy, v. Tamen clamorem imitiere debet, etc. 
 
 Clamitatio Onis, /. [clamito.'] A violent crying, clamor, noise. Plautus, Afw/. i, 1 , 6. 
 
 ClamitO are, V. intens. n. and a. {clamo.] To cry out violently or aloud ; to bawl out, 
 vociferate. Ciceeo, Div. ii, 40 fin.; Caesar, B. G. v, 7 fin.; LiVY, ix, 24; xxvii, 48 et al. 
 Trop. : Cldmitare calliditdtem, — to show, betray cunning, craft or artfulness. Cicero, 
 Rose. Com. vii, 20. 
 
 ClamO Sre, I, V. n. and a. = Gr. naXioo. (a.) Neutr. : To call, cry out, shout aloud, 
 to complain with a loud voice; e. g., Clamare de pecunia, — to call or cry out for money. 
 Cicero, Verr, ii, 5, 7 fin. et al. 
 
 Of a vehement bawling before a tribunal: v. Cicero, Div. in Caecil, xv 
 et al. Also of abstract things: Et non ulla meo clam at in ore fides? — and does 
 my truth never plainly proclaim itself? Prop, i, 18, 18. 
 
 (6.) To call or cry aloud to something or someone ; to proclaim, declare, to invoke, call 
 upon, etc. V. Class, pass. Trop. of abstract things: w. Cicero, j?»jc. Com. yCu\\ 
 id. Fin. ii, 20, 65 ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 42 ; ii, i, 5 fin. etal. 
 380 
 
Cla.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cla. 
 
 In old English Law: To claim ; to demand or challenge; to assert a right to a 
 thing. Spelman. e. g., Clamans, — claiming, i Jieg. Orig. 36. Clamantis^ — of, from or by 
 claiming. Fleta, i, c. 7, § 8. To complain. Glanv. lib. i, c. 5. To cry out, to publish or 
 declare aloud ; to proclaim. Bracton, fol. log*, v. Facias clamare et sciri. 
 
 Clamea. — L. Lat. A claim. Reg. Orig. igd. Clameum or Clameus, — a claim. Co. 
 
 Litl. 2^lb / Bracton, fols. 7, 435*. 
 
 Clamor, Oris, m. (Old form Cldmos. Quint. 1, 4, 13.) A loud call, shout, cry. 
 
 Of men and of animals; ?. ^., Facere clamorum, — to make a loud call. Plautus, 
 Bac. iv, 8, 33. V. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 43 ; Quintilian, v, 10, 46 et al. 
 
 In particular: (ff,) A friendly call, acclimation, applause. Cicero, Fam. xxii, 7 
 (6.) A hostile call, clamor, complaint. Coel. in Cicero, Fam. viii, 2 ; id. Verr. ii, i, 5. 
 
 Clamor. — L. Lat. =L. Fr. Clamur. A claim or suit. 
 
 In old English Law: A complaint; clamour; e. g., v. In misericordia pro falso 
 clamor e siio, and Ne amplius inde cldmorem audiamus. v. Du Cange; Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 (&.) A cry or outcry ; e. g.. Clam or patriae , — the cry of the country, «. c. " the hue 
 and cry." Fleta, lib. i, c. 24, § i. 
 
 Clamor pro hutesios, —a complaint by outcry. Id. ib.; c. 27, § i. 
 
 Clamor populari s , — the cry of the people (called also clamor patriae). Clanv.Uh. 
 xi V, c. 3. = Hutesium et clamor. = Crie de pais. 
 
 Levare hutesium et clamore, — to raise the hue and cry. Bracton, fols. 16*, w^b, 358. 
 
 A proclamation, an accusation. Du Cange. (c.) The cry of a newly-born babe. v. Cld- 
 mantem et audituminfraquatuor parietes. v. Tamen sonum autvocememisenntaut clamorem 
 qui audiatur inter quatuor parietes, si hoc probetur. Fleta, lib. vi, ch. 55, gi^ 4, 6. 
 
 Clamdse, adv. — Lat. Loudly, clamorously. Quintilian, xi, 3, 45. 
 
 ClamoSUS, a, um, adj. [Lat. clamor. '\ Full of clamor or noise, i. e. (a.) Act. , Clamor- 
 ing or bawling continuously or loudly ; clamorous. Turbidus et clamosus allercator, — a 
 turbulent and clamorous disputant. Quintilian, vi, 4, 15. (6.) Pass., Filled with noise 
 or clamor; noisy. Stat. S. iv, 4, 18; iii. 5, 16; Mart, x, 53; Juvenal, Sat. ix, 144, (c.) 
 Accompanied with noise or clamor. Quintilian, v, 3, 2 ; Cicero, Her. iii, 13. 
 
 Clancularius, a, um, adj. \clanculum.'\ Secret, concealed, unknown. Mart, x, 3. 
 
 ClaUCulum, a'^J'- and /rai?/. ^//«. \clam.'\ Secretl)', privately. Plautus, ^j-w. v, i:, 31. 
 
 ClandestlUO, adv. Secretly, clandestinely ; stealthily. Clandestino copulati fuerunt, — 
 they were united by stealth ; the marriage was solemnized secretly. 
 
 ClandestinUS, a, um, rti^'. \clam^ Secret, hidden, concealed, clandestine. Clandes- 
 tlna nuptiae , — a secret or clandestine marriage, wedding or nuptials. Plautus, Cas. 
 V, 3,6. Clandestlna suspici , — a secret distrust, a hidden suspicion. VLKm. Am. 
 i, 2, 28. V. Cicero, de Off. ii, 23, 81 et at. 
 
 Clara dies. Clear days, i. e. daylight. Bracton, fol. 137*. =Dies clara. 
 
 Clare adv. Brightly, clearly, intelligibly, distinctly, illustriously. Plaut. Mil. iii, i, 36. 
 
 Clare constat. It clearly appears ; it is distinctly established, settled, etc. 
 
 In Scotch Law: The initial words, and hence the name, oi a. ^rece^X. (dare constat) 
 given by a mesne lord (subject superior) to his deceased vassal's heirs, as the cheapest and 
 easiest method of making up his titles. The deed is thus named from its commencing with 
 the words dare constat, — it is clearly evident. Bell's Did.; Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 5, § 17. 
 
 Clared Sre, 2, v. «. [clarus.'\ To be clear or bright, to shine. Cicero, Aral. 107 et al. 
 
 Trop. , («.) To be intellectually obvious or clear, evident or manifest. LucR. vi, 938 ; 
 Quintilian. vii, i, 30. (6.) Of character: To be brilliant, distinguished, illustrious, 
 famous, renowned ; e. g., Gloria claret,— hxiXWaxil, illustrious fame or renoun. Enn. in Cic. 
 de Sen. iv, 10 ; TURPIB. in Non. Ixxxv, 22. 
 
 ClareSCO, sre, 2, v. inch, [clareo.] To become or grow bright or clear. 
 
 (a.) Of the sight: To begin to shine, become visible. Tacitus,^, xv, 37. Clarescit 
 dies,— the day became visible or began to shine. Seneca, Here. fur. 123. (ft.) Of the 
 hearing: To sound clear, to become audible. Clarescunt sonitus armorumqiu ingruit 
 
 horror, the sounds rise on the ear, and the horrid din of arms assails. Virgil, A. ii, 
 
 301. w. Quintilian, i, 11,7; Gei.lius, v, n fin. Trop., (a.) To become intellectually 
 clear,m'anifest, evident, obvious. LucR. i, 1108 ; v, 1455 ; Quintilian, iii, 8, 61 (!■. the pass.); 
 
 (6.) In character: To become brilliant, illustrious, famous, renowned. Tacitus,^. 
 iv, 52 ; id. Hist, ii, 53 ; id. Germ, xiv ; id. Or. 36 ; Suet. Nev. i. 
 
 381 
 
Cla.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cla. 
 
 Clarificatio, Onis, /. [chrifico.'] In Ecclesiastical Latin: A glorification. 
 
 In old Scotch Law: A making clear ; the purging or clearing (clenging) of an assise. 
 Skene. C larific dtio deb Hi, — the clearness of a debt, which is clearly and sufficiently 
 proved and verified. Skene, citing Leg. Forest, c. Probato, 86. 
 
 ClarifioO, are, I, ?/. a. \clams-facio.'\ Eccles.Lat.: To make illustrious or famous. 
 
 In Scotch Law: v. Clarificatio . 
 
 Clarigatio, Snis, /. \-\-clarigo, are, — i. c. clarum ago or clard voce ago, — to proclaim war 
 against an enemy with certain religious ceremonies.] Prop., A demand of satisfaction 
 from an enemy under penalty of a declaration of war. Clarigatum, id est, res capta dare repe- 
 titum. Pliny, H. N. xii, 2. v. LiVY, i, 32. (6.) A religious solemnity with which the 
 Fetialis declared war upon an enemy (in case they refused to give satisfaction within thirty- 
 three days for injuries sustained), cf. Serv. Virg. A. ix, 53 ; x, 14 ; Pliny, 2 Epist. lib. 
 xxii, 2 ; 2 Adams' Rom. Antiq. pp. 52, 429. (c.) The seizure of a man who is found beyond 
 the place prescribed to him. LivY, viii, 14. v. Reprisalia. 
 
 QuiNTlLIAN say s : Opus est atiquando fiinitione ohscurioribus et ignotioribus verbis, ut, quid sit cld- 
 r igd tio , ercti citi. QuiNTinAN, Insi. Orat. vii, 3, 13. Sometimes words that are obscure and but little 
 known require definition, as cldrigdtto. 
 
 In English Law: v. Arresto facto super bonis mercatorum alienagerorum. 
 
 Clarior e tenebris. — P r o v . More bright from obscurity. 
 
 Clari-SOnus, a, um, adj. [clarus.l Clear-sounding. Clatisona vox, — a clear-sounding 
 voice. Catull. Ixiv, 320. Clarisona atirae, — the clear sounding of the air or breeze. Cic- 
 ero, Arat. 280. 
 
 Claritas, atis, /. \clarus.'\ Clearness, brightness, (a.) Of objects affecting the 
 sight: c. g., Claritas matutina, — the clearness, brightness of the morning; matutine 
 brightness, clearness, Pliny, ix, 35,54. Claritas visus, — a clearness, brightness of sight, 
 vision, /i/. xxxi, 10, 46 «; rt/. (6.) O f obj ects affecting the hearin g : c. g., Clar- 
 itas in voce, — a clearness in voice. Cicero, Acad, i, 5, 19. Claritatem voca li u in , — full- 
 ness in pronunciation. Quintilian, ix, 4, 131. Trop., («.) An intellectual clearness, 
 distinctness, perspicuity. Quintilian, ii, i6, 10 ; viii, 3, 70. (6.) A moral brightness, i. >. 
 celebrity, renown, reputation, splendor, high estimation. Cicero, Phil, i, 13, 38 ; id. Div. 
 ii, 31, 66 ; id. Fain, xiii, 68 ; Quintilian, viii, 6, 7 ; th, l,-]2 et al. 
 
 Claritudo, onis, /. [darus.] Clearness, brightness. Salldst and Tacitus. Trop., 
 = Claritas. (a.) Renown, celebrity, splendor, fame, reputation. Sallust, y. \\fin.; id. ib. 
 vii, 4 ; Tacitus,.^, xii, 2 ; xvi, 24 ; ii, 43 : xv, 35. Claritudonem nomenis, — renown, celeb- 
 rity of a name. Id. ib. xv, 71 et al. ClaritUS, adv. ^ Clare. 
 
 ClarO, are, i, v. u. [claras.^ To make bright or clear ; to illuminate. Cicero, Div. i, 
 I2fn./ id. Arat. xx^ix. Trop., (a,) To make mentally clear, evident, distinct or obvious; 
 to explain, illustrate, set forth. LucR. iii, 36 ; iv, 780. (&.) To make illustrious ; to render 
 famous. Horace, Odes, iv, 3, 4. 
 
 ClarissimUS, «, um. LWe fortissimus, designating the highest praise of the honor-loving 
 Roman ; hence, a stand ing title, at all times, of distinguished public characters, 
 as consuls, proconsuls, senators, pontifices, etc. v. Adapts' Rom. Antiq. i, pp. 17, 213 ; 
 Cicero, de Or. ii, 37, 154. Vir fortissimus et cldrissimus. Id. Verr. i, 15 ; ii, 58 ; id. de Or. 
 
 1,45. Claris natalibus, — of distinguished birth. Tacitus, .ff; ii, 86. Clarissimi in ea 
 SCientia, — of the greatest fame or renown in that science. Pliny, xxxvi, 5, 4, note 2. 
 Clarissimns in Uteris, — the most brilliant, famous in letters. Pliny, xxxvi, 5, 4, note 2 ; 
 id. xxxvii, i, 4. As a title: ClarissimilS vir, — a most illustrious, glorious man. 
 Cicero, Att. xv, 20. v. id. ib. xiv, 11. Clarissimi COnsules. Pliny, Ep. vii, 33, 8. v. 
 MATLr.I>tg.xUx,i4,fr.lSetal. Meton: Of the wives of such distinguished 
 public characters: Clarissimae feminae, — the most illustrious viromen ; the most 
 distinguished females. Ulpianus, Dig. i, 9, /;-. 8. 
 
 Clarum et venerdbile nomen 
 
 Gentibus, et tnultum nostrae quod proderat urbi. 
 
 An illustrious and venerable name among the nations, and which was eminently useful to 
 our country. Lucan. of Cato, of Utica. 
 382 
 
Cla,J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cla. 
 
 Classici, 5rum, »/. [-\- c/assis, a aeet.] In the Roman Law: Marines. Tacitus, 
 ■^- '. 36 ; ii, II, 17, 22, 67 ; iii, 55. Al s o f o r mariners, seamen. Curt, iv, 3. In gen- 
 eral: Persons employed in servile duties on board of vessels. Justinian. Cod. xi, tit. 12, 
 ' de Classicis.' 
 
 Claudere. — L. Lat. [+ Lat. daudo, to shut, to close.] In old English Law: To 
 inclose; to turn open fields into closes and inclosures. Cowell. To close, finish or end ; 
 e. g.. Diem clausit exlremum, — he closed his last day (q. v.). 
 
 ClaUStrum, i, ». (in the plur. ClaUStra, Orum, ».) That by which any thing is shut up 
 or closed j a lock, bar, bolt. Claustra revellere. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 26 ; LiVY, v, 2. 
 
 Trop.: A bar, band, barrier, bounds. Lucretius,!, 72,416; id.\\\, 397; vi, 1152 ; 
 Horace, Ep. i, 14, 9 Semid. 
 
 In more extended sense: Adoor that closes or shuts up ; any place that is shut 
 up ; a dam, dike, etc. Ovid, M. iv, 86. Claustrum maris, — a harbor or haven. SiL. xii, 
 442; V, 44. Hence, in Military Lang.: A barricade, bulwark, key, defense, fron- 
 tier, fortress, wall, bank, etc. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 32; id. Agr. ii, 32, 87. 
 
 In Roman Law: A bar for securing a door. Clatistra, — bars. Ulpianus, ZJjf. xix, 
 l.fr. 17. 
 
 Claustlira. — L Lat. [-\- claudere.'] In old English Law: An inclosure, or that 
 which bounds it ; a barrier around a field. 2 Mon. Angel. 403. Brushwood for fences or 
 hedges. Kennett's Par. Ant. 247. 
 
 Clausula, ae. /. \claudo.'\ A close, conclusion, end. Cicero, Ci?c/. 27 y?«. Clausulam 
 impunere disputaiioni , — to put an end to dispute, debate or discussion. CoL. iii, 19,3. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: A law formula, and in general, a clause. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 8, fr. 25, % I ei saep. A clause ; a sentence or part of a sentence in a 
 writing, or a law; e. g.. Per clausulam contentam in charta, — by or according to the 
 clause or sentence contained in the charter or deed. Bracton, fols. 17^, 22^. 
 
 Clausula ancillaris. — L. Lat. An ancillary, auxilliary, subservient clause. 
 
 A kind of hand-maid to another clause, and to deliver her mind, not her own. And there- 
 fore it is a kind of interpreter; her natural and proper use is to particularize that that is 
 before general, or distribute that that is in gross, or explain that that is doubtful and obscure. 
 Hobart, 172. 
 
 Clausula de non obstante de futoro. A clause of notwithstanding of the future. 
 Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 Clausula derogatoria. A derogatory clause ; a clause that derogates. 
 
 This clausula derogatoria is by common, practical term called clausula non obstante, i. e. a 
 clause notwithstanding, and is of two sorts, de praeterito et de futuro (of the past and of the 
 future), the one weakening and disannulling any matter passed to the contrary, the other any 
 matter to come. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19. v. Broom's Max. 28. 
 
 CLAUSULA derogatoria ad alias frequentes voluntates posita in testamento 
 {viz., si testator dicat qd' si contegerit eum facer e aliud testamentum non vult 
 illud valere) operatur quod sequens dispositio ab ipsa clausula reguletur, et per con- 
 sequens quod sequens dispositio duretur sine voluntate, et sic quod non sit attendendum. 
 A derogatory clause affixed to other frequent expressions of the will in 
 a testament (viz., if the testator should say that if any thing should happen he 
 would make another testament, and wishes that one not to be valid) effects that 
 the disposition following is regulated by the clause itself, and consequently that 
 the disposition following is sustained without the will, and so that cannot be con- 
 sidered (or heeded). Bacons Max. in Reg. 19. 
 
 The sense of the rule is, that where a former will is made, and after a later will, 
 the reason why, without an express revocation of the former will, it is by implication revoked, 
 is because of the repugnancy between the disposition of the former and the latter. Bacon's 
 Max. in Reg. ig. v. Non impedit clausula derogatoria, etc. 
 
 CLAUSULA generalis de residuo non ea complectitur quae non ejusdem 
 sint generis ciim iis quae speciatim dicta fuerant. A general clause of 
 remainder does not embrace those things which are of the same kind with 
 
 383 
 
Cla.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cla. 
 
 those which had been specially mentioned. Lofft's R., Append, 419 ; Broom's 
 Max. It is otherwise quoted : 
 
 CLAUSULA g e ne r alls non complectitur ea quae non ejusdem generis sunt 
 cum Us quae speciatim dicta fuerant. A general clause does not 
 embrace those things which are of the same kind. with those which had been 
 specially mentioned. Lofffs R. App., Max. 419 ; Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 
 Jur. p. 50, n. I. 
 
 Papinian. laid down the rule in the Civil Law: In toto jure generi per speciem deroga- 
 tur et illud potissimum habetur quod ad speciem directum est, PapiniaNUS, J^ig. L, 17, fr. 80. 
 
 C'LK\5'S>\i'Lh. g ener alis non refertur ad expressa. A general clause does 
 not refer to things expressed. 8 Co. 154 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 ClailSUlEl iuutilis, A useless or inoperative clause. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19 ; Broom's 
 Max. 645. u. Clausula vel dispositio inutilis, etc. 
 
 Clausula non obstante. A clause notwithstanding. 
 
 The clausula derogatoria is by common practical term called clausula non obstante, and is of 
 two sorts, de praeterito et de futuro, the one weakening and disannulling any matter past to 
 the contrary, the other any matters to come. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19. 
 
 CLAUSULA quae abrogationem excludit ab initio non valet. A clause [in a 
 law] which precludes its abrogation, is void from the beginning. Bacons 
 Max. in Reg. 19 ; Broom's Max. 27 ; Dwarris on Stat. 673. 
 
 Perpetua lex est nullani legem humanam ac positivam perpetuam esse ; et clausula quae abroga- 
 tionetn excludit ab initio non valet. Bacon's Max. hi Reg. 19 ; Broom's Max. 28. 
 
 The principle thus set forth seems to be of universal application, and an act may now (as 
 regards our own Parliament) be altered, amended or repealed in the same session in which 
 it is passed, " any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding." 13 and 14 Vict. i-. 21, § i. 
 cf. 2 Dwarris on Stat. 673. 
 
 CLAUSULA vel dispositio inutilis per presumptionem remotam, vel causam ex post 
 facto nonfulcitur. A useless clause or disposition (i. e. one which the law, 
 by intendment, would have supplied), is not supported by a remote presumption 
 [or foreign intendment of some purpose] or by a cause arising afterward. 
 Bacon's Max. in Reg. 21 ; Broom's Max. 645. 
 
 Lord Bacon thus explains: " Clausula vel dispositio inutilis is when the act or the 
 words do work or express no more than the law by intendment would have supplied ; and 
 therefore the doubling or iterating of that and no more, which the conceit of the law doth in 
 a sort prevent and preoccupate, is reputed nugation, and is not supported and made of sub- 
 stance either by a foreign intendment of some purpose, in regard whereof it might be mate- 
 rial, nor upon any cause emerging afterward, which may induce an operation of those idle 
 words or acts.' Bacon's Max. in Reg. 21. 
 
 CLAUSULAE inconsuetae semper inducunt suspicionem. Unusual clauses [in 
 an instrument] always excite or induce suspicion. 3 Co. 81; Broom's 
 Max. 285. 
 
 ClaUSUm (clUSUm), i. R". [+ claudo, ere, to shut, shut up, close.] S u b s t . An inclosed 
 place (for keeping or confining any thing). In clauso, — in confinement. Virgil, G. iv, 303. 
 Clusum domus, — a house closed, shut. v. LuCR. i, 354. 
 
 In old English Law: Close. A term applied to writs and letters, as distinguished 
 from those that were open or patent; e.g., Clausum vel apertum. Bracton, fol. 188, 372*/ 
 Fleta, lib. ii, c. 13, § 6. v. Brevia clausa. Rotuli clausi. (&.) A close ; a portion of land, as 
 a field, inclosed, as by a hedge-fence or other visible inclosure (3 Bl. Com. 2og ; i Salk. 254); 
 or by an ideal, invisible boundary existing only in contemplation of law. 3 Bl. Com. 209, 
 210. Infra clausum, — within the close. Bracton, fol. 97.5. A piece of land adjoining a 
 house. I Lon. 103 ; 3 Bl. Coin. 209, 210. The interest of a person in any particular piece 
 of ground, whether actually inclosed or not. Doct. &= Stud. &\2\.'\,c.%\ ■] East. 201. "The 
 word clausum imports possession." 10 Mod. 141 (?). v, id. 169, 170. 
 
 ' 384 
 
Cla.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cle. 
 
 Clausum fregit.— L. Lat. He broke the close, or field inclosed. 
 
 In Pleading and Practice, t. t.: Used in certain actions of trespass, and still 
 retained in the phrase quare clausum fregit. It expresses the unlawful or unwarrantable 
 entry on another's soil, land or close. 3^/. Com. 209; 4/0'. 226. Subst. : K clausum 
 fregit expresses a cause of action for the breaking of a close. 11 Mod. 304 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Clausum PaSChae.— L. Lat. = L. Fr. Cluse de Pasche. The close of Easter. 
 
 In old English Practice: The octave {octas, the eighth day after the feast) of Easter 
 was so called because it closed the feast. Stat. Westm. I. fr.j 2 Co. Inst. 157 ; Co-well; 
 Blount. 
 
 GlaUSUra, ae, /. \claudoP\ A castle, fort. Cassiod. Var. ii, 5 ; Justinian. Cod. i, 27, 2. 
 V. Claustrum, in Militarj' Language. 
 
 In old English Law: An inclosure. Clausura heyae, — the inclosure of a hedge. 
 Cowell. 
 
 ClaUSUre, — L. Fr. An inclosure. Le clos est environ' ove un clausur', — the close is sur- 
 rounded with an inclosure. Yearb. P. 20 Hen. VI. 18. 
 
 ClaveS, um,/. [plur. .\-clavis, q. v.] Keyes. Ulpian. Dig. xix, T., fr. 17 
 Glaves curiae. — L. Lat. The keys of the court. 
 
 In old Scotch Law: A term applied to the officers of a court ; e.g. the sergeant, 
 clerk and dempster or doomster. Skene. 
 
 ClaveS insulae, — Lat. The keys of the island. 
 
 In the Isle of Man: Applied to twelve persons to whom all doubtful and important 
 cases were referred. Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Clavia. — L- Lat. [-(-Lat. clava.\ In old English Law: A club or mace. 
 
 CLAVIBUS traditis ita mercium in horreis conditarum possessio tradita videtur, 
 si clav e s apud hor r ea traditae sintj quo facto confestimentor dominim?i 
 et possessionem adspiscitur, etsi non aperuerit horreaj quod si venditor is merces non 
 fuerunt, usucapio confestim inchoabitur. Papinian. Dig. xviii, i,/r. 74. By the 
 act of delivering the keys (the keys having been delivered) possession of the 
 merchandise stored up in the store-house appears transferred or delivered, i f 
 the keys were delivered at or near the store- house; by which 
 act the purchaser at once obtains ownership and possession, even though he may 
 not have opened the ware-house ; even if there were no wares belonging to the 
 vendor, possession is immediately entered upon. 
 
 Gaujs expressed the rule: Si quis merces in horreo repositas vendiderit, simulatque 
 claves horrei iradiderit emtori, trans f ert propiietatem mercium ad emtorem. Gaius, Dig. xli, I, 
 fr. 9, § 6. Justinian, adopted this rule. v. Inst, ii, i, § 45. 
 
 Papinianus, however, expressed the qualification that the key should be delivered apud horreaj — at the 
 ware-house. This distinction has some refinement. The person apud horrea.^ with the key in his hand, 
 has the immediate power and control over the contents of the ware-house : the goods, it seems, are in his 
 custody, and he is thus placed in possession of them. The key is not deemed symbolical, but is the means by 
 which its holder is enabled to deal with the goods as an owner. 
 
 Bracton treats the subject of delivery by keys: Si claves cellulae, vivatiae, vel hor- 
 reoriim tradiderit, quis dominus vel procuratoii, vina et merces tradi videntur, etc. Bracton,, ii, 
 c. 18, t^ 6, fol. 44. As to symbolical delivery, cf. 2 Kent's Com. 500 sq. 
 
 1. Claviger eri, m. [clava-gero.] A club bearer. OviD, M. xv, 22. 
 
 2, Claviffer, eri, m. [davis-gero.] A key bearer ; an epithet of Janus, as the god of 
 doors. Ovid, F. i, 228. 
 
 ClaviS is, /• {also clavem, clavim. P1.AVTVS, Most, ii, i, 7&; TlB.ii, 4,31 etal.) A key. 
 Clavis aduliera,— false keys. OviD, A. iii, 643. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: Claves tradere,— to give up or surrender the keys, as 
 a symbol of the delivering up of the household (for possession or oversight). Papinian. Dig. 
 xviii, I, fr. 74; 31, fr. 77, § 21. Hence, Clavis adimere uxori,— to take the keys from the 
 wife,' i'. e. to separate from her. Cicero, Phil, ii, 28, 6g. 
 
 dementia ae, /. (a.) A calm, tranquil state of the air and of the weather ; calmness, 
 mildness, trai^quility. LuCR. viii, 366 ; Pliny, v, 6, 5. (6.) Indulgent, forbearing conduct 
 
 [49] 2^5 
 
Cle.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cle. 
 
 toward the errors and faults of others ; moderation, mildness, humanity, forbearance, benig- 
 nity, clemency, mercy. 
 
 CLRMENTIA est per quam animi temere in odium alicujus concitaii invectio comitate retine- 
 lur. Cicero, Inv. ii, 54, 154. Clemency is that by which the violence of the mind, when 
 causelessly excited to entertain hatred toward or against some one else, is restrained by cour- 
 tesy. 1). Cicero, de Off. i, 25, 88 ; id. Verr. ii, 5, 44 iy. the pass.) etal.; Seneca, de Clem. 3. 
 
 CLEMENTIA principis, de consilio procerum, populis indultam. The favor or clemency of 
 the prince allowed for or to the people from the high council (the council of nobles). Glan- 
 ville; 2 Smith's L. C. [514], 583. 
 
 Clementinae (or Clementis Fapae) COnstitutiones. Clementine constitutions or con- 
 stitutions of Pope Clement. 
 
 A collection of constitutions and decretals of Pope Clement V. published A. D. 1308 
 (or 1313). They were authenticated by Pope John XXII. A. D. 1317, and form part of 
 the Corpus Jufis Canonici, or \>od.y oii^& Canon Law. x Bl. Com.i, 82; Broom &= Had. 
 Com. i, 83. 
 
 Clepsydra, ae, /. = Gr. xXeipvdpa. \-\- tcXeTtr eiv , to steal, conceal, and vSpa, -uSoop, 
 water.] A water-clock ; an hour-glass ; clepsydra. Seneca, Ep. lib. iii, 3 (24), 20 ; Veg. 
 Mil. 8 et al. 
 
 Among the Romans: Used by speakers to measure their discourse. Pliny, .£/. ii, 
 14 ; vi, 2, 5 ; i, 23, 2. 
 
 The f/fi/jj^ffraf were of different lengths — sometimes three of them in an hour. Pliny, ^/. z. Hence, 
 Petere clepsydras^ — to ask more clepsydras, i. e. more time to speak. Dare clepsydras^ — to give more clep- 
 sydras, i, e. to give permission to speak. Cicero, de Or. iii, 34, 38; Mart, vi, 35. v. Agua. (&.) Causae 
 conjectio. 
 
 The clepsydra. — hour-glass, — was a glass vase which had a small neck, in the bottom of which was a hole, 
 from which the water trickled out from small apertures, as if by stealth, and in this manner the time was meas- 
 ured. Cicero, rf^ (9?-. iii, 34. It appears to have been something like our sand-glass. How many hours were 
 allowed to each advocate was left to the judices to determine, v. Cicero, Quint, ix ; Pliny, Ep. i, ao, 4. 
 Hence, Dare vel petere pluras clepsydras^ — to give or ask more time to speak. Pliny, Ep. vi, 2. 
 
 Clepta, ae, m. = Gr. hXejIttj?. A thief. Plautus, True, i, 2, 9. v. Kleptomania. 
 
 Clere. — L. Fr. Clear, confident. Dyer, 'i^. Clerement, — clearly. Id. ■iT.. 
 
 Clericalis, e, a(^'. {cleiicus.^ Eccles. Lat.:. Clerical, priestly. SiD. .£)». vi, 7; vii, 2. 
 
 In old English Law: Clericale privilegium , — the clerical privilege; the 
 privilege or benefit of clergy. Fleta, lib. i, c. 28, § 12 ; id. lib. ii, c. 69. v. Benefidum 
 cleticale, 
 
 ClericatUS, ils, ?». \id.'\ The clerical office. HiER. .£^. 60, u. 10 ; 125, n. 8. 
 Glerici, — L. Lat. [4- Lat. clericus.'\ Clerks, clergymen. 
 
 Clerici de cancellaria. — L. Lat. Clerks of the chancery. Stat. Westm. II. c. 24. 
 Clerici de cursu. — L. Lat. Clerks of course, or in the usual course. 
 In English Practice: Clerks whose business it was to make out the common 
 writs or writs of course (de cursii). 18 Edw. III. st. 5 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law. 547 ; Hob. 118. 
 
 Clerici de major! gradu. Clerks of the higher grade. Coddington's patent, 49 Edw. III. 
 They were also called : Clerici primi graduB, — clerks of the first grade. Rot. Claus. 35 
 Edw. III. and 43, in dors. 
 
 Clerici de prima formi,, or de primo gradu. — L. Lat. Clerks of the first form or rank. 
 
 In English Law: The chief clerks of Chancer)'. Collaterales et socii cancellarii, — the 
 assistants and associates of the chancellors — in the framing of writs in corsimili casH ; after- 
 ward termed Masters in Chancery. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 250, 251 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 184, 547. They were also called : 
 
 Clerici de secunta forma.— L. Lat. Clerks of the second form or grade. 
 
 Called in the Stat. Westm. II., Clerici de cursu, sxyA afterward Cursitores, whose business 
 was to make out the common writs or writs de cursu. Crabb's Hist. Eng. La w, 547 ; Hob. 
 118. The phrases de prima, secunda and iertia forma were derived from the Civil Law. 
 Justinian. Cod. xii, 24, 7 ; id. ib. 26. i. 
 
 Clerici praenotarii. — L. Lat. The six clerks in chancery. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 
 
 251. V. Lex clerici. 
 
 386 
 
Cle.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [CU. 
 
 CLERICI non ponanttir in officiis. Lit.: Clergymen cannot be placed in 
 offices (i. e. compelled to serve temporal offices). Co. Litt. 96. 
 CLERICI vel monachi, ne saecularibus negotits se immisceant. Clergymen or 
 monks should not mix themselves in secular matters. A maxim in Canon 
 Law. Ferriers Roman Law. 
 
 ClericO admittendo. ». Breve de clerUo admittendo. 
 
 Clerico capto per statutum mercatorum. v. De cierico capto, etc. 
 Clerico convicto, commisso gaolae, etc. •". De clerico convicto, etc. 
 Clerico infra sacros ordines constitutio, etc. v. De clerico sacros, e„... 
 
 Clericum admittendum. Admitting a clerk, v. Breve de clericum admittetidum. 
 
 Clericns, i, m. — Gr. nXr/piHoi. A clergyman, priest. Hier. Ef. 60, note 10. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A minister of religion in the Christian church; an eccle- 
 siastic, or priest. Justinian. Cod. i, tit. 3 ; id. Nov. iii, 123, 137. It is nomen generalissi- 
 mum, including bishops, priests, deacons, and others of inferior order in the church. Bris- 
 sonius ; Du Cange. 
 
 In English Law: A clergyman, clerk or priest ; a person in holy orders. Fleta,\\\>. 
 ii, c. 28, § 12 ; id. ib. c. 6g. When a person has been ordained a priest, he is, in the language 
 of the law, a clerk in orders, i Bl, Com. 388 ; Broom Sf Had. Com. iv, 465. A secular 
 priest as distinguished from a religious or regular. Kennetts Par. Ant. 171. 
 
 Transf . . A clerk or person who used his pen in any courts, or otherwise. A clerk of 
 a court; an officer whose duties were to issue writs, enrol pleas, etc. Fleta,\\h. ii, c. 36; 
 Termes de la Ley. An officer of the royal household having charge of the receipt and pay- 
 ment of money; e. g., Clericus coginiae, — clerk of the kitchen ; Clericus panetr' et butelr , — 
 clerk of the pantry and butlery. Fleta, lib. ii, cc. 18, 19. Du Cange. v. Nullus clericus nisi 
 causidicus. 
 
 CLERICUS absens, per alium vel alius, magis pro ipso poterit de beneficio ecclesi- 
 astico itivestiri. An absent clergyman can be invested, especially for him- 
 self, through one or another, of an ecclesiastical benefice. Reg. Jur. Canon. 
 cap. 24, X, '' de Rraebent.' 3, 5. Cited in Wharton on Agency, % 151. 
 
 CLERICUS et agricola et mercator, tempore belli, ut oretque, colat, commutet, pace 
 fruuntur. A clergyman, and a husbandman, and a merchant, in order that 
 they may preach, cultivate and trade, enjoy peace in time of war. 2 Co. Inst. 58. 
 
 Clericus et CUStOS rotulorum. — L. Lat. Clerk and keeper of the rolls. 
 
 In old English Law: Clericus parvae bagae, et custos rotulorum, et doniAs converso- 
 runi,— clerk of the petty bag, and keeper of the rolls, and of the house of the Converts. 
 So applied to the Master of the Rolls. 3 Reeve's Hist. 154. 
 
 Clericus mercati. — L. Lat. Clerk of the markets. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 8. 
 
 CLERICUS non connumeretur in duabus ecclesiis. A clergyman should not be 
 appointed to two churches, i Rol. R. 454. 
 
 Clericus parOcMaliS.— L- Lat. A parish clerk. Town's PI. 213. 
 
 Clericus sacerdotis.— L- Lat. The priest's clerk. Cowell. 
 
 Clerimonia. — L. Lat. \-\- clericus. '\ In old English Law: Clergy ; or the privi- 
 lege of clergy. 2 Co. Ifist. 635. 
 
 CleronimUS.— L. Lat. An heir. ■} Mon. Angl. 12<). 
 
 ClerUS i, m. = Gr. nXrjpoi. The clerical order; the clergy. Tertullian, Monog. 12. 
 
 In English Law: The clergy. Reg. Orig. 2%()b. v. Articuli cleri. 
 
 Cliens entis, fn. One who hears, a protfegfe, in relation to his protector {patronus) ; a 
 client. Plautus, Men. iv, 2, 4 sq.; Cicero, Rose. Am. vli, ig et saep.; Dionys. ii, 10; 
 Adams' Roman Ant. 33. v. Patronus. 
 
 Clienta, ae, /. Icliens.l A protSgfe, female client. Plautus ; Cicero. 
 
 Clientela ae, /. [tV.] The relation of patron and client, clientship ; patronage, protec- 
 tion. Terentius, Eun. V, 8, 9 ; Cicero, Rose. Am. xxxiii, 93 ; xxxvii, 106. 
 
 In English Law: The state of a client, clientship, protection, patronage, guardian- 
 ship. Applied also to the relation of a church to its patrons. 2 Bl. Com. 21. 
 
 387 
 
CU.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Coa. 
 
 Cllmacter, Sris, m. =Gr. HkvfiaKrrip (gradation). A critical epoch in human life; a 
 climacteric (in accordance with the ancient belief, the years seven, fourteen, twenty-one, 
 twenty-eight et al.). Pliny, vii, 49, 50 ; Gellius, iii, 10, 9. 
 
 ClimactericUS, a, um, adj. = Gr. xXiixaKTtjpiHoi. Of or pertaining to a dangerous 
 epoch in life ; climacterical. Gellius, xv. 7, 2 ; Pliny, Ep. ii, 20. 
 
 Climax, acls, /. = Gr. KXvfia^ (a ladder). A rhetorical figure, according to which there 
 is a gradual increase in force of expression, a climax (pure Lat. gradatio). Marc. Cap. Sat. 
 V, p. 176. In QuiNTiLiAN, ix, 3, 54, used as Greek, and translated hy gradatio. 
 
 Climax est g^radatio, ciiin ab eo verbo, quo sensus superior terrainatur, inferior incipit, ac deiade quasi 
 per gradus dicendi ordo servatur, ut est illud Africani: Ex innocentia nascitur dignitas^ex dignitnte 
 honor^ ex honore imjieriumy ex imperio libertas. Hanc figuram nonnulli catenam appellant, propter quod 
 aliud in alio quasi nectitur nomine, atque Ita res plures in geminatione verborum trahuntur. Fit autem hoc 
 schema non solum in singulis verbis, sed etiam in contexione verborum, utapud Gracchum: Pueritia tua 
 adolescentiae tuae inhonestantentum fuit^ adolescentia seneciuti dedecorantentuniy senectus reipuhlicae Jla- 
 gitiuTn. Sic et apud S c i p i o n e m : Vi atque ingraiis coacius ciim itlo sponsionetn feci, facta sponsione ad 
 judicem adduxi, adductunt pritno coetu damnavi, datnnattini ex voluntate dimisi. IsiDOEUS, Orig. ii, 2i,§4. 
 Climax is a gradation, as the following idea always starts from that word with which the beforegoing 
 ends ; and, then, the arrangement of speech is preserved as if by degrees (like the steps in a ladder). Take, 
 for instance, that famous dictum of Africa nus : "Innocence breeds dignity, dignity honor, 
 honor power, and power freedom." This figure of speech some call <ra/^K« or chain, as one con- 
 cept is, so to say, linked into the other, and thus several things are carried along in a duplication of words. 
 This plan, however, occurs not only with single words but with phrases also; as in a passage of Gracchus: 
 "Your puerility in your youth was a shame; youth, however, in old age is an orna- 
 ment, but old age in a republic is an evil.'' And thus runs a passage of Scipio; "By force 
 and unwillingly I made a contract with him; the contract being concluded, I 
 brought him before the judge; before the judge I had him condemned in the first 
 session, and him, being condemned, I dismissed voluntarily." [P. C.] 
 
 Clipewm post vulnera sumere. — P r o v . To take up, provide one's self with a 
 shield after the wound. T r o p . : To do something when it is too late. Ovid, TV. i, 3, 35. 
 
 ClipeuS (also ClypeUSand ClTipeUS), i. >»■ {Clipeum, i, n. Virgil, yi. ix, 709; LivY, i, 
 43 et al.) A round, brazen shield of Roman soldiers (different from scutum, which was oval, 
 and made of wood covered with bull's hide). Plautus, Trin. ii, 4, 195 ; iii, 2, 96; Cicero, 
 Fin. ii, 30, 97; Adam's Rom. Antiq. 2, p. bo sq. Trop. : A shield, protection, defense. 
 Claud, iv, const. Hon. 433. Me ton.: Of objects in the form of a shield. But esp. 
 f re q. ; A bust of the gods or distinguished men, represented upon a shield-formed surface 
 (of gold, silver, etc., skillfully prepared, and often laid up as sacred gifts in the temples). 
 Pliny ; LiVY ; Tacitus ; Suetonius et al; Ulpianus, Dig. ix, 3, /r. 5, § 12. M e t a p h . . 
 One of a noble family. Clypei prostrati, — a noble family extinct. Mat. Paris, 463. 
 
 Coactio, Onis, y. [cogo.2 a collecting, gathering, calling in. In the Jurists: A 
 short, concise abridgment 0?- epitome of a discourse. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 15. 
 
 Co-adjutor, [-\- co-adjavo.l A fellow-helper, a fellow-assistant. Qui auxi liatur 
 alieri, — one who aids, assists another. Co. Litt. iSia. v. Adjutor. 
 
 Co-adunatio, Onis, /. \coaduno.'\ A uniting, summing up. Justinian. Curf. v, 12, 31 yf«. 
 
 In old English Law; A uniting of persons together ; a combination or conspiracy. 
 9 Co. 56. . 
 
 Go-aduud, are, I, V. u. To unite by adding or joining together, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. x, 
 4,/K 7 ; Paulus, ib. ii, 14, /r. 9; Aur. Vict. Vit. i ; Diet. Cret. 4, 13. 
 
 Co-aedificd, Sre, i, v. a. To build to or upon. Cicero, Att.xiii, 33, 4; id. Part, lo Jin. 
 
 Co-aequalis, 5, <'■<!]. Of equal age; coeval. Petr. 136, i. Subst. : A comrade, 
 companion in age. Justus, xxxiii, 4, 9 ; Col. viii, 14, 8. 
 
 Co-aequalitas, atis, /. \co-aequalis.'\ An equality. MODESTINUS, Dig. xxvii, I, 8. 
 
 Co-aequO, Sre, i, o. u.. To make one thing equal or even with another ; to even, level. 
 Cato, S. R. 91 and 129. Trop.. To make equal in worth, dignity, power, etc. ; to place 
 on the same footing, equalize. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 41. 
 
 Go-aestimd, are, i, v. a. To estimate together with. Celsus, Dig. xlvii, 2, fr. 69. 
 
 Co-ag^entatiO, onis, /. [coagmento.l A joining or connecting together, a conjoining, 
 combining, union. Cicero, Univ. -v fin.; id. N. D. i, 8, 20 ; ii, 46 fin. 
 
 Coaffmentum i. »• ['^".S:"-] A joining together ; In Conereto ; a joint. Trop.: A join- 
 ing or connecting together. Coagmentum syllabarum. Gellius, xvii, 9, 2. 
 388 
 
Coa.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cod, 
 
 Co-aleSCO, v. inch. To grow together with something; to join by growing together; to 
 unite. Lucretius, ii, 1061 ; vi, 1067. To amalgamate with the soil, i. e. takes root. Var. 
 R. R. i, 41, 2 ; Gaius, Dig. xli, i, Jr. 9 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxxix, 2,/r. g, § 2. T r o p . . To 
 unite, agree together, coalesce. LlVY and Tacitus. 
 
 Co-arctatio and CoarctO. '"• Coarctatio, Onis, /. \coarto, are.] A drawing, crowding 
 together. A contracting, confining. O f t i m e : To abridge, shorten. Of discourse; 
 To abridge, compress. 
 
 Cockettare, — L. Lat. Icockettum.^ To cockett. Cockettari, — to be cocketted, /. e. 
 furnished with a certificate that goods are customed. Reg. Orig. 279; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Cockettum. — L. Lat. A cocket. A seal belonging to the custom-house. Reg. Orig. 
 192 ; 3 Salk. 172. 
 
 In English Law: A scroll or piece of parchment, sealed and delivered by the officers 
 of the custom-house to merchants, as a warranty that their merchandises are customed. 
 Stat. II Hen. VL c. 16. v. Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars. 2 (de fort, maris), c. 11 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Codex, icis. = Caudex, icis, m. The trunk of a tree, .the stock, stem. 
 
 Since the ancients originally wrote upon tablets of wood smeared over with wax — a book, 
 a volume, a roll, a writing. Adams' Antiq. 2, p. 290; Cicero, Verr. xxi. 46; QuiNTiLiAN, 
 X, 3, 28, 32 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxxii,/n 52. A code of laws ; a body of laws ; a collection or 
 compilation of laws by public authority. Adams' Antiq. 2, p. 312. 
 
 Codex Gregorianus, The Gregorian Code. 
 
 A collection of imperial constitutions made by Gregorius, a Roman jurist of tiie fifth century. It contained 
 the constitutions from Hadrian down to Constantine. Mackeld. Civ. La-w, 63, § 54 
 
 Codex Hermogenianus. The Hermogenian Code. 
 
 A collection of imperial constitutions made by Hermogenes, a jurist of the fifth century. It was nothing 
 more than a supplement to the Codex Gregorianus ^j«/raA containing the constitutions of Diocletian and 
 Maximilian. Mackeld. Civ. Law, 63, § 54. v. Tayl, Civ. Law, 17 ; Long's Discourse, 80. 
 
 Codex Justinianeus. The Code of Justinian. 
 
 So called by Justinian himself (Cod. 8 s) to distinguish it from the Code of Theodosius. It is a collection of 
 imperial constitutions (constituiiones) in twelve books compiled by Tribonian and nine associates, under the 
 direction of Justinian, A. D. 529. This Code was the first of the four collections of laws which make up the 
 Corpus Juris Civilis. A new edition was published by Justinian, A. D. 534, called Codex Repetitae Praelec- 
 tionis, Justinian. Inst, proem, § 2, Cooper's notes in Zoce , i Bl. Com. 81 ; 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, 51, § 61 ; 
 57, § 69 ; 92, § loi ; I Kent's Com. 537. 
 
 It is cited either thus : Const. 22, c. 4, 35, i. e. the 22d constitution, code, book 4, tit. 35 ; or thus ; Cod. iv, 
 35. 22, i. e. book iv, title 35, const. 22. 
 
 Codex Repetitae Praelectionis. The new Code of Justinian. 
 
 The new edition of the first or old code, promulgated A. D. 534, being the one now extant, i Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, 57, 8 69; Taylor's Civ. Law. 22 ; i Bl. Com. 81 ; Justinian. Inst, proem. 8 2, Cooper's notes in 
 loce ; I Kent's Com. 537. The old code, called Codex Vetus, is now lost. Mackeld. Civil Law, 51, § 61. 
 
 Codex Theodosianus. The Theodosian Code ; the Code of Theodosius. 
 
 A code compiled by the Emperor Theodosius the junior, A. D. 438 (or 435, Selden), being a methodical col- 
 lection of sixteen books of all the imperial constitutions then in force, v. i Bl. Com. 81 ; Taylor's Civ. Law, 
 17; Butler's Hor. Jur. 54, 55. 
 
 Codicill3.ris e (access, form codicillarius , a, um. Theod. Cod. vi, 22, 7), adj. \cddicilli.'\ 
 Appointed, named by a codicil. Lampr. Alex. Sev. 49. 
 
 Cddicilli, Orum, m. dim. A small trunk of a tree. Cato, R. R. yi fin., 130. A writing, 
 letter, especially a short writing, note, billet, a petition, etc. Cicero, Phil, viii, 10, 28 ; 
 id. Fam. vi, 18, 19 et al. 
 
 In the time of the Empire: (a.) A writing of the emperor, a diploma, a cabinet 
 order. Suetonius, Tib. 42; Calig. 18; Claud. 2q; Theod. Cod. vi, 4, 23. (6,) An indi- 
 vidual, testamentary order ; an addition, appendix to a will ; a codicil. Dig. xxix. tit. 7, 
 'de/ure Codicillorum ;' JUSTINIAN. Inst, ii, 25, §§ 1-3. 
 
 In the Common Law : It is the same. v. Swinbourn on Wills, i, § 5, notes 2, 3. 
 
 CodicilluS, 5, n. dim. [codex, a little book, a writing.] A codicil. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A codicil ; an inferior, informal kind of will in use among the 
 Romans, to enable one to dispose of his property in the near prospect of death. Codi- 
 cillos autem etiam plures quis facere potest, et nullum solemnintatem ordinationis desiderant. 
 Justinian Inst, ii 25, § 3. A person may make several codicils, and they require no solem- 
 
 389 
 
Coe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Coe. 
 
 nity in their form, i. e. in their execution. Codicillos el plures guis facere potest, el ipsius 
 manu neque scribi neque signari necesse est. Marcian. Dig, xxix, 7, fr. 6, § 2. cf. Mackeld, 
 Civ. Law, §§ 684, 755-757, ed. 1883. Codicillary clauses, etc. v. §§ 758, 759. 
 
 An inheritance could neither be given nor taken away by a codicil except through a trust ; 
 and it might as well be made before as after a testament, cf. Dig. xxix, tit. 7, 'de Jure 
 Codicillorum' ; Justinian. Cod. vi, tit. 36, ' de Codicillis;' id. Inst, ii, 25, ^§ i, 2. 
 
 JtJSTiNiAN expressly declared ne confundalur jus testamentorum et codicillorum, i. e. the 
 law of wills and codicils cannot be mingled together or confounded. The laws in respect 
 to each were upon different foundations. Justinian, id. ii, 25, § 2. Thus we see that it was 
 the opposite of the modern codicillus. 
 
 In Modern Law: A codicil is an additional or a supplementary provision made by 
 the testator and annexed to, and to be taken as part of, the will, by which its provisions or 
 dispositions are to be added to, explained, modified, altered or revoked. 2 Bl. Com. 500 ; 
 4 Kent's Com. 531 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 641. v. Wait's note, 416 ; De Gray C. J., 3 
 Willes, 513. As a codicil is, for general purposes, considered as a will, it must be exe- 
 cuted with the same formalities and proved in the same manner as the will itself. 4 Kent's 
 Com. 531 ; 7 HilVs (N. Y.) R. 346. v. U. S. Dig. 
 
 Coelum, i, n. (old form Coelus, i, ot.) Heaven, the heavens. Lucretius, pass ; Varus, 
 L. L. V, ^,'j el al. Melon., (a.) Heaven, in a more restricted sense ; the horizon, region 
 of heaven, climate, zone, region. Cicero, de Or. i, 39, 179 ; Quintilian, i, 10, 45 ; Livy, v, 
 54 ; Horace, Ep. i, 11, 27. (6.) The aerial region over the earth ; the air, sky, atmosphere, 
 temperature, weather. Lucretius, iv, 133 ; Cicero, Tusc. i, 19, 43 ; id. Div. i, 57, 130 el al. 
 (c.) Daytime, day. Alienlo coelo, — at break of day. SiSEUN. in Quintilian, viii, 3, 35 et al. 
 T r o p . : The summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc. CiCE. Phil, i, 3; id. Alt. xiv, 18. 
 
 In coelo sum , — I am in heaven, i. e. I am very happy. Cicero, Alt. ii, 9 ; i, "j et al. 
 
 In general: A vault, arch covering. Coelum camerae , — the interior surface of 
 a vault or covering. Vitr. vii, 3 et al. 
 
 Coeltiin, non anitmini, mutant, qui trans mare currunt. 
 
 Horace, Epist. i, 11 fin. 
 They change their climate, not their disposition, who run beyond the sea. 
 " If they, who through the venturous ocean range, 
 Not their own passions, but the climate change." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Co-emptiO, Onis,/. \co-emo.'\ A purchase together; a mutual purchase. 
 
 In Roman Law,;, t. : {a.) A pretended purchase of an estate, which was subjected 
 to a mock sale for the purpose of divesting it of the burden of certain sacrifices attached to 
 it. Cicero, Mur. xii, 27. (6.) A marriage, consisting in a mutual mock sale of the parties, 
 by which the wife was free from the tutela legitima, and the family sacris. Gaius, Inst, i, 
 g§ 113-115 sq.; Cicero, Mur. xii, 27, Moeb.; id. Place, xxxiv, 84 ; id. de Or. Ivi, 237 ; Var. 
 L. L. vi, 6, 63 ; Adam's Antiq. 501; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 557, n. 4, ed. 1883. 
 
 This was one of the modes in which marriage was contracted among the Romans. The tnodus operandi, 
 briefly stated, was this : The parties met and gave each other a piece of money, or a small sum ; they then 
 questioned mutually — the man asked the woman if she wished to be his Tnater-fajnilias, she replied that 
 she so wished ; the woman then asked the man if he wished to be her paier-familias, he replied that he so 
 wished; they then joined hands — and these were called coemption made with intent of matrimony (matri- 
 monii causd facta co-empiio), or nuptials by coemption (nuptias per co-emptionem). cf. Gaius, Inst, i, 
 §§ 113-11S ; Boctkius, *coemptio'; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.: Taylor's Civ. Law, 280,281; .S"aMrfar'j Jus- 
 tinian. Inst. pp. 93-95 ; Adams' Rom. Antiq, 501. 
 
 Go-empti5nalis, e, adj. [coemptio.'] Pertaining to (a sham sale or) a sham marriage. 
 Senex, — (an old person) who was made use of in such a performance, v. Cicero, Mur. xii, 
 27 ; id. Pam. vii, 29. 
 
 Coemptionator, Sris, w«. \co-emptio.'\ In the Civil Law, t.t.: One who enters 
 into the coemptio. Gaius, Inst. \, §§ 117, u8, ,166 ; Ulpian. Reg. xi, § 5. 
 
 Goemptor, oris, m. [coemo.] One who purchases (many things), buys up, Coemptor tes- 
 tium, — a purchaser of witnesses. App. Apol. p. 321. 
 
 Co-emptores terrarum. Mutual purchasers of lands. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses; Law 
 Tr. 317. The name of the statute 18 Eliz. I. 
 
 Coenacularius, a, um, adj. [coenaculum,'] Pertaining to a garret. 
 
 Coenacularius, u,m. S u b s t . , a tenant of a garret. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 7, fr. 11, § 5. 
 
 Coenacularia, ae, /. A leasing of a garret. Ulpian. ZJj^. ix, 3, /n 5, § 2. 
 390 
 
Co-eo.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cog. 
 
 Co-e6, Ire, V. n. and a. To go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together. 
 Pliny, Ep. i, 5,9; Ovid. M. iv, 83 et al. (b.) To form a whole by coming together ; to be 
 united into a whole, to unite, combine. Class, pass, (c.) Trop., To unite together for 
 some object, in feeling, will, conclusions, etc.; to join together, assimilate, agree. Cicero, 
 AU. vii, 3, 10 et al. To conspire together. Nep. Pelop. ii, 3. Colre societatem, — to enter 
 into an alliance, to make a compact (with some one). Cicero, Phil, ii, 10 fin.; id. Rose. 
 Com. xxxiv, 96; id. ib. xxxi, 87; Paulus, Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 65, §§ 6, 10; id. ib. xvii, 2, fr. 
 65 init. V. id. ib. §§ 2, 9, 10, 15. 
 
 Co-erce6, 5re, 2, v. a. [arceo.] To inclose something on its several sides, or wholly ; to 
 hold together, to surround by inclosing, to surround, incompass, and especially with the 
 idea of hindering free motion by surrounding; to restrain, confine, hold in confinement. 
 LucR. iv, 649, 659; id. vi, 955; Cicero, JV. £>. ii, 22,58. To keep in, repress. Cic. Top. 
 ix, ■y) et al. Trop., (a.) Of discourse: To keep within limits, confine, restrain, 
 limit. Cicero, Brut. 91 fin.j id. Fin. ii, T-fin.; Quintilian, xii, i, 20; ix, 2, 76; x, 4, i 
 et al. (6.) To hold some fault, some passion, etc., or the erring, passionate person in check ; 
 to curb, restrain, tame, correct, punish, etc. Cicero, de Or. i, 43 fin.; Quintilian, xii, 2, 
 28 ; Cicero, Tusc. ii, 21 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 8g et al. 
 
 Coercitio, Onis, /. \cocrceo!\ (Also contracted Coerctio, Coertio, Coercio.) A restraining, 
 coercing, correcting ; coercion, restraint, chastisement, punishment. LiVY, iv, 53 ; Quin- 
 tilian, ix, 2, 2, Spald. N. Cr. et al. (6,) The right of punishing. Suetonius, Claud. 38. 
 Coercitio extraordinaria. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 20, fr. 1. 
 
 Coercitor, oris, m. \idi\ One who keeps in order, restrains. Entr. vii, 20. 
 
 Co-end, are, v. ». To go or wander about together. Paulus, Dig. i, 15, /;-. 3. 
 
 CogitatiO, Onis, /. \fogito?^ (a.) A b s t r . , A thinking, deliberating, considering ; 
 thought, reflection, meditation. Cicero, de Off. i, 44, 156; Quintilian, xi, 2, 19. (6.) 
 Conor. , A thought, as well an opinion, judgment, as a resolution, design, plan, pro- 
 ject. Cicero, (/if Off. ii, i, 2; Quintilian, xi, 2, 17; xii, 11, 27 et al. (c.) In Cicero, 
 several times: Thought (as an intellectual power); the ability of thinking ; power or 
 faculty of thought ; the reasoning power. Cicero, de Legg.; id. Verr. ii, 2, 54 et al. 
 
 COGITATIONIS poenam nemo mereiur. No man deserves punishment for a 
 thought. 2 Inst. Jur. Civ. 658. 
 Si puniendus est, cuicunque pravum maleficumque ingenium est, poena neninem excipiet. 
 Seneca, de Ira, ii, c. ^1 fin. 
 
 COGYT KIlO'Ul'S, poetiam nemo patitur. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, t.<j, fr. 18. 
 No man suffers the punishment of a thought, opinion, etc., /. e. no man is 
 subjected to punishment for his thoughts, v. Pufendorf, de Jure, viii, c. 3, 
 
 § 14, note {g). 
 
 Lord Mansfield laid down the rule that so long as an act rests in bare intention it is 
 not punishable by our law; but when an act is done, the law judges not only of the act itself 
 but of the intent with which it was done ; and if the act be coupled with an unlawful and 
 malicious intent, though in itself the act would otherwise have been innocent, yet, the intent 
 being criminal, the act likewise becomes criminal and punishable. Per Lawrence, J., 2 
 East, 21 ; 2 East, P. C. 1028 ; 1 E. &' B. 435, 439 ; 2 Russ. on Cr. 47 ; Broom's Max. 304, 
 30S, 306 sq. Tolle enim voluntatem, et enim omnis actus indifferens, etc. Bracton, fol. 2b. 
 
 Cogitatorium, i', ». \cogilatusi\ A receptacle of thought. Tertullian, ^f^j. 15. 
 
 Cogitate, ad'"- With mature reflection, considerately, deliberately. 
 
 Cogitatus, lis. m. [cogito.] A thinking, thought. Seneca, Ep. xi. 
 
 Cdgitd Sre, I, V. a. [contr. -\- co-agito.} To pursue something in the mind, i. t. (a.) To 
 consider In all parts ; to ponder well ; to weigh, reflect upon ; to think. Cato in Gell. 
 xvi, I fin.; Plautus, Most, iii, 2, 13 ; CiCERO, Agr. ii, 24, 64 et al. Hence, Cogitata, Orum. 
 Reflections, thoughts, ideas. (6.) In respect to a conclusion to be made, or a 
 work to be undertaken: To have something in mind; to intend, meditate upon, 
 think upon, design, plan, purpose, etc. Plautus, Am. i, i, 163; Cicero, Att. ii, g/«.; 
 id. Cat. ii, qfin. To plot, devise. Horace, Odes, ii, 11, 2, etc. 
 
 Cogito, ergo stim, I think, therefore I exist. 
 
 391 
 
Cog.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cog.. 
 
 CogUates. [-{-co^nati.] In the Civil Law: Relations by the mother's side, or 
 through females, i Mackeld. Civil Law, § 128 {v. Kaufman's note); Erskine's Inst. b. i, tit. 
 7, §4. 
 
 Cognati, in the Civil Law: Relations by the mother's side. Relations in the line 
 of the mother; cognates. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, u. xi ; 2 Bl. Com. 235; 4 Kent's Com. 
 378, (a); Bell's Did. 
 
 COGNATI * qui per femini sexus personas cognatione junguntur, non sunt 
 agnati, sed alias naturali jure cognati. Gaius, Inst, i, § 156. Those who 
 are joined in relationship through persons of the female sex are not agnates, but 
 merely cognates by natural right, v. Justinian. Inst, i, 15, § i; id. iii, tit. 5. 
 Read: Inter agnatos et cognatos hoc interest, etc. MoDESTlNUS, Dig. xxxviii, 7, fr. 5 pr. 
 of. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 128, and Kaufman's note ; §§ 144, 655 sq., ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Cougatio, 5nis, /. \cognatus.'\ Blood-relationship, kindred, connection by birth. Cic- 
 ero, Fin. V, 23, 65, 5,1; id. Verr. ii, 2, 10 ; iv, 3 ; ii, 4, 33 et saep. T r o p . , Relationship, 
 connection, agreement, resemblance, etc. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, yi fin., QuiNTlLlAN, i, 4, 12; 
 xvi ; i, 10, 36 ; vii, 10, I. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Cognation; relationship or kindred generallj'. Gaius, Inst, i, 
 § 156; MoDESTiNtrs, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. 4, § 2; Justinian. Inst, iii, (> pr., and so in this 
 sense throughout the sixth title. 
 
 In a more restricted sense: Agnatio a patre sit, cognatio amatre, — agnatio 
 may be from the father, cognatio from the mother. Justinian. Inst, iii, 5, § 4. See the pass. 
 Sunt autem agnati, cognati , etc. h\so Itaque amitae tuae filius, non est tibi agnatus 
 sed cognatus, etc., — therefore the son of your paternal aunt is not an agnate to j-ou, 
 buta cognate. Justinian. Inst, i, 15, § i. Cognatus is nomen naturale, — a natural term, — 
 and Paulus explains cognatus and agnatus to differ as genus and species. Every agnatus 
 was a cognatus, but not i converso. Paulus, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. 10, §§ 2-6. The subject is 
 more fully explained in Tayloi's Civil Law, 314. And v. Lindley's Introd. Jur. Ilg, and note 
 Ixxx. 
 
 In the Canon Law; Consanguinity as distinguished from affinity. 4 Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 56-58. Consanguinity, as including affinity. Id. ib. 
 
 In the Common Law: Cousenage or cosinage, i. ^. collateral relationship or kin- 
 dred by blood ; consanguinity. Co. Litt. i6oa. v. Breve de consanguineo. 
 
 Cognatio ^ latere, — L. Lat. Relationship from the side ; collateral consanguinity. 
 
 In English Law: Kindred relationship or consanguinity, which exists betwen per- 
 sons who are descended from one and the same stock or ancestor, whether near or remote ; 
 as between two brothers descended from the same father, or between two cousins descended 
 from the same grandfather. 2 Bl. Com. 20^, 205. It is thus distinguished from lineal 
 consanguinity, in which the relatives are descended the one from the other. Id. 203, 204. 
 
 Cognatio Civilis. — Lat. A relationship pertaining to citizens, or a civil relationship. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A relationship founded -apon the patria potestas, hy whtue oi 
 which agnation subists between — i. Those who are or have been subject to the same patria 
 potestas; 2. Those who would be so subject if the common tie were still alive. Blood rela- 
 tions may of course be agnates, but so also may persons who are not related by blood ; 
 e. g. adopted persons, and those who are under the patria potestas of the adoptor. v. i 
 Puchta's Vorselungen, § 42. v. Adoptio. 
 
 Cognatio multiples:, A many-fold relationship ; a relationship that has many windings. 
 
 In the Civil Law, t. t. : A relationship which arises when one person can trace his 
 relationship to another by two, three or more lines {cognati duplices, triplices, etc.), a circum- 
 stance which may be very important in cases of intestate succession, v. Thib. Syst. § 855 ; 
 LiND. Int. Jur. 122, and authorities. 
 
 Cognatio naturalis. A natural relationship, i. e. only by ties of blood. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law: Relationship by blood if it originates in the 
 absence of a legal marriage, is called naturalis (in a more limited sense), but if otherwise 
 both civil and natural. Conf. 'Lmvi. Int. Jur. 120, and the authorities cited. 
 
 Cognatio spiritualis. A spiritual relationship. 
 
 In the Roman Law: There are cases in which persons not related to each other by 
 blood are treated as if they were so related ; e. g. when a man adopts an infant, the latter is, 
 so long as this relationship continues, treated as an agnate of the former; and in an analo- 
 gous way a sort of spiritual relationship is held by Roman Catholics, though not by 
 Protestants, to result from baptism and confirmation (cognatio spiritualis'), v. Lindley's 
 Intr.Jur. 120, and authorities, v. Com-paternitas, 
 
 392 
 
Cog.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cog. 
 
 COGNATIO legalis: est personarwn proximitas ex adoptione vd arogatione, 
 solemni ritu facta perveniens. A legal relationship is a proximity 
 
 (or near degree of affinity) of persons, either from adoption or assumption (as 
 
 belonging to the family), established by a solemn act. v. Adoptio and Assumptio. 
 By the Canon Law, this was formerly an impediment to marriage, 
 Co-gnatUS, a, um, adj. [natus-nascor.] Belonging together by birth ; related bj' blood. 
 
 Connate and s u b s t . : A blood relation, kinsman (both on the father's and mother's side) ; 
 
 accordingly a more comprehensive word than agnatus. (a.) m. Plautus, Poen. v, 4, 86 ; 
 
 Cicero, .ffojiT. ^OT. xxxiv, 96 ; Horace, 5. i, g, 27 ^^ Mf/. Gen. plur., Co-^«a;««. Plautus, 
 
 Am. ii, 2, 211 et al. (b.) fern. Terentius, Hec. iv, 2, 16. 
 
 Transf.: (a.) Of animals: Pliny, x, 3,4. (6.) Of plants (arbores) : Pliny, 
 xvi, ro, 16. (c.) Of other things: Ovid, M. i, 81. v. Cicero, de &k. xxi, 78 ; id. 
 N. D. i, 32; Lucretius, ii, 990. (<?.) O f objects relating to kindred: Prop. 
 iii, 7, 10 ; Ovid, M. ix, 412 ; ii, 663 ; xvi, 615 ; vi, 498 et al. 
 
 Trop. : Kindred, related, connected, like, similar. Cicero, i/i? Or. iii, 51 ; id. Univ. 6; 
 Pliny, xxxvi, 24, 59 ; Horace, Sat. ii, 3, 280; Quintilian, i, 5, 49. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A cognate ; a relation by the mother's side, or by females. As 
 to this, V. Cognatio and Co gnati . 
 
 Cognitio, 5nis, f. \cognosco^ A becoming acquainted with ; a knowing, knowledge, 
 acquaintance, cognition. Cognitio contemplatioque naturae, — knowledge and con- 
 templation of nature. Cicero, de Off. i, 43, 153. v. id. i, 44, § 157 ; Quintilian, i, 10, 10; 
 xii, II, 17 ; i, 10, 31 <•/ fl/. Cognitio et ae stimati rerum , — a knowledge and judg- 
 ment concerning things. Quintilian, ii, 18, i ; iv, 2, 40. (6.) Concr. : A knowledge, 
 conception, notion, idea. Cicero, N. D. i, 17, 44 ; id. Fin. iii, 15, 49. 
 
 In the Language of the Jurists, t. t. : A judicial examination, inquiry. Cic. 
 Verr. ii, 2, 25 ; Quivtilian, iii, 10, i ; vii, 2, 20; iii, 6, 70; Suetonius, Claud, ix, 12; id. 
 Tib. 28. Cognitio de famosis libellis, — a judicial examination as to an infamous libel. 
 Tacitus, A. i, 72. Cognitio inter patrem et filiuin, — a judicial examination between father 
 and son. LivY, i, 50. The judicial examination or hearing of a cause. Pliny, Ep. 8, 33. 
 As to ho\-f cognitiones before the emperor were conducted, v. Marcellus, Dig. xxviii, 4, 
 fr. 3. 
 
 In old English Law: The acknowledgment of a fine; the certificate of such 
 acknowledgment; e. g., Potestas recipiendi c ognitione s , — the power of taking acknowl- 
 edgments. Reg. Orig. i68i. Cognizance or jurisdiction ; e.g., v. Hujusmodi causae cognitio, 
 etc. Cognitio placitum, — cognizance of pleas. 10 Mod. 126. 
 
 In Practice: Cognizance, jurisdiction, judicial power; acknowledgment or recogni- 
 tion of right. 2 Bl. Com. 350. Acknowledgment, confession or admission. 3 id. 149. 
 V. Cognoscere. Judicial notice or examination ; the hearing of a matter judicially. To take 
 cognizance of a cause. Cowell ; Blount. Jurisdiction of a court over a cause, usually of an 
 exclusive character. Vermes de la £ey ; 2 Archb. Pr. 191. 
 
 Cognitio extraordinaria. An extraordinarj' judicial examination. A judicial investi- 
 gation out of the common order, cf. Dig. L, tit. 13, ' de extraordinariis cognitionibus, etc.;" 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 202, 205 ; Story on Agency, § 24^, note 3. 
 
 Cognitio placitorum.— L- Lat. Jurisdiction of pleas or causes. 
 
 A judicial power belonging to a court. A cognizance (or conusance) of exclusive jurisdic- 
 tion ; as, that no other court shall hold pleas, etc. Bacon, Abr. 'Courts;' Hardr. 509. 
 
 CognitiSnalis, e, adj. [cognitio.] Pertaining to a judicial inquiry. Conditionalis Sen- 
 
 tentiae pertaining to judicial determination, decision. Justinian. Cod. vii, 42, i ; 45, 13. 
 
 Cognitionaliter introductuS,— introduced or brought into practice judicially, i. c. by 
 judicial investigation. Justinian. Cad. vii, 63, 5 pn. 
 
 Cognitionibus admittendis.— L. Lat. For admitting cognitions or certifying the taking 
 
 of fines. 
 
 In English Law: A writ commanding a justice or other person who has taken fines 
 and neglects to certify the same in the court of Common Pleas, to do so. 
 
 COffnitionis causae. For the sake of cognizance or jurisdiction. For the purpose of 
 ascertaining or judicially investigating. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 12, g 47. 
 
 Coenitor oris, m. [co-gnosco.] In Civil Law,/. A.- One who has examined, made 
 himself familiar with a cause in law. 
 
 [50] 393 
 
Cog.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cog. 
 
 Cogent tor k cognoscendo causam dictus. Isidorus, Orig. x, § 53. A cog nit o r is so called from know- 
 ing a cause [from his knowledge of the cause at law]. 
 
 Cog7iitor est, qui litem alterius suscipit coram ab eo, cui datus est. Festus, de Sign. VerbOt p. 44. A 
 cognitor is one who sustains another's cause before him to whom it is given (for decision) . 
 
 Hence: An advocate or defender in a private cause ; a person appointed by one of the 
 parties to a suit to conduct it for him. Cicero, Div. in Caec. iv, 11 ; id. Verr. ii, 43 ; Quint. 
 Inst.\\\,t, 71. Trop.: A defender, protector. Front, de Eloqu. -p. 2\'j. Hence, A 
 witness, who testifies that he knows a person ; a voucher. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 65 init. v. 
 ib. fin. and ii, I, 5. 
 
 In old English Law: One who acknowledges ; a cognizor, or conusor. 
 
 Cognitura, ae, /. \cognitor^ In Roman Law: The office of a fiscal agent, who 
 looks up the unknown debtors to the treasury ; a State's attorneyship ; a State agency. 
 Gaius, Inst, iv, g 124 ; Suetonius, Vitell, 2. 
 
 Cognizatus. — L- Lat. \cognosco.'\ In old English Law: One to whom an 
 acknowledgment is made ; a cognizee, or conusee. v. Cognizee. 
 
 Cognizee, Conusee. [L. Lat. cognizatus. "l In old English Law: The party to 
 whom a fine was levied. 2 Bl. Com. 351. (6.) The party plaintiff in the proceedings, to 
 whom the other party's acknowledgment of his right to the land in question was made. 
 
 Cognizor, Conusor. =L. Lat. Cognitor. In old conveyancing: The party levy- 
 ing a fine. 2 Bl. Com. 350, 351. (6.) The party who acknowledged the other party's right 
 to the land in question ; the party defendant in the proceedings. 
 
 Cognomen, inis, «. [nomen.] Asurname; family name, epithet ; e.g. Cicero, Scipio, 
 etc. More comprehensive than agnomen, q. v. v. Quintilian, vii, 3, 27. CiCERO, de Off. 
 ii, 16, 57 ; 3, 31; id. Rose. Am. ■^ix fin. et al. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law: The last of the three names by which all Romans, 
 especially those of good family, were designated. The first, or praenomen, served to 
 denote the individual, as Marcus, Publius; the second or nomen the clan or gens, as 
 Fortius, Cornelius; the third or cognomen, the house or family to which he belonged, 
 as C icero , C at o, Scipio. Justinian. /«j^. ii, 20, § 29 : Ulpian. ZJzf. xxviii, 2,/:!-. i; 
 Adams' Rom. Antiq. 35. Sometimes a fourth name was added on account of some particular 
 event, termed agnomen. Read: Propriorum nominufn quatuor sunt species, etc. 
 
 In English Law: A surname. A name added to the nomen proper, or name of the 
 individual : a name designating or descriptive of the family. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 10, § 7 ; Brac- 
 ton, fol. 188^. V. Cas. Temp. Hardw. 286 ; 6 Co. 65. 
 
 COGNOMEN majorum est ex sanguine tractum, hoc intrinsecum est; ag nomen 
 extrinsecum, ab eventu. A cognomen or surname is derived from the 
 blood of one's ancestors, this is intrinsic ; an agnomen is extrinsic, i. e. of 
 foreign origin, being derived from some particular event. 6 Co. 65. cf. Cas. 
 Temp. Hardw. 286 ; i Tayl. No. C. 148. 
 
 Cogndmentum, i, ». [access, form for cognomen^ A surname. Plautus ; Gellius ; 
 Tacitus. (6.) A name in general. Tacitus, /4. i, 31 ; ii, 60 ; xi, 11; iv, 65 ^i a/. = Cog- 
 nomindtio, onis, f. 
 
 Cogndminis, c, adj. \id.'\ Like-named ; of the same name. Plautus, Bac. i, i, 5 ; 
 Suetonius, 0th. i. 
 
 CognominO, are, I, I/, a. [tV.] To furnish with a surname ; to surname ; to denominate. 
 Quintilian, iv, 1, 2; Suet. Tib. xvii; id. Aug. 7. Rarely in gen.. To name, call. 
 Justus, vii, i; xv, 2, 11; Gellius, ii, 22, 8. 
 
 GognOSCenter, adv. Knowingly, distinctly ; with knowledge, v. Cognosco. 
 
 Cognosce, Sre, 3, v. a. To become acquainted with on all sides (by the senses or men- 
 tally); to examine, investigate, perceive, see, understand, learn; and in the tempp. perff., to 
 know, have knowledge of. 
 
 M en tally : To become acquainted with, learn, recognize, know. Cicero, de Or. i, 51, 
 222; Cicero, i^/. xxi, 51 ^^ j-a^. To recognize that which is already known. Var. j» NoN. 
 276, 9 ; LucR. ii, 349. 
 
 With the idea of individual exertion: To seek or strive to know something; 
 to inquire into ; to investigate, examine. Plautus, Ps. iv, 2, 31. 
 
 394 
 
Cog.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Coh. 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t.: To examine a case inlaw; to investigate judicially. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 2, 10. De hereditate. Id. Verr. ii, 2, 6 ; I, 10 ; QuiNTlLlAN, iv, 2, 21. Causain. 
 QuiNTlLlAN, iv, I, 3. Super aliqua re. Ulpian. Dig, xxiii, 2, fr. 13. Familiae herciscundae, 
 i. e. actions fain. hers. Id. ib, xxviii, 5, fr. 35 ; id. ib. xxvii, 2, fr. 2. To hear a cause. 
 Brissonius. 
 
 In English Law: To acknowledge ; e. g., Beni cognosce, — I well acknowledge. Bene 
 cognoscit captionem, — he well acknowledged the taking, i Salk. 3, pi. 8. 
 
 COGNOSCERE instrumenta est, relegere et recognoscere; dispunger e est., 
 conferre accepta et data. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. S^ pr. To investigate 
 an instrument judicially is to go through or over it again and to certify or authen- 
 ticate it [in respect to its genuineness and value] ; to examine, revise, settle or 
 balance [an account] is to confer or compare things accepted and given [things 
 received and delivered]. 
 
 Cognovit. — L- Lat. He has acknowledged ; c. g., infra. 
 
 Cognovit actionem, — L. Lat. He has acknowleged the action. 3 Bl. Com. 304, 397. 
 
 In Practice: After suit brought, the defendant gives a written confession of the action 
 at law, signed either by himself or his attorney. It acknowledges the demand to be just, 
 and authorizes the plaintiff to enter up judgment for a specified sum, either absolutely or 
 upon specified conditions, i Tidd's Pr. 559. v. Broom on C. L, 262. 
 
 Where it is given after plea pleaded, it is usually termed i-elicta, or relicta et cognovit, — 
 having abandoned (the plea) he has acknowledged (the action). Id. ib. Otherwise called : 
 Cognovit actionem, relicta verifcatione, — he has acknowledged or confessed the action, having 
 abandoned his plea. 
 
 Go-habitare, i. iJ^ «• [+ «», with, and habitare, to dwell or be often with. J 
 
 In English Law: To cohabit; to live with, or together in the same house, as hus- 
 band and wife. To be often with, or together. Stat. Westm. W. c. 34. 
 
 The term 'cohabit' does not, ^jr vi termini, include in its signification, the occupying 
 the same bed. i Hagg, Cons. R.Wd,; 4 Paige, Ch. R. 425. Popularly, however, and 
 frequently in statutes, the word is used in this latter sense. Bishop on Marr. &= Div. § 506, n. 
 (3 ed.) ; 20 Mo. 210. To live together at bed and board. Burr. Litt. Cases 26. To live 
 together, as in the same house ; e.g., " That his sisters, the Lady Turner and Arabella Clark, 
 might cohabit in the capital house." 2 Vern. 323; Bishop on Marr. Ss' Div. § 506, n. 
 
 Cohabitabant «' fi^ et uxor. They were living together as man and wife. Dyer, 
 itb. 
 
 GohabitatiO, Onis, /. \cohabito, are, to dwell together.] A dwelling together ; cohabita- 
 tion. See the construction of the term 'cohabitation.' 2 Tyrwh. Exch. ■](> ; 2 Crompt. 
 iff. Exch. 66 ; I Add. Penn. 476; 3 id, 277. 
 
 Co-haeredeS. plnr- Co-heres, V. h. V. Co-heirs. 
 
 CO-HAEREDES sunt quasi unum corpus propter unitatem juris quod habent. 
 Co-heirs constitute, as it were, one body on account of the unity of right 
 which they have. Bradon, ii, c. 34, § i, fol. 761^. 
 
 CO-HAEREDES und persona consentur, propter unitatem juris quod habent. 
 Co-heirs are deemed as one person, on account of the unity of right 
 which they have or possess. Co. Litt. 163. 
 
 Otherwise expressed: Plures co-haeredes sunt quasi unum corpus, propter unitatem 
 juris quod habent. Co. Litt. 163. 
 
 Cohaerenter adv. Continuously, uninterruptedly, connectedly, v. Co-haereo. 
 
 Cohaerentia ae, /, \cohaeres!\ A cohering, coherence, connection. Cicero, N. D. ii, 
 62, 155; Macr. V, 15. Cohacrentia mortis et vitae, — the coherence between life 
 and death. Gellius, vi, 13, 11 ; xv, 3, 6. 
 
 Co-haere6 ere, 2, v. n. To be connected with something ; to be united by cohering ; to 
 adhere to, cleave to. Cicero, Univ. v ; id. Acad, i, 6, 24 ; id. Top. 12 fin.; Afric. Dig. 
 xlvii, 2, fr. 63. (6.) To hold together, to cohere in its parts, i. e. to have a connection ; to 
 continue, subsist. Cicero, Tusc. iii, 25, 61, Kiihn, v. the pass. ; id. v, 28, 80 ; Terentius, 
 Audr. ii, 2, 24. Hence: (c) Aliqua re,— to have an existence in something; to be based 
 upon it. Cicero, Leg. i, 8, 24, v. the pass. Whence Cohaerenter, v. h. v. 
 
 395 
 
CoL] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Col, 
 
 Co-haerescd, ere, 3, v. ». [co-haereoj] To hang together ; cohere. Cicero, N. D. i, 
 20, 54; id. Fin. i, 6, 17; Pliny, xxiv, 15, 80; xx, 16, 64. 
 
 Go-heres, Sdis, c. A co-heir, fellow-heir. Cicero, Ver): ii, 48 fm.; id. Fam. xvi, 46; 
 vii, 2 ; QuiNTiLiAN, V, 14, 16. Gen. plur. co-heredum. Horace, S. ii, 5, 107. In the fern. 
 Papinianus, Dig. xxxiv, 9, fr. i6. Also Co-haeres. 
 
 In the English Law: A co-heir or joint-heir. Plur. Co-haeredes . 
 
 The term is also applied to co-parceners. Co-haeres particeps ciim co-haerede participe, — 
 a co-heir parcener with a co-heir parcener , or briefly, Co-parcener with co-parcener. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 97^. V. t']b,fin.; Co. Litt. 
 
 Co-hertiO, — L. Lat! [-f- «-f«^i^«?, corrupted to cohercere, to compel.] Coertion. 
 
 In old English Law. The coercive power of a court. Bracton, fol. 344; Stat. 
 Westm. II, c. 34. Restraint without process of law. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 47, g 13. Hence, 
 Lord Coke uses cohertion as an English word. 2 Co. Inst. 436. 
 
 Co-hibeo, Sre, 2, u. a. \Iiabeo.\ To hold together, to hold, contain, confine. Lucretius, 
 i. 537 ; vi, 107 ; Cicero, A'. D. ii, 13, 35. 
 
 With the access, idea of hindering free motion: To hold, keep back, 
 hinder, stay, restrain, stop, etc. Plautus, Mil. iii, \, \ et al. Trop. : Cohibere aliquid, — 
 to stop something. Co-hibere se, — to stop, check, restrain one's self. To hold in check, to 
 restrain, repress, tame, subdue. Cicero, de Off. ii, 5 Jin. et al.; Tacitus, A. ii, 24. 
 
 Cohibitio, 5nis, /. [cohibeo. ] A restraining, governing ; e. g. Cohibitio irae, — a restrain- 
 ing of anger, wrath, ire. Lact. /i-o, D. 18. Cohibitio sui, — a governing of one's self. lb. 
 
 Cohortatio, Snis, /. [-|- co-hortor, to incite, exhort, encourage by forcible language.] 
 An exhorting ; inciting, exhortation, encouragement ; Judicium. Cicero, Clu. L, 138 ; id. 
 de. Or. i, 47, 204. 
 
 Co-hospes, itis, m. A fellow-guest. Paulus, Nol. Cami. 21, 385 ; 24, 438. 
 
 Co-ire, pres. infin. ■\- Co-e6, V. h. v. [-|- con. together, and ire. to go.J To meet, to 
 join, etc. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To come together, to associate as one body; e.g.. Corpus cui 
 licet coire, — a body to whom it is allowed to associate as one hoiy (collegium). Paulus, 
 Dig. xxxiv, 5, § 20 ; id. ib. xvii, 2, 65, §§ 6, 10; Ulpianus, ib. xl, 3, fr. i. v. Co-eo. 
 
 Co-ire SOCietatem (clifn aliquo). To enter into an alliance, or to make a compact (with 
 some one). Cicero repeatedly. To enter into a partnership. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 
 29. § I- 
 
 COIRI socielatem et simpliciter licet, et si non fuerit distinctum, videtur coita esse 
 universorum, quae ex quaesta veniunt, hoc est, si quod hicrum ex emotione, 
 vendiiione, locatione, conductione, descendit; (Paulus, /V". 8) — quaestus enim intel- 
 ligitur, qui ex opera cujus descendit. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, 2,/>. 7, et Paulus, 
 fr. 8. It is also lawful to enter into partnership simply, and if no special pro- 
 vision be made, it seems fitting that the partnership extend to -all things which 
 come from the business, that is, if any gain comes from buying, selling, letting 
 or hiring ; (Paulus, /r. 8) — for gain or acquisition is understood, that which 
 results from one's work. Cited in Story on Partn. § 29. 
 
 Co-itio, 5nis, /. \co-ed, co-ire^ A coming or meeting together; a meeting, assembling. 
 Terentius, Ph. ii, 32. A uniting, banding together, always in a bad sense ; a conspiracy, 
 plot, coalition. Suspicio coitionis, — a suspicion of a conspiracy. Cicero, Plane, xxii, 53. 
 V. id. Q. Fr. iii, i, 5 ; LiVY, vii, 32 et al. A carnal union, coition. Macr. Sat. vii, 6 et al. 
 
 Coitus, OS, m. = Coetus. 
 
 Co-judices. — Lat- in old English Law: Associate judges having equality of 
 power with others. Treat., Maisters of the Chancery, ii, Hargr. Law Tracts. 
 
 Co-libertuS, CoUibertUS, Conlibertus (plur. CoUberti).— L. Lat. One of the Coliberti, 
 a class of inferior tenants mentioned in Domesday. 
 
 Lord Coke considers them to have been tenants in free socage by free rent, Co. Litt, sh,Z6a. Also 
 defined to be such as, being villeins, were manumitted. Coiuell. 
 
Col.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Col. 
 
 Collagio bonorum. 2 Bl. Com. 517. it is a misprint of Collatio bonorum (q. v.). 
 
 Collapsio, Onis, /. [col-lator, to fall together on itself; to fall in ruins.] A falling 
 together, precipitation. Jul. Firm de Err. prof, relig. 21. 
 
 Gol-lateralis. — L. Lat. \_-\-con, together, and lateralis, on the side.] Collateral; con- 
 nected bj' or on the side. Coming in, or adhering to the side of any thing. Vermes de la 
 Ley. («/. Haeredes a latere venientes.) That which is beside another thing ; additional. 
 
 Col-laterales et SOcii. — L- Lat. Assistants and associates [of the chancellor]. 
 
 The titles of masters in chancery. They were so called because they sat by his side 
 at a certain table in Westminster Hall and elsewhere. 2 Reeves' Hist. Eng. Law, 2^1 ; Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 13, § 12 ; Treat., Maisters of the Chancery, ii. 
 
 Col-later6, are, i, v. a. [latus.] To admit on both sides. Maec. Cap. iii, p. 56. 
 
 Gollatioius (or tius), a, um, adj. [con/ero.] Brought together, contributed, mingled. 
 App. M. viii, p. 213, 36 ; QUINTILIAN, Beel. vi, XI et al. 
 
 Collatio, Onis, /. [con/ero.] A bringing together, collecting, (a.) Of money: A 
 contribution ; a bringing or putting together; collection ; a throwing into one fund or mass; 
 a gratuity collected for the emperor. Tacitus, G. xxix ; Suetonius, Calig: xlii et al. 
 
 In Juridical Latin, t. t.: The putting together the possessions of several in order 
 to divide them equally among themselves; a writmg. Dig. xxxvii, tit. 6, 'de C ollatione 
 bonorum ;' JUSTINIAN. Cod. vi, 20, 'de C ollati onib us ,' et saep. v. Collatio bonorum. 
 Trop., A union, combination. Plautus, Af;V. iii, 3,67. In comparison of objects: 
 A comparison, similitude. Gr. TtocfiOcfioXrf (class.), e. g., Collatio est oratio rem cum re 
 ex similitudine conferens, — collation is a statement comparing one thing with another 
 because of their likeness to one another. Cicero, de Inv. i, 30, 49. v. Quintilian, viii, 3, 
 77 ; vii, 7, 2 et al. 
 
 In English Law: A comparison of two things by putting them together; e.g., Col- 
 latio signorum or sigillorum, — a comparison of marks (signs) or seals. This was the mode of 
 testing the genuineness of a seal, etc., by comparing it with another known to be genuine. 
 Bracton, fols. 389^, 398^/ Fleta, lib. vi, c. 34, § 5. v. Comparatio literarum. 
 
 In Maritime Law: Contribution or average. Lo'ccen. fli?ya?-. J/an lib. ii, c. 8, S5 1. 
 V. Contributio. 
 
 Collatio beneficii.— L. Lat. A collation of a benefice. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: The conferring or bestowing of a benefice by 
 the bishop where he has himself the advowson or right of patronage, and which single act of 
 collation affects all that is done in common cases by the acts of presentation and institution. 
 2 Bl. Com. 22. The presentation and institution are one and the same act, and taken 
 together are called a c o 1 1 a t i o n . 1 Bl. Cotu. 391. v. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 CoUatio bonSrum. A collection, bringing together of goods or property. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A bringing together of goods or propertjMnto a common fund; 
 especially of property received of a testator by way of advancement, for the purpose of a 
 more equitable division among the heirs. Dig. xxxvii, 6, tit. 'de Collectione bono- 
 rum;' Justinian. Cod. vi, 20, ''de C ollectionibus' et saep; id. Inst. Cooper's notes, 
 574. ili< and authorities there cited, v. Sandar's Justinian. 
 
 In the Common Law: The bringing together the portion or sum of money advanced 
 by a father to a son or daughter, into a common fund called hotchpot, in order to divide 
 the common fund equally among all the children of the deceased, in pursuance of the statute 
 of distribution. 2 Bl. Com. S16, Siy; 4 J^ent's Com. 4i&.4iq: 2 iV. 421, 422 ; Broom &= Had. 
 Com. ii, 649 ; l Sumner's R. 421. v. Stat. 22 & 23 Car. II. c. 10. v. Qui non vult herer. 
 
 CollatiVTim i, «• = Collatio. (a.) A contribution in money. Theod. Cod. vi, 26, 3. 
 CollatiVUS, a, um, adj. Brought or gathered together ; united. 
 
 Collator Oris, m. {con/ero.} He who bears, brings, places together. PlAUTUS, Cure, iv, 
 I, 13. One who makes comparisons ; a comparer. Aug. Ep. 147. 
 In Juridical Language: One who contributes, a contributor. Theod. Cod.vW, 
 
 6,5. 
 
 Collaudatio Onis,/. [collaudo.to praise or commend warmly.] Warm praise. Cicero, 
 Inv. ii, 43 ; id.' Her. ii, 9. CoUaudator, 5ris. m. [id.] One who praises warmly, a praiser. 
 Aug. Cons, iv, 14 /n. 
 
 CoUecta ae, /. [colligo.] That which is brought together in money ; a contribution. 
 Cicero, de Or. ii, 57, 233; Varro, L. L. vi, 67, 69. (6.) A meeting, assemblage. Hier. 
 Ep. 108, n. ig. 
 
 397 
 
Col.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Col. 
 
 Collectarius, ii. '«. [itl.} A money-changer. Theod. Cad. iv, 2, i6. 
 
 CoUectio, Onis, /. [id.] A b s t r . , A collecting together. Cicero, Manil. 9. 
 
 Hence, in Rhetorical Language: A summing up of things said ; a short repe- 
 tition, recapitulation, summary. Cicero, Brui. Ixxxviii, 302 ; Quintilian, iv, 4, 2. A syl- 
 logism. QuiNTiLiAN, ix, 2, 103. 
 
 In Philosophical Language: A conclusion, inference. Seneca, ^. xlv, 85 ; 
 Pliny, ii, 23, 21. 
 
 Collectores. — L- Lat. Collectors ; persons appointed to make collections for another. 
 They were classed in the Register vfit\i procuratores, attomati and nuncii. Reg. Orig. 2826. 
 
 COLLECTUM ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusiicis decoctorilms , ex Us, qui 
 vadimonia deserere quam ilium exe?ritum maluerunt. A mob collected from desperate vete- 
 rans and rustic spendthrifts, in uncultivated or boorish luxury, and from those who would 
 rather desert their bail than that army. 
 
 CoUega, ae, m. {lego.] Lit., One who is chosen at the same time with another. Var. 
 L. L. vi, 7, 69. Hence., A- partner in office, a colleague. Cicero, Sest, Lael. xi, 39 ; id. 
 de Off. i, 40, 144 et al. v. IsiDORUS, Orig. x, § 49. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A joint guardian. Paulus, Z>«]f. xxvi, 7, /rr. 14, 45. A joint 
 heir. Hermog. Dig. xxviii, i, fr. 41. § 3 ; Paulus, ib. frr. 42, 46. A colleague ; an asso- 
 ciate. Qui sunt ejusdam potestatis , — those who are of the same or equal power. 
 
 COLLEGARUM appellatione hi continentur, qui sunt ejusdem potestatis. Ulpian. 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 173. Under the appellation of 'colleagues' are con- 
 tained all those who are of the same {i. e. equal) power. 
 
 Collegia illicita. Unlawful colleges, associations, etc. u. Collegium illicitum. 
 Collegia licita. Lawful colleges, etc v. Collegium. 2 Kent's Com. 2ii%. t;. Marcian. 
 
 COLLEGIA si qua fuerint illicita, Mandatis, et Constitutionibus, et Senatus-con- 
 sultis dissolvuntur. Sed permittitur iis, quum dissolvuntur,pecunias communes, 
 si quas habent, dividere pecuniamque inter se partiri. Marcianus, Dig. xlvii, 22, 
 fr. 3 fr. If there be any unlawful corporations they are dissolved by the man- 
 dates, constitutions and decrees of the Senate. But it is allowed them when 
 they are dissolved, to divide the common fund or property, if there be any, and 
 to be divided among themselves. 
 
 CoUegatariuS, i. «■ In the Civil Law: One to whom something is bequeathed 
 by will with others ; a collegatory ; a joint heir. Gaius, Inst, ii, § r99 ; Ulpian. Dig. vii, . 
 2, 10, 30. A co-legatee. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, 8. 
 
 Collegialiter. — L. Lat. [collegium.'] In a corporate capacit)'. 2 Kent's Com. 21)6. 
 
 GollegiatllS, i> »«■ [collegium.] He who is with one in a college or corporation, etc. 
 Justinian. Cod. xi, 17, 'de Collegiatis ,' etc. 
 
 CoUegilun, ii, ». [collega!\ A b s t r . , The connection of associates, colleagues, etc. ; 
 colleagueship. LiVY, x, 13 ; xxii, 24; iv, 17. Association, partnership. Pliny, x, 17, 19. 
 (6.) Conor., Persons united by the same office or calling ; a college, guild, corporation, 
 companj', fraternity. Cicero, Sest. xiv ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 41 ; id. de Off. iii, 20, 80. Pro col- 
 legio pronunciant, — according to the decree of the college. Livy, iv, 26. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An association of persons, members of a trade ; an association 
 of persons possessing the right of forming out of its members, taken collectively, one single 
 moral person {corpus), is termed collegium licitum (otherwise called universitas licitum), a cor- 
 poration or college authorized or recognized by law. Gaius, Dig. iii, 4, fr. i et pertot.; Dig. 
 xlvii, tit. 22. V. Neque societas, neque collegium, etc. Tres faciunt collegium, — three persons 
 make a college or corporation. Marcellus, Dig. L, i6, fr. 85. But its existence may be 
 continued by one. Id.; r Bl. Com. 469. v. Si universitas ad unum redii, etc. And so its 
 members may be wholly changed without its becoming a new corpus. Dig. ib. A collegium 
 which was confirmed by special enactment, or by a senatus consultum, or an imperial consti- 
 tution, was called collegium licitum or legitimam. Otherwise it was illicitum. Marcianus, 
 Dig. xlvii, 22, fr. 3. v. supra. Tayl. Civ. Law, 567, 568, 570; I Bl. Com. 472 ; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 268, 269. 
 
 In the English Law: See the application of the term stated in iJy^r, 233^, 267 ; i 
 Bl. Com. 469, 472 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 568. 
 
 398 
 
Col] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Col. 
 
 COLLEGIUM est societas plurium corporum simul habitantium. A college is a 
 society of several persons dwelling together, /enk. Cent. 229. 
 
 Collegium ammiralitatis.— L. Lat. The college or society of the admiralty. An insti- 
 tution described in Loccen. de Jur. Mar. lib. li, c. 2. 
 
 Collegium fabrorum, A company of workers in hard materials, i. c. in wood, stone, 
 metal. 2 Kent 's Com. 269. 
 
 Collegium fecialium (or fetialium). The college of fetiales. 
 
 A Roman college of priests, who sanctioned treaties when concluded and 
 demanded satisfaction from the enemy before a formal declaration of war. Varro, i. L. v, 
 15, 25 ; Cicero, de Leg. ii, 9, 21 ; id. de Off. i, ii, 36. v. i /Cent's Com. 6, note. 
 
 Collegium illioitum. An unlawful college or corporation. Marcian. Dig. xlvii, 22, 
 /r. I, § I ; 1 Bl. Com. 472. 
 
 COLLEGIUM si nullo speciali prwilegio subnixum sit, hereditatem capere non 
 posse, dubium non est. Justinian. Cod. vi, 24, 'const. 8. If a corporation 
 be erected without any special privilege (or grant) it is certain it cannot take an 
 inheritance, i Bl. Com. 479, i^y). 
 
 Collegium vel universitas. A corporation or community. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 64. 
 
 Collidd, ere, 3, v. a. [taedo.] To clash, strike, dash, press together, etc. Cicero, JV. D. 
 iii, 12, 31. CoUidere tnanus, — to clasp the hands. QuiNTlLlAN, ii, 12, 10. Bruised. Ui.pian. 
 ZJe^f. xxxiv, 2, /r. 28 ; Paulus, 21^. L, 16, /n 14. Trop., To bring into collision, or into 
 hostile contact ; to set at variance. In p a s s . , To become hostile, to be at variance, con- 
 tend. Horace, Ep. i, 2, 7 ; Velleg. ii, 52, 3. ColHdantzi>;—ihey may come in contact. 
 QuiNTlLIAN, ix, 4, 37. Colliduntur aut pares (leges) inter se; aut secum ifsae, — the laws that 
 interfere with one another may be of a like nature ; or the same law may be opposed to itself. 
 QUINTILIAN, Inst, viii, 7, § 2. 
 
 Colligate, i^dv. Connectedly, v. Colligo, are, — to bind, connect, etc. 
 
 Colligatio, Onis, /. [colligo ] A binding together, connection. Val. Max. viii, 14, 6. 
 In Mechanics: A joint. Vitr. x, i. Trop., Colligatio causarum omnium, — a con- 
 nection or succession of causes of all things. Cicero, Div. i, 56, 127. Colligatione naturali 
 omnia fiunt, — all things are bound closely and compactly to each other by a natural connec- 
 tion. Cicero, Fat. xiv, 31. 
 
 Colligenda bona defuncti. Collecting together the goods or property of the deceased. 
 Letters ad colligendum bona defuncti. 
 
 In a Probate Court: In default of representatives and creditors to administer to an 
 intestate, etc., the court may commit administration to such discreet person as it approves 
 of, or grant \i:\\a\eXKsxi ad colligendum bona defuncti, which neither make him executor nor 
 administrator; his only duty being to keep the goods in his safe custody, and to do other 
 acts for the benefit of such as are entitled to the property of the deceased, i Williams'' Ex. 
 242, 389. 
 
 Collisio 5nis, /. {collido.l A dashing or striking together ; a concussion. Justinian. 
 xi, 12, 6. Collision. 
 
 In Maritime Law: A term applied to the running together or running foul of vessels. 
 Sometimes distinguished from allisio. 3 Kent's Com. 230, 302, note ; Abbott on Ship, part 3, 
 ch. I ; Jacobsen's Sea Laws, 324 ; Story on Bailm. § 607 sq. 
 
 Collistrigium. — L. Lat. [Quasi collum stringens, — the same as binding the neck.] A 
 pillory. V. Healsfang and Pillorium. 
 
 In English Law The pillorj', «. ^. an instrument to grasp, bind or hold the neck — 
 an engine of punishment ordained by the statute 51 Hen. Ill for the punishment of bakers, 
 but later used for many other offenders, and is called in Latin Collistrigium. v. Spelman; 
 Termes de la Ley, voc. 'Pillory.' , ,^ , „. 
 
 In old Scotch Law : 'The joggs. Skene, de Verb. Sign. 
 
 CoUocatio 5nis, /. [colloco.] A setting up, erecting, putting, placing ; collection. Col- 
 locatio verborum. CiCERO, de Or. iii, 43, I7I ; ii, 13, 54! QuiNTlLiAN, i, 10, 22 et al. 
 
 In French Law Collocation, ;. t. the arrangement or marshalling of the creditors of 
 an estate in the order in which they are to be paid according to law. Merlin. Repert. Called 
 collocation. 2 Lower, c. 9, 139' 
 
 399 
 
Col.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Col. 
 
 Colloq^uilllll, ii, «. =Collocuiio, onis, /. [-\- colloquor.'] A conversation, conference, 
 discourse; e.g., Colloquium quum conveniunt in unum locum loquendi causd, — a con- 
 ference is when persons are convened in the same place for the sake of speaking, convers- 
 ing. Varro, i. i. vi; vii, 6, 6. (6.) Epistolary discourse, communicated by letter. CrcERO, 
 Phil, ii, 4. 
 
 In English Pleading: Colloquium = A conversation, discourse. A term applied to 
 that part of the declaration in actions of slander where it is alleged that the defendant spoke 
 the words in quodam colloquio — in a certain discourse — which he had with others, or with 
 the plaintiff in the presence of others, concerning the plaintiff; and which is followed by an 
 averment that the words were spoken of and concerning the plaintiff. 2 Chitiy on PI. 633 ; 
 Cro. Jac. 674 ; t T. R 162 ; Bronson, J., 2 Hill's^ R. (N. Y.) 282, 284 ; 11 Mces &• W. 287 ; 
 7 Bing. iig ; 13 Pick. 189. The terra is applied' in many cases to the whole of this aver- 
 ment. I Chitty on PI. 403 ; 1 Starkie on Slander, 383, 431; 16 Pick. (Mass.) 6, 132. 
 
 Colloq^UOr, i. i- depon. To converse, talk with one, to hold a conversation, a parley or 
 conference together. Constr. commonly ciim aliquo, inter se, or abs. v. Cicero, Brut, vi, 
 218 ; id. de Or. \, 7, 26. 
 
 Colluctatio, Onis, /. \colluctor^ A struggling, contending with something; e.g., In 
 colluctione vel fancratio, — in a struggling or complete combat. Ulpian. Dig. ix, 2, fr. 7, g 4. 
 T r o p . , The death struggle. Seneca, Q_. N. 3, 18. Of a difficult utterance. Quintilian, 
 xi, 3. 56- 
 
 GoUudiuiIl, ii, «. [colludo.] A sporting, playing together. (6.) A secret, deceptive 
 understanding ; collusion. Theod. Cod. ix, 49, 7. 
 
 Colliidd, ere, 3, t/. ». To play or sport together, play with one. Horace, A. P. 159; 
 Virgil, G. i, 369. v, Colludium and Collusio. 
 
 I n t h e J u r i s t s , ^. ^. . To keep up false appearances with one to the injury of a third 
 person ; to have a secret understanding with one ; to act covertly. Cicero, Very, ii, 2, 24 ; 
 Ulpian. Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 3 ; Julian, ib. xli, 4, fr. 7. 
 
 Gollum, i, ». The neck (of men and animals). Collum stringens,- — binding the neck. 
 Collum torquere , obtorquere , obstringere . Legal t. t.: To drag before a tribunal cr to prison 
 by seizing about the neck. Plautus ; Cicero et al. 
 
 Collusio, Onis, y. \colludo.\ A secret deceptive understanding; collusion. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 3, 13 ; Seneca, Contr. v, 31 fin.; Dig. xl, tit. 16, ' de Collusio detegenda;' Ulpian. 
 ib. fr. 4 ; Mart. ib. viii, S,fr. 9 ; Ulpian. ib. xvi, i, fr. 8. 
 
 In English Law: A deceitful agreement or compact between two or more persons, 
 for the one party to bring an action against the other for some evil purpose, as to defraud a 
 third party of his rights. Reg. Orig. 179 ; Termes de la Ley. An agreement to employ the 
 forms of the law as a means of accomplishing some unlawful object. Collusion and 
 fraud of every kind with intent to obtain an object forbidden by law, vitiate all acts which 
 are infected with them and render them void. 3 Hagg. Eccl. R. 130, 133 ; Greenleaf's Ev. 
 ii, § 51. V. Shelford on Marr. 6^ Div. 415, 450 ; Best on Evid. i, § 227. v. Conniventia 
 * * Nee lex est justior ulla, 
 Quavi nects artifices arte perire sud. — Ovid, A. A.\, 655. 
 
 CoUuSOr, 5ris, OT. \colludo.\ A companion in play ; pla3'mate. Cicero, /".{iy. ii, 23, 56; 
 39, loi ; v, 5, 13 ; Pliny, Ef. ix, 33, 8. 
 
 In the Jurists: He who has a secret understanding with one to the injury of a third. 
 Theod. Cod. vii, 20, 2. v. Colludo. 
 
 CoUusSrie, '"^^. \collusor.^ In a concerted manner ; collusively ; e. g., Litigare de hered- 
 itate. Ulpian. Dig. xxx, fr. 50, § 2. 
 
 GollustrO, are, i, v. u,. To furnish on all sides with light ; to illumine; e. g., Sol omnia 
 clarissima luce collustrans', — the sun enlightening all (everj'thing) with his refulgent 
 splendor. Cicero, iV. i?. ii, ■},i>fin.; id. Div. ii, 43, 91. (6.) Transf., Collustrata in fic- 
 turis, — of a clear, brilliant coloring, bright. Cicero, (f^ 0?-. xi, 36. Trop., To consider a 
 thing on all sides ; to inspect it. Cicero, Tusc. v, 23, 65 ; Tacitus, A. ii, 45. 
 
 CoUuviO 5nis, /. and Colluvies, em, e. {colluo.l A conflux or collution of filth, wash- 
 ings, draff, hog-wash, swill, (a.) Colluvies. Ulpian. Dig. xliii, 22, fr. 1. (6,) Colluvio. 
 Arnot. v, p. 172. Trop., The impure conflux of different objects, impurities, impure 
 mixture, vile medley, offscourings ; r. ,f. (a.) Colluvio. mixtorum oiunis generis animan- 
 tium. LiVY, iii, 6. 
 400 
 
Col.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [CoL 
 
 Collybista, ae, m. ■= Gr. xoXXvfiKSTi')^. A money-changer, banker. Hier. Matth. xxi, 
 12. Plur. HoXXvpi(jTdi. Money-changers, v. Argentarius. 
 
 Collybus, i, '«• = Gr. noXXvlioi. Exchange. Cicero, Att. xii, 6 ; Suet. Aug. Hence, 
 Transf., Banking business, monej'-changing. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 78. 
 
 Collybum. =Gx.-KoX'K.vftov. In the Civil Law: Exchange {=Camiium). Gro- 
 Tius, de Jur. Bell. lib. ii, c. 12, j^ 3, par. 4. 
 
 Colona, ae, /. \colonus.'\ A country woman. Paulus, Z>j]^. xix, 2, 547fK. , 
 
 Colonatus, ns, w;. \colonus?\ The condition of a rustic. Theod. Coo', xii, 1,33; xiv,l8,i. 
 
 Gol5llia, ae, /. [»V.] A possession in land ; a landed estate ; a farm. Paulus, Dig. 
 xix, 2, /r. 24 ; ScAEV. j^. xxxiii, 7,/>-. 20. (6.) Abode, dwelling in general. Plautus, ^«/. 
 iii, 6, 40. In more extended sense: A colony, colonial town, settlement ; c g. 
 
 C ol o n i a dicta est k colendo: est autem parscivium aut sociorunij missa ubi rempublicam habeant ex con- 
 sensu suae civitatis aut publico ejus populi unde profectl sunt consjlio. Haec autem ccloniae sunt, quas ex 
 consensu publico, non ex secessione sunt conditae. Servius, Virgil, A. i, 12. 
 
 \ colony (colonia) is named from tilling (colere) : it is a number of citizens or confederates sent somewhere 
 to form a state, according to either the decree of their own community or a governmental advice of the nation 
 whence they come. Those, however, are colonies founded by public assent, not from any secession. [P- C.] 
 Meton. for, The persons sent for the establishment of such a town ; a colony; colo- 
 nists, planters. CiCERO, Rep. ii, 4; id. Agr. i, 5, i6;.ii, 27, 73; 34, ()2 et al. 
 
 In old European Law: A portion of land assigned to a single colonus ioi cultiva- 
 tion as a task {ad unius coloni pensum designatd). A country house with sufficient land for 
 the support of a husbandman and his family. Spelvian. 
 
 Coloni partiariL Farmers who pay to the landlords a portion of the crop instead of 
 rent. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 19. 
 
 Colonius partiarlns. A husbandman or farmer who goes shares with his landlord. 
 Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 41. 
 
 Coloniarius, ". «, and a, ae, /. Native of a colony. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 56 ; i, § 28. 
 
 Col5lliC11S, a, um, adj. [colonus.] Of or pertaining to agriculture or husbandry. Leges. 
 Varro, L. L. i, 2, 17. (6.) Of or pertaining to a colony. Caes, B. C. ii, 19 ; Suet. Aug. 46. 
 
 ColdnilS, i, '"■ \colo.'\ A husbandman, farmer. Cato, R. R. prooem. § 2 ; Cicero, de 
 Or. ii, 71, 287 ; Horace, Odes, i, 35, 6 ; ii, 14, 12. (6.) A colonist, inhabitant of a colonial 
 town. Cicero, Agr. ii, 28, 75. 
 
 In old European Law: A husbandman ; an inferior tenant employed in cultivating 
 the lord's land. The term corresponds with the Saxon ^o^?-/. Called adscriplitii because the 
 names of the coloni and their families were all recorded in the archives of the colony or dis- 
 trict. I Spence's Chancery, 51. 
 
 Color oris, OT. Color. Specif., The natural color of men ; the complexion, tint, hue. 
 Cicero, Ttisc v, 16, 46. Colorem muiare or perdere, — to change or lose color (;. e. on account 
 of any excitement of the passions, from shame, fear, pain, etc.), to blush, etc. Horace, Ep. 
 i, 16, 38 et al. Homo nullius coloris, — a man of no color, ;. e. an unknown man. Plautus, 
 Ps. iv, 7, 99. Transf. , Beautiful complexion, fine tint, beauty. Horace, Odes, iv, 13, 
 17; Ovid, .^. iii, 141 ; Virgil, £<:/. ii, 17. Tro p. , (a.) I n general : External quality, 
 state, condition, position; the exterior, outward appearance. Cicero, Ait. iv, 16, 10; Hor- 
 ace, Sat. ii, I, 60; id. Ep. i, 17, 23; Seneca, £/. 108; Quintilian, x, i, 59. (6.) Of dic- 
 tion : Its general character, fashion, cast, coloring, style. Cicero, de Or. iii, 25 ; Quint. 
 xii, 10, 71 {v. the pass.); Cicero, Brut, xlvii, 171 ; Quintilian, viii, 5, 28 ; id. ii. vi, 3, 
 100 ; id. ib. ix, 4, 17. 
 
 Transf., A beautiful brilliant quality or nature ; splendor, lustre, brilliancy. Horace, 
 Odes ii 2 I (6.) Of diction: (a.) A high, lively coloring, embellishment. Cicero, 
 Brut, lixxvii, 298 ; id. de Or. iii, 25 fin.; id Q. Fr. ii, 15, 2. (/3.) (Ornament negatively 
 considered) / / An artful, modest concealment of a fault ; a dextrous turn, pretext, palia- 
 tion excuse. Quintilian, iv, 2,88, Spald.; idib.w\,i,s; x, 1,116; xi, 1,81. Sub colore 
 adipiscendae possessionis,— under the pretext or excuse of attaining possession. Theod. Cod. 
 iii, 6, 3. V. Marc. Dig. v, 2,fr. 5. 
 
 COLOR a rhetoribus appellaiur probabilis alicujus rei causa, qud quod faham aut 
 turpe est velamus. Color is called by the rhetoricians the probable cause 
 of any thing, with which we disguise what is false or base. Stephens PL n. (49), 
 citing TuRNEB. in notis ad Quintilian. 
 
Col.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Hence, in the Language of Pleading; The term color was adopted at an 
 early period, in actions at law {Steph. PI. 202); and also in equity pleading to signify au 
 apparent ox primA facie right. The familiar phrase " to give color " is to admit such a right. 
 Steph. PI. 202, 203. Color is treated as of two sorts, viz. : (a.) Implied color is that 
 which is naturally inherent in the structure of all pleas in confession and avoidance. Steph. 
 PI. 206. That is, the admission of the truth of a statement of fact contained in the plead- 
 ing of the opposite party, or of a right in the opposite party, coupled with the allegation 
 of a new fact, which obviates or repeals its legal effect and thus a v o i d s it. It is commonly 
 calleJ a pleading in confession and avoidance, or by way of confession 
 and avoidance. Steph. PI. 52, 198, 206; 3 Bl. Com. 310; i Chilty's Plead. 528. (6.) 
 Express color is "a feigned matter pleaded by the defendant in an action of trespass, 
 from which the plaintiff seems to have a good cause of action, whereas he has in truth only 
 an appearance or color of cause." Bacon's Abr. 'Trespass,' T. 4. v. Temtes de la Ley; 
 Steph. PI. 206 sq.; 225 sq.; 3 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 43B ; I Chitty's Plead. 530 ; Bacon's 
 Abr. 'Trespass,' 3,4. 
 
 In a general sense: Mere appearance as distinguished from reality; 'Cae prima fades 
 of a thing ; a false show or assumed appearance ; a cover, cloak, disguise or pretext. 
 
 Color officii. — L. Lat. Color of office. The mere semblance, shadow or false appear- 
 ance of official authority. Termes de la Ley; 8 East, 364. v. Color} officii. 
 
 Colore. — Lat. \ih\. -\- colorI\ By color (of a supposed estate, right or authority). Town's 
 PI. 24. Colorfe, adv. In a specious or plausible manner. 
 
 COLORE donationis termini vel alicujus tituli. By or under color of a gift of a term or 
 other title or pretense. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses. v. Law Tr. 320. 
 
 Col5r6 officii, — L. Lat. By color of office ; under a pretense of official authority or duty. 
 
 This term is employed in malam partem, and differs from the virtute officii or ratione officii, 
 which are taken in bonam partem; and where the office is the just cause of the thing, and the 
 thing is pursuant to the office, g East, 364, citing 2 Esp. N. P. C. 542. 
 
 ''Color of office is always taken in the worst part, and signifies an act evilly done 
 by the countenance of an office, and it bears a dissembling face of the right of the office, 
 whereas the office is but a veil to the falsehood, and the thing is grounded upon vice and the 
 office is as a shadow to it. But by reason of the office and by virtue of the office (ratione 
 officii et virtute officii) are taken alwa)'S in the best part, and where the office is the just cause 
 of the thing and the thing is pursuing the office." Plowden, fol. 640, in Dive &• Man. Case; 
 Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Gollliuba, ae, /. A dove, pigeon. Varro, R. R, iii, 7 ; IsiDORUS, Orig. xii, 7, 61. 
 
 Columbus, i, m. A male dove or pigeon. Varro, L, L. ix, 38, 140. 
 
 ColumMarlum, ii, «• A dove cote, a pigeon-house. Varro, R. R. iii, 7, 4 et al.; Shep. 
 Touch. 10 ; Town's PI. 183. 
 
 Golumua, ae, y. A projecting object; a column, pillar, post. Varro, R. R. iii, 5, 11. 
 Ex columna ro strata , — from the rostral pillar {i. e. a column ornamented with beaks 
 of ships). QuiNTlLlAN, i, 7, 12. Columna, — a pillor)' in the Roman forum where crim- 
 inal slaves, debtors and thieves were judged and punished. Cicero, v. Adams' Antiq. ii, 
 381. Trop., A pillar, support. Transf., An object rising in the manner of a pillar. 
 A water-spout. Read: Nemini columnas vel statuas cujuscunque materiae, etc. Justinian. 
 Cod. viii, lo, c. 7. v. Co lumen. 
 
 COLUNT discreti et divisi, ut fons, ut campus, . ut nemus placuit. Their habitations were 
 severed and distinct, as a fountain, a field or a grove pleased them. Tacitus, de M. Ger. 16; 
 ■^ Bl. Com. 6, {g\ 
 
 Comauuder. — L. Fr. To commit or send. Gomaundes a la prison. — L. Fr. Com- 
 mitted to prison. Britt. c. 21. 
 
 Combinatio, Snis, f. A joining two by two. Gloss. Gt. and Lat. A union of persons or 
 things ; a combination, union of different elements. 
 
 In Patent Law: Union of parts, as of machines or machinery, v. -j. Mason's C. C. R. 
 112; I Curtis' R. 11<); Curtis, J., id. 292. ' 
 
 Gombustio, Snls, /. A burning, consuming. Finnic. Math. 4, 12. 
 
 In old English Law: The punishment of burning, inflicted upon apostates and 
 others. Fleta, lib. i, c. 37, § 2. 
 
 Gombustio domorum. The burning of houses ; house burning. 
 
 In old English Law: A term employed to express the crime of arson. Bracton,io\. 
 i^bb; 2 Jfale's P. C. 346 [566]; 4 Bl Com. 373. 
 
 402 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 CombustiO pecuniae. — L. Lat. The burning (i. e. melting) of money. 
 The ancient mode of trying mixed and corrupt money, by melting it down upon payment 
 into the Exchequer, cf. Lowndes' Essay upon Coin, 5 . 
 
 Comburendo heretico. v. Breve de comburendo heretico. 
 
 Come. — L. Fr. As. Come ceo que il ad, etc., — as that which he hath, etc. Come de del, — 
 as of duty (= ^j; debito). Mior. c. 5, § i. Come, — so. Come semple, — as it appears. Covie 
 Dieu hey aide, — so help him God. i Bl. Com. 236, note. Whereas, i Rep. Ch. Append. 
 
 Come ceux qui refusent etre a la commune loy de la terre.— L. Fr. Those who 
 refuse to abide by the common law of the land. 
 
 Comen. — L. Fr. Common. Comen counsel, — common counsel. Lacomenley, — the com- 
 mon law. La comen banke, — the common bench. 
 
 COMEN erudition est que Ventent d'un homme ne serva trie, car k Diable n'ad 
 conusance de I 'entent de home. It is the common or familiar learning that 
 the intent of a man will not be tried, for the devil only has cognizance of the 
 intent of a man. Per. Brian, C. J., P. 17 Edw. IV. 2 A. pi. 2; 2 Best 07i Evid. 
 § 433, note 3. 
 
 COMENT que les testim disont par ccrtein discretion c fait nemy estre vray, uncore 
 il est possible que le fait est vray, et les tesm scient rien de ceoj car ils ne fur 
 pas al ' temps de confecc jpjent, etc. 23 Ass. p. 1 1, per Thorpe, C. J. For instance, 
 the witnesses may declare upon their certain discretion {/. e. in full faith) that 
 some fact is not true, nevertheless it is possible that the fact is true, and the 
 witnesses knew nothing about it ; ■ for they had not been present at the time 
 when it happened, etc. Quoted in Best on Evid. § 270. [P. C] 
 
 Comes, itis, c. — Lat. A comrade, companion, an associate, participant, a follower or 
 attendant. In particular: An overseer, guardian, tutor, teacher, etc. of boys. Suet. 
 Claud. 35 ; AUG. 98 ; Tib. 12. 
 
 More frequently: The suite, retinue of friends, relatives, scholars, noble youth, etc., 
 which accompanied magistrates into the provinces. Suet. Tib. 46 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 10. 
 The attendants of distinguished private individuals. Horace, Ep. i, 7, 76; 17, 52. The 
 imperial train of the court. Suet. Aug. xvi, Q)% et al. Hence finally: A designation 
 for the occupant of any state office. An official and honorary title of great antiquity and 
 very various application, originating under the Roman empire. Justinian. Cod. i, 32, 33 
 [34], 34, 36; id. ib. xii, 10-14; Nov. viii, cc. 2, 3, 5. v. Temies de la Ley; i Bl. Com. 116, 
 198, 398. 
 
 Comes mariscallus. — L- Lat. Earl marshal. 
 
 In England: A great officer of state, who anciently presided in the court of chivalry 
 or the court of honor. 3 Bl. Com. 68 ; 4 id. 267. That court went out of use, but the office 
 was continued and still exists chiefly in adjusting armorial ensigns, adjusting the rights of 
 place and precedence, marshaling and conducting coronations, marriages and funerals of the 
 royal family, and proclaiming war and peace. Crabb's Hist. 553, ch. xxxiii. 
 
 Comes Stabuli. — Lat. The overseer of the stable ; constable. 
 
 In the Eastern Empire: A superintendent of the imperial stables, or the empe- 
 ror's master of all matters of chivalry, tilts, tournaments and feats of arms which were per- 
 formed on horseback, cf. I Bl. Com. 355 ; Wharton's Law Lex. 'Constable;' Broom if 
 Had. Com. i, 426. 
 
 Comes jucundus in vid pro vehiculo est, A pleasant companion upon a journey 
 is as good as a carriage. "A gay companion is as a vehicle." Publius Syrus, apud Aulus 
 Gellius, xvii, 16. 
 
 Comes limitaneUS. A companion that is on the borders. Transf., A limited asso- 
 ciate or participant. Bacon's Arg. fur. Marches. 
 
 Comitas atis, /. Courteousness, kindness, obligingness, friendliness, affability, gentle- 
 ness. Plautus, Trin. ii, 2, 52; Cicero, Mur. j,! fin.j id. Brut, xl, 148. Comitas affabili- 
 tasque sermonis, — affability and politeness in conversation. Cicero, de Off. ii, 14, 48. 
 
 Comitas gentium. Comity of nations. 2 Kent's Com. 454. 
 
 403 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Comitas inter COmmunitates. Comity between communities or nations ; comity or 
 politeness between nations. 2 Kent's Com. 457. v, Kent, C, i\ Johns. C/4. 460, 477 ; Broom- 
 on C. L. 21, 22, and cases. 
 
 Comitas inter gentes vel COmmunitates. Courtesy between nations or communities, 
 cf. Story on Conjl. of Laws, § 38 ; 2 Kent's Com. 457. 
 
 COMITAS est quatenus sine praejudicio indulgentium fieri potest. Comity is 
 (to be observed) as far as can be done without prejudice to those who allow 
 it. Kent, C, 4 Johns. Ch. 460, 477. cf. 2 Kent's Com. 457. 
 
 Comitatu COmmisSO.^ L- Lat. A commission of a county. 
 
 In England; A writ or commission by virtue of which a sheriff is authorized to enter 
 upon the charges of a county. Reg. Orig. 295. 
 
 Comitatu et castro COmmisso. — L. Lat. A commission of a county and castle. 
 In England: A writ or commission by virtue of which the charge of a county, together 
 with the keeping of a castle, is committed to the sheriff. Reg. Orig. 295. 
 
 Comitatensis, e, adj. [comitatus.l Of or pertaining to the dignity or office of courtiers. 
 Theod. Cod. xii, l, 38 ; 36, 14. Fabrica, i. t. machinatio, — a court intrigue. Amm. xviii, 4. 
 
 Comitatus, us, ffi. \cvmes.'\ An escort, an attending multitude, a train, retinue. Cicero, 
 Mil. X, 28 ; id. Verr. ii, 5, 21 ; Quintilian, i, 2, 5 ; vii, 2, 45. 
 
 In the Roman Law in the time of the Emperors: Animperial escort, reti- 
 nue, court, suite. Tacitus, A^ ii, 65 ; za?. ^««. xiii, 46; Macer. ZJzf. xlix, 16, yr. 13. The 
 court or household of the emperor. Papinian. Dig. xxix, i, 43 ; Adams' Antiq. 171. 
 
 ComitatUS. — L. Lat. In old English Law; A county or shire. 
 
 So called from the comes ox earl who formerly had the government of it, as county is 
 derived from Fr. comte (count) denoting the same officer. Co. Litt. Yt&a; i Bl. Com. 116, 39'5. 
 (6.) An earldom. Bracton, fol. 84; Co. Litt. 831^/ i Ld. Raym. 13. (c.) A county court. 
 Mag. Cart. c. 35 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 47, 146 ; 3 Bl. Com. 36 ; 4 C?. 33 ; I Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 7 ; I Spence, Eq. 42, 66. 
 
 ComitatuS palatinus.— L. Lat. County palatine. 
 
 A county in England distinguished by peculiar privileges, and so called Ixoxa palatium , — 
 a palace — because its owner, whether duke or earl, had in each coyxnly jura regalia, — royal 
 rights or prerogatives — as fully as the king had in his palace. 4 Co. Inst. 205, 211, 216 ; i 
 Bl. Com. 116-119 ; Crabb's Real Prop. 489, § 630. 
 
 Comites, [plur. of roOTfj.] Companions, followers; retainers or adherents, i. Bl. Com. 
 254; Broom Ss" Had. Com. i, 481. Earls or counts. Magna Charta, \.. 14; Bracton, fol. $b. 
 Persons who are attached to a public minister, v. I Dall. (Penn.) 117 ; Baldwin, C. C. 240. 
 
 Comites paleys or palentynes. — L. Lat. Counts or earls palatine. Those who had 
 the government of a county. Bracton, fol. 122b. v. Comitatus palatinus. 
 
 COMITES : viz. quia h comitatu, sive a societate nomen sumpserunt, qui etiam did possunt 
 consules, h consulendo : reges enim tales sibi associant ad consulendum et negendum populum Dei, 
 ordinante's eos in magno honore et potestate et nomine, quando accingunt eos gladii, i. ringis gladi- 
 orum. Counts; for instance, because they have taken their name from companionship or 
 association, who may also be called consuls from consulting (<J consulendo) ; for kings asso- 
 ciate with themselves such persons for the purpose of consultation and to govern the people 
 of God, ordaining them in great honor and power and name when they begirt them with 
 swords, that is with sword-belts. Bracton, i, t. 8, § 2, fol. ^b. 
 
 Comitia Orum, h. \^\-ax.-\-comitium?^ The assemblies of the Romans for electing mag- 
 istrates, etc. In the Roman Law: General assemblies of the people convened by 
 authority, in order to enact or repeal any thing by their suffrages. Gellius, N. A. xv, 27 ; 
 id. xiii, 15. 
 
 The comitia were of three kinds: (a.) Comitia curiata, — the assemblies of the 
 Romans voting by curiae, — parishes — held in the comitium. Adams' Antiq. 114-153. v. 
 Taylor's Civ. Law, i^i^. They were also termed irom/fe ra/a/a. Gellius, xv, 27. v. i Kent's 
 Com. 518, 519, note. (6.) Comitia centuriata, — the assemblies of the Romans, the populus 
 Romanus, voting by centuries, instituted by Servius Tullius, continuing through 
 the whole time of the republic, commonly held at the Campus Martius. Cicero, Cat. i, 5 ; 
 id. Q. Fr. ii, 2; Quintilian, xi, i, 47 et al.; Gellius, N. A. xv, 27; Adams' Antiq. 193; 
 
 404 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Justinian. Inst, i, 2, 4; Taylor's Civil Law, 183. v. i Kent's Com- 519, and note. At these 
 assemblies magistrates were elected, laws were made and the trials of offenses against the 
 state were had ; hence they were the most important of the three kinds of comitia. Anihon. 
 Rom. Antiq. 51. (c.) Comitia tributa, — comitia of tribes. Assemblies of the populus Komamis, 
 established B. C. 491, in which they voted by tribes, commonly held at the forum, but, in 
 choosing magistrates, frequently at the Campus Marlins. In them the inferior magistrates 
 (ediks), tribunes of the people (quaestors), and later the Ponlifex Maximus also were chosen. 
 Adams' Antiq. 114-153; Gellius, A^. ^4. xv, 27 ; Taylor's Civ. Law, loo; 1 Kent's Com. ^it) 
 and note; Anthon. Rom. Antiq. iii. v. Mackeid. Civil Law, §§ 21, 22, 26, 27. 
 
 Comitia majora et comitia minora. The greater and lesser assemblies or courts (held 
 among the Romans). 
 
 Comitialis, e,adj. [comitia.] Of or pertaining to the comitia. Comiiialis dies, — days 
 on which the comitia were held. Cicero, Q. Fr. ii, 2. 
 
 ComitiatUS, tls, /«. '[comitia.] An assembly of the people in the comitia. CiCERa, de 
 Leg. iii, 4, 11 et al. 
 
 Comitium, ii> »■ In the singular- The place for the assembling of the Romans 
 voting by \i\e. curiae. In the plural: Comitia, q. v. 
 
 Comitissa. — L. Lat. [-|- ^^ow^j, an earl.] In old English Law: A countess ; an 
 earl's wife. Bracton, fol. 93^, 219 ; Town's PI. 149. 
 
 Comitiva, — L. Lat. In old English Law: The dignityand office of acomw (count 
 or earl); the same with what was afterward called fOTHzVa/^j. Spelman. Comilatus, — a train, 
 suite, following, attendance or household. Reg. Orig. 23, 24. 
 
 ComitlVllS, a, um, adj. Pertaining to a chief officer. Veg. Mel. ii, g. 
 
 Also sub St. , A chief. Justinian. Cod. i, 33, 3 et al. 
 
 Commandite or societe en commandite. — Fr. A special or limited partnership. 
 
 In French Law: Where the contract is between two or more persons who are general 
 partners and jointly and severall)' responsible, and one or more other persons who merely 
 furnish a particular fund or capital stock, and thence are called commandataire or comttienda- 
 taires, or partners en cotiimandili!; the business being carried on under the social name or 
 firm of the gener.nl partners only, composed of the names of the general or complementary 
 partners, the partners en commandilif being liable to loss only to the extent of the funds or 
 capital furnished by them. Story on Partn. §§ 78, 109 et seq.; 3 Kent's Com. 34,35 ; Pothier, 
 de SociM, u. 60, 102. 
 
 CommanditaireS, — Fr. Special partners ; partners en commandite; dormant, sleeping 
 partners. 
 
 Commarchio. — L- Lat. A boundary or border ; a common boundary. 
 
 Commeatalis, e.,adj. \commeatus.\ Pertaining to provisions or supplies. Justinian. 
 Cod. i, 27, 2, § g. 
 
 CommeatuS, us, m. \commeo.'] A going back and forth, passing. Pall. 1-3. Hence, 
 Melon. , (a.) A place through which one can pass back and forth, n passage. Pi.autus, 
 Mil. ii, I, 65 ; ii, 5, 58 et al. (b.) A leave of absence from one's station for a definite time ; 
 a furlough. Vellij. ii, 11; Suet. Tib. lo. In commeatu esse, — to be on furlough. LiVY, 
 xxxiii, 2g. Commeatu abesse. Suet. Tib. 72 et al. (c.) Persons who go back and forth ; a 
 trading company, a caravan, a train, a transportation, a company carried or transported. 
 Tacitus, y4. xiv, 33; xiii, 39; Svet. JVev. 20 et al. (d.) Provisions, supplies. Plautus, 
 Mil.'\\,2,10 sq.; id. Epid. iii, 2, 7 ; Cicero, Manil. 17; 1 Rob. Adm. R. 182. Transf., 
 Commeatus argcntarius, — a foraging for money, i. e. gain acquired by money transactions. 
 Plautus, Ps. i, 5, 9. 
 
 Commemoratio, onis, /. ^commetnoro.] A reminding, remembrance, mentioning. Cic- 
 ero, de Or. xxxiv, 120; id. Arch. 11. Commemoratio rei gestae, — the adducing of a thing 
 done. QuiNTiLlAN, v, 11, 6. Recounting. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 39. 
 
 Commemorator, oris, m. One who mentions a thing ; a commemorator. 
 
 Commemoratorium, ii. ''• A book of remembrance ; a catalogue. Ambros. dc Off. 25 
 
 Commenda. — L.-it. \commendoi\ A commendation, trust, commission. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: An association in which capital is intrusted to individuals. 
 Troubat on Command. ^ Lim. Part. ch. iii, § 27. 
 
 4°5 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Commeuda or ecclesia OOmmeuda. — L- Lat. A thing commended or intrusted ; e. g. 
 a church. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: A living or benefice commended bj' the 
 crown to the care of a clerk to hold till a proper pastor is provided for it ; otherwise called 
 a com?nenda retinere, i. c. to hold a benefice. I Bl. Com. 393. v. 4 id. 107, 108 ; 3 Steph. 
 Com. 87. 
 
 COMMENDA est facultas recipiendi et retinendi beneficium contrh jus positivum, 
 k supremd potestate. Acommendam is the power of receiving and 
 retaining a benefice contrary to positive law, by supreme authority. Moor. 905. 
 
 Commeuda (J^UOtuplex, et q^ualis, A four-fold commendam, and how constituted. 
 Hobari, 144, 145. 
 
 Commeuda recipere. To take, receive a benefice or living. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: This was in the bishop's own gift, or the gift 
 of some other patron consenting to the same ; and this is the same to him as institution and 
 induction are to another clerk. Hobart, 144; i Bl. Com. 393. v. the doctrine of commen- 
 dams, 4 Bl. Com.. 107 sq.; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Commeuda retinere. To hold a benefice or living, i. c. until the proper pastor is pro- 
 vided for it. "Commendam retinere is no commendam properly, though commonly so called." 
 Hobart, 143. 
 
 Commenda semestris. A half-yearly living or benefice. 
 
 A commenda semestris is but a sequestration of the fruits and cure till the patron present. 
 It ceases by lapse incurred, quia natura appetit perfectuvi. Hobart^ 144. 
 
 Commendam. \;\- commendo, ■ix%l\ In English Ecclesiastical Law; A bene- 
 fice or living that, being void, is commended to the care of some sufficient clerk, to be 
 supplied until it may be conveniently provided of a pastor. Hobart, 144; Latch. I'iii. 
 
 The true original of these commendans was either evident profit or necessity. He to whom 
 the church is commended hath the fruits and profits thereof only for a certain time, and 
 the nature of the church is not changed thereby, but it is a thing deposited in the hands of 
 him to whom it is commended, who hath nothing but the custody thereof, which may 
 be revoked. Termes de la Zejy. v. Broom &" Had. Com. i, 475, n. (/«)/ id. iii, 44, n. {y). 
 
 Commendam non obstante juramento religionis, A benefice or living notwithstand- 
 ing an oath of religion. The guardians of the spiritualities so granted it. v. Hobart, 141. 
 
 Commendaticius or tius, a, um, adj. \commendatio.'\ Of or pertaining to commenda- 
 tion, commendatory. Litcrae, — letters of recommendation or introduction. Cicero, Fam. 
 V, 5. V. Labeo, Dig. xli, i,jr. 65. Tabellae. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 66. 
 
 Commendatio, 5nis, /". \commendo.\ In abstr., A commendation, recommendation. 
 Cicero, Favi. i, 3 fin.; xii, 26; Quintilian, ix, 2, 59. (6.) In concrete. That which 
 commends, a recommendation. Cicero, Brut. 67 fin.; id. Fam. i, 7 ; id. de Off. ii, 13, 46. 
 Commendationes junebres , — funeral commendations. AuLUS Gellius, xiii, 20 fin. 
 V. Simplex commendatio non obligat. 
 
 Commendator, Sris, m. [«</.] One who commends ; a commender, favorer. Pliny, 
 Ep. vi, 23, 4 et al. A commendator. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: Commendators are secular persons upon whom ecclesi- 
 astical benefices are bestowed; so called because the benefices were commended and 
 intrusted to their oversight ; they are not proprietors, but only trustees or tutors. Scotch 
 Term. 
 
 COMMENDARE nihil aliud est quam deponere. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, fr. 186. 
 To intrust to one for preservation is nothing else than to make a deposit. 
 Story on Bailment, § 43. 
 
 Commendatorius, ^i. um, adj. [commendator.'] Pertaining to commendation ; of com- 
 mendation. Sid. Ep. ix, 10. 
 
 CommendatUS, a, um, Pa. [commendo.l Commended or recommended to. CiCERO, 
 Phil, ii, 13 ; id. Balb. ii fin.; id. Fam. xii, 26. '(6.) Agreeable, pleasing, approved, valued. 
 Petr. no, 5 ; Pliny, xvi, 36, 65. 
 406 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 GommendatUS. — L. Lat. Icommem/o.] In Feudal Law: One who intrusts himself 
 to the protection of another. Spelman. A person who, by voluntary homage, puts himself 
 under the protection of a superior lord (homo coiiimendatus). Cowell. His obligation in such 
 case vixi.^ fide et obsequio, but without oath or any tenure. Spelman. 
 
 CommendO, 3'i'e, i, t- «. To commit to one for preservation, protection, aid, etc.; to 
 intrust to, commend to. Ulpian. Di^. L, i6, /;-. 186. ■v. Papinian. id. xvi, 3, fr. 24. (ft.) 
 To commend or recommend, ('. c. to procure favor for, to make agreeable, to set off with 
 advantage, to grace. CiCERO, de Off. ii, 13 fin.; id. de Or. i, 59, 252; id. Brut, ^t) fin. 
 Whence Commendatus, v. h. v. 
 
 In the Civil Law; To commend ; to recommend a person; e. ^., Si petieris h inc, 
 uti te alicui c m m e n d a r e vi , et eas comvie n dati cias tibi niisero literas^^ — if you should 
 ask of me to recommend you to a person, and I should give you a letter of recom- 
 mendation. Labeo, Dig. xli, I, fr. 65 pr. (6.) To commend or praise a thing, as an 
 article offered for sale ; e.g.. Quod venditor, ut commendet, dicit, — what a seller says in order 
 to commend. Ulpian. Z)2^. iv, 3, /)-. 37. z;. zrf. xviii, i, /)-. 43/r. (c.) To deposit; tolend; 
 to intrust a thing. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, fr. 186 ; id. ib. xvi, 3, fr. 24 ; Story on Bailm. § 43. 
 
 In old European Law: Commendare , — to commend; commit or intrust one's self 
 to the protection of another. Spelman; Cowell; i Spence's Chancery, 29. 
 
 Commeilt9,rieilsis, is, m. \commevtarius^ In the Civil Law: One who takes a 
 control, has the care of a thing ; and specif., («.) A registrar of public documents, a sec- 
 retary. Paulus, Dig. xlx, 14, fr. 45. (ft.) One who makes out a list of prisoners, a keeper 
 of a prison, Justinian. Cod. ix, 4, 4; Callistratus, Z'z^. xlviii, 20, fr.t. (c.) One who 
 forms a list of soldiers, a secretary of war. AscoN. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 28. 
 
 Commentariolum, i> "• (^«-f, i, "'■) A short treatise in writing. Cicero, Fin. \v,\fin.; 
 id. de Or. i, 2, 5. 
 
 Commentarium, ii. «. (sc. volumen. Varro, L. L. vi, 9, 75 fin.; Cicero, Brut, xliv, 
 164.) Orig.. A note-book, sketch-book, memorandum. Diurni, — a day-book. Suet. 
 Aug. 64. Hence, (6.) A sketch, a paper, memoirs, a commentary, etc. Cicero, Fam. v, 12 
 Jin.; QuiNTlLlAN, ii, ii, 7 ; iii, 8, 58 ; vii, 2, 12 et al.; IsiDORUS, Orig. vi, 8, § 5. 
 
 In the Language of Law: A brief. Cicero, Kifn-. ii, 5, 21. An abstract. 
 
 Commentatio, 5nis, /. Ycommentor^ Abstr., A diligent meditation upon something, 
 a studying, a careful preparation. Cicero, de Or. ii, 27, 118 ; i, 34. Trop. , v. Cicero, 
 Tusc. i, 'io fin. C o n c r . , A learned work, a treatise, dissertation, description. Pliny, viii, 
 16, 17 ; vi, 17, 21 et al. 
 
 Commentator, Oris, m. \id.'\ One who meditates upon something; an inventor. App. 
 Apol. 321, 36. Hence, One who creates a treatise or learned work. 
 
 Commentor, an, v, iutens. dep. To think of something on all its sides, to meditate or 
 muse upon, to study, deliberate, weigh, consider, debate, canvass thoroughly (esp. freq. in 
 Cicero). 
 
 As the result of meditation: (a.) To devise, invent, contrive something. Plaut. 
 Casin. ii, 3, 25. (ft.) To represent in writing that which is thought out, to treat of. delineate, 
 sketch, compose. Cicero, Rose. Am. 29 fin.; Pliny, //. AT. praef. § 30. (c.) To treat, to 
 explain, comment upon. Suet. GiamiH. 
 
 Commentor Oris,?«. \comminiscor.\ One who devises or invents something; an inventor. 
 Ovid, F. iii, 785. Hence, One who composes a learned work, etc. 
 
 Commercator, oris, m. \commercor.'\ A fellow trader. Gloss. Lat.-Gr. 
 
 CommerciariuS, ii. »'■ A fellow purchaser. Gloss. Lat.-Gr. 
 
 Commercium ii. «• [-\-eon, together, and mercari, to trade, -\-merx, merchandise.] 
 Commercial intercourse, trade, traffic, commerce. Sallust,/. xviii, 6; Pliny, xxxiii, 1 et 
 al. Dealings in the w-iy of purchase and sale; a contract of purchase and sale. Po.mpon. 
 Dig. xlix, 15,/?-. 6. So in Feudal Law, z/. lib. ii, tit. 52. 
 
 Commercium dictum ^ in erclbus. quo nomine ves venales appellamus, Unde mercatus dicitur coetus 
 multorum hominum, qui res emere vel vendere Solent. Isidorus, Origines, v, 25, § 35. 
 
 Commerce derives its name from goods, wares »»- merchandise (w<jrjr), by which name we call salable 
 things or things for sale. Whence a market is called an assemblage or combination of multitudes of men who 
 are accustomed to buy or sell. 
 
 407 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Melon., in Juridical Language: {a,) An article of traffic ; merchandise, wares. 
 Pliny, xxxv, 13, 47 ; xxvi, 4, 9. £sse in commercio, — to be a subject of dealing, contract or 
 acquisition. Justinian. Inst, iii, 20, § 2. (6.) A place of trade; a market-place. Puny, 
 xxxvii, 3, II ('/ al. (c.) The right to trade as merchants ; a mercantile right. Cicero, Ven. 
 ii,3, 40; 2,50; 4, S<)Jin. cf. Paulus, i^z^y. xli, i, /r. 62 ; Ulpian. /Jz^f. xxx, i,/r. 39, § lo; 
 id. lb. xlv, I, fr. 34. Cojnmerciam est emendi vendundique in vicem jus. Ulpian. Kegl. 
 xix, § 5. (rf.) Power over a subject of sale ; the right or power of purchase and sale. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iii, 20, § 2 ; Ulpian. Regul. xix, § 5. 
 
 Without the sphere of trade: Intercourse, communication, correspondence, fel- 
 lowship. Plautus, Aul. iv, 4, 4 ; Cicero, Tusc. v, 23, 66 ; id. de Sen. xii, 42. 
 
 In International Law: Commutatio niercium, v h. t. expl. Intercourse between 
 natives ; intercourse with foreign nations, including navigation. Marshall, C. J., 9 Wheat- 
 on's H. I, 189; McLean, J., 7 Howard's R. 401 ; Wayne, J., id. 436; Grier, J., id. 462. 
 The term, almost ex vi termini, imports intercourse by shipping. 3 Kent's Com. 1-21. 
 
 Commerce is synonymous with trade, and is divided into foreign and inland. 
 
 Foreign denoting intercourse with foreign nations, colonies, etc. Inland denoting 
 intercourse between citizens or subjects of the same nation. Holthouse. The affairs of com- 
 merce are regulated by the lex mercatoria, v. h. t. 
 
 COMMERCIUM est emendi vendundique invicemjus. Ulpian. Regul. xix, § 5. 
 Commerce is the reciprocal right of purchase and sale. 
 
 Commercia belli. Stipulations or treaties of war ; war contracts. 
 
 In International Law: Communications or conventions of war. Compacts or 
 arrangements entered into between hostile powers or contending armies, by which a peace- 
 ful intercourse is, for the time, established between them, as for the burying the dead, 
 exchanging prisoners and the like. Grotius, de Jur. Bell. lib. ii, c. 19, § 3 ; iii, c. 21, § i. 
 A truce is also a convention of this kind. Id. ib.; i Kent's Com. 159 ; 3 Rob. Adm. R. 140. 
 Grotius employs this phrase, and cites Philo in Flacc. p. ^^^A. v. i Kent's Com. 105. 
 
 Commercium belli. A stipulation, contract or treaty of war. Tacitus, A. xiv, 33. 
 
 COMMERCIUM jure gentium commune esse debet, et non in monopolium et fri- 
 vatu7ti paucorum quaestum converiendiim. Commerce, by the law of 
 nation?, ought to be common, and not converted into monopoly and to the pri- 
 vate gain of the few. 3 Co. Inst. 56, 181, in marg. 
 
 Commercor, an, i, v, dep. To trade, traffic together, buy up, purchase. Plautus, Capt. 
 prol. 26 ; id. Pers. iv, 9, 12 ; Sallust, J. vi, 6, i. 
 
 Commessalis. — L. Lat. A table companion ; a messmate. Fleta. 
 
 Commigratio, onis, f. \commigro.~\ A wandering, migration. 
 
 Com-migro, are, i, v, n. To go or remove somewhere with all one's effects; to migrate, 
 enter or go in somewhere. Plautus, Trin. iv, 3, 77 ; Cicero, Q. Fr. ii, ^ fin. 
 
 Com-miles, itis, m. A fellow-soldier. Com-militium, ii, K. Companionship in war. 
 QuiNTiLiAN, v, 10, HI ; Tacitus, A. i, 60. Com-milito, Onis, m. A comrade, companion 
 in war, fellow-soldier. Cicero, Dejot. x, 28 ; Suet. Cues. 67 ; Quintilian, vi, 3, 90 et al. 
 
 Comminatio, Onis, /. \comminor^ A threatening, menacing. Cicero, de Or. iii, 54; 
 Quintilian, ix, I, 33 «■? 3/. Comminator, Oris, m. \id.'\ A threatener, menacer. Tert. 
 adv. Guoet. 9. 
 
 Comminatorinm, — L. Lat. [+ Lat. cotnminor, to threaten one with something.] I n o 1 d 
 Practice: A clause sometimes added at the end of writs, admonishing the sheriff to be 
 faithful in executing them. Bracton, fol. 398. 
 
 Commissa, Orum, «. ^\\xr. -\- commissum. Offenses, faults, etc. Virgil,^, i, 136. (6.) 
 Secrets, trusts, etc. Commissa enunciare, — to discover secrets. Cicero, Tusc. ii, 13, 31. 
 Commissa celare, — to conceal things committed. Nep. Epam. iii, 2. v. Juvenal, Sat. ix, 
 93. Commissa tacere, — to keep secrets. Horace, Sat. i, 4, 84. v. Horace, Epist. i, 18, 70. 
 
 CommissariuS. — L. Lat. A commissary; one who is intrusted. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: A title formerly applied to an officer who 
 exercised spiritual jurisdiction in distant places of the bishop's diocese; being specially 
 ordained for the purpose of supplying the bishop's jurisdiction and office in the out places 
 of his diocese or else in such places as were peculiar to the bishop and exempted from the 
 jurisdiction of the archdeacon. Vermes de la Ley, 
 
 408 
 
Corn.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Commise.— Fr. Forfeiture. In old French Law; The forfeiture of a fief ; the 
 penalt}"- attached to the ingratitude of a vassal. Guyot, Inst. Feod. c. 12. 
 
 Commiseratio, Onis, /. Commiseration, compassion, pity. A part of an oration intended 
 to excite compassion. Cicero, de Or. ii, 28, 125 ; iii, 58, 219; Quintilian, x, 107. 
 
 Commissio, <3nis, /. \comtnitto.'\ A contest. Cicero, Ait. xvi, 26; 5. Me ton., A 
 speech at a contest ; a prize declamation, ostentatious speech. Calig. in Suet. Calig. 53 ; 
 Suet. Aug, 89. (6.) A perpetration, commission; the act of perpetrating. Arn. iv, 148. 
 
 In English Law: A commission. A warrant or authority in writing and under seal, 
 sometimes in the form of letters-patent, empowering those to whom it is directed to perform 
 ceitain acts or to exercise a certain jurisdiction, either ordinarj' or extraordinary. Termes 
 de la Ley; 5 Bam. &■ E. 850. It is, for the most part, = delegatio of the Civilians. Cozvell. 
 V. the old forms. Reg. Orig. 64, 88, 128, 138; Reg. Jud. App. ig. As to the commissions 
 of the judges, i Tidd's Pr. 41. Commission as a compensation allowed for services. 
 Story on Agency, § 326. 
 
 Commissor. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A committer ; one who committed 
 or intrusted land to another to hold during his pleasure. Fleta. 
 
 CommissoriTlS, a, um, rt<^'. \cotnmitto.'\ In Juridical Language: A condition 
 of a sale or of a contract. Ulpian. Dig. xviii, 3, fr. 4. So also ab s . , Commissoria, ae, 
 /. Papin. in Ulpian. ib.; Ulpian. ib. xliii, 2^, fr. 11. 
 
 Commissdria lex, '"• Lex commissoria. Dig. xviii, tit. 3; 2 Kent's Coin. 583. 
 
 CommisS'llin, i, «. \comniitto.'\ A transgression, offense, fault, crime. Cicero, de Leg. 
 ii, 9, 22 ; Plautus, JSten. v, 2, 21 ; Ovid, F. iv, 590. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: An incurring of fines ; a confiscation or confiscated property. 
 Suet. Calig. 41. In cominissum cadere. Marcian. Dig. xxxix, 4, fr. 16, ^ i. Causa com- 
 missi. Id. ib:^ 10 et al.; Scaevola, j'l^. xix, 2, /V. 61. (&.) That which is intrusted, a secret, 
 a trust. V. Fidei-comrjiissum. v. Conunissa ih,). 
 
 COMMITTIT enini jurator perjuriam propter falsam sacramentiiin, ut si ex certa 
 scientia aliter juraverit, quam res m veritate se habuerit. Si autem sacra- 
 vtentum fatuum fuerit licet fahani., tamen non conuniitit perjuriam, licet re vera res 
 aliter se habeat quam jiiraverat et quia jurat secundii ne conscientiam eo quod non 
 vadit contra mentem. A juror commits perjury on account of a false oath, as if 
 he has sworn a thing of his certain knowledge otherwise than the thing has been 
 of truth. But if his oath has been fatuous, although false, he does not however 
 commit perjury, although in truth the thing be otherwise than he has sworn, and 
 because he swears according to his conscience inasmuch as he does not go against 
 his intelligence. Bracton, lib. iv, tr. v, c. 4, fol. 288^. 
 
 Sunt quidam qui falsam dicunt mentiendo, sed se perjurant, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 Committitur. — Lat. \committo\ He is committed. S ub st ., A commitment. 
 
 In Practice: An order or minute, setting forth that the person named in it is com- 
 mitted to the custody of the sheriff. Most generally employed on the surrender of a 
 defendant by his bail, in which case it is a minute of the render and commitment. 10 East, 
 4T, I Tidd's Pr. 28s. A com m i 1 1 i tu r-p iece is an instrument in the form of a bail- 
 piece, by which a defendant already in custody is charged in execution, at the suit of the 
 same or another plaintiff, i Tidd's Pr. 363, 364. 
 
 Com-mittO ere, 3, V, <i. To bring, join, combine several things into one whole ; to join 
 together, connect, unite. 
 
 In general construction: (oc.) Inter se. Quintilian, vii, prooem. § i; ix, 4, 
 33 ; 3. 19- (A) With ciim aliqua re. Celsus, viii, I et al. 
 
 In Particular: To practice or perpetrate wrong, do injustice; to commit a crime. 
 Cicero, Quintilian ?/ a/, {fi) Committere contra legem, — to offend, sin, commit an offense 
 against law. Committere in legem or committere lege Papinian. Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 39 ; Mar- 
 CELLus, ib. xlviii, 10, fr. 13. Quasi committerit contra legem. Cicero, Brut. 12 fin. Com- 
 mittere'lege de sacariis. Quintilian, vii, i. 9. {y.) Wi th ;<^.- To be guilty or be in fault, 
 so that; to give occasion or cause, that; to act so as that, etc. Cicf.ro. P/iil. viii, 5, 15; id. 
 de Off. ii, 14, 50: iii, 2, 6 ; id. Fam. v, ^fin.; iii, 7, 3 ; id. Att. i, 6. 20; id. de Or. ii, 57, 233. 
 Hence', (6.) Poenam. multam, etc. Juridical t. t.: To bring punishment upon ones 
 self by an error or fault ; to incur, make one's self liable to it. Cicero, Varr. ii, 3, 12 ; 
 
 [52] 4°9 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 QuiNTiLlAN, vii, 4, 20. Covimittere inpoenam edicti. Gaius, Dig. ii, 2, 4. So (yS) Comtiiitti, 
 with a definite object: To be forfeited or confiscated (as a penalt)'). Cicero, Verr. 
 ii, I, 10; 2, 14; id. Fam. xiii, 56; id. Place, xxi, 51. Merces. Paulus, Dig. xxxlx, 4, 11. 
 Mancipium. Ulpian. ZJzf. xxxix, 14,/?'. 6. And (c.) Also in Juridical Latin: Of 
 law or judicial regulations that go into force in consequence of the commission of a crime ; 
 e. g., Si alius committat edictum, — if another transgresses an ordinance or edict, incurs its 
 penalty, makes himself liable to. Ulpian. Dig. xxxvii, ^i, fr. 3, § 11. Commisso edicto ab 
 alio filis. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 4,/)". 8, § 4. Commisso per alium edicto. Id. ib, fr. 10, § i etal. 
 Statim atque commissa lex est. Id. ib. xviii, 3, fr. 4, § 2. Committetur stipuldtio, — he will 
 incur the penalty of the agreement ; he will make himself liable to the covenant or stip- 
 ulation. Paulus, Dig. xxiv, 3, fr. 56. "Whence Commissum, i, «. , v. h. v. (d.) To place a 
 thing somewhere («. e. for protection, preservation, care, etc.); to give, intrust, commit to, 
 to give up or resign to, to trust. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 14 ; id. de Off. ii, 9, 33 ; id. Att. i, 13, 
 I et al. .Coinmittere se publico, — to trust himself in public or to venture into the streets. 
 Suet. Nov. 26. To hazard. Quintilian, vi, 4, 17. 
 
 In English Law: To commit, «. ^. to send a person to prison for any crime or con- 
 tempt. 4 Bl. Com. 295, 300; I Tidd's Pr. i^lq, 481. To deliver a defend'ant to the custody 
 of the sheriff or mar!;hal, on his surrender by his bail, i Tidd's Pr. 285, 287. v, Commit- 
 titur. To intrust or put in charge, as lands or other things. Mag. Cart. Johan. c. 4. To 
 commit or be guilt}' of; e.g. Commitlit jurator perjuriam, quando,etc., — the juror commits 
 perjurj', when, etc. Pleta, lib. v, c. 22, § g. Committit enim jurator, etc. v. supra. 
 
 Commixtio, Onis, /. [commisceo.l A mingling ; commixtion. Marcian. Emp. 8. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Commixture or commixtion ; a mixing together of things solid 
 or dry, in which the matter retains its substance and individualitj', (= confusio is of things 
 liquid) which belong to different owners. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, §§ 27, 28 ; i Mackeld. Civil 
 Law, ed. 1883, §277. v. Story on Bailm. ^ ^o. u. Note under A djunc tio . 
 
 Commixtura, ae,/. \id^\ A mixing, mingling. Cato, P. P. isi. 
 
 Commodare, pres. infin. -\- commodo, v. h. v. 
 
 COMMODARE possumus etiam alienam rem, quam possidemus, tametsi scientes 
 alienam possidemus; (Marcellus, /r. 16) — ita ut, etsi fur vel praedo com- 
 modaverif, habeat commodat actionem. Paulus et Marcellus, Dig. xiii, 6,frr. 
 15, 16. We may lend even a thing not belonging to us, which happens to be in 
 our possession, even though we areaware that the article is not ours ; (Mar- 
 cellus,/;-. 16) — so that even though a thief or a robber may have lent, the act 
 of loan holds good. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 229. 
 
 COMMODAT A dutem res tunc proprii intelligitur, si nulla mercede acceptd vel 
 constitutd, res tibi atenda data est; alioqui mercede interveniente, locatus tibi 
 usus ret videtur; gratuitum enim debet esse commodatum. Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, 
 § 2 Jin. A thing is then properly said to be lent or accommodation, 
 when you are permitted to enjoy the use of it without any recompense being 
 taken or agreed upon ; on the contrary, by a reward or price intervening, there 
 appears to be a contract of letting to you the use of the thing ; for a loan {com- 
 modatum) must be gratuitous, xk Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 6,/r. i; /^. S, § 5, Paulus, 
 ib. fr. 17, §§ 3, 4; Gaius, ib. 18, where the subject of diligence and care is 
 treated ; Pufendorf, de Jur. N. et (?. v, 4, § 6 ; Story on Bailm. §§ 6, 219, 
 220. V. Commodatum. 
 
 Commodate, in Scotch Law: A loan for use. =Commodatum. 1 Bell's Com. [itj-jl 
 295 ; Erskin^s Inst, iii, tit. i, § 20; Stoiy on Bailm. § 221. 
 
 The property loaned is called " commodated property." Browne on Civil Law, i, 352. 
 Ayliffe calls the bailor the commodant, and the bailee the commodatory. Ayliffe, Band, iv, 
 tit. 16, 517. 
 
 Gommodati actio, An action of or for a thing loaned, v. Actio commodati. 
 
 Commodatio, onis,/. ^commodo.'l A rendering of service, accommodation. 
 
 Commodator, oris, m. [id.] A lender. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 2, fr. 55 ; Ulpian. ib. 
 xiii, 6, /;-. 7 ; xlvii, 2, fr. 14. A or the lender, as distinguished from him to whom a thing 
 is loaned {cui commoda res est) Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 16. 
 410 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Gommodatum, i. »■ \commodo.] (a.) A thing lent; a loan. Res commodata, — a thing 
 loaned. Dig. xiii, 6, i, i. Coiiimodatum accepere. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 3. v. tit. t,J>ro 
 tot. (b.) A contract for a loan; a contract by or upon which an unconsumable thing is 
 loaned for use without pay or reward. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 6, //-. i, § i ; /n 3, § 6 ; /r. 4. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A bailment of a thing, or of goods to be used by the bailee ad 
 commodum, temporarily, or for a certain time, without reward, division or compact {nullA mer- 
 cede accepti vel constitutd), and then to be specifically returned to the lender. Mackeld. Civil 
 Law, §§ 434 sq. ed. 1883. 
 
 Mark, that commodatum (a loan for use) differs from viutuum (a loan for consumption) in this, that the 
 comtnodatum must be specifically returned, the mutuum is to be returned m kmd ; and that in the former 
 the property in the thing remains in the lender, in the latter the property passes to the borrower, cf. Kenfs 
 Com. .i, 573 ; Story on Bailnt. 8 219 sg. 
 
 Ulpianus States the rule: Is quoque cui rem aliquam commodamus,re nobis obligaturj 
 sed is de ea ipsa re, quam acceperit, restituenda teneiur. Ulpian. Dig. xliv, 7, fr. i, § 3. v. 
 Inter commodatum autem et utendum datum Labeo quidem sit tantum interesse quantum inter 
 genus et speciem, etc. Ulpian. Dig. ■^\\\,(>,fr. i. Item is cui res aliqua utenda datur, id est 
 commodatur, re obligatur et tenetur commodati actione, etc. Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § 2. 
 
 A commodatum is one of those obligations which are contracted re. Dig. xiii, tit. 6, ' com- 
 modati vel contra;' Inst, iii, 15, § 2. The person who lends the thing is called commodansj 
 the person who receives the thing is called commodatarius, and the contract is called com- 
 modatum. It differs from locatio and conductio in this, namely, the use of the thing is 
 wholly gratuitous. Dig. and Inst, supra; Mackeldey, supra. 
 
 In the Common Law; The term is employed in the same sense as in the Civil Law. 
 Bracton, fol. gg^y Fleta, lib. ii, c. 56, § 6 ; Lord. Raym. 909 ; i Smith's L. C. [289] 349 ; 2 
 Kent's Com. 573, 574 ; Story on Bailm. § 6 ; 2 Story on Contr. § B40 ; 2 Parsons on Cont. 108; 
 Broom on C. L. 813, 814 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 225. 
 
 In Scotch Law: CAXei. commodate. I Bell's Com. [igy] iqs; Erskine's Inst. ii\,i\\.. 1, 
 § 20 ; Story on Bailm. § 221. Distinguished from Mutuum, v. h. v. 
 
 In Spanish Law: Called Commodato. 
 
 COMMODATUM autem res dicitur ad commodum data, et propril dicitur com- 
 modata, ciim nulld mercede accepta res utenda datur. Gratuitum e9iitn esse 
 debet commodatum, et si merces interveneril, potiiis did debeat locatio et conductio 
 quam commodatum. A thing, indeed, is said to be loaned on accommodation 
 when its use is granted for the convenience or accommodation [ad commodum) 
 of another ; and it is properly called an accommodation when the use of it is 
 granted without reward. For an accommodation {commodatum) ought to be 
 gratuitous, and if a reward for the use of it shall have intervened, it ought 
 rather to be called a letting and a hiring than an accommodation. Bracton, lib. 
 iii, tr. I, ch. 2, § I, fol. 99^. 
 
 COMMODATUM rei suae esse non potest. No one can become the borrower 
 of his own property. Pothier, Prit a Usage, n. 19 ; Story on Bailm. § 230. 
 Except, however, where the lender has a special property, or a lien on the goods, he may 
 lend them to the general owner for a particular or temporary use ; and the contract of loan 
 and the obligation to return it will henceforth arise. Id. ib.; i Att. 235 ; 8 Term R. 190 ; 
 2 Taunt. 268. 
 
 COMMODATUM rem missus qui repeteret, quum recepisset, aufugit. Si domi- 
 nus ei dari jusserat, domitio peril j si commonendi causd miserat, ut rcfcrretur 
 res commodata, ei, qui commodatus est {ei cui commodata est). Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 
 6,fr. 12, § I. One who has been sent to ask back a loan, when he has received 
 it takes flight (runs away). If the owner ordered that it should be given to 
 him, the loss falls upon the owner ; if he had sent for the sake of reminding 
 the borrower that the loan should be returned, the loss falls on him who is the 
 borrower (on him to whom the loan was made). Cited in Story on Bailm. § 262. 
 
 Commode, adv. Duly, completely, rightly, properly, well ; appropriately, fitly, aptly, 
 suitably, conveniently; kindly, obligingly ; opportunely, seasonably ; just as. v. Commodus. 
 
 411 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL. GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 CommodO, are, I, o. a. \commodus.'] {a.) To make fit, suitable or right ; to adjust 
 according to a fit measure ; to adapt, accommodate. Cato, H. Ji. I'iifin.; Plautus, Ccsi. 
 i^. 2, 75. (6.) Commodare aliquid {alicui), — to give, bestow, proffer, lend something to one 
 for his convenience or use ; and the latter, according to accurate juridical distinction of 
 things that are in themselves in naturd to be returned, vphile mutuutn dare is used of things 
 for which an equivalent is given, v. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, /;-. i. This is the most usual 
 classical signification of the word. Plautus, Rud. ii, 4, 21 sq.; Cicero, Favi. xiii, 48 ; id. 
 de Off. i, 16, 51. Commodare testes falsos, — to furnish, supply false witnesses. Sallust, C. 
 16. (c) Commodare alicui, — to please one, be kind or obliging to ; to serve, favor. Cicero, 
 Fam. xiii, 35, 37, 54 et al. 
 
 Commode, adv. temp. Just in time; in the nick of time ; just at this moment. 
 
 Commodum, o'^J'. '««/. At a fit time; just in time; at the very moment ; in the nick of 
 time ; seasonably, opportunely. Plautus ; Cicero. 
 
 Commodum, i, ». A convenient or favorable condition ; accommodation, convenience. 
 Quum erittuum commodum , — when it shall be convenient for you. Cicero, .4 W. xii, it fin. 
 
 (6.) Advantage, benefit, profit. Seneca, Ep. 87 ad fin. Commoda vitae. LucR. iii, 2. 
 Commoda pads. CiCERO, de Or. ii, 82, 335. Commoda populi. Nep, Phoc. 4, i et saep. 
 
 Specif., A reward, pay, wages for public service. C\cs&o, Fam. yji,2 fin.; vii,8; Suet. 
 Calig. metal. A favor, privilege, immunity. Suet. Calig. 'ii et al. Cone ret., =Com- 
 modaium, — that which is lent, a loan. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 3 ; IsiDORUS, Grig, v, 25, § 16. 
 
 Co tnmodum est id, guod nostri juris est, et ad alios tevtporaliter translaium est citmnwdo tentJ>oris, 
 guandin apud eu»i sit., unde et comttioduni dictum est. IsiDORUS, Orig. v, 25, § 16. 
 
 That is a loan which is of our property by right or law, and is temporarily transferred to others when in 
 the manner of time, so long as it may be with him, hence it is called a loan. 
 
 In the Jurists: Secundum nattiram est, commoda cujuscumque rei eum sequi, quern 
 sequentur incommoda. Paulus, Dig. L, ^T,fr. 10. 
 
 Ipsum sequi debent commoda quern sequuntur incommoda ; et commodum ejus esse debebit 
 cujus est periculum. Bracton, ii, c. 27, § 2, fol. 62 ; Fleta, ii, 58, § 8, 
 
 Commodum est. It is agreeable ; it pleases. Plautus, Am. ii, i, 8 ; Cicero, Ven: ii, 
 2, 13 ; id. de Or. iii, 23, 87 et al. 
 
 COMMODUM ex injurid sud nemo habere debet. No man ought to have an 
 advantage [to derive a benefit] from his own wrong. Jenk. Cent. cas. i6t. 
 " No man shall take a benefit of his own wrong." Finch's Law, b. 1, c. 3, num. 
 62. Un de doit prise avantage de son tort demesne. 2 Andr. 38, 40. 
 
 Nullum commodum capere potest de injurid sud proprid. Co. Lift. 148^/ Jenk. Cent. 4, cas. 
 5 ; 2 Best on Evidence, % 546. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Ne7no ex suo delicto meliorem suam conditionem facere potest. Ulp. 
 Dig. L, 17, fr. 134, § I. cf. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xlviii, 224. 
 
 Commodum rei veuditae. The profits or advantages of a thing sold. The antithesis of 
 Periculum rei vendltae. v. Dig. xviii, tit. 6, ' de Periculo et Commodo rei venditae.' cf. Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, § 402, ed. 1883 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 23, § 3. 
 
 Commodum repraeseutatiouis. The advantage of a cash payment ; benefit of a pay- 
 ment immediately, or on the spot ; an allowance for early payment, v. Representatio, Mer- 
 cantile t. t., et V. Interusurium. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 383, ed. 1883. 
 
 Commodus, a, um, adj. That has a proper, full measure; hence, {a.) Obj.. Com- 
 plete, perfect, of full weight ; fit, suitable, due, proper, etc. Commoda statura, — a tall stature. 
 Plautus, Asin. ii, 3, 21 ; frequently in Plautus et al. (6,) S u b j . . Suitable, fit, conven- 
 ient, opportune, commodious, easy, appropriate for some one or thing; favorable, friendly 
 to (so in all kinds of comp.). Of things: Commodum est,— \t pleases, is agreeable. 
 Plautus, Am. ii, i, 8 et saep. Of persons: Serving a friend, neighbor, or accommo- 
 dating one's self to his wishes ; useful, serviceable, pleasant, obliging, friendly, polite, gentle, 
 affable (freq. and class.). Whence Commodum, i, «., v. h. v. 
 
 COMMOD UM suum facere et appruare. — L. Lat. To make his own profit and to approve. 
 Fleta, lib. iv, c. 20, § 5. 
 412 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 COMMON est le droit que home ad de mitter ses beasts a pasture, ou de user le 
 terre que nest son proper soile. Et nota que sont divers commons, cest adire: 
 Common en gross, common appendant, common appurtenant, 
 et common pur cause de vicinage. — L. Fr. Common is the right 
 that a man hath to put his beasts to pasture, or to use the ground that is not his 
 own. And note that there are divers commons, that is: Common in gross 
 (or at large), common appendant, common appurtenant, and 
 common because of vicinage or neighborhood. Termes de la 
 Ley. 
 
 Common en gross is neither appendant nor appurtenant to land, but is annexed to a man*s person ; as where 
 I, by my deed, grant to another and his heirs that he shall have common in my land, cf. 2 Bl. Com, 34 ; 2 
 Steph. Com. 6; Roscoe's Real Act. 269; Crabb's Real Prop. 16%,% li^. 
 
 Common appendant (= L. Lat. communia periinejis) is where a man is seized of certain land, to which he 
 hath common in another^s ground only for those beasts which compost the land to which it is appendant, 
 except geese, goats and hogs; which common is by prescription, and of common right and appendant 
 to arable land only. See more of this under communia pertinens and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Comjnon appurtenant is of the same nature with common appendant, but with all manner of beasts, 
 as well hogs and goats as horses, kine and such as compost the land. This common maybe made at this day, 
 and severed from the land to which it is appurtenant but so cannot common appendant. See more of this 
 under Communia pertinens and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Common pur cause de vicinage. — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Communia ex causd vicinitatis. — common because of 
 vicinage or neighborhood, is where tenants of two lords are seized of two manors adjoining to each other (or 
 the inhabitants of contiguous townships), and the tenants have intercommoned each with the other, by a per- 
 missive right, with all manner of beasts commonable. And the inhabitants of the one town ought not to put 
 in as many beasts as they will, but with regard to the freehold of the inhabitants of the other ; for otherwise 
 it were no good neighborhood, upon which all this depends, Termes de la Ley. v. Communia ex causa 
 vicinitatis, and the authonties there cited. 
 
 CommOIl error, = L- Lat. Communis error, v. h. t. 
 
 ConUUOn erudicion, — L. Fr. Common learning; familiar law or doctrine. Dyer. 1.1b, 
 33. V. Comen erudition est que IHntent d'unhomme, etc. 
 
 Common fine. = L. Lat. Finis communis, v. h. t. 
 
 Common fishery, =L. Lat. Communia piscariae, v. h. t. 
 
 Common intendment is as much as to say, common understanding or meaning. 
 The understanding of a thing according to the subject-matter, without straining it to any extraordinary or 
 foreign sense . Co. i!«. 78, 303 ; Cowell ; Blount : Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Common jour en plee de terre.— L. Fr. Common day in plea of land. 13 R. II. Stat. 
 I, cap. 17. 
 
 Common day signifies an ordinary day in the court; snch. 2iS Octavis Michaelis, — the 
 octave of St. Michael ; Quindena Paschae, — the Quinzime of Easter, etc. Stat. 51 Hen. III. 
 St. 2 and 3 I Cowell; Termes de la Ley. v. Dies communis. 
 
 Common law. = L. Lat. Lex communis or jus commune. 
 
 Common lawyer. A lawyer learned in the Common Law. 
 
 " Doubtless a good common lawyer is the best expositor of such clauses." //ale's 
 Hist. Com. Imvi, 91. v. i Rep. in Ch. pref. 
 
 Common nuisance. = L. Lat. Commune nocumentmn, v. h. t. 
 
 Common of estovers. »• Estovers, Esioveria, etc. 2 Bl. Com. 32 ; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 ii, 22. 
 
 Common of pasture. = L. Lat. Communia pasturae, v. h. t. 
 
 Common of piscary. ■". Communia piscariae. 
 
 Common of shack. The right of persons occupying lands lying together in one common 
 field to turn out their cattle after harvest to feed promiscuously in that common field. 2 
 Steph. Com. b ; \ Barn. &= Aid. Iio. v. Communia pertinens. 
 
 Common of turbary. = Communia turbariae. 
 
 Common pleas. = L. Lat. Communia pladta, v. h. t. 
 
 Common Pleas Court of. = L. Lat. Bancus communis or Communia placita, v. h. tt. 
 
 Common scold.' = L. Lat. Communis rixatrix, v. h. t. 
 
 413 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Commoil weal. The public welfare ; the common good. 
 
 ''The law favoreth things for the common weal." Finch's Law, b. i, 
 ch. 3, num. 53. 
 
 Commou sans UOmbre. — L. Fr. =Communia sine nmnero. 
 
 CommOIUtio, Snis, /. An earnest reminding or putting in mind. Quintilian, iv, 2, 51 ; 
 iv> 4. 9- CommOUitor, oris, m. One who earnestly reminds. Symm. Ep. vii, 105. Com- 
 monitorius, i*. um, fl(^'. Suitable for reminding. Just. Coif. iv, 3. Subst.: Commoni- 
 torium, ii, «. A writing for reminding ; a letter of instructions. Theod. Cod. vi, 29, 10. 
 Trop. : A means of reminding. SiDONlus, Ef. viii, 11. 
 
 Commonitorium, ii, «. A writing for reminding ; a letter of instructions. Theod. Co(/. 
 vi, 29, 10. 
 
 ConmiOIlitdrius, a. um, ailj. Suitable for reminding. Justinian. Cod. iv, 3. 
 
 Commorailtia. — L. La^t. [-j- com-moror, to stop, tarry or sojourn.] A sojourning. 
 
 In English Law: Commorancy. The dwelling in any place as an inhabitant, which 
 usually consists in usually lying there. 4 Bl. Com. 273. In American Law: A 
 temporary residence. Shaw, C. J., 19 Pick. R. 247, 248. One who thus stays or sojourns 
 is called a commorant. 4 Bl. Com. 273. 
 
 Commoratio, Onis, f. A tarrying, abiding, lingering, sojourning. Cicero, Fam. vi, 19 ; 
 id. Q. Fr. iii, i, 7. In Rhetorical Language; A delaying, dwelling on some 
 important point. Cicero, de Or. iii, 53 ; Quintilian, ix, i, 27 ; id. ix, 2, 4. 
 
 CommorieilteS. \Pa. + com-morior, to die with or at the same time with one.] Those 
 who perish at the same time in consequence of the same calamity ; companions in death. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Persons dying together in the same place, or from the same 
 cause. Dig. xxxiv, 5, frr. 8, 9, 16, 22, 23 ; 2 Kent's Com. 435, 436, note ; i Barb. Ch. R. 
 264 ; 8 Metcalf's R. 371. 
 
 In English Law: Where several persons perish at the same time in consequence of 
 the same accident ; in the absence of positive evidence there is no presumption as to who 
 survived. Cro. Eliz. 203 ; Bacon's Abr. 'Execution'; 2 Phil. Feci. 261 ; i Mer. Ch. 308 ; 
 % Barn. &f Ad. <^\. cf. English and American Digests. v.Paritermortui. Zli^f. xxxiv, 5, 16. 
 
 Coiniu5tio, onis, f. [comvioveo.^ A moving, motion. Trop.: A rousing, exciting, 
 agitation, commotion. Quintilian, v, 10, 28 ; Cicero, Fin. ii, 4, 13. Commotio animi. Id. 
 Tusc. iii, 4, 8. Cotiitnotiones ammorum. Id. ib. iv, 28, 61. v. id. ib. v, 14 Jin. 
 
 Communaiice. In old English Law: The commoners, or tenants and inhabit- 
 ants who had the right of common, or commoning in the open fields or woods. Cowell. 
 
 Commilliare, — L. Lat. In English Law: To common ; to enjoy the right of com- 
 mon. Cowell, voc. * Comjnunance.' 
 
 Communailte, — L. Fr. In old English Law: Commonalty. 
 
 Comnniliailte des bieus. — L. Fr. Commonalty or community of goods, acquets or 
 gains. -^ Kent's Com. 184, note (a). 
 
 Cominuiie. — L. Fr. In old English Law: Commonalty; people. Art. Sup. 
 Chart. In old French Law: A municipal corporation. Steph. Led. 116. 
 
 Commune, is, «. Lat. = Gr. TO xoivov. That which is common ; a community, state. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 38 ; 2, 46, 59, 63 ^n. 
 
 Commune concilium. — L. Lat. The common council (of a corporation). I Ld. Raym. 
 226; 4 Bl. Com. 412. 
 
 COMMUNE concilium regni, magnufn concilium regis, curia magna, conventus magnatum 
 vel procerum,assi'j.a generalis, and sometimes Communitas regni Angliae. The general council 
 of the realm, the king's great council, the great court, the assembly of the great men or 
 nobles, the general assize or array, and sometimes, the fellowship of the king of England. 
 Glanvil, 1. xiii, u. 32 ; 1. ix, c. 10 ; 2 Co. Inst. 526 ; i Bl. Com. 148 ; Broom >S^ Had. Com. i, 175. 
 
 Commune de pasture, — L. Fr. Common of pasture. = L. Lat. Communia pasturae. 
 
 Commune bonum. — Lat. A common good ; a public advantage or benefit ; a matter of 
 mutual or general advantage. 
 414 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Gommuiie forum. — Lat. The common forum or place of justice. 
 
 The term is applied to the seat of the principal courts, especially those that are fixed. 
 Lord Brougham, 7 Belts Appeal Cases, 169. v. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 2, § 18. 
 
 Commune hospitium, — L. Lat. A common inn or tavern. 8 Co. 32, Caly's case ; i 
 Smith's L C. [195] 226, 227 sq. 
 
 Commune nocumentum. A common nuisance ; a public nuisance. 
 
 In the Common Law: A nuisance affecting the public, being an annoyance to the 
 whole community in general. It is an offense "against the public order and economical 
 regimen of the State, being either the doing of a thing to the annoyance of all the king's 
 subjects, or the neglecting to do a thing which the common good requires." 3 Bl. Com. 
 215; 4 id. 166, 167. To constitute a public nuisance, the thing complained of must be 
 ' such as in its nature or its consequences is a nuisance — an injury or a damage to all per- 
 sons who come within the sphere of its operation, though it may be so in a greater degree to 
 some than it is to others." Per Kindersley, V.-C, 2 Sim. (N. S.) 142, 143. The distinction 
 between a public and a private nuisance must here be kept in view, — the mode of 
 procedure for the abatement of the former being different from that available to an individual 
 in respect to the latter. In the case of a public nuisance the remedy at law is by indict- 
 ment ; the remedy in equity is by information at the suit of the attorney-general. In the 
 case of a private nuisance the remedy at law is by action ; the remedy in equity is by 
 bill. 3 Bl. Com. 2ig ; Mitford's PL 5th ed., p. i68 ; Judgm., 2 Sim. (N. S ) 145. Where 
 that which is a public nuisance is also a private nuisance to an individual by inflicting on 
 him some special, or particular, or extraordinary damage, i. e. damage over and above that 
 which is common to the public, the individual thus specially aggrieved may have, in respect 
 of such special and peculiar damage, his private remedy at law or in equity. Judgm., 2 Sim. 
 (N. S.) 145, citing Comb. 58, and other cases. 3 Bl. Com. 220 ; Broom on C. L. 719 ; Broom's 
 Max. 203, 204, and cases. In regard to the question — what is a public nuisance? v. Bl. 
 Com. supra j Broom iSr' Had. Com. iv, 195 sq , and Wait's notes (683, 684) ; Broom on C. L. 
 718-721, and the later authorities there cited. As to what is a private nuisance, z^. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 216, 217 ; Broom on C. L. 785-796 and cases; Crabb's Real Prop. 1067, § 2461. 
 
 Commune periculuni concordiam paref. — Lat. Pro v. A common danger 
 produces concord. Trop. , An aggression on the part of a hostile nation often puts an end 
 to the evils of civil war, discord or contention, by uniting in defense of their common 
 country. 
 
 Commune piscarium. — Lat. A common fishery. Transf. : A right of fishing with- 
 out restriction, v. Communia piscaiiae. 3 Kent's Com. 411 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, lo8, 
 note {q). 
 
 Commune placitum. — L. Lat. A common plea. 
 
 In old English Law: A common plea or action; e.g. an action of debt. Fleta, 
 lib ii, c. 61, § 18. V. Communia placita. 
 
 COMMUNE quod est, ne tuum solum dicas. That which is common property 
 you shall by no means call your own. Com.- Law Max. 
 
 It is never permitted that any property in which the public have a right, should be 
 monopolized by any individual, however high his rank or station. Maunder s Treasury of 
 Knowledge. 
 
 Commune vinculum.— Lat. A common or mutual bond. 
 
 In the Common Law; A term applied to the common stock of consanguinity, and 
 to the feodal bond of fealty, as the common bond of union between lord and tenant. 2 Bl. 
 Com. 250 ; 3 id. 230. 
 
 Communes plees. — L. Fr. Common pleas. = L. Lat. Communia pl(ifita, v. h. t. 
 
 Communes reipublicae SponsioneS. The common obligations of the state. 
 
 The common obligations among the inhabitants of a kingdom or state to observe the laws. 
 Erskine's Inst, i, tit. I, § 22. 
 
 Communi consensu.— Lat. By common consent. 
 
 Communi dividundo. For dividing a thing held in common. 
 
 In the Civil Law; The name of an action brought for dividing a common property. 
 Dig X tit. 3 ; Cod. iii, tits. 37, 38 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 20 ; 17, S 5 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 § 499, 'ed. 1883 ; Bradon, fol. 100^ y Fleta, ii, c. 60, g i ; Stoij on Partn. % 352. v. Actio 
 communi dividundo. 
 
 415 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 COMMUNI dividundo judicium ideo necessarium fuii, quod pro socio 
 actio magis ad personales invicem praestationes pertinet, quam ad comtnunem 
 rerum divisionem. Denique cessat communi divundo judicium, si res communis non 
 sit. Paulus, Dig. x, 3, fr. i. A judicial investigation for or concerning a 
 common division was therefore necessary, because an action for a copartner 
 pertains rather to mutual personal guaranties or payments than to a division of 
 property held in common. Accordingly a judicial investigation or trial for a 
 common division ceases, if the property is not common property. Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 648. 
 
 Et si non omnes, qui rem communem habent, sed certi ex his dividere desiderant, hoc Judicium 
 inter eos accipi potest. Paulus, Dig. x, "i^ fr. i pr. 
 
 The actio comtnuni dividundo lies where parties hold land in common but not in partner- 
 ship. Calvini, Lex Jurid. 
 
 Cominuili lege. Of, from, or by the common law. 
 
 Communi sensu plane caret. He actually wants [is devoid of] common sense. 
 Horace, Sat. i, 3, 65. 
 
 He wants an understanding that distinguishes the common decencies to be observed in 
 addressing the great. Such was the communis sensus among the Romans, for which we have 
 no expression in English. Sit in benejicio sensus communis: tempus, locum, personas 
 observat, Seneca. Quae versantur in consuetudine reipublicae / in sensu hominum 
 communi, in naiurd, in moribus, comprehendenda esse oratori puto. Cicero, de Or. ii, 16. 
 
 CommUllia, «. plur. [-|- Communis e, adj^ Common, ordinary, general ; that is common 
 to several or to all. 
 
 Bracton gives the etymon : Proprie auiem diciiur commune una. ciiin aliis, vel citm aliis und, 
 i. e. simul. Common (cowwww^), properly speaking, is one with others, or with others in one, 
 /. e. together. Bracion, fol. 208. 
 
 CoHimunia enim ex virtute vocabuli componitur ejc una et ciiin, et subintelligitur alio, i, com~ 
 munia in alieno et una citm alio (or aliis). Communia, really by virtue of the word, is derived from 
 una (one) and cum (with), and alio (another) is understood, i. e. common with another, or one with 
 another (or others). Bracion, fol. 222(r Jin. 
 
 In old English Law: Common; common to several persons; e. g., Communia 
 pasturae ; Communia pertinens ; Comtnunia piscariae ; Communia placita ; Comviunia turba- 
 ria, et cetera. 
 
 The term thus applied signifies an incorporeal hereditament, which consists in a profit 
 which a man hath in connection with one or more others in the land of another, as to feed 
 his beasts, to catch fish, to dig turf, to cut wood or the like. 2 Bl. Com. 32. v. 1 Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 257, 258, § 268 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 366 ; w Johns. R. 498 ; 16 id. 14, 30; 10 Wend. 
 647 ; 10 Pick. (Mass.) 364 ; 12 Serg. &=■ R. (Penn.) 32 ; 3 Kent's Com. 403 ; Broo7n &' Had. 
 Com. ii, 22. 
 
 The radical sense of the term common, in all its applications, is something enjoyed by 
 more than one person; properly by many together. Co. Lilt. 122a y Savage, 
 C. J., 10 Wend. R. 639, 647. 
 
 Commilllia, um, n. plur. [-j- Commune, is, h., q. v.] Common things l^res communes); 
 e. g. running water, the air, the sea and the sea shore. Bracion, fol. lb. 
 
 COMMUNIA vero did foterunt aliquando, quae sunt omnium animantium. In truth things 
 may be sometimes termed common, which are enjoyable by all animals. Bracion, fol. 8 ; 
 sed V. 6 Mod. 256. 
 
 Communia, um, «. plur. [-1- Commune, is, «.] Communities. 
 
 In old English Law: Towns enfranchised by the crown, in most of the feudal 
 kingdoms of Europe, about the twelfth century, and formed into free corporations by what 
 were termed charters of community. Robertson's Charles V. 24-27, and notes in Append. 
 
 * * * Vetus 'verbum hoc quidem est: 
 Communia esse amicoi^um inter se omnia. 
 
 Terentius, Adelphi, v, 3, 18. 
 
 Surely it is a maxim of old: Among themselves all things are common 
 to friend s. 
 
 Ut in Graecorum proverbio est: A mico rum esse omnia communia. CiCERO, de 
 Off. i, 16 ; id. de Legg. i,.i2. All things among friends are to be in common. 
 
 Unde est ilia Pythegoria vox- Toe rmv ipiXcov HOiva. 
 
 416 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Communia ex causa Vicinitatis. — L- Lat. Common because of vicinage or neighbor- 
 hood. =: Fr. Common pur cause de vicinage. 
 
 In English Law: A term applied where the tenants of two lords are seized of two 
 manors adjoining to each other, or the inhabitants of contiguous townships have intercom- 
 moned by a permissive right. Bracion, fol. 222 ; 2 Bl. Com. 33 ; Co. Litt. I22n. This kind 
 of common can be only for cattle levant et couchant upon the lands to which it is annexed 
 (7 Co. 5 ; sed. vid. 5 Taunt. 244), and it must be used with commonable cattle. 7 Co. 5 ; i 
 Crabb's Real Prop. 271-273, §§ 290-292 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 369. 
 
 Communia pasturae. — L. Lat. Common of pasture. 
 
 In English Law: The right of feeding one's beasts on another's land, in common 
 with the owner, or with other persons. Bracton, fol. 222iy 2 Bl. Com. 32 ; 2 Steph. Com. 4 ; 
 Savage, C. J., 10 Wend. R. 647. Called "common pasturage." Bell's Diet. It is of four 
 sorts, viz. ; Pertinens, appurtenant, ex causd, vicinitatis, a.nA in gross or at large. Co. 
 Litt. 122a/ 2 Bl. Com. 32. Of these several sorts, v. supra et infra. 
 
 Communia pertinens. — L- Lat. Common appendant. 
 
 In English Law. A right annexed to the possession of arable land, holden of a 
 manor, by which the owner or occupier is entitled to feed his commonable beasts on the 
 land of another, usually of the owner of the manor of which the lands entitled to common 
 are a part. 2 Bl. Com. 33 ; 4 Co. 37 ; Co. Litt. 122a ; i CrabVs Real Prop. 258, 264, §§ 268- 
 276 ; Savage, C. J., 10 Wend. R. 648 ; 3 Kent's Com. 404 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 367. 
 
 It is of common right, arising from the connection of tenure, and is regularly appendant to arable land 
 only. It cannot now be created but must have existed from time immemorial ; and for no beasts but such as 
 are commonable, /. e. beasts of the plow, such as horses or oxen, or such as compost the land, manure the 
 ground, as kine or sheep. Confer the authorities, supra. 
 
 Common appurtenant. Another sort of common is a right of feeding one's beasts 
 on the land of another [in common with the owner or with others], which is founded on a 
 grant, or a prescription which supposes a grant. It arises from no connection of tenure, 
 and is against common right ; it may be created at the present day ; it may be claimed as 
 annexed to any kind of land, and may be claimed for beasts of every kind. 4 Co. 37, 38; 
 Cro. Cur. 482; Co. Litt. 121b, 122a j 2 Bl. Com. 31-33; i Crabb's Real Prop. 254-268, t;§ 
 277-283; Roscoe's Real Act. 268; 3 Kent's Com. 404; Savage, C. J., 10 Wend. R. b.\?,; 25 
 Penn. Stat. R. 161. 
 
 Common in gros or at large. Another sort of common, which is neither appendant 
 nor appurtenant to land, but is annexed to a man's person, being granted to him and his 
 heirs bj' deed. v. 2 Bl. Com. 34 ; 2 Steph. Com. 6 ; Crabb's Real Prop. 268, S^ 284 ; Roscoe's 
 Real Act. 369. 
 
 Common of shack . Another species of common b)' vicinage, prevailing in the coun- 
 ties of Norfolk, Lincoln and Yorkshire, in England ; it consists in the rights of the occu- 
 pants of lands lying together in the same common field, to turn out their cattle after harvest 
 to feed promiscuously in that field. 7 Co. 5, 65 ; i Crabb's Real Prop. 273, § 293 ; 2 Steph. 
 Com. t; 1 B. &■ Aid. 7x0. 
 
 Communia piscariae.— Lat. Common of piscar>', or fishery. 
 
 In the Common Law: The right of fishing in common in another man's water. 2 
 Bl. Com. 34; I Crabb's Real Prop. 280, § 304 ; Dallas, J., 8 Taunt. 187 ; 3 Kent's Com. 409; 
 Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 22. It is frequently confounded or used indifTerently, by text writers, 
 with Communis piscdria, q. v. Schultes' Aquatic Rights, to et seq.; 8 Taunt. 183. v. Libera 
 piscaria. 
 
 Communia placita. — L. Lat. =:L. Fr. Communes plees. Common pleas, causes, suits 
 or actions. 
 
 In English Law: This term was anciently used to denote civil actions or common 
 causes, or those depending between private persons — subject and subject — as distinguished 
 from pleas of the crown (placita coronae). cf. Bracton, fol. iisb; •}, Bl. Com. 38-40; 
 Britt. fol. 2b; Gilb. C. Pleas, i; Palgr. Eng. Coum. 291; Broom on C. L. 29-35. These 
 common causes were anciently tried in Aula Regis. This great universal court being bound 
 to follow the king's household in all his progresses and expeditions, the trial of common 
 causes therein was found very burdensome to the subject, v. 3 Bl. Com. 38-40; Broom &• 
 Had. Com. ui, 115,116. Wherefore the Court of Common Pleas was first separated, 
 or at all events distinguishable, from the Aula Regis in the time of Richard I. (i Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, p. 57), or perhaps in that of King John, though it was not firmly established as an 
 independent tribunal till the reign of Henry III. By an article of ATagna Charta it was stipu- 
 lated : Ut Communia Placita non sequantur curiam domini regis, sed assignantur in 
 ALIQUO certo loco, — that the Common Pleas shall not (thenceforward) follow the king's 
 court, but should beheld in some certain (fixed) place. Mag. Charta, Johann. k.. 8. This 
 great statute was afterward ratified and confirmed by Henry III. c. 11. 
 
 [53] 417 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 COMMUNIA Placita non sequantur curiam nostram {i. e. curiam 
 regis), sed teneantur in aliquo loco certo. Common Pleas 
 shall not follow our court (i. e. the court of the king), but shall be held in some 
 certain (fixed) place. Magna Charta, 9 Henry III. c. 11, § 5 ; Bacon's Uses of 
 the Law. v. Law Tracts, 120 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 112. 
 
 This certain place was established in Westminster Hall, the place where the Aula 
 Regis originally sat when the king resided in the city, and there it hath ever since continued; 
 and therefore all the writs were made with this return : Quod fit coram justiciariis meis apud 
 IVestmonasierium , where before this certain place was established the party was com- 
 manded by them to appear coram, m^e vel justiciariis meis, without any addition of any place 
 certain, v. 3 Bl. Com. 38, 39 ; Termes de la Ley. of. Fortescue, de Land. Leg. Aug. cap. li. 
 All civil causes, as well real as personal, are, or were in ancient time, tried in this court 
 according to the strict law of the kingdom ; and it seems to have been the only court for 
 real actions. Lord Coke styled it "the lock and kej' of the Common Law," because it 
 was considered as the principal seat of the learning relative to the ordinary actions or com- 
 mon pleas between man and man. n Co. Inst, gg ; ■i Bl. Com. 40. v. Fortescue, cc. ^o, 
 51 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 This provision of Magna Charta appears as fixing the origin of the English Court of 
 Common Pleas; or, according to Lord Hale, it rather fixed the distinction between 
 the two courts as to the point of Commiinia Placita. Prior to this separation. Common Pleas 
 were frequently held in the King's Bench; e.g. 
 
 COMMUNIA Placita inter subditos, ex jure nostra, quod commune vacant, in 
 hoc disceptantur. Common Pleas between subjects are determined in 
 this [court] adcording to our law which they call common. Camd. Britt. 113 ; 
 Hale's Hist. Com. Law, c. 7. i>. Broom on C. L. 33, notes. 
 
 COMMUNIA Placita non tenenda in scaccario. Common Pleas or 
 actions are not to be held in the Exchequer. 
 
 In English Law: An ancient writ directed to the treasurer and barons of the Exchequer 
 forbidding them to hold pleas between common persons {i. e. not debtors to the king, who 
 alone originally sued and were sued there) in that court, where neither of the parties belonged 
 to the same. Reg. Orig. 187. This writ is superseded by 2 & 3 Wm. IV. c. 3g. 
 
 Communia praecepta. Common precepts, rules or regulations. Erskine's Inst, i, 1. 1, § 22. 
 
 Communia sine numero. — L- Lat. Common without number; common without limit 
 or stint. =: L. Fr. Common sans nombre. 
 
 In English Law: A term employed as to the number of cattle which may be turned 
 on a common. Bracton, fols. 53^, 222^.- 2 Bl, Com. 34; 2 Steph. Com. 6, 7; 2 Wils. 274. It 
 seems to be a species of common in gross if granted to an individual; but that a cor- 
 poration cannot prescribe for it. See the subject more fully in 3 Bl. Com. 238, 239 ; i Crabh's 
 Real Property, 269, 270, § 287. 
 
 CommiUlia turbariae, — L. Lat. Common of turbary. 
 
 In English Law: A liberty of digging turf upon another man's ground in common 
 with the owner or with other persons, v. more fully in Co. Litt. 122 ; 4 Co. yja; 2 Bl. Com. 
 34 and note ; i Crabb's Real Prop. 278, § 300 et seq.; 2 Steph. Com. g, 10; Broom &' Had. 
 Com. u, 22. Common of turbary can only be appendant or appurtenant to a house, 
 because turves are to be spent in the house. 4 Co. 37 ; 7 Fast, 127 ; 3 Atkyn. Ch. 189 ; 
 Noy, 145. 
 
 Communiam piSCariae. A common of fisherj'. 3 /Tent's Com. 411. 
 
 Commuuibus anuis. — Lat. In ordinary years ; one year with another ; on the annual 
 average. 2 Bl. Com. 322. v, 10 Fast, 2ig; Hardr. 329. 
 
 Communicare. — L. Lat. \^\,2X. cotnmunico.^ In old English Law: To com- 
 mon. Bracton, fol. 229^. Communicantes, — commoners. Id. ib. 
 
 Communicatio, 5nis, y. \communico.\ A making common ; imparting, communicating. 
 Cicero, Balb. xiii, 31 ; id. Fin. v, 23, 65. Consilii. Id. Fam. v, ig. Sermonis. Id. Att. i, 
 17, 6; Gellius, vii, 3, 14; xxiv, 14, 80. 
 
 In Rhetoric: A figure of speech, ^=avaK0iva)6i%, in accordance with which one 
 turns to his hearers, and, as it were, allows them to take part in the inquiry. Cicero, de Or. 
 iii. 53. 204 ; Quintilian, ix, i, 30 ; 2, 20 and 23. 
 
 In Common Law: Communication, consultation, information, conference. It is a 
 general rule that such consultations, conversations, communings of the parties and the prop- 
 
 418 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 ositions then made are no part of the contract, because no parol evidence will be allowed to 
 be given by either party to contradict, alter or vary a written instrument, i Esp. N. P. A'. 
 53 ; 3 Camp. 57 ; i Maul &> S. 21 ; 12 Johns. Ji. 77 ; 20 id. 40 ; 11 Mass. 30; 13 id. 443 ; i 
 Yeates (Penn.), 140 ; Add. (Penn.) 361 ; 2 Ball. (Penn.) 172 ; I Serg. &• Ji. (Penn.) 27, 464. 
 
 ComniUIlicatOr, oris, m. \id.'] He who makes one a participant in a thing. Rei famil- 
 iaris. Arn. 4 sub Jin. (6.) He who has part in a thing. Tertullian, Fud. 22. 
 
 Communio, Onis, /. [communis.'] A communion, mutual participation. Cicero, de Or. 
 i, 42, 189 ; id. Leg. i, 7, 23 et al.; Ulpian. Dig. xvii, ^, /;•. 32 pr. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Latin: Church communion. H en ce, a 1 so , The sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper ; communion. Aug. Ef. liv, 6. 
 
 In the Civil Law; When a single undivided right is vested in two or more persons, 
 each of them has a proportional (in cases of doubt an equal) share of the whole; and where 
 a single undivided duty is vested in several persons, each is only liable in respect of a similar 
 share. Ulpian. Dig. xvii, 2, Jr. 2^pr.; Papinian. ib. xlv, 2, Jr. 11, g§ i, 2. When a single 
 undivided right is vested in two or more persons (and which right is not apportionable), such 
 persons form what is called a communio. cf. Paulus, Dig. x, 2, Jr. 25, § i; Ulpian. ib. Jr. 
 2, § 5 ; Gaius, ib. Jr. i, pr. Consequently each has an ideal equal or unequal share of the 
 entirety, and the right of each extends over every part — pro indiviso — of that which is the 
 subject-matter of the communio. Ulpian. Dig. x, 3, Jr. 6, § 8 ; Marcian. ib. viii, 3,//-. ig ; 
 Papinian. ib. xx, 4, Jr. 3, § 2 j Gaius, ib. xx, 6, Jr. 7, § 4. (6.) The several persons form- 
 ing a communio may deal with his own share, provided, however, the other members are not 
 injured thereby in <heir rights. Justinian. Cod. iii, 37, consts. i, 3 ; Gaius, Dig. xvii, 2, /;-. 
 (Apr.; Papinian. ib. x, 3, Jr. 28. Furthermore he can insist upon the dissolution of the 
 communio, notwithstanding any agreement or provision to the contrary. Paulus, Dig. x, 3, 
 Jr. 14, § 2 ; Pompon, ib. xvii, 2, Jr. 59. Every other act, every encroachment on the rights 
 of the other members is illegal and void (Ulpian. Dig. viii, 1, Jr. 2 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, 52, 
 consts. I, 4); provided, however, such act or encroachment be necessary for the preservation 
 of the common rights (Ulpian. Dig. xvii, 2, Jr. 52, § 10 ; Justinian. Cod. viii, 10, const. 4); 
 or be uninjurious to the others interested (Proculus, Dig. viii, 2, Jr. 13, § i). The majority 
 cannot bind a dissenting minority, nor can the few control the many. Papinian. Dig. x, 3, 
 Jr. 28 ; Ulpian. ib. xxxix, 3,/r. \o pr. If the right be a right in rem, then condoininium is 
 the more appropriate term. 
 
 Communio bonomm.— Lat. Communion or community of goods. 
 
 In Scotch Law: The right enjoyed by married persons in the movable goods belong- 
 ing to them. Bell's Did. v. 2 Kent's Com. 184, note (a). 
 
 Communis e, adj. \munus^ That is common to several or to all ; common, ordinary, 
 general (opposite Xo proprius). 
 
 "Quod commune cum alio eft, desinet esse proprium," — that which is common to any one 
 or any thing else, ceases to be peculiar, special or private. Quintilian, vii, 3, 24. v. ii, 4, 
 40; Cicero, Rose. Com. x ; id. de Sen. xi, 35. Communis libertas. Cicero, Sest. i. Salus. 
 Id.ib.tjn. Utilitas. N'ef. Alcib. iv, 6. Jus gentium. Id. Them. v\\, \. Communis vitae 
 ignarus, — ignorant of ordinary life, i. e. of the customs of society. CiCERO, Phil, ii, 4. v. 
 Id. de 0r.\\,\l,^2. In plural: Loca, — public places. Id. Verr. u, 2,46; id. Earn, xiii, 
 II. In Philosophical Language: loci, — a common place, a common topic. 
 CiCERO, de Or. iii, 27, 106 ; 36, 126. 
 
 Communis barrectator. a common barretor or barrector. v. Barretor; Barretry. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A single act does not constitute the offense. There must be sev- 
 eral acts of barretry, and the indictment for such crime must charge the defendant with 
 being communis barrectator. Hawk. P. C. ^i^J,; Bacon's Abr. 'Barretry;' 4 .g/. Cot«. 134; 
 II Pick. (Mass.) 432 ; i Cushing (Mass.), 2 ; 15 id. 227 ; i Bailey (S. C), 379 ; i Sid. 282. 
 And the proof must show at least three instances of offending. 15 Mass. 227 ; i Cushing 
 (Mass.), 2, 3 ; I Bailey (S. C.) 379. 
 
 Communis error. A common error (of opinion or practice). 
 
 Communis error is another name for communis opinio, and this common opinion is expressed 
 by Littleton thus: II est communement dit,— i\. is commonly said, or is "the common voice 
 of the people." Hence the term is applied to an opinion or practice which has commonly 
 been held or observed, though originally perhaps without adequate foundation. An error 
 for which there are many precedents. Hence, "Common error goeth for a law.' 
 Finch's Law, b. i, c. 3, num. 54. 
 
 COMMUNIS error facit jus. Common error makes law. i Co. Inst. 5 2/5; 4 
 2^.240; 6 C(7. 67a, Sir Mort. Finch's case; Wingate's Max. 20^. Common 
 error (or wrong) becomes right. Noy's Max. 27. "Common error sometimes 
 passes current as law." Broom's Max. 141. v. Wharton's Max. xviii. 
 
 419 
 
Com,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 This may, in some instances, be the case ; as what was illegal at first may, by lapse of 
 time, become an incontrovertible right. The law so favors the public good that it will, in 
 some cases, permit a common error to pass for right. Plowden, 331^/ 2 Bl. Com. 117; Broom's 
 Max. 141 {v. cases in note 4). cf. q Johns. J?. 420 ; 15 itf. 89, no ; i Hill's R. (N. Y.) 636 ; 
 i> Hill's R. 177, 205. What was at first illegal may through many repetitions and confir- 
 mations be presumed to have acquired the force of usage, custom ; and then it would be 
 wrong to depart from it. i Ld. Raym. 42 ; 3 Maul &^ Sel. 396 ; b CI. &" Fin. 172 ; 4 New 
 Hamp. 458 ; 2 Mass. 357 ; Hilliard on Real Prop. 268. This maxim, although well known, 
 must be received and applied with great caution and discrimination. It is not to be insisted 
 upon — "setting upa misconception of the law, a destruction of the law." v. per 
 Lord Kenyon, C. J., 3 Term R. 725 ; arg. 6 id. 563. " When in the pursuit of truth we are 
 obliged to investigate the grounds of the law, it is plain and has often been proved by recent 
 experience that the mere statement and restatement of a doctrine — the mere repetition of 
 the cantilena of lawyers — cannot make it law, unless it can be traced to some competent 
 authority, and, if it be irreconcilable, to some clear legal principle." I^ord C. J. Denman 
 in O'Connell vs. Reg., H. of L. edited by Leahy. "It has been sometimes said Communis 
 error facit jus ; but I say, communis opinio is evidence of what the law is — not where it is an 
 opinion merely speculative and theoretical, floating in the minds of persons, but where it 
 has been made the ground-work and substructure of practice." Per Lord Ellenborough, 
 C. J. , 3 M. &= 6'. 396, 397. V. per Vaughn, B., 2 Cr. Ss' M. 95. " Even communis error and 
 a long course of local irregularity have been found to afford no protection to one qui spondet 
 peritiam artis." 6 CI. ^ Fin. 199. 
 
 The converse of this maxim is : 
 
 COMMUNIS error non fecit jus. A common error does not make law. 4 Co. 
 Inst. 242 ; 3 Term R. 725 ; 6 id. 564. 
 Multitudo errantium non parit errori patrocinium, — the multitude of those that err gives no 
 excuse to error. 11 Co. 75. 
 
 COMMUNIS et recta sententia est in rebus immoMlibus servandum esse jus loci in 
 quo bond sunt sita. Huberus, torn, i, lib. 3, tit. 13. The common and 
 correct opinion is that in respect to immovable things the law of the place in 
 which the property is situated is to be observed. 2 Kent's Com. 429, note. cf. 
 Story on Confl. of Laws, § 426a. Read it in Non potest heic omitti, etc. 
 
 Communis opinio, — Lat. Common opinion; general professional opinion. "Common 
 opinion is good authority in law." Co. Litt. l85a!/ 3 Barb. Ck. (N. Y.) 528, 577. Lord 
 Coke places it on the footing of observance or usage. A communia observantia non est 
 recedendum. 
 
 This principle, however, has been very much questioned or qualified. " Communis opinio 
 is evidence of what the law is." Lord Ellenborough, C. J., cited supra. A large portion 
 of the legal opinion which has passed current for law falls within the description of "law 
 taken for granted;" and when in the pursuit of truth, we are obliged to investigate the 
 grounds of the law, it is plain, and has often been proved by recent experience, that the 
 mere statement and restatement of a doctrine, the mere repetition of the cantilena of lawyers, 
 cannot make it law, unless it can be traced to some competent authority, and if it be irrecon- 
 cilable, to some clear legal principle. Lord Denman's judgment in the House of Lords, in 
 O'Connell vs. Reg., edited by Mr. Leahy, p. 28 ; ei v. per Pollock, C. B. 2 /^. &^ N. 139. 
 ■0. Opinio communis. 
 
 COMMUNIS opinio facit jus. Common opinion makes the law,/, e. is evi- 
 dence of what the law is. v. supra " Communis opinio.' 
 It may be observed that communis opinio is of authority, and stands with the rule of 
 Common Law: A communi observantia non est recedendum. Wingate's Max. 202, 
 § I. " Common opinion is good authority in law." Co. Litt. iS6a ; 3 Barb. Ch. R. 528, 577. 
 Quandoque communis opinio praefertur veritati. Bracton, fol. 63^, § 4 fin. 
 
 Communis paries. A common or party-wall. tj. Paries comtnUnis. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Parietem, qui naturale ratione communis est, alterulri vicinorum 
 demoliendi eum et reficiendi jus non est, quia non solus dominus est. Gaius, Dig. viii, 2, fr. 8. 
 V. Proculus, ib. fr. 13 ; PoMPONlus, ib. xxxix, 2, frr. 39, 41 ; Ulpianus, ib. frr. 35, 37,40; 
 Alfenus Varus, ib. fr. 43. 
 
 In the Common Law: A party-wall, i. e a wall erected on the line dividing two 
 adjoining estates belonging to diflferent persons, for the common use of both parties. The 
 common use of a part3'-wan is prima facie evidence that such wall and the land on which it 
 stands belong to such adjoining owners in equal moieties, as tenants in common, and built 
 
 420 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 at their joint expense. When only one owner wishes to use such wall it is erected at his 
 own expense, and when the other wishes to use it he must pay one-half its value, v. U. S. 
 Dig. 'Party- wall.' If such wall shall be taken down by one of the owners with his 
 buildings, he is required to erect another in its place within a reasonable time and with the 
 least inconvenience. It must be taken down with care. If the work be done with negli- 
 gence, whereby injury accrues to the adjoining house, an action will lie. Mood is' M. 362 ; 
 4 Car. &= P. 161 ; 3 Bam. 6= Ad. 874 ; 9 id. 725 ; 6 Denio (N. Y.), 417 ; 15 N. Y. R. 601 ; 3 
 Kent's Com. 436 ; 2 Ad. &> E. 493 ; i Cromp. Ss' J. Exch. 20 ; 4 Paige, Ch. R. 169 ; i Pick. 
 (Mass.) 434 ; 12 Mass. R. 220 ; 24 Mo. 69. As to the expense of repairs, v. id. As to under- 
 mining by one of the parties, for sake of a deeper foundation, etc., cf. 2 N. Hamp. 534 ; 12 
 Mass. 220 ; 17 Johns, j?. 92 ; 1 Dall. (Penn.) 346 ; 5 Serg. Sr R. (Penn.) i ; U. S. Dig. ; 3 
 Kent's Com. 436. 
 
 Communis patria. The common country. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 12, § 5. 
 
 Communis piscaria. Common fisheries. Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 108, note {q). 
 
 Communis rixator. A common or general brawler, wrangler; a quarrelsome person. 
 V. Rixator. QmNTlLlAN, xi, i, 29. 
 
 Communis rixatrix. A common female quarreller, brawler wrangler. 
 
 In old English Law: A common scold; a quarrelsome woman whose conduct is 
 a public nuisance to her neighborhood. 4 Bl. Com. 168. One who by the practice of fre- 
 quent scolding disturbs the neighborhood. Bishop, Crim. Law, § 147. It is n particular 
 form of nuisance, and common scolds may be indicted, and formerly fhey were punishable 
 by being placed in the trebucket, castigatory or cucking-stool, or as it was 
 anciently written goging-stole, and corrupted into ducking-stool from the immer- 
 sion into a pool of water, which was part of the punishment. 4 Bl. Com. 169. v. i T. R. 
 748; b Mod. n. V. Castigatorium. 
 
 In American Law: Common scolds are nuisances, and may be punished as such 
 by fine and imprisonment. Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 505 ; Russ. on Cr. 302 ; 12 Serg. &' 
 Rawl. 220; 3 Cranch. C. C. 620. 
 
 Communis SCriptura, — L. Lat. A common writing. = Charta communis, q. v. 
 In English Law: A writing common to both parties ; a chirograph. Glanv.Wh.v'm, 
 c. I. v. Scriptum chirographatum. Charta chinigraphata. 
 
 Communis stirpes. — Lat. A common stock ; the common stock or root of descent ; a 
 common ancestor. Blackst. Law Tr. 6. 
 
 Communis strata, — L- Lat. A or the common street. Stat. Marlb. c. 15 ; i Stra. 44. 
 = Regia via. lo Mod. 3S2. Communis Strata via, — the common paved way. 
 
 Communis terminus, — L. Lat. A common termination, or limitation. Bacon's Read. 
 Stat. Uses, 
 
 COMMUNISSIMA enim est distinctio, quod aut disseritur de modo procedendi in 
 judicio, aut de juribus contractus, cut robur et specialis forma tributa est a 
 statute, vel a contrahentibus. Et in primo casu attendum sit statutum loci, in quo 
 judicium agittir ; in secundo, vero, casu attendatur statutum loci, in quo fuit cele- 
 bratus contractus. Cassaregis, Disc. Comm. 179, note 59. The distinction is 
 very common, that the question is either of the manner of proceeding in court 
 (judicially), or of the rights of the contract to which validity and a special 
 form have been given by statute or by the contracting parties. In the first 
 case, the statute of the place where the trial is to be had is to be attended to ; 
 in the second, we must consider the statute of the place where the contract was 
 celebrated. Cited in Story on Bills of Exch. § 137 ; Story on Confl. of Laws, 
 § 260. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Communitas, atis, /. ^commUnis.l Community, fellowship. Cicero, A^. Z*. 1, 41 7^«./ 
 id. Phil, vi, 2. Communitas et conjunctio humana, — the company and society of men /(/. 
 0/". i, 44, 147. Intercourse with men. Cicero, (/? Ojf. i, 43, 152, 153, (6.) Courteousness, 
 condescension. Nep. Milt, viii, 4. 
 
 In English Law: A community, company or society. Towns' PI. li. A commu- 
 nity or society of people living in the same place, under the same laws and regulations, and 
 who have and enjoy common rights and privileges, cf. 2 Kent's Com. 183-1S7. 
 
 421 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Commilnitas regni Angliae. — L- Lat. The general assembly of the kingdom of Eng- 
 land. One of the ancient names of the English parliament, i Bl. Com. 148 ; Broom &^ 
 Had. Com. i, 175. 
 
 Communiter, adv. In common, commonly, jointly, generally, together. 
 
 Communiter Usitata et approbata. Commonly or generally used and approved. 
 
 Communitus, i^dv. in common. Varus in Nov. 510, 5. 
 
 Commurmutatio, onis, /. \commurmuro.'\ A general murmuring. Gellius, xi, 7, 8. 
 
 Commutatio, Onis, f. [commuto.] A changing, change. Annuae. Cicero, Inv. i, 35, 
 59 ; id. Div. ii, 42 Jin. Temporum. Id. Tusc. i, 28. Civiles. Id. Fam. v, 12,4 et saep, et al. 
 In Rhetoric: A figure of speech ; a reciprocal opposition or change. ^=Gx. avrinB- 
 tafioXr] (v. QuiNTiLiAN, ix, 3, 85). Cicero, Her. iv, 28. Of an exchange of words: 
 A conversation, conference. CI. Quadrig. in Gellius, xvii, 2, 26. 
 
 In Criminal Law: Change, substitution. The substitution of one penalty or pun- 
 ishment for another after conviction of the part)' subject to it. The change of a penalty or 
 punishment from a greater to a less ; e.g. as from hanging to imprisonment, called com- 
 mutation of punishment. 
 
 In Common Law: The giving, exchanging one thing in satisfaction of another ; c. g. 
 commuting titles into a rent-charge, copyhold services into money payments, etc. 
 
 A commutative contract is one in which each of the contracting parties gives 
 and receives an equivalent — a quid pro quo. 
 
 Commutatio mercium, — Lat. A change of goods, wares, merchandise, comprehended 
 in the terms trade and commerce. = Commercium. 
 
 In a strict sense: Trade and traffic in merchandise and property of any kind. 
 
 In a general sense: An interchange or mutual change of goods, wares, produce or 
 property of any kind, between nations or individuals, either by barter, or by purchase and 
 sale. V. Daniels, J., 7 Howard's R. (U. S.) 501. 
 
 In International Law: The intercourse of nations in each other's produce and 
 manufactures, in which the superabundance of one is exchanged for that of another, and 
 then re-exchanged with other nations to supply mutual wants, v, Commercium and Lex 
 fnercatoria. 
 
 CommiltatllS, us, m. [id.'\ A change, alteration. Lucretius, i, 795. 
 
 Companagium, — L. Lat. [-|- cum, with, and panis, bread.] Any meat or other edible 
 to be eaten with bread. Cowell j Spelman. 
 
 Compagnor de voyage. — Fr. A traveling companion. 
 
 Compactio, Onis, f. [compingo.^ In abstr. . (a.) A joining together. Cicero, Fin. v, 
 111 33- (p.) The things that are joined together. In concreto, a structure, frame. Vitr. 
 x, 21. 
 
 Gomparatfe, adv. in or by way of comparison ; comparatively. Cicero, Top. xxii, 84. 
 
 1. ComparatiO, onis, /. \comparo.~\ A comparing, comparison. CiCERO, Off. i, 43 ; id. 
 Top. 18 fin.; id. de Or. i, to fin. (v. the pass.) Rerum. Quintilian, ii, 4, 24. Argumento- 
 rum. Id. ib, v, 13, 57 et saep. Hence, (&.) A trial of skill, contention. Suet. Rhet. vi. 
 (c.) A relation, comparison. Cicero, /V. Z). ii, 20, |ii. («f.) An agreement, contract. LiVY. 
 
 In Rhetoric: Comparatio criminis, — a defensive comparison of a crime with a good 
 deed, on account of which the crime was committed. Cicero, Inv. i, 11, 15 ; ii, 24, 72. 
 
 2. Comparatio, onis, /. [2 com-paro.l (a.) A preparing, providing for, preparation, etc. 
 Cicero, Manil. iv, 273 ; Seneca, Ep. ix. (6.) A procuring, gaining, acquiring. Testium. 
 Cicero, Mur. xxi, 44. Voluptatus. Id. Fin. ii, 28, 92. Criminis, — of crimes, i. e. of all 
 the materials for an accusation. Id. Clu. Ixvii, 191. Hence, 
 
 InJurid.Lat.: A purchasing, purchase. Ulpianus, Dig. v, i, fr. 52; Papinian. 
 ib. xli, 3, fr. 44. 
 
 Comparatio literarum. Comparison of writings, or hand-writing. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A mode of proof allowed in certain cases. JusTlNIAN. Cod. 
 iv, 21, § 20 ; Nov. xlix, c. 2 ; BelVs Contr. of Sale, tg ; 2 Allison's Crim. Pr. 603. v. Colla- 
 tio signorum or sigillum. 
 
 In the Common Law of Evidence: A mode of proving a handwriting or sig- 
 nature, by comparison, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. 
 
 422 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 In England: It is in general not admissible. Best on Presump. 221-234, §§ 162-171; 
 S -Ad. &= £1. -jo^. In America: This rule is followed in New York and Georgia. 5 
 //in's R. 182 ; I Denio's K. 343 ; 16 Georgia R. 521. In others a different rule prevails, v. 13 
 £. Monroe's k. 258 ; 1 Jones' Law R. 150 ; i Green/, on Evid. §§ 579-581, and notes. 
 
 Comparatioue literarum. By a comparison of the hand-writing. Erskine's Inst, iii, 
 tit. 2, § 22. 
 
 Comparator, Srls, m. [2 com-paro.^ A purchaser. Paulus, Sen. Recept. ii, 17 fin. ; 
 Theod. Cod. X, 33, I. 
 
 Comparentia. — L. Lat. [compareo.] Appearance, i Leon. 90. 
 
 Compared, Sre, 2, v. «. To be perfectly evident or apparent ; to appear, be visible. 
 LucR. vi, 1219 ; Cicero, C/i(.lxiv, 180 (t/. the pass.). (6.) {Effectus pro causa >i Tobepresent, 
 be in existence ; to exist. Plautus, Am. ii, i, 83 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 50 fin. 
 
 Comparere, .^'"^-f- «»A». [+ compareo.^ In old English Practice: Partibus in 
 judicio comparentibus, — on the parties appearing in judgment. Bracton, fol. 183^. Comparet, — 
 he appears. Bracton. Comparebit, — he shall appear. Reg. Orig. 2i)ib. Comparuerit, — he 
 may have appeared. Bracton. Comparuisset, — they might, could, would or should have 
 appeared. Reg. Orig. 5. Comperuit ad diem, — he appeared at the day. i Tidd's Pr. 310. 
 Comperuerunt ad diem, — they appeared at the day. 6 Taunt. 167. 
 
 Comparitio. — L- Lat. [-\- compSreo.^ Appearance. Gierke's Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 5. 
 
 1, Compare, Sre, l, v. a. [compar.] To couple together in the same relation, to con- 
 nect in pairs, to pair, match, unite, join. Cicero, €/niv. 5 ; Cicero, Quint, i, 2 et a/. 
 Trop.: To couple together in judgment, and, (a.) To count one object fully equal to 
 another, to place it on the same footing, or upon an equality with. Cicero, Prag. in Non. 
 256, 4 ; id. Rep. i, 5 ; id. Fam. xii, 30 ; QuiNTlLlAN, x, I, 98 et al. (p.) In gen. merely: 
 To place together in comparison ; to compare (this is the usual signification of the word in 
 prose and poetry). Cicero, 0^. i, 4, 11 ; ii, 6, 20 ; id. de Or. ii, 40, 172 ; id. Top. xvii, 68 ; 
 Quint, vii, 2, 22 ; xii, 7, 3 et saep. Hence, (^.) With a relative clause: To reflect, 
 consider, judge, or to prove, show by comparing. 2. Comparare inter se (t.t. of colleagues 
 in otBce). To agree together in respect to the division of duties; to come to an agree- 
 ment. LivY, xlii, 31; xxxii, 8 ; xxxiii, 43. Comparant inter se ut, etc., — they agreed among 
 themselves that, etc. LivY, viii, 6; x, 15. v. xxix, 20; xl, 47. 
 
 2. Com-parO, Sre, l, v. a. (a.) To prepare something with zeal, care, etc. ; to make 
 ready, right, or suitable; to set in order, furnish, provide, etc. Cicero, Verr. i, 2, 26; ii, 
 5, 10. Comparare se, — to make one's self ready ; to prepare one's self. Cicero, i1/;7. x. 
 28. Compar are se ad respondendum, — to prepare himself for answering. Cicero, 
 N.D. iii, 8. Comparare et constituere accusationem , — to prepare and establish 
 an accusation. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, i. v. id. Clust. Ixvii, 191. Toadjust, to fashion. Plaut. 
 Am. iii, 3, 5 et al. (6.) To procure what one does not yet possess, or what is not yet at 
 hand or in existence ; to procure, get, purchase, prepare, make. Plautus, Poen. i, 2, 2. 
 Merces. Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 4, 2 fin. et saep, et al. 
 
 Com-partior, in, ». dep. To divide something with one ; to share. 
 
 Com-paSCO, pastum, ere, v. n. and a. To feed together. Cicero, Top. iii ; Scavola, 
 Dig. viii, 5, fr. 20. (6.) To feed; pasture, in general. Varus, R. R.'i, 2. (c.) To 
 consume by feeding, to eat. Varus, R. R. 2 prooem. § 5 ; id. ib. i, 53. 
 
 Com-paSCUUS, a, um, adj. Suitable for or pertaining to common pasturage. Ager. 
 Cicero, Top. 3. Jus compascum, — a right pertaining to common pasturage. Scaevola, 
 Dig. viii, 5 fr. 20. The right of common of pasture. Compascuum. In the English 
 Law: Belonging to commonage, v. Communia pasturae. 
 
 Compassio, Onis,/. [compatior, to suffer with one, to feel pity.] Fellow-sufFering, fel- 
 low-feeling. T-E^TVlAAh^, Res Carn. 4. Compa ssio sentiarum , — a sym^Alhy, Agree- 
 ment of thoughts, opinions, purposes, etc. Id. ib. 3 fin. 
 
 Com-patronUS, i, »«. in the Lat. of the Jurists; A fellow-patron. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxxviii, S,fr. i ; xxvi, n, frr. 3, 5. 
 
 423 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Com-paternitas, ^tis, m. Lat. In the Canon Law: A kind of spiritual relation- 
 ship {cognatio spiritualis) contracted by baptism. HeiNeccihs, Elem.Jur. Civ, lib. i, tit. lo, 
 § l6l, note ; Bracton, fol. 2.Cjib. This is one of the grounds of divorce. Id. ib. 
 
 Compellatio, Onis, /. [2 compello.'\ A severe, harsh, abusive addressing or accosting, a 
 rebuking. Cicero, Phil, iii, 7; Gellius, i, 5. (6.) An accosting, in gen. Cicero, 
 Her. iv, 15. 
 
 1. Compello, pilli, pulsum, 3, V. u. To drive together to a place ; to collect, assemble 
 (opp. to expellere. Cicero, Pise, vii, 16). Lit. of herds, flocks, v. Varus, R. R. 
 ii, 2, 18 ; Cicero, /"zVc. xxxvi, 87 rfa/. Also of other objects: Lucretius, ii, 564 ; 
 Cicero, Inv. \,i et al. T r o p . : (a.) To bring or press together. Plautus, Asin. iii, 3, 
 148; Cicero, Acad. ii. 35. Far more freq., (6.) To drive, bring, move, impel, incite, urge, 
 compel, force, constrain to something, (a.) Costr with ad.; a. g., Ad confessionem. 
 Suetonius, Claud, xv et al. ((i.) t. in. Cicero, Fam. 1, 9 ; Quintilian, vii, 3, 7. {y.) c. ut. 
 Plautus, Bac. iv, 4, 4 ; Suet. Caes. i, 24 et al. 
 
 2. Compello, Sre, i, v. a. To accost one (as it were, by joining one's self to him), 
 (a.) In a friendly sense: To accost, address. (6.) In a hostile sense: To 
 
 address one reviling or abusing him, etc. ; to call reproachfully ; to reproach, chide, rebuke, 
 upbraid, abuse, to take to task, call to account. Hence, In the Jurists, t. t. . To 
 arraign one before a tribunal ; to accuse of crime {v. 2 Appelld). Cicero, Att. ii, 2 ; id. Phil. 
 iii, 7. 
 
 COMPENDIA sunt dispendia. Abridgments are hindrances or wastes, i Co. 
 Inst. 305/^. 
 
 "It is ever good to rely upon the book at large ; for many times Compendia sunt dispendia, 
 and Melius est petere fontes quam sectari rivulos." Co. Inst, supra. 
 
 Compendiaria res improbitas, virtusque tarda. — Lat. P r o v . Wicked- 
 ness takes the shorter road, and virtue the longer. " Dishonesty chooses the most expedi- 
 tious route, virtue the most circuitous one." 
 
 Vicious men may sometimes attain celebrity by a short but dangerous track, while the man 
 of uncompromising integrity jogs on with patience in the common beaten path, solacing 
 himself with the old maxim: "The longest way about is the shortest way 
 home." Maunder' s Treas. 
 
 Compendiarius, a, um, adj. \compendium.'\ Adapted to saving, short, shortened. Cic. 
 Off. ii, 12, 43 (w. the pass.) ; Pliny, xxxv, 10, 36, note 22. S u b s t . : (a.) Compendidria, ae, 
 /. (sc. OTs.) A short way. Varus in Non. 202, 5 ; Seneca, Ep. 116. (6.) Compendarium, 
 ii, n. (sc. iter.) A short way. Seneca, Ep. Ti. 
 
 Compeudio, Sre, l, v. a. [compendium,^ In Eccl. Lat.. To shorten, abridge. 
 Tert. adv. Marc, iv, g; ib. 1. (6.) Compendiare alicui. Lit. . To shorten the way of life 
 for one ; h e n c e , to kill him. Aug. Quaest in Hept. 7 fin. 
 
 CompeudidSUS, », um, adj. [compendium.'] (a.) Advantageous, opp. to damnosus. 
 Col. i, 4, 5. (6.) Abridged, short, brief, compendious. Verba. App. M. xi, p. 268. Iter. 
 Ibid. 6. Exitus citae mortis. Prud. drecp, ii, 334. 
 
 Compendium, ii, ». [compendo.l That which is weighed together, held together, saved. 
 A saving or gain, profit acquired by saving ; opp. to dispendium. Plaut. Pers. iv, 3, 2 et al. 
 pass. (6.) A sparing, saving in any thing done, i. e. a shortening, abbreviating. Ad com- 
 pendium, i. e. io he concise, hnei. Plautus, jl/zV. iii, I, 184. Of discourse: Facere ox 
 fieri compendi, — to shorten, abridge (the discourse), or to be shortened or abridged. Plaut. 
 et al. (c.) Abs., Compendium, — shortness of way ; a short way. Tacitus, A. xii, 28. Com- 
 pendium mentis, — a short way or cut across the mountains. Ovid, M. iii, 234. Com- 
 pendium maris. Tacitus, A. ii, 55 et al. 
 
 In English Law: An abridgment ; e. g.. Compendia sunt dispendia, — abridgments 
 are losses or wastes [of labor or time]. Co. Litt. 3051^. "And therefore it is ever good to 
 rely upon the book at large." Id. ib. 
 
 COMPENSARI debeat defalta cUm defalta. The default of one ought to be 
 compensated by the default of the other. Bracton, fol. 330. 
 424 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Compensatio, Snis, /. Icompenso.} A weighing, balancing of several things together ; 
 making things equivalent ; compensating, equalizing one with another. 
 
 In the Language of Business: A balancing of accounts; a rendering of an 
 equivalent; equalizing; e.g., Coi/ipensatio est debiti et creditiinter se contributio. Modest. 
 Dig. xvi, 2, fr. \. cf. Paulus, ib. xxiv, 3, fr. 15, § i. Compensatio mercimii, — an equalizing 
 of goods, commodities or merchandise, i. e. an exchange, barter. Justinus, iii, 2, 11. 
 
 In the Civil Law: ' Compensation, balancing of accounts, or set-ofF; a setting off of 
 one claim against another, and so causing the dissolution of both or the diminution of one 
 by the amount of the other. Mackeld. Civil Law, 8 536, and authorities, ed. 1883. A pro- 
 ceeding similar to a set-off in our Common Law. Gaius, Inst, iv, S 61 ; Paulus, S. R. ii, 5, 
 § 3, quoted infra; Gaius, Dig. xiii, 6, />-. 18, § 4; MoDESTiNUS, ib. xvi, 2, fr. i; Pompon. 
 ib.fr. 3 etal.; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, g§ 30, 39; id. Cod. iv, tit. 31, ' de Compensationibus;' 
 Schmidt's Civil Law, 12^\ "S Bl. Com. 305; I .A'a/K^V.£'y. 395,396 ; lid.\o\\ Pothier,Oblig. 
 part 3, c. 4 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1441. With respect to compensatio (set-off) it is a principle 
 that liquidation of the debt to one creditor by a set-off actually made affects the other credit- 
 ors in the same way as payment ; but they are not affected by the circumstance that the claim 
 of one of them is liable to be met by a defense of set-off. cf. Pompon. Dig. xx, 4, fr. 4. 
 
 In the Common Law: A cross-demand or counter-claim; a demand equalized by 
 setting off another demand for the purpose of reducing its amount or of totally extinguishing 
 it. Broom on C. L. 180, 181, and cases. 
 
 In Practice: Set-off (compensation is a mode of defense to a civil action, being a species 
 of plea in bar whereby a person wHo has been sued for a debt alleges a reciprocal debt due 
 to him from the plaintiff, and demands that the debt may be compensated with that which is 
 owing to him by the creditor, which in that case is equivalent to payment either wholly or in 
 part, as the case may be. I Chitty's PI. 568 ; 2 Parsons on Cont. tit. 'Set-off;' Broom on 
 C. L. 180, 181. Courts of Equity have power at Common Law, independent of any 
 statute, to order a set-off of debts in certain cases. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1430 sq,; 6 Ves. Ch. 
 575; loid. 505; 13 id. 73, 81, 287, 426; i Cox, Ch. 59. The Law of Set-off is quite 
 similar to the compensatio of the Civil Law. Domat, Civil Law, pt. i, b. 5, tit. 2, § i; Pothier, 
 Oblig. pt. 3, c. 4. As the doctrine of set-off was borrowed from the Civil Law it should be 
 interpreted by the same rules of construction. Per Kent, J., 'i Johns. Cas. 155 ; 9 Ga. 594. 
 
 Compensatio criminis. A weighing or balancing of crime. A setting off, equalizing of 
 one crime against another. 
 
 In the Common Law: A t. t. for the plea of recrimination. A counter-accusation, 
 in the nature of a cross-bill, in an action for divorce ex causd adulterii. Bishop on Mar. &^ 
 Div. §§ 393, 394. 
 
 In questions of d ivo rce, where one party claims the divorce on the ground of 
 adultery of his or her companion, the latter may show that the complainant has been guilty 
 of the same offense, and having himself or herself violated the marriage contract, cannot 
 complain of its violation on the side of the defendant. This doctrine is summarized in the 
 following maxim : 
 
 COMPENSATIO criminis est: si pars rea probaverit partem agentum etiam 
 adulteriiim commississe, absohenda est pars rea, quoad petita in libello' partis 
 agentis. Oughton, tit. 214. Compensation of crime is: if the party 
 accused shall have proved the party accusing to have also committed adultery, 
 the party accused is to be absolved in respect to what is charged or demanded 
 in the libel (complaint) of the accusing party, cf. Papinian. JDig. xxiv, 3,/r. 
 39 ; Ulpian. ib. xlviii, S,/r. 13, § S ; Bishop on Mar. &' Div. (3d ed.) § 393 ; 
 id. (4th ed.) § 84 [393]. cf. I Hagg. Cons. 144 ; i Hagg. Eccles. 714 ; 2 Dev. 
 &= B. (N. C.) 64 ; 2 Paige, Ch. R. 108 ; Shelf ord on Mar. &^ Div. 440 ; Kent 's 
 Com. iv 100. Paria enim delicta mutua .pensatione dissolvuntur. Papinian. 
 supra. 
 
 COMPENSATIO debiti ex pari specie, ex catisd dispari admittiiur: velut si pecu- 
 niam tibi debeam, et tu mihi pecuniam debeas, aut frumentum, aut cetera hujus- 
 modi, licet diver so contractu, compensare, vel deducere debes. Si latum petas,plus 
 petendo causd cadis. Paulus, Sent. Recept. ii, 5, § 3. A compensation (set-off) 
 of a debt of the same or like kind and unlike cause is admitted : for instance, 
 if I owe you money and you owe me money, or corn or other things of this kind, 
 however you must compensate or deduct from [out of] a different contract. If 
 [54] 425 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 you demand the whole, you fail on account of demanding more [than is due to 
 you]. Justinian. Cod. iv, 32, con. 14 infra, cf. Pothier, Pand. lib. xvi, 2, n. 
 22 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1441 ; Mackeld Civil Law, § 536 and notes, ed. 1883. 
 The only exception to the rule is in cases of deposit. 'In causd depositi compensationi locus 
 non est; sed res ipsa reddenda est.' Paulus, Sent. Rccept. ii, 12, § 12 ; 2 Story, supra. 
 
 Compensatio delicti. An equalizing or balancing of delict. A rendering satisfaction 
 or an equivalent for an offense, v. Compensatio crlminis. 
 
 COMPENSATIO est debiti et crediti inter se contributio. Modestinus, Dig. 
 xvi, 2, fr. I. A compensation or balancing of accounts is a division 
 or distribution of a debt and credit between themselves, i. e. of what is owing 
 and of a loan. v. Paulus, Dig. xxiv, 3, fr. iSi § i ; Pufendorf, de Jure, v, 
 c. II, § s, n. I ; Story's Eq. Jur. § 1438. 
 
 Unusquisque creditorem suum eundemque debitorem, petentem summovet, si paratus est compen- 
 sare. Julian. Dig. xvi, 2, fr, 2. Ideo compensatio necessaria est, quia interest nostra potius non 
 solvere, quam solutum repetere. POMPONIUS, ib.fr. 3 ; 2 Story's Eq. fur. § 1439. 
 
 Read: Verum est, quod et Neratio placebat, et Pojnponius ait, etc. Paulus, ib. fr. 4. 
 
 COMPENSATIO necessaria est, quia interest nostra potius non soh'ere, quam 
 solutum repetere. Pomponius, Dig. xvi, 2, fr. 3. Compensation, i. e. 
 balancing accounts, is necessary because it is rather for our benefit not to pay 
 than to repeat payment, v. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1439. 
 
 Compensation is by opposing debt to debt, or when a man ceases to owe me because 
 I apparently owe him as much of the same kind. Where the debts are mutual, if I receive I 
 must immediately refund as much. u. Pompon. Dig. xii, 1, fr. 3; Justinian. Cod. iv, 31, 4. 
 
 COMPENSATIONES ex omnibus actionibus ipso jure fieri sancimus, nulla dif- 
 ferentia in rem vel personalibus actionibus inter se observanda. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 32, const. 14. We ordain that in all actions compensations be made 
 according to strict right (or according to the principle of justice), and no dif- 
 ference, be it in actions in rem or in personam, is to be observed between them. 
 
 Paulus stated the rule; Compensatio debiti ex pari specie, et causa dispari admittitur: 
 velut, etc. Paulus, S. R. ii, 5, § 3, quoted supra. 
 
 Gaius stated the rule: In bona fidei judiciis libera potestas permitti videtur judici ex 
 bono et aequo aestunandi quantum actori restitui debeat, etc, Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 61, 63. v. id. 
 Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 18, § 4. 
 
 COMPENSATIONES quoque oppositae plerumque efficiunt, ut minus quisque 
 consequatur quam ei debebaturj namque ex bono et aequo habita ratione ejus, 
 quod invicem actorem ex eadem causa praestare oportet, in reliquum eum cum quo 
 actum est condemnare, sicut jam dictum est, Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 39. When 
 a set-off is opposed by the defendant to the demand of the plaintiff, it frequently 
 happens that the plaintiff recovers less than what he demands ; for the judge, 
 proceeding on equitable principles, may deduct from the demand of the plaintiff 
 whatever he owes under the same head to the defendant, and may condemn the 
 defendant to pay the remainder only, as it hath already been observed. 
 
 Comperendinatio, onis, /. \comperendino.'\ In the Roman Law: A deferring of 
 the time (of trial) to the third day or later. Seneca, Ep. 97 ; Pliny, Ep. v, 21, i ; Gellius, 
 xiv, 2, I ; Tacitus, Or. 38. v. Ascon. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 9. 
 
 ComperendinO, Sre, l, v. a, \comperendinus.\ Jurid. t. t.: To cite a defendant to a 
 new time of trial, appointed on the third following day or later. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, q, Ascon. ; 
 id. ib. ii, i, 7 fn. A b s . , Comperendinem, — I may or can defer the day of trial. CiCERO, 
 Verr. i, w fin. 
 
 ComperendinUS, a, um, adj. Comperendinus dies, — the next day but one, i, e. the third 
 following day, to which a trial was deferred. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 15. 
 426 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Compered, !re, v. a., or Comperio, peri, 4, v. dep. (access, form Comperior,\r\.) Lit. , 
 To disclose, lay open (a fact) on all sides, of wholly without the access, idea of communicat- 
 ing the thing disclosed (which aperio expresses). To get knowledge of a thing, to find it out 
 with certainty, accurately ; to have or gain certain information, ascertain, learn. Cicero, 
 Brut. Ixxx, 277; id. Clu. tlw fin. et al. Compertum habeo, — I have knowledge ; I know full 
 well. Cicero, Clu. 45 fin. Compertum mihi est, — it is to my knowledge, i, e. I know full 
 well. Id. ib. Whence Compert^, adv., — from good authorit)'. Gellius, i, 22. 
 
 Compert5riim. — L. Lat. [.roOT/^rw, to discover, etc] In old English Law: A 
 judicial inquest made by delegates or commissioners, to find out and relate the truth 
 of a cause. Kennett's Par. Ant. 575. 
 
 Comperuerunt ad diem, — L. Lat. They appeared at the day. 6 Taunt. 167. 
 
 Compemit ad diem. — L. Lat. He appeared at the day. 
 
 In English Practice: A plea in bar to an action of debt on a bail bond, that the 
 defendant appeared at the day required, by putting in bail according to the. condition of the 
 bond. I Tidd's Pr. 310, 318. The form of this plea is given in 2 Chittys PI. 527 ; 5 Went- 
 worth, 470. The usual replication to this plea is nul tiel record. Upon this issue the trial is 
 by the record, cf. Comyn, Dig. 'Pleader;' Tidd's Pr. 239; i Taunt. 23; T Bam. &" 
 C. 478. 
 
 Competenter, "dv. Suitablj', properly, becominglj' ; e. g., C^mpetenter consolere alicui, — 
 to counsel, advise, care for some one properly ; to counsel, consult for some one suitably, 
 becomingly. Ulpian. Dig. xxiv, 3,/r. 22. Punire. Paulus, Dig. ii, I. fr. 16. 
 
 Competentia, ae, /. \competo^ A meeting together, agreement ; symmetry, suitableness, 
 propriety. Gellius, i, i ; xiv, i. 
 
 Competitio, Snis,/. [irf.] In late Latin; An agreement. SiDONlus, £/. ii, 9. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: A judicial demand. Theod. Cod. i\, 23, 1. 
 
 Competition, in Scotch Practice: The contest among creditors claiming on 
 their respective diligences, or creditors claiming on their securities. BelVs Diet. 
 
 Competit actio. An action lies. Competit assisa,— an assize lies. Bracton, ioX. 2^. 
 Competit exceptio,— an exception (filed) lies. Id. fols. 25, 26. 
 
 COMPETIT autem exceptio tenenti propter defectum naturae petentis, vel si natu- 
 raliter a nativitate surdus fuerit aut mutus, tales enim adquirere non poterunt 
 nee alienare, quia non consentire, quod non est de tardi mutis vel surdis, quibus dandi 
 sunt curatores et tutores ciim ex casu talis aegritudinis de rebus propriis disponere 
 nesciverint; et tales per procuratores adquirere poterunt, sed non legitime alienare. 
 Fleta, vi, c. 40, § 2. An exception for the employer, however, holds good on 
 account of some natural defect of the applicant, be he by nature and from birth 
 deaf or dumb ; for such people will not be able to acquire or to alienate (trans- 
 fer), because they cannot consent. This is not the case with those that slowly 
 by degrees have grown deaf or dumb, who have to be given in care of curators 
 and tutors, as from the accident of such an illness they might be incapable to 
 dispose of their own property; and such people can by proxy acquire, though 
 not legally alienate or transfer. Cited in 2 Kent 's Com. 45 1, n. 13th ed. [P. C] 
 
 Compete ere, 3, v. a. and n. (a.) u. u.. To strive after something in company or 
 together. Justinian, xiii, 2 ; ^ac. KjV/. KiV. «//. 59. (6.) f. ».. To meet or come together. 
 Varro, L. L. vi, 3, 58 ; Col. iv, 17, i. tj. id. ii, 2, g. 
 
 Trop., (a.) Of time : To coincide, agree, meet, to happen, etc. Tacitus, A. ii, 50 
 fin ■ Suet, c'aes. ifl; Pliny, xvi, 39.73; xviii, 26, 63. v. Seneca, £/. 75. (6.) Of other 
 things: To agree or coincide with something; to answer to it. Suet. OM. 12. Hence, 
 Abs To be qualified, competent, appropriate, fit, suitable ; to correspond. Sallust, vV. 
 frag, in Non. 276, 18; Quintilian, iv, i, 17; Livy, xxii, 5; Suet. Caes. 31 et at. (c.) To 
 belong be due to. Quintilian, iv, i, 17- Exempto mihi adversus te actio competit, — m tak- 
 ing away removing, an action belongs to me against you. Ulpian. Dig xix, i, 25 et saep. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To be appropriate, suitable, as a legal remedy ; to lie, as an action; 
 e. g Actio ei competit,— an action lies, i. e. may be maintained, for him. Justinian. Inst, iv, 
 
 427 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 I, § 13 ; Bracton, fol. 103^. Competunt haeredi duo remedia, — the two remedies come together, 
 meet in the heir. Bracton, io\. 2ig. Hence the familiar modern phrase competency of 
 actions. To be proper or available, as a pleading, etc. Bracton, fols. 25, 26. 
 
 Compilatio, Onis, /. \compilo.'\ Lit., A raking together, pillaging, plundering. 
 Hence sportively of documents: A compilation. C\qx,ko, Fam.\\,?i Jin. 
 
 Hence, in modern sense: A collection, an assemblage. Hence, A collection, 
 in a methodical manner, of certain parts of a book or books into a separate work. 
 
 Compilator, oris, m. \compilatio.\ A plunderer, pillager, etc. A collector, a compiler. 
 
 CoTnpilator qui aliena dicta suis permiscet, sicut Solent pigmentarii in pila diversa mixta coiitundere. 
 Hoc scelere quondam accusabatur Mantuanus ille vates, ctim quodam versus Homeri transfereils suis permis- 
 cuisset ; et dum compilator ab aemulis diceretur, ille responait : Magnaruin esse viriurji clavam Hercuii 
 extorquere de jnanu, IsiDORUS, Orig. x, 44. 
 
 A compiler (covipitator) is one who mixes the sayings of others with his own, as dealers in fruits are 
 accustomed to grind divers mixtures in the mortar. The great Mantuan poet was once accused of this crimp 
 because he had transfused certain verses of Homer into his own ; and when called a plagiarist {^compilator) 
 by the envious, he answered that ''it was the virtue of the great to wrest with their own 
 hand the staff of Hercules.'' 
 
 Compilo, are, i, v. a. To scrape together and carry off; to plunder, pillage, rob. Aedes. 
 Plautus, y4««. ii, 2, 6 ; Cicero, .A^. Zl.i, 31, 86 ; id.Verr.W, iSf,Q.\\ i^i^etal. v. Compilatio. 
 
 Complemeutum, i, »■ \conipleo?\ That which fills up or completes ; a complement. 
 Cicero, Or. Ixix, 230. That which gives full weight. Tacitus, A. iii, 38. 
 
 Complemeutum justitiae. Fullness of justice ; the full weight or measure of justice. 
 Reg. Orig. Ixxxvii, 89. 
 
 Completio, Onls, /. \compleo, to make complete or perfect, to finish, to fill up.] A filling 
 up, fulfillment. Scriptorum. Justinian. Inst, iii, 23. 
 
 Complex, Icis, adj. \compHco.'\ Closely connected with one ; confederate ; participant. 
 Arn. iii, p. 123 ; Ambros. Off. iii, 4. 
 
 Complexio, onis,/. [complector.'] A combination, connection. Cicero, /^m. 1,6, 19. 
 Hence, in late Latin, for a physical constitution or habit : Bona. Firm, jl/art. v, g. 
 Cumulata bonorum complexio. Cicero, Tusc. v, 10, 29. (6.) Of discourse: Compre- 
 hension, comprisal. Cicero, Inv. i, 26. Coviplexio mira verborum, — a marvelous, wonderful 
 or extraordinarj' comprehension of words. Cicero, Phil, ii, 37, 95. 
 
 1. CompleXllS, a, um, Part. [-\- complector.] Entwined, embraced, etc. 
 
 2. CompleXUS, Qs, m. [-\-id.] A surrounding, encompassing, encircling, embracing, 
 embrace, etc. LuCR. v, 471 ; ii, 1066 ; Cicero, M. D. ii, 22, 40 ; Ovid, M. iv, 377. Bind- 
 ing. Pliny, xxxvi, 22, 45 ^^ a/. Trop., A connection in discourse. Quintilian, i, 5, 46; 
 vii, 3, 18; ix, 3, 18; 4, 32 et al. Complexus orationis circularis, — a circular connection or 
 binding of language. Bacon's Case Revo, of Uses; Law Tr. 236. 
 
 Complicatio, onis,/. \complico.'\ A folding together, enveloping. Cq-el. Aur. Tard. 
 
 ComploratiO, Onis, /. ^comploro.'l A loud, violent complaint, lamentation, especially 
 by several persons. Gellius, x, 3, 7. (6.) With a Gen.: A loud, violent bemoaning, 
 bewailing. Id. xiii, 3, 13. 
 
 CompldratUS, us, m. [id.] i. q. Comploratio. A loud, violent mourning, lamentation, 
 etc., especially of several persons ; e.g. familiarum. Livy,xxii,55; xxiii,42; xxv, 26. 
 
 Compltires, a, o^-la, um, adj. More than one, several, very many. 
 
 ComponS, ere, 3, v. a. To put, place, lay or bring several objects together, to collect, 
 to arrange. Terentius, Hec. iv, 3, 5 ; Cicero, Degot. vi, 17 ; Tacitus, A. xii, 29. 
 
 (a.) With the access, of union, connection: To put together into one whole, 
 to join together ; to unite, connect ; to form, fashion, make by joining together, etc. 
 
 (6.) With the access, of carefulness, order: To put in order, to set right, 
 etc.; to order, adjust, arrange, regulate. Trop .: To bring something morally disordered 
 (discord, contention, passion, etc.) into order ; to allay, settle, compose. 
 
 Of persons: To quiet, calm, appease, tranquilize, etc. 
 
 This verb is of very extensive import, and is variously employed in the class, v. Lexicons. 
 
 428 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 Componere lites. To settle the disputes : to arrange law suits. 
 
 " The prevention of iniquitous litigation is more the aim of an enlightened jurisprudence 
 than discordias alere, — the stirring up of unjust strife." 
 
 ComportatiO, 5nis, /. \comporto.\ A bringing or carrying together. Vitr. i, 5. 
 
 Comportionalis, e, adj. The limits between the boundaries of possessions. 
 
 Com-porto, Sre, I, V. a. To bear, carry or bring together ; to collect. Cicero, de Or. iii, 
 24, gi. Frumentum ex agris in loca terta comportatur. Id. Ait. v, 18 ; id. Pis. 10. 
 
 Compos, Otis, adj. [potis.^ Having the mastery, control, or power over a thing; master 
 of; partaking of ; possessing, participating, or sharing in ; guilty of, etc. ; c. g. infra. 
 
 Compos animi. Having the mastery, control, power of the mind, i. e. of a sane mind. 
 Terentius, Ad. iii, 2, 12. 
 
 Compos CUlpae. Sharing in or privy to the crime, fault, failure, defect, neglect. Plaut. 
 True, iv, 3, 6l. 
 
 Compos libertatis. Having the power or possession of liberty. Plaut. Capt. prol. xli. 
 
 Compos mentis, [plur. compotes mentis.^ Having the power, possession, control of the 
 mind or mental faculties, i. e. of sound mind. Cicero, Phil, ii, 38 ; id. Pis. xx,7?».y Quint. 
 xi, 3, 77 ; Suetonius, Vesp. v. 
 
 In the Common Law: A man in such a state of mind as to be qualified legally to 
 sign a will, deed, etc. v. 4 Bl. Com. 25 ; 2 Kent's Com. 451, 453. 
 
 Comp5s patriae. Partaking, participating, or sharing in one's country. Plaut. Capt. 
 prol. iii, 4, 89 ; Livy, i, 32. 
 
 Compos sui. Having the mastery, control, or power over one's self. Livy, viii, 18 fin.; 
 Celsus, V, 26, note 13 ; Curt, iv, 12. 
 
 In English Law: Having the use of one's limbs, or the power of bodily motion ; 
 e. g.. Si fuit ita compos sui quod itinere potuit de loco in lucem, — if he had so far the use 
 of his limbs as to be able to travel from place to place. Bracton, fol. nb. 
 
 Compos VOti. Successful desire. Having obtained or gratified one's wish. Horace, 
 A. P. 76; Ovid, A. A. i, 486; Suet. Aug. 28. Plur. Compos votorum. Suet. Aug. 58. 
 
 Composite, "d'V- In an orderly, or regular, or skillful manner; in good order; orderly. 
 Cicero, Or. Ixxi, 236; id. de Or. i, 11, 48 ; Sal. c. 52 et al. 
 
 Compositio, Onis, f. [compono.] A putting together, compounding, composing, connect- 
 ing, arranging, adjusting. Cicero, JV. D. ii, 58 fin., id. ib. i, 18, 47. Reruni. Id. Off. i, 
 ^o et al. Trop. : (a.) A connection, coherence. Cicero, Fin. iii, 22, 74. (/S.) A draw- 
 ing up, in writing, composition. Id. legg. ii, 22. Hence, (y.) A proper connection in style 
 and position of words, arrangement, disposition. Compositio apta, — elegant, graceful com- 
 position. Id. de Or. iii, 52, 200. 
 
 In the Jurists: A peaceful union ; an accommodation of a difference ; arrangement 
 of a controversy ; an agreement; composition or satisfaction ; a compact. Cicero, Caesar 
 et nl. A procedure in competition, v. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §g 517 sq., ed. 1883. 
 
 In English Eccles. Law: A composition real, made between the owner of 
 lands and a parson or vicar, etc. v. 2 Bl. Com. 28 ; 2 Co. Inst. 4go ; 3 Steph. Com. I2g. An 
 agreement or contract between a parson, patron, or ordinary, and the owner of lands, that 
 such lands shall for the future be discharged from payment of tithes, by reason of some land 
 or other real recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof, cf. Stat. 13 
 Eliz. c. 10 ; 2 and 3 Wm. IV. c. 100, § 2. 
 
 In the Common Law: (a.) A compact or agreement of a number of creditors of 
 an insolvent or embarrassed debtor, to accept a composition amounting to less than their 
 entire demand, i Smith's!. C. [443 sq.'\ 553 sq. (6.) A composition or amicable arrange- 
 ment of a law suit {compositio litis). (C.) A statute or ordinance ; e. g., v. Compositio mensu- 
 rarum. 
 
 In Patent Law: A compounding or putting together; a mixture of parts. Act of 
 
 Cong. July 4, 1836, § 6. 
 
 Compositio mensurarum. The composition or ordinance of weights and measures. 
 
 The title of an ancient ordinance mentioned in Stat. 23 Hen. VIII. c. 4; also quoted by 
 Spelman as the Stat. 51 Hen. III. establishing a standard of weights and measures ^^""■ 
 Hus Angliaequi nominatur sterlingus ,— \i declared that the penny sterling of England should 
 weigh thirty-two grains of corn from the middle of the car, and virginli denarii faciunt 
 
 429 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 unciam, i. e. twenty pennyweights make an ounce (and twelve ounces a pound). Fleia, ii, 
 c. 9, § I ; ib. c. 12 ; 2 Co. Inst. 575 ; i Bl. Com. 275 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 328. 
 
 Compositio Ulnarum et perticarnm. — Lat. The statute of ells and perches. The 
 title of an English statute establishing a standard of measures, i Bl. Com. 275 ; Broom &' 
 Had. Com, i, 328. , 
 
 Compositor, Sris, m. [compous.l An orderer, arranger, disposer, maker. Cicero, Or. 
 xix. Anni. Id. Leg. ii, 12. Operum. OviD, Tr. ii, 356. Juris. Justinian. Cod. vi, 28, 4. 
 
 CompOSitUS, a, um. Pa. [+ compono.'] (a.) (a.) Put together, compounded (opp. to 
 simplex). Quintilian. (/3.) Invented, devised, false, feigned. Crimen. ClC¥.vS), Verr.\\, 
 3,61. Assimilata et arte composita, — the fictions and offspring of art. Quintilian, ix, 
 2, 27. Ficta atque composita, — artificial and studied. Quint viii, prooem, § 27. (6.) 
 (a.) Abs. . Fittingly ordered, disposed, well arranged ; made with skill, artistic, adorned. 
 LivY ; Cicero. (yS.) t. ad. Fit, suitable for. Quint, ii, 8, 7. (;'.) Quiet, tranquil, cir- 
 cumspect, without passion, calm, composed. Aetas, — sedate age. Tacitus, A. xiii, i. 
 Composita actio, — a calm manner. Quintilian, xi, 3, no. 
 
 Compositwm jus, f usque animi. What is just and right disposed within the soul. 
 Motto of Lord Ellenborough. It is taken from Persius. 
 
 Compositium jus, fasque animi; sanctosque recessus 
 
 Mentis, et incoctum- generoso pectus honesto. 
 
 Haec cedo, ut admoveam templis, et farre litabo. — Persius, Sat. ii fin. 
 
 Lit.. What is just and right disposed within the soul, and the sacred 
 recesses of the mind, and a breast imbued with generous honesty — these give me that I may 
 bring to the temples, and I will sacrifice with meal. 
 
 "Justice to God and man enshrined within the heart ; the inner chambers of the soul free 
 from pollution ; the breast imbued with generous honor. Give me these to present at the 
 temples, and I will make my successful offering with a little meal." 
 
 GiFFORD says these lines are not only the quintescence of sanctity, but of language. Closeness in transla- 
 tion would cramp, and paraphrase would enfeeble their sense, which may be appreciated, but cannot be well 
 expressed. Casaubon explains comj>ositum, "" animum bene comjiar atuat ad omnia divina 
 h u ni a n a q u e J u r a .^ = Gr. to evTaierov t^s tj/vxri'! wpbs ra ^eld re Kot av0 ptoir iva dircaia. 
 =An^tzce, a state of mind well arranged with regard to both di?ine and human laws. 
 
 It may also imply the harmonius blending of the two. 
 
 " * * * * * bring a mind, 
 
 Where legal and where moral sense are joined 
 With the pure essence : holy thoughts, that dwell 
 In the soul's most retired and sacred cell ; 
 A bosom dyed in honor's noblest grain, 
 Deep-dyed : With those let me approach the fane. 
 And heaven will hear the humble prayer I make. 
 Though all my offering be a barley cake." — William Gifford. 
 A soul where laws both human and divine, 
 In practice more than speculation shine ; 
 A genuine virtue, of a vigorous kind, 
 Pure in the last recesses of the mind ; 
 When with such offerings to the Gods I come, 
 A cake, thus given, is worth a hecatomb. — John Dryden. 
 
 Compositwm, miraculi causd. Well arranged or skillfully made for the sake of 
 exciting wonder. T r o p. . A narrative made up and adorned for the sake of the wonder 
 it may occasion. Tacitus. 
 
 Com-pOSSessio, Snis, m. A joint possession ; a possessing together. 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t. : All possession is exclusive from its very nature, i. e. sev- 
 eral persons cannot at the same time entirely possess the same thing. The same objects, 
 therefore, cannot be in the possession of several persons at the same time, so that each of 
 them will possess the whole; and the possession of one person is consequently lost the 
 moment it is acquired by another. Plures eandem rem in solidum possidere non possunt. 
 Paulus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 3, § 5 ; Julian, ib. xliii, 26, fr. igpr.; Ulpian. ib. xiii, 6, fr. 5, § 15. 
 Nevertheless several persons may at the same time jointly possess the same object 
 in certain ideal portions. Pomponius, i)/]?-. xli, 2, /;-. 26 ; Ulpianus, «i}. xxxvii, 
 10, fr. 5 pr. ; Justinian. Cod. vii, 72, 10 pr. 
 
 430 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 In Modern Jurid. Lang.: Such a state of joint possession is termed compossessio. 
 Mackeldey, Civ. Law, § 245, ed. 1883. Or, if it be in right of others, condetintio. Lindley's 
 Intr. Jurisp. 194, § 220, and authorities. 
 
 Several persons may also possess the same object in different respects and with different 
 results. Ulpian. Dig. xlv, 'i,fr. 5 ; Paulus, ib. L, 16, fr. 25, § i ; id. ib. vi, i, fr. 8 ; id. ib. 
 xli, 2, /?-. 3, § 2 ; POMPONIUS, ib. xli, 3, fr. 32, § 2 ; Mackeldey, Civ. Law, § 245, ed. 1883. 
 
 Com-pOSSesSOr, oris, m. A joint possessor, v. Compossessio. 
 
 Com-potor, oris, m. A drinking companion ; a pot-companion. Cicero, FAi/. ii, 17. 
 
 Com-pdtrix, icis, /. [campotor.] A female drinking companion. Terentius, Audr. i. 
 
 Comprehensio, Onis, y". \comprehendo.'\ Lit.: A serving or laying hold of with the 
 hands. Cicero, N. D. i, 34, 94. Arresting, catching. Id. Phil, ii, 8. T r o p . . (a.) I n 
 Philos. Lang.: A mental comprehending, perceiving; and in eoncr., a comprehen- 
 sion, perception, idea. Cicero, Acad, ii, 16, 31; i, 11, 41 et saep. In the plural: 
 Rerum. Id. Fin. '\\\,\^,d,^. In Rhetoric: A joining, combining in discourse, expres- 
 sion, style. Cicero, Or. Iviii fin. Hence, (6.) Specif.: A period. Id. ib. xliv ; id. 
 Brut, xliv, 162 ; Quintilian, ix, 4, 115, 121, 124 et saep. 
 
 COMPROMISSARII sunt judices. Arbitrators [umpires, referees — chosen by 
 the parties] are judges. Jenkins' Cent. 128. v. Compromissu77i judex. 
 
 Read: Compromissumadsimilitudinemjudiciorumredigiiur,etc. Paulus, infra. 
 
 CompromissariuS, a, um, fl(^'. [compromissum.^ In the Civil Law: Pertaining to 
 arbitration. Relating to a compromissum, or submission to arbitration. Compromissarius 
 judex, — an arbitrator, umpire, referee, chosen by contending patties. Callistr. Dig. iv, 
 8,/>-. 41. Sub St.: Compromissarius. A term applied to an arbiter or arbitrator. Id. ib. 
 Otherwise termed arbiter ex compromisso, — an arbiter by compromise or agreement. 
 
 Compromissum,!,". In the Civil Law: A mutual promise to refer matters in 
 dispute to, and to abide by, the award of an arbiter ; a compromise. Cicero, Rose. Com. iv; 
 id. Verr. ii, 2, 27. A submission to arbitrators; arbitration called compromise, umpirage. 
 Paulus, Dig. iv, 8, fr. I sq. ; Domai, Civ. Law ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 471, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Common Law: (a.) A compromise (compromissum) is an adjustment of 
 claims in dispute by reciprocal concession, thus avoiding a law suit. Winshaw ; Tomlin. 
 (6.) A mutual promise of two or more parties that are at controversy, to submit themselves 
 and all differences between them unto the award, arbitration, or judgment of one or more 
 arbitrators, indifferently chosen between them, to determine and adjudge upon all matters 
 referred, and upon which the parties differ ; and to stand to and abide by their award, 
 cf. Cowell ; Termes de la Ley j Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 13, note (/). 
 
 COMPROMISSUM ad similitudinem judiciorum redigitur, et ad finiendas lites 
 pertinet. Paulus, Dig. iv, 8, fr. i. A compromise [an arbitration] is 
 brought into affinity with judgments \i. e. judicial investigations, judicial sen- 
 tences], and pertains to the ending of suits [litigations]. 9 Cush. (Mass.) 571. 
 Ulpianus says : Ex compromisso placet exceptionem non nasci, sed poenae petitionem. 
 Ulpian. ib. fr. 2. Stari autem debet sententiae arbitri, quam de re dixerit, sive aeque, sive 
 iniqua sit ; et sibi imputet, qui compromisit. Id. ib. iv, 8, fr. 27, § 2. cf. Fothier, Fand. 
 lib. iv, tit. 8, notes l, 39, 40; Domat. B. i, tit. 14, § i, arts. 2, 3 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1461. 
 
 CompromittO, ere, missi, missum, 3, I/, a. In the Civil Law, Jurid. /. t. in 
 law suits: To compromise mutually; to abide by the decision of an arbiter. Cicero, 
 Q. Fr. ii, 15, 6 fin. De aliqua re. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 8, fr. 13. In arbitrum. Id. ib. xliv, 4, 
 4, § 2 et saep. To submit to arbitration. Id. ib. iv, 8,/r. 27, § 2. 
 
 Compulsatio, Onis, /. [compulso.] In the sense of hostility: A pressing 
 together ; a contest, contention. Tertullian. Apol. 21 ; id. ib. 28. 
 
 CompulsiO, Onis, /. \id.^ An urging, constraint, compulsion. Hermogen. /J^'- x>^''vi, 
 I, fr. \\fin. Hence, (6.) A dunning. Cassiod. Var. xii, 10. 
 
 In Common Law: Forcible inducement to the commission of an act. A deed, con- 
 tract, etc., executed, or an act done under compulsion, coercion, constraint, other than by 
 lawful authority, are not in general binding upon a party. Even if a court compelled a party 
 to an act forbidden by law, or had not jurisdiction over the parties or the subject-matter, 
 the act done by such compulsion would be void. v. Duress ; Coercilio. 
 
 431 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Com. 
 
 In Civil and Common Law: The rule is general, that when one is compelled, 
 on account of fear, to do an act, or make a contract, there is no efiectual consent, though, 
 ostensibly, there is the form of it. In every such case the contract will be declared void. 
 The Praetor says : QuoD meths causa gestum erit, ratum non habebo, etc. Ulpian. 
 Dig. iv, 2, /;-. X. cf. Maxims under Metus and Vis. Bracton defines: Metus autem 
 est presenlis vel futuri periculi causa mentis trepidatio, etc. Bracton, ii, c. 5,' § 14, foj. \itb fin. 
 The compulsion, or constraint, or coercion (coerciiio) requisite thus to annul a contract, or to 
 obtain a restitution, must be Vis aut metus qui cadet in constantem virum. Mrskine^s Inst. 
 iii, tit. I, § 16 ; iv, I, § 26 ; i Bell's Com. iii, pt. i, c. I, § I, art. I, p. 295. v. Vis et metus 
 and Vis compulsiva. cf. Duress. 
 
 Compulsor, Oris, »(. [zV/.] A driver. Pall. Jun. 2, % One who compels, constrains. 
 
 In the Jurists: One who forces to a payment ; an exactor of money. Theod. Cod 
 viii, 10, 3, 4. (b.) One who asks the payment of a debt. Theod. Cod. xi, 7, 15. 
 
 Compurgator, oris, m. [compurgo, to wholly purify.] One who purges another. 
 
 In old European Law: One who purged another from an accusation or charge, 
 by swearing with or after him, that he believed his oath of his own innocence. The, cur- 
 Hculum, in the old mode of trial by wager of law was, the defendant first swore in person, in 
 open court, that he did not owe the plaintiff any thing, and then produced (usually) eleven 
 compurgators, who swore after him that they believed in their consciences that he spoke the 
 truth. Bracton, fol. 410; Cro. Eliz. 818; Co. Litt. 295; 3 Bl. Com.'^afi., 343; 3 Steph. Com. 
 529 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 466. The whole proceeding in curricula is minutely described 
 in 2 Salk. 682. The last reported instance of this mode of trial is va2 B. Ssf C. 538. It was 
 abolished by Stat. 2 and 4 Will. IV. c. 42, § 13. v. Vadiatio legis. 
 
 In the Feudal Law: Compurgators were used under the name of j-airrswz^K^afc, in 
 proving the investiture of fiefs, where the facts were disputed. Feud. Lib. i, tit. 4, § 3 ; id. 
 tit. 10, 26, 28 ; id. lib. ii, tit. 33, § 2. Consecramentales and Conjuratores , 
 
 Compiltatio, onis,/. \computo^ (a.) A computing, reckoning; a computation. Sen. 
 £p. 84 ; Ben. vii, 10 ; Quintilian, i, 10, 35 et al. (6.) Specif.. The reckoning of avari- 
 cious men ; niggardliness; selfishness. Seneca, Ben. iv, 11. 
 
 Compiltatio temporis. A computing or reckoning of time; computation of time ; the 
 account and construction of time by rule of law. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The legal mode of computation of time is, as a rule : 
 
 (a.) A day consists of twenty-four consecutive hours. Savigny, Syst. h. iv, §§ 179-195 
 et al., Germ. If these are reckoned, as they in general must be, from midnight to midnight 
 (^ septimo hora ad septimam hora?n noctis), the day is called a calendar day ; if any other 
 hour is taken from which to reckon, the day is called a movable or natural &?iy [dies 
 naturalts), an expression, however, which like the unqualified day, is often taken to mean 
 only the period of daylight, v. Cujusque did major pars est horarum septejn primarum did, non 
 supremarum. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 2, § i. 
 
 (6.) A month consists, as a rule, of thirty days, and can in a similar manner, at least in 
 those cases in which the month does, according to the calendar, consist of thirty da)'S, be 
 called a calendar or a natural month, cf. Papinian. Dig. xlviii, s,fr. 11, § 6; Ulpian. ib.fr. 
 29. § 5 ; Gaius, ib. xxi, J, fr. 28 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 31, § 22 ; id. ib. fr. ■^ipr.; Justinian. Cod. 
 vi, 30, const. 22, §§ 2, II ; id. Nov. 115, cap. 2. When the law speaks of several months, an 
 additional day is to be added. Schweppe, Piivatrecht, b. i, § 57, c. But there are special 
 cases in which the reckoning is not always exactly by months, v. Ubi lex duoium mensium 
 fecit mentionem, etc. Paulus, Dig. L, 11, fr. lOI. Septimo mense nasci perfectum partum, etc. 
 Id. ib. i, 5, fr. 12. De eo g.utem, qui centesimo octogessimo secundo die natus, est, etc. Ulpian. 
 ib. xxxviii, 16,/?-. 3, § 12. v. Justinian. Cod. vii, 63, const. 2, 5 ; id. Nov. 115, cap. \i. 
 
 (C.) A year, as a rule, consists of 365 consecutive' days, and similar expressions are 
 applied to it. v. Anuiculus non statim ut natus est, etc, Paulus, Dig. L, i(>,fr. 134. An 
 additional day {dies intercallaris), is added to leap-year, from which other years are distin- 
 guished by the terra common. This additional day is the 24th of February {dies posterior) 
 (cf. Savigny, System, b. iv, §§ 192-194), and is reckoned along with the next, the 25th of 
 February (dies prior), as one day (dies bisextus), except in those cases in which, by the express 
 terms of a contract (Savigny, ib. g 193), a period of time is limited by an exact number of 
 days. cf. Paulus, Dig. iv, 4, fr. 28 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 3, § 3 ; Marcellus, ib. xliv, 3, fr. 2. 
 cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195, ed. 1883. v. Lind. Int. Jur., § 94, and authorities cited therein. 
 
 In the Common Law; (a.) In computing periods of time, fractions of days are 
 either omitted from calculation altogether, or are counted as whole days according to the 
 justice, nature and circumstances of the case. Co. Litt, 135^. ,■ 3 Co. 36a/ 5 id. lay 9 £ast, 
 154 : II id. 496, 498 ; 4 T.J?. 660 ; 1 E. &= B. 816 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 276. (6.) Though 
 a day in legal contemplation \s punctum temporis, without fractions, j'et (except between the 
 State and a subject — 9 Exck. 32), where events which happen on the same day (be it an ordi- ■ 
 nary day or a fictitious day) are, where justice requires it, deemed to happen according to 
 
 432 
 
Com.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 their actual priority, and the exact time in the day in which an event occurred, may be shown 
 by proof. Per Lord Mansfield, 3 Burr. 14, 34 ; 8 Vesey, 30 ; 4 Camp. 197 ; 12 C. B. 44 
 (where the question was much discussed); 2 B. &' A. 586 ; 11 Conn. Ji. iT, 4 N. Y. H. (4 
 Comst^) 418. (c.) That priority will be attributed to simultaneous acts, which is necessary 
 to meet the justice and equity of the case, and to give elTect to the intention of the parties 
 to them. I Co. y46 ; 6 ?</. 331^. cf. 3 Denio, 263 ; 4 N. Y. R. 418 ; 64 Penn. St. 240. (d.) 
 Whether the first and last days of a period of time are to be taken both inclusively or exclu- 
 sively, or whether one of them only, and which, is to be included, is, in every case, a matter 
 of intention ; and where this is not wholly free from doubt, the construction : Ut res magis 
 valeat, quam pereat, will be adopted. 2 Cowp, 714 ; 5 East. 244 ; 15 Ves. 248 \ t) Q. B. 137 ; 
 2 Bl. Com. 140, Cooley's note and cases there collated ; 4 Kent's Com. 95, and cases in note; 
 2 Parsons on Contr. 662-664, ^"<1 cases there cited, (e.) A month is solar, or computed 
 according to the calendar, which consists of thirty or thirty-one days, or lunar, which 
 consists of twenty-eight days. Co. Litt. 135^^ Broom £r» Had. Com. ii, 275. The application 
 of the term month is dependent upon circumstances and places. The student will find 
 the Common Law rules respecting computatio temporis in Co. Litt. \'ii\b et seq.; 2 Bl. Com. 
 140, Cooley's notes ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 273 sq., and notes ; 4 Kent's Com. 95, and notes ; 
 I Pick. R. 4S5, 494, 495 ; 3 Penn. P. 200 ; 13 ^. Monroe's P. 460 ; U. S. Big. 'Time.' 
 
 1^° The student should be on his guard, and discriminate the reported decisions, which 
 are verj' conflicting. Upon the whole, however, it seems that in cases of doubt : - (a.) The 
 tendency is to exclude from computation the day from which a period of time is reckoned, 
 to and include the day on which an act has to be performed. Chiity's Statutes, 'Time,' 
 vol. iii, p. 1376; Prest. Ab. 288; <) B. &= C. 603. cf. authorities, supra; Broom b' Had. 
 Com. ii, 276, note (r). (yS.) Both days are very rarely included; and (x-) Both are not infre- 
 quently excluded. Woolrych on Legal Time, 144. 
 
 |lt^° Sunday intervening is reckoned like any other day, unless the contrary be clearly 
 expressed. 10 M. Q' f^. 331; 2 Sand. I'ii. In Engl an d , an act which is valid only if 
 done within a certain number of days, the last of which is a Sunday, must, if illegal if 
 done on that day, be performed at latest on the Saturday previous. 7 Jurist, 396 ; 11 ib. ii\ 
 9 Exch. 730. V. Comyn, Dig. 'Temps' (B. 3) ; 10 Ad. &= E. 57. In the United 
 States: Sunday cannot, for the purpose of performing of a contract, be regarded as a day 
 in law and should be stricken out ; and when the day for performance falls on Sunday, it is 
 excluded, and the party has the next day to perform. 20 Wend. 205. v. N. Y. Code of 
 Proc. § I 10 Gray, 306. No one is bound to do any work in performance of his contract 
 on Sunday, unless the work, by its very nature, or b}' express agreement, is to be done on 
 that day, and can be then done without a breach of the law. t John. 326, and note (a) ; 20 
 Wend. 205 ; 2 Conn. 69 ; 18 id. 18 ; 10 Ohio, 426 ; 7 Black/. 479 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 665, 666. 
 But see contra. 6 Gill. ^ J. 268. 
 
 Compute, are, I, v . a. To sum up, reckon, compute. Quintilian, i, 10, 43 ; xii, 11, 19. 
 
 Trop. : To show, to reveal. Juvenal, vi, 199 ; Seneca, Ep. 14. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat.^ To reckon in with or in addition to. Ulpianus, Zizf. xxiii, 3, /?-. 
 10; id. ib. xxiv, 3, 7. 
 
 Computus, i, m. \computo?^ A computation. Firm. Math, i, 12 Jin., Auct. in Goes. p. 
 236. In English Law: An account ; a reckoning up. v. Breve de computo. 
 
 Comuue. — L. Fr. Common ; e. g., Comune larour, ou comune robour, — a common thief 
 or a common robber. Yearb. M. 3 Edw. II. 55. 
 
 Comunement, — L. Fr. Commonly; e.g., II est comunement dit, — it is commonly said. 
 Litt. § 288. " That is it is the common opinion." Co. Litt. i86a. v. Litt. § 697. Comyn. — 
 L. Fr. Common. Kelham. 
 
 Con.— Lat. = Cum, q- V. Jin. 
 
 Con amore, — Ital. With love. 'He undertook the thing «« owOTr.' 'He follows that 
 study con amore, and therefore he will excel in it.' 
 
 Con buena fe.— Span. In Spanish Law: With good faith; in good faith. = 
 Bond jide. White's New Recop. b. ii, tit. 2, c. 8. 
 
 * * Conati imponere Pelio Ossam 
 
 * atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olyminim. 
 
 Virgil, G. i, 281. 
 Having essayed to pile Ossa upon Pelion, * and to roll woody Olympus upon Ossa. 
 
 Quoted in 4 Kent's Com. 180, n. a. 
 
 Ossa, Pelion, etc., celebrated mountains of Thessaly, in Greece, which the giants, in their war against 
 the gods, were feigned to have heaped on each other, that they might with more facility scale the walls of 
 heaven. 
 
 [SSl 433 
 
Con.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Cdnatio, onis, /. \conor, Sri, to attempt, trj', venture, etc.] An effort, undertaking, 
 attempt, endeavor. 
 
 Conatus, tls, m. (a.) An attempt, effort, undertaking. (6.) Pregnant: The exertion, 
 effort, labor, energy applied to an act or course of action. Hence, (c.) An incitement, 
 inclination, impulse to an act. 
 
 CONATUS: quid sit, non definitur in jure. An attempt, effort, 
 endeavor: what it may be, is not defined in law. 2 Bulstrode, 277. 
 Coucameratio, Onis, f. \concamero, to vault or arch around, to arch over.] A vaulting, 
 a vault. ViTR. ii, 4 ; v, 10 ; Pliny, xi, 10, 10 ; Labeo, Dig. xxxii, 30. 
 
 Concarnatio, Onis, /. \concamo, to unite or cover with flesh.] A uniting with flesh, 
 incarnation. Tertullian, Mon. g sub. Jin. 
 
 Con-CastigO, 2re, I, V. a. To chastise severely, to punish. Plautus, Bac. iii, 3, 94. 
 Concedo, ere, 'i, V. n. and a. Lit.: To go, walk . Hence, 
 
 (a.) {= Cedo.) With reference to the terminus a quo: To go or walk entirely 
 away from a place, to depart, retire, withdraw, remove from. Plautus, Am. iii, 4, i. A 
 foribus. Plautus, Most, ii, i, 82. Ex aedibus. Terentius, Hec. iv, 4, 57. {a.) Concedere 
 alicui or abs. of : To go, as it were, out of the way for one (z. c. on account of his wishes, 
 superior power or excellence), i. c. to yield to, submit, give way to, adapt one's self to. 
 (a.) To yield or submit to superior power. Cicero, Tusc. iv, 29 fin.; Plaut. Cas. ii, 4, 15 ; 
 id. Aniph. i, i, 120. (b.') To give place to in excellence, dignity, rank, etc. ; to yield, to give 
 precedence. Cicero, Fam. x, 3, 2 ; id. ib, iv, 3, i and fin. Concedo aetati. — I give prece- 
 dence to age. Sallust, /. xi, 4 ; Livy, vi, 6 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 44 ; id. ib. xi, 24. (c.) To 
 yield, submit to one's will, complj' with one's wishes ; e, g. Jurisconsulti concedi, — I have 
 submitted to the will, complied with the wishes of a lawyer. Cicero, Caecin. xxiv, 67. v. 
 id. Mur. xxiii, 47. Hence, (aT.) To assent to, concede to, give in to. Terentius, Ph. v, 
 3, 22 ; Horace, Sat. ii, 3, 305 ; Cicero, de Or. iii, ^i fin.; id. Rose. Am. i, 3. (fi.) As v. a. : 
 Alicui aliquid, (a.) To grant, concede, allow; to consign something over to ; to resign, 
 yield, vouchsafe, confirm to, etc. Plaut. Cas. ii, 3, 47 ; Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 12 ; i, 49 ; id. 
 Lael. xi, 38 ; Quint, xi, i, 89; Cicero, Rose, Com. xl fin. et al. (b.) = Condone, — to grant 
 or yield something to one as a favor or from regard ; to desist from, forbear, give up, for- 
 give, pardon. Cicero, Prov. Cons. iZ fin.; id. Phil, ii, 2, 4 ; id. Clu. 69 ; id. Leg. xii, 37 et al. 
 
 (b.) In respect to the terminus ad quern : To go, walk, betake one's self some- 
 where ; to retire, withdraw to, etc. Plautus, Aul. iv, 5,6; id. Capt. ii, i, 19; id. Bacch. iv, 
 2, 28; id. Pseud, i, 4, 21 et al.; CiCERO, Div. ii, 20; id. Cat. i, 7, 17. (a.) Trop. : In ali- 
 quid, of entering into an alliance, blending with, yielding to, etc. To accede, agree, or 
 consent to ; to assent, to submit, yield, or resign one's self ; to go or pass over to any thing. 
 Lucretius, v, ioio; Justinian, xxiv, 2 fin.; Livy, xxviii, 7; xxxix, 2; xlii, 53 et al. 
 
 Concedere, P^''/. infin. [+ concedo.'] To grant. Concedo, — I grant. These emphatic 
 words frequently occur in grants, etc. z-. Cuicunque aliquid conceditur, etc. 
 
 Concedi et COnceSSi. I have given and granted. Broom &f Had, Com. ii, 505. 
 
 CONCEDIMUS dignos litigatoribus etiam testes introducere, * * '•'' * ne 
 probationem facultas augustetur. Justinian. Cod. i, 5, in const. 21. We 
 concede it proper for litigants also to introduce witnesses, * * * * jggj- 
 the power of proofs may be narrowed or circumscribed, i Best on Evidence, 
 
 [191] § 134- 
 
 CONCEDITUR et id sine qud res ipsa haberi, non potest. That is granted 
 without which the thing itself cannot be enjoyed. Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 
 35. V. note (u). Read : Cuicunque aliquid conceditur, etc., and notes. 
 
 Con-Cel6, are, I, o. a. To conceal carefully. Gellius, xv, 2, 5 ; id. xi, 9. 
 
 In English Law: To conceal. Concelata, — concealed. Bracton,io\. 'job. Concela- 
 mentum. — L. Lat. Concealment. Stat. Westm. II. c. 39; Fleta. 
 
 In the English Law: The suppression or keeping back of a fact or circumstance 
 privately known to one of the parties to a contract, either through inadvertence or mistake; 
 or purposely for one's own advancement, in order to draw the other into a bargain from his 
 ignorance of such fact and his believing the contrary, v. Aliud est dare, aliud tacere, etc., 
 per Lord Mansfield, C. J., 3 Burr. 1905 ; 2 Kent's Cam. 482-48^, ; ^id. 282. Lord Mans- 
 field distinguished concealment from an innocent silence as to grounds open to 
 both parties to exercise their own judgrtient upon, v, the passage, supra, 
 
 434 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ConcelatoreS, — L. Lat. \j^ cbncelando, for concealing, by antiphraBis ; because they did 
 the reverse of concealing. Cowell.'\ Detectors or discoverers of concealed lands. 
 
 In old English Law: Persons appointed by letters patent (termed letters of con- 
 cealment) to discover lands, which (in temp. Eliz. and James) were suspected of being con- 
 cealed, i. e. secretly kept or withheld from the crown. Termes de la Ley. Lord Coke 
 called them turbidum hominum genus , — a troublesome, disturbant sort of men. 3 Co. Inst. 188. 
 
 Concepta causa. Discovered cause. 
 
 Conceptio, Onis, /. [condpio.'] A comprehending. Hence, concr., (a.) Circuit, 
 compass. Vitr. ix, 4 ; id.\\,T.. (b.) Aquae, — a collection, reservoir. Front. Aquaed. 
 66, 67, 71, 73 et al. (c.) A receiving of seed ; conception. Cicero, Div. ii, 22. 
 
 In the Jurists: A composing, drawing up of juridical formulas. ClCERO, /«z/. ii, ig; 
 Paulus, Dig. iii, 5, fr. 46 ; Ulpian. ib. xii, 2, fr. 34; Paulus, ib. xxiv, 3, fr. 56 ; id. ib. 
 xlviii, l,fr. 3 et al. 
 
 Conceptio in factum. A formula upon (in conformity with) the fact. Conceptio in ius, — 
 a formula upon (in conformity with) the law. 
 
 V. Formitla in factum concepta, and Formula in jus concepta. Abdy & Walker's note (Q) in 
 Gaius, Inst. p. 459. ' 
 
 Conceptum, /<2>''. \n.-\-conceptus, a, um, -\- concipio.1 Found out or discovered — as 
 stolen property. Paulus, Sent. Recept. ii, tit. 31, ' de Furtisj ' Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 4 ; 
 Gellius, xi, 18, () sq. 
 
 CONCEPTUM fur turn didtur, cum apud aliquem, testibus praesentibus, fu7-- 
 tiva res quaesita et inventa sit; nam in eum propriactio constituta est, quamvis 
 fur non sit, quae appellatur concepti. Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § 4. Theft is called 
 conceptum when a thing stolen is searched for and found upon some person in 
 the presence of witnesses ; for although he may not be the actual thief, a proper 
 or special action is constituted against him, which is called concepti. 
 
 CONCEPTI actione is tenetur, apud quem furtum quaesitum, et imiefxtum est. 
 O bl ati actione is tenetur, qui rem furtivam alii obtulit, ne apud se inveni- 
 retur. Furti actione is agere potest, cujus interest rem no7i perdidisse. Con- 
 cepti is agere potest, qui rem concepit, et invenit. Obi at i is agere potest penes 
 quem res concepta, et inventa est. Paulus, Sent. Recept. ii, 31, §§ 3, 4, 5. In a 
 concept action he is bound with whom the theft is sought and found. In 
 an oblate action he is bound who has offered or exposed propert}'- stolen 
 from another, which could not be found with himself. In an action of theft 
 he can bring the action who has no interest to have advanced. One can bring 
 an action of concept theft who discovers and finds stolen property. One 
 can bring an action of oblate theft with whom stolen property is discovered 
 and found. 
 
 ConcertatiO, onis,/. \concerto.'\ A (violent, stubborn) strife of words; a disputation, 
 dispute, controversy. Cicero, Z>!i'. i, 30 ; ;V. /"a^/. xxiii, 81 ; id.de Or. \, ^■}i Jin.; ii, 16, 63. 
 Concertator oris, »«. \idl\ One who contends or vies with another ; a rival. Tacitus. 
 ConceSSatiO, onis, /. [concesso.] A stopping, delaying. Col. xi, i, 16. 
 Concessi. l-\-concedo, ere, to grznt.] I have granted. Concessit, — he has granted 
 These words were formerly held to amount to a covenant in law. Co. Liit. 384a 
 
 Concessi imports consent. Quum dicit ' dedi ^ vuti quod res data fiat accepientis, et ^er hoc quod dicit 
 ^ concessi ^ perpendi poterit ex hoc, quod donationi consensum praebuit, quia non mutticm differt dicere 
 'concessi,' quAm dicere 'consensi.' When he says 'I have given,' he intends that the thing given 
 should become the property of the acceptor, and by these words, when he says 'Ihavegranled,' it may 
 be inferred from them that he has given his consent to the donation, for there is not much difference in saying 
 ' I have granted ' from saying ' I have consented.' Bracton, ii, 16, § 5, fol. 34i5,- Fleta, iii, 14. § S- 
 
 Concessi is a word of general extent, and amounts to a grant, feoffment, lease, release et 
 hujusmadi. Co. Litt. 301 ; 2 Saund. 96 ; 5 Whart. (Penn ) 278. It has been held in a feoff- 
 ment or 6ne to imply no warranty. Co. Litt. 384, Butler's note; 4 Co. 80, Noke's case; 
 Vaugh. 126, arguendo. But see l Freem. 329, 414. v. Concessio. 
 
 435 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Concessimus. [id.l We have granted. A term used in conveyances, importuning a 
 joint covenant on the part of the grantors. 5 Co. 16 ; 3 JU'ed^. 617 ; Bacon's Abr. ' Covenant.' 
 
 CONCESSIMUS ETIAM OMNIBUS LIBERIS HOMINIBUS REGNI NOSTRI, PRO NOBIS 
 ET HEREDIBUS NOSTRIS IN PERPETUUM, OMNES LIBERTATES SUBSCRIPTAS, 
 HABENDAS ET TENENDAS, EIS ET HEREDIBUS NOSTRIS IN PERPETUUM. We have 
 
 also granted to all the freemen of our realm, for us and our heirs forever, all the 
 liberties underwritten, to have and to hold to them and their heirs, of us and 
 our heirs forever. Magna Cart. 9 Hen. III. c. r. 
 
 Concessio, 5nis, /. \concedo, ere, to grant, concede.] An allowing, granting, conceding, 
 permission, leave. Concessio agrorum. CiCERO, Agr. iii, 3, 11; Tacitus, A. iii, 73. 
 
 In Rhetorical Language: A figure of speech, concession, as of a fault, etc. Cic- 
 ero, Inv. ii, 31 ; i, 11 ; id. Her. i, 14 ; QuiNTlLIAN, ix, 2, 51. 
 
 In old English Law: A grant. One of the Common Law forms of transferring or 
 conveying the property of incorporeal hereditaments or things which cannot pass by delivery 
 (de persona in fersoySzm, de manu in manum\ but must pass by deed. Co. Litt. ()b; 2 Bl. Com. 
 317 ; Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 504, 505. Bracton gives the reason in Traditio nihil aliud est 
 quam rei corporalis, etc. v. lib. ii, c. 18, ^ 2, fol. 395. 
 
 CONCESSIO per regem fieri debet de certudine. A grant by the king ought to 
 be a grant made of a certainty. 9 Co. 46. 
 
 ConceSSi5 mirabilis et inaudita. An extraordinary and unheard of grant or conces- 
 sion. 2 Co. Inst. 435 ; Broom (s' Had. Com. ii, 253, n. {b). 
 
 CONCESSIO versus concedentem latent interpretationem habere debet. A grant 
 ought to have a broad interpretation, /. e. ought to be liberally interpreted, 
 against the grantor. Jenk. Cent. 279. 
 
 Concessisse. To have granted or yielded up. Concessit (plur. concesserunt), — granted, 
 allowed, agreed, concurred. "WYim.ocvL, ]., concessit." Latch. 1^. "Quod Cilew, C. ]., 
 and Jones, J., concesserunt." Id. 149. Concessit et demisit, — he has granted and demised. 
 Concessit secundum COnsuetudinem manerii, — he granted (or demised) according to the 
 custom of the manor. Concessit solvere, — he granted and agreed to pay. i Co. n. 2. 
 
 Concessor. {concede^ A grantor. Town's PI. 35. 
 
 ConceSSUS, a, um, Part. Granted, conceded, allowed. 
 
 Concessus. Os, m. [id.] A perniitting, conceding, concession, leave, permission. Cic- 
 ero, Coel. xii etal. Concessus ipsorum inter ipsos, — a concession of themselves among them- 
 selves. Cicero, Brut, xxi, 84 ; Tacitus, A. xii, 44. 
 
 In old English Law: A grantee. Town's PL ■jc,. Concessus per literas patentes, — a 
 grantee by letters patent ; a patentee. Id. 40. 
 
 Concessum, i'a?''. [«. -\- concessus, a, um, -\-concedo^ Granted, allowed, conceded. 
 
 In the old English Reports: A term of frequent occurrence, denoting the assent 
 of the court to a position or doctrine laid down on the argument of a cause ; e. g.. Quod fuit 
 c one e s sum. , etc. Lord Coke states that "an il esi-dit — it is said — with Littleton, is 
 as good as a concessum in a book case." Co. Litt. 328.5. It is equivalent to the phrases non 
 fuit negatuvi, and non fuit dedictum, — it was not denied. Dyer, 14; Latch. 149. 
 
 Conciliabulum, I, «. {concilium.'] A place of assembly, a public place, especially 
 for public intercourse or traffic ; a market place, an exchange ; a place for courts, etc. 
 
 Conciliabutu-m dicitur locus, ubi in concilium convenitur. Festus, p. 30. Co«ci7/o^w/«7« is called a 
 place where it is assembled in counsel, v. Isidorus, Orig. xv, :i, 8 14. 
 
 Hence, A council-house. Town's PL \%\. A council chamber. 
 
 Conciliatio, Onis, /. [condlio.'] A connection, union. CiC¥.'s.o,Off.'\,^ifn.;id.N.D. 
 ii, 31. (6.) An acquiring, procuring. Conciliatio gratiae, — a conciliating of favor. Cicero, 
 Clu. xxxi. Trop., A uniting in feeling, a conciliating, making friendly, a gaining for 
 something. Cicero, de Or. li, S'ifn.j Quintilian, iv, i, § 41. 
 
 As a Rhetorical Figure: Of the gaining, winning of hearers or a judge, etc. 
 Cicero, de Or. iii, 53^»./ Quintilian, ix, i, 31 ; ix, 2, 3. Hence, 
 
 In Philosophical Language: An inclination to, affinity for, desire or longing 
 for. Cicero, Fin. iii, 6, 21 ; id. ib, § 22. v. id. Acad, ii, i^"!, fin, 
 
 436 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conciliator, 5"s, m. \id.'\ He who provides, prepares or causes a thing ; an author, 
 founder, promoter, etc. Varro, Ji. R. ii, 4, 8. Nuptiarum. Nep. Att. xii, 2. Proditionis. 
 LiVY, xxvii, I5yf«. z/. Suet. /4a^. 48 ; Pliny, ix, 59, 85. (6,) A procurer. Nov. Cavin. ib. 
 
 Conciliatrix, Icis, y. \concilialor.^ In a good sense: She who unites or conciliates. 
 
 Inabad sense: A go-between ; a procuress, a bawd. Plaijtus, Mil. v, i, 17. 
 
 Blanda conciliatrix, — a soothing flatterer. CiCERO, TV. Z>. i, 27, 77. 
 
 Conciliatr i X dicitur, quae virls conciliat uxores et uxoribus viros. Festus, p. 47. She is called a 
 conciliatrix who conciliates or procures women for men and men for women. 
 
 Co nc i liatr ijc ob societatem flagitiosae consensionis dicta, eo quod intercurraC alienumque nundinet 
 corpus. Hanc etiam et lenonem vocant. Isidorus, Orig. x, 63. 
 
 Procuress (go-between) is a word used m corrupt society, because she goes between and brings strangers 
 together. She is also called a pander (or seducer) . 
 
 (6.) That which occasions, produces, procures. Cicero, Legg. i, 9, 27. v. the pass. 
 
 Quum conciliatrix atnicitiae v irtut is opinio yuerit, dij/icile est amicitiam ntatiere, si a 
 virtute de/eceris. Cicero, Lad. de A mic. xi, 37 Jin. Since the belief in another's excellence was that which 
 conciliated friendship, it is hard for friendship to continue when you have apostatized from virtue. 
 
 Concilium, ii, «• \concieo, Isindred with concio.'\ A collection of people, meeting, assem- 
 bly. Plautus, Mil. ii, 2, g6 et al.; Cicero, Off. iii, 9 ; 5, 25 ; id. de Sen. xxiii, 84. 
 
 Conci Ii i \&ro nomen tractum ex more Romano. Tempore enim, quo causae agebantur, conveniebanl 
 omnes in unum, communique intentione tractabant. Unde et concilium k communi intentione dictum quasi 
 communicilium. Nam cilia oculorum sunt. Unde etconsidium consilium, ^ in / literam transeunte. Isidorus, 
 Origines^ vi, c. i6, § 12, 
 
 The name concilium is derived from a Roman custom. At a time, namely, when actions were tried, all 
 came together and disposed of them with common intent. Whence also a concilium or meeting was called, 
 so to say, communicilium (viz., an agreeing with the eyebrows), for the brows are a part of the eyes. Whence, 
 also, a plan or consilium was called considium (viz., a sitting down together), the d being changed to /. 
 
 According to modern philology, concilium is derived from concalare^ to call together. The etymology of 
 consilium is doubtful ; probably it is connected with ctPw^M/cr^, to advise. [Annotation of trans. Dr. P. Carus.] 
 
 Meton.: («.) An assembly for consultation, a council {in concrete, on the contrary 
 consilium, in gen. the counsel in abstracto that is taken in such an assembly. This distinction 
 is questioned by some.) Concilium refublicae scmpiternum. The perpetual council of the 
 republic, i. e. the Senate of the Roman Republic. Cicero, pro Sextio, Ixv, § 137. (6.) A 
 close conjunction, i. e. union, connection. Lucretius, ii, 919 ; i, 518, 184 et al.; Cicero, 
 Jiep. vi, 13 Jin. 
 
 In old English Law: A council; e. g.. Concilium continuum, — the perpetual 
 council, i.e. Concilium regis privatum, — the king's private council; also called Concilium 
 secretum regis, — the king's secret council. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 227. v. Co. Lilt. 304. 
 Concilium militare, — (the king's) military council — in time of war or public hostility. Hale's 
 Anal. § 3. V. Magnum concilium regis. 
 
 The legislative body in the government of cities or boroughs. An advisory body selected 
 to aid the executive, v. 14 Mass. 470 ; 3 Pick. (Mass.) 517 ; 4 id. 25. 
 
 Concilinm Consilium. — L. Lat. A court cr council ; a time and place of meeting. 
 
 In English Practice: Argument ; the sitting of a court to hear argument. 
 
 A motion for a concilium, or day for the argument of a cause, was formerly moved for 
 upon reading the record in court, but now it is a motion of course. 2 Tidd's Pr. 737-739- 
 Also called Dies concilii, — a day to hear the counsel of both parties in court. Ulterius con- 
 cilium, — further argument. 2 Stra. 802; 2 Wils. 125. (6,) The counsel in a cause or 
 matter ; e.g., Concili u m non dedit advisamentum, — the counsel did not give the advice. 
 Cro. Rliz. 9. 
 
 Concinnatio, Onis, /. {condnno?^ In Econ. Lang.. An adjusting, preparing. 
 Cato, R. R. 106. (6.) A making, composing. Concinnatio epistolae. Aus. Ep. 17. 
 
 Concinnator, oris, m. [id.] An arranger, disposer. CoL. i prooem, § 5. 
 
 In Juridical Lat.: A maker, contriver, author, inventor. Concinnnlor cansarum- 
 Ulpianus, Dig. i, 16, fr. 9, § 2. Concinnator criminum. SiDONlus, Ep. iii, 13. 
 
 Concio 5nis, /. A meeting, assembly that is called together; an assembly in general. 
 Cicero, Sest. xii, 28 ; Festus, de Sign. Verb. Meton.: (a.) A discourse, oration before a 
 public assembly. Cicero, Fam. v, 2, 7 ; Quint, v, ii, 42 et al. (6.) A place for speaking, 
 a tribune, rostrum. Gellius, xviii, 7, 6 sq.; Cicero, Fin. ii, 22 Jin. 
 
 Concionator oris, m. [condonor, ari, v. depl\ A haranguer of the people. In a bad 
 sense : A demagogue ; an inciter to sedition. Cicero, Cat. iv, 5, 9. 
 
 In old English records: A common-council man ; a free-man called to a [legis- 
 lative] hall or assembly. Lowell. 
 
 Con-cipiO, ere, 3 v. a. [capio.] To take or lay hold of, quasi, with both hands, or on all 
 sides ; to take to one's self ; to take in, take, receive, etc. Varro, R. R. i, 7. 3 ; ^'^- L. L. 
 v, 25, 34; Ovid, M. vi, 397 et al. 
 
 437 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 T r o p . : (a.) To take or seize something by the sense of sight ; to see, perceive. Plaut. 
 PoenA, 2,(i. (6.) To perceive in mind ; and in general, to comprehend intellectuallj' ; 
 to imagine, conceive, think. LiVY, i, 36 ; Quintilian, i, 10,4. In particular: To 
 understand, comprehend, perceive. Cicero, Leg. i, 22 Jin.; Vallej. ii, 117 Jin. 
 
 In the Jurists: (a.) Concipere Jurium, — to find out or discover stolen property. 
 Justinian. Jnst. iv, i, § 4. v. Paulus, Sent, ii, 31 ; Gellius, xi, 18, 9 sq. (6.) To draw 
 up, comprise, express something in words; t< compose. Cicero, Off. iii, 29. Edictum. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. i. Libellos. Id. ib. xlviii, 19, g. Stipulationem. Id. ib. xli, i, 
 Jr. 38. Obligationem in Juturum. Jabol. ib. v, i, Jr. 35. Actionem in bonum et aequum. 
 Gaihs, ib. iv, 5, Jr. 8. 
 
 In old English Practice: Concipere, — to conceive ; to express in words ; to frame 
 or draw a legal instrument. Gierke's Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 6. 
 
 Concisio, 5nis, /. [concido.} In Rhetoric: A separation of a clause into short divi- 
 sions. Cicero, Part. Or. vi, 19. 
 
 Concitatio, Onls, /. [concito.'] An excitement or rousing of the passions, an emotion of 
 mind, affection, passion. Cicero, Tusc. v, 16 Jin. Concitationes animorum. Cicero, Rep. 
 ii, 41, 9 Jin. Concitatio mentis. CiCERO, Div. ii, 11, 27 ; Quintilian, i, 11, 12 ; ii, %,\x et al. 
 (6.) A tumultuous sedition; a tumult of the multitude. Cicero, Brut, xiv, 56. 
 
 CONCITA TIONES animorum juncto currui similes sunt, in quo recte moderando sum- 
 niuvi rectoris officiutn est, ut viam noverit : quam si tenebit, quamlibet concitate ierit, non offendet : 
 si autem aberraverit, licet placide ac leniter eat, aut per conjragosa vexabitur aut per praecipitia 
 labetur aut certe quo non est opus dejeretur. CiCERO, de Repub. ii, 41, § 9. The excite- 
 ments of men's minds are like a chariot, with horses harnessed to it ; in the proper 
 management of which, the chief duty of the driver consists in knowing his road ; and if 
 he keeps the road, then, however rapidly he proceeds, he will encounter no qbstacles ; but 
 if he quits the proper track, then, although he may be going gently and slowly, he will 
 either be perplexed on rugged ground, or fall over some deep precipice, or at least he will 
 be carried where he has no need to go. v. Lactantius, Inst. Div. vi, 17. 
 
 Concitator, oris, m. [id.l One who excites or rouses ; a mover, exciter. Belli. Tac. 
 H.\\\,2. Concitator et instimulator seditionis , An exciter and kindler of sedition. Cicero, 
 Dom. V, II. Concitatrix, icis, /. That which stirs up, excites. 
 
 ConcitO, are, i, v. intens. u,. To move, quasi, through and through to the foundation, 
 i. c. to move violently, to put in violent or quick motion ; to stir up, rouse up, excite, incite, 
 shake (freq. in the classics). 
 
 (a.) Aliquem. To rouse, urge, impel one to any act, feeling, etc. ; to move strongly ; to 
 influence, stir up, instigate, etc. ; c o n s t r . with ad, in, adversus (freq. in the classics). (6.) 
 Aliquid. To rouse, excite, cause, occasion, produce, any action, passion, evil, etc. Bellum. 
 Cicero, Fa?n. Misericordiam populi. Id. de Or. i, 53. Seditionetn ac discordiam. Id. Mur. 
 39. Tumultuiii. Caes. B. C. iii, 18 et al. 
 
 Concitor, oris, m. [concito.^ He who rouses, or excites ; an exciter (freq. = concitator). 
 
 Conclamatio, Onis, /. [conclamo.] A loud shouting or calling of many persons together, 
 a loud shout. Seneca, Clem, i, 12 ; Tacitus, A. iii, 2 et al. 
 
 Concludd, ere, 3, v. a. [-J- con, together ; cludere, to shut, etc.] To shut up, close, close 
 up, inclose, confine. Plautus, Rud. iii, i, 18 ; id. Cas. i, 44 ; Cicero, Fin. v, 20, 56 ; id. 
 Univ. iii et al. 
 
 Trop . : (a.) To confine, include, compress, comprise. Cicero, de Or. i, 42 et al. (6.) 
 To end, close, conclude. Id. Verr. ii, 2, 34 ; id. Fam. v, 12, 5. 
 
 In Philos. Lang. t. t. : To conclude, infer, make an inference ; to argue, demon- 
 strate. Cicero, Or. xxxv, 122. Argumentum. Id. Acad, ii, 14, 44 ; id. de Or. ii, 53, 215 et al. 
 
 In English Law: To determine, finish, shut up, or close. Co. Litt. yja. To stop 
 or bar a man to plead or claim any other thing. Id. ib. To bar or shut out ; to shut up a 
 party to a position which he has taken. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Conclusio, Onis,/. \concludo!\ A shutting up, closing. Caes. B. C. ii, 22. An inclos- 
 ure. Vitr. v, 12. A conclusion, end. Cicero, Q. Fr. i, i, 16. Conclusio est exitus et 
 detemiinatio totius orationis, — the conclusion is the end and termination of the whole 
 oration, i. e. the peroration. Id. de Inv. i, 52. cf. id. de Or. ii, ig, 80; Quintilian, vi, i, i ; 
 
 viii, 5. 13- 
 
 In Philos. Lang., The conclusion in a syllogism; the consequence. CiCERO, 
 Inv. i, 29 ; id. Div. ii, 49 Jin.; Quint, v, 14, i ; vii, 3, 14 ; v, 10, 2 et al. 
 
 438 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ConclusiO ex premisis sequitur. The conclusion follows from the premises. Win- 
 gate's Max. 77. 
 
 ConclusnS, tls, m. \concludo.'\ A shutting up. ConcluSUS, a, urn, Pari. [+ condudo.] 
 Inclosed, confined, etc. Conclusus locus quo importantur merces, etinde exportantur, — an 
 inclosed place where merchandises are brought in, or imported, and whence they are carried 
 or exported. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, 59. v. Portus. 
 
 Concordantia Discordantia Decretum, The Harmonized Discords of the Decrees. 
 V. Concordia Discordantium Canonum. 
 
 ConCOrdatio, Onis,/. \concordo.\ ^Concordia. Concord, unanimity. Livy, xxii, 22. 
 
 Concordes, [plur. of concors, q. v.] Agreed — as a jury upon their verdict. Bracton, 
 fol. 292. Agreed or unanimous. Fleta, lib. ii, t. 47, § 5. 
 
 Concordia, ae, /. \id.'\ An agreeing together, union, unanimit)', agreement, harmony, 
 concord (opp. to discordid). Sallust, J, x, 6 et al. 
 
 In old English Law: An agreement, or concord. Fleta. The agreement or una- 
 nimity of a jury. Id. lib. iv, c. 9, § 2. 
 
 In old Practice: An agreement between two or more, upon a trespass committed, 
 by way of amends or satisfaction for it. Plowd. 5, 6, 8. = the modern term accord. (6.) An 
 agreement between the parties to a fine of lands, how and in what manner the land should 
 pass. Termesde la Ley. v. Criez la peez. 2 Co. Inst. 510; 2 Bl. Com. 350; i Steph. Com. 517. 
 Fines themselves were anciently called concords, and final concords. Crabb's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 94, 178. v. Finalis concordia. 
 
 Concordia Discordantium Canonum, — Lat. The Harmony of the Discordant Canons. 
 The title of a work generally known by the name of Decretim Gratiani. So called from Gratian, an 
 Italian Monk, who, about the year 1150, reduced the Canons or Ecclesiastical Constitutions into some 
 method and accessible form in three books, to which he gave the above title, otherwise called ' Concordantia 
 Discordantia Decretum.' — the Harmonized Discords of the Decrees. These reached as low as the time of 
 Pope Alexander III. The subsequent papal decrees were published by or under the auspices of the later 
 pontifis. V, I BL Com. 82 ; Broom Gt' Had. Com. i, 83. 
 
 Concordia discors, — Lat. Pro v. A jarring concord ; a dissonant harmony. OviD. 
 
 Expressive of an ill-suited junction of things or persons. A jarring association of men. 
 
 Concordia finalis, — L. Lat. A final concord, v. Pinalis concordia. 
 
 CONCORDIA parvae res c rescnnt , discordid maximae dilahuntur. By 
 union the smallest states thrive and flourish, by discord the greatest are wasted and destroyed. 
 Sallust. 
 
 By union the most trifling beginnings thrive and increase, by disunion and discord the most 
 flourishing establishments have fallen to the ground. Applied with equal force to national 
 as to individual aSairs or interests. 
 
 CONCORDIA parvae res crescunt et opulentid Hies. Small means increase by 
 concord, and litigations by opulence. 4 Co. Inst. 74. 
 Concordlae fraude. By the deceitful pretence of unanimity. Justinian, xxiv, 2. 
 Concors, dis, adj. Of the same mind ; united, agreeing, concordant, harmonious. 
 Of persons: v. Plautus, Aul. iii, 5, 7 ; Cicero, Leg. ii, 5. Of i nani m . or ab s t r . 
 objects: Cicero, Univ. v ; id. Leg. iii, 12, 28 et al. 
 
 Concretio, onis, /. \concresco.'\ («.) Abstr. Compacting, uniting, condensing ; opposite 
 to liquor. CiCERO, Univ. xiv. Individuorum corporum concretio. Id. N. D. i, 25 Jin. Sub- 
 stantiarum. Tertullian, de Anem. 52. (&.) Concr. Materiality, matter. Cicero, Tusc. 
 i, 27, 66. 
 
 Concubina ae, f. and us, i, ni. [concubo.'] One who practices concubinage (male or 
 female). Concubinus . In the Civil Law; A species of matrimony; e.g.. 
 
 CONCUBINAM ex soli animi destinatione aestimari oportet. Paulus, Dig. xxv, 
 7, fr. 4. Concubinage ought to be determined from the resolution of 
 the mind only, /. e. it is necessary to estimate or consider a concubine from 
 the purpose or intention of the mind alone. 
 
 To understand this law properly, it should be recollected that concubina was, in general, 
 not a word of infamy ; it was' a species matrimonii. Hence the term could not properly be 
 
 439 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 applied opprobriously to her who was taken ' non verd et certA scientia, sed impetu quodam 
 libidinis! cf. Ulpianus and Marcianus, Z>j^. xxv, tit. 7, ^de concubinis;' CujAClus, 
 vol. iv, p. 643 ; Mackeld. Civil Law,%%sn'i,sq^sq.e.d.\?i?i'i. v. Concubinatus, MARC./r. 3,§ i. 
 As to the right of concubinage allowed to the patriarchs ; Concubines (some of whom had previously 
 acted in the humble capacity of maid-servants, and others were females who possessed their freedom) were 
 sometimes permanently associated by mutual consent with individuals of the other sex ; but although this 
 connection was in fact amarriage, andalegitimate one, it was not, nevertheless, confirmed by cere* 
 monies performed in the case of a wife." Jahn, Bib. Antig. u. x, § 155. The concubine thus associated had 
 a right to claim the privileges of a wife ; and it was no longer in the power of her husband to dispose of her 
 by public sale, even if she had previously been his slave. Dent, xx, 10-14 \ Exodus^ xxi, 9, 12. 
 
 Concubinatus, fls, m. \concubinusl] {a.) A kind of union without marriage (unlawful, 
 but considered by ancient nations as neither adulterous nor disgraceful); concubinage (opp. 
 to matrimonium on the one hand, and to adulterium or stuprum on the other). Plautus, 
 Poen. prol. 102; id. Trin. iii, 2,64; Dig.y^yiv, tit. 7, "de Concubinus ." Zimmem's 
 Rechtsgesch, i, § 133 j-j'. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A species of marriage, or rather semi-matrimonium (= Gr. 
 riixiyoLiJLoi), authorized by law. Justinian. Inst. Cooper's notes ; Sandar's Justinian. 
 Introd. p. 32. V. id. ib. i, 10, § 12 and note. A natural marriage, as contradistinguished 
 from the civil marriage, — the justae nuftiae, or justum matrimonium, cf. Dig. xxv, tit. T,'de 
 Concubinis ;' Ulpian. ib. xxxii. fr. 49, § 4 ; Paulus, ib. xxv, 7, fr. 4 ; CujACius, vol. iv, p. 
 643 ; Justinian. Cod. v, 27, 12 ; Mackeld. Civ. Lain, § 548, ed. 1883 ; Merlin's Rep.; i Brown's 
 Civil Law, 80 ; Tayloi's Civil Law, 273 ; Shelf ord. Mar. &= Div. 10 and note. 
 
 In English Law: Concubinage ; the cohabitation of a man with a woman under the 
 character of a wife, to whom he is not united by marriage. Bracton, fol. 302 ; Britt. c. 107 ; 
 Shelf ord. Mar. &= Div. 10. 
 
 Concubinus, i, ni. and a, ae, /. \concubo.\ One who practices sexual intercourse without 
 wedlock (». supra) ; a catamite, concubine (male or female), a more honorable designa- 
 tion of \hepellex. v. Paulus, Dig. L, l6, fr. 144 ; Zimmem's Rechtsgesch, i, § 133. 
 
 (6.) In general: An unchaste female. Tacitus, /T. i, 72 ; Suetonius, Zlow. xxii. 
 
 In English Law: A woman who cohabits with a man under the character of his 
 wife, without being married. Bracton, fols. 302, 303. 
 
 ConCUbitUS, tis, »2. («t.) A lying together. Propertius, iv, 8, 36. (6,) M ore f req. : 
 A lying together of those of different sexes ; a lying with one in bed ; copulation, coition. 
 Cicero, Virgil, Ovid et al. 
 
 ConcubitO prohibere vagO. To prohibit an indiscriminate connection. I Bl. Com. 238. 
 
 Conculcatio, 5nis, /. \conculco.'\ A treading under foot; stamping upon. Pliny, viii. 
 
 ConCulcO, are, \,v.a. To tread under foot; to crush or bruise by treading. Trop.: 
 («.) To tread down, trample upon in a hostile manner ; to abuse. Cicero, Att. viii, 11, 4. 
 (6,) In common phrase: To tread under foot. = to despise, treat with contempt. 
 Lucretius, v, 1139 ; Cicero, Pis. xxv, 61 ; Seneca, Ep. 23. 
 
 ConCUlcavit et COnSUmpsit. He trod down and consumed. Reg. Orig. 94. 
 
 Con-curator, Sris, m. A co-curator ; a joint-guardian. Ulpianus, Dig. xxvi, 10, 3 ; 
 Justinian. Inst, i, 24 ; Gaius, ib. i, 198-200. 
 
 Concurrens, plur. ConCUrrenteS. — L. Lat. \concurro.'\ Concurrent, running together ; 
 e.g., Ciitn quis plures habeat actiones concurrente s de eadem re, — where one has several 
 concurent actions in respect of the same matter. Bracton, fol. 114. Hence the 
 familiar phrases "Concurrent actions," "Concurrent jurisdiction," "Con- 
 current remedies," "Concurrent rights," "Concurrent titles." 
 
 Concurrentibus iis CLuidem jure requiruntur. By the concurrence of those things 
 
 which the law requires. 
 
 Con-CUrrO, ere, 3, ». n. (a.) Of several persons: To run together; to come or 
 assemble together in multitudes ; to rush or flock together in crowds (very freq. and class.). 
 (6.) To run upon one another ; to meet or clash together (also class.), (a.) Of abstract 
 objects (occurrences, circumstances, points of time, etc.): To meet, concur, fall out at 
 the same time, happen. Cicero, Fin. v, 10, 28 ; id. Off. i, 14 fin.; id. Plac. 32 fin.; id. Att. 
 xvi, 3, 5. Sponsalia in idem tempus. Ulpian. ZJzf. iii, 2,/?'. 13. Concurrit actio legis Aquilae 
 et injuriarum, — an action under the Aquilian law, when from injuries, is concurrent or coin- 
 cident. Id. ib. ix, 2, 5. V. Ubi duae actiones, etc. 
 440 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: (a.) To accord, agree with. Concurrit chin veritate, — he or it 
 accords, agrees with the truth. Ulpianus, Dig. xxix, 2, fr. 30. Concurrit ciim summa, — it 
 accords, agrees with the principal matter, the chief point. Id. ib. frr. 30, 53. (6,) To run 
 together; to meet ; to concur ; to be equally available for attaining a certain object ; e. g. v. 
 concurrence of rights, etc. Mac keld. Civil Law, % 201. Concurrence of actions, etc. Id.ili. 
 § 211, ed. 1883. 
 
 Read: Traditum est, duas lucrativas causas in eundem hominem, et eundem rem concur- 
 rere non posse. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, § 6. Et nolandum quod ubi duae actiones de eadem re 
 concur runt aut sunt rei persecutoriae, aut poene. Bracton, fol. 114. 
 
 (c.) To make the same claim in law ; to enter into competition with. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 XXX vii, I, fr. 2. In hereditatem fratri concurrere. Papinian. ib. v, 2, /r. 16. In pignus. 
 Ulpian. ib. XX, 4, fr. 7. In pignore. Id. ib. 
 
 Concursatio, Onis, /. \concurso^ (a.) A running together. CiCERO, Brut. Ixix, 242 ; 
 Tacitus, A. vi. (6,) A running upon, pushing against one another. LivY, xli, 2. 
 
 Trop.: A correspondence, accordance, agreement. Cicero, -Ozz'. ii, 71, 146. (6.) A run- 
 ning about, going to and fro, etc. Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 30. A traveling over. Id. Agr. i, 3, 8. 
 
 Concursator, Sris, m. [»V.] One who runs hither and thither. 
 
 Concnrsio, Onis, /. \concurro, ii.] A running or meeting together ; a concurrence, con- 
 course. Concursio fortuita, — a fortuitous concourse. Cicero, Acad, i, 2, 6. Concursio 
 fortuitorum, — a concourse of fortuitous events. Id. Top. xx, 76. 
 
 Con-CUrs6, Sre, I, V. n. and u,. To come violently together; to rush together. LucR. 
 (6.) More freq. and class.. To go to and fro, run about, rush hither and thither, 
 travel about. Cicero, Rose. Am. xxix, 89 ; id. Cat. iv, 8, 17 et al. 
 
 ConClirsUS, <ls, m. \concurro.'\ A running, meeting or flocking together ; a concourse, 
 assembly. Plautus, £pid. ii, 2, 27 ; Cicero, Att. v, 16, 3. (6.) A running or dashing 
 together; a pressing, striking one upon another; an encountering, meeting; a concourse. 
 
 In Jurid. Lat. t. t. : An equal claim; joint heirship. Celsus, Dig. xxxii, /r. 80; 
 Ulpian. ib. xxxix, 2, fr. 15; vii, 2,/?-. i fn. (6,) A running together; a meeting or con- 
 currence; e. g., Concurs us actionum, — concurrence or concourse of actions. Justin- 
 ian. Inst, iv, 7, § 5 ; 3i § II- A term applied to actions where two or more meet in, or may 
 be brought by one and the same person, on the same ground of action. Mackeld. Civil 
 Law, § 211, ed. 1883. (c.) A running together; collision or conflict; e.g., Concursus 
 creditoru m , — a collision or conflict ot creditors, i. c. of the rights of creditors in relation 
 to their liens, privileges and priorities in cases of insolvency, and other cases. Stofy on 
 Confl. of Laws, §§ 3251:, 423a. The privilege or priority itself is called jus praelationis . 
 
 ConCUSSiO, Snis, /. ^concutio.^ A shaking, concussion. Pliny, Ep. iv, 9, 11 et al. 
 An earthquake. Seneca, Q. N. vi, 2^^ fin. 
 
 In Juridical Latin,/. A.' An extortion of money or other thing of value by means 
 of false alarms or threatenings. The unlawful compelling {compulsio) or forcing (corcitio) ai 
 another by means of threats of violence to do some act or to give something of value, cf. 
 Dig. xlvii, tit. 13, ' de Concussione.' Read Macer, in fr. 2. 
 
 Note — It differs from robbery in tliis; that in robbery the thing is taken by physical force, while in con- 
 cussion it is obtained by means of threatened violence. Heineccius, Lef. El. § 1071. 
 
 Concnssor Sris, m. [id.} One who extorts money by threatening ; an extortioner. 
 
 ConCUSSUra ae, /. [zV.] = Concussio in Juridical Latin. The extortion of money 
 by threats. Tertullian, ad Scap. 13. 
 
 Concntio ere, 3, V. a. [-\-con, together, and quatere, to shake, agitate, etc.] To shake 
 violently ; to shake, agitate. Trop., To shake the power or force of ; to cause to waver, 
 to impair, disturb, distract. Concutio rempublicam. Cicero, Phil, ii, 42. Regnum. Livy. 
 xxxiii, 19. (6.) To shake in feeling, to agitate violently, and (a.) U s u . , To put in fear, 
 terror or anxiety ; to terrify, alarm, trouble. Cicero, Tusc. iv, 8 fin. et al. 
 
 Hence, In the Jurists: Aliquem. To coerce by threats of violence; to terrify 
 one by threats, etc., in order to extort money from him. Ulpian. Dig. i, 18, 6, § 3 ; Paul. 
 Sent. V, 25 ad fin. v. Concussio, Concussor, and ConcussHra. 
 
 Condemnatio, 5nis,/. A condemning, condemnation. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: Condemnatio pecuniaria. Ulpian. Z>(g-. ii, 10, /r. 5. Condem- 
 natione,nfacere,— X.o make a condemnation, i.e. to condemn {id. ib. xlii, i, fr. 59), or to bring 
 about the condemnation of one. Gordian. Imp. Cod. viii, 14, 8. Condemnationem pati,— to 
 bear, undergo, suffer condemnation ; to be condemned. Ulpian. Di£. iv, 2, fr. 14. Opp. 
 to a'bsolutio. AscoN. Cicero, Div. in Caec. vii, 24. 
 
 [56] 441 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 In Civil Law: A sentence or judgment which condemns some one to do, to give, to 
 pay or to suffer something, or which declares that his claim or pretensions are unfounded, 
 cf. Dig. supra; Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 43, 44, 48, 53-57. 
 
 In Common Law: Also used in this sense. v.j,Bl. Com. 291; 2> Kent's Com. 103. 
 
 Condemni.tor, oris, m. [condemno.'\ One who gives sentence ; a condemner. Condem- 
 nator delicti, — a condemner of an offense or crime. Tertullian, adv. Marc, ii, 9. (6.) One 
 who causes a condemnation ; an accuser. Tacitus, A. iv, 66. 
 
 Condemud, Sre, i, v. a. \damno.'\ To sentence, condemn, etc. 
 
 Out of the Judicial sphere: To condemn ; to accuse of, charge with ; to blame, 
 disapprove. Cicero, N'. D. ii, 29 ; Caesar, B. G. vii, 19. (6.) To urge the condemnation 
 of a person ; to effect it. Cicero, Div. in Caecil. a et al. v. Damno, No. ii. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists; Condemnare aliquem capitis, — to condemn some one 
 capitally. Cicero, de Or. i, 55, 233. Injuriarum. Id. Ver. ii, 2, 8. Condenmat voti, — he is 
 obliged to fulfill his vow. NoN. 277, 6 and 10. Capitalis poena. Suet. Dom. 14. Condem- 
 nare certa pecunia, — to condemn to a certain sum. Gaius, Dig. x, i, fr. 3. Condemnatum 
 minori pecunia, — condemned to a small sum. Papinian. Dig. xxvii, 3, fr. 20. Ad pecuniam. 
 /./. z'^. xxvi, 9, _/>-. 5. Insolidum. Id. ib. TuyivW, % fr. 0,1. In certam quantitatem. Scaevola, 
 ib. xlvi, I, fr. 45. Condemnatus, ut pecuniam solvat, — having been condemned, that he maj', 
 shall pay money. Ulpian. Dig. xlii, i, fr. ,4. 
 
 Condico, ere, 3, v. a. To talk a thing over together or in company ; to agree upon some- 
 thing, to decide, determine, appoint, fix. In general: To proclaim, announce, publish 
 something. Festus, de Verba. Sign. p. 49 ; Gellius, x, 24, 9. 
 
 In the Jurists: Condicere aliquid alicui, — lit., to give notice that something should 
 be returned. H e n c e , to demand back (from any one), to recall, reclaim. Retn. Julian. 
 Z^j^f. xxxix, 6, /v. 13. Pecuniam. Ulpian. Z);^. xii, I, yV. II. To summon a party to appear 
 on a certain day to receive judgment. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 15. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. 
 lib- iv, tit. 6, § 1145. u. Condictio, Condicticius . 
 
 Condicticius or tins, a, um, adj. {condictio.^ Of or pertaining to demanding back, reclaim- 
 ing. Condictitia actio. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 2, fr. 13 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 15, § i. 
 
 Condictio, Onis, f. [condico.] In the Jurists; A condiction, /. e. a demanding 
 back. Ulpian. Dig. xii, i, fr. 4 sq.; Pomponius, ib. xiii, i,fr. 2 sq. 
 
 Actions z»/^?-j-oKa/« are generally termed condictiones. Ulpian. ZJz^. xliv, 7, 2$ pr.; Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iv, 6, 15. But this word is strictly applicable only to those actions in personam 
 which arise from unilateral transactions, and are brought for the recovery of money or prop- 
 erty. Justinian. Inst, iii, 15 fr.; id. ib. iv, 6, § 16 ; id. Dig. xii, tits, i, 4, 5, 6, .7. v. Hei- 
 NECCIUS, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, § 1145. 
 
 Condictio causd datd, causa non secuta. An action for a thing given, and the 
 cause followed not. The title of Dig. xii, tit. 4. 
 
 In Roman Law: An action to recover back things given upon a certain cause or con- 
 sideration, or in view of a certain event, if that cause did not follow or that event did not 
 take place, or the assumed counter obligations had not been fulfilled. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 §§ 444, 509 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. p. 220 ; PuFENDORF, de Jure N. et G. iv, c. 9, § 4 n. ad 
 Jin.; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 10. It is also termed Condictio ob causam datorum. 
 
 Condictio certi. An action upon a matter certain or determined. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay upon a promise to do a thing si certa sit 
 stipulatio, — where the stipulation or promise mayor can be certain or determined or resolved. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, i^ipr.; id. ib. 16 pr.; id. Dig. xii, tit. i. v. Bracton, fol. 103^/ Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 6, § 23 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 219. 
 
 Condictio certi ex mutuo. An action upon a matter certain arising out of a loan. It is 
 an action for the return of the loan. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 431, ed. 1883. 
 
 Condictio ex leg^e. An action arising from a law. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A personal action arising out of a particular law when an obli- 
 gation is imposed by such law and no particular form of action has been expressed by which 
 that obligation might be enforced. Dig. xiii, tit, 2 ; Cod. iv, tit. 9. v. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. 
 Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, § 1153; Calvini, Lex. Juiid. 219. 
 
 Condictio furtiva or ex causa furtiva. An action of theft or on account of theft com- 
 mitted. Dig. yMi\,\S\..\, ' de Condictione furtiva;' Mackeld. Civil Law,^ /^-jt) ; 2 Kent's Com. 
 320. 
 
 Condictio furtivae. An action of theft, i. e. for theft committed. 2 Kent's Com. c. 320. 
 442 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Condietio indebiti. An action to reclaim that which is not due. v. Solutio indebiti. 
 
 In Roman Law: An action for reimbursement and restitution of money or properti' 
 paid or delivered erroneously or by mistake, as indebituvi, to the party who received it. 
 Quod mdebitum per errorem solvitur, aut if sum, aut tantundem repetitur. PoMPONlus, Dig. xiij 
 6, ' de Condictione indebiti; fr. 7. Indebiti soluti condietio naturalis est, etc. Paulus ib fr 
 15; Papinian. ib.fr. 54; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 5, ' de Condic. Indeb.;' Id. Inst, iii, 14, §1; 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, § 502. Si quis indebitum ignorans solvit, per hanc actionem condicere 
 potest; sed si sciens se non debere solvit, cessat repetitio. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 6, fr. i, § i. v. Ciim 
 amplius solutum est, etc. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 84. It is very similar to the Common 
 Law action for money had and received. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. iii, tit. 28, § 991 ; I 
 Karnes' Eq. 307. Read: Ex his omnibus causis, etc. Papinian. Dig. xii, 6, fr. 54. 
 
 Note —This action does not lie if the money was due ex aeguitate or ex nnturale obligatione; or if paid 
 with full knowledge that nothing was due. For then the rule is: Cujus fer errorem dati repetitio est, ejus 
 consulto dati donatio est. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 53. Qui consulto dati, quod non debetat, praesumitur 
 donare. Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Karnes' Eq. iPT, Bell's Diet. 
 
 Condietio ob injustam causam. An action on account of an unjust cause — which pre- 
 sumes that one has obtained something by an illegal act. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 509, s. 3. 
 
 Condietio ob turpem causam. An action to recover back things given on account of a 
 base or dishonorable cause. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 509, s. 2, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law: Obligations, etc., granted or incurred 0^ to?-- 
 pem causam are not actionable. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 220 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 509, ed. 
 1883; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 10; Dig. xii, tit. 5. 
 
 Condietio rei furtivae. An action to recover back a thing stolen. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay to recover a thing stolen, against the thief 
 or his heirs. Justinian-. Inst, iv, i, § 19 ; Dig. xiii, tit. i ; Cod. iv, tit. 8; Heinecc. Elem. 
 Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. i, § 1062. v. Bracton, fol. 1031^. 
 
 Condietio sine causa. An action to reclaim a thing (parted with) without cause or 
 consideration. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which lay in favor of a person who had given, parted 
 with or promised a thing without consideration {sine causd). Dig. xii, 7 ; Cod. iv, 9 , Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, § 509, s. 4, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Condietio tritiearia. An action of or relating to wheat. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This peculiar action is mentioned in the Z>8]^. xiii, 3,/?-. i. It is 
 commonly beTieved that in transactions stricti juris no damage could originally be recovered, 
 but that at a later period an action for this peculiar purpose was introduced under this title. 
 It is more probable, however, that the tritiearia merely expressed that the condietio was 
 adopted for the recovery not of a certain sum of money, but of something else. Dig. xiii, 3, 
 fr. I, ^ de Condictione tritiearia;' comp. with ib. xlvi, 2, fr. 12. v. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Conditio, Onis, /. {condo.^ Lit., An establishing, confirming. H en ce , (rt.) The 
 external position, situation, condition, stand, rank, place, circumstance, (a.) Of persons: 
 Cicero, Off. i, 13, 41 ; id. de Sen. xix, 68 ; QuiNTiLiAN, a, 3, 9 ; id. ib. iii, 8, 37 ; Horace, 
 Ep. ii, I, 152 et saep. (/J.) Of things: A situation, condition, nature, mode, manner. 
 Caesar, B. G. i, 28 fin.; Cicero, Rab. Post, vii ; Quintilian, x, 2, 23 ; id. ib. vii, 5, 2. 
 Litium. Id. ib. v, I, 3. Conditione vel temporum vel locorum, — the condition of either times 
 or places, i. e. by the influence of circumstances and countries. Id. ib. xii, lo, 2 et saep. 
 
 {b.) In the Language of Business: An establishing of conditions for something. 
 Hence, A condition, stipulation, proviso, agreement, compact, proposition, terms, demand ; 
 e. g., conditionem ferre, — to offer terms. Plautus, Rud. v, 3, 51 ; id. ib. iv, 3, gi et al. 
 
 Conditiones sunt proprie testium, et dictae conditiones i condicendo, quasi condictiones, quia non ibi 
 testis unus jurat, sed duo vel plures. Non enim in unius ore, sed in duorum, aut trium testium stat omne 
 verbum. Item conditiones, quod inter se conveniat sermo testium, quasi condiciones. Isidorus, Orig. v, 
 24, g 29. 
 
 Conditions mean originally the conditions (or rather declarations) of witnesses; and such declared conditions 
 are to be derived from condicere l + eon, with, together, and dicere, to speal{], to speak, to declare together, as 
 if conditions were declarations made in harmony with each other, because not only one witness testifies, but two 
 or more. For it is not by the affirmation of one but of two or three witnesses that their declaration is accepted 
 as true. And in this way they are called conditions, because the declarations of witnesses agree with each 
 other as though they were declarations in harmony with each other. 
 
 Concerning the etymology of the term, we add that conditio, according to the best modern philologists is not 
 derived from dicere, t>ut from dis, ditis {akin to deus and divres, in Sanscrit deva), meaning some divine power. 
 Therefore the spelling conditio is preferable to condicio. [Annotation by the translator, Dr. P. Carus.] 
 
 In the Civil Law: A condition, in a general sense, means any event upon which 
 rights and duties depend for their existence; but, properly speaking, those circumstances 
 
 443 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 only which are uncertain, future and unessential to the nature of the matter in hand and on 
 the existence of which rights and duties can be made to depend are called conditions. 
 Papinian. Dig. xii, i, /;'. 39 ; Ulpian. ib. xlvi, 2, /;'. 9, § i; Justinian. Inst, iii, 19, § 11, 
 ' de Inuiil. Stip.;' Savigny, Syst. B. iii, §§ 116-124; Mackeld. Civil Law., § 184, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Jurists; The formula of separation. Conditione tua non utor, — I will not 
 have or possess you in marriage. Gaius, Dig. xxiv, '2, fr. 2. 
 
 In English Law: Conditio. = A condition. Bracton, io\. i(j sq., ^T et pass. 
 
 (a.) The status or relative situation of a person, arising from tlie institutions of society. (6.) A future uncer- 
 tain event on the happening or non-happening of which the rescission, modilication or final accomplishment of 
 a testamentary disposition is made to depend, (c.) A modus or quality annexed by one who has an estate, 
 interest or right to the same, whereby an estate, et kujusmodi., may either be defeated, enlarged or created 
 upon an uncertain event. Co. Litt. -zoT-a. id.) A qualification or restriction annexed to a conveyance of lands, 
 whereby it is provided that upon the happening or non-happening of a specified event, or in case the grantor or 
 grantee does or omits to do a specified act, an estate shall commence, be enlarged or defeated. Cruise., 
 Dig. (by Greenleaf) tit. xiii, c. i, § i. (e.) A clause in a charter, contract or agreement which has for its 
 object to modify, suspend or rescind the principal obligation ; or, in case of a will, to modify, suspend or 
 revoke the devise or bequest. 
 
 As to the signification of the word, and as to what words are equivalent to it, v. Co. Litt. 201-204 » Crahb^s 
 Real Prop. 792, § 2127; id. ib. 802, 803, S§ 2143-2145; 2 Bl. Com. 151; ^KenVs Coin. 121, 604; 2 Hilliard^s Real 
 /'riJ^. 357, 358; 4 Metcaiy^sR. S23', Broofn' &" I/ad. Com. ii, zgi-^oo', 2 Parsons on Contr. s^°Sff. 11, v.in/ra. 
 
 Conditio affirmativa. An affirmative condition, i. e. a condition in which the validity, 
 efficacy .of a transaction is made to depend upon the performance or non-performance of 
 some act. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184, ed. 1883. 
 
 A condition which consists in doing a positive thing, as, provided that the lessee shall pay 
 rent, etc. Shep. Touch. 118; Lind. Int. Jur. § 87. 
 
 CONDITIO auteni praepositionis servanda est; quia enim, si certa lege, vel inter- 
 ventu cujusdatn personae, vel sub pignore, voluit, citm eo contrahi, vel ad certain 
 rem ? Aequissimum erit, id servari, in quo praepositus est. Item, si plures habuit 
 institores; vel citm omnibus simul contrahi voluit, vel citm una solo. Ulpian. Dig. 
 xiv, 3, fr. II, § 5. But the condition of preference is to be observed ; for what, 
 if by a certain law, or by the intervention of some one, or under a pledge, he 
 wishes to enter into contract with him, or for a certain purpose ? It is most just 
 to observe that in which a preference was made. Likewise if he had many 
 traders (institors), or vifhen he wished to contract with all at once, or with one 
 only. Cited in Story on Agency, § 43. 
 
 CONDITIO beneficialis quae stcttum construit, benignl, scamdum verborum, 
 intentionem est interpretenda; odiosa autem, quae statum destruit, stricti, secun- 
 dum verborum proprietatem est accipienda. A beneficial condition which 
 creates an estate is to be construed favorably, according to the intention of the 
 words ; but an odious condition, which destroys an estate, is to be taken strictly, 
 according to the precise meaning of the words. 8 Co. 90; Shep. Touch. 134. 
 
 Conditio oasnalis. A casual condition, i. e. depending upon chance. 
 
 In strict sense the term is confined to those conditions which depend solely on the 
 effect of something independent of the will — upon some fortuitous event {casus fortuitus or 
 ex fortunae insidus). Justinian. C<7(/. vi, 27, 6 ; il/ocfe/i^. CzOT/Zaro, § 184, ed. 1883 ; Lindley, 
 Intr.Jur.% 88. 
 
 Conditio COntraria. A contrary, inimical condition. Gaius, Dig. xxxv, i, fr. 107. 
 
 Conditio COpulativa, A copulative condition, i. e. to do divers things. Shep. Touch. 
 118 ; Bowel on Dev. c. 15. 
 
 Conditio deficit. The condition ceases, fails, is removed, is deficient, i. e. it is certain 
 that it will not take effect, v. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Conditio derisoria. A derisive or derisory condition. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A condition serving for ridicule, or which betrays an intention to 
 prejudice another. Marcianus, Dig. xxviii, 7, fr. 14. Conditiones contra edicla imperatorum, 
 etc. V. infra. It is classed under conditiones impossibilis. 
 
 444 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 In English Law; For instances of a conditia derisoria, or, as it may be called , a brulum 
 fulmen^ see the cases where marriage has been attempted to be restrained, i Atk. R. 361, 
 and the notes therein ; 2 White &• Tudor's L. C. 89 ; and the great case of Edgerton vs. 
 Brownlow, i Simons (N. S.) 464 ; and on appeal in the House of Lords, li Jur. 71. 
 
 CONDITIO dicitur, ciim quid in casum incertum, qui potest tendere ad esse aut 
 non esse, confertur. It is called a condition, when something is given 
 on an uncertain event, which may or may not come into existence. 
 
 "A condition is said to be, when any thing is annexed having reference to an uncertain 
 event, which may tend to create or destroy it." Co. Litt. 201. 
 
 Conditio disjunctiva. A disjunctive condition. 
 
 A condition requiring one of several things to be done. Justinian. Inst, ii, 15, § 11; 
 Com. Dig. tit. 'Condition;' Bacon's Abr. tit. 'Condition;' Shep. Touch. 1 18. 
 
 CONDITIO est melior possidentis. The condition of the possessor is the better 
 (it is preferred). 
 Otherwise quoted: Melior est conditio possidentis, cf. \^ Johns. R. 146, 159; g 
 Cowen, R. 670, 674; 12 Wend. R. 593, 601. Compare Potior est conditio possidentis, and 
 the authorities there cited. In aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis. Plowden, 296; 4 
 Co, 90, Drury's case ; Broom's Max. 684. 
 
 Conditio existit. The condition exists, i. e. is accomplished, has actually taken effect. 
 Justinian. Inst. iii. 15, § 4; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184. v. Conditio pendet. 
 
 Conditio expressa.. A condition expressed ; an expressed condition. 
 
 A condition expressed in the deed by which it is created. Bracton, fol. 47 ; 2 Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 792, § 2127 ; Co. Litt. 328. A condition annexed by express words to any feoff- 
 ment, lease or grant. Termes de la Ley; Litt. § 325 ; 4 Kent's Com. 123. 
 
 Conditio extraordinaria. A condition out of the common order. Whart. on Negl. § 719. 
 
 Conditio extrinseCUS, An extrinsic, irrelevant condition, v. Conditiones extrinsecus, 
 etc. Papinian. Dig. xxxv, i, fr. ()<). 
 
 Conditio Ulicita. An illicit or unlawful condition. 
 
 Unlawful conditions, i. e. those which are forbidden bylaw, are those which, 
 first, require the performance of some act which is forbidden b)' law, or which is malum 
 in se; or second, require the omission of some act commanded by law ; or third, those 
 which induce such acts or omissions. 
 
 CONDITIO illicita habetur pro non adjecta. An unlawful condition is deemed 
 as not added or annexed. Wharton's Law Lex. cf. i P. Wms. Ch. 189. 
 
 Conditio impOSSibilis. An impossible condition, v. C ondiiio possibi lis . 
 
 In the Civil Law: Conditions are either possible or impossible, according to the 
 possibility or impossibility of performance, j. Paulus, Sent. Recep. iii, tit. <i,b, g§ i, 2, infra, 
 Conditionum duo sunt genera, etc. They are impossible, if at the the time of their annexation 
 their existence can, judging from general experience, be pronounced impossible; and they 
 are possible if the contrary is the case. cf. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 98 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 19, 
 § II; Ulpian. Z>ff. xlv, i, fr. 7. But impossibility is two-fold, being the consequence either 
 of physical laws or of legal and moral precepts; in the former case the impossibility is 
 termed physich impossibilis, and, so far as it betrays an intention to prejudice another, deri- 
 soria. Venulejus, Dig. xlv, 1, fr. 137, § 6; Marcianus, ib. xxviii, 1, fr. 14, quoted infra. 
 The latter is termed moraliter impossibilis turpis. Marcellus, Dig. xxix, i, fr. 29, § 2 ; id. 
 ib. xxxv, I, fr. 20. Either may be imagined to be negative or affirmative. Justinian. Inst. 
 iii', 19, s'li; Papinian. Dig. xxviii, T,fr. 15 ; id. ib. xlv, i, frr. 123, 137, § 6; Venulejus, 
 il>- 137. § 6- cf- Mackeld. Civil Law, % 184, ed. 1883. Contradictory conditions are treated 
 as belonging to the impossible class. Marcianus, Dig. xxviii, 7, fr. 16 ; Celsus, j*. L, 17, 
 fr. l%i pr.; Africanus, ib. xxxv, 2, fr. 88 pr. v. Impossibilis conditio ; Conditionum duo 
 sunt genera, etc. 
 
 Conditio possibilis. A possible condition. The antithesis of the foregoing. 
 
 Conditio in praeteritum vel praesens collata. a condition arising in the past or the 
 
 present. 
 
 Conditio intrinseca Sive tacita. An intrinsic or silent condition. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A condition is so called which is implied in the nature of a trans- 
 action, and needs not to be expressed, cf. Ulpian. Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 21 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 41; 
 Ulpian. ib. 1l-n.x,fr. 3 ; Papinian. ib. xxxv, I, fr. 99. v. Conditiones extnnsecus, non ex tcs- 
 tamento venientes, etc.; et v. Gaius, ib. fr. 107. 
 
 445 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conditio jurisjurandi. a condition of an oath. 
 
 With respect to this sort of condition, cf. Ulpian. DU. xxviii, 7, fr. 9 pr.; Marcellus, 
 ib. xxix, i,/r. 29, § 2 ; Marcianus, ib. xxx, fr. 112, § 4; Gaius, ib. xxxii, fr. 14, § i ; 
 Marcellus, ib. xxxv, i, fr. 20 ; Julianhs, ib.fr. itfr.; Paulus, ib.fr. 97. 
 
 CONDITIO loci et temporis perfedionem formae quoque respiciunt; et ideo regione 
 contractils pariter diriguntur. Burgundus. The conditions of time and 
 place are considered also in regard to the perfection of the form, i. e. the ratifi- 
 cation of the deed. And on that account they are at the same time arranged 
 according to the country where the contract is made. Cited in Story on Confl, 
 of Laws, § 237. 
 
 Conditio moraliter impOSSibilis. A condition morally impossible. 
 
 V. Conditio impossibilis. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Conditio necessaria. A necessary, inevitable, indispensable condition. 
 
 Qui sub conditione stipulatur, quae omniviodo extitura est, pare videtur stipulari. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xlvi, 2,/r. g, § I ; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184. 
 
 Conditio negativa, A negative or denying condition. 
 
 A condition which consists of a negative fact is suspensive, i. e. delays the perfect acqui- 
 sition of a right so long as the condition remains unfulfilled, v. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 171. 
 A condition which consists in not doing a thing ; as provided that the lessee shall not alien, 
 etc. Shep. Touch. n8. 
 
 Conditio pendet. The condition pends, is in suspense or is uncertain. 
 
 As long as it is uncertain whether a condition will take eifect or not, it is said conditio 
 pendet; when it has actually taken effect, conditio existit; and when it is certain that it will 
 not take effect, conditio deficit. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184. As to conditio pendet, see Gaius, 
 Dig. xxxv, i,/n 63 ; Paulus, ib.fr. 65. 
 
 Conditio potestativa. A potestative condition ; a condition denoting power. 
 
 In the Roman Law: This expression is exclusively used to denote a condition which 
 renders the completion of a duty dependent on the will of the creditor. It makes a promise 
 void. Ulpian. Dig. xviii, i, fr: T pr.; id. ib. xlv, i,fr. 17 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 46, § 3; Javo- 
 LENUS, ib.fr. 108, § I ; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 171. 
 
 In Modern Law: The term is used, but improperly, in those cases where the perform- 
 ance of duty depends on the will of the creditor. Lindley's Introd. § 88. 
 
 Conditio praecedens. A condition precedent ; a preceding. 
 
 In the Common Law: A condition preceding the accruing of an estate, right or 
 liability. An act essential to be performed by one party prior to any obligation attaching 
 upon another party to do or perform another given act. Holthouse; Chitty on Contr. 738. 
 ''Condition precedent doth get and gain the thing or estate made upon condition, 
 by the performance of it." Termes de la J^ey. 
 
 That condition which is to be performed before a right of action accrues, or an estate, or 
 an obligation commences, or a bequest takes effect. Powel on Dev. c. 15 ; Broom on C. L. 
 Ill, 112, and cases. A bond or a covenant to convey land or an estate, on the payment of 
 the purchase-money, are common examples of a condition precedent. 2 Bl. Com. 154 J?, 
 and notes; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 293, 294 and notes; g Cush. (Mass.) 95. Hence the 
 maxim : 
 
 CONDITIO praecedens adimpleri debet priusquam sequatur effectus. A 
 condition precedent ought to be fulfilled before effect can follow. Co. Lift. 
 201; Broom's Max. 
 
 The condition must happen or be performed before the estate to which it is annexed 
 can vest or be enlarged; e.g. when a lease is made to one for life or for years upon condi- 
 tion that if the lessee will pay to the lessor a certain sum of money at such a day, then he 
 shall have the fee-simple. Here the condition precedes the estate in fee-simple, and upon 
 the performance of the condition doth gain the fee-simple. Co. Litt. 217; Termes de la Ley; 
 2 Bl. Com. 154, and notes ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 792, § 2128 ; i Steph. Com. 277-281 ; 4 Kent's 
 Com. 125 ; 2 Dallas' R. 31T, N. Y. R. (l Kern.) 25 ; Broom (2r= Had. Com. ii, 293, 294 ; see 
 Wait's note 276 and cases. 
 
 Conditio religionis mutandae et non mutandae. A condition of a change and (or) 
 not of a change of religion. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This sort of condition is always void. Justinian. Cod.v\, 25, 
 const. 5. Thibaut is of another opinion, and Salschow agrees with him, both of whom 
 consider that condition to be always admissible. GuNTHER and Hageman both consider it 
 
 446 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 a valid condition only in case it is directed to induce one to retain his religion. But see also 
 JOger and Bosshirt. 
 
 Conditio resolutiva. A resolving or releasing condition. 
 
 In the Civil Law- A dissolving condition is called a trow^/ift'oyaa^ )-«<;&«/. Instances, 
 V. Ulpian. Dig. xviii, i, fr. 3 ; id. ib. 2, fr. 2 fr.; Paulus, ib. xli, 4, fr. 2, §§ 3, 4, 5 ; 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184, ed. 1883. A canceling condition, quae quidem tacitaesse fossil, 
 sicut expressa. Bracton, fol. 47. 
 
 Conditio retrotrahitur ad tempus conventionis . A condition, when fulfilled, 
 refers back to the time of the convention or agreement. Hertius, de Collis. Leg. § 4, n. 54, 
 p. 147. Cited in Story on Confi. of Laws, § 279a. 
 
 Conditio SCripti Obligatorii praedicti. The condition of the aforesaid writing obligatory. 
 
 Conditio si non nupserit. A condition if he (or she) shall not have married. 
 
 I n t h e C i V i 1 L a w : As to this sort of condition in legacies, cf. Terentius, Dig. xxxv, 
 I, fr. 62, § 2 ; id. ib. fr. 64 ; Gaius, ib. fr. 63 ; id. ib. fr. 6g ; Papinian. ib. fr. 72, §§ 4, 5 ; 
 id. ib. fr. 79, § 4 ; id. ib. fr. 10 ; Justinian. Cod. vi, 40, const. 2, 3 ; Nov. xxii, c. 43"", 44. 
 
 In the Common Law: A condition subsequent in general restraint of marriage 
 is void. 2 7/a«?, 570 ; I'i Mo. 211 \ 2 Parsons on Contr. Ti. A condition imposing reaso n- 
 abl e restraints ; e. g. that the grantee shall not marry without consent of parent, guardian 
 or trustee, or not to a person specified, or not to a native of a particular country, etc., will 
 be upheld. 2 Atk. 261; 9 East, 170. v. Conditio viduitatis. 
 
 Conditio si nupserit. A condition if he (or she) shall have married. 
 
 In the Civil Law: As to this sort of condition, cf. Ulpian. i)zj-. xxxv, i, /r. lo/r.y 
 id. ib. fr. 15 ; Gaius, ib. fr. 63, g i ; Paulus, ib.fr. 2?, pr.; Papinian. ib. fr. 7i,§ i ; id. ib. 
 fr. 101 pr.; Marcellus, Dig. xxviii, T,fr. 23. 
 
 Conditio SUSpensiva. A suspending or delaying condition. 
 
 In case the acquisition for the first time of a right is delayed, so long as the condition 
 remains unfulfilled the condition is called precedent (suspensiva); but if the re-acquisi- 
 tion of a right is so delayed the condition is called subsequent (resolutiva). Whatever 
 effect a condition precedent has upon the first acquisition of a new right, the same effect is 
 produced by a condition subsequent upon the re-acquisition of a right previously parted 
 with. V. Ulpian. Dig- xii, 1, fr. 9, § 6 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, 6, const. 8. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A transaction under a suspensive condition is called a n^^o- 
 iiujH sub conditione, or simply conditionale, and the dissolving condition is termed a conditio 
 quae resolvit; t. g., v. Ulpian. Dig. xviii, 2, fr. 2; id. ib. 1, fr. 3 ; Paulus, ib. xli, 4, fr. 2, 
 §§ 3- 4< 5 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 184, ed. 1883. 
 
 Conditio tacita. a tacit or silent condition. 
 
 In the Jurists; A condition which is of itself naturally implied. Ulpian. Z)z]f. xxx, 
 fr. 3 ; Gaius, ib. xxxv, i, fr. 107 ; Papinian. ib. xxiii, 3, fr. 68. A condition implied by 
 law. Bracton, 47 ; 2 Bl. Com. 152 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 804, § 4146; 4 Kent's Com. 122 ; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 291, 292. 
 
 Conditio testium. The condition or appearance of the witness. 
 
 V. Conditionem testium tunc inspicere dehejnus cUtn signarent, non tnortis tempore. Comtnon Law Max. 
 
 Conditio turpis. A corrupt, base, infamous condition. Marcellus, Dig. xxix. i, fr. 
 2g, § 2 ; id. ib. xxxv, i, fr. 20. v. Turpis causa and Turpis contractus. 
 
 Conditio viduitatis. A condition of widowhood. 
 
 In the Civil Law: As to this sort of condition, cf. Terentius Clemens, Dig. xxxv, 
 I, fr. 62, § 2 ; Gaius, ib. fr. 63 pr.j Zimmern, R. G. i, § 173 ; LOhr in the Arch. Civ. Pr. 
 xvi, p. 48. 
 
 In the Common Law: A husband has such an interest in his wife's remaining single 
 after his death that he may make that a valid condition of a grant or devise, itjutist. 306 ; 
 10 Penn. St. R. 385 ; 14 Sm. &= M. r6 ; 24 Mo. 170 ; 34 Alab. 437. A condition to a legacy 
 or devise restraining marriage is valid in respect to the testator's widow, but is not valid as 
 to anv other woman. Lloyd vs. Lloyd, 10 E. L. Ss' E. Rep. 139. v. Conditio si non nupserit. 
 
 Condition en fait. — L. Fr. Condition in deed; condition in fact. 
 
 A condition expressed in a deed in plain words or legal terms of law. Co. Litt. 201a. 
 
 Condition en ley.— L- Fr- Condition in law. 
 
 A condition tacitly created [or annexed to a grant] by law, without any words used by the 
 party. Co. Litt. 201a, 2'i^b. A limitation is a condition inlaw. Z««. §380; 2Bl.C0tn.1a. 
 
 Conditionalis datio. A conditional giving up. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiv, 4, fr. 9. 
 
 ConditionaliS Criminatio. A conditional crimination, accusation or complaint, v. 
 Crim inatio , 
 
 447 
 
Con,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ! 
 
 Conditionalis, e , ai^'. [conditio.'] Conditional; with a condition attached ; with con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Conditionalis COndonatiO. A conditional condonation. 
 
 Conditionales creditores. Conditional creditors, i. e. creditors having a future right of 
 action, or a right of action in expectancy. Ulpian. defines the term : 
 
 CONDITIONALES creditores dicuntur et hi, quibus nondum competit actio, 
 est autem competitura, vel qui spem habent, ut cotnpetat. Ulpian. Dig. L, i6, 
 fr. ^i,. Those are called conditional creditors, to whom an action as 
 yet does not belong but is about to belong (will belong at some future time), or 
 those who have the hope that it may be due to them. 
 
 Conditionalis Stipulatio, A conditional stipulation. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A stipulation to do a thing upon a condition attached, as the 
 happening of any event. Justinian. Inst, iii, 15, § 4. v. Sub conditione stipulatio, etc. 
 
 Conditionaliter, fli^w. Conditionally; e. g. Concepta causa. Gaius, Z>«]f. xxxv, I, /?-. 17, 
 § 3 ; Paulus, ib. xlvi, 3, fr. 98. 
 
 CONDITIONEM testium tunc inspicere debemus ciim signarent, nan mortis tem- 
 pore. We ought to consider the condition (or respectability) of witnesses 
 when they sign, not when they die. Common Law Maxim. 
 Conditiones. — Lat. Plur. + conditio, V. h. v. 
 
 CONDITIONES contra edicta Imperatorum, aut contra leges, aut quae legis 
 vicein obtinet, scriptae, vel quae contra bonos mores, vel derisoriae sunt, aut 
 hujusmodi, quas Fraetores improbaverunt, pro non scriptis habentur j et perinde, ac 
 si conditio hereditati sive legato adjecta non esset, capitur hereditas legatumve. 
 Marcianus, Dig. xxviii, 1,fr. 14. Conditions attached contrary to the Edicts 
 of the Emperors, or contrary to the laws, or those which obtain the force of 
 written laws, or such as are contrary to good morals, or are derisive, or of such 
 a kind which the Praetors have disapproved, are considered as not written [not 
 attached] ; and thus, as if the condition could not be or should not be affixed 
 to an inheritance or to a legacy, the inheritance or the legacy is taken posses- 
 sion of. V. Paulus, Sent. Recept. iii, /ifi, §§ 1, 2, quoted infra, Conditionum duo 
 sunt, etc. cf. Pufendorf, de Jure, iii, c. 9, § 5, note 5. 
 
 CONDITIONES e xtrinsecus , non ex testamento venientes, id est, quae tacitl 
 inesse videantur, non faciunt legata conditionalia. Papinian. Dig. xxxv, i, 
 fr. 99. Extrinsic conditions, not coming from or arising out of the 
 testament, that is, those which tacitly appear to inhere [belong to a thing], do 
 not make legacies conditional. 
 
 With regard to the so-called 'conditio intrinsica sive tacita,' which is implied in the nature 
 of a transaction, and needs not be expressed, cf. Haec verba testatoris : quisquis mihi 
 ex suprascripti s heres erit, etc. Ulpianus, Dig, xxx, fr. 3. Stipuiationem, quae 
 propter causam dotis fiat, constat habere in se conditionem kauc, si nuptiae fuerint 
 secutae, etc. Ulpian. /?2g-. xxiii, 3, /n 21. w. Paulus, jiS. /n 41, § i ; Papin. ii. /?-. 68. 
 
 CONDITIONES quaelibet odiosae; maximl autem contrd. matrimonium et com- 
 mercium. Any conditions are odious ; but especially those which are 
 against — i. e. in restraint of — marriage and commerce. Lofft's R. K^^twA. 
 644 ; Broom's Max. Read: Conditio viduitatis. 
 
 CONDITIONUM duo sunt genera : aut enim possibilis est aut impossibilis. 
 P OS sibilis est, quae per rerum naturam admitti potest. Imp o ssibilis , 
 quae non potest quarum ex eventu altera expectatur, altera impossibilis submovetur. 
 448 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CoHdiciones contra leges, et decreta principium, vel bonos mores adscriptae, md- 
 lius momenti sunt. Paulus, Sent. Rcccpt. iii, d,b, §§ i, 2. There are two kinds 
 of- conditions : one is possible, the other impossible. A possible condi- 
 tion is such as can occur or be admitted according to the nature of things. 
 An impossible condition is that which, (7r such as cannot occur. Of 
 which, one (the possible) is looked for or expected from events, the other is 
 removed or kept away as impossible. Conditions added to a writing con- 
 trary to the laws and decrees of the prince, Or contrary to good morals, are of 
 no moment [are void]. 
 
 w. Marcianus, Dig. xxviii, I, fr. 14, supra; Justinian. Inst, iii, 19, § 11. Si impossibilis 
 conditio obligationibus adjiciatur, nihil valet stipulatio, etc. 
 
 Conditor, oris, m. [condo.'l A malcer, framer, builder, establisher, founder, author, 
 compiler, arranger, etc. Conditor urbis, — the founder of a city. OviD, M. iv, 566; xiv, 
 849 ; QuiNTlLlAN, ii, 16, § 9 ; iii, 2, g 4 f^ al. Conditor legum atque justium fictor, — founder 
 of the laws and framer of the ordinances, tj. Plautus, Epid. iii, 4, 86. 
 
 ConditoreS et aUCtoreS juris. The founders and authors of the law. 
 
 Among the Romans: The lawyers (juris consulti) were not only called ' Interpretes,' 
 but also Conditores et auctores juris. In case the edict of the Praetors or the laws seemed 
 defective, the lawyers supplied what was wanting in the same from natural equity; and their 
 opinions, in process of time, obtained the authority of laws. cf. Gaius, Inst, i, § 7 ; Jus- 
 tinian, ib. i, 2, § 8; Mackeld. Civil Law, § 38, ed. 1883. 
 
 Con-dominilim, ii, »■ Joint-property ; joint right of ownership. If the right be in re?n, 
 the term con-dominium applies instead of communis, v. h. v. ; et v. Dominium. Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, § 268, ed. 1883. 
 
 Gondonaitio, Snis, f. [condono.] A giving away. Bonorum possessio numque. Cicero, 
 Verr. 1, 4, 12. v. more fully in Con-dono. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: A pardon or remission; forgiveness. In cases of 
 adultery: The forgiveness by a husband or wife of a breach of marital jduties on the part 
 of the other, legally releasing the injury, as of acts of adultery or cruelty, i Hagg. Supp. 
 793 ; Shelford, Mar. and Div. 436, 44^. A blotting out of the ofTense imputed, so as to 
 restore the offending party to the same position which he or she formerly held before the 
 offense was committed. 7 W. R. 377 ; Dean's Eccles. R. 288. It is either express or 
 implied, v. Shelford, Mar. and Div. 445 ; 1 Haggards Eccl. R. 130 ; 2 Kent's Com. loi, and 
 notes; Bishop on Mar. and Div g§ 355-371. It is called conditional forgiveness (condition- 
 alis condonatio), being accompanied by an implied condition that the injury shall not be 
 repeated. 3 Hagg. R. 351, 629, 732, 752 ; 4 Paige's Ch. R. 460; i Edw. Ch. R. 439 ; 14 
 Wend. (N. Y.) 637 ; U. S. Dig. 'Condonation.' 
 
 Condonatione iiljuriae. A remitting or pardoning of injury. 
 
 Condons, Sre, I, V. a. («,) Aliquid, aliquem, alicui. To give something to one, to pre- 
 sent, deliver up (most freq. in Cicero; not in Quintilian). Trop.: To give up, sur- 
 render, deliver up, sacrifice, devote, offer, bring as an offering. Cicero, Agr. ii, 15, 39 ; 
 id. Fam. v, 18 Jin.j id. Phil, v, 18, 50; Plautus, Rud.''\w, 4, 26. 
 
 In particular: To give a debt to one, i. c. to remit, acquit from, (a.) Literally: 
 Pecunias creditas debitoribus. CiCERO, 0^. ii, 22. More freq. (6.) T rop . . (a.) To pardon, 
 remit an offense. Cicero, Mil. 2 fin.; Sallust, J. xxvii, 2. (/J.) To pardon, refrain from 
 punishing a crime out of regard or favor to anj' one, or (more freq.) to him who committed 
 it. Vatin. in CicERO, Fam. v, lo, 2 ; Cicero, de Leg. xii, 36 ; Sallust, C. vii, 8 ; LivY, iii, 
 12, 58. (c.) Aliquem, aliquid, or abs. : To present one with something. Plautus, Bac. v, 
 2, 24 ; id. Pers. v, 2, 36 ; Terentius, Ph. v, 7, 54 et al. 
 
 In old English Law: To forgive, to remit, v. Omnes fines qui injuste, etc. 
 
 Con-duc6, ere, 3, w. a. and «. (a.) Act. In general: To draw, bring or lead together ; 
 to assemble, collect (class.). In particular: To connect, unite — by bringing together. 
 Lucretius, i, 398 ; iii, 5, 33 et al. To contract. Coel. Aur. Tard. ii, i, note 8. Close up, 
 Val. Fl. i, 479 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law, and in business t. i. : To take to one's self by hiring ; to 
 hire, take on lease, to farm (corresp. with locare, as cmere with vendere). v. Paulus, Dig. xix, 
 2, fr. I. (a.) To hire for one's use, to hire. Plautus, Cicero. Habitationem in annum. 
 
 [57] 449 
 
Con.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Ulmanus, Dig, xix, 2, ig, § 6 ; id. ib. xliii, g, i. To borrow. Horace, Sat. i, 2, 9. Pecu- 
 niam. Juv. xi, 46. To hire, induce. Cato in Gellids, i, 15, 10 ; Plautus, Cas. ii, 8, 68. 
 (/S.) To take for hire ; to undertake any service (building, transportation, the customs, etc.) ; 
 to contract for, farm. Cicero, Div. ii, 21, 47. Mulierum vehendum nave. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xix, 2, fr. 19, 55 7. Aliquem docendum. Id. ib. fr. 13. To undertake the supplies. LiVY, 
 xxiii, 48 yfw. Vectigalia, — to farm the revenues, imposts, etc. Cicero, ^^/. i, 17. Porto- 
 rium. Cicero, Inv. i, 30 et al. 
 
 (6.) Neutr.: To contribute to something by being useful ; to be of use, or profitable ; to 
 profit, service, etc. (class., but used only in the third person.) Constr. with in, ad, aliquid, 
 the dat. or abs. 
 
 Conduct! actio. An action in respect to a thing hired. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An action which the hirer of a thing {conductor), or his heir had 
 against the letter (locator'), or his heir to be allowed to use the thing hired. Justinian. Inst. 
 iii, 24 pr. V. § 2. Otherwise called Actio ex conducto, or ex conducto actio. Ulpian. Dig. 
 xix, 2, fr. 15 Heineccius, Elem. Jur, Civ. iii, tit. 25, § 929; Calvini, Lex. Jur. v. 3 Kent's 
 Com. 586. 
 
 Conducticins or tins, a, um, adj. [conduco.] Of or pertaining to hire ; hired, rented. 
 Fidicina. Plaut. Epid. ii, 3, 8 ; v, 2, 41. Exercitus. Nep. Iphicr, ii, 4. Domus. Suet. 
 Vit. Ter. I. Operae liberoru?n. Varro, R. R. i, 17, 2. 
 
 Condnctitii, Orum, m. Hired persons, servants, domestics. Bracton, fols. 124^, 171^. 
 
 Conduetio, Onis, /. Iconduco.^ A bringing together, uniting. Cicero, /ki;. i, 40. Hence 
 (6.) In later medical writers: A spasm, convulsion. = Gi. dTtadjuoi ; e. g. mus. 
 culorum. CoEL. A-ur. Acut. ii, 10. Nervorum. Id. ib. iii, 18 et al. 
 
 In the Jurists t. t. : A hiring, farming, hire, rent ; e.g. fundi. Cicero, Ca^^zK. xxxii, 
 94. Vectigalium. LivY, xliii, 16. Tota renunciata est. . Cicero, Verr. i, 6. 
 
 Conduetio est res ill usum accepta ciiiii constituta mercede. Isidolus, Orig. v, 25, § 13. Conduetio is a 
 thing accepted or received for use when it is constituted for hire or reward. 
 
 Used generally in connection with the term locatio, a letting. Locatio et conduetio (or as a 
 compound word, locatio-conductid), — a letting and hiring. Justinian. Inst, iii, 25; Paulus, 
 Dig. xix, 2, fr. i ; Gaius, ib. fr. 2 ; Bracton, fol. 62, c. 28 ; Story on Bailment, §§ 8, 368 ; 2 
 Kent's Com. 586. v. Locatio. 
 
 Conductor, Sris, m. \conduco.\ One who hires a thing, takes for hire ; a farmer, tenant ; 
 a contractor, a hirer, lessee, bailee ; e. g. pecoris. Cato, R. R. cl, 2. Agri. Col. iii, 13, 
 12. Aedificii. Cato, R. R. xiv, 3. Operis. Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, i, 2. Sacrae arae. Val. 
 Max. viii, 12, note I, ext. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A hirer, lessee, bailee. Justinian. Inst, iii, 25/?-. g§ 5, 6; 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xix, 2, frr. 11, 15 ; Mackeld, Civil Law, §§ 410, 411 sq., ed. 1883 ; 2 Kent's 
 Com. 586, note. 
 
 Conductor militium, A presser of soldiers. Cro. Car. "ji. 
 
 CONDUCTOR omnia secundum legem conductionis facere detet ; et, si quid in 
 lege praetermissum fuerat, id ex bono et aequo praestare. Qui pro usu aut 
 vestimentorum, aut argenti, aut jumenti, mercedem aut dedit aut promisit, ab eo cus- 
 todia talis desideratur qualem diligentissimus pater familias suis rebus adhibet : 
 quant si praesiiterit, et aliquo casu fortuito eam rem amiserit, de restituenda ea re 
 non tenebitur. Justinian. Inst, iii, 24, § 5. The hirer ought to observe every 
 thing according the terms [or covenants] of the conduction ; and if any thing 
 has been omitted from the terms, that also is to be fulfilled according to con- 
 science and equity. One who hath given or promised hire for the use of gar- 
 ments, silver, or a beast of burden [or the like], is bound to take the same care 
 of them as the most diligent father of a family \or business man] would take of 
 his own property. And if the hirer do this, and yet, through some fortuitous 
 event, lose the things hired, he shall not be bound to restore it. v. Gaius, Dig. 
 xix, 2, fr. 25, §§ 3, 7 ; Ui.piAN. ib. 9, § 5 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. 6, § 3, note 
 I. cf. Coggs vs. Bernard, Ld. Raym. 919; s. c, i Smith's L. C. [284] 346 sq.; 
 Story on Bailm. §§ 8, 368; 2 Kent's Com. 586, note; Wharton on Negl. % 720. 
 45° 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conductor operarum, The hirer of labor; the conductor of works, operations, etc. 
 cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 413 sq., ed. 1883 ; Wharton on Negl. § 720. 
 
 Conductum, i, ». Any thing hired, especially a house, dwelling, etc. Cicero, Clu. 
 Ixii ad fin. cf. Dig. xix, tit. 2, ' Locati conducti;' Calvini, Lex. Jurid,; DuCange. 
 
 ConductUS, a, um. Part. -\- conduco. Hired, etc. v. Conduco. 
 
 CONDUXISTI vehenda mancipia : mancipium unuvi in navi mortuum est; 
 quaeritur uufn vectura debeatur 1 Si de mancipiis vehendis inita conventus est 
 -non debeiur ; si de mancipiis iantum navi imponendo debetur. You have bargained 
 to carry slaves : one slave is dead [died] on board the ship ; it was asked if any 
 thing be due for the carriage ? If the agreement was for carrying the slaves in 
 constituent parts, it is not due ; but if it concerned all the slaves put on board 
 the ship, it is due. Civil Law Max. 
 
 Cone et keye. \cone or colne. Sax., an account.] Accounts and keys. 
 
 An old English phrase — used for accounts and keys or coffer and keys, 
 which were put into a woman's possession when she commenced housekeeping. 
 
 Bracton says : "A woman may be of full age in sockage in every case, when she can and knows how to 
 arrange her house and those things which belong to the arrangement and management of her house, that she 
 may know what pertains to 'cone and keye,' which cannot be before her fourteenth or fifteenth year, for 
 this kind of full age requires discretion and sense." Bracton, fol. 86^, § 2. </. 2 Co. Inst. 203 ; i Reeve^s Hist. 
 Eng. Law. 284, note. 
 
 Confectio, Onis, /. \conficio.'\ (a.) A making, preparing, producing, arranging, com- 
 posing, completing; e.g. annalium. Cicero, de Or. ii, 12, 52. Consectio. Id. Div. Hujus 
 libri. Id. de Sen. i, 2. Memoriae. 'Id. Part. 7 fin. Tributi, i. e. an exaction. Id. Place. 
 ix. Concr. . That which is prepared, made. Pall. Oct. xvii, 2. (6.) A diminishing, 
 destroying. Escarum, — a chewing, masticating. Cicero, yV. Z*. ii, 54, 134. Valetudinis, — 
 a weakening, impairing. Id. Hortens. fragin. in Non. 269, 22. 
 
 In old English Law: A, or the making or execution of the charter, deed, or other 
 written instrument. Bractoti. fol. 391^, 398 ; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 61, § 16 ; Plowd. io8«. A con- 
 fectione, — from the making. ^Co.i; 1 Ld. Raym. 480. 
 
 Confederatio, — L- Lat. [-|- con, and federatio -\- faedus, a league.] Confederacy. A 
 combination between two or more persons to do any hurt or damage to another, or to do any 
 unlawful thing. . Termes de la Ley. A union by league or mutual contract ; federal compact. 
 
 In Criminal Law: Usually = conspiracy, v. Conspiratio. 
 
 In Equity Pleading; The charge ofa confederacy between the defendant and 
 other persons to injure the complainant, is one of the formal parts of a bill. Story's Eq. PI. 
 § 29 ; Mitford's Eq. PI. 41- 
 
 CONFESSI debitores pro jiidicatis habentur ideoqiie ex die confessionis tempora 
 solutioni praestituta computantur. Paulus, Recept. Sent, v, 5, § 2. Debtors 
 by their confession will be held as adjudged; and therefore the prescribed time 
 of payment is computed from the day of confession. 
 
 Confessus pro judicato est, qui qtwdammodo sud sententid danmatur. Paulus, Dig. xlii, i,fr. i. 
 
 Confessio onis, /. \confiteor^ A confession, acknowledgment ; e. g. errati sui. Cicero, 
 Div. \, IT fin. Ignorationis. Id. Acad, i, 12, 44. Captae pecuniae. Id. Clu. %■}, fin. Ciilpac. 
 LiVY, xxi, 18; xxxvii, 27. Poenitentiae. Quintilian, xi, i, 76. Vitiorum. Tacitus, y^. 
 ii, 33 et saep. 
 
 Confessio criminis. An acknowledgment, confession of crime. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The voluntary declaration or acknowledgment made by a person, 
 who when charged or arranged for an offense, that he committed the crime or misdemeanor 
 with which he is charged. Such confessions are distinguished : (a.) Judicial confes- 
 sions — those made in court or before a magistrate in the due course of legal proceed- 
 ings lb.) Extra-judicial con fessi o n s , —those made by the party elsewhere than 
 before a magistrate or in open court. Such voluntary confessions are admissible 
 in evidence. The cases are very numerous, cf. English and American Digests. 
 
 Confessio juris. A confession of law. i Greenl. on Evid. § 96 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 530. 
 
 ConfeSSioneS juris. Confessions of law. 2 Best on Evid. § 562. 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONFESSIO, facta injudicio, omni probatione major est. A confession made 
 in court is of greater effect than any proof. Jenk. Cent, z case 99 ; 2 Best 
 on Evid. § 548. 
 
 Confessio injudicio. A confession made in court, »r before a court ; a judicial confes- 
 sion. V. Injudicio as a t. t. 
 
 CONFESSIO in judicio, est plena probatio. A confession or acknowledgment 
 made in or before a court is full proof. Jenk. Cent. 3, case 73 ; 2 Best 
 on Evid. § 548. 
 
 Read : Confessus in judicio pro judicata kabetur^ etc. u. infra. 
 Divus Severus rescripsit: 
 
 CONFESSIONES reorum pro exploratis facinoribus haberi non oportere, si nulla 
 probatio religionem cognoscentis instruat. Ulpianus, JDig. xlviii, 18, fr. i, 
 §17. The Divine Severus has written : The confessions of a party accused 
 ought not to be held as established in crimes or misdeeds, if no proof shall be 
 furnished that he was acquainted with religion. Cited in Pufendorf, de Jure, 
 N. et G. iv, c. I, § 20, note 4. 
 
 ConfeSSO. For confessed ; as acknowledged, v. Pro confesso. 
 
 ConfeSSOriuS, a, um, fl^'. In the Jurists: Of or pertaining to confession or acknowl- 
 edgment. Ulpian. Dig. viii, 5, 2. § i ; 4, § 2 ; id. ix, 2, 23, § 11 ; 25, § i. Hence, 
 
 Confessoria actio. An action of or pertaining to an acknowledgment. 
 
 In the Jurists t. t. : An affirmative action, v. Actio confessoria. It is an action to 
 enforce a servitude founded upon the affirmative allegation of some right, etc. ; e. g.z. right of 
 way, or other servitude, v. Ulpian. Dig. viii, Stfrr. 2, 4; ix, 2,frr. 23, 25 ; Mackeld. Civil 
 Law, § 324, ed. 1883 ; HElNECCins, Elern. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 6, § 1135. 
 
 ConfeSSUS, a, um. Part. [-|- confteor^ In pass, signif.. Lit.: Acknowledged; 
 hence, undoubted, evident, certain, incontrovertible. Pes manifesta confessa. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 5, 56. Confessa in re. Pliny, vii, 40, 50. Hence the phrases, ex confesso, — con- 
 fessedl)', beyond doubt (Quint, iii, 5, 3 ; Seneca, Ep. 76) ; in confesso esse, — to be notorious, 
 everywhere known (Seneca, Ben. iii, 11 ; Pliny, xxxv, 8, 34) ; in confessum venire, — to be 
 generally acknowledged, be well known. Pliny, Ep. x, 85 fin. 
 
 CONFESSOS in jure pro judicatis haberi placet. Quare sine causd desideras 
 recedi a confessione tua quam et solvere cogeris. Justinian. Cod. vii, 59, 
 const. I. Confessions in law [/. e. in judicio\, suffice to be held as matter decided 
 or adjudged. Wherefore, suppose you wish to withdraw from your confession 
 without reason, you are held to an explanation. 
 Paulus expresses a similar rule in the following form : 
 
 CONFESSUS /rtJ judicata est, qui quadammodo sud sententid damnatur. Paul. 
 Dig. xlii, ■!.,fr. 1. One who confesses is held as adjudged, who is in a 
 manner condemned by his own sentence [being in a manner self-condemned]. 
 Lindley's Int. Jur. Append, xxxviii. 
 
 Lord Coke adopted the rule, and paraphrased it thus : 
 
 CONFESSUS in judicio pro judicata habetur, et quodammodo sud sententid dam- 
 natur. One who makes a confession in court is considered as having judg- 
 ment passed upon him, and is, in a manner, condemned by his own sentence. 
 II Co. 30. V. Paulus, Dig. xlii, 2, fr. i sup.; 2 Best on Evid. § 548. 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law, the terms in jure and injudicio had a technical 
 signification. They are explained in toca, separatim. 
 
 Conficiens, entis. Pa. [confcio.'] Effecting, causing, producing, efficient, productive. 
 Cicero, Pait. xxvi. Conficientissima literarum, — very carefully noting down every thing. 
 Id. Flac. xix, Orell, N. Cr. 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ConficiO, ere, 3, v. a. To make a thing ready in all its parts ; to make, prepare, bring 
 about, complete, accomplish, execute, etc. (freq. in all periods and species of composition). 
 
 In business: To settle, close a bargain, finish, etc. Cicero, Att. xii, 19. 
 
 Trop.: To produce, cause, make, effect. Conficere pacem. Terentius, A'raw^. v, 2, 45. 
 Conficere motus animorum. CiCERO, de Or. ii, 79 fin. et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To make or execute, — as a deed or other written instrument. 
 Tryphoninus, Dig. xxvii, \,fr. 45, § 3. 
 
 Con-fidejussor, oris, >«. In Jurid. Lat.: A joint suret)'. Ulpianus, Z'zf. xlvi, i, 
 fr. 10 ; MODESTINHS, ib. fr. 39 ; Papinian. ib. fr. 48 ; Paulus, ib. ii, 14, fr. 23. v. Fidejussor. 
 
 Confidentia, ae, /. A firm trust in a thmg, confidence. Plahtus, Asin. iii, 2, 3; id. 
 Most.S.K.x,'},. (ft.) Self-confidence, boldness. Cickko, Sep. et al. More freq.. (c.) In 
 a bad sense : Audacity, impudence. Plautus, Mil. ii, 2, 34; Cicero, Phil, ii, 40 fin.; 
 QUINTILIAN, xi, 3, 160 et al. 
 
 ConfidO, ere, 3, v. n. To trust confidently in something; confide in, rely firmly upon ; 
 to believe certainly, be assured of (very freq. and class, in prose and poetrj-). 
 
 Confininm, ii, «. \<:onJinis.'\ A bordering ; a confine, common boundary, limit, border 
 (of lands) ; on the contrary, vicinitas, of houses. Paul. Dig: x, i, fr. 4. Trop.: Neigh- 
 borhood, nearness, close connection. 
 
 Confirmare, \_pres. inf. -f- confirmo, v. h. v.] In old English Law and con- 
 veyancing- To confirm ; to make firm or strong (yfr»;«m /o«re). Z;«. § 520. To give 
 additional strength or validity ; e. g., Est confirmare id quod prius firtuum fuit simul 
 firmare, — to confirm is to affirm together that which was already firm. Bracton, fol. 341^. 
 This was modified by Fleta : 
 
 CONFIRMARE esi id quod pt-ius infirmum fuit simul firmare. To confirm is 
 to affirm together that which was already infirm. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 14, § 5. 
 Lord Coke quoted it in this form : 
 
 CONFIRMARE est id quod firmum facere prius infirmum fuit. To confirm 
 is to make firm that which was before infirm. Co. Litt. 295^5. 
 CONFIRMARE nemo potest prius quam jus ei acciderit. No one can confirm 
 before the right accrues to him. 10 Co. 48 ; Broom's Max. 
 CONFIRMAT usum qui tollit abusum. He confirms the use [of a thing] who 
 removes the abuse [of it]. Moor, 764. 
 Confirmatio Onis, /. \confirmo.'\ A securing, establishing, confirming (most freq. in 
 Cicero, Caesar and Quintilian). In general: Confirmatio perpetuae libertatis, — a 
 securing of perpetual liberty. Cicero, Fam. xii. 8. In particular: (a.) A confirm- 
 ing, fortifying, quieting of a wavering fearful mind ; encouragement, consolation. Animi. 
 Caesar, B. C. i, 21 ; Cicero, Fam. vi, 6, i ; vi, 3. (6,) A conferring, verifying of a fact, 
 assertion, etc. Caesar, .5. G. iii, 18. Hence, in Rhetoric: An adducing of proofs. 
 Cicero, Inv. i, 24 ; Quintilian, iv, 3, i ; 4, i ^/ al. 
 
 In old English Law: A confirmation; an application of, or assent to an estate 
 already created, by which the confirmor strengthens and gives validity to it, as far as it is in 
 his power. Gilb. Tenures, 75 ; Co. Litt. 3, Butler's note, 253. Confirmatio est prioris juris 
 et dominii adepti firmatio, etc. 2 Bracton, c. 25, § 2, fol. 58. v. Infra. 
 
 In conveyancing: A conveyance of an estate or right in esse, whereby a voidable 
 estate is made sure and unavoidable, or whereby a particular estate is increased and enlarged. 
 Litt. §§ 515, 516 ; Co. Litt. 2gSb j 2 Bl Com. 324, 325 ; Shep. Touch. 311 ; I Steph. Coin. 482 ; 
 Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 520. 
 
 CONFIRMATIO est prioris juris et dominii adepti firmatio, cum prima firmitate 
 donationis j nihil enini novi attribuit, sed jus vetas consolidat et confirmat. A 
 confirmation is a making firm [the affirmation] of a former right and 
 ownership already obtained, with the first strength [firmation] of the gift [/. e. 
 with all the strength it could have had from the original gift] ; for it confers 
 nothing new, but it consolidates and confirms the old right. Bracton, lib. ii, c. 
 25, § 2, fol. 58. 
 
 453 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONFIRMATIO est nulla, ubi donum praecedens est invalidum ; et ubi donatio 
 nulla omnino, nee valebit confirmatio. A confirmation is void where the 
 preceding gift is invalid \i. e. it cannot strengthen a void estate] ; and where a 
 gift is utterly void it shall have no force or validity by confirmation [/. e. con- 
 firmation will have no effect to strengthen a void grant or donation], i Co. Inst. 
 295^1 3 ; Wingate's Max. 40, § 17 ; F. Moore, 764. 
 
 A confirmation may make a voidable or defeasable estate good, but it cannot work upon 
 an estate that is void inlaw. "Where the foundation faileth, all goeth to the ground." 
 Debile fundamentum fallit opus, et contra. Wingate's Max. 40. 
 
 The Canon Law agrees with this rule, and hence the maxim : Qui confimiat nihil 
 dat. TOULLIER, Dr. Civ. Fr. b. iii, tit. 3, c. 6, n. 476 ; Ayliffe Pand. *386. v. Comyn, Dig. ; 
 9 Co. 142a. 
 
 In the Civil Law, the rule is : Quae ab initio inutilis fuit institutio, ex post facto 
 convalescere non potest. LuciNUS Rufinus, Dig. L, V], fr. 2I0. cf. authorities there cited. 
 
 CONFIRMATIO omnem supplet defectum. Confirmation supplies all defects. 
 B radon, fol. ii^y Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 7. 
 Lord Coke elaborates this : 
 
 CONFIRMATIO omnes supplet defectus, licet id quod actum est ab initio non 
 valuit. A confirmation supplies all defects, although that which has been 
 done was not originally valid. Co. Litt. 295^/ Broom's Max. 
 
 Confirmatio chartarum. Confirmation of the charters. 
 ' After Magna Ckarta was signed by K i n g J OHN, in Runnymede meadow, near Windsor, and after the 
 signing of Charta de Foresta. the barons frequently required the later kings to confirm these charters ; hence 
 this term. This was the title of the statute passed 25 Edward I. (A. D. 1297). By this statute Magna Charta 
 is directed to be allowed as the Common Law; all judgments contrary to it are declared void. tj. i Bl. 
 Com. 125; BrooTtt &^ Had. Com. i, 152. v. note {/). 39. 
 
 Confirmatio crescens. An increasing or enlarging confirmation. It serves to increase 
 or enlarge a rightful estate, and so to pass an interest. Shep. Touch. 311. 
 
 Confirmatio diminnens. A diminishing confirmation. It serves to diminish and abridge 
 the services whereby the tenant holds. Id. ib. 
 
 Confirmatio perficiens. A perfecting confirmation. It serves to make good a wrongful 
 and defeasible estate, by adding the right to the possession or defeasible seisin, or to make a 
 conditional estate absolute by discharging the condition. Id. ib. 
 
 CONFIRMATIO vera talium, validam facit donationem, quae prius fuit itwalida, 
 et omnem supplet defectum. The confirmation of heirs, in truth, makes a 
 gift or donation valid, which was before invalid, and supplies all defects. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 29^, ii, c. 13 fin. 
 
 Donatio inter verum et uxorem ab initio invalida est, et nulla tempore valitura, nisi post mortem 
 eorum interveniat confirmatio haeredum, qui possent hujusmodi donationetn infrmare. Con- 
 firmatio vera talium, validam facit donationem, , quae prius fuit 
 invalida , et omnem supplet defectum. Bracton, ib. 
 
 Confirms, Sre, i, v. u. To fortify, make firm, establish, strengthen. Trop. : (a.) To 
 confirm or strengthen courage ; to instill courage into one ; to encourage, make bold. 
 Plautus, Cicero, Quintilian. (6,) To confirm a fact, corroborate an assertion ; to prove, 
 demonstrate the truth of a thing, etc. Cicero, de Or. ii, 19, 80. Confirmare aut, infrmare 
 rem. Cicero, Inv. \,y>, 4<) et al. H e n c e , i n g e n e r a 1 : To assert, affirm, protest some- 
 thing as true or certain. Id. Att. xvi, 5, 2 ; id. de Or. ii, 2, 6. 
 
 Confiscare. \_pres. infin. -\- confsco, -\- con, with, 3.nifiscus, treasury ; properly used only 
 in the passive pres. infin., confscari.'] To confiscate. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To confiscate; to claim for, or bring into the fisc or treasury. 
 Suet. Calig. yivi et al. v. Confisco. Goods are said to be confiscated, which are gathered into 
 the treasury (conf-scari, quae in fiscum coguntur) — Marcianus, Dig. xlviii, 21, fr. 3, § 8 — 
 and even confiscari, when laid up or deposited in loculis, in the chest of the treasury. Suet. 
 Atig. loi. 
 
 454 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 In the English Law: To confiscate. Bracton, lo\. 150. To condemn, convert, and 
 transfer to the fisc, for the use of the State, private property on the ground of its being for- 
 feited, i. e. the individual forfeits, and the State confiscates it as forfeited, v. i 
 Kent's Com. 56, 59, 62; I Story's R. 109. "To confiscate {confiscare) TiXiA to forfeit 
 {forisfacere) have been called synonymous terms. Blount; 3 Co. Inst. 227; Chase, J., 3 
 Dallas' R. 199 ; I Bl. Com. 299. 
 
 Confiscatio, Onls, /. \confisco, are.] A forfeiting, confiscation. Florus, iii, 9, 3. 
 
 In Juridical sense: The condemnation and adjudication of goods or effects to the 
 public treasury as the bodies and effects of criminals, traitors, etc. cf. i Bl. Com. 299 ; 
 Broom. iSr" Had. Com. i, 356 ; I Kent's Com, 52 sq. Especially applied to the goods and prop- 
 erty of alien enemies found in a State in time of war. v. Bona confiscata. 
 
 Confiscator, oris, m. A questor, master of the exchequer. Vet. Gloss. 
 
 Confiscata, uni. Confiscated ; forfeited to the treasury or exchequer of the king or State ; 
 seized as forfeited. Termes de la Ley ; i Bl. Com. 299. v. Bona confiscata. 
 
 ConfisCO, S.re, I, v. a. [fiscus.] (a.) To lay up in a chest. SuET. Aug-. loi. (6,) To 
 seize upon for the public treasury ; to confiscate. Suet. Calig. xvi. v. Confiscare. 
 
 Conflictio, onls, /. [confiigo.'] A striking together, a striking collision ; e. g. duorum 
 inter se corporum, — of two bodies between themselves. Quint, iii, 6, 6. Hence, Trop.; 
 A contest, conflict. Cicero, Part. 16; 29; 30; Quint, iii, 6, 4 ; xi ; vii, i, 18 ; Gell. vi, 3. 
 
 ConflictUS, OS, m. A striking of one thing against another. Confiictu atque tritu lapidum 
 elici ignem, — by striking and rubing of stones I have drawn fire. Cicero, N. D. ii, 9 fin, 
 Corporum (in conflict). Id. Caecin. xv, 43. Trop.. Impulse, impression, necessity. 
 Gellius, vi, 2, 8. (&.) A fight, contest. Pecat. Pan. ad Theod. 34. 
 
 ConflictllS leS'Um, A conflict of laws. Story on Confiict of Laws, passim. 
 The conflictus legum is the most perplexing and difficult title of anj' in the jurisprudence 
 of public law. 2 Kent's Com. no. 
 
 Confusio, Onis, /. [i-<;»/««(/i?, to pour, mix or mingle together.] A mingling, (a.) Lit.. 
 Colorum. App. de Mund. p. 66, 24, 2. (6,) Confusion, disorder ; n, g. temporum. Cicero, 
 deOff.\\,x<i. Populi. Velleg. ii, 124 ; QuiNTiLiAN, xii, 5, 3. Vulttis. Petr. loi, 8. (6.) 
 From emotion; A reddening, blushing. Tacitus, II. iv, 40. 
 
 In the Civil Law: (a.) A pouring or fusing together; a mixing of things liquid: 
 a melting of metals ; confusion. Justinian. /».rAii, I, § 27. Y)\sl\nga\sheA iiOTn commixtio, 
 which, strictly was the intermingling of solid or dry substances, as corn, etc. Id. ii. §§ 27, 
 28. V. Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 277, 278. v. Adjunctio. (6.) Confusio. When the obliga- 
 tion of the debtor and the right of the creditor are united in the same person. Gaius, Inst. 
 iii, § 181, n. 2, Abdy & Walker ; Append, ib. p. 464, Abdy & Walker, v. Paulus, Dig. xlvi, 
 i,/r. 71; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 543, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Common Law: The commingling of the goods of two or more persons, so 
 that the several portions can be no longer distinguished. 2 Bracton, c. 3, § 2, fol. 10 ; 2 Bl. 
 Com. 405 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 602. Where a party willfully intermixes his property with 
 that of another, without his approbation or consent, the common law allows him nothing, but 
 gives the entire property to the other party. Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 601, 602 {v. Wait's 
 Notes) ; 2 Bl. Com. 405 ; 2 Kent's Com. 364 ; 2 Steph. Com. 85. Confusion of the 
 rights, etc., of persons: The union of the obligation of the debtor with the right of 
 the creditor, which dissolves or extinguishes the former; e.g. where a woman obligee mar- 
 ries the obligor, the debt is extinguished, i Salk. 306. v. Heineccius, Elem.Jur. Civ. 
 b. iii, tit. 30, § 1006; Cro. Car. 551; \ Lord Rayin. 515; 5 7". /\?. 381 ; Comyn's Dig. 'Baron 
 and Feme." (/).) 
 
 In French Law: Confusio is a mode of extinguishing a debt by the concurrence of 
 two qualities in the same.subject, which mutually destroy one another. This may occur in 
 several ways, as where the creditor becomes the heir of the debtor, or the debtor the heir of 
 the creditor, or either accedes to the title of the other by any other mode of transfer. Pothier 
 on Oblig. by Evans, 606-609, note, v, Gaius, Inst, iii, 181, note ; Paul. Dig. xlvi, i,fr. 71. 
 
 Conff6 Coung6 Congy. — Fr. and L. Fr. Leave, liberty, or permission. 
 
 In French Law; A species of passport, or permission to navigate ; a clearance. 
 
 Cons6 d'aCCOrder. — L. Fr. Leave to accord, or agree. Stat. Modus levandi fines, 18 
 Edward I. stat. 4; Termes de la Ley ; 2 Bl. Com. 350; Crahb's Hist. Eng. Law, 178 ; Reeve's 
 Hist. 224. V. Licentia concordana. 
 
 Gong6 d'emparler. — L. Fr. Leave to imparl (or emparl). Yeai-b. M. 11 Henry VI. 6. 
 V. Licentia loquendi. 3 Bl. Com. 299 ; Broom bf Had, Com. iii, 330 
 
 455 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Cong6 d'^slire (or 61ire). — L- Ff. Leave to elect or choose. Termes de la Ley ; i Bl. 
 Com. 379, 382; 3 Steph. Com. 61, 67 ; Broom &^ Had. Com. i, 458, 462 ; iii, 35 ; iv, 514. v. 
 Venia eligendi. 
 
 Cong^able. — Fr. [-f- cong^.'\ That which is done with leave, by permission ; lawfully 
 done, lawful ; e. g., L'entiy est congeable, — the entry is lawful. Litt. g§ 279, 693-695. v. id 
 422 ; Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 22 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 403. 
 
 Conjectio, Onis, /. [conjicio, to throw, bring, or unite into a whole, or to one point.] 
 Lit. : A putting together. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 81 (82); hence, 
 
 In the Jurists: (a.) An inference, conjecture, interpretation {v. Conjectura). Cic. 
 Div. Ixiii fin., Ulpian. Dig. xxviii, i, fr. 21. (6.) Conjectio causae, — the draft or outline 
 of a law case. Sabin. in Paulus, Dig L, 17, fr. i. A brief, summary statement of the 
 subject-matter, doctrine, facts and law of a cause, made to the judge by the advocates for 
 the respective parties, as introductory to the argument of it at length, v. AscoN. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, I, 9, § 26 ; Gellius, N. A. v, 10, § 9 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. (c.) In general: A 
 controverted question, subject of a controversy. Pliny, xxviii, 2, 3. (d.) A hurling, throw- 
 ing. Telorem. Cicero, Caec. xv, 43. 
 
 Conjectura, ae, /. \conjicio^ A conclusion, conjecture, guess; e.g. animi. Quint, vii, 
 2, 6. Mentis. Id. ib. vii, 3. 25. Veritatis. SuETON. Galb. 7 et saep. Voluntatis. QuiNT. 
 xii, 2, 19. In particular t. t. of the language of augury; A conclusion 
 drawn from signs or omens, a divining, an interpretation of dreams; soothsaying, prophe- 
 sying. Ovid, Tr. i, 9, 51 ; Cicero, Div. i, 36; ii, 63. 
 
 In the Jurists: A supposition ; a presumption ; e.g., Conjectura ducta ab eo quod 
 ui plurimum fit, — a conjecture or supposition, drawn from what commonly happens. 
 Heineccius, ad Band. pars. 4, § 124. Praesumptiones sunt conjee turae ex signo verisimili 
 ad probandum assumptae, — presumptions are conjectures drawn from probable evidence 
 for the purpose of proof. J. VoET, ad PMnd. lib. xxii, tit. 3, note 14. 
 
 A throwing or putting together facts — one with another — from which to conjecture or 
 presume. The idea of a fact, suggested by another fact, as a possible cause, concomitant, or 
 result. Burr. Evid. 27, note (c). v. Domat, Civil Law, part i, b. 3, tit. 6, § 4, art. 2. 
 
 CONJECTURA dicta est a conjee tu , id est directione quadam rationis ad vei-itatem , unde 
 etiain somniorum atque omnium interpretes conjectores vocantur. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst. Orat. iii, 6, 
 § 30. C o n j e c t u r e is derived from conjicere, — ' to flow together,' that is, from making all 
 oiir reasonings converge toward truth; whence also interpreters of dreams and omens are 
 called conjecturers. 
 
 CONJECTURA est rationabile vestigium latentis veritatis, unde ?iascitur opinio 
 sapientis. A conjecture is a reasonable trace of latent truth, whence 
 there springs forth a wise opinion. Mascardus, de Prob. quaes't. 14, N. 14. 
 V. I Best on Evid. § 301. 
 
 Con-index. — L. Lat. [-|- ««, together, and y«(/fjr, a judge.] An associate judge. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 403. 
 
 Conjugatio, onis, /. \conjugo^ A combining, connecting ; hence, (a.) A mingling, 
 mixture ; e. g., Conjugatio mellis et fellis, — a mixture of honey and gall. App. Elor. note 18. 
 Corporum. Arn. ii, 54. (6.) Of Rhetoric t. t.: 
 
 Conjngialis, e, adj. \conjugium.\ Belonging to marriage, conjugal, connubial ; e. g. 
 foedus. Ovid, M. xi, 743. Jura. Id. ib. vi, 536. 
 
 Conjngium, ii, «• \conjugo.'\ A connection, union ; e. g., Conjugkim corporis atque 
 animae, — a connection, union of the bodj' and the soul. LuCR. iii, 857. Trop., A con- 
 nection by marriage, wedlock (j. e. considered in a physical point of view, while connubium 
 is regarded as a civil or political institution, v. Connubium). Cicero, Off. i, 17, 54 ; id. 
 Fin. iv, 1,\1 et al. M eton. , A carnal union. OviD, M. xiv, 298 ; x, 295. (6.) {abstr. 
 pro concr.) A husband. Prop, iii, 13, 20. A wife. Virgil, A, iii, 296 et al; Tacitus, A. 
 xii, 65. And, i n the pi u r., A pair (of animals). Pliny, viii, 23, 35 ; ix, 8, 7 ; a, 12, 15. 
 
 Conjnncta. [cfl«yV/j», to join together.] In the Civil Law: Things joined together 
 or united — as distinguished from disjuncta, things disjoined or separated. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, \t,fr. 53. V. Satpe ita comparatum est, ut conjuncta pro conjunctis , etc. 
 
Con.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conjunct^, adv. In connection, conjointly ; intimately, in a friendly manner. 
 
 Gonjunctim, adv. \conjungo7[ Unitedly, in common, jointly, together. Petere auxilium 
 conjunctim. Nep. /4«. x, 5. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Si duobus res conjunctim legata sit, etc. POMPONIUS, Dig. 
 xxx,/r. 16. Si pluribus eadem res legata fuenty siquidem conjunc tim , etc. Paulus, ib. 
 fr. 33. Conjunctim sive disjunctiva, — conjointly or disjointly. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, 
 §8. Conjunctim et separatint, — unitedly and severally; jointly and separately. Dig. 
 and Inst, passim. 
 
 In old English Law: Conjunc tim aut separatim, — jointly or severally. Con- 
 junctim, — jointly. £ radon, io\. ig. Conjunctly. Karnes' Equity, ii, 2(^2. Conjunc- 
 tim et pro indiviso, — jointly and individually. 2 Mod. 63. 
 
 Conjunctim et divisim. Jointly and severally. Bracton, fol. 19 ; Dyer, t2a; Yelverton, 
 203 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 6g2, § 1974. ConjUnctim tenentes, — tenants jointly ; joint 
 tenants; joint holders. 2 Bl. Com. lio; ^ Kent's Com. ZST. Conjunctim tenens,— a ten- 
 ant jointly. Peg. Jud. 12b. 
 
 Conjunctio, Snis, /. [zV.] a connecting, uniting, union, conjunction, etc. (in good 
 prose but only trop.). (a.) In general: A connection, agreement, affinity, sympathy. 
 Cicero, Div. ii, 58. Vicinitatis. Id. Plane. 8. (6.) In particular: (a.) A conjugal 
 connection, marriage. Cicero, Off. i, 4. (/3.) A connection by relationship, relationship. 
 Id. ib. ii, 17, 54 sq. {X.) A connection by friendship, friendship. Id. Phil, xiii, 5, 11 ; id. 
 Fam.fMi, \o ad fin. (5.) In Philos. and Rhetor. Lang.; A connection of ideas. 
 Cicero, To/. 14; Quintilian, vii, 8, i; viii, 3, 46. In the Civil Law: Conjunction; 
 connection of words in a sentence, v. Paulus, Dig. L. 16, frr. 29, 142. 
 
 Conjunctio animorum. Union or concurrence of minds. 
 
 Conjunctione COrporum. By a conjunction of bodies. Broom's Max. 487. 
 
 Marriage is constituted by the conjunctio animorum, or present consent of the parties 
 expressed under such circumstances as bj' law required, so that though they should, after 
 consent so given, by death or disagreement or any other cause, happen not to consummate 
 the marriage conjunctione corporum, they are, nevertheless, entitled to all the legal rights con- 
 sequent thereon. Broom's Max. 487, and authorities; Bishop on Mar. &= Div. § 510. 
 
 V. Nuptias non concubitus sed consensus facit. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, fr. 30. 
 
 CONJUNCTIO maris et feminae, et consortium ojunis vitae. The union of man and 
 woman, and companionship for all life. Modestinus, Dig. xxiii, 2, i. v. Nuptiae. 
 
 CONJUNCTIO maris et feminae est de jure natura. The union of man and 
 woman is by the law of nature or in accordance with the law of nature. 
 CONJUNCTIONEM enimnonnunquam pro disjunctione accipi, Labeo ait, ut 
 in ilia stipulatione : mi hi her e dique meo, te heredemque tuum. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, i(>,fr. 29. Sometimes conjunctive words are to be taken dis- 
 junctively (/. e. where the sense leads to it), Labeo says, as in that stipulation: 
 for me or my heirs, thou or thine heirs. 
 
 Read : Saepe ita comparatum est, ut conjunc ta pro disjunct is accipiuntur, et dis- 
 juncta pro conjunc ti s , interdum soluta pro separatis, etc. PAULXJS,Dig. L, 16, 53. 
 
 Conjunctis viribus. With united powers. 
 
 Conjunctus us, «. [id.] A connection, conjunction. Varro, Z. L. x, 2, 165. 
 In Scotch Law: Conjunct, joint. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 34 et seq. Applied to 
 rights. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Conjurati Orum, m. Conspirators. Cicero, Cat. iv, 10, 20 ; Sallust, C. Iii, 17 et al. 
 
 Conjuratio, Onis,/. [conjuro^ A swearing together or in common (in a good or more 
 freq. in a bad sense). 
 
 In a good sense: An agreeing, a union. Urbana. Pliny, Pan. "JQ fin. In a bad 
 sense : A conspiracy, a plot. Cicero, Cat. ii, 4; id. Off. iii, 10, 44 ; Sallust, C. 17 et 
 saep. M e t o n . {abstr. pro concr.). The confederacy, the band of conspirators themselves. 
 Perditortim hominum. Cicero, Cat. i, 6. 
 
 In old English Law: (a.) A swearing together; an oath administered to several 
 together; a combination or confederacy under oath. Cowell ; Blount; Tomlin. (b.) 
 Transf. , A plot, compact, conspiracy by persons combining by oath to do any public 
 
 [58] 457 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 harm. Cowell et al. Especially the oifense of having (as was supposed) personal com- 
 merce or conference with the devil or some evil spirits, in order to discover some secret or 
 effect some purpose. Stat. 5 Eliz. c. 16 ; Cowell; Termes de la Ley, voc. 'Conjuration.' 
 
 Sir William Blackstone classes conjuration with witchcraft, enchantment and sorcery; but distin- 
 guished from each of these by other writers. 4 Bl. Com. 60. v. 61, 62. The difference between conjuration 
 and witchcraft was said to be, that a person using the one endeavored by prayers and invocations to 
 compel the devil to say or do what he commanded him ; the other (witchcraft) rather by friendly and volun- 
 tary conference or agreement with the devil or familiar, to have his desires served, in lieu of blood or other 
 gift offered . Both differed from enchantment or sorcery, because the latter were supposed to be per- 
 sonal conferences with the devil, and the former were but medicaments and ceremonial forms of words usually 
 called charms, without apparation, Cowell. cf i Montesquieu, Esp. des Loix. xii, c. 5 ; Termes de la Ley, 
 
 Conjurator, Oris, «. Conjuratus, i, w. \conjuro.\ One who swears with another ; one 
 who combines with another by an oath (in a good or bad sense), v. Conjuratio. 
 
 In old English Law: One who swears or is sworn with others ; one bound by oath 
 with others ; a compurgator. i%/a, lib. ii,c. 4, §6. =Conjurour. — L. Fr. Brilt. 00.2"], 120. 
 
 Conjurd, are, I, V. n. To swear together, or one with another; to band or combine 
 together by an oath (in a good or more frequently in a bad sense). 
 
 (a.) In a good sense: v. Conjuratio. Hence, in general: To unite, be united. 
 Horace, A. P. 411. (/J.) To assent to by an oath. Ovid, Her. xxi, 135. v. the pass. (6.) 
 In a bad sense: To form a conspiracy or plot, to unite one's self with or combine by 
 an oath. Gellius, vii, wfin.; Qdintilian, iv, 2, 72; Cicero, Sull. xxv, 70. 
 
 Gonjux, also Conjunx. \conjungo.\ One who is united in marriage, a husband, wife, 
 consort, spouse (class, and freq.). (6.) =Contubemalis. A comrade, a (male or female) 
 companion or attendant. 
 
 Con-niveO, ere, s, V. n. Lit.: To close or shut the eyes ; to blink with the eyes, etc. 
 More freq. (esp. in Cicero), (6.) Like our phrase, to wink at. To leave an 
 error or crime unnoticed or uncensured ; to overlook, connive at, etc. Cicero, F/til. i, 7 
 yfK./ id. Coel. xxiv, 59 ; id. Agr. ii, 28, 77 et al. 
 
 Coniliventia, ae, y. Connivance. Lit.. A winking at ; intentional forbearance to see 
 a fault or other act, generally implying consent to it ; voluntary oversight, v. Collusio. 
 
 A father who connives at his daughter's seduction cannot recover damages therefor. 2 
 Caines, 2ig. A husband who connives at the adultery of his wife has no right to a divorce 
 on the ground of her infidelity, nor to recover damages from the seducer. 4 T. K. 657 ; 
 I Hagg. Con. 144. cf. 3 Hagg. Eccles. 130, 350. It may be satisfactorily proved by implica- 
 tion. V. Shelford on Mar. arid Div. 449 ; Bishop on Mar. and Div. Index ; 2 Hagg. Eccl. 278, 
 376 ; 3 id. 58, 82, 107, 119, 312 ; 2 Caines (N. Y.) 219 ; 3 Piek. (Mass.) 299. 
 
 Conaaissenieilt, — Fr. = Lat. Literae recognitionis. Letter of recognition. 
 In French Marit. Law: A bill of lading; otherwise called /o/zV« de chargement. 
 Ord. Mar. liv. 3, tit. 2 ; Emerig. des Ass. c. 11. 
 
 Conniibialis, e, a<^'. \connubium^ Pertaining to wedlock, conjugal. Connubialia jura, — 
 conjugal rights ; the marriage tie. Ovid, Her. vi, 41. 
 
 Connubium, ii, n. Marriage, wedlock (considered as a civil institution) ; while conjugium 
 has regard merely to a physical union. Cicero, de Or. i, 9, 37 ; Virg. A. i, 73 ; iii, 136, 319 
 et saep. ; Adams' Antiq. I, p. 66. Me ton.: (a.) The right to intermarrj' (according to 
 Roman principles). Cicero, Rep. ii, 37, v. the pass. v. Gaius, Inst, i, § 55 sq.; Ulpianus, 
 Reg. tit. V et al. (6.) Poet.: A physical union (conjugium). Lucretius, iii, 777 ; v, lou ; 
 Ovid, ^»2. ii, 7, 21. (c.) Of plants: An ingrafting. Pliny, xvi, i. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Marriage; a mutual submission to the marriage ceremony. One 
 of the names of lawful marriage between citizens among the Romans. Adams' Antiq. 50, 
 502 ; Taylor's Civil Laiv, 284. The legal power of contracting marriage, v. Sandar's Jus- 
 tinian, 95. 
 
 CONNUBIUM est uxoris jure ducendae facultas. Ulpian. Reg. v, § 3. Con- 
 nubium is the right of marrying a wife. v. Authorities, supra. 
 ConpOSSeSSio. in Modern Civil Law: A joint possession. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 245. § 236. 
 
 Conquaerere. — L- Lat. [««, together, and quaerere,\o seek or gain.] To acquire, v. 
 Conquiro. 
 
 4S8 
 
Con.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conquaestor. — L. Lat. \conquaerere.'\ Conqueror. 2 j9/. Cipm. 242, 243. 
 
 Conquaestus, Conquestus, — L- Lat. [«</.] Acquisition or purchase ; any means of 
 acquiring an estate out of the course of inheritance ; conquest. 2 Bl. Com. 242 ; Broom &= 
 Had. Com. ii, 408. 
 
 Conquerautur, etc. I Smith's L. C. [359] 440, v. Si parentes conquerantur. 
 
 Con-queror, i, 3. ^- dep. a. and h. To complain at or of a thing, or to bewail, lament it 
 passionately or much (class, in prose and poetry). 
 
 In English Practice: Conqueror quod talis mihi injuste detinet — talem rem, — I 
 complain that such a one unjustly detains from me such a thing. Bracton, fol. \02b. 
 
 Conquerentes. Plaintiffs; parties complaining. Stat. Marlboro, c. 30; Fleta, lib. ii, 
 c. 3. § I. 
 
 Gonquestio, Onis, /. \conqueror.'\ A violent, loud complaining or bewailing complaint. 
 Conq uestio est oratio auditorum misericordiavi captans. Cicero, de Inv. i, 55. Complaint 
 is a speech seeking to move the pity of the hearers. Conques tio est oratio, quae iniommo- 
 dorum amplificatione animum auditoris ad misericordiam perducit. Cicero, ad Herennium, 
 iii, 13. 
 
 Conquiescat in pace. May he rest in peace. 
 
 Conquird, ere, 3, v. a. [quaero.] To seek or search for, procure, move or bring together, 
 collect (class, and freq.). Trop. : To seek after, search for, go in quest of together; to 
 make search for everywhere. (Thus freq., especially in Cicero and Tacitus.) 
 
 Conqtlisitio, Cnls, /. \eonquiro.'] A bringing together, procuring, collecting. Conqui- 
 sitio pecuniarum : ' eos esse belli ^ivilis nervos' Tacitus, H. ii, 84. 
 
 In old English Law: Acquisition; any means of acquiring an estate out of the 
 common course of inheritance. 2 Bl. Com. 242 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 408. 
 
 Conqnisltor, oris, m. [2V.] In Military Language?. /. .■ A recruiting officer. 
 Cicero, Mil. xxv, 67; Livy, xxi, 11; xxx, 7. (6.) A spy, listener. Plautus, Am. prol. 
 65, 82. 
 
 ConqTllSltor, — L. Lat. \id.'\ In Feudal Law: A purchaser, acquirer or conqueror. 
 2 Bl. Com, 242, 243 ; Broom ^ Had. Com. ii, 408. = Conquaestor. 
 
 ConquiSltus, a, um. Pa. \id^ Sought out, chosen, costly. Cicero, Agr. ii, 35 ad fin., 
 id. Tusc. V, 21, 62 et al. 
 
 Consacrameutales, — L. Lat. = Compurgatores and Conjuratores. 
 
 Consalntatio, Onis, f. [consaluto, are, to greet, salute.] The greeting of a multitude. 
 
 Consanguinea, ae, /. A sister. Catullus, Ixiv, 118. 
 
 CoilSail£''llilieuS, a, um, adj. [gen. plur. , Consanguineum. LucRETlus, iii, 73.] Spring- 
 ing from the same blood, related by blood ; and (rt.) In a more restricted sense of 
 brothers and sisters: Brotherly, sisterly. Class, passim. (6.) In a more gen- 
 eral sense: Relatives, kindred (so freq. in prose and poetry). Plautus, /"()<■». v, 2, 77 ; 
 Lucretius, iii, 73 ; Cicero, Inv. ii, 24, 35 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Connected by blood (ja«^a!»^ C(j»k^x«j). v. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 § 140 sq.; id. ed. 1883, §§ 141, 145, 664, by Dropsie. 
 
 CONSANGUINEOS autem Cassius definet eos, qui sanguine inter se connexi 
 sunt. Et est verum, eos esse consanguineos, etiam si sin heredes non extiterunt 
 patri, utputa exheredaios ; sed et si pater eorum deportatus fuerit, niliiloininus eos 
 inter se esse consanguineos , licet patri \^patris\ sui heredes ?ion extitissent ; et qui 
 nunquam in potestate fuerunt, erunt sibi consanguinei, utputa qui post captivitatem 
 patris nascuntur, vel qui post mortem. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxviii, 16, fr. i, § 10. 
 Cassius defines those to be consanguineous who are connected by blood 
 one with another. And it is true that they are consanguineous even if the father 
 had no heirs of his own, as for example in the case of the disinherited ; but 
 even if their father should have been transported (Cassius decides), that they are 
 
 459 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 nevertheless consanguineous though there should have been no heirs to the 
 father ; and those who were never in another's power will be consanguineous 
 to themselves, as, for instance, those who are born after the captivity of the 
 father, or after his death. 
 
 In English Law: Sprung from the same blood (i, e. con, together, and sanguine, blood, 
 quasi eodem sanguine naius); of kin. Co. Litt. 1570 ,* Wingatc's Max. 78, 85 ; Bracton, fol. 9. 
 A cousin, in the general sense of blood relation. Reg. Orig. 226. v. Breve de consanguineo. 
 
 Consanguinei. Blood relations. Broom &= Had. Com. i, 528. v. ii, 646. 
 
 CONSANGUINEUS est quasi eodem sanguine natus. Consanguinity is, as it 
 were, sprung from the same blood. Co. Litt. 157. 
 
 ConsanguineuS frater. In Feudal Law: A brother by the father's side as dis- 
 tinguished from frater uterinus, — a brother by the mother's side. 2 Bl. Com. 231. Plur. : 
 Consanguinei, — relations having a common father. 
 
 Consanguinitas, atis, /. \i:onsanguineus.'\ Blood relationship, consanguinity, (a.) I n 
 a more extended sense: Relationship in general. Livy, vii, 19,85 ; Virg. A. ii, 
 86. (6.) In a more restricted sense: The relationship between brothers and 
 sisters (almost alone in the jurists). Ulpianus, i3;|-. xxxviii, 8, /r. 4 ; Procul. ib. \,T,fr. 
 44. Trop.; Consanguinitatem doctrinae, — affinity, similarity of doctrine or principle. 
 Tertullian, adv. Haeret. u. 32 ad fin. 
 
 In English Law: Connection of blood. Vinculum personarum ab eodem stipite 
 descendentium, — the bond or connection of persons descended from the stock or common 
 ancestor. 2 Bl. Com. 202. Kindred or relation by blood, as affinitas is relation by marriage. 
 Co. Litt. 1570/ I Bl. Com. 43^. And this is of two sorts: Lineal and collateral 
 (cognatio A latere). 2 Bl. Com. 202-205. And so in the Roman Law. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 § 140 sq., ed. 1883, by Dropsie. , 
 
 Conscia mens recti, famae menddcia ridet : 
 Sed nos in vitiuin credula turba smnus. 
 
 Ovid, Fastorum, iv, 311. 
 
 A mind, conscious of integritj', laughs to scorn the falsehoods of report ; but we are, all 
 of us, a set too ready to believe ill. 
 
 In general this is a true maxim ; but there are cases when it is necessary to repel the falsehood of report, 
 otherwise the maxim — Qui tacet consentire videiui — might apply to the case. v. Integer vitae, etc. 
 
 ConSCientia, ae, /. \conscius.'\ A knowledge of a thing along with others or by one's 
 self ; joint knowledge, consciousness (freq. and class.). 
 
 (CT.) A joint knowledge of something.; a being privy to ; a knowing along with others, etc. 
 Cicero, Cat. i, i ; id. Fin. ii, 9, 28, Conscientia conjurationis. Tacitus, Hist, i, 42, Consci- 
 entia facti. Id. A. ii, 22. Stupri. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 29. (6.) Consciousness, 
 knowledge, feeling, sense. Conscientia suae infirmitatis. QuiNtilian, i, 2, 10; xi, 17 et al. 
 
 In particular: A consciousness of right or wrong, conscience. Cicero, Mil. xxiii, 
 61 ; id. N. D. iii, 35, 85. Conscientia recta, — a good conscience. Id. Att. xiii, 20. Consci- 
 entia mala, — a bad conscience. QuiNTiLiAN. xii, 3. Bona. Celsos /k Quintilian, ii, 15, 
 32. Infelix. QuiNTiLiAN, vi, prooem, § 10 ; CiCERO, Legg. i, 14, v. the pass. 
 
 Conscientia boni Viri. The conscience of an honest man. Shep. Touch. 501. 
 
 CONSCIENTIA dicitur a con et s cio , quasi scire cum Deo. Conscience' 
 is called from con (with) and scio (to know), as it were, to know with 
 God. 1 Co. 100. 
 
 Conscientia inille testes.— 'L&X.. Pro v. Conscience is instead of a thousand wit- 
 nesses. QUINTILIAN, v, II, 41. Trop.: No shield is so impenetrable, no security so 
 effective, as a mind conscious of innocence. Horace expresses the idea : 
 Integer vitae, scelerisque purus , 
 
 Non eget Mauri jaculis neque arcu. — HORACE, Od. i, 22, I. 
 Cicero expresses the power of conscience : Magna vis est conscientiae , etc. 
 Nihil est miserius, quam animus hominis conscius. Plautus, Most, iii, I, 13. 
 CONSCIENTIA rectae voluntatis maxima consoldtio est rerum incommoddrum. A con- 
 sciousness of good intentions is a very great consolation in misfortunes. Cicero. 
 460 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conscil de famille, — Fr. A council or meeting of the familj'. 2 Kent's Com. 231. 
 
 Conscil d'etat,— Fr. A council of state. 
 
 ConscilL — L. Fr. In old Englisli and French Law: Counsel. 
 
 Consciller, — Fr. and L. Fr. A counselor. Conscillers on countours, — counselors or 
 counters. Britt. c. 52. 
 
 Conscriptio, Onis, /. [consmbo, ere, to write together, to draw up in writing.] A draw- 
 ing up in writing, a composing, composition, (a.) In abstracto: Conscriptio libelli. Sid. 
 .£^. vii, 18. (b.) Jnconcreto: A representation, treatise, writing. Cicero, C/«. Ixvii, 191 f/a/. 
 
 ConSCriptor, oris, m. \id.'\ A composer, writer, author. Quintilian, Decl. 277. 
 
 Consecratio, Onis, f. \consecroJ\ A religious dedication ; consecration. 
 
 CONSECRATIO est periodus electionis; electio est praeambula consecrationis. 
 Consecration is the termination of election ; election is the preamble of 
 consecration. 2 Rol. R. 102. 
 
 Consensio, 5nis, /. \consentio'\ An agreeing together, agreement, unanimity, (a.) In a 
 good sense: Cicero, Tusc. i, 13, 30 et al. (6.) In abad sense: A plot, combina- 
 tion, conspiracy. Cicero, Att. x, 4, i. 
 
 Consensu, adv. Unanimously, with general consent, according to the general wish. 
 
 CONSENSU fiunt obligationes in eviptionibus et venditionibus, locationibus, con- 
 ductionibus, societatibus, mandatis. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 2 pr. Obliga- 
 tions arise from (are made by) consent in the cases of buying and selling, letting 
 and hiring, partnerships and mandates, v. Justinian. Inst, iii, 24/r. 
 
 Gaius adds: § l . Ideo autem istis modis consensu dicemus obligationes contrahi^ quia neque 
 verborum nequae scripturae ulla proprietas desideraiur, sed sufficit eos qui negoiium gerunt, con- 
 sensisse (consentire). § 2. Unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur, veluti per epis- 
 tolam aut per intemuiium (cum alioquin verborum obligatio inter absentes fieri non possii). § 3. 
 Item in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur de eo, quod alterum alteri ex bono et aequo praestare 
 oporiei {cum alzquin in verborum obligationibus alius siipuletur, alius permittat, et in nominibus 
 alius expensum ferendo obliget, alius obligetur). Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, §§ 1-3. 
 
 § I. And the reason for our saying that in these cases obligations are contracted by con- 
 sent is that no particular form either of words or of writing is required, but it is enough if 
 those who are transacting the business have come to an agreement. § 2. Therefore, such 
 matters are contracted even between persons at a distance one from the other, for example, 
 by letter or messenger (whilst on the contrary a verbal obligation cannot arise between per- 
 sons who are apart). § 3. Likewise, in these contracts the one is bound to the other for all 
 that the one ought in fairness and equity to afTord to the other (whilst on the contrary, in verbal 
 obligations one stipulates and the other promises, and in literal obligations one binds by an 
 entry to the debit and the other is bound), v. Pufendorf, de Jure N. et G. v, c. 2, § 6, n. 9. 
 
 CONSENSU regio et magnatum regni Angliae. By the general consent of the royal and 
 great men of the kingdom of England. 3 Bl. Com. 95. 
 
 Consensus us, m. \consentio.'\ Agreement, unanimity, concord (freq. in prose); a par- 
 ticipation. LiVY, xxiii, 15. 
 
 CONSENSUS est voluntas multorum ad quos res pertinet, simul juncta. Consent 
 is the united will of several to whom a thing belongs [of several interested 
 in one subject-matter]. Dav. R. 48. 
 
 Simul juncta refers to voluntas. Hence the translation as above, or it may be "Consent 
 is the will of many, united at the same time, to whom a thing belongs." Therefore the 
 translation Branch's Pr. is erroneous. 
 
 Consensus et COnCUbitUS. Consent and lying together. 2 Parsons on Contr. 75. 
 
 Applied to the marriages at Gretna Green, of those who wished to escape the marriage 
 laws of England. 
 
 CONSENSUS licita matrimonia posse contr ahi, contractu non nisi mis so repudio 
 dissolvi, praecipimus. Solutionem etenim matrimonii difficiliorem debere esse, 
 favor imperat liberorum. Justinian. Cod. v, 17, const. 8. We decree that law- 
 ful marriage may be contracted by consent, that once contracted they may not 
 
 461 
 
Con,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 be dissolved unless by formal decree. For justice or favor to the children 
 demands that the dissolution of matrimony be made as difficult as possible. 
 Cited in Bishop on Mar. 6^ Div. 3d ed. § 271. 
 
 CONSENSUS /i2«V/i?g-««. Consent makes the law. Branch's Frinc. Read: 
 Consentio modum dat donatio. 
 Where persons of same mind enter into a mutual agreement, and their consent to the con- 
 tract be obtained without fraud, deceit or duress, the contract, if not in contravention of any 
 existing law, must be fulfilled ; unless there be such gross inadequacy of consideration, 
 given or received, as to render it voidable in equity. 
 
 CONSENSUS facit matrimonium. Consent makes the marriage. Read: 
 Consensus non concubitus, facit nuptias vel matrimonium, etc. 
 In the Civil, Canon and Common Law: Consent is absolutely necessary to 
 matrimony ; hence persons non comfotes mentis cannot enter into a matrimonial, nor indeed 
 any other contract, v. Broom's. Max. 446 and cases; 2 Parsons on Contr. 8r. This maxim is 
 a brief, close cut expression of the next. 
 
 CONSENSUS, non concubitus, facit nuptias vel matrimonium; et consentire non 
 possunt ante annos nubiles. Consent, and not lying together, constitutes 
 nuptials or marriage; and persons cannot consent before marriageable years. 
 6 Co. 22 ; Co. Litt. 33a. 
 
 " It is the consent of the parties, i. e. their mutual agreement to live together as husband 
 and wife, not their concubinage, which constitutes a valid marriage." Broom's Max. 486, 
 487 and cases there cited ; i Bl. Com. 434 and Cooley's note (2); 2 Parsons on Contr. 8r, 82 ; 
 Bishop on Mar. Ssr' Div. § 67 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 524; v. Wait's note (138); 25 N. Y. R. 
 390, 397. This maxim is a paraphrasis of the Civil Law: Nuptias, non concubitus , sed 
 consensus facit. Ulpian. Dig. L, i^.fr. 30. cf. ^aKafe?-/ Justinian, pp. 94, 95. 
 
 By the Civil Law marriage is a mere consensual contract, indissoluable even by 
 the consent of the parties. It was always deemed to be "a contract executed without any 
 part performance;" so that the maxim was undisputed and peremptory. Consensus, non 
 cancubitus, facit nuptias vel matrimonium, — consent, not lying together, makes the nuptials 
 or marriage. Per Lord Brougham, 10 CI. &• Fin. 719. v. id. 534. A contract to marrj' 
 per verba de presenti, though not followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage. 2 
 Kent's Com. 87 ; 7 Wend. (N. Y.) R. 47. And substantially the same rule in England. 
 Broom's Max. 488. v. i Bl. Com. 439; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 424 sq.; Wharton's Max. xix, 
 and cases there cited. On the other hand, a contract to maxxy per verba de futuro, thougii 
 followed by cohabitation as man and wife, is not a valid marriage. 15 N. Y. R. (i Smith) 
 345 ; 10 Ohio St. R. 181; 10 Cal. 533. 
 
 CONSENSUS tollit errorem. Consent removes error, i. e. obviates its effect. 
 2 Co. Inst. 123; Co. Litt. i26a_,- Wingate's Max. 121. "The acquiescence 
 of a party who might take advantage of an error obviates its effect." Broom's 
 Max. 137. V. 7 fohns. R. 611; 10 id. 107, 108; 12 Wend. R. 213. 
 
 Upon the doctrine of this maxim rests an important branch of the doctrine of waiver. If 
 the venue in an action is laid in the wrong place and this is done by the consent of both 
 parties {per assensum partium), and so entered of record, it shall stand. Cro. Eliz. 664; 5 
 Co. 57 ; Co. Litt. 126a and Harg. note i ; Hob. 5 ; I Bing. (N. C.) 68 ; 6 Ell. <&= B. 338 ; 10 
 Johns. R. (N. Y.) 108. If a party, after an error or irregularity has taken place, consents to 
 a proceeding which, by insisting on the irregularity, he might have prevented, he waives all 
 exceptions to the irregularity. 7 fohns. (N. Y.) ^. 6rT. Qui facet consentire videtur ubi tracta- 
 tur de ejus commodo. q Mod. 38; Wharton's Max. in Reg. xx, and cases. An irregularity 
 in the service of a paper in a cause, is generally waived by retaining and acting upon it. 3 
 Howard's Pr. R. 246. A voluntary and general appearance in an action is a waiver of all 
 defects in the summons or other process. 6 Howard's Pr. R. 440; i-; fohns. R. 461. v. 
 further illustrations in the cases above cited. Consent will not confer jurisdiction, for an 
 illegality or a mere nullity cannot be waived or cured, t E. &' B. 338, 719, 724 ; 11 A. df E. 
 941 ; zN.Y. R. 9. 
 
 Consentanee, adv. In harmony or accordance with. 
 
 Consentanens, a, um, adj. [consentio.'] Agreeing, according with something, suited or 
 agreeable to, becoming, meet, fit, proper (most freq. in Cicero, who used it often); consist- 
 ent. Vallej. ii, 63. Hence, Consentaneum est, — it agrees with something; it is according 
 to reason, fitting, proper, etc. 
 462 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Consentiens, entis, Pa. Icon-sentio.] Agreeing, accordant, unanimous. Cicero, AT, z>. 
 ii, 7, 19. Consentiente voce, — by unanimous voice. Suet. Ga/d. 13. 
 
 CONSENTIENTES ef agentes pari poend plectentur. Those who consent 
 to an act and those who do it shall be embraced in [visited with] the same 
 punishment. 5 Co. 80; Broom's Max.; Story on Agency, § 11. 
 
 Consentio, ire, 4, v. ». and a. To agree, accord, harmonize with any person or thing ; 
 agreeing to assert, determine, decree something, to unite upon something accordantly, etc. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The expression fo««H/;V? involves tacit as well as express acqui- 
 escence. Justinian. Cod. iii, 32, const. 3. Read: Consentire videtur, qui facet. 
 
 CONSENTIO modum dat donationi. Consent gives the form to the gift. 
 Read: Consensus facit legem. 
 CONSENTIRE matrimonio non possunt infra \ante\ annos nubiles. Parties 
 cannot consent to marriage within [before] the marriageable years, i. e. 
 before the age of consent. 5 Co. 80 ; d id. 22 ; Broom's Max. list of. v. 
 Wharton's Max. xix, and cases. 
 
 CONSENTIRE non videtur qui errat. He does not appear to consent who is 
 under a mistake. Justinian. Inst. Read: Non videtur, qui errant, 
 consentire. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, /r. 116, § 2. 
 
 No one is deemed to accede to that of which he had not a previous knowledge, v. Nil 
 volitum quin praecognitum. 
 
 CONSENTIRE videtur, qui tacet. He appears to consent who remains silent. 
 Trop., "Silence gives consent." Read: Qui tacet consentire videtur. 
 
 CONSEQUENTER dicemus, si mutaverit domicilium persona, novi domicilii 
 conditionem induere. Burgundus. Consequently we say, if the person has 
 changed his domicile, (he appears) to assume the condition of a new domicile. 
 v. Story on Confl. of Laws, § 69; also §§ 51a, 56, where the subject is treated. 
 Read: Idea, si status personae inspici debeat, etc. Burgundus. Quoted in Story, id. § 56. 
 Personae enim status et conditio clim tota regatur <J legibus loci, etc. Story, ib. 
 
 CONSEQUENTER ea, quae sunt personalia, una ciim persona circumfe- 
 runtur, quocumque loco se transtulerit, et per universa territoria, viresque et 
 effectum porrigunt. Re ali a situm rem sic spectant, ut territorii limit es non exce- 
 dantj quia rebus ipsis sunt affixa. Burgundus, Tract, i, § 3, p. 15. Conse- 
 quently those (statutes) which are personal are borne around with the person 
 wherever he may go, and extend their force and effect through all places. Real 
 (statutes) so consider the situs of things that they do not exceed the limits of the 
 place, because they are attached to things themselves. Quoted in Story on Confl. 
 ofLaws,%S2- [F. J. M.] 
 
 CONSEQUENTER non tacita seu legalis hypotheca adstringit bona alia, quam 
 quibus lex poterit imperarej ea nimirum, quae legislatoris territorio sunt sup- 
 posita, cujus solius loci legis est, tanquam statuti realis, realim in rebus effectum pro- 
 ducere, citm alterius judicis auctoritas non efficiat hypothecafn. Rodenburg, de 
 Div. Stat. tit. 2, c. 5, § 16. Therefore a silent, implied or legal hypothecation 
 does not bind other goods than those which the law may be able to control, 
 namely those which are placed in the country of the legislator of which place 
 alone it is the province of the law, as if of a real statute to produce a real effect 
 on things, since the power of a foreign judge cannot effect a hypothecation. 
 Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 322^/. [F. J. M.] 
 
 463 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Conseqnentia, ae, /. \consequor!\ In the Latin of the Jurists: A consequence. 
 Eventorum. Cicero, Div. i, 56 fin. Naturae. Gellius, xii, 5, 10. u. Per consequentiam. 
 
 CONSEQUENTIAE non est consequentia. A consequence ought not to be 
 drawn from another consequence. Bacon's Aph. 16. 
 Consertio, 5nis,/. a joining together ; a concerting. Arn. iii, 107. 
 
 CONSERVANDA est consuetude regionis et civitas ubi contractum est. Omnes 
 enim actiones nostrae {si non uliter fuerit provisum inter contrahentes) inter - 
 pretationem recipiunt d, consuetudine loci, in quo contrahitur. J. SandS;, Op. Comm. 
 de Reg. Jur. 1, 9, p. 17. The custom of the district and city where it is con- 
 tracted (where the contract is made) is to be observed. For all our actions (if 
 provision shall not have been otherwise made between the contracting parties) 
 receive their interpretation from the custom of the place in which it is contracted. 
 Quoted in Story on Bills of Exch. § 143 ; Story on Prom. Notes., § 161 ; Story on 
 Confl. of Laws, § 270. 
 
 Conservatio, Onis, /. \conservo.'\ A keeping, preserving. Bonorum. QuiNTlLlAN, v, 
 10, 33. Aequabilitatis. CiCERO, de. Or. i, 42, 188. Decoris. CiCERO, de Off. i, 36, 131. 
 
 Conservator, oris, m. A keeper, protector, preserver or defender. Hale, de Jur. Mar. 
 pars. I, c. 5. An arbitrator or umpire. Kennett's Par. Ant. 513; Cowel. In Connec- 
 ticut a guardian is so called. 5 Conn. R. 280 ; 12 id. 376 ; ig id, 591 ; 3 Day (Conn.), 472. 
 
 Conservator indnciarum et salvorum regis conductuum.— L. Lat. Conservator of 
 
 truces and safe-conducts of the king. Stat. 2 Hen. V. st. i, c. 6; Termes de la Ley; ^ Bl. 
 Com. 69, 70; 4 Steph. Com. 245. 
 
 Conservator vel CUStos pacis. — Lat. Conservator or custodian of the peace. A keeper 
 or preserver of the public peace. Bacon's Uses of the Law; I Bl. Com. 349, 351 ; 3 Steph. 
 Com. 38, 39 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Conservatores pacis. Conservators, keepers or preservers of the peace, i Bl. Com. 
 349. ^Custodes pacis, q. v. 
 
 Conservitium, ii, n. Joint servitude. Perque conservitium coniTnune^ — by our common 
 captivity. Plautus, Capt. ii, i, 55. 
 
 Considerabiter pro ^nerente. — L- Lat. Judgment shall be given for the plaintiff. 
 Fleta, lib. ii, c. 23, § 2. 
 
 Consideranter, a^fo. In a deliberate, considerate manner. Agere. Mkl. Max. -vni, 1 fin. 
 Deliberately, considerately. 
 
 CONSIDERANDUM est quo animo, quave voluntate quid fiat, in facto vel, 
 Judicio, ut proinde scire possit quae sequatur actio, et quae poena. It is to be 
 considered with what intention or with what will a thing is done, in fact and in 
 law, that it may be known accordingly what action follows and what punishment. 
 Bracton, iii, c. 2, § 14, fol. \o\b; 8 Co. 290 ; i Kent's Com. i^j. 
 
 Read: Tolle enim voluntatem, et erit omnls actus indifferens, quia affectio tua notnen imponit 
 operi iuo, et crimen non contrahitur^ nisi nocendi voluntas intercedat, nee furtum commitiitur, 
 nisi ex affectu furandi. Bracton, id. ib. v. fol. 2b. 
 
 Consideratio, Snis, /. \considero'^ Contemplation, consideration, reflection. Cicero, 
 Acad, ii, 41, 127: e.g., Consideratio accurata, — careful consideration ; elaborate contempla- 
 tion. Cic^^o, Acad, ii, II, 35. Consideratio contemplatioque naturae, — a consideration and 
 contemplation of nature. Id. ib. ii, 41, 127. 
 
 In the Law of Contracts: Consideration, i. e. the material cause of a contract, 
 whereby an obligation is created. Quum nulla suhest causa propter '[prater] conventionem, hie 
 constat non posse constitui obligationem. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, § 4 («'. also §§ i, 2, 3); 
 Dyer, 336(5/ Plowden, 308, 309 ; 2 Ad. i5f Ell. (N. S.) 851 ; Termes de la Ley: i Parsons on 
 Contr. i[,ll, 430 and cases. (6.) The thing given in exchange for the benefit which is to be 
 derived from a contract, i. e. the quid pro quo or equivalent. = the permutatio of the Civil 
 
 464 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Law, or = Gr. dvvaXXay/iia. Something mutually or reciprocally interchanged as the price 
 or motive of the contract, though not necessarily of equal value.' Gravina, lib. ii, § 12 ; 2 
 Bl. Com. 443, 444; 2 Kent's Com. 463 ; I Aixhb. Nisi frius, 3. (c.) The inducement to, or 
 the reason which moves the contracting parties to enter into the contract. 2 Bl. Com. 443 ; 2 
 Kent's Com. 463. (<i.) The price, motive, cause of the contract, i. e. the consideration or 
 thing which is of some value in the eye of the law, and which moves the contracting parties 
 to enter into the contract. 2 Bl. Com. 443, 444 ; 2 Kent's Com. 463-465 ; Broom's Max. 718; 
 Patterson, J., 1 B. Sf S. 393 ; Broom on C. L. 317. (e.) Any benefit or advantage accruing 
 to him who makes a promise ; or any loss, disadvantage, trouble undergone by or charge 
 imposed upon him to whom it is made, and which has a value susceptible of legal apprecia- 
 tion capable of inforcement in foro extemo. Plowden, 309 ; Patterson, J., 2 Q. B. 859 ; 3 
 Pick. ^. 83 ; 2 Kent's Com. 465 ; Smith on Contr. 87, 88 ; Broom's Max. 718 sq.; Broom on 
 C. L. 317 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 157-159 {v. cases in Wait's note, 505). 
 
 Conslderatio curiae. — Lat. The consideration of the court. 
 
 In English Law: The judgment of the court given after consideration and reflec- 
 tion. A familiar phrase employed in statutes, pleadings and judicial proceedings. Stat. 
 Marlbr. c. I ; Bracton, fol. 38315. 
 
 Consideratum est. It is considered. =2 Consideratur . 2 .S/ra. 874. 
 
 Consider atum est per curiam. It is considered by the court. 
 
 At Common Law: The familiar and proper words of a judgment. Zfl/c.4. 83, 189 ; 
 Co. Litt. 3ga ; I Ld. Raym. 147, 148 ; 3 Bl. Com. 396. 
 
 Consideratum fnit. It was considered. Bracton, fol. 85. 
 
 Consideratur. — L. Lat. It is considered. = Consideratum est. 2 Stra. 874. 
 
 Consignatio, Onis, f. [consigno ] In the Civil Law; A written proof, a docu- 
 ment. QniNTiLTAN, xii, 8, 11, Spald. ; Marcian. Dig. xlviii, 10, fr. i; Paulus, ib. fr. 16, 
 § 2. A sealing, affixing a seal ; a sealing up, as money in a bag, in order to be deposited. 
 C onsignato atque deposito. JUSTINIAN. Cod. viii, 14, const. 20, Si pecunia in saccule 
 signato deposita sit, — if money be deposited in a sealed bag. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, 
 
 I, § 36. 
 
 In French Law; Consignation ; a deposit which a debtor makes of the thing that he 
 owes into the hands of a third person, and under the authority of a court of justice. This 
 is not strictly a payment, but it is equivalent to a payment, and extinguishes the debt no less 
 than if an actual payment had been made. Obsignatione totius debitae pecuniae solemniter 
 facta, liberationem contingere, manifestum est. Justinian. Cod. viii, 43, const, g ; Pothier, 
 Oblig. pt. 3, c. I, art. 8. 
 
 In Scotch Law; The payment of money into the hands of a third party, when the 
 creditor refuses to accept of it. The person to whom the money is given is termed the 
 consignatory. Bell's Diet. 
 
 Consigns 2re, i,v. a. To furnish with a seal ; to affix, put one's seal to ; to seal, to sign, 
 subscribe; e. g.. Legem. Ulpian. Dig. i, 19, fr. 13. Testatnentum. Florent. ib. xxviii, i, 
 fr. 24. Tabulae dotis. SuETONIUS, Claud. 28. 
 
 Consilia firmiora sunt de dh-inis locis. Advice is given with higher sanction 
 from holy places. Plautus, Mostellaria, v, i, 55. 
 
 The ancients made use of sacred places for the purpose of debating on affairs of import- 
 ance in, as being likely to add weight and authority to their judgment. The Roman 
 Senate often met in the Temples, and there administered justice and gave audience to 
 ambassadors. Gronovius, in notis. v. Kiley's note. 
 
 CONSILIA muUoruni requiruntur in magnis. The counsels of many are 
 required in important matters. 4 Co. Inst. i. "The advice of many 
 persons is requisite in great affairs." 
 
 Consiliarius a, um, a^;'. {consilium.^ Suitable for counsel ; counseling. Andabs.,A 
 counselor, adviser. Consiliarius amicus. Plaut. 7'™<-. ii, i, 6. 
 
 In the Roman Law, t. t. : An assessor, aid in a court of justice. Suetonius, TV/'. 
 55 et al An advisor of a judge or magistrate ; one who sat with him {assessor), and assisted 
 him with advice in the decision of causes. Justinian. Cod. i, 51, const. 14. He was dis- 
 tinguished from an advocate, and disqualified from acting as such. Id. ib. v. Paulus, 
 
 Dig. i, 22, fr. 5. , ., ^ .,. . ^ . , ,., 
 
 In old English Law: A counselor,^or councilor. Consihanus et in lege eruditus, — 
 a counselor and learned, experienced in the law. 3 Leon, 237. Consiliarius et peritus in 
 
 [59 J 46s 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ^^S^t — a counselor and learned in the law. Cro. Jac. <^o. Consiliarius vel narrator — a coun- 
 selor or countor. Bracton, fol. 412, Consiliarius vel advocaius ^ — a counselor or advocate. 
 Id. fol. 185. Consiliarius in lege, — a counselor in the law. I Leon. 103 ; 6 Mod. I'yi ; i Ld. 
 Raym. 594, 595. Consiliarii, — counsel; counselors. 
 
 CONSILII non fraudulenti nulla obligatio est ; ceterum, si dolus et caliditas inter- 
 cessit, de dolo actio competit. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 47. No one is 
 bound by counsel not fraudulent ; but it is otherwise if fraud and craft have 
 been used, there the action lies because of the fraud and deceit, cf. Gotho- 
 FRED, de JDiv. Reg. Jur. xlvii ; 2 Kent's Com. 490, n. (a) ; Story on Bailm. § 155. 
 
 This maxim is also quoted and translated in this form : " No one is bound by counsel 
 not fraudulent ; otherwise, if fraud and craft have intervened it is ground for an action de 
 dolo, i. c. an action for fraud will lie." "No one is responsible for honest advice; but 
 where fraud and cunning have intervened, there is ground for an action ' de dolo' " Philli- 
 more's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. liv, 237. Ulpianus (ap. PoMPONius) states this rule as appli- 
 cable to and governing the case : " If I wish to deposit my goods with you, and you recom- 
 mend me to deposit them with your freedman, can I bring an action ' depositi ' or ' mandati' 
 against you? The answer is: If I made the deposit with your freedmen as if with 3'ou, 
 and as if it would be under j'our custody, I have an action 'depositi' against you ; but if I 
 have been persuaded by you to prefer the freedman as a depositary, I have no action ' depositi ' 
 against you, neither are you liable to an action 'mandati,' becauseit was my own choice." 
 Ciim illo depositi actio est, nee mandati teneris, quia rem meam gessi. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3, 
 fr. I, § 14. The law says: " Consilii non fraudulenti nulla obligatio est." And this 
 accords with the rule stated by Cicero, interrogatively : Quid enim debet qui consilium dat 
 praestare praeter fidem ? CiCERO, lf> Epist. ad Attic, 
 
 But if fraudulent advice is given, then the responsibility is, according to the rule 
 stated by Gaius ; Quodsi, quum scires eum facultatibus labi, tui lucri gratia affirmasti mihi 
 idoneuvi esse, metito adversits te, quum mei decipiendi gratia alium falso laudasti, de dolo judicium 
 dandum est. Gaius, Dig. iv, 'i, fr. 8. 
 
 Gaius clearly and elegantly draws the difference between 'mandatum' and 'consilium;' 
 Tua autem gratia intervenit mandatum, veluti si mandem tibi, etc. Dig. xvii, i, fr. 2, § 6. 
 
 Consilio et animis. By wisdom and courage. Vousilio et prtidentla, — by 
 
 counsel and prudence. 
 
 ConsilloSUS, a, um, adj. [consilium.l Full of prudence or wisdom, considerate, etc. 
 Gellius, iv, 9, 12. 
 
 Consilium, ii, «■ Deliberation, consultation ; a considering together, counsel. 
 
 Consiliu m vel ^ consulendo dicitur, vel quod ia unam sententiamplurium raentes consiliant et conveni- 
 ant ; sed k silentio credibilius dictum putatur, quo maxime invenitur. Festus, de Signif. Verb. p. 32. 
 
 Consilium (an advice) is so called either from advising {consutere) or from consilire (to jump together) 
 because the minds of several people jump at and come to one opinion. But it is more probable that it is called 
 so from sitentium (silence), as in silence people find out most. 
 
 Annotation — According to modern philologists, roMjzV/Mw is derived from consilere; and comjw/ as well 
 as consulere have the same origin, [The translator. Dr. P . C] 
 
 Consimili Casu. — L- Lat. In a like case. v. Casu consimili. 
 
 Quoties cunque evenerit in canceilaria, quod in uno casu reperitur breve, et in c o nsim Hi casu indi- 
 genta retnedio, concordent clerici de canciilaria de brevi /aciendo, etc. 
 
 As often as it shall happen in chancery that in one case a writ is found, and m a like case {in consimili 
 casu), i. e. falling under the same right, and requiring like remedy, no writ is to be found, the clerks of the 
 chancery shall agree in making a writ, etc. i'lidi^. Westm. II (13 Edw. I.), c. 24 ; j£t. Com. s°; F.N. B. 20b; 
 Eoscoe's Reat Act, 95. 
 
 ConsimiliS, e, a(^'. Similar in all parts; wholly, entirely similar, like (class, and freq.)- 
 
 Consimiliter, adv. Just as, in like manner. Gellius, vi, i6, 12 ; xl, 5 fin. 
 
 Consistorinm, H, ». [consisto.] Lit. : A place of assembly: hence (a.) The earth, as 
 a dwelling place of man. (6.) A room where servants wait. Sidonius, Ep. ii, 2. But most 
 usually, (c.) The place where the emperor's counsel met ; the emperor's cabinet. Cod. xii, 
 to,ietal. And afo., (d.) The State council of the Roman emperors. Consistorium principis. 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, % 58, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 CONSISTORIO et collegio suo perpetuo excludatur, et universitate exulabit. That he 
 may be forever excluded from the consistory, and from his college, and exiled from the 
 university. 
 
 ConSObrinuS, i, '«• and n., ae, /. In the Civil Law: In a restricted sense a des- 
 ignation of the children of two sisters ; the child of a mother's sister. CtCERO, </f Or. ii, 1,2. 
 But more frequently Consobrini is used of all cousins-german, the children of brothers or 
 466 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 sisters. Cicero, Off. i, 17, 54; Gaius, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. i, § 6; Justinian. Inst, iii, 6, 
 § 2; IsiDORUS, Orig. ix, 6, 14. In general: A relative, cousin, in a remote degree. 
 Suetonius, Calig. 26. Cousins, the sons of brothers, are called fralres patrueles ; when the 
 daughters, sorores patrueles. Justinian. Inst, iii, 2, i ; 6, 2, Cooper's notes in loc; Paulus, 
 Dig. xxxviii, lo, fr. 10, § 15. 
 
 Consobrinus, A male cousin. Consobrina, — a female cousin. Justinian. Inst, and 
 Cooper's notes, supra. 
 
 ConsOOer, Evi, m., eras, as, /. In the Civil Law: A designation of the fathers 
 and mothers of a married pair ; a joint father-in-law or mother-in-law. Suetonius, Claud. 
 xxix ; Ulpianws, Dig. xxiv, 1, fr. 21. 
 
 ConSOCiatim, adv. [consodo.] Unitedl)', together. 
 
 ConSOCiatiO, Onis, /. [«</.] An association, union, society. Consociatio hominum atque 
 communitas. Cicero, de Off. i, 44. The company and society of men. 
 
 ConSOlatO del mare. — 1 1 a l . = Fr. Consulat de la mer. The consulat of the sea. The 
 title of a collection of European Sea-law, now generally considered the most ancient extant. 
 V. 3 Kent's Com. io-i2 ; Duer on Ins. lect. ii ; Story, J., 3 Story's R. 465, 479 ; 12 East. 639, 
 Aig. 
 
 ConSOlidatiO, Cnis,/. \consolido.'] In the Jurists t. t. : A confirming, establishing 
 of ownership. Ulpian. Dig. vii, 2, fr. 3. v. Justinian. Inst, ii, 4 fin. The union in the 
 same person of the possession and profit {usus fructus) of lands with the property {proprietas). 
 Termes de la Ley; 2 Bl. Com. 182. 
 
 Called in the Civil Law t. t. : Consolidatio fructus et proprietatis . Cowell. 
 
 ConSOlidO, are, l, v. a. To make wholly firm, solid ; to make thick, condense. Vitr. 
 ii, 8. In the Jurists /. t. : To confirm, settle the usufruct or the right of possession 
 in a thing ; to consolidate. Tryphon. Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 78, § 2 ; Ulpian. ib. vii, 2, /;-. 3 .r^. 
 
 Consonans, antis. Pa. \consono, to sound at the same time or together with.] I n 
 Gramm. \,2.n%, suhst. : A consonant. Quint, i, 4, 6; 7, 9; 5,20. Trop.: Agreeing, 
 consonant, fit, suitable; e. g., Consonanti contractui bonae fidei. Scaevola, Dig. xix, 1, fr. 
 48 ; Ulpian. ib. xii, 2, fr. 34. 
 
 Consortium, ii, n. [consors.] (a.) Community of goods. Suetonius, Claud, xxviii. 
 Voluntarium inter fratres. Ulpianus. Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 52. (6.) Fellowship, participation, 
 society. Quintilian, xii, i 4 ; Hermog. Dig. xiv, 2, 5 ; Cod. v, 27, 5 ; Petr. ci, 2. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A union of lots, chances, fortunes; a /. t. of lawful marriage 
 among the Romans. MODESTINUS, Dig, xxiii, 2, fr. i ; Taylor's Civil Law. A union of 
 several persons as parties in an action. Mackeld. Civil Law, iq"], Kaufmann's note. 
 
 In English Law: Company, society. Moor, Siy. In pleading: Company, 
 companionship or society. Per quod consortium amisit. 3 Bl. Coin. 140. 
 
 ConSOrtiO, Snis,/. [consors.'\ Fellowship, community, partnership, society, association. 
 Cicero, Off. iii, 6. 
 
 CONSORTIO malorum me quoque malum facit. The tellowship of wicked 
 men makes me also wicked. Moor., 817. 
 
 ConspiratiO, 5nis, /. \conspiro, are, i, v. n., — to breathe, blow together; to sound 
 together, harmonize, agree, accord, unite, combine.] A harmonious meeting together, con- 
 cord, harmony. CoL. xii, 2,4. Far more freq., Trop.. An agreement in feeling or 
 opinion, union, unanimity, concord, harmony. (a.) In a good sense: Conspiratio 
 hominum atque consensu, — the assemblage and agreement of men among themselves. Cic- 
 ero, Off. ii, 5, i5 et al. (6.) Inabad sense: A plotting, plot, mutiny, conspiracy. 
 Cicero, Dijoi. 4 ; Quint, vi, i, 9; xii, 7, 2 ; i, 14 et al. 
 
 In Criminal Law: An agreement or combination between two or more persons, 
 that every one of them shall bear and aid the other malrciously, and falsely to indict, or pro- 
 cure the indictment of another, or falsely to move or maintain pleas, etc. 33 Edward I. st. 2 ; 
 Termes de la Ley; 4 Bl. Com. 136; 4 Steph. Com. 265; 2 Selw. N. P. 1071. Also such as 
 retain men in the county, with liveries and fees, to maintain their malicious enterprises ; 
 and this extends as well to the takers as the givers. Also stewards and bailifTs of great lords, 
 
 467 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 who, by their seigniory, office or power, undertake to bear or maintain quarrels, pleas, or 
 debates that concern other parties than such as touch the estate of their lords, or of them- 
 selves. 4 Edw. III. cap. n ; 3 Hen. VII. cap. 13. v. 1 Hen. V. cap. 3 ; 18 Hen. VI. cap. 12 ; 
 Termes de la Ley. Also to do an illegal act, i. e. to effect something in itself unlawful, or to 
 effect by unlawful means something which in itself may be indifferent or even lawful. Per 
 TiNDAL, C. J., 11 CI. &' Fin. 155. Also with a view to obstructing, perverting or defeating 
 the course of public justice. 6 7". R. 6ig ; 6 Cox, C. C. 167 ; 4 Bl. Com. 136, Cooley's note 
 (17) ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 152, Wait's note, 663. Conspiracy to murder, v. id. ib. 236. 
 Conspiracy to rob, defraud, etc. v. Id. ib. 321, 322. cf. 4 Wend. R. 229 ; 2 Mass. 337, 538 ; 
 4 Mete. (Mass.) in; I2 Conn. lOi ; 3 Serg. &= R. (Penn.) 220; 5 Harr. &• J. (Md.) 317; 4 
 Mich. 414. 
 
 In English Law; The party grieved might sue a writ of conspiracy. Fiiz. N. B. 
 iii^d, 115; I Cromp.Jurisdict. 209, Reg. 134; •^ Bl. Com. 126; 4 /rf. 136. 
 
 Inamore general sense' A combination or agreement to carry into effect an 
 injury to an individual, or to a class, or to the public at large. 4 Bl. Com. 136 and notes ; 4 
 Steph. Com. 265 ; 9 Ad. Of Ell. 686 ; Broom on C. L. go6, 907 ; Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 
 486 ; U. S. Dig. 
 
 ConstabulariuS. — L- Lat. Constable ; a public civil officer, whose proper and general 
 duty is to keep the peace within his district, i Bl. Com. 355, 356. v. Capitales constabularii 
 and SubconstabulaHi. 4 Co. Inst. 267. Constabularius Augliae. ^ L. Fr. Constable d'Angle- 
 terre, — constable of England ; called, also. Lord High Constable, v. I Bl. Com. 355 ; 3 id. 
 68 ; 4 id. 92 ; 4 Co. Inst. 123 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, loi ; Termes de la Ley. Constabularius 
 castelli or casti ; castellarius, — constable of a castle ; an officer having charge of a castle ; a 
 warden or keeper, otherwise called a castellain or casiellanus, v. h. t. Bracton, fol. 69^ / 
 Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 150; Stat. Westm. I. u. 7 (3 Edward I.); Spellman, Gloss. Constabu- 
 larius castri de Dover, et quinque portuum, — constable of the castle of Dover, and the Cinque 
 ports. Mag. Cart, 9 Henrj' III. cc. 19, 20 ; id. Johan. c. 29 ; Co. Litt. 234b. Also Constabu- 
 larius castri Dover, et custos quinque porttium, — constable of Dover, and warden of the Cinque 
 ports. Reg. Orig. 185^/ Cowell ; Lombard. 
 
 Constare. \pres, infin. -\- consto.'\ Lit.: To stand still, remain motionless ; to stop, 
 halt. With the access, idea of firmness: To stand firm; to remain immov- 
 able, unchanging, steadfast ; to last, endure, persevere, etc. (6.) Ciim aliqua re, or alicui 
 rei, — to agree, accord with something; to correspond, fit. And sibi, to agree, accord with 
 itself; to remain like one's self, be consistent. Of facts, reports, etc.. To be 
 established, settled, certain, manifest, evident, well known. Of a resolve: Constare 
 mihi certum est, — it is my fixed determination ; I am determined ; I am fully resolved. I n 
 general, as antith. to that which has no existence: To stand, to exist, be. 
 With ex, in, de, or the abl. . To exist from oria something; to be composed of ; to rest 
 upon something, etc. 
 
 CONSTARE {crimen) non dicitur, simul atque de facto constiterit ; etiani de dolo 
 et causd facti liquere debet. Matthaesen, de Crimin. ad Dig. Ub. xlviii, 
 tit. 16, c. I, N. 2. A c r i m e is not called or said to be established as soon as it 
 sh^ll have been determined by the fact or deed ; it ought to be clear also from 
 the device or agency, and the cause or motive of the deed. Quoted in 2 Best 
 'on Evid. §442. v. Corpus delicti, et seq. 
 
 Constat, \_consto, are. J It is clear or evident ; it is manifest, evident, well-known, cer- 
 tain ; there is no doubt. Non constat, — it does not appear ; it is not clear, etc. 
 
 CONSTAT agnoscendo rumpi testamentum. It is clear that a will is canceled 
 or revoked by the birth of a child. Cicero, de Or. i, 57 ; id. Caec. xxv. 
 cf. Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ 138-141 ; id. ib. §§ 131-134; Ulpian. Reg. xxii, §§ 14-18 ; 
 id. Dig. xxv, 3, fr. 3. 
 
 In England: Marriage and the birth of a posthumous child amount to a revocation. 
 5 Term. R. 49. The subsequent birth of a child, where the will is made after marriage, is 
 not of itself sufficient. 5 Term. R. 51, note ; ^ M. &= S. 10; 5 Ves., Jr. 656. Where a tes- 
 tator had devised his real estate to a woman with whom he cohabited, and to her children, 
 and he afterward married her and had children by her — held, these circumstances did not 
 amount to a revocation of the will. Lord Ellenborough in his judgment says: "The 
 doctrine of implied or presumptive revocation seems to stand up6n a better foundation of 
 
 468 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 reason, as it is put by Lord Kenyon in Doe vs. Lancashire, 5 T. R. 58." v. 2 East, 530. 
 The English statute of wills (l Vict. c. 26) provides that no will shall be revoked by any 
 presumption of intention on the ground of an alteration in circumstances ; but it also makes 
 marriage an absolute revocation. 
 
 In the United States: It has been repeatedly held that the subsequent marriage 
 and birth of a child will not alone have that effect. The presumed revocation may be 
 rebutted by circumstances evidencing a different intent, i^ Johns. Ch. 506; 2 Bradf. Sur. R. 
 339 ; 3 Binn. 498 ; 34 Penn. St. 483 ; 4 Gray, 162. cf. statutes of different States with regard 
 to changes made in this rule. 
 
 Constat de COrpore. There is certainty as to the body ; it is clear as to the subject- 
 matter. 
 
 Constat de persons,. There is certainty as to the person ; there is no doubt about the 
 person. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, § 29 ; 4 Bl. Com. 323 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 CONSTA T feudorum originem a septentrionalibus gentibus fluxisse. It is agreed that the 
 origin of feuds descended from the northern nations. 
 
 CONSTAT igitur extra territorium legem dicere licere nemini, idque si fecerii 
 quis, impune ei non pareri ; quippe ubi cesset statutorum fundamentuni, robur^ 
 et jurisdictio. Rodenburg, de Stat. c. 3, § i. It is clear, therefore, to allow no 
 man to declare the law (pronounce a decision or sentence) beyond his own ter- 
 ritory, and that if any one shall have done so, he is not to be obeyed with 
 impunity ; inasmuch as there the foundation, strength and authority of the stat- 
 utes cease. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 20. 
 
 Read : Nullum statutum sive in rem, sive in personam, etc. Story, ib. §§ 20, 55. 
 
 The Civilians held this rule: Extra territorium jus dicenti impunk non 
 paretur . Idem est, et si supra jurisdictionem suam velit jus dicere. Pavi.\js, Dig. ii, i,/r. 20. 
 
 CONSTAT inter omne s , quae les meubles suivent les personnes, et se rlglent 
 suivant la contume du domicile. Henry. It is clear, established among all, 
 that the movable goods or property follow the person, and are regulated by the 
 custom of the domicile, which governs the person. Cited in Story on Confl. of 
 
 Laws, § 381. 
 
 Bynkershoek asserts; Adeo recepta hodie sententia est,ut nemo ausit contra hiscere. 
 2 Kent's Com. 429. 
 
 CONSTA T possit quod talis sit dominus illius canis, praesumitur ex hoc ilium esse dominium 
 illius canis et illarum rei-um. (If) it can be proved that he is the owner of the dog, it is there- 
 upon presumed that he is the owner of the dog and of the things. Bracion, fol. 120a, § 5. 
 V. Lord Raymond, 5 Burr. 2732. 
 
 CONSTAT procuratorem alium procuratorem facere non posse, Macer. Dig. 
 xlix, I, fr. 4, § 5. It is clear or well known that a procurator cannot make 
 or constitute another procurator. Story on Agency, § 13. 
 
 Read : Delegatus non potest delegare and the authorities. 
 
 Gonstitit de persona. I' has appeared clear as to the person. Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 
 420. V. Constat de per s ona . 
 
 Constitno, ere, 3, V. a. To put or lay down ; to set, put, place, deposit a person or thing 
 somewhere, especially firmly or immovably. 
 
 (a.) Of preparation: To erect, establish, found, build, construct, prepare, make, 
 create, etc. (class, and freq.) (6.) O f ord e r i ng, co n t ri v i ng : To establish by ordering 
 or management ; to order, manage ; to confirm, regulate (class- and freq.). (c.) Of fixing, 
 limiting, allotting: To fix, appoint something (for or to something) ; to define, deter- 
 mine, (d.) Of resolving: To determine to do something; to take a resolution; to 
 resolve, determine ; e. g. to undertake or engage to pay a debt. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 9 ; 
 Dig. xiii, tit. 5. 
 
 Constituta peonnia. a pecuniary promise or undertaking. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 9. 
 V. Constitutum. 
 
 Constitntio Onis, /• \constituto.'\ (a.) A constitution, disposition, nature. Firma 
 corporis. CiCERO, Off. iii, 33, 117. Prima naturae. Id. Fin. iv,b Jin. In Rhetoric. 
 
 469 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 The issue in a cause, the point in dispute ; e, g.^ Constiiutio est prima conjiictio causarutn 
 ex depulsione intentionis pro/ecta, hoc modo ; Fecisti: Non feci^ aut : Jure feci, 
 Cicero, Inv. i, 8, lo. A stating of a case is the first conflict of causes arising from a repulse 
 of an accusation — in this way: "You did so and so;" "I did not do so;" 
 or, "It was lawful for me to do so." z/. QuiNTlLlAN, iii, 6, 2 j-j'. (6.) A regula- 
 tion, order, arrangement; s. g., Constutio est in lege, more, judicata, pacta. Quintilian, 
 Inst. Orat. vii, 4, § 6. A human institution consists of law, custom, decision, agreement, 
 cf. id. ib. § 5 ; V, 2, § 5 ; Cicero, de Legg. ii, 10. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An imperial ordinance or constitution, having its eflfect from the 
 sole will of the emperor — distinguished from Lex, Senatus-consultum, and other kinds of 
 law ; e. g.. Quad principi placuit, etc. Ulpian. Dig. i, 4, fr. I. cf. Gaius, Inst, i, § 5, stated 
 under Edictum. 
 
 In old English Law: An act, statute, or ordinance; an establishment. Stat. 
 Marlbr. u. 11 ; 5'^a/. Westm. I. pr. ; Bracton, fol. 227; Fleta, passim. A provision of a 
 statute. Fleta, lib. ii, t. 44, § 5 ; id. lib. iii, c. 5, § 8. Establishment, creation. Constitutio 
 dotis, — establishment of dower. Fleta, lib. v, c. 23. A sum paid according to agreement. 
 DuCange. 
 
 CONSTITUTIO PRINCIPIS est quod Imperator decreto vel edicto, vel epistula 
 constituit : Nee umquam dubitatum est quin id legis vicem optineat, ciim ipse 
 Imperator per legem imperium accipiat. Gaius, Inst, i, §7. A constitution 
 of the Emperor is what the Emperor establishes by his decree, edict, or 
 rescript. Nor has there ever been a doubt as to this having the force of a lex, 
 since it is by a lex that the emperor himself receives his authority. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONES posteriores fortiores sunt prioribus. Modestinus, 
 Dig. i, 4, /;-. 4. Later statutes are stronger than prior statutes. 
 Modestinus states the rule in Greek : Al iJ.ETaysvs6TEpai Siard^Eii idxvporsfDai 
 raiv Ttpo avTcoy sidir. Dig. id. ib. 
 
 Mackeldey {Civil Law, § 7) expresses this maxim : Lex posterior (better jus posterius) 
 derogat prio?i. z/. zV. zi5. ed. 1883. He also expresses the following maxim: 
 
 CONSTITUTIONES tempores posteriores, potiores sunt his, quae ipsas praecesse- 
 runt. Statutes of a later times are preferred from those which have gone 
 before. " The provisions of later statutes are stronger or preferable to those 
 which have preceded them." Mackeld. Civil Laiv, § 7 (b). 
 
 Leges posteriores priores contrarias airogant. I Co. 2^6. When the provisions of a later 
 statute are opposed to those of an earlier, the earlier statute is considered as repealed. 
 Broom's Max. 27 sg. 
 
 Constitutor, Sris, OT. [constituo.^ An orderer, arranger. Constitutor moderatorque omnium . 
 Arn. iii, loi. Constitutor legis, — the arranger of the laws, i. c. the legislator. Quintilian, 
 iii, 6, § 43. Constitutor rerum omnium deus. LactANTIUS, iii, Q. 
 
 In the Civil Law: He who promised by a simple pact to pay the debt of another j 
 and this is always a principal obligation. Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § g. 
 
 CONSTITUTUM esse earn domum unicuique nostrum debere existimari, ubiquisque 
 sedes et tabulas haberet, suarumque rerum constitutionem fecisset. Aljenus, 
 Varus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 203. It is settled that that ought to be considered every 
 man's home where he would have his residence and keep his books of account, 
 and would have made the seat of his business aifairs [or an establishment of his 
 business], v. 15 Mees. &" W. 433 ; Walworth, C., 8 Wend. R. 140; i Kent's 
 Com. 76, 77 ; 2 id. 430, 431, note ; 2 Pars, on Contr. 578. v. Domicilium. 
 Read: In lege censaria partus Siciliae ita scriptum esset, etc. Varus, id. ib. , supra. 
 
 Et in eodem loco singtUos habere domicilium nan ambigitur, ubi quis larum rei'umque ac fortu- 
 narum suarum summam constituit, unde rursus non sit discessurus, si nihil avocet, unde quum 
 prof ectus est, peregrinari videtur quod si rediit, peregrinari jam desiitit. Justinian. Cod. x, 39, 
 const. 7. Quoted in 2, Kent's Com. \'^\, n. (/)/ Story on Canfi. of Laws, §42; 2 Parsons 
 on Contr. 578. 
 
 470 
 
Con,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con, 
 
 Constitutum, i, «. [constituo.] {a.) An institution, ordinance, law. Theod. Cori. i, ii, 
 5; xii, 41, I. Trop. : Per constituta procedere, — to proceed according to established laws. 
 Seneca, Q. N. iii, 16. (6,) An agreement, appointment, accommodation ; a compact. Cic. 
 Top. xii, 52. So abs.. Id. Att. xi, 16, 2; ii, 23 fin. A day appointed for any purpose. 
 Calvini, Lex. Jurid, 
 
 In the Civil Law: A promise or engagement without a formal stipulation {nulld 
 slipulatione interposiid), to pay money due by either the promissor {constitutum debiti pro- 
 prii) or another for whom he became surety (constitutum debiti alieni). Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 §§451, 472 ; Dig. xiii, tit. 5, ' de pecunia constituta ; ' Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 
 6, § 1158, The action was called Actio de pecunia constituta, v. h. t. It differs from a stipu- 
 lation in that it must be for an existing debt. DuCange. 
 
 Constitutns, a, um. Pa. [constiiuo.] (a.) Adj. . Constituted, arranged, disposed. 
 (b.) Fixed, established. Quintilian, Inst, i, 10, 46 ; v, 10, 42 ; xi, 3, 29. 
 
 Constraint, v. Compulsio, Coemtio, Duress. 
 
 Constructio, Onis, f. \construo.^ A putting or placing together; a joining together, 
 erecting, building, construction. ClCY.^0, Acad, n, 'i-j et dl. Of discourse: A fit con- 
 nection. Verbomm. CiCERO, de Or. i, 5, 17 : xii, 150 et al. 
 
 In general practice: Defining, interpreting, determining the sense and applica- 
 tion as to the case or subject-matter in question, or the provisions of a constitution, statute, 
 rule of law, deed, will, covenant, policy, or other instrument, or of an oral agreement, v. 
 Coke J Broom et al.; Reports, pass. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIO ad principia refertur rei. Construction is referred to, made 
 according to, the principles of a thing. Lofft, 516. 
 CONSTRUCTIO «^ secundum aequitatem. Construction is according to 
 equity. Lofft, 519. 
 Constructio generalis. A general construction. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIO legis non facit injuriam. A construction of the law \i. e. 
 made by the law] works no injury. Co. Litt. 183a y Broom's Max. 579, 
 and cases cited. 
 
 ConsnetudinarltlS, a, um, adj. [cansuetudo.] Customarj', ordinary, usual. SiDONlus, 
 £p. vii, II. Usus vitae. Salv. de Gubern. D. 6, p. 221. 
 
 In old English Law: A ritual or book containing the rights and forms of divine 
 offices, or the customs of abbeys and monasteries. Wins haw ; Blount. 
 
 Consuetudinary law. Customary or traditional law. v. Cicero, de Inv. ii, c. 54. 
 
 CONSUETUDINE jus est id, quod sine lege, aeque ac si legiiimum sit, usitateni 
 est ; quod genus : id quod argentario tuleris expensum, ab 
 socio ejus recti petere possis. Ciceko, ad Jlerenn. ii, 13, § 19 med. 
 Customary law is that which, without law, is used or practiced just as if it 
 were lawful ; for instance, that which you may have set down, /. e. lent to a 
 banker, you can rightly demand from his partner. 
 
 Read : Consuetudinis autem jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate, etc. CiCERO, infra. 
 
 CONSUETUDINE mercatoruni, quorum consuetudo est secundum legem mercatoriam. 
 By the custom of merchants, whose custom is according to the law merchant. Fleta, lib. ii, 
 c. 58, § 5. V. Holt, C. J., i Show. 5, case 8. 
 
 CONSUETUDINEM benignitatis, largitioni munerum antepono. Ilaec est gravium homi- 
 num atque magnorum ; ilia quasi assentatorum populi, multitudinis levitdtem voluptate quasi 
 tilillantium. CiCERO, de Off. ii, 18, 63. I prefer much the custom or habit of courtesy to the 
 bestowing of contributions. That is the part of dignified and great men — this belongs to 
 the flatterers of the populace, tickling, as it were with pleasures, the levity of the multitude. 
 
 Consuetudines, ium, /. \^\\ix. oiconsuetudo^^ In English Law: Customs. Mag. 
 Chart, c. 29. 
 
 Consuetudines et Assisa Foresta.— L- Lat. The customs and Assise of the Forest. 
 Barrington Obs. Stat. 217. 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONSUETUDINES et statuta, vigentia in domicilio mariti, non euro, ubi res 
 sint positae, quae in dotem datae sunt. Baldus. I do not care for customary 
 and statutory laws as are binding in the domicile of the husband, if things that 
 are given in dowry may be deposited. Cited in Story 07i Confl. of Laws, % 450. 
 Note — The sense of ^''positae," which I translate ''deposited," depends 
 on the connection. [Dr. P. C] 
 
 Consuetudines et servitia de quibus illi nunquam acquietantiam habuerint,— 
 
 L. Lat. Customs and services from which they never had acquittance. Bracton, fol. 27^. 
 V. Aequietantia . 
 
 Consuetudines feudorum. — L- Lat. The customs or customary laws of fiefs. ■^Kent's 
 Com. 496, 655, note; 2 Bl. Com. 47, Cooley's note (4). 
 
 Consuetudiuibus et ServitiiS. ■ Of customs and services. Termes de la Ley. 
 V. Breve de consuetudiuibus et servitiis. 
 
 CONSUETUDINIS autem jus esse putatur id, quod voluntate omnium sine lege vetustas 
 comprobdrit. In ed autem quaedam sunt, jura ipsa jam certa propter vetustatem. Quo in genere 
 et alia sunt multa et eorum multo maxima pars, quae praetores edicere consuerunt. Quaedam 
 atitem genera juris jam certa consuetudine facia sunt ; quod genus pactum-, par, judicatujn. 
 Cicero, de Inv. ii, 22, 67. The laws of custom sr habit are considered to be those which, 
 without any written law, antiquity has sanctioned by the common consent of all men. And 
 with reference to this habit, there are some laws which are now quite fixed by their antiquity ; 
 of which sort there are many other laws also, and among them far the greatest part of those 
 laws which the praetors are in the habit of including in their edicts. But some kinds of laws 
 have already been established by certain custom, such as those relating to covenants, equity, 
 formal decisions. Broom's Max. 883, note 4 ; 1 Story's Eq. fur. § 18. 
 
 Inveterala consuetude pro lege non immerito custoditur, et hoc est jus, quod dicitur moribus con- 
 stitutum, etc. JtJLlANtJS, Dig. \, 3, fr. 32, §1. Read : Diuturna consuetudo pro jure et 
 lege in his, quae non ex scripto descendunt, observari solet. Ulpianus, ib. fr. 33. Sed et ea, 
 quae longa consuetudine comprobata sunt ac per annos plurimos observata, velut tacita civium con- 
 ventio, non minus, quam ea, quae scripta sunt jura, servantur. Hermogenianus, Dig. \, 'i,fr. 35. 
 
 CONSUETUDINIS ususque longaevi non vilis auctoritas est, verum non usque 
 adeo sui valitura momento, utaut rationem vincat aut legem. Justinian. Cod. 
 viii, S3, const. 2. The authority of ancient custom and usage is of no small 
 value, but it is not so far as of itself, about to have force or effect at the moment, 
 that it can overcome either reason or law. 
 
 But the words ' aut legem ' signify certainly no other than absolutely imperative laws, which, 
 being supposed to make provisions required for the public good, are, therefore, not subject 
 to a private change by the citizens ; or, as it is expressed in the Roman Law: f us pub- 
 licum privatorum pactis mutari non potest. Papinian. Dig. ii, m,fr. 38 ; and Testamenti f actio 
 non privati, sed publici juris est. fd. ib. xxviii, 1, fr. 3. cf. Mackeldey, Civ. Law, 5, note {!>), 
 and authorities there cited. 
 
 The rule above stated seems to conflict with the rule stated by JnoANirs (Dig. i, 3, fr. 32, 
 § 1 7?«.) ." Quare rectissime etiam illud receptum est, ut leges non solum suffragio legislatons, sed 
 etiam tacito consensu omnium per dissuetudinem abrogeniur. See the whole section under 
 Inveterate consuetudo pro lege non immerito custoditur, etc. Julian, supra. 
 
 Consuetudo, inis, /. [consuesco.'] (a.) A being accustomed, custom, habit, use, usage. 
 
 Consuetudo autem est Jus quod de moribus institutum, pro lege suscipitur, ciim deficit lex; nee differt, 
 scriptura an ratione conststat, quando et legem ratio commendat. Isidorus, Ori£^. li, 10, § 2. 
 
 Custom IS a law that is acquired by habit; it is accepted as law, when a law is missing; nor does it matter 
 whether it exists written or is merely reasonable, provided that reason commends it to be law. YDv. P. C] 
 
 (6.) Lit.: A customary being with one; hence, social intercourse, companionship, 
 familiarity, conversation. Consuetudo epistolarum, — epistolary intercourse. Cicero, Fam. 
 IV, 13. Consuetudo nutrimentorum, — community of nourishment. Suetonius, Calig. ^. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Custom; long established usage or practice. Inveterata consue- 
 tudo pro lege non immerito custoditur, etc. Julianus, Dig. 1, 3,//-. 32, § i. 
 
 472 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Ex non sa-ipto jus venii quod usus comprobavit ; nam diuturni mores consensu ulenlium com- 
 probati legem imitantur. Justinian. Inst, i, 2, § 9. u. Cicero, de Inv, ii, 22, 67, quoted 
 supra, cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 34, ed. 1883 ; Taylor's Civil Law, 'li,\-li\,(i ; Broom's Max. 
 882. 
 
 In Feudal Law: Custom. Consuetudo feudi, — the custom of the fief ; kj-«^, usage, 
 and mores, habits, practices. It is recognized as a principal source of law in the Book of 
 Fiefs. Feod. Lib. ii, tit. i. 
 
 In old English Law: A custom or usage; a customary law; an unwritten law 
 originating from and established by long usage, and the consent of our ancestors. Bracion, 
 fols. I, 2; Jacob's Law Diet. tit. 'Custom;' i Bl. Com. 76-78, v. Cooley's note (10); 
 Broom's Max. %lsq. A local usage not annexed to any person. 2 Bl. Com. 263. " In point 
 of fact, the Common Law of England (lex non serif ta) is nothing but custom." Judgm., 3 
 Curt. 363. cf.- Phillimore's Prine. and Max. 324, 325. 
 
 Lord Coke stated the following different significations of this word : The Common Law, Consuetudo 
 Angliae :2 Co. Inst. 5B. Statute law. Id. ib. A particular custom ; f. j^. gavelkind, borough English, etc. 
 Id. lb. A rent or service due by tenure. Id.ib. A custom, tribute, imposition, toll, tax, or charge. Id.ib.; 
 Co. Litt. s^b : -2 State Tr. \ii2. (This, strictly, is cKj^Mwff, v. h. V.) A subsidy granted by parliament. 2 Co. 
 Inst. 58. " Consuetudo is one of the main triangles of the laws of England." Co. Liti. wob. 
 
 CONSUETUDO alicujus loci lex est legis loci. The custom of any place is the 
 law of that place. Lofft, 338. 
 Consuetudo Anglicana, — L. Lat. The custom of England. The ancient Common Law 
 as distinguished from lex, the Roman or Civil Law. v. Convenii lex, etc. 
 
 CONSUETUDO, contra rationem introducta, potius usurpatio quam consuetudo 
 appellari debet. A custom, introduced against reason, ought rather to be 
 called a usurpation than a custom. Co. Litt. 113 ; Wingate's Max. 206, § 4. 
 Consuetudo curiae. The custom or practice of a court. Hardr. 141. 
 
 CONSUETUDO debet esse certa ; nam incerta pro nulld habentur. A custom 
 ought to be certain, for uncertain things are held as nothing, Davis' R. 33. 
 
 CONSUETUDO est altera lex. Custom is another law. 4 C^. 21. Read: 
 Consuetudo ex certd causd rationabile, etc. 
 
 CONSUETUDO certissima loquendi magistra : utendumque piano sermone, ut numo, cui 
 publica forma est. Omnia tamen haec exigunt aere judicium, in analogia praecipne, quam 
 proxime et Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt. Quintilian, Lnst. 
 Oral, i, 6, § 3. Custom is the surest praeceptor in speaking: and we must use phrase- 
 ology, like money, which has the public stamp. But all these particulars require great judg- 
 ment, especially analogy, which translating it closely from the Greek into Latin, people 
 have called proportion, v. PtJFENDORF, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, v, c. 12, § 3. v. Jus et 
 norma loquendi- 
 
 CONSUETUDO est in partibus illis quod uxores maritorum defunctorum habeant 
 francum bancum suum de terris sockmanuorum, et teneant nomine dotis. It is 
 a custom in those parts that the wives of deceased husbands shall have their free 
 bench of the lands of sockmen, and hold it in the name of dower. Bracton, fol. 
 308^, 309. V. Francus bancus. 
 
 CONSUETUDO est optimus interpres legum. Custom is the best interpreter 
 of laws. Jenk. Cent, case 273 ; 2 Co. Inst. 18. 
 This is a paraphrase of the Civil Law : Optima est legum interpres consuetudo. 
 
 CONSUETUDO et communis assuetudo vincit legem non scriptam, si sit speciahs ; 
 et interpretatur legem scriptam, si lex sit generalis. Custom and common 
 usage overcome the unwritten law, if it be special, and interprets the written law 
 if it be general. Jenk. Cent. 273. 
 
 Consuetudo et lex Angliae. The custom and law of England. 4 Kent's Com. 28 (/). 
 [60] 473 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONSUETUDO ex certd causd rationaUli usitata privat communem legem. A 
 custom grounded on a certain and reasonable cause [or use] supersedes 
 the Common Law. Litt. § 169 ; Co. Litt. 33(5, ii3ay Wingate's Max. 206, § 4; 
 3 Burrows, 1692 ; g A. &^ £. 406, 421 ; 5 Bing. 293 ; Broom's Max. 884 ; Broom 
 on C. L. 14. 
 
 A custom is not unreasonable, merely because it is contrary to a particular maxim or rule 
 of the Common Law, as the customs of gavelkind and borough-English, which are directly 
 contrary to the law of descent ; or, again, the custom of Kent, which is contrary to the law 
 of escheat. Broom on C. L. 11, 12, 14, 15. And so of divers other customs, v. I Bl. Com. 
 75~79; 2 id. 263 ; Broom on C. L. supra, and cases cited, v. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 
 Jurisp. 323 sq. 
 
 CONSUETUDO licet sit magnae auctoritatis, nunquam tamen praejudicat mani- 
 festae veritati. A custom, though it be of great authority, should never, 
 however, prejudice manifest truth. 4 Co. 18. 
 
 CONSUETUDO loci est observanda. The custom of a place is to be observed. 
 4 Co. 2%b ; 6 id. 67 ; 10 id. 140 ; Litt. § 169 ; \ C. B. 48. 
 A custom, or customary law, may be defined to be a usage which has obtained the force 
 of law, and is, in truth, the binding law within a particular district, or at a particular place, 
 of the persons and things which it concerns. Davy's R. 31, 32 ; cited Judgm., tj A. &= E. 
 421 ; and in 10 Q. B. 26, 63. w. Broom's Max. 883 ; I Best on Evid. § 228. 
 
 CONSUETUDO loci iiM contrahitur spectunda est, scilicet quoad observantiam 
 solemnitatem ipsius actus. Generaliter enim in omnibus, quae ad formam 
 ejusque perfectionem pertinent, spectanda est consuetudo regionis ubi fit negotiatio, 
 quia consuetudo influit in contractus, et videtor ad eos respicere, et voluntatem suam 
 eis accommodare, ioque recti. Conditio quoque loci et temporis perfectionem formae 
 etiam respicit, et idcirco h regione contractus vicissim diriguntur. Christinaeus, 
 Decis. i, 283. The law of the place where the contract is made is to be regarded, 
 namely as to the observance of the formalities of the act itself. For generally 
 in all things that appertain to form and its perfection, the law of the place where 
 the transaction takes place is to be kept in view, because the law enters into 
 contracts and seems to have regard to them, and to fit its purpose, aim to them. 
 And that rightly. The condition also of place and time regards the perfection 
 of form, i. e. the ratification of the deed ; and, therefore, is in like manner con- 
 trolled by the place of the contract. Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, 
 liooc. [F. J. M.] 
 
 He adds : Sed quoad ejus executionem, utpate quoad solutionem faciendam, inspicienda venit 
 consuetudo destinatae solutionis. But as to its execution, for instance as to the payment to be 
 made, we are to look at the law or custom of the place of intended payment (the place where 
 payment is intended to be made). Christinaeus in Story, ib. 
 
 And again: Quoad ea, quae celebrato contractu veniunt facienda, inspicitur consuetudo 
 loci, ubi ea detent fieri, puta, tradi,solvi. As to those things which are to be done, the contract 
 having been celebrated, we look at the law or custom of the place where those things are to 
 be performed, for instance, the deliver)-, the payment. Id. ib. 
 
 Consuetudo malorum bonos mores contdminat, — L a t . P r o v . The habit 
 of doing evil things corrupts good morals. 
 
 CONSUETUDO manerit et loci observanda est. The custom of the manor or 
 of the place is to be observed. 4 CV. 21 ; Branch's Max. 28 ; Broom's 
 
 Max. 
 
 Semper inquirendum erit, quae sit illius loci consuetudo, et qualiter utantur consuetudine, qui 
 consuetudines alligant. Bracton, i, c. I, § 2, fol. la. It will always have to be inquired, what 
 is the custom of the place, and in what manner, they who allege n custom, observe the 
 custom. 
 
 474 
 
Con. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONSUETUDO matieriorum domini voluntatem regit. The custom of manors 
 rules or governs the will of the lord of the manors. Lofft, 339. 
 
 Consuetude Mercatorum. The custom of merchants. = Lex Mercatoiia, — the Law 
 Merchant, v. Nisi sit aliter ex, etc. 
 
 A system of customs or rules relative to bills of exchange, partnership, and all other mer- 
 cantile matters, and which, under the name of Lex Mercatoria, or Law Merchant, has 
 been engrafted into, and made part of the Common Law. 1 Bl. Com. 75 ; 2 Burr. 1226, 
 1228 : 3 Kenfs Com. 2. Lord»Hoi,T said that he knew no difference between Lex Merca- 
 toria and Consuetudo Mercatorum. i Show. 5, case 8. " The custom of merchants is the Law 
 Merchant." Foster, ]., 1 W. Bl. 299. Merchants do not modify them at will, but take the 
 law from the courts like all other classes. 
 
 CONSUETUDO ne^ue injurid oriri, neque tolli potest. A custom can neither 
 arise [be established], nor be abolished by a wrong. LofffsR. Append. 
 340 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 CONSUETUDO non praejudicat veritati. A custom is not prejudicial to the 
 truth. Bacon s Argt., Jurisd. of the Marches, v. Law Tr. 274, 276. 
 
 CONSUETUDO non trahitur in consequentiam. Custom is not drawn into 
 consequence [is not to be drawn into a precedent]. 3 Keb. 499. v. 4 
 Jur. N. S. Ex. 139. 
 
 CONSUETUDO populi Anglicani et communis lex libertas. The custom of the 
 people of England and of the common law is liberty. Lofft, 341. 
 CONSUETUDO praescripta et legitima vincit legem. A prescribed and lawful 
 custom overcomes the law. 4 Co. 21 ; Co. Litt. 113(2 y Wingate's Max. 
 206, § 4. 
 
 CONSUETUDO pro lege servatur. Custom is received or held as law. Co. 
 Litt. 113a. Read : Lnveterate consuetudo pro lege, etc. Julianus, Dig. 
 i> Z,fr. 32, § I. 
 
 CONSUETUDO regionis sequemur, et idea conducere, concedere, contrahere, et 
 quidvis agere pro modo regionis in dubio presumitur. Ham sicut nostra non 
 separetur h subjecto, ita nee h consueto. Quod est de consuetudine habetur pro pacto. 
 GoTHOFRED. ad P and. lib. L, tit. 17, 1. 34. We shall follow the law of the place 
 of the contract, and accordingly it is presumed in a doubtful case, that we hire, 
 grant, make contracts, and do every thing according to the mode or manner of 
 the region or country. For as the nature of the act is not separated from the 
 subject, so neither is it from what is customary. What is according to custom 
 is held to be as in the pact [or a part of the bargain). Quoted in Story on 
 Cotifl. of Laws, § 272. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read: Quando verba sunt dubia et ambigua, tunc inspicimus, quod verisimiliter a contra- 
 hentibus actum sit, aut quid testator senserit. John A Sande ; quoted in Story, supra. 
 
 The Civilians express the doctrine : Semper in stipulationibus , et in ceteris contractibus 
 id sequiniur, quod actum est, etc. Ulpian. Dig. L, 11, fr. 34. 
 
 CONSUETUDO regni Angliae est lex Angliae. The custom of England is 
 the law of England. Jenk. Cent. 119 ; Broom's Max. 
 CONSUETUDO regni est lex regni. The custom of a kingdom or government 
 is the law of that kingdom or government. Jenk. Cent. 118. 
 CONSUETUDO semel reprobata non potest ampliits induci. A custom once 
 disallowed cannot be again brought forward [or alleged]. Davies' R. 
 33 ; Gr. and Rud. of Law ; Broom's Max. 
 
 475 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con, 
 
 CONSUETUDO si quidem loci, ubi negotium geritur, ita subintrat ipsum con- 
 tractum J ut secundum leges loci intelligatur actus fuisse celebratus, quamvis 
 ea de re nihil fuerit expressum. Boullenois. Custom, for instance, of the 
 place where the transaction takes place, so enters into the very contract, that the 
 act is understood to have been performed according to the laws of the place, 
 although nothing has been expressed concerning it. Quoted in Story on Confl. 
 of Laws, § 264. * [F. J. M.] 
 
 CONSUETUDO tollit [vincit] \_privat'\ communem legem. A custom takes 
 away [overcomes] [supersedes] the Common Law. Co. Lift. ^^b. cf. id. y 
 Roper on Husband and Wife, 351. 
 
 CONSUETUDO verb quandoque pro lege observatur, in partibus ubi fuerit more 
 utentium approbata, et vicem legis obiinet ; longaevi enim temporis usus et 
 consuetudinis non est vilis authoritas. Custom, in truth, is sometimes observed 
 as law, in parts where it has been habitually approved, and takes the place of 
 law ; for use and custom during a long period of time exerts no small authority. 
 Bracton, i, c. 3, § 2, fol. 2, § 2. 
 
 Read: Consuetudinis ususque longaevi non vilis auctoritas est. Justinian. Cod. viii, 53, 2. 
 
 CONSUETUDO vincit communem legem. Custom overrules the common law. 
 Co. Liti. 33i5. 
 CONSUETUDO volentes ducit, lex nolentes trahit. Custom leads the willing, 
 law draws [compels] the unwilling. Jenk. Cent. 274. 
 
 ConSUL A consul, etc. Consul designalus. Consul ordinarius. 
 
 CONSUL i c onsulando vel h judicando ; nam et hoi consulere veteres vocave- 
 runt, unde adhuc remanei illud rogat boni consulas id est bonum judices. Quint. Inst. 
 Orat. i, 6, § 32. Consul from 'consulting' or from 'judging,' for the ancients 
 called consulere (to consult, take counsel, consider) =judicare (to examine judicially, to 
 judge.decide), whence still remains the phrase 'to interrogate the good consuls,' 
 that is the good judges. 
 
 IsiDORUS gives the following etymon. : 
 
 Consules appellati il consulendo ^ sicut reges it regendo., et sicut leges h lege ndo. Nam ctim 
 Romani regum s'uperbam dominationem non ferrent, annua imperia binosque consules sibi fecerunt. Nam 
 fastus regius non benevolentia consulentis, sed suberbia dominantis erat. Hinc igitur consules appellati, vel 
 k consulendo civibus, vel ^ regendo cuncta consilio. Isidokus, Orig. ix, 3, § 6. They are called consuls 
 from consulting (a consulendo), just as kings from governing (d regendo), and just as laws from 
 bringing togetherorregulating (a legendo). For when the Romans spurned the proud domination 
 of the kings, they made for themselves an annual government and two consuls. For the pride of royalty was 
 not the benevolence of a councilor, but the arrogance of a dominator. Hence they are called consuls, 
 either from counciling the citizens, or from ruling all things by counsel. 
 
 CONSULES ci consulendo; reges enim tales sibi associant ad consulendum et 
 regendum populum Dei, ordinantes eos in magna honore et pote state, et nomine, 
 quando occingunt eos gladiis, id est ringis gladiorum. They are called consuls 
 from consulting (a consulendo) ; for kings associate with themselves such 
 persons for consultation, and to govern the people of God, ordaining them in 
 great honor, and power, and name, when they gird them with swords, that is> 
 with sword-belts. Bracton, i, c. 8, § 2, fol. S^y i Bl. Com. 227 ; Broom <&* Had. 
 Com. i, 269. V. Comites : viz. quia h comitatu, etc. 
 
 Consule de gernmis, de tincta inurice lana, 
 
 Consule de facie corporibusque diem. — Ovid, Attis. Amat. i, 251, 252. 
 Consult the daylight about jewels, about wool steeped in purple; consult the daylight 
 about the figure and the proportion of body. v. Caveat emtor. v. Pufendorf, de Jure N. 
 et G. V, 3. § 2- 
 476 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Consultatio, Onis, /. [consuHo.] A mature deliberation, consideration, consultation. 
 Cicero, tie Or. ii, 33, 142 ; Suetonius, Ner. 41. (6,) Concr.: A subject of consultation. 
 Cicero, Top. xvii Jin. 
 
 In the Jurists^./..- A case proposed for decision ; an inquiry concerning a case in 
 law. QuiNTiLiAN, iii, 8, t;§ 28, 55, 59 ; Cod. vii, 62; Modest. Dig. xxx,/r. 35. v. Cicero, 
 de Or. iii, 28, 109. (6.) An asking of advice, inquiry. CiCERO, AH. viii, 4 fm. And so 
 of the questioning of the Emperor by the Praetor. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 4, fr. 11. (c.) Concr.: 
 The subject of consultation ; the inquir)'. Suetonius, Tib. 14. 
 
 Gonsultator, oris, m. [jV.] One who asks advice, consults. QuiNTlLiAN, vi, 3, 8; 
 Pompon. Dig. i, 2,/r. 2. 
 
 Consults or ConSlllt6, (^dv. Deliberately, considerately, designedly, intentionally. Dig. 
 xxviii, \, fr. i. 
 
 Consult! periti. Expert, skillful, experienced lawj'ers. Cicero. 
 
 Consultum, i, n. («.) A consultation, inquiring of a deitj'. v. Tacitus, H. ii, 4. (6.) 
 A decree, resolution, decision, z-. Senatus-consultuin. (c) A scheme, plan. Consulta sunt 
 consilia, — their plans are formed. Plautus, True, i, 2, 7. 
 
 Consulto opus est. — Lat. Pro v. There is need of deliberation. Sallust. 
 
 ConSUmmEltiO, bnis, y. [constimmo.^ A casting up together, reckoning together ; a sum- 
 ming up ; a summary view. Pompon. Dig. xxi, i,fr. 36. Hence (6.) Transf . : A union, 
 connection. Consumviatio omnium. Celsus, i, 3 ad fin. In Rhetoric^. /. .* A com- 
 prehending, connecting together. Quint, ix, 2, 103 Spald. (c.) An ending, finishing, com- 
 pleting, consummation. Col. ix, 2, 2; Quint, ii, 18, 2; vi, i, 55. 
 
 Consummatum'est. It is accomplished ; it is done, finished. 
 
 1 Conte. — Fr. ■=\^.\^^X.. Narratio. Hence the word Count, v. Co. Litl. i^n.^iO'ia ; 
 3 Bl. Com. 293-297 ; i Chitty's PI. 414. 
 
 2. Conte. — L- Fr- = L- L^'- Comes. In old English Law: Earl ; an earl. 
 
 3. Conte, — L. Fr. z='L.'L2A. Comitatus. In old English Law: A county. LL. 
 Gul. Conq.X. 42. A or the county court. Id. ib. e.g.. En plein conte, — in full county court. 
 Art. Sup. Chaii. (6.) An account. Kelham. 
 
 Gontaminatio, onis, f. [contamino.^ A polluting, contamination, defilement. Contami- 
 natio mulieris. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 5, fr. 2. (6.) Corruption, disease, etc. JULIANUS, 
 Obsequ. de prodig. 89. 
 
 Contemplatio, Onis, /. [contetnplor, to consider, look at, contemplate.] An eager, 
 attentive considering ; a viewing, surveying, contemplation. Contemplatio coeli. Cicero, 
 Div. i, 42. Contemplatio publicae felicitatis. Curt, x, 9, 7. Hence, 
 
 In particular: An accurate, certain aiming with a weapon ; a sure aim. Pliny, 
 vi, 30, 35, § 194- Mental : Cicero, Acad, ii, 41, 127, u. the pass. Contemplatio rerum 
 naturae. Celsus, i praef. ; Cicero, N. D. i, 19, 50, v. the pass. Hence, 
 
 In the Jurists: A consideration, contemplation, regard. Contemplatione liberorum, — 
 for the sake of the children. Justin, vii, 5, 7. Justitiae ejus. Id. viii, 3, 14. Personartwi. 
 Ulpian. Dig. 4i, I5> A- 8 ; id. ib. iii, 5, fr. 5 ; Papinian. ib. xviii, l, fr. 58 ; Paulus, S. R. 
 II, 23, § 4. Contemplatione extremae necessitatis aut alimentarum gratid. Paulus, S. R. v, § i. 
 
 Con-temporaneUS, a, um, adj. \con, and iempus, time.] Contemporary. S u b s t . . A 
 contemporary. AuLUS Gellius, xix, 14. 
 
 CONTEMPORANEA consuetudo optimus interpres. A contemporary custom 
 is the best interpreter. Tayler, 77. 
 Contemporanea expositio. Contemporaneous exposition or construction, /. e. a con- 
 struction drawn from the time when a subject-matter or thing originated. 
 Read the maxims, infra, and the authorities. 
 
 CONTEMPORANEA expositio est optima et fortissima in lege. A contempo- 
 raneous interpretation, exposition or declamation is the best and the 
 strongest in the law. 3 Coke, 7 ; 2 Co. Inst, ir, 136, 181. A precedent drawn 
 from the established, contemporaneous practice is the best and most forcible in 
 law. 
 
 477 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 "The best and surest mode of expounding an instrument is by reference to the time 
 when, and the circumstances under which it was made." Broom's Max. 654, and see cases 
 in note 2 ; Wharton's Max. xxi, and cases. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke sa)'s : "Great regard ought, in construing a statute, to be paid to 
 the construction which the sages of the law who lived about the time or soon after it was 
 made, put upon it, because they were best able to judge of the intention of the makers at 
 the time when the law was made." 2 Co. Inst. 11. cf. Dwarris on Stat. 562 ; Sedgwick's Stat, 
 and Const. Law, 251. 
 
 "In the interpretation of all statutes, be they penal or beneficial, restrictive of, or enlarg- 
 ing the Common Law, the following points are to be considered ; i. Wh.it was the Common 
 Law before the making of the act? 2. What was the mischief and defect for which the 
 Common Law did not provide? 3. What remedy the Parliament has resolved and appointed 
 to cure the disease of the Commonwealth? And 4. The true reason of the remedy. And then 
 the office of the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief 
 and advance the remedy; and also to suppress such subtle inventions and evasions as may 
 continue the mischief, et pro privato commodo ; and to adduce force and life to the cure and 
 remedy, according to the true intention of the maker of the act pro bono publico." 3 Co. 7, in 
 Heydon's case ; cited Wingate's Max. 15, § 10 ; Broom on C. L. 6. 
 
 "Contemporaneous construction gives the sense of a community of the terms made use 
 of by a legislature. If there is ambiguity in the language, the understanding and application 
 of it when the statute first came into operation, sanctioned by long acquiescence on the part 
 of the legislature and judicial tribunals, is the strongest evidence that it has been rightly 
 explained in practice. A construction under such circumstances becomes established law." 
 17 Mass. 143 ; 15 TV. Y. R. 217 ; 62 Barb. i6. 
 
 Ancient grants, deeds and charters may be construed by ancient usage, for so the parties 
 to them must be supposed to have intended. Per Lord Hardwicke, C, 3 Atk. 576, 577 ; 2 
 Co. Inst. 282 ; 2 Bulstr. 298 ; lb Johns. ./?. 14 ; 2 Smith's L. C. [449, 450] 518, and cases cited. 
 And however general the words of an ancient grant may be, reference may be had to the acts 
 and declarations of the parties ; and it is to be construed by evidence of the manner in which 
 the thing granted has always been possessed and used ; for as the parties thereto adopted so 
 they must be supposed to have intended. 4 East, 327 ; 7 id. 199. v. cases cited in 2 Smith's 
 L. C. 519. 
 
 And so in the construction of a statute put upon it by judges who lived at the time when 
 the statute was made, or soon after, as being able to determine the intention of the legisla- 
 ture, not only by the ordinary rules of construction, but especially from knowing the circum- 
 stances to which it had relation. 10 Co. 70; 2 Co. Inst., it, 136, 181 ; "i T. R. 604 ; 3 C/. &^ 
 Fin. 335 ; 12 id. 419 ; i Macqueen H. of L. 401 ; Broom's Max. 655. A contemporaneous 
 exposition, even of the Constitution of the United States, practiced and acquiesced in for a 
 period of years, fixes the construction, i Cranch's R. 299; i Kent's Com. 464, 465 ; i Wheat. 
 304 ; 6 id. 264 (3). 
 
 CONTEMPORANEA interpretatio vel expositio fortissima est in lege. A con- 
 temporaneous interpretation or exposition is the strongest in law. Per 
 Lord Hardwicke, 3 Atk. 577 ; i Kent's Com. 465. 
 
 Usage may explain the meaning of an ancient statute. 3 Term. R. 604; Vaugh. 169. 
 3 CI. &^ Fin. 335 ; i Macqueen' s H. of L. 401. "We attribute great weight to that maxim 
 of law Coniemporanea expositio fortissima est in lege." Per Tindal, C. J., 3 Bing. (N. C.) 666. 
 And this is said with reference to a statute no older than 5 and 6 W. and M. v. i Smith's 
 L. C. [359] 440, note f. 
 
 Where the penning of a statute is dubious, long usage is a just medium to expound it by; 
 for jus et norma loquendi are governed by usage. The meaning of things spoken or written 
 must be, as it hath been constantly received to be, taken from common acceptation. 
 Vaughan, C. J., Vaugh. Rep. 169. -u. Communis opinio. 
 
 "And whereas they say that usage is nothing against an act of parliament, it seems they 
 do voluntarily mistake, when they cannot answer; for we do not bring usage to cross an act 
 of parliament, where it is clear, but to expound an act of parliament, where it is doubtful 
 and evermore Contemporanea interpretatio, whether it be of statute or Scripture, or author 
 whatsoever, is of greatest credit; for to come now about sixty years after, by subtlety of 
 wit, to expound a statute otherwise than the ages immediately succeeding did conceive it, 
 is expositio contentiosa, and not naturalis." Bacon's Arg., The Jurisdiction of the Marches. 
 V. Law Tr. 260, 261. 'v. Minimi sunf'mutanda, quae, etc, 
 
 Contemptor oris, m. He who puts small value upon or makes light of a thing; he who 
 disregards or despises ; a contemner, despiser. Quint, xii, i, 20 et al. 
 
 ContemptUS, ns, m. [jW.] A despising, contemning scorn, contempt. Quint, xi, 3, 
 80. Opinionis. Id. xii, I, 12. Pecunia. Id. vii, 2, 30. Operis. Id. ii, 4, 16 et saep. 
 478 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 In English Law: Contempt; disobedience or disregard of authority. A disobedience 
 to the rules, orders or process of a court of justice, or a disturbance or interruption of its 
 proceedings. 4 BU Com. 283-286 ; i Tidd's Pr. 479, 480 ; i Kent's Com. 300, note ; 4 Stepli. 
 Com. 19. 
 
 Contenementum. — L- Lat. \con, together, and tenementum, a tenement, or thing holden.] 
 (a.) A contenement, i. e. a thing held together with another thing; that which is 
 connected with a tenement or thing holden. (6.) The freehold land that lies to [«'. c. 
 adjoining] the tenement or dwelling-house that is in one's own occupation. Termes de la 
 Ley. (c.) A man's countenance [credit or reputation] which he has together with \con\ and 
 by reason of his freehold \tenementum\ 2 Co. Inst. 28. v. Barringt. Obs. Stat. 12 ; 4 Bl. 
 Com. 379. 
 
 CONTENEMENTUM, est aestimatio et conditionis forma, qua quis in republic a 
 subsistit. Contenement (countenance or credit) is that estimation and 
 manner of rank or value which any person sustains in the commonwealth. 
 Spelman. 
 
 Lord Coke says that "Contenement signifieth his countenance, as the armor of a 
 soldier is his countenance, the boolcs of a scholar his countenance, and the like.'' 2 Co. Inst. 
 28. He also adds that "The fVainagium is the countenance of the villein, and it was great 
 reason to save his wain age, for otherwise the miserable creature was to carry the burden 
 on his back." Id. ii. 
 
 Contentio, Onis, /. [contendo.] An eager stretching ; a straining, exertion (of the powers 
 of body or mind), tension, effort ; a vigorous struggling or striving for something ; a struggle 
 after (freq. and class.). 
 
 In particular: (a.) A contest, contention, strife (with weapons or words); a fight, 
 dispute, controversy. Cicero, de Off. i, 26, 90 et al. Contentionis cupidus, — desirous of, etc. 
 (6.) A placing of one thing with another, in comparison ; comparison, contrast. Cicero, de 
 Off. i, 17, 57- 
 
 ContentioSUS, *«. um. i^dj. \contentio.^ Pertaining to condition, contentions, disputa- 
 tions; headstrong, obstinate, pertinacious, inflexible ; e.g.jurisdictio. Mart. Z>8]f. i, 16, //-. 2. 
 
 In English Eccliastical Law: Contentious jurisdiction, a term derived from 
 the Civil Law. Heineccius, Elem. Jiir. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 17, § 1323. v. 3 Bl. Com. 66. 
 
 ContentUS, — L. Lat. [-f- continere, to contain.] Contained. 
 
 Contermina., Orum, m. — Lat. Limits, confines, bounds, borders, -u. Conterminus. 
 
 Contenuind, Sre, i, v. n. \conterminus.\ To be a border, be a border upon 
 
 ContenninnS, a, um, adj. Bordering upon, neighboring, having a common border. 
 Ovid, M. iv, go ; id. ib. xv, 315 ; Pliny, xiii, 14, ■ii et saep. In the neuti-. subst. ; A 
 neighborhood, neighboring region ; a confine, border. Tacitus, yi vi, 36. Subst.. Con- 
 terminus, i, m. A neighbor. Col. i, 3, 7. 
 
 Contestatio, Onis, /. [contestor.'} In general: An earnest entreaty. ClcnKO, Cornel. 
 
 In the Jurists, a. t. t. : An attesting, proving by witness ; testimony. V'LFlAti. Dig. 
 xxviii, I, /n 20 ; Gellius, vi, 12, 2 ; Contestatio litis, — a formal entering of a suit in 
 law, by calling witnesses. Ulpian. Dig. iii, 3, /r. 40'; Justinian. Cod. iii, tit. 9, ' de Litis 
 contestatione. ' 
 
 Contestatio litis, a contestation of suit. v. Litis contestatio. 
 
 Festus gives tiie meaning of the term litis contestatio anterior to the introduction of the formulary process, 
 when tegis actiones were in use : 
 
 Contest art est, quum uturque reus dicit ; Testes estote. Contestari litem dlcuntur duo aut plures 
 ad versarii, quod ordinato judicio utraque pars dicere solet : Testes estote. Vestvs, de yer6. Sig-nijf. suh 
 voce, * Contestat 7,' pp. 31, 44. 
 
 The suit is to be contested, when either party to the action says Met the witness be sworn.' It is 
 called a suit to be contested (wnen) two or more adversaries who regularlj' in court, and either party is wont 
 to declare 'let the witnesses be sworn.' 
 
 In the Civil Law: In the old Roman formulary system, this term, contestatio litis, 
 signified a narratio of the subjective matter in controversy made by the respective parties to 
 a suit before the Praetor, consisting of the plaintiflTs statement of his claim, and the defend- 
 ant's answer thereto. Read: Res in judicium deducta non videtur, si tantum postulatio 
 simplex celebrata sit, vel actionis species ante judicium reo cognita. Inter litem contestatam et 
 
 479 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 editam actionem permultum interest. Lis enim tunc contest ata videtur, ckm judex 
 per narrationem negotii causam audire coeperit. JuSTIN. Co(/. iii, 9, i. v. Nov. (jt.o,. \. 
 Of the defendant, on the other hand, it is said : Judicium accipit. Paulus. Dig. v, i, fr. 28. 
 cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 203 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 The term may be very properly rendered joinder of issue (^< inde producit sectam), 
 the legal qtiality which a suit assumed through the plainiifFs statement and the defendant's 
 answer, thus bringing the case before the judge. Mackeld. ib,, Kaufmann's note. 
 
 In the Canon Law: The term is used in the same sense. Id. ib. 
 
 In old English Law: The process of joining an issue upon pleading; the develop- 
 ment and attainment of an issue upon the point in controversy by the opposing statements 
 of the parties ; the issue itself so developed and attained by an opposing or denial of the 
 truth or validity of the complaint. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 216 ; Steph. PI. Append, u. (39). 
 V. 3 Bl. Com. 296 ; l Mackeld. Civil Law, § 203, note. 
 
 CONTESTATIO litis eget terminos contradictarios. An issue of a suit requires 
 terms of contradiction, i. e. to make- an issue there must be an affirmative 
 statement on one side, and a negative on the other. Jenkins' Cent. 117. 
 
 Contestato (adverbially). By aid of witnesses. Ulpian. Dig. xxv, 3, fr. i, § 12 et al. 
 
 Contestor, an, i, v. dep. To call to witness. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 29. 
 
 In JuridicalrLat. t. t. : To introduce a law suit by calling witnesses ; to bring an 
 action ; to set on foot. Cicero, Att. xvi, 15 ; id. Ros. Com. xviii ; Gellius, v, 10, 8 ; Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. iii, tit. 9. (/S.) In pass, signif.: Contestata lite, — the cause having been 
 commenced. Cicero, Rose. Com. xi, 32 ; xii, 35. v. Ulpianus, Dig xxiv, 3, fr. 22, § 5 ; 
 Julian, ib. :s.yiyi,fr. 91 fn. et saep. 
 
 Contextim, adv. \contexo, to weave, entwine, braid, join together, etc.] In a connected 
 manner, connectedly. Pliny, a, 53, 74 ; Aug. Ep. cxii, 15. 
 
 Contextio, Onis,/. A joining, putting together. (6.) A preparing, composing. Narra- 
 tionis. Macr. Soun. Scip. i, 2. 
 
 Contextor, Sris, m. One who puts a writing together ; a composer, author. Fragm. 
 Theod. Cod. i, I, 6. 
 
 ContextnS, Os, ?«. A joining, putting together, a connection. Lit. : (a.) Corporum. 
 LucR. i, 244. Aedificiorum. Ulpianus, Z'if. xxxix, 2,/?-. 15. Trop.: (6.) Connection, 
 coherence. Cicero, Fin. v, 28, 83. Verborum. Quint, xxviii. Sermonis. Id. viii, 3, 38 
 et al. 
 
 ContigUllS, a, um, fli^. (a^ Act. Lit.; Touching. Hence, Bordering upon, neigh- 
 boring, near. (6.) Pass. That may be touched, within reach. 
 
 ContineUS, entis. Pa. [contimo.'] Continuous, holding together, joined together, hang- 
 ing together. With another object: Bordering upon, neighboring, contiguous, lay- 
 ing near, adjacent. Buildings in the suburbs of Rome were said to be continentia, and 
 incontinentibus. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 2 pr.; Ulpian. ib. L, 16, fr. 139 ; id. ib. L, 16, fr. 
 I73i § !• Continentia urbis, — the suburbs. Terentius, Dig. L, lb, fr. 147. e. Continenti 
 genere, — in an unbroken succession of generations; in continuous descent; in an uninter- 
 rupted succession from the same family. Cicero, Fin. ii, 19, 61. 
 
 Continent per aestimationem 20 acres. Containing by estimation 20 acres. Bacon's 
 Max. in Reg. 25. 
 
 Continetur ad tenorem, et ad effectum sequentem. it is comprised or held to the 
 
 tenor, and to the effect following. 
 
 Continuando. — L. Lat. By continuing ; in continuing. 
 
 In old Pleading: A word much used in a special declaration of trespass, where the 
 plaintiff could recover damages for several trespasses in the same action. Temies de la Ley. 
 V. 3 Bl. Com. 212; I Ld. Raym. 240, 824. The formal words were: Continuando transgres- 
 sionem praedictam, etc., h praedicto die, etc., usque talem diem, — by continuing the aforesaid 
 trespass, etc., from the day aforesaid, etc., to such a day. Termes de la Ley; 3 Bt. Com. 212, 
 note. Otherwise, Continuando praedictam transgressionem, etc., — by continuing the aforesaid 
 trespass, v. 2. Rolle, Abr. ^m; Wm. Saund. 2^,n. i. The former is now disused, v. Gould's 
 PI. c. 3, § 86 ; Hamm . N. P. 90, 91. 
 
 Continuate, adv. =.Continuatim, adv. ^Continuanter, adv. In uninterrupted succes- 
 sion ; continuously, uninterruptedly: one after another. 
 480 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Contiuiiatio, Onis, /. [conHnuo.] A joining together, a following of one thing after 
 another, an unbroken series, connection, continuation, succession. Continuaiio senesque 
 rerum. ClCXX.0, N. D.'\, t^ fin.; id. Acad, i, T , fin. Laborum. SvET. Tii. 21. Causarum. 
 Cicero, N. D. i, 20, 55. Semionis. Quintilian, viii, 2, 14 et al. 
 
 In Rhetoric: A period, aij. Cicero, Or. 61 ; Quintilian, ix, 4, 22, 124. Verborum. 
 Cicero, de Or. i, 61, 261 ; iii, 3, 49. 
 
 In Practice: A continuance ; an adjournment. The adjournment of the proceedings 
 in a cause from one term or day to another. The entry of such adjournment is called a con- 
 tinuance. F. N. B. 154/V 244Z>/ 2 Sieph. PL 31, 6l. v. Hardr. 365, 366 ; i Tidd's Pr. 
 678. ^Pi-orogatio, in the Civil Law, 
 
 ContinuitElS, Stis, /. {continuus^ A connected, unbroken series ; continuation, con- 
 nection. Varro, L. L. vii, 6, loi. 
 
 ContinnO, adv. immediately, instantlj', forthwith, v. Continuus. 
 
 Continuo culpam ferro conipesce, priusquain 
 Dira jjer incautmn serpant coiitagia valgus. 
 
 Virgil, Geo. iii, 469. 
 Forthwith check the evil by the steel, before the dire contagion spreads among the unwary 
 flock. Trop., Instantlj' repress the mischief with the scalpel, before the dire contagion 
 has infected the unthinking multitude. 
 
 * '* When thou seest a single sheep remain 
 In shades aloof, or couched upon the plain, 
 Or listlessly to crop the tender grass, 
 Oi late to lag behind with truant pace ; 
 Revenge the crime, and take the traitor's head, 
 
 Ere the faultless flock the dire contagion spread." — Mr. John Dryden. 
 Read: Principiis obsta; sero vtedicina pardtur^ 
 
 Citjn mala per tongas convaluere vwras. — Ovid, Rented. Attioris. 92. 
 Oitine vialuin nascens facile oppriviitur. — Cicero, Phil. V, iijin. 
 
 ContinUTim Clameum. — L. Lat. Continual claim, z'. Zz«. §g 419-423 ; Co. Lilt. 2Soa, 
 256ay 3 Bl, Com. 175; i Steph. Com. 472. 
 
 Continuus, a, um, adj. [continuo.'] Joining, connecting with something, or hanging 
 together in its parts; uninterrupted, continuous (freq. and class.). Continuo voce, — 
 with a continual cry (or claim). 
 
 Contra, adv. and. praep. (a.) Adv.: (a) Of places: Over against, or the opposite 
 side, opposite to, otV 4 mV. (^.)Transf., of actions: (o.) On the other side, in turn, 
 on ihe other hand, {b.) Against, on the contrary, over against, on the opposite side, in oppo- 
 sition, just the opposite, just the contrary (so most usual), [c.) In connection with 
 atque ox quam : Otherwise than, contrary to what, in opposition to that which, (d.) h contra, 
 or in one word econtrd, = contra, and so used indifferently in the same sense. (6.) Praep. 
 (or.) Of places: Over against, opposite to, toward. (/3.) Transf., of other objects: 
 (3.) In general opposition: Against, opposite, contrary to. (b^ Contra ea, — on the 
 contrary, on the other hand. 
 
 Contra aequum et bonum. Contrarj' to what is equitable and good. ' Against or con- 
 trary to equity." 2 Smith's L. C. [401, 402] 464. v. Aequum et bonum. 
 
 Contra bonOS mores. Against good morals ; contrary to sound morality. Gaius, /»j/. 
 !'•• § 157; Justinian. Cod. viii, 39, 4; Hob. 167; \ Bl. Com. 256; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 
 331; Broom's Max. 706, and cases; 2 Story on Contr. §§670, 698. =Adversus bonos mores. 
 V. Contractus ex turpi causa, etc. 
 
 Contra bonOS mores interposita. Interposed against good morals. Justinian. Cod. 
 iv, 7, 5- 
 
 CONTRA bonos mores , frequens in jure formula, qua publicam Jwnestatem 
 laedi significanius. Contra, bonos mores dicitur, quod vel flagitiosum 
 est, vel ad flagitium pellicit. Spieg. Con. v, c. i, num. 2. 'Against sound 
 morals,' frequently occurs in the law formula by which we signify public 
 [61] 481 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 honesty to be violated. That is called 'contrary to good morals' which 
 is disgraceful or infamous, or entices to a shameful or disgraceful act. Calvini, 
 Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Read: Pacta quae contra. leges constitutionesque vel contra bonos mores fiunt, nullam 
 vim habere, indubitati juris est. Justinian. Cod. ii, 3, 6 ; Broom's Max. 667. 
 
 All contracts and agreements which are incentive to crime or turpitude, or of which the 
 consideration is an obligation or engagement improperly prejudicial to the feelings of a third 
 party, offensive to decency or morality, or which has a tendency to mischievous or pernicious 
 consequences, are void, as being contra bonos mores. 2 Wills. 447; Cowp. 729; 4 Camp. 
 152 ; I Barn. &' Aid. 683 ; 16 East, 150 ; Broom on C. L. 355 seq. and cases there cited. 
 
 CONTRA exceptionem vero, licet ab initio competens videatur, subveniri poterit 
 petenti ope replicationis ; ut si ques petat, excipere poterit tenens de pacto postea 
 interveniente ne petat, contra quam replicari poterit h, petente de pacto posterius inter - 
 positio quod petat. But against the exception (plea), though at first it may seem 
 sufficient, the demandant (plaintiff) may be aided by means of a replication ; 
 and if one should demand (sue), the tenant (defendant) may except (plead) a 
 subsequent agreement not to sue, against which the plaintiff may plead in reply 
 a still subsequent agreement that he might sue. Bracton, v, tr. 5, c. i, § 4, fol. 400. 
 Bracton draws this example from Justinian. Inst, iv, 14 /r. 
 
 CONTRA fas, contra aiispicia, contra omnes divinas atque humanas 
 reli gione s . Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 13 34. Contrary to law, contrary to what was required 
 by the auspices, contrary to every thing which is held sacred among gods and men. 
 
 COlStTRA /idem tabular em nuptial um . Contrary to the faith of marriage con- 
 tracts. I Stmy's Eq. Jur. § 269. 
 
 Contra formam COllatidnis. Contrary to the form of collations. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ, so called, that issued where a man had given lands in 
 perpetual alms to any of the houses of religion, as to an abbot and his convent, or other sov- 
 ereign, or to the warden or master of any hospital and his convent, to find certain poor men 
 with alms and to do other divine services, etc. If they aliened the lands, to the disinherison 
 of the house and church, then the donor or his heirs could have this writ to recover the lands. 
 But this writ could be alwaj'S brought against the abbot or his successor, and not against the 
 alienee, although he were the tenant. But in all other actions where a man demanded free- 
 hold, the writ could be brought against the tenant of the land, cf- Stat. Westm. II. cap. 41; 
 Reg. Orig. 238 ; Fitz. N. B. 210 ; Tennes de la Ley. 
 
 Contra formam feoffamenti. — L. Lat. Contrary to the form of the feoffment. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ, so called, that issued where a man, before the statute 
 of Quia emptores terrarum, made 18 Edw. I., enfeoffed another by deed to do certain service; 
 if the feoffor or his heir distrained him to do other services than was comprised in the deed, 
 then the tenant could have this writ, commanding him not to distrain him to do other service 
 than was comprised in the deed. But this writ lay not for the plaintiff who claimed by pur- 
 chase from the first feoffor, but for the heir to the first feoffe. cf. Reg. Orig. 176 ; Old Nat. 
 Br. xiil ; Tennes de la Ley 
 
 Contra formam Statuti, — L. Lat. Against the form of the statute. 
 
 These were essential words in indictments and declarations on penal statutes, i Ld. Raym. 
 150, 342, 343 ; 4 Steph. Com. 377. Otherwise : 
 
 Contra formam statuti in tali casil edito et proviso . Against the form of 
 the statute in such case made and provided. 
 
 The usual conclusion of every indictment, etc., brought for an oflTense created by statute. 
 7 Geo. IV. c. 64, 55 20 r Town's PI. 164 ; i Chitty's PI. 372, 373 ; 4 Steph. Com. 377. v. 10 
 Richardson' s Law R.1S2; i Penn. St. R. 154 ; i Gillman's (111.) R. 333, 440. 
 
 CONTRA fictionem 7ion admittitur probatio; quid enim efficeret probatio veritatis, 
 ubi fictio adversus veritatem fingit 1 Nam fictio nihil aliud est, quam legis 
 adversus veritatem in re possibili ex justa causa dispositio. Gothofred, in Dig. 
 lib. xxii, tit. 3, § 3. Proof is not admitted against fiction ; for what could the 
 evidence of truth efiect where fiction supposes against truth ? Indeed, fiction is 
 482 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 no other than an arrangement of the law against truth, in a possible matter, 
 arising from a just cause. 3 Bl. Com. 43 ((5). 
 
 Contra hereditatem jacentem. Against a fallen or prostrate inheritance. Against the 
 heritage to which the heir has made up no titles. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 11, § 47. v. Haered- 
 itas jacens. 
 
 CONTRA impuberes quoque, si negotia eorutn urgentibus necessitatis rationibus 
 utiliter gerantur, in quantum locupletiores facti sunt, dandam actionem, ex 
 utilitate ipsorum receptorum est. Quae tibi quoque jure discernitur, quod sumtus in 
 pupillum, que?n Romam tutorein petendorum gratia dixisti, fecisse te allegasj si non 
 matertera ejusdem se facere paratam propriis impendiis ostenderit. Justinian. 
 Cod. ii, 19, const. 2. If the concerns of those under age, for reasons of neces- 
 sity, are profitably managed, so far as they have become richer, it has been 
 admitted that an action ex utilitate is allowed against them. It is also rightfully 
 allowed to you, because you say that you incurred expenses for an orphan whom 
 you brought to Rome to procure guardians for him, if his aunt should not show 
 that she was prepared to do it at her own expense. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Quoted in Wharton on Agency, § 361, 
 
 Contra inhibitionem novi operis. — Lat. Contrary to the prohibition of a new worlc ; 
 contrar)' to the law prohibiting the erection of n. new building of any kind. v. Dig. xxxix, 
 tit. I,' de Operis Novi Nuntiatione;' i Bl, Com. 22, n. {p); Broom Sr" Had. Com. i, 16, n. (p). 
 
 Contra juris ordinem. Against legal order, rule or propriety. 
 
 Contra juris rigorem. Against the rigor of the law. MODESTINUS, Dig. xlix, i, fr. ig. 
 
 Contra jus belli. Against the law of war. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Pac. iii, c. 11, § 15; 
 I Kent's Com. 6. 
 
 Contra jus commune. Against common right or law; contrary to the rule of the Com- 
 mon Law. Bracton, fol. 48^. 
 
 Contra jus, faSC[ue. Against law and right, justice. Sallust, Cat. 15. In broad 
 sense: Against human and divine law. v. Fas; Jus fasque exure. 
 
 Contra legem facere. To act or cause (any thing) against the law. Dig. and Cod. passim; 
 Wharton on Negl. § 781. v. In fraudem legis. 
 
 Contra legem et COnSUetudinem Angliae. Against the law and custom of England. 
 
 CONTRA legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet; in fraudem vero, qui, 
 salvis verbis legis, sententiam ejus circumvenit. Paulus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 29. 
 He acts against the law, who does that which the law forbids ; but he acts in 
 fraud of the law who, saving the words of the law, circumvents its meaning. 
 
 Read: Frans enim legi fit, ubi, quod fieri noluit, fieri autem non vetuit, id fit; et quod 
 distat /ir/rov dito Siavoiai [dictum i sententiA\ hoc distat frans ab eo, quod contra legem fit. 
 Ulpian. Dig. i, 3, fr. 30. v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, 12, § 18. 
 
 Contra legem terrae. Against the law of the land. Magna Carta. 
 Contra leges et statuta Angliae. Against the laws and statutes of England. 
 Contra libertatem matrimonii. Against the liberty of marriage. Contrary to the free- 
 dom of marriage. 4 Kent's Com. 535, note. 
 
 Contra mentem vadere. To go against the mind. Bracton. 
 Contra morem et statuta. Against the custom and the statute. 
 
 CONTRA naturam est, ait Tullius, ex hominis incommodo suum auger e com- 
 modum. Et alibi: Illud natura non patitur, ut aliorum spoliis nostra 
 facultates, copias, opes augeamus. It is unnatural, saith Cicero, to augment 
 one's condition, advantage, profit, by the disadvantage, loss of another man. 
 
 483 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 And in another place: Nature does not allow this, that by the spoliation 
 of others we should increase our own powers, resources and opulence. Grotius, 
 de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, lo, § 2, citing Ciceco, de Off. iii, 5, 21, 22. 
 
 Read: Detrahere igitur alteri aliquid et hominevi hominis, etc. 
 
 The Civilians laid the rule: Videtur enim, inquit Proculus, dolum malum facere, 
 qui ex aliend Jacturd lucrum quaerat. Paulus, Dig. xiv, 3, fr. 17, § 4. Here dolus malus 
 signifies every thing which is repugnant to natural right and equity. Hence it is repugnant 
 to natural right and equity that we should build up our own power, fortune and wealth upon 
 the ruins of other men. cf. Cicero and Grotius, supra. 
 
 CONTRA negantem principia non est disputandum. There is no disputing with 
 one who denies first principles. Gr. and Rud. of Law; Co. Lilt. 343. 
 CONTRA non valentem agere nulla currit praescriptione. Against one who is 
 unable to act, no prescription runs, i. e. a prescription does not run against 
 one who is under disability or not in a situation to sue for his right or claim. 
 Fothier {^V5.r\&), 451; Broom's Max. 868, and cases; Broom on C. L. 186; 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 7, § 37. 
 
 CONTRA non obscurum est, rigori cambiali locum non esse adversus impuberes, et 
 minorennes : illoruni enim cambia plane nullius momenti sunt j his vero laesis 
 competit beneficium restitutionis in integrum. Excepti tamen sunt minorennes, qui 
 mercaturam exercent, quippe, qui in rebus ad mercatura7n pertinentibus ne jure 
 quidem communi in integrum restituuntur. Heineccius, de Camb. cap. v, §§ 3, 
 4, 6. On the contrary, it is not unknown that there is no place for the strict 
 law regulating exchange against those under age and minors ; their bargains are 
 of no moment or account ; these being broken, they may be wholly reinstated 
 in their former rights. However, minors are excepted, who are engaged in 
 trade, for in affairs relating to business they are not even of common right, rein- 
 stated in their original rights. Cited in Story on Bills, § 86 ; Story on Prom. 
 Notes, § 81. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Contra 0fS.cii SUi debitum- Contrary to the duty of his office. 
 
 Contra onines gentes. Against all persons (or people). Words employed in old cove- 
 nants of warranty. Bracton, fol. 37 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 14, § 11. 
 
 CONTRA omnes homines jideliiatem fecit. He performed fealty (or homage) in opposition 
 to all men. 2 Feud. 99 ; I Bl. Com. 367 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 442. 
 
 Contra omnes mortales. Against all mortals. Forbe' s Inst. W., Wi. A clause of abso- 
 lute warrandice is expressed in these terms. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 3, § 26. 
 
 Contra pacem, — Lat. Against the peace. 4 Bl. Com. 256 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 331. 
 Contra pdcem ballivorum, — against the peace of the bailiffs. Bracton, iol. 14511, ■ Fleta, lib. 
 ii. C' 53. § r ; r ^l Com. 117 ; Broom &f Had. Com. i, 139, 200. Contra pdcem dominl, — against 
 the peace of the lord. \ Bl. Com. 117. Contra pdcem domini regis, — against the peace of the 
 lord the king. Chitty's PI. 388 ; i Bl. Com. 117, 166 ; Broom &" Had. Com. 139. Contra 
 pacem domini regis et contra formam statut' in hoc casu nuper edif et provis' , — against the king's 
 peace, and contrary to the form of the statute in this case lately enacted and provided. 
 Contra pdcem vice comitis, — against the peace of the sheriff, i Bl. Com. 117. 
 
 These several phrases — Contrd pacem, etc. — are explained in i Bl. Com. 117 ; Broom &' Had. 
 Com. i, 139. 
 
 CONTRA proferentem. Against him who offers. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3 ; 
 Broom's Max. 571 ; 2 Pars, on Contr. 506, 510. 
 The words of the act must be considered as the language of the company, which ought to 
 be construed fortius contra proferentem. CoLTMAN, J., 2 Man. Is' Cr. 194. This rule o( 
 construction ' contra proferentem' — "drawn out of the depth of reason" — is applicable in 
 
 484 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 pleading {Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3 ; Broom's Max. 577), but is not applicable to wills, nor to 
 statutes, verdicts, judgments, etc., which are not words of parties. Id. ib. v. 2 Parsons on 
 Contr. 506, note (k) ad fin. v. 2 Story on Contr. § 811. 
 
 Contra retidrium ferula. — Lat. Pro v. A switch or twig against a net-fighter. 
 T r o p . : To fight with feeble weapons against one well equipped ; or, as we might say, ' to 
 parry a lance with a bodkin.' Martialis, 2 praef. 
 
 A retiarius is one who fights with a net, a net-fighter; a kind of gladiator who endeavored to hold his 
 adversary by throwing a net over his head. Quintilian, vi, 3, 61 et al. 
 
 CONTRA scriptum testimonium, non scriptum testimonium hand pi-ofertur. = 
 Gr. Kara eyypaqjov fxaprvpiai aypacpo? fxaprvpia ov npoi cpepkrat. 
 Justinian. Cod. iv, 20, const, i. Unwritten testimony is not brought (has no 
 force) against written testimony. Cited in Best on Evid. § 223, note 2. 
 
 CONTRA, si per leges loci, ubi bona constituta sunt, limitetur illud rerum immo- 
 bilium doarium, etc.; eo quod nemini liceat privatd cautione refragari legi 
 publicae negative aut prohibitoriae. Rodenburg. On the contrary, if that dotal 
 right of immovable things be limited by the laws of the place where the goods 
 are situated, because no one can, by private obligation, oppose a negative or 
 prohibitory public law. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 373. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CONTRA spoliatorem. Against the spoliator or despoiler. i Smith's L. C. 
 [473] 590 ; Broom's Max. (jod. Read: Omnia praesumitur, etc. 
 
 CONTRA summi juris regulam. Contrary to the strict rule of law. 
 =^Contra juris rigorem. 
 Contra Stimillum calcas. — Pro v. You kick against the spur. Trop.: You 
 only injure yourself by unavailing resistance. 
 
 Adversum stimulum calces ? Terenthjs, /"^orOTtD, i, 2, 28. Durum est tibi contt a stimu- 
 lum calcitrare . Acts, ix, 5. Contra stimulum calces, cf. Isidorus, Orig. i, 36, § 28. 
 
 CONTRA tamen vulgo a doctoribus receptum est, statuta de bonis et successione 
 intestati disponentia esse realia, nee egredi fines territorii. Atque ita fieri, ut 
 secundum diver sitatem statutorum diver simodi succedatur, non aliter, quam si per fictio- 
 nem unius hominis diversa sunt patrimonia. Et ijnmobilia sunt sub jurisdictione 
 loci, in quo jacent. Statutum igitur Hollendiae non extendit se ad res immobiles in 
 Frisia situs; sed istae subjacent dispositione juris communis quod in Frisia obtinet. 
 Sandius. On the other hand, however, it has commonly been received by jurists 
 that statutes disposing of the goods and succesion of an intestate are real, and 
 do not pass beyond the limits of the territory. And that it thus happens that 
 the succession is made in different manners according to the diversity of the 
 statutes, not otherwise than if by a fiction one man has different patrimonies. 
 And immovable property is under the jurisdiction of the place where it is situ- 
 ated. A statute, according of Holland, does not reach immovable property 
 situated in Friesland ; but they are subject to the diposition of the common law 
 that prevails in Friesland. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws. § 4831:. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Contra tabulas. Against the will, or testament. Dig. xxxvii, tit. 4 ; Cod. vi, tit. I2. 
 
 Contra vadium et plegium,— L- Lat. Against gage and pledge. Bracton, fol. 15*/ 
 Fleta, lib. i, c. 42, § 2. 
 
 Contra verbosus noli contendere verbis; 
 Sermo datur ctmctis, animi sapientia paiici^. — Cato. 
 Be unwilling to contend with words against the contentious ; speech is given to all, wisdom 
 of mind to few. 
 
 485 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONTRA veritatem lex nunquam aliqidd promittit. The law never suffers 
 any thing contrary to truth. 2 Co. Inst. 252. 
 Sometimes, however, it allows a conclusive presumption in opposition to truth. 
 Read the maxims under Presumftio and Presumptiones . 
 
 CONTRA voluntatem domini quandoque transfertur dominium s. per judicem, 
 quia judicium ruit in invitum. Dominion is sometimes transferred against 
 the will of the lord [the owner's will], to wit, by a judge [/. e. by the act of a 
 courtj, because a judgment goes [literally, rushes, implying forcible or com- 
 pulsory progress] against the unwilling party. Bracton, ii, c. 18, § 3, fol. 41^. 
 
 CONTRACT ATA Jure, contrario jure pereunt. Privileges established by one 
 law are done away by the provisions of an opposite law. The right or 
 immunity established by one law is subverted by a subsequent and contrary law. 
 Justinian. Inst. 
 
 Contractio, 5nis, /. {contraho.'l A drawing together, contraction. Hence (6.) T ran sf. 
 An abridging, shortening, abridgment, shortness, brevity. Cicero, Att. v, 4 Jin.; id. de Or. 
 iii, ^ojin.; id. Part, vi, 19. 
 
 CONTRACTUM autem non utique eo loco intelligitur, quo negotium gestum sit ; 
 sed quo solvenda est pecunia. Gaius, Dig. xlii, ^,fr. 3. A contract is not 
 understood in all cases to be in that place in which the business may be done or 
 transacted, but in which the money is to be paid. Cited in Story on Bills of 
 Exch. §§ 129, .147 ; Story on Conji. of Laws, §§ 280, 299. 
 
 Read this under Venire bona ibi oportet, ubi quisque dejendi debet, etc. Dig. supra. 
 Julian states the rule : Contraxisse uniusquisque in eo loco intelligitur, etc. 
 
 CONTRACTUM autem ultro citroque obligationem est, quod Graeci GwolK- 
 Xayfxa vocant, veluti emtionem, venditionem locationem, conductionem, socie- 
 tatem. Ulpian. jCz^. L, 16, fr. 19. A contract is an obligation on both 
 sides [/. e. mutually binding the parties], what the Greeks call Qvvak\a\ixa, 
 {syna Hag ma ,= mutual agreement), as for instance a purchase, a sale, a hiring, 
 a letting, a partnership, v. Brissonius, adverb ^Contractus; ' Broom on C. L. 251. 
 
 It is distinguished from Actum and Gestum. v. Labeo prima Praetoris urbani dejinit, etc. 
 Dig.l^, \b,fr. ig. As to the distinction between Contractum, Pactum, tlxhX Conventum, v. 
 Pactum-Conventum, sq. To constitute a contract it must contain three elements : an offer 
 from the one party, an acceptance by the other, an obligation imposed by the law compelling 
 the parties to abide by their offer and acceptance. When the law does not impose such obli- 
 gation, the agreement is only 2ipactuni, and cannot found an action, although it may be used 
 as a defense. The Roman Law regarded those agreements as contracts which were solemn- 
 ized in the four ways named : Re, verbis. Uteris, consensu . Gaius, /«j/. iii, § 8g. 
 u. Papinian. Dig. ; Serv. Sulp. in Gellius, Att. Noct. iv, 4, 2. 
 
 In the Common Law, itisdefinedto.be: An agreement of two or more persons 
 upon sufficient consideration to do or not to do a particular thing. 2 Bl. Com. 446 ; 2 Kent's 
 Coin. 449 ; Broom if Had. Com. iii, 154, v. Wait's note (501) ; I Parsons on Contr. 5. 
 
 "An agreement in which a party undertakes to do or not to do a particular thing." 
 Marshall, C. J., 4 Wheat. (U. S.) 197. A deliberate engagement between competent 
 parties, upon a legal consideration, to do or abstain from doing some act. I Story on Contr. i. 
 
 Contractus, Qs, m. [con, with, and trako, to draw.] {a.) A drawing together. (6.) The 
 entering upon or beginning of an affair, the transacting. Pei. Quintilian, iv, 2, 49. 
 In the Jurists, t. t. : A contract, a binding agreement. 
 
 CONTRACTUS a veteribus appellabantur non tantum quae mutuit conventionibus 
 constat, sed et quae legibus sunt vetita. Contracts, by the old authors, were 
 called or comprehended not only such as were made 'by mutual agreements, but 
 such also as were forbidden by the laws, under such a penalty. Grotius, de 
 Jure, Belli ac Pace, ii, 20, § 2 fin. 
 486 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONTRACTUS enim istius initium vitio caret. Gothofred, n. 37, ad Dig. 
 ii, \,fr. 20. For a contract of that origin is free from vice, defect or 
 blemish. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 303. 
 
 Contractus aestimatorius. cf . Mackeldey, CivU Law, § 446. 
 
 CONTRACTUS dicitur, quasi actus contra actum. A contract is called, as it 
 were, an act against an act. 2 Co. J^a ; Broom on C. L. 252 (c). 
 Also quoted : Contractus est quasi actus contra actum. A contract is, as it 
 were, an act against an act. 
 
 CONTRACTUS enim, cekbratus ciim solemnitate requisita in loco contractus, 
 extendit se ad omnia bona, licet in loco bonorum major solemnibus requireretur. 
 Gaill. a contract celebrated [published, proclaimed] with the solemnity or 
 form required in the country of the contract, it extends itself to all the property, 
 even though the place of the property shall require greater solemnity. Quoted 
 in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 372(2. 
 
 Read in this connection : Et est omnium doctorum sententia, etc. Du Moulin in ^^ory, j^. 
 
 CONTRACTUS est nullius loci. A contract is of or from no place, i. e. 
 unless it is otherwise expressed, i Smith's L. C. [784] 952. 
 
 CONTRACTUS ex turpi causd, vel contrh bonos mores nullus est. A contract 
 founded on a base consideration, or against good morals, is null. Hob. 167. 
 Read; Pacta, quae turpem causam continent, non sunt observandi; etc. Dig. ii, 14, 27, § 4. 
 
 CONTRACTUS in alio loco fit, alio confirmatur ; quaeritur, cujus loci leges, si 
 discrepare eas usuveniat, intuer indebeamus ? Si confirmatio accedat ad concili- 
 andam contractui majorem fidem, v. g. contractus probationis gratid in scripturam 
 redigatur, arbitramur, spectandam loci, ubi contrahitur legem. Sin, ut contractus 
 sit validus, loci, ubi confirmatur , jura praevalebunt. Hertius, de Collis. Leg. § 4, 
 n. 55. A contractus made in one country, and is ratified in another ; if the laws 
 of the different places vary, it is asked, which may we look at, use or apply? If 
 the confirmation is assented to, to acquire or cause greater faith in the contract, 
 as for example, if the contract is reduced to writing for the sake of proof, we 
 decide that the law of the country where the contract is made is to be looked to, 
 enforced. But if that the contract may be valid in the country where it is con- 
 firmed, the laws (of that country) shall prevail. Quoted in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, % 286a. 
 
 CONTRACTUS legem ex conventione accipiunt. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, fr. 1, § 6. 
 Contracts take their law according to the agreement of the parties. 'The 
 agreement of parties makes the law of a contract.' v. Pufendorf, de Jure, v, 
 c- X, § S, n. I. 
 
 CONTRACTUS proprie ultra citroque obligatio, quam Graeci GvvaWayixa 
 vocant. A contract, strictly, is a mutual obligation, what the Greeks call 
 evvakXayjxa [i.e. mutual agreement.] BKissomvs, ad verb 'Contractus^' 
 Broom on Com. Law, 251. 
 
 Read: Contractum autem ultro citroque obligationem, etc. Vlfian- Dig: L, 16, fr. ig. 
 
 CONTRACTUS quo aliquid gratuito gerendum committitur et accipitur. A contract by 
 which something is committed and accepted to be done gratuitously, v. Mandatum. cf. 
 ViNNIUS, Conim. ad Inst, iii, 27, 684; i Smith's L. C. [292] 354 ; Lord Raymond, gog. 
 
 487 
 
Con.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONTRACTUS guidam dolum malum duntaxat recipiunt : quidam et dolum, et 
 culpam . do him tantum, depositum et precarium : dolum et culpam, 
 mandatum, commodatum, venditum, pignori acceptum, locatum, item dotis datio, 
 tutelae, nogotia gesta j in his quidem et diligentiam. Societas, et rerum communio 
 et dolum, et culpam recipit ; sed haec ita, nisi si quid nominatim convenit,vel plus, 
 vel minus, in singulis contractibus : nam hoc servabitur, quod initio convenit ; legem 
 enim contractus {contractui ) de dit :. excepto eo, quod Celsus putat, non valere, 
 si convenerit, ne dolus praestetur ; hoc enim bonae fidei judicio contrarium est ; et 
 ita utimur. Animalium vero casus, mortesque, quae (the common reading is mortes, 
 quaeque) sive culpa accidunt, fugae servorum, qui custodiri non solent, rapinae, 
 tumultus, incendia, aquarum magnitudines, impetus praedonum a nullo praestantur. 
 Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, fr. 23. Some contracts merely admit \or receive in their 
 interpretation] corrupt fraud : some both fraud and the fault of remissness or 
 neglect : fraud only in respect to a deposit and a precarium : fraud and 
 neglect in respect to a mandate, a loan, a sale, a thing received in pledge, a 
 letting, also the giving of dower, of guardianship, the rnanagement of business (or 
 the administration of affiairs) ; in these cases some diligence (must be applied). 
 A partnership and in a communion of property receive both fraud and the fault 
 of remissness or neglect ; but these so, except if what is expressly agreed upon, 
 either more or less, in single contracts, for that (the express agreement) shall be 
 observed, which is agreed upon in the beginning ; for the contract gives 
 the law or the rule for its performance: except in that case, which 
 Celsus judges or decides not to be valid, if it shall have been agreed, that no fraud 
 can be proved or exposed ; for this is contrary to a judgment or decision of good 
 faith ; a,nd so we practice {or apply the rule). The accidents and death of ani- 
 mals, however, which occur without remissness or neglect, the flight of slaves, 
 who are not accustomed to be watched or guarded, robbery, tumult, conflagra- 
 tions, the magnitude of streams (floods), the onset or fury of robbers, they are 
 answerable for by nobody. Read: Story on Bailm. § 398 ; Story on Ag. § 182. 
 In every contract ' dolus malus ' makes the person guilty of it responsible. So in some 
 contracts does the ' culpa.^ ' Casus fortuitous ' never, v, Phillimore* s Princ. and Max. Jur. 
 150, 151. V. Dolus malus. 
 
 CONTRACTUS societaiis est, quo duo plurisve inter se pecuniam, res, aut operas 
 conferunt, eo fine, ut quod inde redit lucri inter singulos pro ratd dividatur. 
 Nee minus si quid proveniat damni, a singulis pro ratd feratur. Pufendorf, de 
 Jur. Nat. et Gen. v, c. 8, § i. A contract of partnership is that by which two 
 or more persons contribute or bring together money, goods, or work, with that 
 object, so that what it has brought forth of gain or profit may be divided among 
 the individuals of the firm pro ratd. Nor less, if what may occur from damage, 
 it shall be borne by the individuals of the firm,/w ratd. Cited in 2 H. Bl. 235; 
 I Smith's L. C. [975] irSo ; Story on Partn. § 2; 3 Kent's Com. 24, n. (a). 
 
 Pufendorf adds to this definition : 
 
 Heic igiiur si omnes aequalem fecuniam contulerint, singulorum partes in damno et lucro erunt 
 aequales simpliciter: ubi inaequalem contulerint, quilibet pro ratd ad leges proportionis geometricae 
 ■partes feret. Idem obtinebit, si duo pluresve operas duntaxat conferant aequales. aut inaequales ; 
 aut alter pecuniaTn, alter operant, aut utramque siviul conferat. And here, if every man con- 
 tributes equally, each must receive an equal share in the gain or loss ; but if they contribute 
 unequally, their shares must be adjusted according to the laws of geometrical proportion. 
 The same rule obtains if two or more join labor ; or one labor and the other money ; or each 
 party both labor and money. Pufendorf, ib., citing the Civilians. 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 Read: Si non /uerini partes socieiati adjeciae^ aequas eas esse constat ^ etc. Ulpian. Dig. xvii, 2, ^ pro 
 Socio^ yr. ^<j. Read: Aristo rcfcrt., Cassitcm respondisse societatetn taleni coiri non posse, etc. Id, 
 ib. § 2. Cited in 3 Kenfs Com. 29, 30. 
 
 CONTRACTUS societatis, non secus ac contractus mandati. Pothier, ad Pand. 
 lib. xvii, tit. 2, Introd. A contract of partnership, is as if \or is not unlike] 
 a contract of mandate. Quoted in Story on Partn. § i fin. 
 
 Contractus stare non poterit. The contract cannot stand. Bracton, fol. 62. 
 
 CONTRACTUS ultro citroque obligatio est, etc. Ulpianus, L, 16, fr. 19. 
 Read : Contractum autem ultro citroque obligationem est, etc., supra. 
 
 ContradiCO, ere, 3, v. n. To speak against, contradict. QuiNTiLlAN, Inst, v, 10, 13. 
 
 Contradicere sententiis aliorum, — to oppose the opinions of others. Tacitus, H. i, 39. 
 V. Ulpian. Dig. iii, i, fr. 1 et saep. So m pass. Ulpian. Dig. xi, Ttfr. 14 et at. 
 
 In old English Law: To oppose, to refute, to contradict. Jieg.Orig.gzb; 4 Mod. 1^3. 
 
 Gontradictio, onis, /. [contra-dlco.l A reply, replication, objection, contradiction. 
 Quint, iii, 8, 34 ; id. ib. 8, 27. Contradictio sumere, — to anticipate the objection of an antag- 
 onist. Id. xi, 3, 163. 
 
 Contradictor, oris, m. [id.^ In Juridical Lat.. One who objects or contradicts ; 
 an opponent. Ulpian. Dig. xl, 12, fr. 27, § 2 ; Callistratus, ib. 16, fr. 3. 
 
 Contra-facere, Conter-facere. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Contrefaire. In old English 
 Law: To counterfeit, to imitate. 1 Lord Raymond, \\(i^\ Freem. ^i<). To devise. 2 Mod. 
 gS. V. Contro-facere. 
 
 Contra-factio. — L. Lat. =. Contro-f actio. A counterfeiting. Contra f actio sigilli 
 regis, — counterfeiting the king's seal. Reg. Orig. 42; Cowell. v. Contro-facere, Contro- 
 factura. 
 
 Contrahd, ere, 3, v. a. Lat. [-|- con, together, and trahere, to draw, etc.] To draw or 
 bring several objects together to one point ; to collect, assemble (freq. and class.). T r o p . . 
 To put something under way ; to bring about, draw on, contract, occasion, cause, produce, 
 make, etc. (freq. and class.) 
 
 In the Language of business, t. t. : To close a matter of business with one ; 
 to make a contract, conclude a bargain ; to engage or assume a liability to or with another. 
 Cicero, Clu. xiv, 41. v. id. Off. i, 17 ; id. ib. i, 5 ; id. ib. iii, 15, 61 ; Vellej. ii, 44 et saep. 
 V. Qui cum alio contrahit, etc. Furiosus nullum, etc. Hence (6.) Transf. beyond the 
 sphere of business: Ciim aliquo, — to have intercourse ; to associate. Cicero, Off. 
 i. 2 . So Nihil ciim populo. Id. Tusc. v, 36 fin. (c.) In particular, with the idea 
 of shortening or diminishing by drawing together: To draw close or 
 together; to contract, shorten, lessen, abridge, diminish (freq. and class.), (d.) Trop.: 
 To draw in, lessen, check, restrain (freq. and class.). 
 
 CONTRAHITUR etiam obligatio non solum scripto et verbis, sed et consensu, 
 sicut in contractibus bonae fidei j ut in emptionibus, venditionibus, locationibus, 
 conductionibus, socieiatibus et mandatis j et ideo dicuntur obligationes hujusmodi 
 contrahi ex consensu, quia nee scriptura, nee praeseniia semper est necessaria. 
 An obligation is also concluded, not alone in writing and in word, but also by 
 consent, just as in contracts of good faith \bonae fidei\ as in purchases and 
 sales, in lettings and hirings, in copartnerships and agencies or commissions ; 
 and therefore obligations of this kind are said to be contracted from consent, 
 because neither writings nor the presence of the parties is always necessary. 
 Bracton, iii, 2, § 9, fol. 100b j cited per Lord Holt, C. J., Lord Raymond, 909. 
 V. I Smith's L. C. [292] 354 ; Gaius, Inst, iii, §§ 135-137 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 
 tit. 22 ; Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7,/r. 2. 
 
 CONTRAHITUR enim obligatio ex sex vestitne?itis, quae omnia dicuntur v e sti - 
 menta p actor um sucut et donationum. An obligation is contracted from 
 six vestments, all which are called the 'vestments of agreements,' as 
 also, indeed, of donations. Pleta, lib. ii, tit. 56, § 4. 
 
 I 62 ] 489 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. , [Con. 
 
 CCy^T^KYi.YY'W^ hypotheca per. pactum conventum ; quum quis paciscatur, ut res 
 ejus propter aliquam oMigaiionem sint hypothecae nomine obligataej nee ad rem 
 pertinet, quibus fit verbis j sicuti est et in his obligationibus, quae consensu contra- 
 huntur. Gaius, Dig. xx, i, fr. 4. A mortgage is contracted by agreement 
 when a person agrees that his property may be bound by mortgage for some 
 obligation; and it matters not in what words it is put, just as in the case of those 
 obligations contracted by agreement {^consensu, consensual agreements). 
 Quoted in Story on Agency, § 3S6a. 
 
 Gaius adds: Et idea et sine scriptura si convenit, ut hypotheca sit, et prohari poierit, res 
 obligaia erii^ de qua conveniunt ; fiunt enim de his scripturae, ut, quod actum est, per eas facilius 
 probarl possit, et sive his autem valet, quod actum est, si habeat probaiionem, sicut et nuptiae sunt, 
 licet testationes in scriptis habitae non sunt. Gaius, ib. fin. Gaius adds: And therefore, if 
 it be agreed, without writing, that it is a security by mortgage, and it can be proved, the 
 property concerning which the agreement is made, will be obliged, liened. Writing is used 
 in order that the transaction may more readily be proved, but the transaction is valid with- 
 out writing, if there be proof of it, like a marriage, although the testimony is not in writing. 
 
 [F.J.M.] 
 
 Contra-juris. Contrary to law, unlawful. = Gr. itapdvofioi. Gloss. Gr. Lat, 
 
 Contra-ligatio, — L. Lat. Counter-obligation, counter-binding ; e.g. 
 
 In English Law: Est enim obligatio quasi contra-ligatio , et quatuor habet species 
 quibus contrahitur, et plura vestimenta. An obligation is, as it were, a counter-binding, 
 and it has four species by which it is contracted, and several vestments. Fleta, lib. ii, tit, 
 56, § I. 
 
 Contra-mandaie. — L. Lat. [-|- contra, against, and mandare, to command.] In E n g . 
 Law: To command against ; countermand. In practice: To make an order contrar)' 
 to a former order. 
 
 Contramandatio placiti. A countermanding of a plea. 
 
 In English Law: The respiting of a defendant, or giving him further time to answer, 
 i. e. by countermanding the day fixed for him to plead, and appointing a new day ; a sort of 
 imparlance. Cowell. 
 
 Contra-mandatum. — L. Lat. [+2'<^.] A countermand ; a new or opposite direction. 
 
 In Practice, An order made contrary to a former one, for the purpose of avoid- 
 ing or suspending it ; the revocation of a thing done or directed to be done before ; e. g. the 
 countermanding a writ, pleading, notice, etc. ; the revocation of a lease, a will, etc. Termes 
 de la Ley ; 4 Co. 60, 61. 
 
 Contra-placitum. — L. Lat. A countei-plea. Towns. PI. dx. 
 
 In Practice: Where a party demands oyer, if the party demanded has any matter of 
 fact to allege as a ground why the oyer cannot be demanded, he may plead such matter, and 
 the allegation is called a contra-placitum to the oyer. Steph. PI. 72. Also counter-pleas, in 
 the old actions, were a kind of replication, and were used particularly as answers to aid- 
 prayer {auxilii peiitio). Termes de la Ley ; Cro. Car. 263. 
 
 Contra-ponO, no per/.,positum, 3, v. a. To place opposite; to oppose to. QuiNTlLlAN. 
 
 Contrapositnm, i> «• Contraposition, contention. = Gr. avTiBsrov. One thing 
 directly opposed to another. Quintilian, ix, 3, §§ 81, 82, 109 ; ix, 4, § 18. 
 
 Contra-pOSitio, — L. Lat. A counter-position; a setting opposite. 
 
 In Practice: A plea o;- answer. 
 
 Contrarietas, atis,/. \contrarius^ Opposition, contrariety. SiDONlus, £/. iv, 12. 
 
 CONTRARII memoria non extat. Memory exists not to the contrary. A phrase 
 employed by the Glossators. 
 
 Contrario. ». Contrarius, (6.) 
 
 CONTRARIORUM contraria est ratio. The reason of contrary things is 
 contrary. Hohart, 344. 
 Contrarius, a> um, adj. [contra.] Of places: Lying or being over against, oppo- 
 site. Pipa. Paulus, Dig. xli, i, fr. 65. Transf. of other objects: (a.) In 
 general: Opposite, contrary, opposed {freq. and class.). (6.) I" particular: Stand- 
 ing over against in a hostile manner; inimical, hostile, hurtful, pernicious, etc. ; dangerous, 
 
 49° 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 destructive. Lucretius, vi, 740. Injurious, disadvantageous. Quintilian, iv, 2, 64. 
 Unfavorable. Sueton. 0th. 8. Subst.: Contrarius, \\, m. An opponent, antagonist. 
 ViTR. 3, praef. 
 
 Contrarins consensus S. dissensus. A contrary agreement, to-wil, by mutual dissent. 
 
 In Civil Law: When two or more pactors agree that an unperformed obligation 
 founded on a simple agreement between them shall be annulled, this is called Contrarius 
 consensus s. dissensus. cf. Dig. L, 17, fr. 35 ; Inst, iii, 2g, § 4 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 541 ; 
 Wharton on Agency, § 93. 
 
 Contrarotulator. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Contrerouler. [-|- contra or contre, against, and 
 rotulator or router, an enroUer.] The keeper of a counter-roll ; the keeper of a roll intended 
 as a check upon another's roll or check ; a controller or comptroller. Reg. Orig. 192 ; Cowell. 
 
 In old English Law: An officer who took notes or survey of the accounts, rolls, 
 receipts, etc., of other officers as a check upon fraud or deceit, or to the intent to discover 
 him if he dealt amiss. Fleta, i, c. 18, § ; Stat. 12 Edw. III. c. 3. The keeper of a 
 counter-roll or check-roll. Finch's Law, b. iv, c. i, p. 245. 
 
 In Modern Law: An officer who has the inspection, examination, or controlling of 
 the accounts of other officers ; one who keeps a counter-register of accounts. Winshaw. 
 = The Roman autographus, v. h. v. The terra is used in English Law; e. g., Contra- 
 rotulator custumarum, — controller of the customs. Id. Contrarotulator hos- 
 pifii domini regis, — controller of the king's household. Towns. PI. 20g. Contra- 
 rotulator pipae, — controller of the pipe. Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Contra-rotnlus. — L. Lat. A counter-roll. Fleta, lib. i, c. 18, § i. 
 
 In English Law and Practice: A roll kept by an officer as a check upon another 
 officer's roll. Bracton, fol. izi^, 140*/ Britt. c. i. 
 
 Contra-tallia. — L. Lat. A counter-tally. 
 
 Contra-venire. — Lat. In old English Law: To contravene, to come against, to 
 violate. 
 
 CONTRAXISSE uniusquisque in eo loco intelligitur, in quo, ut solveret, se obli- 
 gavit. JuLiANUS, Dig. xliv, 7,/r. 21. Every one is understood to have 
 contracted in that place where he has bound himself to pay or perform. 
 
 As to the application of this rule, v. Story on Confl. of Laws, §§196, 233, 280 ; 
 Story on Prom. Notes, § 165 ; Story on Bills of Exch. §§ 129, 147. 
 
 Gaius states the rule : Contractum autem non utigue eo loco intelligitur, quo negotium gestuni 
 sit; sed quo solvenda est pecunia. Gaius, Dig. xlii, 5, fr. 3. 
 
 Read : Venire bona ibi oportet, ubi quisque defendi debet, etc. Dig. xliv, 5, frr. i, 2, 3. 
 
 Contrectatlo, Snis, /. \contrecto.'\ A touching, touch, contact. Cicero, N. D. i, 27, 77. 
 
 In the Jurists: An illegal appropriation of a thing to one's self; stealing, theft. 
 Paulus, Dig. xlvii, z, fr. 13. A fraudulent handling or meddling with another's property; 
 the improper or unauthorized use of a thing for the sake of making gain. Employed in the 
 civil law in the definition of furlum. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 2,/r. 52, § 19; Justinian. Inst. 
 iv, I, §g I, 5, 8 ; Taylor's Civil Law, 467. Bracton employed the term in this sense, fol. 
 15015. V. Furtum est contrectatlo, rei, etc. v. Dunlap, Arg. 5 Mason's R. 540. 
 
 CONTRECTATIO rei alienae, animo furandi, est furtum. The unauthorized 
 use or handling of the property of another, with the intention of stealing 
 it, is theft. Jenk. Cent. 132. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Furtum est contrectatlo rei fraudulosa, lucri faciendi gratid, vel 
 ipsius rei, vel etiam usus ejus possessionisve : quod lege naturali prohibitum est admittere. 
 Paulus, Dig. xlvii, i,/n i, § 3; Justinian. Inst, iv, i, § i. 
 
 Contrectator, oris, m. [id.] In the Jurists: A thief. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 2, 36. 
 
 Contrecto S,te,i,v.a. \tracto.'\ To touch, handle, come in contact with, feel of. LucR. 
 vi, 855. Contrectandae pecuniam, — to wallow in wealth. Suetonius, Calig. 42. 
 
 In particular: (a.) To touch in examining; to search. Suet. Claud. 35. (&.) To 
 touch carnally; to have illicit intercourse with. Plautus, Poen. v, 5, 32. Suet. Dom. i; 
 Justinian, vii, 3, 4. Transf.: Contrectata, — violated, dishonored. Tacitus, ^. xiv, 35. 
 (c.) In the Jurists: Aliquid. To take by stealth; to steal, purloin. Paulus, Dig. 
 xli, 2. fr. 3 ; XXV, 2, fr. 3 et al. 
 
 491 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ContributiO, Onis, /. [contribuo, ere, — to assign, contribute, to join to as a part.] A 
 dividing, distributing. Contributio debiti et credili. Modestinus, Dig. xvi, 2, fr. i et al. 
 (6.) A contribution. Omnium. Paulus, Dig. xiv, 2, fr. i. v. Lex Rhodia, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: Contribution ; ^. ^. where one of several sureties or persons 
 jointly, or jointly and severally, bound to pay a sum of money, has been compelled to pay 
 the whole or more than his or their share of the money for which they all became bound, he 
 is entitled to receive contribution from all the others, for what he has done in relieving 
 them from a common burden. 3 Co. 11 ; 13 id. 13a, 15^ / i Arch. Pr. 291 ; Broom on C. L. 
 311 ; Story's Eq. Jur. § 492, and note ; i Smith's L. C. [229] 272, 273 ; I Parsons on Contr. 
 31-38 ; /^ Johns. Ch. R. 545. 
 
 As a general rule no action for contribution is maintainable by one wrong-doer 
 against another. 8 T. R. 186 ; 8 East, 171 ; 11 Paige's Ch. R. 18 ; 10 Cush. (Mass.) 287. As 
 to the qualifications to this rule, v. i Smith's L. C. [230 sq.\ 274 ; i Parsons on Contr. yi, 38 
 and cases. 
 
 In Maritime Law: Average. ^= Tributum 2i.-aA Collatio. LoccEN. de Jur. Mar. lib. 
 ii, c. 8. Contribution. =:General average. 3 Kents Com. 232-244; i Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 490. V. 4 Gray (Mass.), 75 ; 11 Penn. St. 325. 
 
 Conttibutione fa>cienda>, — L. Lat. v. Breve de contributione facienda. 
 
 Controfacere, — L. Lat. To counterfeit. Reg. Orig. 42. Contro/acta, — a counterfeit. 
 Controfactura, — a counterfeiting. Towns. PI. 61. 
 
 Controfa^Ctum. — L. Lat. [contra, against, and factum, made.] Counterfeit. 
 
 That which is made in imitation of something, but without lawful authority, or contrary to 
 law ; and with a view to defraud, by passing the false for the true. v. 4 Bl. Com. 83. 
 
 Controver. Icontroversus.l A false newsmonger. 2 Co. Inst. 227. 
 
 ContrOVersia., ae, f [controversus^ The opposite direction. Controversia aquae, — the 
 opposite direction of water. Ulpian. Dig. xxxix, 2, fr. 24, § 5. Trop. : Controversy, 
 contention, quarrel, question, dispute, debate (QuiNTiLiAN more than sixty times). Cicero, 
 Or. xiv, 45 ; ii, 72 ; i, 40, 183 et al. Sine controversia, — without contradiction, beyond dis- 
 pute, without doubt, indisputably. Terentius, Ph.w, 6, 14; Cicero, Off. iii, 2,7. Sine 
 ulla controversia, — without any contradiction, dispute, doubt. Id. Caecin. vii, ig. 
 
 In English Law: A dispute ; a suit at law or in equity ; a civil action or proceeding. 
 Story on Const. § 1674 and note ; 2 Dall. R. 419. 
 
 Con-tllbernilUn, ii, «■ \con, and tabema^ Abstr. : In Milit. Lang.: Tent-com- 
 panionship ; a dwelling together in a tent. Tacitus, H. i, 41 ; id. Hist, ii, 80. (6.) The inter- 
 course of a young man and the officer accompanied by him in war ; attendance. Cicero, 
 Tacitus, Suetonius. Beyond the Milit. Sphere: The accompanying, attendance ; 
 e. g. of friends, teachers, etc. Suetonius, Tacitus. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The marriage of slaves ; or a marriage between persons of whom 
 one or both were slaves, cf. Curt, v, 5 ad Jin.; ■ScAl.WQl.A., Dig. xl,4, fr. 59 ; Pothier, Contr. 
 du Mar. {, c. 2, % 4. Hence, in contr. vrith connubium. Concubinage. Cicero, V'err. ii, 
 5, 40 ; Suetonius, Caif J. xl. Concr. : A common war-tent. Caes. ^. C. iii, 76. Transf.: 
 The dwelling of different persons. Sueton. Calig. x, xxii. (6.) The dwelling of a couple 
 who are slaves ; a slave-dwelling. Tacitus, H. i, 43 ; iii, 74. 
 
 Contumace capiendo. '>J. Breve de contumace capiendo. 
 
 CONTUMACES non videntur, nisi qui, quum obedire deberent, non obsequuntitr, 
 id est, qui ad jurisdictionem ejus, cui negant obsequi, pe;rtinet. Hermogen. 
 Dig. xlii, \,fr. S3, § 3. They do not appear contumacious, unless who, when 
 they ought to yield obedience, are disobedient or uncompliant, that is, those 
 who belong under (come within) the jurisdiction of him to whom they refuse to 
 be obedient. 
 
 Contlimacia, ae, /. \contumax!\ Arrogance, inflexibility, contumacy, obstinacy, stub- 
 bornness, self-confidence. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 41. v. Contumax, 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t. : An obstinate disobedience to a judicial order; an obstinate 
 refusal to appear in court. Hermog. Dig. xlii, i, 53. v. Contumax. 
 
 CONTUMACIA eorum, qui jus dicenti non obtemperant, litis dantno coercetur. 
 Hermogenianus, Dig. xlii, x,fr. 53 /r. The contumacy (obstinate diso- 
 492 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 bedience) of those who disobey him who gives a judicial decision, is coerced or 
 confined (held responsible) for the loss or damage of the matter in dispute. 
 
 The rules among the ancient Germans and the Goths, v. 3 Bl. Com. 278. 
 
 Contumaciter, adv. Obstinately, stubbornly, contumaciously. 
 
 Contumaz, acis, adj. Insolent, unyielding, obstinate, stubborn, contumacious. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 2, 78 Jin.; id. Att. xv, 15. Unyielding, firm, steadfast. Tacitus, H. i, 3. 
 
 In the Jurists, /. t. : That defies a judicial summons; after repeated citations 
 appears not before court. Subst.: A contumacious person; a person guilty of contu- 
 macy ; one accused of an offense who refuses to appear and answer to the charge. 
 
 CONTUMAX est, qui tribus edictis propositis, vel uno pro tribus, quod vulgo per- 
 emptoriupi appellatur, Uteris evocatus praesentiam sui facere contemnet. Her- 
 MOGENIANUS, Dig. xlii, 53, § I. He is a contumacious person, who, having 
 been proposed or called by three proclamations or edicts, or one as for three, 
 which is commonly called the peremptory, or having been called forth by letters, 
 holds in contempt to present himself or to make his appearance in court. 
 
 Poenam contumacis non patitur, quern adversa valetudo vel majoris causae occufatio defendit. 
 Hermogen. ib. § 2. Contumaces non videniur^ nisi qui^ etc. Id. ib. § 3, supra. 
 
 Contumelia, ae, f. [from a stem TEM, whence also temno, contemno, and contumax ; 
 accordingly, abuse arising from contempt, scorn.] Abuse, insult, afTront, reproach, invective, 
 contumely, disgrace, ignominy, outrage (very freq. and class.), cf. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 10, 
 fr. r pr.j Justinian. Inst, iv, 4 pr. 
 
 Contunieliani si dices, audies. Plautus, Pseud, iv, 7, 77. If you will employ 
 invective or contumely, you shall hear it. If you utter affronting speeches, you'll be hearing 
 them. 
 
 Contumeliose, adv. Abusively, insolently, reproachfully, injuriously, outrageously, etc. 
 Cicero, Off. i, 37, 134; Quintilian, vi, i, 17 ; viii, 3, 28. 
 
 ContxuneliOSUS, a, um, adj. [contumelia.^ Full of abuse, reproachful, insolent, abusive, 
 ignominious. Cicero ; SALLUST.y./ Tacitus, H. et al. 
 
 Conturbatio, 5nis, /. \conturbo.'\ Disorder, confusion, (a.) Lit.: Oculorum, — con- 
 fused, indistinct visio'n (as a disease). Scrib.Comp.ic). (6.)Trop.. Confusion, disquiet, 
 perturbation of mind. Cicero, Tusc. iv, 8 fin. ; id. Top. xii, 52. 
 
 Contnrbator, Sris, m. [id.] He who brings (property, business) into disorder or ruin. 
 
 ConturbO, are, I, V. a. To bring or throw into disorder or confusion ; to confuse, derange, 
 disorder, confound (most freq. in Cicero and Lucretius). Trop . : To disturb, disquiet 
 in mind or feeling. Cicero, Att. vii, 2 ; id. Off. iii, 10, 20, 81. 
 
 In the Jurists, and of business,^. /. .• To bring pecuniary affairs into dis- 
 order ; to make bankrupt, v. Ulpianus, Dig. xi, 3, i fin. To bring into pecuniary embar- 
 rassment. Cicero, Q. Fr. ii, 12 ad fin.; id. Plane. 28 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, 3, 5 ; Alfenus 
 Varrus, ib. xiv, 3, fr. 16 et al. 
 
 Con-tutor, oris, m. In the Civil Law: A joint-guardian. Ulpianus, Z)(f. xvii, 
 3, 9 ; Julian, ib. iii, 5, 29 et al. A co-tutor or co-guardian. Justinian. Inst, i, 24, § i. 
 
 Conusance. — L. Fr. In English Law: Cognizance or jurisdiction ; conusance of 
 pleas. Termes de la Ley. ConUSans. — L. Fr. Acknowledgment. Litt. § 499. Conusant, — 
 knowing, understanding; privy to. Co. Litt. 157. 
 
 Conustre.— L. Fr. To acknowledge. Z/W. § 499. 
 
 CONVALESCIT donatio facta Afurioso, sicut a minore, si sanae mentis effectum, 
 donum illud confirmaverit, vel ratum habuerit. A gift made by a madman 
 [a lunatic], as in the case of a minor, becomes valid if that gift shall have been 
 confirmed, or shall have been ratified by a sane mind. Bracton, ii, c. 5, § 4, 
 
 fol. 11^ fin. 
 
 A gift made by a lunatic is voidable, and may become valid ex ratihaHtione , dum gaudet 
 lucidis intervallis. 
 
 493 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 ConvaleSCO, ere, 3, V. inch. To become wholly sound, to recover entirelj', to regain 
 health, to grow strong, gain strength, etc. (freq. and class.) 
 
 In the Jurists: To receive or possess value, become valid. Donatio. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xxiv, I, fr. 33, § 2. Testamentum. Tertullian. Dig. xxix, I, fr. 33, § 2 ; Labeo. ib. 
 xxviii, 7, fr 20, § i. To gain or acquire strength, force or validity ; to become valid. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xxx,_/if. 41, § 2. v. Ex post facto non convales cet. v. Quod ab initio, etc. 
 
 Convectio, Onis, /. {conveho^ A carrying or bringing together. Amm. xiv, 10. 
 
 Convector, oris, m. [jV/.] One who carries or brings together. Hence, Convector, — the 
 deity who presided over the gathering of grain. Serv. Virg. G. i, 21. 
 
 In Maritime Lang.: He who goes with one (on board ship, etc.) ; a companion of 
 a journey, fellow-passenger. Cicero, Ait. x, 17. 
 
 Convena, ae, Comm. \conveniol\ Coming together; and more freq. subst. in 
 plur., persons who come together ; a multitude collected together, assembled strangers. 
 Cato in Gellius, xviii, 12, 7 ; Cicero, de Or. i, 9, 37 ; id. Tusc. v, 20, 58. 
 
 Convenable. — L. Fr. and Eng. Suitable, agreeable, convenient, fitting. Litt. § 103 ; 
 Stat. 27 Edw. III. St. 2, c. 21 ; Stat. 2 Hen. VI, c. 2. 
 
 Convencio, — L. Lat. A covenant or agreement. An old form of Conventio. Dyer, %T. 
 Conveniendi sunt"^ — they are to be proceeded against. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 66, § i. 
 
 Conveniens, entis, Part, and Pa. [-|- convenio.'] Agreeing, consistent, accordant, har- 
 monious. Cicero, Off. i, 17 ad. fin.; iii, 8 ; id. Rose. Am. xxxiv, 96; id. Div. ii, 30, 82. 
 Convenient, proper, just, suitable. 7 Man. &■ Gr. 41 arg. Conveniens est. ^ Convenit, 
 consentaneum est, — it is fit, proper, becoming, suitable. 
 
 Convenientia, ae, /. \convenio^ A meeting together, agreement, accord, harmony, 
 symmetry, conformity (suitableness, fitness). Cicero, Div. ii, 15 ; ii, 60 ; id. N. D. ii, 21 
 et al. (A Ciceronian philosoph. word.) 
 
 Convenio, ire, 4, u. n. and a. To come together, meet together, assemble (freq. and 
 class.). (6.) To go to one to speak to him, make a request of him, etc.; to address, accost, 
 meet, visit. Plautus, Mil. ii, 2, 16 ; id. Pers. v, 2, 74 et saep.; Cicero, Rose. Am. 18 et saep. 
 
 In the Civil Law, #.?..• To go to one judicially ; to proceed against, sue, bring an 
 action against, summon before a tribunal. Ulpianus, Dig. x, 2,fr. 20; Papinian. ib. L, i, 
 fr. 17. De peculio, Paulus, Sent, ii, 30. Pro parte dimidia. Id. Dig. xvii, i, 59 et saep. 
 Also with abstr. objects. Dolum aut culpam eorum. Papinian. Dig. xxvi, 7, fr. 38, § 2. 
 Nomen. Ulpian. Dig. xlii, \, fr. 15. Conveniri, — to be sued. Dig. v, i ; Justinian. Inst. 
 iv, 8, § 3 ; iv, 9, pr.j iv, 11, pr. 2. To agree. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 2 ; id. fr. 4. 
 
 In old English Law: To covenant. Hob. 'nb. To agree. Bracton, iol. 306. 
 
 Labeo ait : 
 
 CON VENIRE posse vel re, vel per epistolam, vel per nuntium ; inter absentes 
 quoque posse. Sed etiam taciti consensu convenire intelligitur. Paulus, Dig. 
 ii, T-Ajfr. 2 pr. Labeo says : 'To agree' can be either in substance (/. e. 
 by the delivery of a thing), or by letter, or by a messenger ; it can be also 
 among absent persons. But it is now also understood, that 'to agree' can be 
 by silent consent. 
 
 Paulus adds: Et ideo si debitori meo reddiderim cautionem, videtur inter nos convenisse, 
 ne peterem ; profuturamque ei conventionis cxceptionem placuit. Paulus, ib. § i. 
 
 Tacita obligatio nascatur, veluti quum per errorem indebitum solvendi causa datur. PoMPON. 
 Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 13, § 2 fin. v. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, /r. 4 pr.; Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et 
 Gent, iii, 6, § 2. 
 
 Convenit. Lit., He agrees; it agrees. Convenit est, =zConveniens est, — it is suitable, 
 fit, proper, becoming. In Civil and English Law: It is agreed ; it was agreed ; 
 e.g.. Hoc servabitur quod initio convenit. ULPIANUS, Dig. L, 17, fr. 23. Scias guod 
 convenit inter A. petentem et B. tenentem. Bracton, fol. Tib. Conv enit , promissit et 
 agreavit ad et cum, — he covenanted; promised and agreed, to and with. Hobart, 34^. 
 
 CONVENIT lex cicm consuetudine Anglicana. The Roman law agrees with 
 the custom of England. Bracton. v. Consuetude Anglicana. 
 494 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con, 
 
 Conventiculum, i. »■ </»'»'. {convenlus.l An assembly, meeting, association. Cicero, 
 Sesi. xlii, 91. (6.) A place of assembly. Tacit. A. xiv, 15; Arn. iv, 152; Wharton's Lex. 
 
 Coaventio, Onis,/. \convenio^ An assembly, meeting, Varro, Z. Z. vi, 9, 75. More 
 freq. in the Jurists: Agreement, convention, compact. Ulpianus, i^j^f, ii, 14, i j'y. 
 A coming together of parties, v. Conventionis verbum generate est, etc. (6.) A judicial pro- 
 ceeding against one ; indictment, charge. Personae. Justinian. Cod. iii, 6, const. 3. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Co«w?«/«» is a general term («o/k^« ^^«^?-<z/miw«OT), which com- 
 prehends all sorts, treaties, pacts, agreements. The consent of two or more persons to 
 form with each other an engagement, or to dissolve or change one which they had previously 
 made. cf. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 14, /r. i ; Domat. Lois Civ. i, tit, i, § i ; cf. Mackeld. Civil 
 Zfl«',-§§ 385-475, ed, 1883. 
 
 In the English Law: A covenant; an agreement by deed in writing. Reg. Orig. 
 165, 166 ; Bracton, fol. i8/5, 34, 169. 
 
 Conventio was transferred from the Civil Law, and includes, in English Law, a covenant, {. e. the 
 agreement or consent of two or more by deed in writing, sealed and delivered, whereby either or one of the 
 parties promises to the other that something is or shall be done. Ptowden. 308 ; Termes de la Ley ; Shep. 
 Touch. 160, A species of express contract contained in a deed, to do a direct act or to omit one. 3 Bl. Cam, 
 355. v. Covenant . 
 
 CONVENTIO de rebus tuto aliundi transferendis pro certo premio. An agreement in rela- 
 tion to transporting of things in safety from elsewhere for a certain premium. Stypmannus, 
 pars. 4, c. 7, note 262, p. 453 ; Emerig. Tr. des Assur. c. I pr. v. Asseeuratio. 
 
 CONVENTIO est duorum in idem placitum consensus de re solvendd, id est, 
 faciendd vel praestandd. A convention or an agreement is the consent of 
 two (or more) in the same sentiment or determination concerning a subject- 
 matter to be solved, that is, to be made or performed. Clef des Lois Rom.; 
 Ayliffe, Pand. 558 ; Merlin, Rep., 'Pact. ' cf. Dig. ii, tit. 14, ^ de Ractis.' 
 
 CONVENTIO destitutd nomine et causd, quae obligationem civilem sud naturd 
 producere possit. An agreement or convention is without specific name, 
 and y/ithout consideration, which might, in its nature, produce a civil obligation. 
 Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 14, § 775. v. Pactum. 
 
 Conventio dliplicata. An agreement in two parts ; a duplicate agreement. Bracton, 
 fol. 169. 
 
 CONVENTIO legem vincit. The agreement governs or controls the law. 
 Per Shaw, C. J., 4 Cush. (Mass.) R. t,2>\ ^ Smith's L. C. [902] 1099. 
 Read: Conventio vincit legem, and the authorities. 
 
 CONVENTIO legis derogat. Agreement derogates from law. Fleta, lib. iv, 
 c. 20, § 5. V. Conventio vincit legem. 
 This maxim is qualified by the following: 
 
 CONVENTIO privatorum non potest publico juri derogare. The agreement of 
 private persons cannot derogate from public right, i. e. cannot prevent the 
 application of general rules of law, or render valid any contravention of law. 
 Co. Litt. \()(>a ; Wingate's Max. 201, § 6; Broom's Max. 
 WingAte states this maxim thus : 
 
 CONVENTIO sen beneficium privatorum non potest publico juri derogare. The 
 agreement or benefit of private persons cannot derogate from public right. 
 Wingate's Max. 201. v. 197. 
 
 These maxims are paraphrased from the Civil Law. Privatorum conventio juri publico 
 non derogat. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 45, § i. 
 
 CONVENTIO vincit legem. The agreement governs (or rules) the law. The 
 express covenant of the parties overcomes (prevails against) the law. 
 6 Taunt. 430 ; Story on Agency, § 368 ; 4 Cush. (Mass.) 33 ; i Smith's L. C. 
 
 495 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 [902] 1099 ; 21 Wend. R. 628, 631 ; 7 Barb. R. 113, 117 ; 83 N. Y. R. 601, 
 603. Otherwise quoted :, 
 
 CONVENTIO vincit et dat legem. An agreement prevails and gives the law. 
 Read: Modus et conventio vincunt legem. 
 In the Civil Law, the rule is expressed: Contractus legem ex conventione 
 accipiunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3, fr. i, § 6. This maxim — Conventio vincit legem — does 
 not apply, to prevent the application of the general rule of law. Broom's Max. 
 V. Legem enim contractus dat. 22 Wend. 215, 233. 
 
 CONVENTIO vincit et dat modum donatio. The agreement prevails and estab- 
 lishes the manner of the gift or grant. Com. Law Max. 
 CONVENTIONALES sunt, quae ex conventione reorum fiunt, quarum totidem 
 genera sunt, quot, paena dixerim, rerum contrahendarutn ; nam et ob ipsam 
 verborum obligationem fiunt, et pendet ex negotio contracto. Pomponius, Dig. xlv, 
 
 1, fr. s, pr. med. Conventional stipulations are produced from the 
 convention (agreement) of the parties obligated, of which there are as many 
 kinds, so to speak, as there are things to be contracted for ; for an obligation 
 arises from the words themselves, and depends upon the business under con- 
 tract. 
 
 CONVENTIONALES sunt, quae ex conventione utriusque partis concipiuntur ; 
 hoc est, neque jussu judicis, neque jussu praetoris, sed ex conventione contrahen- 
 tium. Quarum totidem genera sunt quot, pene dixerim, rerum contrahendarum. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, 18, § 3. Conventional stipulations are those 
 which are made by the agreement of the parties ; that is, neither by the order of 
 a judge, nor by that of the praetor, but by the consent of the persons contract- 
 ing. And of these stipulations, there are as many kinds, so to speak, as there 
 are of things to be contracted for. Read: Judicialis autem esse poterit stipu- 
 latio, vel conventionalis, etc. Br acton, iii, c. 2, § 5, fol. 100. 
 
 Conventionalis, e, adj. [conventio.'] Of or pertaining to an agreement or compact ; 
 conventional. Conventionales stipulationes. u. Dig. and Inst, supra. 
 
 CONVENTIONES, quae pariunt actiones, in suo nomine non slant, etc. Ulpian. 
 Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, § i. Q u o t e d in Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 
 
 2, § 2, n. 4. Read it in Juris g entium conventio ne s quaedam actiones 
 pariunt quaedam exceptiones, etc. Ulpian. id. ib. 
 
 CONVENTIONIS verbum generate est ad omnia pertinens, de quibus negotii 
 contrahendi transigendique causd consentiunt, qui inter se agunt. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. ii, ^^,fr. 1, § 3. The word 'convention' is a general term, pertain- 
 ing to all subjects upon which the parties might come together for the purpose 
 of entering into any engagement or transacting any business which they conduct 
 or pursue amongst themselves, Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c.-2, § 2, n. i. 
 
 Ulpianus adds: Nam siculi convenire dicuntur, qui ex diversis locis in unum locum colli- 
 guntur et veniunt, ita et qui ex diversis animi motibus id unum consentiunt, id est, in unam 
 sententiam decurrunt. Adeo autem conventionis nomen generate est, ut eleganter dicat Pedius, 
 nullum esse contractum, nullam obligationem, quae non habeat in se conventionem, sive re, sive 
 verbis pat ; nam et stipulatio, quae verbis fit. nisi habeat consensum, nulla est. § 4. Sed con- 
 ventionum pleraeque in aliud nomen transeunt, veluti in emotionem, in locationem, in pignus,vel 
 in stipulationem. Ulpianus, supra, §§ 3, 4. For as those are said to come together (conve- 
 nire), who are gathered and come into one place from different localities, so also those who 
 through different emotions of the mind agree upon one (or consent to the same) thing, i. e. 
 they run into o?-have recourse to one sentiment (the same opinion or determination). But 
 the word 'convention' is general, as Pedius may elegantly express that there is no con- 
 tract, no obligation, which has no agreement within itself, whether done by act or i)y word ; 
 
 496 
 
Con.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 for also a stipulation which is made by words is void, unless it has consent. § 4. But verj' 
 many conventions are transacted by [or underj another name ; e.g. in a purchase, letting, 
 pledge, or in a stipulation. 
 
 It includes the two leading divisions of contracts {contractus), and pacts {pacta). Heinec. 
 Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 14, § 784. 
 
 CONVENTIONUM autem tres sunt species : aut enim ex publicd causd fiunt, aut 
 ex privatd : privatd aut Legitimd, aut Juris gentium. Public a cotiven- 
 tio est, quae fit per pacem, quoties ititer se duces belli quaedam paciscuntur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. ii, 14, fr. 5. There are three species of conventions or agreements; for 
 they arise either out of a public or out of a private cause ; out of a private cause 
 [/. e. pecuHar to one's self], or from usages prescribed by law, or from the law of 
 nations. A public convention or agreement is that which arises for peace, when- 
 ever the leaders of war make some bargain or stipulation between themselves. 
 
 Legitima conventio est, quae lege aliqua conjirmatur ; et ideo interditm ex pacto actio 
 nascitur vet tollitur, quoties Lege vel Senatusconsulto adjuvatur. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 6. 
 
 Conveutlim, i. «• ^convenio.^ An agreement, compact, bargain, convention, accord. 
 Cicero, Off. iii, 25, 95 ; id. ib. i, 10, 32. 
 
 As a juridical expression, very freq. in the connection pactum-conventum, and 
 sometimes pactum et conventum. u. Pactum. Cicero, Part, xxxvii, 130; id. de Or. ii, 24, 
 100; id. Caecin. xviii, 51. 
 
 ConventuS, fls, m. \id.'\ A meeting. In concreto : An assembly (freq. and class.). 
 
 Festus gives the folio wing etymon: 
 
 Convenius quatuor modis intelligitur. Uno, quum quemlibet hominem ab aliquo conventum dici- 
 mus. Altera, quum significatur multitudo ex compluribus generibus hominum contracta in unum locum. 
 Tertio, quum k magistratibus judicii causa populus congregatur. Quarto, quum aliquem in locum 
 frequentia hominum supplicationis aut gratulationis causi colhgitur. Festus, de Sign. Verbo. p. 33. 
 
 Convenius is taken in four scenes : First. The meeting of any one person by another. Secondly. 
 It denotes a multitude of various classes of people gathered into one place. Thirdly. The assembly of 
 the people by the magistrates for a judicial purpose . Fourthly. A large company of people collected in 
 one place for a solemn thanlcsgiving or rejoicing. [J. I. H., D.D.] 
 
 Hence, in particular: (rt.) The persons collected in a provincial town for the 
 sake of trade; a company, corporation. Cicero, /m Lig. viii, 20; id. Verr. ii, 2, 13 ; 5, 36. 
 (6.) A judicial assembly, court of justice. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 11 et al. (c.) Trop. : A 
 compact, agreement, convention. Id. Her. ii, 13 ad fin. A convent. Bracton, fols. 16,347. 
 
 CoHVentUS juridicus. An assemblage relating to the administration of justice ; assize 
 towns. Pliny, i, 3, 3. A court of sessions held in the Roman provinces by the president 
 of the province. Schmidt's Civil Law, Int. 
 
 Conventus magnatum vel procerum. An assemblage of the great men or nobles. 
 One of the ancient names of the English parliament. I Bl. Com. 148. 
 
 Conversatio, Snis, /. \converso.'\ Frequent use. Seneca, Ben. iii, 2. (6.) Frequent 
 abode in a place. Pliny, x, 33, 51 ; Ulpian. Dig. xi, 7,/r. 12. (c.) Most f req : Inter- 
 course, conversation. Vellej. ii, 102; Quintilian, i, 2, 4 ; vi, 3, 17 et al. 
 
 Conversio Snis, /. \con, with, together, and vertere, to turn to or toward, etc.] A turn- 
 ing round, revolving, revolution. Cicero, Div. ii, 42 ad fin.; id. Leg. i, 8. Hence, (6.) 
 The periodical return of seasons, caused by the revolution of the heavenly bodies. Cicero, 
 Univ. xiv. (c.) Trop.: Subversion, alteration, change. Conversio et perturbatio rerum, — 
 uncertain and variable circumstances. Cicero, /ro Fl. 37 fin. 
 
 In English Law: Conversion; an appropriating of property. 10 Co. 56^, 570/ 3 
 Bl. Com. 152 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 257, v. Wait's note, 562. An unauthorized assump- 
 tion and exercise of the right of ownership over goods or personal chattels belonging to 
 another, to the alteration of their condition or the exclusion of the owner's right, cf. Broom 
 on C. L. 804 sq. and cases there cited ; 10 Johns. R. 172 ; 5 Cowen's R. 323 ; 6 Hill's (N. Y.) 
 R. 425. And all intermeddling with it beyond the extent of authority conferred, in case a 
 limited authority over it has been given, i Mete. (Mass.) 555 ; 14 Vt. R. 367. _ With intent 
 so to apply or dispose of it as to alter its condition or interfere with the owner's dominion. 
 8 Mees. &■ W. Exch. 540 ; 4 Pick. (Mass.) 249 ; 18 id. 227. v. English and American Digests, 
 'Conversion.' 
 
 Conversio actus jur idici. An alteration or exchange by the act of the judge. Lindley's 
 Intr, § 8e, App. liii. 
 
 [63] 497 
 
Con,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Con. 
 
 CONVICIA si irascaris, tua divulgas, sperta exolescunt. If you be moved to 
 reproaches, you divulge your own affairs {or expose yourself) ; things 
 slighted grow out of memory. 3 Co. Inst. 198. 
 
 ConviciuiU, ii, ». A loud, violent noise ; a cry. Plaut. Bac. iv, 8, 33 ; CiCERO, Verr. 
 ii, 5, II. Cautorum. Cicero, &rf. iv, 118. Mulierum. Id. etc. In parti c: (a.) Tlie 
 sound of wrangling, the cry of altercation or contention. (6.) An urgent, clamorous impor- 
 tunity. Id. Q. Fr. ii, 11. (c.) A loud, violent disapprobation or contradiction. Id. Acad. 
 ii, 40. But most freq.: (<?.) Loud, violent reproaching; abuse, reviling, insult. Id. 
 Coel. iii, 6, v. the pass. ; Plautds, Merc, ii, i, 11 ; Cicero, Off. iii, 21, 83 ; Quint, iv, 2, 27. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An injury done by words. Injuria which consists in publicly 
 addressing abusive language to any one. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 220. Or in charging a person 
 with some act adversus bonos mores. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 10, fr. 15, § 2, where it is defined 
 by the Praetor's Edict. Ulpianus, in his commentary on the edict, explains the term : 
 
 CONVICIUM autem dicitur vel a concitatione, vel a com/eniu, hoc est h collatione 
 vocum ; quum enim in unum complures voces conferuntur, convicium appellatur, 
 quasi convocium. Ulpianus, Z'z^. xlvii, io,/r. 15, § 4. The term 'convicium' 
 is said to be derived from the tumult of a noisy crowd, or from an assembly, 
 that is, from a collection of voices ; for when many voices are brought together 
 into one volume of sound, it is called a 'convicium,' or, as it were, a 'convocium.' 
 V. Sandars' Justinian. 499. 
 
 Read the Praetor's Edict : Qui adversus bongs mores convicium cui fecisse, etc. 
 Hence, it appears, convicium means either abusive language addressed to a man publicly 
 (slanderous language), or the act of inciting a crowd to beset a man's house in a rude, unlaw- 
 ful manner {adversus bonos mores), or to mob the man himself, v. Bacon's Abr. 'Slander.' 
 
 Paulus defines the term : 
 
 CONVICIUM contra bonos mo r e s fieri videtur, si obscoeno nomine, aut 
 inferiore parte corporis nudatus, aliquis insectatus sit : quod factum, contem- 
 platione morum et causa publicae honestatis vindictam extraordinariae ultionis 
 expectat. Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, tit. 4, § 21, ' de Injuriis.' An insult appears 
 to be effected contrary to good manners, if any one may be pursued with an 
 obscene, repulsive, abominable name, or with the lower parts of the body hav- 
 ing been laid bare, exposed ; which deed, in regard or consideration of morals 
 and for the sake of the defense of public honor, may be reached and punished 
 by an extraordinary revenge. 
 
 CONVICIUM (or convitium) convitio tegere est lutum luio porrigere. To cover 
 reproach with reproach is to heap mud upon mud. 3 Bulstrode, 86. 
 
 Couvictio, onis, f. \con-vinco, convincere.^ Statement, demonstration, proof. Convictio 
 rerum. Aug. Trin. xiii, i. 
 
 In English Law: Conviction. The finding of a person guilty of an offense with 
 which he has been charged, either by the verdict of a jury, or the decision of any other com- 
 petent tribunal, or on his own confession. 4 Bl. Com. 362. cf. Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 
 369 sq. Hence, Transf . : A record of the proceedings, i. e. of the conviction and sen- 
 tence. Holthouse, Diet.; 7 Man. &= Gr. 498, arg. ; 15 East, 570; Bishop on Crim. Law; U. S. 
 Dig. 'Conviction.' As to the meaning of the words 'conviction' and 'acquit- 
 tal,' V. perlmoKLL, C. J., 8 Scott{'^. R.) 211, 212 ; 13 Q. B. 716. 
 
 ConvictUS, <^, um. Part, [convinco, ere.] Conquered, fully convicted of crime or error. 
 Convictus de ferjurio. Fleta,\\, c. 8, § 2. 
 
 CONVICTUS est, et satis fdciet juxta formam statuti. He is convicted and should make 
 satisfaction according to the form of the statute. 
 
 Convinco, ere, 3, V. u. To completely overcome, conquer, (a.) With persons as 
 objects: To fully convict of crime or error (freq. and class.). (6.) With things as 
 
 498 
 
Con.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cop. 
 
 objects: To prove something (esp. as criminal, false, punishable) victoriously, incon- 
 testably ; to show clearly, demonstrate (also very freq. and class ). 
 
 In English Law: To convict of crime ; to condemn in a civil action ; to find guilty. 
 Tj' Et si debitor convincatur, etc. 
 
 * Convivdtoris, uti diicis, ingenium res 
 Adversae nuddre solent, celdre secundae. 
 
 Horace, Sat. ii, 8, 73. 
 Adversity is wont to disclose, prosperity to conceal, the abilities of a host (one who makes 
 a feast, gives an entertainment), as well as of a general. 
 
 " Good fortune hides, adversity calls forth, 
 A landlord's genius, and a general's worth." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Convivium, ii, «■ \convivo.'\ Lit.. A living together; hence, a meal in company ; 
 a feast, entertainment, banquet. (6.) Concr. : Company at table, guests. Seneca; 
 Petr. ei al. 
 
 In old English Law: The same among the laity as /nyararfo with the clergy, viz,, 
 when a tenant, by reason of his tenure, is bound to provide meat and drink for his lord once 
 or oftener in the year. Blount: Wharton. 
 
 ConVOCatio, 5nis, /. \convoco.'\ A convoking, calling or assembling together. Cicero, 
 in Senat, xv, 38 ; Vermes de la Ley ; 2 Steph. Com. 54 
 
 ConvOCS, are, I, V. u. To call together; to convoke, assemble ; to call (freq. in Cicero). 
 
 C0HV0I6, Sre, i,vn. Lit. : To fly or flock together; hence , to come hastily together 
 to a place; to run together. Statim. CiCERO, Tusc. iii, 21 ; id. Sesi. Ii, 109. (6.) Trop . : 
 In the Jurists: Paulus, Dig. xxx, fr. 33. Justinian. Cod. v, 17, 9. Convocium. 
 ■u. Convicium. 
 
 Co-Operimentum, i. »• [+ co-operio, ire, 4, V. u., — to cover wholly, to cover over.] A 
 covering. Coperimentum personae. Gellius, v, 7, 2. Hence, 
 
 In English Law: Co -operius , n, um. Pa. Covered, covered over ; e. g , Aqud 
 co-opert', — covered with water. 2 P. IVms. 128. Covert, v. Femina viro co-operta. Fuit 
 co-operta, etc. 
 
 Co-OptO, SfG, l,v. a. Publicists/.^..' To choose (esp. of several) to something ; to 
 receive into some body by election ; to elect to an office (freq. and class.). 
 
 Copable. — L- Fr Guilty. Kelham. 
 
 Co-parCenary. [+<^'', =con, ait d parcenary.] Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 356. 
 
 Co-particepS. — L- Lat. A co-parcener. Co. Ent 377, 711. Plural; Co-participes, — 
 co-parceners ; persons holding an estate in coparcenary. Bracton, fols. i\b, 75. 
 
 In English Law: Persons to whom an estate of inheritance descends jointly, and by 
 whom it is held as one estate. 2 Bl. Com. 187 ; 4 Kenfs Com. 367, 462 ; Co. Litt. 16315, 164^. 
 V. Adaequatio. Familia hereiscunda. 
 
 C5pia, ae, f. Copious, abundant power, wealth, riches, abundance. Of material 
 objects: (a.) Resources, wealth, riches, prosperity. Plautus ; Cicero. (6.) Fullness, 
 copiousness, abundance, multitude. Id. ib. Of immaterial objects: Fullness, 
 copiousness, abundance, multitude. Rerum (to/z a, — copiousness of matter. Cicero, 
 de Or. iii, 31, 125; Quintilian, Inst. V\\, prooem. § i; x, 5,3. Co pi a ■verborum, — 
 copiousness of words, hence, fullness of speech. Quintilian, /»j-/. i, 8, 8 ; x, i, 15. Copia 
 inventionis , — redundancy of invention, thought, conception. Id. ib. xi, 3, 56. (c.) In 
 reference to action: Ability, power, might, opportunity, means of doing a thing 
 (so freq. and class.). 
 
 In the Jurists: Opportunity or means of access; e. g., Copiam facere, — to grant 
 opportunity of access. Copiam prae stare, — Jo grant opportunity. Justinian. C^o'. iv, 21, 21. 
 Copiam habere, — to have access, or means of inspection. Bracton, fol. 389^. Copiam scrip- 
 turae facere, — to grant an opportunity of knowing the contents of a writing, as by showing it. 
 Bracton, fols. 34, 389*/ Fleta, lib. iii, c. 14, § 3. v. Stti copia m facere. Hence, 
 
 In English Law: Copia. ^=1^. Fr. Copie, — a copy. Clerke' s Prax. Cur. Adm. \\\.ifi. 
 Copia libelli, — the copy of a libel. Peg. Orig. ^'i. v. Breve de copia, etc. Copia vera, — 
 a true copy, 'i How. St. Trials, 427, 430, 432. Copia p eri torum , — abundance of skill- 
 ful lawyers. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 3, § 7. 
 
 499 
 
Cop] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 CopiosuS, a. Ufn, n^". [copia.] Furnished abundantly with a thing ; well supplied, having 
 abundance, rich, copious, plentiful, abounding (in wealth, means of living, etc.) (very freq. 
 and class.). Patrimonium. Cicero, Hose. Am. ii, 6. Sup., Copidsissimum. 
 
 Coppite, — L. Lat, [-|- Sax. Coppe, — the top.] To cover. Coppire domum, — to cope a 
 house, or to lay on the roof and covering on top of it. Par. Antiq. 575. 
 
 Copula, ae, /. ^co-apio.^ That which joins together, binds together, or binds fast ; a 
 band, rope, line, tie. Trop.: A bond, a connection. Copula nuptialis. App. M. 2. 
 Transf . : Carnal connection, Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 4. 
 
 Copulatio, 5nis, f. [copulo.] A coupling, a joining, connecting, uniting, binding 
 together. Copulatio rerum. Cicero, N. D. ii, 46 fin.; Quintilian, vii, 10, 8 ; viii, 3, 16. 
 
 COPULATIO verborum indicat acceptationem in eodem sensu. The coupling of 
 words together shows that they are to be understood in the same sense. 
 Bacon s Max. in Reg. 3 ; Broom's Max. 565 ; Z N. Y. R. (4 Seld.) 299, 305 ; 60 
 Barb. 425. 
 
 Noscitur a sociis is a rule laid down by Lord Hale. 3 Term. R. 
 
 Copyhold, ^. Tenura per copiam rotuli curiae. 
 
 Cor umim, via una, Lat. Motto. One heart, one way. Motto of the Mar- 
 quis of Exeter, and Lord Mount Sandford. 
 
 Coram, adv. and praep. (a,) Objective; In the presence of, before the eyes of, in 
 the face of; before (freq. and class.). Transf. of time: On the spot, immediately. 
 Suetonius, Z'^OT . 23 , id. Aug. 2"] ; Claud, ib. Coram deprehensus, — seized immedi- 
 ately in the very act. App. j1/. iii, p. 131, 2 ; ix, p. 226, 34. (6.) Subj.: Present, in one's 
 own person or presence ; self (freq. and class.). 
 
 In the Jurists- Before; in the presence of. Florentinus, ZJjf. L, 16, /n 209. 
 
 C5raill Domino Resre, ad respondendum A s ley de placito transgressionis. Before the lord 
 the king to answer A s 1 e y of a plea of trespass. 
 
 Coram Domino Rege uUcunque tunc fuerit Angliae. Before the lord the king whereso- 
 ever he shall then be in England. 
 
 Coram duobns vel pluribus viris legalibus est honestis. Before two or more lawful and 
 honest men [or lawful and good men]. Bracton, fol. 61. 
 
 Coram ipsa regina. Before the queen herself. Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 116. 
 
 Coram ipso rege. Before the king himself. 
 
 The style of the Court of King's Bench, it having been originally held before the sovereign 
 in person. Bracton, fol. 362, 3 Bl. Com. 41. 
 
 Coram jnsticiariis 3<^ -^of specialite} assignatis. Before justices specially assigned for 
 this purpose. 
 
 Coram jUSticiariis de Banco, «' q"i tunc fuerint residentis in Banco, et alii itinerantis in 
 comitatu. Before the justices of the bench, if there be some then sitting in the bench, and 
 others itinerating in the country. Bracton, fol. 361. 
 
 Coram justiciariis domini regis de uno banco vel altero. Before the king's justices 
 
 of one or the other bench Reg. Orig. igg. 
 
 Coram justiciariis in banco residentibUS. Befoie the justices resident in the bench. 
 Glanv. lib. xi, c. i ; id. lib ii. c. 6. 
 
 Coram justiciariis nostris de banco. Before our justices of the bench. Reg. Orig. 
 168 et passim, v. Curia nostra, etc , and Curia de Banco nostro. 
 
 Coram me vel justiciariis meis,— L Lat. Before me or my justices. 
 
 C5ram nobis. Before us, i. e. before the Court of King's Bench. 
 
 In English Practice: The name of a writ of error on judgments of the Court of 
 King's (or Queen's) Bench ; so called from the emphatic words of the writ which describes 
 the record and process quae coram nobis resident. — which remains before us; that 
 being the style of the court. It represents the writ as laying to the same court in which the 
 judgment was given; and as laying for errors in fact. cf. 2 Ti'rfifj/'n 1136, 1137; i 
 Arch. Pr. 234, 276 ; 2 Saund. 100, lOla, note. v. Coram vobis. 
 
 500 
 
Cor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 Coram nobis Ubicunque fuerimUS in Angliae. Before us wheresoever we shall be 
 in England. 
 
 Coram non jndice. Before one who is not the proper judge ; before one who has no 
 jurisdiction. lo Co. 68, 76; 3 Bl. Com. iii ; i Kent's Com. 317. 
 
 In Practice: Where an action is brought in a court whereof the judges have not juris- 
 diction, it is said to be coram non judice, and void. Cro. Eliz. 530 ; Cro. Jac. 531 ; Termes de 
 la Ley ; Broom's Max. 95 ; i Smith's L. C. [821] 996; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 135. Also 
 applied to proceedings in a court having jurisdiction, where they become void by irregularity. 
 IV. Jon. 170. V. 7 Hobt. 498. 
 
 If an act is required to be done before a particular person, it would not be considered as 
 done before him if he were asleep or non compos mentis. Preston on Conv. 266 ; 8 Cranch, g ; 
 Paine, C C 55 ; 5 Harr. ^ J. (Md.) 42. Sententia a non judice lata nemini debet nocere. Fleta. 
 vii, c. 6, § 7. The Civilians express it : Factum a judice, quod ad officium ejus non perli- 
 net, ratum non est. Pai;lus, Dig. L, x"], fr. 170. 
 
 Coram non judice, quod omnes COnceSSerunt. All have agreed that there is no juris- 
 diction. 10 Co. 68-76 ; I Smith's L. C. [821] 996. 
 
 C5ram paribus. Before, or in the presence of (his) peers [or freeholders]. Feud. lib. 
 ii, tits. 32, 39, 46 ; 2 Bl. Com. 307 ; Broom &° Had. Com. ii, 494. v. Fares. 
 
 C5ram paribus curiae. Before or in the presence of (his) peers or equals of the court. 
 Lord Mansfield, i Burr. 60; 2 Smith's L. C. [514] 584. 
 
 Coram paribus de VicenetO, Before or in the presence of (his) peers or equals of the 
 neighborhood. 2 Bl. Com. 315 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 502. 
 
 Coram quibUS formatum erat appellum. Before whom an appeal shall be formed. 
 Bacon's Arg. Jur. of the Marches; Law Tr. 276. 
 
 Coram Sectatoribus. Before the suitors. Cro. Jac. ^%i. 
 
 CORAM Titio aliquid facere jussus non videtur ^ praesente eo fecisse, nisi is 
 intelligat; itaque si furiosus, aut infans sit, aut dormiat, non videtur coram 
 eo fecisse. Scire autem, non etiam velle in debet j nam et invito eo recte fit, quod 
 jussum est. Florentinus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 209. A person being summoned to 
 do something before T i t i u s , seems not to have done it in his presence or 
 before him, unless he understands what he does ; and therefore if he is mad or 
 an infant or asleep, he does not appear [is not regarded] to have done it in the 
 presence of Titius. But he ought to know, not also to wish it ; for even 
 against his will, what was commanded is rightly done. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Coram VObis. Before you, i. e. the Common Pleas. 
 
 In English Practice: The name of a writ of error on judgments of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, or other courts than the King's or Queen's Bench, so called from the 
 emphatic words of the writ — quae coram vobis resident, v. Coram nobis. 
 
 In the Common Pleas: A writ of this kind lies to correct its own judgments; as 
 for errors in fact. 2 Tidd's Pr. 1137, 1142. 1143; 2 Steph, Com. 642. The record and pro- 
 ceedings being stated to remain before the King's Justices, the writ is called a writ of error 
 coram vobis (before you) or quae coram vobis resident. 3 Bl. Com. 406, Cooley's note (4). v. 
 I Rolle's Abr. 746 ; 3 Md. R. 325. The writs to correct the judgments of the Court of King's 
 (or Queen's) Bench are styled coram nobis, v. h. t. v. Tidd's Pr. 1137, 1142, 1143; 3 Steph. 
 Com. 642. 
 
 Corbita ^le, y". \corbis.^ A slow-sailing ship of burden. Corbita est genus navigii tardum 
 etgrande. NoN. 533, 10 ; CiCERO, Aet. xvi, 6, i ; Festus, de Verbo. Sign. p. 30. 
 
 Cordon sanitaire. — Fr. A sanitary line. A line of troops or impediments to prevent 
 the spreading of pestilence. 
 
 CornaS^ium. — L- Lat. \-\-cornu, a horn.] Cornage ; service of the horn. 
 
 In old English Law: A kind of tenure in grand serjeanty, the service of which was 
 to blow a horn in case any invasion of the northern enemy (the Scots) was perceived, in 
 order to alarm the country, called tenure by cornage, or horn tenure. Litt. § 156 ; Co. Lift, 
 •ioia; TermesdelaLey; 2Bl.C0m.Ta,. v. -^ How. St. Trials, itt; Bacon's Abr. 'Tenure'(N). 
 
 Corodium, Gorrodium, Corredium. — L. Lat. A corody or corrody. 2 Co. Inst. 630. 
 
 In old English Law; A right of sustenance ; or a right to receive certain allotments 
 
 of victual and provision, drink, money, clothing, lodging and such like, for one's mamtenance. 
 
 5°i 
 
Cor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 •2. Bl. Com. 6,0. Otherwise called a pension. \ Bl.Com. o&'i; Termes de la Ley; Ci abb's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 252; i Crabb's Real Prop. 252, § 259; Broom Ss' Had. Com. \, 340; ii, 97. v. 
 Breve de corodio habendo. 
 
 Corodio habere. "■ Breve corodio habere. 
 
 Corona, ae, /. =Gx. Hopoovt). A garland, wreath, crown. \n oXd'Eng., corane, coroun. 
 
 Among the Romans: Frequently employed on any occasion of festivity or joy, as a gift for friends, 
 etc., for ornamenting the images of the gods, ediiices, victims, the dead, etc. Lucr. v, 1398; iii, 926; Plautus, 
 Men. iii, i, 16 ; iv, i, 5 ?^ al; Lex XII Tab. in Pliny, xxi, 3, 4 : Cicero, Fl. 31 ; id. Leg. ii, 24 et saep. Con- 
 cerning the different kinds of garlands or crowns given to soldiers as a prize of bravery {castrensis. civicus, 
 muralis, iriumfhalis, etc.), v. Gellius, v, 6; ^Adams' Antitt. p. 88 jf . Melon., ofobjects in the form of 
 a crown: A circle of men, an assembly, multitude (esp. of judicial assemblies). Cicero, Fl. 28 ad Jin.; id. 
 Pkil.vi, ^•, ^\j-e.T.Aug,(iietal.; Quintilian, xii, 10, 74. 
 
 Coronator, oris, m. [corona.'] A crowner. Aug. Serm. 318. 
 
 Corouator. — L. Lat. \-\- corona^ A coroner. 2 Co. Lnst. 'ii: 1 Bl. Com. ■ind; Spelman. 
 
 First mentioned by name in Magna Charta. v. Nullius vice-comes, constabularius , coro- 
 n atones, etc. As to the functions and duties of a coronator, v. Bracton, fol. 121 ; Termes de 
 la Ley; i Bl. Com. 346-349; 3 Steph. Com. 33-36; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law,\%0\ 2 Reeve's 
 Hist. Eng. Law, 12 ; Broom <5r= Had. Com. i, 415. 
 
 Coronatore eligendo. — L- Lat. v. Breve de coronatore eligendo. 
 
 Coronatore eXOUerandO. — L. Lat. u. Breve de coronatore exonerando. 
 
 GoronO, are, i, v, a. {corona.] To furnish with a garland or crown ; to crown, wreathe 
 (class, freq. in the poets). Meton. , To surround, encompass, inclose something in a cir- 
 cular form ; to wreathe. Lucr. ii, 802 ; Ovid. M. v, 388 ; Virgil, A. ix, 380 et al. 
 
 Corp5ra, um, n. flur. -\- corpus. Bodies, etc. Corpora cepi, — I have taken the 
 bodies. v. Cepi corpus. Corpora corporata , — bodies corporate. I Bl. Com. 467; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. i, 566. v. Corpus corporatum. 
 
 CORPORA legatorum sancta sunt. The persons of legates are holy, i. e. invi- 
 olable. Varro, Lat. Ling. lib. iii. v. Grotius, de Jure Belli ac Pads, 
 ii, c. 18, § I. 
 
 Legatorum jus divino humanosque vallatum praesidio, cujus tam sanctum et venerabile nomen 
 esse debet, ut non modo inter sociorum jura sed et hostium tela incolume versetur. Cicero, Verr. 
 
 iii, . The rights of legates or embassadors are guarded by all laws both divine and 
 
 humane, whose very name ought to be so sacred and venerable that it secures their persons 
 not only among the laws of their friends, but amon^ the very weapons of their enemies, v. 
 Plutarch, Vit. Aimil. Aut. xv; Pomponius, Dig.V,,"], ' de Legationibus,' fr. 17. Si quis 
 legatium hostium, etc. 
 
 Corporate sacramentum. Corporal oath. 
 
 In Civil and English Law: An oath taken by laying hand on the gospels, as by 
 actual contact of the person. Justinian. Nov. 8 ad fin.; id. 124, u. i ; Cro. Eliz. 105 ; Biac- 
 ton, fol. 74 ; Reg. Orig. 95^. 
 
 Corporales res. Corporeal things ; substantial things, v. Res corporales. 
 Quaedam praeterea res corporales sunt, quaedam incorporates . 
 
 CORPORALES kae sunt, quae sui natura tangi fossunt; veluti fundus, homo, 
 vestis, aurum, argentum, et denique aliae res innumerabiles. Incorporates 
 sunt, quae tangi non pos sunt : qualia sunt ea, quae injure consistunt; sicut haered- 
 itas, usufructus, usus, et obligationes, quoque modo contractae. Nee ad rem pertinet, 
 quod in haereditate res corporales continentur; nam et fructus qui ex fundo precipi- 
 untur corporales sunt, et id quod ex aliqua ohligatione nobis debetur, plerumque cor- 
 porate est, veluti fundus, hotno, pecunia; nam ipsum jus haereditatis, et ipsum jus 
 utendi fruendi, et ipsum jus obligationis incorporate est. Eodem numero sunt jura 
 praediorum urbanorum et rusticorum, quae etiam servitutes vocantur. Justinian. 
 Inst, ii, 2, §§ I, 2, 3. Corporeal things are those which in their nature can 
 be touched or handled, as a farm, a man, a garment, gold, silver and other things 
 innumerable. Incorporeal things are those which cannot be touched ; of 
 this kind are those which consist of a right or subsist in law, as an inheritance, 
 usufruct, use, and all obligations, however contracted. Nor does it make any 
 502 
 
Cor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 difference that in an inheritance there are comprised corporeal things ; for the 
 fruits also which are gathered in {t. e. by the usufructuary) from land are corpo- 
 real, and that which is due to us by virtue of an obligation is generally corporeal, 
 as a field, a slave or money ; whilst the right itself of succession, and the right 
 itself of the usufruct, and the right itself of the obligation, are incorporeal. In 
 the same category are rights over estates urban or rustic, which are also called 
 servitudes, v. Ulpian. Dig. i, S,/r. i, § i; Gaius, Insf. ii, §§ 13, 14 ; Bracton, 
 fols. lb, 10b, i^b; Fleta, Hb. iii, c. i, § 4; Pufendorf, de Jure, iv, c. 9, § 7, n. 
 9; Lindley's Int. fur. §§ 150-152 ; 3 Kent's Com. 402; et v. note i. 
 
 Note. — Cicero termed corporeal things, res quae sunt.,— things which really exist ; and incorporeal things, 
 res quae intelliguntur, — things which are understood, or mentally perceived. Cicero, Top. v, ^6 Jin. sq. 
 
 V. Definitio est oratio, quae id, quod definitur, explicat quid sit. 
 
 CORPORALES vero sunt, quae tangi possunt, sicut terra, fundus, res immobiles 
 vel res mobiles, quae se mover e possunt, sicut animalia vel hujusmodi, vel moveri. 
 Incorporates verb sunt, sicut sunt jura, quae videri non possunt nee tangi, ut 
 tus eundi, agendi, aquamve ducendi, et hujusmodi, quae non possidentur sed quasi. 
 Corporeal things are such as may be touched, as land, ground, immovable 
 or movable things which can move themselves, as animals or such like, or which 
 can be moved. Incorporeal things are such as rights, which cannot be 
 seen nor touched, as the right of going or of driving or of leading water, and 
 such like, which cannot [in fact] be possessed, but [only] can be as it were 
 possessed. JSracton, i, c. 12, § 3, fol. "jb. v. Gaius, Dig. i, 8, fr. i, § i; id. 
 Inst, ii, § 12. 
 
 Bracton quotes the foregoing very closely from the Civil Law, and adds : 
 
 CORPORALES res sunt fumus et aer . Est enim aer unum ex quatuor 
 dementis, ex quibus omnia corpora constant et creantur. Illud idem etiam est, 
 quod assumitur et renittitur h corpore, sicut Jlatus et anhelitus. Smoke and a i r 
 are things corporeal. For air is one of the four elements of which all bodies 
 consist and are created. For it is that which is inhaled and expired from the 
 body as wind and breath. Bracton, ii, c. 4, § 2, fol. \ob. 
 
 Corporalis, e, fl(^'. {corpus^ Corporeal; pertaining to the body ; bodily, personal. 
 
 In the Jurists: Bona omnia corporalia. Gellius, xviii, i, 4.?^^/. Pignora. Ulpian. 
 Dig. Corporalis possessio. Papinian. «'^ xiii, 7, yV. 40. 
 
 In the English Law: That whjch has a body or a material substance; corporeal; 
 e. g. land, garments, gold and silver, etc. Bracton, fols. lb, tab, 13^. Relating to or affect- 
 ing the body ; bodily, personal. 
 
 CORPORALIS injuria non recipit aestimationem de futuro. A personal injury 
 does not receive satisfaction from the future, /. e. it is not left for its satis- 
 faction to a future course of proceeding. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 6. Cited 3 
 How. St. Trials, 71 ; Broom's Max. 274. 
 
 This maxirfi expresses the general principle of law which allows to personal injuries the 
 speediest course of remedy. Lord Bacon says: " The law, in many cases that concern 
 land or goods, doth deprive a man of his present remedy, and turneth him over to a further 
 circuit of remedy, rather than to suffer an inconvenience ; but if it be question of personal 
 pain, the law will not compel him to sustain it and expect remedy, because it holdeth no 
 damage a sufficient recompense for a wrong which is corporeal." Bacon's Max. in Reg. 6. 
 
 CORPORALIS res (cujuscumque generis sit), tradi potest, et h domino tradita, 
 alienatur. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 40. Corporeal property (of whatever 
 kind it be) can be passed by delivery, and when so passed by its owner, is alien- 
 ated [is made the property of another]. 
 
 Read: Alienatmn non proprie dicitur, etc. Non alienat, etc. 
 
 5°3 
 
Cor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 . Corporaliter, adv. Corporally, bodily. Paulus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. i. 
 
 Corporatio, onis,/. \corfus.'\ An assuming of a body ; corporality. Tertullian, C<j!?7«. 
 Chr.^ 4 ; Marc. Capell. vii, 238. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An association of persons possessing the right of forming out of 
 its members taken collectively one single moral person (corpus) termed a corporation (other- 
 wise universitas or collegium). Savigny, Syst. B. 2, §§ 85-102. In order to be recognized 
 by law {collegium licitum), the creation of the corporation must have been authorized by the 
 State. Marcianus, Dig. xlvii, 11, fr. \ pr.; fr. 3, § l, 'a5? Colleg. et Corp.;' Gaius, ib. iii, 
 4, _/>. \ pr. The corporation personifies an entirety, and hence is an individual subject of 
 rights in itself entirely independent of the several members of it as physical persons ; and it 
 is recognized by the State as a moral juridical person, and as a whole is, quasi, a person. 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, § 142. cf. Kaufmann's note ; et v. ^ 155, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. At its 
 commencement a corporation must consist of at least three members, but its existence may 
 be continued by one (Ulpian. Dig. iii, 4, 7, § ult.; Marcellus, ib. 16, fr. 85); and so its 
 members may be wholly changed without its becoming a new person. Alfenus, Dig. v, i, 
 fr. 76. V. Si quid universati debetur, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: An artificial person or being, endowed by law with the capac- 
 ity of succession. I Bl. Com. 467, 469; lo Co. yib; $ De G. S^ Sm. 14T, Thompson, J., 
 14 Peters' R. 122, I2g. An artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in con- 
 templation of law. Marshall, C. J., 4 IVheat. R. 518, 636; 2 Kent's Com. 267. 
 
 Corporations are divided into two sorts, viz.: i. Corporation aggregate: A 
 collection of individuals united in one body, under such a grant of privileges as secures a 
 succession of members without changing the identity of the bodj', and constitutes the mem- 
 bers, for the time being, one artificial person or legal being, capable of transacting some 
 kinds of business, like a natural person. Bronson, J., i Hill's (N. Y.)R. 616,620. v. 
 Story, J., 4 Wheaton's R. 518, 561 ; 2 Kent's Com. 267.' 2. Corporation sole: A cor- 
 poration consisting of one person only and his successors, the mention of whom is necessary, 
 in order that they may succeed to rights or duties conferred or imposed upon the present 
 representative of the corporation. Co. Litt. 8*, 93. u. 3 Stepk. Com. 168, 169 ; 2 Kent's Com. 
 273. 
 
 Corpore COrpori. With the body to the body, i. e. with direct bodily force. 
 
 Corpore et animO. With the body and with the mind ; by the physical act and by the 
 mental intent. Adipiscimur possessionem corpore et anim.d , neque per se animo, aiit per 
 se corpore. Paulus, Dig. xli, 3, fr. 3, § I. Corporeally and mentally. Bracton, fol. 39^. 
 V. Animo et corpore. 
 
 CORPORE nullis contagiosis, aut incurabilibus ?norbis vitioso, aliasve deformi aut mutilo. 
 Not having a diseased body, afflicted with any contagious or incurable disease, or deformed 
 or mutilated. Such defects of person were objections to fellowship in some colleges. 
 
 Corporis bonorum COUficientia. Productive of physical good. Cicero, Fin. v, 27, 81. 
 
 Corps de garde, — Fr. A body of men who watched in a guard-room. 
 
 Corps diplomatique.— Fr. A diplomatic body. 
 
 In International Law: The embassadors of all nations, acting under the diplomas 
 from their respective governments, under which they derive their official characters. 
 
 Corps politique.— L. Fr. A body politick. 
 
 Bodies politick are Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Deans, Parsons of Churches, and such 
 like, which have succession in one person only; for succession in a body politick is 
 as inheritance in case of a body private. It is otherwise in case of a corporation com- 
 posed of many, a Dean and Chapter, Maj'or and Commonalty, and such like ; for there 
 they, in judgment of the law, never die. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Corpus, Oris, n. Any object composed of materials perceptible by the senses; body, sub- 
 stance ; opp. to anima and animus, v. Pomponius, Dig. xli, 3, 30. 
 
 In general: A body (both as a living and lifeless object). Lucretius, 1, 305. Aquae, 
 /d. ii, 2'i2 ; vi, 8ss, 664 et saep. In particular: («.) The flesh of animal bodies. Cic. 
 A^. Z). ii, 55 ^».y Lucretius, i, 1038. (/J.) Tran s f . of : The wood under the bark of a 
 tree. Pliny, xvii, 24, 37. (y.) Trop.: Corpus eloquentiae facere, — to make, produce, 
 create the substance, or the most essential part- of eloquence. Quintilian, x, i, 87. Corpus 
 oraiionis enervatur, — it weakens the substance, or the essential part of the speech or 
 language. Petr. ii. Paraphrastically: (6,) The individual, the person (freq. in 
 history and poetry). Meton. : A whole composed of parts conformably united; any 
 whole, a body, body corporate, community, corporation, etc. Cicero, Off. i, 25 ; Livy, i, 8. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An artificial body created by law, as a corporation. Dig.m.i^,i\ 
 Justinian. Cod. vi, 48 ; Nov. 136 pr. Corpus civitatis, — a body or community of citizens; 
 
 504 
 
Cor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor. 
 
 a political body. Tacitus, G. 39 et saep. Corpus fabrorum et naviculariorum , — a body or 
 community of workmen and stiipmasters. Calistr. Dig. L, 6, fr. 5. Transf. of: A 
 written work, a book. Cicero, Fam. v, 12, 4 ; Ulpianus, Di^. xxxii, fr. 50 et al. Corpus 
 oinnis Romanl juris , — tlie body of whole Roman law; the whole or entire body of the Roman 
 Law. LiVY, iii, 34. Hence, Corpus juris, — the body or collection of the law; or Corpus 
 Juris Civilis, — the Body of the Civil Law (the title of a Roman collection of laws). 
 Justinian. Cod. v, 13. Corpora rationum. Ulpianus, Big. xl, 5, fr. 37. In corpus patri- 
 monii. Id. ib. iv, 2, fr. 20. Omnia corpora matemae hereditatis. Papinian. ib. xxxi,/?-. 77, 
 § 20, fr. 78. 
 
 Corpus COIIlita.tuS, — L. Lat. The body of a county, z. c. the inhabitants or citizens of a 
 whole county, as distinguished from a part of the county or a part of its citizens. Cro.Jac. 
 514; 5 ffow. (U. S.) R. 452, 453, 462 ; 5 Mason's C. C. R. 2go, 292. v. de corpore comitates. 
 
 Corpus COrporatum. — L. Lat. Lit.: A body having been formed ; a body corpo- 
 rated ; a corporation, i. e. the persons composing it are made into a body. Co. Litt. 
 250«. V. Corporatio, 
 
 CORPUS corporatum ex uno potest consistere. An incorporated body (a corpo- 
 ration) may consist of one person. Lofft, 302. 
 CORPUS corporatum non habet haeredes neque executores ; neque mori potest. An 
 incorporated body has no heirs nor executors ; nor can it die. Lofft, 299. 
 
 Corpus CUi jus iuest, A body to which a right is appurtenant or inherent. 
 
 Thus, the corpus of land is sometimes distinguished from the estate, right or interest in it, 
 or appurtenant to it. Bracion, fol. 216: v. 2 Powell on Devises, 412 ; 2 Karnes' Equity, 342, 
 343. So the corpus (capital) of an estate is distinguished from the income of it. 6 Bell's 
 Appeal Cases, 222 ; 21 Alabama R, 307, 
 
 Corpus cum causa. — L. Lat. The body with the cause. </. Habeas corpus ckm causd. 
 
 Corpus delicti — Lat. The body or substance of the crime or offense, i. e. the very 
 nature and quality of it. The substantial and fundamental fact of its having been com- 
 mitted. Lord Stowell, i Haggard's C. R. 105 ; Lord Kenyon, C. J., i East, 306 ; 2 Best on 
 Evid. § 441 sq. g 508 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 446, v. Wait's note (746). 
 
 The subject of a crime, or its visible effect, such as a slain body, a house 
 burned, or their remains ; in which cases cotpus is used to signify a material substance. 
 How. St. Trials, 1229, 1230; Burr. Circ. Evid. 119, note (/>), 677. It is a precautionary 
 rule, recognized on trials for felonious homicide, that proof be required of the finding of 
 the body of deceased. The general rule is: Diligenter cavendum judici, ne supplicium 
 praecipitet, antequam de crlmlne constiterit. Matthaeus, de Crim. ad Dig. lib. xlviii, tit. 16, 
 c. I, N. 2. cf. Wills' Circ. Evid. 156, 3d ed. ; ^ B. &= A. 95, 123, 162 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 441. 
 The charitable doctrine is: Tutius semper est errare acquitando qu-am in puniendo : 
 ex parte misericordiae quam ex parte justitiae. 2 Hale's P. C. 290 / Broom on Com. Law, 933. 
 These rules, however, are not altogether inflexible, as where the direct evidence brought 
 before the jury is sufficiently strong to satisfy them that murder has really been committed. 
 2 Leach, C. C. 569; 8 Car. &■ P. 591. Sir M. Hale's caution as to proof of the corpus 
 delicti in cases of murder does not apply in regard to larceny. Dearsl. 282, 371 ; Taylor on 
 Ev. § 122. V. De corpore delicti constare opertebat, etc. 
 
 Corpus disrationare. To deraign (or prove) the body. Bracton, fols. 251}, 2gi. 
 
 CORPUS humanum \i. e. liberum corpus\ non recipit aestimationem. The 
 human body [/. e. the body of a freeman] does not admit of valua- 
 tion. Hobart, 59. The same maxim is quoted without the quahfication : 
 
 CORPUS humanum non recipit aestimationem. The human body does not 
 admit of valuation. T r o p . : The human body is above all price. 
 Hobart, 59; citing 5 Co. 87. 
 
 If a capias be executed, that is in law sufficient for the whole debt ; for Corpus humanum 
 non recipit aestimationem : so as if you take it all, you must take it for the whole debt. 
 Hobart, 59 ; citing 5 Co. 87. The Common Law holdeth the body the greatest pain and 
 highest concern. And the reason is apparent, for as Christ saith : "The body is of more 
 worth than raiment. And as is said in Job: "' Pellis pro pelle," — and all that a man hath 
 he will give for his life, but touch his flesh or his bones, etc. Now imprisonment toucheth 
 both, in salvd et arctd custodid. Hobart, 61a. 
 
 Corpus Juris Anglice. A body of English Law. Broom dr= Had. Com. i, 56. 
 
 [64] S°5 
 
Cor.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cor, 
 
 Corpus Juris. A body of Law ; the Body of the Law. 
 
 The title of a Roman collection of laws. Justinian. Cod. v, 13. The term was also intro- 
 duced in the middle ages to signify a book comprehending several collections of laws. Bl. 
 Com. i, 81, 82. 
 
 Corpus Juris CaUOnici. — L. Lat. The body of the Roman Canon Law. 
 
 A collection of ecclesiastical constitutions for the regulation of the polity and discipline 
 of the church of Rome. v. More fully, Bl. Com. i, 82 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 83. It was 
 at first only a private collection, and was confirmed by Pope Gregory XIIL in the year 1580. 
 I Mackeld. Civil Law, 81, § 93, Kaufman's note. 
 
 Corpus Juris Civilis. The Body of the Roman Civil Law. 
 
 A title applied by Dyonesius Gothofredus (A. D. 1604) to the collection of Roman 
 laws, as compiled by Justinian., composed of the Institutes , Pandects (or Dig.), 
 Code and Novels . Mackeld. Civil Law, 8g, § 98, note. v. Bl. Com. i, 81 ; i P. Wms. 52 
 (Amer. ed.), note; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 80. 
 
 As to their comparative worth as viewed by Justinian. : The Novels are consequently 
 to be observed in preference to any other part of the Corpus Juris Civilis ; and of the 
 Novels, the last must be preferred to the others. The Code and Institutes come 
 before the Pandects, not, however, overruling them, but only showing what parts of 
 them have become historical and obsolete {y. Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 95, 96; Savigny, Syst. 
 b. i, §§ 43-45) ; but the Pandects are to be followed in preference to the Institutes 
 in every case in which it can be shown that the latter contain an unintentional error ; ex gr.. 
 Dig. xli, I, fr. 7, 55 7, in fin. ' de Acquir. Rev. Dom., compared with Inst, ii, i, § 25, ' de Rev. 
 Divis.' Other examples, v. Savigny, ubi supra, note d. 
 
 In case of conflict between different passages of the Institutes, of the Code or of 
 the Pandects, the jurist has nothing to guide him in coming to any conclusion as to 
 which passage preference should be given ; unless, indeed, some of them are merely matters 
 of history, of which sort are, in the Code, all older ordinances which are inconsistent with 
 others of later date. cf. Standard works on the Civil Law. 
 
 Chancellor Kent, with, fervent eloquence, remarks: "The whole body of the Civil Law will 
 excite never-failing curiosity, and receive the homage of scholars as a singular monument of wisdom. It fills 
 such a large space in the eye of human reason ; it regulates so many interests of man, as a social and civilized 
 being ; it embodies so much thought, reflection, experience and labor ; il leads us so far into the recesses of 
 antiquity, and it has stood so long against the waves and weathers of time, that it is impossible, while engaged 
 in the contemplation of the system, not to be struclc with some portion of the awe and veneration which are 
 felt in the midst of the solitudes of a majestic ruin." Kent's Com. i, 548. 
 
 Corpus pro COrpore. Body for body. 3 How. St. Trials, 110. 
 Correctio, Onis, /. [corrigo.l An amendment, improvement, correction. 
 Corrector, oris, m. [id.] A corrector, improver. Cicero, Bali, viii, 20 et a.. 
 In the time of the Emperors: The title of a kind of land bailiff; a governor. 
 Hermogenianus, Dig. i,- 18, fr. 10. 
 
 Corredium, — L. Lat- A corody. ^Corodium, Corrodium, 
 
 Cor-rei, Orum, m. [plur. -\- cor-reus.] Joint partakers in a duty or obligation, v. Reus. 
 In the Civil Law: Partakers in guilt; joint criminals. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiv, 3, 
 /r. 3. Co-stipulators; joint stipulators. Heineccius, .£/iw.y«?-. CzV. lib. iii, tit. 17. 
 
 Correi credendi. Joint creditors; creditors in solido. Justinian. Inst, iii, 17, tit. ' de 
 Duob Reis;' Mackeld. Civil Law, § 360, ed. 1883; Pothier, Oblig. part 2, ch. 4, art. 3, § 11. 
 Correi debendi , — -joint debtors; debtors in solido. Justinian. Inst, supra; Pothier, 
 Oblig. part 2, ch. 3, art. 8, § i; Mackeldey, supra. Two or more persons bound jointly and 
 severally as principal debtors to another. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 74 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 637- Joint obligants. Belts Diet.; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. Correi promittendi, — 
 joint promisors. Justinian. Inst, supra. Correi stipulandi , — joint stipulators. 
 Justinian. Inst, supra; Mackeldey, supra. 
 
 In the Civil Law: If the right of several persons entitled, or the duty of several per- 
 sons obliged, is identical, and if the right or duty arises from a simultaneously combined 
 expression of will, such persons are termed correi — those thus obliged being correi debendi, 
 or, in case of a promise or stipulation, correi promittendi, and those thus entitled being correi 
 credendi, or, if entitled by a stipulation, correi stipulandi. Justinian. Inst, supra. 
 
 Correus i, ^n. A partaker in guilt ; a joint criminal. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiv, 3, fr. 3. 
 
 Corrivatio aquae pluviae. A drawing together of streams of water. Pliny, xxxi, 3, 
 
 27 ^/ al 
 
 506 
 
Cor,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cos. 
 
 CorrivO, are, i, v, a. To conduct streams of water together; to draw together into one 
 stream. Ulpian. Dig. xxxix, 3, fr. 3. 
 
 Corrodiuin. — L. Lat. A corody. Inst, ii, 630. v. Corodium. 
 
 Corrumpd, ere, 3, V, a. To destroy a thing; bring to naught. (J>,) To corrupt, mar, 
 injure, spoil, adulterate, make worse, etc. /J/f. xi, tit. 3. Trop., (a.) Of personal 
 objects: To corrupt, seduce, entice, mislead. (6.) In Practice: To gain to one's 
 self by gifts, etc.; to bribe, buy over. 
 
 Corrupts agreatum fuit. It was corruptly agreed. , 2 Strange, 871. 
 
 Corruptio, Onis, /. Icorrumpo.l A corruption, corrupting; e.g., Corruptio corporis, — a 
 corruption of the body. Cicero, Tus. iv, 13, 28. 
 
 In old English Law: Corruption, violation or defilement of the person. Flela,\\\i. 
 i, c. 34, § 4. As to corruption of blood (c orrup lion de sanke or corruptio san- 
 guinariae'), v. Bl. Com. ii, 251, 256; Termes de la Ley; Kent's Com. ii, 386. 
 
 Corruptio optinii est pessima. Corruption of the best is worst. 
 
 CORRUPTISSIMA republicA plurimae leges. In the most corrupt period of the common- 
 wealth the greatest number of laws were made. Tacitus, A. iii, 27 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, 
 vii, c. g, § 5, n. I. In those states which are the most corrupt, the laws are the most multi- 
 plied. V. Quaeritur ut crescunt, etc. 
 
 Cors, — L. Fr. Body; e.g., Cors pur cars, — body for body. Britt. c. 125. = Corpus pro 
 corpore. 
 
 Corse-present.^ — L. Fr. and Eng. A mortuary present. 
 
 In old English Law: A customary gift, usually the best or second best beast, given 
 to the minister of a parish upon the death of a parishioner ; so called because it was brought 
 to the church along with the corpse at the time of the burial. Stat. 21 Hen. VIII, cap. 6 ; 
 Cornell; SI. Com. i\, 42s, 426 ; StepA. Com. iii, 148; Broofn &' Had. Com. ii,(x>^. v. Mortuary. 
 
 Corsned. [-|-Sax. cors, a curse, and sued, a cake or piece of bread.] The morsel of exe- 
 cration ; the mouthful of execration. 
 
 Under the Saxon Laws: Some suspected criminals were tried by this ordeal, per- 
 formed by eating a piece of barley bread, of about an ounce weight, over which the priest 
 had pronounced a certain imprecation. If the accused ate it freely, he was pronounced 
 innocent ^per bucellam deglutiendam abjuravit), but if it stuck in his throat it was deemed as 
 proof of his guilt. Bl. Com. iv, 345 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 434 ; Crabb\ Hist. Eng. Law, 
 30; I Reeve's Hist. 21. Otherwise called Panis conjuratus and Offa execrata ox judicialis. 
 
 Cortex, Icis, m. and/. The bark, rind, shell, hull (of plants). 
 
 In English Law: Bark; the bark of trees. Trop., The outer covering of any" 
 thing, as distinguished from the inner substance. Meton. , The letter of an instrument, 
 as distinguished from the spirit, v. Qui haeret in litera, haeret in cortice. 
 
 Cortularium, — L- Lat. A yard or court adjoining to a country farm ; a curtilage. Co-well 
 
 Cosen or Cozen. To cheat. Cosening, — a cheating. "A cosening knave." -^ Leon, i-ji; 
 
 West's Symbol, part 2, tit. ' Indictments,' § 68. =Stellionatus, v. h. v. v. Bl. Com. iv, 158. 
 
 Coshering. In old English Law: A feudal prerogative or practice for the lords 
 to entertain themselves and their followers at their tenants' houses. Cowell. 
 
 Cosin or Cosyn, Cosen. — L. Fr. =L. Lat. Consanguineus. 
 
 In old English Law: A collateral relative by blood, as a brother, sister, uncle, etc. 
 Litt. §§ 389, 660. 
 
 Cosinage or Cosenage or Cousinage. — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Consanguinitas. 
 
 Cosinage de COnsanguineO. — L. Lat. The relationship of blood. 
 
 In old English Law: Collateral relationship or kindred by blood ; consanguinity. 
 Co. Litt. iboa; Termes de la Ley; Bl. Com. iii, 186. v. Breve de consanguineo. 
 
 CostageS or Custages. — L. Fr. In old English Law: Costs. 5te/. Westm. I. c 
 i; Stat.G\ocG%\..c.\. i/. Lo rd Coke's derivation of the word. 2 Co. /»j-^. 288. =Expensae 
 litis, V. h. t. 
 
 CosteS. — L. Fr. = Costages. = L. Lat. Custus, or Expensae litis, v. h. t. 
 
 Costs de incremento. — L. Lat. Costs of increase, /. e. additional costs. 
 
 In Practice: The costs adjudged bj' the court in civil actions, in addition to the 
 damages and nominal costs found by the jury. Gilb. C. Pleas, 260. v. Grier, J., 13 How- 
 ard's R. 372 ; Buller, N. P. yiia; 2 Slra. 1048. 
 
Cot.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cou. 
 
 CotagiTUn or Cottagium.— L. Lat. [+ cota, L. Lat., cote. Sax., a cot or hut.] A cottage; 
 a small house or cot. Co. LUt. $()b; Shep. Touch. lo, 94. Cotarius, — a cottager or cotter. 
 Spelman. Coterellus, — a cottager. =Cotarius. Co. Litt. c^tb. Coteria, — a cot, house or 
 home-stall. Cowell. Gotland or Cotsethland,— land held by a cottager, whether in socage 
 or villenage. Cottagium, — a cottage. It must have had four acres of land laid to it. v. 2 
 Show. ■2.~]<); Termes de la Ley. A little dwelling-house, without land. 5/a<. 4 Edw. I. ; Co. 
 Lilt, cfih; Shep. Touch. 94 ; Crabb's Real Prop. 68, 69, § 87. 
 
 In later Law: By the grant of a cottage, a curtelage or garden will pass as included. 
 2 Ld. Raym. 1015 ; 6 Mod. 114; Shep. Touch. 94; 4 Vinci's Abr. 582. v. Curtelage. 
 
 Cotemporanea expositio, A cotemporaneous exposition or interpretation, v. Contem- 
 poranea expositio. 
 
 Coture, — L- Fr. An inclosure. Britt. c. 71. 
 
 Couchant. — L. Fr. \_A;- coucher,\.o\\e&o-fin.'\ Lying down. Bl. Co?n. in, g. 
 
 Concliailt et levant. Lying down and rising up. Yearb. T., 7 Edw. III. 50; M., 10 
 Edw. III. 54. In modern phrase : Levant et couchant, v. h. t. 
 
 Couleur de rose. — Fr. Rose color. T r o p . ; The aspect of attractiveness. 
 
 Gonnt, — L. Fr. and Eng. = J^armtio, q. v. Count, [-j- Fr., Conte, — a narrative or 
 tale, as it was at one time called in England. Bl. Com. iii, 293.] 
 
 In Pleading: A statement of plaintiiTs case in court ; a declaration {narratio), particu- 
 larly in a real action. Co. Litt. 173, 303a ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, it^-zb"} ; Bl. Com. iii, 
 293; Termes de la Ley J Steph. PI. 3(1. A particular part, distinguished by section or division 
 of a declaration, containing a distinct statement of a cause of action, i Chitty's PI. 414; 
 Steph. PI. 267, Append, note (56) ; second Append, note (3) ; Gould's PI. c. vi, § 2 ; Steph. 
 Com. iii, 659. 
 
 In Criminal Pleading: A particular charge in an indictment. Wharton's Prec. oj 
 Indictments, 12, note, c. 2. 
 
 Conntor, or Counter, or Countour. — L. Fr. and Eng. = L. Lat. Narrator. 
 
 In old English Practice: An advocate or professional pleader; one who related 
 his case, recited his count, or orally pleaded his cause. These were sometimes termed ser- 
 geant countors. 2 Co. Inst. 214 ; Bl. Com. i, 24, note if). 
 
 COUNTORS sont sarjeants sachents la ley del royalme, que servent al common del 
 people d. pronouncier et defendre les actions en jugement. — L. Fr. Countors 
 are Serjeants learned in the law of the realm, who serve the common people to 
 .prosecute and defend actions in court. 9 Co. pref. ; Mirror, c. 2, § 5. 
 
 Coup. [Ji^ou.] — Fr. In general, the effect of force or violence: A Stroke, 
 blow; deed, act, action ; aim, move, charge, thrust ; trick, event; e.g. : Coup d'eSSai, — a 
 first essay or trial ; an attempt. Coup d'etat, — a stroke of policy in public affairs {i. e. an 
 extraordinary and violent measure taken by a government, when the safety of the state is, 
 or is supposed to be in danger. Coup de grace, — a stroke of mercy ; the finishing blow. 
 Coup de main, — a stroke of the hand, /. e. a sudden blow, a bold stroke ; a sudden attack ; 
 a surprise; a bold enterprise or effort. Coup de maitre, — a master stroke; a masterly 
 move. Coup d'oeil, — a peep ; a quick glance of the eye. Coup de pied, — a stroke of 
 the foot ; a kick. Coup de soleil, — a stroke of the sun ; generally, any affection pro- 
 duced by a scorching sun. Coup de Vent, — a stroke of the wind; especially, a 
 cyclone or hurricane. Coup de theatre, — an unforeseen event (in a play); an unexpected 
 event. In a bad sense: Clap-trap. Coup de malheur, — unlucky hit. 
 
 Coupe. — L. Fr. Fault, blame. Britt. c. 28, 100. Coupable, — guilty. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 Cour de Cassation, — Fr. The Court of Cassation, ?. ^. of Appeal. 
 
 In French Law: The supreme judicial tribunal and court of final resort in France; 
 established in 1790, under the name of the Tribunal de Cassation, and received its present 
 name in 1804. 
 
 This court is composed of forty-nine counselors and judges, including a first president and three presidents 
 of chamber, an attorney-general and six advocates-general, one head registrar and four deputy registrars 
 appointed by the head registrar, and a convenient number of ushers. Jones' French Bar, 22 ; Guyot, Rep. 
 Univ. 
 
 Court. — L. Fr. and Eng. = L. Lat. Curia, Placitum, Judicium,. Court Baron. ^ Curia 
 Baronis. Court of Admiralty. = Curia Admiralitatis. Court Of Arches. = Curia de 
 508 
 
Gov.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cra. 
 
 Arcabus. Court of Common. Fleas, = Communia Placita. Court of King's Bench. 
 
 = Bancus Regis. COTirt of FiedpOUdre' = Curia pedis pulverizati. Court of Star- 
 chamber. = Curia Camerae Siellatae. Couits Cliristian. = Curiae Christianitatis. 
 
 Covenant. — L- Fr. and Eng. [-)- Fr. Convenani, p. pr. -|- Convenir, to agree, + Lat. 
 Convenire, to come together.] A mutual agreement made by deed and sealed between the 
 parties. A promise by deed where each of them is bound to the other to perform certain 
 covenants for his part. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 In the Common Law: A form of express contract contained in a deed, to do a 
 direct act, or to omit one. Bl. Com. iii, 155. v. id. ii, 304 ; Plowden, 308 ; Shep. Touch. 160 ; 
 Broom on C. L. iTi, 274 sq. and notes ; Hilliard's Heal Prop. 372 ; Broom &' Had. Com. {1,487. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke says: "There are two kinds of covenants, viz., either in law or in 
 fact (4 Co. 80), or covenant expressed and covenant in law." 6 Co. 17; Co. Litt. X'i'^b. A 
 covenant in law is that which the law intends to be done, though it be not expressed in 
 words ; or which the law infers or implies from the use of certain words having a known 
 legal operation ; as if a man demise any thing to another for a certain term, the law intends 
 a covenant on the part of the lessor, that the lessee shall hold all his term against all lawful 
 incumbrances. The word 'demise' or 'grant' imports or makes a covenant in law for 
 quiet enjoyment, cf. Co. supra; Broom on C. L. 278; Termes de la Ley. Covenant in 
 fact (or deed) is that which is expressly agreed between the parties in specified terms. 
 Termes de la Ley ; Shep. Touch. 160. v. Archb. N. P. 250. 
 
 Covenants are also designated as real, personal or collateral. A covenant 
 real is whereby a man ties himself to pass a thing real, as lands and tenements (F. N. B. 
 145 ; Bl. Com. iii, 156 ; Termes de la Ley), or such as is annexed to an estate and to be per- 
 formed on it. Broom on C. L. 276 ; Kenfs Com. iv, 471 sq. A covenant personal being 
 one whereof some person in particular shall have the benefit, or whereby he shall be charged, 
 or one which is to be performed personally by the covenantor alone. Broom on C. L. 
 276, and notes. Collateral, when applied to a covenant, is commonly used in contradis- 
 tinction to the term real, as before defined. A covenant is said to be collateral when the 
 thing to be done in pursuance of it is " merely collateral to the land, and doth not touch or 
 concern the thing demised in any sort (5 Co. 16, Spencer's case), or not so immediately as to 
 pass with it to an assignee." Such a covenant is also said to be in gross. Shep. Touch. 
 161 ; Broom on C. L. 276. 
 
 Covenant en fait, — Fr. Covenant in fact or deed, i. e. expressed in words, or inserted 
 in a deed in specific terms. Termes de la Ley ; Shep. Touch. 160. v. Archb, Nisi Prius, 250. 
 
 Cover et key, — L. Lat. Cone and key, v. h. t. v. Femina in tali aetate, etc. 
 
 Covert, — Fr. and Eng. [-|- Fr. Couvert,-\- couvrir,\.a cov^z; L. Lat. Co-opertus.^ Under 
 cover, authority or protection ; sheltered, u. Co. Litt. ^lb j Bl. Com. iii, 12 ; id. i, 442. 
 
 Covert-baron, or Covert de baron. — L. Fr. Under the authority or protection of a 
 husband. Litt. § 670 ; Bl. Com. i, 442. v. Feme covert, and Femina viro co-operta. 
 
 Coverture [-(- covert^ is the familiar term in law to express a state of being covered or 
 protected, or, as Lord Coke expresses it, a state of subjection or dependence. Co. Litt. 
 1123. The condition of a woman during marriage. Bl. Com. i, 442 ; Steph. Com. ii, 298; 
 Broom &^ Had. Com. i, 543, and notes. 
 
 Covina, — L- Lat. Covin. A collusive or deceitful agreement between two or more 
 persons to injure another or other persons. 
 
 A secret assent or agreement determined in the hearts of two or more, to the prejudice of 
 another. Montagde, C. J., Plowden, 54 ; Termes de la Ley. A secret contrivance between 
 two or more persons to defraud and prejudice another of his rights. Co. Litt. "iSTb ; i Viner's 
 Abr. 473 ; Comyn's Dig.-, 'Covin,' A. 
 
 Cranagium.— L. Lat. Cranage. 
 
 In English Law: A liberty to use a crane for unloading any vessel at a wharf, and 
 to make profit of it. Also the toll paid, the money taken for such work. Termes de la Ley ; 
 Hale's de Jur. Mar. pars. 2, c. 6 ; 8 Co. 46. 
 
 CraSSUS, a, um, adj. Solid, thick, dense, fat, gross, etc. (freq. and class.) 
 
 In the Jurists, Trop.: Crassa ignorantia, — gross ignorance. Fleta, lib. v, c. 22, 
 § 18 ; Lord Ellenborough, 8 East, 348. Crassa infortunium, — a great misfortune, misad- 
 venture. Plautus, Rud.m, 5,53- Crassa negligentia, — stupid, coarse, blunt negligence; 
 carelessness, heedlessness. Ulpian. j9tf. xxii, 6,/r. 6. Gross negligence. i[ Bell's Appeal 
 Cases, $•],$%. Called by Lord Brougham, " Crass negligence." Id. si. Crassus piscis, — 
 large fish. Bracton, fol. 55^. Called in another place, grossus piscis : sicut balaena, sturgio 
 et alit pisces regales, — large fish, such as the whale, sturgeon and other royal fish. Bracton, 
 fols. 14, 120. V. Bl. Com. 1, 290. Crassa turba, — a gross or great turmoil, disorder, disturb- 
 ance. Transf . : An uncultivated, rude crowd or multitude. Mart, ix, 23. 
 
 S°9 
 
Cra.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 Grassa negligentia. — Lat. stupid, coarse, blunt negligence; carelessness, heedless- 
 ness. Ulpian. Dig. xxii, 6, fr. 6. Gross negligence. 4 Bell's Appeal Cases, 57, 58. Called 
 by Lord Brougham "Crass negligence." Id. 58. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Crassa neglige ntia is termed magna culpa or lata culpa, 
 and it is in some cases deemed equivalent to fraud or deceit. Paulus put it : Magna 
 negligentia culpa est, magna culpa dolus est. Paulus, Dig.\^, lb , fr. 226. Ulpianus 
 held it to be plainly assimilated to fraud : Lata culpa plane dolo comparabitur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xi, 6, fr. i, § i. Procui.us would not agree that lata culpa amounted to dolus; but 
 Celsus and Nerva held that it was equivalent to fraud {dolus) in effect, when applied to a 
 depositum. Read; Quod Nerva diceret latiorem culpam dolum esse. Proculio displicebat, 
 mihi verissimum vinetur, etc. Celsus, Dig. xvii, i, fr. 32. 
 
 Ulpianus also laid down this rule: Culpam tamen dolo proximum contineri quis 
 merito dixerit. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 26, fr. 8, § 3. 
 
 Under the Cornelian Law it was not held to be dolus : Ne in hac lege culpa lata 
 pro dolo accipitur. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 8, fr. 7. 
 
 In the Common Law: It is defined to be the want of that care which every man 
 of common sense, under the circumstances, takes of his own property. Jones' Essay, 90, 93 ; 
 Lord Holt, C. J., in Coggs vs. Bernard, 2 Lord Raymond, 913 ; Kenfs Com. ii, 560. It 
 approxinvates to and cannot be distinguished from dolus malus, or gross misconduct. Per 
 Lord C. J. TiNDALL, 2 Man. Ss' Gr. 852; i Adol. &= Ell. (N. S.) 38. 
 
 Gross neglect bears so near a resemblance to fraud, as to be equivalent to it in its 
 effects upon contracts. Per Parker, C. J., 17 Mass. R. 500; Kent's Com. ii, 560. 
 
 Lord Holt followed the Civil Law, and held that gross negligence in the case of ba'l- 
 ment was "looked upon as an evidence of fraud." 2 Lord Raymond, 915 ; s. c. I Smith's 
 L. C. [289] 351 ; Story on Bailment, § 17 and notes. But it is not fraud by inference of law, 
 but a matter resting in fact, to be determined by a jury. Ii Gill. &' Johns. 58. 
 
 The term is applied, in some cases, to professional persons, and others who have managed 
 matters, for which they were retained, in a very careless manner, or with 'gross negli- 
 gence.' Such persons are liable to actions on the case at the suit of the party injured. 
 Also applied to guests at an inn. v. 17 Q. B. 261 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 148 (/). "Gross 
 negligence may be evidence of mdla fides, but is not the same thing. We have shaken 
 off the last remnant of the contrary doctrine." Per Lord Denman, d, A. &■ jE. 870 ; 6 Nev. 
 Ssf M. 372. u. I Parsons on Contr. 255 {fn) ; 2 id. 88 (f)y per Parker, C. J., 17 Mass. R. 500. 
 
 Crastino. — L. Lat. In old English Practice: On the morrow ; on the day after. 
 
 A title formerly given to the return days of writs, days in bank, or appearance days in 
 courts at Westminster. Bl. Com. iii, 277 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 56, 57 ; e. g., 
 
 Crastino auiniarUIU, On the morrow of All Souls. Crastino ascentionis 
 Domini , — on the morrow of the Ascension. Crastino purificationis beatac 
 Mariae virginus , — on the morrow of the purification of the blessed virgin Mary. 
 Crastino Sanctae Trini talis , — on the morrow of the Holy Trinity. 1 Reeve's Hist, 
 ubi supra ; I Tidd's Pr. 106. 
 
 CrastinUS, a, um, adj. [eras, adv. to-morrow.] Of to-morrow ; the morrow (freq. and 
 class.). Abs. . (a.) In crastinum, — to-morrow; on the morrow. Plautus, Ps. x, 2, 33. 
 In diem crastinum, — on or for the morrow. Mart, ii, 37 fin. (/3.) Crastino. z= Cras, — 
 to-morrow. Gellius, ii, 29, g. In general: Future ; for the future. Pliny, xiii, 9, 17. 
 
 Craven, or Cravent, or Cravant. [+ Sax. crafian, to crave, beg, implore.] 
 
 In old English Law: One who, in the duellum or battel, being vanquished, has 
 craved, begged or implored his life of his antagonist. CaW&i verbum recreantisae, — the 
 word of recreancy. Fleta, lib. i, c. 38, § 18. 
 
 A word of obloquy and disgrace, in the duellum, and when uttered by the vanquished he was considered as 
 yielding the victory to his opponent, and was condemned as a recreat. His condemnation was amittere 
 Itberam legem, whereby he became infamous, and not to be accounted liljer et legalis homo, and thereafter he 
 was presumed by the court to have been forsworn, and therefore not fit to be put upon a jury, or admitted as 
 a witness in any cause. Bl, Com. iii, 340 ; 4 id. 348 ; Broom dt' Had. Com. lii, 375, note {Jb); iv, 437. Hence, the 
 term is popularly employed m a similar dishonorable sense, = coward, poltroon, dastard ; ' a cowardly cock.' 
 
 Read : Est autem jnagna assiza regale quoddam henejicium, etc. Glanville. 
 
 Creamus. [+ '^'■^"i are, to create, bring forth.] We create or constitute. 
 
 CreamUS, erigimUS, fundamus, inCOrporamUS. We create, erect, found and incor- 
 porate. Words used in incorporating a college. Bl. Com. i, 473. 
 
 Cr^ance [kr^-an-s]. — Fr. [-|- croire [krea-r], to believe, to credit, to trust to, to put faith 
 in.] Credence, trust, credit, confidence. 
 
 In French Law: A book-debt, a claim, a debt. Cr^ance courance, — outstanding debt. 
 Criancc exigible, — outstanding debt due, payable. Cr/ance privilegiie, — privileged debt. 
 
Cre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 Crdaucier [kr^-Sn-sife]. — Fr. One who trusts or gives credit. 
 
 In French Law: {a.) A creditor, a debtee. (6.) A covenantee, obligee. 
 
 In old English Law: Creancer, Creansor, Creanusour. One that trusts another with 
 any debt, gives any credit, be it for money, wares or other things, v. Britt. cc. 28, 78 ; 
 Termes de la Ley ; Old N. B. ' Audita querela,' i. tta. = Lat. Creditor. 
 
 CreO, are, i, v. «. To bring forth, produce, make, create, beget. 
 
 In the Publicists and Jurists, ^ /..• To make or create for any jurisdiction 
 or office, i. e. to choose, elect. Cicero, Leg. iii, 3, 9. Creare curatorem reipublicae. Papin. 
 Dig. L, 8, fr. 3, § 3 £■< saep. To create ; to constitute or appoint, as a guardian. Modest. 
 Dig. xxvi, 5, fr. 21. 
 
 Creatio, Snis, /. A creating, producing, begetting. Liberorum. Ulpian. Dig. i, 7, fr. 
 15. (ft.) A choosing to an office ; choice. Magistratum. Cicero, Leg. iii, 3 fin. Tutoris. 
 Papinian. Dig. xxvi, 7, fr. 38. 
 
 CREATIO MAGISTRATUUM, JUDICIA POPULI JUSSA VETITA QUUM SUFFRAGIO 
 CONSCISCENTUR, OPTIMATIBUS NOTA, PLEBI LIBERA SUNTO. LeX XII. 
 
 Tab. 'vx.,fr. 16. In the creation of magistrates, the judgment of the accused, 
 and the reception or rejection of laws, when suffrages are employed, let the suf- 
 frages be at once notorious to the nobles, and free to the people. Cicero, de 
 Legg. iii, 3 fin. 
 
 Creator, oris, m. A creator, author, begetter, founder. Ipse deum. Cicero, poet. Div. 
 ii, 30, 64 ; Ovid, M. viii, 309. 
 
 In the Jurists: One who elects or chooses to an office. Justinian. Cod. sl, 31, 59. 
 
 Credo, ere, 3, i/. u. Orig. in the Language of business: To give as a loan ; 
 to loan, lend. Quint, v, 10, iii ; Cicero, Off. ii, 24 et saep. Hence, Creditum, '\,n. (v. h.v.) 
 
 T r a n s f . : (a,) With the idea of protection: To commit or consign some- 
 thing to one for preservation, protection, etc. ; to intrust to one. Credere est seniandum com- 
 mendare. NoN. 275, g. (6.) With the idea of confidence: To trust to or conljde 
 in a person or thing ; to have confidence in ; to put faith in ; to confide ; to trust ; to entrust 
 with. Plautus, iii, 2, 4 et al. ; Dig. xii, tit. i. v. Mercatores et alii creditores, etc. (C.) To 
 trust one in his declarations, assertions, etc. ; to give him credence ; to believe (freq. and 
 class.), {d.) To believe a thing, hold or admit as true ; and hence, (e.) In general: 
 To be of opinion, to think, believe, suppose (freq. and class.). 
 
 Quaestionum Celsus ait : 
 
 CREDENDI generalis appellatio est. Ideo sub hoc titulo Praetor et de commo- 
 dato, et de Pignore edixit j nam cuicunque rei assentiamur alienam fidem 
 secuti, mox recepturi quid ex hoc contractu, credere dicimur. Rei quoque verbum, 
 ut generate, Praetor elegit. Ulpianus, Dig. xii, i fr. i fin. Celsus says of 
 these questions (contracts made in reliance upon the faith of others) : They 
 come under the general appellation of things trusted, loaned {credendi). Accord- 
 ingly the Praetor decreed under this title concerning a loan and a pledge ; for 
 we are said to trust when we give our assent to any matter whatever, relying 
 upon another's faith, and afterward to get something from this contract. The 
 Praetor chose the expression of the thing (verbum rei) as general. [F. J. M.] 
 cf. PuFENDORF, de Jurc, Nat. et Gent, v, c. 11, § i, n. 5. 
 
 Gredibilis, e, adj. Credible. Credihile est quod sive ullo teste auditoris opinio ne firma- 
 tur, — that is a credible statement which, without any witness being heard, is confirmed in 
 the opinion of the hearer. Cicero, Inv. i, 30, 48. v. id. Verr. ii, 5, 61. Narrationes. Id. 
 Or. xxxvi, 124. Ratio. Id. ib. v, 12, 13. Suspicio. Id. ib. ix, 2, 90 et saep. v. Lord 
 Mansfield, i Burr. 414, 417 ; i W. Bl. 98. 
 
 Creditor, ■Srls, m. [credo.] A creditor. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 10 sq., et al. infra. 
 
 In Common Law: He who trusts another with any debt, be it money, goods, wares 
 or other things. Termes de la Ley. = Fr. Creancier. 
 
Cre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 CREDITOR acceptis pignoribus, quae secunda conventione secundus creditor 
 accepit, novatione postea facta pignora prioribus addidit ; superioris temporis 
 ordinem manere prima creditori placuit, tanquam in suum locum succedenti. Papin. 
 Dig. XX, 4, /r. 3 pr. A creditor having received pledges which a second cred- 
 itor received by a second agreement, upon a novation being afterward made, 
 added these pledges to the former ; it was decided that the first creditor was 
 entitled to the order of the former time, as if succeeding in its stead. [F. J. M.] 
 V. Tryphoninus, Dig. ib. fr. 20. 
 
 The subject is treated in Kenfs Com, iv, 137, note (a). 
 
 CREDITOR ad petitionem \debiti\ urgeri jure minimi potest. Quapropter eo, 
 quod vos heredibus Evodiani debere confiditis, oblato et (si nolint accipere) con- 
 signato atque deposito, de reddendo pignore hos praesidali notione convenite. Justin. 
 Cod. viii, 14, const. 20. The creditor cannot, by the least right, be urged to a 
 petition [concerning a debt]. Wherefore that which you believe you owe the 
 heir of Evodianus being offered, and (if they being unwilling to accept it) being 
 sealed and deposited, sue them before the president (the judge) concerning the 
 restoring the pledge. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 316. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CREDITOR autem is est, qui exceptione perpetua summoveri non potest ; qui 
 autem temporalem exceptionem timet, similis est conditionali creditori. Paul. 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 55. But a creditor is he who cannot be removed even by a per- 
 petual exception ; but the one who is liable to a temporary exception is like 
 unto a conditional creditor. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. p. 215. 
 Read : Condiiionales creditores dicuntur et hi, etc. Ulpian. Dig. ib.fr. 54. 
 'Desinit debitor esse is qui nactus est exceptione?n justam nee ab aequitate naturati abhorrentem. 
 JULlANtJS, Dig. L. iT,fr. 66. v. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. furisp. 214, 215. 
 
 CREDITOR compensare non cogitur, quod alii, quam debitori suo, debet j quamvis 
 creditor ejus pro eo, qui convenitur ob debitum proprium, velit compensare. 
 Papinianus, Dig. xvi, 2, /;-. 18, § i. A creditor is not compelled to balance 
 accounts concerning what he owes to another than his own debtor, although his 
 creditor wishes to compensate for him who is sued for the debt proper. Pufen- 
 DORF, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, v, c. ir, § 5, n. 3 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1443. 
 
 CREDITOR ex causd cambii, jus suum in tempore exercens, praefertur apud 
 Batavos omnibus aliis creditoribus in bona mobilia debitoris. Hie habet ejus- 
 modi res in Frisid, ubi hoc jus non obtinet. An ibi creditor etiam praefereiur aliis 
 creditoribus ? Nulla modo; quoniam heic creditoribus, vi legum hie receptarum jus 
 pridem quaesitum est. Huberus. A creditor upon a bill of exchange, exercis- 
 ing his right in due time, has a preference in Holland over all other creditors 
 upon or against the movable property of his debtor. He (the debtor) has prop- 
 erty of the like kind in Friezland, where no such law obtains. Will such a 
 creditor be there preferred to other creditors ? By no means ; since those cred- 
 itors, by force of the laws there received, have already acquired a right. Quoted 
 in Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 325a, 527. 
 
 Hertius remarks : Nimirum recti disceret in sect, antec. non teneri potestates sequi jus alie- 
 num in fraudem sui juris, et civium suorum, etc. Quoted in Story, ib. § 527. 
 
 CREDITOR hypothecas sive pignus quum proscribit, natum debitori facere, et sibi 
 bond fide rem gerere, et quando licet testata dicer e debet. Si quid itaque per 
 fraudem in pignore villae venditae catnmissum prabare pates, ut infer aiur actio, quae 
 512 
 
Cre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 eo nomine competit, adi eum, cvjus de ea re notio est. Justinian. Cod. viii, 28, 
 const. 4. When a creditor sets up for sale mortgages or a pledge, he is obliged 
 to give the debtor notice and treat him in good faith, and, when possible, inform 
 witnesses. Accordingly if you can prove that there was a fraud practiced in the 
 selling under pledge of a farm, so that an action under that head may be brought, 
 approach him who has knowledge on that point, v. id. ib. tit. 34, 3, § i. Cited 
 in Kent's Com. iv, 137 [a). [F. J. M.j 
 
 CREDITOR/«^««j ex pactione quamvis ejus ea res non sit, alienare potest. Sed 
 hoc forsitan ideo videtur fieri quod voluntate debitoris itiielligitur pignus 
 alienari, qui ab initio contractus pactus est ut liceret creditori pignus vendere si 
 pecunia non solvatur. Sed ne creditores jus suum persequi impedirentur, neque 
 debitores temere suarum rerum dominium amittere videantur, nostra constitutione 
 consultutn est, et certus modus impositus est per quern pignorum distractio possit pro- 
 cedere J cujus tenor e utrique parti creditorum et debitorum satis abundeque provisum 
 est. Justinian. Inst, ii, 8, § i. A creditor may, according to agreement, alien 
 a pledge, although the property is not his own. But this alienation, perhaps, 
 appears to take place by the will or intention of the debtor, who at the making 
 of the contract has agreed that the creditor might sell the thing, pledged if the 
 money was not repaid. But lest creditors should be impeded from prosecuting 
 their rights, and debtors should not seem too rashly to lose or be deprived of 
 their property, it is provided for in our constitution or ordinance, and a certain 
 method is imposed or provided by which the sale of pledges may be made ; by 
 which course both parties, creditor and debtor, are sufficiently and abundantly 
 provided for or secured. Justinian. Cod. viii, 34, const. 3 pr. et seq. j Gaius, 
 Inst, ii, § 64 ; Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 7, frr. 4, 6. cf. Sandars' Justinian, ii, 8, i, 
 
 P- 25- 
 
 CREDITOR, qui hypothecae seu pignori rem sibi nexam vendidit, Utigiosam rem 
 non videtur vendere, quia precario debitor possidet. Justinian. Cod.y\\\, 28, 
 const. 2. A creditor who has sold an article subject to him by way of mortgage 
 or pledge does not sell a litigious article, /. e. a subject of litigation, because the 
 debtor possesses only by way of a precarium, /. e. subject to the creditor's call. 
 
 [F.J. M.l 
 
 CREDITOR qui non idoneum pignus accepit, non amittat exactionem ejus debiti 
 quantitatis, in quam pignus non sufficit. Gaius, Dig. xii, i,/r. 28. A cred- 
 itor who accepts or receives an insufficient pledge cannot lose the demand for 
 that amount of the debt for which the pledge is insufficient. 
 
 CREDITOR qui ob r e stitutionem aedif iciorum crediderit, in 
 pecuniam, quam crediderit, privilegium exigendi habebit. VhPiA's. Dig. 
 xii, 1,/r. 25. A creditor, who shall have loaned money for the restoring or 
 rebuilding of houses, shall have the privilege of exacting [i. e. out of the same] 
 payment of the money which he shall have loaned. Cited in 2 Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 1239 ; Story on Agency, § 357. cf. Domat. Civil Law, b. iii, tit. i, § 5, art. 7. 
 
 This rule was established by a Senaiuconsultum. ordained under the Emperor Marcus, 
 which Ulpianus states in another place: Divus IAakcv^ ila edixit : Creditor, qui ob 
 restitutionem aedif iciorum crediderit , in pecunia, quae credita erit 
 privilegium exigendi habebit; quod ad eum quoque pertinet, qui redemtori domino 
 mandante pecuniam subministravit. Ulpianus, Dig. xlii, 5, fr. '2.i\, §1. 
 
 Read,, in this connection : Eorum ratio prior est creditorum, quorum pecunia ad creditores 
 privilegiarios pervenit, etc. Id. ib. § 3. v. Subrogatio . 
 
 [65] S13 
 
Cre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 Paulus states the rule : Qui in navem extruendam, vel instruendam credidit, vel etiam 
 emendam, privilegium habet. Paulus, ib. fr. 26. v. Marcian. ib. fr. 34. 
 
 Papinianus states: Pi gnus insulae, creditori datum, qui pecuniam ob restitutionem aedi- 
 ficii extruendi mutuam dedit, ad eum quoque pertinebit, qui redemptori, domino mandante, numos 
 ministravit. Papinian. Dig. xx, 2,fr. i. 
 
 CREDITOR, qui permittit rem venire, fignus dimittit. Gaius, Dig. L, iT,fr. 
 158. A creditor who allows a thing (pledged or pawned) to be disposed 
 of, he abandons or gives up the pledge or security. " A creditor who permits 
 the sale of the thing pledged, loses his security." Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 
 Iviii, p. 249 ; 1 Story's Eq. Jur. § 394; Story on Agency, § 128 ; Halkerston. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This rule declares that if a creditor has allowed his debtor to dis- 
 pose of [' venire ' is used in that sense here] any thing that he holds as a pledge or mortgage, 
 he loses his right as mortgagee. Modestinus, Dig. xx, 6, 9. The creditor might, however, 
 by an express stipulation, reserve his right. Dig. xx, 6, 4, § 31. 
 
 CREDITOR, qui pigniis accepit re obligatur, et ad illam restituendam tenetur ; 
 et ciim hujusmodi res in pugnus data sit utriusque gratid, scilicet debitoris, qub 
 magis ei pecunia crederatur, et creditoris qub magis [«'] in tuto sit creditum, sufficit 
 ad ejus \alius\ rei custodiam diligentiam exactam adhibere, quam si praestiterit, et 
 rem casu admiserit, securus esse possit, nee impedietur creditum petere. A creditor 
 who has received a pledge is obligated in the thing itself, and is bound to return 
 it ; and since a thing of this kind given in pledge is given in the interest of 
 either party, for instance, of the debtor, in order that money may be intrusted 
 to him, and of the creditor, that he may intrust his money safely, it is sufficient 
 for the custody of such a thing that exact diligence should be applied, which, if 
 he (the creditor) shall have applied, and he shall have lost the thing by a casu- 
 alty, he (the creditor) may be secure \i. e. he is not accountable for the loss of 
 the thing pledged], nor will he be impeded or barred from seeking to recover 
 for his debt. Bracton, lib. iii, tr. i, c. 2, § i, fol. 99;^. 
 
 Lord Holt, C. J., in Lord Raymond, 909, cites this law from Bracton. It is a paraphrasis 
 of the text of Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § 4, which is as follows : 
 
 CREDITOR quoque qui pignus accepit, re obligatur ; qui et ipse de ea re quam 
 accepit restituenda tenetur actione pignerantitia. Sed quia pignus utriusque 
 gratia datur, et debitoris, qub magis pecunia ei crederetur, et creditoris, qub magis ei 
 in tuto sit creditum, placuit sufficere, quod ad earn rem custodiendam exactam diligen- 
 tiam adhiberet ; quam si praestiterit, et aliquo fortuito casu eam rem amiserit, 
 securum esse, nee impediri creditum petere. Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § 4. A cred- 
 itor also who has received a pledge, is bound re \i. e. by the delivery of it] ; for 
 he is obliged to restore the very thing which he has received, by the action 
 called pignoratitia. But, inasmuch as a pledge is given for the mutual service 
 of both parties (debtor and creditor) : of the debtor, that he may borrow more 
 readily, and of the creditor, that repayment may be better secured, it has been 
 decided that it will suffice if the creditor shall appear to have used an exact 
 diligence in keeping the thing pledged ; for if so, and the pledge shall have been 
 lost by mere accideiit {casus fortuitus), the creditor is secure [is not accountable 
 for it], and is not prohibited from suing for his debt. v. Bracton, fol. 9915, § i 
 fin., quoted supra; Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. 10, § 13 ; Lord Raymond, 909. 
 
 CREDITORES accipiendos esse constat sos, quibus debetur ex quacumque actione, 
 vel persecutione, vel jure civili, sine ulla exceptionis perpetuae remotione, vel 
 honorario, vel extraordinario, sive pure, sive in diem, vel sub conditione. Quodsi 
 514 
 
Cre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cre. 
 
 naturd debeaiur, non sunt loco creditorum j sed si non sit mutii4 pecunid, sed con- 
 tractus, creditores accipiuntur. Ulpian. Dig. L, i6, fr. lo. It is clear that 
 those persons are to be considered creditors to whom something is owed in any- 
 right of action whatsoever, or in any right of prosecution, or by the Civil Law, 
 without the removal of any perpetual exception, or by the Praetorian Law (or 
 law of custom), or by extraordinary causes, whether absolutely (unconditionally), 
 or for a time, or under a condition. But if it may or can be owed by nature, 
 creditors are in no place, i. e. they have no claim ; but if it may not be for loaned 
 money, but by a contract, they are accepted or considered as creditors. 
 
 CREDITORUM appellatione non hi tantum accipiuntur, qui pecuniam credide- 
 runt, sed omnes, quibus ex qualibet causd, debetur (Ulpianus, />. 12) — ut si 
 cui ex emto, vel ex locato, vel ex alio [contractu^ ullo debetur. Sed etsi ex delicto 
 debeatur, mihi videtur posse creditoris loco accipi. Quodsi ex populari causd, ante 
 litis contestationem recti dicetur creditoris loco non esse, posted esse. Gaius, Dig. L, 
 16, fr. II ; and Ulpianus, ib. fr. 12. Under the appellation of creditors 
 are included not only those who have lent money, but all to whom from any 
 cause a debt is owing, (Ulpianus,//-. 12) — as if it is due to any one on account 
 of purchase, or letting, or any other cause. But although it may be due ex 
 delicto, it seems to me that he can be regarded in the place of a creditor [/. e. as 
 a creditor]. But if it arises from a cause belonging to the people, before the 
 beginning of the suit, he will not rightly be regarded in the place of a creditor, 
 afterward he will. cf. Pufendorf, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, v, c. 11, § i, n. 5. 
 
 Creditrix, Jcis, /. A female creditor. Paulus, iJjj-.xx, 5 /r. 16 ; xlii, 6, /n 38 ^/ a/, y 
 Justinian. Cod. viii, 46, 2. 
 
 Creditum, ii »■ \credo.'\ A loan. Seneca, Ben. ii, 21 ; Quintilian, v, 10, 105, 117 ; vii, 
 2, 51 ; MoDESTINUS, Dig. xvi, 2,/r. I ; Julian, ib. xii, \,fr. 19 sq. et saef. 
 
 CreditUS, a, um, Pa. — Lat. Believed, trusted, credited. Math creditus, — ill thought of; 
 evil fame ; in bad repute or credit. Bracton, fol. 116. 
 
 Credulitas, atis, /. \credulus.'\ Credulity, easiness of belief. Credulitas error est magis 
 quam culpa. Plancus in Cicero, Fam. x, 23. v. Quintilian, v, 3. 
 
 Crementum, i. »• [cresco.] Growth, increase. Corporum. Varus in NoN. i6g, 14. (6.) 
 Crententum est semen masculi^ unde animaliutn et hominum corpora coTicipiuntur. C r em e n - 
 t u m is the seed of the male, whence the bodies of animals and men are conceived. Isidor. 
 Orig. ix, 5, 5; xi, i, 15. 
 
 Crementmn COmitatnS. — L- Lat. The increase of the county. 
 
 In old English Law: Under this title, the sheriifs of counties anciently answered, 
 in their accounts, for the increase, improvement, growth of the king's rents 
 above the ancient vicontiel rents. Hale's Sheriff's Accounts, 86 ; Wharton's Lex. 
 
 Crepare OCUlum.— L. Lat. To put out an eye. 
 
 In Saxon Law: This had a pecuniary punishment of fifty shillings annexed to it. 
 
 CrepUSCulum, 1. «• \creper.'\ Twilight, dusk. Varro, Z. L. vi, 2, 52. v. infra. 
 
 In particular: Evening twilight, the dusk of the evening (in opp. to diluculum, the 
 morning twilight, dawn). Varro, L. L. vii, 4, 95, et mult. al. 
 
 Crepusc ulutn est dubia lex. Nam creperum dubium dicimus, hoc est inter lucem et tenebras. Isi- 
 DORUS, Orig. V, 31, § 7. Crepusculum is an uncertaia or obscure light. For we call creperum uncer- 
 tain or obscure, that is, between light and darkness. 
 
 Dlcitur crepusculum ^ crepero. Id vocabulum sumpserunt \ Sabinis, unde veniunt Crepusci 
 nominati Araiterno, qui eo tempore erant nati, ut Lucii prima luce. In Reatino crepusculum significat 
 dubium; ab eo res dictae duDiae crej/erae. quod crepusculum dies etiam nunc sit au jam nox, multis 
 dubium, Varro, de Lingua Latina, vi, 2, 52. 
 
 Crepusculum- is derived from crepero, — dusky, dark. That word was taken from the Sabines, 
 whence come those called crepusci from Amiternus, who were born at that time, as the Lucii at the first light 
 
Cre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cri. 
 
 of day. In Reate (a town of the Sabines), crepusculum signifies dubious, doubtful ; from that doubtful 
 things are called crepera^—- obscure, because it is doubtful to many whether the dawn is day now or still 
 night. ' [F. J. M.] 
 
 In old English Law: Dusk or twilight, j. ^. the faint light of nightfall, which pre- 
 cedes the rising of the sun. Bracton, fol. 264, § 8 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 5, § 31 ; Bl. Com. iv, 224 ; 
 Steph. Com. iv, 147 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 271. v. Diumum lumen. 
 
 Artificial jour, a crepustulo matutino usque crepusculum vespertinum.-=PiLn artificial 
 day is from m orni ng-1 igh t to t wil igh t . Termes de la Ley, voc. ' Dies .' 
 
 In Criminal Law: Housebreaking during the period in which there is sunlight 
 enough to discern a person's face (crepusculum) is not burglary. Co. Inst. 63 ; i Russ. Crim. 
 820 ; 3 Greenl. on Evid. § 75. 
 
 The crepusculuTn and diluculu-m are caused by the reflection of the sun's rays from the aqueous 
 vapors and atmosphere overhead, which produce this eflFect in some climates to the height of over forty miles. 
 The diluculum begins, and the crepusculum ends, when the sun is about eighteen degrees below the horizon. 
 At the poles, where there are six months day and six months night, the twilight continues for two months, so 
 that a great part of the half year's night is illuminated, cf. Brand's Encycl. 
 
 CRESCENTE malitid crescere debet et poena. Vice increasing, punishment 
 ought also to increase. 2 Co. Inst. 479. 
 
 Quaeritur ut crescuni tot magna volumina legis ? In prompiu causa est, crescit in orbe dolus, 
 3 Co. 823. 
 
 Crescentia, ae, f. \cresco.'\ An increase, augmentation. VlTR. ix, 9. 
 
 Crescit ewndo. It increases by going ; it increases in its course. 
 
 Crescit sub pondere virtus. — P r o v . : • Virtue increases under a weight or burden. 
 
 Crescite, et multiplicamini. — Motto. Grow, or increase and multiply. 
 
 The motto of the State of Maryland. 
 
 Cretd an carbone notandum. — Pro v. To be marked with chalk or charcoal. 
 
 * * Sanin ? Creid an carbone notati. — Horace, Sat, ii, 3, 246. 
 Are they in their senses ? Are they to be marked with chalk or with charcoal ? A proverbial expression, 
 signifying, Are they to be acquitted or condemned ? A re they wise or foolish ? etc . 
 
 Cretaiu de eau, — L. Fr. The overflowing of water. Co. Litt. i^ob; Noy's Max.i'^. 
 
 A man shall save his default of appearance by cretain de eau, and avoid his debt by duress. 
 Bacon's Max. in Reg. 5. 
 
 Gretio, Onis, /. \cemo, ere.] Cretion. In the Jurists, t.i.: The legal declaration 
 of intention concerning entering upon an inheritance. .Cicero, Att. xi, 12 fin.; xiii, 46; id. 
 de Or. i, 22, 101; Gaius, /«j/. ii, § 164. Trop., An inheritance. Pliny. 
 
 CRETIO appellata est, quia cernere est quasi decernere et constituere. Gaius, 
 Inst, ii, § 164. It is called 'cretion' because the verb cernere means to 
 deliberate and decide, cf. Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ 164-173. 
 
 CRETIO est certorum dierum spatium, quod datur instituo heredi ad deliberandum, 
 utrum expediat ei adire hereditatem nee ne, velut : Titius heres esto cer- 
 NiTOQUE in diebus centum proximis, quibus scieris poterisque. Ulpian. 
 Jiegl. xxii, § 27. 'Cretion' is a space of certain days which is given to the 
 instituted heir for the purpose of deliberating whether it be advisable for him to 
 enter upon the inheritance or not, as for instance (in the following direction): 
 ■"Titius, be thou heir and make thy cretion within the next 
 one hundred days after thou hast knowledge and ability, 
 but if thou dost not so make thy cretion, be disinherited.' 
 cf. Ulpian. Jieg. xii, 24-34. 
 
 Cri. — L. Fr. Cry; hue and cry. ZL. Gal. Conq. 
 
 Crie. — L. Fr. A proclamation. Britt. c. 2. A cry, or outcry ; e. g. 
 
 Crie de pais, otherwise Cry de pais. — L. Fr. The cry of the country ; hue and cry. 
 
 In old English Law: The hue and cry after offenders, raised by the country — i. e. 
 the inhabitants — in the absence of the constabularii, to whom that duty belonged. 2 Hale's 
 P. C. 100. u. Anteseum et clamor, etc. 
 
 Crier. — L. Fr. To proclaim; to make proclamation. Kelham. To read or recite aloud. 
 V. Cries. 
 S16 
 
Cri.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Crl 
 
 Crieur, — L. Fr. A crier ; an officer of a court whose duty it is to make proclamations, 
 call parties, jurors and witnesses, and to perform various incidental services. Bacon's Works, 
 iv, 316. V. Cryer. 
 
 Criez la peez, — L- Fr. Rehearse the concord, or peace. 
 
 In old English Law: Employed in proceedings for levying fines. The justice 
 directed the sergeant or countor to recite or read aloud the concord or agree- 
 ment between the parties as to the lands intended tro be conveyed. Stat. Modus Sevandi 
 Fines, 18 Edw. I. st. 4; 2 Co. Inst. 510 ; Crabb's Hist. 179 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 224, 225. 
 
 Grim con. An abbreviation of criminal conversation, v. h. t. 
 
 Crimen, inis, «. [contr. -|- cenmon or cemimen -\- cerno, hence.] Lit., A judicial decis- 
 ion, verdict, judgment; hence, transf., like the Gx. xpina, of that which is the subject 
 of such a decision, and, indeed, with particular reference to the accuser or accused. 
 
 (a.) Subj.: A charge, accusation, reproach, esp. when unfounded ; a calumny, slander 
 (freq. and class.); e.g.. Crimen affere, — to bring a charge, etc. CiCERO, Rab. Post, x, 27. 
 Defendere, — to avert, repel, confute, etc. CiCERO, Bull, iv, 12. Propulsare, — to repel, drive 
 back, repulse an accusation, etc. Id. ib. Esse in crimine, — to stand charged with a crime. 
 Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 45. Objicere, — to ofFer, present, expose to, etc. Quintilian, vi, 3, 6g. 
 (yS.) Me ton. (abstr. pro concreto). An object of reproach or invective. OviD, Tr. iv, g, 26. 
 (ft.) O b j . . The fault complained of, an error, crime, fault, offense (freq. in all periods and 
 in every species of composition). 
 
 In the Jurists: An accusation or charge. Ulpian. Dig. xxvi, 10, fr. i, § 2; Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, i, ibpr.; Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. i, tit. 26, § 302. A crime ; e.g. 
 
 CRIMEN animo falleo perpetratum. A crime committed with an evil or felonious intent; 
 a crime done with a malicious purpose, i Co. Inst. 391 ; Bl. Com. iv, 95 ; Broom &= Had. 
 Com. iv, 46. 
 
 CRIMEN dolo contr ahitur. A crime is contracted by fraud. 
 Read: ToUe enim voluntatem, etc. Bracton, fol. loib 
 A crime is produced or occasioned by a willful intention in the actor to commit it. An 
 act without will neither deserves the name of virtue nor vice. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 5. 
 Crimen non contrahitur, nisi voluntas nocendi intercedat. Bracton, fols. Q,b, i^bb; Fleta, lib. 
 i. c. 31. § 4- 
 
 CRIMEN ex post facto non diluitur. A crime cannot be expiated by after acts. 
 Halkerston, 32. 
 
 Crimen falsi. The crime of falsifying ; the crime of forgery. 
 
 In the Civil Law. A crime which might be by the forgery of a will or other instru- 
 ment ; or by words, as by perjury, or by bearing false witness ; or by acts ; c. g. counter- 
 feiting or adulterating the public money, dealing with false weights and measures, counter- 
 feiting seals, and other fraudulent and criminal acts. Hermogen. Dig. xlviii, 10, fr. 20, 
 § 23. Paulus, ib.fr. 22 ; Justinian. Cod. ix, 22, coun. 2, 5, 9, 11, i6, 17, 23, 24; i Bown's 
 Civ. Law, 426 ; l Phill. Ev. 25 ; 2 Stark. Ev. 715. 
 
 In the ancient Law of England:. The term was employed to denote the making 
 of false writings or charters, false signatures, false seals, false measures, false money, and 
 other falsifications. Glanv. lib. xvi, c. I ; Bracton, iii, c. 3, § 2, fol. 119^/ l Reeve's Hist. 
 Eng. Law, 200 ; 2 id. 8, 9 ; Bl. Com. iv, 89, 247 sq.; 2 Best on Evid. § 412 ; Broom ir" Had. Com. 
 iv, 149, 311. 
 
 In modern Common Law: The term has been held to include perjury, subornation 
 of perjury. Co.Litt.t; Comyn's Dig. 'Te stm oign e ,' (A. 5). Suppression or conceal- 
 ment of testimony by bribery or conspiracy to procure the absence of a witness, and offenses 
 of a similar character. Bl. Com. iv, 89, 247 ; Steph. Com. iv, 89, 247 ; Ry. dr" M. 434. Con- 
 spiracy to a course of crime. 2 Hale's P. C. 277 ; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 496 ; 3 Stark. 21 ; 2 Dods. 
 Adm. 191. Forgery which, in its predominant signification, is the fraudulent making or 
 alteration of a writing to the prejudice of another man's right. 5 Mod. 74 ; Bl. Com. iv, 247 ; 
 Broom Is' Had. Com. iv, 311. Barratry. 2 Salk. 690. Eloigning, suppressing, defacing, 
 destroying or fabricating documents or other instruments of evidence, or any species of cri- 
 men falsi which may injuriously affect the administration of justice by the introduction of 
 falsehood and fraud. 2 Best on Evid. § 412 ; i Greenleaf's Evid. § 373 {v. note); Wilde, 
 J., II Metcalf's R. 302. 
 
 CRIMEN falsi dicitur, ciim quis illicitus, cui non fuerit ad haec data auctoritas, 
 de sigillo regis rapto vel invento brevia, cartasve consignaverit. It is called 
 forgery {crimen falsi) when any one illicitly, to whom power has not been given 
 
 517 
 
Cri.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cri. 
 
 for such purposes, has signed writs or charters with the king's seal, which he 
 has either stolen or found. Fleta, lib. i, c. 22, § 3. 
 
 Crimen feloniae imposuit. He has preferred a charge of felony. Abbott, J., 6 M. &> 
 S. 33. Also translated "he has imposed the crime of felony." 
 
 Crimen imponsre. To impute or prefer a crime or offense. 
 
 Crimen incendil The crime of burning. 
 
 In old Criminal Law: This expressed not only the modern crime of a r s o n , i. e. 
 the burning of another's house or out-house {combustio domorum), but also the burning of a 
 man, beast or other chattel. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 308. v. Arsio. 
 
 Crimen laesae majestatis. The crime of injuring or violating majesty. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The crime of violating or injuring the majesty of the prince. It 
 expresses the crime of high treason. GlanvAMo. i, c. 2; Bracton, fols. 118, 119; Bl. 
 Com. iv, 75 ; 2 How. St. Tr. 167; Broom &■ Had. Com. iv, 82, 121. Employed by ancient 
 writers to express any offense affecting the king's person or dignity. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 6; Crabb's Hist. 302. v. Crimen majestatis. 
 
 CRIMEN laesae majestatis omnia alia crimina excedit quoad poenam. The crime 
 of treason exceeds all other crimes as to its punishment. 3 Co. Inst. 210. 
 
 Crimen majestatis. A crime against majesty; an offense against the majesty, sovereignty 
 of the people. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 41. cf. Dig. xlviii, tit. 4, ad Legem Juliam. 
 
 Est majestatis , quod imperii nostri, gloriae, rerunt gestarum monumenta evertere atque asporiare 
 ausus est. It i3 a crime against the majesty of the people (treason), because he dared to overturn and to carry- 
 away monuments of our empire, of our glory, and of our exploits. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 41, v. Majestas. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term signifies the undertaking of any enterprise against the 
 emperor or the republic. Proximum sacrilegio crimen est, quod majestatis dicitur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xlviii, 4, fr. i pr. Majestatis autem crimen illud est, quod adversus populum Romanum, 
 vel adversus securitatem ejus committitur, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 4, fr. i, § i. v. id. ib. 
 fr. II; Hermogenianus, ib. fr. 10; Justinian. Inst, iv, 18, § 3; Cicero, de Inv. ii, 17 (z/. 
 the pass, under Majestas). v. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 19. 
 
 Crimen majestatis was the usual phrase, but the complete expression was Crimen 
 laesae imminutae, diminutae, minutae, majestatis. cf. Dig. xlviii, tit. 4, ' ad Legem Juliam 
 Majestatis; ' Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 8. 
 
 CRIMEN non contrahitur, nisi voluntas nocendi intercedat, et voluntas et propos- 
 itum distinguunt maleficium, et furtum omnino non committitur sine affectu 
 furandi. Crime has not been contracted unless the will or intention of hurting 
 has intervened, and the will and the purpose distinguish the misdeed, and a theft 
 is never at all committed without the intention of thieving. Bracton, lib. iii, 
 t. 2, c. 17, § I, fol. 1361J, et V. fol. ib. V. Fleta, i, 31, § 4. 
 
 Voluntas in delictis, non exitus spectatur. 2 Co. Inst. 57 ; Wharton's Max. p. 199. 
 
 CRIMEN omnia ex se natd vitiat. Every crime is corrupt from its origin. 
 "Crime vitiates every thing which springs from it." 5 HilVs R. (N. Y.) 
 
 523, 531- 
 
 Crimen paris gradus. A crime of equal grade. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 15. 
 
 Crimen raptUS. The crime of rape. v. Raptus. 
 
 Crimen repetundarum. The crime of extorting money. 
 
 In Scotch Law; The crime of accepting of a bribe to pervert punishment. Erskine's 
 Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 30. Baratriam committit qui propter pecuniam justitiam barectat. Id. ib.; 
 Bell's Diet. 
 
 Crimen stellionatns. The crime of imposition, cozenage, trickery, cheating. Bl. Com. 
 266, note {a); Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 342 (^). v. Stellionatus. 
 
 CRIMEN trahit personam. A crime draws the person, /. e. before the forum 
 where the offense was committed. Com. Law Maxim. 
 The commission of a crime gives the courts of the place where it is committed jurisdiction 
 over the person of the offender. 3 Denio's R. igo, 210. 
 
 S18 
 
Cri.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cue. 
 
 CRIMEN vel poena paterna nullam viasculam filio infligere potest. The crime 
 or punishment of a father inflicts no stain upon the son. Bracton, iii, c. 6, 
 fol. 105. 
 
 Crimina extraordinaria. Extraordinary crimes. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 4. 
 
 CRIMINA morte extinguuntur. Crimes are extinguished by death. Erskine's 
 Inst, iv, tit. 4, § 103 ; Wharton's Lex. 
 Crimina paris gradus. Crimes of equal grade. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 15. 
 Crimine ab uno disce onines. — Pro v. From one crime or offense learn all. 
 " From a single crime or offense take a specimen of what they all are." Virgil, ^len. ii, 66. 
 Terence says; Unutn cognoris , o-mnes noris. Terentius, /%t7rw2£7, ii, 1,34. 
 Criminalis, e, adj. [crimen.] I n th e J u ri s ts : Of or pertaining to crime; having 
 the character of crime ; criminal. Criminalis accusatio. Justinian. Cod. iii, 35, 3. In 
 criminali causA. Id. ib. ix, 41, 15. v. Plcuitorum alia criminalia, etc. 
 
 Criminaliter, ofl'«'. Criminally. Justinian. /«j-<. iv, 4, §io; Ulpian. Z'!]^. xlvii, 2^».y 
 Bracton, fol. loib, 102. In a criminal form. 
 
 Criminatio, Onis, f. [criminor.] An accusation, complaint, calumny. Cicero, Hose, 
 Com. xiii ; id. de Or. ii, 79, 321. 
 
 In plur. Crimindlioncs , ium. Cicero, Lael. xviii, 65 ; LiVY, vii, 5 ; ix, 26 et at. 
 
 Criminator, Sris, m. \id^ An accuser, a calumniator. Plautus, Bac. iv, 7, 28. 
 
 CriminOSUS, i, nm, adj. [crimen^ Full of reproach, reproachful, accusatory suitable 
 for criminating, calumniating, slanderous (freq. and class.). 
 
 Crofta, Croftum, CroftuS, Croftum.— L. Lat. \_-^creaft, i. e. handicraft.] A croft. 
 
 In old English Law; A small piece of land adjoining a dwelling-house, and inclosed 
 for any particular purpose. Termes de la Ley; 11 East, 58. 
 
 Cruce judiciuni. in the trial of the cross. </. CrUcis judicium. 
 Cruce signati, — L- Lat. Signed or marked with the cross. 
 
 Applied to the pilgrims to the Holy Land [the crusaders] because they wore the sign of 
 the cross upon their garments. Bracton, io\s. 20, 338^ 444! Mag. Cart. Johan. c. 57. 
 
 CrUCiatUS, ns, m. Physical torture, torment ; a torturing, execution, strangulation. 
 Maximum inmalum cruciatum insiliamus, — ^we shall jump [leap] into a most woful pun- 
 ishment by way of torture. V'LlMlMi, Miles Glov.\\, 10,, l\. Abiinmalum cruciatum, — 
 away with you to the hangman. Id. Aul. iii, 3, 11. 
 
 CRUCIATUS legibus invisi. Physical tortures are refused or denied in the 
 laws. Lofft's M. 434 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 555. v. note 2. 
 Criicis jndiciTmi, The trial or judgment of the cross, v. Cruce judicium. 
 Crudelitas, atis, /. [crudelis, morally rude, unfeeling, unmerciful, cruel.] Harshness, 
 severity, cruelty, barbarity; e. g., 
 
 Crudelitas est attocitas animi in exigendis poenis, — Crudelitas is the atrocity of the mind 
 in demanding or enforcing punishments. Sen. Clem, ii, 4. Crudelitas est inclinatio 
 ad asperiora, — Crudelitas is an inclination to harshness, asperity. Id. ib. ad Jin. 
 
 Crux tlcis, / A cross (freq. and class.). As a term of reproach; A gallows- 
 bird, a hempen rascal. Plautus, Pers. v, 2, 17. Transf.: Torture, trouble, misery, 
 destruction, etc. Any thing that frets or annoys us; a difficulty, a stumbling-block is so 
 called; e.g.. Crux criticbrum, — the cross or annoyances of critics. Crux medicorum, — the 
 cross or trouble of physicians. Ci'ux mathematicorum, — the cross or stumbling-block of 
 mathematicians. 
 
 In old English Law: Across. The badge of the old Crusaders, v. Cruce signati. 
 
 Cry (or Crie) de pais, — L. Fr. The cry of the country. = Lat. Hutesium et clamor. 
 
 Cucking-stool, a ducking stool, etc. Read; Castigatorium. 
 
 In old English Law : The cucking-stool was also called tumbrellum, trebucket, cas- 
 tigatorium, etc. The cucking-stool was an engine of correction for the punishment of common 
 scolds (communes rixatrices) and unquiet women ; also delinquent brewers and bakers ; other- 
 wise called goging-stool, and corrupted into ducking-stool from the immersion 
 
 519 
 
Cue] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cui 
 
 in water, which was part of the punishment. Blount : 3 Co. Inst. 2lg. cf. Bl. Com. iv, 169. 
 V. Castigatorium, Piltorium and Tumbrellum. cf. Term.es de la Ley. 
 
 In the time of Elizabeth, this engine of correction was, with the pillory, required to be provided by 
 the lord of a manor, for the punishment specially provided of yore for common scolds {^communes rixairices). 
 It is thus described : '■ A post was set up in a pond ; across this post was placed a transverse beam turning 
 on a swivel, with a chair at one end, in which when the culprit was properly placed, that end was turned to 
 the pond and let into the water, and this was repeated as oflen as the virulence of the distemper required." 
 There is evidence that of yore this punishment was often applied, v. Cathedra stercoris. 
 
 Cuckold. [+ Lat. cuculus, cuckoo, in allusion to the habit of the female cuckoo, who 
 .lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] The husband of an adult- 
 eress. A man whose wife is false to his bed. Webster. A man who knows his wife's 
 infidelity and submits to it — 'a tame cuckold.' Wittol. 71. Cuculus, sq. supra. 
 
 Cuckoldly, adj. Having the quality of a cuckold ; mean, stealthy, sneaking. Cuckoldom, — 
 the act of adultery. 
 
 Cuculus, i, m. (= Coccyx, ygis, ?«.) A cuckoo. Puny, xiii, 26, 66, § 249. 
 
 As a term of reproach: (et.) Atetiamcubat cuculus , Surge, amator ; i domum, — 
 why, the cuckoo's still on his nest. Rise, wencher, be off home. Artemona, 
 in Plautus, Asin. v, 2, 73. 
 
 "Cuckoo's still on his nest." The cuckoo stealthily takes possession and lays its eggs in the nests 
 of other birds, to be hatched by them. Artemona alludes to that fact, on seeing her husband under such 
 disgraceful circumstances. Artemona, in another place : Cano capiie ie cucilLum uxor ex lustris rapit, — 
 with your hoary head, your wife is dragging you, you cuckoo , from dens of infamy. Artemona, in 
 Plautus, Asin. v, 2, 84. 
 
 (6.) Esp,, of foolish men: Quid Jies cucule? Why do you weep, you cuckoo? 
 PsEUDOLUS in Plautus, Pseud, i, i, 94. (c.) And of dilatory husbandmen, who are not 
 through with their pruning until the cuckoo is heard (after the vernal equinox). Pliny, 
 xviii, 26, 66, § 249 : Horace, Sat. i, 7, 30. 
 
 ' Cuculus^ — ' Cuckoo * seems to have been in all ages and under divers circumstances a term of reproach. 
 Plautus employed it under circumstances above stated, and Horace mentions it as being applied by the 
 common people to the tardy vintagers in autumn 
 
 Shakspeare, in the beautiful song in 'Love's Labor Lost' (Act V,), has these lines: 
 *' The cuckoo then on every tree. 
 Mocks married men, for thus sings he : 
 Cuckoo! 
 
 Cuckoo! Cuckoo! O word of fear, 
 Unpleasing to a married ear!'' 
 
 Perhaps the reason of this epithet being deemed reproachful, was the simple fact that the cuckoo is the 
 laziest of birds, inasmuch as it is too lazy to build its own nest ; and stealthy too in its use of the nests of 
 other birds to lay its eggs there . 
 
 Cui, pron. [dat -\- qui, quae, quod.'] I n t e r r o g . ; To or for whom ? to which ? to what ? 
 to what kind or sort of a. Relative: To or for who, which, what, that. 
 
 Cui ante divortium, — L- Lat. 'To whom, before divorce. 
 
 In English practice. The emphatic words, and hence the name of a writ of entry 
 which lay for a woman divorced from her husband, to recover her lands, etc., from him to 
 whom her husband had alienated them during the marriage, {v. the words of the writ in 
 Cui ipsa ante divortium, etc) F. N. B. 204 F ; Reg. Orig. 233 ; Termes de la Ley ; Bl. Com. iii 
 183, note (2) y Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 287. v. Reeve's Hist. 38 ; Roscoe's Real Act, 97. 
 
 CUI bono ? — Lat. For whose good ? For whose use or benefit ? A maxim 
 of Cassius, judex. Quoted by Cicero, pro Milore, xii ; id. Rose. Avi. xxx. 
 " Cut bono is ever of great weight in all agreements." Parker, C, J., 10 Mod. 135. In 
 popular colloquial phrase: " To what good ?"" For whose benefit ? " "What is 
 to be the advantage resulting from the measure which you propose ?" " What good purpose 
 will it answer," etc. 
 
 CUI [cancellario) associentur clerici honesti et circumspecti. Domino Regi jurati, qui in iegibus 
 et consuetudinibus Anglicanis notitiam habeant pleniorem quorum ojfficium fit supplicationes et 
 querels conque rentiam audire et examinare, et eis super qualitatibus injuriarum ostensarum 
 debitum remedium exhibere per brevia Regis. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 13, § I. With whom (the chan- 
 cellor) are to be associated honorable and discreet clergymen, sworn to our lord the king, 
 who have quite an ample knowledge of the laws and customs of England, whose office it is 
 made to hear and examine petitions and all sorts of complaints, and show by the king's 
 decisions the remedy due to them from the nature of the injuries shown. Quoted in Broom 
 (Sr= Had. Com. ill, 31, note («). [F. J. M.] 
 
 520 
 
Cui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ctii. 
 
 CUI damns actiones, eidem exceptionem competere multo magis dixerit. Ulpian. 
 Dig. L, 11, fr. 156. To whom an action has been given, to the same an 
 exception is said to be much more competent or appropriate. 
 
 ' He who has a right of action may use the facts which give him a right of action as a 
 defense to an action.' Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. p. 79. Ulpianus says : Non 
 debet, cui plus licet, quod minus est, non licere. Dig. L, 17, fr. 21. cf. GoTHOFRED. 
 
 Cui de jure pertinet. To whom by right (or in law) it belongs. 
 
 Cui in vit&, To which or whom in the life. Dyer, \%b j Noy's Max. note 29, p. 37. 
 
 In old English Practice: The emphatic words, and hence the name of a writ given to the wife by 
 law, for the recovery of her land after her husband's death, being aliened by him in his life-time. Reg. Orig. 
 232 ; Fitz. N. B. 193, 204 ; Bl. Com. iii, 181, n. {z). In a cui in •vitd brought by a feme, the writ is Cui ipsd in 
 vitd sud contradicere non potuit, etc. (to which or whom she in h i s life-time, could not contradict or gainsay, 
 etc.), — this "word sud shall not be referred ad proximum aniecedens, viz. ipsd. but to the baron. Wingaie^s 
 Max. 10, § 9, The wife, during the life of the husband, is sub potesiate viri^ — under the power of her hus- 
 band — and being so under disability, the law gives her the writ after his decease, v, the subject more fully : 
 F. N. B. 193 ; Reg. Orig. 232^/ Bracton, fols. 202, 321^/ Bl. Com. ii, 183 note; Stat. Westm. II. c. 3; Litt. 
 8 594 \ 3 Reeve's Hist. 36 j Roscoe^s Real Act. 96 ; Brootn on C. L. 592 sg. ; 3 Best on Fvid. § 612. 
 
 Cui in vitS, SU§, contradicere non potuit. Whom in her life-time she was unable to 
 contradict. Siderfin, i, log ; 2 Smith' i L. C. [420] 479. 
 
 This word sud shall not be referred ad proximum antecedens , y\z. ipsa, but to the baron. 
 Wingate's Max. 10, § 9. 
 
 Cui in vita sua, vel cui ante divortium, ipsa contradicere non potuit. What in 
 her life-time, or previous to divorce, she could not contradict. Siderfin, i, 109 ; Bl. Com. iii, 
 183, note (z)/ V. 2 Smith's L. C. [420] 479. 
 
 Cui ipsa ante divortium inter eos celebratum, contradicere non potuit, etc. 
 
 Whom she, before the divorce known between them, was not able to contradict, or could not 
 contradict »?- gainsay, etc. Reg. Orig. 233 ; F. N. B. 20^ ; Bl. Com. iii, 183, n. {z) ; Crabb's 
 Hist. 28y ; 3 Reeve's Hist. 38. v. Cui ante divortium. 
 
 C\}\ jurisdictio data est, ea quoque concessa esse indentur, sine quibus jurisdictio 
 explicari non potest. Javolenus, Dig. ii, i,/r. 2. To whomsoever a juris- 
 diction is given, to him those things also are supposed to be granted, without 
 which the jurisdiction cannot be exercised. 
 
 The grant of jurisdiction implies the grant of all powers necessary to its exercise. When 
 the general jurisdiction and authority is given, as in cases of admiralty and maritime juris- 
 diction, the rules of act i o n under that jurisdiction, if not prescribed by statute, may 
 and must be taken from the Common Law, when they are applicable, because they are 
 necessary to give effect to the jurisdiction. Kent's Com. \, 339. 
 
 Cuicunque aliquis quid concedit, concedere videtur et id, sine quo res ipsd esse non potuit. II 
 Co. 52 ; Co. Litt. 56a J 12 Moo. P. C. C. 499, 500; Broom's Max. 463. 
 
 CUI JUS est donandi, eidem et vendendi et concedendi jus est. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 
 17, fr. 163. He who has the right of giving, has also the right of selling 
 and granting. Gothofred. de Regl. Jur. clxiii ; Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 78. 
 
 CUI licet, quod majus non debet quod minus est, non licere. He to whom it is 
 allowed to do the greater, ought not to be prohibited from doing the less." 
 " He to whom the greater thing is lawful, ought not to be debarred from that 
 which is the less," 4 Co. 23 ; Co. Litt. 3551^^ 2 Co. Inst. 307 ; Wingate's Max. 59, 
 § 44 ; Noy's Max. 26 ; Finch's Law, 22 ; 3 Mod. 382, 392. 
 
 He who has authority to do the more important act shall not be debarred from doing that 
 of less importance; a doctrine founded on common sense, and of very general importance 
 and application, not only with reference to the law of real property, but to that likewise of 
 principal and agent. Broom's Max, 176. 
 
 Majus dignum trahit ad se minus dignum. Co. Litt. 4% -iS^b; 2 Co. Inst. ^OT, Vincr'sAbr. 
 V, 584, 586 ; Finch's Law, 22. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Non debet cut plus licet, quod minus est, non licere Ulpianus, 
 Dig. L, 17, fr. 21. 
 
 [66] 521 
 
Cui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cui. 
 
 CUI malo ? To what evil ? What injury will result from the act, etc. ? What 
 harm can it do ? v. Cui bono. Cui ratio. 
 CUI pater est populus, non fiabet ille patrem. He to whom the people is father, 
 has not a father. Co. Litt. 123. 
 CUI pater est populus, nonhabet ille patrem. Cui pater est populus, pater est sibi 
 nullus est omnis. He whose father is the people, has no father at all. He 
 whose father is the people, has no father and every one for a father. 
 
 These lines are referred to in the Yearb. H. 8 Edw. III. 42. Paraphrased from a certain 
 poet, referred to in Fortescue, de Land. Leg. Angliae, in this form : 
 
 CUI pater est populus, pater est sibi nullus est omnis. Cui pater est populus, non 
 habet ipse patrem. He who has the people for his father, seems to have no 
 father at all, or rather every one. He who has the people for his father, hath 
 in reality no proper father. Fortescue, de Laudibus Legum Angliae, c. xl. v. 
 Haines vs. Jeffreys, Comyn's Rep. p. 2. 
 
 CUI plus licet, quam par est, plus vult, quam licet. He to whom more is granted 
 than is just, wants more than is granted. " He who hath too much power 
 will use it ill." Publius Syrus, apud Aulus Gellius, xvii, 14; 2 Co. Inst. 
 464. 
 
 CUI praecipua cura rerum incumbit, ut qui magis, quam ceteri diligentiam et 
 solicetudinem rebus quibus praesunt, debeat, hi magi stri appellantur ; quin 
 etiam ipsi m agistr atus per derivationem a magistris cognominantur. Unde 
 etiam cujuslibet discipli?iae praeceptores, magistros appellari a monendo vel mon- 
 strando. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 57. Those upon whom devolves the chief 
 management of affairs, and who are held, obliged to have more diligence and 
 solicitude than the rest in the affairs over which they preside are called magisters 
 i^r masters ; also the magisterial offices are denominated by derivation 
 from magisters or masters. Whence, also, the teachers of any science are called 
 masters from instructing or informing. [F. J. M.J 
 
 CUI TESTIMONIUM DEFUERIT, IS TERTIIS DIEBUS OB PORTUM OBVAGULATUM 
 ITO. Lex XII. Tab. ii, fr. 3. If a witness is wanted, the litigant who 
 needs his testimony, on three market days before the trial shall stand before his 
 house, and with loud cries summon him to appear and bear witness. 
 
 Gui ratio. For what reason ? to what purpose ? in what respect ? etc. v. Ratio. 
 CuiCUIUqiie. \dat. -j- quicumque.'\ Whoever ; whatsoever, every one, etc. 
 
 CUICUMQUE aliquid conceditur, conceditur et id sine quo res ipsd non esse 
 potuit. To whomsoever any thing is granted, that also is granted without 
 which the thing itself could not exist , e. g. 
 
 If a man conveys a piece of ground in the midst of his estate, a right of way to come to it, 
 over the land not conveyed, will pass to the grantee. Co. Litt. 56a/ Steph. Com. i, 462-464. 
 It is via ex necessitate. All the means to attain, and all the fruits and effects of the grant, 
 are granted also, and shall pass inclusive, together with the thing, by the grant of the thing 
 itself, without the words chm periinentiis, or any such like words. Shep. Touch. 89 ; Hob. 
 239; Vaugh. R. 109; i H. &" N. 370. This maxim is in some cases paraphrased thus : 
 
 CUICUMQUE aliquis quid concedit, concedere videtur et id, sine quo res ipsd 
 esse non potuit. To whomsoever any one grants a thing, he is supposed 
 [appears] to grant that also without which the thing itself could not exist, i. e. 
 the thing granted could not be enjoyed. 11 G?. 52 ; Co. Litt. s6a ; 12 Mod. P. 
 C. C. 499, 500. The grantor of any thing to another, grants that also without 
 522 
 
Cui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cui. 
 
 which the thing granted would be useless. Wharton's Max. xxii, and see cases 
 cited therein; Vaugh. 109 ; 11 Exch. 775 ; Shep. Touch. 8g. "Whoever grants 
 a thing is supposed also tacitly to grant that without which the grant itself 
 would be of no effect." Broom's Max. 463 ; e. g. 
 
 The grant of a corporate franchise implies a grant to make by laws, and to exercise all 
 other powers which are necessary for effectuating the object of the charter. The grant of 
 a piece of land, surrounded by other land of the grantor, grants also by implication, the 
 right of a convenient way — via ex necessitate — over such other land. cf. supra et infra. 
 
 V. 9 Barb. 518 ; 10 id. 359 ; 15 id. 160; 25 id. 310. 
 
 " If I grant you my trees in my wood, you may enter on the land to cut them down, and 
 you may come with carts over my land to carry away the wood." Ii Co. 52 ; Hobart, 234; 8 
 T. R. 56 ; Cro. Jac. 170 ; id. 190 ; per Best, C. J. , 2 Bing. 83 ; 16 M. dr" IV 289. The same 
 principle as to a grant of minerals. Per Lord Wensleydale, 8 /i. L. Cas. 360; per Mar- 
 tin, B. , s. c. 8 ^. &= ;5. 149. V. Quando lex aliquid, etc. Ubi aliquid conceditur, conceditur, etc. 
 
 CUICUNQUE conceditur haustus et conceditur iter ad fontem et accessus. To 
 whomsoever is granted the right of drawing water, to him also is granted 
 a right of way and access to the spring. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 27, § 9. 
 V. Qui habei haustum, iterquoque habere videtur ad haurendum. 
 
 CUICUNQUE igitur negotio praepo situs sit, institor recti appellabitur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xiv, 3,/r. 5/r. To whomsoever, therefoie, a business may be intrusted, 
 he will properly be called an agent. Story on Agency, §§ 8, 34^, note i. 
 
 CUICUNQUE permisseris rem iuam agere, aui defendere, is tuus procurator 
 intelligitur. Justinian. Inst, iv, 10, § i. Whomever you have permitted to 
 manage or defend your cause, he is understood to be your proctor, v. Procurator. 
 Gui-libet, — Lat. -\- qul-libet, quae-libet, quod-libet, v. h. v. 
 
 CUILIBET in arte sud pertto est credendum. Any person skilled in his pecu- 
 liar art or profession is to be believed, i. e. when he speaks upon questions 
 connected with such art or profession. Co. Litt. i2^aj 2 Co. 2gaj 7 id. iga, 
 Calvin's case ; 3 Douglas, 157. v. Quiquein sud arte credendum est. 
 
 Credence should be given to any one skilled in his peculiar art or profession. 2 Johns. 
 Cas. 127, 143; 23 Wend. R. 26, 33; q Mass. 227; 11 Clark Is' F. 85; Broom's Max. 896; 
 Bishop on Mar. &• Div. § 258. This maxim is applied to witnesses who are persons of skill 
 (periti) or experience (experti) in any particular art, science, trade or calling; e. g. surgeons, 
 engineers, artisans, mill-wrights, navigators, etc., implying that they are reasonably compe- 
 tent to speak upon questions coming within their sphere, and on such subjects their state- 
 ments are to be received as evidence. 2 Best on Evid. § 513 ; i Greenl. Ev. § 440 ; Brooin's 
 Max. 896, 897 sq. and cases. Such persons of skill may not only speak as to facts, but 
 are even allowed to give their opinions in evidence (i Stark. Evid. 4th ed. 96, 273), 
 which is out of the general rule that the opinion of a witness is not evidence, v. Wharton's 
 Max. xxiii, and cases there cited. The authority of mercantile usage (lex mercatoria), which 
 is proved by merchants, rests on this maxim. Bl. Com. i, 75 ; Broom df Had. Com. i, 77. 
 The rule, sometimes allowed to prevail, admitting experts to give an opinion whether a 
 signature is genuine or imitated, is not well established upon authority, and that such testi- 
 mony is incompetent. ^ B. &" A. 330; i Penn. R. 161 ; Bronson, C. J-, i Denio's R. 343, 
 346. But see 10 CI. &' Fin. 154, 193 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 513 ; 8 C. &■ P. 434; 17 Pick. R. 
 497 ; 9 Conn. R. 55. As to the use of experts in determining the meaning of technical 
 phraseology and terms of art or science, o. 2 Parsons on Contr. 493, 555, 556, and cases. 
 
 Read the maxim: Omnes prudentes ilia admittere solent quae probantur iis qui in arte 
 sud bene versati sunt. 7 Co, 19a, Calvin's case. 
 
 CUILIBET licet juri pro se introducto renunciare. Any one may renounce the 
 benefit of a law or right which exists only for himself or for his protection. 
 Read: Quilibet potest renunciare juri fro se introducto. 
 
 CUIVIS dolore remedium est patientia. Patience is the remedy for every sorrow. Publius 
 Syrhs. 
 
 CUIQUE enim in proprio fundo quamlibet feram quoquemodo venuri permissum. 
 For it is permitted to every person to hunt a wild beast on his own land in 
 any manner he pleases. £1. Com. ii, 415 ; Broom (5f Had. Com. ii, loi, n. (/). 
 
 523 
 
Cui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY [Cuj. 
 
 CUIQUE in sud 'arte credendum est. Every one is to be believed in his own 
 art. Bacon's Arg. Jur. of the Marches; Law Tr. 273 ; 9 Mass. 227. 
 Read: Cuilibet in arte sud ferito est credendum . 
 
 1. Ciijas, fron. interrog. Whence (from what country or family) originating ? Whence ? 
 From what place ? 
 
 2. CiijllS, a, um, pron. interrog. \_-\-cu/us, a form of ^uis.] Pertaining to whom? Of 
 whom ? Whose ? (freq- and class.) 
 
 3. Cuius, a, um, pron. re/at. \cujus, a form of qui.'] Pertaining to whom, of whom, whose 
 (rare but class.). 
 
 CUJUS eontrafium memoria non extat . Of which the memory exists not to the 
 contrary. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 283, note (e), Kaufmann's note. v. Tempus cujus contrarium 
 memoria kom-inum non existit. 
 
 Cujus datum est in Dom. Capitalari. The date of which is in the Chapter House. 
 Dyer, 263, Cujus daius, — the giving of which was. 12 Mod. 194. 
 
 CUJUS diversitatis inx idonea ratio redditur. For which difference scarcely any satisfactory 
 reason is given. Kent's Com. ii, 363. 
 
 CUJUS effectus oinnibus prodest, ejus et partes ad omnes pertinent. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, 17, fr. 148. Whose entire operation is of use to all, the parts of that 
 labor belong to all. An accomplishment or performance of which appears or 
 comes to all, of that also belong the parts to all. of. Gothofred, de Div. -Reg. 
 Jur. cxlviii. 
 
 CUJUS est commodum ejus debet esse incommodum. He who has the benefit 
 should also bear the disadvantage. Whose the advantage is, his ought to 
 be the disadvantage. He who has the benefit of a thing ought also to be sub- 
 jected to the disadvantage, i Karnes' Equity, 289 ; Kent's Com. iv, 479. 
 More frequently expressed in Qui sentii commodum, seniire debet et onus. 
 
 CUJUS est commodutn, ejus debet esse pertculum. He who has the benefit or 
 advantage of a thing ought to be subjected to the peril. " He who has the 
 chance of advantage ought to bear the risk." Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 7. 
 
 CUJUS est dare, ejus est disponere. Whose it is to give, his' it is to dispose. 
 Wingate's Max. 22, citing 2 Co. 'jib, Lord Cromwell's case. " The bestower 
 of a gift has a right to regulate its disposal." 
 
 He who has the power to give has the right to designate the mode of its application, i. e. 
 he may annex whatever conditions he pleases to his grant, provided they be not illegal or 
 unreasonable 1 T. R 137. v. Jus disponandi. The bargainer of an estate may, since the 
 land moves from hira, annex such conditions as he pleases to the estate bargained, provided 
 that they are not illegal, repugnant or impossible. Broom's Max. 444, citing 2 Co. 71 ; Bl' 
 Com. li, 298. V. Modus legem dat donationi. 
 
 CUJUS est divisio, alterius est electio. Whose right it is to divide, the other's it 
 is to elect. Whichever of two parties has the division of an estate or thing, 
 the other has the choice of the shares. Co. Litt. •L66b; Litt. § 245. 
 
 Upon partition amongst coparceners, the eldest shall have the election, for she shall have 
 civitiam partem; but if she herself makes the partition she loseth her privilege of election, 
 and shall take last. Wingate's Max. 119, s. i, citing supra. 
 
 Lord Coke declared the reason of the rule to be " for avoiding of partiality which might 
 apparently follow if the eldest might both divide and choose." Id. ib. cf. Bl Com. ii, 189; 
 Steph. Com. i 323. Otherwise quoted : 
 
 CUJUS est divisio, ejus est ultima electio. Whose right it is to divide, by him is 
 the last election. 
 524 
 
Cuj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cuj. 
 
 CUJUS est donandi, eidem ei vendendi et concedendi jus est. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, 
 fr. 163. He who may give or donate a thing may sell and concede the 
 same. " He who has the right of donating, has the same right of selling and 
 conveying." cf. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Jur. clxiii. Halkerston, ■>,■;,. 
 Read: Cujus est dare^ ejus est disponere. v, supra. 
 
 CUJUS est instituere, ejus est abrogare. Whose right it is to institute, his right 
 it is to abrogate. 
 "We say, in general, he that institutes may also abrogate, most especially when the insti- 
 tution is not only by but for himself. If the multitude, therefore, do institute, the multitude 
 may abrogate ; and they themselves, or those who succeed in the same right, can only be 
 fit judges of the performance of the ends of the institution." Sidney's Discourse Concerning 
 Government^ p. 15, cited in Broom's Max. 843, note 4. 
 
 CUJUS est solum, ejus est usque ad caelum. Whose is the soil, his it is up to the 
 sky. 9 Co. 54, Baley's case ; Co. Litt. 4a, " He who possesses land pos- 
 sesses also that which is above it." Broom's Max. 382, and cases. •' He to 
 whom the soil belongs, is proprietor even to heaven." Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 9, § 9 
 
 Land, in its legal signification, has an indefinite extent upward, so that, by a conveyance 
 of land, all buildings, growing timber and water erected and being thereupon, shall pass. 
 Co. Litt. a,a; 9 Co. 54 ; Bl. Com. ii, 18 ; 3 id. 217 ; Shep. Touch. 90 ; Broom c2r= Had. Com. ii, 
 16, 40. " The earth is more worthy than the other elements, because it was ordained for the 
 habitation of man ; and therefore it hath in law a great extent upward, not onely of water, 
 but of aire and all other things even up to heaven ; for Cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad 
 caelum." Wingate's Max. 62, s. 20, citing i Co. Inst. 4a. From the principle of this maxim 
 it follows that a person has no right to erect a building on his own land which interferes with 
 the due enjoyment of adjoinmg premises and occasions damage thereto, either by overhang- 
 ing them or by the flow of water from the roof and eaves upon them, unless the right so to 
 do has been acquired by grant or prescription. Stat. 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 71 ; 9 Co. 53, Baten's 
 case ; 5 id. 100, Penruddock's case ; Bl. Com. lii, 217 ; 1 C. B. 828 , jjer Pollock, C. B., 4 
 I{. &= JV.j- 4 Camp. 219; II Exch. 822 ; 6 Ell. &= B. 76. As to the remedy, cf. 2 Ld. Raym. 
 1399 ; 9 C«. 54 ; 2 Cr. M. Ss' R.'i4, \ M. &' W. 452 ; i C. .5. (N. S.) 347, and cases ; 5 id. 504. 
 
 The rule is also expressed . Cujus est solum ejus est altum. 
 
 CUJUS est solum, ejus est usque ad caelum; et ad inferos. He who owns the 
 soil owns it to the sky; and to the centre of the earth. Co. Litt. 4a. 
 
 The word 'land' is nomen generalissimum, and in its legal signification includes an 
 indefinite extent upward, and in legal contemplation extends also downward, so that all 
 within a direct line between the surface of any land and the centre of the earth belongs to 
 the owner of the surface ; and, therefore, a grant of land includes all mines, woods, water, 
 houses, etc., as well as fields and meadows. Bl. Com. ii, 18 ; Co. Litt. 4a; i Crabb's Real 
 Prop. 66, 67, § 86; Kent's Com. iii, 401 ; 13 Wend. R. 261, 263 ; 9 jV. F. R. (5 Seld.)444, 446; 
 18 Barb. R..i^4, 489; 28 id. 336, 338 ; Wharton's Max. xxiv, and cases ; 34 Barb. 547, 551; 
 46 id. 337 ; 21 N. Y. R. 505, 511 ; 42 id. 283, 296. 
 
 CUJUS judicium et jorum actor adire debeat. Whose court and forum the plaintiff ought 
 to apply to. Bracton, fol. 401. 
 
 CUJUS haeredibus maximi prospicitur. To whose heirs it (the substitution) is chiefly pro- 
 vided. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 36. 
 
 CUJUS in manus est ut prohibeat, jubet agi si nan prohibeat. Salvianus, lib. 
 vii. He who holds the power so that he can prohibit a thing, if he does 
 not prohibit he commands it to be done. Gothofred, de Div. Regul. Jur. in. 
 Reg. L. 
 Seneca says: Qui non vetal peccare, chm possit, jubet. Seneca, in Troades. 300. 
 The Civilians state these rules: Culpa caret qui scil, sed prohibere non potest. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, 17, jr. 50. Semper qui non prohibet pro se intervenire . mandare creditur. 
 Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, jr. 60. v. Arrius Menander, Dig. xlix, 16, jr. 6, § 8. 
 
 CUJUS jures \i. e. jurisdtctianis] est principale, ejusdem juris erit accessorium. 
 He who has jurisdiction of the principal has also jurisdiction of the acces- 
 sory. Bracton, fol. ; 2 Co. Inst. 498. v. Res accessoria, etc. 
 
 525 
 
Cuj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cnj. 
 
 Cnjus Hon eztat memoria. The memory of which does not exist. 
 
 Cujus origO memoriam excedlt. The origin of which is beyond memory. Pomponius, 
 Dig. xliii, 20, fr. 3, § 4. That which originated beyond the memory. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 § 283, note (e). v. Kaufmann's note. 
 
 CUJUS ossibus uMque inhaeret, semel ex formd loci contractae obligatioms, nexus. 
 De re vera alibi constituta disponendi, aut ejus in alium transcribendae formam 
 haec non concernunt. Realium namque jurium eorumve actuum, quibus fit manci- 
 pation aut dominium transfertur, aliam esse rationem, vel quotidiana praxis edocet, 
 et recte disputat Burgundus. Jus in re, ut nascatur, quod hie ex causd testamenti 
 coniingit, non posse id praestare alterius regionis consuetudinem, ut formd Hid ac 
 solemnibus circumdaret alienorum fundorum alterationes, adeoque omnino jus diceret 
 extra territorium. Rodenburg, de Divers. Stat. tit. 2, ch. 3, § i. The obliga- 
 tion adheres to the person (lit., adheres to the bones) when once it is con- 
 tracted according to the form of the place where. But these do not concern 
 the formality for disposing of a thing situated elsewhere, or transferring it to 
 another person. For it is the teaching of daily practice, and Burgundus rightly 
 contends that it is another theory that governs real rights, and their acts in 
 which a delivery is made or dominion transferred. Kjus in re, to arise as here 
 happens in the case of a testament, cannot offer the law of another country so 
 as to surround by its forms and formalities the transfers of foreign estates, for 
 certainly thus the law would rule beyond its territory. Quoted in Story on 
 Conjl. of Laws, § 444. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read: Ego potius uirobique pro testamento, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 CUJUS per errorem dati repetitio est, ejus consulto dati, donatio est. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, iT,fr. 53. He who gives a thing by mistake has a right to recover 
 it back ; but if he gives designedly, it is a gift. Pufendorf, iii, c. 4, § 5. 
 " That which if given away in error entitles me to an action for its recoveiry, is, 
 if given deliberately, a donation." Fhillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xxxix. 
 The distinction expressed in this rule between the 'per errorem ' and the ' consulto datum ' 
 is marked by the grant or the refusal of the action for the 'condictio indebiii,' expressed in 
 the maxims : Et quidem, si quis indebitum ignorans solvit, per hanc actionem condicere potest; 
 sed se sciens se non debere solvit cessat repetitio. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 6, fr. I, § i . Quod indebitum 
 per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum, aut tantundem repetitur. PoMPON. ib. fr. 7. Ex his omnibus 
 causis, quae jure non voluerunt, vel non habuerunt effectum, secuta per. errorem solutione condic- 
 tione locus erit Papinian. ib. fr. 54. cf. Item is cui quis per errorem non debitum solvit, quasi 
 ex contractu debere videtur, etc. JuSTINIAN. Inst, iii, 27, § 6. Is quoque qui non debitum accepit 
 ab eo qui per errorem solvit, re obligatur, etc. Id. iii, 14, § I. v. Gaujs, Dig. xliv, lifr. 5, §3. 
 
 Cuius quidem teuor. Of which truly the contents ; of which the exact tenor or sense. 
 
 CUJUS ratio non tarn est, quod reus sit actore favorabilior, etsi verissima; sed 
 quod necessitatis vocandi et cogendi alium ad jus aeguum, non nisi a superiore 
 proficisci queat j superior autem cujusque non est alienus, sed proprius rector. 
 Vocandi, inquam, et cogendi; quandoquidem sine coactione judicia forent elusoria; 
 nee altbi forum lege stabilitur, quam ubi ilia cogendi facultas adhiberi potest; non 
 tamen, ut ubicunque ilia valet, sit forum, sed ubi res et aequitas patitur. Vis ilia 
 compellandi partes ad aequum jus, imprimis est in loco domicilii, est etiam in loco rei 
 sitae, et rei gestae, si reus illic haberi possit, alias secus. Hinc tria sunt loca fori 
 in jure nostro, domicilii , r ei sitae , r ei g estae . Huberus, lib. v, tit. i, 
 § 38, torn. 2, p. 722. The reason of this is not so much that the defendant is 
 more favored than the plaintiff, although it is very true, but because the neces- 
 sity of summoning and coercing another to do what is just can proceed only 
 526 
 
Cuj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cuj. 
 
 from a superior ; but the superior of any one is not a foreign, but his own ruler. 
 Of summoning, I say, and coercing : inasmuch as without coercion judgments 
 would be evaded — and nowhere is the tribunal made solid by law except where 
 that faculty of coercing, the authority of enforcing, can be applied — yet not so 
 that wherever that power prevails there is ihe. forum, but where the subject and 
 equity allow it. That power of compelling parties to do what is equitable is, in 
 the first place, in the place of the domicile ; it is also in the place of the prop- 
 erty and of the transaction, if the defendant may be there, not otherwise. Hence 
 there are three places of jurisdiction under our law, the domicile, the 
 place where the property is, and the place of the transac- 
 tion. Quoted in Story on Confi. of Laws, § 533. [F. J. M.] 
 HuBERUS writes that the rule of the Civil Law, rei sitae, applies not only to immovables 
 but to movables, although many jurists confine it to the former. Read: Bed heic aliam 
 potius rationem sequimur, etc. HuBERUS, quoted in Story, ib, 
 
 CiiJTis regis temporibus hoc ordinatum sit, non reperio. I do not find in what 
 
 king's reign this was ordained. Cujus statum, — .whose estate. Cujus teno7- sequitur, — whose 
 import follows ; the tenor of which follows. 
 
 CUJUS ret rationem alii tradunt, quia per ejusmodi dispensattonem alteratur, et 
 reinstatur natura ipsius beneficia et non persona. Burgundus, Tract, i, n. 13. 
 Others give as the reason for this (speaking of the capacity and incapacity of 
 minors), that by such management or administration the nature of the benefit 
 itself, and not the person, is charged and reinstated. Quoted in Story on Confl. 
 of Laws, § 500. 
 
 This doctrine is qualified in cases where the venia ae talis is obtained. Read : 
 Ergo, i contra, si venia aetatis in hoc dunlaxat impetretur, etc. Story, ib. Read: Proinde 
 confitendum est, etc. Burgundus, in Story, ib. • 
 
 Cnjusdam ignoti. Of any one unknown ; of any unknown person. 2 Hale's P. C. 2go; 
 2 Best on Evid. § 441. 
 
 CUJUSLIBET rei simulator atque dissimulator. A man who possesses the 
 power on every occasion to seem to be what he was not, and to conceal what he really was. 
 
 Sallust thus portrays the character of Catiline, a finished hypocrite. 
 
 Cujusmodi. Of which measure, way, manner, mode, fashion, sort. v. Modus. 
 
 CUJUSMODI appellamus ea, quae de modo dividendarum ab intestato haereditatum 
 tractant, territorium non egredientia; conspirant enivi eh vota fere omnium, 
 bona ut dijudicentur sud lege loci, in quo sita sunt vel esse intelliguntur . Roden- 
 BURG, de Divers. Stat. Of which kind we call those statutes which treat of the 
 manner of dividing inheritances ab intestato, and which do not operate outside 
 the territory; for the opinions of almost all agree in this, that immovable prop- 
 erty should be controlled by the law of the place where it is situated or under- 
 stood to be. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 483^. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Burgundus asserts his opinion : Bonorum duae sunt species; alia enini mobilia sunt, alia 
 immobilia; ilia ci persond, haec h situ cujusque provinciae legem accipiunt; videlicet, ut nulla 
 habita ratione originis, aut mortis, out domicilii, tam haeredum, quat?i ipsius de fundi, dividantur 
 secundum consuetudines locorum, ubi bona vel sunt, vel sita esse intelliguntur. Burgundus, 
 Tract, i, 11, 36, p. 38. There are two kinds of goods ; some are movable, some immovable ; 
 the former take their law from the person, i. e. the domicile of the person, the latter from 
 the situs of each place. So that no regard being had to the place of origin, death or domi- 
 cile alike of the heirs as of the decedent himself, they shall be distributed according to the 
 laws of the places where the goods either are or are understood to be. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Quoted in Story, id. ib. 
 
 CUJUSQUE diei major pars est horarum septem primarum diei, non supremarum. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, \(>,fr. 2, § i. The greater part of each day is that of the 
 first seven hours of the day, not the last. 
 
 527 
 
Cuj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [CuL 
 
 CUJUSQUE rei potissima pars est principium. Gaius, Dig. i, 2,/r. i. The 
 most important part of a thing is the beginning. The most essential part 
 of any thing is the origin. lo Co. ^gaj Co. Litt. 248^. v. Causa et origo, etc. 
 
 CuJTlSvis, avis, umvis. [-|- <r«/«JOTV, a form of yajViV.] To whomsoever pertaining ; who- 
 soever, of any one ; every man. 
 
 CUJUSVIS hominis est errdre, nulllus nisi insipientis in errors perse- 
 verdre . Every man is liable to err, but it is only the part of a fool to persevere in error. CiC. 
 
 Cul. An abbreviation ol calpahilis, v.h. v.; e.g. " If he be i:«/. of making, writing 
 and composing," etc. Lord Holt, Comb. 359. Non cul, — not guilty. Id. 393. Nient 
 cul, — not guilty. Bl. Com. iv, 339, 340. Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 431, n. (j)/). 
 
 Cul-de-sac. [ku-de-sak.] — Fr. The bottom of a bag or sack. Trop., An apparent 
 difficulty. A present impediment, obstacle, obstruction. 
 
 Applied to a way having an apparent passage, but closed at the end. A street or lane 
 which you enter at one end but find without egress at the other. A blind alley. 
 
 In Common Law: It seems not to be clearly settled whether a cal-de-sac is to be con- 
 sidered a highway. Hawkins' P. C. i, c. 76, § I ; I Campb. 260 ; 11 East, 376, note ; 5 Taunt. 
 137 1 5 Barn. &' Aid. 456. Plural, Culs-de-sacs. 
 
 Cula/ginm. — L- Lat. The laying up a ship in a dock in order to be repaired. 
 
 Culpa., ae, f. Crime, fault, failure, defect (as a state worthy of punishment ; on the con- 
 trary delictum, peccatum, etc., as punishable acts ; diff. from scelus in this : that scelus implies 
 an intentional injury to others, but culpa includes in it an error in judgment) (very freq. in 
 all perr. and in every species of composition). 
 
 I n the J u ri st s : The fault of remissness ; neglect. Gaius, i?«f. xvii, 2, />-. 72 ; Pro- 
 CULUS, id. xviii, i, fr. 68 ; Ulpian. id. xlii, 5, fr. 8 sq. et saep. Neglect, negligence, omis- 
 sion, carelessness, fault — the opp. of diligentia. It expresses the intermediate of casus on 
 the one hand and dolus on the other. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 14, § 784 ; San- 
 dars' Justinian, 401 ; Jones on Bailm. 8, 21, 22 ; Story on Bailm. § 18 ; Story on Agency, § 184; 
 Lord Brougham, 6 BelPs App. Cas. 120; Lord Cottenham, C, id. ib. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Culpa has only two degrees attributed to it, viz.: i. Culpa lata, 
 or the want of that diligence which might be expected even of a person of less than ordinary 
 care and prudence. Stated in the ZJjf. .• Culpa lata est nimianegligentia,id est, non intel- 
 ligere quod omnes intelligunt. Ulpian. Dig. L, lb, fr. 213, § 2. It is put on a level with 
 fraud. Lata culp a plane dolo comparabitur. Ulpian. Dig. xi, 6, fr. i, § i. Magna 
 negligentia culpa est; magna culpa dolus est. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, /r. 226. 2. Culpa' 
 levis, or the want of that diligence which is taken by careful, prudent persons. Papinian. 
 Dig. xxvi, 7, fr. 39, § 6 ; Ulpian. ib. xxx, fr. 47, § 5 ; Justinian. Cod. ii, 19, 20 ; v, 51, 7; 
 MODESTINUS, Dig. xli, I, fr. 54, § 2. And there is no. culpa levissima as opposed to culpa 
 levis, but the latter, as understood by the Romans, rather included the former as understood 
 by the moderns, cf. Paulus, Dig. xix, i, fr. 36; Gaius, id. xiii, 6, fr. 18 pr.j id. ib. xix, 
 2, fr. 25, § 7 ; UlpiaV. id. xiii, 6, fr. 5, § 5 ; id. ib. L, 17, fr. 23 ; id. ib. xvi, 3, fr. i, § 35 ; 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, 24, %Set at. 
 
 In Modern Law: Culpa has three degrees attributed to it by our civilians, as well as 
 in the common law of bailments. These are, viz. : i. C«^a /ote, gross fault or neglect; the 
 omission of that care which even inattentive or thoughtless men never fail to take of their 
 own property. Jones on Bailm. 8, 21, 22, 118 ; Kent's Com. ii, 560 ; Duncan, J., 14 Serg. &= 
 Rawle, 275 ; Story on Bailm. § 16. It is expressed in Qui ne ed quidem diligentid, etc., q. v. 
 2. Culpa levis, a slight omission ; ordinary fault or neglect ; the want of that diligence which 
 the generality of mankind use in their own concerns, i. e. of ordinary care. Jones on Bailm. 
 22. The omission of that care which every man of common prudence and capable of gov- 
 erning a family takes of his own concerns. Id. 118. It is expressed in Qui omittunt dili- 
 gentiam, etc. v. Story on Bailm. § 253^. 3. Culpa levissima, the slightest omission, fault or 
 neglect ; the omission of that care which very attentive and vigilant persons take of their 
 own goods, or, in other words, of very exact diligence. Jones on Bailm. 22. The omission 
 of that diligence which very circumspect and thoughtful persons use in securing their own 
 goods and chattels. Id. 118. It is expressed in Qui earn non adhibent diligentiam, etc., q. v. 
 cf. Wharton on Negligence, § 65 ; Wharton on Agency, § 274. 
 
 CULPA autem abest, si omnia facta sunt, quae diligentissimus quisque observaturus 
 fuisset. Idem scilicet intelligemus, et si dolia vel tiguum transportandum atiquis 
 conduxerit. Idemque etiam ad ceteras res transferri potest. Gaius, Dig. xix, 2, 
 fr. 25, § 7. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 432 ; Wharton on Negligence, § 32. 
 Read this in Qui columnam transportandam conduxit, seq. Gaius, Dig. supra. 
 528 
 
Cul.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cul. 
 
 CULPA autem non ad exactissimam diligentiam dirigenda est; sufficit etenim talem 
 diligentiam communibus rebus adhibere, qiialem suis rebus adhibere soletj quia 
 qui parum diligentiam sibi socium acquirit, de se queri debet. Gaius, Dig. xvii, 2, 
 fr. 72. A fault, indeed, is not to be measured by a standard of the most perfect 
 carefulness or diligence possible. It is sufficient that he should be as careful of 
 things belonging to the partnership as he is of his own property ; because he 
 who acquires as partner a person of careless habits has only himself to blame. 
 Quoted in Story on Partnership, § 170. 
 
 V. Socius socio utrum eo nomine ianium teneatur pro socio actione^ etc. Justin. Inst, iii, 25, § 9. 
 
 CULPA autem qualiter sit aestimanda, videamus: an non solum ea, quae dolo prox- 
 ima sit, verum etiam quae levis est, an numquid et diligentia quoque exigenda 
 est ab herede? quod verius est. Ulpian. Dig. xxx, x,fr. 47, § 5. Let us see in 
 what manner the fault of remissness or negligent conduct is to be considered: 
 whether not only that which comes nearest to 'dolus,' but also such as is slight, 
 or perchance also diligence even is to be exacted from the heir ? Which is more 
 according to the true state of affairs. 
 
 Culpa. Capax. Susceptible, capable of fault, etc. Wharton on Negligence, § 88. 
 
 CULPA caret qui scit, sed prohibere non potest. Paulus, Dig. L, \'],fr. 50. 
 He is clear of blame (guiltless) who knows but cannot prevent, cf. Goth- 
 OFRED, de Div. Regul. Jur. L, p. 235 ; Broom's Max.; Story on Agency, § 461; 
 Story on Partn. § 462 ; Phillimore's Princ. and Max. liii, p. 234. 
 
 Qui non veiat peccare cum possit, jubet. Seneca, Troades, 300. Cujus in manus est ut pro- 
 hibeat, etc. Salvianus ap. Gothofred, supra. 
 
 Culpa diligentia. Remissness in attention ; omission or fault in diligence, as distin- 
 guished from exactissima diligentia. 
 
 CULPA est factum inconsulttttn quo alter injuria laeditur, vel quod quum a dili- 
 gente provider i potuerit, non sit provisum. Culpa is an act done without 
 purpose [or settled design], by which another is injured ; or an injurious act 
 which no care was taken to foresee and prevent, when it might have been fore- 
 seen and prevented by a careful person. Heinecc. Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 
 14, § 784. V. Ayliffe, Pand. b. ii, tit. 13, cited in Story on Bailm. § 20^, note. 
 
 CULPA est, immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti. Pomponius, Dig. L, \l,fr. 
 36. It is culpable conduct for a man to meddle with a thing not pertain- 
 ing to him [/. e. not belonging to or concerning him]. 2 Co. Inst. 208. " To 
 meddle with affairs in which a man has no concern, makes him a wrong-doer." 
 Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. lix, p. 251. v. Wharton on Agency, § 356. 
 Story on Bailm. § 189. cf. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Jur. xxxvi. 
 
 Culpa in abstracto. Neglect or fault in the abstract, i. e. absolute fault or neglect. The 
 opposite of diligentia in abstracto. Wharton on Negligence, § 54. 
 
 Culpa in concrete. Neglect or fault in the concrete,;, e. fault as a whole — relative 
 fault or neglect. The opposite of diligentia in concreto. Wharton on Negligence, tj 54. 
 
 Culpa in eligendo. Negligence or carelessness in choosing; the fault of remissness in 
 selecting. Wharton on Agency, §§ 277, 479, 483, 538, 601. The opposite of diligentia in 
 eligendo. 
 
 Culpa in faciendo. Omission, remissness or fault in doing. 
 
 Culpa in non faciendo. Neglect, remissness, fault in not doing. Wharton on Negli- 
 gence, §§ 81, 784. 
 
 CULPA lata aequiparatur dolo. Gross fault or neglect is equivalent to fraud. 
 Read: Lata culpa plane dolo comparabitur. Ulpian. Dig. xi, 6, fr. i, § i. 
 [67] 529 
 
Cul.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cul. 
 
 CULPA lata estnimia negligentia, id est, non intelligere quod omnes intelligunt. 
 Ulpian. Dig. L, i6, fr. 213, § 2. Gross fault is extreme negligence, 
 that is, not to understand what all, /. e. men in general, understand. 
 
 Lata culpa Jinis est, non intelligere id, qttod omnes intelligunt, Paulus, ib, fr. 223 pr. 
 
 Culpa levi. With slight, trifling fault ; for ordinary fault. Story on Bailment, § 253^. 
 
 Culpa levis A slight fault ; a trifling omission. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 21. 
 
 Culpa levissima. The slightest omission ; the most trifling fault. Jones on Bailment, 
 22 ; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 21. It is the antithesis of diligentia exactissima. 
 
 CULPA quae legibus, etc. Wharton on Negligence, § 7. A fault which is reproved by the 
 laws, and a fault which is not reproved by the laws. 
 
 CULPA sua damnum senticus, non intdligitur dam7ium pati. He who suffers 
 by his own fault is not to be deemed a sufferer. He who feels a loss which 
 has originated in his own fault is not considered [by the law] a sufferer. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst. 
 
 CULPA tenet \teneai\ sues auctores. Misconduct binds [should bind] its own 
 authors. Erskine's Inst, iv, i, § 14. 
 "It is a never-failing axiom that everyone is accountable only for his own delicts.'' 
 Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, ^ 24 ; Lord Campbell, 6 Bell's Appeal Cases, 539. 
 
 CULPAE adnumerantur: veluti, si medicus curationem derelinquerit, male quem- 
 piam secuerit, aut perperam ei medicamentum dederit. These are reckoned 
 offenses : for instance, if a physician has neglected a cure, performed an opera- 
 tion improperly on any person, or given a woman in child-birth medicine unskill- 
 fully. Bl. Com. iii, 122 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iii, 130. v. Wait's note (486). 
 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone cites Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, §§ 6, 7, but the rule as stated supra is 
 a periphrasis. The sections cited read: §6. Praeterea, si medicus, qui servum meum 
 secuit, delinquerit curationem ejus, et ob id mortuus fuerit servus, culpae reus erit. § 7. Impe- 
 ritia quoque culpae annumeretur; veluti si mediczts ideh servum tituvi Occident, qui male cum 
 secuerit, aut perperam ei medicamentum dederit. JuSTlNlAN. Inst, iv, 3, §§ 6, 7. Translation, 
 V. under Praeterea and Imperitia. 
 
 CULPAE autem ipsius et illud adnumeratur, si propter inimicitias ejus vicinus 
 arbor es exciderit. § 5. Ipse quoque et exciderit, non solum et locatio tenetur, 
 sed etiam lege Aquilia, et ex Lege Duodecim Tabularum arborum furtim 
 caesarum, et inter dicto Quod vi aut clam; sed utique indicis, qui ex locate 
 indicat, officio continetur, ut ceteras actiones locator omittat. Gaius, Dig. xix, 2, 
 fr. 25, §§ 4, 5. It is reckoned as a fault of his if from enmity his neighbor cut 
 down his trees. § 5. Also if he himself cut them down, not only is he liable ex 
 locato, but also by the Aquilian Law and the Law of the Twelve Tables and the 
 interdict Quod vi aut clam; but undoubtedly he who discloses the fact ex locato 
 is confined by the duty of informer, so that the letter may forego, omit the other 
 actions (the other forms of action). See XII. Tab. viii, _/>. 11. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CULPAE latae finis est, no7i intelligere id quod omnes intelligunt. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, 16, fr. 223. It is the end or summit of gross fault, not to understand 
 what all understand, i. e. what is understood by men generally. 
 
 Ulpianus expresses the rule thus : La ta culpa est nimia negligentia, id est, non intelli- 
 gere, quod omnes intelligunt. Ulpian. Dig. L, it, fr. 213, § 2. 
 
 CULPAE poena par esto. Poena admensuram delicti statuenda est. Reg. Jttr. 
 Civ. Let the punishment be proportioned to the fault. Punishment is to 
 be measured by the extent of the offense. Branch's Principia. 
 530 
 
Cul.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 Culpabilis, e, adj. \culpa.'\ Worthy of blame, culpable, criminal. 
 
 In English Law: Guilty. ^/. Coz«, iv, 339. Culpabilis deintrusiom, — guilty of intru- 
 sion. Fleta. Culpabilis de homicidio, — ; guilty of homicide. Bracton, io\. 121. 
 
 CULPAM autum esse ciim quod, a diligente provideri potuit non esse provisum. 
 ■^^S- /''• 31- But it is a fault when the diligence that will 
 
 be used by a diligent person has not been used. Quoted in Wharton on Negli- 
 gence, § 7«4. 
 
 Culpam latam et levem. Gross and trifling fault or negligence. Story on Bailm. § 398. 
 
 CULPAM tamen dolo proximam contineri quis merito dixerit. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xliii, 26, /r. 8, § 3^«. A fault shall properly be said to be comprehended 
 next or nearest to fraud. Quoted in Kent's Com. ii, 560, note (</). 
 
 Read: Eum quoque precario teneri voluit Praetor; qui dolo fecit, etc. 
 
 CullHim poena premit comes. Punishment presses as a companion upon guilt. 
 Punishment follows hard upon crime. Horace, Odes, iv, 5, 24. 
 
 Read: Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris, etc. Horace, ib. 
 
 Culprit. A legal t. t. to denote a person who is accused of a crime, or supposed to be 
 guilt}' of a crime. Also, one convicted of a crime ; a criminal. 
 
 As to the etymology and use of the term, cf. Bl. Com. iv, 339, v. Christian's note ; i Chitty's 
 Grim. Law, 416 ; WhartoWs Law Lex., 'Culprit'; Webste/s Diet. 
 
 Cultura, ae, y. In General: A cultivating, care, improving. Cultura agri, — a cul- 
 tivating of fields, land. Varro, .ff. J?. 2 praef. § 4. H ence , ffifj. . Agriculture, husbandry. 
 Id. ib. i, 18, § 7. Trop., (a.) Cultivation, culture, care, etc. Cultura autem animi 
 philosophia est, — philosophy, indeed, is the culture of the mind. Cicero, Tuscul. Disput. ii, 
 5, § 13. Read : Nam ut agti non omnes frugiferi sunt, etc. Id. ib. (6.) An honoring, 
 courting, flattering. Cultura potentis amici, — a courting, flattering of a friend in power. 
 Horace, Epist. i, 18, 86. 
 
 In English Law: C«//a;'a = A parcel of arable land ; a "wong.'' Blount. 
 
 CULTURA autem animi philosophia est : haec extrahit vitia radicitus et praeparat animos ad 
 satus accipiendos eaque mandat iis et, ut ita dicam, serit, quae adulta fructus ubenimos feranl. 
 Cicero, Tusc. Disput. ii, 5, § 13. Philosophy, indeed, is the culture of the mind ; that it is 
 which plucks up vices by the roots : prepares the mind for the receiving of seeds : commits 
 them to it, or, as I may say, sows them, in the hope that when come to maturity they may 
 produce a plentiful harvest. 
 
 Read: Nam ut agri non omnes frugiferi sunt, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 CiilH, praep. c. abl. With, together, together with, in connection with, along with, etc. 
 Cilm diis vo lenti bus , — by the will of God. Ciim eo quod, — with the fact e^ cir- 
 cumstance that; under the condition that ; with the condition that, etc. 
 
 {j^JO., conj. z^Quutn, v. h. v. QyntO., adv. ^ quum. When, whereas. Quod ciim, — that 
 whereas, e. g., v. infra. Cum accideiit, — when it shall or may have happened. 
 
 CUM actio fuerit merl criminalis, instiiui poterit ab initio criminaliter vel civiliter; 
 sed ciim criminaliter, fuerit semel instituta civiliter, quaeritur an accusatis 
 mutare possit et agere criminaliter, et I contrario. Dicunt quidam quod a crtminali 
 descendere non poterit ad civilem minuendo, sed a civili ad criminalem augendo, qui- 
 busciim ego non assentior, ciim in hoc casu admitti non deberet variatio. Bracton, 
 iii, eh. 3, § i fin. fol. 102. When an action is strictly criminal, it may be prose- 
 cuted from the beginning, either criminally or civilly; but when a criminal action 
 has been once instituted civilly, it is questioned whether the accuser can change 
 and proceed criminally, and the converse. Some say that he cannot descend 
 from a criminal to a civil action by diminution, but he may from a civil to a 
 criminal by increasing, with whom I do not agree, since in this case variation 
 ought not to be admitted. 
 
 531 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 CUM adsunt testinionia rerum, quid opus est verbis ? When the proofs of facts 
 are present, what need is there of words ? 2 Bulstr. 53 ; i Best on Evid. 
 
 § 197- 
 
 CUM aliquid iwpeditur, propter unum, eo remoto, tollitur impedimentum. When 
 any thing is impeded by one single cause, if that be removed, the impedi- 
 ment is removed. 5 Co. 77a, Paget's case ; Branch's Princ. 
 Also quoted : Ubi aliquid impeditur, etc. 
 
 CUM aliquis implacifatus coram aliquibus justiciariis, proponant exceptionem et 
 petat quod justiciarii earn allocent, quant si allocare noluerint, si ille, qui excep- 
 tioneni proponet, scribat illam exceptionem et petat quod justicia>-ii appoiiant sigilla 
 in testimonium, justiciarii sigilla sua apponant j et si unus apponere noluerit, apponat 
 alius de societate. Stat. Westm. (13 Edw. I.) c. 31, stat. i. When a person on 
 trial (lit. impleaded) before the justices proposes an exception and asks the 
 justices to allow it, if they should refuse to do so, if such a one write down that 
 exception and request the judges to affix their seals in attestation thereof, let the 
 justices put their seals thereto ; and if one of them should refuse to do it, let 
 the other, his associate, do it. Quoted in 2 Best on Evid. § 647. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CUM amplius solufum est, quam debeatur, cujus pars non invenitur, quae repeti 
 possit, latum esse indebitum intelligitur, manente pristind obligatione. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 11, fr. 84 pr. When more is paid, than one is bound to, of which part 
 is not discovered, which can be reclaimed or demanded back, the whole amount 
 of the payment is understood or rightly judged to be not due, remaining in its 
 pristine obligation, cf. Gothofred. de Div. Reg. Juris, Ixxxiv. 
 
 "When an indivisible thing has been given in payment of a debt, beyond the 
 value of the debt, the whole thing so given may be recovered, and the original 
 obligation remains as it was." Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xxxvii. 
 
 In the Civil Law: This rule relates to the ' condictio indebiti' ; ,e. ^., I owe you a 
 hundred aurei, and supposing that I owe you two hundred, I give you an estate of that 
 value. In this case I have a right, per condiclionem indebiti, for the recovery of the whole 
 estate so given, leaving the original demand untouched. But if I had given two hundred 
 measures of corn instead of one hundred, then I should only be entitled to recover the 
 excess. Marcellus ap. Ulpianus, Dig. xii, 6, fr. 26, §§ 4, 5. In the first case, all the 
 creditor has the right to do is to keep the estate till his debt is paid. Ulpianus, ib fr. 26. 
 The same rule applies to all things that are indivisible ; e. g. servitudes, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 Cum animo et COrpore. With the mind and the body. With the mental intent and the 
 physical act. v. Ciim corpore et animo. 
 
 CUM arrae non intervenerint, vel scriptura, nee tradiiio fuerit subsequnta, locus 
 poenitentiae, etc. Br acton, ii, c. 27, § i, fol. bib. Read it in Emptio 
 vero et venditio contrahitur, etc. 
 
 CUM arrarum nomine aliquid datum fuerit ante conditionem, si emptor em emp- 
 tionis poenituerit, et a contractu resilire voluerit, perdat quod dedit ; si autem 
 venditorem, quod arrarum nomine receperit, emptori restituat duplicatum. When 
 in the name of earnest money any thing has been given before delivery, if the 
 purchaser repents of his purchase, and wishes to recede from his contract, let 
 him lose what he has given ; but if the vendor repents, let him restore double of 
 what he has received as earnest money. Bracton, ii, c. 27, § 2, fol. dxb fin. 
 
 In the Civil Law this is also the rule. cf. Justinian. Cod. iv, 2, 17; Inst. \\\,2'i pr 
 V. A rr ha . 
 
 Cum aSSenSU praefectorum aedium. With the consent of the governors of the house 
 (or college). 
 
Cum.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY, [Cum. 
 
 Ciim astrictis nmlturis. With astricted multures. ErsJdne's Inst, ii, tit. g, § 22. v. 
 Multura. 
 Ciim aucupationibus, venationibus, piscatoribus. With fowlings, huntings and 
 
 fishings. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 5, § 6. 
 
 CUM autem duobus modis, id. est : aut vi, aut fraude, fiat injuria ; fraus, quasi 
 vulpiculae, vis, leonis videtur. Utrumque homine alienissimum j sed fraus 
 odio digna majore. Cicero, de Off. i, c. 13, § 41. Now, when injustice may be 
 done in two ways, /. e. either by force or fraud ; fraud being the characteristic of 
 a fox, force that of a Hon ; both are utterly repugnant to society, but fraud is the 
 more detestable. Quoted in i Story's Eq. Jur. § 186. 
 
 Cicero adds in this connection Totius autem injustitiae nulla capitalior quam 
 eoruvi,qui tum,quum inaxime fallunt^ id agunt ut viri boni esse videanttir. Id. ib. But in the 
 whole system of villainy, none is more capital than that of the men, who, when they most 
 deceive, so manage as that they may seem to be virtuous men. 
 
 CUM autem emptio et venditio contrada sit, quod effici diximus, simul atque de 
 pretio conveiurit, ciim sine scripturd res agitur : periculum rei venditae statim 
 ad emptorem pertinet, tametsi adhuc ea res emptori tradita non sit. Justinian. 
 Inst, iii, 23, § 3. As soon as a purchase and sale is contracted, which we have 
 declared to be completed as soon as the parties shall have agreed upon the 
 price, that is, in the case of a sale made without writing : all risk pertaining to 
 the thing sold immediately falls upon the purchaser, although the article sold 
 may not be or has not yet been delivered to the purchaser. 
 
 Justinian, states various examples in illustration of this rule. Id. ib. v. Paulus, Dig. 
 xviii, ii, fr. 8, ' de Periculo et Commodo Rei Venditae. v. Sandars' Justinian, pp. 445,446, 
 where the subject is treated, v. Ciim emptio et venditio contracta fuerit, etc . Bracton^ quoted 
 infra. 
 
 CUM Yquum^ autem id fecit, id est, postquam commodavit, tunc finem praescribere, 
 et retro agere, atque intempestive usum commodatae rei auferre, non officium 
 tantum impedit, sed et suscepta obligatio inter dandum accipiendutnque. * * * * 
 Adjuvari quippe nos, non decipi, beneficio oportet. Paulus, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 17, 
 sub. § 3. When he has done that, that is after he has made the loan, then not 
 only does duty but also the obligation undertaken between the giver and receiver 
 forbid him to prescribe and end to (to limit and withdraw) and unreasonably to 
 take away the use of the thing loaned. * * * * por it is proper for us, 
 indeed, to be aided through kindness or favor, and not to be deceived. Quoted 
 in Story on Bailm. % 257. cf. Broom's Max. 379, n. 3 ; i Smith's L. C. [306] 374. 
 
 CUM autem locatio et c onducti o proxima sit emptioni , et vendi- 
 tioni, quia sicut emptio et venditio contrahitur postquam de precio convenerit, 
 ita locatio et conductio. Ex locato enim et conducio solet res deberi vel ad usum, 
 vel ad habitionem. But letting and hiring may be the next thing to buy- 
 ing and selling, because just as a purchase and a sale are contracted as 
 soon as it is agreed about the price, so in like manner also a letting and hiring 
 are contracted. For a thing is accustomed to be due either for use or for hab- 
 itation upon an agreement to let or to hire. Bracton, ii, c. 28, § i, fol. 62a fiti. 
 
 v. Fleta, ii, c. 59, § i. 
 
 Read: Locatio et conductio proxima est emtioni et venditioni, iisdemque Juiis regulis con- 
 sistit. Gaius, Dig. xix, 2, fr. 2 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 24 pr. 
 
 CUM autem is cui recti mandaverim egressus fuerit mandatum, ego quidem 
 eatenus ciim eo habeo mandati actionem, quatenus mea interest implesse eum 
 mandatum, si modo implere poluerit : at ille mectim agere non potest. Jtaque si 
 
 533 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 madaverim tibi, ut vp-bi gratia fundum mihi sestertiis c enter es, tu sestertiis cl 
 e?neris, non habebis mecum mandati actionem, etiamsi tanti velis mihi dare fundum 
 quanti emendu7n tibi mandassem, idque maxime Sabino et Cassio placuit. Quodsi 
 minoris emer-is, habebis mecum scilicet actionem, quia qui mandat ut c ??iilibus 
 emeretur, is utique mandate intelligitur ut minoris, si f asset, emeretur. Gaius, 
 Inst, iii, § i6i. When a man to whom I have given a mandate in proper form 
 has transgressed its terms, I have an action of mandate against him for an amoimt 
 equal to the interest I have that he should have performed the mandate, pro- 
 vided only he could have performed it ; but he has no action against me. Thus, 
 if I have given you a mandate to buy me a piece of land, say for a hundred 
 thousand sesterces, and you have bought it for a hundred and fifty thousand 
 sesterces, you will have no action of mandate against me, even though you be 
 willing to give me the land for the price at which I commissioned you to buy it. 
 And this was decidedly the opinion of Sabinus and Cassius. But if you have 
 bought it for a smaller price, you will doubtless have an action against me ; 
 because when a man gives a mandate for a thing to be bought for a hundred 
 thousand sesterces, it is considered obvious that he gives the mandate for its 
 purchase at a lower price, if possible. 
 
 Cum beneficio inventarii. With the benefit of an inventory. 
 
 In Scotch Law: An heir, doubtful whether his ancestor's estate will be sufficient 
 for satisfying his debts, may enter ciim beneficio inventarii, by which means he keeps himself 
 free from responsibility beyond the value of the estate. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 68. v. 
 Kent's Com. iv, 379 (a). 
 
 Cum bona gratia. With a good grace. Ulpianus, Dig. xxiv, i, fr. 32, § 10. 
 
 CUM cautum est virum, uxore praemortua, dotem, dotisve partem lucrari ; cujus 
 loci statutum spectamus, viri, an uxoris, quod olim fuit, an quod nunc est? 
 Nos rerum lucrandarum situm spectandum dicimus j et quid ea de re statuta singu- 
 laria permittant, quid abnuant respiciendutn. D'Argentr^. Since it is provided 
 that the husband, upon the death of the wife, gets the dowry or part of the 
 dowry; to the law of which place do we refer, of the husband or the wife, what 
 was formerly or what is now ? We say that the locality of the property to be 
 acquired is to be considered ; and that we are to regard what each statute permits, 
 what it denies in the case. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws., % 451. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Nam si doialitiuvi rei immobilis in controversiam veniani, tic. BuRGtJNDUs in Story^ supra. 
 
 Cum COlumbis et COlumbariis. With doves and dovecots. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 7. 
 
 Cum COmmuni pastura. With common pasturage. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 14. 
 
 CUM confitente sponte mitius. est agendum. A party making a voluntary confes- 
 sion is to be more mercifully dealt with. 4 Co. Inst. 66. (Erroneously 
 written Confidente in Branch's Princ.) 
 
 Cum COrpore et animo. With the body and mind. With the physical act and the 
 mental intent. Bracton, 41b. 
 
 Cum CUniCUlis et CUniculariis. With rabbits and warrens. Erskine's Inst, ii, t. 6, § 7 
 Ciim CUriis et bloodwitis. With the power of holding courts and fining for blood. 
 Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 4, § 27. 
 
 CUM (/^ hoc, an eadem res est, quaeritur, haec spectanda sunt ; personae ; id ipsum 
 de quo agitur j causa proxima actionis, etc. Neratius, Dig. xliv, 2,fr. 27. 
 Quoted in 2 Smith's L. C. [596] 671. Read: Quum de hoc, an eadem res est, 
 quaeritur, haec spectanda sunt, etc. Neratius, Dig. supra. 
 534 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 CUM de lucro duoriim quaeritur, melior est causa possidentis. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 L, 1"], fr. 126, § 2. When a question arises concerning the gain of two 
 parties [or the property of two parties], the condition or cause of him who is in 
 possession is the better, cf. Gothofred. de Div. Reg. Juris, cxxvi, § 2. 
 
 Read : Quutii de lucro duorum quaeritur, etc. Ulpian. supra. 
 
 CUM de rebus soli, id est immobilibus agitur {qu'ils appellent d'heritage), ct diver- 
 sorum possessionum loca ct situs proponuntur, in acquirendis, traiisferendis, 
 aut asserendis dominiis, et in controversia est, quo jure regantur, certissima usu 
 observatio est, id jus de pluribus spectari, quod loci est, ct suas cuique loco leges, 
 statuta, ct consuetudines servandas, et qui cuique mores de rebus, territorio, et potes- 
 tatis jinibus siiit rccepti, sic ut de talibus nulla cujusquam potestas sit praeter territorii 
 legem. Sic in contractibus, sic in testimentis, sic in commerciis omnibus, et locis con- 
 veniendi constitutum ; ne contra situs legem in immobilibus, quidquam decerni privato 
 consensu; et per est sic judicial- i. D'Argentr£. When the question concerns 
 things of the soil, that is, immovables (which are called of inheritance), and 
 there are different places and localities for the different possessions in the matter 
 of acquiring, transferring or asserting ownership, and it is in dispute as to what 
 law they are governed by, the rule in use most certain is that the law of the 
 place is for the most part to be regarded, and that the laws, statutes and customs 
 for each place are to be followed, and the customs which are received as proper 
 to each as to property, place and the limits of authority, so that with regard to 
 such elements no one shall have any power outside of the law of the place. It 
 has been so determined in respect of all contracts, wills and commercial matters ; 
 that contrary to the law of the place nothing shall be decreed by private con- 
 sent; and it is proper that it should be thus determined. Quoted in Story on 
 Conjl. of Laws, §§ 371a, 438. ' [F. J. M.] 
 
 CUM de statu et conditione hominum quaeritur, uno solumtnodo judici, et quidem 
 domicilii, universum in Hid jus sit attributum. Rodenburg, de Div. Stat. 
 tit. I, c. 3. When it is inquired concerning the state and condition of a person, 
 there is only one judge, and that the one of his domicile, in that the entire right 
 may be attributed (or to him may belong the entire authority in that matter). 
 Cited in Story on Conjl. of Laws, §51. 
 
 Cum deeimis inclusis, et nunquam separatis. With the tithes included, and never 
 heretofore separated. Ersiine's Inst, ii, tit. 10, § 16. 
 
 CUM duae leges inter se discrepant, I'idendum est primum, num quae obrogatio aut 
 derogatio sit. Cicero, ad Herennium, ii, 10, § 15. When two laws differ 
 from each other, it is to be considered first whether in either it may be obro- 
 gated or derogated. 
 
 Read : Lex aut rogatur, id est fertur, etc. Ulpian. Reg. i, § 3. 
 
 CUM duo eandem pecuniam aut promiserint, aut stipulati sunt, etc. Javolenus, 
 Dig. xlv, 2, fr. 2. Quoted in Story on Partn. § 116. Read: Quum 
 duo eandem pecuniam aut promiserint, etc. Javolenus, Dig. supra. 
 
 CUM duo inter, se pugnantia reperiuntur in testamento, ultimum ratum est. \Vhere 
 two things repugnant to each other are found in a will, the last shall stand. 
 Co. Litt. 112b J Shep. Touch. 451; Jarman on WHh, 394; 12 Wend. R. 601, 
 665 ; 16 Johns. R. 146. 
 
 Where two clauses or gifts in a will are irreconcilable, so that they cannot possibly stand 
 together, the clause or gift which is posterior in position shall prevail, the subsequent words 
 
 535 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 being considered to denote a subsequent intention. Broom's Max. 560 ; Wharton's Max. 
 XXV ; 2 Atk. 372 ; i Powell on Devises, 358-360, note. 
 
 This rule must not be acted upon so as to clash with the rule that, before all things, we 
 must look for the intention of the testator, as expressed or clearly implied in the general 
 tenor of the will, i Fhill. 545, 54b ; 14 C. B. 226, 235 (a). 
 
 The same rule is quoted : Quum duae inter se repugnantia. 
 
 CUM duo jura concur runt in una persond aequum est ac si essent in duobus. 
 When two rights meet in one person, it is the same as if they were in two. 
 4 Co. II 8a, arg. ; Bacon's Arg., Post nati of Scotland, Works, iv, 330. 
 
 " It is a rule, the words whereof are taken from the Civil Law, but the matter of it is 
 received in all laws, being a very line or rule of reason, to avoid confusion." Lord Bacon. 
 Id. ib. Where a person fills several characters he is regarded as a different person in respect 
 of each character, or to be Homo qui plures sustinet personas. English jurists and civilians 
 recognize and express this principle by the above maxim, 2 P. Wms. 295 ; 2 Prest. Abst. 
 Title, 450 ; 16 Ves. 413 ; 16 Beav. 302. Otherwise quoted Quando duo jura concurrunt, etc. 
 
 Clim effectu. In effect ; in fact. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 2,fr. i ; Paulus, xl, T,fr. i. With 
 effect. Erskine's Tnsl. ii, tit. 5, § 13. 
 
 CUM eo, qui in suo fodiens vicini fontem avertit, nihil posse agi, etc. Ulpianus, 
 JDig. xxxix, 3, fr. i, § 12. Quoted in Kent's Com. iii, 439, n. {c). Read 
 it in Marcellus scribit cicm eo, qui in suo fodiens vicini fontem avertit, etc. 
 Ulpianus, supra, cf. Ulpian. ib. frr. 4, 10. 
 
 CUM emptio et venditio contracta fuerit, ut praedictum est, ante traditionem et 
 post, periculum rei emptae et venditae ilium generaliter respicit, qui earn tenet, 
 nisi aliter ab initio convenerit, quia re vera qui rem emptori nondum tradidit, adhuc 
 ipse dominus erit. When a purchase and sale have been contracted for, as before 
 said, before the delivery and after, the risk of the thing bought and sold regards 
 him generally who holds it, unless it has been otherwise agreed upon from the 
 beginning, because in truth, he who has not, delivered a thing to the purchaser 
 is still himself the lord of it. Bracton, ii, c. 27, § 2, fol. 62. 
 
 V. Ckm autem emptio et venditio contracta sit, etc. Justinian, Inst, quoted supra. 
 
 CUM enim societas consensu contrahatur, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xvii, 2, />-. 19 med. 
 Quoted in Story on Partn. § 307. Read: Quum enim societas contrahi- 
 tur, etc. Ulpian. ib. 
 
 Cum eorum et CUJUSlibet eorum pertinentiis. With their and every of their appur- 
 tenances. Towns. PI. 20. v. Ciim pertinentiis. 
 
 CUM ergo totus venditionis contractus ob defectum aetatis sit irritus, nee sit quod 
 mancipatione solenni impleri possit, utique nuda simplexque fundi mancipatio 
 omnino nihil operatur, cessante causa ad mancipandum idonea. Wesel. Since 
 then the entire contract of sale must be void for defect of age, and there may 
 be nothing that can be fulfilled by formal delivery {mancipatio), in that a naked 
 and simple delivery of a farm has no effect whatever, a suitable ground for 
 delivery being absent. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 3721/. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CUM ex aliend materia species aliqua facta sit ab aliquo, quaeri solet, quis eorum 
 naturali ratione dominus sit, utrum is qui fecerit, au ille potius qui materiae 
 dominus fuerit. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 25. When any one has transformed 
 another person's property into a new form, the question is often asked, which of 
 them is, in natural reasons, to be deemed the owner ; whether he who converted 
 the thing, or rather he who was previously the owner of the material [of which 
 the article was made]. Read §§ 25, 26 in extenso ; Gaius, Dig. xli, i, fr. 7, § 7 ; 
 Callistr. ib. fr. 12, § i. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 265 ; id. ed. 1883. § 271 ; 
 536 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 PuFENDORF, de Jwe, N. et G. iv, c. 7, § 10, n. 2 ; Bl. Com. ii, 404 ; Kent's Com. 
 ii, 364 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 602. 
 
 CUM est, quod de aliquo jure descendente ex re ipsa servari consuetudo vel statutum 
 loci, ubi est res. Bartolus, ad Cod. lib. i, tit. i, n. 27. Since with regard 
 to any right descending from the subject-matter itself the custom or statute of 
 the place where the thing lies is to be observed. Cited in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, §■ 433. 
 
 Read: Quippe {sicut Bartolus existimat) habilitas personae, etc. Story, ib. 
 
 Cum, fnhviUhus, brasonis et brueriis. With forges, malt-kilns and breweries. 
 Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 8. 
 
 VUM fame habitare virtus recusat nee fert natura, ut iideni- et esureant et agant fortiter. 
 Valor will not cohabit with famine, neither can we expect that nature should act vigorously 
 when she wants nourishment- Procopius, iv, Goth. ; Grotius, ii, 6, 5. 
 
 Cum feodis et proficius. — L. Lat. With the fees and profits. Plowd. 12a, arg. 
 
 Cum fortuna manet, vultuin servatis amid ; 
 
 f Cum cedit, turpi vertatis ora fuga. Petronius Arbiter, Sat. 
 
 While prosperity lasts, you, my friends, give me your countenance ; when it fails, you 
 turn away your faces in disgraceful flight. 
 
 And so the Lat in Proverb: F elicit as multos habet aiuicos. 
 
 Ovid uttered a similar idea : 
 
 JOoTtec eris ^etix, multos nuinerdbis aniicos : 
 
 Tentpora si /uerint nubita., solus eris^ etc. — Ovid, TrisituNt, i, g, 5-22, 
 
 The idea appears to have orig^inated with the Greeks : 
 
 Et iJ.kv yap TT \ovTTJi TToXAot <f> C \q t , rf V n'e'i'Tjat 
 Ilaupot, K OVKefjt* OjHois aurby avrip ayaOoq. — TheOGNIS, 
 
 If you are rich you will have many friends ; but if you are poor you will have but few, and will no longer 
 be the good man you were before. 
 
 And so the Greek Proverb: Eiiroxia n-oAvfliXos. = Success has many friends. 
 
 Cum fortuna perit, nullus amicus erit. — Lat. Pro v. When fortune fails 
 us we shall have no friends left. 
 Ovid tells us : ' 
 
 Scilicet ut J'ulvutn spectetur in ignihus aurutn. 
 Tempore sic duro est inspicienda fides. 
 As the yellow gold is assayed in the fire, so is the faith of friendship to be tested in moments of adversity. 
 "Friendship's a name whose shifting value rates 
 For just so much as present use dictates. 
 While Fortune stays, our friends how staunch and true! 
 When she departs, farewell the faithless crew ! " 
 
 Petronius Arbiter, u. ii, p. 281. 
 
 Cum fossa et furca. With pit and gallows. 
 
 In ancient charters, this expression was used, conferring the right of trying capital 
 offenses, and of inflicting capital punishments. Erskine^s Inst, i, tit. 4, § 26. 
 
 Cum grano salts. — Pro v. With a grain of salt. Trop.. With some allowance 
 for exaggeration. 
 
 Cum herezeldis. With the best things that move. 
 
 In Scotch Law; Horses, cows, belonging to a deceased tenant, which, by ancient 
 custom, was due upon his death to his landlord. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 10. Her e-zeld. — 
 Sc. An acknowledgment of vassalage. 
 
 Cum in partes illas venerint. When they come into those parts. 
 
 CUM in suo solo aliquis ex aliend materid aedificaverit, ipse intelligitur dominus 
 aedificii J quia omne quod inaedificaiur, solo cedit. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, 
 § 29. If one shall have built upon his own ground with the materials of another, 
 he is considered the owner of the building, because every thing which is built 
 on the soil accedes to it. v. Vendicat etiam sibi locum, etc. Bracton, fol. ^b, § 4. 
 [68] S37 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 Gaius laid down this law, and the above is very close to it in form. Qaum in suo loco 
 aliquis aliend materiA aedijicaverit, etc. Gaius, Z?«f. xli, I, /r. 7, § 10. Read: Praetereaid 
 quod in solo nostra ab aliquo aedificatum est, etc. Id. Inst, ii, t^ 73. 
 
 The rule has certain qualifications: Nee tarnen ideo is qui materiae dominus 
 fuerat, desinit dominus ejus esse ; sed tantisper neque vindicare earn potest, neque ad exhibendum 
 de ea re agere, propter legem duodecim tabularum, qud cavelur, ne quis tiguum a lien urn 
 aedibus suis junctum , eximere cogatur: sed duplum pro eo praestet, per actionem, 
 quae vacatur, de tiguo injuncto. Appellatiane autem tigui omnis materia significatur, ex 
 qua aedificia fiunt Quod ideo provisum est, ne aedijicia rescindi necesse sit; sed si aliqua ex 
 causd divertum sit aedificium, poterit materiae dominus, si non fuerit duplum jam persecutus, 
 tunc earn vindicare et ad exhibendum de ea re agere. Justinian. Inst. id. ib. v. Gaius, Dig. 
 ib. supra. 
 
 The owner of the materials does not, however, lose his right of ownership ; but for so 
 long a time as the building stands he can neither claim the materials, nor bring an action for 
 the exhibition of them, on account of the law of the Twelve Tables, by which it is provided 
 that no one is to be compelled to take away the materials (tiguum) of 
 another which has been made part of his own building; yet by the action 
 de tiguo juncto, he may be obliged to pay double value ; and under the term tiguum, all 
 materials for building are comprehended. The object of this provision (in the law of the 
 Twelve Tables) was to prevent the necessity of demolishing buildings. But, if from any 
 cause, the building is dissevered, the owner of the materials may then, if he has not already 
 obtained double the value of them, reclaim the materials, and bring his action to have them 
 exhibited, v. Actio ad eiehibendum. cf. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 3, fr. i ; Broom's Max. 387, 
 388 ; PUFENDORP, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, iv, c. 7, § 6, n. i, p. 400. 
 
 CUM in tali casu possit, eadem res pluribus aliis creditoribus, tttm prius, tum poslerius, 
 invadiari. As in such case the property may be pledged to many other creditors, as well 
 before as afterward. Glanv. 1. 10, c. 8 ; Bl. Com. ii, 160. 
 
 CUM in testamento ambiguae, aut etiam perperam scriptum est, benigne interpre- 
 tari, et secundum id, quod credibile est cogitatum, credenduni est. Marcellus, 
 Dig. xxxiv, s, fr. 24. Where an ambiguous, or even an erroneous expression 
 occurs in a will, it should be construed liberally and in accordance with that 
 which is supposed or believed to be the testator's probable meaning. 3 Pothier 
 ad P and. (ed. 1819) 46 ; Broom's Max. 475, and authorities there cited. 
 
 Marcellus, in another place, saj'S : Non aliter a significatione verborum recedi oportet, 
 quam quum manifestum- est, aliud sensisse testatorem. MARCELLUS, Dig. xxxii, fr. 69 pr. 
 Applied per Knight Bruce, L. J., 2 DeGex, M. &r' G. 313; Broom's Max. 547. Read in 
 this connection : Titius codicillis suis ita cavit, etc. Marcellus, Dig. xxxii, fr. 69, § i. 
 
 Paulus says : In testamentis plenius voluntates testantium interpretantur. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, 17,/?-. 12. 
 
 Bracton's rules are applied to every species of writings. Read: Benignae faciendae 
 sunt interpretationes. etc. 
 
 CUM indulgeat judex indigno, nonne ad prolapsionis contagium provocat universos ? 
 Sic ergo misereatur indigno, ut semper homini condoleat. Item pauperis non 
 misereatur quis injudicio, misericordia, s. remissionis, cui tantum misericordia com- 
 passione est, sicut et omnibus miserendum. Et quibus et qualiter sit misere?idum, 
 eum doceat merita vel demerita personarum. When a judge is indulgent to an 
 unworthy person, does he not encourage all to the contagion of giving way ? 
 Let him show so far mercy to the unworthy, as always to sympathize with his 
 fellow man. Likewise let him not have mercy for the poor in his judgment, that 
 is the mercy of forgiveness, for to them only the mercy of compassion is due, as 
 it is due to all mankind. And to whom and in what degree mercy is to be shown 
 let him be taught by the merits or demerits of the individuals. Bracton, iii, c. 
 9, § 3, fol. 107^ /«. 
 
 Read: Nulli autem jtiris benejicium deregent, i nullo praemium petent, etc. Id. ib. c. 10, 
 ^ I, fol. 108. Item non solum oportet judicantem, sapientem esse, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 Cum ingenio. With genius, ability ; with cleverness. Cicero, Fam. xiii, 10, 2 ; Ulpian. 
 Dig. i, 16, fr. 9, § 2. 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 Cum intentione fallendi. With intention to deceive. V. Mendacium, 
 
 CUM inter I. virum et V. mulierem divortii senientia sit canonicl prolata, filii 
 eorum non debent exinde sustinere jacturam, ciim parentes eorum publicl et sine 
 contradidione ecdesiae inter se contraxisse noscantur, idebgue sandmus, ut filii eorum, 
 quos ante divortium habuerint, et qui concepti fueruni ante latam sententiam, non 
 miniis habeantur legittimi, et quod in bona paterna haereditario jure succedant, et de 
 parentum facultatibus nutriantur. Decretal, c. 2, x, ^ qui filii,' 4, 17. Since 
 between the man I. and the woman V. a sentence of divorce has been canonic- 
 ally promulgated, their sons ought not therefore to sustain any loss, since their 
 parents are known to have contracted with one another publicly and without 
 any contradiction of the church, and therefore we ordain that their children 
 whom they had before their divorce and who were conceived before sentence 
 was given, are not the less to be regarded as legitimate, and that they may suc- 
 ceed by hereditary right to their father's goods, and be nourished with the means 
 of their relatives. Quoted vn. Bradon, ii, c. 29, § 3, fol. 63. 
 
 Read: Rogaverunt omnes episcopi magnates, et consentirent quod nati ante malrimonium, etc. 
 
 CUM is, qui et reum, et fidejussor es habet, ab uno ex fidejussoribus accepta pecunia 
 praestat adiones, etc. Paulus, Dig. xlvi, i, fr. 36. Quoted in Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 500. Read it in Quum is, qui et reum, et fidejussores habet, etc. 
 Paulus, supra. 
 
 CUM judicia bonae fidei disceptatur, etc. Papinianus, Dig. xxii, i, fr. i /;-. 
 Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 294, 296, 300^. Read: Quuni judicio 
 bonae fidei disceptatur, etc. Papinian. supra. 
 
 CUM judicium esset de fama, fortunisque. When the sentence or judgment affected his 
 character and fortune, v. Cicero, /n> Quint, ix, 13, 15 ; id. Off. \, 12. 
 
 This was applied in a civil cause, when, besides loss of fortune, character was at stake. 
 
 CUM juris adminiculum concurrente. With the concurrent support of the law. Bracton, 
 fols. 38^, 44«. V. Juris a dm iniculu in . 
 
 Cum laude. With praise, esteem, fame ; with commendation. 
 
 Cum laxamentO et amplitudine. = Gr. ev itXdvEi. With relaxation and amplitude ; 
 with liberality and fullness ; with breadth and copiousness of expression, v. Julian. Dig. 
 xlvi, 3, fr. 13 ; Ulpian. ib. xlvi, 8, fr. 12, § 2. 
 
 CUM legatum sit donatio mortis causd, et legatum tantum morte confirmatur, et 
 [ut ?] donatio inter vivos, traditione. A legacy may be the same as a dona- 
 tion mortis causd, and a legacy is fully confirmed only by death, just as a donation 
 inter vivos is confirmed by delivery. Bradon, ii, c. 19, § 4, fol. 49 ; Dyer, 143. 
 V. Paulus, Dig. xxxii, \,fr. 87. 
 
 CUM legitimae nuptiae factae sunt, patrein sequuntur. When children are born 
 of a lawful marriage, they follow the condition of the father. Civil and 
 Common Law Maxims. 
 
 CUM lex abrogatur, illud ipsum abrogatur, quo n.on eam abrogari oportet. Cicero, 
 Att. iii, 23. When a law is repealed, that (clause) is abolished by which 
 (it declares) that it should not be repealed. " When you repeal the law itself, 
 you at the same time repeal the prohibitory clause, which guards against such 
 repeal." Bl. Com. i, 90, 91 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. i, 94. v. Wait's note (33). 
 
 Laws have been frequently made containing clauses against their repeal, but these cannot 
 prevent a subsequent, or even the then present legislature from exercising their right to 
 
 539 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 repeal at any time. The rule is expressed in the maxims : Non impedit clausula derogatoria, 
 etc. J Perpeiua lex est nullum, legem, etc.; and Clausula quae abrogationem excludit initio non 
 valet. Bacon's Max. in Reg. ig. 
 
 Cum libero accessu et recessn. With free access and recess, or ingress and egress. 
 Bracton, fol. 231^. Cum liberO exitu et introitu. With free exit and entry ; with free 
 access out and in. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 9. 
 
 Cwm licet fugere, ne quaere litem. — L a t . P r o v . When there is an oppor- 
 tunity to escape it, do not seek a lawsuit. Trop. : Avoid a lawsuit or contention in all 
 cases where you can do so without injustice or dishonor. Avoid a lawsuit if you can. 
 
 Plautus puts it : 
 
 * * * Quid tu porro vis ferere negotium. ? 
 
 Nescis ttt quam meiriculosa res fit ire ad judicem . 
 
 Plautus, Mostellaria, v, i, 51, 52. 
 
 CUM lites potius restringendae sunt quam laxandae. That lawsuits are rather to be 
 restrained than increased, v. Citm licet fugere, ne quaere litem. 
 
 Clim litore maris eidem adjacente. With the sea-shore adjoining the same. Kent's 
 Com. iii, 431. As to the " sea-shore," v. Litus est quousque maximus fluctus a mari pervenit. 
 
 Cum lupus et cane non fit cognoscibilis. — P r o v . When the wolf cannot be 
 [or is not] distinguishable from the dog. " When w;e cannot distinguish a wolf from a dog." 
 Spelman, Gloss. Canis similis lupo est,-^a. Aogis similar to a.'woM. Cicero, v. Inter canem 
 et lupum. V. Crepus c ulum . 
 
 * Cum, magna malae superest audacia causae, 
 Creditur a multis fiducia. — Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 109. 
 
 When a bad cause is backed by great impudence, it is believed by many to be the boldness 
 of innocence. 
 
 Fiducia. "For desperate boldness is the rogue's defense, 
 
 And sways the court like honest confidence."— Hodgson. 
 "For confidence in sin, when mix't with zeal, 
 
 Seems innocence, and looks to most as well." — Thomas CREEcik. 
 "For impudence the vulgar suffrage draws. 
 And seems the assurance of a righteous cause." — Wm. Gifford, xiii, 152. 
 
 CUM MAGISTRATUS JUDICASSIT IRROGASSITVE, PER POPULUM MULTAE POENAE 
 CERTATio ESTO. Lex XII. Tab. ix, fr. 12. If the magistrate shall have 
 decided and inflicted a penalty, let there be a public appeal to the people 
 respecting the penalty and fine imposed. 
 
 Read the law preceding this : Magistratus nec oboedientem et noxium sivem 
 MDLTA, ETC., wherein an appeal to the people was ordained (ad quos provocatio esto). 
 
 Cum magna exercitu le buschement . With a great force called an ambuschment. 
 I Pitcairn's Cr. Trials, 329. 
 
 Cum manuopere CaptUS. — L. Lat. Taken with the mainour, i. e. with the thing stolen 
 about him, or, as it were in his hand. Fleta, lib: ii, c. 52, §42. v. Manuopere. 
 
 Cum maritagio. With a marriage portion. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 5, § 22. v. Marita- 
 gium. 
 
 Cum molendines et multuris. With grist-mills and multures. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 9,i§ 22. 
 
 CUM mulier alicui conjugato nubat bond fide, credens eum esse solutum, eum sit 
 alteri mulieri copulatus, et ex eo filios suscipiat, tales legittimi judicantur et 
 haeredes. Bracton, fol. 63. Read this under Legittimus vera haeres et 
 filius est, quem, etc. 
 
 Cum multis aliis illicite, et riotose assemblaverunt, etc. — L. Lat. With many others, law- 
 lessly and riotously they assembled, etc. 
 
 Cum multis aliis, quae nunc praescribere longum est. With many other matters, which it 
 would now be tedious to enumerate or dwell upon. 
 
 54° 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 CUM NEXUM FACIET MANCIPIUMQUE, UTI LINGUA NUNCUPASSET, ITA JUS 
 ESTo. Lex XII. Tab. vi, fr. i. When one makes a personal obligation 
 and right of ownership, as the tongue hath declared so let the right be. 
 
 Varro defines the term nexus : Nexum Manillius scribit, onme, quod per libram et aes 
 geritur, in quo sint mancipia, etc. Varro, Lat. Ling, vii, 5, § 105. Read it in exlenso — 
 under Nexus. 
 
 Cinn non jaceat in ore tenentis dedicere. — L. Lat. Since it lies not in the mouth of the 
 tenant to deny. Fhta, lib. ii, i,. 50, § i. 
 
 Ctim notS.. With a critical or distinguishing mark. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Where there is a /?»«Wa toft'«;», — a scarcity of witnesses — persons 
 otherwise inadmissible are sometimes admitted to give evidence ciim notd, leaving to con- 
 sideration the belief, credit and amount of the oath, according to circumstances. Erskine's 
 Inst, iv, tit. 2, § 26. 
 
 CUM \c[uum\ nulla subest causa, propter conventionem, hie constat non posse con- 
 stitui obligationem. Igitur nuda pactio obligationem non parit, sed parit 
 exceptionein. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, § 4. When no consideration subsists 
 for or on account of an agreement or convention, it is clear that I have estab- 
 lished no obligation capable of an enforcement. Therefore a bare or naked pact 
 or agreement produces no obligation, but it produces an exception. Story on 
 Contr. § A^ia; i Story's Eq. Jur. § 2. 
 
 Ulpianus, in another place, says: Qui anient promissit sine cattsd^ co7idi- 
 cere quantitatem non potest, qtiayn non dedit, sed ipsam obligationevi, Ulpianus, Dig. xii, 7, 
 fr. I pr. 
 
 Plowden thus states the rule: Nudum pactum est ubi nulla subest causa' 
 praeter[ propter^ conventionem; sed tibi subest causa. Jit obligatio et pavit actionem. Plowd. 
 309. V. Wood's C. L. c. I, p. 205, note. The word 'propter' instead of ' praeter,' occurs in 
 some editions of the Pandects. 
 
 In the Civil Code of France, the rule is laid down : L' obligation sans causa , 
 ou sur une fause cause, ou sur une cause illicite, ne peut avoir aucun effet. Code Civil, liv. iii, 
 tit. 3, c. 2, sect. 4, § 1131. 
 
 Causa, of the Roman Law, is equivalent to the consideration of the Common Law; and by the 
 latter term is to be understood some cause which has a value susceptible of legal appreciation, capable of 
 enforcement in foro externa, and not merely a moral motive. Plowden, 309 ; 9 Mees. &> W. 501 ; 5 Pick. R. 
 83. V. Patterson, J., 2 Q. B. 859. v. Consideratio. 
 
 CUM olim in usu fuisset, alterius nomine agi non posse, nisi pro populo, pro liber- 
 tate, pro tutela. * * * Sed quia hoc non minimam incommoditatem hahe- 
 bat, quod alieno notnine neque agere, neque excipere actionem licebat coeperunt homines 
 per procuratores liiigare; nam et morbus et aetas et necessaria peregrinatio, itemque 
 aliae multae causae saepe hominibus impedimenta sunt, quo minus rem suani ipsi 
 exequi possint. Justinian. Inst, iv, 10, § pr. Anciently, custom forbade one 
 person to bring an action in the name of another unless for the people, or for 
 freedom, or for a pupil. * * * But, as it was found to be exceedingly- 
 inconvenient that one man should be prohibited from bringing or defending 
 an action in the name of another, it by degrees became a practice to litigate 
 through procurators. For ill health, old age, unavoidable journeys, and many 
 other causes often prevent men from being able to attend personally to their 
 own affairs. Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 22. 
 
 Guni Omni causa. With every consideration. Together with all its appurtenances. With 
 all its fruits and accessories. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 289; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. r, § 27. 
 
 Ciun omnibus fartibus, pendiculis, aliisque pertinentiis. With all the parts, pendicles and 
 other pertinents. 36 Eng. Law and Equity R. 20. 
 
 Cum omnibus suis utilitatibus ac avantagiis inde provenientibus . With all its profits and 
 advantages thereof ensuing. Reg. Eccl. Christi. Cantuar. Cited in Cowell. 
 
 Cum omnibus terris eidem pertin' . With all the lands belonging to the same. Noy's Max. 
 [66] c. xxxiv. 
 
 S41 
 
Cum.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 Cum Onere. With the charge or burden. Kenfs Com. iv, 355. Subject to a charge or 
 incumbrance. 2 Powell on Devises, 673. 
 
 "The captor took ciim onere." Sir Wm. Scott, 4 Rob. Adm. R. 317, 347. A purchaser, 
 with knowledge of an incumbrance, takes the property chm onere. Co. Litt. z^ia ; 7 East, 
 164; Paley, Ag. 175. v. Onus. 
 
 V. Res transit cicni stio onere, . Transit terra chm onere, 
 
 CUM \ijuuin\ par delictum est duorum, semper oneratur petitor, et melior habetur 
 possessoris causa. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, 154. Where the fault of two parties 
 is equal, the claimant always has the burden, and the party in possession is deemed 
 to have the better case. Broom's Max, 6gi. 
 
 From this was drawn the maxim: In pari delicto, potior est conditio possidentis. 
 Read : Quum par delictum est duorum, etc., and the authorities there cited. 
 CUM partes in judicio comparuerint. When the parties have appeared in court. Bracton, 
 fol. ig6^. 
 
 CUM \quurn\ pecuniam ejus nomine solver es, qui tibi nihil mandaverat, negotiorum 
 gestorum actio tibi competit, quum ea solutione debitor a creditore liberatus sit; 
 nisi si quid debitoris interfuit, earn pecuniam non solvi. Labeo, Dig, iii, S, fr, 43. 
 When you should pay money in the name \i, e, behalf of] of one who had not 
 ordered you to pay, you have a right of action negotiorum gestorum, since by 
 such payment a debtor may be [is] liberated [released] by his creditor; unless 
 it was to the interest of the debtor \^or important to the debtor] not to pay that 
 money. Quoted in Wharton on Agency, § 366. 
 
 Ctmi pere et loculo. With satchel and purse, i Pitcaim's Cr. Trials, part 2, p. 47. 
 
 Cum pertineutiis. With the appurtenances. Bracton, fol. 731^/ Fleta, lib. iii, c. 84, 
 §g 10, II ; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 11. 
 
 CUM pila complures luderent, quidam ex his servulum, etc, Alfenus, Dig, ix, 
 2,fr, 52, § 4. Quoted in Wharton on Negl, §§ 119, 406. Read it in : 
 Quum pila complures luderent, etc, Alfenus, Dig, supra. 
 
 CUM POPULO PATRIBUSQUE AGENDI JUS ESTO CONSUL!, PRAETORI, MAGISTRO 
 POPULI EQUITUMQUE EIQUE, QUEM PATRES PRODUNT CONSULUM ROGAN- 
 DORUM ERGO, TRIBUNISQUE, QUOS SIBI PLEBES ROGASSIT, JUS ESTO CUM PATRI- 
 BUS AGENDI, IDEM AD PLEBEM, QUOD OESUS ERIT, FERUNTO. Lex XII. Tab. 
 
 '\y,,fr. 13. Let the consul, the praetor, the censor, the master of the people aad 
 of the knights, and he to whom the senate has committed the election of consuls, 
 have full liberty to treat both with the senate and the people, and endeavor to 
 reconcile the interests of all parties. Let the tribunes of the people likewise 
 have free access to the senate, and advocate the interests of the people in all 
 their deliberations. Cicero, de Legg. iii, 4, § 10. 
 
 CUM Praetor in heredem dat actionem quatenus ad eum pervenit, siifficit si vel 
 momenta ad eum pervenit ex dolo defuncti, Paulus, Dig, L, 17, fr, 127. 
 When the Praetor gives a right of action against the heir so far as it affects him, 
 it is sufficient if even for a brief space, a moment, there comes to him some- 
 thing from the fraud of the deceased, cf. Gothofred, etc., cxxvii. [F. J. M.] 
 C\]M. primum vero conjuges migrant ex und provincid, in aliam, bona, quae dein- 
 ceps alteri adveniunt, cessant esse communia, manentque distinctis proprietatibus ; 
 sicut res antea communes factae, manent in eo statu juris, quern induerunt, Hube- 
 RUS. When in the first place the married persons emigrate from one province 
 (where the community prevailed) to another (where it did not prevail), the 
 property which afterward comes to either ceases to be common, and remains 
 542 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 under a distinct ownership ; as the property before common remains in that 
 state of right with which it was invested. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, 
 §187, n. 3>. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CUM \quuni\ principalis causd non consisHi \existit\, ne ea quidem quae sequuniur 
 locum habeat. Paulus, Dig. L, iT,fr. 129, § i. When the principal cause 
 is not consistent [cannot exist], those things which follow the same shall not 
 have a place. " When the principal cause has no existence, the consequence 
 of it ceases.'' Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xxiii, p. 118. 
 
 Quae accessionum locum obiinent. extinguuntur quum principales resperemptae fuerint. Gaius, 
 Dig. xxxiii, 8,//-. 2; 2 Pothier, Oblig. 202 ; Broom's Max. 478. 
 
 Ulpianus gives us the line of distinction between the principle and the 
 accessory: Semper enim quum quaerimus, quid cui cedat, illud spectamus, quid cujus rei 
 ornandae causd adhibeatur; ut accessio cedat principali ; cedent igitur geminae phialis^ vel land- 
 bus, inclusae auro argentove. Ul.PlANUS, £>ig. xxxiv, 2, fr. 19, § 13. 
 
 CUM prof erenda sunt studia, caligat in sole et omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod 
 inter multos faciendum est. QuiNTlLiAN, Inst, i, 2, § ig. When his acquirements are to be 
 displayed in public, he is blind at the light of the sun, and stumbles at every new object, 
 as having learned in solitude that which is to be done in public. 
 
 Read : Ante omnia futurus orator, cui in maxima celebritati, etc. QuiNTiLiAN, ib. § 18. 
 
 Ctuu [q^UTim] proficUO exituum. With the profits of the issues. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 70, § I. 
 
 CUM \quum\ quaeritur, haec exceptio \scil. rei judicatae\ noceat, necre ? inspici- 
 endum est, an idem corpus sit; (Ulpianus, /r. 13) quantitas eadein, idem jus j 
 (Paulus, fr. 14) et an eadem causd petendi, et eadem conditio personarum ; quae 
 nisi omnia concurrunt, alia res est. Idem corpus in hac exceptione, non utique omtti 
 pristina qualitate vel quantitate servata, nulla adjectione diminutioneve facta j sed 
 pinguius pro communi utilitate accipitur. Paulus, Ulpianus et Paulus, Dig. 
 xliv, 2,frr. 12, 13, 14. When it is questioned whether this exception [/. e. rei 
 judicatae\ may do any harm or not, it is to be considered whether it is the same 
 subject-matter \corpus\; (Ulpianus, 13) the same quantity, the same right; 
 (Paulus, 14) and whether in the same cause pending, and the same condition 
 of persons ; unless all those things concur, it is another matter. The same sub- 
 ject-matter (corpus), in this exception (plea), is not always preserved in all its 
 original quality or quantity, without addition or diminution made, but is con- 
 strued liberally for the sake of general utility, cf. 2 Smith's L. C. [596] 671 ; 
 2 Best on Evid. § 592. 
 
 ViNNlus specifies the proper requisites to a plea of judgment recovered : Haec autem 
 exceptio {rei judicatae non alitor genti obstat, etc. Lib. iv, tit. 13, § 5. Quoted in Broom's Max. 
 32Sfn. n. I. 
 
 CUM [quuni\ quaeritur in stipulatione, quid acti sit, ambiguitas contra stipulatorem 
 est. Celsus, Dig. xxxiv, Z,fr. 26. When the question in a stipulation is: 
 what was' done ? an ambiguity is to be construed against the stipulator. " When 
 the question is : what was the purpose of the stipulation ? ambiguous words are 
 to be construed against the person to whom the other is obliged." Fhillimore's 
 Princ. and Max. Jurisp. iv, 334. 
 
 Paulus says: In contrakendd venditione ambiguum factum contra venditorem interpretanda 
 est. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. \'ii. 
 
 Ulpianus expresses the rule: In stipulationibus quum quaeritur, quid actum sit, 
 verba contra stipulatorem interpretanda sunt. Ulpianus, Dig. xlv, \, fr. 38, § 18. 
 
 Celsus gave the reason for the rule: Fere secundum promissorem interpretamur 
 quia s tipulatori liberutn fuit verba lata concipere . Celsus, Dig. xlv, i, 
 fr. 99. cf. Broom's Max. 576. 
 
 543 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 CUM quis acceptiehat praefecturam ■wapentachii , die statute, in loco uH consuererunt 
 congregari, omnes majores contra eum conveniebant, et descendente de eqiio suo, omnes assurgiebant 
 ei. Ipse vera erectd lanced sud, ab omnibus secundum morem faedus accipiebat; omnes enim, 
 quotquot venissent, citm lanceis suis has tarn tangebant , et ita confirmabant per con- 
 t actum arriiorem , etc. When any one received the appointment of chief of a wapen- 
 take, on a day appointed, all the principal men came together to meet him, in the place 
 where they usually assembled, and as he alighted from his horse, all rose up before him. 
 The chief then, raising his lance, received fealty from them all, according to custom ; for all 
 who were present touched his lance with theirs, and thus, by the touch of their 
 weapons, expressed their submission to his authority. Hovenden, Ann. apud Cowell. 
 FletA describes it in nearly the same language. Fleta, ii, t. 6i, §§ 21, Z2. v. Wapen- 
 tac hiuin . 
 
 CUM quis jus ignorans indebitam pecuniam persolverit, cessat repetitio. Per igno- 
 rantiam enim facti tantum refetitionem indebiti soluti competere, tibi notum est. 
 Justinian. Cod. i, 18, const. 10. When any one not knowing the law shall have 
 paid money which he does not owe, a reclamation is void. For you know, that 
 through ignorance of the fact only, a claim for money paid which you do not 
 owe, belongs to you. Quoted in i Story's Eq. Jur. § iii, note 2. v. the authori- 
 ties there cited. 
 
 Read; Ignorantia facti, non juris, prodesse ; nee stultis solere succurri, sed errantibus. 
 Paulus, Dig. xxii, 6, fr. 9, § 5. 
 
 CUM quis possit alienare, poterit et consentire alienationi. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 
 17, /r. 165. When anyone is able to alienate or transfer a thing, he is 
 able to consent to the alienation or transfer. Gothofred. de Div. Reg. Juris. 
 clxv, p. 669 ; Wood's Inst. 207. 
 
 CUM quod ago non valet ut ago, valeat quantum valere potest. When that which 
 I do is of no effect as I do it, /. e. in the particular form I do it — it shall 
 have effect as far as it can. i Vern. 40, 141 ; 1 Atk. 8; 2 Ves. ^. 252 ; i Prest. 
 Allst. 312 ; 7 Exch. 373 ; Kent's Com. iv, 493. 
 
 These cases express the principle of our law, that where parties to a transaction wishing 
 to carrj' out a legal and clearly expressed intention, have, nevertheless, proceeded so to do 
 in a mode which is inadequate, that mode will, if possible, be treated as some other which 
 is adequate, v. Kent's Com. iv, 493. When a deed cannot take effect according to the letter, 
 it will be construed so as it may take some effect or other. Shep. Touch. 87, 511, 514. As 
 to the effect of a confession of a judgment. Van Ness, J., 14 Johns. (N. Y.) £. 450. 
 " Clearly we may say of a statute as much as we do every day of deeds, and other private 
 acts, valeat quantum valere potest. CowEN, J., 6 Hill's (N. Y) R. 48. 
 
 In the Civil Law; If a person obliged has acted partly in non-conformity, and 
 partly in conformity with his duty, that part of the transaction which is invalid does not 
 render the remainder so, if the latter is separable from the former, and is complete in itself. 
 POMPONIUS, Dig. xxiv, I, 31,5^4; Marcianus, id. xxii, l, fr. 29 et al So much moreover 
 of the transaction as is valid may be upheld as a transaction different from that contem- 
 plated, and a new juridical transaction may arise, by what is termed a conversio actus juridici. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 5,/?-. i, § 4 ; id. ib. xlvi, 4,/?-. fi pr. ; Julianus, ib. xviii, 5,/n 5 pr. ; 
 Papinianus, ib. xxviii, 6, fr. 41, § 3. v. Quando res non valet ut ago, valeat quantum valere 
 potest. Lord Mansfield, C. J., Cowper, 600. 
 
 Cum quolibet eorum. with any one, or either one of them ; with all and every of 
 them. I Parsons on Contr. 23, citing 5 Co. lib, Sligsby's case. 
 
 Cum q^UOlibet et quolibet eorum. With any one, and as you please, of them ; with 
 either, and in any way you please, of them ; with all and every of them as you please, i 
 Parsons on Contr. 19, note ijz). 
 
 CUM Redemptor noster, totius Conditor naturae, ad hoe propitiatus humanum camem 
 valuerit assumere, ut divinitatis suae gratia, dirempto {quo tenebamur captivi) vinculo, pristinae 
 nos, restituerit libertati : salubritur agitur, si homines, quos ab initio liberos natura protulit, et 
 
 544 
 
Cum.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 jus ge7itium jugo subsiittiit servitutis^ in ea qua naii fuerant^ manumittentis , benejicio^ lihcriate 
 reddantur. Seeing that our Redeemer, the Creator of all things, as a propitiation, 
 assumed a human body, that, by the merit of his divinity, the chain being broken (by which 
 we were enthralled), he might restore us to liberty. So we act beneficially, if by the kindness 
 of our manumission, those whom nature ordained free from the first, but whom the law of 
 nations hath subjected to slavery, are restored by us to their birth-right of freedom. 
 
 Pope Gregory the Great, who flourished toward the end of the sixth century, gave 
 this reason for granting liberty to a slave. And a great part of the charters of 'Manu- 
 mission' previously to the reign of Louis X. are granted "for the love of God," 
 "for the cure of souls," and "for the welfare of the soul" 1^ pro ainore 
 Deo,' ^ pro remedio animae,' et 'pro mercede animae'). v. Dti Cange, voc. ' Manumissio.' 
 
 CUM secundum legem et consueiud ' regni nostri Angliae hosfitatores qui hospitia 
 com' tenent ad hospitandos homines per partes ubi hujusmodi hospitia existunt 
 transeuntes, et in eisdem hospitantes, eorum bona et catalla infra hospitia ilia exist- 
 entia absque subtractione seu amissione custodire die et node tenentur^ ita quod pro 
 defectu hujusmodi hospitatorum seu servientium suorum hospitibus hujusmodi dam- 
 num non eveniat ullo modo, quidam malef adores quendam equum ipsius A. precii 
 40 J. infra hospitium ejusdem B. etc. invent um pro defedu ipsius J3. ceperunt, etc. 
 Since according to the law and custom of our kingdom of England, innkeepers, 
 who keep common inns for entertaining persons, wayfaring through those sec- 
 tions of country, where inns of such a description exist, and such persons being 
 guests in the same, are held to watch day and night their (the guests') goods 
 and chattels situated within these inns from being purloined or lost, so that for 
 such default of the innkeepers or their servants, damage shall in nowise arise 
 to such guests, some malefactors took a certain horse of said A., worth forty 
 shillings, within the confines of the inn of said B., etc., effected through the 
 default of said B. himself, they undertook, etc. 8 Co. 32, Coyle's case ; s. c. 
 I Smith's L. C. [195] 226. 
 
 CUM servo nulla actio est. Gaius, Dig. L, i^jfr. 107. There is no right of 
 action when in slavery. 
 
 * * * Cum sint praemia falsi. 
 Nulla, ratam debet testis habere fldeni. 
 
 Ovid, Testium, iii. El. 10. v. 35, 36. 
 Inasmuch as there is no profit in untruths, an eye-witness ought to receive full confidence. 
 Read : Plu r is est oculatus testis unus , guct m aicriti de ccTtt , Plautus, True, ii, 6, 8. 
 cf. PuFENDORF, de Jure, v, c. 13, § 9, notes. 
 
 CUM sit modus in rebus, sunt certi deniqul fines, quos ultraque ciiraque nequit 
 consistere rectum. Et hoc similiter simplex. Since there is moderation in 
 things, there are certain settled limits, on both sides of which right cannot be. 
 And this is similarly singular. Bradon, iv, c. 34, § 6, fol. 2\']b. 
 This is slightly changed from Horace : 
 
 Est modus in rebus, sunt certi deniqul Jines, 
 
 Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum, — Horace, Sat. i, i. 106. 
 
 Plautus expresses : 
 
 * * * Quid tu porro vis ferere negotiuvi ? 
 
 Nescis tu quhm meticulosa res fit ire ad judiceiii. 
 
 Plautus, Mostellaria, v, i, 51, 52. 
 
 CUM sit contra praeceptum Domini, ^'Non tentabis Dominum Dcum 
 tuum." As it is against the command of the Lord, "Thou shall 
 not tempt the Lord thy God." Z>C(r/r/'a/, part 2, caus. 2, qu. 5, dist. 
 [69] 545 
 
Cum,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cum. 
 
 7 ; Decretal, lib. iii, tit. 50. c. 9, et Gloss, ib.; Bl. Com. iv, 344 {ri) ; Broom 6^ 
 Had. Com. iv, 434. 
 
 CUM sit omni carnali ingenuitate generodus, extremum quodcumque Dei servitium, scilicet, 
 qupd ten-ena nobilitas multos flerumque ; vitiorum servos facit; servitus vero Christi nobilcs 
 virtutibus reddit; nemo autem sani capitis virtutibus vilia comparaverit, claret fro certo eu7n esse 
 generosiorem, qui se Dei servitio praebuerit proniorem. Quod ego, Regnaldus, intelligens, etc. 
 The lowest service of the Deity is more noble than all worldly distinction ; because earthly 
 grandeur makes men too frequently the slaves of sin ; but the service of Christ exalts us in 
 moral worth ; and as no man of sound judgment compares vice with virtue, therefore it is 
 perfectly evident that he is the most exalted who hath humbled himself to the service of God. 
 Which I, Regnaldus, (well) knowing, etc. 
 
 The following words are expressed in another charta . ' 'Elegens majus 
 esse servum Dei quam libertus seculi, firmiter credens, et sciens, quod servire Deo, regnare est, 
 summaque ingenuitas sit in qua servitus comparabatur Christi" etc. v. DuCange, voc. ' b la- 
 tus,' vol. iv, 1286, 1287 ; Mabillon, de Re Diplomat, lib. vi, 632. 
 
 CUM statutum non simpliciter inhabilitat, sed ratione fundi aut juris realis alterum 
 respicientis extra personas contrahentes, tolas hanc inhabilitatem non egredi 
 locum statuti. D'Augesseau. When the statute does not disable simply, but 
 on account of the property or real right concerning some one other than the 
 contracting parties, this entire disability does not go beyond the place of the 
 statute. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 15, n. [F. J. M.] 
 
 CUM sunt partium jura obscura, reo favendum est potius qudm actori. When 
 the rights of the parties are obscure, the defendant is rather to be favored 
 than the plaintiff. Sext. Decretal, lib. v, tit. 12; de Regulis, Juris, Reg. 11. 
 Quoted in i Best on Evid. § 267, p. [366 fin.\ 
 
 In obscuris minimum est sequendum. Sext. Decretal, lib. v, tit. 12, ' de Regula Juris, Reg. 31. 
 
 The Civilians held: Semper in obscuris, quod minimum est, sequimur. ULPIANtJS, 
 Dig. L, 17, fr. g. cf. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Juris, ix. Tn dubio secundum, reum potius 
 quam secundum actorem litem dari oportet. Heineccius, ad Pand. pars, iv, § 144. 
 
 Cum tali filia mea, etc., tenendum sibi, et haeredibus suis de carne talis uxoris.— 
 
 L. Lat. With this my daughter, etc., to hold to him and the heirs of the body of such wife. 
 These words were often employed in ancient settlements of land. 
 
 CUM te propter turpem causam, contra disciplinam temporum meonim, domum 
 adversariae dedisse profitearis ; frustrd earn tibi restitui desideras ; quum i n 
 pari c ausd p OS s e s s or is conditio melior habeatiir. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 7, const. 2. When you, on account of a corrupt cause \or for a dis- 
 graceful purpose], contrary to the teachings or discipline of my times, have 
 acknowledged to have granted [surrendered or furnished] a house to a female 
 adversary ; you desire [seek] in vain to have the same restored to you ; because 
 in an equal case the condition of the possessor is consid- 
 ered the better. Quoted in i Story's Eg. Jur. § 299, note 2. 
 
 Where the turpitude affects both parties, th^ rule is: Ubi autem et 
 dantis et accipientis turpitudo versatur, non posse repeti dicifuus; veluti, si pecunia detur, ut 
 male Judicetur. Paltlus, Dig. xii, 5, fr. 3. Idem, si ob stuprum datum sit, vet si quis in adul- 
 terio deprehensus redemerit se; cessat enim rcpetitio. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 5, fr. 4. 
 
 The reason for the rule is: In pari causd possessor potior haberi debet. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 1"], fr. 128. v. In pari delicto. 
 
 CUM tamen in compluribus aliis causis postumi pro jam natis habeantur, et in hac 
 causa placuit non minus postumis, quam jam natis testamento tutor es dari posse : 
 Si modo in ea causa sint, ut si vivis nobis nascantur, in potestate nostra fiant. Hos 
 etiam heredes instituere possumus, cum extraneos postumos heredes instituere permis- 
 546 
 
Cum.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cun. 
 
 sum non sit. Gaius, Inst, i, § 147. But whereas in many other cases after-born 
 children are esteemed as already born, therefore in this case too it has been held 
 that tutors can be given by testament to after-born as well as to existing chil- 
 dren ; provided only the children are of such a character that if born in our life- 
 time they will be in omx potestas. We may also appoint them our heirs, although 
 we are not allowed to appoint the after-born children of strangers our heirs. 
 Read: En ventre sa mire, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A /M^aOTwj is one born after the making of the testament, whether 
 in the testator's life-time or not. v. Testamentum aut non jure factum dicitur, etc. Papinian. 
 Dig. xxviii, "i, fr. i. If such an one be born, the testament is void, even though he died 
 before the testator ; but the provisions of the testament are carried into effect by virtue of 
 the Praetor's grant of bonorum possessio secundum tabulas. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 119. Postztmus 
 praetentus viro testatore natus decessit, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xxviii, 3, fr. 12 pr. P os turn us 
 cognominatur post pairis mortem natus. Fesca, ' de Sign. Verba.' v. IsmoRUS, Orig. ix, 5, § 22. 
 
 CUM tres equos haberes, et ego unum, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, 2,fr. 58 pr. 
 med. Quoted in Story on Par in. § 29. Read : Quum tres equos haberes, 
 etc. Ulpian. Dig. supra. 
 
 Cum testamento annexo. — L. Lat. With the will annexed. Bacon's Uses of the Law, 
 § 10; Bl. Com. ii, 503, 504; Broom if Had. Com. ii, 643 ; Kent's Com. iv, 327 {b); i Slory on 
 Contr. § 330. V. Administration citm testamento annexo. 
 
 Cum uno mangouale lie gwnue. — ■ L. Lat. and old Scotch. With an engine called a 
 gun. I Pitc. Cr. Trials, part 2, p. 329. 
 
 CUM virginitas vel castitas corrupta, restitui non possint. Because virginity or 
 chastity corrupted, cannot be restored. Erskinc's Inst, iv, tit. 4, § SS- 
 Ovid expresses this idea : 
 
 * * * Nulla reparahilis arte 
 
 Laesa j>udicitia est. Deperit ilia setnel. — Ovid, Heroides, v, 103. 
 Cuua. — L. Lat. Coin. Co. Litt. 207. Cuuagium, — coinage. Towns. PI. 62, 260. 
 
 Cuneare, — to coin, spelman. Cuneatus, — coined. Towns. PI. 180. Cuueator, — a 
 
 coiner. Id. 260. CuueUS, — the iron die with which metallic money is coined. Spelman 
 The money itself, so coined ; coin. Spelman; Towns. PI. 260. The place of coinage ; a 
 mint. Spelman; Cowell. 
 
 CUNCTA collegia, praetor antiquitus constituta distraxit. He (Caesar) dissolved all the 
 guilds except such as were of ancient foundation. Kent's Com. ii, 269. 
 
 CUNCTA negotia et acta, tarn in judicio quam extra judicium, seu mortis causa, 
 sive inter vivos, secundum jus loci rite celebrata, valent, etiam ubi diversa juris 
 observatio viget, ac ubi sic initia, quemadmodum facta sunt, non valerunt. Huber.. 
 de Conjl. Leg. ii, lib. i, tit. 3, § 3. All matters and affairs duly celebrated accord- 
 ing to the law of a certain place in a legal as well as in an extra-legal proceeding, 
 whether mortis causd or inter vivos, are valid even where transactions entered 
 into as they have been, would have no validity. Quoted in Story on Conjl. oj 
 Laws,%(>\i.. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read in this connection : Similemusum habethaec observatio in rebus judicatis. Sententia 
 in aliqtio, etc. HuBERUS. Quoted in Story, supra. 
 
 Cunctando restituit rem. He saved the state by delay. He restored his cause by 
 delay. Ennius. 
 
 Cunctatio, Snis, /. \cunctori\ A delaying, lingering. A tarrying, delay, hesitation, 
 doubt. Quintilian, xi, 3, 157. Sine cunctatione. CiCERO, Vat. vi, 15. 
 
 Cunctator, ,5ris, m. \id.'\ A delayer, loiterer, lingerer, hesitater. 
 
 Cunctans, antis, Pa. \cunctor, ari, i, v. dep.'] Delaying, lingering, dilatory. 
 
 Gunctauter, adv. Slowly, with delay, with doubt. 
 
 Cunctus, a. uin, and more freq. m plur. Cuncti, ae, a, adj. [cbntr. from conjuncti.'] All 
 united into one whole ; in a body, all together, the whole, all, entire. 
 
 Cuncti significat quidem omnes, sed conjuncti et congregati. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 39. 
 
 547 
 
Cun.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 CUNCTAS nationes, et urbes populus, aut primores, aut singuli regunt ; delecta ex his et 
 consociata republicae forma, laudati facilius, quant evenirej vel, si evenit, hand diutuma esse 
 potest. Tacitus, Annal. iv, 33. All nations and cities are governed either by the populace, 
 by the nobility, or by single rulers. The form of government made up of these three ele- 
 ments [viz., of kings, lords and commons], and blended together, is more easily applauded 
 than realized ; or if realized, it cannot be of long duration. Bl. Com. i, 150 {g'); Broom &• 
 Had. Com. i, 44, n. (0). 
 
 Cuneaire, To coin. Cuneata , — coined. Cuneator, — a coiner. Cuneus, — the 
 die vpith which to coin. DuCange; Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Cupiditas, atis, /. [cupio, to long for a thing, desire, wish, etc.] In a good sense: 
 Desire, wish ; appetite, eager longing. In a bad sense; Lust, passion ; a passionate 
 desire. In particular: {a.) Avarice, a passionate desire for money. Greediness of 
 gain in trade ; fraud, overreaching, etc. (&•) An undue striving, etc.; spirit of party, par- 
 tiality. 
 
 CUPIDITA TJES enim sunt insatiabiles ^ quae non modo singulos homines, sed universas 
 familias evertunt, totam etiam labefactant saepe rem publicam. Ex cupiditatibus odia, discidia, 
 discordiae, sedititiones , bella nascuntur. Nee ea sese /oris solum jactant nee tantum in alios caeeo 
 impetu incurrunt, sed intus etiam in animis inclusae inter se dissident atque discordant; ex quo 
 vitam amarissimam neeesse est effi.ci; ut sapiens solum, amputata cireumcisaque inanitate omni 
 et errore, naturae jinibus contentus, sine aegritudine possit et sine metu vivere. Cicero, de Fini- 
 bus Bonorum et Malorum, i, c. 13, 43, 44. For cupidities are insatiable, and- ruin not 
 only individuals but entire families, and often overturn the whole state. From cupidi- 
 ties arise hatred, dissensions, quarrels, seditions, wars. Nor is it only out of doors that 
 these passions vent themselves, nor is it only against others that they run with blind vio- 
 lence ; but they are often shut up, as it were, in the mind, and throw that into confusion 
 with their disagreements. And the consequence of this is to make life thoroughly wretched; 
 so that the wise man is the only one who, having cut away all vanit}' and error, and removed 
 it from him, can live contented within the boundaries of nature, without melancholy and 
 without fear. 
 
 Clipio, ere, 3, v. a. To desire, wish, long for a thing. P r e g n . , To be favorable, well 
 disposed or inclined to one ; to favor, to wish well ; to be interested for, etc. 
 
 Cupio omnia quae vis. I wish you every thing you can desire. In courtly 
 phrase : I am entirely at your service, your obedient servant. Horace, Sat. i, 9, 5. 
 
 Cur. adv. VUlt. An abbreviation of Curia advisari vult, — the court will advise. 
 
 Cur, adv. [contracted -\-ctd rei.^ For what reason ; wherefore, why, to what purpose. 
 * * * * Cur non 
 
 Ponderibus modulisque suis ratio utitur, acres 
 Ut quaeque est, ita suppliciis delicta cohercet ? 
 
 Horace, Sat. i, 3, 77. 
 
 Why does not human reason make use of its own weights and measures, and so punish 
 faults as the nature of the thing demands? cf. Grotius, de Jure ac Pacis, ii, c. 20, § 2. 
 
 " * + * Yet while reason rules, 
 
 Let it hold forth its scales with equal hand, 
 Justly to punish, as the crimes demand." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 " Why doth not reason weights and measures frame, 
 That every sin may have its proper pain." 
 
 * * * * Cur tamen hos tu, 
 
 Evasisse putes, quos dirt conscia facti 
 Mens hahet attonitos, et stirdo verbere caedit, 
 Occultum, quatiente animo tortore flagellum ? 
 Poena autem vehemens, ac multo saevior illis, 
 Quas et C aeditius gravis invenit aut Mhodomanthus, 
 Nocte dieque suum gestare in pe<^ore testem. — Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 192. 
 Yet, why should you deem those to have escaped scot-free whom their mind, laden with 
 a sense of guilt, keeps in constant terror and lashes with a viewless thong? Conscience is 
 
 548 
 
Cur.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 their tormentor, brandishing a scourge unseen by human eyes ! Nay ! awful indeed is their 
 punishment, and far more terrible even than those which the sanguinary Caeditius invents, 
 or Rhodomanthus, in bearing, night and day, in one's own breast a witness against one's 
 self. V. PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, i, t. 6, § 12 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 607. 
 
 The cruel or sanguinary ^ Caeditus.' — An agent of Nero's cruelty, according to some, a sanguin- 
 ary judge in the days of Vitellius, according to Labinus. ^Rkodomanthus.'—Oae of the judges of bell. 
 V. Juvenal, Sat. 1, 10, note by Madden. Virgil, Aen. vi, 566. 
 
 Read : Nolite enim putare. etc. CiCBRO, Orat. pro S. Jios. Ant. c, xxiv. 
 
 Read also : Quern ad tnoduni temerttas et iubido et ignavia^ etc, Cicero, de Fin. i, 16 . 
 
 " But why are those, Calvinus, thought to scape 
 
 Unpunished, whom, in every fearful shape. 
 
 Guilt still alarms, and conscience, ne'er asleep. 
 
 Wounds with incessant strokes, * not loud but deep,' 
 
 While the vexed mind, her own tormentor, plies 
 
 A scorpion scourge, unmarked by human eyes ! 
 
 Trust me, no tortures which the poets feign, 
 
 Can match the 6erce, the unutterable pain 
 
 He feels who, night and day devoid of rest. 
 
 Carries his own accuser in his breast." — William Gifford, xiii, 261-270, 
 " But why must those be thought to 'scape, that feel 
 
 Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel, 
 
 Which conscience shakes, when she with rage controls. 
 
 And spreads amazing terrors through their souls ? " 
 " Not sharp revenge, nor hell itself can find 
 
 A fiercer torment than a guilty mind. 
 
 Which day and night doth dreadfully accuse. 
 
 Condemns the wretch, and still the charge renews." 
 
 Mr. Thomas Creech, Feiio-w 0/ Alt-Souls College in Oxford. 
 
 Lucretius most beautifully describes a conscience-stricken wretch, and his fear of punishment : 
 
 * Metus in viid poenaruni pro male /actis^ etc. — Lucretius, de Rev. Nat, iii, 1013-1020. 
 
 C\]'K tamdiu tacuit ? Why so long he (or she) has been silent? For what 
 reason it has been so long concealed ? v, ^ Fhillim. 147 ; i Eng. Ecd, 
 384 ; Bishop on Marr. and Div, 3d ed. § 241 ; 4th ed. vol. 2, § 580. 
 
 Cura, ae, /". [-|-j«<zf^o, accordingly ; the troubling of one's self about something.] Hence, 
 Care, solicitude, carefulness. 
 
 (a.) Trouble (physical or mental) exercised in something; solicitude, care, attention, 
 pains. Synonymous with diligentia, opera studium, etc. Opposite to negligentia, etc. 
 (frequently in all species of composition), (ft.) Care, attention, a tending, guardianship, 
 guidance of a thing, concern for a person or thing, etc. Curae esse (alicui), — to have a care 
 for (some one); to be anxious about, to bestow pains upon, etc. 
 
 In Partic, t.t.. (a.) In Publicists Language: The management of state 
 afTairs, administration, charge, oversight, command, office. (6.) In the Jurists: The 
 management of business for a minor ; guardianship, trusteeship (for the more usual curatio). 
 Ulpian. Dig, iii, i, fr, l; v, i, fr, 19 et saep. A species of guardianship which commenced 
 at the age of puberty (when the guardianship called tutela expired) and continued to the 
 completion of the twenty-fifth year. Justinian. Inst, i, 23 pr,; i, 25 pr,; Hallifax, Anal, 
 b. I, c. 9. =.Curatio. 
 
 Cura animarum. The care or charge of souls. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 5, § 4. 
 
 In Eccles. Lang.: ' Cure of souls.' Abbreviated to 'cure.' I/ale's A mil, secLyixv. 
 
 CuraerBUdariuS, ii. '"• [cura-ago,] A manager, overseer. Theod. Cod, vi, 29, i. 
 
 Curatfe, "dv. With attention, carefully, diligently. 
 
 Curate, stiist, A temporary minister in the English church. B/, Com, i, 393. 
 
 Curatio Onis, /. [euro, are, to care for, etc.] A caring, care for something; administra- 
 tion, management, charge; eg,, Curatio et administrdtio rerutn, Cicero, N, D, i, i ad fin. 
 
 In Publicists Language: Management of state business, administration, office, 
 etc. Cicero, Rab, Post, x, 28. 
 
 In the Jurists: Guardianship, trusteeship. Papinian. Z'ej-. xxviii, i,/r. 30 ; Ulpian. 
 ib, xxvii, 10, fr, 4 et saep. The power or duty of taking charge of and managing the prop- 
 erty and affairs of those who are unable or incompetent to do it themselves. Heineccius, 
 Elem, fur. Civ, lib. i, tit. 23, § 266 ; Bracton, fol. 28^/ Brissonius ; Calvini, Lex, Jurid, 
 
 Curator Sr'S, m, [id,] He who cares for or takes charge of a thing ; a manager, over- 
 seer, superintendent, keeper. Cicero, Leg. iii, 3, 6 ; id, Verr. ii, 2, 59. 
 
 549 
 
Cur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur, 
 
 Juridical,^./..- A guardian, curator, trustee (of a minor, an imbecile, an absent per- 
 son, etc.). Dig. xxvi, xxvii ; Quintilian, vii, 4, ii f^ jo^/. One who is appointed to take 
 care of and administer the estate of any person who is not legally competent to manage it 
 himself; a guardian. Heineccius, El.Jur. Civ. lib. i, tit. 23. 
 
 In a general sense: = Procurator. Id. §§ 265, 266. Latino-Gr. Kovparoap. A 
 species of guardian appointed for minors from puberty to the age of twenty-five. Justinian. 
 Inst, i, i'ipr.; Papinian. Dig. xxvi, 3, frr. 5, 6. Also one having the charge of spendthrifts, 
 idiots, deaf and dumb and incurable sick persons. Justinian, Inst. 1, 23, §§ 3, 4. v. Tutor. 
 
 In English Law: The committee of the estate. Bl. Com.'\,^(x>. =Custos. Bracton, 
 fols. 28a, 2%b. V. Tutor. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A guardian (in general sense). Bell's Did. 
 
 Curator ad bona or Curator bonis. — Lat. A guardian of the goods or property. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A guardian or trustee appointed to take care of property in cer- 
 tain cases ; e. g. for the benefit of creditors. Dig. xlii, tit. 7. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A guardian for minors, lunatics, etc. Bell's Diet. " Curator bonis 
 appears to have considerably more authority in Scotland than the committee of the estate of 
 a lunatic has in England." Lord Campbell, 6 Bell's Appeal Cases, 240. v. Erskine's Inst. 
 i, tit. 7, § 13. 
 
 Curator ad hoc. — Lat. A guardian for this [purpose] ; a special guardian. 
 
 Curator ad (or in) litem. — Lat. A guardian for (or in) the suit. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A guardian appointed for the purpose of a suit, either to prose- 
 cute or defend it for another who is under some legal disability. Justinian. Inst, i, 23, § 2. 
 Hence Guardian ad litem, v. h. v. 
 
 Curator civitatis. A guardian of the community or city. Curator reipublicae,— a 
 
 guardian of the republic. Curatores viarum, — surveyors or guardians of the public roads. 
 
 Curatrix, icis,/. A female guardian. Bracton, io\. 2'ib; t Grattan's R. 2^"]. 
 
 Curatoricius or tius, a, um, o^^'. [curator.] Of or belonging to an overseer. Equi, — 
 a provincial commissary. Theod. Cod. xi, i, 29. 
 
 Curatoria, ae, /. [id.'] Guardianship. Several times in Modestinus, Dig.' xxvii, i, 
 frr. I, 2 ; but alwaj'S in Gr. Hovparopz'a, etc. 
 
 ^URATUS non habet titulum. A curate has not a title. 2 JBulstrode, 210. 
 
 C" 
 
 Curee, — L. Fr. Charged with ; having the care of. Yearb. T. g Edw. III. 14. 
 
 Curfew or Curfeu. [contr. +L. Fr. couvre feu, -\- couvrir, to cover, and /^«, fire.] =L. 
 Lat. Ignitegium or Pyritegium. Cover the fire. 
 
 In old English Law: The ringing of a bell at nightfall (or eight o'clock in the 
 evening), in the time of William the Conqueror, as a signal of command to the inhabitants 
 to rake up or cover fires, extinguish lights and retire to rest. Termes de la Ley ; Bl. 
 Com. iv, 420 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 512. Abolished by Henry I., but the term was long 
 applied in England to the ringing of any evening bell customarily toward bed-time. Cowell. 
 ' ' The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." Gray's Elegy. 
 
 In Scotland, called Curphour. In the time of James I. this bell was to be rung at 
 nine in the evening; in the time of James VI. changed to ten. Barringt, Obs. Stat. 153, 154. 
 
 The original object of this practice was to prevent the Saxons, or any other persons, from 
 meeting together in parties by night for seditious purposes, or to plot against their conquerors. 
 
 Curia, ae, /. One of the thirty parts into which Romulus divided the Roman people. 
 Varus, in Dion. Hal. ii, 83 ; Pomponius, Dig. i, 2,fr. 2 et al. cf. Festus, de S. V. infra. 
 
 M e t o n . : One of the edifices in which the Senate held its consultations ; the Curia, — 
 Senate-house. Varro, L. L. v, 32, 43 ; vi, 6, 63 ; Livv, i, 30 et al. Also of the places of 
 assembly of high councils out of Rome. Cicero, Att. vi, i ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 21. The senate- 
 house of a province ; the place where the decuriones assembled. Cod. x,3i, 32. Hence, 
 (ft,) The assembly of the Senate ; the Senate. Cicero, de Or. iii, 42 ; Livy, ii, 23, 24 ; 
 SuETON. Caes. xxii, Ixxvi ; id. Aug. xxxviii. (C.) One of the structures built for the religious 
 services of the Curiae (sometimes also serving as a council-house of the Senate). Varro, 
 L. L. V, 32, 43 ; iv, 32 et al. 
 
 Curia locus est, ubi publicas curas gerebant. Calahra curia dicebatur, ubi tantum ratio sacrorum 
 gerebatur. Curia etiam nominantur, in quibus uniuscujusque partis populi Romani quid geritur, quales ' 
 sunt hac, in quas Romulus populum distribuit, numero triginta, quibus postea additae sunt quinque, ita ut in 
 suS quisque cUria sacra publica faceret feriasque observaret, iisque curiis singulis nomina CQriarum virginum 
 imposita esse dicuntur, quas virgines quondam Romani de Sabinis rapuerant. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 37. 
 
 CUria IS the place where they used to transact public affairs. That in which only what pertained to sacred 
 things was transacted, was called Calahra cHria. The name Citrine was also given to the places in whicli 
 
Cur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 any one division of the Roman people met for business. Tliese divisions of the people, made by Romulus, 
 were thirty in number, to which five others were subsequently added, so that each performed the public 
 religious rites, and observed the holy days in its own Curia^ and to the curiae individually are said to have 
 been given the names of the Sabine virgins seized by the Romans. [J. I. H., D. D.] 
 
 Curia, — L- Lat. [-|- Gr. Kvpia, a meeting, or place of meeting for public business, 
 whether of a judicial character or otherwise ; the sovereign power, etc.] Hence, A court ; 
 the place of a sovereign. Spelman. The civil or secular power as distinguished from the 
 church. /(/. A sovereign's household [familia) or court. Id. The residence of a noble- 
 man ; a manor, or chief manse ; the hall of a manor. Id. The court of a manor. Flela, 
 lib. ii, c. 72, § I. A lord's court, as being held in his manor. Cowell. A judicial tribunal 
 {forum juridicum), or court, held in the sovereign's palace, u. Aula regis or regia, and Curia 
 regis. A judicial tribunal ; a court of justice, whether of general or special jurisdiction. 
 Flela, ii, 72, § i ; Feud. lib. ii, tit. i, 1. 2, 22 ; Spelman, Gloss. j Cowell ; Bl. Com. iii, c. 4 ; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. iii, c. 3. A court-yard or inclosed piece of ground ; a close. Stat. 
 Edw. Conf. I, 6 ; Bracton, fols. 76, 222^, 335^, 356^, 358 ; Spelman, Gloss, v. Breve de curia 
 claudenda. 
 
 Bkacton frequently uses curia ^TiA judicium as synonymous terms, -v. Dies in curia and Dies injudicio. 
 In exact sense, however, curia signifies a meeting of the judicial officers, or the place where they meet for 
 judicial purposes ; judicium, the proceedings had by or before them. ,'. Judicium. 
 
 In Practice: CHria is often used as introductory to the statement of the opinion or judgment of the 
 judges constituting the court. Latch. 133. v. the phrases CHria contra ; cHria adversari vult ; per cHriam. 
 
 Curia. ^ qu§.. A orthe court from which. = CHria a quo . 
 
 Curia ad C[UeiIl, A or the court to which, v. A quo. 
 
 Curia Aduiralitatis. — L. Lat. The Court of Admiralty. Gierke's Prax. Cur. Adiii. 2. 
 
 Curia advisare vult. — L. Lat. The court win advise. Also written ; 
 
 Curia advisare vult post. The court will advise afterward, i. e. examine, deliberate or 
 consult together, before giving their opinion or judgment. 
 
 " Here is an advisare vult indefinitely." Holt, C. J., 12 Mod. 269. 
 
 Abbreviated thus : ' Cur. adv. vult.' then ' on a subsequent day judgment was delivered,' 
 etc. V. Barn. Ss' Cr. 172. A more correct form is advisari, as in the following : 
 
 Curia advisari vult. — L. Lat. The court will be advised. Abbr. Cur. adv. vult. 
 
 In Practice: A familiar court-phrase to denote that, after hearing argument, the court 
 will advise, /. c. take time to examine and consider, or consult together, before giving their 
 opinion or judgment ; as where the point to be determined was one of novelty, difficulty or 
 doubt. It signifies the giving of a day, or an adjournment of the cause for such purpose. 
 In the old reports, adjournatur, et adjournatur, sed adjournatur ; and in later reports, "the 
 court took an advisari ;" each signify the same thing. "The court took time to consider." 
 10 Mod. 441. If one party die during a curia advisari vult, judgment may be entered nunc 
 pro tunc. I Strange, 426 ; i Smith's L. C. [439] 549. <j. Et quia curia, etc. Et quia dictus, etc. 
 
 Curia Banci Hegis. — L- Lat. The Court of King's Bench. Bl. Com. iii, 41-43. 
 
 Curia baronis or baronium. — L. Lat. A court baron. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 53. 
 
 In England: The court of the baron, or lord of the manor, manors being form- 
 erly called baronies, and their lords barons. ^ Co. Inst. 268; Bl. Com. ii, 90. 
 
 An inferior court of civil jurisdiction attached to a manor, being an inseparable incident 
 thereto, and holden by the steward within the manor. Bl. Com. iii, 33 ; Go. Litt. 58a/ 9 Co. 
 pref. ; i Crabb's Real Prop. ^90-^9^, S§ 631-635; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law. 7; Steph. Com. 
 iii, 393. Now fallen into almost entire disuse. Id. 394. 
 
 Curiae Camerae Stellatae.— L- Lat. Court of Star Chamber. 
 
 In England: A court of very ancient origin, having jurisdiction, without the interven- 
 tion of a jury, over riots, perjuries, misbehavior of sheriffs, and sundry misdemeanors. 
 Having been oppressive, and greatly abused its powers, it was abolished by statute 16 Car. 
 I. c. ID. 4 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 146 ; Bl. Com. iv, 266, 267 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 342, 
 n. {g). V. Camera stellata. 
 
 Curia Cancellariae.— L. Lat. Court of Chancery. 
 
 In English and American Law: The name given to a court in which equity is 
 administered ; the court of the chancellor. 
 
 In English Law: A court of Common Law held by the chancellor ; the ordinary or 
 legal court where is kept the officina brevium, also called officina justitiae. Bl. Com. iii, 47, 
 48. The Court of Chancery is the highest court in the kingdom next to the Parliament, and 
 is both a court of equity and of Common Law. Its jurisdiction in Common Law, however, 
 
Cur,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 has been overshadowed by its extraordinary equitable jurisdiction, which embraces the prin- 
 cipal and most important business of the court. Bl. Com. iii, 46-49; Steph. Com. iii. 407- 
 410 ; 1 Spence's Chancery, part 2, b. I ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 27, 52, 53 sq. 
 
 In American Law: The terms Chancery, and Court of Chancery, = Equity, and 
 Court of Equity are generally used. Kent's Com. iv, 163, 164, note ; l Story's Eq. Jur. c. 2. 
 
 CURIA cancellaria non nisi parliamento subdita. The Court of Chancery is 
 subject only to Parliament. Halkerston, 34. 
 CURIA Cane e II ariae officinae justitiae. The Court of Chancery is 
 the workshop of justice. 2 Co. Inst. 552. 
 
 Curia Centuriae or hundred!. — L. Lat. Court of the hundred. V. Curia hundredi. 
 
 In Saxon Law: A court held for every hundred (hundredum), being a court of civil 
 and criminal jurisdiction, and having cognizance of ecclesiastical as well as civil matters. 
 Crabb's Hist. 27 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 7. It was likewise called hundred gemote. 
 
 Curia christiauitatis. — L. Lat. A court christian. Bl. Com. iii, 64. 
 
 In English and Scotch Law: An ecclesiastical court held by the king's authority, 
 as supreme head of the church, for the consideration of matters chiefly relating to religion- 
 4 Co. Inst. 321 ; Tomlin ; Chitty's Gen. Br. 494. v. 20 and 21 Vict. c. 77, § 3 ; c. 85, § 2 I 
 Broom <V Had. Com. i, 87. 
 
 Curia Claudenda, — L. Lat.' Closing a court. V. Breve de curia claudenda. 
 
 Curia COmitatuS, — L. Lat. The court of the county ; the county court. 
 
 In English Law; A court of high antiquity , incident to the jurisdiction of the 
 sheriff. It is not a court of record, but may hold pleas of debt or damages, under the value 
 of forty shillings. 4 Co. 33 ; Bl. Com. ii, 35 ; Broom <&= Had. Com. iii, 438 sq. v. Id. i, 409 ; 
 I Reeve's Hist. 7, 36 ; Bacon's Abr.j Steph. Com. iii, 396. 
 
 Curia Commuilium Flacitum. The Court of Common Pleas, v. Communia placita. 
 
 Curia de Arcubus. — L. Lat. Court of Arches. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: A court of appeal, and also of original juris- 
 diction belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Reg. Orig. 54^/ Bl. Com. iii, 65 ; 4 
 Reeve's Hist. 104 ; Steph. Com. iii, 431 ; 2 Chitty's Gen. Pr. 496-499 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 
 441, 442. 
 
 Curia de Banco nostro.— L. Lat. The court of our Bench, i. e. the King's Bench. 
 
 Note the distinction between this and Curia nostra de Banco, q. v. The former 
 denotes the King's Bench, the latter denotes the Common Bench, or Common Pleas, i 
 Stra, 302. 
 
 CHria domini. — L. Lat. The lord's court ; the court or meeting of the lord. 
 
 In old English Law: The court, house or hall where all the tenants of the lord 
 met at the time of keeping court. Cowell. 
 
 CURIA Domini Regis non debet deficere conquerentibus in justitid perqui- 
 rendd. The court of the Lord the King ought not to be wanting or defi- 
 cient in adtninistering justice to the suitors. 9 Co. 83. 
 
 CURIA ecclesiastica locum non habet super iis quae juria sunt communis. An 
 ecclesiastical court has no power over matters which are of common law. 
 Halkerston, 35. 
 
 Curia franci plegii. — L. Lat. A court or meeting of frank pledge. 
 
 Likewise called Curia visits franci plegii, — a meeting of view of frank pledge, or view of 
 the pledges of freedom. Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 358, 359. v. Bacon's Use of the Law ; 
 Law Tracts, 113. 
 
 As to the origin of this court, see the note under Turnus comitatus. 
 
 Curia hundredi. — L. Lat. Hundred court; a court of the hundred. 
 
 In English Law: A large court baron, held for all the inhabitants of a particular 
 hundredum, instead of a manor {v. Curia baronis). It is not a court of record, and resembles 
 a court baron, except that it embraces a larger territorial jurisdiction. It has fallen into 
 disuse. Bl. Com. iii, 34, 35 ; Steph. Com. iii, 394. v. Curia centuriae. As to the origin of 
 this court, see note under Turnus comitatus. 
 
 Curia legitime affirmata.— L. Lat. Court lawfully opened. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A formal phrase employed in the captions of records to denote that 
 the court opened in due form. I Pitc. Crim. Trials, part i, p. 143 ; 3 How. St. Trials, 654. 
 
Cur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 Curia magna.— L. Lat. The great court. 
 
 In old English Law; One of the ancient names of parliament. Bracioii, fol. \b ; 
 9 Co. pref. ; Bl. Com. i, 148. The Icing's court, Aula regis. Crabb's Hist. Eiii;. Law, 144. 
 Curia Maj oris.— L. Lat. The Mayor's court. Calthrofs H. i^^z. 
 
 Ciiria nostra de Banco — L. Lat. Our court of the Bench, i. e. the Common Bench, i 
 Stra. 302. V. Curia de Banco nostra. 
 
 Curia Falatii. — L. Lat. The Palace Court. Bl. Com. iii, 76. 
 
 In English Law: A court of legal jurisdiction, held in the borough of Southwark. 
 Bl. Com. iii, 76 ; Steph. Com. iii, 444. Abolished by 12 and 13 Vict. c. loi. 
 
 CURIA Parliamenti suis propriis legibus subsistit. The Court of Parlia- 
 ment abides or continues by its own peculiar laws. 4 Co. Inst. 50 ; 12 C. 
 B. 413, 414; Broom's Max. 86. 
 
 Curia pentioiarum, — L. Lat. A court held by the sheriff of Chester, in a place there 
 commonly called the Pentice. Cowell ; Blount. 
 
 Curia personae. — L. Lat. A parsonage-house or manse. Kennctfs Par. Ant. 205; 
 Cowell. 
 
 Curia pedis pulverizati. — L- Lat. The court oi piedpgudrt! ox piepouders. 
 
 So called from the dusty feet of the suitors; or because justice is administered as speedily as dust 
 can fall from feet. 4 Co. Inst. 272 ; oramore ingenious and satisfactory etymology is from pied 
 pjild-^eaux^ — fo o t peddler s. Barrington^Ohs.on Stat.yiT. z'. .5/. C(7;«. iii, 32. Also said to be so called 
 because justice is administered instantly, even whilst the dust is fresh upon the feet of the suit- 
 ors. It is the most inferior court known in the laws of England. 
 
 In English Law: A court of record incident to every fair and market, of which the 
 steward of him who owns or has the toll of the market is the judge. 6 Co. 12 ; g id. pref. 
 Also held by custom in cities, boroughs and vills, for the collection of debts, etc. Cro. Jac. 
 313; Cro. Car. 46; 2 Salk. 604. As to the origin of the term, and the jurisdiction of such 
 courts, V. Bracton, fol. 334 ; 4 Co. Inst. 272 ; Bl. Com. iii, 32, 33 ; id. iv, 275 ; Barrington on 
 Statutes, 337 [423]. 
 
 Curia publica. — L. Lat. A public court of law ; an open court. 
 
 Ciiria Regis.— L- Lat. The King's Court. Curia Regia,— the Queen's Court. 
 
 In English Law: The supreme court of judicature of the kingdom, established by 
 the Norman princes. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 57 ; 2 Hallam's Midd. Ages, 187. v. a very 
 concise history of this and the other English courts stated in Broom b' Had. Com. iii, 1 16 sq.; 
 Broom on C. L. c. 11, p. 24 sq. and the authorities, -u. Aula regis. 
 
 Also an ancient name of Parliament. Stat. M.exi.pr.; Bracton, fol. 227^. 
 
 The king's council, composed of an assemblage of earls and barons (Fleta, lib. 1, c. 17, 
 ^ 19), and the great men of the realm, who gave, as occasion required, their attendance 
 there, v. Broom on C. L. 28, and authorities. 
 
 Curia Visiis franci plegii. A meeting of view of frank pledge, v. Curia franci plegii. 
 
 CurialeS e, adj. [curia.l Of or pertaining to a curia, i. c. (a.) Belonging to the same 
 
 curia, district or division of the people. = Gr. dr/jxartfi. Pi,autus, .4iil. ii, 2, 2 ; Cicero, 
 
 Of. ii, 18 Jin. 
 
 Curia Ics ejusdem curiae ut tributes et municipes. Festus, de Sign. Verba, p. 38. 
 
 (6.) Pertaining to the religious services of the curiae. Curiales fiamines curiantm 
 sacerdotes. Festus, p. 48. (c.) I n lat e Lat i n : Belonging to the imperial court. Auli- 
 cus. Amm. xxi, 12 ; xxii, 9 ; Symm. Ep. ix, 10 ; a, 41. 
 
 Gurialitas. — L. Lat. In Scotch Law: Courtesy; curiality ; the estate of tenancy 
 by the courtesy. Skene, de Verb. Signi/.j Craig, de Jur. Feud. lib. ii, c. 19, § 4; Bl. Com. 
 u, 126 ; Broom if Had. Com. ii, 246. 
 
 Curialitas Anglicana.— L. Lat.. Courtesy of England. 
 
 In English Law: An estate to which a man is entitled, on the death of his wife, in 
 the lands or tenements of which she was seized during the marriage in fee-simple or fee- 
 tail, provided he had issue by her, born alive during the marriage, and capable of inheriting 
 hei'estate. He is called a tenant by the courtesy of England. Bracton, fol. 438 ; 
 Bl Com. \\, 126 ; Co. Lilt. 2qb ; Litt. g 35 ; Kent's Com. iv, 27, 28 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 86. 
 
 CURIARUM : habet unam propriam, sicut Aulam Rcgiam, et Jiisticiarios Capitales, qui 
 proprias causas adjudicat {Regis' terminant). Of courts: he has one peculiar court, the 
 [70] 553 
 
Cur, J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 same as a Royal Court; a Chief Justice, who tries the proper actions (he sets the bounds of 
 the King). Braclon, tol. ; Broom on C. L. 35. 
 
 CURIOSA ef captiosa interpretatio in lege reprobatur. A curious [overnice, 
 subtle] and captious interpretation in the law is reprobated, i Bulstr. 6. 
 Apices juris noii sunt jura. Co. Lift. 3041^ ; 10 Co. 126 ; Broom's Max. 188 ; i Story's Eq. 
 Jur. § 7, note 5 ; 3 Scott, 773 ; 20 Johns. R. 22g, 261. Nimia subtilitas in jure reprobatur ; et 
 talis certitudo certitudinem confundit. 4 Cu. 5 ; Wingate's Max. 18; Broom's Max. 187. Sim- 
 plicitas et legibus arnica, et ni7nia subtilitas in jure reprobatur. 4 Co. ^b. 
 
 And so in the Civil Law: Bonae fidei non convenit de apicibus juris disputarc. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, i, fr. 29, § 4. 
 
 Curi5sUS, a, um, adj. [cura.] That uses much care, careful ; applying one's self assidu- 
 ously. Curiosa consilia, — nice examinations ; careful counsels. Quintilian. 
 
 With the idea of abundance, excess: Too eager. Quintilian, viii, 3, 55. 
 In particular: Eager in inquiring into a thing; inquiring anxiously about ; inquiring 
 into; curious, inquisitive. Cicero, N. D. i, 35 : Quintilian, i, 8, 21 ; xi, 3, 143. 
 
 In the Jurists: A class of secret spies, secret police ; an informer, etc. Justinian. 
 Cod. xii, tit. 23, ^^ De Curiosis et Stationariis," et al. 
 
 CurO, are, i, v. a. To care for, take or have care of ; to be solicitous for ; to look or 
 attend to, trouble one's self about (freq. and class.). 
 
 In particular /. t. in publicists language . To take the charge of ; to manage 
 the business of State ; to do a thing in behalf of the State ; to administer, govern, preside 
 over, command, etc. 
 
 In Mercantile language: To take care of money matters ; to bring into order; 
 to adjust a sum ; to count out, etc. 
 
 CURRAT lex. Let the law take its course. The law must take its course. 
 1 2 Mod. 218. Cur r at Lex Communis sicut prius currere consuevit. 
 Let the Common Law have course, as it hath heretofore usually 
 had. Stat. Marlb. c. 7, 9 ; Fleta, lib. i, c. 12, § 7 ; id. lib. ii, c. 66, § 11. 
 
 Currat quatuor pedibus. — L. Lat. It runs upon four feet ; " it runs upon all fours." 
 
 A familiar phrase used, arguendo et redarguendo, to signify the exact and precise applica- 
 tion of a case cited. " It does not follow that they run quatuor pedibus." i W. Bl. 145. 
 
 Currax, acis, adj. [cun-o, to run or move quickly, etc. J Running fast, quick, swift- 
 Servus. Gaius, Dig. xxi, i, 18. 
 
 Currente calamo. With a running pen. M e t on . , Written with fluency. Off-hand. 
 
 Currents termiuo. In the course of the term. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 59. 
 
 Currere. [^'V^- + curro!\ To move quickly ; to run, to hasten, to fly. 
 
 In English Law, t. t. : To run; to elapse, as time, with the effect of limitation; 
 e. g. V. Nullum, tempus currit, etc. Currit tempus contra, etc. (q. q. v.) To have course or 
 effect ; e. g., Currat lex communis, etc. (q. v.) To run as a stream, i Show. 350. v. Aqua 
 currit, etc. 
 
 Curriculum, i, ». Ijd.l A running course (freq. and class.). (/?.) Abl., Curriculo, 
 adv. In a quick course; at full speed; swiftly, hastily. Plautus, Epid. i, i, 12 ; id. Most. 
 i, I, 15 et al. 
 
 CURRIT tempus contra desides et sui juris contemptores. Time runs against the 
 slothful and those who neglect their rights. Bractonj Fleta. 
 
 Sicut tempus est modus inducendae obligationis , ita et tollendae per disshmdationem et negligen- 
 tiam et per consequens actionis quae sub certis temporibus limitatur, currit enim tempus 
 contra desides et szii juris contemptores. As time is a mode of bringing in an 
 objection, so it is a mode of getting rid of it through dissimulation and negligence, and by 
 consequence of an action which is limited under certain times, for time runs against 
 the indolent and those who are careless of their rights. Bracton, iii, c. 2, 
 8 13, fol. 100b Jin.; Fleta, ii, c. 60, § 8. v. id. iv, c. 5, § 12. 
 
 CurrUS fls, ?«. \curro.^ A chariot, car, wain. Varro, Z. L. v, 32, 43. 
 
 In particular: A triumphal car. ClCEKO, Coel.-x.iv ad Jn.; Sxjetonius, Caes. 4() et al. 
 Hence, Me ton., A triumph. Ciceko, Eam. xv, 6 etsaep. Transf., {a.) The horses in 
 a chariot. ViRGiL, G, i, 514 ^^ a/. (6.) A plow with wheels. Id. ib. ly^efal. (c.) A ship, 
 a boat. Catullus, Ixiv, 9. 
 
 In old English Law; A chariot or carriage. Bracton, fol. 168. z/. Carecta and 
 Carrum. 
 
 554 
 
Cur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cur. 
 
 Cursim, adv. Icun-o.] Quickly, swiftl}', hastil)', speedilj'. 
 
 Gursio, Onis, /. A running, hastening, etc. Varro, L. L. v, i, 6. 
 
 Cursitatio, onis, /. [id.] A running about hither and thither. Solinus, 42. 
 
 CuTsitor. — L. Lat. and Eng. =z C/ericus {plar. clerici) de cursu. Cleric in chancer3'. 
 
 In English Practice: An officer or clerk belonging to the Court of Chancery, 
 whose duty was to make out all original writs. Termes de la Ley. Anciently termed clerici 
 de secunda fornia, q. v. The name is derived from the writs which it was their office to make 
 o\x\.de cursu. Hob. 118. v. 2 Co. Inst. 670; I Spence's Eq. Jur. 238. v. Breve de cui'su. 
 
 Cursor, oris, m. [curro.} A runner, and particularly («.) A runner in a race ; racer. 
 LucR. ii, 78 ; Cicero, Tusc. ii, 23 ad Jin. Also a chariot racer. Ovid, Potit. iii.g, 26. (6.) 
 A courier, post. Nep. ISIilt. iv, 3 et al. (c.) A slave who ran before the chariot of a grandee; 
 a forerunner. Seneca, Ep. Ixxxvii, 126 et saep. 
 
 Cursualis, e, fl<^'. \cursus^ Of or pertaining to a course; running. Justinian. Cod. 
 xii, 51, 19. Theod. Cod. xii, I2, g. Solicitudo, i. e. speed in running. Id. ib. vi, 29, 7. 
 
 CurSUS, Us, m. [curro.] A running (quick) motion on foot, on a horse, chariot, ship, 
 etc.; a course, way, march, passage, voyage, journey, etc. (6.) Cursuni tenere, — to maintain 
 a direct course ; to go in a straight-forward direction. Caesar, B. G. iv, 26 fin. Cursum 
 teneret, — he (or it) holds a direct course; goes in a straight-forward direction. Cicero, A^. 
 D. iii, 34. So of the course, flow of a stream. Ovid, M. i, 282 ; ix, 18 st al. 
 
 Meton. , Cursus publici (in the time of the emperors) — posts divided into stations, for 
 the quick transmission of information upon state affairs. Justinian. Cod. xii, tit. 51, ' de 
 Cursu Publici' etc.; Theod. Cod. viii, tit. 5; Arcad. D. v, 4, //•. 18. Trop., A course, 
 progress, direction, way. Cursus rerum. Cicero, Fam. iv, 2, 3. Cursus temporum. Id. ib. 
 vi, 5, 2. Cursus verborum. Cicero, de Or. i, 35, 161. So of the motion, flow of discourse, 
 etc. Id. Part. 15; QuiNTlLlAN, 8 prooem, § 27; ix, 4, 70, 106 et al. So esse in cursu, — to 
 continue, to last, to flourish. OviD, M. xiii, 508 ; Fast, vi, 362 et al. 
 
 In English Law: Cursus aquae, — a course or running of water. Cursus carbonum, — 
 a seam of coal. Towns. PI. 43. Cursus curiae, — the course or practice of a court. 
 
 CURSUS curiae est lex curiae. The practice of the court is the law of the 
 court, /. e. it is to be followed. 3 Bulstr. 53 ; Broom's Max. 135. 
 
 It was a common expression of the late Chief Justice TiNDALL that " the course of 
 the court is the practice of the court." Cited per Cromwell, J,, 12 C. ^. 414. "The course 
 of every court is the law of the court." Lord Brougham, 7 Bell's Appeal Cases, 166. v. 17 
 Q. B.%(i\ 8 Exch. 199 ; 2 Maul. &' Sel. 25 ; 15 East, 226 ; 12 Mees. &^ W. y; 4 Mylne &f 
 C. 635; 8 Scott, N. R. 599; Broom's Max. 135 sq.; Wharton's Max. xxvi, and cases there 
 cited. 
 
 Gurtesia. — L- Lat. Courtesy, v. Curialitas Anglicana. 
 
 Curtesie d'Engleterre.— L. Fr. Courtesy of England. 
 
 V. Tenancy per legem Angliae, and Tenancy par la curtesie d'Engleterre. As to the etymology 
 of the term cu rt esy , z*. 2 /". Wotj. 703 ; Bl. Cot«. ii, 126, note ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, ib. 
 V. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Gurtila&r6. — L- Er. and Eng. ^Curtilagium. — L. Lat. [-\-curtis, a dwelling, ox curiil- 
 lum, the inclosed area around it, and agere, to do ; ov -\- Fr. cour, court, and Sax. leagh, place.] 
 A court (curia) or curtilage (curtilagium); applying both terms to the arrangement of ground 
 about a dwelling or farm-house. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 20, § 6. A garden, yard, court-yard or 
 piece of ground included within the fence around a dwelling-house and the out-buildings, as 
 distinguished from ground lying in open fields, i Crabb's Real Prop. 76 ; i Chitt. Gen. Prac. 
 175 ; Termes de la Ley; I Carr. &' K. 84; cited in i: Michigan R. 251; 10 Cushing's R. 480. 
 
 CurtileS terrae.— L- Lat. [-\-curtis.] Court-lands; a court-yard. 
 
 In English Law: Lands appropriate to the court [cwrrfj] or house of the lord ; lands 
 kept in demesne, i. c. in the lord's own hand, to serve his family. Cowell; Spclman, Fezids, 
 c. 5. 
 
 Curtillum. — L. Lat. [-\-curtis.] A space or area infra curtis, sen habitaculi sepimentum, 
 i. e. within the court or the inclosure of a dwelling-house. Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Curtis or CurtUS. — L. Lat. = Gr. Hvprii, Tioproi. A cage, inclosure or inclosed place. 
 
 In old English Law: An area or space about a house (<zr<fa ami n^otj). Leo Marsic. 
 Casin. lib. i, c. 36; cited hy Spelman. 
 
 555 
 
Cus.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cus. 
 
 Gusta-gilllll, — L. Lat. [p\\iT. cusiagia, -\- Ft. const, consiang'e.] Cost or costs ; expenses 
 of judicial proceedings. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 64, § 21. Also Custantia. — L. Lat. =^Custagium. 
 
 Custode admittendo, — L- Lat. For admitting a guardian. v.Brevedecuslodeadmittendo. 
 
 Gustode amoveudo. — L. Lat. Removing a guardian, v. Breve de custode amovendo. 
 
 CustodeS, — Lat. [plur. of f«jtoj-.] Guardians, overseers, keepers. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Persons who acted as inspectors of elections, and who counted 
 the votes given at such election. Taylor's Civil Law, 193. 
 
 In old English Law: Keepers, guardians; e.g., Custodes pads, — guardians of the 
 peace; justices of the peace. .5/. Ccot. i, 349-351. Custodes libertatis Angliae authoritate far- 
 liamenti,-^ the guardians or keepers of the liberty of England by the authority of parliament. 
 Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Cust5des morum. The custodians, guardians of morals or conduct, i Story's Eg. Jur. 
 §308. 
 
 Custodes or conservatories paciS. The keepers or conservators of the peace. Broom 
 &" Had. Com. i, 419. 
 
 Custodes placitorum COronae, Keepers of the pleas of the crown, i. e. criminal actions 
 or proceedings in which the crown was the prosecutor. Craib's Hist. Eng. Law, 150. 
 
 Custodes placitorum iu plenu COmitatU, — L. Lat. The keepers of pleas in full county 
 court. 
 
 CUSTODES verb gaolarum poenam sibi commissis non augeant, nee prisones 
 quicquam judicium exceiendo torqueant, vel redimant; sed omni saevitid 
 remotd pietateque adhibitd, judicia in ipsos promulgata debiti exequatur. The 
 keepers of gaols, in truth, cannot increase the punishment of those prisoners 
 committed to their custody, nor torture or ransom any one beyond the judicial 
 sentence ; but all severity being removed and justice or duty adhered to in those 
 judicial sentences or judgments promulgated, they may (shall) be duly executed. 
 Fleta, lib. i, c. 26, § 5 ; Bl. Com. iv, 301; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 393. cf. 
 Wait's note (732). 
 
 Bracton states the rule: Solent praesides in carcere continendos damnare ut in vinculis 
 contineantur, etc. v. lib. iii, tit. i, c. 6, § i, fol. 105. 
 
 Custodia, ae,/. \custos^ A watching, watch, guard, care (freq. and class.). Melon., 
 («.) Usually inphir.. Persons who serve as guards ; a guard, watch. (6.) Aplacewhere 
 guard is kept ; a watch or guard-house, watch-station. Cicero, Phil, xii, 10 ; vii, 7 et al. 
 
 With the idea of restraint: A watching, guarding, custody; private custody, 
 confinement in one's house. Livy, xxiv, 45 ; xxxix, 14; Vallej. i, 11. M e ton . , A place 
 of custody, a prison, hold. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 27; id. Cat. i, 8; iv, 5, 10 et saep. (6.) Per- 
 sons who are in confinement, captives, prisoners. Suet. Tib. 61 ; id. Calig. 29 et saep. 
 
 In English Law: Keeping, custody. In arcta et salva custodia,- — in close and safe 
 custody. .5/. 6'<7/«. iii, 415. Custodid legis, — in custody of the law ; legal custody, l Smith's 
 Z. C [532] 668. (6.) Ward or guard ; the duty of keeping guard. Bl. Com.\,2iSi>- Custodia 
 castri, — guard of ■ a castle; castle-guard. Mag. Cart.t) Hen. IIL c. 20. (C.) Wardship or 
 guardship. Bracton, fol. 87; Co. Litt. "jba. Custodia comitatils, — the wardship of a county. 
 3 Salk. 322. Custodia pupillorum, — wardship or guardianship of infants under the age of 
 puberty- Reg.Otig.iti et seq.j Co. Litt. "^da. Met on., A ward of a city or town. Spelman. 
 
 Custodia diligentis paterfamilias. The custody of a diligent father of a family. 
 The guardianship of a diligent business man. Wharton on Negl. § 466. 
 
 Custodiae causa. On account of guardianship. For the sake of custody or preserva- 
 tion. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 9, § 53. 
 
 CUSTODIAE non solum pro tribunali, sed et de piano andiri possunt, atque 
 damnari. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 18, fr. 18, § 10. The 'guardians' \i. e. 
 the Praetors] can hear not only from the tribunal [the judgment seat], but also 
 on level ground [/. e. off the bench, out of court, extrajudicially], and in like 
 manner condemn or pronounce sentence, v. de Piano, and Custos non creditor 
 juris. 
 
 556 
 
Cus.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cus. 
 
 Custddiam comitatum. — L. Lat. Guard.custody of the county, i Co. gg. Custodiam 
 
 COmitatuS, — guard or wardship of the county. Bacon's Uses of the Law. v. Law Tr. 114 ; 
 Bl. Com. i, 339 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 404. 
 
 Custodio, Ire, 4, v. a. To watch, protect, defend, guard. 
 
 Of restraint; To hold something back, to preserve, keep. Cicero, Att. xv, 13; 
 QuiNTiLiAN, xii, I. To hold in custody, hold captive. Plautus, Caft. iii, 5, 71. 
 Cust5diarillin, ii, «. \custos.'\ A watch-house ; watchman's tent. 
 Custom of merchants, 'v. Consuetudo jnercatorum. 
 Custome or Coutome. — L. Fr. Custom. =Consuetudo, v. h. v. 
 
 CUSTOME/otV esie define desire un Ley ou droit nient escrie, que esteant establie 
 per veil use, et le consent de nostre ancestors, ad este et journelment est mise en 
 ure. Custom may be defined to be a law 01 right not written, which being 
 established by long life and consent of our ancestors, hath been and daily is put 
 in practice. Termes de la Ley ; Jacob's Law Diet., 'Custom. ' 
 
 Custom is either general or particular. General is that which is current through all 
 England, v. Doct. and Student, lib. i, c. 7. P a r t i c u 1 a r is that which belongs to this or 
 that county ; e. g. as gavelkind to Kent ; or to this or that lordship, city or town. Bl. Com. 
 i, 74 sq.; Broom on C. L. 7-11; Broom's Max. 882 sq. v. Consuetudo and Custuma. 
 
 CUSTOME serra prise stride. Custom shall be taken [is to be construed] 
 strictly. Jenk. Cent. 83. 
 
 CustOS, odis, 6. A guard, watch, preserver, keeper, overseer, attendant, etc. ; protectress, 
 etc. Custos corporis. LiVY, xxiv, 7. Portae. Cicero, Cat. ii, 12, 27. Patrimonii. QuiN- 
 TILIAN, iv, 2, 73. Rerum, Horace, Oa'cj-, iv, 15, 17. VXmx. Custodes, — attendants. Horace, 
 Sat. i, 2, g8. 
 
 In Publicists Lang. t. t.: A man who took charge of the vessel into which voting 
 tablets were put (in order to prevent false suffrages). Var. R. R. iii, 5, 18; Cicero, A^r. 
 ii, g. So also of receptacles, safes, etc. Ovid, M. viii, 320. 
 
 In old English Law: A keeper, protector, custodian; e. g., infra. A guardian. 
 Bracton, fols. 187, 161 ; Mag. Cart. u. 4 ; Co. Litt. 76a. A magistrate ; the warden of a city. 
 Fleia, lib. ii, c. 64, § 4. 
 
 Gustos brevium. — L. Lat. Keeper, preserver of the writs. 
 
 In English Law and Practice: The chief clerk belonging to the Courts of King's 
 Bench and Common Pleas, whose duty was to receive and keep all the writs returned into 
 the court, and also all records of nisi prius. Termes de la Ley; \ Archb. Pr. 11; i TidJ's 
 Pr. 43, 44. Abolished by i Wm. IV. c. 58. 
 
 Custos brevium domini regis de banco. — L. Lat. Keeper of the writs of the lord the 
 king to the bench ; keeper of the king's writs to the bench. 
 
 In English Law and Practice: The chief clerk in the Court of Common Pleas, 
 whose duty was to receive and keep all the writs returned into that court, and also all records 
 therein. Towns. PI. 211. This office was abolished by Stat. 7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 30. 
 
 Custos ferarum, — Lat. A game-keeper ; the custodian of the game. Towns. PI. 265. 
 Custos forestae. — L. Lat. Keeper of the forest ; chief warden of the forest. 
 In old English Law: An officer who had the principal government of all things 
 relating to the forest and all officers and persons belonging to the same. Cinticll; Mnnwond. 
 
 Custos horrei regii, — L. Lat. Keeper, protector of the royal granary. Bl. Com. ii, 394. 
 V. Horreum. 
 
 Custos magni sigilli.— L. Lat. Keeper (or lord keeper) of the great seal. 
 
 In English Law: A high state officer, the holder and keeper of the great seal of Eng- 
 land. By statute 5 Eliz. c. 18 (A. D. 1563) this office was united with that of the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, and by the mere delivery of the queen's great seal into his custody the office of custos 
 magni sigilli was at this day created. Bl. Com. iii, 47 ; Stcph. Com. iii, 407. 
 
 Custos maris.— L. Lat. Warden or guardian of the sea. 
 
 In English Law: The title applied to a high naval officer among the Saxons and after 
 the conquest. = A d m i r a 1 . Rot. Pat. 6 Johan. m. 8 ; Rot. Pat. 8 Hen. III. p. i, m. 3, 4 
 et al.; Hale's Hist. Com. Law, "it, noXe. Warden of the fleet. iMod.iii. 
 
 557 
 
Cus,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cus. 
 
 Gustos morum.^ — Lat. The guardian or conservator of morality. Bl. Coot, iv, 310. 
 Every judge and magistrate is said, and ought to be the cusios mores. Kent's Com. iv, 198. 
 
 CUSTOS, non creditor juris; judicia exercerepotuit; jus facerenonpotuit; dicendi, 
 non condendi juris potestatem habuitj juvare, suppler e interpretari, mitigare jus 
 civile potuit ; mutare vel toller e non potest. [The Praetor therefore was called] 
 the 'gu ar dian, ' not the 'founder' of law; he could give his decisions ; 
 he could not make law ; he had the power of deciding, not of creating law ; he 
 was able to aid, to supplement, to interpret, to mitigate the Civil Law ; he can 
 [could] not change or put it aside, i Story s Eg. Jur. § 5, note i Jin. 
 
 Custodiae non solum pro tribunali, sed et de piano audiri possunt, atque damnari. Paulus, 
 Dig. xlviii, 1%, fr. 18, § 10. 
 
 Gustos placitorum COronae. — L- Lat. Keeper of the pleas of the crown. 
 
 In old English Law; An officer mentioned by .Snzf/ore, fol. 14^. The title indicates 
 a criminal rather than a civil jurisdiction. These officers are mentioned as sitting with the 
 sheriff in the countv court. Reg. Orig. 133^. cf. Bracton, fol. I'ibi; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 
 150. 
 
 Gustos privati sigilli, — L. Lat. Keeper of the privy seal. 
 
 In English Law: A high officer of state who keeps the seal used in making out 
 grants or letters-patent, preparatory to their passing under the great seal (magna sigilli). Bl. 
 Com. ii, 34^. He is a privy councillor, and was anciently called clerk of the privy 
 seal (Stat. 12 Rich. II. c. 11) and lord privy seal {Stat. 34 Hen. VIII. c. 4). 
 
 Gustos rotulorum. — L. Lat. Keeper or master of the rolls. 
 
 In English Law: The custodian of the rolls and records of the sessions of the place, 
 and also of the commission of the peace itself. He is the principal civil officer in the county 
 appointed by the Common Law for the maintenance of the public peace, and is always justice 
 of the t/uorum in the county where appointed. Bl. Com. i, 349 ; id, iv, 272 ; Broom ^ Had. 
 Com. i, 419 ; iv, 356 ; Steph. Com. iii, 37 ; iv, 337 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Gustos Spiritualium. — L. Lat. Keeper of the spiritualities. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: One who has spiritual and ecclesiastical juris- 
 diction over a diocese during the vacancy of the see. Cowell; Londo7i Encycl. 
 
 Gustos temporalium, — L. Lat. Keeper of the temporalities. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: He to whom the custody of a vacant see or 
 abbey was committed by the king as supreme lord, and who, acting as the steward of its 
 revenues, goods and profits, was to render his account of the same to the escheator, and he 
 into the exchequer. Cowellj London Encycl. 
 
 CUSTOS statuni haeredis in cusiodid sud exisientis meliorein, non deteriorem, 
 facere potest. A guardian can make the estate of an heir existing or living 
 under his guardianship better, but not worse. 7 Co. 7, Earl of Bedford's case ; 
 Wingate's Max. 83, § 29 ; id. 55, § 104. 
 
 CUSTOS TERRAE HUJUSMODI HAEREDIS NON CAPIAT DE TERRA HAEREDIS 
 NISI RATIONABILES EXITUS, ET HOC SIVE DESTRUCTIONE ET VASTO 
 
 HOMINEM ET RERUM. A guardian of the land of an heir shall not, by any 
 method, take from the land of the heir except reasonable outgoes, and for this 
 without destruction of men and things [/. e. of villeins (hominuni), as part of 
 the fixtures or chattels annexed to the freehold]. Magna Carta, cf. Hallam's 
 Mid. Ages, i, 20 ; Broom &f Had. Coin, ii, 185, n. (/). 
 
 Custuma. — L. Lat. [=L. Fr. Cousiom or Coutom, toll or tribute, -\- const, cost or price 
 charged.] Cost, toll, duties or tariff imposts. Bl. Com. i, 314; Broom &■ Had. Com. i, 374, 
 V. note (cf); Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 255. Custumae is used in the Reg. Orig. 138. 
 
 Custuma antic[ua sive magna.— L. Lat. Ancient or great customs. 
 
 In English Law: Certain duties or customs payable under the statute 25 Edw. I., 
 called Confirmatio Chartarum, by merchants, on wool, sheepskins or welfels and leather 
 exported. 4 Co. Inst. 29 ; 3 Salk. 339 ; Bl. Com. i, 314, note ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 374 I 
 Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars. 3, c. 5. Also quoted Custuma antiqua et magna, — ancient and great 
 customs, imposts. Bl. Com. i, 315. 
 
 SS8 
 
Cus.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Cyr. 
 
 Gustuma parva et nova. — L. Lat. Small and new customs, duties, imposts. 
 
 This was first and usually called alien's duty, granted in 31 Edward I. Imposts of three 
 pence in the pound from merchant strangers only, for all commodities, as well imported as 
 exported. 4 Co. Inst. 29 ; Bl. Com. i, 314 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 374. 
 
 Custumarii tenentes.— L. Lat. Customary tenants. 
 
 In English Law: Tenants who held by the custom of the manor, as their 
 special evidence. Copyholders belong to this class. Termes de la Ley; Bl. Com. ii, T47, 
 148. V. Tenant per copie de court rol. 
 
 Custus. — L. Lat. Cost, charge, costs, charges, expenses. Glanv. lib. i, c. 32. 
 
 Guth, Couth, — Sax. Know, knowing. Uncut/i, — unlfnown. 
 
 Gy. — L. Fr. Here. 2 Co. Inst. 510. Cyapres, — hereafter. Cyavaiit, — hereto- 
 fore Kelham. 
 
 Cy, Cye. — L. Fr. So, as. Ci bien, — as well. Cy comi, — so speedil)'. Cy I an- 
 guish ant ou cy dec repy te q tti i I ne point , etc., — so sick or so feeble that he can- 
 not, etc. Litt. g 434. 
 
 Gy-prfes.— L. Fr. So near, as near; as near as possible, or maybe; as nearly as it prac- 
 tically can be. 
 
 In English and American Law: The doctrine of cj//r^j- is only another name for 
 the general principle (called in some cases the rule of approximation) of carrying into 
 effect the testator's intention as nearly as may be, according to the rules of law. Per 
 BaLLER, J., 2 T. R. 254; per Lord St. Leonard, C, DeGex, M. &= G. 173 ; per Lord 
 Kenyon, C. J., I East, 451 ; Kent's Com. ii, 288 ; iv, 588, note ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. 'i, ii6g sq., 
 2 Bligh. 49 ; 3 Hare, Ch. 12 ; Sugden on Pow. 60; Spence's Eq. Jur. 532. cf. 20 Wend. 483. 
 Cited in Kent's Com. iv, 281, note (a), and cases. 
 
 The doctrine of cyprh, though fully recognized at law, is carried into more efficient prac- 
 tical operation by a long series of decisions and has now become fully established by courts 
 of equity ; and in all cases where literal compliance with a condition precedent, etc., becomes 
 inexpedient or impracticable without any default of the party, a court of equity will apply 
 the doctrine of cy-pres, and will direct a reference to inquire what objects are nearest to such 
 express objects, and will endeavor substantiall)', and as nearly as possible, to carry 
 into effect the intention of the testator. 19 Ves. 483 ; 10 CI. b' Fin. 908 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 2gi ; 2 id. § 1169 sq. and cases cited ; i My. dr" Cr. 213 ; 2 Beav. 313 ; Cr. &' Ph. 208 ; 2 
 Smith's L. C. [449] 516. The rule of interpretation with regard to trusts (e.g. such as are 
 raised by precatory words) will appear to come within this doctrine, v. 1 Jarm. on 
 Wills, 223; Kent's Com. ii, 288 ; iv. 508 ; Broom's Max. 545, and cases; 2 Parsons on Contr. 
 491, note (a)/ 3 id. 130, note (y). Et v. the maxims Benign^ faciendae sunt interpretationes, 
 etc.; Ciim in testamento ambigite, etc.; Ultima voluntas testatoris, etc. 
 
 Courts of equity constantly hold, in cases of personal legacies, that a substantial compli- 
 ance with the condition satisfies it, although not literally fulfilled ; for instance, if a legacy 
 upon a condition precedent shall require the consent of three persons to the performance of 
 an act and one or more of them should die, the consent of the survivor or survivors would 
 be deemed a sufficient compliance with the condition. And a fortiori, this doctrine would 
 be applied to conditions subsequent. Sugden on Powers, 549 ; I Story's Eq. Jur. § 291 ; 2 
 id. § 1 169 sq. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Donations for public purposes were sustained and were applied, 
 when illegal, cy-pres, to other purposes, cf. MoDESTiNUS, Dig. xxxtii, 2, /r. 16; Scaevola, 
 ib. fr. 17. 
 
 In New York: The doctrine oi cy-pr}s has been incorporated in the statute law. I 
 Rev. Stat. [748], §2; Savage, C. J., 14 Wend. R. 308. v.SJV. K. j?. 54S ; 14 id. 300; 22 id. ■jo. 
 
 Gymeter. — L- Fr. A cemetery; a burial place. Btitt. c. 43. 
 
 Gynebote. — Sax. [-\-cyn, kin or relationship, and bot, a satisfaction.] In Saxon 
 Law: ^Conegild, v. h. v. 
 
 GynSOUr de burse. — L. Fr. A cut-purse ; a pick-pocket. ^=Bursarum scissor. 
 
 Gyriobrice. — Sax. \_-\-cyric, church, and bryce, a breach or breaking.] In Saxon 
 Law: The crime or act of church-breach or breaking into a church. LL. Eccl. Count. Regis. 
 
 CyriCSCeat. — Sax. \-^cyHc,<^\ixc'i\,&-aAsceat,^U'\b-a\.G.\ In Saxon Law: A tribute 
 due to the church. Spelman, Gloss. 
 
 Cyrographarius. — L. Lat. [+Gr. x^'^Pi hand, and ypdcpsLV, to write, describe] A 
 cyrographer. Anciently an officer of the Bancus, or Court of Common Bench. Fleta, lib. 
 ii, c. 36. 
 
 GyrOgraphum. — ^L. Lat. The name of a deed or charter among the Saxons, i Reeve' i 
 Hist. 10. —Chirographum, v. h. v. v, Bl. Com. ii, 296 ; Broom Gr' Had. Com. ii, 478. 
 
 559 
 
D.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [ D. Had. 
 
 D. As an abbreviation: D. usually stands for the prenomen /'^««»j. Also Deus, 
 Divus, Domintis, Decurio, etc. In the titles of the later Emperors: D. N., 
 Dominus Noster, and D. D. N. N., Domini Nostri. Before the dates of letters: 
 D. signifies dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d., ante diem. Some Civilians, in citing the 
 Digests, use D. the initial letter of the word Digesta or Digestum. Taylor's Civil Law, 24 ; 
 Lindley' s Introd. Jur. Append, ix. D. E. R. I. C. An abbreviation used iox De ea re 
 ita censuere,— concerning that matter have so ordered. The initial letters of this phrase were 
 employed in recording the decrees of the Roman Senate. Taylor's Civil Law, $t^, 566. 
 D. T)., Diviniiatis Doctor, — Doctor in Divinity. (Also iox Dono Dedit, — has presented or 
 given.) D. C. L., Doctor of Civil (or Canon) Law. D. G., Dei Gratid, — by the Grace of 
 God. D. M., Doctor of Music. D.O.M.., Deo optima maxima. D. P., Doctor of Philosophy. 
 D. S., Dal Segno, — from the sign. D. T., Doctor Theologiae, — Doctor of Theology or 
 Divinity. D. V., Deo Volunte, — God willing. 
 
 DHADRIANUS Vivio Varo Legato provinciae Ciliciae rescripsit, eum, qui 
 • judical, magis posse scire, quanta fides habenda sit testibus. Verba epistolae 
 haec sunt : In magis scirepotes, quanta fides habenda sit tes- 
 tibus, qui, et cujus dignitatis, et cujus e xi stimationi s sint, 
 et qui simp licit e r visi sint dicere, utrum unum eundemque 
 meditatum sermonem attul erint , an ad ea, quae interrogav- 
 eras, ex tempore vevisimilis r e sp onderint . §2. Ejusdem quoque 
 Principis extat Rescriptum ad Valerium Verum de excutienda fide testium in haec 
 verba: Quae ar gumenta ad queni modum pr ob andae cuique rei 
 sufficiant, nulla certo modo satis definiripotest, sicut non 
 semper, ita saepe sine publicis monumentis cuj us que rei Veri- 
 tas depr ehe nditur , alias numerus testium, alias dignitas et 
 auctori las , alias veluti consentiens fama c onfir mat rei, de 
 qua quaeritur , /idem. Hoc ergo solum tibi rescribere pos- 
 sum summatim , non utique ad unam pr obationi s speciem cog- 
 nitionem statim alii g ari debere, sed ex sententi a animi tui 
 te aestimare oportere, quidautcredas,autparumprobatum 
 tibi opineris \o p inaris~\. § 3. Idem Divus Hadrianus Junio Rufino 
 Proconsuli Macedoniae rescripsit, testibus se, non testimoniis crediturum. Verba 
 epistolae ad ha?ic partem pertinentia haec sunt: Quod crimina objecerit 
 apud me Alexander Apro, et quia non probabat, nee testes 
 pr due ebat , sed testimoniis uti volebat, quibus apud me locus 
 non est, — nam ipsos interrogare soleo: — quern remisi ad pro- 
 vinciae Praesidem, ut is de fide testium quaereret, et nisi 
 imp le s s e t , quod intenderat, relegaretur. § 4. Gabinio quoque 
 Maximo idem Princeps in haec verba rescripsit : Aliaestauctoritasprae- 
 sentium testium, alia tes timonior um , quae recitari soleni; 
 tecum ergo deli be r a , ut si retinere eos veils, des iis unpendia . 
 Callistratus, Dig. xxii, 5, fr. 3, §§ 1-4. The divine Adrian sent a rescript 
 to Vivius Varus, Legate of the province of Cilicia, to the effect that he who is 
 a judge can specially know how much faith is to be put in witnesses. These are 
 the words of the epistle : " You ought to know particularly how much faith is 
 to be put in witnesses, who, and of what station and reputation they are, and 
 who seem to speak plainly whether they told one and the same preconcerted 
 story, or ex tempore made likely answers to what had been asked." § 2. There 
 560 
 
D'acJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dam. 
 
 also remains a rescript of the same prince to Valerius Varus on the subject of 
 testing the trustworthiness of witnesses, in these words : " It cannot be laid 
 down in any fairly certain way, what arguments suffice in any measure to prove 
 any thing, as the truth of any subject is reached not always, so often without 
 public monuments, at one time, the number of the witnesses, at another time, the 
 dignity and authority, again the consentient fame confirms the faith, belief in the 
 matter of which there is question. This therefore alone can I decide for you 
 summarily, that our knowledge ought not at once to be bound to one species of 
 proof, but you must, to the best of your knowledge, weigh what you should 
 believe or deem not proved." § 3. The same divine Adrian wrote to Junius 
 Rufinus, Proconsul of Macedonia, that he should believe witnesses, not deposi- 
 tions. The words of the epistle appertaining to this part are these : " That 
 Alexander charged crimes against Aper before me, and because he did not prove 
 and did not produce witnesses, but wished to use depositions for which I have 
 no place — for I am wont to interrogate them — I sent him to the president of 
 the province, that the latter might inquire about the credibility of the witnesses, 
 and that he should be sent back unless he fulfilled what he had purposed." § 4. 
 The same prince sent a rescript in these words also to Maximus Gabinius : 
 " The authority of present witnesses is one thing, that of depositions, which are 
 wont to be recited, another ; therefore, consider that if you wish to keep them 
 you should give them their expenses." Cited in Best on Evid. § 81, n. i ; § 100, 
 n. 2, p. 132. [F. J. M.] 
 
 D'aCCOrd.— F^ Agreed ; in time ; in accordance. 
 
 Da or Dea.— L. Fr. Yes. 
 
 Da gratium l0C[Ueildi. — L. Lat. Give the libert)' of speech. 
 
 Da locum tnelioribus. — Lat. P ro v . Give place to your betters or superiors. 
 
 Trop . , Let a due deference be shown to rank, to sex, and to superior station. Terence. 
 Read: Luke, xiv, 7-1 1. 
 
 Da spatiutn fenuemque moram; male ctiiicta mtnistrat 
 
 Inipettis. — Statius. 
 Allow time and a short delay, haste and violence mar every thing. 
 
 "Allow an interval for deliberation ; all things are done badly that are done with violence 
 and precipitancy." 
 
 DA tua dum tua sunt, post mortem tunc tua non sunt. Give the things which are 
 yours whilst they are yours ; after death then they are not yours. 3 
 Buhtr. 18. 
 
 Dabatur caeteris licentia recedendi. Permission was given to the rest to recede 
 or %o away. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 3, § 5. 
 
 DabiS? Wilt thou give ? Dabo. I will give. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One of the forms of making a verbal stipulation. Justinian. 
 Inst, iii, 16, § I ; Bracton, fol. 15^. 
 
 Dabo ut deS. I will give that you may give. v. Do ut des, etc. 
 
 Among the Romans: An agreement in these words, or upon these terms, was held 
 to be a nudum pactum not productive of any action. «/. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 35. 
 
 Damage. — L, Fr. and Eng. = Lat. Damnum, v. h. v. 
 
 Damage Cleer,— L. Fr. and Eng., q. d. damage de cler. = L. Lat. 
 
 Damna clericomm. The compensation of clerks ; clerks' compensation. 
 
 In old English Practice: A fee which the prevailing party in the Court of King's 
 Bench and Common Pleas anciently had to pay to the prothonotary or chief officer of the 
 court before he could have execution. Termes de la Ley. It was abolished by Stat. 17 Car. 
 II. c. 6. 
 
Dam.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dam. 
 
 Damage feasant or faisant. — i- Fr. and Eng. = L. Lat. Damnum facientes, v. h. t. 
 Doing damage ; in the act of trespass. = L. Fr. Dammage fesani. 
 
 DAMMAGE f esant est, quand les beasts de un estrang' sont en auters terres, 
 sans licence del tenant de la terre, et la mangerent treade ou auterment spoiloal 
 le hlees, grasse, bois, ou tiels semblables : En quel case le tenant que Us issint damage, 
 poit pur ceo prender, distraine et impound eux, cybien en le nuict come en le jour. 
 Mes en auters cases, come pur rent et services, et tiels semblables, nul poit distrainer 
 en le nuict. Damage fesant is, when a stranger's beasts are in another 
 man's land without license of the tenant \or occupant] of the land, and there do 
 feed, tread, or otherwise spoil the corn, grass, woods and such like : In which 
 case the tenant, v/hom they damage, may therefore take, distrain and impound 
 them, as well in the night as in the day. But in other cases, as for rent and 
 services, and such like, none may distrain in the night. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 cf. I Co. Inst. i6iaj 9 Co. 32^/ Wingate's Max. 19, § 13; 3 £1. Com. 7, 
 211; Crabb's Hist. 292 ; 2 Kent's Com. 228. 
 
 DAMNA, quae imprudentibus accidunt, hoc est damna f alalia, socii non congentur 
 praestare. Ideoque si pecus aestimatum datum sit, et id latrocinio aut incendio 
 perierit, commune damnum est, si nihil dolo aut culpa acciderit ejus, qui aestimatum 
 pecUs acceperit. Quodsi cifuribus surreptum sit, proprium ejus detrimentum est: quia 
 custodiam praestare debuit, qui aestimatum accepit. Haec vera sunt, et pro socii erit 
 actio; si modo societatis contrahendae causa pascenda data sunt, quamvis aestimata. 
 Ulpianus, Big. xvii, 2,/r. 52, § 3. Damages which happen to imprudent per- 
 sons, that is, fatal damages, imrtners are not bound or compelled to be at hand 
 [/. e. to answer forj. And accordingly, if we suppose a head of cattle valued at 
 a fixed price, and it should perish or be lost by theft or fire, it is a common loss, 
 if no fraud or fault shall have been committed by him who shall have received 
 the animal valued at the price. But if it was stolen by thieves it is his own loss, 
 because he who received the appraised animal ought to watch it. These things 
 are true, and there will be an action for the partner, if it was on account of the 
 partnership they are given to be pastured, although valued at a fixed price. 
 Cited in Story on Bailm. § 334, n. 3. v. § 35; Story on Part. § 170; Wharton on 
 Neg. § 67 r. 
 
 Damages. — L. Fr. and Eng. = Damna, v. h. v. 
 
 Damaiouse, — L- Fr. = L. Lat. Dammjsus, v. h. v. Causing damage or loss, as distin- 
 guished from torcenousCy v. h. v. Britt. c. 61. 
 
 Dames de la halle. — Fr- Dames of the market-house ; market-women. 
 
 Damna, Orum. — Lat. Plur. -\- Damnum, i, n. Read: Damnum. 
 
 Damna. — L- Lat. [plur. -\- damnum, q. v.] In English Law and Practice: 
 Damages, inclusive of costs of suit. 10 Co. iibb; Co. Liit. 257a. Damages, exclusive of 
 costs. 10 Co. ubi supra. 
 
 Damna in duplo, — L. Lat. Double damages. Stat. Westm. II c. 26. 
 
 Damnabilis, e. oi^. \-\-damno.'\ Worthy of condemnation; damnable. Res Sid. Ef. 
 vi, I adjin. Damnabiliter, adv. Culpably. Aug. Ep. xxiii. 
 
 DAMNANT quod non intelligunt. They condemn what they do not understand. Cicero. 
 
 Ne, quod plerisqne accidit, damnent quae non intelligunt . Lest, as is the case 
 with many, they may cond e m n what they do not understand. Quintilian, 
 X, I, 26. 
 562 
 
Dam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dam. 
 
 Damuanda res. A condemned estate, or thing. 
 Damuare, Dampnare. To condemn, v. Damno. 
 
 'YiKWS\SL,% indecl. [= damnatus, -\- damno.'] In the Jurists, an old legal t. I.: 
 Condemned, sentenced, i. e. to do any thing — especially to pay a fine. Gaius, Dig. ix, 2, 
 fr. 2; Auct. ap Quint, vii, g, § 12; id. ib. § 9. v. Auct. ap Paulus, Dig. xxx,/>-. 122, g i; 
 Auct. ap ScAEV. Dig. xxxii, fr. 34, § i. 
 
 Samnatio, Onis, /. \;\- damno.] Condemnation. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 41; id. Chi. xx. 
 Damnatio ad furcam. Calist. Dig. xlviii, ig, fr. 28. v. furca. (6.) Especially with refer- 
 ence to the meaning of rfa»/K<2j-. An heir's obligation to pay. Ppmujs, Sen-l. Recep. iii,6,g6. 
 
 Damuator, oris, m. [damno.] A condemner, sentencer. 
 
 Damnatorius, a, um, Of^. [damna/or.] Damnatory, condemnatory. Damnatorinm 
 illud judicium dabat, — he gave his damnatory decision. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 22. Damnatoria 
 et absoluioria tabellas, — "guilty or not guilty " tablets. Suetonius, ^«^. 33. v. Tabella. 
 
 DamnatllS, a, um, /■«. [damno.] Condemned. Hence, Melon., (effectus pro causd) 
 Reprobate, criminal. Cicero, Pis. 40 fin. 
 
 In English Law: Condemned; prohibited by law; unlawful; e. g., Damnatus 
 coitus, — an unlawful connection. Bracton, fol. 5. :■. Qui ex damnato coitu, etc. 
 
 Damner, Dampner. — L. Fr. To condemn. Dampner a la mart, — to condemn to death. 
 Britt. c. 5. 
 
 Samni injuriae actio. An action for injurious damage, v. Damnum. 
 In the Civil Law: An action given against a person who has intentionally injured 
 the property of another, v. Actio damni injuriae. 
 
 Damno, are, I, tj. a. [damnum^ In popular ^ense: To condemn; to censure, 
 disapprove. Quintilian, x, 1,125. v. id. ib. v, 1,2. Of inanimate objects: To 
 condemn, reject. Quintilian, x, i, 26. v. id. ib. a, 4, 2 ; xi, 3, 70; ix, 4, 87 et saep. 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t.. To condemn; to sentence one to any loss or punishment. 
 Transferred to legal proceedings: Causa judicata atque damnata. Cicero, 
 Jiab. perd. iv; id. Clu. iii. Injuriarum. Id. Verr. ii, 5, \l fin. Capitis. C/ESAR, B. C. iii, 
 83, 4; iii, no, 4. Capite. Cicero, Tusc. i, 22 et al. Peculatus. Cicero, Verr. i, 13, 39. 
 Kei capitalis. Id. de Sen. xii, 42. Sceleris conjuralionisque. Id. Verr. ii, 5, 5 et saep. Pecunid. 
 Justinian, viii, i, 7. v. Marcellus, Dig. xlix, 18, fr. 3. (6.) To bind; to oblige one by 
 last will and testament to the performance of any act. Ulpianus, Dig. xii, 6, fr. 26. With 
 ne. Gaius, Dig. viii, 4, fr. 16. Pomponius, Dig. xxx, fr. i, 12. (c.) Of the plaintiff: 
 To seek or effect a person's condemnation. Plautus, Rud. v, i, 2 ; Var. Ii. R. ii, 2, 6. 
 V. Condemno. 
 
 Damno fatali. By fatal damage, i. e. which could not have been foreseen or prevented. 
 
 Shipmasters, innkeepers and stablers were bound to restore the goods placed by travelers 
 in their ships, inns, or stables, unless they perished damno fatali; e. g. as by a storm at sea, 
 by accidental fire, b)' housebreakers, etc. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. I, § 28. v. Damnum fatali, 
 and authorities. PI u r . , Damna f alalia. 
 
 Damno injuria datO. You shall give in damage for the wrong. Wharton on Negl. g 10. 
 
 Damnosa haereditas. — Lat. A disadvantageous inheritance ; a losing property. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An inheritance that was a charge instead of a benefit ; a losing 
 inheritance. Pomponius, Dig. L, lb, fr. iig. cf. Gothofred, cxix. 
 
 In English Law: The term is, in some cases, applied to the property or estate of a 
 bankrupt. Lord Ellenborough, 7 East, 335. And in such cases the assignee has a certain 
 discretion to accept, reject or abandon the damnosa haereditas. 3 Pars, on Contr. 466, 467, 
 and cases (t). 
 
 DamnOSUS, a, um, adj. [damnum.] Full of injury, and hence, («.) Act.: That causes 
 injury, injurious, hurtful, destructive. Plautus, Bac. i, 2, 9. v. Horace, Ep. i, 18, 21; ii, 
 I, lOT et al. (b.) Pass.: That suffers injury; injured, unfortunate. Plautus, Spid. \i, 
 3,14. (c.) Mid.. That injures himself; wasteful, profligate, prodigal; a spendthrift. 
 Suetonius, Ner. 31; Terentius, Heaut. v, 4, 11. v. Plautus, Ps. i, 5, i. 
 
 In English Law: That which produces loss, as distinguished from injuriosus, ox 
 that which works a wrong, Bracton, fol. 231^/ Fleta, lib. iv, c. 26, g 2. 
 
Dam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dam, 
 
 Si damnosa seneni jiivat alea, ludit et heres 
 SrUlatus, parroque eadem inovet artna fritillo, 
 
 Juvenal, Sat. xiv, 4. 
 If the destructive dice [gambling] delights the sire, the heir, while yet a child, will play 
 too, and shakes the selfsame weapons [arrna} in his own little dice-box. 
 
 T r o p . , When the seniors give themselves up to the ruinous pursuits of the gambling table, can it be expected 
 that the juniors will not be corrupted by their bad example ? &, Plurima sunt^ Fascine^ ei famd^ etc. 
 " If in destructive play, the senior waste 
 His joyous nights, the child, with kindred taste. 
 Repeats, in miniature, the darling vice. 
 Shakes the small box, and cogs the little dice." — William Gifford, xiv, 5. 
 
 '' If gaming does an aged sire entice, 
 Then my young master swiftly learns the vice 
 And shakes, in hanging-sleeves, the little box and dice.'' — John Drvden, Jr. 
 
 Damnum, i, «■ [etym. supposed to be + demo, to take off, take away, subtract, remove.] 
 
 D anmuni a deviptione, quod minus re factum quam quanti constat, Varro, Z. L. v, 36, 
 48. Damage is from demptio fa taking away) which consists less in the act or thing (lone 
 than of how much (is taken or subtracted). 
 
 Hurt, harm, damage, injury, loss. Opposite to lucrum. (Very frequently and quite class.) 
 c. g. of. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, tit. 17 ; Pufendorf, de Jur. Nat. et Gent, iii, c. i, §3. 
 
 In general: Z'aOTBKOT signifies diminution of a person's property. Lindley's Int. n?,, 
 § 163, and authorities. If property already actually acquired be depreciated, the damage is 
 termed positive {damnum emergens positivum), whilst the damage resulting when the acquisi- 
 tion of gain is prevented is termed negative (damnum negativum, lucrum intercepium sive ces- 
 sans). Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § 10 ; Paulus, Vig. xxxix, 2, fr. 3 ; Papinian. id. xlvi, 8, fr. 
 2 ; Ulpianus, id. xliii, 8, fr. 2, §§ 11, 12 ; Cod. vi, 34, 2. 
 
 In the Jurists: Damnum accipere. Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 2, fr. 25. Capere. PoM- 
 ponius, Dig. ix, 2, fr. 39. Capiam. Plautus, Bac. i, i, 34. Damnum dare alicui, — to 
 inflict injury or damage upon one. Cato, R. R. 149. Agere, — to cause; facere, — to sufTer. 
 Plautus, Capt. ii, 2, 77. v. Paulus, Dig. ix, 2, fr. 30, i^ 3- Rati. Seneca, Ira, i, 2 ; 
 Ulpianus, Dig. ix, 2, fr. 29. Damnum naturae, — natural defect. LiVY, vii, \ ad fin. 
 
 In the Civil Law, t. t.. A iine, penalty. Cicero, Phil. K,:^ fin.; id. 0^. iii, 5, 23. 
 Damage; the loss or diminution of what is a man's own, either by fraud, carelessness or 
 accident, v. Paulvs, Dig. L, 17, /n 751; Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 14, § 784. 
 
 In English Law: Damage, loss, hurt, injury. Bracton,ia\. I'^b et al.; Co. Litt.i'^la. 
 Damnum signifies 'damage,' not necessarily pecuniarj' or perceptible, but appreciable, and 
 capable, in legal contemplation, of being estimated bj' a jury. Broom on C. L. 75. As 
 showing the distinction between damnum and injuria, v. 9 H. L. Ca. 503; s. c, E., B. &= E. 
 646, 622; L. P., I C. P. 564. 
 
 DAMNUM absque injurid. A loss without injury, i. e. damage unaccom- 
 panied by legal wrong. Story, J., 3 Sumner, 189, 192. 
 
 In the Common Law: A damage which is not actionable at law; a loss arising 
 from an act in which no tortious element is apparent, and for which no recompense can 
 be obtained ; e. g. tl. man may lawfully use his own property so as to cause damage to 
 his neighbor, which is not injuriosum. 3 Bl. Com. 125, 219, 224 ; 13 Moo. P. C. C. 209, 241, 
 337. So far as one person has a right to do, are other persons bound to suffer, and any 
 damage which may accrue to them whilst he is exercising his right, affords them no legal 
 ground of complaint against him. This rule is treated and illustrated in various cases 
 stated in Broom's Max. I<j6 sq.; Broom on C. L. 76 sq.; Broom A' Had. Com. iii, 133, 295; 
 3 Parsons on Contr. 21^ sq.; I Smith's L. C. [361] 443 sq.; Story on Agency, § 236 ; 47 Pari. R. 
 562, 573 ; 49 id. 108, 122 ; reversed in 55 N. V. R. 108 ; 2 Daly, 85, 92 ; 3 id. 69. 
 
 Non omne damnutn inducit injuriam, sed i contra injuria damnum. Bracton, fol. \^h. 
 
 Damnum an injuria. Damage and injury. V. Wharton on Negligence, § 25. 
 
 DAMNUM appellandum est, citm maid fam& luci-um. — L a t . A p h . That is to be called 
 a loss, which is gained by the sacrifice of character, 'A gain with a bad fame, is to be called 
 an injury.' PuBLius Syrus. 
 
 Damnum COrpore datum. Damage done to the body. Wharton on Negligence, § 10. 
 
 Damnum cum injuria, A loss with injury, ;. c damage accompanied by legal wrong. 
 
 Damnum emergens. Damage brought forth, /. e. positive damage. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 § 370, ed. by Dropsie. 
 
 564 
 
Dam.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dam. 
 
 DAMNUM^/ damn at 10 ab ademtione et quasi diminutioiie patriinonii dicta 
 sunt. Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 2, /r. 3. Damage and condemnation 
 are called from the taking away, and as it were in the diminution of an inherit- 
 ance or patrimony. 
 
 Damnum et injuria, A loss and an injury, i. e. a damage and a legal wrong. -/. Injuria. 
 Per Lord Kenyon, C. J., 3 7". .ff. 51 , 2 Smith's L. C. [167] 176; Broom on C. L. 75, g4, 108. 
 
 Damnum et injuriam. Loss and injury, i. c. damage and legal wrong. Per PowYS, J., 
 Lord Raym. 938 ; i Smith's L. C. [348] 431. 
 
 Damnum et interesse. The loss and damage sustained. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 62. 
 
 Damnum facientes. — L. Lat. Doing damage. Reg. Jud.li. Damage feasant. 
 
 Damnum fatale. — Lat. Fatal damage ; damage from fate or destiny. 
 
 In the Jurists, /. t . : Loss happening <ra«j-(? quod ex facto contingit, and for which 
 bailees are not liable. Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, 9, 3, § i ; Story on Bailm. §§ 465, 471 ; Story, 
 J., 3 Story's R. 349, 357; 2 Kent's Com. 598. v. Casus f 01 tuitus. 
 
 Damnum infectum. Damage not yet done ; unperformed damage. A loss which has 
 not occurred, but is only anticipated. Cicero, Top. iv, 22 ; Dig. xxxix, tit. 2, ' de Damno 
 Infecto' ; Pufendorf, de Jure, ii, c. 6, § 8. v. Cautio de damno infecto. 
 
 DAMNUM infectum est damnum nondum factum., quod futurtiin veremiir. 
 Gaius, Dig. xxxix, 2,/r. 2. Imperfect damage is damage not yet done, 
 which we fear or suspect is about to be done. cf. Sandars' Justinian, p. 419. 
 V. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 516, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. v. Catttio de damno infecto. 
 
 Damnum injuria datum, i. e. dolo vel culpa nocentis admissum. A damage given 
 
 by the injury (or wrong), i. e. admitted to have arisen from the guile or negligence of the 
 wrong-doer. CiCERO, Rose. 
 
 In the Roman Law: If any one slew or wounded the slave or the beast of another 
 it was called damnum injurid datum, etc., whence actio vet judiciuni damni injuria, sc, data, 
 i. e. he had an action or judgment for the loss and injury, whereby he was obliged to repair 
 the damages by the Lex Aquilia. v. Dig. ix, tit. 2 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, tit- 3 ; id. Cod. iii, 
 tit. 35 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 484, 486, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Damnum injuriosum. Injurious damage ; unlawful damage. 
 
 In the Common Law: That kind of loss or damage for which an action lies. 
 Bracton, fols. 221, 231^. v. Non omtie dammtm inducit iujuriam, scd e contra, etc. 
 
 Damnum metuendum S. infectum, Damage to be feared, to-wit, imperfect damage. 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, § 370, ed. 1883. 
 
 Damnum rei amissae. Damage from a thing lost (by mistake or accident). 
 
 In the Civil Law: A loss or damage arising from a payment made by a party 
 through mistake, accident, or in consequence of an error of law. i Mackeld. Civil Law, 164, 
 §165. 
 
 Damnum sine injuria. A damage or loss without injury, i. e. by which no injury is 
 intended ; damage unaccompanied by legal wrong. = Damnum absque injurid. 
 
 It not unfrequently happens, that damage, palpable and undeniable though it be, is, in 
 juridical t. t., damnum sine injurid, — that is, damage unaccompanied by any tortious or 
 wrongful act on the part of the doer, whereof cognizance can be taken in a court of justice. 
 This 'rule is illustrated in cases cited in Broom on C. L. 75 sq.; Broom's Max. ig6 sq.; i 
 Smith's L. C. [361] 443 sq.; 3 Parsons on Contr. 217 sq. 
 
 DAMNUM sine infurid esse potest. Damage can be without an injury. 
 Trop. : Damage or loss can be done or exist without a legal wrong. 
 i. e. without any apparent tortious element, and for which no recompense can 
 be obtained, v. Halkerston's J[fax. 12 ; Broom's Ma.x. 
 
 DAMNUM sine injurid facientis datum. A damage without causing an injury to be done, 
 i. e. by which no injury is intended. Justinian. Inst, iv, g/r. v. Animalium nomine, quae 
 ratione carent, etc. 
 
Darn.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dat. 
 
 Damnum triplum. — L. Lat. Treble damages. 
 
 In Practice: In certain cases treble damages allowed by statute. Usually the jury 
 find the single amount of the damages, and the court, on motion, orders that amount to be 
 trebled, i Arch. Fr. 222; 2 Tidd's Pr. 893, 894. v. Damna in duplo. 
 
 Dampna quae taxantur per juratos ad duas marcas.— L. Lat. The damages which 
 are taxed by the jurors at two marks. Pasch. 14 Edw. I. rot. 10, Coram Rege. 
 
 Dampuum, — L. Lat.. In old English Law: ^^ Damnum. Bracton, fol. 98^ y 
 Fleta, lib. ii, cc. 47, 48; Stat. Marlbr. c. i. 
 
 Dane-lage, Denfelage. [L. Fr., Dane-lae ; L. Lat., Dane-laga, Dene-lage, -\- Dane, and 
 Sax. lage, law.] Dane custom or law. i Bl. Com. 65 ; 4 id. 411 ; i Steph. Com. 42. 
 
 Danger de la terre. — Fr. Danger of the land ; land risk. 
 
 Dans le for exterieur and interieur. In the exterior and interior forum, i. e. in the 
 tribunal of temporal and spiritual jurisdiction. In the court of human justice and the court 
 of conscience. Pothier, Oblig. i, 3, 30, p. 19 ; Story on Conir. § 504, note, § 630, note 2. 
 
 DANS tin pays libre, ou crie beaucoup, quoiquou souffre pt'u ; sans un pays de iyrannicy ou 
 se plaint peu quoiqu'ou souffre beaucoup. — Fr. In a free country there is much clamor, with 
 little suffering; in a despotic state, there is little complaint but much grievance. Carot. 
 
 Dare, pres. injin. -\- do, I, v, u. To give ; to cause a thing to be effectually his who 
 receives it. Bracton, fols 11,38^/ .^/^/a, lib. iii, c. 3,§ 2. v. Do. Dare aliguam evidentiam, — 
 to give some evidence. Dare judicium, — to give judgment; to decide the cause. Dig. 
 passim. 
 
 DARE autem non possunt tenementa sua, nee ex causd dotiationis ad alios trans- 
 ferre, non magis quam villani pitris et unde si transferre debeant, restituunt 
 domino vel ballivo ; et ipsa ea tradunt aliis in villenagium tenenda. But they can- 
 not give away their tenements nor transfer them to others on account of the 
 mode of the donation, no more than as though they were simple villains ; and, 
 therefore, if they are to be transferred, they render them back to the lord or his 
 bailiff ; and they deliver them to others to be held in villeinage. Eng. Com. Law. 
 
 Darrein, also Darreine, Darreyne. — L. Fr. Last. Britt.c.2?:. Darrein continuance, — 
 the last continuance. Termes de la Ley. v. Prius darrein continuance. Darrein presentment, — 
 the last presentment. 3 Bl. Com. 245-250. Darreyne volunie, — last will. Britt. c. 28. = 
 Ultima vohtntas, v. h. t. 
 
 Dat'. Abbr. -|- data or datum, v. h. v. Given ; e. g. Dat' apud Westmon' undecimo die 
 Februarii, anno regni nostri nono. — L. Lat. Given at Westminster, on the eleventh day of 
 February, in the ninth )^ear of our reign. Daf London, tali die, anno supradicio. — L. Lat. 
 Given at London, such a day, in the j'ear aforesaid. Fleta ; Litt, § 371. 
 
 DA T appellatus vadium se defendendi, et appellator vadium disrationandi, et si appellatus 
 victus fuerit, capitalem sttbibit sententiaj?i, ciim ex haeredatione et omniinn bonorum suorutn 
 amissione, et sicut esse debet in omni vel quolibet genere feloniae. Si autem appellans victus 
 fuerit, gaolae committatur, tanquam calnmniatur puniendus , sed ncc vilam amittit, nee tnembrum, 
 licet meinbriim, licet secunditm leges ad ialiones teneretur, si in probatione dejiceret, et appellatus 
 quietus recederet de appello illo, nisi forte justitiarii pro aliqua alia suspitione, vel recto, duxerit 
 ulterius retinendum : quod aliquando faciunt ex causd, sicut contigit aliquando de Roberto 
 Brodegh in comitatus Berk, coram M. de Pateslmll. The appellee gives security to defend 
 himself, and the appellor gives security to prove, and if the appellee be vanquished, he shall 
 suffer a capital sentence with disherison and the loss of all his goods, and as it ought to be 
 in all or any kind of felony. But if the appellor be vanquished, let him be committed to 
 gaol, to be punished as a calumniator, but he shall not lose his life nor a limb, although 
 according to the law he is liable to retaliation, if he should fail in the proof, and the appellee 
 should retire quietly from that appeal, unless, perchance the justices, for some other suspi- 
 cion or some other accusation, have thought proper that he should be further detained, which 
 they sometimes do for a cause shown, as happened once concerning Robert Brodegh, in the 
 566 
 
Dat] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dat, 
 
 county of Berks, before Martin de Pateshull. Bracton, lib. iii, tr. 3, c. 18, g 4, fol. 137. 
 V. 3 Bl. Com. 341, 346 sq. v. Vadialio duelli. 
 
 1. Data. — L. Lat. [-f- dare, to give.] The date, i. c. the day when given, granted, etc. 
 In old English Law and Practice: (a.) The date of a writ, called in modern 
 
 practice the testes the time when it was given, i. e. granted or issued. Bracton, fol. 176; 
 Reg. Orig. 26, note. Tempus datae, — the time of the date. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 22, § ro; id. c. 
 10. §§ 3. 5- '"• -^'"" videndum erit si temporae datae , etc. (6.) The date of a grant, deed, 
 cliarter, etc., i. e. the time when it was given or executed ; e.g.. Data per manuin nos- 
 trum, in prato quod vocatur Jiuningmed' inter Windelesortwi et Stones, quinto decimo die Juiiii, 
 anno regni nostri septimo decimo, — given by our hand, in the meadow which is called Run- 
 ingmede, between Windsor and Stanes, the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of 
 our reign, v. 2 Bl. Com. Append. No. I. Data (or Datum) apud — tali die, elc, — given 
 at — on such a day, etc. 
 
 2, Data, Srum, n. Lat. [pi. -\- datus, a, um, — given, /. p. -\- dare, to give.] Things 
 granted ; things given or admitted ; grounds of inference or deduction. "We must pro- 
 ceed on certain data, i. e. on matters previously known or admitted to be correct." v. 
 Datum, 2. 
 
 Data fata secutlis. Following revealed testimony. 
 
 DatiO, Onis, /. [+ do, V. h. v.] A giving; giving up, surrender ; c. g., Legum datio. 
 Cicero, Agr. ii, 22, 60. Signi datione?u. Pliny, vii, 56, 57, § 202. Datio legali, — a sur- 
 render of a legacy or bequest (opp. to ademptio legati). Florentinus, Dig. xxxiv, 4,/>-. 14. 
 Datio partis. Paulus, ib. xlv, i, fr. 2. Datio in solutum, — a giving in payment (a species 
 of accord and satisfaction , called, in modern law, d a t i o n ). Mackeld. Civil Law, § 532, 
 ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Transf.: (a.) The right to give or convey away ; right of alienation. LiVY, xxxix, ig. 
 (ft.) Appointment or assignment; e. g., Datio tutoris, — the appointment of a tutor or 
 guardian, i. e. by the Praetor or magistrate, where none had been provided by will or by law. 
 Justinian. Inst, i, tit. 20 ; Heineccius, Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. i, tit. 20. Datio judicis , — appoint- 
 ment of a judex, i. c to hear and determine a cause. Hallifax, Anal. b. iii, c. g, num. ig. 
 
 DativUS a. u"i. "'U- [d"-] Of giving ; who or which is given. 
 
 In Grammar: Dativus casus, — the giving case, or abs., the dative. Quintilian, i, 7, 
 18 ; vii, g, 13 ; i, 4, 26 ; Gellius, iv, 16, "i et saep. 
 
 In the Jurists: That which is given by the Praetor or magistrate, as distinguished 
 from that which is cast upon a party by the law or by a testator, cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 1^ 625, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. v. Datio, Transf. (h.) Supra. 
 
 ^In old English Law: In one's gift; that m.iy be given and disposed of at will and 
 pleasure; dative; removable, as distinguished from perpetual. 5/0^45 Edw. III. 
 cc. g, 10; Stat, g Rich. II. c. 4. 
 
 D ATI VI tut ores hi qui nominatim testamento dantur j qui ex optione sum- 
 untur, optivi. Gaius, Inst, i, § 154. Tutors who are dativi are those 
 who are given by name in a testament ; those who are taken by virtue of selec- 
 tion are optivi. v. Mackeld. Civil Law, % 625, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 DatO S.1I, V. in/ens. [id.\ To give out; give away, administer ; e. g. tributum aiuuium. 
 Sid. Ep. v, 13. v. Plautus, Most, iii, i, 73. 
 
 Dator, oris, m. [id.] A giver. Plautus,' Tusc. ii, i, 33 ; ii, 7, 18. 
 
 1 Datum. L- I-iat. [-{-dare, to give.] Given, dated, executed. Co. Litt. 6a; e. g., 
 
 Datum apud London, etc.,— given at London. Perk. c. 2, § 153 B. (6.) A date; e. g. v. 
 Cujus datum est, etc. 
 
 2. Datum, i, »• Lat. [subst. + datus, a, um, given, /. /. -f dare, to give.] A thing 
 granted ; a point fixed upon ; a first principle, v. Data, 2. 
 
 DATUR digniori. It is given to the more worthy. 2 Vent. 268; 
 Broom's Max. 69. v. Detur digniori. 
 Read: Quando jus domini regis et subditi concurrvnt, etc. 
 Datus, OS, m. [+ do, dare.] A giving. Plautus, Triu. v, 2, 16. 
 
 In English Law: Date or giving ; e. g. Cujus datus,- the giving of which was. 12 
 ^L 194 V</«/rf.,-thedayofthedate. 2 5««. 413. The day of the giving. Per 
 Lord Holt, C. J., 12 Mod. 194. 
 
Day.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De aet. 
 
 Daysman. An arbitrator, umpire, or judge elected. 
 
 De. praep. c. c. ablat. Lat. From, away from, down from, out of, etc. In respect to 
 mental operations: To indicate the subject-matter on which any mental act, 
 etc., is founded. Of, about, respecting, concerning. = Gr. itspi. This is the most 
 common and constantly occurring signification of the word. 
 
 In space : Going out of, departing from, leaving, withdrawing from. CAESAR, B. G. 
 i, 31, 10; Cicero, Jiab.' Feni. xi ; id. Lael. iv, 15; id. de Or. ii, 65 et al. (6.) Transf. : 
 From, down from. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 40; ii, 2, 38 ; ii, 5, 7. On ; e. g., De piano, — on 
 level ground. Modestinus, Dig. xxvii, l, /;-. 13, § 10; Ulpianus, Dig. i, 4, i ; i, 16, g ; 
 xiv, 3, II et saep. Downwards, against. OviD, Her. xxi, 100. In time: {a.) Directly 
 after, right after Cicero, Alt. xii, 3 ; Plautus, Most, iii, 2, 8. Hence, diem de die, — from 
 day to day. LivY, v, 48 ; xxv, 25 ; Justinian, ii, 15, 6. (6.) De node, — out of the night; 
 in the course of the night; during the night; in the night, v. Terentius, Ad. v, 3, 55; 
 Cicero, Alt. iv, 3, 4 ; id. Mur. xxxiii, 6g ; ix, 22. De node venit, — he came in the night. 
 Cicero, Att. iv, 3, 4; id. Mut. xxxiii, 69 ; ix, 22; Suetonius, Vesp. 21. De node latrones, — 
 thieves at night. Horace, £/. i, 2, 32. De node multa, — deep in the night. Plautus, 
 Rud. iv, 2, 10. So multa de node. Cicero, Lest, xxxv, 75 ; id. Att. vii, 4 ad fin. ; ii, 15, 2. 
 De media node, — in the middle of the night; at midnight. C^SAR, B. G. vii, 45. So media 
 de node. Suetonius, Calig. 26 ; Horace, Ep. i, 18, 91. De die, — by day ; in the day time. 
 Plautus, Asir. iv, 2, 16; Terentius, Ad. v, 9, 8 ; Suetonius, Calig. 37. In other rela- 
 tions: From, of, among. Varr. R. R. ii, 8, 3; Cicero, ^«. viii, i, 2; id. Mil. xxiv, 65 
 et saep. (6.) To indicate the material: Of, out of (which any thing is made). 
 Cicero, Att. xiii, 38; Pliny, xxvi, 6, 11; Cicero, Phil, v, 7 et al. (c.) To indicate 
 the producing cause or reason: For, on account of, in consequence of, because 
 of. Cicero, Att. vii, 7, 3; id. de Or. i, 41, 186; id. Rose. Com. iv, 12 et al. With. Plaut. 
 Casin. ii, 5, 63. Through. Ovid, F. iii, 233 et saep. (rf.) To indicate the thing: 
 With respect to, concerning. Plautus, T'j-. i, 1,121; Cicero, ^/Z. ix, i,2etal. Ellipt.. 
 De argeiito, — as for the money. Terentius, Ad. ii, i, 50; Var. R. R. i, 59, i. (e.) To 
 indicate the thing: According to, after. Plautus, Bac. iv, g, 115. (/.) With 
 adjectives to form adverbial expressions: v. De integro, Dc impro-uiso, De 
 transversa. 
 
 De. — L. Lat. In its general signification and use = /?<?. — Lat. Ex gr v. infra. 
 
 De, — L. Fr. In its general signification and u s e = Z)^". — Lat. v. supra. 
 
 In the titles of statutes, writs, and the general formulae of court proceedings, the most 
 prevalent and frequently occurring signification of De, is : Of, from, about, concerning, 
 respecting; in relation to; e.g. infra. 
 
 De accessione. Of accession ; from or by accession. Justinian. Inst, ii, 1, § 26. 
 
 De aCCTimulatione legum nimia. Of or in respect to the excessive accumulation of 
 laws. I Kent's Com. 475, note. 
 
 De acquirenda et retinenda pOSSeSSione. Of acquiring and retaining possession. 
 
 Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. 32. De actjuirenda, vel amittenda possessione,— of acquiring 
 or losing possession. Dig. xii, tit. 2. De acquirenda vel omittenda hereditate,— 
 
 of acquiring or losing an heirship or inheritance. Dig. xxix, tit. 2 ; Cod. vi, tits. 30; 31, 52. 
 De acquirenda rerum dominio,— of or in relation to acquiring the ownership of things. 
 Dig. xii, tit. I ; Bradon, fols. 8 to g8. 
 
 De actionibus emti et venditi. Of or concerning actions of buying and selling. Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. iv, tit. 4g ; Dig. xix, tit. i. v. Actio ex em to. 
 
 De admensuratione dotis. — L. Lat. Of admeasurement of dower, v. Breve, dc. 
 
 De admensuratione pasturae. — L. Lat. Of the admeasurement of pasture. -J. Bre-jc. 
 
 De advisamentO COnsilii nostri.— I- Lat. By (under or with) the advice of our council. 
 
 An expression used in the old writs of summons to Parliament. Reg, Orig. Append. 7, 
 8 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 240. 
 
 De aequitate. — L. Lat. In equity ; according to equity. Fkta, lib. iii, c. 2, § 10. 
 
 De aequitate et lege conjuncta. Of equity and law conjoined. 
 
 De aetate probanda.— L, Lat. Of (about) proving age. v. Breve, etc. 
 .S68 
 
Deaff.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De arb. 
 
 De afforest, — L. Lat. To discharge from the forest law. Stat. 17 Car. I. c. 16. 
 De aleatoribus. — Lat. About gamesters. Dig. xi, tit. 5 ; Cod. iii, tit. 43. 
 
 De alienatione judicii mutandi causa facta. Dig. iv, tit. 7; Cod. ii, tit. 55. 
 
 De aliquibus tenuris intrinsecis et trausgressionibus, aut contractibus, intra 
 
 eundeni burgum faetis.— L. Lat. Concerning other domestic tenures and trespasses, or 
 contracts, performed within the same borough. 
 
 De allocatione facienda. — L. Lat. For making an allowance, v. Breve. 
 
 De alto et basso. — L. Lat. Of high and low. = L. Fr. De haul et de has. 
 
 An expression used in ancient times to signify the absolute submission of all diflFerences, 
 high and low, to arbitration. Stat. Walliae, 12 Edw. L ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 96. 
 
 De ambiguis et obscuris interpretaudis. — L. Lat. As to doubtful and obscure trans- 
 lations or interpretations. 
 
 De ambitu. — Lat. Concerning bribery. Dig. xlviii, tit. 14; Cod. ix, tit. 26. v. Ambitus. 
 
 The Romans had several laws de ambitu, — against bribery and corruption in elections — as 
 the Lex Aufidia, the Lex Calpumia, Lex Caecilia, Lex Fabia, Lex Julia, Lex Lucinia, Lex 
 Pompeia, Lex Tullia, de ambitu, with the infliction of new, severer, and just punishments for 
 this offense, which strikes at the root of all good government, v. Cicero, Muren. xxiii ; id. 
 ib. xxxii, 67; id. Clu. xli ; Suet. Caes. xli eta/.; i Bl. Com. 179 (d). They also had a law 
 lie ambitu, — against forestalling the market. Suet, xxxiv. A\so ?i\a.v/ de ambitu, — against 
 bombastic fullness, ostentation, parade (of speech), limiting the pleadings in criminal cases 
 to one day's duration, allowing two hours to the prosecutor, and three to the accused. 
 
 De ampliori gratia. — L. Lat. Of more abundant or especial grace. 
 
 De anno bisextili. Of the bisextile or leap year. 
 
 The title of a statute passed 21 Henry IH. The Justices of the Bench were thereby 
 instructed and directed that the additional day should, together with that which went before, 
 be reckoned only as one, and so the additional day was brought within the preceding year. 
 1 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 266. v. Bisextum. 
 
 De annua pensione. — L. Lat. Of annual pension. V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De annuo redditur. — L. Lat. For recovering an annuity, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De antiquitatibus juris. — Lat. Concerning the antiquity of the law. Bacons Proposal 
 for Amending the Laws of Englarid. v. Law Tr. 10. 
 
 De antique dominio COronae. — Lat. Formerly under or in the dominion (ownership) 
 of the crown. Bacon's Use of the Lmu. v. Law Tr. 134. 
 
 De apibus. Concerning bees. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 14. 
 
 V. Apium quoque fera natura est, etc. Gaius, Dig. xli, i.,fr. 5, g 2. 
 
 De apOStata capiendo. — L. Lat. For taking an apostate, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De appellationibus.^ — Lat. About or concerning appeals. Dig.-s.\\y., tit. i. 
 
 De arbOribUS caedendis, — Lat. About cutting trees. Dig. xliii, tit. 27. 
 
 DE ARBORUM INJURIA CAESARUM POENA. Lex XII. Tab. viii, /r. II. Con- 
 cerning the penalty of wrongfully felling another man's trees. (This 
 
 includes vines.) 
 
 Plinius referred to this law : Fuit et arborum cura legibus priscis : cautumque est XII. 
 Tabulis, ut qui injuria cecidissit alienas lueret in singulas aeris xxv. Plinius, Hist. Natur. 
 xvii, I. The care, management of trees was in the ancient laws: and it was provided by the 
 Twelve Tables that he who wrongfully felled another man's trees should pay for each tree 
 twenty-five sesterces, v. Fathers Catrou and Rouille, Tab. ii, fr. 6. 
 
 The Jurists referred to this law in the Dig. xlvii, tit. 7, 'Arborum furtim caesarwn.' 
 Read; Si furtim arbores caesae sint, et seq. Paulus, Gaius et al. frr. 1, 2, 4 et al. 
 
 DE ARBORIBUS ciRCUMCiDENDis. Lex XII. Tab. y\\,fr. 9. Concerning the 
 lopping off, trimming of trees. 
 The Jurists referred to this law in Dig. xliii, tit. 27, ' de Arbo-iibus caedendis.' 
 Read the Praetor's edict: Quae arbor ex aedibus TUis in aedUs illius impen- 
 DET, etc. Id. ib.fr.-i.pr. Also the edict: Deinde ait Praetor: Quae arbor ex agro 
 tuo'in'agrum illius impendet, f/f. Id.ib. fr.\,%-i. Ulpianus referred to the same. 
 Read: Quod ait Praetor, et Lex Duodecim Tabularum efficere voluit, et seq. Ulpianus, id. 
 ib. ^S5 8, 9. Read PoMPONlus: Si arbor ex vicini fundo venlo inclinata in tuum funduin 
 sit,''et seq. Id. ib. fr. 2. Read; Arbor quae in alienas aedes, vel in vicini agtum iminimt, 
 et'seq. Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, 6, § 13. z'. Fathers Catrou and Rouille, vm,fr. 4. 
 [72 J S69 
 
Dearr.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Debie. 
 
 De arrestandis bonis ne dissipientur. — L- Lat. To arrest or seize goods to prevent 
 their being dissipated or made away witli. v. Breve de aristandis bonis, etc. 
 
 De arrestando ipsum qui pecuniam recepit.— L. Lat. For arresting one who had 
 
 taken (the Icing's) prest money, v. Breve de arrestando if sum, etc. 
 
 De arte et parte, — L. Lat. Of art and part. 
 
 In Scotch Criminal Law: Contriver and partner. ■^How. St. Trials, toi. An 
 accessory before and after the fact ; an aider and abettor in the commission of a crime. 2 
 Forbes' Inst, part i, b. i, t. I ; Erskine's Inst. b. iv, tit, 4, § lo; i Pitcaim's Crim. Trials, 
 part 2, p. 55. = Ope et consilio, of the Civil Law. 
 
 De asportatis religiosorum. — L. Lat. Of or concerning the taking away of (the prop- 
 erty of) religious persons. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 157; 2 Co. Inst. 580. 
 
 De assisa COntiuuauda. — L. Lat. For continuing the assise, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De assisa proroganda, — L. Lat. For proroguing the assise, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De assisa novae disseysinae. — L. Lat. Of the assise of novel disseisin. 
 
 De attornato recipiendO. — L. Lat. For receiving an attorney, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De audiendo et terminando. — L. Lat. For hearing and determining. 
 
 V, Breve de, etc. v. D'Oyer et terminer. 
 
 De augmentis SCientiarum. Of or concerning the augmentation or growth of the 
 sciences. Bacon; 1 Kent's Com. 553. 
 
 De auxilio. — L. Lat. Of aid, assistance, support, succor. Fleta, lib. i, t. 33, § 8. 
 
 DE averagiis merciuvi k navibus projectarum, distribuendis, vetus habetur non impressum, 
 cujus examplar apud me extat. With respect to the average of merchandise thrown from 
 vessels, and to be divided, there is an ancient statute, not in print, of which I have a 
 remembrance. 
 
 De averiis captis in withernamium. — L. Lat. For taking cattle in withernam. 
 
 V. Breve de averiis captis in luithernamium. 
 
 De averiis replegiandis. — L. Lat. For replevying beasts. V. Breve de, etc. 
 De averiis retornando. — L. Lat. For returning the beasts or cattle. 
 This term was applied to pledges given in the old action of replevin, n Reeve's Hist. Eng.. 
 Law, 177- 
 
 De advisamento et consensu eonsilii nostri concessimus.— L. Lat. By the advice 
 
 and consent of our council we have granted or conceded. 
 
 This was the common form of the king's grants. 
 
 De aVO. — L. Lat. Of ayle or aiel. ■}, Bl. Ce?n. iSt. v. Breve de avo. 
 
 De aVO et de tritavo. — L. Lat. From grandfather and great grandfather's great grand- 
 father. = De eve et de treve, L. Fr., — as descriptive of ancestral rights. 
 
 De banco. — L. Lat. Of the bench 
 
 In English Law: A term applied to the justices of the Court of Common Pleas c; 
 Bench. Reg. Orig. it) et pass. u. Coram justiciatiis, etc., and Curia de banco nostro — Curia 
 nostra de banco. 
 
 De bene esse, — L. Lat. =L. Fr. De bien estre. Of well being. To be of good form. 
 
 In Practice: Of good precaution ; of contingent or possible utility or effect ; of con- 
 ditional or permissive valid itj' ; to pass as a matter of form; to be allowed as of present 
 formal sufEcienc)', with reference to some matter or question in the future ; to be valid for 
 the present, hut subject to some further future proceeding, etc. i Tidd's Pr. 4ig ; i Archb. 
 Pr. 121. The testimony of a witness de bene esse is taken subject to the contingency of his 
 being able to attend court at the trial. 3 Bl. Com. 383. A jury may find a verdict subject to 
 the opinion of the court, and this, strictly, is a proceeding de bene esse. Dyer, 55^, 120; i 
 Leon. 5. 
 
 De bien estre, — L. Fr. Tobeofform. Lit., Of well being. =\a2A. De bene esse. 
 
 De bien et de mal. — L. Fr. For good and evil. =Lat De bono et malo. 
 
 De biens le mort, — L. Fr. Of the goods of the deceased. Dyer, 32. 
 
 De biens propreS. — L. Fr. Of his own goods. =Lat. De bonis propriis. 
 ,S7o 
 
I'ebig.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Debon. 
 
 De bigamis.— L. Lat. Concerning men twice maried. 2 Co. Inst. 272. v. Bigamus. 
 
 rVE bona fide enim agitur, cui non congruit de apicilms juris disputare, scd 
 
 U de hoc tantum, debitor fuerit, nee ne. Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, i,fr. 29, § 4 
 
 fin. For the controversy is respecting good faith of the transaction, in which it 
 
 is incongruous or inconsistent to dispute about extreme points of law. 
 
 V. Apices juns. v. Bonae fidei non congruit de apicibus juris disputare.. Ulpianus Dig- 
 xvu, I, /;r. 29, § 4. • > &• 
 
 De bone memorie.— L. Fr. Of good memory ; of sound mind. 2 Co. Inst. 510. 
 
 De bonis asportatis. — L. Lat. For goods taken away ; for carrying away goods. 
 
 In Common Law: The action of trespass for wrongfully taking and carrying away 
 personal property is technically termed trespass de bonis asportatis. 3 Bl. Covt. 150, 151- i 
 Chitt.Pl. 171; I Tidd's Pr.s\l Smith-s L. C. [485] 605 ; Broom on C. L. 807, 808 ; Broom &- 
 Had. Com. 111, 255, Wait s note (560) ; iv, 283. 
 
 De bonis asportatis in vita testatoris.— L. Lat. In respect to the carrying away of 
 goods in the life-time of the testator. The title of the Stat. 4 Edw. III. <... 7 ; Noy'sMax. 14, n. 
 De bonis defuneti.— L. Lat. Of the goods of the deceased. 
 
 De bonis defuneti nullam habent administrationem. — L. Lat. They have no 
 administration of the goods of the deceased. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 62, § 10. 
 
 DE bonis defuneti primo deducenda sunt e a quae sunt necessitatis; et postea, 
 quae sunt utilitatisj et ultimo, quae sunt voluntatis. From the goods of a 
 deceased person, those which are of necessity are first to be deducted ; and 
 afterward those of utility, and lastly those of bequest. Bracton, b. ii, c. 26; 2 
 Bl. Com. 512. 
 
 De bonis ecclesiasticis levari.— L. Lat. To be levied from the goods of the church. 
 4 Bl. Com. 418. 
 
 De bonis et Catallis debitoris.— L. Lat. Of the debtor's goods and chattels. 
 
 De bonis et catallis testatoris, et qnae ad manus testatoris devenirent adminis- 
 
 trendus. — L. Lat. Of the goods and chattels of the testator; and whatever came to the 
 testator's hands to be administered. 
 
 De bonis intestatoris. — L. Lat. Concerning the goods of an intestate. 
 
 De bonis non administrandis.— L. Lat. Of goods unadministered. 2 Bl. Com. 506. 
 
 De bonis non administrantis. Of goods not administered. Broom S^ Had. Com.n\,^2(j. 
 
 De bonis non administratis.— L. Lat. Of the goods unadministered. 
 
 Where, in consequence of the death or removal of an administrator, a new administrator 
 is appointed, the latter is termed an administrator de bonis non, i. c. of the goods not admin- 
 istered by the former. 2 Steph. Com. 243 ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 652. 
 
 De bonis non amovendis. — L. Lat. For not removing goods, i. e. for preventing the 
 removal of goods, v. Breve de bonis non amovendis. 
 
 De bonis propriiS.— L. Lat. Of his own goods, i Pars, on Cont. 31 ; i Stra. 20; 2 
 Arch. Pr. 148, 149 ; 8 Wheat. R. 675. 
 
 De bonis propriis, si non, de bonis testatoris.— L. Lat. Of his own goods (if he have 
 
 any), if not, of the goods of the testator. 
 
 De bonis testatoris cum acciderint.— L. Lat. Of the testator's effects when they shall 
 have come to hand. 
 De bonis testatoris si, etc., et si non, tune de bonis, propriis.— L. Lat. Of the goods 
 
 of the testator if [he have so much thereof in his hands to be administered], and if not, then 
 [to be levied] of his [the defendant's] own goods. 
 
 These are the forms of judgments in actions against executors. 2 Arch. Pr. r48 ; 1% Johns. 
 R. 502; 19 id. 266. V. I Story's Eq.Jur. § 549, note i; i Pars, on Cont. 31, and cases. 
 
 De bonis testatoris, si tantum in manibus habeant unadministrand'.— L. Lat. Of 
 
 the goods of the testator, if they have so much in their hands unadministered. 
 
 S7I 
 
Debon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De eau. 
 
 De bonne grace. — Fr. With good grace ; willingly, 
 
 De bono et malO, — L- Lat. For good and evil. =Fr. De Ken et de mal. 
 
 In old Pleadings: A phrase by which a party accused or appealed put himself upon 
 a jury ; e. g.. El quod inde culpabilis non sit, ponit se super patriam de bono et mala. 
 Bracton, foL 138(5. v. Fleta, lib. i, c. 34, § 34. Ponit se semper linguas vestras de hoc, de 
 bono et malo. Bracton, io\. m^b. Also De bien et de mal. 4 Mod. 2Sg. 
 
 It was also the name of a special writ. v. Breve de bono et malo. 2 Co. Inst. 43 ; 4 
 Bl. Com. 270 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 351. 
 
 De bono gestu. — L- Lat. For (his) good behavior. 
 
 De bonornm possessionibus. Of goods, property in possession. Dig. xxxvii, tit. i. 
 •V. B-onorum possessio. 
 
 De Caetero or de cetero. — L. L-t. Henceforth, henceforward, hereafter, in future. 
 Mag. Charta, 9 Hen. III. cc. 23, 24, 26, 32, 35, 36. v. Quod voluntas donatoris de cetero 
 observetur. v. Ceterus, a, um, adj. 
 
 DE caetero non recedant querentes a curia domini regis, pro eo quod tenementum 
 transfertur de uno in alium. From henceforth plaintiffs shall not go — z. e. 
 withdraw as unsuccessful in their actions — from the court of the lord the king, 
 because the tenement is transferred from one to another. Stat. Westm. II. 13 
 Edw. I. c. 24; 3 Bl. Com. 221, 
 
 De Calato reparando,^ — L- Lat. For repairing a causeway, v. Breve de calato, etc. 
 
 De Capitalibus dominis feodi.^ L. Lat. Of the chief lords of the fee. 
 
 This phrase was employed in ancient grants and charters to denote the tenure hy which 
 the estate granted was to be held. 2 Bl. Com. 298, 299 ; Broom d^ Had. Com. ii, 485. v. Cap- 
 italis dominus. 
 
 De capitalibus feodis.— L. Lat. Of the chief fees. 
 
 DE CAPITE (de vita, libertate, et jure) civis Romani, nisi per maximum cen- 
 TURIATUM (per comitia centuriata) ne fuerunt. Frag. XII. Tab. ix, 
 fr. 2. Concerning things capital (of life, liberty and law) of a Roman citizen, 
 nothing shall be done except by the great assembly of the Comitia Centuriata. 
 Cicero, de Legg. iii, 19, § 44. v. Leges Duodecem Tabularum. v. Catron &' 
 Rouille, Tab. ix, L. 4, in Hooke's Rom. Hist. 
 
 De Capite minutis. — Lat. Of the losses, or reductions of status, i. e. concerning those 
 who have lost their status or civil condition. Dig. iv, tit. 5. v. Capitis dimimitio. 
 
 De captivis, et de postliminio, et redemtis ab bostibus. Concerning captives, and 
 
 those in postliminium, and those redeemed from enemies. Dig. xlix, tit. 15. 
 
 De cartis (or cbartis) reddendis.^ — L. Lat. For rendering charters or deeds, v. Breve. 
 
 De castrO, Vill et terris.' — L. Lat. Concerning a castle, vill and lands. 
 
 De Catallis reddendis, — L. Lat. For or concerning the rendering goods or chattels. 
 V. Breve de catallis reddendis. 
 
 De causa in Causam. Of or about a cause in a cause. 
 
 Jurisdiction is said to be prorogated de causd in causam, — from one cause to another — 
 when the parties consent that a judge who has jurisdiction in one cause shall judge in another 
 not before him, 2. e. in which he has no jurisdiction. Erskine's Inst, i, t. 2, § 30. 
 
 DE causa testamentaria (sicut nee de causd 7natrimoniali) curia regia se non intro- 
 mittit. The court of the king does not introduce itself into a testamentary 
 cause any more than into a matrimonial cause. Bracton, fol. 61a fin. 
 
 DE causts criniinalibus, vel capitalibus, nemo quaeret consilium; 
 qui implacitatus, statim pernegat, sine omne petitione consilii. In aliis omnibus, 
 potest, et debet uti consilio. In criminal or capital cases, no one can 
 obtain traverse ; but if arraigned, he shall plead immediately, without any 
 request for a traverse. In all other cases he may and ought to have traverse. 
 572 
 
Decau.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De com. 
 
 De Cailtione adlllittenda> — L. Lat. To take caution or security, v. Breve de. 
 De ceo jour en avaunt. — L. Fr. From this day forward. Britt. c. 68. 
 
 De ceo prorablement soit atteint de overt faite per gentz de lour condition. — 
 
 L. Fr. For this purpose, be upon sufficient proof attainted of some overt act by men of his 
 own condition. Broom (Sr" Had. Cotn. iv, 86, n. {x). 
 
 De Certificando.— L- Lat. For certifying, i. t. requiring a thing to be certified, v. Breve. 
 
 De Certiorando. — L. Lat. For certifying. V. Breve de certiorando. 
 
 De cessione bonorum. Concerning the giving up, surrendering of goods or property. 
 Title in the Dig xlii, tit. 3 ; Cod. vii, tit. 71. 
 
 De Cetero. — L. Lat. In other respects. Hereafter; henceforth, v, De caetero. 
 
 De Champertia, — L. Lat. Of or concerning champerty, v. Breve de champertia. 
 
 De char et de sank, — L. Fr. Of tJesh and blood. </. Affaire rechat de char et de sank. 
 
 De chimino. — L. Lat. Of a way, road or street, v. Breve de chimino. 
 
 De cibariis Utendis. — L. Lat. Of or concerning victuals to be used. 
 
 The title of a sumptuary statute — 10 Edw. IIL st. 3— intended to restrain the expense 
 of entertainments. 
 
 De clamea admittenda in itinere per attornatum.— L. Lat. To admit a person's 
 
 claim in eyre, by attorney, u. Breve de clamea, etc. 
 
 De clamio habendo in alieno fundo. — L. Lat. For having a claim in 0;- upon another's 
 farm. Fleta, lib. v, c. 41, § 3. 
 
 De claro die. — L. Lat. By or m day-light. Fleia, lib. ii, c. 76, § 8. 
 
 De clauSO firacto. — L. Lat. Of close broken ; of breach of close, v. Clausum /regit. 
 
 De clerico admittendo. — L. Lat. For admitting a clerk, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De clerico capto per statutum mercatorium deliberando.— L. Lat. For delivering 
 
 a clerk arrested on a statute merchant, w. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De clerico convicto commisso gaolae in defectu ordinarii deliberando, — L. Lat. 
 
 For delivering a clerk convicted committed to gaol by default of his ordinary, v. Breve ae. 
 
 De clerico infra sacros ordines constitute non eligendo in officium.— L. Lat. Of 
 
 or concerning a clerk established in holy orders for not choosing [to be] in office, u. Breve. 
 
 De clero. — L. Lat. Concerning the clergy. 
 
 The title of Stat. 25 Edw. IIL st. 3, on the subject of presentations, indictments of spiritual 
 persons, etc. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 378 ; Crabb's Hist. 270. 
 
 De decoctoribus. Concerning bankrupts, spendthrifts, v. Decoctor. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A certain place in the theater was allotted to bankrupts, 
 spendthrifts, v. Cicero, Phil, ii, 18. The passage or enforcement of this law occasioned a 
 tumult, which was allayed by the eloquence of Cicero the consul, v. Cicero, Att. 2. 
 
 De COgnitionibuS Certificare. — L. Lat. To certify, i. e. give a certificate of acknowl- 
 edgments. Reg. Orig. \bib. 
 
 De collegiis et COrporibuS. Concerning colleges and corporations. Dig. xlvii, tit. 22. 
 
 DE collisu legum anceps, difficilis, et late diffusa est disputatio, qiiam nescio, an quisquam 
 explicare totam aggressus fuerit. Hertius, de Collis. Legum, § I, n. I, p. 91. The discussion 
 or controversy concerning the conflict of laws is doubtful, vexatious and widely extended, 
 and I know not that anyone has made the attempt to unfold (settle or adjust) the whole sub- 
 ject (or to unravel the entire dispute). Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 14. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Caeierum Junioribus plevisque placuit distinclio inter statuta, rcalia, personalia, et mixta. 
 Verum in iis dejiniendis mirum est, quam sudant Doctores. Hertius, ib. § 4, n. 3, p. 120. On 
 the other hand the distinction between statutes real, personal and mixed has been approved 
 by very many of the Juniors (or Moderns). Yet in defining them it is strange how the learned 
 men (Doctores) exert themselves (sweat) — (sudant, literally, ' they sweat '). Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 14. [F' J- M.] 
 
 De COmbustione domonorum.— L. Lat. Of or concerning the burning of houses; of 
 house-burning. Bracton, fol. 146*/ 2 Reeve's Hist. 38. 
 
 De COmitibuS legatorum.— L. Lat. Of the court of bequests. 
 
 573 
 
Decom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Decon. 
 
 De COmmixtione. Of or concerning a mixing, mingling. Inst, ii, i, § 28. 
 
 Read: Quod si frumentum Titii frumento luo mix tu m fuerii, etc. 
 
 De COmmuni COnsilio regni, — L. Lat. By the common council, i. e. the parliament, of 
 England. Anciently applied to the passage of statutes. Res;. Orig. \t. v. Commune concilium. 
 
 T)E communi consilio^ super nogotiis quibusdam arduis et urgeniibus regem^ statum, defensio- 
 nem regni Angliae et ecclesiae Anglicanae concementibus. — L. Lat. In the common or general 
 council — i.e. the parliament — upon certain important and urgent matters relating to the 
 king, the state, the defense of the kingdom of England and the Church of England, i Bl. 
 Com. 159 ; 4 Co. Inst. 18 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 190. 
 
 De communi dividundo.- — Lat. For dividing a thing held in common ; for a common 
 division, v. Actio communi dividundo. 
 
 De COmon droit. — L. Fr. Of common right, i. e. by the common law. Co. Litt. 142a. 
 
 De COmpeUsationibllS. Concerning compensations, i. t. balancing accounts, offsets. 
 Title in the Dig. xvi, tit. 2 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 31. 
 
 De COmputatione procuratorum. Of the reckoning or schedule of procurators. 
 Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 342 (^). 
 
 De COmputO. Of computation or account. 3 Bl. Com. 162. v. Breve de computo. 
 
 De COndictione indebiti. Of or concerning the condiction, i. e. demanding back the 
 payment of that which is not due. Title in the Dig. xii, tit. 6; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 6; 
 id. Inst, iii, 14, § I. 
 
 De condictione ex lege et [vel] sine causa vel injusta causa. Of or concerning a 
 condiction without law or without a cause or for an unjust cause. Title in Justinian. Cod. 
 iv, tit. 9; Dig. xiii, tit. 2. 
 
 De condictione furtiva. Of or concerning a condiction for a thing stolen. Dig. xiii, 
 tit. I ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 8. 
 
 De condictione ob causam datorum. Of or concerning a condiction on account of a 
 cause of the givers. Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 5 ; Dig. xii, tit. 4. 
 
 De condictionem ob turpem vel injustam causam. Of or concerning a condiction 
 on account of a corrupt or unjust cause. Dig. xii, tit. 5 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 7. 
 
 De condictione sine caus§.. Of or concerning a condiction without a cause. Title in 
 Dig. xii, tit. 7 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. g. 
 
 De COnfessio. Of or in relation to confessions. Dig. xiii, tit. 2 ; Cod. vii, tit- 5g, 60. 
 
 Confessus pro judicato est, qui quodammodo sua sententia damnatur. Paulus, Dig. xiii, 
 2, fr. I. Non omnimodo confessus condemnari debet rei nomine, quae au in verura natura 
 esset, incertum sit. Paulus, ib. fr. 8. 
 
 De COnflictU legum. — Lat. Concerning the conflict of laws. -^ Kenfs Com. 455. 
 
 De COnfusione. Of or in relation to a confusing, intermixing. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, 
 § 27. V. Confusio. 
 
 De COnjecturis ultimarum VOluntatum. — Lat. Concerning the interpretation of last 
 wills or testaments. 4 Kenfs Com. 228 (B). 
 
 DE conjugiis eorum, qui sanguine aut affinitate janguntur, satis gravis est quaes- 
 tio, et non raro magnis motibus agitata. Nam causas certas ac naturales, cur 
 talia conjugia, ita ui legibus aut moribus vetantur, illicita sint, assignare qui voluerit, 
 experiendo discet, quam id sit difficile, imo praestari non possit. Grotius, de Jure 
 Bel. ac Pac. ii, 5, § 12. Concerning marriages of those who are nearly allied 
 by blood or affinity, many grave questions arise, virhich are often with much 
 zeal and animosity agitated on both sides. Because he that shall undertake to 
 assign certain and natural reasons why these marriages, that are by law and cus- 
 tom thus forbidden, are unlawful, should experimentally find out how hard, nay 
 how impossible it is to affect it. v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, i, § 34; 
 Story on Confl. of Laws, § 114 ; Kent, Ch., 4 Johns. Ch. R. 343. 
 574 
 
Decon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Decor. 
 
 De COnjunctim feoffatis.— L. Lat. Concerning persons jointly seized. Stat. 34 Edw. 
 I.; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 243. 
 
 De COnsanguiueO. — L. Lat. Of kindred by blood ; of cosinage. v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De COnsaUguinitate. — L. Lat. Concerning relationship by blood, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De consensu partium.— L. Lat. By consent of parties. Bracton, fol. 2o6,!i. 
 
 De COnsilio.— L. Lat. Of counsel (in a cause). Dyer, i\h. I n ol d C ri ra i n al La w: 
 Concerning counsel or advice (to commit a crime). Fleta, lib. i, c. 31, § 8. 
 
 De COnsiliO curiae. — L. Lat. By the advice or direction of the court. Bracton, fol. 345/'. 
 
 De COnspiratione. — L. Lat. Of conspiracy, u. Breve de conspiratione. 
 
 De COnstituta pecunia. — Lat. For money arranged or engaged, v. Actio de, etc. 
 
 De COnsuetudine. — L. Lat. Of or according to the custom. Bracton, fol. \b\b. 
 
 DE COnsuetudine Angliae, et super consensu regio et suorum procerum in talibus ab antique 
 concesso. — L. Lat. According to the custom of England, and by the assent of the king and 
 his nobles anciently conceded in like matters. 3 Bl. Com. 95. 
 
 De COnsuetudinibuS et servitiis. — L. Lat. Of customs and services. V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De COntinuandO assisam. — L. Lat. For continuing an assise, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De COntributione facienda. — L. Lat. For making contribution. I Pars, on Cont. 32, 
 note (<r). v. Breve de contributione faciendd. 
 
 De COntumace capiendo. — L. Lat. For taking a contumacious person, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De COnventione. — L. Lat. Of covenant, -c . Breve de conventione . 
 
 De COpia libelli deliberanda. — L. Lat. For delivering the copy of a libel. V. Breve de. 
 
 De comes et de bOUChe. — L. Fr. With horns and with mouth or voice. Britt. c. 12 ; 
 2 Co. Inst. 173. V. Huteseuvi et clamor, 
 
 De COronatore eligendo. — L. Lat. For electing a coroner, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De COronatOre et viridario eligendo. — L. Lat. For electing a coroner and a verderor, 
 /. c. an officer of the forest {viridarius). Bacon's Ordinances in Chancery, No. 85 ; Law Tr. 294 
 
 De COronatore exonerando. — L. Lat. For discharging or removing a coroner, v. 
 Breve de. 
 
 De COrpore. — Lat. Of the body. Bracton, fol. 37.5/ 7 Co. \\b; i P. Wms. 73, 79. 
 
 De eorpore COmitatUS. — L. Lat. From the body of the county, i. c. the county at large 
 as distinguished from a particular locality or neighborhood {de vicinato). 3 Bl. Com. 360. 
 
 De eorpore delicti. — L. Lat. As to the corpus delicti, i. t., the body of the offense. 
 
 DE eorpore delieti eonstare oportebat; id est, nontam fuisse aliquem in territorio 
 isto mortuum inventum, quavi vulneratum et caesum. Potest enim homo eiiam 
 ex alid causd subito mori. It ought to be clear as to the body (substantial part) 
 of the offense {corpus delicti); that is, not only that one was found dead in that 
 district or neighborhood, but that he was wounded and slain. For a man may 
 also die suddenly from some other cause. Stiernhook, de Jur. Gother. lib. iii, 
 c. 4 ; 3 Bl. Com. 348, note (/); Broom &= Had. Com. i, 417, note (jc). 
 
 DE eorpore interfecti necesse est, ut constet. * * Si quis fassus se furem, con- 
 fessio haec non obest, nisi constet etiam in specie de rebus furto subtractis. 
 Matthaeus, de Prob. cap. 1, n. 4. Concerning the body of a person killed, it 
 is indispensable that it be established, certain or well known (/. e. the fact proved 
 to be done or the body found). * * If any one confessed himself a thief, 
 his confessing this goes not against him (is not allowed), unless it is established 
 likewise, specifically, in respect to the things carried off in theft. Cited in 
 2 Best on Evid. § 441, note 3. 
 De eorpore sue— Lat. Of or from his own body. Bracton, fol. 22/'. 
 
 575 
 
Decor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dedol. 
 
 De eorrodio habendo. — L. Lat. For having a corody. V. Breve de cor. 
 
 De COSte, — L. Fr. From or on the side ; collateral. =A latere. Britt. c. 119. 
 
 De counsel OVe le defendant. — L- Fr. Of counsel with or for the defendant. Dyer, 38. 
 
 De Crednlitate, — Lat. From belief. 3 Bl. Com. 343 ; Co. Lilt. 295. 
 
 De curia Claudenda. — L. Lat. For closing a court. V. Breve de curia. 
 
 De CUrsu. — L. Lat. Of course ; in the ordinar}' course. Reg. Orig. zqb; 4 Jiob. Adm. R. 
 282 ; Broom on C. L. 39. v. Breve de cursu. 
 
 De CUStode admittendo. — L. Lat. For admitting a guardian, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De CUStode amovendo. — L. Lat. For removing a guardian, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De CUStodia terrae, et haeredis.— L. Lat. Of the custody of the land and the heir. 3 
 Bl. Com. 141. V. Breve de citstodia terrae et haeredis. 
 
 De cy en avant, — -L. Fr. From novf henceforth. Artie. Sup. Chart, c. i. 
 
 De damnis. — L. Lat. Of or concerning damages. 
 
 De debito. — L. Lat. Of or for the debt. Fleta, lib. ii, u. 63, § 6. u. Breve. 
 
 DE DEBITORE IN PARTES SECANTO. Lex XII. Tab. \\\, fr. 6. In respect to 
 cutting a debtor in pieces. 
 
 In the Twelve Tables this is the title of a Law : Tertiis nundinis partis secanto. Si plus minusve 
 SECUERUNT, SE FRAUD '. ESTO. Lex XII. Tab. \n.fr. 6a; AuLus Gellius, Noct. Att. XX, 1, g 49, This law has 
 been differently interpreted, some writers claiming for it a literal signification, /. e. of cutting the body of 
 the debtor jn pieces, and that the cutting of more or less in the division of the same 
 should be without fraud, z. i-. they should incur no penalty, cf. Aulus Gellius, A^. ^. xx, i, 19, 49 j^.,- 
 Gibbons Rom. £7)i/>. iii. p. 183 ; Gravina, de Jur. Nat. Gent, et X/I. Tab. § 72 ; Hugo, Hist, du Droit Rom. 
 tome i, p, 233, § J49 ; Niebuhr, Hist. Rom, ii, 597; Pothier, Introd. Pand.: 2 Bl, Corn, 472 ; i Kenfs Com. 
 523, note ; Broom &r> Had. Com. ii, 623. Other writers have claimed it to be only a figurative expression, /. e. 
 of cutting up or dividing the debtor's estate, etc. Montesquieu, .£j/. i^^j iorV. lib. xxix,c. i; 
 Bynkershoek, Obs. Jur. Rom. 1. i, c. i; Heineccius, A nt. Rom. lib. iii, tit. 30, § 4 ; Taylor, Com. in Leg. 
 Decemv. Read: De inope debitors secanto. Tab. iii,y>-. 6(Z. 
 
 De deceptione, — L. Lat. Of deceit or disceit. v. Breve de deceptione. 
 
 De decuria Senatoria COnscribuntur. — Lat. They shall be written down from the 
 senatorial rolls. AscoN in Cicero, Verr. i, 6; Bl. Com. 366. v. Selecti judices de decuria, etc. 
 
 De defaltis. — L. Lat. Of defaults. Bracton, fol. 364^. 
 
 De d6faute de droit, — Fr. Of a' defect of right; on account of a failure of justice. 
 Montesquieu, Esprit des Loix, liv. xxiii, c. 28. 
 
 De defensione juris. — Lat. Of defending the right ; concerning the defense of right. 
 
 De defensione ripariae. Concerning the defense of rivers. 
 
 De deoneranda pro rata portionis. For disburdening or discharging according to the 
 rate of portion. F. N. B. fol. 234 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 In old English Law: A writ that lies where one is distrained for rent that ought 
 to be paid by others proportionably with him. 
 
 De die.— Lat. In the daj'. Adv. for die or per diem. De die in diem. From day to day, 
 daily. Broom's Max. 663 ; Bracton, fol. 205^/ Holt, C. J., 6 Mod. 252 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 447 ; Bishop on Marr. &" Div. § 248. De die potare, — Lat. To drink, tope or tipple by 
 day or daily. Plautus, Asin. iv, 2, 16. 
 
 De disseisina super disseisinam. — L. Lat. Of disseisin upon disseisin. One intrusion 
 upon another. 
 
 De distractione pignorum et hypothecarum. Of selling in single portions (piece- 
 meal) of things pledged and hypothecated. Dig. xx, tit. 5 ; Cod. viii, tit. 20, 28, 31, 34. 
 
 De Diversis Regulis Juris Antiqui. — Lat. Of Divers Rules of the Ancient Law. 
 
 The last title of book L in the collection of the Digests, consisting of two hundred and 
 eleven frr. and upward of two hundred and fifty rules or maxims ; all which are embraced in 
 the body of this work. Dig. L, tit. 17. v. 2 Kent's Com. 552. 
 
 De doli mali et metus exceptione. Of or in relation to an exception (plea) of fraud 
 and fear. Title in the Dig. xliv, tit. 4. 
 
 576 
 
De dol] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De dur. 
 
 De dolo inalo. Of or in relation to evil intent or corrupt fraud. Title in the Dig, iv, tit. 
 3 ; Cod, ii, tit. 21. v. Actio de dolo malo. 
 
 Hoc edicto Praetor adversus varies et dolosos, qui aliis obfuerunt calliditate quadam, subvenit, ne vcl ille 
 malitia sua sit lucrosa, vel istis simplicitas damnosa. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 3,y>-. i pr. 
 
 By this edict the Praetor gives aid (relief) against changeable and tricky persons, who have injured others 
 by some cunning, lest either their malice might be advantageous to them, or the stupidity of the latter be 
 hurtful to these. 
 
 The various sections Qi\^\sfragtnentum from Ulpianus, ^de dolo malo^^ will be found quoted under Quae 
 
 DOLU MALO FACTA ESSE DICENTUR, etc. Id, lb, 
 
 DE dolo, et de laid culpd, quae dolo comparatur. For fraud and for gross negli- 
 gence, which may be compared or placed upon an equality with fraud. 
 PoTHiER, Prit d Usage, n. 88; Story on Bailm, § 253 b, v. Culpa lata, 
 
 De dolo, vel lat§/ culpa. For fraud, or gross omission, v, Erskine's Inst, iii, t. I, § 21. 
 
 DE domo sud nemo extrahi debet. Paulus, Dig. ii, 4, /r. 21. No man ought 
 to be dragged from [out ofj his own house. 
 
 Paulus, in another place: Nemo de domo sn& extrahi debet. Big, h, 17, /r. 103. 
 
 The Civilians had this reason for the rule: Quia domus tutissimum cuique 
 refugium atque receptaculum sit. Gaius, Dig. ii, 4, fr. i8. Because a man's house shall be 
 his safest refuge and shelter. 
 
 In the Common Law: Domus sua quoque est tiitissimum refugium, 5 Co, 92 ; 
 Broom's Max, 417. . 
 
 De domo reparanda. — L. Lat. For repairing a house, v. Breve de domo, etc. 
 
 De donationibus. Of or in relation to gifts, donations. Dig. xxxix, tit. 5. 
 
 De donationibus inter virum et UXOrem, Of donations or gifts between husband and 
 wife. Title in the Dig. xxiv, tit. i ; Cod. v, tit. 16. 
 
 De donis. In relation to gifts or grants. The title of Stat. Westm. II. (13 Edw. I.); 3 Bl. 
 Com. 191, 192 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 988 ; 4 Kent's Com, II, 12 sq, 
 
 De donis COnditionalibuS. — L- Lat. Concerning conditional gifts. 
 
 The title of the first chapter of the statute commonlj' called the "Statute de donis." 2 Bl. 
 Com. 112: 4 Kent's Com. 12, 13; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng, Law, 164, 165 ; Broom Is' Had. Com. 
 ii, 223. 
 
 De dote assignando. — L- Lat. For assigning a portion, dower, v. Breve de dote, etc. 
 
 De dote, undo nihil habet. — L. Lat. Of dower whereof she has nothing, v. Breve de. 
 
 De dotibUS. Of portions. V. Dejure dotium. 
 
 The curious reader will find every thing relating to this subject treated at length by Bris- 
 soNius in his tract concerning marriages, and by Heineccius, Syntagma. The marriage 
 terms, solemnities, and customs have been carefully investigated by the same authors, v. 
 Gibbon, vol. viii, 56. 
 
 De droit.— L. Fr. =1.3.1. Dejure. Of right. Britton, c.ioT. 
 
 DE droit ^troit, ioutes les Ms, que fait un souverain, n'ont force et autorite que 
 dans I 'entendue de sa domination; mais la necessity du bein public et gdn^ral 
 des nations a admis quelques exceptions dans ce, qui regarde le commerce civil. 
 BouLLENOis, Prin. Gen. \, 6, p. 4. Of strict right, all the laws made by a sov- 
 ereign have no force or authority except within the limits of his dominions ; but 
 the necessity of the public good and the general welfare of nations has admitted 
 some exceptions as regards civil commerce. Quoted in Story on Confi. of Laws, 
 
 §§ 7> 20. 
 
 P. VoET expresses a similar rule: Nullutn statutum sive in rem, sive in personam, si dc 
 
 ratione juris civilis sermo instituatur, sese extendit ultra statuentis territorium. VoET, de Stat, 
 
 § 4, ch. 2, 11. 7. These rules are in line with the Civilians; Extra territorium jus dicenii 
 
 'impune non paretur, etc. Paulus, Dig. ii, i, fr. 20. 
 
 * * * De duro est ultima ferro. 
 Protinus irrupit venae pejoris in aevum 
 Omne nefas, fugere pudor, verumque fidesque: 
 In quorum subiere locum, fraudesque, dolique, 
 Insidiaeque, et vis, et amor sceleratns habendi. 
 
 Ovid, Metamorphoses, i, 127-131. 
 
 [73 J ■ "7 
 
De ea.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De eoq. 
 
 The last age was of hard iron. Immediately every species of crime burst forth, 
 in this age of degenerated tendencies (zifKC^/f^om, literally, of inferior metals); modesty, 
 truth and honor took flight ; in their place succeeded fraud, deceit, treachery, violence, and 
 the cursed hankering for acquisition. Read: Aurea prima sata est actus, etc. 
 
 De ea re ita censuere. Concerning that matter have so decreed. 
 
 Abbreviated D. E. R. I. C, in recording the decrees of the Roman Senate. Taylor's Civ. 
 Law, 564, 566. 
 
 De ejectione CUStodiae. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Ejectment Je gant. Of ejectment of guard. 
 V. Breve de ejectione custodiae. 
 
 De ejectione custodiae terrae et haeredis.— L. Lat. Of ejectment of the guard of the 
 
 land and the heir. Holt, C. J., Lord Raym. 938 ; i Smith's L. C. [359] 440. v. Breve de, etc. 
 V. De custodia terrae et haeredis. 
 
 De ejectione firmae, — L. Lat. Of ejectment or ejection of farm. v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De emptione et venditione. — Lat. Of or concerning a purchase and sale, or buying 
 and selling, v. De actionibus empti et venditi. 
 
 DE eo autem, qui centesimo octogesimo secundo die natus est, Hippocrates scripsit, 
 et Divus Pius pontificibus rescripsit, justo temper e videri natum; nee videri in 
 servitute \servitutem\ conceptum, qiiwii mater ipsius ante centessimum octogessimum 
 secundum diem esset manumissa. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxviii, 16, fr. 3, § 12. But 
 in respect to that, one who is born within the one hundred and eighty-second 
 day, Hippocrates has written, and the Divine Pius, in the pontiffs, has rewritten : 
 he [tlie child] appears to be born within lawful time ; nor does he appear con- 
 ceived in servitude when the mother herself shall have been manumitted before 
 the one hundred and eighty-second day. 
 
 Ulpianus stated this rule immediately after the following: Post decern 
 menses mortis natus non admitteturad legitimam hereditatem. Ulpianus, ib, § 11. Read : 
 Septimo mense nasci perfectum partum.jam receptum est propter auctoritatem. doctissimi 
 viri Hippocratis ; et ideo credendum est, eum, qui ex justis nuptiis septimo mense natus 
 est, justum filium esse. Paulus, ib. i, s./j". 12. Septimo mense natus matri prodest ; ratio 
 enim Pythagorici numeri hoc videtur admittere, ut aut septimo pleno, aut decimo mense 
 partus maturior videatur. Paulus, Sent. Recept. iv, g, § 5. 
 
 In respect to a child born within ten months, o. In decem mensibus proximis postumum 
 NATUM JUSTUM ESSE. Lex XII. Tab. iv, fr. i^. Read: Gestatio, and the authorities. 
 
 De eodem et alio. About the same and another. Trop., About identity and dilTer- 
 ence. Quintilian, iii, 6, 37. 
 
 DE EO QUI AEDES ACERVUMVE FRUMENTI COMBUSSERIT. Lex XII. Tab. viii, 
 fr. 10. Concerning (the punishment of) him who shall have burned houses 
 or stacks of corn. 
 
 Gaius [libro iv, ad Legem XII. Tabularum'\ interpreted this law. Read : Qui aedes 
 ACERVUMVE FRUMENTI JUXTA DOMUM POSITUM COMBUSSERIT, VINCTUS, VERBERATUS IGNI 
 NECARI JUBETUR SI MODO SCIENS PRUDENSQUE ID COMMISERIT ; SI VERO CASU, ID EST NEGLI- 
 GENTIA, AUT NOXAM SARCIRE JUBETUR, AUT, SI MINUS IDONEUS SIT, LEVIUS CASTIGATUR. 
 Appellatione autem aedium otnnes species aedijicii continentur. Gaius, Dig. xlvii, g, fr. 9. 
 
 Fathers Catrou and RouiLLE (vii, /;-. 3) interpret the law: "Whoever shall malici- 
 ously set fire to another man's house, or any heap of corn near his house, shall 'be imprisoned, 
 scourged and burnt to death. If he did it by accident, let him repair the damage. And if 
 he be a poor man, let him be slightly corrected." v. Hooke's Rom. Hist. 
 
 DE EO QUI HOSTEM CONCITAVERIT QUIVE CIVEM HOSTI TRADEDERIT (cAPITE 
 PUNiRi). Lex XII. Tab.\-x.,fr.^. Concerning him who shall have incited 
 an enemy against his country, or betrayed a citizen into the hands of the enemy 
 (shall be punished capitally). 
 
 Read: Lex duodecim tabularum jubet, eum, qui hostem concitaverit, 
 QuivE CIVEM HOSTi tradiderit, capite PUNIRI. Marcianus, Dig. xlviil, 
 4, fr. 3 pr. 
 
 " Let him who shall have solicited a foreigner to declare himself against Rome, or shall 
 have delivered up a Roman citizen to a foreigner, lose his life." Interpretation of 
 Fathers Catrou and Rouille, Tab. ix, law 7, in Hooke's Rom. Hist. 
 
 .578 
 
Deeo.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De fac. 
 
 De eo, quod quis post mortem fieri velit. Concerning that which any one desired to 
 be performed after his decease. 
 
 De escaeta, — L. Lat. Of or concerning escheat, v. Breve de esceata. 
 
 De escambio monetae, — L. Lat. Of exchange of money, o. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De esse in peregrinatione.— L. Lat. Of being on a journey. i Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 119. 
 
 De esseudo quietam de theolonio.— L. Lat. Of being quit of toll. v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De essonio de malo lecti. — L. Lat. Of essoin of infirmity or illness [in] bed. v. Breve. 
 
 De ester a droit. — L. Fr. To stand to the right ; to meet an accusation. = De stando 
 ad rectum. Britt. c. 27. v. Ad standum recto. 
 
 De estoveriis habendis. — L. Lat. For having estovers. V. Breve de estov. 
 
 De estrepementO, — L. Lat. Of estrepement, ;. f. against destructive waste, v Breve. 
 
 De et super praemissiS.— L. Lat. Of and upon the premises. Cro. Car. 216, 217. 
 
 De eu et trene, — L. Fr. Of water and whip of three cords. Co. Litt. 25^. 
 
 De eu et de treve. — L. Fr. From grandfather and great grandfather's great grandfather. 
 =^ Lat. De avo et de travo, q. v. 
 
 De eXCeptioue rei venditae et traditae, Concerning an exception (plea) of a thing 
 sold and delivered. Dig. xxi, tit. 3. 
 
 De exceptioue rei judicatae. Concerning an exception of adjudged matter (a judg- 
 ment). Dig. xliv, tit. 2 ; Cod. vii, tit. 52-60. 
 
 De exceptionibus, praescriptionibus et praejudiciis. In relation to exceptions, 
 
 prescriptions and former judgments or decisions. Dig. xliv, tit. i. v. Cod. viii, tit. 36. 
 
 De excommunicato capiendo. Of arresting or taking an excommunicated person. 
 V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De eXCOmmunicata recapieudo. For retaking an excommunicated person, v. Breve 
 de excommunicato recapiendo, 
 
 De excommunicato deliberando. For delivering or discharging an excommunicated 
 person, v. Breve de excommunicato deliberando. 
 
 De excusationibus, — Lat. Of excuses. The first title of book xxvii of the Digests. 
 
 De executione facienda in withernamium. For making execution in withernam. 
 V. Breve de executione facienda in withernamium- 
 
 De executione judicii. Of or concerning execution of the judgment, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De exemplificatione. Of exemplification, -u. Breve de exempli ficatione. 
 
 De exercitoria actione. Of or by an exercuory action. Title in the Dig. xiv, tit. i ; 3 
 Kent's Com. 7, note (a). 
 
 De exitibus terrae. Of the rents (or issues) of the land. 
 
 De exoneratione sectae. For exoneration of suit. V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De expensis civium et burgentium. For the expenses of the citizens and burgesses. 
 The name of a writ to levy for each of these two shillings /,»?■ diem. 
 
 De expensis militum. Of or concerning the expenses of knights, i Bl. Com. 174, 
 Cooley's note (34). 
 
 De expensis militum levandis. For levying the expenses of knights, -u. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De expensis militum non levandis, To abstain from levying the expenses of knights. 
 
 De exportatis bonis. — L. Lat. Concerning exported goods. 
 
 De extento. Of extent, v. Breve de extento. 
 
 De extraordinariis criminibus. Of or concerning extraordinary crimes, Title in Dig. 
 xlvii, tit. II. V. Dig. L, tit. 13. 
 
 De facto. Of fact ; from, arising out of, or founded on, fact ; in fact, in point of fact ; in 
 deed, actually, leally. Opposite to de jure, v. h. t., and the illustrations of the term in i Bl. 
 Com. 204 ; 4 id. 11, 78, 20g ; i Kent's Com. 40, 144, 147, 167 ; 2 id. 295 and note ; 4 id. 36 ; 2 
 Stra. logo, 1091; 5 Wend. R. 231; Broom (d' Had. Com. ii, 84. 
 
 In Criminal Law: Of fact or act. Respecting the principal act of a murder, tech- 
 nically called factum. Fleta. 
 
 .S79 
 
Defac] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Defin. 
 
 DE facto jus oritur. The law arises from the fact. 2 Co. Inst. 49. v. Ex 
 facto jus oritur. 
 De fait. — L- Fr. Of or in fact ; by wrong as distinguished from de droit. Britt. c. 107, 
 De falso judicio. Of false judgment, v. Breve de falso judicio. 
 
 De falso moneta. Of false money. Title of the Stat. 2-] Edw. I. -^ Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 228, 229. 
 
 De famosis libelliS. — Lat. Of or concerning a defamatory publication, i. e. a publica- 
 tion affecting character (fama). Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 36. 
 
 V. De injuriis et famosis libellis. Dig. xlvii, tit. 10, et 'Fanwsus libellus.' 
 
 De fauseours de seals, et de monoye, — L- Fr. Of or concerning forgers or counter- 
 feiters of seals and of money. Britt. c. 4. 
 
 De feodo. Of fee; in fee. Applied in old statutes to officers named therein, v. In feodo. 
 Forestarius de feodo. Cart, de Forest^ c. 14; 2 Co. Inst. 462, 463. 
 
 De feodo SUO. Of his fee ; belonging to his fee. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 47, § 15. 
 
 De fet.— L. Fr. Of fact, in fact, etc. = De facto. 
 
 De fide et officio, Of [his] faith and his office ; of [his] duty and office. 
 
 DE fide et officio judicis non recipitur quaestio; sed de scientid, sive sit error juris, 
 sire facti. No question can be entertained as to the duty and integrity of 
 a judge ; but as to his knowledge he may be [impugned] either for error of law 
 or of fact. Bacons Max. Reg. 17. " The bona fides and honesty of purpose of 
 a judge cannot be questioned, but his decision may be impugned for error either 
 of law or of fact." Broom's Max. 87 ; Wharton s Max. xxvii. 
 
 The law doth so much respect the certainty of judgments and the credit and authoritj- of 
 judges, as it will not permit any error to be assigned that impeacheth them in their trust and 
 office and in willful abuse of the same; but only in ignorance and mistaking either of the 
 law or of the case and matter in fact. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 17. v. 'i Johns. R. 2gi ; g id. 
 396 ; I W. K. /". 45 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 348. A judge, however, is not excused for neglect of 
 duty or misconduct a fortiori for corruption. 
 
 De fide instrumentorum et admissione eorum. Concerning the faith (credit) of 
 
 instruments, and the admission of the same. Dig. xxii, tit. 4 ; Cod. iv, tits. 21, 22, 30. 
 
 Instrumentorum nomine et omnia accipienda sunt, quibus causa instrui potest : et 
 ideo tam testimonia, quam personae instrumentorum loco habentur. Paulus, Dig. xxii, 4, 
 fr. I. 
 
 De fide privata ])ello, — Lat. Of private faith in war. 
 
 In case one of the hostile parties send a flag of truce to the other, or sailors are ship- 
 wrecked ; in these cases private faith or the Law of Nature must be observed. 
 
 De fide laesione, — Lat. Of breach of faith, or fidelity. 4 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law,()(j. 
 V. Pro laesione fidei. 
 
 De fidei-COmmissariis. Of or in relation to fiduciary inheritances, Justinian, mst. 
 ii, 23 ; UtriANUS, Regl. xxv. v. Fideicommissarius. 
 
 De fidejlissoribus. — Lat. Of or in relation to sureties. Justinian. Inst, iii, tit. 21; 
 Di^. xxvii, tit. 7 ; xlvi, tit. i ; Justinian. Cod. v. tit. 57 ; viii, 41. v. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 115 sq. 
 
 De fide-jUSSOribuS et mandatoribus. Concerning trusts and mandates. Dig. xlvi, 
 tit. I. V. Cod. viii, tit. 41. 
 
 De fideli administratione. Of faithful administration. 
 
 In Scotch Law: An oath taken by a person for the faithful discharge of the duties 
 of an office. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 2, § 33. 
 
 De fidelitate. («■) Concerning fealty. (&.) From trustiness ; upon fidelity. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 343. 
 
 De fine capiendo pro terris.' For taking a fine for, or in place of the lands, v. Breve. 
 
 De fine force. Of pure necessity ; of necessity. Dyer, 41. 
 
 De fine non capiendo pro pulchre placitando. For not taking a fine for beau pleader. 
 V. Breve de fine non capiendo pro pulchre placitando. 
 580 
 
Defin.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De fur. 
 
 De fine pro diSSeisina capiendo. For taking a fine for re-disseisin. V. Breve de, etc. 
 De finibus levatis. Concerning fines levied. 2 Co. Inst. 521. 
 
 DE FINIUM RATIONE AD EXEMPLUM LEGIS SOLONIAE INSTITUTA. Lex. XII. 
 Tab. vii, fr. 2. Of reasonable boundaries according to the example of 
 the law instituted by Solon. 
 
 Gaius (libro iv, ad Legem XII. Tabularuni) defined this law. Read ; 
 
 Sciendum est, in actione finium regundorum illud observandum esse, quod ad exemplum 
 quodammodo ejus legis scriptumest, quam Athenis Solonem.dicitur, tulisse ; nam illic ita est: 
 
 'iSffj' Ti% aiiAaSiav itap aWorpioo x''^pi'f> opvyy, tov opov nr], napaPaivsiv kav 
 TEixiov, TCoSa aitoXiiiiiv. iav Se ui'xTf/ua, dvo TloSa?. sdv Si raqipov t/ fioSpov 
 bpvTTT/, 060V TO ^dSoi X!, T060VTOV d 7C oXiTC siv . iav Ss (ppeap, bpyvtdv. iXaiav 
 Si xal (Dvxrjv ivvea itodai and tov aXKoTpiov cpvTEvsiv. Td Si aXXa SevSpa 
 TCSVTS TtoSai. [Si qtiis sepeni ad alienum praedium fixerit infoderitque , terminuin ne excedito; 
 si maceriarn^ pedem relinquito; si vero domum. pedes duos; si sepulcrum aut scrobein foderit, 
 quantum profunditatis habuerint, tantum spatii relinquito ; si puteum, passus lalitudinem; at 
 vero oleam aut ficum ab alieno ad novem pedes plantato; ceteras arbores ad pedes quinque. — Versio 
 Vulgata.] P. Gaivs, Dig. X, I, fr. 13. 
 
 De forcia, consilio, praecepto, auxilio vel receptamento. Of force, counsel, com- 
 mandment, aid or receipt. I^teta, lib. i, c. 31, § 8. 
 
 De foristis et rivariis. Concerning forests and rivers. Art. Mag. Cart. Johan. c. 39. 
 De forisfactura maritagii. Of torfeiture of marriage. V. Breve forisfactura niaritagii. 
 
 De formulis et impetrationibus actionis sublatis. As to producing the forms and 
 
 petitions of the suit. 
 
 De foro legatorum. — Lat. Of the court of bequests or legacies. 
 
 De frangentibus prisonam. — Lat. Of those that break prison. Title of the Stat, i 
 Edw. II. ; 2 Co. Inst. 589 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, ago ; 4 Bl. Com. 130; Broom Sr- Had. 
 Com. i, 98 ; iv. 143. 
 
 De fructibus bona fide perceptis. Of or concerning fruits collected in good faith. 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 35. Read: Si quis ^ non domino, quem dominum esse crediderit, 
 bona fide fundum emerit, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 De fructibus k fructuario et COlonO perceptis. Of or concerning fruits collected by 
 the usufructuary and husbandman or farmer. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 36. 
 
 Read : Is ad quem usufructus fundi pertinet, non aliter fructuum dominus efficit, etc. 
 
 De fugitivUS. Of or concerning fugitives. Dig. xi, tit. 4 ; Cod. vi, tit. i 
 
 De fumo disceptdre. — Lat. Pro v. To dispute about smoke. Trop., To 
 wrangle about trifles. De asini umbrA disceptare, — to dispute about an ass's shadow. 
 Trop., To wrangle about a trivial thing. De land caprind vixari, — to dispute about 
 goats' wool. Horace, £p. i, 18, 15. 
 
 De furtis. Concerning thefts. Dig. xlvii, tit. 2 ; Cod. vi, tit. 2. 
 
 De furtO. — Lat. Of theft. A criminal appeal formerly made use of in England. 2 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 40. De furto relatus, — charged with theft. 
 
 DE FURTO FRUGUM NOCTU coMMisso. Lex XII. Tab. viii, //-. 9. Of or 
 concerning theft of fruits committed by night. 
 Puny interpreted this law : Frugem quidem aratro quaesitam furtim noctu pavisse 
 AC secuisse puberi, XII. Tabulis, capital erat ; suspensumque Cereri necari jubeant ; 
 gravius quam in homicidio conviitum. Impuuem Praetoris arbitratu verberari, no.xiam- 
 QUE duplione decerni. Plinius, Hist. Nat. xviii, 3. Any one's crop acquired by 
 the plow, stealthily trod down and cut up in the night-time by a 
 person of full age, was, by the Twelve Tables, ii capital crime. He was 
 devoted to Ceres and put to death by hanging; a graver punishment than 
 was adjudged or awarded homicide. A person not of full age was to be beaten 
 at the discretion of the Praetor, and twice the value of the crop was 
 to be paid as damages. 
 
 581 
 
Be fur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De gra. 
 
 DE FURTO LANCE ET Licio CONCEPTO. Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. 15. Con- 
 cerning search for concept theft, with a platter and linen girdle. 
 
 Gaius interpreted this law : Concepti et oblati poena ex Lege XII. Tahularum tripli 
 EST ; quae similiter h Praetore servatur. (192) Prohibiti actio quadrupli ex edicto Praetoris inlro- 
 ducta est. Lex aute?n eo nomine nullam poenam constituit : hoc solum praecepit, UT QUI QUAE- 
 EERE VELIT, NUDUS QUAERAT, LINTEO CINCTUS, LANCEM HABEUS ; QUI SI QUID INVENERIT, 
 JUBET ID i,EX FURTUM MANIFESTUM ESSE. (193) Quid sit autem linteum, quaesitum est ; sed 
 verius est consuti genus esse^ quo necessariae partes iegerentur. Quare lex tola ridicula est^ etc. 
 GAltJS, Inst, lii, g§ 191-3. The penalty of concept and oblate theft was 
 three-fold by the Law of the Twelve Tables: and this too is retained by the Praetor. 
 § 192. The action with four-fold penalty for prohibited theft was introduced by the Praetor's 
 edict. For the law (XII. Tab.) had enacted no penalty in this case ; but had only com- 
 manded that a man wishing to search should search naked, girt with a 
 linteum and holding a platter or dish; and if he found any thing, 
 the law ordered the theft to be regarded as manifest. § 193. Now what a 
 linteum may be is a mooted point ; but it is most probable that it was a kind of cincture with 
 which the private parts were covered. Hence the whole law is absurd. Read AULUS Gel- 
 Lius, A. N. xi, 18, §§ 6-11, quoted under/r. 14 : De poena furti manifesti. 
 
 The linteutn spoken of is sometimes called ticiutn; ^. ^. in Fkstus; 
 
 Lance et licio dicebatur apud antiques^ quia qui /-uriuin iliai quaerere in domo aliena licio cincius 
 iniraiat^ lancetnque ante oculos tenebat propter inatrum-familiae aut virginuTn praeseniiant. Festus, de 
 Sign. Verho. lib. x, p. 87. It was called by the ancients "with the platter and girdle" {lance et 
 licio), because one who wished to search for theft in another's house was inclosed with a girdle around the 
 abdomen, and held a platter before his eyes on account of the mother and virgins of the family. 
 
 De futuro. Of or in the future ; at a future period. Bacon's Orders in Ch., No. 10. 
 
 The term is used in reference to a promise of marriage at some future time, which tnay or 
 may not be specified. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Such promise is held not to be binding, yriaj integris. Erskine's 
 Inst, i, tit. 6, § 4. 
 
 De galliuis et auseribus. Of or concerning geese and fowls. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, 
 §16. 
 
 DE glande legend a. Lex XII. Tab. vii, fr. 10. In respect to gathering 
 fruit fallen upon another's land. 
 
 Pliny interpreted the law: Cautum est praeteria lege XII. Tabularum, ut glandem 
 IN ALIENUM FUNDUM PROCIDENTEM LICERET COLLIGERE. PlINIUS, Hist. 
 Nat. xvi, 5. It is secured, moreover, bj' the Law of the Twelve Tables, that fruit {v. glans) 
 that falls on neighboring land may be collected by the owner of the 
 t ree . 
 
 "If the fruit of a tree falls into a neighboring field, the owner of the tree may go and 
 pick it up. Fathers Catron and Rouille, "Table vii, law 5, in Hookes Rom. Hist. 
 
 Ait Praetor : Glandem, quae ex illius agro in tuum cadat, quo minus illi tertio 
 
 QUOQUE DIE LEGELE, AUFERRE LICEAT, VIM FIERI VETO. UlPJAN. Dig. xliii, 28, fr. I. 
 
 De generatione deoruin. Of or concerning the generation of Gods. Hesiod, Theol. 
 231, 232 ; cited in Willes, 538 ; s. c, i SmitKs L. C. [540] 676. 
 
 De gestll et fama. — L. Lat Of behavior and reputation. 
 
 The title of an ancient writ in cases of impeachment of a person's conduct and reputation. 
 Lamb Eiren, lib. iv, c. 14. 
 
 De gradu in gradum. From degree to degree ; from step to step. Bracton, fol. 374. 
 %i. Gradus. 
 
 De gratia. — Lat. Of, or on account of grace or favor. De gratid justiciorum, — by favor 
 of the judges. De gratid, majis quam de jure, — of favor or grace, rather than of right. 
 Bracton, fol. wib. 
 
 DE gratid speciali, ex certd scientid, et inero motu. By or out of special grace, 
 certain knowledge, and mere motion. Plowd. 330 ; i Co. 51^. 
 Words employed in royal grants and patents: by special grace, — denoting the 
 favor and bounty of the sovereign to the grantee; out of certain knowledge, — 
 
 582 
 
De gra.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De horn. 
 
 implying full knowledge and understanding of the subjective matter; and from mere 
 motion, — denoting that the first motion, and all that followed from it to the perfection of 
 the patent, proceeded from the sovereign himself. Plowd. supra ; 2 Bl. Com. 347. v. 
 Broom's Max. 56 ; 6 Peters' P. 691. v. Ex gratid speciali, etc. 
 
 D'E, g r a tid speciali, c e r td s ci e nti d , et mero motu: talis clau- 
 sula non valet in his in quibus praesumiter principem esse ignorantem. By, 
 or through special grace, certain knowledge, and mere 
 motion: Such a clause is not valid in those matters in which the prince (or 
 king) is presumed to be ignorant, i Co. 51-53 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 De gree en degree- — L. Fr. Degree by degree ; step by step, i. e. from one degree or 
 step td another. Britt. c. 119. = Lat. De gradu in gradum. 
 
 De grenuuio mittere. — Lat. To send from the bosom. 
 
 The phrase denotes the sending of a person as a delegate (legatus) from a conventual 
 church, monastery, or other body of persons, as distinguished from the phrase <J latere legere, 
 to send as ambassador from the side. 
 
 DE grossis arboribus decimae non dabuntur, sed de silvd caedua decimae dabuntur. 
 Of whole trees, tithes are not given ; but of wood used to be cut, tithes 
 are given. 2 R. R. 123 ; Wharton's Lex. 
 
 De gtistibus non est disputandum. There is no disputing on points of taste. 
 T r o p . , "What is one man's meat is another man's poison.'' 
 
 De hereditatibus nmlierum. Concerning inheritances of women. The title of the 
 Voconian Law, which restricted the right of women to inherit. !». Cicero, J^^rr. Act. 
 ii, lib. I, 42; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 383, u. (/). 
 
 De haerede deliberando illi qui habet custodiam terrae. For delivering an heir to 
 
 him who has wardship of the land. v. Breve de haerede deliberando, 
 
 De haerede raptO et abductO. Concerning an heir ravished and carried away. v. Breve. 
 
 De haeretioo COmburendo. For burning a heretic. Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 56. v. 
 Breve de haeretico comburendo. 
 
 De baut et de bas. — L. Fr. From high and low. = Lat. De alto et de basso. 
 
 De haut et de bas was used to express the unlimited power of taxation which a lord had 
 over his villein. 3 How. St. Tr. 871. v. Affair rechat de char et de sauk, et de euz tailler haut 
 et bas. 
 
 De hoc COnstare pOSSit. Concerning this it can be made to appear. It can be ascer- 
 tained in regard to this. Bracton, fol. 13*. 
 
 DE HOMiCiDio. Lex XLI. Tab. viii, fr. 24. In respect to homicide. 
 V. LI omicidiuni and Parricidium. 
 
 Parricida quaestores appellabantur, qui solebat creari causa rerum capitalium quaerendarutn. 
 Nam parricida non utique is, qui parentem occidisset, dicebatur, sed qualemcumque hominem. Id 
 autem ita fuisse indicat lex Numae Pompilii regis, his composita verbis : Si QUI hominem 
 LIBERUM DOLO SCIENS MORTI DUIT, PARRICIDAS ESTO. FeSTUS, de Sign. Verba, xiv, p. 121. 
 V. Parricidium. 
 
 De homioidiO, quid sit homiddium, et unde dicatur, quae ejus species, et qud poena homicidae 
 puniantur. Respecting homicide, what is homicide, and whence is it so called, 
 what are its species, and by what penalty homicide is punished. Bracton, fol. 120(5. v. iii, 
 tr. 2, c. 4, § 2 per tot. Read: Et est homicidium hominis occisio, etc. 
 
 Dehomicidio /'•'■ infortunium et casuali. Of homicide by misadventure and 
 casual. Bracton defines this . 
 
 DE homic idio verb casuali, quod multipliciter fieri potest, et de quo supra 
 tactum est, ut si quis telum in feram mittere volens, vel quid tale egerit, vel si 
 ciim socius luderet ciim socio, et jocosa levitate fercusserit, vel ciim longius staret, arcum 
 traheret, vel lapidem frojiceret, et hominem quem non vidit, percusserit, vel st ciim 
 pila luderet quis, manum consortis [better • tonsoris,' as in Dig. ix, 2, fr. 11 /r.] 
 
Dehis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De ind. 
 
 quern non vidit pila percusserit, ita quod gula?n alicujus praesciderit \^preciderii\, et 
 sic hominem interfecerit, non tamen cum occidendi animo, absolvi debet, quia crimen 
 non c ontr ahitur , nisi voluntas nocendi intercedat, et volun- 
 tas etpropositum disti ng uunt maleficium, et furtum omnino 
 non committitur siv e affec tu fur an di . In respect to casual 
 homicide, which may be done in various ways, and in respect to which has 
 been before touched upon, as if a person wishing to cast a weapon at a wild 
 beast, or has done something of that kind, or if when companion was playing 
 with companion and has struck him with playful levity, or when he was standing 
 afar off, he has drawn a bow or cast a stone, and has struck a man whom he has 
 not seen, or when a person was playing with a ball, he has struck with a ball 
 the hand of a barber, whom he has not seen, so that he has cut a certain per- 
 son's throat, and so killed a man, nevertheless without having the intention to 
 kill him, he ought to be acquitted, because a crime has not been con- 
 tracted, unless the will of hurting has intervened, and 
 the will and the purpose distinguish the misdeed, and a 
 theft is never at all committed without the intention of 
 thieving. Bracton, iii, tr. 2, c. 17, § i, fol. 136,5. cf. Dig. ix, Zj/r. 11. 
 
 ToUe enim voluntatera, et erit omnis actus indifferens, quia affectio quidem tua nomen 
 imponit operi tuo, etc. Bracton, fol. 2^. v. fol. loib. 
 
 DE hisce rebus, quas lex non exacte definit, sed arbitrio viri boni permittit. Concerning all 
 those things, which the law has not exactly defined, but leaves to the judgment or arbitrary 
 sentence of a just man. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 8. 
 
 De homagio respectuando. For respiting or postponing homage, v. Breve de. etc. 
 
 De homine CaptO (capiendo) in withemamium. For taking a man in withernam. 
 V. Breve de homine capto in withemamium. 
 
 De homine replegiando. For replevying a man. Broom &= Had. Co7n.\\\,iy}-?,. v. Breve. 
 
 DE hujusmodi malefactoribus, qui kujusmodt inquisitionibus sigilla sua apponant, et sicut 
 dictum est de vicecomitibus, observetur de qualibet bailivo libertatis. And it is also commanded 
 the sheriffs to warn each bailiff of the liberty of those wicked persons who set their seals to 
 such inquisition. 
 
 De idemptitate nominis. Relating to identity of name. u. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De idiota inquirendo. Of inquiring (making inquisition) as to an idiot. Broom &= 
 Had. Com. iii, 83, 85. v. Breve de idiota inquirendo. 
 
 De iis qui ponendi sunt in assisis. Of those who are to be put on assises. Title of 
 Stat. 21 Edw. I. defining the qualifications of jurors. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 184; 
 Crabb^s Hist. Eng. Law, 167. 
 
 De improviso. — Lat. Unexpectedly. Terentius, //<?»;. ii, 3, 40 ; Cicero, j?. ^4. Iii, 151. 
 
 De in integrum restitutionibus. For or concerning restitutions to the original or 
 former state. Title in the Dig. iv, tit. i. 
 
 De in rem verso. ■«■ ^ctio de in rem verso. An action concerning a thing converted. 
 Dig. XX, tit. 3. 
 
 De incendio, ruina, nanfragio, rate, nave expugnata.— Lat. Of the burning, ruin of 
 
 buildings, shipwreck, in respect to a boat or raft, or concerning a ship being taken by force. 
 Title in the Dig. xlvii, tit. g; 3 Kenfs Com. 7, note (a). 
 
 De incremento. Of increase ; of addition, augmentation, growth. 
 
 A term applied to the costs in civil actions, adjudged by the court de incremento to the 
 damages and the nominal costs found by the jury. Cilb. C. Pleas, 260; Grier, J., 13 How. 
 R. 372. Also applied to wages de incremento. Lord Ellenborough, C. J , 4 Af &= S. 316. 
 
 De industria. On purpose, purposely, intentionally. Cicero, Or. xliv, 151. v. Ex 
 industrii. Ob industriam. 
 584 
 
De inf.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De ino. 
 
 De infirmitate. — Lat. Of infirmity, indisposition, sickness. 
 
 In old English Law; Tlie principal essoin, or excuse tor not appearing in court ; 
 afterward called de malo (q. v.). i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 115. 
 
 De infirmitate reseantisae. Of illness or infirmity of residence i. e. a severe or long 
 continued illness, confining a person to his house. Flela, lib. vi, c. 10, § i ; i Reeve's Hist. 
 115. Afterward called De malo lecli, v. h. t. 
 
 De infirmitate veniendi. Of infirmity in coming. 
 
 In old English Law: The name of an essoin, afterward called De malo veniendi. 
 
 De ingreSSU, Of entry. V Breve de ingressu. 
 
 De injuria. Of wrong or injury; concerning the injury, v. Infra. 
 
 De injuria absc[ne residuo causae. As to the injury or wrong, without the residue of 
 the cause. 
 
 In Practice : A replication is so termed where a part of a plea is admitted Chitt. 
 PI. 606 ; I Burr. 316 ; I Smith's L. C. [585] 725. 
 
 De injuri§, sua propria. Of his own particular wrong. 8 Co. 66, Crogate's case. 
 
 DE injurid sud profrid, absque tali causd. Of his own particular wrong, without such 
 cause or excuse 
 
 In Practice; A species of traverse by replication in pleading. Where the defendant, 
 in an action of trespass for assault and battery, pleads son assault demesne, the plaintiff may 
 reply that he committed the trespass de injurid sud proprid, etc., commonly called the traverse 
 de injurid. 8 Co. 66, Crogate's case ; s c. , 2 Saund. 2g5, note (i); i Smith's L. C. [200] 232 
 sq.; id. ib. [585J 735; id. ib. [766] 935; I Chitt. PI. (x>%-b\\ ; 1 Archb. jV. />. 148, 387 ; 
 Steph. PI. 190. The Common Law rule is : Nullus cotnmodium capere potest de injurid 
 sud proprid. Co. Litt. \^,'i>b; Broom's Max. 275. 
 
 De injuria, Vel de son tort demesne. — Lat. and Fr. Of the injury or of his 
 own wrong. 
 
 De injuriis.— ■ Lat. Of, or concerning injuries. 
 
 The Cornelian Law has this title. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 10 fr 5:3 Bl. Com. 120. 
 Also the title of Justinian.'s Inst, iv, tit. 4, '' de Injurii s . 
 
 De injuriis et famosis libellis. Of or concerning injurious and defamatory publica- 
 tions Dig xlvii tit. 10. v. Justinian. Cod. ix, tit 36, ' de famosis libellis.' Theod. Cod. 
 ix, 34. 7. 
 
 De inofficioSO testamento. Concerning an undutiful or inofficious will. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A title in respect to wills made contrary to one's duty ; in which 
 nothing is left to one's children or nearest relatives, Cicero, Verr. i, 42, 103 ; Justinian. 
 Cod. iii, tit. 28; Dig. v, tit. 2; Justinian. Inst, ii, tit. 18. 
 
 V. Testamentum inofficiosum ; and al so : Quia flerumque parentes sine causd liberos suos 
 exhaeredant vel omittunt, etc. JusTINIAN. Inst, ii, \% pr. 
 
 DE INOPE DEBITORE SECANTO. Lex XII. Tab. \\\,fr. 6a. Concerning the 
 cutting up of a destitute debtor. 
 AuLUS Gellius restored and interpreted this Law as follows: "Et quidem 
 verba ipsa legis dicum, ne existimes invidiam me istam forte formidare: Tertiis nundinis 
 
 PARTIS SECANTO. Si PLUS MINUSVE SECUERUNT, SE FRAUDE ESTO. {v. Lex XII. Tab. iii, fr. 
 
 6 sq.) Nihil perfecto inmitius, nihil inmanius, nisi, ut re ipsa apparet; eo consilio tanta 
 inmanitas poenae denuntiata est, ne ad eam umquam perveniretur. Addici namque nunc et 
 viaciri multos videmus, quia vinculorum poenam deterrimis homines contemnunt; dissectum 
 esse antiquitus neminem equidem legi neque audivi, quoniam saevitia ista poenae contempni 
 non quitast." AuLUS Gellius, Noct. Attic, xx, c. i, 49-52. 
 
 And lest you should think that I fear the odium of the law being insisted on, I will repeat 
 its words : 'On the third court day, let them cut it into parts; if they 
 have cut more or less, let the division be without fraud.' Nothing, 
 indeed can be more savage or cruel than this appears to be ; in that resolution or determina- 
 tion, immunity from punishment was denounced to such a degree [«'. e. to such a degree was 
 cruel punishment decreed] that they might never be obliged to have recourse to it. We now 
 see many people accused, and in fetters, because profligate men despise the punishment. I 
 have never read or heard of any man being dissected according to the ancient law, whose 
 severity was not slighted, v. Cooley's note (3), 4 Bl. Com. 325. 
 
 [74] ' ' 58s 
 
DeintJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dejur. 
 
 Fathers Catrou and Rouille have restored and interpreted this law as follows : "If 
 the debtor be insolvent to several creditors, let his body be cut 
 in pieces on the third market day. It may be cut into more or 
 fewer pieces with impunity; or, if his creditors consent to it, let 
 him be sold to foreigners beyond the Tiber, v. Table iii, fr. 6, in C. & R. 
 
 Read: De debitores in partes secanto, and the authorities therein. 
 
 De integro. — Lat. Anew, afresh; a second time. Cicero, Verr. ii, is, 56 ; id. Fam. xii, 
 30, 2 et saep.; i Vern. 223, 232. 
 
 De intrusione, — L. Lat. Of intrusion. V. Breve de intrusione. 
 
 De itinere, — Lat. Of way; concerning the right of way. Title in the Dig. xlix.tit. 19; 
 Bracton, fol. 131. v. Iter. > 
 
 De jactis in mare levandae navis causa.— Lat. Concerning things thrown into the 
 sea for the purpose of lightening a ship. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 48; Gaius, Dig. xli, i, 
 fr. 9, § 8. cf. Dig. xiv, tit. 2, ' de Lege Rhodia de Jactu ' ; 2 Bl. Com. 292 ; Broom i&^ Had. 
 Com. i, 361 sq. 
 
 De jactura eyitanda. For avoiding a loss, i Littell's R. ^i. V. De lucro capt. 
 
 De Judaismo. — Lat. Concerning Judaism. A statute prohibiting usury, passed 18 
 Edw. I. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 167. v. Judaismus. 
 
 De judicato SOlvendO. For payment of the amount adjudged. 
 
 In Admiralty Law: Applied to bail to the action, or special bail. Gierke's Prax. 
 Cur. Adm. tit. 11. v. Judicatum solvere. 
 
 De judicio Sisti. For appearing in court. Gierke's Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 11. 
 
 In Admiralty Law: Applied to bail for a defendant's appearance. 
 
 De jlldiciis, — Lat. Of judicial proceedings. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The title of the second part, including the fifth to the eleventh 
 books inclusive, of the Digests. Dig. proaem. § 3. 
 
 De juramenti forma, — Lat. Of the form of an oath. I Smith's L. C. [538] 674. 
 
 De jure, — Lat. Of or bj' right, law, justice ; from the law; in law. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Of or concerning law, or the law. Justinian. Inst, i, i, 2 ; 
 Dig. i, I. A title applied to a component part of numerous titles in the Digests and Insti- 
 tutes. 
 
 In the English Law: Of right; by right or law ; growing out of right ; rightfully; 
 rightful ; lawful. Bracton, fol. 45 ; Mag. Charta, c. 15; i Bl. Com. 204; 4 id. 77 ; Broom Sy 
 Had. Com. iv, 84. The opposite of de facto. (6.) Of right, as distinguished from de gratid. 
 (c.) By or at law, according to law, as distinguished from de aequitate. (<f.) Founded on 
 law. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 49. 
 
 De jure alicui respondere. — Lat. To answer another on a point of law. Cicero, de 
 Or. ii, 33. 
 
 De jure belli. Of or by the law of war. De jure belli et pads, — of or upon the law of 
 war and peace. Grotius, de Jure ac Pads. 
 
 De jure COmmUUi, Of common or equal right ; by common law. 
 
 Dejure — de facto. From or according to the law — from or according to the fact. 
 
 In Criminal Law: In certain cases the ofTender is guilty the moment the wrong is 
 committed — then he may be said, upon presumption, to be guilty de facto. In other cases 
 he is not guilty until he be convicted by law — then he is said to be guilty de jure. 
 
 One who holds a thing in possession, without respect to his title, is the incumbent de facto; 
 one who holds, or is entitled to hold, by right, is the incumbent de jure. v. 4 Bl. Com. 77, 
 78 ; I Kent's Com. 40, 144, 147, 167; 2 id. ib. 295, and note; 4 id.ib. 36; 2 Stra. 1090, 1091; 
 5 IVend. R. 231 ; 10 Paige's Ch. 223 ; Broom (V Had Com. iv, 84. v. De facto. 
 
 DE Jure decimarum, origtnem ducens de Jure patronatus, tunc cognitio, special ad 
 legem civilem, i. e. communem. With regard to the right of tithes, deducing 
 its origin from the right of the. patron ; then the cognizance of them belongs to 
 the Civil Law, i. e. the Common Law. Godbolt, 63. 
 
 De jure dotium. Concerning the law of portions, or right of dower, cf. Dig. xxiii, 
 tit. 3; Justinian. Cod. v, tit. 12, ' de Jure Dotium.' v. De dotibus. 
 
 De jure et judicio feciali. Concerning the law (or right) and trial by heraldry. 
 586 
 
Dejur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De leg. 
 
 De jure gentium. By or according to the law of nations. Bracton, fol. \02b. 
 V. Jure gentium z.nd. Jus gentium. 
 
 De jure immuuitatis. in respect to the right of exemption from public duties, charges, 
 obligations, etc. Dig. L, tit. 6; Cod. x, tits. 25, 47. 
 
 DE jure Judices, de facto juratores, respondent. The judges answer to the 
 law, the jury to the fact. The converse of this rule is : Ad quaestionem 
 facti non respondent judices j ad quaestionem legis non respondent juratores. Co. 
 Litt. 295. 
 
 In the Common Law: These are fundamental rules upon which the whole system of 
 pleading is superstructed. Lord Hardwicke remarked : "It is of the greatest conse- 
 quence to the laws of England, and also to the subject, that the power of the judge and 
 jury be kept distinct ; that the judge determine the law, and the jury the fact ; if ever they 
 come to be confounded, it will prove the confusion and destruction of the law of England." 
 Cas. Temp. Hardvjicke, 28. 
 
 See the subject treated in Broom's Max. 105 sq., and cases there cited ; Broom on C. L. 
 516 sg. and cases there cited. 
 
 De Jure Maris, Of the Maritime Law ; concerning the law of the sea. 
 De Jure Maris, et brancMorum ejusdem. Of the law of the sea, and the branches of 
 the same. 
 
 De Jure Maritimo, Of or concerning Maritime Law. 3 Kent's Com. 126. 
 
 De Jure Naturae, Of the Law of Nature ; by the Law of Nature, v. Jure Naturae. 
 
 DE jure naturae cogitare per nos, atque dicer e debemus : de jure populi Romani, 
 quae relicta sunt et tradita. Cicero, de Legg. iii ad Jin. On the subject 
 of the law of nature, we ought to think to ourselves, and to speak from our own 
 hearts ; but when we are considering the rights of the Roman people, we must 
 then repeat what has been bequeathed and handed down to us. 3 £1. Com. 
 436, note (/). 
 
 De jure natural!. By or according to natural law. Bracton. 
 
 De jure patriae potestatis. Lex XII. Tab. iv, /;-. 2. Of the legal power of the 
 father, v. DiONYSius Halicarnasus, ii, 26, ' de Lege Romuli.' 
 
 DE jure striclo, nihil possum vendicare, de aequitate lamen, nullo modo hoc obtinet. In strict 
 law I can obtain nothing, but in equity this by no means obtains. Fleta, lib.' iii, ch. 2, § 10. 
 
 De jure SUCCeSSionis. By right of succession. Bracton, lol. 28. 
 
 De juris et facti ignorantia. Of or concerning ignorance of law and of fact. Dig. 
 xxii, tit. 6; Cod. i, tit. 18. v. Maxims undei Ignorantia, Juris Ignorantia, Errore facti. 
 
 De la COnsente.— L- Fr. By or with the consent. Britt. c. 24. 
 
 De la pluis beale (or belle).— L. Fr. Of the most fair. 
 
 In old English Law: Applied to a species of dower, which was assigned out of 
 the fairest of the husband's tenements. Litt. § 48. It was abolished with the military 
 tenures. 2 Bl. Com. 132. 
 
 De land caprindvixari.— h 3.1. Prov. To dispute about goat's wool. Trop.. 
 To dispute, de land caprind, — respecting a. matter not worth discussing. Rixaria de land 
 caprind. Horace, Ep. i, 18, 15. 
 
 De lata et levi culpa. Of great and trifling fault; for gross and slight neglect. Storv 
 on Bailm. § 173. 
 
 De latere. From the side ; on the side, collaterally. Justinian. Cod. v, 5, 6. 
 
 De Laudibus Legum Angliae. Upon the merits of the Laws of England ; in com- 
 mendation of the Laws of England. 
 
 This is the title of that nervous treatise written by Sir foHN Fortescue. cf. i Kent's 
 Com. 501. The work has been translated with a masterly hand, and recently republished by 
 Robert Clark & Co., Cincinnati, A. D. 1874. It is an interesting and useful work. 
 
 De legatis et fidei-COmmissis. Of legacies and trusts. Dig. xxxu, tit. I. 
 
 587 
 
De leg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY [Be leg. 
 
 De Lege Ehodia de Jactu. Of the Rhodian Law of Jettison. A title in the Civil Law. 
 Dig. xiv, tit. 2 ; 3 Kent's Com. 4, 7 {a), 233. 
 
 Jt^" This celebrated Maritime Law of the Rhodians has been so frequently cited and 
 quoted from by modern jurists, that the essential principles of that law have become engrafted 
 and ingrown in our own maritime law de jactu. But as those citations are so scattered through 
 the books, we deem it profitable to produce in a body all those frr. which have come down 
 to us through the Roman Laws. 
 
 In Paulus, Sent. Recept. five sections are preserved, to-wit : 
 
 § I. Lege Rhodia cavetur, ut si levandae navis gratia jactus mercium factus est, omnium con- 
 tributione sarciatar quod pro omnibus datum est. ^ 2. Jactu navis levata si perierit, extraciis 
 aliorum per urinatores mercibus, ejus quoque rationem haberi placuit, qui merces salva nave jac- 
 tavit. § 3. Nave vel arbore vi tempestatis amissa, vectores ad contributionem non tenentur, nisi 
 ipsis arborem salutis causa eruentibus navis salva sit. § 4. Levandae navis gratia merces in 
 scapham Iransjectas, atque idea amissas intributione earum, quae in navi salvae erunt, refici con- 
 venit. Nave autem perdita, conservatae cum mercibus scapkae ratio non habetur. § 5> Collatio 
 intributionis ob jactum salva nave fieri debet. Paulus, Sententia Receptae, lib. ii, tit. vii, * ad 
 Legem Rhodiam,' §§ 1-5. 
 
 .§ I. Care is taken by the Rhodian Law, that if a jettison of merchandise was made for the 
 purpose of lightening a ship, what was sacrificed in behalf of all be made good by the contri- 
 bution of all. S 2. If a ship lightened by jettison be lost, the goods of others having been 
 recovered by salvors or divers, it has been held that his right or equity should be preserved 
 who threw merchandise overboard while the ship was safe. § 3. If a ship or mast be lost by 
 the violence of a storm, the passengers are not held to a contribution unless they themselves 
 cutting away the mast with a view to safety the ship is saved. § 4. It is agreed that goods 
 transferred to a boat for the purpose of lightening a ship, and in consequence thereof lost, 
 should be made good bj' an assessment on those which were safe in the ship. But if the ship is 
 lost, an account is not taken of the boat saved with the goods. § 5. An assessment for remu- 
 neration on account of jettison ought to be made when the vessel is saved. [J. I. H., D. D.J 
 
 The Roman texts of those portions of the Rhodian Law of Jettison which 
 came down to us in the Digests, xiv, tit. 2, we have not space for in this work. 
 
 The following is a substantial rendering of the same : 
 
 Fr. I. Paulus. Read it supra, in § i. 
 
 Fr. 2. Paulus. If a jettison was made because the ship was in distress, the owners of the 
 lost merchandise, if they had contracted for the transportation of the goods, ought to proceed 
 ex locato with the master of the ship ; then he can proceed ex conducto with the other persons 
 whose goods ai:e saved, in order that the detriment may be made good pro rata. S e r v i u s 
 decided that he ought to proceed ex locato with the shipmaster in order that he may retain 
 the merchandise of the other parties until they pay their portion of the loss. Yea, although 
 the master should retain the goods, he has, beyond that, an action ex locato with the passen- 
 gers or freighters ; for how would it be if they are passengers who have no goods or baggage ? 
 Clearly, it is more fitting, if they are such, to retain them. But if not, and they chartered 
 the whole ship, he will have an action ex conducto, like passengers who hired places in the 
 ship, for it is more equitable that the common loss should fall on those who, by the lost 
 cargo, succeeded in having their goods saved. § i. If, though the goods be saved, the ship 
 was damaged, no contribution is to be made ; because the case of three things which are 
 provided on account of the ship, and of those for which any one has received a reward, is 
 very unlike. For if a mechanic has broken an anvil or a hammer, it would not be charged 
 him who engaged or contracted the work ; but if by the will of the passengers, or on account 
 of any fear, that damage was sustained, then he ought to be made good in this. § 2. When 
 a number of merchants had accumulated several kinds of merchandise in the same ship, and 
 besides many passengers, slaves and freemen, were sailing in it, a severe storm having arisen, 
 a jettison had unavoidably been made ; the following question afterward arose : ought all 
 to bear part of the loss ; and if any persons had embarked merchandise of such kind that it 
 made no sensible part of the load, for example gems, pearls ; and what portion ought to be 
 furnished ; and ought payment to be made for free heads ; and by what method of proced- 
 ure this matter could be settled ? It was held that all for whose interests the jettison was 
 made ought to contribute, because the things preserved owed that tribute ; therefore the 
 roaster of the ship was bound for his proportion, the amount of the loss by jettison ought to 
 
Deleg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De leg. 
 
 be distributed pro rata on the value of the things saved, no valuation of free persons could 
 be made ; the owners of the goods lost must proceed ex conducto with the master of the ship. 
 Again the question was raised whether a valuation ought to be made even of the clothing of 
 each person and the rings? It seemed reasonable that an account should be taken of every 
 thing except things put aboard for the purpose of consumption, among which are articles of 
 food; and the more so because if at any time those should fail for a voyage, each person would 
 contribute to the common stock whatever he might have. § 3. If a ship has been redeemed 
 from pirates, Servius, Ofilius, Labeo say that all ought to contribute; but what 
 the pirates took away, he must lose to whom it belonged, nor must he contribute who 
 redeemed his goods. [J. I. H., D. D.] § 4. But a portion is usually paid according to the 
 value of the things saved and lost, and it matters not if the things which were lost can be 
 sold for more, since the payment is made for the loss and not the gain. But as to those 
 things forwhich the contribution is to be made, the valuation is to be made not on how much 
 they may be bought for, but on how much they may be sold for. § 5. No greater valuation 
 is to be set on the slaves who perished at sea, than if some sick persons died on the ship or 
 threw themselves overboard. § 6. If some one is unable to pay, this loss shall not be put 
 on the shipmaster, for the captain is not bound to examine the circumstances of each person. 
 § 7. If the things which were cast out should appear, the contribution is discharged ; but if 
 contribution was already made then they who paid will have an action ex locato, that he may 
 try the question ex conducto and return what he demanded. § 8. But the lost property awaits 
 the owner, and does not become that of the person who captures it, because it is not regarded 
 as a derelict (a thing abandoned). 
 
 Fr. 3. Papinianus. When the mast or other instrument of a ship has, on account of the 
 common danger, been cast overboard, contribution is due. 
 
 Fr. 4. Callistratus. For the sake of lightening a loaded vessel, because it had been 
 unable to enter the river or port with its load, if some goods were transported in a skiff, lest 
 there might be any danger outside the port or in the mouth itself of the port, and the skifT 
 sunk, an account should be had between those who had their goods safe in the ship and 
 those who lost in the skifiF, just as if a jettison had been made, and Sab i n us also approves 
 it in the Second Book of the Responses. On the contrary, if the skiff, with a part of the 
 goods, js saved, and the ship was lost, an account should not be had with those who met 
 with loss on the ship, because the ship being safe, the loss is made subject of contribution. 
 § I. But if the ship, which was lightened in the tempest by the jettison of the goods of one 
 merchant, was sunk in another place, and the goods of some other merchants were extracted 
 by salvors or divers for a given reward, Sabinus also answered, that an account ought to 
 be taken of him whose goods on the voyage were cast overboard for the sake of lightening 
 the ship by those who afterward preserved their own by the salvors o?- divers ; for their goods 
 cannot be deemed to have been thrown out in order to save the ship that was lost. ^5 2. But 
 where the jettison has taken place from the ship and some one's goods that had remained in 
 the ship were deteriorated, it is to be seen whether he may be compelled to contribute ; 
 because he ought not to be burdened with a double loss of contribution and because the 
 goods were deteriorated. But it is to be maintained that he is obliged to make contribution 
 at the present price of the goods ; and thus for the sake of the word, if the goods of two 
 were of twenty each, and by the scattering or strewing of one they began to be (were reduced 
 to) ten, he whose goods are undiminished, entire, must contribute for twenty, the other for 
 ten. That opinion may also be applied upon the distinction as to the reason they became 
 worse, that is, whether on account of the goods being laid bare the loss followed, or for some 
 other cause, or that the goods lay away somewhere in some corner and the water penetrated, 
 for then he will be obliged to contribute. Should he not suifer the burden of contribution 
 in the former case because the loss also injured him? Also suppose, if by the scattering or 
 strewing on account of the casting out, the goods became deteriorated ? But a more subtle 
 distinction is to be used which is the more, in the damage or in the contribution ; if, for the 
 sake of the word, these goods were twenty and the contribution ten, but the damage two, 
 the damage suffered having been deducted, he is obliged to contribute the rest. What, then, 
 would be the decision if there shall be more in the loss than in the contribution ; as for 
 
Deleg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Deleg. 
 
 instance the goods were deteriorated ten gold pieces, are they two for contribution ? 
 Undoubtedly, he is not bound to suffer both. But here let us see if he is obliged to con- 
 tribute, for what matters it whether I lost my goods by throwing over or had the exposed 
 goods deteriorated ? For as he who lost is helped, so also must he be helped who had his 
 goods deteriorated by the loss. Thus Papirius Fronto answered these points. 
 
 Fr. S- Hermogenianus. This is translated under "A." Read 'n \n Amissae navis dam- 
 n-urn collationis^ etc, 
 
 Fr. 6. JuLiANUS. A ship having been depressed (oppressed) by an adverse tempest, the 
 tackle and mast and sail-yard having been burned by the lightning, was driven into Hippo, 
 and there temporary tackle having been provided, sailed to Ostia and carried the whole 
 cargo, it is asked whether they whose cargo it was should contribute to the captain for the 
 damage ? It is answered that they should not ; for this expense was incurred to set the ship 
 in proper order, rather than to save the goods. 
 
 Fr. 7. Paulus. When the ship had been sunk or abandoned, it is answered that each 
 should keep what he had saved as if from a fire. 
 
 Fr. 8. JULIANUS. They who throw away some goods for the sake of lightening the ship 
 do not intend to have them regarded as abandoned, derelict ; since if they found them they 
 would take them away, and if they suspected the place into which they were cast they would 
 demand them, so that they should be in the same wa)' as if one being cast down by a load 
 cast it away on the roadside, and presently returned with others to take it away. 
 
 Fr. g. VoLUSius Marcianus. Depreciation petition of Endaemon the Nicomedian to 
 Antonius the Emperor: Lord Emperor Antonius — Having been ship- 
 wrecked in Italy, we were ravaged, plundered by the Publicani who 
 dwell in the Cyclades. Antonius answered Endaemon; I am indeed the 
 master of the world, but the law is the master of the sea; let the 
 decree be in accordance with the Rhodian Law which is ordained 
 concerning nautical matters, so far as none of our laws is opposedi 
 The divine Augustus also gave the same decision. 
 
 Fr. 10. Labeo. If you have liired out slaves to be carried, freight is not due to you for 
 that slave that died on the ship. Paulus: Yea, it is asked what was done ; whether freight 
 was given for those that had been put on board or for those that had been carried off; but 
 if this has not appeared it will be sufficient for the captam to prove that the slave was put 
 on board. § i. If you hired the ship upon the condition that )'Our goods should be carried 
 in it, and that the captain, driven by no necessity, transferred the goods to an inferior ship, 
 although he knew you were unwilling that should be done, and your goods were lost with 
 the ship, 3'ou have an action ex conducto-locato with the former captain. Paulus : On the 
 contrary, if only on that voyage both vessels were lost, since that might have happened with- 
 out the fraud and fault of the captains. The law will be the same if the former captain, being 
 publicly detained, has been prohibited from sailing with your goods. It will be the same 
 with the law when he had hired upon this condition that he should pay a certain fine unless 
 before the appointed day he had exposed your goods in that place to which you had hired 
 your goods to be carrifed ; nor would it be chargeable to him that he regarded the penalty as 
 remitted to him. We will observe the same law in the same line of thought if it were proved 
 that the captain, having been prevented, could not go on a voyage. We will say the same 
 if his ship became damaged without his fraud or fault. § 2. If you hired a ship of two 
 thousand amphorae and carried thither the amphorae, you owe freight for two thousand 
 amphorae. Paulus: Yea, if the ship was hired at large (in gross), freight is due for two 
 thousand ; if the freight was settled for the number of the amphorae put on board it is the 
 opposite, for you owe freight for as many amphorae as you carried. Finis. [F. J. M.] 
 
 De Legibus et Consuetudiuibus Angliae. Concerning the Laws and Customs of 
 England. This is the title of Bracton's great work. cf. 1 Kent's Com. 499 sq. 
 
 DE LEGITIMA AGNATORUM TUTELA. Lex XII. Tab. V, fr. 6. Concerning 
 lavirful tutors or guardians of agnates. 
 This is the title of the Law which provided that in case no tutors o?- guardians were 
 appointed by testament, the male agnates should be guardians by operation of law. Gaius 
 
 59° 
 
Deleg.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De mal. 
 
 expressed the law : Quibtis testamento quidem tutor datus non sit, its ex Lege XIT. agnati sunt 
 tutores, qui vacant legitimi. Gaiijs, Inst, i, § 155. (To those who may not have guardians or 
 tutors given them by testament, for them, according to the Law of XII. Tables, the agnates 
 are the tutors, and they are called statutable tutors.) As to who are statutable tutors, read 
 Legitimi tutores sunt, etc. Ulpianus, Reg. xi, § 3. As to who are agtiates, read Agnati 
 sunt a patre cognati virili^ saxus, etc. Id. ib. § 4. The Law XII. Tables which permitted the 
 appointment of tutors by testament, proceeds this and reads ; Permissum et parentibus 
 
 LIBERIS SUIS SIVE FEMININA, SIVE MASCULINA SEXUS, SI MODO IN POTESTATE SINT TUTORES 
 
 TESTAMENTO DARE. Tab. v,'fr. 6. cf. Gaius, Dig. xxvi, 2,/n 1 pr. 
 
 DE LEGiTiMA PATRONi succESSiONi. Lcx XII. Tab. V, fr. 8. Concerning 
 the lawful succession of a patron. 
 
 The Civilians stated and interpreted this law. ■o.GK\v%,Inst.\\\,%^osq.; Ulpian. 
 Regal, xxix, § i sq.; Justinian. Inst, iii, 1 pr.; id. Cod. vi, tit. 4, ' de Bonis Libertarum et Jure 
 Patronatus.' The pith and point of this law is : 
 
 If a freedman die intestate and leave no lineal descendants through males under his power 
 to take the succession, his patron shall be his successor. 
 
 Fathers Catrou and Rouille interpret this law: "When a freedman dies intestate 
 and without heirs, if his patron be alive or hasleft children, let the effects of the freedman 
 go to the family of his patron." Tab. v, Law 3. v. Hooke's Rom. Hist. 
 
 De legitimis heredibus. On statutable heirs, i. e. heirs according to law. Ulpianus, 
 Regl. xxvi. De legitimis tutoribus, — of statutable tutors. Dig. xxvi, tit. 4. 
 
 De legitimo mercatu SUO. Concerning his lawful merchandise. 
 
 De leprOSO amovendo. For removing a leper, v. Breve. 
 
 De levi culpa, — Lat- As to or for a trifling offense. 2 Kent's Com. 580. 
 
 De levissima culpa, For the most trifling fault; for the slightest neglect. Story on 
 Bailm. § 238 ; Kent's Com. ii, 580. 
 
 De libellis famosis. — Lat. Of or concerning a defamatory publication. 
 
 A title in Justinian. Cod. ix, tit. 36. v. Dig. xlvii, tit. 10, ' de Injuriis et Famosis Libellis.' 
 
 In English Law: A scandalous libel ; an infamous publication. 5 Co. 125a. 
 
 De libera falda. Of free-fold. u. Breve de libera falda. 
 
 De libera piscaria. Of free fisher)', v. Breve de libera piscaria. 
 
 De liberate allOCauda. For free allowance. V. Breve de liberate allocanda. 
 
 De libero passagio. Of free passage. V. Breve de libera passagio. 
 
 De libero tenementO. Concerning the free tenement, or free tenure ; of freehold. 
 Bracton, fol. 121*. 
 
 De libertate probanda. For proving liberty, v. Breve de libertate probanda. 
 
 De UbertatibuS allOCandiS. For allowing liberties. V. Breve. 
 
 De libertatibus perquirendiS. For liberties of investigation. 
 
 De licentia transfretandi. Of permission to cross the sea. V. Breve. 
 
 De loco in locum. From place to place. Bracton, fol. 115^. 
 
 De lour gree. — L- Fr. Of their own accord. Britt. c. 27. 
 
 De lucrO CaptandO. For taking gain or profit. 
 
 A phrase applied to a plaintiff, as de jactura evitanda is to a defendant, v. I Littell's R. 51. 
 
 De lunatiCO inquirendo. For inquiring about a lunatic or lunacy, v. Breve de lunatico. 
 
 In Practice: A commission in the nature of a writ, issued, etc., to inquire into the 
 condition of a person's mind, and whether the party be a lunatic or not ; called, in common 
 phrase, a commission of lunacy. Reg. Jud., Append. 19 ; i Bl. Com. 305 ; 2 Steph. Com. 
 531 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. i, 462 ; id. iii, 85. 
 
 DE majori et minori, non variant jura. Concerning major and minor, the 
 laws do not vary. 2 Vernon, Ch. 552. 
 De magna assiza eligenda. Of or for choosing the grand assize. V. Breve. 
 
 De mal de lyt.— L. Fr. = L. Lat. De malo lecti (q. v.). De mal de venue.— L. Fr. = 
 
 L. Lat. De malo veniendi. De mal en pis-— Fr. From bad to worse ; worse and worse. 
 De mal fame.— L- Fr. Of bad reputation ; of ill fame. Stat. Westm. i, c. 12. 
 
 De malefactoribus in parcis. Of or concerning malefactors in parks. 
 
 The title of the Statute 21 Edw. I. ch. 2 ; 4 Bl. Com. 180. 
 
 591 
 
Demal] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De min. 
 
 De malo. Of illness ; infirmity. 
 
 De malo lecti, — L. Lat. Of infirmity or illness of or in bed. Sc. Bedde-evill. More 
 anciently called de injirmitate de reseantisa, v. h. t. 
 
 In English Law: One of the principal essoigns or excuses for default of appearance 
 in court formerly allowed ; the excuse being that the defendant was confined to his house in 
 bed {lectus) by indisposition, illness, infirmity [malum). Glanv. lib. i, c. i8, 19 ; Bracton, fols. 
 337.3441^/ .^/■?'3, lib. vi, c. 10 ; Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, \\%,i\l2. v. Malum lecti anA Reseantisa. 
 
 De malo lectO, Of or by being sick in bed. 
 
 De malo veniendi. Of illness or misfortune in coming. More anciently called de infir- 
 mitati veniendi, v. h. t. 
 
 In English Law: One of the principal essoigns or excuses for default of appearance 
 in court formerly allowed ; the excuse being that while in veniendo or in ilinere, from his 
 house to the court, talis infirmitas ei devenit (such an infirmity befel him) or ita infirmatus 
 fuerit (he became so infirm) that he could not attend. Bracton, fols. 337, 338 ; Fleta, lib. v, 
 c. g; I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 115, 406. Also called Malum viae, v. h. t. 
 
 De malo Villae. — L. Lat. Of illness in a town ; of being ill in a town. 
 
 In English Law: An anomalous species of essoign (so called by .5nzf&«, fol. 36315), 
 where a party had appeared in court, but was, before any answer to the suit, taken ill in 
 the town where the court sat, and was unable to attend. Bracton, io\. 363^/ 1 Reeve's 
 Hist. Eng. Law, 417. 
 
 De mandato. Of or concerning a mandate. Justinian. Inst, iii, tit. 26. 
 
 De manucaptione. Of manucaption or mainprise, v. Breve. 
 
 De maniltenendo. Of maintenance. V. Breve de jnanutenendo. 
 
 De materia,. On the subject; concerning the subject-matter. Bracton, fol. 130 etpas, 
 
 De materia in exitu. Of the matter in issue. 12 Mod. 212. 
 
 De matrimonio. Of marriage ; concerning matrimony. 
 
 De me. Of or under me. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 3, § 20. 
 
 De media nocte. — Lat. From the middle of the night, or midnight. Caesar, 5. C vii,45. 
 
 De medietate. Of a moiety — half of one and half of the other. 4 Bl. Com. 128. 
 
 De medietate advocationis. Of a moiety of advowson. A writ of right. Bacon's Max. 
 in Reg. 9. 
 
 De medietate linguae. Of a moiety of the languages ; of half tongue, i. e. half of one 
 tongue or language, and half of another. 
 
 In English Law: A term to denote a jury ; first introduced in favor of foreign mer- 
 chants by Stat. Stap. 27 Edw. III. st. 2, c. 8, and was extended to criminal action by Stat. 
 28 Edw. III. u. 13, wherein one half consisted of denizens or natives and the other 
 half of aliens. It was allowed where one of the parties was an alien. 3 Bl. Com. 360, 362; 
 4 id. 352. Such jury is still allowed in trials for felony or misdemeanor, but no longer in a 
 civil action. Stat. 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, §§ 3, 47 ; 3 Steph. Com. 596, note ; 4 id. 422. v. 4 Bl. 
 Com. 278 ; Broom (^ Had. Com. iv, 440. v. Bilinguis, and Medietas linguae. 
 
 De medio. Of mesne, or middle. 3 Bl. Com. 234. v. Breve de medio. 
 
 De melioribus damnis. Of better (greater) damages. 
 
 In Practice: The election by a plaintiff against which of several defendants he will 
 take judgment where the damages have, by a mistake of the jury, been separately assessed. 
 I Archb. Pr. 219; i Chitt. Atchb. Pr. 441; 8 Cowan's R. iii. In such case the plaintiff 
 may cure the defect by taking judgment de melioribus damnis against one and enter a nolle 
 prosequi as to the other. 
 
 De mercatoribus. Of merchants or traders; relating to merchants. Stat, de Merc. 13 
 Edw. I. St. 3 ; 2 Bl. Com. 161; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 160-162; Broom &' Had. Com.u,'}l2. 
 
 De meyn et meyn. — L. Fr. From hand to hand. Kelham. 
 
 De miUtibuS. Of or concerning knights. The title of a statute in i Edw. II. v. 2 Co. 
 Inst. 593 ; 2 Bl. Com. 69 ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 151 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 288 ; Crabb's 
 Hist. 201, 202. 
 
 DE minimis non curat lex. The law regards not mere trifles. Cro. Eliz. 353. 
 " The law does not concern itself about trifles." Broom's Max. 143. v. 
 Wingate's Max. 109 ; 2 Bl. Com. 262 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 413 (s), 415. 
 
 Courts of Justice do not in general take trifling and immaterial matters into account. 
 Per Sir W. Scott, 2 Dods. Adm. R. 163. e. g. as to the fractional part of a penny. Hob. 88; 
 Cro. Eliz. 353- The fraction of a day, except in those cases where there are conflicting rights 
 
 S92 
 
De min.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De mob. 
 
 for the determination of which it is necessary that thej' should do so. Broom's Max. 143, 
 and cases in note 2; v. id. ib. cases in notes 3 and 4 sq. The rule, however, is never applied 
 to cases of positive and wrongful invasion of right, however trifling may be the injury actually 
 sustained. 2 East, 154 ; 5 Hill's R. (N. Y.) 170; Broom's Max. 145 sq. See the cases illus- 
 trating how the maxim maybe applied, t Exch. 352,372; id. 281; 2 Caine's R. 256-8; 4 
 HilVs R. (N. Y.) 613, 615 ; 5 id. 170 ; 8 id. 171, 175 ; 4 Barb. R. 614, 620 ; 9 id. 17, 2g ; 20 id. 
 644, 651 ; 21 id. 9, 15 ; 18 N. Y. R. (4 Smith) 199, 21S ; 4 Bl. Com. 36 ; 3 Kent's Com. ^\\ (a). 
 
 DE minimis non curat lex. {Cro. Eliz. 353.) Nimia subtilitas injure reprobaiur. 
 (4 Co. 5.) Bonae fidei non convenit \congruii\ de apicibus juris disputare. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xvii, i,/^. 29, § i, fin. The law disregards trifles. Excessive 
 refinements in the law are to be reproved. It is not agreeable with [it is incon- 
 gruous with] good faith to dispute about subtleties or extreme points of law. 
 V. 18 N. y. M. 218; 14 Abb. Pr. 456. 
 
 The law will not deprive one of all compensation on account of unintentional and unim- 
 portant variations from the terms of his agreement- 4 Barb. R.(>2i. Nor will a court restrain 
 by injunction the publication of a solitary letter having neither actual value nor literary merit, 
 the publication of which would not be productive of injury nor offend the most delicate sen- 
 sibility. 4 Duer, 599. Nor a trespass of a trifling character. 12 How. Pr. R. 233. Where 
 a redeeming creditor had paid a few cents too little to the sheriff, the redemption was sus- 
 tained upon the authority of this maxim. 4 Hill's ^. 615 ; 9 Barb. R. 29. So the Court of 
 Appeals refused to reverse a judgment for the defendant, which should have been in favor of 
 the plaintiff for six cents damages, but with costs to the defendant. 20 A^. F. ./?. 498. But 
 this maxim never applied to the case of a positive and wrongful invasion of a right. 5 Hill's 
 R. 170; 20 Barb. R. 651. 
 
 De minis. — L- Lat. Of threats, v. Breve de minis. 
 
 De mittendo tenorem recordi, etc.— L- Lat. For sending the tenor of a record, etc. 
 V. Breve de mittendo tenorem recordi. 
 
 DE fninoribus rebus principes consultant : de viajoribus omnes. Concerning minor affairs, 
 the princes (chieftains) consult: on important matters, all deliberate. Tacitus, Mor. Germ. 
 c. ii ; I Bl. .Com. 147 (b) ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 174. 
 
 DE mixtis actionibus, exceptd haereditatis petitione, quae partim in rem, pariim in 
 personam, esse dicuntur, non sunt texius speciales, ubi sint instituendae. Ideo- 
 que id ex earum proprietate colligunt interpretes, eum partim imitentur 7iaturam 
 personalium, partim in rem actiones, illas et apud domicilium et apud rem sitam esse 
 movendas. * * * Proinde sic est statuendum. Posse quidem illis actiones 
 utroque loco, domicilii, sitiisque, moveri j verum, si faciendae sunt adjudicationes 
 manuque divisio regenda sit, partes ad judicem loci remittendas esse, res ipsa loquitur. 
 HuBERUS, torn, ii, lib; 5, tit. i, § 50. Concerning mixed actions, except in the 
 petition or action of inheritance, which are said to be partly in rem, partly in 
 personam, there are no special tests where they are to be instituted. Accordingly 
 the interpreters gather it from their peculiar nature, since they imitate the nature 
 of personal actions, partly in rem, that they may be moved both at the domicile 
 and where the thing is situated. * * * Wherefore, it has been decided thus. 
 That these actions can be commenced in both places, that of the domicile and 
 of the situs ; but if adjudications are to be made and an actual division directed, 
 the matter speaks for itself that the parties are to be sent to the judge of the 
 place. Cited in Story on Conjl. of Laws, % 535. [F. J. M.] 
 
 DE mobilibus alia censura estj quoniam per omnia ex conditione personarum legem 
 accipiunt, et situm habere negantur, nisi affixa et cohaerentia, nee loco contineri 
 dicuntur propter habilitatem motionis et translationis. Quare statutum de bonis 
 mobilibus vere personate est, et loco domicilii judicium sumit; et quodcumque judex 
 domicilii de eo statuit ubique locum obtinet. Observatio indubita est, mobilia personam 
 sequi, nee situ judicari, aut a locis judicium accipere. D'Argentr^, de Leg. 
 
 [75] ''' 
 
De mod.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [ De mul. 
 
 Concerning movables the opinion is different; since in all respects they take the 
 law from the condition of the persons, and are said to have a situs, unless affixed 
 and adherent, and are said not to be contained in a place on account of their 
 capacity for movement and transportation. Wherefore the statute concerning 
 movable goods is really personal, and assumes judicial investigation in the place 
 of the domicile ; and. whatever the judge of the domicile determines about it 
 holds good everywhere. The observation is undoubted that movables follow 
 the person and are not to be decided by the situs, but accept judicial investiga- 
 tion from the place. Cited in Story on Conjl. of Laws, § 378. [F. J. M.] 
 
 De moderata misericordia Capienda. For taking a moderate amercement. V. Breve. 
 
 De modo decimandi. Of or as to the manner of tithing. 2 Bl. Com. 29 ; 3 Steph. Com. 
 130 ; Broom <V Had. Com. ii, 65. De modo prOCedendi contra magistrum, — as to pro- 
 ceeding against the master (or principal). De modo procedendi contra socios, scholares 
 
 et discipulos, in majoribus Criminibus. As to the manner of proceeding against the 
 fellows, scholars and learners in respect to high offenses. 
 
 DE molendino de novo erecto non jacet prohibitio. A prohibition lies not against 
 a newly erected mill. Cro. Jac. 429. 
 De momento in momentum. From minute to minute. Erskine's Inst, i, t. 7, § 36. 
 De moneta. Concerning money. Stat. 20 Edw. I. stat. 4, ' de Moneta.' Also the Stat. 
 20 Edw. I. St. 5, ' de Moneta, parvutii.' Also the Articuli de moneta, 20 Edw. I. st. 6. 
 
 These were particularly directed against the importation of clipped and counterfeit 
 money. 
 
 2 Reeve s Hist. 228. 
 
 DE monticolis Walliae, duodeni legales homines, quorum sex Walli, sex Angli 
 erunt, Anglis et Wallis jus dicunto. Concerning the Welsh inhabitants, let 
 there be appointed twelve lawful men, six of whom shall be Welshmen and six 
 Englishmen, and let them expound the law in English and Welsh. LL. King 
 Ethelred, ch. 3 ; 3 Bl. Com. 360. 
 
 De morte anteceSSOris. Of or concerning the death of the ancestor or predecessor. 
 = L. Fr. Mort d'ancestor. v. Cosinage. 
 In Scotch Law: Mortmancestri'. Erskine's Inst. m, ^. %,%f^'i. 
 De morte bominis. Of or concerning the death of a man. 
 
 De mortis causa donatiouibus et CapionibuS, Of or in relation to donations ani tak- 
 ing property mortis causd. Dig. xxxix, tit. 6. v. Cod. viii, tit. 57 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, tit. 7. 
 DE morte hominis nulla est cunctatio longa. Where the death of a human being 
 is concerned, /. e. in a matter of life and death, no delay is [considered] 
 long. Co. Litt. i34^y Covi. 17, Rokeby, J.; 2 Best on Evid. § 632. 
 
 When the question is concerning the life or death of a man no dela)' is considered too long 
 to admit of inquiring into facts. Also quoted : De vitd hominis nulla cunctatio longa est. 
 This maxim is a paraphrasis of Nulla unquam de morte ho?ninis cunctatio longa est. Juvenal, 
 Sat. vii, 221. 
 
 DE mortuis nil nisibonum. Of the dead let nothing be said but what is favor- 
 able. IVi/igate's Max. 1^6. Otherwise quoted : 
 DE mortuis nil nisi verum. Of or concerning the dead, let nothing be said 
 but what is true. 
 De morum honestate servanda, et dissentionibus sedandis. Of or in respect to 
 
 preserving probity of morals, and appeasing disputes. 
 
 De mot en mot.- — L. Fr. From word to word ; word for word. Britton, c 2. = Lat. 
 De verba in verbum. 
 
 De motu proprio, — Lat. From his own impulse ; of his own free will. 
 
 De muliere abducta Ciim bonis Viri. Concerning a woman taken away with her hus- 
 band's goods. 
 594 
 
Demul] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Denon. 
 
 De multa nocte.— Lat. Deep in the night ; late at night. Plaut. Rud. iv, 2, 10. 
 
 De nativo habendo. For having one's villein . v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De Nautico Foenore.— Lat. Of Nautical Interest; concerning maritime interest, usury 
 orbottomry. A title in the Civil Law. ZJ;;?-. xxii, tit. 2 ; Coo', iv, tit. 33 ; zKent'sCom. 
 354, note. V. p. 9, note {a). 
 
 De necessitate, — Lat. Of or from necessity ; arising from necessity. Bracton, fol. 144^. 
 = Ex necessitate. 
 
 De negotiis gestis. Concerning business transactions. Dig. iii, tit. 5 ; Cod. ii, tit. 19. 
 V. Negotiorum gestorum. 
 
 DE nihtlo, nihil fit. Of nothing nothing is made. Nothing is produced out 
 of nothing, v. Ex nihilo nihil fit. Persius expressed it : 
 De nihilo nihilitm, in nihilum nil posse reverti. Persius, Sat. iii, 84. 
 Nothing can be produced from nothing ; nothing can return to nothing, cf. Lucretius, de 
 Ret. Nat. i, 160, 265. 
 
 "Nothing can come from nothing. Apt and plain ! 
 
 Nothing return to nothing. Good again ! " — William Gifford, iii, 151. 
 * * * For what the schools have taught, 
 Is only this, that nothing can be brought 
 
 From nothing; and what is, can ne'er be turned to naught. — Drvden. 
 De nocte. — Lat. In the course of the night; during the night; at or by night, etc. De 
 nocte latrones,— thieves at night, by night, etc. Horace, Ep. i, 2, 32. De nocte multa — 
 deep in the night; late in the night. Plautus, Rud. iv, 2, 10. De nOCte venit,— he came 
 in the night. Cicero, Att. iv, 3, 4. 
 
 DE nomine propria non est curandum, dum in substantid non erreturj quia 
 nomina mutabilia sunt, res auteni inunobiles. In regard to .a name not 
 one's own, i. e. an improper name, it is cured, healed or taken care of, where the 
 substance may or cannot be erroneous (or go astray from the truth); because 
 the names (of things) are changeable (mutable) but things are unalterable. 
 6 Co. 6^b, Finch's case. 
 
 In a reservation of rent: The change of the name of a thing cannot alter the 
 thing itself, but the new name maj' be used by the owner in conveya.nces,praecipes, etc., 
 without prejudice. And, therefore, in Sir MoiLE Finch's case in the 6 Rep. 65^, it was 
 agreed that Exeter house in the Strand and Dorset house in Fleet street, 
 having then within three years before gained those names, might be well enough known to 
 their neighbors by the same names and distinguished from all other houses, and might also 
 by those names be demanded in praecipes, etc. ; so in 2. praecipe brought of a manor in Com. 
 B e d d . by the name of the manor of A s p 1 e , whereas it had formerly and was still called 
 Asple guise; here the tenant, after the view, demanded judgment of the writ, unto 
 which the demandant said the manor put in view was also known by the name of Asple; 
 and it was adjudged that such a name, gotten by the knowledge of the country, is sufficient 
 without the true and proper name ; for in this sense it is true: De nomine propria non est 
 curandum, dum in substantia non erretur; quia nomina mutabilia sunt, res autem immobiles. 
 Wingate's Max. 14, § 6, citing 6 Co. i>t,b, Finch's case. 
 
 DE non entibus et non apparentibus eadem est ratio. Of things that are not, and 
 of things that appear not, there is the same reason' — ^as to him to whom 
 they appear not. Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. ii, 10, § 11. 
 Non esse autem, et non apparere tantundem valent quoad eum cui non apparet. Grotius. 
 
 DE non apparentibus, et non existentibus, eadem est ratio. As to things not appar- 
 ent and those not existing the rule is the same. Things which do not 
 appear are treated in law the same as if they did not exist. 5 Co. 6, Caudrey's 
 case; i Best on Evid. § 38. 
 
 Respecting things which do not appear and things which do not exist the rule, rea- 
 soning or mode of treatment is the same. Where the court cannot take judicial notice of a 
 fact, it is the same as if the fact had not existed. Per Buller, J., i T. R. 404 ; Broom's 
 Max. 163. .That which does not appear will not be presumed to exist. Arg. 5 C. .5. 53 ; 8 
 
 595 
 
Denon.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De off. 
 
 id. 286; per Cockburn, C. J.. 2 B. &= S. 560. This "old and well-established maxim in 
 legal proceedings is founded on principles of justice as well as of law" {v. 12 ff award (V . 
 S.) R. 253), and is illustrated in various examples stated in Broom's Max. 163 sq. and cases 
 cited. V 12 M. &= W. 316 ; 6 Bing. N. C. 453 ; 7 CI. Ss' Fin. H. L. Cos. 872 ; I Caine's R. 
 60 ; 2 Johns. R. 510, 519 ; 8 Cowen's R. 600, 682 ; 5 Hill's R. 634 ; I Archb. Pr. 215 ; Whar- 
 ton's Max. xxix, and cases there cited; iq Barb. R. 144. Thus upon a special verdict a 
 court will not assume a fact not stated in it, nor draw inferences of facts necessary for the 
 determination of the case, from other statements therein. 12 M. &^ W. 316 ; l Caine's, 60. 
 If a notice of dishonor is good upon its face, the court will not entertain an objection founded 
 upon the possible existence of another note not shown to exist. 12 N. Y. R. (2 Kern.) 554 ; 
 5 Sand/. 330, 340. The kindred maxims are : Idem est noti esse et non apparere. Quod non 
 apparet non est, — that which appears not is not. 2 Co. Inst. 479. Scientiae non visae, ut thesauri 
 absconditi, nulla est utilitas. — knowledge not seen, like hidden treasure, is utterly useless. 
 
 De non alienando. For not alienating ; against alienating. 
 
 A clause de non alienando is a clause prohibiting alienations of the property Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, tit. 5, § 28. 
 
 De non decimando. — L. Lat. Of not paying tithes. 2 Bl. Com. 29. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: Applied to a prescription or claim to be entirely 
 discharged of tithes, and to pay no compensation in lieu thereof. 2 Bl. Com. 31. Thus the 
 king, by his prerogative is discharged from all tithes. Cro. Eliz. 511. A vicar shall pay no 
 tithes to the rector, nor the rector to the vicar, for Ecclesia decimas non solvit ecdesiae. Cro. 
 Eliz. 4'jg, 511; Moor, 910. 
 
 De non ponendis in assisis, et juratis. — L. Lat. Of not being liable to serve on the 
 jury, and at the assises. 
 
 De non procedendo ad assisam. For not proceeding to take an assise, v. Breve de,etc. 
 
 De non sane memorie. — L. Fr. Of unsound mind or memory. =Non compos mentis 
 Litt. § 405 ; Plowd. 368. 
 
 De notitia nummi, — Of the knowledge of pecuniary afTairs (coin or money). 
 
 De novationibus et delegationibns. Concerning novations and delegations — /. e. the 
 transferring and assignment — of debts. A title in the Civil Law. 2?;]^. xlvi, tit. 2 ; Cod. 
 vii, tit. 42. 
 
 De novel, — L, Fr. Anew ; newly. Artie. Sup. Chart. =De novo. 
 
 De novi operis nunciatione. — Lat. Concerning the prohibition of a new work. A 
 title in the Civil Law. Dig. xxxix, tit. I ; Justinian. Cod. viii, tit. 11; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 i, 16, n. {p). V. Nunciatio. 
 
 De novis digestis legnm. Concerning a new digest of laws. I Kent's Com. 475, note, 
 citing Lord Bacon. 
 
 De novo. — Lat. Anew; a second time. •}, Bl. Com.'iiA. In Scotch Law: Of new. 
 2 How. St. Trials, 721; Ersktne's Inst, ii, tit. 9, § 37. =L. Fr. De novel. 
 
 De novo damns. We give of new ; we give a second time 
 
 In Scotch Law: A charter of Novodamus is one in which there is a clause of 
 novodamus joined to the dispositive clause. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 3, § 23 
 
 DE nulla, quod est sud naturd indivisiUle, et divisionem non patitur, nullam partem 
 habebit vidua, sed satis/ aciat ei ad valentiam. A widow shall have no part 
 from that which in its nature is' indivisible, and is not susceptible of division ; 
 but let him [the heir] satisfy her with an equivalent. Co. Litt. 32, 
 
 De obligationibus et actionibus. Concerning obligations and actions. A title in the 
 Civil Law. Dig. xliv, tit. 7. v. Cod. iv, tit. 10-17. 
 
 De OCCUpatione ferarum, — Lat. Concerning the occupation of wild animals. Justin. 
 Inst, ii, I, § 12 ; Dig. xli, i, fr. 3, § i. v. Faere igitur bestiae, etc, 
 
 De odio et atia. Of hatred and malice or ill will. 3 Bl. Com. 128, 129 ; Broom 6= Had. 
 Com. iii, 137, 138. v Breve de odio et atid. 
 
 De office, — L. Fr. Of office ; in or by virtue of office ; officially. =£jr officio. 
 
 DE offic 'o arbitri tractantibus sciendum est, omnem tractantum ex ipso 
 compromisso sumendumj nee enini aliud illi licebit, guam quod ibi, ut efficere 
 possit, cautum est. Non ergo quod libit statuere arbiter poterit, nee in qua ne libet; 
 596 
 
Deoff.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De pat. 
 
 nisi de qud re compromissum est, et quatenus compromissum est. Paulus, Dig. iv, 
 8,/;-. 32, § 15. Those treating for the official service of an arbiter must know 
 that all their management [of the case] is to be drawn entirely from the compro- 
 mise itself; for he [the arbiter] has no other liberty in acting than what caution 
 admits, where he can do it. Therefore an arbiter will not be empowered to 
 determine whatever he pleases, nor whereinever he pleases, except it be in regard 
 to the very thing compromised [submitted to him], and as far as it has been 
 compromised. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1462 ; Fothier, Pand. lib. iv, tit. 8, n. 41, 42. 
 De officio COronatoris. Concerning the office of coroner, The title of the Stat. 4 Edw. I. 
 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 140 ; i Bl. Com. 348 ; 4 id. 293 ; Broom &' Had. Com. 1, 417, n. {b). 
 
 De omnibus oneribus ordinariis et extraordinariis necessitate rei.— Lat. Con- 
 cerning all ordinar)' and extraordinary burthens or expenses (arising out) of the necessity of 
 the case. 
 
 DE omnibus quideni cognoscit, non tamen de omnibus judicat. It certainly takes cognizance 
 of all matters, but does not judge of all actions. This was said of zHaereda. Stiernhook, 
 de Jur. Goth. lib. i, c. 2 ; 4 Bl. Com. 274 ; Broom ir" Had. Com. iv, 359. 
 
 De Onerando pro rata portione. For charging according to a ratable proportion, v. 
 Breve de, etc. Also called De oneiando Secnndlim ratnm portionis, — for charging accord- 
 ing to the rate of proportion. 
 
 De outre la meer. — L. Fr. Of beyond the sea. = Lat. De ultra mare, q. v. 
 
 De pace, et legalitate, tuenda.— L. Lat. For keeping the peace, and for good behavior. 
 LL. Edw. Conf. c. 18 ; 4 Bl. Com. 254 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 329. 
 
 De pace, de plagis et roberia. — L. Lat. Of (breaking) the peace, injuries and robbery. 
 
 De pace et imprisonamentis. — L. Lat As to (breaking) the peace, and imprisonments. 
 
 De pace et plagis fracta contra pacem,— L. Lat. Of [breach] of the peace and for 
 wounds inflicted against the peace. 
 
 Formerly a kind of criminal appeal which lay in cases of assault, wounding and breach of 
 the peace. Bracton, fol. 144 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 33. 
 
 De pace et roberia, — L. Lat. Of the peace [breach of peace] and a robbery. 
 
 Formerly a kind of criminal appeal, which lay in cases of robbery and breach of the peace. 
 Bracton, foi. 146 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 37. 
 
 De pace et imprisonamento.— L- Lat. Of the peace [breach of peace] and imprison- 
 ment. Formerly a kind of appeal in cases of imprisonment and breach of the peace. 
 
 Bracton, fol. 145*/ 2 Reeve's Hist. 35. 
 
 De pace inflraotO.— L. Lat. Of peace broken ; of breach of the peace. 
 
 De pactis. Concerning pacts or agreements. A title in the Dig. ii, tit. 14 ; Cod. ii, 3. 
 
 De pann^^O — L. Lat. Of food for swine ; the mast, etc. 
 
 The term sometimes denoted the sum paid for the pannagium of the forest, v. Pannagium. 
 
 De parCO firaOtO.— L. Lat. Concerning pound breach. 3 Bl. Com. 146. v. Breve. 
 
 De parendo jurL— Of or for obeying the law. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 62, § 4. 
 
 De parendo mandatis ecclesiae, in forma juris.— L. Lat. Of obeying the decree (or 
 
 orders) of the church in form of law. 
 
 De parte domus.— L. Lat. Of part of the house. 
 
 De parte SOrorum.— L. Lat. Of or concerning the sister's share. 
 
 De partitione facienda.— L. Lat. Of or for making a division. V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De passagiO,— L. Lat. Of passage. De passagio simplici,— of simple passage. One 
 of the essoigns of ultra mare. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 8, § i. v. De ultra mare. 
 
 DE PASTU PECORis. Lex XII. Tab. \\\,fr 5. Concerning the pasturing of 
 cattle, or herds of animals. 
 Read: Si glans ex arbore tua in meum fundum cadat eamque ego immisso pecore 
 depascam, Aristo scribit, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, 5, fr. 14, § 3. 
 De patria potestate. Concemmg those under the power of the father Justinian. 
 
 Inst i, tit. Q ; id. Cod. viii, tit. 47- 
 
 597 
 
Depav.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De pla. 
 
 De pavonibus et columbis, et caeteris animalibus mansuefactis. Concerning pea- 
 cocks and pigeons, and other animals made tame. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 15. 
 
 V. Pavonum quoque ft columbarum fsra natura est, etc. cf. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 68 ; id. Dig. 
 xli, I, yV. I, § 5; 2 Bl. Com. 392. V. De apibus; De gallinis et anseribus. 
 
 De peculio actio, The action concerning peculittm. Dig. xv, tit. i; Cod. iv, tit. 26. v. 
 Actio de peculio. 
 
 De perambulatione facienda. For or concerning perambulation. V. Breve, etc. 
 
 De peregrinatiO et passagio general!. Of pilgrimage and general passage. 
 
 One of the essoigns de ultra mare. Fleta, lib. vi, ch. 3, § I. 
 
 De periculo et COmmodo rei Venditae. Concerning the peril and the profit — the risk 
 and the advantage of a thing sold. A title in the Dig. xviii, tit. 6 ; Cod. iv, 48. 
 
 De pertinentiis, — L. Lat. Of the appurtenances. 
 
 De pignore SUrreptO furti actio. — Lat. Concerning an action of theft to recover a 
 pledge stolen. Justinian. Inst, iv, i, | 14. 
 
 De pignoribus et hypothecis, et qualiter ea contrahantur, et de pactis eorum. 
 
 Concerning pledges and mortgages, and in what way they may be contracted, and of the 
 pacts concerning them. A title in the Dig. xx, tit. i ; Cod. viii, tit. 14, 17, 22, 23, 35. 
 
 DE PIGNORIS CAPTIONE ADVERSUS EUM QUI HOSTIAM EMIT. Lex XII. Tab. 
 fr. I. Concerning the taking of a pledge or security adverse to him who 
 purchases an animal (or a victim) for sacrifice. 
 
 Gaius explains this law ; Lege autem introducta est PIGNORIS CAPIO velut Lege XII. Tabu- 
 larum ADVERSUS EUM qui HOSTIAM EMISSET, NEC PRETIUM REDDERET: item advenus euin 
 qui mercedem non redderetpro eo jumento quod quis ideo locasset , ut 
 inde pecuniam acceptam in dapem, id est in sacrijicium impenderet. Item lege cen- 
 soria data est pignoris captio publicanis vectigalium publicorum populi Romani adversus eos qui 
 aliqua lege vectigalia deberent. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 28. The taking of a pledge or 
 security {pignoris capio) was introduced by law, for instance, by a law of the Twelve Tables, 
 against a man who purchased a victim for sacrifice and did not pay 
 the price; likewise agamst him who did not pay the hire of a beast of burden {jumentum) 
 which some one had let to him for the purpose of expending the money received therefrom 
 on a daps, i. e. on a stately feast for religious purposes. Likewise a taking of a pledge or 
 security {pignoris capio) was given to the farmers of the public revenue of the people of Rome 
 against those who might be indebted in some manner under the law of imposts or taxes. 
 
 In § 2g, ib,, Gaius states the forms and practice under the law. 
 
 De pipa Vini carianda.— L. Lat. For carrying a pipe of wine. 
 
 Applied to a writ of trespass for carrying, etc., so carelessly that it was stove and 
 the contents lost. Reg. Orig. no. Sir Wm, Jones alludes to it in his observations on the 
 case of Coggs vs. Barnard. Lord Raym. ggg. v. Jones on Bailin. 59. 
 
 De placito, — L. Lat. Of a plea ; of or concerning an action. De placitO COnventionis 
 fractae, — of a plea of breach of covenant. De placitO deblti, — of a plea of debt. De 
 
 placito transgressionis, — of a plea of trespass, v. Transgressio. De placito transgres- 
 
 sionis et COntemptUS, contra formam Statuti,— of a plea of trespass and contempt, 
 against the form of the statute. De placito tranSgreSSlonis super casum, — of a plea of 
 trespass on the case. v. Transgi-essio super casum. 
 
 De plagis et mahemio. — L. Lat. Of wounds and maj'hem. A criminal appeal formerly 
 in use in cases of wounds and maiming. Bracton, fol. 144^/ 2 Reeve s Hist. Eng. Law, 34. 
 
 De plain, — ^L. Fr. In a summary way, etc, ^^De piano. 
 
 De piano. — Lat. On level ground (not on the tribunal). Modestinus, Dig. xxvii, i, fr. 
 13, § 10; Ulpianus, ZJ^'. i, 4,/r. i; id, fr. g; 13, 6, 5; 14, 3, fr. 11 et saep. Transf., 
 Without diflficulty, easily. LuCR. i, 411. 
 
 In partic. Jurid. /. t.: De piano ot e piano, — on level ground ; below, not on the 
 bench, i. e. out of court, without form ; in a summary manner, extrajudicially. Suetonius, 
 Tib. 33; Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 18,//- 18. 
 
 The Praetor was said to administer justice in this way {de ptano cognoscere) when he d'd so stand on the 
 ground, i. e. on the same level with the suitors, instead ol occupying a tribunal {pro iribunati). v. Cus- 
 todia non solum pro trit}iinati, etc. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 18, fr. 18 
 
 In the English Law: (rt,) Clearly; manifestly. So applied in the statute ' de 
 Bigamis,' 4 Edw. I. (6.) By covin or collusion. Stat. Westm. II. c. 4 ; 2 Co. Inst. 34g. v. 
 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Laxti, 191 ; 4 id. 23, 34, 36. 
 
 598 
 
Deple.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De poe. 
 
 In Scotch Law: Forthwith, straightwa}', immediately. Erskine's Inst. b. iV; tit. 4, 
 § 93 ; 2 Alison's Crim. Pr. 650. 
 
 De plegiis acquietandis. — L. Lat, For acquitting or releasing pledges, v. Breve de, etc. 
 De pleine age.— L. Fr. Of full age. Stat. Mod. Lev. Fines; 2 Co. Inst. 510; Britt. c. 74. 
 
 DE POENA FALSI TESTiMONii. Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. 23. Concerning the 
 punishment of false testimony. Read the law : Si talsum testimo- 
 nium DiCASsiT (dixerit) Saxo dejicitur. v. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 9, § 22. 
 
 Cicero stated the punishment under this law : Perjurii poena divina exitum, humana 
 DEDECUS. Cv:.^v.o,de Legg. ii, g, § 22. The divine punishment of perjury is 
 destruction; the human penalty is infamy. 
 
 AuLUS Gellius referred to and stated this law : An putas, Favorine , si non ilia etiain 
 ex Duodecim Tabulis de testimoniis falsis poena abolevisset, et si nunc quoque, ut antea, QUI 
 FALSUM testimonium dixisse convictus ESSET, t SAXO Tarpeio dejiceretur, mentituros 
 fuisse pro testimonio tain inultos, quam videmus ? AuLUS Gellius, Noct, Attic, xx, i, ^ 53. 
 Do you think, Favorinus, if that punishment decreed by the Twelve Tables against 
 false witnesses had not become obsolete, and that now, as formerly, any one convicted 
 of perjury was thrown from the Tarpeian rock, we should see so many as 
 we do guilty of the crime ? 
 
 DE POENA furti manifesti. Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. 14. Concerning the 
 punishment of a manifest theft, /. e. a thief taken in the fact. 
 
 Gaius interpreted this law: Poena manifesti furti ex Lege XII. Tabularum 
 CAPITALIS ERAT. Nam liber verberaius ctddicebatitr ei cui furtuin fecerat ; (utrum autein servus 
 efficeretui ex addictione, an adjudicati loco constitueretur, veteres quaerebant) ; servuiu aeque 
 verberatum e saxo deiciebant. Postea improbata est asperitas poena, et tarn ex servi persona quam 
 ex liberi quadrupli actio Ptaeteris edicto constituta est. Gaius, Inst, iii, §189. The penalty 
 of a manifest theft was by a law of the Twelve Tables, capital. * * * For a 
 free man, after being chastised, was adjudged (delivered over) to the person on whom he 
 had perpetrated the theft; (but whether he became a slave by the addiction — delivery over — 
 or was put in the place or condition of an insolvent debtor adjudged over to his creditor — 
 adjudicatus — the old authors were questioning or disputed); a slave in like manner was 
 chastised, beaten, then hurled from a rock. At a later time the severity of the punishment 
 was condemned, and in the edict of the Praetor an action was established for quadruple, 
 whether (the offense was committed) by slaves or free persons. 
 
 Gellius stated the different kinds of thefts and their punishment, and inter- 
 preted the laws. §6. Decemviri autem nostri, qui potest reges exactos leges, quibus populus 
 Romanus uieretur, in XII. Tabulis scribserunt,negue pan severitate in poeniendis (itaque) omnium 
 generum furibus, neque remissa nimis lenitate usi sunt. — § 7. Nam FUREM, QUI MANIFESTO 
 furto prensus esset, tum demum occidi permisserunt, si aut, cum faceret furtum, nox 
 
 ESSET, aut INTERDIU TELO SE, cum PRENDERETUR, DEFENDERET. {v frr. 12, 13.) — § 8. Ex 
 
 ceteris autem manifestis furibus liberos verberari addicique jusserunt ei, cui furtum 
 
 FACTUM ESSET, SI MODO ID LUCI FECISSENT NEQUE SE TELO DEFENDISSENT ; SERVOS ITEM 
 FUETI MANIFESTI PRENSOS VERBERIBUS ADFICI ET fe SAXO PRAF.CIPITARI ; SED PUEROS IMPU- 
 BERES PrAETORIS ARBITRATU VERBERARI VOLUERUNT NOXAMQUE AB HIS FACTUM SARCIRI. 
 {v. frr. 13, 14.) — § 9. Ea quoque FURTA, QUAE PER LANCEM LICIUMQUE CONCEPTA ESSENT, 
 PROINDE AC SI MANIFESTA FORENT, VINDICAVERUNT. (z/. /r. 15.) — g 10. Sed nunc a lege ilia 
 decemvirali discessum est. Nam si qui super manifesto furto jure et ordine experiri velit, actio 
 in quadruplum datur. — §11. 'Manifestum' autem 'furtum' est, ut ait Masurius, 
 quod depre he nditur , dum fit. Faciendi finis est, citm perlatum est, 
 quo ferri coeperat . — §12. Furti concepti, item oblati, tripli poena est. AuLUS Gellius, 
 Noctitan Atlicum, xi, ch. 18, §§ 6-12. 
 
 § 6. But out Decemvirs, who, after the expulsion of kings, composed laws in Twelve 
 Tables for the use of the Roman people, neither punished with the same severity every spe- 
 cies of theft, nor used a lenity which was too remiss. §7. For they permitted a thief 
 taken in the fact to be put to death, if he either committed the depredation in 
 the night, or if, when taken, he defended himself with a weapon, {v. frr. 12,13.) — § S. But 
 other thieves taken in the fact, if free, were sentenced tobescourged 
 and bound to the service of the plundered person, provided they 
 committed the fact by day -light and made no defense with weapons, 
 if slaves, taken in the fact, they were to be scourged and thrown 
 from the rock; if boys under age, they were to be punished at the 
 discretion of the Praetor, and their disgrace to be thus removed. 
 {v. frr. 13, 14.) — § 9. Those thefts which were detected with a girdle and a 
 
 599 
 
Depoe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Depro. 
 
 mask {^per lancem liciumque) were punished as if openly perpetrated. {^. 
 fr. 15.) — § 10. But we now depart in our practice from the observance of the Decemviral 
 Law. For if any one is willing to try a cause upon an open tfr manifest theft, the action is 
 brought for four times the value. — §ii. But that, says Massurius, is an open »;- man i- 
 fest theft which is discovered in the fact. The act is completed 
 when the thing is conveyed away, the robberyof whichwas attempted. 
 § 12. For concept and oblate theft the penalty is three-fold the value. 
 V. Fathers Catrou and RouiLLE, Tab. ii, law 2. 
 
 De poenis. Of penalties, punishments. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. xlviii, tit. 19. 
 
 De pone, — L. Lat. Of pone. v. Breve- Fleta, lib. ii, c. 44, § 3. v. Pone. 
 
 De ponendo Sigillum ad exceptionem. — ^L. Lat. For putting a seal to an exception. 
 V, Breve de ponendo sigillum ad exceptionem. 
 
 De ponte reparando, — Lat. For repairing a bridge, v. Breve de reparatione. 
 
 De portions maris, — Lat. Concerning the ports of the sea ; in respect to sea ports. 
 
 De pOSSessione, — Lat. Of or concerning the possession. Noy's Max. [in]. 
 
 De possessionibus et USUS transferendis. — L. Lat. Of or concerning transferring 
 possession to use. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses; Law Tr. 325, 326. 
 
 De post disseisina. — L. Lat. Of post disseisin. V. Breve de post disseisina. 
 
 De praerogativa regis, — L. Lat. Of or concerning the prerogative pf the king. 
 
 Title of the statute 17 Edw. IIL st. i, defining the prerogative of the crown, partly of a 
 feudal and partly of a political or general nature. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, ch. 8 ; Crabb's 
 Hist. Eng. Law, 204 sq.; I Bl. Com. 290 ; 4 id. 385 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. i, 361; iv, 492. 
 
 De praesenti. Of the present time ; in the present tense. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 3. 
 V. Per verba de presenti. 
 
 De praeterito et de future— L. Lat. Of or concerning the present and of the future. 
 Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19. 
 
 De praevaricatione. In relation to prevarication or violation of duty. A title in the 
 Dig. xlvii, tit. 15. v. Praevaricatio ; Praevaricator. 
 
 De praxi. From custom, usage. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, ^5 44. 
 
 De prisne temps. — L. Fr. From the earliest time. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 2. 
 
 De probationibus et praesumptionibus. Concerning proofs and presumptions. A 
 title in the Dig. xxii, tit. 3 ; Cod. iv, tit. 19. 
 
 DE probioribtis, et poteniioribus co?nitatus sui custodes pads. — L. Lat. Concerning the more 
 worth)' and capable persons of his county (to be) keepers of the peace. Lamb, 20 ; i Bl. 
 Com. 350 ; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 420. 
 
 De probioribus juratoribus.— L. Lat. Of a better jury. 
 
 De procedendo adjndicum.— L. Lat. For proceeding to judgment, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De procedendo in assisa. — L. Lat. For proceeding in an assise, o. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De procuratoribns et defensoribus. Concerning procurators and defenders. A title 
 in the Dig. iii, tit. 3. 
 
 De profundis. — Lat. Out of the depths. 
 
 De proprietate probanda,— L. Lat. For proving property o?-the right to property. 3 
 Bl. Com. 148. V. Breve de proprietate probanda. 
 
 De proprio vivant. — -L.Lat. He should live on his own account. Fleta\\'b.\\,c.^\ §3. 
 De prOSeC[Uendo. — L.Lat. Of or for prosecuting; to prosecute. Fleta, ii, 60, §33; 
 iv, 5, § 2- 
 
 De protectione. — L.Lat. Of protection, v. Breve de protections 
 
 De protectionibus. — Lat. Of or concerning protections. 
 
 Title of the statute 33 Edw. L concerning the privileges given by writs of protection. 2 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 242. 
 
 De proxeneticis. Of brokerage, factorage. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. L, tit. 14. 
 600 
 
Depro.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dequo. 
 
 DE proxenetico, quod et sordidum, solent, praesides cognoscere; sic tamen, ut in 
 his modis esse debeat, et quantitaiis, et negoiii, in quo operula ista defuncti 
 sunt, et ministerium quale accommodaverunt. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 14, fr. 3. Con- 
 cerning factorage or brokerage, which is a sordid business, the presidents or 
 judges are accustomed to take judicial cognizance; so however that a measure 
 should be had, both as regards quantity and business, in which such small or 
 slight services are discharged, and what office soever they have applied to. 
 Cited in Story on Agency, % 327. [F. J. M.] 
 
 De quadam portione decimarnm, — L. Lat. Of a certain portion of the tithes. 
 
 DE QUAESTORIBUS PARRICIDII ET DE PROVOCATIONE. LcX XII. Tab. ix, fr. 
 4. Concerning inquisitors of parricide or murder, and of the citation or 
 appeal. Read: De homicidio. Tab. viii, fr. 24 ; Festus, id. ib. 
 De quareutina habeuda. — L. Lat. For having quarantine. V. Breve de, etc. 
 De ques en ca. — L. Fr. From which time until now. Kelham. 
 De questu SUO. — L. Lat. Of his own acquiring. 
 De quibus. — L. Lat. Of which; by which, v. De quo et de qui bus. 
 
 DE quibus causis scriptis legibus non utimur, id custodiis oportet, quod nioribus et 
 consuetudine inductum est; et si qua in re hoc deficeret, tunc quod proximum 
 et consequens ei est; si nee id quidem appareat, tunc jus, quo urbs Roma utitur, 
 servari oportet. Julianus, Dig. i, 4, /r. 32. Concerning the reasons we do not 
 use written laws : that must be kept which was introduced through manners and 
 customs ; and if there be any thing lacking in any wise then we must observe 
 what is nearest and suitable ; but should this not appear, then the law used by 
 the city of Rome must be kept. [F. J. M.J 
 
 Lord Coke paraphrased and appropriated this rule. Read: Lex scripta si cessat id 
 custodivi oportet, quod moribus et consuetudine inductum est, etc. 7 Co. 19. 
 
 DE quibus et similibus id juris est, ut quocumque transtulerit persona statuto loci 
 domicilii ita affecta, habilitatem aut inhabilitatem, ademptatn domi, circumferat 
 ubique, ut in universa territoria suum statutum exerceat effectum. Rodenburg, 
 de Divers. Stat. tit. 2, ch. i. Concerning which and the like this is the law : 
 that wherever a person so affected by the statute (the law) of the place of the 
 domicile shall have passed, he carries with him everywhere the capacity or inca- 
 pacity taken from home, so that in all countries its own statute {or law) exercises 
 its effect. Cited in Story on Confl. of laws, § 432. [F. J. M.] 
 
 De quid juris clamat.— L. Lat. By which he claims of right. A writ, etc. Wingate's 
 Max. 83, § 34, citing 9 Co. 85i5, Conny's case. 
 
 De quo jure ? — L. Lat . By what right ? Under what la w ? 
 
 De quo et de quibus. — L. Lat. Of which and by whom ; by what and by whom. 
 
 Words which occurred in the writ of entry, from which the writ was called " in the quo" 
 or " in the quibus " (the former ablative singular, the latter ablative plural). 3 Reeve's Hist. 33. 
 
 Read: Praecipe A. quod — reddat B., etc. 
 
 DE quo palam proscriptum fuerit, ne cicm eo contrahitur, is prepositi loco non 
 habetur; non enim permittendum erii ciim institore contrahere; sed, si quis 
 nolit contrahi, prohibeat; ceterum qui praeposuit, tenebitur ipsa praepositione. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, 3, fr. 11, § 2. -Concerning which it was clearly, openly 
 forbidden to contract with him (the agent), he is not regarded as in the place of 
 the principal ; it will not be permitted to enter into a contract with an institor 
 
 r ^ 1 601 
 
 [76] 
 
Deque] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Derec. 
 
 (broker or factor) ; but if a person should not wish a contract to be entered 
 into, let him forbid it ; as for the rest, he who was principal will be held by the 
 very fact of that principalship. Cited in Story on Agency, § 472 ; Wharton on 
 Agency, § 41. [F. J. M.] 
 
 De quo, vel quibus, tenementa pradicta tenentur ignorant.— L- Lat. They know 
 
 not by what or by whom the said tenements are held. v. De quo et de quibus. 
 
 De quolibet burgO. — L- Lat. Out of every borough. Bracion, fol. log^. 
 
 De qu5ta litis. For or concerning a proportional part of the suit. 
 
 A contract in respect to a claim difficult to recover, to give a part, for the purpose of 
 obtaining his services to recover the rest, i Duval, n. 201. v. Champerty. 
 
 De rapto virginum, — Lat. Of the ravishment of maids, virgins. 
 
 The name of an appeal formerly in use in England in cases of rape. Bracton, fol. 147 ; 2 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 38. Read : 2*. § i. 
 
 De rationabili parte bonorum. — L. Lat. Of or for a reasonable part of the goods. 
 F. N. B. 122 ; 2 £1. Com. 492, 516; Broom Ss' Had. Covt.b'n, 648. v. Breve de rationabili, etc. 
 
 De rationabilibUS divisis. — L. Lat. For (settling, fixing) reasonable boundaries, v. 
 Breve de, etc, 
 
 De rationabili parte. For a reasonable part. 3 Bl. Com. 194. 
 
 De re. — Lat. As to the matter or subject. 2 Smith's L. C. [418] 478. 
 
 DE re ad rem, de persona ad personam, de tempore ad tempus. From thing to thing, from 
 person to person, from time to time. 
 
 DE re corforali, in personam, de propria manu, vel aliena, in alterius manum gratuita trans- 
 latio. — L. Lat. A free transfer of a corporeal thing, from person to person, by his own hand, 
 or that of his attorney, into the hand (or possession) of another. 
 
 De re judicata, et de effectu sententiarnm, et de interlocutionibus. Concerning a 
 
 matter decided and of the effect of sentences or decisions, and of interlocutory sentences or 
 decisions. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. xlii, tit. I ; Cod. vii, tits. 42-58, 60. 
 
 DE realibus quidem, chm plerorumque co?isensus sit, id pluribus docere supervacuum 
 fuerit. VoET, ad P and. i, tit. 3, part ii, § 6. Concerning real things, as 
 it is agreed upon generally, it would be idle to expatiate on the subject any fur- 
 ther. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 428. [F. J. M.] 
 De rebus creditis, si certum petetur, et de condictione. Of or in relation to things 
 
 loaned or trusted ; if certain or established, it shall be claimed at law ; and concerning the 
 condiction or demanding back. A title in the Dig. part xii, tit. 1. 
 
 De rebus COrporalibuS et incorporalibus. Concerning corporeal and incorporeal 
 things. Justinian. Inst, ii, tit. 2 ; Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ 12, 13, 14. 
 
 De rebus dubiis. — Lat. Of doubtful things or matters. A title in Dig. xxxiv, tit. 5. 
 
 DE rebus forfactis quae per diversos comitatus sunt, volumus ut ad palatium 
 pertineant, transacto anno et die. Concerning things forfeited, which are in 
 different counties, we will that they belong to. the place [or fisc, /. e. that they be 
 confiscated] after a year and a day. LL. Longob. lib. iii, tit. 33 ; Spelman, voc. 
 ''Forisfacere. ' 
 
 De receptamentO. — L. Lat. Of receipt ; of harboring. Bracton, fol 152(5. 
 De recordo affilatum. — L. Lat. Affiled of record. Lord Haym. 1476. 
 De recordo et processu mittendis.— L. Lat. You send of the record and process. 
 V. Breve de recordo et processu mittendis. 
 
 De recto. — L. Lat. Of right, u. Breve de r/tto. 
 
 De recto claUSO. — L. Lat. Of or concerning (a writ) of right close, v. Breve de recto. 
 De recto de adVOCatione. — L. Lat. Of right of advowson. v. Breve de recto de, etc. 
 602 
 
Derec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De sea. 
 
 De recto deficere. — L- Lat. To fail of right ; to fail of doing justice. Glanv. lib. xii, 
 c. I ; Bracton, fol. 105, yi.'ib, ^itjli ; i Reeve's Hist. 171. = De defaute de droit Cq. v.). 
 
 De recto deficisse, — L. Lat. To be defective in right ; to have failed in right. 
 
 De recto de dote, — L. Lat. Of rightof dov^er; concerning the right of dower, v. Breve. 
 
 De recto patens. — L. Lat. Of or concerning right patent, i. e. open. v. Breve. 
 
 De recto de rationabili parte,— L. Lat. Of right of reasonable part. v. Breve. 
 
 De redisseisiua, — L- Lat. Of re-disseisin. V. Breve de redisseisina. 
 
 De regulis juris antiqui, — Lat. Of or concerning the ancient rules of law. A title in 
 the Civil Law. Dig. L, tit. 17 ; Bacon's L. Tr. 12 ; Broom's Max. 178. 
 
 De reddit praediet', — L- Lat. Out of the rent aforesaid. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3. 
 
 De rei vindicatioue. For or in respect to vindication of a thing. A title in the Civil 
 Law. Dig. vi, tit. i ; Cod. iii, tit. 32. v. Vindicatio. 
 
 De religiosis, — L- Lat. Of or concerning religious persons. The title of the Statute 7 
 Edw. I. 2 Bl. Com. 270. V. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses ; Law Tr. 320. 
 
 De reparatione facienda. Of or for making reparation. Wharton on Agency, § 373. 
 V. Breve de reparatione facienda. 
 
 De replegiare or repligiari. — L. Lat. Of replevin, v. Breve de replegiarc. 
 
 De replegiare de averiis- — L. Lat. Of the replevin of beasts. V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De reSCUSSU, — L. Lat. Of rescue or rescous. v. Breve de rescussu. 
 
 De reseantisa, — L. Lat. Of or from residence, v. De infinnitate reseantisae. 
 
 De retorno habendo, — L. Lat. For having a return ; to have a return. 
 
 In English Practice; Applied to the judgment for the defendant in an action of 
 replevin, awarding him a return of the goods or property replevied ; and to the writ or exe- 
 cution issued thereon. 3 Bl. Com. 149, 413 ; Tidd's Pr. 993, 1038. Applied also to the 
 pledges or sureties to return, etc. v. Plegios de retorno habendo. 3 Bl. Com. 147 ; Broom 6^ 
 Had. Com. iii, 261. 
 
 De rien culpable. — L. Fr. Guilty of nothing; not guilty. Yearb. H. 7 Edw. H. 224. 
 De rigore juris. — Lat. By the rigor of the law ; in strictness of law, e.g., 
 "' De rigore juris, they ought to bring him in before ; but, per gratiam curiae, it is well 
 enough at an)' time before the sci. fa. is awarded." Jones, J., Latch, 150. 
 
 De rivis. — Lat. Concerning water-courses. A title in the iPzj-. xliii, tit. 21. v. Rivus. 
 
 DE SACRAMENTO QUINGENARIO ET QUINQUAGENARIO. Lex XII. Tab. ii, 
 fr. I. Concerning the action called Wager of law with a stake of 500 
 asses, or a stake of 50 asses, v. Sacramento. Read: Gaius, Inst, iv, §§ 1 1-14. 
 
 DE salario autem, quod promisit, apud praesidem provinciae cognitio praebebitur. 
 Justinian, Cod. iv, 35, const, i fin. Quoted in Story on Agency, § 327. 
 Read it in: Adversus eum, cujus negotia gesta sunt, de pecunia, etc. Cod. id. 
 ib. V. Story on Agency, § 338. 
 
 De salva guardia. — L. Lat. Of safe-guard. V. Breve de salva guardia. 
 
 De salvo COnductO. — L. Lat. Of safe conduct, v. Breve de salvo conducto. 
 
 De Sa vie. — L. Fr. Of his or her life ; of his own life. Litt. §§ 35, 36 ; Crabb's Hist. 
 
 De SCaCCariO.— L. Lat. Of or concerning the exchequer. 
 
 The title of the Stat. 51 Hen. IIL 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 6r. 
 
 De SCandalis magnatum.— L. Lat. Of the defamation of great men. Title of many 
 ancient statutes : Westm. i ; 3 Edw. L c. 34 ; 2 Rich. II. c. 5 ; 12 Rich. II. c. ir. 
 
 "Words spoken in derogation of a peer, a judge, or other great officers of the realm, 
 which are called scandalum magnatum, are held to be more heinous (i Ventr. 60) ; and though 
 thev be such as would not be actionable in the case of a common person, yet when spoken 
 in disgrace of such high and respectable characters, they amount to an atrocious injury, etc. 
 3 Bl. Com. 123 ; ^ Kent's Com. 18. This action is now obsolete. Read. Atrox injuria, sqq. 
 
 6oT 
 
Descr,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De son. 
 
 De SCriptoribuS authenticis. Of or concerning original or authentic writings I Kent's 
 Com. 475, note, citing Lord Bacon. 
 M eniini : vetus est : 
 De scurra multo facilius diviteni quam pafrem-familias fieri posse. — 
 
 Prov. I remember, there is an old proverb: " It is a much easier thing for a buffoon to 
 become rich than to become the head of a family." ClCERO, J>ro Quintio, xvii, 55. 
 
 De SGutagio habendo, — L. Lat. For having (or to have) escuage or scutage. v. Breve. 
 
 De se bene gerendo. — L. Lat. For behaving himself well ; for his good behavior. 
 Yelv. go, 154. 
 
 De secta ad furnum, ad torale, et ad omnia alia hujnsmodi.— L- Lat. Concerning 
 
 suit to the oven (^furnum) or bake-house , to the malt-house or kiln {torrale), and to all other 
 matters of this kind. Register, fol. 153 ; 3 Bl Com. 235. 
 
 De secta ad molendinum.— L. Lat. Of suit at a mill. Reg. Orig. 153 ; F. N. B. \iiM ; 
 3 Bl. Com. 235 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. iii, 294. v. Breve. 
 
 De secta ad molendinum quam ad illud facere debet, et solet.— L. Lat. Of 
 
 suit at will — as much as he ought to make to that, as it may lay waste (or become desolate). 
 3 Bl. Com. 235. 
 
 De secunda SUperoneratione. — L. Lat. Of second surcharge. 3 Bl. Com. 239. /'. Breve. 
 
 De securitate pacis. For security of the peace. Wingate's Max. 214, § 8. 
 
 De Seisina super disseisinam. — L. Lat. Of a seisin upon a disseisin, or intrusion upon 
 intrusion. 
 
 De Septimistri partu. Concerning birth in the seventh month. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, 
 § 50. Read: Tempus gestationis. 
 
 De service le roy. — L. Fr. Of the king's service. = De servitio regis. 
 
 De Servitiis et COnsuetudinibuS. — L. Lat. Of services and customs. V. Consuetudini- 
 bus et servitiis. v. Breve de servitiis et consuetudinibus, 
 
 De servitio regis. — L Lat Of or in the king's service. 
 
 An essoin or excuse for a defendant's non-appearance in court. Glanv. lib. i, c. 27 ; 
 Bracton, fol. 33815/ i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 118. 
 
 De ServitutibuS, Of, concerning servitudes. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. viii, tit. 
 I ; Cod. iii, tit. 34. 
 
 De Servitutibus praediorum urbanorum, Concernmg servitudes of urban estates or 
 lands. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. viii, tii. 2. 
 
 De servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Concerning servitudes of rural or country 
 estates. A title in the Civil Law. Dig. viii, tit. 3. 
 
 De servo COrruptO. Concerning the corruption of a servant. Dig. xi, tit. 3. 
 
 DE similibus ad similia eadem ratione procedendum est. Concerning like things 
 to like things, we are to proceed by the same rule or reason. From simi- 
 lars to similars, we are to proceed by the same rule or reason, /. e. we may argue 
 from the analogy of cases. Branch's Prituipia. 
 
 DE similibus idem est judicandum. In like cases or matters the judgment is 
 to be the same. 7 Co. 18. 
 Read: Si similia evenerint per simile judicentur, etc. 
 De SOCiorum qualitatibus. — Lat. Of the qualifications of the fellows. 
 De SOlutionibuS et liberationibus. Concerning payments and liberations. A title in 
 the Dig. xlvi, tit. 3 ; Cod. viii, tit. 43. 
 
 De son counsel or counsail.— L. Fr. Of his counsel. Yearb. M. 5 Edw. IIL 75. 
 
 De son don or done. — L. Fr. Of his gift ; of the proper gift of himself. 2 Bl. Com. 353. 
 
 De son gre6. — L. Fr. Of his own accord. Keilw. 2, pi. 4. De SOU saunk, — L. Fr. 
 Of his blood. Britt c. 23. De SOU seiguiour demeyne.— L. Fr. Of his own lord. 
 
 Britt. c. 38. 
 604 
 
Deson.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De syl. 
 
 De son tort. — L. Fr. Of his own wrong. 
 
 If a stranger takes upon him to act as executor, without any just authority (as by inter- 
 meddling with the goods of the deceased [5 Co. 33, 34], and many other transactions), he is 
 called in law an executor de son tort, and is liable to all the trouble of an executorship, with- 
 put any of the profits or advantages; but merely doing acts of necessity or humanity, as 
 locking up the goods (for safet)'), or burying the corpse of the deceased, will not amount to 
 such an intermeddling as will charge a man as executor de son tort. Dyer, i65 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 507 ; Broom iSr" Had. Com. ii, 652. v. note (420). Whether a man has or has not rendered 
 himself liable to be treated as an executor de son tort, is not a question to be left to a jury ; 
 but is a conclusion of law to be drawn by the court before which that question is raised. 2 
 T. £. 99. 
 
 De son tort demesne. — L. Fr. Of his own wrong act. BHtt. c. 107. 
 
 De son tort demesne, sans tiel cause.^ L. Fr. Of his own wrong act, without such 
 
 cause. := Lat. De injurid sud propriA absque tali causd. 
 
 Words of form in an action of trespass ; used by way of reply to the plea of the defendant ; 
 e, g. if A. sues B. in an action of trespass, and B. answers for himself that he did this which 
 A. calls trespass by the commandment of C, his master ; A. replies that B. did this of his 
 own wrong without such cause. Ter?iies de la Ley. 
 
 De SOrmes. — L. Fr. From henceforth. 
 
 De special! gratia. — L. Lat. Of special grace or favor. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 57, § 11. 
 
 De stando ad rectum, — L. Lat. To stand to the right. Trop.. To meet an accusa- 
 tion. Britt.y^.il, =■ De ester a droit, v. Ad standum recto. 
 
 De Stapulis.— L. Lat. Of staples. The title of Stat. 27 Edw. IIL st. 2. 
 
 De statu Hominum, — Lat. Concerning the state or condition (status) of men, i. e. 
 whether freemen or slaves. A title in the Dig. i, tit. 5. 
 
 DE statut de la majoritd plein et entiire est personnel, et s'e'lend attx Mens situes 
 hors de son terri toire. — Fr. A statute in respect to majority (in ag-e), full 
 and entire, is a personal statute, and extends to the property {beins) situated 
 outside of his own territory. Merlin, Repert. 'Majority,' § 5. Cited in Story 
 on Conflict of Laws, § 54. 
 
 De statuto. — L- L^t. Founded upon statute. Applied to writs Reg. Orig. 173, 188. 
 De statuto mercatorio. — L- Lat. Of statute-merchant. V. Breve de statuto mercatorio. 
 De statuto Stapulae. — L. Lat. Of statute staple V. Breve de statuto stapulae. 
 
 DE stur g e one verb ita observatur, quod Rex ilium habebit integrum propter 
 suum privilegium regale : de ballena verb, sufficit, secunditm quosdam, si rex 
 inde habuerit caput, et regina caudam. Concerning sturgeon, indeed, it is to be 
 observed that the king shall have the whole of it on account of his royal privi- 
 lege ; but of the whale, it is sufficient, according to some, if the king has the 
 head and the queen the tail. Bracton, iii, c. 3, § 5, fol. i20^y Fleta, i, cc. 45 et 
 46 ; I Bl. Com. 222 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 260. 
 
 The ancient records assign as a reason for this whimsical division, to furnish the queen's wardrobe with 
 whalebone. Pruyn. Aur.Reg.TiT. Quaere; In what part of the tail did she find the whalebone? In view of 
 the physical fact that the whalebone lies entirely in the head, the reason is more wnimsical than the division. 
 
 De SUCCessionibuS apud HeleraeOS.— L. Lat. Concerning the right of succession 
 among the Jews. 
 
 De SUmmO bono.— Lat. Of or concerning the highest good. Cicero, Fin, v, 6 ; id. ib. 28. 
 
 DE super-oneratione forestanorum, et aliorum ministrorum forestae ; et de eorum oppressioni- 
 bus populo regis illatis.— L. Lat. Concerning the overburthening of the foresters, and other 
 servants of the forest ; and of their oppressions brought on the king's subjects. 3 Bl. Com. 
 72 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 468. 
 
 De SUperoneratione pasturae.-L. Lat. Of surcharge of pasture, v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De SUpersedendO.— L. Lat. Of supersedeas V. Breve de superse4endo. 
 
 De sylva Caedua.-L. Lat. Concerning coppice wood. v. Breve de sylva caedua. 
 
 60s 
 
Detab.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Deter. 
 
 De tabulis exMbendis. — Lat- Of showing the tablets of a will. Di^. xliii, tit. 5. 
 
 De tallagio non COUCedeudo. — L. Lat. Of not granting talliage or subsidy. Title of 
 Stat. 34 Edw. I. St. 4. V. 2 Co. Inst. 532 ; i £1. Com. 140 (/) / 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 104 ; 
 Broom &= Had. Com. i, 39, note (/) ; Bl. Mag. Charta, Introd. xcvi. — c. 
 
 De te fabula Uarratur. it is narrated of yourself. 4 Kent's Com. 3 {c). 
 * * Mutaio nomine de ie 
 Fa hula narratur. — Horace, Sat. i, i, 70. 
 
 De tempore cujus contrarium memoria hominum non existit. — L. Lat. 
 From time whereof the memory of men does not exist to the contrary. Litt. g 170. v. Tern- 
 pus cujus contrarium, etc. 
 
 De tempore in tempus et ad omnia tempora.— L. Lat. From time to time, and at 
 
 all times. Town's PI. 17. 
 
 De temporibus et diebus pacis. — L. Lat. Of the times and days of peace. LL. Edw. 
 Conf. c. 3 ; 3 Bl. Com. 276, 277, and note («). 
 
 De temps dont memorie ne COmt. — L. Fr. From time whereof memory runneth not. 
 "Time out of memory of man." Litt. §§ 143, 145, 170; Dyer, 70. 
 
 De tenero ungui. — Lat. Prov. From one's tender nails. Trop.: From child- 
 hood. Horace, Orf. iii, 6, 24. =Gr. Prov. all, aTcoXdiv ovvxaT. 
 
 Cicero has it ; A teneris unguiculis . Cicero, Fam. \, 6, 2. 
 
 De tenemento quod de VObis teneo. — L. Lat. Of the tenement which I hold of 3'ou. 
 Bracton, fol. 80: Co. Litt. ib. 
 
 De termino, — L- Lat. Of the term. Bracton, fol. 131 ; Hardr. i. 
 
 De termino in terminnm. — L. Lat. From term to term. Bracton, fol. 27. 
 
 De termino Hilarii.— L. Lat. Of Hilary term. 
 
 One of the four terms of the English Courts of Common Law; so called from the festival 
 day (St. Hilarj''s day), which iramediatel)' preceded its commencement. It formerly began 
 on the 23d of January, and ended on the 12th of February, but latterly beginning on the 
 nth and ending on the 31st of January in each year. v. Stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 21 ; Stat, n 
 Geo. IV. and i Will. IV. c. 70 ; and Wm. IV. sess. 2, c. 3, § 2 ; 3 Bl. Com. 2Ti ; 3 Stepn. 
 Com. 561. 
 
 De termino Faschae. — L. Lat. Of the term of Easter. Bracton, fol. 246^. 
 
 One of the four terms of the English Courts of Common Law ; so called from the festival 
 day (Easter) which immediately preceded its commencement, beginning on the 15th day of 
 April, and ending on the 8th day of May of each year. v. Stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 2i ; 11 
 Geo. IV. and i Wm. IV. c. 70; and I Wm. IV. sess. 2, c. 3, S 2 ; 3 Bl. Com. 277; 3 Steph. 
 Com. 561 ; 3 Chitt. Gen. Pr. 91. v. Tertninus Paschae. 
 
 De termino SanctO Michaelis. — L. Lat. Of the term of St. Michael, i. e. Michaelmas 
 Term. 
 
 One of the four terms of the English Courts of Common Law ; so called from the festival 
 day (St. Michael's day), which immediately preceded its commencement, beginning on the 
 2d and ending on the 25th day of November, regulated and abbreviated by acts of Parlia- 
 ment. Stat. 16 Car. I c. 6 ; and again by Stat. 24 Geo. 11. 48, and 11 Geo. IV. and Will. 
 IV. c. 70 ; and i Will. IV. sess. 2, c. 3, § 2 ; 3 Bl. Com. 277 ; 3 Steph. Com. 561. 
 
 De termino Trinitatis.— L. Lat. Of Trinity term. 
 
 One of the four terms of the English Courts of Common Law ; so called from the festival 
 day (the holy Trinity), which immediately preceded its commencement, beginning on the 22d 
 day of May, and ending on the I2th day of June. u. Statutus, etc., cited supra. 
 
 De terra Sancta.— Lat. Of the Holy land. 
 
 One of the essoigns or excuses, for default of appearance in court, formerly allowed ; the 
 excuse being that the party had gone to the Holy land. Glanv. lib. i, c. 29 ; Bracton, fol. 
 339. Also called In terra sancta. 
 
 DE terra vera Salica in mulierem nulla fortio haereditatis transit, sed hoc virilis 
 sexus acguirit, hoc est, filii in ipsa haereditate succedunt. No portion of the 
 inheritance of Salic land passes to a woman, but this the male sex acquires, that 
 is, the sons succeed in that inheritance. L. Salic, tit. 62, § 6. A rule in the 
 Lex Salica. See another in 4 Kent's Com. 441, note i, last ed. 
 606 
 
Deter.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De una. 
 
 De terre Seynte. — L. Fr. = De ten-a sancta, — of the Holy land, 
 
 DE TRiNOCTio usuRPANDi CAUSA. Lex XII. Tab. Y\,fr. 4. Concerning the 
 cause or reason for living with a man as his v/ife {usurjtandi) in the third 
 night. 
 
 This is the title of a peculiar law in the XII. Tables. The Romans of that day had 
 three modes of contracting matrimon)' — confarreatione, caempHone and usu. Co n far real io 
 was when the rites were performed with the solemnity of sacrifices. Coemptio was when 
 the parties contracted mutually by the ceremony of giving and receiving a piece of money — 
 quasi, as arra. Usus was when a woman, with the sanction of her friends, cohabited a 
 whole year with a man without being absent for the space of three successive nights. 
 
 Gaius states : Usu in jnanuni conveniebat quae anno continuonupta perseverebat; quae enim 
 velut annua possessione usucapiebatur, in familiam viri ttansibal Jiliaeque locum optinebat. 
 Itaque lege Duodecim Tabularum cautum erat, SI QUA NOLLET EG MODO IN MANUM MARiti 
 CONVENIRE, UT QUOTANNIS TRINOCTIO ABESSET ITAQUE ITA USUM CUJUSQUE ANN! INTERRUM- 
 
 PERET. Gaius, Inst. i. § in. By usage she came into power (OTff««j) who remained in 
 marriage for an unbroken year ; for she was just as if acquired by usucaption by the posses- 
 sion of a year, and thus she passed into the family of her husband, and obtained the place of 
 a daughter. Therefore it was provided by a law of the Twelve Tables, that if she was 
 unwilling to come in this way under her husband's power {nianus) she 
 should, year by year, be absent for three successive nights, and thus 
 break the usage of each year. 
 
 yuiNTUs Mucrus, the lawyer, decided that a woman was not legally usurpata^ who, with a view to matri- 
 mony, began to cotiabit witn a man, if she deferred her absence till the last three nights of the year, for the 
 space of three nights could not be fulfilled, which according to the Xll. Tables, she ought to be absent from 
 her husband, usurfiandi causa, for the last six hours of the third night belonged to the following year. cf. 
 AuLUS Gellius, Nod. Attic, iii, 2, §§ 12, 13, 
 
 De terris acquisitis, et acquirendiS,— L- Lat. Of lands acquired, and to be acquired. 
 Bracton, lib. ii, c. 39, § 6. 
 
 De terris et catallis. — L- Lat. Of or concerning lands and chattels. Reg. Jud. \'ib. 
 
 De terris mensurandis,— L- Lat. Of lands to be admeasured. 
 
 De testamentis. — Lat. Of testaments. Title of the Digest. 
 
 De theolonio. — L. Lat. Of toll. v. Breve de theohnio. 
 
 De tigno juncto, — Lat. Of or concerning connection by a beam, Justinian. /»j^. ii, i, 
 29 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 3 ; Broom's Max. 388. v. Actio de tigno juncto. 
 
 De transcripto pedis finis levati mittendO.— L. Lat. For sending the transcript of 
 the foot of a fine levied. Reg. Orig. 169. v. Breve. 
 
 De transgfressione. — L. Lat. Of or concerning trespass, v. Breve de transgressione. 
 
 De transgressione, ad audiendum et terminandum.— L. Lat. Of trespass, or trans- 
 gression, for hearing and determining (the same), v. Breve. 
 
 De transverso. — Lat. On the other side : (Adv.) Unexpectedly. Cicero, ^«. xv, 4 
 ad Jin = 1? transverso. 
 
 DE trois puissances, dont nous avous parU, celle desjuges est en quelque facon viille. — Fr. Of 
 the three powers of which we have spoken, that of the judiciary is in some respects the 
 greatest. 
 
 De ulterioribus damnis.— Lat. Of further damages. 
 
 DE TUTORE {vel curatore) suspecto, et de condemnatione in duplum. 
 Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. 20, Concerning a tutor (or curator) suspected, 
 and for their condemnation in duplum. 
 
 A tutor (or curator) suspected of maladministration may be removed by action, which any 
 body may bring, and condemned in damages to twice the amount of the injury done to the 
 pupil, cf. Dig. xxvi, tit. 10, ' de Suspectis Tutonbus et Curatoribus.' 
 De ultima presentatione,- L. Lat. Of the last presentation ii. e. to a church living). 
 
 De ultra mare, or De transmare,— L. Lat. Of beyond the sea. 
 
 One of the essoigns or excuses formerly allowed the ground of which was that *« Pf '/ ™f\ff ^'f ^ '" 
 parts b e y o n d t Ee s e a 5 . Glanv.\\h.i,c.n\ Bracton, fol. 339 ; i Reeve s Hist. Eng. Law, ii8, 405, 406- 
 
 De una domo, et de uno pomario.- L. Lat. Of one house and one orchard. 
 
 De una medietate.- L. Lat. Of one moiety. 
 
 C07 
 
Deuna.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Devas. 
 
 De una parte. Of the one part. 
 
 DE UNCiARio FOENORE. Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. i8. In respect to capital 
 lent on interest at one per cent per annum. 
 Tacitus restored and explained this law. Sane vetus Urhi foenebre malum, ct seditionum 
 discordiarumgue creberrima causa; eoque cohibebatur antiquis quoqite ei minus corrupiis moribus. 
 N'am prima Buodecim Tabulis sanctum, ' NE QUIS UNCIARIO FOENORE amplius exerceret;' 
 citm antea ex lihidine locupletium agitaretur. Vein rogatione tribunicia ad semiuncias redacta; 
 fostremo vetita versura. TACITUS, Annal. vi, c. l6. Usury was, truly, a long-standing evil 
 {vetus malum) in the City (Rome), and the cause of very frequent discord and seditions, and 
 therefore was restrained even in ancient times, when the habits or manners of the people 
 were less corrupt. For, first it was ordained by the Twelve Tables that no man should 
 exact a higher rate of interest than one per cent per annum; when 
 before it was exacted according to the pleasure (avarice) of the rich. Afterward, by a roga- 
 tion of the tribunes, it was reduced to one-half, and finally usury (the taking of any interest) 
 was abolished. Cato, we believe, alluded to this law : Majores nostri sic habuerant, itaque 
 in legibus po suerunt, furem dupli damnari foeneratorem quadrupli , Cato. 
 de Re rustica, praef. I. 
 
 DE UNCTURA, CIRCUMPOTATIONE, RESPERSIONE, CORONIS. LeX XII. Tab. 
 y.,fr. 6. Concerning unction, circumpotation, respersion (/. e. sprinkling 
 the pyre with wine and myrrh) and garlands. 
 
 Cicero restored and interpreted this law. Read his interpretations of the laws which were 
 intended to abridge funeral pomps and to repress extravagance, stated under /:r. 5 ; HOMINI 
 MORTUO NE OSSA LEGITO, QUO POST FUNUS FACIAT. Tab. TL, fr. 5. 
 
 Festus referred to this law: Murrata potione usos aniiquos indicia est, quad etiam nunc 
 Aediles per supplicationes Diis addunt ad pulvinaria, ei quod XII. Tabulis cavetur, NE MORTUO 
 INDATUR, ut ait Varra in antiquitatuvi libra prima. Festus, de Verba. Sign. p. 174. 
 
 M u rrata potione usi sunt antiqtia; sed pastea assuerunt diis suis libare, ideoque XII, Tabulis 
 est cautum, NE MORTUO inderetur. Festus, de Verba. Sign. p. 104. 
 
 De Uno AetheopiO, VOCat' a negro. — Lat. For one Ethiopian, called a negra. 2 
 Salk. 666. 
 
 De uno meSSUagio, sive tenemento. — I- Lat. Of one messuage, or tenement. 
 De USUfrUCtn accrescendo. In respect to the increase or augmentation of a usufruct. 
 Title in the Dig. vii, tit 2. 
 
 De USUfructu et quemadmodum quis Utatur fruatur. Concerning usufruct and in 
 what manner any one may use and enjoy it. A title in the Dig. vii, tit. 1. v. Cad. iii, tit. 33. 
 
 De usuris, et fructibus, et causis, et omnibus accessionibus, et mora. In respect 
 
 to the uses, and fruits, and causes, and all accessions, and delay or hindrance. A title in 
 the Dig. xxii, tit. i; Cod. iv, tit. 32 ; vii, tit. 51. 
 
 De UXOre abducta, cum bonis viri, — L. Lat Of or concerning the wife taken away 
 (abducted), with the husband's property. 
 
 De UXOre rapta et abducta. — L. Lat. Of or concerning the wife ravished and carried 
 away (abducted), v. Breve de uxore rapta et abducta. 
 
 DE V as sis dominicis, qui adhuc intra causam serviunt, et tamen beneficia habere 
 noscuniur, statutum. est, ut quicumque ex eis cum domino imperatore domt 
 remanserint, vas salos suos casatos secum non retineant ; sed cum comite cujus 
 pagenses sunt, ire permittant. In relation to the king's servants who still serve 
 within the house [the palace], and yet are known to have benefices \i. e. feudal 
 estates], it is ordained that as many of them as shall remain at home with the 
 lord the emperor, shall not keep their own house vassals with them, but shall 
 permit them to go with the count whose countrymen they are. Capitul, 2, A .D. 
 8 12, art. 7, ed. Balus, torn, i, p. 494. 
 
 This ordinance denotes that anciently, vassus was one who held his beneficium or feudal 
 estate immediately of the king, and vassalus was an inferior feudatory, or vassal proper. 
 
 De VastO. — L. Lat. Of or concerning waste. 3 Bl. Com. 227, 228. v. Breve de vasto. 
 
 608 
 
De vas,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [De wre. 
 
 De VastO facto, et quod vastum praedkt A. fecit, Of waste committed, and which 
 was done by the said A. 
 
 De ventre inspiciendO.— L. Lat. Of or for inspecting the womb ; of examining the 
 abdomen. Fully explained under Breve de ventre inspiciendo. 
 
 De verbo in verbnm.— L. Lat. Word for word; from word to word. Bracton, fol. 
 138(5. ^De verbo ad verbum. Fleta, lib. i, c. 21, § 3. 
 
 De Verborum Obligationibus. Concerning the words of obligations. Title in the Dig. 
 xlv, tit. i; Cod. viu, tit. 38, 39. 
 
 De verborum significatione.— Lat. Of the signification of words. 
 
 This is the title of that part of the Digests which consists exclusively of the definitions 
 of words and phrases employed in the Roman Civil Law, compiled from the works of Scae- 
 vola, Alfenus, Gaius, Jabolenus, Pomponius, Paulus, Florentinus, Callistratus, Ulpianus, 
 Celsus and others, v. Dig. L, tit. 16 They are embraced in this work 
 
 De verborum Significationibus. — Lat. Of or upon the significations of words. 
 Bacon* s Prop, for Amend, the Laws of JEng., Law Tr. 12. 
 
 De Veritate ponuntse super patriam pro defectu sectae vel alterius probationis quam admanum 
 non habuerinl. — L. Lat. Of the truth of which they put themselves upon the country for 
 want of suit, or other proof, which they have not at hand. Bracton. 
 
 De vicincto, — L. Lat. From the vicinage or neighborhood. 3 Bl. Com. 366. 
 
 De vi et de vi armata. Of force and of armed force. Dig. xliii, tit. 16 ; Cod. viii, 4, 5. 
 
 De vi laica amovenda. — L. Lat. Of or for removing lay force, v. Breve de vi laica. 
 
 DE VIAE LATiTUDiNE. Lex XII. Tab. y\\,fr. 6. Concerning the latitude or 
 breadth of a road. 
 Gaius restored this law . Viae latitudo ex Lege Duodecim Tabularum in porrectum 
 
 OCTO PEDES HABET, IN ANFRACTUM, ID EST, UEI FLEXUM EST, SEDECIM. GaIUS, Dig. viii, 3, 
 /r. 8. The la 1 1 1 u d e or wi d th of ^ road , according to the Law of the XII. Tables, 
 has eight feet in width; in the winding or curve, that is where it is 
 turned, it has sixteen feet. 
 
 Via constitui vel latior octo pedibus, vel augustior^ potest, nt tamen earn latitudinevi habeat, 
 quas vehiculum ire potest; alioquin iter erit, non via. Paulus, Dig. ib. fr. 23 /r. 
 
 De viridario eligendO. — L. Lat. For electing a verderor (viridarius). v. Breve de, etc. 
 
 De viridi et venatione..— L. Lat. Of vert and venison. 
 
 In the old Forest Law: A term relating to the greensward of the king's forests 
 and the king's deer. Cart, de Forest, 9 Hen. III.; 4 Co. Lnst. 289; 2 Bl. Coin. 71, 72 ; 3 Bl. 
 Com. 72; Brootn &^ Flad. Com. iii, 468. 
 
 De visinetu. — L. Lat. Of the vicinage. Reg. Orig. ^zb; Reg. Jud. 4. = De visneto. 
 Fleta, lib. ii, ch. 62, § 3. 
 
 DE vitd hominis nulla citnctatio longa est. No delay is too long when a 
 man's life is in jeopardy. When the life of a man is at stake, no delay 
 that is afforded can be too long. Read: Aucf.i: nulla unquam, etc. 
 
 A rash sentence may not be recalled ; we should pause and ponder before we consign a 
 fellow to death, v. De morte hominis. 
 
 De Warrantia Ohartae.— L- Lat. Of warranty of charter, concerning the warranty of 
 the deed or grant, v. Breve de warrantia. 
 
 De warrantia diei. — L. Lat. Of warranty of day ; warranty from default of the day. 
 V. Breve de, etc. 
 
 DE wreck de mere est accorde que la ou home, chien, ou chat escape vine 
 hors de la neefe, la tieefe ou batelC, ou nul vien que la eins fuit ne soil wreck, 
 
 etc. L. Fr Concerning wreck of the sea, it is agreed that where a man, a dog 
 
 or a cat escape alive out of the ship, the ship or boat or any thing in them shall 
 not be adjudged wreck, but the goods shall be saved and kept, etc. Stat. Westm. 
 Read : Item magis propiii did potent wrechum, etc.; and also Lord Mansfield, C. J., 5 
 Burr. 27, 32. 
 
 [77l '°^ 
 
Dewre.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Deb. 
 
 De Wrecko. Of wreck. FUta, lib. i, c. 44. v. Bracton, iii, 3, § 5. 
 
 De-albo, Sre, i, ». », [-\- alius, white.] To whiten over; to white-wash or make white. 
 Cicero, Varr. ii, i, 55. 
 
 In old English Law: The term denoted the converting of base money, in which 
 rents were paid, into silver or white money. Dealbore firmam, — to whiten rent or farm, 
 i. e. convert the base money in which firma (rent) was paid into silver (white money) or its 
 value ; which was by reducing it to the fineness of sterling silver by melting it down in the 
 exchequer, or making it equal to silver by paying the difference in value. Mem. in Scacc. 
 H. 12 Edw. I. 
 
 Debenture. \:Ydebere^ A custom-house certificate, entitling the exporter of imported 
 goods to a drawback of duties paid on their importation, v. Act of Cong. Mar. 2, 1799, § 80. 
 
 DebeS, ere, 2 ji. «. To owe something; to be in debt, bound, under obligation — both 
 to and for something. Abs.: To be indebted, bound, obliged, under obligation — to one, 
 either by a pact, contract or duty. Pass.: To be due or owing, v. Debitum. Debeni, — 
 they owe, they ought to, they are in duty bound. 
 
 Debere, solvere, reoipere. — Lat. To owe, to pay, to receive. Noy's Max. [105]. 
 
 Debet, — Lat. [-1- debere, to owe.] He owes ; owes ; he ought ; it ought ; there ought ; 
 one ought ; ought, v. infra. 
 
 DEBET (sse facta bond fide. It [the dissolution of a partnership] ought to be 
 done in good faith and seasonably. Pothier, Tr. du Com. de Soc. No. 150 ; 
 3 Kent's Com. 53, note; Story on Partn. § 176. 
 
 DEBET esse finis litiuni. There ought to be an end of lawsuits. " There 
 should be some period put to litigation." Jenkins' Cent. 61. 
 Interest republicae ut sit finis litium. Co. Lit. 303 ; Broom's Max. 325, and cases. 
 
 Debet et detiuet. — L. Lat. He owes and detains. 
 
 In English Law and Practice: Words emploj'ed in an action of debt. The 
 declaration in such cases state that the defendant owes to as well as detains from the 
 plaintiff the debt or thing in question ; hence the action is said to be in the debet et detinet, 
 F. N. B. 119; 3 Bl. Com. 155. 
 
 Debet et SOlet. — L- Lat. He owes and enjoys or uses [or has been used to do]. Reg. 
 Orig. 140, 153 ; Temies de la Ley; F. N. B. 98, 122, M. 123. The words express both a 
 right and a custom as the ground of the claim. 
 
 DEBET exercitor omnium nautarum suorum, sive liberi, sive servi, factum praes- 
 tare. Nee immerito factum eorum praestat, cum ipse eos suo periculo adhibu- 
 erit; sed non alias praestat, quam si in ipsa nave damnum datum sit. Ceterum, si 
 extra navem, licet a nautis, non praestabit. Item si praedixerit, ut unusquisque 
 vectorum res suas servet, neque damnum se praestiturum, et consenserit vectores 
 praedictioni, non convenitur. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 9, fr. 7 pr. A ship-master 
 ought to be responsible for the acts of all his seamen, whether freemen or slaves. 
 He is properly to stand responsible for their acts, since he himself brought them 
 into his peril ; but he is to be responsible not otherwise than if the loss or dam- 
 age occurred on the ship itself. Otherwise, if the loss arose outside of the ship, 
 although by the sailors, he will not be responsible. Again, if he shall have pro- 
 claimed in advance that each of the passengers should serve (look after or keep) 
 his own property, and that he was not about to become (he would not be) 
 responsible, and the passengers shall have consented to this proclamation, he is 
 not proceeded against, /. e. an action will not lie against him. Cited in Story on 
 Agency, § 459 ; Story on Part. § 460. 
 
 DEBET petens proponere intentionem suam, secundum formam brevis, et fundare 
 earn sic: quod pater vel mater vel alias antecessor suus fuit seysitus, etc. The 
 demandant ought to propound his count according to the form of the writ, and 
 610 
 
Deb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Deb. 
 
 to establish it thus : that his father or mother or other ancestor was seized, etc. 
 Bracton, iv, tr. iii, c. 4, § i, fol. 255^. 
 
 DEBET quis juri subjacere ubi delinquit. One ought to be subject to the law 
 where he offends. " Every one ought to be subject to the law of the place 
 where he offends." Bracton, fol. \<,^b; 3 Co. 231; 3 Co. Inst. 34; Finch's Law, 
 14, 36 ; Wingate's Max ; 8 Scott, N. R. ^6-]. 
 
 DEBET sua cuique domus esse profugium tutissimum. Every person's house 
 should be his most safe refuge. " Every man's house ought to be his 
 castle." 12 Johns. R. 51, 54. 
 
 Read: Dojnus suA quique est tutissimum refugiuin. 5 Co. 91. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Domus tutissimum cuique, refugium atque receptaculum sit. 
 Gaius, Dig. ii, 4, fr. 18. Nemo de domo sua extrahi debet. Paulds, Dig. L, 17, /;-. 103. 
 
 DEBILE fundamentum, fallit opus. A weak foundation deceives [ruins] the 
 work. "A weak foundation frustrates, or renders vain, the superstructure." 
 Nay's Max. [5] No. 12 ; Shep. Touch. 60'; Finch's Law, b. i, ch. 3. "Where 
 the foundation faileth, all goeth to the ground." Wingate's Max. 40 ; Broom's 
 Max. 180, 182 ; 8 Scott, N. R. 567. 
 
 Read: Quod ah initio non valet in tractu temporis non convalescit. 
 
 Cicero expressed the idea: Ex falsis verum effici non potest. Jacet igitur tota 
 conclusio. Cicero, de Divinatione, ii, ^i Jin. 
 
 QuiNTiLiAN elegantly expressed a similar idea; Nisi fundamenta fideliter 
 jeceris, quidquid superstruxeris corruet. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst. Orat. i, 4, § 5. 
 
 Debilior persona^ — Lat. A weak person — as distinguished from un homme puissant. 
 Montesquieu, Esprit des Loix, lib. xxx, c. 25. 
 
 Debilis, e, adj. Lamed, debilitated, feeble, frail, weak, etc. 
 
 Debilitas, atis, y. [dedHis.^ Lameness, debility, infirmity, weakness; e. g. linguae {Clc^KO, 
 Pis. i). Pedis. Labeo in Gell. iv, 2, 4. Pedum. Tac. H. \, <) et al. T r o p . , Debilitas 
 animi. CiCERO, Fin. i, 15; Mart, ii, 86. 
 
 DebilitatiO, onis, /. {debHitoP^ A laming, debilitating, lameness, weakness. Trop., 
 Debilitatio atque objectio animi tui. Cicero, Pis. xxxvi, 88. 
 
 DebilitO, are, i, v. a. [debilis.^ To lame, cripple, maim; to debilitate, enervate, weaken 
 (frequently and classicall)'). Trop., To dispirit, discourage. Cicero, de Or. ii, 33, 142. 
 
 Debita, Orum, n. [plur. + debitum.'] Debts, v. Debitum. Debita fuudi, — debts 
 affecting the ground; debts secured upon land. Erskine's Inst. b. iv, tit. I, § ti. Debita 
 laicorum, — debts of the laity; debts recoverable in the Civil courts were so called. 
 Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 107. 
 
 DEBITA sequntur personam debitoris. Debts follow the person of the debtor. 
 Story on Confl. of Laws; Halkerston' s Max. 13 ; Broom's Max. 
 This maxim expresses the law that debts have no locality, and may be collected wherever 
 the debtor may be found. 2 Kent's Com. 429; Story's Conjl. of Laws, § 362 ; 2 Parsons on 
 Contr. i&y (i). v. ib. <;^1\ {g). Debitum et contractus sunt nullius loci, t Co. 
 3. 6i- 
 Debitio, 5nis,/. \dcbeo!\ An owing, indebtedness. Cicero, Plane. 28; e. g., Debitione 
 
 dotis. Cicero, Att. xiv, 13, 5. 
 
 Debito ant legitimo modo. in a due or legal manner, or form. DebitO justitiae,— 
 by a debt of justice ; by virtue of a claim justly established. Debito modo,— in due manner 
 or form ; duly. DebitO modo eleotus,— elected in a legal manner ; duly elected. 7 Ectst. 
 
 345- 
 Debitor, oris, «. \debeo.\ A debtor. Cicero, Off. ii, 22, 78. Debitor in solido,— ^. 
 
 debtor for the whole, v. In solido. 
 
 DEBITOR intelligatur is a quo invito exigi pecunia potest. Modestinus, Dig, 
 L, 16, fr. 108. A debtor may be understood to be one from whom money 
 
 may be exacted against his will. 
 
 611 
 
Deb.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Deb. 
 
 DEBITOR itaque aes alienum contrahere dicitur . . . quia aes quod 
 accipit, quodve contrahit, alienum, id est creditoris, fuii. The debtor there- 
 fore is said to restrain [withhold] the money of another, because the 
 money which he receives, or which he withholds, was another's, /. e. the credit- 
 ors. Struvii, Syntagma Jurisprudentiae, p. 1002. Cited in 3 Parsons on Contr. 
 428, note {g). 
 
 DEBITOR non praesumitur donare. A debtor is not presumed to make a gift 
 (to his creditor). Reg. Jur. Civ. j Halkerstons Max. 13 ; Broom's Max. 
 The disposition which a debtor makes of his property is supposed to be in satisfaction of 
 his debts, i Kame's Equity, 212. v. 3 Macq. Sc. App. Cas. 203 ; i F. Wms. 239, 279 ; 2 
 Story's Eq.Jur. § iiig. Where a debtor gives or grants to his creditor, the natural presump- 
 tion is that he means to get free from his obligation, and not to make a present, unless 
 donation be expressed. Erskinis Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 93. v. Kippen vs. Darley, 3 Macq. Sc. 
 App. Cas. 203. 
 
 DEBITORES tuos quibuscumque rationibus debere tibi pecuniam si probaveris, ad 
 solutionem compellet aditus praeses provinciae ; nee oberit tibi amissio instru- 
 mentorum, simodo manifestis probationibus eos debitores esse apperuerit. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 21, const, i. If you have proved that your debtors owed you money for 
 any reasons whatever, upon application to the president of the province he will 
 compel them to pay ; and the loss of the evidences of debt will not injure you 
 if only it has appeared by plain proofs that they are debtors. Cited in Pufen- 
 DORF, iii, c. 6, § 16 fin., note 1. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Debitorem locupletem esse. That the debtor was able to pay. Erskine, ii. tit. 3, § 25. 
 
 DEBITORUM pactionibus, creditorum petitio nee tolli, nee minui potest. The 
 right of creditors to sue cannot be taken away or lessened by the contracts 
 of their debtors, i Pothier Oblig. 87, 108, 109 ; Broom's Max. 66g. 
 
 Debitrix. Icis, /. [debitor.^ A female debtor. Paulus, Dig. xvi, i, fi: 24 pr.j id. ib. 
 xlix, 14, fr. ill pr. v. Creditrix. 
 
 Debitum, i, »• \debeo.\ What is due, debt, duty ; what is owing ; a debt. ClCERO, Att. 
 xiii, 22, Jin.; id. Q. Fr. i, 2, 3, § 10 ; id. Or. liii, § 178 et saep.; Ju.STlNlAN. Inst, iii, 15, § I. 
 
 In English Common Law: A thing due or owing ; a debt. ^^a/. Westm. 2, c. 
 18 ; Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. c. 8 ; 3 Bl. Com. 154; 2 Steph. Com. 186, 187, note; Hubbard, 
 J., 3 Metcalf's R. 522, 526. 
 
 An action of debt in the debet lies, as the appropriate remedy, where a person claims the recovery of a spe- 
 cific and determinate sum of money. It 'Mies to recover a sum certain or capable of being reduced to cer- 
 tainty by calculation, payable in respect of a direct and immediate liability by a debtor to a creditor." Broom 
 on C. L. 120 Jin., and cases in note {11). Debt in the debet, therefore, is not a form adapted to claims sounding 
 in damages. In addition to being appropriate for the enforcing ot many claims founded on simple contract, 
 it may lie for the recovery ofmpney due on specialty, i Chiity's PL 123 ; or record : Id. ib. 124 ; Broom on 
 C. L. 121, cases in {y) ; and it is also available for the recovery of a penalty imposed by statute {id. ib.), and 
 cases in (z). There is another species called debt in the detinei, which lies for the specific recovery of goods, 
 under a contract to deliver them . i Chitty's PI. 109 ; i Selwyn's N. P. tit. ' D e b t , ' p. 269. 
 
 DEBITUM et contractus sunt nullius loci. Debt and contract are of no place, 
 i. e. have no particular locality. 7 Co. 3, 61 ; 7 Man. &= Gr. 1019, note ; 
 V. Note to Mostyne vs. Fabrigas, i Smith's L. C. [781] 948 sq.; id. [790] 960 sq. 
 The obligation of a debt and contract is purely personal, and actions to enforce it may be 
 brought anywhere. 2 Co. Inst. 231. Debita sequuntur personam debitoris. Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 362; Halkerston' s Max. 13. A note made in Boston, without a specific place of pa)'- 
 ment, may be demanded and sued in England, or vice versa ; because such note has no con- 
 trolling place, but may be demanded of the maker wherever he is. In short, all debts are 
 payable everywhere, except there be some special limitation or provision in respect to the 
 payment, the rule being that debts, as such, have no locus or situs, but accompany the creditor, 
 and follow and authorize a demand upon the debtor everywhere. 13 Mass. i ; 6 Fick. 286 ; 
 8 id. 194; IT Johns. R. 239, 245 ; 8 Abbott's Fr. R. 316, 328 ; 2 Farsons on Contr. 587. 
 
 612 
 
Deb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dec. 
 
 For the purposes of jurisdiction, verbal contracts arc nullius, or rather unius 
 cujusque loci. v. 7 Man. iSr" Cr. 1019, note. 
 
 Bebitum fructuum. A debt upon the fruits. Tithes are said to form a burden upon 
 the fruits, not upon the ground. Erskine's Inst, ii, lit. 10, § 39. 
 
 Debitum fundi. A debt of or affecting the land, i. e. a debt which is a charge upon real 
 estate. BelFs Diet.; Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 3, § 49. 
 
 Debitum in presenti. A debt owing at the present time. 
 
 DEBITUM in presenti, solvendunv in future. A debt contracted or owing at 
 the present time, to be paid in the future. Co. Litt. 2<)2b. 
 The term is applied to bonds, bills of exchange, promissory notes and obligation.s which 
 are absolute or perfect in acknowledgment of the debt contracted, though not payable 
 before a certain day in the future, i Burr, 228 ; i AI. &' S. 149 ; i Smith's L. C. [467] 580, 
 and cases there cited ; Story on Partn. § 203 ; 2 Barb. R. 457, 470; 16 id. 171, 176 ; 19 id. 
 442, 445 ; 24 N. Y. R. 283, 2gi. As to the application of the term to duties on imported 
 goods, etc., V. Story, J., 13 Peters' R. 494. As to rent before the appointed day of payment, 
 II Mass. 493 ; I Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 482, 547. A release of all actions will discharge a bond 
 debt payable at a future day, for it is debitum in presenti, though solvendum in fuluro. Co. 
 Litt. 2t)ib ; No/ s Max. [76], note (c). 
 
 Debitum recuperatum. A debt recovered. 
 
 Debitum solvendum in fnturo, A debt to be paid in the future. 
 
 Debitum solvendum in presenti. A debt to be paid at the present time. I Smith's 
 L. C. [762] 930. 
 
 Debitum SUbeSSe. A debt due. That the debt was legally due. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 
 3, § 25- Debuit. \;\- debeo.'\ He owed. Debttit reparare,- — he ought to repair. 
 
 Hoc V erbum :• — ■ 
 
 DEBUIT, omnem omnius actionem comprehendere intelligitur, sive civilis, sive 
 honoraria, sive Jideicommissi fuit persecutio. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 
 1781 § 3. [This word] Debuit [he owed] is understood to include every 
 species of action, whether civil, honorary, or fiduciary [by which] one has been 
 prosecuted. 
 
 Deca, Decea, Decba, — L. Fr. On this side ; from this ; hence, 
 
 Decea la meer. On this side of the sea. Britt. u. 123. 
 
 DecanatUS. — L. Lat. \-\- decanus^ A deanery. Spelman. A company of ten persons. 
 Calvini, Lex. Jurid. Decania. \-\- decamis.'\ The office, jurisdiction, territory or command 
 of a decanus, or dean. Spelman. 
 
 DeCanUS, i, '«■ [-H decern, or Gr. Ssnavoi, -\- SeKOci, ten.] A chief of ten ; one set over 
 ten persons. A dean. HiER. Ep. 22, note 35 ; Augustus, Mor. Eccles. Cath. i, 31. 
 
 In the Roman Law: («.) An officer who had command of ten soldiers. Veg. 
 Mil. 2, 8 ; Adam's Rotnan Ant. 403. (6.) The chief of the copse-bearers, Justinian. Cod. 
 i, 2, 4, g. V. Nov. lix, i.. 2. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical and old European Law: Decanus episcofi. — a bishop's or rural dean; 
 presiding over ten clerks or parishes, i Bl. Com. 383; Broom 6^ Had. Com. 1, 462. 
 
 In English Ecclesiastical Law: An ancient officer of the church, now grown 
 out of use ; otherwise called bishop's dean {decanus episcopi). A kind of bishop's deputy, 
 appointed to inspect the conduct of the parochial clergy, .ind clothed with an inferior degree 
 of judicial and coercive authority. Spelman; i Bl. Com. 383. 
 
 Decanus in majori ecclesia. Dean of a cathedral church, presiding over ten canons or 
 prebendaries. Spelman. An ecclesiastical dignitary who presided over the chapter of a 
 cathedral, and is next in rank to the bishop. Co. Litt. 95 ; i Bl. Com. 382. DecanuS mon- 
 asticUS, — a monastic dean, or dean of a monastery; an officer over ten monks. Spelman. 
 Decanus et capitulum, — a dean and chapter. A spiritual corporation, being the council 
 of the bishop, to assist him with their advice in affairs of religion, and also in the temporal 
 concerns of his see. 3 Co. 75 ; Co. Litt. 103, 300 ; i Bl Com. 382. DecanUS friborgi,— 
 dean of a friborg; a tithing man. Du Cangc. DecanuS militaris, — a military officer 
 having command of ten soldiers. Spelman ; Calvin, Lex. Jurid. DeCanUS ruralis, — a 
 rural dean. = Decanus episcopi. 
 
 613 
 
Dec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dec. 
 
 Decedd, ere, 3, u. n. To go away, depart, withdraw. Preg. : To depart, to disappear. 
 Viz. , (a.) Of living beings: To decease, to die. (6.) Of inanimate things; 
 To depart, go off; to abate, subside, cease. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Decedere de vita, — to depart from life, to die. Decessit, — he 
 died. Marcianus, Dig. xl, 15, fr. i, § i . Intestatus decedit, — he dies intestate. Justinian. 
 Inst, iii, I pr. Si decesserit, — if he die. Paulus, Dig. li, 8, fr. 4; v. id. ib. iv, 8, fr. 26. 
 Vitd decessit, — he departed life, died. Papinian. Dig. xxxi, Ti, fr. i; Cod. ii, tit. 51; v. vii, 
 tit 21. Si Tilius ante ipsam vitd decessisset, — if Titius should die before her. Papinian. 
 Dig. xxxix, b, fr. ^2 pr. 
 
 Decern, mim. [Gr. SiHa..'\ Ten. Its sign X. is often used. 
 
 Decern primi; or in one word Decemprimi, Orum, m. The ten chief aldermen, in the 
 iiiunicipia and colonies (at a later period called decaproti, v. h. v.). Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 10 ; 
 ib. Rose. Am. ix, 25. Their dignity was termed Decetnprimatus, us, m. (also decafotia, 
 v. h. v.) Hermogenianus, Dig. L, 4, fr. i. 
 
 DECEM TIBICINES ADHIBETO, HOC PLUS NE FACITO. Lex XII. Tab, 'X.,fr. 8a. 
 Let ten flute players be employed in the funeral procession ; let no 
 more than this be done. Fathers Catrou and Rouille interpret the law: 
 " Let no more than ten players upon the flute be employed in celebrating the 
 obsequies." Tab. x, law 4, in Hooke's Rom. Hist. 
 
 Read Cicero, in respect to extravagant funerals, under Hoc plus ne facito, etc. Tab. 
 x,y>-. 2. V. Cicero, de Legg. ii, c. 23, § 59 ; ib, § is, fin. 
 
 Trumpets were used at the funerals of men and flutes at those of children. The Law XII. 
 limited the number to ten. Ed. Dube. ed. of Horace. 
 
 Decem tales. — L. Lat. Ten such, i. c. ten tales Jurors. Reg. Orig. "iob; 3 Bl. Com. 364 ; 
 3 Steph Com. 602. v. Tales de circumstantibus. 
 
 Decem-virales, c,adj. — -Lat. {decemviri. '\ Decemviral, of or belonging to the decem- 
 viri ; e. g. Decemvirdles leges, — the decemviral laws, i. e. of the Twelve Tables. LiVY, iii, 55, 
 56, 57 ; Gellius, XX, I, 3 et al. 
 
 The laws proposed by a Consul were called " Consulares." Cicero, Sestio. Ixiv. Bj' a Trib- 
 une, " Tribunitiae." CiCERO. By the Decemviri, "Decemvirales." LivY. 
 
 Decem-viri, crura, m. The ten men ; the decemviri or decemvirs {collegia of Roman 
 magistrates of various kinds). («.) Decemviri legibus scribundis, — composers of the Twelve 
 Tables, who ruled alone in j'ear of Rome 303 to 305. Tacitus, A. \,i; Cicero, Rep. ii, 36 
 sq. et al. v. Leges Quiriiium. (6.) Decemviri stlitibus {litibus) judicandis, — a standing tribu- 
 nal of ten judges (five being Senators and five Knights) appointed by Augustus to act as judges 
 in private causes which represented the Praetor. Pomponius, Dig. i, 2, fr. 2, g 29 ; Cicero, 
 Or. xlvi, 156; Hallifax, Anal. b. i, c. 8 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Anthon, Rom. Antiq. (c.) 
 Decemviri agris dividundis, — a college for dividing the lands. Cicero, Agr. i, 6 sq.; ii, 7 sq.; 
 LiVY, xxxi, 4 and 42. 
 
 Decenna, — L. Lat. [-\- decern, te-n.l A tithing or decennary; the precinct of a frank- 
 pledge, consisting of ten freeholders (decennarii) with their families, the head of which was 
 called chief-pledge. Bracion, fol. 124^/ 2 Co. Inst. 73. v. 1 Bl. Com. 114; i Reeve's Hist. 13. 
 V. Frank pledge and Friborg. 
 
 Decennalis. e, adj. [decem-annus.^ Of ten j'ears, decennial. 
 
 Decennalia, ium, «. A festival since the time of Augustus, celebrated every ten years. 
 Jnsc). Grut. 116,4. ^- Dccennis. 
 
 Decennalia et terennalis possessio. Possession for thirteen years. 
 
 DECENNALIS et trienndlis possessio -non tenetwr docere de tittilo. A possessor 
 {Sc. of a church benefice) for thirteen years is not bound to produce or 
 instruct as to his title. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 7, § 33. 
 
 Decennis, e, a(^'. Of ten years. (6.)Subst.: Decennia, mm, n.,i.q. decennalia. The 
 festival kept in the time of the emperors every ten years. Trebel. Gallien. 5 fin. 
 614 
 
Dec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dec. 
 
 Secennium, ii, «■ \decennis.'] [a.) A period of ten years. (6,) i. q. decennalia. 
 
 Deceptio, Onis,/. \deceptio, ere.] A deceiving, deception, deceit. Late Latin. Aug. 
 Civ. D. xxii, 22. According to decipio: An ensnaring, entrapping, beguiling, cheat- 
 ing. Plautus, Rud. iv, 7, g sq.; id. Poen. i, I, 5g et al. 
 
 In Modern Jurisprudence: A fraud, cheat, craft, collusion used to deceive and 
 defraud another. 
 
 DECEPTIS non decipientibus, jura subvenient. The laws succor or protect the 
 deceived, not the deceivers. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 36. 
 
 Deceptio Visus. A deceiving of sight. An ocular deception. An illusion practised on 
 the eye. 
 
 Deceptor, oris, m. [«V.] A deceiver. Sen. Thyest. 140. Deceptorious, a, urn, mij. 
 [jV.] Deceitful, deceptive. AvG. Ep. ad Macr. isc,, 2 Jin. 
 
 Deceptrix, icis,y. [deceptor.^ She \ha\. Aece\ves \ Jiemiciosdadulatio. I^XCT. Epit. bad fm. 
 
 Decern, \-\- decet-no, ere. J In Scotch Law: To decree; e.g. "Decemit and ordai- 
 nit." 1 Hozv. St. Trials, ()2T. "Decerns." Shaw's R. 16. 
 
 DecernO, ere, 3, v. a. and «. To decide, determine any thing disputed or doubtful ; to 
 decide, determine, judge. Prim., in the Latin of the Jurists and Publicists; 
 To pronounce a decision (respecting something); to decide, judge.determine.decree. Ulpian. 
 Dig. i, 4, I, § i; Cicero, Verr. ii, i, 46 ; ii, 2, 67 ; and so frequently. 
 
 Decessio, 5nis, /. \decedo.\ A going away, departure (opp. to a^rffjjjo). (6.) Withdrawal, 
 retirement. Cicero, /"jj. xxxvi, 89 ; id. Att.vi,$Jin. (c.) Pregn.. The decrease, dimi- 
 nution (or entire) disappearance of an object. Cicero, Univ. vi ; id. Div. ii, 15, 36 ; accessio 
 et decessio, Cels. iii, 3 ad Jin. 
 
 Decessor, oris, m. [decedo."] He who withdraws, retires. Hence, with reference to his 
 successor, a predecessor in office. Ulpianus, £>ig. i, 16, Jr. 4, § 4. 
 
 Decessns, fls, 7«. [deeedo.^ A going away, departure (opp. to «fff«!«). (6.) Withdrawal, 
 retirement. Cicero, /"^jY. ii, 28. (c.) Pregn : Decrease, disappearance, death. Cicero, 
 £ael. iii, 10 et a/. In the Jurists: Decease, death. ScAEVOLA, Zlz^j-. xxxiii, 2,/?-. 34 ; 
 Fleta, lib. iii, t. 9, § 5 ; u. 17, § i. Departure. 3 Salk. 123. 
 
 Decet, cuit, 2, V. inipers. It is seemly, comely, becoming. Hence also, it becomes, 
 behooves, is fitting, suitable, proper. Cicero, Or. xxii, 74; id. de Or. iii, 55, 210. 
 
 DECET enivi tantae viajestati eas servare leges, quibus ipse solutus esse videtur. 
 Paulus, Dig. xxxii, i, fr. 23. For it is becoming even to majesty to 
 observe those laws by which it seems to be itself preserved. 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone paraphrases this maxim : 
 
 DECET tamen principem servare leges, quibus ipse solutus est. Yet it is becom- 
 ing for the prince to observe the laws by which he himself is preserved ih 
 security, i Bl. Com. 239, citing Paulus, Dig. xxxii, \,fr. 23; Broom 6^ Had. 
 Com. i, 285. 
 
 Decidd, ere, 3, V. a. [caedo.] To cut off. Deciders verberibus. v. Dig. xlvii, ii, Jr. 2. 
 
 Trop. in Juridical Language; To decide a disputed matter (qs. to cut the 
 knot); to determine, settle, come to terms. Cicero, Verr. ii, 5, 45 ^»./ Ulpianus, Dig. v, 
 2, Jr. 29 ; id. ib. viii, 3, Jr. 24 ; Africanus, ib. xlvii, 2, Jr. 63. v. Paulus, ib. ix, 4, Jr. 22, 
 §4. To decide ; to determine judicially. Justinian. Cod. iii, 26, 5. 
 
 In old English Law: To decide ; to determine or put an end to. Bracton, fol. \b. 
 To fall or fall to ; to remain to ; to escheat. Bracton, fol. ?>^b. 
 
 DecieS (or deciens), ««««• \decem.'\ Ten times. Papinian. Dig. xxxv, i, Jr. 77, § 3. 
 
 Decies repetita placebit. It will continue to please, though ten times repeated. 
 Horace ; PFittes' R. 538 ; l Smith's L. C. [538] 674. </. Hacc placuit semel, etc. 
 
 Decies tantum,— L. Lat. Ten times as much. Reg. Orig. iSSiy F. A'. B. 171 ; Termes 
 de la Ley; 3 Reeve's Hist. 56. v. Plowd. 85. 
 
Dec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dec. 
 
 Decima ae,/. [decern, ten.] The tenth part ; tithe. A tithe, as a tax on landholders in 
 the provinces. Cicero, Ferr. ii, 3, 9. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: Decimae, — tenths. The tenth part of the annual profit of 
 the livings or ecclesiastical benefices, formerly claimed of the English clergy by the papal 
 see, and afterward inade a part of the royal revenue. I Bl. Com. 284-286 ; Broom (s' Had. 
 Com. i, 342. V. Tithes. 
 
 DECIMAE debentur parocho. Tithes are due to the parish priest. Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, tit. 10, § 11; Wharton's Law Lex. 
 DECIMAE de decematis solvi non debent. Tithes are not to be paid from that 
 which is given for tithes. Wharton's Law Lex. 
 DECIMAE de jure divino et canonica institutione pertinent ad personam. Tithes 
 belong to the parson by divine right and canonical institution. Dalison's 
 R. so. 
 
 Decimae garbales. Com tithes. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 10, § 13. 
 
 DECIMAE non debent solvi., ubi non est annua renovatio; et exannualis renovanti- 
 bus simul semel. Tithes ought not to be paid where there is not an annual 
 renovation, and from annual renovations once altogether. Cro. Jac. 42. 
 
 Decimae rectoriae. Parsonage tithes. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 10, § 13. 
 
 Decimatio, Onis,/. \decimo^ A selecting by lot of every tenth man for punishment; 
 decimation. 
 
 Among the Romans: The punishing every tenth soldier was called i/^cz/?^fl/z^ /^^"i7«2j. 
 If only the twentieth man, vicesimatio; or the hundredth, centesimatio . v. LiVY, ii, 59 fn.; 
 Suetonius, Galb. xii. 
 
 Decimus potestatem. We have given the power. 
 
 Decipimiir specie 7'ecti. We are deceived by the appearance of what is right or rec- 
 titude. " Fair appearances are necessary to the purposes of deception." 
 
 Decisio, onis,/. [decido.J A diminishing. Apji. de Mundo, p. 71, 4. (6.) A decision, 
 settlement, agreement. Cicero, Caecin. ^f^ fin.; id. Rose. Com.yii\\,ii,%; quaestionis,\}lx\KV(. 
 Dig. V, 3, fr. 25. 
 
 Declamatio, Snis, _/. [dectamo.] Exercise in oratorical delivery, exercise in speaking; 
 declamation. Quintilian, iv, 2, 29 ; ii, 10,4, 12; v, 12, 17 ; vii, 1,4 et saeji. Meton.,A 
 theme, subject for declamation ; called also causa. Quintilian, i, 2, 13 ; x, ::, 12 ; x, 5. 14. 
 
 In old English Law: Proclamation. iJraic/oK, fol. 355^. 
 
 Declamator, oris, m. [declamo.] One who practices set speaking ; a rhetorician ; 
 declaimer (different from orator. Quintilian, x, 2, 21). Cicero, Or. xv, 47 ; Quintilian, 
 iii, 8, 44, 51 ; v, 13, 42 et saef. 
 
 DECLARA hoc dictum: " Ubi nauta munere vehendi imparte sit fructus, 
 quia tunc pro parte itineris quo merces inventae sint vecturam deberi acquitas 
 suadet, et pro ea rata mercedis solutio fieri debet." Show forth this: " That 
 where the mariner having partly discharged his business of transporting the 
 goods, consequently for that part of the voyage to which the merchandise has 
 arrived, equity recommends that the freight should be paid, and for that part of 
 the merchandise payment ought to be made." 
 
 Declaratio, onis, /. [declaro.] A disclosure, exposition, declaration. Cicero, Earn. 
 ji, 5,2; XV, 21, 3. In pleading: =L. Lat., Narratio, and l^ax., Intentio or petitio, 1 
 Chitt. PI. 240, 262 sq.; Steph. PI. 29 ; 3 Bl. Com. 293. 
 
 DeCOCtor, oris, m. One who has squandered his own or another's property ; a spend- 
 thrift, bankrupt. Cicero, Phil, ii, 18 ; id. Cat. ii, 3; Catullus, xli, 4; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A bankrupt, a spendthrift. Decoctor pecuniae publicae, — a 
 squanderer of the public money. Justinian. Cod. x, 32, const. 40. v. i P. Wms. 249, in 
 rec. V. De coctoribus. 
 
 616 
 
Dec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dec. 
 
 DeCOUatiO. [+ "t, off. and collum, the neck. J A taking oif by the neck; a beheading. 
 = Gr. r paxrf^oKoitioc or >CEipaX-^i aitorofirj. 
 
 In old English and Scotch Law: The punishment of beheading ; decollation. 
 Fleta, lib. i, c. 21, § 6. Decollat', — beheaded. I Fitc. Crim. Tr, part i. p. 10. 
 
 DeCOUper, — L. Fr. To cut down ; to cut oflF. Dyer, 36. 
 
 Decreet. In Scotch Law: The final judgment or sentence of court by which the 
 question at issue between the parties is decided. Decreet absolvitor, — the decree acquit- 
 ting a defendant. 2 Kame's Eij. 367 ; l Forbes' Inst, iv, b. i, c. 2, tit. I, S5 3- Decreet arbi- 
 tral, — the award of arbitrators. I Kame's Eq §§ 12, 13 ; 2 id. 367 ; 3 Bell's Appeal Cases, 49. 
 The form of promulgating such award. Bell's Diet. Decreet COndemnator, — a decree 
 where the decision is in favor of the plaintiff. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 3, § 5. 
 
 De-COnSUetudO, inis, /. Disuse, disuetude. Theod. Cod. fragm. i, i, 5. 
 
 Decrementum, i, ?«• \decresco^ A decreasing, decrease. Gellius, iii, 10, 11. Decre- 
 menttllU luuae, — a decrease of the moon. Decrementum maris, — decrease of the sea ; 
 receding of the sea from the land. Callis on Sewers, [53] 65. 
 
 Decreta, Orum, «. [plur. -|- decretum, v. h. v.] Decrees, etc. ii. Decretum. 
 
 DECRETA conciliorum non ligant reges nostras. The decrees of councils bind 
 not our kings. Moore's Ji. (K. B.) 906. 
 TiQCX^\t2i\.Q q^<^^ praetor pro re natd implorantibus decrevit. A decretal which the Praetor 
 has decreed in entreatings according to the particular matter or case. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 865. 
 
 Decretales. [plur. of decrltalis, e.] Decretals. The title of the second of the two 
 great divisions of the Corpus Jut is Canonica. v. infra. 
 
 Decretalia. Decretals. Otherwise called : DecretaleS Gregoril noni,— Decretals of 
 Gregory the ninth. A collection of Canon Law, collated from the decretal rescripts, or 
 epistles of the popes, published by Pope Gregory IX. A. D. 1234 ; Hallifax, Anal. b. i, c. i; 
 I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 83, note ; Erskine's Inst, i, i, 28 ; Broom <2r= Had. Com. i, 83. 
 
 Decretales Bonifacii OCtavi. — L- Lat. Decretals of Boniface the VIII. v. Sextus 
 decretalium. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 83, note. 
 
 Decretalis, e, adj. \decemo.] Belonging to or depending on a decree, decretal. Decre- 
 talis bonorum possessio. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxviii, 9, /y. i, § 7. 
 
 Decretio, Onis, f. i. q. decretum. A decision, decree. 
 
 Decret5rius, a, um, adj. Belonging to a decision ; decisive (class.). 
 
 Decretum, i, »■ \_decerno^ A decree, sentence, decision, ordinance (of any political or 
 judicial body). CAESAR, .5. C. iii, 21, 3; Cic. Mur. \'i Jin. Transf., in Philos. Lang, 
 the Gr. Soy/ia, Principle, doctrine, precept. Cicero, Acad, ii, 9, 27 ; id. ib. § 29. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A species of imperial constitution, being a judgment or sentence 
 given by the emperor upon hearing of a cause, in his capacity of a judge. 
 
 Quodcunque ergo imperator per epistolam constituit, vel cognoscens decrevit, vel edicto praecepit, legem 
 esse constat. Haec sunt, quae co ns ti t u tiones appellantur. z/. Justinian. /«.f^. i, 2, § 6. 
 
 Therefore, whatever the emperor ordains by rescript, decree, or edict, is law. Such acts are called con- 
 stitutions. Ulpianus, Dig. i, 4,/r. i, § i ; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 41, % 50. Constitutio Principis est quod 
 Imperator deer e to , etc. Gaius, Inst, i, S 5. 
 
 In the Canon Law: An ecclesiastical law, in contradistinction to a secular law 
 {lex). I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 8i, § 93, Kaufman's note. 
 
 DECRETUM estsententia lata super legem. A decree is a sentence laid upon 
 the law. Wharton's Law Lex. 
 Decretum Gratiani.— Lat. Gratian's decree, or decretum. i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 81, 
 g 93, Kaufman's note ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 67 ; i Bl. Com. 82 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 83. 
 Decuria, ae,/. A division consisting of ten; a decuria, decade. In General: A 
 division, class. Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 32y?«. et al. 
 
 In English Law: A tithing or decennary, otherwise called decenna, decania, and 
 decinia. Spelman. 
 
 [78] ''' 
 
Dec] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ded. 
 
 Decurio, Onis, »». The head or chief of a decuria ; a decurion. 
 
 In Roman Polity: One of the chief men or senators in the provincial towns. The 
 decuriones, taken together, had the entire management of the internal affairs of their cities or 
 towns, with powers resembling in some degree those of our modern city councils, cf. Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. X, tit. ■n, ' de Decui ionibus, etc' ; Dig, L, tit. 2, ' de Decurionibus et Filiis eorum.' 
 POMPONIUS, L, 16, fr. 239 ; Ulpianus, ib. L, 2, fr. 2 sq. ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; I Science's 
 Eq.Jur. 54. 
 
 Decurionatus, fls, m. The office of a decurion. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 2, fr. 2 sq. 
 
 DeCUrSUS, lls, m. [decun-o, to run down, to flow, etc.] A running down, downward 
 course, descent, declivity; descent, inclination. With the accessory idea of 
 completion: A completed course ; end of a course (class.). 
 
 Decus, oris, n. Adornment, splendor, ornament, honor, dignity, glory. Every thing that 
 ornaments, adorns, embellishes, dignifies, honors (quite class.). (6.) Kar'i^ox^y, Virtue, 
 moral dignity, eminent worth. Cicero, freq. Decus et tutameu in armis, — an orna- 
 ment and means of protection, defense in war. Virgil, A, v, 262. 
 
 Dedeins, — L. Fr. Within. Dedeins la verge, — within the verge. Art. Sup. Cart. c. 2i. 
 Sedeius age, — within age. Britt. c. 34. Dedeyns age, — within age. Fet. Assevu, § 48. 
 
 Dedi, [+ do, dare, to give.] I have given, or granted. 
 
 The aptest word of feofment is, do or dedi, Co. Litt. g. Used in ancient charters of feof- 
 ment, and deeds of gift and grant. Bracton, fol. 'ii,b ; Fleta, lib. iii, u. 14, ^ 5 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 310-316; Co. Litt, 384*^ 4 Co, 81; 5 id, 17. 
 
 Dedi, COncessi, barganizava et feoffavi.— L- Lat. I have given, granted, bargained 
 and enfeoffed. I Leon, 58. Dedi et COncessi, — L- Lat. I have given and granted. 
 
 The emphatic and operative words of conveyance in ancient charters of feoffment, and 
 deeds of gift and grant. Co. Litt. yixb, 384 ; 2 Bl. Com. 53, 316, 317 ; i Steph. Com. 164, 177, 
 473i 474 ! Broo?n &• Had. Com, ii, 131, 143. 
 
 DEDI tibi pecuniam, ut mihi Stichum dares j utrum id contractus genus pro por- 
 tione emtionis et venditionis est, an nulla hie alia obligatio est, quam oh rem 
 dati re non secuta ? In quod proclivior sum j et idea, si mortuus est Stichus, repetere 
 possum, quod ideo tibi dedi, ut mihi Stichutn dares, Finge, alienum esse Stichum, 
 sed te tamen eum tradidisse ; repetere h te pecuniam potero, quia hominem accipientis 
 non feceris ; et rursus si tuus est Stichus, et pro evictione ejus promittere non vis, 
 non liberaberis, quominus d. te pecuniam repetere possim. Celsus, Dig. xii, 4, fr. 
 16. I gave you money that you might give me Stichus ; whether that kind of 
 contract is proportionally a contract of purchase and sale, is there no other obli- 
 gation here than on account of the gift, the thing not having been secured ? I 
 am more inclined to this ; and accordingly if Stichus died, I can demand back 
 what I gave you for him. Suppose there is another Stichus, but that you have 
 given him away ; I shall be able to reclaim the money from you because you 
 have not made a delivery of him ; and again if Stichus is your property and you 
 are unwilling to make a promise concerning his eviction, you will not be freed 
 from refunding the money to me. Cited in 2 Story on Contr. § 282. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Dedicatio, Onis, /. [dedico.'] Dedication, consecration: .^des, LlVY, ii, 27; theatri, 
 Pliny, vii, 48, 49; Suetonius, Claud. 21 ; patinae, ib. Vitell. 13 ; portis, ib. Calig. 32. 
 
 In Modern Jurisprudence: Appropriation to a certain use or uses ; appropria- 
 tion by the owner of private property to public use, either by a formal act on the part of the 
 dedicator, or by acis from which a legal presumption may arise ; e. g. of lands or easements 
 for the use of a public highway, street, square, landing, or other place for public use and 
 enjoyment. CoWEN, J., 20 Wend. R. 119-137 ; Verplanck, Senator, 22 Wend. R. 450, 472; 
 Crawford, J., 2 Wisconsin R. 193. cf. Cooley's note, 2 Bl. Com. 35, note (19). 
 
 Dedication may be made without particular form ; it may be made by parol and proved 
 by parol. 19 Barb. R. 428 ; 15 Illinois R. 236 ; 12 Georgia R. 239. It must be accepted 
 by or on behalf of the public to render it effective. 5 Taunt. 125 ; \\ M.&° W. Exch. 827 ; 
 5 B. &= Ad. 469 ; 2 Nev. &' M. 583 ; 23 Wend. (N. Y.) 103 ; t N. Y. R. (2 Seld. R.) 257 ; 2 
 Douglas (Mich.) R. 256. As to presumptions of dedication, cf. 17 Howard's (U. S.) R. 426, 
 
 618 
 
Ded.] JURIDICAL- GLOSSARY. [Ded. 
 
 435. User alone will establish a dedication. 19 Barb. R. 179; 1: Mete. (Mass.) 421; 26 
 Penn. St. 187 ; 3 Kent's Com. 451. On the subject, cf. 6 Peters' (U. S.) li. 431 ; 10 id. 662 ; 12 
 Wheaton's (U. S.) R. 582 ; 6 Hill's (N. Y.) R. 407 ; 14 Barb. R. 511 ; 12 Illinois R. 29; 9 
 Howard's (U. S.) jP. ID ; 3 Kent's Com. 450-452. 
 
 Dedicere, — L. Lat. To deny. Cro. Jac. i^'i. Dedicit, — he denies. Bracton. Dedicta, — 
 denied. Fleta. Dedictum, — denied. Fleta. 
 
 DedimUS et COUCessimUS, — L- Lat. We have given and granted. 
 
 Dedimus potestatem. — L. Lat. We have given power or authority. 
 
 In English Law: " A writ whereby a commission is given to a private man for the 
 speeding of some act appertaining to a judge." = Delegatio. Co-well; conf. i Bl. Com. 352; 
 3 id. 447 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 421. 
 
 In American Law: A commission to take testimony is sometimes termed a ato'zmz^j- 
 potestatem. "i, Jones' Law R. 118; 3 Crunch's R. 293 ; 4 Wheaton's R. 508. 
 
 Dedimus potestatem de attornato faciendo (reoipiendo).— L. Lat. We have given 
 
 the power of making (receiving) an attorney. Reg. Orig. 22, I23ii, 1401}, 151. 
 
 These instruments were termed letters-patent, and without them a party could not, 
 before the Statute of Westminster 2, 13 Edw. I. c. 10, appear in court by attorney. Gilb. 
 C. Pleas. 32 ; 3 Man. &= Cr. 184, note. 
 
 DEDISSE intelligendus est etiam is, qui perinutavit, vet compensavit. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 76. He is understood to have given, who has 
 exchanged, or compensated, i. e. offset or balanced. 
 
 Dedisse et COnceSSiSSe. — L. Lat. To have given and granted ; or [that I] have given 
 and granted . v. Dedi et concessi. 
 
 Operative words in charters of feoffment and deeds of grant; e.g., v. Omnibus Christi 
 Jidelibus ad quos praesentis, etc. Litt. § 372 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 91. 
 
 Dedit et concessit. — L. Lat. Hath given and granted ; e. g., v. Haec indentura, facta 
 inter R. de P. ex una parti, etc. Litt. § 371. Dedit locujn contractui, — has given the place of 
 the contract. I Story on Contr. § 646, n. I. 
 
 Dediticius or tills, a, um, a<^'. \A^ deditio.'\ Belonging to a surrender or capitulation; 
 and sub St., Dediticius, ii, m. One who has surrendered, capitulated, v. Gaivs, Inst, i, 
 §§ 12, 13 ; Ulpianus, Rules, i, §§ 5, II, 14. 
 
 Deditio, Snis, /. A giving of one's self up ; a surrender, capitulation (freq. in class, hist.). 
 
 Dedititii or Dediticii. — Lat. An inferior kind of freedmen {libertinorum) introduced by 
 the Lex Aelia Sentia. 
 
 According to a decree of the Lex Aelia. Sentia (A. U. C. 757), slaves who had suflFered an infamous punish- 
 ment were to be by manumission only dediticiorutn numero. cf. Gaius, Inst, i, §§ 13-15, 25-27; Justinian. 
 Insi. i, 5, § 3, and ct. Sandars. 
 
 Justinian disused and expressly abolished it. Inst, i, 5, § 3; iii, 8, § 4; Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. s; Heinecc. 
 Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. 1, c. s, § 109. The term seems also to have been applied to criminals who had been 
 marked in the face or on the body with fire or an iron so that the mark could not be erased, and if subsequently 
 manumitted they were called dedititii iaui in guoruTn facie vet corpore quocungue j'udicia, aut iffne, aui 
 ferro impressa sunt, ita ut deteti non possint. Hi si manumissi sunt, dedititii appellantur). v. Cat- 
 vini. Lex. Jurid. p. 265. 
 
 DEDITICIORUM numero sunt, qui poenae causa vincti sunt a domino, quibusve 
 stignata inscripta fuerunt, quive propter noxam torti nocentesque inventi sunt, 
 quive traditi sunt, ut ferro aut cum bestiis depugnareni, vel ob eam rem in ludum 
 vel custodiam conjecti fuerunt, deinde quoquo modo manumissi sunt. Jdqiie Lex 
 Aelia Sentia facit. Ulpianus, Regl. i, § ii. Those are in the category of 
 dediticii who have been put in chains by their masters as a punishment, or who 
 have been branded, or who have been tortured for a misdeed and found guihy, 
 or who have been given over to fight with the sword or against wild beasts, or 
 cast into a gladiatorial school, or into a prison for the like cause, and have after- 
 ward been manumitted by any form. And these rules the Lex Aelia Sentia 
 establishes, v. Gaius, Inst, i, § 13. 
 
 DeditUS a, um. Pa. Given up to, addicted, devoted to something ; eager, assiduous, 
 diligent (class, and freq. in Cicero). 
 
 619 
 
Ped.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Def. 
 
 Sedd, ere, idi, itum, 3, v. a. To give away, give up from one's self. With respect 
 to ad quevi . To give up any tiling to one; to surrender, deliver, consign, yield (frequently 
 and classically). 
 
 Deduc5, ere, xi, ctum, 3, v. a. To lead or bring away; also to lead, fetch, bring or 
 draw down (freq. and class.). Pub. Law t. i.: To lead forth, conduct ; e. g. a. colony to 
 a place (freq. and class.). J u r i d . t. i.. Deducere aliquam de /undo, — to lead away a per- 
 son from a disputed possession (in the presence of witnesses, etc.). Cicero, /^i? Tull. fragm. 
 § 20; id. Caecin. vii, 20. 
 
 Deducere. In English Law; To bring, etc. ; e. g. Deducere rem in judicium, — to 
 bring a thing into court, i. e. to make it the subject of judicial investigation. Bracton, fol. 
 2831^, 376, 431. (6.) To deduct, withdraw, subtract; e. g. Deducto acre alieno, — deducting 
 the money of another, i. e. deducting debts. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 24. 
 
 Deductio, Snis, y. \-\- dedtico.'\ A leading away, leading on; e. g. Deductio sf ansae in 
 doiiiutii marli, — a lending away of the bride in or to the house of married people. Pompon. 
 Vig. xxiii, 2, fr. 5. (6.) A putting out of possession, ejection, expulsion. Cicero, Caecin. 
 XX, 27. (c.) A deduction, diminution. Cicero, Div. in Caecil, x, 32 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 78. 
 {(I.) The setting off of what the creditor owes to the debtor, in order to lessen or extinguish 
 the debt. Gaius, Inst, iv, g§ 61-68. v. Compensatio. Trop., Argument. Cicero, r/e 
 Jnv. i, 14. 
 
 Deductor, oris, m. One who brings ; a bringer, bearer, etc. v. Deduco. 
 
 DeductUS debitis. Deducting the debts. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 9, § 28. 
 
 Dedure, Deduire. — L. Fr. [-\-Lat. deduco.'^ To bring. Dedust, Deduist, — brought. 
 Deduces, — brought. 
 
 Deed. See CAarta, or I'actum. Deed iudeuted. See Charta {ox Carta) indentata. Deed 
 poll. See Charta de una parte, or Factum simplex. 
 
 Defllcatio, — L. Lat. Deduction, abatement ; literally, a cutting off. 
 
 Defalta, — L. Lat. Default, omission, neglect, failure. ■}, Bl.Com. 2t)ii; 1 Tidd's Pr. ^(12. 
 
 Defaltam facere,— to make default. Bracton, fols. 3601^, 363, 386^. Defaltam sanare,— 
 
 to cure a default. Id. fols. 299^, 367^, 386^. 
 
 Defamatio. — L. Lat. [-{-de, from, and /ama, reputation.] The taking from one's good 
 reputation {de bond fam& aliqiiid detrahere). 
 
 The term imports the offense of injuring a person's reputation, fame or character, either by 
 scandalous words (slander) or writing (libel), v, ■}, Bl. Com. 123-126, and Cooley's 
 notes ; Heard, Lib. and Stand. § i. 
 
 Defamator. — L. Lat. A defamer. Famosus defatnator, — alibeler. 5 Co. 126. 
 
 DefamatUS, a, um, adj. Dishonored, infamous. Gellius, xviii, 3, 3 ; xiv, 2, 10. 
 
 Defectio, Onis, /. \deficio.'\ Defection, desertion, revolt (freq. and class.). (6.) A fail- 
 ing, failure, deficiencj', want, disappearance. Cicero, de Sen. ix, 2g. Trop., Want of 
 courage, despondency. Cicero, Alt. iii, 18. 
 
 1. DefectUS, a, um. Fa. \-\- dejtcia.l Weak, weakened, enfeebled (class.). 
 
 2. Defectus, fls, m. \d^cio.} (a.) Defection, revolt. (6.) A failing, failure, lack, dis- 
 appearance (freq. in Pliny). 
 
 In English Practice: Defect, deficiency, imperfection ; failure, default; want. 
 Defectum sanguinis , — defect, deficiency, failure of blood. Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 
 395. Defectus exitAs, — default of issue. Town's PI. 2-^. 
 
 Defectus jurisdictionis. A want of jurisdiction. 
 
 Defectus tenentis, A want of a tenant. Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, igg. 
 
 Defendaunt. — L. Fr. Defending ; the party defending ; the party against whom an action 
 (civil or criminal) was instituted. Britt. 
 
 Defendemus. — L- Lat- [+ defendo^ We will defend. 
 
 The term was used in connection with warrantizablmus. Bracton, io\. yjb ; Termes de la 
 Ley. The two words in English, " shall warrant and forever defend," are still used 
 in the warranty clause of deeds. Iitt. § 733. v. Warrantizabimus. 
 620 
 
Def.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Def. 
 
 Defendens tarn negligentur et improvide custodivit et carriavit. The defendant 
 so negligently and carelessly kept and carried (the goods). 
 
 Defender, re. — L. Fr. To deny. Brilt. To defend, to appear for a defendant. 
 
 In old statutes: To prohibit or forbid. Britt. To prevent. Z>_jvr, 33. To defend, 
 keep or protect. Britt. 
 
 Defendere. Pres. infin. Y-\- defendo, V. h. v.] To defend or deny. Defenders se 
 debet, in primus sic, omnem feloniam defendit, — he ought to defend himself in the first place 
 thus: he defends all the felony. Fleta. Defendere se fer corpus suum, — to defend him- 
 self by his own body ; to offer the duel or combat as a legal trial. Bracton, fol. 1331^. 
 Defendere unicd tnanu, — to defend with one hand. Defendit vim et injuriam, — he 
 defends the force and injury. Flela, lib. v, c. 39, § i. 
 
 Defendo, ere, 3, -j. a. To fend or ward off; to repel, avert, keep off. (6.) To defend, 
 guard, protect, (c.) O f speech; To defend, support, maintain ; to bring forward, allege 
 in defense (frequently in Cicero). 
 
 In Juridical Latin: To claim, vindicate or prosecute at law. Ulpianus, Dig.v, 
 3, fr. 7 ; id. ill. xxxviii, 2, fr. 14, § 7 ; Macer. ib. xlviii, 2, fr. 11. 
 
 Defensa. — L- Lat. A park or place fenced in for deer, and defended for a propert)-, and 
 peculiar for that purpose. Cowell. 
 
 Defense «« fond en droit. — L. Fr. A defense from the foundation or ground in 
 right. Called also defense en droit. A demurrer, cf. i Low. C 216 ; 2 id. 278. 
 
 Defense «« fond en fait. — L. Fr. A defense from the foundation or ground in 
 fact or deed. The general issue. 3 Low. C. 421. 
 
 Defensio, Onis, /. \-\- defendo.^ A defending, defense. In the Jurists: Legal 
 prosecution, punishment of a crime. DefensiO mortis,— punishment of death. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxix, i, fr. I. In old English Law: Defense. Bracton, fol. ixb. Defensio 
 contra sectam, — defense against the suit. Bracton, fol. 2goi5. Defensio jUris, — defense 
 of a right, v. Receptio anA Besceit. DefensioneS, — defenses. Bracton, io\. z^ib. In old 
 statutes: Prohibitions. Defensio rlpariae, — prohibition to use a river; exclusive 
 appropriation to the use of the king. Hale, de Jur. Mar. pars, i, c. 2. 
 
 Defensor, oris, comm. [id.] (a.) One who fends, wards, or keeps off; an averter. 
 Cicero, Mil. ii, 20, 58. (6.) A defender, protector. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, i, fr. 2 fn. 
 Defensor juris et liberiatis. CiCERO, Rab. perd. iv, 12. Defensor civitatis, ox plebis, or loci 
 (since 365, A. D.), — the title of a magistrate in the provincial cities. Theod. Cod. i, 11; 
 Nov. Major T. 5 ; Justinian. Cod. i, 55, 4 ; id, Nov. xv, 3, 2 ; 6, § i. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A defender; one who defends another in court. One who under- 
 took the defense of another's cause and assumed his responsibilities, (f. Qui alium defendit, 
 etc.) One who was chosen to prosecute or defend a certain cause. Charisius, Dig. 4, fr. 18. 
 In this sense the word is very general in its signification, including advocatus, patronatus, 
 procurator, etc. v. Calvini, Lex. Jutid. A municipal magistrate, having certain judicial 
 powers; e.g. Def ensor civitatis , v. h. t. A tutor or guardian. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 In old English Law: The party accused in an appeal ; the defender or defendant ; 
 Bracton, fol. 1411^. The party warranting another's title in a real action ; otherwise called 
 ■warrantus. Id. fol. 25715. 
 
 In the Canon Law: An officer having charge of the 'temporalities of a parish 
 church, {v. Guardianus ecciesiae) A provincial officer having charge of the patrimony of 
 the church. Spelman. The protector or advocate of a church {defensor ecclesiae). Spelman. 
 
 Defensor civitatis, or plebis, or loci.— Lat. Defender or protector of a city [or munici- 
 pality], or of the plebs, or of the place. 
 
 In the Roman E m p i re (after 365 A. D.) : Antofficer, magistrate in the provincial 
 cities, whose chief duty was to afford protection to the people against injustice, oppression 
 on the part of the governor, the insolence of the subaltern officers, and the rapacity of the 
 money-lenders; he was likewise endowed with a subordinate civil jurisdiction. Theod. 
 Cod. i, II ; Justinian. Cod. i, 55, const. 4; id. Nov. xv. He had the care of the public rec- 
 ords, and powers similar to those of a notary in regard to the execution of wills and convey- 
 ances. V. Nov. -AW, per tot. He had the powers of a judge, with jurisdiction of pecuniary 
 causes to a limited amount, and the lighter species of offenses. Justinian. Cod. \, 15, const. 
 I ; Nov. XV, 3, 2 ; xv, 6, I. cf. Savigny's Gescli. Rom. Rechts. P. i, p. 88 sq.; Schmidt's Civ. 
 Law, Introd. 16. cf. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 621 
 
Def.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Def. 
 
 Defensor Fidei. Defender of tlie Faith. 
 
 A peculiar title anciently given to the king of England by the pope. It was first given by 
 Leo X. to King Henry VIII. for writing against Martin Luther in behalf of the Church of 
 Rome. Stow's Annals, p. 863. Catholicus was applied to the king of Spain, and Christian- 
 issimus to the French king. 
 
 Defensum, — L. Lat. An inclosure, or any fenced ground. 2 Man. Angl. 114 ; 3 id. 306. 
 Rationabilia defensa, — reasonable defenses. Fleta. Defense, in the sense of prohibition ; 
 a state of prohibition, or in which the use of a thing is prohibited by law. Stat. Westm. ii, 
 c. 47. V. In defenso. 
 
 D'^Y\Q,Y&WYYt probatione, remanet reus ut erat antequam conveniretur. Defici- 
 ent in proof, the defendant remains [stands] as he was before he was pro- 
 ceeded against, summoned or sued. Gilbert, Corp. Jur. Canon. Prolegom. Pars. 
 Post. tit. 7, cap. 2, § II ; No. 7 ; i Best on Evid. [366] § 267. 
 Actori incumbit onus probandi. 4 Co, "jib, 
 
 DEFICIENTE uno sanguine non potest esse haeres. Deficient in one blood he 
 cannot be an heir. One blood being wanted he cannot be the heir. 3 Co. 
 41 ; Grounds and Rudiments of Law ; Wingate's Max. 67, § i. 
 
 Defiuio, 5re, Ivi, itum, 4 v. u. [-\- de, and finire, -\- finis, a bound or limit.] To bound 
 off, set bounds to ; to limit, terminate, define (freq. in Cicero). Trop. ; (a.) To desig- 
 nate by limiting; to define, determine; to explain. Cicero, Sest. xlv, g7. To declare. 
 Unum hoc definio, — this only I declare. Cicero, Rep. i, 1, fin. To determine, decide. 
 Definitum est, — it is determined, decided. Plautus, Cist, ii, i, 43. (6.) To limit within 
 certain bounds ; to restrict, confine. Cicero, de Or. iii, 3 et al. 
 
 In the Jurists: To lay down a rule {^pro regula aliquid statuere). Celsus, Dig. 
 xxxiv, '],fr. 1 pr. 
 
 DefinitUS, a, um. Pa. Definite, distinct, precise ; plain, perspicuous. Definitum est 
 quod, etc., — it is plain, definite, perspicuous, that, etc. Cicero, Top. 21. 
 
 Definitio, onis, /. \definio^ A bounding oflf, a boundarj'. (6.) A limiting, prescribing, 
 defining, explaining (freq. and class.). Cicero, Top. v, 26. w. Infra. 
 
 In the Jurists: A definition, explanation, exposition. Cicero, Z'z'i'. ii, 54. Read: 
 De7iique ilia def initio Judiciorum aequorutn, etc. Cicero, ^n? Cluent. ii, ^ fin. 
 
 The establishment of a general rule. A general rule or canon of law. Calvini, Lex. Jurid, 
 
 One great and principal use of a good definition is this; that it may be considered as a 
 whole doctrine in epitome. Taylor's Civ. Law, 531. Omnis definitio injure civili 
 periculosa est ; parum est enim ut non subverti possit. Javolenus, Dig. L, 17, fr, 202. 
 
 A detinition oug^ht to contain an enumeration of the essential ideas of which a compound idea is formed, to 
 ascertain and explain its nature ; that which denotes and points out the substance of a thing, v. Ayliffe, 
 Pand. 59. 
 
 DEFINITIO est earum rerum, quae sunt ejus rei propriae, quam definire volumus, brevis et 
 circumscripta quaedam explicatio. Cicero, de Or. i, 42, i8g. A definition is a short and pre- 
 cise specification of whatever properly belongs to the things which we would define. 
 ■u. Cicero, Or. xxxiii, 116. 
 
 DEFINITIO est oratio, quae id, quod definitur, explicat quid sit. Definitionem autem duo 
 genera prima : ununi earum reruvi, quae sunt ; alterum earum, quae intelliguntur. Esse ea 
 dico, quae cemi tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, siillicidium, mancipium, pecudem, 
 supellectilem, penus, caetera ; quo ex genere quaedam interdum nobis definienda sunt. Non esse 
 rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cemi tamen animo atque inielligi possunt, 
 ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, si gentem, si agnotem definias, quarum rerum nullum subest quasi 
 corpus, est tamen quaedam confirmatio insignita et impressa in intelligentia, quam notionevi voce. 
 Ea saepe in argumentando definitione explicanda est. Cicero, Top. v, §§ 26, 27. Defini- 
 tion is a speech which explains that which is defined. But of definitions there are two 
 principal kinds : one of things which exist, the other of those things which are understood. 
 The things which I call existing are those which can be seen or touched, as a farm, a house, 
 a wall, a gutter, a slave, an ox, furniture, provisions, and so on ; of which kind of things 
 622 
 
Def,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Def. 
 
 some require at times to be defined by us. Those things, again, I say have no existence, 
 which are incapable of being touched or proved, but which can be perceived by the mind and 
 understood ; as if you were to define usucaption, guardianship, nationality or relationship, 
 all things which have no body, but which nevertheless have a certain conformation plainly 
 marked out and impressed upon the mind, which I call the notion of them. They often 
 require to be explained by definition while we are are arguing about them. 
 
 Defiuitivus, a, um, adj. \definio!\ Definitive, explanatory. Causa. Cicero, Top. 24 
 fin. Constitutio. CiCERO, Inv. ii, 17. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: Definitiva sententia, — a definitive, decisive sen- 
 tence ; the final judgment. Justinian. Cod. vii, 45, 3 ; vii, 64, 10 ei al. 
 
 DEFINITIVA sententia quae condemnationem vel absolutionem non continef, pro 
 justa non habetur. A definitive sentence or final judgment which contains 
 no condemnation or absolution, is not held as just. 3 Robt. 615, 6i8. 
 DeflUltor, oris, m. \definio.'\ One who determines, settles appoints. 
 Deforciameutlllll, — L. Lat. A keeping out by force or wrong. 
 
 In English Law: A wrongful withholding of lands or tenements to which another 
 person hath a right. Co. Litt. 2Tj. Hence it includes as well an abatement, an intrusion, a 
 disseisin, or a discontinuance, as any other species of wrong whatever, whereby he that hath 
 right to the freehold is kept out of possession. 3 Bl. Com. 172, 173. 
 
 Deforcians, Defortians. — L- Lat. A deforciant; a. deforciator {m. v.). 
 
 Deforciare, — L. Lat. (or Def ortiari, Vefomare). To deforce. 
 
 In old English Law: To withhold lands or tenements from the right owner. 
 Bracton, fol. 238 sq.; Fleta, lib. v, c. 11. To deforce another, or keep him out of his free- 
 hold. Termes de la Ley. Lord CoKE called it a word of art, which cannot be expressed 
 by any other word. Co. Litt. 331^. Deforciat, De/orceat, — he deforces. Bracton. fol. 372^. 
 
 Deforciatio. — L. Lat. In English Law: A distress, distraint, or seizure of goods 
 for satisfaction of a lawful debt. Cowell ; Paroch. Antiq. 
 
 Deforciator. — L. Lat. A deforcer. ^'L.Yr. Def orceour. One who deforces another or 
 keeps him out of his freehold. Termes de la Ley ; Stat. Marlb. c. 7. 
 
 DEFORME est de seipso praedicdre, falso praesertim. It is unseemly to talk of oneself, and 
 more especially to state falsehoods. Cicero. 
 
 Deformis, e, adj. Departing (either physically or morally) from the right shape, quality, 
 etc. ; misshapen, deformed, ugly, odious, disgusting (freq. and class.). 
 
 Deformitas, atis, f. \deformis!\ Deformity (physical or moral), ugliness. CiCERO, Off. 
 iii, 29, 105 i'/ n/. Deformatio, onis, /. A deforming, disfiguring, defacing. Livy, ix, 5 yf;;. 
 
 Defraudatio, onis, /. [+ defraudoi] A defrauding, diminution. Tertullian, Anim. 
 43. Defraudator, oris, m. \id.'\ He who defrauds ; a defrauder. Gaius, Inst, iv, 65. 
 Defraudatrix, icis, /. \defraudator.'] She who defrauds. 
 
 Defraudd Sre, avi, ation, I, V. a. To defraud, overreach, cheat (freq. in Plautus and 
 Cicero). 
 
 Defunctio, Onis, /. \defungor.'] (a.) Execution, performance. (6.) Death. 
 
 1. DefunctUS a, um. Part. [-[- defungor.'] =mortuus. Deceased, defunct. Ovid, 
 Am. i, 8, 108 ; QuiNTlLIAN, iv, I, 28 ; v, 14, 15 ; xii, 10, 61 ei al. 
 
 2. Defunctus, us, m. [id.} Death, deceased ; a deceased person. 
 
 In the Jurists: Deceased, a deceased person. Dig. xl, tit. 15; Justinian. Cod. 
 vii, tit. 21. Dicitum quia vitd defunctus est, — he is so called because he is deceased from 
 life. ». Paulus, Dig. xxix, i,fr. ifi pr. 
 
 In old English Law: Defunct, deceased ; a deceased person ; the deceased ; <r. ^., 
 V. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 57, § 10 ; c. 62, § 11 ; Mag. Cart. 9 Hen. III. c. 18. 
 
 De-funffOr, functus, 3, v. dep. To have done with, to acquit ones self of, to discharge an 
 affair or obligation ; to perform, finish (quite class.). (6,) Defunctus jam j-am,— now I am 
 quit, i. e. safe, out of danger. Terentius, Eun. prol. 15; id. Ad. iii, 4, 63 et al. (c.) To 
 depart, die. Quintilian, v, 5, 2 ; Tacitus, A, xv, 22 fin.; Suetonius, Aug. 99. Hence 
 defunctus = mortuus, — deceased, defunct, v. Supra. 
 
Def.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dei. 
 
 Defustare. — L- Lat. To beat with a club or stick. Spelman. , 
 
 De-gener, is, adj. .[^enus.] That departs from its race or kind : degenerate, not genu- 
 ine (freq.). Transf.: Morally degenerate, ignoble, base. Tacitvs, A. vi, 42 eisae/t. 
 
 Degeneres animos timor arguit, — Virgil, Aen. iv, 13. 
 Fear argues a degenerate mind. 
 
 " Fear ever argues a degenerate kind : 
 His birth is well asserted by his mind,'' — Mr. John Dryden. 
 
 Degradatio, Onis, m. \_-\-de, and gradus, rank.] Deprivation of rank or dignity; a 
 reducing from a higher to a lower rank or degree. 
 
 In English Law: The depriving a peer of his nobility, a knight or a baron of his dignity. 13 Car. ii, 
 u. 16 ; Bracion^ fol. 123^ / i Bl. Covt. .J02 ; Broom df Had. Com. 1, 485. 
 
 In Canon Law; An ecclesiastical censure, whereby a clergyman is divested of his holy orders and 
 ecclesiastical distinctions. Id. ib. 
 
 In Canon Law: There are two sorts of degradation: one summary, by word only; the other 
 solemn, by stripping the party degraded of those ornaments and rights which are the ensigns ot his degree. 
 
 Degradation is synonymous with deposition; but the canonists have distinguished between those 
 terms, deeming the former as the greater punishment of the two. 
 
 De-hinc, adv. From this place forth ; from here, hence, (a.) With respect to the 
 term h quo : From this time forth, henceforth, henceforward (in the future, opp. to ab-hinc, 
 from this time backward). Referring to apoint of time in the past: Thence 
 forward, since then. (6.) Without respect to the term ct quo; pointing to a future 
 time: Hereupon, afterward, next, then. 
 
 De-h.ors. — L. Fr. Without, out of, foreign to, irrelevant, unconnected with. " De-hors 
 the record, i. e. foreign to the record. 2 Bl. Com. 387 ; 3 id. 387 ; 4 id. 390. 
 
 Dei gratid. — Lat. Motto. By the grace of God. 
 
 Dei judicium. The judgment of God. v. Judicium Dei. 
 
 Dei providentia mundum administrat. The providence of God rules the 
 world. Otherwise quoted Dei providentia mundus administratur, — the world is ruled by 
 the providence of God. Cicero. 
 
 Dein-Ceps, adj. and adv. (a.) Adj. (gen. deincipis). Following thereafter, next follow- 
 ing. Festus, 54, 56. (6.) Adv. In a constant series; One after the other, succes- 
 sively, (a.) In time: Constantly, continuously. Var. .ff. .ff. iii, 9, 2. (/3.) In order: 
 Continuously, further on. Var. R. R. iii, 8, i. 
 
 Delude, adv. {de-inde."] Thereafter, thereupon. In time: Thereafter, afterward, 
 then (so freq. in all periods and kinds of writing). In an enumeration or succes- 
 sion (of facts or arguments) : Afterward, next in order, then. 
 
 DEINDE haec sententia non facili ad praxin transf erri potest, uti incommoda 
 testari volentibus, qui si habeant bond sita in diversis regionibus, quae, quod ad 
 testamenti solenitates atttjief, diversis moribus reguntur, non possunt secundum hanc 
 sententiam uno testamento defungi, sed si nolint pro parte intestati decedere,- congun- 
 tur contra juris rationem plura testamenta exarare; singula scilicet juxta consuetu- 
 dinem cujusque regionis, vel in uno testamento sequi consuetudines plurium locorum, 
 et actum per se individuum huic, et illi loco diver simodi impartiri. Sandius, Decis. 
 Frisic. lib. iv, tit. i, def. 14. Then this opinion cannot be easily transferred to 
 practice, as in the case of those who wish to will property in different countries, 
 who, if they have property situated in different countries, which, as far as con- 
 cerns the solemnities of a will, are governed by different rules, cannot, after this 
 opinion, make use of one will, but if they are unwilling to die partly intestate, 
 are compelled against the reason of the law, to make several wills, each accord- 
 ing to the custom of each country, or in the one will to follow the laws of several 
 places and in different ways for this and that place divide up an act in itself 
 indivisible. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 437. [F. J. M.] 
 
 624 
 
Dei.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dej. 
 
 DEINDE homines sapientes et ex veicre ilia disciplina judiciorum, qui neque absolvere homi- 
 nein nocentissimuin possent neque eum, de quo esseti orla suspitio, pecunia oppugnatum, ve ilia 
 incognita primo condemnare vellent, Non liquere dixerunt. ClCERO, /ra Cluentio, xxviii, § 76. 
 Then some of the judges, wise men, trained in the old fashioned principles of the ancient 
 tribunals, as they could not acquit a most guilty man, and yet, as they did not like at once 
 to condemn a man, in whose case there appeared reason to suspect that bribery had been 
 employed against him, before they were able to ascertain the truth of this suspicion, gave as 
 their decision, ■ Not proven.' v. Non liquet, v. 'Not proven.' 
 
 DEINDE ipse etiam trassans obligatur turn remittenti., turn praesenianti, vel ejus- 
 dem indossatario, ad restituendam pecuniam, praestandamque indemnitatem, si 
 cambium vel acceptatem non sit, vel non salutum ; quamvis utroque casu interposita 
 protestatione opus sit, qua neglecta, obligatio ista omnino exspirat. Heineccius, 
 de Camb. cap. 6, § 4. Then the drawer himself even is bound as well to the 
 payee as the presenter, or the indorser of the same, to restore the money and 
 secure the indemnity, that is indemnify him if the bill be not accepted or paid ; 
 although in both cases there is need of a protest, which being neglected, that 
 obligation wholly ceases, becomes entirely extinct. Cited in Story on Bills of 
 Exch. § 1 14. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Deins, Deinz, Deynz, DedenS, Dans.— L- Fr. Within. Deins a^^,— within age, i. c. 
 under age. Litt. ^ 406. Deins le quater meres , — within the four seas. Stat. Westm. I. c. 44. 
 
 Dejecter, — L- Fr. [-|- Lat. dejicere^ To cast oiT, out, away; to throw down. 
 
 DejectiO, Onis, /. [+ dejicio.'\ A throwing or casting down. A turning or throwing out 
 of possession. Cicero, Co^aw. xx, 57. Trop.. Degradation. Modestinus, Zlaj. xlix, 
 if), fr. 3. Dejectio animi, — timidity, fear. Seneca, Q. N. ii, 59. 
 
 Dejector, oris, m. \id.'\ One who throws or casts down or out. Ulpianus, Dig. ix, 3, 
 f^- 5. § 4- '"■ Ejectio. 
 
 DeilciO, ere, jecl, jectum, 3, v. a. To throw or cast down ; to hurl down, precipitate 
 (freq. and class.), (a.) To force to leap down ; to drive down ; to tear down j to cast into ; 
 to throw into. (6.) In particular Military /. t.: To drive out, dislodge, etc. 
 C^SAR, B. G. vii, 28 et al. 
 
 I.n the Jurists: To drive out ; turn out of possession ; to eject or cast out. Cicero, 
 Caec. xiii et al. To dispossess or deprive of possession. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16, fr. i. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, § 6. 
 
 In English Law: The word is synonymous with ejicio, ejicere, Bracton, fol. 166, 
 ibtb ; Fleta, iv, c. 2. v. Ejicio, Ejicere. 
 
 D'Ej]ICYT , et qui mandat. Ulpianus, Z^z^f. L, 17, /r. 152, § i. He casts out — 
 ejects — who orders or commands it to be done. 
 
 DEJICITUR is, qui possidit, sive civilitur, sive naturaliter possideat j nam et 
 naturalis t>ossessio [et pro suo\ ad hoc interdictum [de Vi et de Vi armata\ 
 pertinet. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 16,//-. i, § 9. He is ejected or driven out who 
 is in possession whether he is so, civilly or naturally, for natural possession also 
 belongs to this interdict. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Ait Praetor : 
 
 DEJECISTI, aut familia [tua] dej ecit ; merito familiae mentio habita, 
 nam quum dejecisti verbum refertur ad personam ejus, qui dejecit, nee 
 
 pertineat ad eum, cujus familia dejecit ne: enim ego videor dejecisse, si fanidta 
 
 mea dejecerit, — consequens fuit adder e, aut f amili a tua dejecit. Ulpi- 
 anus, Dig. xliii, 16, /r. I, § ir. The Praetor says: Either you have 
 ejected or y ou r family has ej ecte d ; rightful mention of the family 
 [79] '^^5 
 
Dej.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Del. 
 
 is made, for although the word dejecisti is referred to the person of him who put 
 one out of the possession, and does not pertain to him whose family drove one 
 out — for I do not appear to have ejected one if my family did so — it follows 
 that it should be added, or your family ejected. [F. J. M.] 
 
 DEJECISSE autetn etiam is videtur, qui mandavit vel jussit, ut aliquis dejecere- 
 tur J parvi enim referre visum est, suis manibus quis dejiciat, an vera per 
 alium. Quare et si familia mea ex voluntate mea dejecerit, ego videor dejecisse. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, i6, fr. i, § 12. He also appears to have ejected who 
 commands or orders one to be put out of possession ; for it seemed to amount 
 to little who cast out — ejected — with his own hands or by others. Wherefore 
 also if my family drive one out of possession according to my will, I appear to 
 have driven him out of possession. [F. J. M.] 
 
 DejectuS, a, um, Pa. \dejicio.\ Sunk down, low. (6.) Cast down, dejected, dispirited. 
 QuiNTiLiAN, ix, 4, 138. (c.) Oppressed, distressed. Julian. Dig. xiv, 2, fr. 6. 
 
 In the Jurists; Ejected. Ulpianus, Dig. xlii, id, fr. i ; Brac/on and Fleta, supra. 
 
 Sejuratio, Onis, y. \dejuro^ An oath. Tertullian, Poenit. 4. 
 
 DejuriuHl, ii, "• An oath. Dejurio vincti, — bound by an oath. Gellius, vi, 18, 8. 
 
 De-juro, are, i, v. n. To talce an oath, to swear (freq. and class.). 
 
 Del bien estre- — L Fr. = L. Lat. De bene esse. (q. v.) Of well-being ; to be of good 
 form. Britt. t. 39. 
 
 Del COnsail. — L. Fr. Of counsel. Yearb. P. 11 Hen. VI. i. 
 
 Del credere. — Ital. Of belief, trust or warranty. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: K del credere commission is " the premium or price given by 
 the principal to the factor for a guaranty." Per Lord Ellenborough, 4 jT/. 6^ 5. 566 ; 
 Wharton on Agency, § 784, and cases in note 2 ; Story on Agency, §§ 33, 112, 215. The term 
 denotes the agreement that, in consideration of a larger commission or premium, the agent 
 or factor guarantees the payment of the price for which he shall sell the goods of his princi- 
 pal, on credit ; the agent or factor engages to insure, warrant or guarantee to his principal 
 the solvency of the purchaser. Hence a del credere factor or agent is a surety to his principal. 
 I Parsons on Contr. 91 sq, ; Story on Agency, § 33, note, 112, 215, 234, 328, 342, 446, note 4 
 fin. V. I Story on Contr, § 455 ; Paley on Agency, 41 ; 2 Kent'*s Com, 625, and note. The 
 additional commission thus given is called a del credere commission ; and this extra commis- 
 sion is the consideration for the extra risk incurred by the factor, who thus becomes surety 
 or guarantor. 6 Bro. P. C. 287 ; 2 Steph. Com. 128 ; Wharton on Agency, §§ 784, 785, and 
 cases there cited. But the factor becomes liable only in case of the default of the purchaser. 
 Story on Agency, 33, and note; 2 Kent's Com, 625, and nqte. A del credere guarantee is not 
 within the statute of frauds, ai L. T. N. S. 672. v. L. R. 5 Ex. 169 ; Wharton on Agency, 
 % 786. V. I Story on Contr. § 455. 
 
 DEL temps dount memory ne court. — L. Fr. From time whereof the memory runneth 
 not. Britt, c. 86. = A tempore cujus contrarii memoria non existit. 
 
 DELATA hereditas intelligiiur, quam quis possit adeundo consequi. Terentius 
 Clemens, Dig. L, 16, fr. 151. An inheritance deferred (or dependent 
 upon a circumstance in the future) is understood in the manner that any thing 
 can be followed in going. 
 
 To understand the sense of delata hereditas we must observe that an acquired right \sjus praesens. Every 
 right which is expected to be acquired, but not completely acquired, m jus /uiurum ; and this is jus 
 delatuTn when the acquisition depends only on the will of the acquirer, etc. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 183 (d): 
 § 191, ed. 1883 by Dropsie. -u. Jus detaiujn. 
 
 Delatio, Snis, f. \defero.\ An accusation, denunciation. Cicero, Div. in Caecil. xx ; 
 id. Cluent. viii, 25. An information. Du Cange ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Delatorius, a, um, adj. \delator.'\ Of or belonging to an informer. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xii, 2, fr. 6 et al. 
 
 Delator, oris, m. [defero^ An accuser, informer, denouncer. Quintilian, ix, 2, 74. 
 
 Sic delatores genus hominum pubtico exitio repertum, ei poenis quidevt numquatn satis coerciiunt, per 
 pyaemia eliciehaniur. Thus the informers, o. description of men called into existence to prey upon the 
 
 626 
 
Del.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Del. 
 
 vitals of society, and never sufficiently restrained even by penalties, were now encouraged to action by 
 rewards. Tacitus, ..4 ««. iv, c. 30 y?w. 
 Tacitus here refers to the informers, who swarmed and flourished in Imperial Rome. A. U. C. 777. 
 
 Delattira, ae, /. \defero.'\ An accusation, information. Tert. adv. Marc, v, 18 ad Jin. 
 
 In old English Law; The reward of an informer. LL. Hen. I. c. 46; Winshaw. 
 
 Delectatlo, Onis, /. \delecto.\ A delighting, delight, pleasure, amusement. 
 
 DELECT A TIO voluptas suavitaie anditus animum deleniens ; et qualis est haec aurium, 
 tales sunt oculorum et tactionum et odorationum et saporum, quae sunt omnes unius generis, ad 
 perfundenduni animum iamguam illiquerens insolentius. CiCERO, Tusc. iv, 9, 20. Delight 
 is a pleasure that sooths the mind by agreeable impressions on the ear; and what is said of 
 the ear may be applied to the sight, to the touch, smell and taste. All feelings of this kind 
 are a sort of melting pleasure that dissolves the mind. 
 
 DelectO, 5-re, I, r. intens. u. To allure from the right path; to entice away, to seduce. 
 Me ton. [effectus pro causa): To delight, sc. by attracting, alluring; to please, amuse 
 (freq. in all kinds of comp.). 
 
 Delectus, fls, ?«. [deligo, to choose out, to select.] A choosing, picking out, a selecting; 
 a selection, choice, distinction (freq. and class.). 
 
 Delectus faiuiliae. The choice of a family. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 86. 
 
 Delectus personae. The choice of a person, i. e. as an associate. 
 
 An election or choice of the person who becomes tenant, implied in all leases. Erskine's 
 Inst, ii, tit. 6, § 31 ; Bell's Diet. 
 
 In the Law of Partnership: The term denotes the right of a partner to choose 
 or determine what person shall be introduced into the firm as a new partner. 3 Kent's Com. 
 55 ; 7 Pick. (Mass.) 237 ; I Parsons on Contr. 154, 155 ; Story on Partn. ^ 5, 195, 307, 318 ; 
 Collyer on Partn. §§ 8, 10, 113. In the plural, Delectus personarum. 
 
 Delegare, pres. infin. -\- delego, v. h. v. 
 
 DELEGARE est vice sud alium reum dare cr editor i, vel cui jusserit. § i. Fit 
 autem delegatio vel per stipulationem, vel per litis contestationem. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlvi, 2, fr. \\ pr. § i. 'To delegate' means to give to the creditor, 
 or to whom he shall have ordered, another debtor [or person responsible], in 
 place of one's own self [as debtor]. § i. A delegation, however, is made or con- 
 stituted, either by a stipulation or by bringing of a suit at law. Pufendorf, de 
 Jur. Nat. et Gent, v, c. ii, § 13, note 4. v. Delegatio. 
 
 DELEGATA potestas iion potest delegari. A delegate's power cannot be dele- 
 gated. 2 Co. Inst. 597 ; 2 Ves. Ch. 645 ; 2 Atk. Ch. 88 ; Broom's Max. 
 806 ; s Sing. N. C. 310; 7 C. B. N. S. 496, 498 ; 11 How. (U. S.) R. 233 ; 
 Story on Agency, §13)2 Smith's L. C. [288] 316 ; Broom on C. L. 425, note (/) ; 
 3 Kent's Com. 457 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 531. 
 
 The rule is also stated: Delegatus non potest delegare. 9 Co. 77; Broom's 
 Max. 807-809, and cases. Vicarius non habet vicarium. i Bl. Com. 390; Branch's Max. 
 38 ; Broom's Max. 806. But an authority may be delegated to another when the attorney has 
 express power to do so. Bunby, Exch. 166 ; T. Jones, no. cf. Story on Agency, |§ 13, 14. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Procuratorem alium procuratorem facere non posse. Macer. 
 Dig. xlix, I, Jr. 4, § 5. 
 
 Delegatio Onis, /. \delegoP^ An assignment of a debt ; a delegation. Cicero, Att. iii ; 
 Seneca, Ben.-v'x, 5. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 538, ed. 1883. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A method of no vat i on by the transfer of an obligation from 
 one to another by a method called delegatio, by which, without alteration of the obligation, a 
 third party was accepted by the creditor in place of his original debtor. In this method 
 three parties were necessary, viz.: I. The original debtor (the party delegating). 
 2. The new debtor (the party delegated), who enters into an obligation, in place of the 
 old debtor, either to the creditor or some one appointed by him ; and 3. The creditor, 
 who by the acceptance of the new debtor, discharged the old one. Proof of consent on the 
 part of the creditor to accept the substitution, and an agreement by stipulation on the part 
 of the new debtor to accept the obligation imposed on him constituted the case. Paulus, 
 
 627 
 
Del.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Del. 
 
 Dig. xlvi, fr. ii, 22 ; Pothier on Obligations (by Evans), part iii, c. 2, art. 6, § i sq. For 
 further information, cf. Erskine's Inst. b. iii, tit. 4, § 22 ; Burgs on Suretyship, 173 ; 20 Johns. 
 R.-jd; 1 Wend. R. 164 ; 3 id. 66; 14 id. 116 ; 11 Serg. &■ R. (Penn.) 179 ; [/. S. Dig. 
 
 DELEGATIO debiti, nisi consentiente, et stipulanti promittente debitore, jure per- 
 fici non potest. Nominis autem venditio et ignorante vel invito eo, adversus 
 quern actiones mandatur, contrahi solet. Justinian. Cod. viii, 42, const, i. A 
 delegation or transfer of a debt, unless with the consent of the creditor, and he 
 (the debtor) making a promise to the stipulator, cannot lawfully be performed. 
 But the sale of a bond or debt, although he, against whom the rights of actions 
 are committed or assigned, being ignorant of it or unwilling, is commonly bar- 
 gained for, i. e. passes to the assignee. Pufendorf, de Jure N. et G. v, c. 11, 
 § 13, note 5. V. 2 Story's Eq. Jur . § \oifib j Story on Bills, § 19. v. Delegatio. 
 
 Delegare est vice sud aliujn reum dare crediiori vel cui jusserit. §1. Fit autevi delegatio 
 vel per stipulationeTn, vel per litis contestationem. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvi, 2, fr. 11 pr. and § I. 
 From these interpretations we must understand that delegation means that a man sub- 
 stitutes his debtor to his creditor to male e payment for htm; or I make over to my 
 creditor the debt another owes me. And here the creditor's consent is necessary, 
 but not the consent of the debtor. 
 
 Read: Si delegatio non est interposita debitoris tui, etc. Justinian. Cod. const. 3. 
 
 Delegator, oris, m. [id.l One who makes an assignment or delegation, sc. to another 
 person; an assignor. Cassiod. Varr. i, 18. 
 
 Delegatorius, a, um, adj. \id.'] Relating to an assignment ; delegatory. Theod. Cod. 
 vii, 4, 22. 
 
 Delegatus, si, um. [-|- delego.'\ Delegated, deputed, commissioned ; appointed to act 
 for another as delegate, deputy or agent ; transferred or assigned, as a power or authority ; 
 e. g. infra. 
 
 DELEGATUS debitor est odiosus in lege. A delegated debtor is odious in law. 
 3 Bulstr. 148 ; Broom's Max. v. Delegatio et seq. 
 
 DELEGATUS non potest delegare. A delegate cannot delegate. A delegate 
 or deputy cannot appoint another. 9 Co. 77 ; Broom's Max. 807-809, and 
 cases there cited ; 2 Best on Evid. § 531. 
 
 The ordinary rule is that although a ministerial officer may appoint a deputy, a judi- 
 cial officer cannot. Per Parke, "Q.^ii Exch. 150, 156. v. 1 II. &' N. by4. Unless, as in 
 the case of a county court judge, he be expressly empowered to do so under specified circum- 
 stances. To this maxim an exception grows out of an implied authority by the well-recog- 
 nized usage of trade ; e. g. an architect or builder may employ a surveyor to make out the 
 quantities of the building proposed to be erected ; here the maxim of the Civil Law is 
 clearly applicable : In contractis tacit^ insunt quae sunt moris et consuetudinis. Broom's Max. 
 8og ; 3 Bing. N. C. 814, 818. For other illustrations of this rule, cf . 2 Scott. N. R. 509 ; 12 
 Mees. &f W. 712 ; 8 C .S. 627 ; 2 Kent's Com. 633 ; 2 Steph. Com. iig, 120 ; Story on Agency, 
 § 13 ; Broom's Max. 808, 809, and cases there cited, u. Constat procuratorem alium procura- 
 torem facere non posse. Macer. Dig. xlix, 1, fr. 4, § 5 ; Story on Agency, § 13. The maxim 
 was considered and applied in 4 Johns. Ch. 368, 369 ; ^ Johns. R. 137; 15 Barb. 112, 116; i 
 Daly, 538, 549; 13 N. Y. R. 587, 594; 3 Abb Ct. App. Dec. 55. 
 
 DelegO, are, avi, atum, I, v. u. To send as one's representative ; to delegate ; to intrust, 
 assign, commit to one. Tacitus, Agr. ii ; Suetonius, Claud. 23 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To assign, make over, either one who is to pay a debt, or the 
 debt itself. Delegare debitorem. Paulus, Dig. xlvi, 2,fr. 12. cf. Ulpian. ib.fr. 13. Dele- 
 gare nomen patemi debitoris. Ulpian. id. xxxvii, 6, fr. 1, § I2. 
 
 In the language of business t. t.: To assign, make over to another ; to transfer 
 a duty or power; to appoint a substitute ; to delegate. Bracton, io\. loib. 
 
 Delibatio, Onis, /. [delibo.'\ A taking away from, diminishing; hereditatis legatum. 
 Read: Legatum est delibatio hereditatis, etc. ¥lX)^. Dig. y^yi-x., fr. lit pr. 
 
 Deliberandi jus. — Lat. The right, privilege or benefit of deliberating. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A competent time allowed to strangers, appointed heirs, to delib- 
 erate ere they enter upon an inheritance. Gaius, Inst, ii, §§ 162, 163 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, 
 19, ^ 5 ; Macketd. Civil Law, § 742, ed. 1883 ; Erskine's Inst. \\\, tit. 8, § 54. v. Cretio. 
 
 628 
 
Del.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Del. 
 
 DELIBERANDUM est diu, quod statuendum semd. L a t . A p h . That should 
 be maturely considered, which can be decided but once. Publius Syrus. 
 That which is to -be resolved, determined once for all, should be long deliber- 
 ated upon. 12 Co. 74. 
 
 Deliberare iitilia, mora est tiitissima. To deliberate about useful things is 
 the safest of all delaj'. PuBLius Syrus. 
 
 Deliberatio, onis, /. {dettbero.l A deliberation, consultation, consideration (a Cicero- 
 nian word). Habet res d e lib erationem , — the subject needs consideration. Cicero, 
 Att. vii, 3, 3. 
 
 Deliberatio.^ L. Lat. [-)-L. Lat. </c//fera?v?, to deliver.] (a.) A delivery, v. Liberatio. 
 (6.) Acquittal, discharge. Bracton, fol. 143^. 
 
 Deliberatio Seysinae. — L. Lat. Delivery of seysin, or corporeal possession of lands. 
 
 A material ceremony in the ancient conveyance by feoffment, without which there could 
 be no investiture, and without which the feoffee had but a mere estate at will. 2 Bl. Com. 
 311-315 ; Co. Lilt, ^'i; ^ Kent's Com. .^io. v. Livery of seisin. 
 
 Deliberatur. He is delivered. Deliberabitur,— he shall or will be delivered. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 89. Deliberi facias, — you shall cause to be delivered. Flela, lib. ii, c. 64, § — . 
 
 Delibero, are, i, v. a. To weigh well in one's mind, to maturely consider, deliberate 
 respecting a thing. (6.) To take counsel, consult, advise upon'(freq. and quite class.). 
 M e to n . (causa pro effeclu). To resolve, determine, se. after mature deliberation (freq. and 
 class.). 
 
 Delicta, Orum, «. \_plur. -\- delictum^ Faults, offenses, crimes, etc. u. Delictum. 
 
 Delicta cum effectu permanente. Faults, offenses, crimes, established with effect or 
 permanently established, in, Howard's St. Tr. 1220; 2 Best on £md. % 442. 
 
 Delicta facti transeuntis. Faults, offenses, crimes changed by facts. 2 Best on Evid. 
 §§ 441, 508. 
 
 Delicta facti permanentis. Faults, offenses, crimes preserved or established by facts. 
 2 Best on Evid. §§ 442, 508. 
 
 DELICTA puniuntur juxta mores loci commissa delicti, et non loci, ubi de crimine 
 cognoscitur. Crimes or offenses (^delicto) are punished according to the 
 manner or custom of the place of committing the delict, and not of the place 
 where knowledge or cognizance is had in respect to the crime. Henry on For- 
 eign Laws, p. 47 ; Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 625. v. note, and the 
 authorities ; i Kent's Com. 38, note. 
 
 Delictor, oris, m. — Lat. \delinquo.'\ A delinquent, offender. Cypr. Ep. 59. 
 
 Delictum, i. »• A fault, offense, crime. PLAUTt;s, An. i, 2, 32. Delictum in se admit- 
 tere, — to admit a fault committed by one's self. Terentius, Ad. iv, 5, 48. 
 
 In the Jurists: Delictum (according to the verb delinquo) primarily signifies a tort 
 or wrong, as distinguished from a failure or omission oi Auxy ansmg ex contrac tu; 
 a neglect to comply with the law; the commission of a tort, fault or wrong, not 
 necessarily criminal ; a private offense as distinguished from crime. Hence, 
 
 In the Civil Law: Employed as a synonj'm of male/i cium ox quasi male ficium. 
 Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § 2 ; id. ib. tit. and pr. v. Ex maleficio vel delicto praecedunt 
 injuiiae et trangressione. Bracton, fol. loi. 
 
 A state of culpabilit}', fault or blame ; e. g.. In pari delicto potior (melior) est conditio 
 defendentis vel possidentis. Broom's Max. 2it, "jo-i et al. Quum par delictum estduoruvi, 
 etc. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17. fr. 154. So where both parties to a broken contract have been 
 guilty of unlawful acts, the law will not interfere to aid either party, but will leave them in 
 paii delicto, cf. i Kenfs Com. 123, 152 ; 7 Wheaton's R. 283 ; Cowper, igg, 200. 
 
 In extended sense: A crime or offense ; a violation of either natural or positive 
 law constituting a crime or misdemeanor for which one may be punished criminally ; e. g. 
 Excasat aut extenuat delictum in capitalibus, quod non operatur idem in civilibus. Bacon's 
 Max. Beg. 7. Liber homo non amercietur pro parvo delicto, nisi secundum modum ipsius 
 delicti; et pro magna delicto, secundum magnitudinem delicti, salvo contenemento sua ; 
 
 62(J 
 
Del.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Del. 
 
 etc. Mag. Charta, Hen. III. ch. 14; 4 Bl. Com- 379. v. Corpus delicti. Quasi delicto are the 
 acts of a person who, without fraud or malignity, but by an inexcusable imprudence or neg- 
 lect, causes an injury to another, cf. Pothier, Ubl. n. 116; Erskine's Pract. iv, 4, i. 
 
 D£LJCTIS, pro modo, poena (poenarum). Equoruvi pecorumque numero convicti mulctantur. 
 Pars mulctae regi, vel civitaiij pars ipsi, qui vindicaiurj vel propinquis ejus exsolvitur. Tacitus, 
 de M. G. c. 12. Offenses are proportioned to the delinquency. The convicts are fined in a 
 number of horses and other cattle. Part (of the mulct) is paid to the king or to the state ; part 
 to him who is injured or to his relations. \Bl. Com. 313 (/)/ Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 413 (g). 
 
 DelinquO, ere, I, m, 3, V. a. and n. To leave a person or thing. Hence, Melon, {causa 
 pro effectu). To fail, be wanting anywhere or ( t r o p . ) in any thing, (a.) Lit., To fail, be 
 lacking. (6.) Trop . , To fail, be wanting in one's duty ; to commit a fault, to do wrong, 
 transgress, offend. Delinquers aliquid, — to commit, do something wrong (freq. and class.) 
 
 DELINQUITUR autem aut proposito, aut impetu, ant causa. P rop osito 
 delinquunt latrones, qui f actionem habeatj impetu autem, quum per ebrie- 
 tatem aut, manus, aut ad ferrum veniturj c asu verb, quum in venando telum in 
 feram missum hominem interfecit. Marcianus, Dig. xlviii, ig,fr. ii, § 2. We 
 commonly offend either purposely, or rashly, or casually. Purposely, as 
 thieves, who have a company who act together, i. e. who band together to rob 
 and kill men for what they have ; rashly, when men, being drunk, come to 
 fists or to iron weapons (to close combat or to steel) ; casually indeed, when 
 a man in hunting sent his missile at his wild game and killed a man. Grotius, 
 de Jure Belli ac Pads, iii, c. 1 1, § 4, s. 6. 
 
 ClOERO distinguished the first and last of these: Read; In omni injustitia permultum 
 interest utrum perterbatione aliqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, etc. Cicero, de Offi- 
 ciis, i, c. 8, § 27. 
 
 DELINQUENS per iram provocatus puniri debet mitius. A delinquent pro- 
 voked by anger ought to be punished more mildly. 3 Co. Inst. 55. 
 
 DelirELlUeiltllin, i. «• Xdeliro.^ Silly stuff, nonsense, absurdity. Plautus, An. ii, 2, 64 ; 
 id. Men. v, 5, 21; Pliny, ii, 7, 5, § 17. 
 
 Deliratio, Snis, f. \id.\ Originally, a going out of the furrow, in plowing ; hence, 
 Trop., A giddiness, stiffness, folly, madness. Pliny, xviii, 20, 49; Cicero, de Sen. xi, 
 36 ; id. Div. ii, 43. 
 
 Delirilim, ii, «. [+<^''. and Gr. Xr/pr/ixa, a silly saying or action.] In Medical 
 Language: Madness, delirium. Celsus, ii, 8 ; iii, 18 «< jaz-j*. A symptom consisting in 
 being fitful and wandering in talk ; straj'ing from the rules of reason ; wandering of the 
 mind. Dr. Dtmglison' s Diet.; Dr. Thomas' Diet. 
 
 Deliriuin ebriositatis. Delirium of drunkenness. 
 
 Delirium nervosum. A nervous delirium. A form of delirium which supervenes after 
 surgical operations or severe injuries. Dr. Dunglison' s Diet. 
 
 Delirium potatorum. Delirium from potations, drinks of liquor. 
 
 Delirium tremens. . Trembling delirium. =:Fx.DMre tremblant. v. Mania a potu. 
 
 In Medical Jurisprudence: A violent delirium ; an affection resulting from an 
 excessive indulgence in strong liquors or opium, and not unfrequently from tobacco, cf. Dr. 
 Dunglison' s Diet.; Dr. Thomas' Diet. 
 
 As to the causes and the manifestations of this malady and its effects upon the mind of the victim of it, it will be 
 well for the student to cf. 7?ajj/Vj1/(7^.yMr..- Taylor s Med, Jur.; Beck's Med. Jur. In Englai'.d two cases 
 are cited where the plea of delirium tremens was admitted in excuse for crime. Reg. vs. Watson, and Reg. 
 vs. Simpson, Taylor's Med.Jur. 656. In America, consult i Curt. C.C.\\ 5 Mason's C. C. 28; State vs. 
 Wilson, Ray's Med. Jur. 520 ; Birdsal's case, i Beck's Med. Jur. 808. 
 
 Delir5 are, I, w «. Originally, To go out of the furrow, to make a balk. Hence, 
 transf.. To deviate from a straight line. Trop., To be crazy, deranged, out of one's 
 wits ; to be silly, to dote, to rave (freq. and quite class.). Hence, Delirium. 
 
 Deliveraunce de gaol.— L. Fr. Delivery from gaol ; gaol delivery. 
 630 
 
Dem.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dem. 
 
 Demanda, um. — L. Lat. A demand. Bracton, fols. 17, 35; Fleia, lib. ii, c. 39, §1. A 
 claim. A thing or amount claimed to be done. Co. Litt. 2gi/'. 
 
 Demand is one of the most comprehensive terms in the law. Co. Litt. ir^ih; Beardsley, 
 J., I Denio's R. 257, 261. v. Nelson, C. J., 2 Hill's (N. Y.) R. 220-223 ; 8 Co. 153, Altham's 
 case ; 8 Show. go. v. Demandum. 
 
 Demandare. — L. Lat. = L. Fr. Demander. To demand. Town's PI. 63. To order or 
 award ; to direct a sentence to be carried into effect. Bracton., fols. 107, 175, 2051J, 3033. To 
 give in charge, as to a jury. Stat. Marlbridge, c. 5. 
 
 Demandant, He that sues or complains in action real for title of lands. Termes de la 
 Ley; Co. Litt. 12-1. In an action personal, for debt, trespass, deceit, trover, detinue, 
 and such like, he is called plaintiff. Id. 
 
 DELUBRA HABEN'io (t7i urbibus). Lex. XII. Tab. xii, fr. 10. Let the 
 temples which our fathers have constructed (in the cities) be upheld. 
 The next law; Locus in agris habento et larum sedes. Let the 
 people maintain the groves in the country, and the abodes of the Lares. The 
 next law- Ritus familiae patrumque servanto. Let men preserve the 
 customs of their fathers and of their family. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 8. 
 
 Fathers Catroxi and Rouille interpret them as one law: " Let everj' one enjoy the 
 temples consecrated by his forefathers, the sacred groves in his fields, and the oratories of 
 his Lares. And let every one observe the rites used by his own family and by his ancestors 
 in the worship of his domestic Gods." Tab. xi. Law 3. v. Hooke's Rom. Hist. _ 
 
 Demander. — L. Fr. To demand. Yearb M. 5 Edw. IIL 109. To ask or inquire. 
 Dyer, 'iib. To call a party in court. Yearb. T. Hen. VL 5. 
 
 Demandum, — L. Lat. A demand; a claim. Co. Litt.iqib. A thing or amount claimed 
 to be due. v. Demanda. 
 
 Lord Coke says: This is a word of art, and, in the understanding of the Common Law, is of ,so large an 
 extent as no other one word in the law is, unless it hectameum. Co. Litt. igi^. It isof much broader import 
 than debt, and embraces rights of action belonging to the debtor, beyond those which may appropriately 
 be called debts. Nelson, C. J., 2 Hitfs R. (N. Y.) 220, 223. 
 
 A release of all manner of demands is the best release that a man can have, and shall enure most to his 
 advantage. ZzY/. §508; Termes de ta Ley. cf. 8 Co. 153, Altham's case. But a release of all demands will 
 not release a rent before it is due. 2 Shower's R. 90. 
 
 Demanium, Domanium, DominiCUm.— L. Lat. Domain ; demesne. Old English 
 Law: V. Demesne and Domanium. 
 
 D6mens, entis, adj. Out of one's senses, senseless ; mad, raving ; foolish (freq. and 
 class.). In the Jurists: One who is deprived of his mental faculties, or has lost his 
 mind ; qui non cogitat quid agit aut loquitur, — one who does not think what he does or says. 
 4 Co. 128, Beverley's case. Distinguished from dmens. Id. ib.; Calvini, Lex. Jurid.; Dean, 
 Med. Jur. 481. v. Dementia. 
 
 Dementenant en avant.— L. Fr. From this time forward. 
 
 Dementers, Dementiers.— L. Fr. In the mean time ; meanwhile. 
 
 Dementia ae, /. \demens.\ The being out of one's mind, senselessness ; insanity, mad- 
 ness ; foolishness, folly (freq. and class.), v. Animi affectionem lumine mentis, etc. 
 
 Dementia naturalis, — Lat. Natural madness ; idiocy. 
 
 Dementio ire (also demento, are), v. n. [demensi] To be out of one's mind, or senses ; 
 to be mad, to rave. Lucretius, iii, 465 ; Lact. iv, 27. 
 
 Demesne, Demeyne, Demeigne.— L. Fr. Own; one's own; e.g.,De son tort demesne,— 
 of his own wrong . Son assault demesne. 
 
 Demesne, Demain, Demaine.— L. Fr. and Eng. = L. Lat. Domanium. 
 
 In old English Law: Lands wherein a man had proper dominion or owner, 
 ship, as distinguished from the land which another held of him in service. Co. Litt. i-]a. 
 We express the strongest and highest estate that any subject can have, by these words : " he 
 is seised thereof in his demesne, as of fee" {in dominico sua ut de feodo). 2 Bl. 
 Com. 105. V. I Steph. Com. 220. 
 
 Demeyne, — L. Fr. Demesne, v. En demeyne., si est dit, etc. 
 
 631 
 
Dem.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dem. 
 
 DemeyueS. — L. Fr. Demesne lands, v. 2 Bl. Com. 104; Co. Litt. iTa. 
 
 Demi-monde. — Fr. Disreputable female society; abandoned women. 
 
 De-minu6, ere, uj. utum, 3, V. a. To lessen by taking from, i. e. to make smaller; to 
 lessen, diminish (disting. -)- de-minito, — to break up into small parts ; to dash to pieces ; to 
 break). 
 
 In the Jurists; To alienate; to part with, to lose. XJueiAUVS, Dig. yixxvii, 10, fr. 
 5. §3- 
 
 Deminutio, onis, y. [de-minuo.^ A diminution, decrease, abatement. Cicero, Tusc. i, 
 28. Diminutio civium. Id. Cat. iii, 10, 24. Diminutio de bonis privatorum. Id. Off. ii, 
 21, 73. Diminutio rectigalium. Id. Agr. i, 7, 21. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A taking away; loss or deprivation, v. Capitis deminutio. 
 
 Demi-Sangue, Demy-sangue. — L. Fr. Half-blood. = Demy-sanke. 
 
 In the Law of Descent; Blood on the father's or mother's side only ; e. g., a 
 father has a son and the mother dies, the father marries another by whom he has another son, 
 such sons are only of tjie half. v. i Bl. Com. 194, 2 id. 227 ; 2 Kent's Com. 423-428 ; 4 id. 
 403-406, and notes ; Termes de la Ley. In the Civil Law, caWei unilaterals. v.Fratres 
 uterini. 
 
 Demi-vill. One of the smallest of the ancient divisions of England, comprising only five 
 freemen, with their families and servants, i Bl. Com. 115 ; i Steph. Com. 116. 
 
 Demisi.— L. Lat. I have demised, or leased. 
 
 Demisi, COnceSSi, et ad firmam tradidi. — L. Lat. I have demised, granted and to 
 farm let. 2 Bl. Com. 317, 318 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 506. 
 
 The word demisi imports a covenant that the lessor had power to lease, upon which an 
 action will lie. The word demisi imports a power of letting, as dedi, a power of giving. Hob. 
 12a ; Cro Jac. 73 ; I Saund. 322, note (2) ; Bac. Abr. 'Covenant' B. 
 
 Demissio, Onis,/. \demitto.\ A lowering, sinking, letting down. Trop.. Demissio 
 animi, — a sinking, dejection of mind Cicero, Tusc. iii, 7, 14. In Medical Lang.; 
 An abatement or mitigation ; opposite to accessio. 
 
 In English Law; A demise, lease or transfer; e. g. Demissio regis vel coronae, — a 
 demise, lease or transfer of the king, or the crown. Plowd. 177, 234; i Bl. Com. 250; Broom 
 <Sr= Had. Com. i, 297. 
 
 De-mittd, ere, misi, missum, 3, t/.u. To send down ; to let, sink or bring down ; to cause 
 to hang or fall down, to lower (freq. and class.). 
 
 Ill old Conveyancing: Demittere, — to send away, or part with; to transfer; to 
 demise or lease. 
 
 DEMITTIT saepe^ si inielligit non ex alto venire nequitiavi^ sed summo, quod ajunt^ animo 
 inhaere. Seneca, de Ita, i, c. 16. A wise man will easily remit injuries, if he understand 
 that they proceed not from a deep-rooted hatred, but from some sudden puff of passion. 
 Grotius, de Jure Bel. et Pac. iii, c. 11, § 4, s. 6; citing Seneca, supra. 
 
 DemoliS, ire, 4, v. «., v. the following article ; 
 
 De-molior, ire, 4, v. dep. To cast off, remove. In particular, of buildings. To 
 throw down, tear down, demolish. Cicero, Off. i, 39 ; id. Verr. ii, 2, 67. Trop. ; To 
 demolish, destroy. Ovid, M. xv, 228 ; LivY, xxxiv, 3. To disfigure. Hier. in Matih. vi, 
 16. V. Ulpianus, Dig. vii, 4, /n 10; Jabol. ib. xli, 3,/n 23. 
 
 In old English Law: To demolish; to throw down or overthrow. Bracton, fol. 
 115,233. DemolHio, — a demolishing- Id. iol. 234.. 
 
 Demolitio, Snis, y. [demoHor.l A tearing down, demolishing. Cicero, Verr, ii, 2, 67. 
 Trop. ; Demolitio veritdtis. Tertius, adv. Marc, ii, I. 
 
 Demolltor, oris, m. That breaks down, a demolisher. Vitr. a, ig. 
 
 Demonstratio, Onis, f. [demonstro.^ A pointing out, indication, description, designa- 
 tion. Cicero, de Or. iii, 59 ; id. Verr. ii, 4, 59. 
 
 In the Jurists: A clear and complete declaration of one's will. Dig. xxxiv, tit. i. 
 ^^ De conditionibus et demonstrationibus'' Gaius, ib. fr. 17 ; Flor. ib. fr. 34 ; Ulpianus, id. 
 XXX, I, fr. 74. Demonstraiio is an accessory designation of persons or things by circumlocu- 
 tion, cf. Florentinus ZJzf. XXXV, i,fr. 34. 
 
 632 
 
Dem.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dem. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIO est ea pars formulae quae praecipue idea inseritur, ut 
 demonstretur res de qua agitur. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 40. The demon- 
 stration is that part of a formula which is inserted at the outset for the pur- 
 pose of having the matter described about which the action is brought, cf. 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 204, ed 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIO falsa est, veluti si ita scriptum sit : Servum Sti- 
 ck um, quem de Titio emij fundum Tus culanum , qui 
 viihi a sei o dona tus est: nam si constat, de quo homine, de quo f undo sen- 
 serit testator, ad rem non pertinet, si is, quem emisse significavit, donatus esset, auti 
 quem donatum sibi esse signicaverit, emerit. Gaius, Dig. xxxv, !,/>-. 17 pr. It 
 is a false demonstration or description, for instance, if it was written thus : 
 "The slave Stichus, whom I bought of Titius;" "the Tus- 
 culan farm, which was given to me by Seius;'' for if it appears 
 what man, what farm the testator meant, it is immaterial whether he whom he 
 signified that he bought had been given or whether he bought him who he 
 declared had been given to him. 
 
 Gaius illustrates this rule ; §1. Igitur et si ita servus legatus sit : Sii c huvz c oq uum , 
 Stichum sutorem Titio lego; licet neque coquus, neque sutor sit, ad legatorium ferti- 
 nebit, side eo sensisse testatorem conveniat ; nam et si in persona legatarii designanda aliquid 
 erratum fuetit, constat autetn, cui legare voluerit, perinde valet legatum, ac si nullus error inter- 
 veniret. Gaius, id. ib. g i. §1. Accordingly, also if a slave has been bequeathed thus: I 
 bequeath to Titius, Stichus the cook, Stichus the tailor; although he is 
 neitlier a cook nor a tailor he will belong to the legatee, if it is agreed that the testator 
 observed or thought about him ; for also if there were some error in describing the person 
 of the legatee but it is evident to whom he wished to bequeath the slave, the legacy avails 
 just as if no error intervened. 
 
 Read: Falsani causam legato non obesse, verius est, etc. Papinian. ib. ft. 72, § 6. 
 
 Ulpianus briefly sums up the law in respect to legacies by this rule : ' Neque ex falsa 
 demonstratione, neque ex falsa caus& legatum infirmatur.' Ulpianus, Regul. xxiv, § ig. 
 
 It follows, therefore, that falsa demonstratio has no injurious effect if no doubt can exist 
 respecting his individuality ; wh en c e the maxim: Quidquid demonstratae rei additur 
 satis demonstratae, frustra est. Ulpianus, Dig. xxxiii, 4, fr. r, § 8 fin. v. Justinian. 
 Inst, ii, 20, § 30 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxviii, 5, fr. ()pr. § 8 ; id. ib. fr. 62, § i ; Paulus, Sent. 
 Recept. iii, 4?, § 3 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 704, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 De-monstrd, Sre, i, v. a. To point out as with the finger ; to indicate, designate (freq. 
 and class.). T r o p . : To designate, indicate by speech or writing ; to show, prove, demon- 
 strate ; to represent, describe ; a 1 so simply in general , to mention (freq. and class.) 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t. : Demonstrare fines, — to point out the boundaries, i. e. to deliver 
 a piece of land to the purchaser. Pomponius, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 18 ; Alfenus, ib. xxi, 2, 
 fr. 45- 
 
 Demoraginm. — L. Lat. [-|- demoror, ari.] Demurrage. In Mercantile Law: 
 {a.) The stoppage, stay, detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed by 
 the charter-party for the loading or unloading, or for sailing. 3 Kent's Com. 203 ; 2 Parsons 
 on Contr. 304. (6.) The allowance, payment, compensation made for such detention or 
 delay. Abbot on Ship. [304] 381 ; 2 Steph. Com. 185 ; 3 Kent's Com. 159, 203 ; 3 Chitty's Com. 
 Law, 426 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 304, and cases ; 4 Taunt. 54, 55. 
 
 Although demurrage, properlj' so called, is only payable when it has been stipulated, yet, 
 if a vessel is improperly detained, the owner may have a special action for the damage. 
 Abbot on Ship. 304 ; I Bam. 6= W. 118 ; 10 Mees. &= W. 496 ; 9 Can: &= P. 709 ; 17 Barb. 18,4. 
 
 De-moror 2re, atus, I, V. dep. n. and u. (a.) Neutr.: To loiter, linger, delay. 
 Plautus, Pud. ii, 4, 27 ; Tacitus, A. xv, 6g ; Ulpianus, Dig- v, i, 2, § 4. (6.) A e t . : To 
 retard, detain, delay one. Plautus, Spid. iii, 2, 40; Cicero, de Or. ii, 58, 235 ; Id. Fam. 
 xii, 15 et at. Poet. : To restrain. Virgil, A. xi, 175. To detain. Id. ib. ii, 648. To 
 await. Id. ib. a, 30. 
 
 In old Pleading: To wait, stay, or abide; to pause, stop, rest; to demur. Steph. 
 PL 44. Demoratur, — he demurs ; he abides; Demoratur in lege, — he demurs, stops, abides 
 
 [80] 633 
 
Dem.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Den. 
 
 in law. Co. Lift. "jxb. Whilst the law proceedings were in Latin, a demurrer was synony- 
 mous with a re sti ng place. V. Demurrer. 
 
 Demorer, Demorier, DemOUrier. — L. Fr. [+ Lat. demoror^ To remain or stay ; to 
 abide, reside or dwell. Demorauntz en pays, — residing in the country or neighborhood. Britt. 
 c. 21. A demorer en prisone, — to stay in prison. Rot. Pail, 4 Hen. IV. Pur demoror ensem- 
 ble, — to live together. Britt. c. 101. 
 
 Dempster, Doomster. In old Scotch Law and Practice: An officer of the 
 court, whose duty it was to pronounce the sentence or doom of the court. 
 
 "Be dome pronouncit be the mouth of Andro Linesa}', dempstare of the said court." 
 Skene, voc. ' Curia.' v. i How. St. Tr. 927 ; i Pitcairn's Crim. Tr. part i, pp. 129, 132 ; Id. 
 part 2, p. 8. 
 
 Deiniirra,?e, In Maritime Law: v. Demoragium. 
 
 Demurer, Demurrer. — L. Fr. Demeurer.— Fr. [+ Lat. demoror, to wait, stay or delay.] 
 In old English Law; To reside, nest, stay ; to remain, abide ; to pause, stop, wait; 
 to demur. Demurt en abeyance, — it rests or remains in abeyance. Litt. § 649. 
 
 " He which demurreth in law is said he that abideth inlaw — moratur ox demoratur in 
 lege." Co. Litt. 71^. 
 
 In French Law: Demande de jugejnent sur une question de droit. 
 
 In Pleading and Practice; To stop, pause, abide, rest in law or judgment. 
 Yearb. P. 5 Edw. III. 29; id 3 Edw. II. 66; Dyer, 70^. A pleading which admits the facts 
 as stated in the pleading of the opponent, and referring the law arising thereon to the judg- 
 ment of the court, waits until such judgment is had, whether he is bound to answer. 2 
 Chitty's Archb. Prac. (by Prent.) 880. 
 
 Demurrer, — L. Fr. and Eng. Demeure. — Fr. [-|- Fr. demeurer, to stop, stand, stay, 
 remain, -)- Lat. </f-miPn'r, ari.] In French Law: Demande de jugement sur une questione 
 de droit, — a demand of judgment upon a question of law. 
 
 In English Practice and Pleading: A stop, pause, rest; a resting in the 
 judgment of the law. Pinch's -Law, b. 4, c. 40. An issue joined upon matters of law, to be 
 determined by the judges. Id. ib. v. 3 Bl. Com. 314, 315. 
 
 An exception or objection by one of the parties to an action, to the pleading of the oppo- 
 site party, as being insufficient in point of law to sustain the claims therein, hence, demora- 
 tur, — he stops, pauses, rests, abides upon the point of law {tnoratur or demoratur in lege), 
 and submits it to and demands the judgment of the court for want of sufficient matter 
 alleged. 3 Bl. Com. 314, 315. It is a declaration that the party demurring will go no fur- 
 ther because the other party has not shown sufficient matter in law against him, but will wait 
 the judgment of the court, whether he is bound to answer. 5 Mod. 132 ; Co. Litt. "jib ; 
 Steph. PI. 44. Upon either a general or special demurrer, the opposite party must 
 aver it to be sufficient, which is called a joinder in demurrer, and then the parties 
 are at issue in point of law ; which issue in law, or demurrer, the judges of the court before 
 which the action is brought must determine. 3 Bl. Com.. 315 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 351. 
 
 In Equity Pleading: Demurrer is nearly of the same nature as a demurrer in law. 
 3 Bl. Com. 446 ; 4 Steph. Com. 21. It is very like a declinatory exception in the Civil Law, 
 which %vas uniformly interposed ante litem contestatam before the Praetor, cf. Story's Eq. 
 PL ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 90-92. 
 
 In Criminal Law: A demurrer maybe interposed when the fact as alleged in the 
 indictment, or information, is allowed to be true, but the defendant takes exception in mat- 
 ter of law to the sufficiency of the indictment or information, on the ground that on the face 
 of it it is not sufficient in law, as if he claim that the fact as stated is no felony, misdemeanor, 
 or whatever the offense is alleged in the indictment to be. 4 Bl. Com. 333 ; i Den. C. C. 
 565, 570 ; Broovi on C. L. 993, note (/)y Broom, dr* Had. Com. iv, 427, 428. 
 
 Demurrer \Q evidence Analogous to a demurrer in pleading. The part}' demurring 
 declares that he will not proceed because the evidence offered on the other side is 
 insufficient in point of law to maintain the issue. 5 Co. 104 ; Co. Litt. 72 ; 3 Bl. Com. 372 ; 2 
 H. Bl. 187, 206 ; 2 Tidds Pr. 865. 
 
 Demy-Sangue, Demy-sanke. — L. Fr. Half-blood, u. Demi-sangue. 
 
 Den, Dene. — Sax. [L. Lat. dena."] A valley, vale or dale. Co. Litt. 46. A hollow or 
 low among woods. Cowell. 
 
 Dena, — L. Lat. A valley or den ; a hollow in woody grounds. Cowell. A measure of 
 wood-land ; e. g., Tres denae de sylva, — three dens of wood-land. Cowell; Spelman. 
 
 Denarata. — L. Lat. \-\- denarius^ The value or worth of a penny. 
 
 Denarata reditUS. A penny rent. Reg. Orig. lb ; Town's PI. 64. 
 634 
 
Den.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Den, 
 
 Denariatus.— L. Lat. [+ denarius.] In old English Law; Pretium rei quae 
 denario constat,— the price of a thing, consisting of a penny. Spelman. A penny's worth. 
 
 Denarii.— L. Lat. [plur. -f- denarius.] Pennies; pence. Fleta. Money in general 
 (pecunia in genera). Spelman. Pecunia numera/a, — residy money, of any kind. Cowell ; 
 Town's PI. i8o. 
 
 Denarius, a, um, adj. [deni, ten each, ten at a time, by tens.] Containing ten. Vitr. 
 iii, I ; viii, 7 ; Festus, p. 54. 
 
 Denarius, ii, m. (a.) A Roman silver coin, which originally contained ten, and after- 
 ward eighteen asses, in value equivalent to an Attic drachma. Varro, L. L. v, 36, 48. 
 (6.) As an Apothecary's vi e.\g\\'i., = drachma. Pliny, (c.) A gold coin of the 
 value of twenty-five silver denarii. Id.; Petr. {d.) In later times: A copper coin. 
 Macr. i'. i, 7, Wfc/. (e.) Me ton.: Money in general. Qicero, Quint. \v, fin et al. 
 
 In English Law: A penny; an English penny. Fleta; 2 Co. Inst. 575. v. Compo- 
 sitio mensurarum. 
 
 Denarius Dei. — L. Lat. God's penny; money of God. 
 
 In old English Law: A small coin as earnest money, formerly given and received 
 by the parties to contracts, to bind the contract. Carta, 31 Edw. I. m. 4. Lat e n : Earnest 
 money. A token or pledge passing between the parties, by way of evidence, or ratification 
 of the sale. 2 Bl. Com. 447, 448: 2 Kent's Com. 495, note. 
 
 It seems, however, to differ from arrhae, viz., that arrha is a part of the consideration, 
 while denarius Dei is no part of it, but merely a sign or token of the completion of the con- 
 tract. I Buvergnoy, note 132 ; 3 id. note 49 ; 'Rupert, de Jur. ' Denier a Diea .' 
 
 Denarius tertius COmitatuS.— L. Lat. The third penny of the county. 
 
 In English Law: The third part of the fines and profits arising or accruing in the 
 county courts, and which belonged to the earl as his official stipend. LL. Edw. Conf. c. 31 ; 
 Spelman ; Cowell. 
 
 DenegatiO justitiae. A denial of justice. Bishop, Marr. <y Div. § 725, 3d ed. 
 
 Dener, Denier. — L. Fr. A penny. Z/«. § 235. Deners appromptes, — money borrowed. 
 Briit. c. 28. Dener Seint Pere. — L. Fr. Saint Peter's money ; Peter's pence. LL. Gul. 
 Conq. I. 18. 
 
 Dengleterre. — L. Fr. Of England. PiXso-wx'Wl&nde Engleterre. Britt. cc. i, 2. 
 
 Denier d, Dieu. — Fr. Money from God ; God's penny. 
 
 In French Law: A sum of money — pecunia numeraia — which one party gives to 
 the other as evidence, or for the consideration of the contract, which either party may annul 
 within twenty-four hours, the one who gave the denier h Dieu by demanding, and the other 
 by returning it. -u. Denarius Dei. 
 
 Denier d'adieu, — Fr. Money of farewell; parting cash. A gratuity given on hiring 
 any thing : a gratuity to anj' one. Denier de Saint Pierre. — Fr. Saint Peter's penny ; 
 Rome penny; Rome scot ; Peter's pence. 
 
 Denigratio, Snis, /I \denigro.] A blackening. Trop.. Aspersing, calumniating, etc. 
 
 De-nigrO, Sre, 1, v. a. To blacken, to color black. Varro, R. R. 1,55. Trop.: 
 Denigrare konorem famamque alicujus, — to asperse, calumniate the honor and fame of some 
 one. FiRMicus, v, 10 ad fin. 
 
 Denlque, adv. [prob. for deinque.] (a.) Orig. . And thereupon, and then, in the 
 sequel (so rarely). (6.) Pregn.: At last, at length ; lastly, finally ; in fine; just, precisely 
 (freq. and class.), (c.) In a word, in short, briefly (freq. and class.), (d.) In the 
 Jurists: In consequence, therefore, accordingly. Papinianus, Dig. i, 1, fr. 13; Ulpi- 
 AN0S, ib. A, 4, fr. 3, § 15 ; xxvii, 2,fr. i ; Paulus, ib. L, 17, fr. 87 et saep. So in citing a 
 decision or a case in support of a position assumed. Ulpianus, Dig. vii, 'i, fr. 4; iv, 4, 
 fr. 3 ; vii, 8, fr. 14 ; xxxix, 5, fr. l8, § i ; fr. 19, § 6 ; iii, i, fr. i, §§ 5, 6. 
 
 DENIQUE adjicitur, quain imp eratore , quod licet imperator solummodo 
 dicatur legislator, id tamen, non olio sensu obtineat, quam quod suis legibus nan 
 hunc aut ilium populum, verum omnes constringat, quos suae clementiae regit ivipe- 
 rium. P. VoET, de Statut § 4 ; ch. i, § 2. Finally there is added, as by the 
 
 63s 
 
Den.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Den. 
 
 emperor, because, although only the emperor can be called the law-maker (leg- 
 islator^, this, however, obtains in no other sense than that he binds by his laws 
 not only this or that people, but all whom the authority or sway of his clemency 
 governs or controls. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Lazvs, § 12. [F. J. M.J 
 
 Read, in this connection : Sequitur jus particulare, seu non commune, quod una vocabulo 
 usitatissimo statu turn dicitur, quasi statum publicum tuens, etc. 
 
 DENIQUE, dim Lex Mos at c a , quanquam inclemens et aspera famen 
 pecunia furtuin, hand tnorte mulctaint, ne putemus Deum, in nova lege demen- 
 tiae, qud pater imperat filiis, majorem induisse nobis invicem saeviendi licentiam. 
 Haec sunt cur non licere putem, quam vero sit absurdum, atque etiam perniciosum 
 reipublicae fu r e7n , atque h o m ic i dium . ex aequo puniri, nemo est (opinor) qui 
 nesciat. Mori, Utopia, edit. Glasg. 1750, p. 39. Finally, with the Mosaic 
 Law, albeit rigorous and severe, punished theft, not by death, but by a pecuni- 
 ary penalty, we cannot imagine or believe that God, in the new law of mercy, 
 by which as a father he governs his children, has given us a greater license of 
 severity against one another. These are the reasons why I do not consider it 
 to be lawful ; no man (I believe) exists who does not know how truly absurd 
 and even injurious to the republic, that a thief and a murderer should be 
 punished in the same manner. 4 Bl. Com. 235, note (i). 
 
 Denique cur, hominem, cum vini vis penetravit 
 
 Acris, et in venas decessit diditus ardor, 
 
 Consequitur gravitas memhrorum, : praepediuntur 
 
 Crura vacillanti : tardescit lingua : madet mens : 
 
 Naut oculi ; clamor, singultus, jurgia, gliscunt : 
 
 Et jam cetera de genere hoc quaecumque secuntur: 
 
 Cur ea sunt? Nisi quod vehemens violentia vini 
 
 Conturbare aniinam consuevit corpore in ipso? 
 
 Lucretius, de Rerum Natura, iii, 474-481. 
 Again, when the pungent strength of wine has entered into a man, and its spirit has been 
 infused into and transmitted though his veins, why is it that a heaviness of the limbs follows 
 along* with this : his legs are hampered as he reels about, his tongue falters, his mind is 
 besotted, his eyes swim : shouting, hiccoughing, wranglings, are rife, together with all the 
 other usual concomitants? Why is all this, if not because the overpower- 
 ing violence of the wine is wont to disorder the soul within the 
 body? 
 
 DENIQ UE et monetae genus exprimendum, quod nisi factum sit jnonetae vulgaris intelligun- 
 tur, quas vocat Curren t . -Heineccius, de Jur. Camb. cap. 4, g 12. Cited in Story on Bills 
 of Exch. § 45. Read it in Hinc potro exprimenda est summa solvenda, etc. 
 Deniaue in proverbium usque Graecorum celebratum est ; 
 
 Indoctos d Musis atque a Crratiis abesse. — Quintilian, Inst. Orat. i, 10, 21. 
 It passed at length, indeed, into a proverb among the Greeks, that 'The unlearned 
 (or uneducated) had no commerce with the Muses or the Graces.' 
 Vetus ada-giunt. est : Nihil cUitt fidibus gr acuta . AuLUS Gellius, iVof^. ..4j^/iV. praef. § ig. 
 DENIQ UE ilia definitio judiciorum aequorum, quae nobis h majoribus tradita est, retineatur, ut 
 in judiciis et sine invidia ctdpa plectatur et sine culpa ponatur. Quam ob rem k vobis, judices, 
 ante quam de ipsa causa dicere incipio, haec postulo : primum id, quod aequissimum est, ut ne 
 quid hue praejtidicati adferatis. Et enim non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam nomen judicum 
 ammittemtis, nisi hie ex ipsis causis judicabi-miis ac si ad cansas judicia jam facta domo deffere- 
 mus. Deinde si quam opioneni jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, si eam ratio convellet, si 
 oratio labefactabit, si denique Veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis eamque animis vestris aut libenti- 
 bus aut acquis remittatis. CiCERO, pro Cluentio, ii, §§ 5, 6. Accordingly, let that definition 
 
 6^6 
 
Den.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Den. 
 
 of impartial tribunals which has been handed down to us from our ancestors be still retained ; 
 that in them crimes are punished without any regard being had to the popularity or unpopu- 
 larity of the accused party ; and unpopularity is got rid of without any crime being supposed 
 to have been ever attached to it. And, therefore, O judges, I beg this of you before I begin 
 to speak of the cause itself ; in the first place, as is most reasonable, that you will bring no 
 prejudice into the court with you. In truth we shall lose not only the authority, but even 
 the name of judges, unless we judge from the facts which appear in. the actual trials, and if 
 we bring into court with us minds already made upon the subject at home. In the second 
 place, I beg of you, if you have already adopted any opinion in your minds, that if reason 
 shall eradicate it, — if my speech shall shake it, — if, in short, truth shall wrest it from you, 
 you will not resist, but will dismiss it from your minds, if not willingly, at all events, impar- 
 tially. 
 
 DENIQUE inspicitur locus contractus, etiamsi solutio in alium locum sit destinata. 
 JEt promde mensura usurpanda est non loci, ubi frumentum vel vivum exigiiur, 
 sed ubi de eo conventum est. John A Sande, Comm. de Reg. Jur. lib. ix, p. i8. 
 Accordingly the place of the contract is looked at (contemplated) even if the 
 payment may be intended in another place. And, therefore, the measure to be 
 used is not where the fruit or wine is demanded or required, but where it is 
 agreed in respect to that. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 281. 
 
 " The law of the place can never be the rule where the transaction is entered into with an 
 express view to the law of another country as the rule by which it is to be governed." Per 
 Lord Mansfield, 2 Buit. R. 1077, 1078. This has uniformly been received as the correct 
 exposition in the Common Law. \ Johns, j?. 94 ; 8 id. 189; 17 id. 511 ; 4 Cowen's R. 510, 
 note; 3 Mass. R. 77 ; 13 id. 20-24; 6 Peters (U. S.), 172, 203 ; 5 CI. &= Fin. R. i, 13, ig, 30. 
 
 DENIQUE praetermittendum non est, in eo, an jus primogeniiurae admittendum 
 sit, necne J immobilium quidem intuitu spectandum esse legem loci, in quo 
 sita sunt J mob ilium vero respectu consuetudinem domicilii defuncti. Vo'E'T, ad 
 Pand. lib. xxxviii, tit. 18, n. 84, p. 652 Finally, it is not to be overlooked, in 
 that matter, whether the law of primogeniture is to be admitted or not ; with 
 respect to immovables, that the law of the place in which they are situated 
 is to be considered ; and with respect to movables, the law of the domicile 
 of the deceased person. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 484a, n. i. 
 
 Read: Positd ergo vatietate, si quaeras, cujus loci leges in representaiione observandae sint? 
 etc. VoET, id. ib. n. 35, p. 608. 
 
 Denique, quatenus excidi penitus vitium irae, 
 Cetera item nequeunt stultis haerentia ; cur non 
 Ponderibus modulisque suis ratio utitur ? ac, res 
 Ut quaeque est, ita supplicHs delicta cohercet ? 
 
 Horace, Sat. i, 3, 76. 
 
 Upon the whole, forasmuch as the vice anger, as well as others inherent in foolish mortals, 
 cannot be totally eradicated, why does not human reason make use of its own weights and 
 measures, and so punish faults, as the nature of the thing demands. 
 
 " But, since we never from the brea.st of fools 
 Can root their Passions, yet while Reason rules. 
 Let it hold forth its Scales with equal hand. 
 Justly to punish, as the Crimes demand." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 * * * * Adsit 
 
 Regula^ peccatis quae poenas irroget aeguas : 
 
 Ne scuticA dignum horribili sectere flagello.— Horace, Sat. l, 3, 117 sq. 
 
 Read: Cavendum est etiam ne major poena, quam culpa sit, etc. CiCERO, de Off. i, 25, § 89. 
 
 DENIQUE solemne etiam est campsoribus, sub finem lemmatis ciftis exprimere summam sol 
 vendam, addito monetae genere, quo exactori sit satisfaciendum ; quamvis hoc requisitum vel 
 ideo essentiale did nequeat, quod summa in ipsis litteris cambialibus bis exprimi solet. Heinec- 
 
 637 
 
Den.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dea 
 
 cms, de Jur. Camb. cap. 4, § 5. Finally it is also usual with traders to express in figures at 
 the bottom of the bill the amount that is to be paid, adding the kind of money in which the 
 payee is to be satisfied ; yet this requisite cannot be held to be so essential that the amount 
 is wont to be twice expressed in the instruments of exchange themselves. Cited in Story on 
 Bills of Exch. § 42, n. 3. [F. J. M.] 
 
 D6llOfl.meilt. — Fr. [dfe nou man.] Of affairs: Event, issue. Of novels, 
 poems, tales: Event, the solution of a mystery, the clearing up of a plot, etc., e s p e c . 
 of a drama, romance, etc. Of plays: The catastrophe, calamity. 
 
 Denizen or Donaison. [Norm. Fr. deinszein, -\- Lat. donatio, gift, donation, because he 
 was, by the king's letters-patent, made a subject ex donations regis,'] (a.) An adopted or 
 naturalized citizen. (6.) Hence, a stranger admitted to reside in a foreign country, (c.) A 
 dweller ; an inhabitant ex donatione regis vel legis. 7 Co. 25. 
 
 In English Law. He is intermediate between a natural-born subject and an alien. 
 Being an alien born he becomes the king's subject, and obtains the king's letters-patents to 
 enjoy all privileges as an Englishman. He may take lands by purchase or devise, for the 
 law esteems it a high prerogative to make aliens subjects of the realm, and capable of lands 
 and inheritances as natural-born subjects are. v. i Bl. Com. 374; Broom if Had. Com. i, 
 452. The right of denization is also possessed by parliament, but it is rarely exercised 
 but by royal power. It may be effected by conquest, cf. 7 Co. 60, 25 ; Calvin's Case, 2 
 Ventr. 6 ; Comyn's Dig. 'Alien' (D. i); Chitty's Com. Law, 120. 
 
 Dendminatio, 5nis, /. [denomino.] A naming after something ; denomination ; a 
 metonymy. AucT. ad Her. iv. 32. v. Immutatio. 
 
 In English Law: Denomination, description, title ; e.g. ' 
 
 DENOMINATIO esi d digniore. Denomination, description or title is from 
 the more worthy or more dignified subject. Bacon's Arg. Jur. of the 
 Marches; Works, iv, 261; Law Tr. 251. 
 This rule is also quoted in this form : 
 
 DENOMINATIO fieri debet a dignioribus. Denomination or description 
 should be deduced from the more worthy or more dignified subjects. 
 The same rule is also quoted : A digniori fieri debet denomatio et resolutio. Wingate's 
 Max. 75. 
 
 Denotatio, Snis, /. {denoto.] A marking or pointing out ; specifying. Quintillian, 
 Decl. 19, 3. 
 
 Denote, are, x, v. a. To mark out, point out, specify, denote (freq. and class.). 
 
 DENT operam consules, ne quid respuMica detrimenta capiat. The consuls shall 
 use their exertions, lest the commonwealth should be injured, i Bl. Com. 
 136 ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. i, 161. 
 
 DENTUR omnes decimae primae ecclesiae, ad quam parochia pertinet. All tithes 
 shall be given to the Mother Church, to which the parish belongs, v. i 
 Bl. Com. 112. 
 
 Denunciatio (or tiatio), onis, /. \denundo.'\ An indication, intimation, announcement, 
 declaration. Cicero, i'/z'. ii, 25. Armorum. Id Phil.i.\-v,'iadfin. Belli. Id.ib.-v\,2, \. 
 Testimonii. Id. Fl. vi, 14. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The act by which a denunciator Knioxvas Vt. ^\x\A\q. officer, whose 
 duty it is to prosecute offenders, that a crime has been committed, cf. Ayliffe, Pareng. 210 ; 
 I Brown, Civ. Law, 447 ; 2 id. 389 ; Pothier, Proc. Cr. sect. 2, § 2. 
 
 In old English Law: A notice or summons. Bracton, io\. y:>2b. A public notice 
 or publication, as of bans. Id. fol. 307^. 
 
 In Sco.tch Practice; The announcement, declaration by which a person is declared 
 to be a rebel who has disobeyed the charge given on letters of "putting to the horn.'' 
 Bell 's Diet. V. ' Ho rn.' 
 
 Denunciator, Sris, m. \denuncio.\ Under the Emperors: A police officer ; police 
 inspector. Ovell. Inscr. no. 5, 2444 and 3216, 
 638 
 
Den.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dep. 
 
 Denuncio (or tio), Sre, avi, atum, i, v. a. To intimate, announce, declare. 
 
 In Public Law, Religion and Jurisprudence t. t. : To give an official 
 intimation ; to make an official announcement or declaration of one's intentions (;'. e. by 
 means of a messenger, herald, etc.) ; to announce, intimate, declare ; to intimate, order, sum- 
 mon, command, give notice or warning (freq. and class.). Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 15. 
 Transf.: To announce, intimate, declare; to denounce, menace, threaten ; to intimate, 
 order, summon, command (freq. and class.). 
 
 Deo at^ttvante, non timendum. — Lat. Motto. God assisting, there is 
 nothing to be feared. Motto of the Irish Viscount Fitzwilliam. 
 
 Deo date. Give unto God. Motto of Lord Arundell. 
 
 Deo duce, ferro comitante. My God my commander or guide, my sword 
 my companion. Motto of Earl of Charlmont. 
 
 Deo favente. By the favor of God; with God's favor. 
 
 Deo gratias. Thanks to God. Gratitude to God. 
 
 Deo juvante. God assisting. With God's assistance. 
 
 Deo non fortund. From God, not from fortune. Motto of Earl Digby and 
 Lord Exmouth. 
 
 Deo volente. God willing. Often denoted D. V. 
 
 Deo Optimo maximo. To the most holy and almighty God. 
 
 This is abbreviated Deo opt. max. Also D. 0. M. 
 
 Deodandum. — L- Lat. Deodand, i. c. a thing given to God, 
 
 In old English Law: Omnia quae movent ad mortem sunt Deodanda, — all things 
 which move to (cause or occasion) death are deodands. Bracton, fol. 122 ; Dyer, 77^/ Fleta, 
 lib. I, c. 25, §9. All things — personal chattels — whether animate or inanimate, which tend 
 or lead to the death of any reasonable creature, was forfeited to the crown, to be applied to 
 pious uses, and distributed in alms by his higher almoner, v. 1 Hale's P. C. 419 ; i Bl. 
 Com. 300-302 ; 3 Co. Inst. 57 ; 2, Ad. ^^ Ell. (N. S.) 333 ; 8 id. 587. Abolished by Stat. 9 
 and 10 Vict. c. 62. TVingate's Max. 21, § 28. 
 
 DEORUM MANiuM JURA SANCTA suNTo. Lex XII. Tab. yi,fr. 18. Let the 
 rights of the Deities of the dead be considered sacred. Cicero, de Legg. 
 
 ii, 9, 22. 
 
 The next Law reads: Sos leto datos Divos habento : sumptum in ollos i.uc- 
 TUMQUE MINUUNTO. Tab. X, fr. 19 Let those who have passed into the world of souls be 
 considered as deified: but let men diminish the unnecessarj' expenses and sorrow which is 
 lavished upon them. Cicero, id. ib. 
 
 DeOS observe Ut te COnservant. I pray the Gods that they save you. Suet. Tib. 21. 
 
 Departer, Departier.— L. Fr. To divide. Depart!, Departy,— divided. BHtt.c.ii. 
 
 DepartiSOn,— division, partition. Yearb. P. 8 Edw. III. c. 17. La departie,— the sepa- 
 ration. 
 
 Departire. — L- Lat. To forsake, abandon ; to separate, divide ; to part. 
 
 In Maritime Law: To leave a port ; to be out of a port. "To depart" does not 
 mean merely to break ground, but fairly to set forward upon the voyage. 6 7a««/. 241; 
 ■iM. if S. 461 ; CoWEN, J., 3 Hill's R. 118, 126 ; 3 Kenfs Com. 307, note. 
 
 Departura.— L- Lat. In Pleading: The abandonment of the ground of a former 
 pleading, and'the adoption of a new. -^ Saund. 84a, note (i); Steph. P/.410; Co. Litt. 304«/ 
 3 Bl. Com. 310. 
 
 DeponO, ere, posul, positum, 3 v- «• To lay away, to put or place aside ; to lay, put or 
 set down ; ' to lay, place, set, deposit (freq. and class.). In particular: (a.) P r e g . , 
 To lay up, lay aside, put by, deposit anywhere ; to give in charge to, to commit to the care 
 of, intrust' to any one, sc. for preservation, safe-keeping. Cicero, Off. iii, 25, 95 ; Plautus, 
 Bac. ii, 3, 72 ; Papinian. Dig. xxxvi, 3, fr. 5 fi»-: Ulpian. ib. xxxiii, 8, fr. 8, § 5- (&•) I " 
 the Jurists: Of buildings, etc.- To pull down, take down, demolish. Ulpian. iJ^;?. 
 viii. 2, A. 17 ; id. ib. viii, 5. /'•. 6 ; Paulus, ib. viii, 2, fr. 31 ; id. ib. x, i, fr. 4 ; Jabol. xb. 
 xli 3 fr. 23 fm. etsaep. Trop. : (a.) To lay down, give up, resign, get rid of. Cicero, 
 Acad.x, I, 3 ; id. Sull. vi, IS ; id. Fam. iv, 6, 2 et saep. (6.) To deposit, intrust, commit to 
 for safe-keeping. Cicero, Ca^ir. 35 /». ^ 
 
Dep.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dep. 
 
 In the Civil Law: (a.) To put down, lay down ; e.g., v. Non aliterlitium, etc. (6.) 
 To deposit, to intrust to another for safe-keeping. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, /?-. i, § 14. v. Depos- 
 itum. (c) To testify; to state on oath; to depose. Justinian. Cod. ii, 59, i, § i; id. ib. 
 iv, 20, i5 ; Bracton, fol. 293. To make oath, to swear. Cro. Eliz. 469. v. i Stra. 557, 
 566, arg. 
 
 DEPONERE videtur, qui in metu ruinae, incendii, naufragii, apud alium custo- 
 diae causd deponit. Deponere videtur, et is qui suspectum habens, vel minus 
 idoneam custodiam domus, vel vim latronum timens, apud aliquem rem custodiendam 
 commendat. PiiULUS, Sent. Recept. ii, 12, §§ 3, 4. He appears to deposit, who, 
 in fear of ruin or disaster, of a conflagration, of a shipwreck, places a thing with 
 another for the sake of safe-keeping. He is considered to deposit a thing who 
 has a suspicion, or a less convenient house to keep, or apprehends the hostile 
 violence of robbers, entrusts a thing with some one to be safely kept. 
 
 Depopiilatio, Onis, /. \depopulor.'\ A laying waste, marauding, pillaging. Cicero, v. 
 12 Co. 30, 31. In General: The act of dispeopling. 
 
 Depopulatio agrorum, Destroying, ravaging or laying waste a country. 4 £1. Com. 
 373 ; 2 JIale's P. C. 333. 
 
 Depopulator, oris, n. \depopulor!\ One who lays waste ; a marauder, spoiler, pillager. 
 
 DepopulO, 2re, I, V. a. v. the following, ad Jin. 
 
 DepoptQor, an, atus, i, v. dep. a. To lay waste, ravage, plunder, pillage (quite class.). 
 Transf.: To waste, dissipate ; e. g., hereditates. Ulpian. jOj^f. xlviii, 4, _/>-. i. To sweep 
 away, destroy. Tacitus, A. xvi, 13. 
 
 Deportatio, onis,/. \deporio.'\ A carrying or conveying away ; a transportation. Cato. 
 
 In the Jurists: A perpetual banishment, deportation, depriving the banished of his 
 rights as a citizen. Ulpian, Dig. xlviii, 13, fr. 3 ; id. ib. tit. 22, fr. 6. v. Marcianus, ib. 
 /''• 15; Justinian. Inst, i, 12, § i, ' de Deportaiione.' It differs from relegatio and exilium. 
 cf. Marcianus, Dig. xlviii, 22, frr. 4, 5 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. 14; Pomponius, ib. frr. 17, 18; 
 Callistratus, ib. fr. 19 ; Justinian. Jnst. i, 12, §§1,2; i Brown, Civ. Law, 125, note. 
 
 Deportatos enim mortuorutn loco hahendos. Ulpian. Dig. xxxvii, 4, j., § 8. Pufendorf, de 
 Jure, V, c. 12, § II. 
 
 In English Law: Synonymous with exile, abjuration of the realm, outlawry. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 13615. 
 
 DepOSitarius, ii, /■ \depona?^ In the Latin of the Jurists: One who receives 
 a deposit; a trustee, depositary. Ulpian. Dig. xvi, 3, fr. i, § 36; id. ib. fr. 7, § 2. (6,) 
 One who makes a deposit ; a depositor. Id. ib. fr. 7, § 3. 
 
 The obligation on the part of the depositary is that he keep the thing with reasonable care — 
 which will of course vary with the nature of the goods to be kept and the circumstances — 
 and, upon request, restore it to the depositor, or Otherwise deliver it, according to the original 
 trust. V. Depositum, and the authorities. 2 Parsons on Contr. 89-96 ; Broom on C. L. 811 
 and cases ; 3 Mason, C. C. 132 ; -^ Ad. cV Ell. 256 ; i Bam. &' Aid. 59 ; 17 Mass. 479 ; 14 
 Serg. &= R. (Penn.) 275. 
 
 Deposit!. Of deposit. The title of Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 34. 
 
 Deposit! vel COlitra, Of deposit or the contrary. The title of Dig. xvi, tit. 3. 
 
 V. Depositum est, quod custodiendum alictii datum est. v. Ulpian. infra. 
 
 DepOSitiO, onis,/. \depono^ Lit.: A la3'ing down, putting ofT. Most freq. in 
 Jurid . Lat. : A depositing for safe-keeping. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3, i, § 5 ; Florent. 
 ib. fr. 17. (6.) A pulling or tearing down; aedijcii. Ulpianus, Dig. iv, 2, fr. g, § 2. 
 Depositio dignitatis, — a lowering of dignity; degradation. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 19,/?-. 8. 
 (c.) A depositing in the earth, burj'ing. Orell, Inscr. 1121 (A. D. 384). Trop.: A 
 deposition, testimony of a witness. Justinian. Cod. ii, 43, § 3 ; id. iv, 20, cons. 15, 17, 20 ; 
 id. iv, 21, cons. 15. 
 
 In English Practice: A deposition; the written testimony of a witness. Peg. 
 Brev. Append. 53. As to deposition, v. 3 Bl. Com. 449 ; 2 Tidd's Pr. 810, 811 ; Story, J., 
 I Gallison's R. 497 ; Broom on C. L. 996-998. In an extended sense: The act of 
 giving testimony under oath; a matter related upon oath. I Stra. 564, arg.; Story, J., 
 I Gallison's R. 497, 
 640 
 
Dep.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dep. 
 
 Depositiones testilim. Depositions of the witnesses. QuiNTlLlAN. /«j/. v, 7. 
 SepdSltor, oris, m. \depous.'\ One who deposits a thing for safe-keeping ; a depositor.- 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3,/?. I, § 37. 
 
 Depositlim, i, «• [+ deponere.'] A deposit for safe-keeping. 
 
 Deposit um est pignus commendatum ad tempus, quasi diQ positum. Deponere autem quis vidctur, cum 
 aliquid meto furti, incendii, nanfragii, apud alium custodiae causa deponit. Isidorus, Orig. v, 23. 9 19- 
 
 A deposit is a pledge of a thing, commended for a time, as it were placed for a day. But he appears to 
 deposit who, when from fear of theft, conflagration, shipwreck, places a thing with another person, for the 
 sake of safe-keeping, w. Paulus, Sent, liecepi. ii, 12, 8§ 3, 4, supra, Deponere videtur, etc. 
 
 T r a n s f . : A deposit, ;'. c. a thing laid down ; part of the price paid by way of earnest. 
 Money or a thing of value lodged with a person as an earnest {arrha), or security {cautio) for 
 the performance of some contract. 
 
 In Civil and Common Law; A bare, naked bailment of goods, deposited or 
 lodged by one man with another to keep for the use of the bailor without reward or recom- 
 pense, and to be returned when the bailor shall require it. Gaius, Inst, iii, g 207 ; Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. iv, tit. 34, ' Depositi' J Dig. xvi, tit. 3, ' Depositi vel contra'; Justinian. Inst, iii, 
 I5> § 3 I Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 437, 439, ed. 1883 ; Bracton, \oob, § 9 fin.; Fleta, ii, c. 56, 
 § 7; 4 Co. 83, Southcope's case ; Lord Holt, C. J., Coggs vs. Bernard, Lord Raym. 909 j 
 s. c, I Smith's L. C. [287] 349 ; v. 358 ; Jones on Bailm. 36, 117 ; Story on Bailm. §§ 4, 41, 99 ; 
 2 Kent's Com. 558, 559 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 89 sq. and cases ; Broom on C. L. 810 sq.; Broom 
 dr» Had. Com., iii, 225 ; Wharton on Negl. ^ 4S0. 
 
 A deposit of title-deeds as a security for the repayment of a borrowed sum of money con- 
 stitutes an equitable mortgage. White &■ Tudor's Lead. Cas. 440-450 ; 13 Ves. 122 ; 3 Hare, 
 416; affirmed, i Ph. 728; 4 Kent's Com. 150; Broom &> Had. Com. ii, 311; see Aiherican 
 cases in Wait's note (297). 
 
 Ulpianus defines the term: 
 
 DEPOSITUM est, quod custodiendum alicui datum est. Dictum ex eo, quod 
 ponitur -■ praepositio enim de auget positum {depositum), ut ostendat 
 totum fidei ejus commissum, quod ad custodiam rei pertinet. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 
 3,/>-. I pr. A deposit is that which is given to some one to be guarded or 
 held in custody. The term arises out of that which is placed (in custody) : for 
 the preposition ' de ' (away from, out of) augments the strength of (the word 
 'positum ' (put or placed) — quasi, ' depositum,' — so that it may declare or express 
 the full trust or commission by that faith or confidence, which pertains to the 
 thing in custody [or to the custody of the thing]. Cited in Story on Bailm. 
 §§ 4, 41, 43 ; Story on Contr. § 835 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, v, 4, § 7, note 2. 
 
 Praetor Ait: QuOD NEQUE TUMULTUS NEQUE incendii, NEQUE RUINAE, NEQUE 
 NAUFRAGII causa DEPOSITUM SIT, etc. ULPIANUS, ib.fr. 1, § I. 
 
 As to the liability of one with whom we deposit a thing for its safe-keeping, and for its 
 loss, etc., V. Gaius, stated in § 5, under the maxim : Obligationes ex contractu, aut re contra- 
 huntur, aut verbis, aut consensu. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. i, §§ i, 5 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 
 
 14. § 3- 
 
 In the Civil Law: Deposits are divisible into several kinds: (a.) Necessary, 
 as made upon some sudden emergency, and from some pressing necessity {ex necessitate) ; 
 e. g. in case of fire {incendium) ; shipwreck (naufragium) ; a violent disturbance, riot, insur- 
 rection, or tumult (tumultus) ; downfall, disaster, catastrophe (ruina) ; accident, casualty, 
 fortuitous event {fortuitus) ; or other overwhelming calamity ; and it is, therefore, confided 
 to any one with whom the depositor meets without any fair opportunity for reflection or 
 choice ; hence it is called miserabile depositum. cf. Ulpianus, Dig. xvi, 3, fr. i, §§ 1-6. 
 (/. Isidorus, Orig. v, 25, § ig, supra. (6.) Voluntary, which arises without any such 
 calamity, from the mere consent and agreement of the parties {contractus enim legem ex con- 
 ventione accipiunt). Ulpianus, ib.% 6. (c.) Involuntary, which may be without the 
 consent or even the knowledge of the depositor; e. g. property of any kind carried away by 
 a flood or an unusual tide, and left upon another's land ; and goods carried away by a tor- 
 nado, and lodged in a similar manner. 
 
 The Civilians again divided deposits: (a.) Simple deposits, made by 
 one or more persons having a common interest. (6.) Sequestrations, made by one or 
 more persons, each of whom has an adverse or a conflicting interest in the controversy 
 respecting it ; and these are of two sorts : conventional, i.e. such as are made by the 
 mere agreement of the parties ; and judicial, i. e. such as are made by the decree of a 
 judicial tribunal in the course of some proceeding in relation to matters in question, cf. 
 [81] 641 
 
Dep.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dep. 
 
 Ulpianus, Dig. xiii, 3, fr. 5 ; Paulus, il>. fr. 6 ; Ulpianus, ib. fr. 7 pr. Another class 
 called irregular; ^. ^. when a party having a sum of money, thinking it unsafe in his 
 own hands, confides it to another, who is to return to him, not the specific money, but a like 
 sura when he shall demand it. Ulpianus, Dig. ib.fr. 7, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 DEPOSITUM eo loco restitui debet, in quo sine dolo malo ejus est, apud quern 
 depositum. est j ubi vera depositum est, nihil interest. Eadem dicenda sunt 
 conimuniter et in omnibus bonae fidei judiciis. Sed descendum est, si velit actor suis 
 impensis suoque periculo perferri rem Romam, ut audiendus sit, quoniam et in ad 
 exhibendum actione id servatur. Pomponius, Dig- xvi, 3, fr. 12, § i. A 
 deposit ought to be restored in that place in which it is found, without the 
 fraud of him with whom it is deposited ; but where it is deposited is unimport- 
 ant. The same things are commonly to be said, and in all judicial investigations 
 of good faith. But it is to be said that if the plaintiff chooses to bring his case 
 to Rome at his own expense or risk, that he is to be heard there ; since even in 
 an action ad exhibendum that is observed. Cited in Story on Bailm. §117. 
 
 Ex CAUsA DEPOSIT!, Lege XII. Tabularum in duplum actio datur {Lex XII. Tab. iii, fr. 
 &), edicto Praetoris in simplum. In causA depositi, compensationi locus non est, sed res ipsa 
 reddenda est. Paulus, Sent. Recept. ii, 12, §§ 11, 12. 
 
 Depraedatio, Onls, /. \de-praedor.'\ A plundering, pillaging. Justinian. Cod. ii, 6, 
 const. 5 ; id. ib. xii, 36, const, g. 
 
 In French Law; Depredation , malversation ; the pillage which is made of the goods 
 of a decedent. 
 
 Cepraedator, oris, m. \id:\ A plunderer. Aug. Ep. igg. A pillager. 
 
 De-praedor, SrI, i, v. dep. a. To plunder, pillage, ravage. Justin, xxiv, 6, 3. 
 
 Depra'Vatio, Onis, /. \depravo.'\ A perverting, distorting, corrupting, impairing, >ritiat- 
 ing ; the act of depriving, dispossessing (freq. in Cicero). 
 
 Leprecatio, Onis, /. \deprecor^ A warding off or averting by prayer ; a deprecating ; 
 deprecation. Cicero, Rab. perd. 9, 26; Quintilian, /«;j/e?K, § 2 ; Isidorus, Orig. ii, 5, § 8. 
 
 In Religious Lang. : An imprecation. Deprecatio deorum, — an invoking of the 
 Gods in making imprecations. Cicero, Rose. Com. 16. T r a n s f . ; A prayer for pardon, 
 deprecation. Cicero, Part. Or. yi fin.; Plautus, Capt. iii, 3, 7. 
 
 Deprecator, oris, m. \id.'\ One who averts by praying; an interceder, intercessor. 
 Cicero ; C^sar et al. Deprecatrix, icis, f. A female intercessor. 
 
 Deprehensio, onis. \_deprehendo.'\ A catching, seizing, surprising ; a discovery. Cicero, 
 Clu. xviii ; Pomponius in Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, o,, fr. 7; Ulpianus, ib. xxiii, 2,fr. 43, § 12. 
 
 Depretiator, oris, m. \depretio.'\ One who depreciates, undervalues ; a depredator. 
 
 Depretio, ari, i, a. u. [pretium.] To lower the price of, to undervalue, to depreciate. 
 Paulus, Dig. ix, 2, 22; Gaius, Inst, iii, § 212. Trop. : To disregard, make light of. 
 Siderfin. £p. ii, 10 fin. 
 
 Deprivatio. — L. Lat. [de, and privatio.'] Deprivation; loss, want, bereavement. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: The taking away from a clergyman his benefice or other 
 spiritual promotion or dignity, either by sentence declaratory in the proper court, for fit and 
 sufficient causes, or in pursuance of divers penal statutes which declare the benefice void for 
 some nonfeasance or neglect, or some malfeasance or crime Burn's Eccles. Law, tit. Depri- 
 vation , 3 Steph. Com. 87, 88. v. Bacon's Max. Reg. 4, ad fin. of. Termes de la Ley , i Bl. 
 Com. 3g3. 
 
 De-put6, are, i, v. a. To esteem, consider, count as ; and in late Latin, alicui, to destine, 
 allot to any one or any thing. Tertullian, Hec. v, 3, i. To impute. Id. de Poenit. 3 ; 
 Att. in Cicero, Div. i, 22, 45. 
 
 In English Law: Deputare, — to appoint, fix or designate. Bracton, nib,T.-job,2iob, 
 363. To appoint or designate for a particular purpose. 
 
 DeputatuS. — L- Lat. A deputy. Brownl. part 2, 331. One who is deputed to act for 
 another ; one who exercises an office, etc., in another's right, having no interest thereon, but 
 acting in the name of his principal. Tomlin's Law Diet, j Termes de la Ley. 
 642 
 
Der.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Der. 
 
 Derationare, Dirationare or Disrationare.— L. Lat. To deraign; to prove, stat. 
 
 31 Hen. VIII. c. I ; I Reeve's Hist. 123. To disprove or refute the assertion of an adverse 
 party. Spelman. To deny or refuse. He cannot deraign battel." Dyer, 137. To put 
 out of place or order ; to displace or disarrange ; to turn one out of his order ; to degrade. 
 Co. Lift. 136 ; Termes de la Ley, 
 
 Derelictio, Onis, /. [derelinquo.'] An abandoning, Trop.; A disregarding, neglect- 
 ing. DerelicHo communis utilitates. CiCERO, Off. iii, 5, 30. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term signifies the opposite of a//«OT'o, v. h. v. 
 
 In the Common Law: The gaining of land from the water; e. g. when the sea 
 shrinks back below the usual water-mark. If this gain be by little and little (sensim ac 
 fedetentim), by small and imperceptible degrees, it shall go to the owner of the land. Dyer, 
 326; Roll.Abr. 170; 2 Bl. Com. 262; i Crabb's Real Prop. 109. 
 
 Serelictum, i, »■ [-(- de-relinquo, ere.] Derelict, i. e. willfully abandoned or thrown 
 away. Dig. xli, tit. 7, 'pro Derelicto' ; Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 47. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Pro dereli do habetur, quod dominus ea mente abjecerit, ut 
 id in humero verum suarum esse nolit : idedque statim dominus ejus esse desinit. Jus- 
 tinian. /kj^. ii, i, § 47. Read: Qui ratione verivis esse. Calvinus defines: Dere- 
 li c turn dicitur illud quod caret possessore, vel quod in nullius est possessione : id est, — 
 that is called der e lie turn which is without an owner, or which is not in the possession of 
 any one. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Asa Maritime Term: used in Salvage Law, it means a vessel or cargo abandoned 
 and deserted by the master and crew, with no purpose of returning to it, and no hope of 
 saving or recovering it themselves, cf. 2 Parsons on Contr. 316, 317, and the authorities there 
 cited ; 2 Kent's Com. 357. 
 
 By the Law of Nations: Derelict lands are those suddenly left by the 
 receding of the sea, ;'. e. when the sea or water recedes below the usual water-mark. They 
 are the opposite of alluviones. I Crabb's Real Prop. 109 ; 2 Bl. Com. 262. When added by 
 degrees — per alluvionem — the derelict land belongs to the owner of the soil adjoining ; but 
 when the sea retires suddenly it belongs to the government, cf. Gaius, Dig. xli. ^,fr. 7 ; 
 Ulpianus, ib. xix, I, fr. 13; Callistr. ib. fr. 12; Brown, Civ. Law, 239; 2 Bl. Com. 9; 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law ; I Sumner, C. C. 328, 490 ; I Gall. C. C. 133 ; Ware, Dist. Ct. ■i'ii. 
 
 DerelictuS, tls, »;. \id.'\ An abandoning; a willful throwing away. Trop.; Neglect- 
 ing ; neglect. AuLUS Gellius, v, 12. 
 
 In English Law: Derelict, left, forsaken ; ^. ^. as land left dry by the retiring of the 
 sea. V. Derelictio ; et v. Derelictus, a, um. Pa. 
 
 DerelictUS, a, um. Pa. \id.^ Abandoned, neglected, forsaken, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: Deserted or abandoned, as a vessel voluntarily deserted at 
 sea. 2 Kenfs Com. 457 ; 3 id. 245 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 316 sq. and cases. Property aban- 
 doned without hope of recovery, or without an intention of returning is, in the maritime 
 sense of the word, derelict. 2 Kenfs Com. 357, note ; 3 id. 246, note ; Ware's j?. 43 ; i Gal- 
 lison's R. 133 ; I Mason's R. 373, 374 ; i Sumner's R. 207, 236, 400. Abandoned, cast or 
 thrown away — as goods thrown overboard at sea, or willfully cast away by the owner on 
 land. Bracton, fol. 8 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, g. v. 2 Parsons on Contr. 316 sq. and cases. 
 " If one is possessed of a jewel, and casts it into the sea or a public highway, this is such 
 an express dereliction, that a property will be vested in the first fortunate finder that 
 will seize it to his own use." 3 Bl. Com. 9. Goods are "derelict which have been vol- 
 untarily abandoned and given up as worthless, the mind of the owner being alive to the cir- 
 cumstances at the time." Per Tindall, C. J., I C. B. 112 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 De-relinquS, ere, 3, ». a. To forsake wholly {^s. forever) ; to abandon, desert (class.). 
 
 In late Latin: To leave behind, to bequeath. Arn. v, p. i6i ; HiER. Ep. lo8, 30. 
 
 Derener, D erainer, Dereiner, Dereyner , D ereigner , Deraigner. — L. Fr. 
 To deraign ; to prove ; to clear one's self. 
 
 DerivatiO 5nis, /. \derivo.'\ A leading off; turning off. Lit.: Derivationes Jluminum. 
 Cicero, (?/■. ii, 4, 14. In Gram mat. Lang. : Derivation, etymology of words. Pliny 
 in Serv. ^n. ix, 706. Magistratus per derivationem h magisiris cognominantur. Paulus, 
 Dig.'L,j(i,fr.c,T. In Rhetor.: An exchanging of one word for another of like mean- 
 ing, to soften the expression. Quintilian, iii, 7, 25. 
 
 DerivatiVUS, a, um, adj. [id.] Derivative ; any thing obtained or deduced from 
 another. 
 
 643 
 
Der.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Des. 
 
 DERIVATIVA pofestas non potest esse major frimativa. A derivative power 
 cannot be greater than the primitive or original. Wingate's Max. 26 ; 
 Noy's Max. 4, max. 8 ; Broom's Max. 'A derived power cannot be greater than 
 that from which it is derived.' Finch's Law., b. i, c. 3, p. 11. w. S Co. 113; 
 Co. Litt. 321. 
 
 Dern-ier, DerniSre. — Fr. Adj. Latest, final ; highest, greatest, utmost ; lowest, vilest, 
 meanest. D emigre per fee tion , — the highest, greatest, utmost perfection. D emigre 
 importanee,- — the utmost importance. Dernilre des homnies, — the lowest, mean- 
 est of men. D emigre ressort, — the last resort. En dernier tessort, — in the 
 last resort ; without appeal. 
 
 Derobare. — L. Lat. [+ desrober, disrober.l To steal, to pilfer. Spelman. 
 
 Derogare, — Lat. pres. infin. -)- derogo, v. h. v. 
 
 Derogatio, Onis, /. \derogo^ A. partial abrogation of a law ; a derogation. Cicero, 
 ad Heren. ii, 10, § 15. T r a n s f . ; The taking away, detracting from, diminution or partial 
 abrogation ; the restricting or impairing the authoritj' or effect of any thing, as of a law or a 
 contract, v. Derogo. To abrogate is to abolish entirely. 
 
 Derogator, oris, m. \derogo!\ A detractor, depredator. Siderfin, Ep. iii, 13. 
 
 Derogatorius, a, um, adj. [id.'] Belonging to a derogation ; derogatory. Julian. Dig. 
 XXV, 4, fr. 2. 
 
 DEROGATUR Z^^/ ««/ abrogatur; der og atur legi, quum pars detrahitur ; 
 abrogatur legi, quum prorshs tollitur. Modestinus, Dig. L, xd, fr. 
 102. A law is derogated or abrogated; a law is derogated when part of 
 it is taken away ; a law is abrogated when it is entirely taken away. 
 
 Lex aut r o g a t u r , id est fertur ; aut abrogatur, id est prior lex tollitur ; aut d e r o - 
 gatur, id est pars primae legis tollitur ; aut subrogatur, id est adjicitur aliquid primae 
 legi ; aut obrogatur, id est mutatur aliquid ex prima lege, Ulpian. ReguJ. i, § 3. 
 
 Derogo, 5re, 1, V. a. In the Jurists, t. t. : To repeal part of a law; to restrict, 
 derogate it. Cicero, ^f^. iii, 22. v. Derogatur legi^ cum pars detrahitur^ supra. 
 
 Transferred beyond the legal sphere.; To take away, detract from, to 
 diminish any thing. Cicero, Inv. ii, 58, 75 ; ii, 17, 53 et al. v. Hoc multum derogat, etc. 
 
 Des gents de la ville. — Fr. The people of the town. Stat. Westm. \. C- 7. 
 
 Des ke (que), — L. Fr. From which time; since. Des kes a ore, — from which time 
 until now ; so far. Kelham. 
 
 DeSCendenS, entis, m. \_-\- descendo.] One who descends, or is descended, from another; 
 a relation in the descending line ; a descendant. The opposite of ascendens. Paulus, Dig. 
 xxiii, 2, fr. 68 et saep.j Ulpian. Dig. xliii, 26, fr. i. v. Paulus, id. xviii, r, fr. %T fin.; 
 Mackeldey, Civil Law, § 141, ed. 1883. 
 
 Descendents is a good term of description in a will, and includes all who proceed 
 from the body of the person named ; as grandchildren and great grandchildren. Ambl. 397; 
 2 Vem. 108, n. 2; 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. 542. 
 
 Descender. — L. Fr. To descend, v. Formedon en le descender, 
 
 DESCENDIT itaque ius, quasi ponderosum, quid cadens deorsum, redd lined vel 
 transversali, et nunquam reascendit ed vid, qua descendit, post mortem ante- 
 cessorum. A latere iamen ascendit alicui, propter defectum haeredum inferiUspro- 
 venientum. Et si seysina sive possessio aliquem exorbitet, ita qubd Jus merum non 
 sequatur, in fine tamen ad proprietatem reve7-tetur, si sit haeres qui petal. Item 
 descendit jus vera haeredi, ubicunque fiattts fuerit, vel in utero matris, citra mare, 
 vel ultra, nee potest aliquis sibi facere haeredem, quia solus Deus haeredem facit. 
 Et quia haeres dicitur ab haeredifate, et non haereditas ab haerede. Therefore, 
 this right (of succession) descends like something weighty falling downward, by 
 644 
 
Des.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Des. 
 
 a direct or a transverse line, and it never reascends by the same way by which 
 it has descended, after the death of the ancestors. But it ascends laterally to 
 some one on account of the defect of heirs lower down. And if seysin or pos- 
 session excludes any one, so that the absolute right does not follow, nevertheless 
 in the end it will return to the property, if it be the heir v/ho claims. Likewise 
 the right descends to the true heir, wherever he may have been born, or if he be 
 still in the womb of his mother, within or beyond the sea, no one can make the 
 heir for himself, for God alone makes an heir, and because the heir is called 
 from the inheritance, and not the inheritance from the heir. Bracton, ii, c. 29, 
 § 1, fol. 62b. V. Fleta, vi, i, § 4. 
 
 Lord Coke adopted this quaint reason for the rule of descent (r Co. Inst, iia), and it 
 seems to regulate the descent of lands upon the principle or according to the laws of gravi- 
 tation, cf. 2 £/. Com. 211, 212 (t)/ 4 Kent's Com. 395 fin.j Broom &= Had. Com. ii, ill-^T)- 
 
 DescendO, ere, 3, J/. ». To come down. Of inanimate subjects: To fall down, 
 sink ; to descend (freq. and class.). In particular: To go down, to go, to come (freq. 
 and class.). In the Jurists: To descend or proceed from any person or thing. Paulus, 
 Dig. xxiii, 2,/?-. 68 et saep.; Ulpian. ib. xliii, 26, /r. i. v. Paulus, ib. xviii, i, fr. syyfK./ 
 Pliny, xxii, 24, 51. Read': Ex gradu ascendentimii, etc., ■i.-ai. Quod genus liberalitatis, etc. 
 
 DecensiO, onis, /. [dcscendo.] A going down, descending. Me ton., A descent or 
 sunken place. 
 
 Descensus, us, m. [id.} A descent. Conor. . A descending way ; a descent. 
 
 In Roman Law: Descent is denoted by the term j«C(r«j/«. 
 
 In English Law: Succession by law to an estate in lands. Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 
 291, ch. xi. D e s c e n t is when land, etc. , after the death of the ancestor, is cast by course 
 of law upon the heir. v. Bracton and Fleta, supra; Co. Litt. 'iyjb. And so the title by which 
 one, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate by right of representation as his heir-at- 
 law. Co. Litt. x-^b; 2 Bl. Com. 20I, 211 ; 4 Kent's Com. 374 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 372. 
 
 In American Law: The right of property by ascent has long been authorized. 
 4 Kent's Com. 392, 393 sq. Notwithstanding this the primitive terms descent and 
 descend are used to denote transmission in an upward direction ; "to descend to an 
 ancestor as to a father." Id ib.; 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. c. 77. 
 
 Descent de un cep.- — L. Fr. Descent from one stock. Britt. c. 70. 
 
 Describe, ere, 3, V. u. To copy off, transcribe any thing from an original (freq. in Cicero). 
 To sketch off in writing; to describe. Trop ., Torepresent, delineate, describe. Plautus, 
 Mil. iii, I, 165, and so freq. (&.) To mark off, divide, distribute into parts (freq. and class.), 
 (c.) To ascribe, apportion, appoint, assign to any one as his share (freq. and class.). 
 
 Descriptio, Oms, f. [describo."] In concrete: A marking out, delineation. Trop., A 
 representation, delineation, description. Cicero, Inv. ii, 18 ; Quintilian, ix, 2, 44. (6.) 
 A distribution, division. Cicero, /'/o«c xviii, 45 ; c.g^ Descriptio privatarum possessionum., — 
 a division with regard to matters of private property. Cicero, Off. i, 7, 21. (c) A proper 
 disposition, order, arrangement; e.g. Constitutio aut descriptio aut disciplina reipublicae. 
 Cicero, Rep. i, 46. v. Id. de Or. ii, 9, 36 ; id. Off. i, 39 et al. 
 
 Descriptio personae. — L. Lat. Description of the person. 2 Stra. 729 ; 2 Lord Raym. 
 1437 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 9750, and cases ; Story on Agency, § 151 ; 3 Day's R. 470 ; 2 Sel- 
 den's R. (N. Y.) 168. Descriptio personarum, — a description of persons. 4 Kent's Com. 221. 
 
 Desere en avant. — L. Fr. From henceforth. 2 Co. Inst. 639. 
 
 DesertiO, onis, /. ^desero.'X A forsaking, deserting. In Military Language, t.t.: 
 Desertion. Modestinus, Zl/j-. xlix, 16, /?r. 3, 5 et al. Trop., A slighting, neglecting; 
 c. g. Juris humani. LivY, xli, 24. 
 
 Deservio ire, w. ». To zealously serve, be devoted to, subject to (class.). In English 
 Law: Deservire, — to serve — as a feudal tenant did his lord. 2 Bl. Com. 284. 
 
 Desfontains. The name of the oldest law writer on the Law of France. 
 
 Pierre Desfontaines published, in 1253, his work on the French Law of Custom, com- 
 paring it with the Roman Law. Mackeld. Civ. Law, 70, § 85. Espr. des Loix, xxviii, c. 38. 
 
 64s 
 
Des.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Des. 
 
 Desgarnys. — L. Fr. Unwarned. BriU. c. 4. Unprovided, unfurnished ; e. g. Desgarny 
 de forte gent. — L. Fr. Unprovided with brave people, Britt. c. 122,. 
 
 DesiCUt, — L. Lat. Whereas (in the sense of opposition); inasmuch as; since, etc. 
 Bracton, fol. 335^, 379, 390, 403 et al. 
 
 Desiderata CUriosa. Things to be desired and that are curious. 
 
 DesideratllS, *•, um, Pa. \de-sidero, are, to desire, long for, greatly wish for.J Wished for, 
 desired, welcome. In general, De-sid' er-a'ium, n.; pi. De-sid'e-rata. A thing of which 
 the lack is felt ; a want generally felt and acknowledged. 
 
 Designatio, Snis, y. Idedgno.^ A marking out, describing, designating. (6.) A dispo- 
 sition, arrangement. Cicero, N. D. i, i fin. An appointment. Tacitus, A. ii, 36 ad fin. 
 In the Jurists: Designation, specification. DesignatiO persouae, — designation of 
 the person. 2 Powell on Dev. 357, 358 ; i Hilliard's Real Prop. 499 ; 2 Stra. 802, 804. 
 Designatio personae Vel perSOUariim, — a description of the person or persons. 
 
 In general, the names of the parties appear in the body of the instrument. The com- 
 mon formula is ''between A. B. of, etc., of the one part, and C. D. of, etc., 
 of the other part." In all contracts under seal there must be some designatio personae. 
 If the name of the party to be charged is written at the foot of the instrument, it is a sufficient 
 designatio personae. i Salkeld, 214; I Lord Raym. 2 ; 2 Bos. Sf Pul. 339. If in the body of 
 the instrument the person is described by the name of James and he signs the name of John, 
 on being sued by the name of John he cannot deny it. Falsa demojistratio non nocet. Croke 
 Eliz. 897, n. (a); 3 Taunt. 505 ; 11 Ad. is' E. 594; 3 Perr. &= D. 271. A legacy "to the 
 eldest son" of A, would be a designatio personae. i Roper, Leg. c. 2. 
 
 DESIGNATIO justiciorum est a regej jurisdictio vera ordinaria a lege. The 
 appointment of justices is by the king ; but their ordinary jurisdiction is 
 by the law. 4 Co. Inst. 74. 
 
 DESIGNATIO unius est exdusio alteriusj et expressum facit cessare taciturn. 
 The designation of one person or thing is the exchision of the other; and 
 that which is expressed makes that which is silent' (or understood) to cease. Co. 
 Litt. 210. 
 
 When the parties themselves have designated or appointed one person or specified a par- 
 ticular thing, the law shall never seek out another, v. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius, 
 and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Designator, oris, m. \designo.'] One who orders, regulates, arranges ; a regulator ; one 
 who designates. Aa a /. /..■ An officer whose duty it was to marshal people in their seats 
 in the theatre. Plautus, Poen. prol. 19. (6.) A master of ceremonies at funerals ; an 
 undertaker. Horace, Ep. i, 7, 5 et al. (c.) An umpire at public spectacles. Ulpian. Dig. 
 iii, 2, fr. 4, § I ; CiCERO, Att. iv, 3, 2. 
 
 DESIIT esse miles seculi, qui f actus est, miles Christi ; nee beneficium pej'tinet ad eum qui 
 non debet gerere officium. He ceased to be a soldier of this world who was made a soldier of 
 Christ ; nor does any benefit belong to him who was not obliged to perform a duty. Du 
 Cange, voc. ' Crucis privilegium ' ; Broom &' Had. Co?n. i, 156, note if). 
 
 DESINERE autem abesse res tunc videtur, quum sic redit in _pote state m, ne amit- 
 tere ejus possessionem possimus, § 3. ob hoc, quod furto pridem iubtracta 
 est ; abest et ea res, quae in rebus humanis non est. Ulpianus, Dig. L, \(s,fr. 13, 
 §§ 2, 3. But a thing ceases to be absent {abesse), when it is returned in such a 
 manner into our power, that we cannot lose its possession, § 3. on this account, 
 that a long time ago it had been taken away by theft ; and that thing is also 
 ' absent ' which is not within human affairs. 
 
 Res abesse videntur, ut Sabinus ait, et Pedius probat, etiam hae, quarum corpus manet, 
 forma mutata est, etc. Ulpianus, ib. § i. 
 
 DESINIT donator possidere, cum corpore et animo donandi et transferendi ad 
 donatorium, seposuerit extra seysina, corpore dico, propria et suorum; et incipit 
 donatorius, ciim ingressus fuerit vacua possessione per se, vel per suos, i, corpore 
 646 
 
Des.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Des. 
 
 propria vel suorum ciim animo possidendi et retinendi, et sic desinit unus et incipit 
 alius. The donor ceases to possess, when bodily and with the intention of giv- 
 ing and transferring [a thing] to the donatory, he puts himself out of seysine, 
 bodily I say as regards himself and his people ; and the donatory begins when 
 he enters upon a vacant possession by himself or by his people, that is with his 
 own body or with their bodies, with the intention of possessing and of retaining, 
 and so one ceases and the other begins. Bracton, ii, c. 18, § 4, fol. A,\b. 
 
 Read: Et sciendum quod animo et corpore simul acquiritut possession et non corpore^ etc. 
 
 Marcellus : 
 
 DESINIT debitor esse, is qui nactus est exceptioneiii, justam nee ab aequitate nat- 
 urali abhorrentem. Julianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 66. He ceases to be a 
 debtor, in whom a just exception is produced, not abhorrent to natural equity. 
 cf. GoTHOFRED, de Div. Regul. Juris. Ixvi, p. 271. 'He is no longer a debtor 
 who has a defense that is righteous and consistent with natural equity.' Philli- 
 more's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xliii, p. 214. 
 
 Read: Creditor auiem is est, qui exceptione perpetuae suvimoveri non potest, etc. Paulus, 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 55. 
 
 Desmaintenant, — L- Fr. From henceforth ; from the present moment ; even now ; 
 forthwith. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 DeSOre. — L. Fr. From now ; from this time. DeSOre en avant, or in one word 
 Desorenavant, DeSOrenaunt, — from this time forward; from henceforth. Stat.'^e.sX.m. 
 I. (-.34; I Rep. in Ch. Appendix. DeSOrmes. — L- Fr. = De sormes. From henceforth; 
 hereafter. 
 
 DeSOUbs, or DeSOUbeS. — L. Fr. Under. DeSOubeS le Seale, — under the seal. Artie 
 Super. Chart, c. i = Desous, Desouz, Dessouz, 
 
 DeSOUth.— L- Fr. Under, below. DeSOUth le grant seal le roy, under the great seal 
 
 of the king. Stat. Con/. Cart. 25 Edw. I. in note. De south le petite seale ; ne issera 
 
 desormes nul briefe que touch le COmon ley.— L. Fr. Respecting the petit seal ; no 
 writ or process shall henceforward be issued which concerns the Common Law. Art. Sup. 
 Chart, c. 6. DeSOUth nOSmes,— undernamed. DeSOUth serure,— under clasp or key. 
 
 Desperanter, "dv. Hopelessly, despairingly. Cicero, Att. xiv, 18. 
 
 DesperatiO, Onis, /. [despero.] Hopelessness, despair. 
 
 DESPERA TIO est segritudo sine ulla rerum expectatione meliorum. Despair is a grief that 
 excludes all hope of better things to come. Cicero, Tusc. iv, 8, 18 M e t o n . : Despera- 
 tio. = Desperate boldness ; foolhardiness. App. M. x, p. 251. 
 
 DespicatiO, Onis,/. \despicor, z,x\, — to despise, disdain.] Contempt. Cic&^o, Fin. 
 
 Despioentia, ae,/. [/</.] A despising, contempt. Cicero, Tusc.K, i^o et al. 
 
 DespoliatiO, Onis, /. {despoUo?^ A robbing, despoiling. 
 
 Sespoliator, oris, ?«. \id.'\ A robber, plunderer. Plautus, Trin. ii, i, 18. 
 
 De-sp61i6 a-re, i, ». "• To rob, plunder, despoil. Plautus, Afra. v, 2, 53; Cicero, 
 Att. vii, 9 ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 21 ad fin. 
 
 Desponsatio, Onis, /. [desponso.] A betrothing, betrothal. 
 
 SesponsiO, onis, /. [id.l A despairmg, desponding. 
 
 De-spons6, are, I, V. a. To betroth. DesponSOr, Oris, m. A betrother. Varro, Z. L. 
 
 DestinatiO Bnis, /. {destino.^ Anestablishing, setting fast; a determination, resolution, 
 design, purpose. Ex destinatione animi — according to the resolution of the mind. Ulpian. 
 iPtV. L, l,/n 27, I 2. Distinatio animi, — the determination, resolution, purpose of 
 the mind. v. Animi destinatio. 
 
 Destinatione. abl. [-\- destinatio.] By destination. Ersiitte's /nst. ii, lit. 2, S, 14. 
 
 DestitutiO, Oiiis, /. [destituo.] A forsaking, deserting, deceiving. Cicero, C/«. xxvi, 
 
 71 ; QUINTILIAN, V, 20. 
 
 647 
 
Des.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Det. 
 
 DestrilCtio, Snis, /. [destruo.] A pulling down, destruction, waste. Trop.: A 
 refuting, refutation. Quintilian, x, 5, 12. Extinction. 
 
 In English Law: Destruction was used in connection with i'sj/kot, — waste. Sonie 
 applied it with the same meaning. 3 Bl. Com. 223 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 385. Also 
 with exilium, v. h. v. 
 
 De-Stru6, ere, 3, V. a. To pull or tear down any thing built (opp. to construe). Cicero, 
 de Sen. xx. Trop.: To destroy, weaken, ruin (class.). 
 
 In old English Law; Destruere, — to destroy. Lo rd Coke construes d e s tr oyed 
 as employed in Mag. Cart., to mean forejudged of life or limb, disinherited, or put to tor- 
 ture or death. 2 Co. Inst. 48. Every oppression against law by color of any usurpation of 
 authority, is a kind of destruction. Id. ibid. 
 
 DESUMITUR \praesumptio\ ex personis, ex causis, ex loco, ex tempore, ex 
 qualitate, ex silentio, ex familiaritate, ex fugd, ex negligentid, ex vicinid, ex 
 obscuritate, ex eventH, ex dignitate, ex aetate, ex quantitate, ex amore, ex societate, etc. 
 Matthaeus, de Probationibus, c. 2, n. i . A presumption is selected from or 
 according to persons, causes, place, time, quality, silence \or inaction], famili- 
 arity [intimacy, friendship], flight, negligence, vicinage [neighboroood, vicinity], 
 obscurity [indistinctness or uncertainty], event [occurrence or result], dignity 
 [worth or rank], age, quantity, love, society [or association], etc. i Best on 
 Evid. § 316. 
 
 Desunt caetera. — Lat. The remainder is wanting ; other things are absent. 
 
 Detentator, oris, m. [detento.'] One who holds or keeps back something; a detainer. 
 Justinian. Cod. vii, 3, 9, 7 ; ii, 59, 2.' 
 
 Detentio, Onis, /. [detineo.'] A keeping back, detaining. Ulpianus, Dig. xxv, i, 5 ; 
 iv, 6, 15 ; xliii, 25, § 5 ^■^ al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exercise of one's power over a corporeal thing at his pleas- 
 ure, to the exclusion of another. Dig. supra ; 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 229. v. ed. 1883, 
 §238. 
 
 In old English Law: Detaining, detection, as distinguished from or in connection 
 with captio. Bracton, fol. I56i5y Fleta, lib. i, c. 42, §1. = Detinue. 
 
 Detentor, Sris, /«. [zV.] One who holds or keeps back ; a detainer. 
 
 Detentor possessionis alienae. A detainer of the possession from another. Justinian. 
 Cod. viii, 4, 10. 
 
 Detenue- — L. Fr. Detention. Hence the name of detinue, v. h. v. 
 
 DeterminatiO, Onis, y". \determino^ A boundary, conclusion, end. Determinatiomundi, — 
 the limits of the universe. Cicero, N. D. ii, 40. Determinatio orationis. Id. Inv. i, 52. 
 
 In English Law: Determination ; termination, ceasing, coming to an end {terminus). 
 Distinguished from expiration, as depending upon contingency. Co. Litt. 55; 2 Bl. 
 Com. 122. Applied to estates at will. 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 407 et seq. 
 
 Determinator, oris, m. \id.\ One who prescribes, determines. Tertul. Pudic. 11. 
 
 DeterminO, are, i, v. a. To bound off, to bound ; to limit, prescribe, determine (quite 
 class.). Regiones, limites conjinia. Plautus, Roen. prol. 49 et al. 
 
 In English Law: To cease, terminate, or come to an end, on the happening of a 
 certain contingency ; e. g., v. 2 Bl. Com. 121. 
 
 DetestatiO, 5nis, /. \iktestor.'\ In Religious Lang.: Execration, cursing, detes- 
 tation. Horace, Epod. v, 89 ; Gellius, ii, 6, 3 ; ii, 7, 13 ; xv, 27, 3 et al. A keeping off, 
 averting. Pliny, xv, 30, 40. 
 
 In the Jurists: Detestatio sacrorum, — the solemn renunciation of the family 
 sacred rites, and thereby of the gens itself, which in arrogatio was made by the son. 
 Gellius, xv, 27, 3. v. respecting this, Savigny in Zeitschr, etc., vol. ii, p. 401 sq. 
 
 DETESTATIO est denunciatio facta citm testatione. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, 
 fr. 40. Detestatio is an announcement made or declaration given 
 with a testation, i. e. an invocation of the gods as witnesses, v. Gaius, Dig. L, 
 16, /r. 39, § 2, infra. 
 648 
 
DetJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Det. 
 
 De-testor, ari, I, I/. (/^/. in Religious Lang.: To curse while calling a deity to 
 witness, i. c. to execrate, abominate, detest. Cicero, Vatin. xvi, 39 ; id. Phil, viii, 2, fin. 
 et al. Tr a n s f . : To pray to be averted, sc. an evil from one's self or others ; to deprecate. 
 Cicero, Catil. i, 11 ; id. Phil, iv, 4, 10 et al. 
 
 DETESTARI est, abserdi denuntiare. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, /r. 39, § 2. To 
 curse or execrate is to detest, denounce in one's absence. 
 DETESTATUM est testatione denuntiatum. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, /r. 238, § i. 
 Renounced is announced or declared by testation. A renuncia- 
 tion is officially declared by testation, /. e. calling the gods to witness, v. Ulpi- 
 ANUS, Dig. L, i(>,fr. 40, supra. 
 
 De-tineo, ere, 2, v. a. To hold olf, keep back, detain (quite class.). Transf. . To 
 occupy, engage. Cicero, fuv. ii, 45, 132 ; Quintilian, x, 5, 17 et al. 
 
 Detinet, [-\- detinere, — (/;•, and ^^Bfr^', to hold from; to withhold.] He detains; he keeps. 
 
 In Practice and Pleading: The term has given name to the mode of declaring 
 in certain actions of debt, as against executors and administrators, etc.. the declaration being 
 said to be "in the detinet." Reg. Orig. 140; Termes de la Ley ; 3 BL Com. 155. v. Debet 
 et detinet. The, term is also employed in the action of replevin where it is founded on the 
 wrongful detention of the thing in question. Buller's N. P. 52 ; Chittys PI. 145 ; 3 
 mifs P. (N. Y.) 282 ; 4 id. 603 ; 6 id. 613. 
 
 Detinue. [+ Lat. detinerei\ — L. Fr. and Eng. = Lat. Detentio. A term employed to 
 denote an action which lies to recover the specific possession of a personal chattel wrong- 
 fully detained from another, where the original taking was lawful, or its value, and dam- 
 ages for its detention. F. N. B. 138 ; Co. Litt. 286(5 y 3 Bl. Com. 151 ; l Tidd's Pr. 5 ; Broom 
 on C. L. 122, and cases ; Broom df Had. Com. iii, 255, 324. v. Breve vel actio de detentione. 
 
 Detinue is, in strictness, to be ranked with actions ex contractu. 11 C. B. N. S. 423. 
 It lies against him who once had, but has improperly parted with, the possession of chattels. 
 Com. Dig. " Detinue " {A) ; g M. &• IV. ig. It lies against an attorney who has lost his 
 client's deed. 5 C. B. JV. S. 84. v. 15 M. &= W. 553 ; i G- ^- 585 ; 2 ,5. £r= 5. i ; L. P., 3 
 Exch. 299. It has been, in a great measure, superseded by the action of trover or 
 replevin. 3 Bl. Com. 152; 2 Kent's Com. 241, note. v. 2 R. S. N. Y. [553.] 
 
 Detinuit, He has detained ; he kept back, withheld. Buller's N. P. 521. 
 
 Detractare. — L. Lat. To draw off or drag away ; to draw along ; c. g. Detractentur et 
 suspendentur, — they shall be drawn off and hanged. Fleta, lib. u. 37, § 4. Detractari et com- 
 iuri, — to be drawn away and burned. Id. § 2. 
 
 Detractio, Onis, /. [detraho.] A drawing off, taking away, withdrawal. 
 
 Detractor, Cris, m. [id.} A disparager, detractor. 
 
 DETRAHERE igitur alteri aliquid et hominem hominis incommodum suum commodum 
 augere magis est contra 7iaturam quam mors, quam paupertas, quam dolor, quam caetera, quam 
 possunt aut corpori accidere aut rebus extemis. Nam principio tollit convictum humanum et 
 societatem. Si enim sic erimus ad/ecti, ut propter suum quisque emolumentum spoliet aut violet 
 alterum, disrupi necesse est earn, quae maxime est secundum naturam, homini generis societatem. 
 Ut si unum quodque membrum sensum hunc haberet, ut posse putarct se valere, si proximi jnembri 
 valetudinem ad se traduxisset, debilitari et interire tolum corpus necesse esset, sic, si unus quisque 
 nostrum ad se rapiat commoda aliorum detrahatque quod cuique possit emolumenti sui gratia, 
 societas hominum et communitas evertatur necesse est. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 5, 21, 22. To 
 take away wrongfully, then, from another, and for one man to advance his own interests by 
 the disadvantage of another man, is more contrary to nature than death, than poverty, than 
 pain, than any other evils which can befall either our bodies or external circumstances. For, 
 in the first place, it destroys all human intercourse and society ; for if we will be so disposed 
 that each for his own gain shall despoil or offer violence to another, the inevitable conse- 
 quence is, that the society of the human race, which is most consistent with nature, will be 
 broken asunder. As, supposing each member of the body was so disposed as to think it 
 could be well if it should draw to itself the health of the adjacent member, it is inevitable 
 that the whole body would be debilitated and would perish ; so if each of us should seize 
 [ 82 ] 649 
 
Det.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dev. 
 
 for himself the interests of another, and wrest whatever he could from each for the sake of 
 his own emolument, the necessary consequence is, that human society and community would 
 be overturned, v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iii, i, § 2 ; iv, c. 13, § t fin. 
 
 Read: Nafn sihiut guisgue malit quod ad usumvitae^ertineat, etc. Cicero, /i. §8 2Z, 23. Ergo jinuni 
 debet esse omnibus ^ro^ositum, ut eadem sit utititas unius cujusgue et universorum^ etc. Cicero, ib. c. 6. 
 Societatis artissimum vinculum est tnagis arbitrari esse contra, naturam^ etc. CiCEico, ib. Hoccine est 
 credibile^aut memorabile^etc. Terentius, ^«f/r. iv, x, i. 
 
 DetrimentOSUS, a, um, adj. [deirimentum.] Hurtful, detrimental. 
 
 Detrimentum, i, »• \detero.'\ A rubbing off. Transf.: Loss, damage, detriment. 
 Cicero, Fin. iii, 21. 
 
 DETRIMENTUM quod vehendis mercibus accidit, ut fluxus vini., frumenti cor- 
 ruptio, mercium in tempestibus ejectio j quia adduntur vecturae sumpius, et 
 necessariae aliae impensae. A detriment or loss happens in respect to the carry- 
 ing of goods or merchandise — as the leakage of wine, the spoiling of grain or 
 throwing out goods in a storm • — because these things increase the expense of 
 the carriage, and other necessary charges. Common Law Max. 
 
 DETUR dig niori . Let it be given to the more worthy. 2 Ventr. 268; 
 Broom's Max. iii^ ; i Story's Eq. Jur. § 295. 
 A digniori fieri debet denominatio et resolutio. Wingate's Max. 75. Denominatio fieri debet 
 a dignioribuS. Quando jus domini regis et subditi concurrunt, jus regis praeferri debet. 9 Co. 
 I2g ; Broom's Max. ti^. Detur dignis simo , — let it be given to the most worthy. 
 
 Dens, i, m. A god, a deity (freq. and class.). 
 
 DEUS optimus maximus legislator solus. God alone is the best and greatest 
 legislator or lawgiver. 
 DEUS solus haeredem facere potest, non homo. God alone is able to make the 
 heir, not man. Co. Litt. "jbj Broom's Max. 496 ; 5 .5. 6^ C 440, 454. 
 And he only is heir who is ex justis nuptiis procreatus. Id. ib. 
 Deus vobiscum. God be with j'ou. 
 
 Deuterogamy. [+Gr. SEvrepo?, second, and ^a;Uo5, marriage.] A second marriage. 
 V. Bigamus, and Digamus. 
 
 Devant, Devaunt.— L. Fr. Before. Devant le roy en son place,— before the king 
 
 in his place, i. e. in his own court. Reg. Orig. 171}, note a. Devannt nos jnstices, — before 
 our justices. Britt. c, ^S- Devant Ses henres,— before this time ; heretofore. Yearb.M. 
 II Hen. VI. 28. 
 
 Devastatio, Onis, «. \^devasto, are.] A laying waste, devastation ; a sqiSandering. 
 
 In English Law: The waste of the substance, property, effects, of a deceased person 
 by his executor or administrator. 2 Bl. Com. 508. 
 
 Devastavernnt bona testatoris. — L. Lat. They have wasted the goods of the testator. 
 
 In the Common Law: When the executors shall deliver legacies, or make restitu- 
 tion for wrongs done by their testator, or pay his debts due upon contracts or specialties, 
 whose days of payment are not yet come, etc., and keep not sufficient in their hands to dis- 
 charge those debts upon records or specialties, which they are compellable by the law to 
 satisfy in the first place ; then they shall be constrained to pay these out of their own goods, 
 according to the value of what they voluntarily delivered or paid without compulsion ; for 
 such irregular and illegal payments are accounted in the law a wasting of the goods 
 of the testator, as much as if they had given them away without cause or sold them, 
 and converted them to their own use. Termes de la Ley. v. ' Devastavit.' 
 
 Devastavit, \_perf. indie. -\-devasto,S.te.'] He has wasted. Subst.: = DevastatiO. 
 Waste by an executor or administrator. 
 
 In the Common Law: Devastavit is defined to be a mismanagement and waste by 
 an executor or administrator of the estate and effects of the deceased, in squandering and 
 misapplying the assets contrary to the duty imposed on him, for which executors, etc., shall 
 answer out of their own pockets, as far as they had, or might have had, assets of the 
 deceased. Bacon's J br., £xr. (L.) 1; Williams on £x'rs, i62g; SAep. Touch. ^Si ; 2 Greenl. 
 
 650 
 
Dev.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dev. 
 
 on Evid. § 3470. cf. 2 Kent's Com. 416, note (ir) and cases. An executor or administrator 
 ouglit to execute his office, and to administer tlie goods of the dead lawfully, viz. : ought to 
 pay all duties, debts and legacies in such precedency and order, as he ought to pay them by 
 the law ; and if he vary therefrom, he shall be taken to do in his own wrong. And, there- 
 fore, he ought first to discharge judgments, statutes and recognizances, then debts and duties 
 by bond, after that debts upon simple contract, and last of all, legacies, etc. Wingate's 
 Max. 73, § 6, citing 5 Co. 28*, Harrison's case ; 8 Co. 133a, in Tanner's case; 9 Co. 88*, in 
 Pinchon's case. v. 4 Serg. &' R. (Penn.) 394 ; 5 Rawle (Penn.), 266. 
 
 For devastavits, or wrongs to property, the personal representatives of the deceased, who 
 committed the tort, were made answerable by the statute of Car. II. ch. 7, and 4 and s W. b' 
 M. c. 24; and doubtless the same law exists in this country. 2 Kent's Com. 416, note («). 
 
 Releasing a claim due to the estate. Cro. Eliz. 43 ; Hob. 266 ; 3 Bacon's Air. Exr. L.; 7 
 Johns. R. 404 ; 9 Mass. 352 ; or surrendering a lease below its value, will be considered a 
 direct devastavit. 2 Johns. Cas. 376 ; 3 P. IVms. 330. 
 
 An executor may be guilty of a devastavit not only by a direct abuse, etc., as by spending, 
 or consuming, or converting to his own use the effects of the deceased, but also by such acts 
 of negligence and wrong administration, as will disappoint the claimants on 
 the assets. Bacon's Abr. (L.) I ; Williatns on Ex'rs, 1630. Such acts of negligence or care- 
 less administration, as defeat the rights of creditors, or legatees, or parties entitled to a dis- 
 tribution, amount to a devastavit. For if persons accept the trust of executor they must 
 perform it; they must use due diligence and not suffer the estate to be injured by their 
 neglect. Tubbs vs. Carpenter, i Madd. R. Chanc. 298 ; Williams on Ex'rs, 1636. 
 
 If an executor be extravagant, it is a species of devastation or waste of the substance of 
 the deceased, and shall be prejudicial to himself, and not to the creditors or legatees of the 
 deceased. Salk. 196; 2 Bl. Com. 508. 
 
 An executor will be guilty of a devastavit, if he applies the assets in payment of claims 
 which he is not bound to satisfy. Com. Dig. Adm. (I.) i ; Vez vs. Emery, 5 Vesey, 141 ; 
 Williams on Exr's, 1634. 
 
 An executor is personally liable in equity for all breaches of the ordinary 
 trust which in courts of equity are considered to arise from his office. Bacon's Abr., Exr. 
 (L.) I ; Williams on Ex'rs, 1629 ; Somerset vs. Somerset, 3 Gill. 276 ; Buchanan vs. Pire, 6 
 id. 114; Beal vs. Hillary, i Maryl. R. 189; Armstrong vs. Cooper, 11 ///. 560; Skrine vs. 
 Simmons, II Geo. R. 401. 
 
 The liability of executors with respect to creditors are more stringent than in respect to 
 legatees. Doyle vs. Blake, 2 Scho. Is' Lefr. 239, 240; McNair's App.,4.ffaWif'j (Penn.) R. 148. 
 If an executor have assets in his hands, and fail to pay off a judgment against him as admin- 
 istrator, he becomes personally liable. Juter wj-. Vl-ai\v&xa,(iJ.J.Marsh. 228. 
 
 An executor makes himself personally liable by such acts of negligence and wrong 
 administration as will disappoint the claimants on the assets. Bacon's Abr. (L.) i ; Williams 
 on Ex'rs, 1630. 
 
 An executor cannot excuse his acts of maladministration by asserting that he acted under 
 the advice of counsel. The general rule is, that if, under the best advice he can procure, an 
 executor acts wrong, it is his misfortune ; but public policy requires that he should be the 
 person to suffer ; if he has been misadvised, the court must act not upon the improper advice 
 upon which he may have acted, but upon the acts he has done. Doyle vs. Blake, 2 Scho. 
 &^ Lefr. 243. 
 
 As to co-executors: One executor is not liable to an action for a devastavit of his 
 co-executor, and he is chargeable only for the assets which have come to his own hands. 
 Cro. Elia. 318 ; Strange, 20 ; i Johns. Ch. 296 ; 11 id. 16, 21 ; 5 Pick. (Mass.) R. 104 ; 5 Conn. 
 R. 19, 20; Dessaus. (S. C.) R. 65, 92, 199; 2 Malloy's Ch. Rep. 186. He is chargeable for the 
 acts of his co-executor when there has been connivance or neglect, or when he delivers over 
 assets, or makes payment directly to his co-executor. 2 Malloy's Rep. 186 ; 7 East's Rep. 
 246; 2 Kent's Com. 416, note. 
 
 When, therefore, an executor, administrator or other trustee has been guilty of a devastavit, 
 he is required to make good the loss out of his own estate, cf. Comyn's Dig., 'Administra- 
 tion,' I.; II Viner's Abr. $06 ; Bacon's Abr., 'Ex e cu tors ,' h.; i Vem. Ch. yii; •} East, 
 257 ; I Caine's Cas. (N. Y.) 96; 1 Johns. (N. Y.) R. 396 ; I Binn. (Penn.) 164; i Serg. Sf R. 
 (Penn.) 241. 
 
 In English Practice; (a.) The term devastavit is employed in a return made by a 
 sheriff (in addition to the return of nulla bona), to a Ji. fa. against an executor or adminis- 
 trator of the goods of the testator, signifying that he has wasted the goods of the 
 testator or intestate ; and upon such return the plaintiff may have execution immediately 
 against the executor or administrator personally hy fieri facias de bonis propriis. 5 Co. 32, 
 Pettifer's case ; Wingate's Max. p. 754, § 8 ; 756, § 5 ; 3 Salk. 125 ; Shep. Touch. 486 ; 2 
 Tidd's Pr. 1018, 1025. (6.) An entry or suggestion, on the record of waste {devastavit) by 
 an executor or administrator, made on the part of a plaintiff, as the foundation of a new writ 
 fieri facias de bonis propriis, or of an action of debt. 5 Co. 32, Pettifer's case ; 2 Tidd's Pr. 
 1113, 1114. 
 
 Devastavit, nolens VOlenS. He wantonly committed waste. 
 
 651 
 
Dev.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dev. 
 
 Seveuerunt, — L. Lat. [-|- devenio.'] They have come or fallen to. 
 
 In old Eglish Law: The name of a writ directed to the escheator, where any tenant 
 of the king, holding in capite, died ; and his son and heir being within age, and in the king's 
 custody, died ; then this writ went forth. The writ commanded the escheator that by the 
 oaths of good and lawful men he inquire what lands and tenements, by the death of the 
 tenant came to, or fell to (devenerunt), the king. Dyer, 359, 360^/ Termes de la Ley. 
 Sed V. Stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 24. 
 
 De-VeniO, ire, 4, v. «. To come from somewhere ; hence with reference to the term 
 ad quern. To go to, arrive at, reach a place from some other place (freq. and class.). 
 
 In English Law: Devenio, — I \i&zome,\ e. g., Devenio vester homo, — I become your 
 man. = Fr. Jeo deveigne vostre home. 
 
 These were the first words of the ancient form of doing homage, which ceremony was 
 denominated homagium, from the stated form of words. Devenio vester homo, de tenemento 
 quod de vobis teneo, — I become your man, of the tenement which I hold of you. Bracton, fol. 
 80 ; Fleta, lib. 3, c. 16, § 20 ; Co. Litt. 64* j 2 Bl. Com. 54 ; Broom 6= Had. Cam. ii, 132. 
 
 Devenit. — L- Lat. \devenio.'\ It comes or falls. Distinguished from descendit. Cro. 
 Car. 427, 430. 
 
 Devers, — L. Fr. Against; toward. Devers lechiefe seigniour, — against the chief seignior 
 or lord paramount. Yearb. T. 3 Edw. III. 9, 23 et pass.; Britt. c. 74. Devers le fyn, — toward 
 the end, Kelham. 
 
 Deversoriimi, ii, ». A lodging-place, lodging, inn, tavern. Cicero, de Sen. xxiii, 84 ; 
 id. Fam. vi, 19; vii, 23, 3; id. Phil, ii, 41; id. Lex. Rose, xlvi, 134; LiVY, i, 51 ; xxi, 63. 
 
 Deverticulum, i, ». \deverto.'\ A by-road, by-path, side-way. Cicero, Pis. 22 ad Jin.; 
 Suet. Ner. 48 ; Frontin. Aquaed. v. Fluminis, — a branch of a stream or river. Papinian. 
 Dig. xli, 3, fr. 45 ; Marcian. ib. xliv, 'i, fr. T. T r o p . , A deviation, digression. LiVY 
 ix, 17 ; QuiNTlLlAN. A, i, 2 ; ix, 2, 79. A diverticulo, — from the digression. Juv. xv, 72. 
 Transferred: A place for travelers to turn in, put up at ; an inn, a lodging. Terentius, 
 Eun. iv, 2, 7 ; Tacitus, A. xiii, 25. (6.) T r o p . , A refuge, retreat, lurking-place. Plaut. 
 Capt. iii, 3, 8 ; Cicero, Rose. Com. xv, 51 ; QuiNTiLiAN, xii, 3, 11 ; Pliny, x, 50, 71. 
 
 DevertS, ere, tl, sum, 3, v. u- and «. I. Act., To turn awa)', turn aside any thing. Luc. 
 vi, 317 ; ii, 470. (6.) To turn one's self aside (from the way). With reference to the 
 term ad quern : To turn or betake one's self in any direction, to any place ; to turn in, 
 put up at any place (freq. in PlAut.). II. Neuir., To turn or go aside, or go to any place ; 
 to turn in, put up, lodge anywhere (freq. and class.). 
 
 DevestiO, ire, 4, V. a. [-{-de and vestire, to dress, -\-vestis, vest, garment, clothing.] To 
 undress. App. M. iii, p. 138 et al. To strip, as of clothes, arms, etc. 
 
 In old English Law: To devest, to take away ; to deprive of, as a title, estate or 
 possessions. Co. Litt. 15, a, b; Termes de la Ley; Hale^s Anal. s. xxxii. 
 
 In Feudal Law: To take away an investiture; to deprive of possession of a fee or 
 feud. Feud. Lib. i, tit. 7. 
 
 In Modern Law: To strip, deprive, take or draw away an estate ; e.g. "The whole 
 estate was devested and drawn out of the feofees." ^ Kent' s Com. '2.\o. " The feoffment 
 made by the feofees devested all the estates." Id. ib. "The statute devested the 
 feoffees of all the estates." Id. 239. Devest is a word contrary to invest; for as 
 invest signifies to deliver the possession of a thing, so devest signifies the taking it 
 away. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Devisa. — I^ Lat. [-|- devisare.'\ A devise ; a giving by will. v. Devise. 
 
 Devisamentimi. — L. Lat. A devise, gift or disposition of lands or other real property 
 by a last will or testament. Rast. Ent. 486. 
 
 Devisare. — L. Lat. To devise, i. e. to give or dispose of lands or hereditaments by will ; 
 to make a will of lands. 2 Bl. Co?n. 373 sq.; 1 Powelion Devises, c. 2 ; Dyer, 277 ; 4 Co. bia. 
 
 Devisatio. — L. Lat. = Devisamentum, v. h. v. 
 
 Devisavit vel HOn? — L. Lat. Did he devise or not? Was there a will or not ? 2 Rep. 
 in Ch. 303. V. Story on Ag. § 24, n. i, p. 25. 
 
 In Practice: A term employed to denote an issue directed from a court of equity to 
 a court of law, to try by a jury the validity of a will upon some alleged objection of fact, 
 such as incapacity on the part of the testator, fraud, etc. i Rep. in Ch. 191 ; 2 id. 303 ; i 
 
 652 
 
I^ev.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dia. 
 
 W. Bl.(jt, ; 2 Atk. Ch. 424 ; 7 Brown's Pari. C. 437; i Powell on Dev. 626, 628, and note- 
 I Story s Eg. Jur. §t, 440, 1447 ; 3 Jones' Law R. 154. v. Wharton on Agency, § 591 ; 5 Penn. 
 
 1. Devise. — L. Fr. A boundary; a dividing-line or space separating lands. Brilton, 
 c. 42 ; 4 Kent's Com. 501. 
 
 The true derivation of the virord is thus given: Devise {devisa) marque de division de 
 partage de terres; ce mot vient du Latin diverde. Howard's Diet, de la Cont. de Norm, i, 107. 
 V. Crosley on Wills, i, note. 
 
 2. Devise.— L- Fr. and Eng. (a.) A v? ill of lands or other real estate. 2 Bl. Com. 373 ; 
 Powell on Dev. 7-9; 4 A'ent's Com. 501. (6.) A testamentary gift or disposition of lands or 
 other real property, as distinguished from a bequest of personal property. 2 Bl. Com. 373 ; 
 4 Kent's Com. 501 and note; 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. 474; i Stefh. Com. 557. v. Divisa (a). 
 An agreement for, whether enforceable in equity, of. 3 Parsons on Contr. 406. 
 
 Devisee. The person to whom lands or other real property are divided or given by a last 
 will and testament, i Powell on Dev. c. 7. 
 
 Devisor. The person who gives lands or other real property by a last will or testament. 
 The maker of a will of lands or real estate ; a testator, i Powell on Dev. c. 5 ; i Steph. 
 Com. 544. 
 
 Devorce. = Divorce, v. Divortium. 
 
 Dextans, antis, m. Ten-twelfths of any thing. Varro, L. L. et al. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A division of the cj, consisting of ten «»«af, ten-twelfths or 
 five-sixths. 2 Bl. Com. 462, note (m); Taylor's Civ. Law, 492. 
 
 Dezter, tera, terum, and freq. tra, trum, adj. [Gr. SE^iTEpoi. = Ss^ioi.] To the right, 
 on the right side, right (freq. and class.). Trop . , (a.) Handy, dextrous, skillful, suitable, 
 fitting. Horace, Sat. ii, i, 18 ; i, g, 45 ; LiVY, viii, 36. (6.) Favorable, propitious, fortu- 
 nate. Festus, p. 56; Virgil, A. viii, 302 ; Quintilian, iv, prooem. 5. 
 
 Dextera or Dextra, ae, /. [sc. manus.} The right hand (frequently a sign of greeting, 
 of fidelity ; a symbol of strength, courage, etc. — freq. and class.), v. Mandatum. 
 
 Dextram dare. To give the right hand ; to close a bargain. 
 
 To interchange right hands, as a symbol to each other of the most solemn assurance either 
 of fidelity, mutual support or mutual reconciliation, etc. v. Mandatum. 
 
 Dexteritas, atis, /. (a.) Dexterity, aptness, readiness in doing good offices. LiVY, xxviii, 
 18 ; xxxvii, 7 ad Jin.; Gellius, xiii, 16. (6.) Prosperity, felicity. Arn. vii, p. 225. 
 
 Dextratio, Onis,/. [dexter.'] A movement toward the right side. Sol. 45 med. 
 
 Dextro tempore. At a propitious time ; in a lucky moment. Horace. 
 
 Deyns age. — L. Fr. Within age. Dyer, 55. 
 
 Di. et fi. — L- Lat. An abbreviation of dilecto et Jidelis, v. h. t. 
 
 Di grade in grade. — Lat. From degree to degree ; by degrees. = A gradu in gradum 
 and De gradu in gradum, q. q. v. 
 
 D% immortales! homitii homo quid praestat! stiilto intettigens! 
 Quid interest! — Terentius, Eunuchus, ii, ■zpr. 
 
 Immortal Gods! how much does one man excel another I What a difference there is 
 between a wise man and a fool ! 
 
 * * Di immortales, obsecro, aurum quid valet! 
 
 Plautus, Aul. ii, 2, 87. 
 Immortal Gods, I do beseech you, how powerful is gold ! 
 
 * * Quid non moridtia pectora cogis, 
 Auri sacra /atnes ? — Virgil, Aen. iii, 56. 
 
 Dt laneos pedes habent,— l.2ii. Pxov. The Gods have wooly feet. Petronius, 
 
 Sat. xliv, Jin. 
 Read: Dii iraii laneos fedes hah e nt . — 'Ls.X.. Prov. Macrobius, i'a/. i, 8. 
 
 Di SaltO. — Ital. By steps or leaps. 
 
 DiaCOnatUS, tjs, m. The office of a deacon, deaconship. Hier. Ep. xxii, 28. 
 
 653 
 
Dia.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 Diaconus, i> ^'. =Gi. SiaKovo';. In Ecclesiastical Latin: A servant or min- 
 ister of the church, a deacon. HiER. Ep. li, i ; Justinian. Coti. i, 3, 6, 20 et saep. 
 
 Diaconissa, ae, /. a deaconess. Hier. Ep. li, 2 ; Justinian. Cod. i, 3, g. 
 
 DiaCOpUS, i, m. = Gr. diccKOTCoi. An opening or sluice in a dam (for leading off the 
 water). Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 11,/?-. 10. 
 
 Diadema, atis, «. Diadema, ae, /. =Gr. SidSr/ixa. [-{-Siaftsiv, to bind round, 
 -\-Sici, through, across, and §Eiv, to bind.] A royal head-dress, diadem. Cicero, Phil. 
 ". 34, 85 ; iii, 5, 12 ; x, 3, 7 ; Quintilian, ix, 3, 61. 
 
 ^iaSoxr). — Gr. [-|- 5za:5£';i;o;«a;ti, to succeed.] In the Civil Law: Succession. 
 %t. Uepi SiaSoxrji, etc. 
 
 Diaeta, ae,/. = Gr. Siaira. (a.) A mode of living prescribed by the physician, diet. 
 Cicero, ^//. iv, 3, 3. (6.) In the Civil Law: A dwelling-place, dwelling-room, sum- 
 mer-house, etc. Ulpian. Big. vii, i, fr. 13 ; xxxii, fr. 55, § 3; Scaev. ib. xxiv, i, fr. 66. 
 A parlor ; an apartment in a house. Justinian. Cod. iv, 65, 3. 
 
 SiaetarcllUS, i, m. One who has the care of the apartments ; ?i valet de chambre. Called 
 also Viaetarcha, ae, m. 
 
 Diaetarius, ii, »'. {diaeta.l K valet de chambre. Ulpian. Xlzf. xxxiii, 7, /r. 12, § 42. 
 
 1, Dialectica, ae, y. [-|-Gr. SiaXeunxij {sc. Tex'>^v)-1 Dialectics, logic. Cicero, 
 Acad, ii, 28, gi ; Quintilian, i, 10, 37 ; iii, 4, 10 et al. 
 
 2. Dialectica, orum, m. Logical questions, dialectics. Cicero, Fin. iii, 12, 41 ; id. Off. 
 i, 6, ig ; id. Brut, xxxi, iig; id. Att. xiv, 12 Jin. 
 
 DIALECTJCORUM vero verba nulla sunt publica; suis utuniur: Et id quidem coTnmune 
 omnium fere est artium. Ante enim nova sunt rerum novarum facienda noviina aut ex aliis 
 transferenda. CiCERO, Acad, i, 7, 25. The terms of logic are not public or vulgar (;'. e. they 
 are not in common use) ; they are used in themselves (j. e. they are proper to themselves 
 only). And the case is the same in almost every art ; for men must either invent new names 
 for new things or else borrow them from other subjects. 
 
 In artium autem vocabulis, quaepopulus vix capita etc. Grotius, dejure Bel. ac Pac. ii, 16, § 3. 
 
 Dialecticus, i, m. A dialectician, logician. Cicero, oV Or. xxxii, 113; Quintilian, ii, 
 4, 41 ; vii, 3, 41 et al. 
 
 Dialogista, ai, m. = Gr. SiaXoyidrr/i. An able disputant, dialogist. 
 
 DialogUS, i, m. = Gr. SidXoyoi. [-}- SiaXey&ddai, to converse.] A conversation 
 between two or more ; a dialogue. Cicero. Or. xliv ad Jin.; Quintilian, v, 14, 27 • vi, 3, 
 44 ; x, I, 107 et al. ^ Sermocinatio (v. h. v.). Id. ix, 2, 31. 
 
 DialogUS de SCaCOario, — L. Lat. Dialogue of or about the Exchequer. 
 
 The title of an ancient treatise on the Court of Exchequer. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 71 ; 
 Blackstone's Law Tr. g4, 
 
 Diarium, ii, «. [dies.l (a.) A daily allowance or pay. Cicero, Att. 8, 14; Horace, 
 Ep. i, 14, 40 et al. {b.) A diary, journal. Gellius, v, 18, 8. 
 
 AiaBjJKT/. — Gr. [Siar-iBjjfii, to dispose.] In the Civil Law: A will or testa- 
 ment. Dig. prooem. § 6 ; id. xxvi, tit. 3 ; Justinian. JVov. iig, c. g. 
 
 ^lara^ii. Gr. [-|- diaraddoo, to ordain.] In the Civil Law: A constitution, 
 an ordinance. J\lov. 66. 
 
 Diatim. — L. Lat. l-\- dies, daj'.] Daily, every day; from day to day. 
 
 Die quando inhabilitas est constituta absolute et simpliciter sequi personam quo- 
 cumque euntem : seciis quando est constituta per modum legis, sicut enim lex 
 ilia nan obligat in illis locis, ita inhabilitas, et annulatio actus nan obligat, ibi, nee 
 sequitur personam, nisi dum est in locis, in quibus ea lex vim obligandi habet * * 
 * * non enim ligatur lege ecclesiastica in loco, ubi ex voluntate ac dispositione 
 ejusdem ecclesiae non habet robur eadem lex : ut contingit in locis, ubi aut non recepta 
 aut non publicata fuit. Sanchez. Say when the incapacity has been established 
 simply and absolutely, that it follows the person wherever he goes ; otherwise 
 654 
 
Die] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 when it is established by way of law, for as that law does not bind in those places, 
 so the incapacity and annulment of the act does not bind there, nor does it fol- 
 low the person unless while he is in the places in which that law has the power 
 of binding * * * * for he is not bound by the ecclesiastical law in a place 
 where that same law has no force by the will and disposition of that same church; 
 as happens in places where it has been either not received or not published. 
 Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 124, in note 4. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Dica. — L. Lat. In old English Law: A tally by number of cuts, marks or 
 notches, for accounts. Cowell. = Tallia. 
 
 Dica, ae, /. = Gr. Shnj. A lawsuit, judicial process, action. 
 
 Dicam SCribere (alicui). = Gr. ^iur^v ypdcpEiv nvi. To bring an action against any 
 any one. Plautus, Aul. iv, ro, 30; Cicero, Verr. ii, 2, 14 fin.; ii, 2, 17. 
 
 Dicam impingere. To bring a heavy action (against one). Terentius, Ph. ii, 3, 92. 
 
 Dicam SUbsCribere. To charge, accuse, prosecute an action. Plautus, Poen. iii, 6, 5. 
 
 Dicabula, and Dicibula, orum, n. [dicax.] Chatter, idle talk. Marc Cap. 8, p. 273. 
 
 DicacitaS, atis, /. [jV.] Biting wit, raillery, banter, jocular attacks on individuals; e. g. 
 
 Die acitas sine dubio h dicendo, quod est omni generi commune^ ducta est ; proprie tamen 
 significat sermonem cum risu aliquos incessentem. D i c a c i t a s is doubtless derived from 
 dico, and is common to every species of jesting, but it properly signifies language that 
 attacks a person in order to raise a laugh against him. Quintilian, vi, 3, 21. v. id. vi, 3, 
 29, 42 ; Cicero, de Or. ii, 54, 2r8 ; id. ii, 60, 244. 
 
 Dicax, acis, adj. \dicoI\ Talking sharply, satirical, sarcastic, acute, witty. Cicero, Or. 
 
 Dicebatur fregisse juramentum regis juratum. He was said to have broken the 
 king's oath (or the oath which the king had sworn to). Stiernhook, de fur. Goth. lib. iii. 
 c. 3 ; I Bl. Com. 268 ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. i, 321. 
 
 Dicere, perf. infin. -|- dico. To say, tell, mention, relate ; to speak, to deliver or pro- 
 nounce, as a verdict, u. Dico. 
 
 Dicere veritatem (veruin.). To say or speak the truth. Bracton, fol. 292. V. Et cum. 
 xxiv, etc. 
 
 .DICET^ non s CTnp er j quia, ui mox videbitur, actio utilis interdum nobis ex contractu 
 procuratoris accommodatur ; quod est contra principia juiis, quae non permittunt aliquid acquiri 
 per personam juri nostro non subjectam. PoTHIER, Pand. lib. iii, t. 3, note 9, marg, note (l). 
 He will say, not always; because, as shall presently be seen, an equitable action (afrto 
 utilis) is sometimes given to us upon the contract of an agent ; which is contrary to the prin- 
 ciples of law, which do not permit any thing to be acquired through a person not subject to 
 our law. [F. J. M.] 
 
 PoTHlER adds this in a note, after quoting the rule : Per procuratorem non semper acquiri- 
 mus actiones, sed retinemus, etc. Paulus, Dig. iii, Ji fr- 72. v. Story on Agency, § 425, n. 5. 
 
 Diei poterit SOCagillin. k SOCCO [sOCko]. It may be called sockage from sock. Bracton, 
 fol. Tjb fin.; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 165, note (i). v. Socagium. 
 * * * * Dicitnus autem 
 
 JETos quoque f dices, qui ferre incommoda vitae, 
 Nee jactare jugum, vita didieere magistrd. 
 
 Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 20. 
 
 Yet we deem those happy too who, with daily life for their instructress, have learned to 
 endure with patience the inconveniences of life, and not shake off the yoke. Quoted in 
 Pufendorf, de Jure Nat.et Gent, ii, c. 4, § 5. 
 
 ^Jactare Jugum ' is a metaphor from restive oxen which endeavor to get rid of the yoke by flinging and 
 tossing their necks about, v. Magna quidein sacris quae dat firaecepta libellis Victrix Fortutiie Sapi^ 
 entia^ etc. 
 
 Blest they who walk in her unerring rule : 
 
 Nor those unblest, who, tutored in life's school. 
 
 Have learned of old experience to submit, 
 
 And lightly bear the yoke they cannot quit."— William Giffoed, xiii, 23. 
 
 Durum : sed ievtus Jit paiienlia 
 
 Quidquid corrigere est nefas.— Horace, Carm. i, 34 Jin. 
 
 Mtserum partus est patientia.— Vv^iAvs SvRus. 
 
 655 
 
Die] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 Dicit : Sed mtdier cupido quod dicit amanti, 
 In vento et rapidd scribere oportet aqud. — Catullus, Ixix. 
 She says so: but what a woman says to an eager lover should be written on the wind 
 and the running water. 
 
 Dicis causa or gratia. A Jurid. i. t. : For the sake of judicial form. Hence, in 
 general, for form's sake; for the sake of appearance. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 24; id. Att. 
 i, 18, 5, Orell N. Cr.; Ulpianus, Dig. xxix, 5, fr. I, § 34 ; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 89. 
 Sicis gratia numerationis. For the sake of payment. Gaius, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 4. 
 
 DICITUR aequitas , quasi aequalitas. It is called equity, being as it were 
 equality. Bracton, fol. 3a. v. Aequitas est quasi aequalitas. 
 
 DICITUR etiam aliquando de criminibus non felonicis, ut, attinctus perjurii, vel 
 mutilationis ■membrorum alterius ; et frequenter apud veit. pro convicto. 
 Spelman, Gloss, voc. ' Altai ntus. ' It is likewise sometimes said, in respect 
 to crimes not felonious, that he is attainted of perjury, or of the mutilation of 
 another's members ; and frequently with the ancients (or old authors) as con- 
 victed. Cited in Broom is' Had. Com. ii, 403, note (/). So also "Attainted 
 of Waste." Stat. Gloster, 6 Edw. I. c. 5. 
 
 DICITUR ideh breve., quia rem de qua agitur et intentionem petentis paucis 
 verbis breviter enarral, sicut facit regula Juris, quod rem quod est breviter 
 enarrat, et ideh videtur quod sine brein sive libello non debet quis experiri injudicio, 
 ne mutari possit petentis intentio vel modum petendi. It is called a writ (a brief) 
 for this reason, because it states briefly the matter at issue, and the claim of the 
 petitioner in a few words, as a rule of law does, which states briefly the thing, 
 what it is, and therefore it appears that without a writ or a libel no one ought 
 to proceed in judgment so that the claim of the petitioner, or his mode of peti- 
 tioning may not be changed. Bracton, iii, tr. i, c. 12, § 2, fol. 112. v. fol. 413^. 
 Dicuntur brevia cum sint formata ad similitudinem regulae juris, etc. Fleta. 
 
 DICITUR divisa, eh quhd dividit agros et tenementa. * * * * Jtem 
 divisa poterit esse lapis finalis, vel lignum, et Jiaec omnia communia sunt vicin- 
 orum, sed n07i alicujus eorum propria. It is called divisa (division or partition) 
 because it divides lands and tenements. * * * * Likewise a division 
 may be a boundary stone or a block of wood, and all these things are common 
 between neighbors, but not the property of any of them. Bracton, iv, ch. 16, 
 § 8, fol. 180^ y Fleta, lib. iv, c. 6, § 3. 
 
 DICITUR finalis concordia et ideo finalis quia imponit finem litibus. 
 It is called a final concord because it puts an end to suits, and for 
 that reason final. Bracton, iv, tr. 5, ch. 28, § 7, fol. 43i;<^. 
 
 DICITUR lib e rum tenementum, ad differentiam ejus quod est villena- 
 gium ; quia tenementorum, aliud tnllenagium. It is called liberum tene- 
 mentum [free-hold] as it is different from that which is in villenage ; because of 
 tenements, one kind is free, another is in villenage. Bracton, fol. 207. 
 
 DlCYYXi^ p urpr e stura quando aliquid super dominium regent injusth occu- 
 patur ; vel in viis publicis obstructis j vel in aquis publicis trans7'ersis a recto 
 cursu J vel quando aliquis, in civitate, super regiam plateam, aliquid aedificando 
 occupaverit. It is called a purpresture when any thing is unjustly occupied 
 or held against the king's demesne ; or by obstructions in the public highways ; 
 656 
 
DicJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 or in the public waters, by turning them out of their proper channel ; or when 
 any one in a city occupies the king's highway by erecting some building upon it. 
 Glanv. lib. ix, c. II. V. P urpr estura . 
 
 Where there is a house erected, or an inclosure made, upon any part of the king's demesnes, 
 or of any highway or common street, or public water, or such like public things, by making 
 that private which ought to be public, it is properly called a'purpresture,' from 
 the French fiirpris, an inclosure. Co. Lilt. 277; 4 Bl. Com. 167. 
 
 With respect to nuisances in general, to highways, etc., by actual obstruction, v. Cooley's 
 note to 4 Bl. Com. 167, and cases ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 696, and Wait's note (684). 
 
 DiCO, ere, xi, ctum, 3, i. «. Lit.: To say, tell, mention, relate, etc. In par tic: 
 {a.) Pregn.: To assert, affirm a thing as certain. (6,) In Rhetor, and Jurid. 
 Lang.: To rehearse, pronounce, deliver; c. g., Dicere jus, — to declare the law, to pro- 
 nounce judgment. Cicero, Fl. 3. Dico causam nullain, or Causam haud dico. — I have no 
 objection. Plautus, Mil. v, 34: Terentius, Ph. ii, i, 42. (c.) Poet.: To describe, 
 relate, sing, celebrate in verse. Hence, also, of prophecies: To predict, foretell, 
 (d.) To pronounce, articulate, etc. (e.) To call, to name. (/,) To name, appoint, one to 
 an office, etc. (gr.) To appoint, fix upon, (fe.) To tell one so and so; to admonish, warn, 
 threaten him (esp. freq.). Tibi dico, — I tell you. Plautus; Terentius et al. (i.) Dicere 
 sacravientiwi, or sacramenio, — to take an oath, to swear. Hence, Dictum, v. h. v. 
 
 DICO, JUS pariiculare, in quantum opponitiir juri communi, non prout est 
 gentium et naturale, sed prout est Jus Romanorum, populo Romano commune, 
 et omnibus, qui illo populo parebant. P. Voet. I call it a particular law, 
 as far as it is opposed to the common law, not according as it is of nations and 
 natural ; but according as it is the law of the Romans, common to the Roman 
 people and all who are subject to {or obeying) that people. Quoted in Story on 
 Confl. of Laws, § 12. 
 
 ADDITUR, cib alio I egislatore , ciim qui statuta condit recte et suo mode legislator 
 appellatur, ut ipsa statuta leges dicuntur 7nunicipioruin. Rt quidem, ab alio, quia regulariter 
 statuta non condit Imperator ; excipe, nisi mimicipibus jura det, statuta praescribat, secundum 
 quae ipsi sua regant municipia. VoET. //'. It is added, by another legislator, since 
 he who makes statutes may rightly and in his own way be called a legislator, just as the stat- 
 utes themselves are called the laws of municipalities. And indeed, by another {ab alio), 
 because the emperor does not regularly (or customarily) make the statutes, except unless he 
 gives laws to the municipalities, he prescribes the statutes according to which the munici- 
 palities themselves are governed. Quoted in Story on Confi. of Laws, § 12. 
 
 Read in connection: Deniaue adjicitur, quam imperator, quod licet imperator, ^Kz. 
 
 DICTAT autem ratio homini nihil agendum quod noccatur homini alteri, nisi, id 
 bonum habeat aliquod propositum. In solo autem inimici dolore, ita nudi 
 spectato, nullum est bonum nisi falsum et imaginarium. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac 
 Pac. ii, 20, § 5. Reason, indeed, tells men that we should do no hurt to another 
 man, unless it be to serve some good end ; for the mere pain of another person, 
 barely considered, there can result no good but what is mistaken and imaginary. 
 
 Dictata Srum, n. [dic/o.] Things dictated ; dictates (of a master to his scholars), i. e. 
 lessons, exercises, rules of the school. Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, i, 4 et al ; Horace, Ep. i, i, 55. 
 (6.) Precepts, rules. Sijetonius, Caes. 26. 
 
 DictatiO, 5nis, /. [dicto.] A dictating; the act of prescribing. Paulus, Z'!;^. xxix, i, 4 
 
 Dictator, oris, m. [dicto.] A dictator. = Magistcr populi, q. v. 
 
 Dictatura ae, /. \dictator.\ The office of a dictator ; dictatorship. Cicero, /"/«/. i. I, 
 ad fin.; id. Off. iii, 31, 112; Quintilian, v, 8, 53 ; v, 10, 71 et al. (6,) A dictating. C.«ES. 
 in Suetonius, Caes 77. 
 
 DICTA TURA quam in su?nmis rcpublicae angustiis acciperat, per pacem continuata, liberta- 
 
 iem fregit ; donee ilium conversus in rabiem populus et dii tiltores de saxo Turfeis dejecertmt. 
 
 The dictatorship which had been confided to him during a period of extreme peril to the 
 
 Republic being continued to him .ifter the peace, he abused it to the destruction of liberty, 
 
 [B3] '^57 
 
Die] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 till at length the people turned upon him in their rage, and the avenging gods precipitated 
 him from the Terpeian rock. LiVY. Quoted by Junius, Letter i, vol. 2. 
 
 Dictio, onis, /. Lat. [dico.] (a.) A saying, speaking, uttering, delivery. 
 
 In the Jurists; Dictio sententiae. Cicero, /kw ii, 4. Testimonii, — the delivery of 
 testimou)', J. e. the right of .giving testimony. Terentius, Ph. ii, i, 63. Causae, — the 
 speaking, uttering of cause ; a defending, pleading. Cicero, Quint, x, 35. Extemforales, — 
 QuiNTlLlAN, ii, 4, 27. Hence: {b.) Concr., — a word, expression. Quintilian, ix, i, 17 ; 
 ix, I, 4; i, 5, 2. (c.) An oracular response, prediction. LiVY, viii, 24 et al. 
 
 Dictio duorum intellectiis. A word or expression of two meanings, or of double 
 meaning. Bracton ; Fleta. 
 
 Dictitd, are, i, v. intens.a. [dicta.'] To say of ten emphatically ; to declare, assert repeat- 
 edly. In the Jurists: Victitare causas, — to plead causes in law frequently. Cicero, 
 de Or. ii, 13, 56. 
 
 Diets, are, i, v.freq. a. [dico.] To say of ten ; to pronounce, declare or assert repeatedlj' 
 (so in general). 
 
 In Practice, especially in the Jurists; To dictate something to some one 
 thathemay write it down. Cicero, Quintilian ^< a/. (6.) To make, compose. Codicillos, — 
 to draw up, make codicils. Suet. Tib. xxii. Testamentum, — to dispose of by will. Id, 
 Ner. xxxii ; Marcian. Dig. xxxii, fr. 95. Dictabitur heres, — he shall be appointed, desig- 
 nated the heir. Juvenal, vi, 2i8. Actionem, — to draw up a declaration ; to bring an action, 
 go to law. Papinian. Dig. xv, i, fr. 50 ; Paulus, ib. ix, ^,fr. 22 ; Scaev. ib. xlix, 9, fr. 3 
 et al. (c) To prescribe, recommend, order, dictate any thing to any one. Quintilian, xi, 
 3, 131. 7/. Pompon. Dig. i, 2, fr. 2, % 11; Quintilian, viii, prooem. § 26. Hence, Dic- 
 tata, V, h. v. 
 
 Dictuni, 1, n, [-{-dico.] (Plur. Dicta, Brum.) In general: Something said, i. e. a. 
 saying, a word ; math dictis. Enn. Ann. vii, 32. 
 
 Dzco unuTn ridiculunt dictum, de dictis meliorihus, 
 
 Quibus solebani ntenstruales eputas ante adifiscier. — Plautus, Capt.\\\, 1,22. 
 I said one funny saying out of my best bon -mots, by which I formerly used to get feasting for a month. 
 Facet} dictum, — elegantly said <??• 'tis kindly said. Plautus, Ca/^. i, 2, 73. 
 
 Scio, absurdh dictuTn hoc derisores dicere, 
 A t ego aio, rectk. — Plautus, Capt. i, i, 3. 
 I know that buffoons say that this is absurdly said, but I affirm that it is rightly said. 
 Dictum est, — it is said, related, maintained, etc. 
 In Particular; (a.) A saying, maxim, proverb. 
 
 CfiCTO^ii est d i c t u m : 'Fedibus compensari pecttniam.' Cickro, J't, xxix ^n. 
 It is an old saying of Cato's, 'That money is balanced by distance.' 
 
 Esp. freq.; (6.) For facet} dictum, — a witty saying, bon mot. Cicero, de Or. ii, 54. 
 Joke, jest. Quintilian, vi, 3, |§ 2, i6, 28, 30, 36 et saep. (c.) A prediction, prophecy. 
 LucR., Virgil I?/ o/. (d.) An order, command. Haec dicta dedit, — he gave these com- 
 mands. LiVY, iii, 61 et al. 
 
 In Judicial Practice; A saying or remark ; an opinion extra-judicially pronounced, 
 expressed by a judge in deciding a cause or question, either aside from the point in question, 
 and so called obiter dictum, or given without deliberation, as a hasty opinion at nisi prius or 
 in banco, and so they are not usually considered as binding upon courts. 2 Powell on Dev. 
 200; 2 Kent's Com. 177, 335. "This dictum of Lord C. J. Holt is no formed decisive reso- 
 lution, no adjudication, no professed deliberate determination." Lord C. J. Mansfield, 4 
 Burr. 2064, 2068. In some cases, however, they ^re treated with great consideration. Lord 
 Ellenborough, 10 East, i8q. See Lord Brougham on nisi prius dicta, 2 BelTs App. Cases, 
 21, 22. Consult I H. Bl. 53, 63 ; 2 Bos. &= Pull. 375 ; 3 Bam. is' Aid. 341 ; 2 Bing. 90; 17 
 Serg. &= R. (Penn ) 292 ; 7 Penn. 287 ; Brightly's N. Y. Dig. 
 
 (6.) An assertion or statement. 11. Gratis dictum aT\A Simplex dictum. 
 
 In old English Practice: The verdict of a jury. Literally ' a saying ' of a 
 jury. Bracton, fol. 201, 296 ; Pleta, lib. v, c. 22, § 10. 
 
 Dictum ac factum or Dictum factum. A saying and doing. In c o 1 1 o q . 
 Lang.. " No sooner said than done." Terentius, y4«(/?-. ii, 3, 7 ; id. Heaut.'w, <^, 12 el al. 
 
 Dictum de dicto, A saying of or upon something said ; a report upon hearsay ; a 
 vague report. 
 
 Dictum de Kenilworth. — L- Lat. The declaration or edict of Kenil worth, v. Hale's 
 Hist. Com. Law, lo and note ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 62. 
 658 
 
^ic-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Die. 
 
 FjICTUM est autem postlimimum h limine et post. Unde eiim qui ab hos- 
 \J tibus captus in fines nostras postea pervenit, postlimino r ever sum recti dicimus; 
 nam limina stent iu dominibus finem quemdam faciunt, sic et imperii finem lime'n 
 esse veteres voluerunt Hinc et limes dictus est, quasi finis quidam et terminus; ab 
 eo postliminium dictum, quia eodem limine revertepatur, que omissus fuerat. Sed et 
 qui captus victis hostibus recuperatur, postliminio redisse cxistimatur. Justinian. 
 Inst, i, 12, § s. The term postliminiu7n is derived from /,9j-/ (after) and limen 
 (the threshold of a house). Whence we rightly say of a person taken by the 
 enemy and then returning into our territory, that he is come back \>y postlimin- 
 ium. For, just as the threshold forms the boundary of a house, so the ancients 
 have termed the boundary of the empire a threshold. Whence limes also is 
 derived, and is used to signify a boundary and limit, thence comes the word 
 postliminium, because the prisoner returned to the same limits whence he had 
 been lost. The prisoner, also, who is retaken on the defeat of the enemy, is 
 considered to have returned hy postliminium, cf. Gaius, Inst, i, § 129 ; Flor- 
 ENTiNus, Dig. xlix, 15, //-. 26 ; Labeo, ib. fr. 29 ; Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac 
 Pac. iii, 9, I sq.j Pufendorf, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, viii, 6, § 22. 
 
 DICTUM est de actor facill dicente ex tempore : 'Inffenitim eum in ntune- 
 rato habere.' Quintilian, /«/. Orat. vi, 3, § m. It is a saying of an orator or 
 pleader who spoke with ease extemporaneously: 'He had all his wit in ready 
 cash . ' 
 
 DICTUM expertorum nunquam transit in rem judicatum. An opinion of experts 
 never passes into a thing adjudged or into matter adjudicated. Bonnier, 
 Traitd des Preuves, § 74. Cited in 2 Best on Evid. § 515. 
 
 Dictum sapienti sat est, — Prov. A word to the wise is quite enough. Trop., 
 A hint is sufficient for a sensible man. Terentius, Phormio, iii, 3, 8. 
 
 Dicont: 'Jus summum saepe siinima est malitia.' It is a true saying: 
 'Rigorous law is often rigorous injustice.' Terentius, AVak/. iv, 5, 44. 
 Read : Existunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam, etc. Cicero, de Off. i, 10, 33. 
 
 DICUNT quidam verum et vientiuntur et perjerant eo qubd contra mentem vadunt, 
 quia non credunt ita esse sicut dicunt, ut si Judaeus dicat Christum natum ex 
 virgine, mentitur; quia contra mentum vidat et non credit ita esse, ctlm ita sit in 
 veritate, et si juraverit, perjurium committit. Some say the truth and they lie 
 and they commit perjury, inasmuch as they go against their intelligence, because 
 they do not believe the thing to be so as they say, as if a Jew should say that 
 Christ was born of a virgin, he lies because he goes against his intelligence and 
 does not believe it to be so, although it be so in truth, and if he has sworn so he 
 commits perjury. Bracton, lib. iv, ch. 4, § i, fol. 289. 
 
 Read before this: Sunt quidam qui falsum dicunt mentiendo, etc. Bracton, ib. 
 
 DICUNTUR argument a et ex loco. Spectatur enimadfidemprobationis, 
 montanus an planus, maritimus an mediterraneus, consitus an incultus,frequens 
 an desertus, propinquus an remotus, opportunus consiliis an adversus : quatn partem 
 videmus vehementissime pro Milone tractasse Ciceronem. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. 
 '^> i°i § 37- Arguments are also drawn from places. For it often 
 concerns the proof of a fact, whether the scene of it was moun- 
 tainous or level, maritime or inland, planted or unculti- 
 vated, frequented or lonely, near or distant, suitable or 
 unsuitable for the alleged purpose; considerations which Cicero 
 treats with very great effect in his defense of M i 1 o . 
 
 659 
 
DicJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 DICUNTUR brevia, ciim sint formata ad similitudinem regulae juris, quae 
 breviter et paucis verbis intentionem proferentis exponunt. They are called 
 writs (brevia) because they are framed after the likeness of a rule of law, which 
 briefly and in a few words set forth the claim of the complaining party. Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 13, § 2. V. Dicitur ideo. 
 
 DICUNTUR p articip e s quasi partis capaces, sive partem capientes, quia res 
 initr eas est communis ratione pluriam personarum. They are called par- 
 ceners as it were capable of taking part or taking a part, because the thing is 
 common between them, in consideration of their being several persons. Fleta, 
 lib. vi, c. 48, § 2. V. Bracton, fol. 66/;,- Co. Litt. xdafi. 
 Read: Sicut plures participes quasi unum corpus, etc. 
 
 Die Crastini. To-morrow. Plautus ; Gellius. Dieprisiini, — the preceding day; 
 yesterday. Caesar; Gellius. Die quarto, — on the fourth day. v. Quarto die post. 
 Die quinto, — on the fifth day. Gellius. Die eat sine, — he can go without day. 
 7J. Eat inde sine die. 
 
 Diem, adinere aegritudinem hominibus. — L a t . P r o %■ . Time assuages 
 human sorrow. Terentius, Heaut. iii, i, 13. 
 
 Diem clausit extremuin. The day his existence closed. 
 
 In English Law: A writ that lies where the king's tenant that \io\A^in capite, by 
 knight's service, or in socage, dies seized ; then this writ shall be directed to the escheator 
 of the county, to inquire by a jury of what estate he was seized, and of what value, and who 
 was next heir to him, and his age, and of the certainty and value of the lands, and of whom 
 it is holden ; and the inquisition shall be returned unto the chancery, which is commonly 
 called " the office after the death of that person." Fit%. N. B. [251] 566 ; Dyer, 213 ; Park- 
 er's Ji. 95, I McCl. R. 105; Termes de la Ley ; 4 Steph. Com. ni, 69; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 327. 
 
 There is another writ de diem clausit extremum awarded out of the exchequer after the 
 death of an accomptant or debtor of his majesty, to levy the debt of his heir, executors, or 
 administrator's lands or goods. Termes de la Ley ; 4 Steph. Com. 47. 
 
 Diem de die. From day to da)'. Diem de die proflerendo, — for or in bringing 
 forth, producing from day to day. Justinian, ii, 15, 6. Dieyn ex die, — from day to 
 day; one day after another. Cicero, Att. viii, 26 ; Caesar, B. G. i, 16, 5. Diem noc- 
 temque, — day and night, i. q. without ceasing, uninterruptedly. Caesar, B. G. vii, 77, 
 II ; vii, 42 fin. 
 
 Diem perdidi ! I have lost a day ! Amici : diem perdidi ! 
 
 The Emperor Titus thus exclaimed on finding at night that he had done nothing 
 worthy of recollection during the day. Suetonius, Tit. viii, § 8. 
 
 Dies, ei, m. (also gen. dies, die, and dii, so freq. in the class.). A day. In general: 
 the civil day of twenty-four hours (freq. and class.). In particular- A set day, 
 appointed time, term in the widest sense of the word for appearing before court, making 
 a payment, doing an act, etc. (freq. and class.). 
 
 In the Jurists: Day, a day, the day; a day consisting of twenty-four hours. 
 Paulus, Dig. ii, 12, fr. 8. (z/. More Romano, dies a media nocte incipit, etc.) If these are reck- 
 oned, as they generally must be, from midnight to midnight (ad septima hora ad septimam 
 horam noclis), the day is called a calendar day ; if any other hour is taken from which to 
 reckon, the day is called dies natiiralis, anatural or movable day. Lind. Int. Jur. 
 ^94, and authorities. This expression, however, like the unqualified word day is often 
 taken to mean only the period of daylight. Cujusque dici major pars est horarum septem 
 primarum dici, non supremarum. Paulus, Dig. L, i6, fr. 2. § i. (6.) Day : the date of an 
 instrument, v. In omnibus oiligationibus, in quibus dies non ponitur, praesenti die debetur. 
 POMPONIUS, Dig. L, 17, fr. 14. V. Scaevola, ib. xx, i, fr. 34, § i. v. Computatio temporis. 
 
 In the Common Law: Day, a day. In the plural. Days. 
 
 («.) A period of time consisting of twenty-four hours, and including the solar day and 
 the night following, called an artificial day. v. Ef/icitur dies qui dicitur artificialis, 
 etc. Bracton, fols. 80, 264; Fleta, lib. v, c. 3 ; Co. Litt. 135a. 
 
 (6.) In the space of a d ay all the twenty-four hours are usually reckoned, the l.iw gener- 
 ally rejecting all the fractions of a day in order to avoid disputes. Therefore, in general, if 
 I am bound to pay money on any certain day, I discharge the obligation if I pay it before 
 660 
 
Die.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 twelve o'clock at night, after which the following day commences. A court will take notice 
 of the fraction of a day if it be necessary for the purposes of justice. Co. Liti. 135a ■ 2 Bl 
 Com. 141 V. Compuiatio temporis. ' 
 
 If any thing is to be done within a specified time of, from, or after, the doing or 
 occurrence of something else, the day on which the first act or occurrence takes place is to 
 be excluded from the computation (12 Ad. &■ E. 635) ; and the day on which the act has to 
 be performed is to be included, i Prest. Abst. 288; Chitty's Statute s/1\m& 'vol iii 
 p. 1376 ; 9 jS. &= C 603 ; 2 Parsons on Conir. 662 sq. ' 
 
 Sunday is reckoned like any other day; and an act which is valid only if done 
 within a certain number of days, the last of which is Sunday, must, if illegal if done on that 
 day, be performed at latest on the Saturday previous, cf. Comyn's Dig. ' Temps' (B. 3) ; 7 
 Jur. 396 ; II id. 6 ; 9 Exch. 730. Other authorities hold that the performance must be on 
 Monday, v. 2 Parsons on Contr. 665, and cases. 
 
 There are four sorts of days, etc. v. Tennes de la Ley, 253. 
 
 In Practice and Pleading: A day of appearance in court, or continuance ; the 
 return of writs, etc. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 65, § 15"; i Co. Litt. 134.5 / 3 Bl. Com. 316. 
 
 Days are distinguished: Z>wf/onV,— daylight. Bracton,io\.\';,']b. Dies Solaris,— 
 a solar day (beginning at sunrise and ending at sunset). Co. Litt. 135(7. Dies Solis,— the 
 &.y of the Sun (called Sunday). Dies Lunae, — the day of the moon (called Monday). Dies 
 Martiis,— the day of Mars (called Tuesday). Dies A/ereurii,— the day of Mercury (called 
 Wednesda}'). Dies /ovis,— the day of Jove (called Thursday). Dies Veneris,— the day of 
 Venus (called Friday). Dies Saturnus,— the day of Saturn (called Saturday). 
 
 Dies A quo. A ;;;- the day from which. Dies ad i/uem , — 3. day to which. According 
 as the commencement or the ending of a transaction depends on it. cf. Dig. xxxv, tit. I ; 
 Cod. vi, tit. 45 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 185, ed. 1883. v. Dies ad qtiem. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The day from which a transaction begins; the commencement 
 daj'. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 172; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. v. Aquo. 
 
 Dies ad quem. The day to which, u. Dies a quo. 
 
 In the Civil Law; The daj' to which a subject continues : the concluding day. i 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 172; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. v. Ad quern. 
 
 Dies amoris. Lit.. A day of love. Transf.: A day of favor, grace, indulgence. 
 
 In old English Practice: It seems to have been employed to signify any day 
 granted by the court to a party, as a matter of favor, indulgence, or out of the usual course 
 of proceedings, as with a view to an amicable disposition of the suit. Bracton, fol. 358 ; 
 Fleta, lib. vi, c. 14, § 18. Supposed to be the appearance day. = Quarto die post, — as 
 granted by the favor of the court. Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 218; Co. Litt. 135^^ I Tidd's 
 Pr. 107. Dies amoris granted after a default amounts to a waiver of the default. 
 
 Dies artificialis. An artificial day. 
 
 In English Law: Dies autem artificialis dividitur in quatuor partes Et est una 
 pars quae incipit in a'epusculo, et terminatur ad mediam noctem ; et alia quae incipit a media 
 node, et terminatur in aurora : et tertia quae incipit ab aurora, et terminatur i?i meredie : et 
 quart a quae incipit a meredie et terminatiir ad noctejn, et quaelibet pars in se continet sex 
 horas. Ei unde sive quis obierit die solari sive lunari, moritur eodem die artificiali, qui pro uno 
 die computatur. Et unde quacunque hora obierit quis tali die artificiali, sive die sive node, 
 moritur semper quasi in die. Et unde non est necesse apponere in brevi nocte qua ohiit, quia 
 semper moritur die artificiali. But the artificial day is divided into four parts. And there is 
 one part which begins with the nightfall, and ends with midnight ; and another which 
 begins at midnight and ends at daybreak; and a third which begins with daybreak and 
 terminates with midday; and a fourth which begins at midday and terminates at night- 
 fall, and each part contains in itself six hours. And hence, if a person dies in the solar day, 
 or in the lunar day, he dies on the same artificial day, which is computed as one day. And 
 hence, at whatever hour a person has died on such an artificial day, he dies always as it were 
 on the day. Hence it is not necessary to insert in the writ the night on which he died, 
 because he always dies on the artificial day. Bracton, lib. iv, tr. 3, c. 9, § 8, fol. 264. v. 
 Fleta, v, c. 5, § 31. 
 
 Dies bisseztus (or more properly bi-sextus). A bis-sextile day; an intercalary day. 
 V. Bi-sextus. 
 
 DIES captionis indorsari debet intcrgo brevis. The day of the taking o,ight to be indorsed 
 on the back of the writ. Bracton, fol. 365^. 
 
 Dies Cedit. The day begins. Dies venit,— the day is come. 
 
 In the Roman Law: These expressions signify the vesting or fixing of an interest, 
 and the interest becoming a present one. The maxim is: Cedeic diem sigiiificat 
 incipere deberi pecuniam ; venire diem , significat eum diem vcnisse, quo pecunia peti potest. 
 
 661 
 
Die.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 213. Cedit dies may, therefore, be interpreted, ' the right to the 
 thing is fixed ' ; venit dies, ' the thing may be demanded.' Sandars' Justinian. Inst. p. 311 ; 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 185, ed. 1883. 
 
 Dies Civilis, The civil day, ;. e. from midnight to midnight ; opposite to Dies naturalis, — 
 the natural day, i. e. from the rising to the setting of the sun. Var. R. R. i, 28, i. 
 
 Dies Clara. Daylight. Bracton, fol. 1370. 
 
 Dies COntinui, The successive or following days ; consecutive days. 
 
 In Roman Law. Dies continui mean the next days, of whatever kind. They are 
 opposed to dies utiles, the days on which legal business could be done. v. Justinian. Inst. 
 i, 25, § 16. V. Dies utiles. 
 
 Dies communes in banco. — L. Lat. Common days in banc, or in the bench. 
 
 In English Pratice: Stated days of appearance of parties in the courts; also 
 common return days of process, etc., originally peculiar to the court of Common Bench. 
 Fleta., lib. ii, c. 35 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 56, 57 ; Crabb's Hist. 217 : 3 Bl. Com. 277. 
 
 Dies consilii, — L- Lat. The day of imparlance. Also a day appointed to argue a 
 demurrer. Also a day to hear both parties in court. 
 
 Dies Cretionis, Days of cretion. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 285. u. Credo. 
 
 Dies datUS. — L. Lat. A day given ; the day appointed for hearing. 
 
 In Practice: A return day ; a daj' or time of respite given by the court to a defendant 
 in an action ; an adjournment or continuance before the count or declaration. Bro. Abr. : 
 Hardr. 365, 366. 
 
 Dies datus in banco. — L. Lat. A day given in the bench, ;.,?. the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas. Bracton, fol. 25715, 361 ; Co. Litt. 135. 
 
 Dies datus partibus.— L. Lat. A day given to the parties. 
 
 In Practice: An adjournment, continuance, or daj' given to the parties. Crabb's 
 Hist. 217. 
 
 Dies datus prece partium. — L- Lat. A day given at the request, or on the prayer of 
 the parties. Bracton, fol. 358 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 60. 
 
 Dies dominicus. — Lat. The Lord's day; Sunday. Justinian. Cod. iii, 12, 11; Const. 
 Leonis Aug. 54. 
 
 DIES dominie US non est juridicus. A dominical day, i. e. a Sunday, is not 
 juridical. The Lord's day (Sunday) is not a court day, /. e. it is not a 
 day for judicial proceedings or legal purposes. Co. Litt. issaj Nay's Max. 2 ; 
 Broom's Max. 22. 
 
 " In all the four terms the Lord's day is noi dies jtmdictis, for that ought to be conse- 
 crated to divine service." Wingate's Max. 5. "The Sabbath day is no day for law cases." 
 Finch's Law, b. I, c. 3, num. i ; Plowd. 265 ; 3 Dowl. &= L. 328 ; 13 Mass. 327. 
 
 Dies excrescens. — L. Lat. The added or increasing day ; the repeated day in leap year. 
 It is made up ex minutiis quatuor annoruni, which had been disregarded until by accretio 
 they became in the fourth year equal to a day. Bracton, fol. 359, 35915. Thus every fourth 
 year was properly three hundred and sixt)'-six daj's, the added day being dies excrescence. 
 
 V. Bi-sextum. 
 
 Dies fasti. Lat. Lucky, auspicious or propitious days. 
 
 In the Publicists and Jurists, t. t. . A court day; a day on which courts 
 could be held, and on which judgments could be pronounced (opp. to dies nefasti). 
 
 A day = Dies juridici of the English Law. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Dies fasti in quibus licebat Praetori fari tria verba, ' ' do, dico, 
 ADDico," — lucky or propitious days in which it was lawful for the Praetor to speak or pro- 
 nounce {fari) the three words, "I give, 1 pronounce, I condemn." {i. e.\ give 
 judgment, I pronounce the law, I condemn.) i Mackeld, Civ. Law, ^ 35, ed. 1883, ^ 39 and 
 note ; Ovid, Fast, i, 45 sq.; Varro, de Ling. Lat. vi, 29, 30, ed. Miiller ; Macros. Sat. i, 16 ; 
 3 Bl. Com. 424, note. These were judicial or triverbial days allowed to the Praetor for 
 deciding causes. Spelman, j5 4, c. 2. = Dies juridici of the English Law. 
 
 Legal proceedings, whether in jure or injudicio, could not take place at all times ; but the 
 division of the year into working-days and holidays was different in the two cases. 
 
 The jurisdictional term, or portion of time during which the Praetor could sit for the 
 transaction of purely formal business, not involving investigation of evidence or argument 
 662 
 
Die,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 thereon, was regulated thus : The year was divided into forty dies fasti, sixty dies nonfasti, 
 one hundred and ninety dies comitiales, and the residue dies intercisi. The dies fasti were 
 devoted entirely to jurisdiction ; the dies intercisi were half holidays ; the dies comiliales were 
 primarily set aside for legislative assemblies, but if not required for the meeting of the com- 
 itia were also available for jurisdiction, whilst on the dies nefasti the Praetor could not sit 
 at all. PuCHTA on this topic ; Gaius, Inst, ii, § 279, note 3, by Abdy and Walker. 
 
 Dies fasti et nefasti. Lucky and unlucky days, /. e. business daj's and holidays. 3 
 Bl. Com. 276. V. Dies fasti and Dies nefasti. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Certain days were accounted auspicious (t/w /ajfe) / certain 
 other days were accounted inauspicious {dies nefasti or nonfasti), wherein no law matters 
 were heard nor any assemblies of the people held. Livv, ix, 46 ; Cicero, de Or. i, 41 sq. 
 
 Dies fasti, in quibus licebat Praetori fari tria verba, "DO, DICO, ADDICO." Lucky or 
 auspicious days, in which it was lawful for the Praetor to pronounce three words, "I give 
 judgment, I pronounce the law, I condemn." ■}, Bl. Corn. is,2\ (w). 
 
 Dies fasti, nefasti et intercisi. Business days, holidays and half holidays. 
 
 In the Roman Law: For the purpose of the administration of justice all days were 
 divided by the Romans into fasti, nefasti and intercisi. v. Dies fasti. Dies nefasti. Dies 
 intercisi. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 39, ed. 1883, 
 
 Dies fanstns. A lucky, auspicious, or propitious day. v. Dies fasti. 
 
 DIES festos, dies majestati altissimae dedicates nullis volumus voluptatibus occu- 
 pari, nee ullis exactionuvi vexationibus prof ana ri. § i. Dominicum itaque 
 diem ita semper honorabilem decei-nimus et venerandum, ut a cunctis exsecutionibus 
 excusetur, nulla queviquam urgeat admonitio, nulla Jidejussionis flagitetur exactio, 
 taceat apparitio, advocatio delitescaJ, sit ille dies a cognitionibus alienus, praeconis 
 horrida vox silescat, respirent a controi'ersiis litigantes, habeant foederis intervallum, 
 ad se simul iieniant adversarii nan timentes, subeat anivws vicaria poenitudo, pacta 
 conferant, transactiones loquantur. Nee hujus tume7i religiosi diei otia relaxantes, 
 obscoenis quemquam patimur iwluptatibus detineri. Nihil eodem die sibi vindicet 
 scena theatralis, aut circense certame/i, aiit ferarum lacrimosa spectaculaj etiam si 
 in nostrum ortum aiit natalem celebranda solemnitas inciderit, differatur. Amis- 
 siotiem militiae proscriptioneinquc patrimonii siistinebit, si quis unquam hoc die festo 
 spectaculis inter esse, vel cujuscunque judicis apparitor praetextu nogotii publicii seu 
 privati haec, quae hac lege statuta sunt, crediderit temeranda. Justinian. Cod. iii, 
 12, const. II. We wish holidays and days dedicated to the most high majesty 
 to be taken up by no pleasures, or profaned by no collection of debts or exac- 
 tions. § I. Accordingly, we decree the Sunday as a day ever so honorable and 
 venerable that it is to be free from all executions, that there is to be no pressure 
 of punishment, no impleading of sureties, that courts be silent, legal assistance 
 be kept quiet, under cover ; let that day be free from judicial inquiries, the rude 
 trump of the herald be hushed ; let litigants take a breathing spell from contro- 
 versies, let them have an interval of truce ; let adversaries come together without 
 fear ; let vicarious repentance enter minds; let bargains be compared ; let trans- 
 actions speak. Nor while we enjoy the repose of this religious day, do we suffer 
 any one to be occupied with obscene pleasures. Let the theatre or combats in 
 the amphitheatre have no claims on that day, or the tearful spectacles of the wild 
 beasts, even although the celebration should fall upon the day of our birth, let 
 it be put off. He shall endure the loss of his military rank and confiscation di 
 his patrimony, whoever at any time, on this holiday, is present at the spectacles, 
 or, as servant of any judge, should, under pretext of public or private business, 
 believe that these things which have been laid down by law might be violated. 
 Cited in Story on Prom. Notes, § 221, n. 3. [F. J- M.] 
 
 661! 
 
Die.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 Dies feriales.— L. Lat. Ferial days ; holidays. Cowell. (6.) Working-days, or week- 
 days, as distinguished from Sunday. Stat. 27 Hen. VI. c. 5. v. Feria. 
 
 Dies feriati.— Lat. In the Civil Law: Holidays. Ulpianus, /?«>. ii, 12,/?-/-. 2, g. 
 
 Dies gratiae- — L. Lat. =L. Yr. Jour ds grace. A day of grace, favor, courtesy. 
 
 In English Law: The y«a;-/D </;« /cj^ was sometimes so-called. Co. Litt. 13415,1350. 
 
 Dies ilX banco, — L. Lat. A day (or days) in banc ; a day in the bench, or in the court of 
 Common Bench. Bracton, fol. 361, 362 ; Fleta, lib. ii, u. 35. 
 
 In English Practice: Certain stated, enumerated days on which the court sits for 
 the hearing of motions in arrest of judgment; for new trials ; the appearance of parties in 
 suits ; the return of process, etc. ; originally peculiar to the Court of Common Bench 
 {^Bancus Communis), or Common Pleas (Commtinia Placita), as it was anciently called. 
 Bracton and Fleta, supra ; 3 Bl. Com. 277. 
 
 Dies ia CUriS,. — L. Lat. A day in court. Bracton, fol. 342i5. = Dies in judicio.— 
 L. Lat. A day in court. Bnacton, fol. 362(5. 
 
 Bracton frequently employed these terms indifferently. Strictly, however, cuiia signifies 
 the place where the court is held, or, in general, the court itself ; judicium, the proceedings 
 therein, v. Curia and Judicium. 
 
 DIES inceptus pro completo habetur. A day begun is considered as completed. 
 Bell's Diet. voc. 'Computation of Time.' v. Computatio temporis. 
 DIES incertus pro conditione habetur. A day uncertain is held as a condition. 
 Bell's Diet. voc. 'Computation of Time.' v. Computatio temporis. 
 
 Dies inde datum est. — L. Lat. A day is thereupon given, v. Et quia curia, etc. 
 
 Dies infaUStuS. — Lat. An unlucky or unpropitious day. v. Dies nefasti. 
 
 Dies intercallaris. An intercallary day. Marcellus, Dig. xliv, 3, fr. 2. 
 
 Dies intercallatores,^ — Intercallatory days. Macr. S. i, 14. 
 
 Dies interpellat pro ho mine. The day interrupts, speaks for the man. 
 
 In Scotch Law: This applies to bills payable by a day certain, which bear interest 
 from the day of payment, without any protest or formal demand of payment. Erskine's 
 Inst, ill, tit. 3, § 77. The day duns, reminds, speaks for the man. Mackeld. Civ, Law, 
 § 377^, ed. 1883. 
 
 Dies intercisi. Days divided. Half-holidays, v. Intercisi dies. Varro, L. L. v, 5, 4. 
 
 In the Roman Law: These were half holidays, on which the courts were open for 
 a part of the day. Ovid, Fast, i, 50; I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 24, § 35, note; ed. 1883, § 39. 
 
 Dies Jovis. — Lat. The day of Jove or Jupiter (called Thursday). 
 
 Dies juridicus (pi. Dies juridici). — Lat. A juridical or court day. 
 
 In Practice: A day for judicial proceedings or legal purposes. A day relating to 
 the administration of justice. Justinian. Cod. iii, 127 ; Clerke's Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. i ; Co, 
 Litt. 1350. V. Omnes dies jubetnus esse juridicos. 
 
 DieSJUSti, — Lat. Days of grace. Leg. XII. Tab. v. Rebus jure Judicatis, nyiTi, etc. 
 
 Dies legitimUS. — Lat. A lawful or law day; a term day. Bracton, fol. 334(5/ Hallifax 
 Anal. b. 3, c. 9, § 6. An appearance day in term. Bracton, fol. 359. 
 
 Dies Lnnae, — Lat. The day of the moon (called Monday). 
 
 Dies lunaris. A lunar day. A day belonging to the moon. v. Lunaris. 
 
 Dies marchiae. — L. Lat. A day of the march, i. e. of the limits, confines or border. 
 
 In old English Law: Anciently an appointed day of meeting of the English and 
 Scotch, to be held annually on the borders (marches), to adjust all differences and to preserve 
 the compact of peace. Tomlins. v. Marchia. 
 
 Dies Martiis. — Lat. The day of Mars (called Tuesday). 
 
 Dies Mercurii. — Lat. The day of Mercury (called Wednesday). 
 
 Dies natalis. A birthday ; natal day. 
 • Dies naturalis. A natural day, i. e. from the rising to the setting sun. Var. R. R. i, 
 28, 1 1 Pliny, ii, 77, 79. w. Naturalis dies. v. Dies artificialis. 
 
 Dies nee cedit nee venit. The day neither begins nor comes, v. Dies non cedit. 
 
 In Scotch Law: In annuities which depend upon the lives of the annuitants for 
 their becoming due, the money does not begin to become due, and the day of payment 
 does not arrive till the term of payment. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 6, § 9. 
 
 664 
 
Die.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Die. 
 
 Dies nefasti. Unluck)', inauspicious days. Opposite to Dies fastus. 
 
 In the Roman Law: Days on which judgment could not be pronounced, nor could 
 the Praetor sit at all. Days on which neither courts of justice nor comitia (assemblies of the 
 people) were allowed to be held, and which were dedicated to other purposes. Festus, 
 PP- 93i 165 ; LiVY, i, ig. All courts were closed, and it was unlawful to administer justice. 
 = Dies non juridice of the English Law. i Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 35, note ; id. ed. 1883, 
 g 39. V. Dies fasti and Nefasti dies. One part of a day might be fasti, while the other was 
 nefasti. These were called Dies intercisi. v. Fastis diebus jura fari licebat, etc. Nefasti 
 dies notantur N. iitera, etc. 
 
 Ovid mentions these days. Read: Ne tamen ignores varzorutn jura dierum,t\.Q. OviD, Fast{}rum,i,^s- 
 
 Dies noctesque. Day and night. Plautus, A'ud. ii, 3, 49. 
 
 Dies non Cedit, The day does not begin, v. Dies nee cedit. 
 
 In Scotch Law: The debt or legacy does not become due. The legacy does not 
 vest, so long as the person lives, and may alter his will. If the legatee die before the 
 legator, the legacy lapses. It does not transmit to the legatee's heirs. Erskine's Inst, iii, 9, 
 §9- 
 
 Dies non (the word juridieus being understood). An abbreviation of the following : 
 
 Dies non juridieus. — L. Lat, A day not juridical ; not a court day. 
 
 In Practice: Applied to the days on which no legal proceedings can take place ; 
 da3'S on which courts are not open for business ; days on which the judges cannot sit at all. 
 =: Dies nefasti, in the Roman Law. 
 
 In the English Courts these are all Sundays in the year ; the Purification, 
 in Hilary term; the Ascension, in Easter term; the Festival of St. John the 
 Baptist, in Trinity term; and those of All Saints and All Souls, in Michaelmas 
 term ; and some holidaj'S, such as Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, z/. 2 
 Co. Inst. 264 ; 3 Chitt. Gen. Pr. 104, 107. 
 
 In the United States: All Sundays, Christmas, the first day of January, the fourth 
 day of July, etc., are dies non juridici. Wharton's Lex. voc. 'Holiday.' 
 
 Dies pacis.— L. Lat. Days of peace. Dies pacis ecclesiae,— days of peace of the 
 church. Dies paciS regis, — days of the king's peace. As to the signif. of these terms, 
 V. Crahb's Hist. Law, 35 ; Spelman. 
 
 Dies reUgioSUS (plur. Dies religiosi)- A religious, or holy, or sacred day. 
 
 With the Romans: A day upon which it was unlucky to undertake any thing 
 important ; a day of evil omen ; e. g. the Dies Alliensis ; the Dies atri, etc. v. Cicero, Att. 
 ix, 5, 2 ; LivY, vi, i ; xxvi, 17 ; Gellius, iv, 9. 
 
 Dies Saturni. The day of Saturn (called S a t u r'd a y ). 
 
 Dies Solaris, — L. Lat. A solar day, beginning at sunrise and ending at sunset. Co. 
 Litt. 135a. Distinguished from what was called dies lunaris, — a lunar day. 
 
 In Modern Science: The term s olar d ay has quite a difiFerent meaning, denot- 
 ing the interval between two noons. Brande's Encycl. 
 
 DIES si ill obligationibus non ponitiir, praesente die debetur. If, in bonds or 
 obligations, a day (for payment) is not stated, it (the money) is due at the 
 present day, /. e. the day on which it is made. 
 
 This Common Law maxim was drawn from the Civil Law: In obligationibus 
 omnibus in quibus dies non ponitur, praesenti die debetur. Pomponius, Dig. L, 17, /r. 14. 
 Dies SOlemneS. Holidays ; solemn days. 
 
 Dies SOlis. — Lat. The day of the sun (called Sund.ay). Justin. Cod. iii, 12, const. 7. 
 DIES statim cedit, sed non venit. The day is instantly or presently fixed, but has not 
 come. Erskine's Inst, iii, t. I, § 6. Read : Cedere diem significat. 
 
 DIES termini non computator in termino. The day of the term {or the limited 
 time) is not computed in the term. Story on Prom. Notes, § 212. 
 Dies utiles.— Lat. Useful, available, advantageous days; juridical days. 
 In the Civil Law : Those days on which the party having knowledge that the inher- 
 itance is open to him, might sue, apply to the judge. Justinian. Inst, iii, 10, § 6. 
 
 In -betendd autem bonorum possessione dies utiles smguh considerantur,— m applications 
 for the possession of goods, we count all the days which are utiles. Justinian. Inst. 111, 
 10, S 6 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 195. ed. 1883. v. Cahini, Lex. fund.; DuCange. 
 Dies Veneris — Lat. The day of Venus (called Friday). 
 
 [84] ■ ''' 
 
Die.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dif. 
 
 Diet, Dyet. — Sco. in Scotch Law and Practice: The sitting of a court. 3 
 How. St. Tr. 654. A day appointed for the trial of a criminal cause. 2 Alison's Pr. 343 ; 2 
 Brown's R. 240. An appearance day. Bell's Diet. A criminal cause as prepared for trial. 
 I Brown's R. 268 ; 2 id. 141 ; Arkley's R. 481. 
 
 Dieta, or Diaeta. — L. Lat. [+ dies, a day.] In old English Law: A day's 
 expenses. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 14, § 2. A day's work. Id. lib. ii, c. 73, § 2. A day's journey 
 {iter unius dici). Bracton, fol. I35i5, 163, 235^, 359; Treby, C. J., i Lord Raym. 432,433. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A reasonable day's journey was usually twenty miles. Dig. W, 
 11, fr. I. Bracton called a reasonable (/;>^3 = twenty miles. {Omnis rationabilis dieta 
 constat ex xx milliaribus). Bracton, fol. 2351}. v. 2 Co. Inst. 567 ; Hale on F. N. B. i%ii,\ 3 
 Bl. Com. 218 ; Termes de la Ley, voc. ' Dieta rationabilis' ; Broom dr" Had, Com. iii, 299. 
 
 Dietae COmputatae, — L. Lat. Day's journeys computed or reckoned. Talfourd, 
 Serj. arg. 7 Man, &" Or, 763, 774, and notes ; id. 774-784, note. 
 
 In old Practice: Journey's accounts, v. Joumes {or joumies) accompts. 
 
 Dieu dSfend le droit. — Fr. God defends the right. 
 
 Dieu et mon droit,— Fr. God and niy right. 
 
 The Motto of the sovereigns of England, first assumed by Richard I. 
 
 Dieu fne conduisse. — Fr. May God conduct me. 
 
 DIEU et son acte. — L. Fr. God and his act, i. e. the act of God. Trop., 
 An act beyond human foresight or control. = Actus Dei, 
 
 In the Common Law: Actus Dei nemini est damnosus. 2 Co, Inst. 287. Actus 
 Dei nemini facit injuriam. i Co, <)Tb ; 5 Co, 87 ; 2 Bl, Com, 122 ; Broom's Max, 228. 
 
 Diffamatio, onis, /. \dif-fanio,'\ A publishing, promulgating. Aug, Civ. D. iii, 31. 
 In old English Law; Defamation or slander. Reg. Orig. 4g; Artie. Cleri. c. 1,4; 
 Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 33. 
 
 Difiamia, ae, /. [dis-/amia.] Defamation. Aug. Civ. D. 3, 31. 
 
 Dif-famO, are, i, v. a. [/ama.] To spread abroad by an ill report : to publish, divulge. 
 Ovid, M. iv, 236 ; Tacitus, A, xiv, 22 ; i, 72 ; xv, 49 et al. 
 
 In late Latin. To promulgate, make known. AvG, de Morib, Feci, 14, 
 
 Differentia, ae, /. [dif-fero.} A difTerence, diversity (freq, in Quintilian). Honesti et 
 decori. Cicero, Off. i, 27, 94. Naturarum, Id. ib, i, 31, 112. Morum. Petr. Ixxxiv, i. 
 Differentia personaruvi, locoruvi, temporumque,- — a difference of persons, places, and occa- 
 sions. Quintilian, xii, 10, 70. v. xi, 2, 50. 
 
 DIFFERENTIA inter dominium et possessionem haec est, quod dominium nihilo- 
 minus ejus manet, qui dominus esse non vult, possessio autem recedit, vt quisque 
 constituit nolle possidere. Si quis igitur ed mente possessionem tradidit, ut posiea ei 
 restiiuatur, desinit possidere. Ulpianus, Dig, xli, 2,fr. 17, § i. The difference 
 between right of ownership [property] and possession is this, that 
 ownership remains, nevertheless, with him, who does not wish to be the owner ; 
 but possession is lost [ceases] as soon as a party has decided his unwillingness 
 to possess. If, therefore, any one has transferred possession with that intention, 
 that it should be restored to him afterward, he ceases to possess, of. i Mackeld. 
 Civ. Law, § 230. 
 
 This is the difference between property and possession — property remains in the owner, 
 even against his will ; but when a man is unwilling to possess, possession withdraws. Id 
 quod nostrum est sine facto nostro ad alium trans ferri non potest. Pomponius, Dig, L, iT,fr, 
 II. cf. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 278. 
 
 Dif-fero, differre, distuli, dilatum, v. a. and n. Act.; To carry from each other, to carry 
 different ways ; to spread abroad, scatter, disperse (quite class.). Trop.; To distract, 
 disquiet, disturb a person (quite class.). (6.) To spread abroad, publish, divulge any thing. 
 With a -personal object: To cry down, to defame; to bring into bad odor (freq. 
 and class.). Bracton, fol. 3(5. 
 666 
 
Dif.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dig. 
 
 Difficile, adv. With difficulty. Difficile est consilium, smii enim est solus, — consultation 
 is difficult, for I am alone. Cicero. = Difficiliter, adv. v. Difficilis. 
 
 Difficile est longinn subito deponere amoretn. It is difficult, at once, to 
 relinquish a confirmed passion. Catullus. 
 
 DIFFICILE est ut unus homo vicem duorem sustineat. It is difficult for one 
 man to sustain (fill) the place of two, /. e. to discharge the duty of two. 
 7 Co. 1 1 8a, Acton's case. 
 
 V. Una persona rix potest supplere vices duarum. Id.ib. 
 
 Difflcilem, oportet aurum Jidbere ad crimina.— L a t . P r o v . : One should 
 not lend an easy ear to criminal charges. Publius Syrus. 
 
 One should be slow in giving credence to criminal charges ; to attack is so much more 
 easy than to repel, that an accuser should ever be listened to with distrust. 
 
 Difficiles aditus impetus omnis habet. Every act of violence leads to difficult 
 results. Ovid. 
 
 Difficilis, e> adj. Hard, difficult, troublesome (freq. and class.). In particular, of 
 character : Hard to manage or to please ; obstinate, surly, captious, morose (freq. and 
 class.). 
 
 Difficilis facilis, jucundus, acerbus es idem : 
 Nee tecum, possum vivere, nee sive te. 
 
 Martialis, £pig. xii, ep. 47. 
 You are at once morose and agreeable, pleasing and repulsive. I can neither live with 
 you, nor without 3'ou. 
 
 " In all thy humours, whether grave or mellow, 
 Thou'rt such a touchy, testy, pleasant fellow ; 
 Hast so much wit, and mirth, and spleen about thee, 
 That there's no living with thee, nor without thee." 
 
 Addison, Spectator, No. 68, 
 
 Diffidare, or Diffiduciare. — L. Lat. [ + dis, and fides, fealty or faith.] In Feudal 
 La w : To renounce one's fealty, faith, allegiance. Spelman. Opposite to affidare, v. h. v. 
 (6.) To put out of allegiance ; to outlaw. Cart. Confirm. 49 Hen. III. (c.) To proclaim 
 hostilities ; to declare war ; to defy. Spelman/ Grotius, de Jur. Bell. lib. iii, c. 3, § g. 
 
 Dif-findO, ere, 3, v. u. To cleave asunder, to divide. 
 
 In the Jurists,/./..- Diffindere diem, — to break off a matter, i. e. to put it off to the 
 following day. Lex. XII. Tab. ii, fr. 2. v. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 11,/?-. 2, § 3. 
 
 Difforciare rectum. To take away or deny justice. 
 
 DigamUS, a, adj. = Gr. Siyafioi. [-\- S ty a/uia , +5/5, twice, and ydixo'i, marriage.] 
 That has been twice married. Eccles. Hist. Digama or Digamy,— second marriage, i. t. 
 to a second wife after the death of the first ; as Bigamia, in law-, is having two wives at once. 
 
 Di-ffer6 ere, gessi, gestum, 3, -u. u. To force apart, separate, divide, distribute. 
 
 In particular: To cut up, separate, divide, etc. Quintilian, x, i, 19 ; xi, 2, 35 <?/«/. 
 
 In Medic. Lang.- To dissolve, discuss, dissipate morbid matter (freq. and class.). 
 
 In the Jurists: To divide, distribute, arrange, dispose, set in order. Cicero, l^err. 
 ii, I, 23 ; id. Hose. Com. iii, g. 
 
 Digesta orum, ». [-\-di-gcro, ere.] (a.) A name given to a collection of writ- 
 ings, distributed, arranged under certain heads. AuLUS Gellius, vi, 5. (6.) 
 Especially, Digesta seu Fandecta,— the Tthgesis or Pandects, ci. Dig. '^xooem.; Cod. i, 
 17, const. I, § 2 ; id. const. 3, § i ; Lnst. prooera. § 4. • This is the title of the chief part of 
 Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis, the Pandecta or Digesta, now usually cited by the abbre- 
 viation Dig., and by the old writers Ff. 01 ff. Mackeld. Civil Law, % i, 5. 
 
 Digladior, are, v. dep. [gladius.] To fight for life and death; to fiercely contend. 
 Cicero, Leg. 'iii, g, 20. T ra n s f . , To hotly contend, dispute, sc. with words. Cicero. 
 
 Di^ma atis, «. = Gr. Sslyixa. A specimen. Theod. Cod. xiv, 4, g. 
 
 Dignatio s'nis,/ [dignor.] A considering worthy. = Dignitas. Cicero, ^/A x, 9, 2. 
 Li t .7 A deeming worthy, esteem, regard. Suetonius, Calig. 24 ; Justinian, xxviii, 4, 10. 
 
 667 
 
Dig.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dig. 
 
 Transf., Dignitj', honor, reputation for dignitas. Tacitus, A. iv, 52; xiii, 20, 42 Jin. ; 
 ib. Hist, i, 52; iii, 80; id. Germ, xiii, xxvi ; LiVY, a, -j Jin. et al. 
 
 Dignitarii. — L. Lat. Dignitaries, i. e. those who possess honorable stations, exalted 
 rank, especially ecclesiastical rank. 
 
 DIGNITARIJ sont tiels qui sont advance al ascun promotion ecclesiastical ; cosne un Dean, 
 Arch-deacon, Prebendary, etc. — L. Fr. Dignitaries are such as are promoted to any eccle- 
 siastical dignity ; as a Dean, an Arch-deacon, a Prebendary, etc. v. 3 Co. Inst. 155 ; Termes 
 de la Ley. 
 
 Dignitas, atis, /. \dignus^ (a.) Lit., A being worthy, worthiness, merit, desert. 
 Cicero, Fam. xi, 17 ; id. Agr. ii, 2, 3. Dignitas consularis, — a being worthy of the ofBce of 
 consul. Cicero, Mnr. 13. v. id. Rose. Am. xii, 33. 
 
 Me ton. {causa fro effectti), Dignitj', greatness, grandeur, authority, rank. 
 
 DIGNITA S (est) alicujus honesta et cultu et honore et verecundia digna auctoritatis. Cicero, 
 de Inv. ii 55. Dignity is the honorable authority of a person, combined with attention 
 and honor and worthy respect paid to him. v. Cicero, Off. i, 36, 130; Corporis. Cicero, 
 Inv. ii, I et al. Formae. Id. Off. i, 36, 130, and so frequentlj'. 
 
 In particular: Official dignity, honorable emploj'ment, office. Cicero et al. 
 
 Transf., of inanimate things ; Worth, value, excellence. Plaut. Bac. i, 2, 23 ; Cicero, 
 de Off. i, 39 ; QuiNTiLiAN, xi, 3, 141. Verborum. Cicero, Prov. Cons, xi, 27 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Dignity. Justinian. C(7rf. xii, 1-8. 
 
 In English Law. An honor; a title, station or distinction of honor. A dignity is a 
 species of incorporeal hereditament, in which a person may have a propertj' or estate. 2 Bl. 
 Com. 37 ; I Crabb's Peal Prop. 468 sq. The degrees of nobility and honor are treated of at 
 large in i Bl. Com. 396 sq. 
 
 Dignitas primogeniti. — L. Lat. The privilege of the eldest. = Esnecia, q. v. 
 
 DIGNITATEM istam nacta sunt, ut villis, sylvis, et aedibus, aliisque praediis, 
 comparentur ; quod solidiora moUlia ipsis aedibus ex destinatione patrisfamilias 
 cohaerere videantur, ex pro parte ipsarum aedium aestimentur. They have obtained 
 that dignity vv^hich may be imparted to villas, woods, and houses, and to other 
 estates ; but the more solid movables seem to belong to the houses themselves, 
 according to the determination of the householder, and are considered as part 
 of the edifice. Stockman's de Jure Devol. c. 3, § 16. Cited in 2 Bl. Com. 428. 
 
 Dignitatis illaesae statum. The state or condition of unimpaired dignity. 
 The dignitatis illaesae statum is always to be considered the most important, whatever pecu- 
 niary interests may be put in jeopard}'. 
 
 DignOSCentia, ae,/. [dignosco.'] The power of distinguishing ; knowledge. August. 
 
 DignOSCentia mali et toni. A knowledge of the bad and good. /(/. de Gen. 2, 97?^. 
 
 Dignosco, ere, v. a. To know apart, to distinguish, discern one thing from another. 
 
 ' Dignuni esse,' tlicunt, ' quicum hi tenebris mices.' — Latin Pro v. 
 They say "he is one with whom you might play odd and even with in 
 the dark." Cicero, </£• 0/^m>, iii, 19, § 77. 
 
 This play, retained among modern Italians under the name of La Mora, is thus played : A. and B. are the 
 players; A. suddenly raises, we will suppose, three fingers, and B. two; A., at a guess, cries six, B. live. B., 
 having named the number, wins. Parties, to play it in the dark, must have reliance on each other's word ; 
 hence the proverb. Edmonds. 
 
 DignUS, a, um, adj. Worthy, deserving ; suitable, fitting, becoming, proper (class.). 
 Dignum est, — it is fit, proper, becoming. Plautus et al. 
 
 DigmiS vindice nodus. — L a t . P r o v . A knot worthy to be untied by such hands. 
 Horace, A. P. 191. Trop. , "A difficulty which calls for the highest interference." 
 
 Digredior, gredi, 3, v. dep. u.. To go apart or asunder; to separate, part ; to go away, 
 depart (freq. and class.). Trop., To go aside, deviate, depart ; to digress (freq. and class.). 
 
 Digressio, onis, /. [digredior.] Lit.. A going apart, separating ; a going away, depart- 
 ing, departure. Trop., A going aside, deviation, digression. 
 668 
 
^iS-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dil. 
 
 DigresSUS, tis, »;. [U] a parting, separating; a going away, departure. Trop A 
 deviating in speech ; digression. Quintilian ' 
 
 JDii iratUaneos pedes habenf. - L a i . P r o v . The irate Gods have woolen feet, 
 irop., The vengeance of the angry Gods comes unperceived. Macrobius, 5<j^ i 8 
 The feet of the Gods are shod with wool, and their steps are slow and noiseless, but they advance be'cause 
 
 Dit lanatos pedes Jiahenf.-h^tin Proverb. The Gods have woolly feet, 
 r r o p . , The vengeance of the Gods comes noiselessly, unobserved. Petronius, Sai. xliv. 
 
 Dii mc^orem gentium. Lit., The (twelve) superior Gods. 
 
 Dii penates. The household Gods ; the guardian deities of a household. Plautus. 
 I, A'"^ "i^v "^ ^ -^ ".^^ ' ^,".' ^ '• '^^^ difference between dii penates and dii lares was, that each 
 ^?»cM H Patt'cular rfu /«mto. to which their influence was limited ; while the dii lares 
 
 H n,r ^;",'"i""''"^'^' ''°"^^^' '°'''"'' ''"=•• '" general, though each of them had its own. 
 CI. Ut/r. Mill. jb.irusc. ii, p. go. 
 
 Usus, fructiis, vicius^ cultus Jam mihi harunece aedium 
 Intcrem^lu'si, inter/eciu'st, alienatu'st, occidi I 
 Dii ^ettntes itteilm ^arejiium , /amiliaet^ue Lar^ater, 
 Volns mando^ meUm J>arentum rem bene ut tutemini 
 Ego mihi alios Deos penates persequar, alium Larem, 
 Aliam urbem^ aliam civitaiem. — Plautus, Mercator^ v, i, 3-8. 
 The ease, the enioyment, the in-dwelling, the habitation of this house is henceforth for me cut off destroyed 
 and alienated. I am undone ! The household Gods of my parents, the Lar(/. y. English Lord) of 
 the family, to you do I recommend, that you will kindly protect the possessions of my parents. I shall now 
 seek other household Gods for myself, another Lar, another city, another state. „. Cvz^v.o, de Nat. 
 Deos. ii, 27. 
 
 Dii talens avert He casum. — l. at. A p o t h . May the Gods avert so great a mis- 
 fortune. Virgil. 
 
 Diis aliter visum.— La t. Apoth. To the Gods it has seemed otherwise. Trop., 
 Providence has disposed of the matter in a different wa)'. Virgil. 
 
 * » * * j)iis proximus Ule est 
 
 Quern ratio, non ira movef, qui facta repedens 
 
 Consilio punire potest. — Claudianus. 
 
 He is nearest to the Gods, whom reason, not passion, influences; and who, weighing the 
 circumstances, can inflict punishment with discretion. 
 
 CiCEKO, with his customary and matchless eloquence, said : Cavendum est etiam ne major poena, quam 
 culpa sit; et ne iisdem de causis alii plectantur, alii ne appellentur quidem, etc. CiCERO, de Off, i, 25, § 8g. 
 
 Dijudicatio, onis, /. [dijudico.] A judging, deciding, determining. Cic. de Leg. i, 21. 
 
 DijudicO, are, I, j;. a. To judge by discerning, distinguishing; to decide, determine 
 (quite class.). (6.) To discern by judging; to distinguish. Dijudicare vera et falsa, — to dis- 
 tinguish the true and the false. Cicero, Acad, ii, 33, 107. v. id. de Or. iii, 50, 195. 
 
 AtKO.'^Eiv. — Gr. [+ SiKT], right, justice.] To judge. Justinian. Nov. xv, c. 3, § 2 ; 
 ;■(/. xxvi, 3, I. Aina6rr]piov. — Gr. \;^SLHr}.'\ A court, a judicial tribunal. Justinian. 
 A'iiz'. xviii, c. 10. AiHa6rri%. — Gr. [-j-dixTj.] A judge. Justinian. Nov. liii, c. 4; id. 
 Ixxxii, c. 13. Plur. Sixadrat. v. Judices selecti. Ainri. — Gr. Right, justice. Schrev. Lex. 
 A cause, an action. Nov. xv, l. 3, § 2 ; Nov. xvii, u. 3. Judgment. Schrev. Lex. A penalty, 
 punishment. Id. A custom recognized by law. Id. 
 
 Dilapidatio, 5nis, /. \^dilapido,-\-di,^^-AX\.,2.i\Alapidare,-\-lapis,2.5io'ae.'\ Lit., A 
 scattering stones. Hence, A throwing, squandering away (rare but class.). Dilapidatio 
 bonorum, — a squandering away of goods. Theod. Cod. iv, 20, i. 
 
 In Modern Law: The taking apart of the stones of a building. The pulling down, 
 in whole or in part, of a building ; the suffering to fall into a condition of decay or partial 
 ruin; neglect of the necessary repairs of a building. 5 Ca?r. &'/'. 239. v. Webster. =:Waste 
 in buildings ; also in lands, woods, fixtures, etc. Grady on Fixtures, 222, 275. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: Dilapidationes are a kind of ecclesiastical waste, either 
 voluntary, by pulling down, or permissive, by sufl^ering the chancel, parsonage- 
 house, etc., to decay (3 Bl. Com. 91) ; also by destroying or cutting down the woods, trees, 
 timber growing on the patrimony of the church, unless for repairs, i Roll. Rep. 86 ; 11 Co. 
 98 ; 3 Bl. Com. 92, 93. 
 
 669 
 
HH] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [DU. 
 
 Di-lapido, are, I, v. a. Lit.: To scatter like stones; hence, to throw away, squander; 
 to consume. Terentius, FA. v, 7, 4. v. Firm. Math, vi, 10. 
 
 Dilapsio, onis, /. \dilabor^ Decay, destruction. Aug. Civ. D. xxii, 12. 
 
 Dilatatio, onis,/. \dilato.'\ An extending, enlarging. Tertullian, ^kzV«. 37 a;/ _/?«. 
 
 Silatio, 5nis, /. \differo.'\ A putting off, delaying, deferring; e. g. temporis. Cicero, 
 Phil, iii, I, 2. V. Id. Manil. i, 2. Belli. LiVY, ix, 43, 45 ; and so freq. 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law: Time allowed to do a judicial act ; the put- 
 ting off, deferring of a cause. Justinian. Cod. iii, tit. 11:4 Reeve's Hist. 11. 
 
 In the Common Law : Delay; e.g.. Sine dilatione, — without delay. Jieg. Orig. I. 
 
 DILATIONES in lege sunt odiosae. Delays in the law are odious. Branch's 
 Princ. 
 Dllatd, are, i, v. intens. a. [differo!] To spread out, dilate; to enlarge, amplify, extend 
 (class, freq. in Cicero). 
 
 Dilator, Sris, 7?i. [-(- differo.'\ A delayer, a dilatory person. Paulus, S. R. v, c. 13. 
 Dilatoria exceptio. — Lat. A dilatory exception or plea; called also temporalis. 
 V. Exceptio dilatoria. 
 In the Roman Law: 
 
 DILATORIAE sunt exceptio nes quae ad tempus nocent, veluti illius pacti 
 conventi quod factum est verbi gratia ne intra quinquennium peteritur : finite 
 enim eo tempore non habet locum exceptio. Gaius, Inst, iv, 122. Dilatory 
 exceptions are those which are good defenses for a certain time only, as 
 that of an agreement having been made to the effect that money should not be 
 sued for, say, within iive years ; for on the expiration of that time the excep- 
 tion is no longer available, v. Temporales atque dilatoriae sunt, etc. v. Peremp- 
 toria exceptio. 
 
 !Dilat5rinS, a, um, adj. \differo.'\ Delaying; dilatory ; that which puts off. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Dilatoriae exceptiones, — dilatory exceptions. Gaius, ZJz]^. xliv, 
 '^tfr. 3 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 8, §§ 10. n. v. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 122. v. Temporales atque 
 dilatoriae sunt, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: That which delays or puts off; dilatory. The term was 
 anciently applied to the defendant's plea (exceptio) per quam actio differtur, — by which the 
 action was delayed. Bracton, fol. 3991^/ Fleta, lib. vi,' c. 36, § 3. v. Exceptio dilatoria. 
 
 SilectO et fideU. — L. Lat. To his beloved and faithful. Abbr. di. etji. Reg. Orig. 17. 
 
 Dilemma, Stis, n. — Gr. SiXr;iJ.fia. [-|- Si for Sii, twice, double, and Xijiiiia, any thing 
 received, an assumption.] A double proposition. 
 
 In Logic: An argument in which an adversary is pinned between two difficulties. 
 Serv. Virg. a. ii, 675, and x, 449. An argument which presents an antagonist with two or 
 more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, which ever way he chooses. 2. A 
 perplexing state or alternative ; a difficult or doubtful choice. Webster. 
 
 Diligens, entis, /'fl. \di-ligo.'\ Prop.: Esteeming, loving ; hence, I n respect to 
 an inanimate object; Careful of it; assiduous, diligent, accurate with regard to it. 
 Opposite to negligens (freq. and class.). In particular, with reference to 
 domestic affairs: Frugal, thrifty, economical (freq. and class.). Diligens, bonus, stu- 
 diosus paterfamilias "qui sobrie," etc. v. Wharton on Negligence, § 30. 
 
 Ti'^'SISm t ^t^r-familias . A careful, prudent, diligent master of a famil)'. Trop. : 
 A prudent person, cf. Paulus, Dig. a, 2, fr. 25, § 16 ; 2 Parsons on Cont; , no (t). 
 
 Diligenter, adv. Attentively, carefully, diligently, earnestly. 
 
 DILIGENTER cavendum judici, ne supplicium praecipitet, antequam de crimine 
 constiterit. Matthaeus, de Crim. ad Dig. lib. xlviii, tit. 16, c. i, N. 2. 
 Care is diligently to be taken by the judge that he may not hasten (inflict) the 
 punishment before it shall have been well known (clearly established) in respect 
 to the crime, /. e. there must be clear and unequivocal proof of the corpus delicti. 
 Cited in 2 Best on Evid. % 441, note 4. cf. Wills' Circ. Evid. 156, 3d ed.; 4 B. 
 &" A. 95, 123, 162. Read: Corpus delicti, seq. 
 670 
 
Dil.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Da 
 
 DILIGENTER igitur fines mandati cusiodiendi sunt ; nam qui cxcessit, aliud 
 quid facere videtur. Paulus, Dig. xvii, i, //-. 5 pr. The limits «r pur- 
 poses of the mandate, accordingly, must be diligently kept ; for he who has 
 exceeded them appears to do something else [something unauthorized]. Cited 
 in Story on Agency, §§ 43, 70, 87, 174. 
 
 Et si susceptum non implcverit, tenetur. Paulus, ib. § i. And if he has not fulfilled the 
 mandate, he is bound. Cited in Stoi-y on Agency, § 479. 
 
 Dlligeutia, ae, /. Carefulness, attentiveness, earnestness, diligence (freq. and class). 
 Cicero, de Or. ii, 35, 150. v. the passage. 
 
 In Particular: Carefulness in household affairs, i. e. economy, frugality. Cicero, 
 Off. ii, 24 ad fin.; Suetonius, Galb. 12 fin. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Diligence, care, carefulness (opp. to culpa). Proenlus, Dig. 
 xviii, I, fr. 68 pr.; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 59, § 4 ; Brissonius. The diligence which a person can 
 be called upon to exercise, is cither («.) diligentia in ahstracto, — absolute diligence, i. e. the 
 utmost which persons in general can exercise, i.e. exactissima diligeniia ; or (6,) diligentia 
 in concrelo, — relative diligence, i. e. such care and diligence as a person usually exercises 
 in keeping his own property, or in conducting his own affairs. Justinian. Inst, iii, 25, § 9 ; 
 Gaius, Dig. xvii, 2, fir. 2 ; Paulus, id-], x, 2,fr. 25, § 16; id. ib. xxiii, 3, _/>•. iT pr.; Ulpian. 
 id. xxvii, 3, fir. i pr. 
 
 Independently of any contract, a person is bound to use the greatest diligence ; but he is 
 answerable only for positive acts, of themselves unpermitted, and he is not bound to 
 positive diligentia or custodia, unless by virtue of some obligation arising from his own pre- 
 vious positive acts. Ulpianus, Dig. vii, i, 13, § 2, " de Usufi:" ; Javolenus, id. xix, 2, 57, 
 " Local." ; fir. i,pr.; fir. 27, § 9 ; Paulus, id. ix, 2, 28, % 1 et at. 
 
 In cases of doubt, diligentia and culpa are to be taken in the sense of absolute. Gaius, 
 Dig. xiii, 6, fir. 18 pr. " Conimod." ; Paulus, id. xiii, 7, fr. 14 "i/^ pig. actio."; id. ib. ix, 2, 
 fir. 21, " ad Leg. Aquil." 
 
 In the Law of Bailment: Carefulness, attention. As to the different shades and 
 grades of care or diligence, see fiones on Bailm. 5 ; Story on Bailm. §g 11, 16. v. Exactissima 
 diligentia and Levisma diligentia. Diligentia diligentissitne. 
 
 Diligentia boni patris fiamilias. The diligence of a good father of a family. 
 Transf . : The diligence of a prudent business man. Wharton on Negl. g§ 659, 66g. 
 
 Diligentia boni et diligentis paterfamilias. The diligence of a good and 
 diligent father of a family. Transf.: The diligence of a good and diligent business man. 
 Wharton on Negl. g§ 315, 355. 3^2, 471. 
 
 Diligentia ^ "»"««» ^ -f omnium hominum. The common diligence of all men. 
 Ulpianus, Dig L, 16,/?-. 213, § 2. ■v. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. pp. 155, 156. 
 
 This is the first of the three degrees of ' negligentia' stated by the old interpreters of the 
 Civil Law. Lata culpa est nimia negligentia, id est, non intelligere, quod omnes intelligunt. 
 
 Diligentia diligentis patris fiamilias . The diligence of a diligent father of a 
 family. The care of a prudent business man, one who is sui juris. Story on Agency, § 184, 
 note 2 on p. 233 ; Wharton on Kegl. § 32. v. 290, 517. 
 
 Ti^ei&TAi^ diligentissimi. The most diligent diligence. = diligence in abstracto. 
 V. Story on Bailm. § 18 ; Wharton on Agency, § 274; Id. on Negl. §§ 65, 483, 668, 744. 
 
 JS'^aZievAi'i. exactissima. The most exact carefulness. Superlative diligence. Whar- 
 ton on Negl. § 57- 
 
 Diligentia in abstracto. Diligence in the abstract, i. e. absolute diligence; the 
 utmost diligence which persons in general can exercise. The opposite of this is Culpa in 
 abstracto. 
 
 Diligentia in concreto. Diligence in the whole, i. t. relative diligence; diligence 
 such as a person usually exercises in conducting his own affairs. 
 
 In the Civil Law' — Diligentia communis omnium hominum. The opposite of this 
 is culpa in concreto. cf. Lindley's Intr. fiur. § 142. In cases of doubt the words culpa ^ni 
 diligentia are to be taken in the sense of absolute, cf. Gaius, Dig. xui, 6 fr. 18 pr.; PoM- 
 PONIUS, Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 13, § i ; Paulus, Dig xiii, 7, fr- M ; '■bid. ix, 2,pr. 31. 
 
 Diligentia in eligendo. Diligence in choosing, selecting. Wharton on Agency, § 601. 
 
 Diligentia ?««« suis rebus. Diligence as in his own affairs. Wharton on Negl 
 
 §§ 275, 460 ; Wharton on Agency, §§ 275, 780. 
 
 671 
 
Dil.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dim. 
 
 DiUigentissimnS. \_sup. + diligensi\ The utmost diligence ; superlative diligence. 
 Gaius, Dig. xix, 2,/r. 25, § 7 ; 2 Kent's Com. 587. 
 
 DILIGENTISSIME majores hanc videntur excogitasse legem, quod chm scirent, nullum lan- 
 tatn esse prudentiam nullam immotam certam divinationem, ut omnia quacumque ingeniis malomm 
 excagitari unquam potuissent, provideniia caventium videret : hac lege omnem malitiam, veluti 
 quadam indagine cinxei~unt, ut quidquid aliarum legum effugisset avxillium, quasi extrinsecus 
 circumdaretur. Quintilianum, Declamat, 2'~i'2.. It was with the utmost diligence that our 
 ancestors appeared to have devised this law (the Civil Law), they having known that no 
 prudence was so great, no divination so certain and unchangeable that the forecast of the 
 cautious could see every thing whatever which could be devised at any time by the genius 
 of the evil-minded ; by this law (the Civil Law) they circumscribed, as if by a sort of enclos- 
 ure, all sorts of malice so that whatever escaped the assistance (contemplation) of other 
 laws, was as it were, encompassed from abroad, i. e. by the law of nature. Quoted in 
 PuFENDORF, viii, c. I, § I fin., Lat. ed. 
 
 DiligiatUS. — L. Lat. C+i^^. away, and ligiusor ligiatus, under the protection of the law.] 
 In old English Law: Ejectus } patrocinio legis, or de lege ejectus, — ejected, cast out 
 from the patronage, protection of the law, or ejected from the law. Hence, One who is 
 outlawed : an outlaw. Spehnan. 
 
 JHHgiter nemo, nisi mei Fortuna secunda est: 
 Quae simtil intonuit, proxima quaeque fugat. 
 
 Ovid, ex Ponto, ii, 3, 23, 24. 
 
 No one, now, is beloved but the man to whom Fortune is favorable: soon as she 
 thunders she chases away all that are near. 
 
 The poet relates: En ego: non ^aucis quondam nitiniius amicis, 
 
 Dujn ftavit velis aura secunda meis; 
 Ut fera nifiihoso tiiniuerunt aeguora vento. 
 In inediis lacena nave relinguor aquis. — Ovid, id. ib. 
 
 See my own cade: I was once surrounded with no few friends, while the favoring breeze swelled my sails; 
 soon as the raging billows were aroused by the boisterous wind, I was left, in the middle of the waves, in a 
 shattered bark. 
 
 Ovid, in another place, expressed the idea : 
 
 Donee eris felijc. viulios numerdbis amlcos : 
 
 Tempora si fuerint nUbitia, solus eris, — Ovid, Tristatn. i, 9, 5. 
 V, Proverb, Est amicus socius mensae. et non permanebii in die necessitatis. 
 Slluced, ere, v. n. Lit., To be light enough to distinguish objects apart. Hence, 
 Tro p . , To be clear, evident. Dilucere hrevi frans coepit. LiVY, viii, 2^ fin. 
 
 Silucidus, a, um, adj. [di/uceo.} Clear, bright. Pliny, xxxvii, 5, i8. Tro p. of 
 speech: Clear, plain, distinct, evident. Enuneiatio, Quintillian, vii, 3, 2 et al. Oratio. 
 Cicero, Fin. iii, i, 3. Sermo. Id. ib. v, 14, 33 ; xi. i, 53. 
 
 In old English Law; Clear, lucid ; clear in mind; rational. Dum dilucidis 
 gauderat intervallis, — while he enjoys lucid intervals. Braeton, fol. 43 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 10. 
 
 Diluculum, i, n. \dihiceo.'] Daybreak ; the break of dawn. Plautus, Am. ii, 2, 105 ; 
 iii; Cicero, Rose. Am. vii, 19; id. Ait. xvi, 13a. v. Crepusculum. 
 
 Diluculum quasi jam incipiens parva diei lux. Haec et aurora, quae solem praecedit. Est autem 
 aurora* diei clarescentis exordium, et primis splendor aeris, quae Graece t7ws dicitur, quam nos per deriva- 
 tionem auroram vocamus, quasi eororam. Isidorus, Ori^, v, 31, 13, 14. Diluculum (daybreak) is Just as 
 the feeble light of day already beginninjg;. This is the aurora which precedes the (rising of) the sun. The 
 aurora* is the opening; (^exordium) of the beginning or brightening of day, and the first splendor of the air. 
 which in Greek is tjws, which we by derivation call aurora, as if 'eo-rora, — I move in dew, or I pass through 
 mist. 
 
 *A urora, ae, /. {auptos wpa or quasi aureo hora, from the golden-colored splendor of daybreak, + aureus 
 der. cf. Varro, X. i. vii, 5, 96.3 Dawn, daybreak ; the morning. Isidorus, jw/rra. Meton ., The east; 
 the eastern country ; the orient. Also the people ot the east. Pers. , The Goddess of Morning, 
 
 DUliyieS, em, f. = Diluvium, ii, n. and Dlluvio, Onis, f. L i t . , A washing away of the 
 earth. Hence, transf., An inundation, flood, deluge, v. Alluvium. 
 
 Dimidia. — Lat. In the Civil Law: Half. Dimidia acra, — half an acre. Town's 
 PI. 64. Dimidia pars, — a half part; one-half. Dig. xlviii, ig, fr. 8. v. 6 Mod. 231. 
 Dimidia marca, — half a mark; a demi-mark. /^/f/a, lib. ii, l. 30. Dimidia villa, — half 
 a vill ; a demi-vill. Id. lib. i, c. 18, § 4. 
 672 
 
Dim.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dim. 
 
 Dimidius, a, um, adj. Imedius.l Half. Dimidium, ii, n. The half (freq. and class ) 
 
 \"h°-^''/"I'V/^ '^^^\ An undivided half of a thing, as medietas denotes the half 
 
 part divided Latch i^^. v.b Mod. 231. Dhnidum, unius acrae,- half an acre. Dimidium 
 
 «K!«j /ifenzMf,— half a pound. Town's PI. t/^. j^i-miat-um 
 
 Dimidium facti, qui bene coepit hahet. — L a t i n P r o v e r b . He who has 
 
 well begun, has half done his task. "Well begun is half done." 
 
 .hfrrr»"tf*"r ***'**'^<«™ «o«iM».-Prov. The beginning is half of the whole. Proverbs drawn from 
 the Greeks: Apxi W"rv ^arrds (^^^/,« /,„«,-^„^«„;^^)._the%eginning is half of the whole. He"o™ 
 
 'Dimidium facti, qui coepit, hahet;' sapereaude; 
 Incipe ! Qui recti Vivendi prorogat Iioram, 
 Musticus expectat, dum defiuat am,nis ; at ille 
 Lidbitur, et lahetur in omne volUhUis aerum,, 
 
 Horace, Epist. \, 2, 40 s^. . 
 'He has half the deed done, who has made a beginning.' Boldly 
 undertake the study of true wisdom ; begin it forthwith. He who postpones the hour of 
 living well, like the rustic or peasant [in the fable] waits till [all the water in] the river be 
 run off; whereas it flows and will flow, ever rolling on. 
 
 *' Dare to be wise; begin; for once begun, 
 Your task is easy; half the work is done; 
 And sure the man, whq has it in his power 
 To practice virtue, and protracts the hour, 
 Waits, like the rustic, till the river dried ; 
 Still glides the river, and will ever glide." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Dimimitio, Deminiltio, 5nis, /. \-\-deminuo.'\ =Deminutio. A diminution, decrease, 
 abatement (freq. and class, esp. deminutio). 
 
 In the Roman and Civil Law: Diminution; a taking away ; loss or deprivation. 
 
 Diminutio capitis. Lit., Diminution, change of the head. T ro p . , Loss of a status 
 or civil qualification. Gaius, Inst, i, 159-162 ; Ulpian. Hules, xi, §§ 10-12 ; Justinian. 
 Inst, i, 16, §§ 1-3. V, Capitis deminutio. 
 
 DimisL perf. indie. [-{-di-mitto,v.h. v.] I have demised, let go, given up. Dimisi. 
 concessit et ad firmam tradidi, — I have demised, granted, and to farm let. 2 BI. Com. 317, 
 318. These were the usual words of operation in a lease. Demisi was sometimes the form 
 of the word. Dimisit,— he has demised. Dimisit per pleniam,— he is released on surety. 
 3 How. State Tr. 121. 
 
 DimissiO, Onis, /. [dimitto.l A sending in different directions ; a sending out, sending 
 forth. Cicero, Parad. vi, 2, 46. (6.) A dismissing, discharging. Id. Verr. ii, 5. 33. 
 In English Law: A demise or release. Bracton, lo\. 2^6. 
 DimisSOr, oris, m. [id.] A remitter, pardoner. 
 In English Law: A lessor. /7,?/'o, lib. iii, c. 12, § 7. 
 
 Dimissoriae litterae. — Lat. Letters dimissory or dismissor}', ?'. f. a notice sent to a 
 higher court or judge, f/uae vulgo apostoli dicuntur, which are commonly called apostles. 
 MoDESTiNUS, Dig. xvi, 106 ; Justinian. Cod. vii, 62, 6. v. Apostoli. 
 
 DIMISSORIAE liter ae dicuntur, quae vulgo apostoli dicuntur ; dimissoriae 
 autem dictae, quod causa ad eum, qui appellatus est, dimittitur. Modestinus, 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 106. They are called letters dismissory which are commonly 
 called notices sent to a higher tribunal {apostoli ^y^hsX -wo. call notices of appeal) ; 
 but they are called dismissory for the reason that the cause is sent to him to 
 whom it is appealed. 
 
 DimittO, ere> 3. '"■ "■■ To send different ways, to send apart, i. e. (a.) To send out or 
 send forth in different directions, to send about (class.). (6.) To separate a multitude; to 
 break up, dissolve ; to dismiss (from one's self), to discharge, disband (freq. and class.). 
 Trop., To let go, /. e. to voluntarily give up, abandon, forego (freq. and class,). 
 In general; To send away; to let go, discharge, dismiss, release ; e.g. 
 In the Jurists; Dimittere creditorem, — to send away a creditor, /. e. to pay him. 
 Papinian. Dig. xxxi, fr. 72. Debitorem, i. e. to forgive him the debt. Ulpian. Dig. L, 9, 
 [85] 673 
 
Din.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dir. 
 
 fr. 4. Uxorem, i. e. to put her away, repudiate her. Suet. Caes, i ; id. Aug. Ixii.Ixiii, Ixix ; 
 Justinian, xi, 11, 5 et al. To emancipate. Justinian. Inst, i, 12, 7, 10. 
 
 In old English Law: To dismiss, part with, send awa)'. Dimittere se, — to dismiss, 
 withdraw one's self. Dimittere se, et a possessione ncedere, — to dismiss himself and withdraw 
 from the possession. Bracton, fols. 311J, 49, 85. (6.) To let go, release, discharge from cus- 
 tody. Dimittere per balium, — to discharge on bail. Fleta, lib. i, c. 26, § 3. Dimittere per 
 plegios, — to discharge on pledge. Id. lib. ii, c. 52, § 40. (C.) To demise, v. Dimisi, 
 Dimisit, Dimissio. • 
 
 Dinumeratio, onis, /. [-{-dinumero.] A counting over, reckoning up; enumeration. 
 Cicero, j?f/. iii, 2 Jin.; Paulus, &«A v, 33. Personarum. Paulus, Z5%-. xxxviii, \o, fr. 
 10, I 16. 
 
 Sinuiuerd, are, i, ^v. a. To count over, reckon up, enumerate. Annas. Cicero, Rep. 
 ii, 15. Generis gradus. Oyyd, Fast.\\,t22. Tempora. Virgil, ^. vi, 691. 
 
 In part i cu lar , amercantile ^. /.. To count out, pay out money, «>^i?«'«'«. Plautus, 
 Epid. i, I, 68 ; iii, i, 17, 31. Dinumerem stipendium ibus. Id. Mil. i, i, 74. 
 
 Diocesis, is, /. [= Gr. SioixT/dii, -\-Sioifteai, to govern.] A governor's jurisdiction, a. 
 district. Cicero, Earn, iii, 8, 4 ; ii. xiii, 53 and 67 as a Greek word ; Theod. Cod. vii, 6, 3. 
 In Eccles. Lat: A bishop's jurisdiction ; a diocese. SiD. .f/. vii. A parish. Id. i6. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Law: The circuit or territorial extent of a bishop's jurisdiction; 
 the see of a suffragan bishop. Numbers of these form a province, the circuit of an arch- 
 bishop's jurisdiction. Co. Liti. 94 ; i Bl. Coin. Iii; 4 Reeve's Hist. 4. 
 
 Diploma, atis, ». =Gr. SiitXona. Ij^SiTtXovv , to double, -\-SiitXoo%, twofold, double.] 
 A letter folded double, viz.: («.) A state letter of recommendation given to persons travel- 
 ing to the provinces. Cicero, Fam. vi, 12, 3. (6.) In general: A document drawn up 
 by a magistrate, i. e. containing any favor or privilege for a person ; a diploma. Suet. Aug. 
 50 et al.; MoDESTiNUS, Dig. xlviii, 10, fr. 27 et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A roj'al charter ; letters-patent granted by a prince or sovereign. 
 Calvini, Lex. Jurid. In modern sense: An instrument given by colleges, societies, 
 etc., on commencement of any degrees. Wharton's Lex. v. Webster. A license granted to 
 a clergyman to exercise the ministerial function, or a physician, etc., to practice his art or 
 profession. 25 Wend. R. 469. 
 
 Dipsomania. Gr. Siipa, thirst, and fiavia, -\- fiaivonai, I arn furious, I rage. Lit. , 
 Thirst mania; rage for drink. Often applied to habitual drunkenness and to delirium tre- 
 mens. An insatiable desire for intoxicating liquors. Dunglison. 
 
 In Medical Jurisprudence: A disease, produced by drunkenness and other causes, which over- 
 masters the will of its victim and irresistibly impels him to drink to intoxication, i Bishop's Crim. Laiju, § 304. 
 This anomalous form of drunkenness is called dipsomania. The chief indications of its presence are as fol- 
 lows: Rather suddenly, and in some cases without much preliminary indulgence, a person manifests an insa- 
 tiable thirst for strong drink, which no considerations of propriety or prudence can induce him to control. He 
 generally retires to some secluded place, and there, during a period of a few days or weeks, he swallows 
 enormous quantities of liquor, until his stomach refuses to bear any more. Vomiting succeeds, followed by 
 sickness, depression, and disgust for all intoxicating drinks. This affection is often periodical, the paroxysms 
 recurring at periods varying from three months to several years. Sometimes the indulgence is more contin- 
 uous and limited, sufficient, however, to derange the mind without producing sickness, and equally beyond 
 control. Dipsomania may result from moral causes, such as anxiety, disappointment, grief, sense of 
 responsibility ; or p h y 5 i c a 1 , consisting chiefly of some anomalous condition of the stomach, cf. Esquirol., 
 Mai. Men. ii, 73 ; Marc, de la Folie., li, 605 ; Ray^ Med. Jur. 497; Macnish, Anatomy 0/ Drunkenness^ 14. 
 It is an open question how far the law will hold a party responsible for acts committed while the mind is over- 
 whelmed by the effects of the liquor so taken. 
 
 Diptycha, Orum, ?«. z^Gx.Bi-nrvxoc A writing tablet of two leaves. Theod. Cci/. xv, 9, i 
 Dirationare, — L. Lat. ^Derationare and Disrationare . [-|- de. di or dis, against or con- 
 trary, and ratiocinari, to prove.] To deraign ; to prove ; e. g. Dirationabit jus suum haeres 
 propinquion, — the next heir shall prove his right. Clanv. lib. ii, c. 6. (6.) To disprove ; to 
 prove the contrary ; to refute, rebut or disprove an assertion of an adversary (assertio con- 
 trarium refellere). To show to be false, an allegation made by an adversary. Sfelman. 
 (c.) To make good a defense, by proof ; to acquit one's self by proof, cf. Barringt. Obs. 
 Stat. 21, note (a.) 
 
 DirectariuS, ii> "'• [dingo.] One who sneaks into a house in order to steal. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlvii, II, fr. 7 ; Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, tit. 4, § 8. 
 674 
 
Dir.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 DIRECTE enim in rerum alienationem scripta haec lex realis omnino dicenda est : 
 nee enitn staiutum reale sit, an personate metivi oportet a ratione, quae a 
 conjugali forsau qualitate fuerit ducta, sed ab ipsd re, quae in prohibitione statuti 
 ceciderit. Directly as to the alienation of things, this written law is to be called 
 real altogether ; for the question whether the statute is personal or real must not 
 "be measured by the reason, which, perhaps, may have been drawn from the 
 conjugal quality, but from the thing itself which has come under the prohibition 
 of the statute. Dumoulin. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 479, note 2. 
 
 Direct5riuS, a, um, adj. \dirigo^ That directs, sends in any direction. Theod. Cod. 
 xiv, 15, 3. 
 
 DireCtUS, a, um. Part, and Pa. \dirigo.'\ Direct, straight, made straight ; upright, steep. 
 (&.) Immediate ; by the shortest course ; without circuity. 
 
 Directnm. In the Civil Law: That which is founded on strict law, as distin- 
 guished from equity, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 258, Kauffman's note. (/. ed. 1883, § 327, n. 3. 
 
 Diribitio, Onis, /. \duibeo.~\ A separating (distributing) of the tablets used in voting. 
 Cicero, Plane, vi, 14. Diribitores, — officers who distributed ballots (tablets) to the people 
 to be used in voting. Taylor's Civ. Law, 192. , 
 
 Di-rig6, ere, 3, V. a. To lay apart, /. e. to lay straight, set in a 'Straight line ; to arrange, 
 draw up (quite class.). 
 
 In Particular, with respect to the terminus : To send in a straight line; to direct 
 to a place. (6.) To direct, guide, arrange a thing either to something, or according to 
 something (quite class.). 
 
 Di-rig8. I direct or guide ; I lead. The Motto of the State of Maine. 
 
 Diruit, aedificat, tnutat quadrata rotundis. Horace, Efist. i, i, 100. 
 
 He destro3'S, he builds up again, he changes square things into round. Trop., "He 
 is perpetually changing, merely to gratify his own caprice." 
 
 " Float like the tide ; now high the building raise ; 
 Now pull it down ; nor round nor square can please." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Disabilitas, or Dishabilitas. — L. Lat. Disability, incapacity to do a legal act, etc., 
 arising from infancy, coverture, lunacy, alienage, imprisonment, absence, etc. Termes de la 
 Ley ; 2 Hilliard on Real Prop. 169 sq. 
 
 DisbocatiO. — L- Lat. [+ dis, priv. and hoscus, wood.] A conversion of woodland into 
 pasture or arable ; an assarting, v. Assart. 
 
 Discarcatio. — L- Lat. [+ dis and carcare, to load or charge.] A discharging or unload- 
 ing of a vessel. Town's PI. 226. 
 
 DisceptatiO, Onis, /. \discepto.\ A disputation, debate, discussion, disquisition. Cic. 
 Div. ii, 72, 150. Disceptatio viodo, sed etiam altereatio. LiVY, iii, 8, 32. Verborum. Id. xxi, 
 19, and so freq. in Cicero and Quintilian. In the Jurists: A decision, judicial 
 award, judgment. 
 
 Disceptatio arbitrorum. Discussion before arbiters. Quintilian, xi, i, 43. 
 
 Disceptatio praetoris. Decision of the praetor. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 15, fr. 8, § 24. 
 
 Disceptatio causae, The argument or disputation of a cause by the advocates of both 
 sides. Hallifax, Anal. b. iii, c. g, note 39. 
 
 DiSCeptator, Sris, w. \discepto?^ An umpire, arbitrator, judge. Diseeptator, id est rei 
 sententiaeque nwderatar,— the judge, /. e. the regulator of the fact and the decision. Cicero, 
 Part Or. iii, 10. v. id. Leg. iii, 3. 8 ; id. Rep. v, 2 ; Plaut. Most, v, 2, 16 et al. 
 
 Disceptatrix, icis/. [diseeptator.] A female umpire, arbitrator, judge, v. Cicero, Aead. 
 ii, 28, 91. 
 
 DisceptO, are, I, J-. «. [dis, and eapio.] Lit.: To seize hold of and separate those who 
 are quarreling, and thus stop the dispute ; hence, t r a n s f . to the dispute itself. 
 
 675 
 
Dis.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 In the Jurists, t. t.: To decide, determine, judge a controversy fl'zy«fl'!V«;r. Cicero, 
 Mil. ix ; id. Dejot. ii, 6 ; LiVY v, 4 ; id. xxxviii, 38 ; id. \xi, 20 ei a/. T r a n s f . : To deter- 
 mine, settle a dispute, i. e. to debate, dispute, discuss, treat a matter. Cicero, Ball/. 28, 64; 
 Sail, /. 21 Jin.; Caesar, B. G. iii, 107 fin. E 1 1 i p t . : Damni {i. e. ds actione damni) dis- 
 ceptare. Callistr. Dig. xlviii, ig, /;-. 28, § 12 ; Cicero, Fam. iv, 4, 2 ; id. de Or. ii, 43, 1S3, 
 et al. 
 
 Discernenter, adv. With a distinction ; in a distinguishing manner. = Discriminatini . 
 
 Dls-Cerno, ere, 3, V. a. To separate, set apart several things, /. ,f. Lit. : To separate,' 
 part, divide. VtA.R.R. ii, 7, 10; LiVY, xxxiv, 54; Pliny, xiii, 4, 7, § 33. Trop. : To 
 separate things according to their different qualities, i. e. to distinguish, discern (so freq. 
 and quite class.). 
 
 Discite, 6 miseri ! et causas cognoscite rerum : 
 Quid sumus : et quidnam victuri gignimur : ordo 
 Quis datus : et metae qua mollis flexus, et undae 
 Quis modus argento : quid fas optare ; quid asper 
 Utile nummus habet : patriae carisque propinquis, 
 Quantum elangiri deceat : quern, te Deus esse 
 JTussit ; et humand qua parte locatus es in re. 
 Disce. Persius Flaccxts, Sat. iii, 66. 
 
 Learn, wretched men, and investigate the causes of things : what we are — what course of 
 life we are born to run — what rank is assigned to us — how delicate the turning round the 
 goal, and whence the starting-point — what limit must be set to money — what it is right to 
 wish for — what uses the rough coin possesses- — how much you ought to bestow on your 
 country and dear relations — what man the Deity destined you to be, and in what portion of 
 the human commonwealth your station is assigned. Learn. 
 Quoted in Pufendorf, de Jure, ii, c. 4, § 5 ; vii, c. 9, § i, note. 
 *' Learn wretches, learn the motions of the mind : 
 
 Why you were made, for what you were designed. 
 
 And the great moral end of human kind. 
 
 Study thyself : What rank or what degree 
 
 The wise Creator has ordained for thee '; 
 
 And all the offices of that estate 
 
 Perform; and with thy prudence guide thy fate." — John Devden. 
 *' Mount, hapless youths, on Contemplation's wings. 
 
 And mark the causes and the end of things — 
 
 Learn what we are, and for what purpose born. 
 
 What station here 'tis given us to adorn ; 
 
 How best to blend security with ease. 
 
 And win our way through life's tempestuous seas : 
 
 What bounds the love of property requires, 
 
 And what to wish with unreproved desires ; 
 
 How far the genuine use of wealth extends. 
 
 And the lust claims of country, kindred, friends ; 
 
 What Heaven would have us be, and where our stand. 
 
 In this. GREAT WHOLE, IS fixed by high command." — Wm. Gifford, iii, 123-134. 
 Read: Cognosce te ipsuni. 
 
 Discite qiium parvo liceat prodwcere vitam, 
 
 Et quantum, natura petaf. * * * 
 
 * * Satis est populo fluviusque Ceresque, 
 
 LucANus, iv, 370, 377. 
 Learn from this with how little we have the power to prolong life, and how much it is that 
 nature demands. * * * Enough for the people is the stream and bread. 
 "True bliss is frugal— every brook and field 
 A full supply for life and nature yield.'' 
 Quoted in Pufendorf, de Jure N. et G. ii, c. 4, § 10. 
 
 Disclamium. — L- Lat. A disclaimer; a renunciation or disavowal of a title or claim ; 
 the relinquishment, renunciation, waiver, refusal of an estate, right or interest. 
 
 In the English Law: Of tenure, v. Termes de la Ley; 2 .5/. C««. 275; 3 ;</. 233; 
 3 Reeve's Hist. 457 ; Mitjord's Chanc. PI. 318 ; Chitt. Gen. Prac. 287. 
 
 676 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 In American Law: \ Ililliard's Real I'tv/t. iid, &ni cases ■, Stan's Eouitv PI S 8^8 
 V. 12 Peters' H. l\ 14 (V. 156. J- 1 J' so 
 
 DISCONTINUANCE nihil aliud quam intermittere, desciscere, interrumpere. 
 Discontinuance is nothing else than to intermit, to withdraw from, 
 to interrupt. Co. Litt. 325(1:. 
 
 DISCONTINUARE nihil aliud significat quam intermittere, disuescere, inter- 
 rumpere. To discontinue signifies nothing else than to intermit, to 
 disuse, to interrupt. Co. Litt. 325a. v. Litt. 592. 
 
 Discordia, ae, /. \discors.'\ Disunion, disagreement, dissension, variance, discord (quite 
 class.). Transf., of inanimate things: Principiormn. LucR. v, 441. Rerum. Id. vi, 
 366. (ft.) Personified. Discordia. The Goddess of Discord, the Gr. Eris. \\ssi. A. 
 vi, 280 ; viii, 702. Hence, 
 
 Discordia malum, 'The apple of Discord.' Justin, xii, 15, 11. The famous apple 
 of Eris — in the fable. 
 
 DisCOrdiaS alere. To nourish, support, sustain discord, strife, etc. v. Componere lites. 
 
 DisCretiO, Bnis, /. [discemo, discreiuin.l A separation. Tryphon. P>ig. vii, i, fr. 62, 
 A difference. Va'L.JiiI. iv, 5. 
 
 In English Law; Discretion is a distinguishing, discerning, separating right from 
 wrong. In Practice; The equitable decision of what is just and proper under the cir- 
 cumstances. In Criminal Law; The ability to discern and distinguish between good 
 and evil, — between what is lawful and what is unlawful. 
 
 DISCRETIO est discernere per legem quid sit justum. Discretion is to 
 distinguish or discern by or according to the law v/hat may be just. 5 Co. 
 99, loo ; 4 Co. Inst. 41 ; cited per Tindal, C. J., 6 Q. B. 700. v. i W. Bl. 
 152 ; Broom's Max. 85, note 6 ; i Best on Evid. § 86 fin. 
 The same maxim is quoted, with the change of one word : 
 
 DISCRETIO est scire per legem quid sit justum. Discretion is to 
 know, hj or according to the law, that which may be just. 10 Co. 140; 
 4 Johns. Ch. R. 352, 356. 
 
 Optima est lex quae minimum relinquit arbitrio judicis . Optimum judex qui minimum sibi. 
 Bacon's Aphorism, 46. 
 
 Sir Edw. Coke elegantly expressed: "Discretion taken as it ought to be \s dis- 
 cernere per legem quid sit justum. If it be not directed by the right line of the law, it is a 
 crooked cord and appeareth to be unlawful." 4 Co. Inst. 41, 46. "Novelties without war- 
 rant of precedents are not to be allowed. Quicquid judicis auctoritati subjicitur, novitati non 
 subjicitur." Co. Inst, supra. 
 
 "Wisdomes and discretions, etc., which words are meant and ought to be inter- 
 preted according to law and justice; for every judge or commissioner ought to 
 have duo grana salis, viz., tinum sapientiae, re fit insipidus, et alterein conscientiae, re fit 
 diabolus ; and discretion is well described to be : Scire per legem quid sit justum." Win- 
 gate's Max. 21, § 42. Read ; Judex habere debet duos sales, etc. 
 
 Lord Ch. J. Mansfield elegantly expressed this sound rule; "Discretion, when 
 applied to a court of justice, means s o u n d discretion guided bylaw. It must 
 be governed by rule, not by humor; it must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful, but legal 
 and regular." Rex vs. Wilkes, 2 Bmr. 25, 39. v. I Burr. 570 ; 3 Bulstr. 128. 
 
 The discretion of the court to grant a new trial must be a judicial, and not an a r b i - 
 trary discretion. Per Q\.\ii, C]-, Style's R.,Y^.'a. A,bi,. z/. 9 £.r<-/4. 472. 
 
 DiSCrlmen inis, «■ [conti. + discerimen -\- discemo, like ci-imen + cerimen -\- ccmo.] 
 Lit. : That which separates, divides two things from each other ; hence («.) Lit. : An 
 intervening space, interval, distance, division, separation. Cicero, Agr. ii, 32, 87 ; QuiN- 
 TiLiAN, xii, 10, 29^/a/. (6,) Trop. (so most freq.) ; A distinction, difference. Cicero, 
 f^err. ii, 2, 50 ; id. Fin. iv, 25, 6g ; Quintilian, xii, 3, 7 f/ u/. (c.) In p a r t i c . (as to mat- 
 ters to be distinguished between, and thus decided upon): The decisive point, 
 turning point, critical moment, determination, decision. Cicero, Phil iii, 11, 29 ; ib. Quint. 
 xxx, 92. Decisive point. Quintilian, vi, 4, i7 et saep. (d.) Transf. ; A dangerous, 
 decisive moment, crisis, dangerous condition ; risk, hazard. Cicero, Phil vii, i ; id. Manil. 
 
 V, 12: Quintilian, xi, 1,49. 
 
 677 
 
Dis,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 DISCRIMEN ergo nocturni et diurni Juris in hoc positum est : quod rwctu vix 
 sit copia testium adhibendorum j atgue ideo, si occisus fur reperiatur, facilius 
 credatur ei, qui a se vitae tuendae causd, dicat fureni interemtum, repertum scilicet 
 cum aliquo instrumento quo nocere possit. * * * * Ducit nos ad kanc inter- 
 pretationem Lex Duodecini Tabularum, quae f u r e m diurnum occidi vetat, 
 addifd exceptione, nisi se telo defenderit. Adversus nocturnmn igitur 
 praesumiio est defendisse se telo. Grotius, de Jure Belli ac Pads, ii, c. i, § 12, 
 s. 2. The difference between a nocturnal and diurnal thief is this : that in the 
 night there can hardly be found witnesses sufficient to testify the matter of fact ; 
 and therefore, in case a thief be found slain, he is easily credited who shall 
 confess that he slew him in his own defense ; especially if the slain thief be 
 found with any instrument by which he could commit an injury. * * * * 
 The Law of the Twelve Tables leads us to this interpretation, which forbids 
 a diurnal thief to be killed, with this exception, unless he shall 
 have defended himself with some weapon. There is a presump- 
 tion, therefore, against a thief who robs by night, to have defended himself 
 with a weapon, v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, ii, c. 5, § 18, where the 
 subject is clearly treated. 
 
 The Lex XII Tables read: Si Nox furtdm factum sit, si im occisit, jurk 
 CAESUS ESTO. Tab. viii, fr. 12. Furem qui telo se defendit jure caesum videri. fr. 13. 
 
 DISCRIMEN inter rigorem juris Roniani et inaequitatem morum ac Jori Ger- 
 inanici etiam in quaestione de casu fortuito, qui mandatorio, dum mandato 
 operant dat, contigit, a prudentibus nostratibus introductum cernere est. * * * 
 Videlicet regulariter nullus mandans mandatorio de Jortuito casu tenetur, tarn jure 
 Romano quam moribus : his tamen ex aequitate receptum est, ut in rebus necessa- 
 riis occasione vel ob causam expediti mandati Jortuitum damnum contingens, man- 
 dati imputari possit. Id quod in societas contractu, in quo taciturn quoddam jnanda- 
 tum, Dd. agnoscunt, receperunt. Schilter, /r^za:. Jur. Rom. Exerc. xxviii, § 93. 
 A difference is understood to be introduced by our ancestors between the rigor 
 of the Roman law and the inequity of the German customs and tribunal, even in 
 question of a chance case (casus Jortuitus') which happened to the mandatorial 
 work while the agent was bestowing his attention on it. * * * it is very 
 clear that, according to rule, no agent is held on the mandate in a chance case, 
 either by the Roman law or customs. Yet, according to equity, it is customary 
 that in necessary affairs, where an injury or loss happening by chance or by rea- 
 son of the discharge of the commission, it may be reckoned as ground for an 
 action of mandatum. This has been received in a contract of partnership in 
 which the doctors recognize a sort of silent mandate [an implied commission]. 
 Cited in Wharton on Agency, § 343. [F. J. M.] 
 
 DiSCriminalis, e, adj. [discrimino.^ That serves to divide or part. 
 
 DiSCrlminatim, adv. \id.^ With a difference or distinction. Varro, Ue R. H. i, 7, 7. 
 := Discementer. 
 
 DiscrlmillO, are, i, w. a. \discrimen.\ To divide, part, separate ; to distinguish. Var. 
 R. R. i, 23, 4 ; Cicero, Phil, xii, g ; Livv, xxi, 4. 
 
 Discussio, onis, /. \discutio^ (a.) A shal^ing. Seneca, Q. N. vi, 9. (6.) An exam- 
 ination, discussion. Macr. Somn. Scip. i, 16. (c.) In parti c. ^ A revision of the public 
 accounts. Justinian. Cod. x, 30, i. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The term denotes the exhausting of a remedy against a principal 
 debtor, i. c. the creditor must first proceed against the principal and discuss him, i. c 
 
 678 
 
^^^•J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dig. 
 
 /,/"^ -^^ Roman Law: This privilege of a surety is called hencficium excussionU or 
 benejicium^ ordtnis, vel excussionu, vel discussionis . v. Discutio. ^'^cussioms, or 
 
 Discutid, cutere, 3, v. u.. To strike asunder, dash to pieces, shatter, etc. P r e g n • To 
 break up, scatter, disperse, dissipate. T r o p . : To disperse, dispel, v. Discussio. 
 
 Disherison, Disinherison — l. Fr. and Eng. = Ex-heredath. f. n. b. 55 ; Co Liu 
 
 53. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 710, 713, ed. 1883. (6.) An injury done to one who has the 
 inheritance ; particularly to a remainder-man or reversioner. 3 Bl. Com. 228. v. Ad exhaer- 
 cdationem. 
 
 DISJUNCTA pro conjunctis accipiantur. Paulus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 53. Dis- 
 junctives are to be taken for [or as] conjunctives. 
 V. Saepe ita comparatum est, ut conjuncta pro disj uncti s accipiantur, etc. Paulus 
 lb. Haec verba: ille, aut ille, non solum disjunctiva, sed etiam subdisiunctivae ora- 
 tionis sunt. Proculus. Dig. L, 16, fr. 124. Oratio, quae neque conjunctionem, neque dis- 
 junctionem habet, etc. Paulus, i?z;f. L, 16, /r. 28, g i. 
 
 By the Code the word aut (or), in wills was expressly required to be construed et (and) 
 in the cases therein mentioned, v. Melius itaque nobis visum est, etc. Justinian Cod vi' 
 38, const. 4, § I. J • • , 
 
 FjISJUNCTIVUM est, veluti qiiiim dicimus : aut dies, aut nox est, qiio- 
 \J rum posito altero necesse est, tolli alterum ; itum sublato altera poni alterum , 
 ita simili figuratione verbum [aut] potest esse subdisjunctivum. Proculus, Di^. 
 L, 16, /r. 124. Read x:^^^ va. Haec verba : ille, aut ille non sola7n disjunc- 
 tiva sed etiam subjunctivae, orationis sunt, etc. Proculus, supra. 
 
 Di^itincta membra. Disjointed members ; scattered limbs or remains. 
 
 Disjuncte, adv. Disjunctim, adv. Separately, distinctly, disjunctively. Dig. and Inst. 
 
 Disjunctio, onis, /. \disjungo.'\ A separation (a Ciceronian word). In general. 
 Diversity, difference. Animorum disjtmctio dissensionem facit, — the diversity, difference 
 of minds makes dissension. Cicero, Agr. ii, 6, 14. 
 
 Disjunetivus, a, um, adj. Disjunctus, a, um. Pa. Separate, distinct ; distant, remote 
 (class.). Trop. : Disjointed, interrupted. Cicero, Part. Or. vi, 21 et al. 
 
 Disjungd, ere, 3, v. u. To disjoin, disunite, separate; opposite to Conjungo. In gen- 
 eral : To divide, separate, part, remove (freq. and class.). 
 
 Dis-par, aris, adj. Unlike, dissimilar, different, unequal (freq. and class.). 
 
 Disparagare.— L. Lat. = L. Fr. Disparager. [+ dis, priv. and par, alike, equal, or 
 -|- Fr. parage, family or parentage, v. Co. Litt. 8oa.] To connect unequally ; to match 
 unsuitably ; to bring together those that are unequal. 
 
 In old English Law: Impares sanguine et natalitiis connectere, — to connect in mar- 
 riage those who are unequal in blood and parentage. Spelman. v. Ita maritentur tie dis- 
 paragentur, etc. 2 Bl. Com. 70, 71 ; Bacon's Arg., Low's case ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 151, 
 152- 
 
 DisparagatiO.— L. Lat. = L. Fr. Disparagacion. [-\- disparagare.] Disparagement, 
 inequality; an unequal alliance or unsuitable connection in marriage. 
 
 In old English Law: The matching an heir or ward in marriage^ under his or her 
 degree or condition, or against the rules of decency. Haeredes maritentur absque dis- 
 paragatione, i. e. heirs shall be married without disparagement. Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. 
 c. 6 ; 2 Bl. Com. 71 ; Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 152. 
 
 Note. — The guardian in chivalry had the right of disposing of his infant ward in matrimony ; and provided 
 he tendered him or her a marriage without disparagement or inequality, if the infant refused, they 
 were obliged to pay a vator maritagii to their guardian, Litt. § no. That is, so much as a jury would 
 assess, or any one would bond fide give to the guardian for such an alliance. Stat. Mart. c. 6 ; Co. Litt. 82 ; 
 and if a male infant to whom a suitable marriage was tendered refused it, and afterward married without the 
 guardian's consent, he forfeited dupticein valorem maritagii. Litt. § no ; 5 Ci>. 126 ; 6 ib. 70 ; 2 Co. Inst. 90, 
 92, 202, 204 ; Broom fir" Had. Com. ii, 151. 
 
 (6.) An injury done to a ward by marrying him or her to a person of inferior degree, or 
 against decency. Co. Litt. 80, 107; 2 Bl. Com. 70. (c.) A shame, disgrace or villainy done 
 by the guardian in chivalry to his ward within age, in point of his marriage. Vermes de la Ley. 
 
 679 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 Disparagium. — L. Lat. Inequality in blood, honor, dignity, etc. Skene. 
 
 DISP ARATA non debent jungi. Dissimilar things [things unlike] ought not 
 to be joined. Jenk. Cent. cas. 24. Dissimilium dissimilis est ratio. 
 
 Dispensatio, Onis, /. \_dispenso^ {a.) Economical management, charge, direction, 
 superintendence. Aerarii. Cicero, Vatin. xv, 36 et al. (6.) The office of a dispensator, 
 management, administratorship, stewardship. Cicero, Rab. Post, a, 28 ; id. Att. xv, 15, 3 ; 
 Suetonius, 0th. v. 
 
 In English Law; Dispensation, i.e. an exemption or relaxation from some law; 
 a permission to do something forbidden, or to omit something commanded. Vaugh. 330. 
 
 DISPENSATIO est malt prohibita prcwida relaxatio, utilitate seu necessitate pen- 
 sata J et est de jure domino regi concessa, propter impossibilitatem praeridendi 
 de omnibus particularibus. A dispensation is the provident relaxation of a 
 malum prohibitum [v. h. t.], weighed from utility or necessity ; and it is conceded 
 by law to the king on account of the impossibility of foreknowledge concerning 
 all particulars. 10 Co. 88. 
 
 DISPENSATIO est vulnus, quod vulnerat jus commune. A dispensation 
 is a wound, because it wounds a common right. Davis, 69 ; Branch's 
 Principia. 
 
 Dispensator, oris, m. \disJ>enso.'\ A household superintendent ; a manager, steward ; a 
 manager of the public treasury ; a cashier, treasurer (freq. and class.). 
 
 DISPENSATORI, qui ignorante debitore remotus est ab actu, recti solvitur: ex 
 voluntate enim domini ei solvitur; quam si nescit mutatam, qui solvit, liberatur. 
 Paulus, Dig. xlvi, 3,/r. 51. Payment is properly to a steward or superintend- 
 ent, who, without the debtor knowing it, has been removed from his office ; for 
 payment is made to him according to the will of the owner ; if he does not know 
 that it has been changed, he who pays is released. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Cited in Wharton on Agency, §111. 
 
 DISPLICET mihi haec limitatio, et credo, licet adirent eo Jine, ut possent liberi . 
 absque parocho et testibus contrahere, esse ratum matrimonium. ' JVam qui 
 jure s 11 utitur, noti potest did fraudem committere, ut ed 
 ratione effectus imp e diatur .' ^ Nullus videtur dole facere, 
 qui jure suo utitur.'' (Q>K\\i% Dig. L, 's.'],fr. 55.) Est enim frans 
 licita, ciim c o ntr ahsnte s utantur jure suo; ergo ciim adcuntes locum, 
 ubi non viget Trident, animo contrahendi absque parocho et testibus, utuntur jure suo, 
 habent enim jus sic ibi 'contrahendi, erit frans licita, nee ed ratione effectus ac valor 
 matrimonii impedietur. Sanchez. This determination does not satisfy me, and 
 I believe that, although they went without the parish priest and witnesses, the 
 marriage is to be ratified. 'For whoever uses his own right can- 
 not be said to commit a fraud, so that he may be hindered 
 with effect for that reason.' 'No one appears to act in 
 fraud who uses his own right. ' (Gaius, Z)?^. L, 17,/;-. 55.) For the 
 fraud is lawful (is allowed) when the contracting parties use their own right ; 
 therefore, when they come to a place where the decree of Trent has no force, 
 with the intention of contracting (a marriage) without the parish priest and wit- 
 nesses, they used their own right, for they have the right thus there of contract- 
 ing, the fraud will be allowed, nor will the effect and strength of the marriage be 
 impaired for that reason. Quoted in Story on Conjl. of Laivs, § 124, n. i. 
 680 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis, 
 
 Dis-p6n6, ere, 3, v. a. To place here and there, to set in different places, sc. persons, or 
 things, in arranging them ; to regularly distribute, dispose (freq. and class.). Lit. a n d' i n 
 gen.i To set in order, arrange, dispose (freq. and class.). In the Jurists: To settle, 
 determine. Ulpianus, Zij]?. xliii, 30,/;-. 3, § 4 ; Javolenus, «i. x, 3,/>-. i8. In English 
 Law: To dispose of, grant, convey ; to arrange or set in order; to direct or regulate; 
 Cujus est dare ejus est disfonere. 2 Co. lib ; Wingate's Max. 22; Broom's Max. 444, 446.' 
 
 Disponer. A grantor. Disponee,— a grantee. 1 Kame's Eq. zc,t. 
 
 Dispositio, Onis, /. {dispone^ (a.) A regular disposition, arrangement. Cicero, Juv 
 i, 7, 9; id. de Or. ii, 42, 179 ; Quintilian, iii, 3, i sq. et al. (6.) Management, ordering, 
 direction. Sid. Ep. iii, 6 fin.; Capitol, Maxim. 9. 
 
 DISPOSITIO legis aliquid praesumentis, et super praesumptio, tanquam sibi comperto, 
 statuentis. A disposition of law which presumes something, and upon such pre- 
 sumption, as though ascertained to itself, determines, concludes or settles. Alciaths, 
 Tract, de Praes. pars. 2, note 3 ; i Best on Evid. § 43. v. Praesumptio juris et de jure. 
 
 Dispositor, oris, m. \id.\ A disposer, arranger. Seneca, Q. N. v, 18. 
 
 Dispositus, a, um, Pa. Regularly distributed ; hence, properly ordered, arranged (class.). 
 Adv. Orderly, methodically. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, 40 fin.; Quintilian, a, 7, 12. 
 
 Dispositus, OS, m.; or Dispositura, ae, /, A disposition, arrangement. 
 
 Dispunctio, Bnis, /. [dispungo.^ A settling up, balancing of accounts. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlii, 5. fr. 15. 
 
 DiS-pungO, ere, 3 , v. a. Dispungere est expungere, etc. v. Calvini, Lex. Jtirid. 
 In Mercantile Lang.. To check off the debits and credits of an account ; 
 hence, to examine, revise, settle, balance an account. 
 
 DISPUNGERE est conferre accepta et data. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 56. 
 To balance an account is to bring together compare things received and 
 given. V. Ulpianus, Dig. xl, 7,/r. 6, § 7. 
 
 DISPUTARE de principali judicio non oportet ; sacrilegii enim instar est, dubi- 
 tare an is digitus sit quern elegerit Jmperator. Justinian. Cod. ix, 29, 3. 
 It is improper to dispute concerning the chief in a judicial investigation ; for it 
 is like sacrilege to doubt his vjrorth or fitness, whom the emperor has chosen. 
 Cited in i Bl. Com. 273 {Ji) j Broom &= Had. Com. i, 326 (_/). 
 
 Disputatio, Snis, /. \disputo.'\ A computing, calculating, considering, estimating. 
 (6.) More freq.: An arguing, reasoning, disputing; and in Concreto : an argument, 
 debate, dispute. Cicero, Earn, i, 9, 23 ; id. de Or. i, 2, 5; 43, 194 ; id. Acad, ii, 36, 116; 
 Quintilian, iii, 6, 80; vii, 2, 14; a, i, 36; xi, i, -^o et saep. 
 
 Disputatio fori. Disputation of lawyers in the forum. 
 
 Discussion or argument before a court, <;r in the common place where courts of justice 
 were kept and matters of judgment pleaded, cf. Pomponius, Dig. i, i,fr. 2, § 5 ; i Mack- 
 eld. Civ. Law, § 34, and authorities in note (/)/ id. ed. 1883, § 38. 
 
 The Roman Lawyers, in diflficult cases, used to meet in the forum near the Temple of Apollo, and there 
 proposed questions, and after deliberating together, which deliberation or discussion was called ' Disjiutatio, 
 Fori' they pronounced a joint opinion ; and what was determined by the juris consults and adopted by 
 custom, was called Recepta Sententia, or Receptum jus, or Receptum mos, allowed after considerable discus- 
 sion (post multos Tariationes receptum) ; and those rules, called Regulac Juris, were observed in legal affairs 
 and general conduct. Hence the lawyers {juris consulti) were not only ' Interprctes ' but also ' Conditorcs 
 et Auctores Juris ;' and their opinions, as they were adopted by custom, was {he Jus Civile, cf. Gaius, /«j/. 
 i, § 7 ; Justinian. Inst, i, 2, 8§ 8, 9. See an example of a question and response. Cklsus, Z>/>-. xxviii, i./r. 27. 
 
 Dis-putO, are, i, v. a. Orig., in Mercantile Lang.. To cast up, calculate a 
 sum by going over its items ; to estimate, compute. Plautus, Aul. iii, 5, 55. Hence 
 
 Transf. beyond the Mercantile sphere: To weigh, examine, investigate, treat 
 of, discuss a doubtful subject — either by meditating or by speaking upon it. Cicero. 
 
 To state, represent. Plautus, Men. prol. 50. To maintain. Terentius. Andr. prol. 15. 
 
 Disquir6 ere, 3, v. a. [quaero.] To diligently inquire, investigate. HoR. Sat. ii, 2, 7. 
 [86]' ^^' 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 Disquisitio, onis, /. \disquiro.'] A judicial inquiry, investigation. Cicero, Sull. 79; 
 Suet. Cues, xv ; Tacitus, A- iii, 60; v, n. 
 
 Disrationare. — L. Lat. To prove; to deraign ; to establish or make good a claim, 
 cha,rge or accusation. Bradon, fols. 137, 138, 144, 153. 
 
 Disrationatio. — L. Lai. Deraignment or proof ; the making good a claim or charge. 
 Bracton, fol. 313^, 297 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 39, § 5 ; c. 40, g 3. 
 
 Disseisin, Disseisine. — L. Fr. Dissaisin. = L. Lat. Disseysina, Disseysin. O r i g . : 
 Deprivation or turning out of seisin wrongfully ; the wrongful turning the tenant out of his 
 tenure, and usurping his place and feudal relation ; a wrongfullj' putting out of him that is 
 actuall}' seized of the freehold. Bracton, fol. 159^/ Litt. § 279 ; Co. Litt. 2T]a; 3 Bl. Com. 169, 
 170; Roscoe's Real Act. 61. v. Lord Mansfield, C. J., i Burr. 107 sq.; 2 Smith's L. C. 
 [514] 583, and note {0) 588 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 368 ; iii, 269, note (/). 
 
 ''Disseysin is putting a man out of seisin, and even implies a wrong; but dispos- 
 session or ejectment isputtingoutof possession, and may be right or wrong. 
 
 Disseisin est un personal trespass de tortious ouster del seisin." Co. Litt. lf,'ib. Read: 
 Fit autem disseysina non soliim chm gtds praesens, vel procurator vet familia, etc. Bracton ^ 
 fol. l6ii5. 
 
 Disseisin may be effected either in corporeal inheritances, or incorporeal. As to either 
 of these, cf. 3 Bl. Com. iii, 170 ; Broom &" Had. Com. iii, 169, note (/). v. b Johns. R. 197 ; 
 15 j?/3jj. >495 ; t Pick. (Mass.) 172; 14 id. 374; i Vermont, 155; 2 f?^aWj (Penn.), 23 ; 10 
 Peters (U. S.) 414 ; II id. 41 ; Bacon's Abr. 
 
 Disseisin originally signified an actual ouster or dispossession ; but afterward, and as early as Bracton*s 
 time, ma-ny acts of disturbance not amounting to absolute expulsion, were held to amount to disseisin if the 
 injured party chose to consider them as such. v. Bracton, V^h. iv, tit. 2, c. i; Co. Litt. 331. This was distin- 
 guished in law as disseisin by election. Cro. Car. y^-i; 2 Cradd' s Real Proj^. 1062, % 2^5^ ; 1 Burr, 60, 
 107, 108 J 2 Smith's L, C. [517] 586. 
 
 The maxims are : 
 
 DISSEYSINAM facit, sitpsum, vel procuratorem, vel familiam inpossessione 
 existentem uti omnino non permittat, vel saltern impediat quo minus commode 
 uti possit. Et quo casu, licet eitm omnino non expellat, tamen facit ei disseysinam, 
 clim commodum utendi ei omnino auferat, vel quo minus commode, quietl et in pace 
 uti possit impediat, possessiotiem inquietudo et perterbando. He effects a disseysine 
 if he shall not permit the owner or his agent or his family being in possession to 
 make use of it, or at least hinders him from making a convenient use of it. And 
 in which case, although he does not altogether expel [the owner], nevertheless 
 he inflicts upon him a disseysin, since he takes away from him altogether the 
 convenience of using it, or hinders him from using it conveniently, quietly and 
 in peace, by disquieting and disturbing his possession. Bracton, Hb. iv, c. 3, 
 § I, fol. 161^. 
 
 Read: Fit autem disseysina non soliim ciim quis praesens, etc. Also: Item non solum 
 Jit disseysina, etc. Item Jacit quis disseysinam, non soliim si Jiat, etc, Bractoji, id. ib. 
 
 It was accordingly held that if a man be disturbed to enter and manure his land, this is a 
 disseisin of the land itself; for, Qui obstruit additum, destruit commodtun. 
 26 Ass. 17, 3 E. IV. 2; per Little, 49 E. III. 34(5/ Wingate's Max. 33, a. 3. 
 
 DISSEYSINAM satis Ja.cit, qui uti non permittit possessorem, vel minus 
 commode, licet amnio non expellat. One sufficiently causes a disseysine who 
 does not allow a person to use his seysine at all or not conveniently, although he 
 does not altogether expel him. Bracton, lib. iv, tr. 2, c. 1, § 2, fol. 238 ; Co. 
 Litt. 331. 
 Disseisitor, Disseysitor.— L. Lat. A disseisor. Disseisitus, Disseysitus, — a dis- 
 
 seisee. Bracton, io\. i-jb et pass. Disseisitrix, — a female disseisor ; a disseisoress, /. c. a 
 woman that disseises another person. Fleta; Litt. ^b-ji; Co. Litt. ■iSTb. DisseisOUr. — L. 
 Fr. = L. Lat. Disseisitor or Disseysitor. A disseisor ; he who disseises ; he who puts a 
 man out of his land without order of law. Termes de la Ley. He who puts another out of 
 possession or seisin of the freehold. Litt. § 279. 
 682 
 
I>is.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dis. 
 
 Dissertatio, 5nis, /. [Jisserto.] A dissertation, discourse, disquisition (class.). Gel- 
 LIUS, A. N. i, 2, 6 ; a, 4, i; xiv, 3, 5 ; xvii, 13. 11 et al. 
 
 Dissimiliter, adv. Differently, in a different manner. Paulus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 3, § 13. 
 Dissimilitudo, Onis, /. [dissimiUs.'] Unlikeness, dissimilitude (freq. and class.). ' 
 
 DISSIMILIUM dissimilis est ratio. Of dissimilars the rule is dissimilar. Co. 
 Litt. 191. Disparata non debent jtmgi. Jenk. Cent. 
 Dissimulanter, adv. [dissimulo.] Dissemblingly, secretly, clandestinely. 
 Dissimulantia, ae, /. [dissimulo.'] A dissembling. Cicero, de Or. ii, 67, 270. 
 Dissimulatio, onis,/. [id.l A dissembling, concealing, disguising, dissimulation. Cic. 
 de Off. iii, 15 ; id. de Or. ii, 67-69; Quintilian, vi, 3, 85 ; ix, 2, 14; ix, 4, 147 el al. In 
 late Latin: Negligence, carelessness. (&.) According to the verb; A leaving 
 unnoticed, neglected ; a hiding, keeping secret, v. Dissimulo. 
 
 DISSIMULATIONE tollitur injuria. An injury is done away with or removed 
 by keeping it secret or leaving it unnoticed, i. e. an injury is extinguished 
 by the silence, negligence or presumed reconcilement of the party injured. 
 Erskine's Inst. b. iv, tit. 4, § 108. 
 
 Dissipatio, Onis, /. {dissipo.'l A scattering, dispersing (Ciceronian word). (6.)Preg., 
 Destruction, annihilation. Cicero, TV. j9. i, 25 _/f«. Plundering. Cicero, /■/;//. xiii, 5, 10. 
 Dissipo, 3re, i, v. a. To spread abroad, scatter, disperse (esp. in Cicero). Preg. , To 
 demolish, destroy ; to squander, dissipate (freq. in Cicero). 
 
 Dissociamur egestate. We are separated by necessity. We are dissolved on account 
 of extreme poverty, v. Story on Partnerships % 293. 
 
 DISSOCIAMUR renunciatione, morte, capitis minutiojte et egestate. Modes- 
 TiNUS, Dig. xvii, 2,fr. 4, § i. We are dissolved (as partners) by renun- 
 ciation, by death, by loss of a status or civil qualification, and by impoverish- 
 ment. 
 
 DiSSOliitio, onis,/. {dissolve^ A dissolving, destroying, breaking up, dissolution. Naturae 
 {tnors). Cicero, Zff. i, II ; id. Fin. v, 11, 31. Trop., (a.) I n gen eral; An abolishing, 
 a destruction. Legum omnium. Cicero, Phil, i, g. v. Tacitus, A. xiii, 50, (6.) In par- 
 ticular: A repi)', refutation. Criminutii. Cioero, C/«. i, 3. Of discourse: Want 
 of connection, disconnection. Cicero, /"a?-/, vi, 21. v. Quintilian, ix, 3, 50. Of char- 
 acter: Looseness, /. f. weakness, effenunacy, frivolity; dissoluteness. Cicy,ko, Fam. v. 
 2,9. Judiciorum. Cicero, Verr. ii, 4, <i^ Jin. et al. Animorum. Seneca. 
 
 In late Latin: A putting an end to, as by unloosing some legal bond or setting parties 
 free from its effect ; a loosening any thing compacted or united. 
 
 In Partnership a dissolution ma3' be either by a legal notice, or effluxion of time as 
 stipulated by the articles of partnership, or by death, civil incapacity, marriage, lunacj', bank- 
 ruptcy, insolvency, war, or decree in equity, etc. Story on Partn. % 383 ; Story's Eq. Jur. 
 §§ 673. 674 ; I Parsons on Contr. 154, 19S, 202, 203. 
 
 In Contracts: The annulling of a contract by setting the parties free from its provisions. 
 
 In Practice: The act of rendering a legal proceeding null, or changing its character; 
 e. g. injunctions are modified or dissolved by the court. 
 
 DisSOlvO ere, 3, v. a. \^dis, and solvere, to loose, or free.] To loosen asunder, to 
 unloose, disunite, separate, dissolve, destroy (freq. and quite class.). 
 
 In particular, in Mercantile Language: To pay, discharge what one owes 
 (freq. in CiCERo). (&.) To free, release, disengage one from debt. Cicero, Cat. ii, 8, 18. 
 Trop., To dissolve, abolish, abrogate, annul, destroy. Dissolvere omnis humana consortio, — 
 to dissolve all human society. Cicero, de Off. iii, 6, i. Dissolvere leges. Id. Phil, i, T Jin. 
 Matrimonia. Justinian. Cod.\. 17, ?> et saep. Frans enim distringit, non dis solvit perju- 
 riam,— iraud does but fasten, not absolve, perjury'. CiCERO, de Off. iii, 32, 3. (c.) To dis- 
 solve, as a contract or connection ; to unloose a legal bond or tie ; to set free from obligation; 
 e. g. Eodem moda quo oritur, eodem jnodo dissolvitur. v. Ulpian. Z?!;^. L, 17, /n 35 ; Cro. 
 
 Eliz. 697 et al. _ , , 
 
 In Rhetorical and Philosophical Language: To refute, reply to, answer 
 an assertion. CiCERO, Rose. Am. xxix, 82 et saep., Quintilian, iv, prooem. § 6 ; id. ih. v, 
 13. §§ 2, 13 sq.; vi, 10 ; ix, 4, § 15. 
 
 683 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis. 
 
 Dissolutus, ii, um, fli^'. \disso!vo.'\ {a.) Of discourse: Unloosed, loose, discon- 
 nected. Cicero, QuiNTiLiAN cl al. (Jb.) Of character: Lax, remiss, negligent, inat- 
 tentive, careless ; licentious, dissolute. Cicero, Tacitus, Quintilian. 
 
 Dissuetiido, Onis, /. \dissuesco^ Discountenance of a practice or habit ; disuse; cessa- 
 tion or discontinuance of use; dissuetude. JULIANUS, Dig. i, i,fr. 32; CalistrATUS, »i. 
 xi, I, fr. I et al. 
 
 Distinct^, i^'i'v. Distinctly, clearly, handsomely, etc. v. Distinguo. 
 
 Distinct^ et apert^. Distinctly and openly. Reg. Orig. 17. 
 
 Distinctio, 5nis, _/". \distinguo.'\ A distinguishing, distinction. Justoruminjustorumque 
 {lex). Cicero, Leg. ii, 5 Jin. Distinctio veri a falso. Id. Fin. i, 19 fin. Quaestionum, Quin- 
 tilian, iv, 5, § 5 ^^ja?/. (6.) O b j ec t i vely : A difference. ClCER0,/lfj/. xix ; id. Univ.; 
 id. Acad, ii, \ifin.; Ulpian. Dig. ii, fr. 44. 
 
 In Rhetorical and Grammatical Language: A separation, division in dis- 
 course ; and concr. a mark of separation, sign of interpunction. Cicero, de Or. iii, 48, 106 ; 
 Quintilian, i, 5, 27 ; xi, 3, 37 sq. 
 
 A figure of speech: Separation, distinction. Cicero, de Or. iii, 54, 206; Quin- 
 tilian, ix, 3, 65, 82. Transf. , A setting off, garnishing; an ornament. Cicero, N. D. 
 ii, 5, 15; Pliny, xxviii, 3, 3, § 13. 
 
 DISTINGUE ! aut merces fuerutit aestimatae pro certa quantitate tempore con- 
 tractus assecurationis, et tunc non sumus in dubio, quia dicta quantitas aesti- 
 mata solvenda est ; aut assecuratio fuit facta pro asportandis mercibus salvis 
 Roma in , et tunc aestimatio inspicienda est Romae . Aut assecuratio fuit facta 
 simp Ii cite r, de solvendo aestimationem sen vatorum mercium, tji casu periculi, 
 si navis perieret, et tunc inspici debet tenipus obligationisj et prout tunc valebant, debet 
 fieri aestimatio, et sic damnum quod assecuratus patitur in a^nissione rei, non 
 lucrum faciendum consideratur ; lucrum non spectatur. Mark! either the 
 merchandises M^ere estimated at a certain quantity at the time of the contract of 
 assurance, and there \or in that case] vi^ are in no doubt, because the said esti- 
 mated quantity is to be paid for ; either the insurance was made for the carrying 
 of the merchandise safely to Rome, and then the valuation is to [should] be 
 inquired into at Rome — ^ or the insurance was made simply as to payment 
 of the valuation or worth of the goods, in case of peril, if the vessel be lost, and 
 then the time of the contract [obligation] otfght to be inquired into ; and accord- 
 ing as they [the goods] may then be worth, the estimation ought to be made, 
 and thus the damage which the assured suffers for the loss of the goods, 
 not the profit which is made, is [should be] considered; the profit ^r advant- 
 age [which arises] is not regarded. Maritime Insurance Law. 
 
 Distingu6. — Fr. [dis-tln-ghe.] adj. Distinguished ; eminent ; of eminent distinction. 
 Of men: Genteel, gentlemanly, gentleman-like. Of women: Gentle, lady-like. 
 
 DISTINGUENDA sunt tempora. Times are to be distinguished. 9 Co. i6aj 
 14 iV. Y. R. (4 Kern.) 380, 393. 
 
 DISTINGUENDA sunt tempora; aliud est facere, aliud peifcere. Times must 
 be distinguished ; it is one thing to do a thing, another to perfect it. 3 
 Leon, 243 ; Branch's Frincipia. 
 
 DISTINGUENDA sunt tempora; distingue tempora, et coricordabis leges. Times 
 are to be distinguished ; distinguish times, and you will harmonize laws. 
 I Co. 24 ; 9 Co. 16b, Anna Bedingfield's case. 
 " Things do enure diversely according to the diversity of the time." Wingate's Max. 48. 
 Judicis offi-cium est, tit res ita tempora rerum 
 Quaerero, cjuaestio tempore, tittus eris. — Ovid; i Co. Inst, i-jia. 
 684 
 
^"•J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dis. 
 
 Dl-StingUO, ere, 3, ^'. «. Prop.. To separate by points : hence, In general- To 
 separate, divide, part ; to arrange. Trop. : To separate things according to their differ- 
 ences, j. ^. to distinguish, discriminate. = Discemere (Ueq. ind class.). In particular 
 in Rhetoric, and Grammatic Lang.: To properly separate the sentences in dis- 
 course, z. e. to pause, keep stops, to punctuate. Quintilian, i, 8, i ; xi, 2, 27 ; Cicero, 
 Hep. iii. 2. T ra n s f . : To set off, decorate, adorn (so lit. and trop. in the class.).' 
 
 Distractio, Onis, /. [dis-traho, ere, to pull asunder, etc.] A pulling asunder, dividing 
 separating. Distractio animi cajfoHsque. Seneca, Ep. xxx. Distractio humanorum anl 
 vwrum. Cicero, A^.iJ.i, 11,27. ^'. Plautus, />.. i, i, 68. Trop.: Dissension, discord. 
 Cicero, Off. iii, 6, 32. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A selling in single portions, piecemeal. Fundi. Ulpianus, 
 
 / ;"'/-^' ^'''- ' \^5- ,^'T""'"- , ^'^- ^'>- ^'^' 3. fr. 5. § 12 (particularly at auction). Dis- 
 t actio ptgnons,— the sale of a pledge by a creditor. Justinian. Jnst. ii, 881 v Distra- 
 here pignus. • • a ■ ■ •^•^•■"■^ 
 
 Distractio bonorum. A dividing, selling of goods (by single portions); retail of goods. 
 
 In the Civil Law : One of the modes of executing a judgment per singulas res. 
 in case of a distractio bonorum, all the property (but not as a universitas) of the debtor was 
 sold by a curator, who saw the proceeds properly applied ; the defendant suffered no capitis 
 dwnnutio, and remained answerable for all unsatisfied claims, cf. Mackeld. Civil Law 
 §§ 524, 525, ed. 1883. 
 
 Dis-traho, ere, 3, V. a. To pull asunder, tear in pieces, to forcibly separate, divide (freq. 
 and class.) Trop.: To draw in different directions, to divide; to draw away (freq. and 
 class.). 
 
 In the Civil Law: To sell separately, in parcels (particularly at auction). A^ros 
 Tacitus, A. vi, 17. Fundum. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 15, fr. 8, § 15. Merces. Id. ib. xiv.'s 5 
 § 12 ; Justinian, ix, i, 6. Pignores. Justinian. Jnst. ii, 8, § i. 
 
 Distrahere COntrOVersias hoc est, dirimere et decidere . To withdraw <»- diminish 
 controversies,— that is, to compose or adjust and decide them. Cicero, pro Caec. ii, 6; 
 Calvini, Lex Jurid. 
 
 Distrahere matrimoniam, To dissolve marriage ; to divorce. Gaius, Dig. xxiv, 2, 
 fr. 2 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 576 sq., ed. 1883. 
 
 Distrahere pignus. To sell a pledge in payment of a debt. Heineccius, Elem. Jur. 
 Civ. lib. ii, tit. 8, § 467 ; i Mackeld. Civ. Law, 384, § 349 ; ed. 1883, § 348. 
 
 Distreindre, Distreyndre.— L. Fr. = L. Lat. Distringere. To draw or take away 
 
 from; to distrain. Britt. c. 26. v. 3 Bl. Com 231. 
 
 Distresse.— L Fr = L. Lat. Districtio. \_-\-Yx. distreindre.'\ The taking a personal 
 chattel out of the possession of a wrong-doer into the custody of the party injured, to pro- 
 cure a satisfaction of the wrong committed. 3 Bl. Com. 6. 
 
 In Common Law: The term is applied to the thing itself taken, as well as to the 
 process itself. Id. ib. note(/)/ Termes de la Ley. The most usual injury for which a dis- 
 tress may be taken is that of non-payment of rent. 2 Bl. Com. 41, 43 ; Broom if Had. Com. 
 i'. 74. 75- '"■ Wait's notes (217, 218). 
 
 Also where a man finds beasts of a stranger wandering in his grounds damage-feasant. 
 Co. Inst- i6ia ; g Co. lib ; Wingate's Max. 19, s. 13 ; 4 //. &= JV. 236. The nature of dis- 
 tresses, their incidents and consequences are explained in Co. Litt. 47 ; 3 Bl. Com. 6-15, and 
 Cooley's notes; id. ib. 231, 280; 3 Steph. Com, 361, 363; i Crabb's Real Prop. 324; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 461 : Broom on C. L. 225; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 74, 90. Things shall not be dis- 
 trained for rent, which are for the benefit and maintenance of trades, and (by consequent) of 
 the commonwealth, and are there by authority of law ; as a horse in a smith's shop shall not 
 be distrained for rent issuing out of the shop, nor the horse, etc., in the hostry, nor the 
 materials in a weaver's shop for making of cloth, nor cloth or garments in a tailor's shop, 
 nor sacks of corn or meal in a mill or market, nor any thing distrained before for damage- 
 feasant, for it is in the custody of the law, and the like, i Co. Inst. \la ; Wingate's Max. 
 197, s. 4. V. Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 80. v. Wait's notes (220, 221). 
 
 Distress infinite, a distress which has no bounds with regard to its quantity. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 231, 280, 281 ; 4 id. 285, 318. v. Distringas ad infinitmn. 
 
 Dis-tribuO ere, 3, V. a. To divide, distribute (quite class.). To distribute, apportion 
 among several. Cicero, Att. vii, 14, 2 et al. 
 
 685 
 
Dis.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dis, 
 
 Distribiitio, Onis, /. {distribuo^ A division, distribution. Cicero, Clu. i ; id. Div. ii, 
 20; QuiNTiLiAN, vii, I. An apportionment among several ; a dealing in portions or shares. 
 
 As to distribution of intestate's effects, v. Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 647, 658, and notes. 
 
 DlStrictio, Onis,/. [distringo.'] A hindrance, a difficulty. Paulus, Dig. iv, 8, /y. 16, § i. 
 
 In English Law: =L. Fi., Dis/resse. A distress, distraint or distraining. 3 B/. 
 Com. 6 ; Co. Litt. fjta ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 74. (6.) The right of distress. Fleta, lib. 
 iii, c. II, § I ; id. c. 16, § 37. (C.) A thing, chattel or animal distrained, v. Nullus de cae- 
 tero facial ducere districtiones, etc. {d.) A district or territory within which the power of 
 distraining might be exercised. Reg. Orig. tb. = L. Lat., Districtus. (e.) A compulsory 
 proceeding, v. In omni actione, ubi duae concurrent di stric tione s , etc. 
 
 DISTRICTIO modus non excedat. Distress shall not exceed measure, i. e. 
 be excessive. Bracton, fol. 203^. v. Distress infinite. 
 DVSs'Y'^SQ.'YVd semper sequitur fidelitatem. Distress always follows fealty, 
 i. e. the feudal obligation of the tenant to his lord. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 11, § i ; 
 c- 16, § 37. V. Fidelitas. 
 
 Districtus, a, nrn> P"-- (= Stretched tight, i. e.) Strict, severe. Districiissimi defensorcs. 
 Justinian. Cod. 1,55,6. More freq. ; (6.) Occupied, engaged, taken up, busy. Cic. 
 Verr. \, ^ et al. 
 
 Districtus. — L. Lat. \_-\-distringere^ — L. Fr., DistreSSe, v. DisiHctio. 
 
 In Feudal Law: The power of coercion or distress ; the jurisdiction of a magistrate 
 or feudal lord. Feud. lib. i, tit. 5, § 7. Hence Subst.: A district or territory within 
 which such jurisdiction might be exercised. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. ; id.de Verb. 'Feudal .' 
 
 In old English Law : A distress, a distraint. ' (6.) A district or territory within 
 which the power of distraining might be exercised. Spelmaii. Extra districtuvi suutn, — out 
 of his district. Id. Hence the English District, i- e. circuit or territory within which the 
 power of distraining, or other coercive authority, might be exercised. 
 
 Distrine^aS. [+ distringo, ere.] You restrain, detain, distrain, hinder. 
 
 In the Common Law, /. t. . The name of a writ directed to a sheriff. Praecipimus 
 tibi qtiod di stringas , — we command j'ou that you distrain — upon the goods and 
 chattels of the defendant for forty shillings in order to compel his appearance. 3 Bl. Cam. 
 280, 413, 445 ; 3 Steph. Com. 567 ; 3 Parsons on Contr. 423. 
 
 In England, the proceeding by distringas and outlawry is abolished by the " Com- 
 mon Law Procedure Act, 1852," and a new proceeding substituted, v. Coole5''s note, 3 
 Bl. Com. 280. 
 
 In Equity: A distringas is used as a first process to compel the appearance of a cor- 
 poration aggregate in these two cases ; (ra.) Against a corporation aggregate ; and on its 
 return, an alias distringas, and then a plures are issued and upon the return of the latter, if 
 default is made, an order nisi for a sequestration is obtained as of course, and if no 
 cause shown, the order will be made absolute. 11 Geo. IV. and i Wm. IV. c. 36. (6.) When 
 a transfer of stock, or the pa3'ment of dividends by the Bank of England is sought to be 
 immediately restrained, then, instead of moving or petitioning the Court of Chancery for a 
 restraining order, a distringas may be issued pursuant to 5 Vict. c. 5, s. 5. The efTect of this 
 writ is temporary ; if, therefore, the person who obtained it wish to continue the restraint 
 upon the transfer, etc., he must either obtain a restraining order or file a bill against the party 
 interested in the fund, and move for a writ of injunction against the bank, pursuant to 40 
 Geo. III. c. 36. 
 
 Distringas ad infinitum. That you distrain without limit. V. 3 Bl. Com. 280. 
 
 Distringas juratores. — L. Lat. You distrain the jurors. 
 
 In English Practice: A process for enforcing the attendance of jurors, v. 3 
 Steph. Com. 590, 591 ; 3 Bl. Com. 354 ; Broom i5r= Had. Com. ii, 359. Abolished by Com- 
 mon Law Procedure Act, 1852, § 104. 
 
 Distringas juratorum corpora. That you distrain the bodies of the jurors. 
 
 Distringas nuper vice COmitem. That you distrain the late sheriff. I Tidds Pr. 313 ; 
 Archb. N. P. 373. It is now obsolete. 
 
 Distringas per acras et catalla. That you distrain by his acres, i. e. land, and cattle. 
 
 Distringas tenere curiam. That you distrain to hold the court. 
 
 Distringo, ere, 3, V. a. (a.) To draw asunder, to stretch out (rare). (6.) To detain a 
 person anywhere, to hinder; to occupy, to engage (class.). In the pass.: To be hm- 
 dered, disturbed. 
 686 
 
Dis.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Div. 
 
 In Feudal and oldEnglish Law: To distrain; to coerce or compel. Mag. 
 Cor/. 9 Hen. III. c. 15. Litt.: To bind fast or strain hard. Spelman ; Calvini, Lex. JuHd. 
 
 Distrinxerunt abbatum et homines suos, etc.— L. Lat. They bound the abbot and 
 
 his servants (by recognizance). 
 
 DIU amissimus vera vocabula reriim. We have a long time lost the true names of things. 
 
 Diuma pensitatiO. Daily expenses or expenditures. 
 
 Diurnarius, ii, m. \dinnins.'\ A diary-keeper, journalist. Theod. Cod. viii, 4, 8. 
 
 Diurnum lumen. — L Lat. Day-light, v. Diluculum znA Crepusculum. 
 
 In English Law, in defining the offense of burglary: Anciently the 
 day was accounted to begin only at sun-rising and to end immediately upon sun-set ; but 
 the better opinion seems to be that if there be day-light or crepusculum enough begun or left 
 to discern a man's face withal, it is no burglary. 4 Bl. Com. 224, and cases note («),■ Cro. 
 Jac. 106. 
 
 DiurnUS, •!■, um, adj. [die.!.] Of or belonging to the day. 
 
 In wider sense: Daily. Vittrna pe nsiiatio , — daily expenses or expenditures. 
 In stricter sense: By day, of the day (f req. and class.). 
 
 DIUTINA posse ssio quae prodesse coeperat defuncto, et heredi et bonorum 
 possessor! continuatur, licet ipse sciat praediiun alienum. Quod si ille initium 
 justum lion habuit, heredi et bonorum possessori, licet ignoranti, possessio non prodest. 
 Quod nostra constitutio similiter et in usucaptionibus observari constituit, ut tempera 
 contineuntur. Justinian. Inst, ii, 6, §12. Long possession, which has 
 begun to reckon in favor of the deceased, is continued in favor of the heir or 
 bonorum possessor, although he may know that the estate is the property of another 
 person ; but if the possession commenced maid fide, the possession will not bene- 
 fit the heir or bonorum possessor, although ignorant of any fraud. It is in like 
 manner enacted by our constitution that the time of usucaption shall be contin- 
 ued \i. e. from the deceased to his successor in things movable), cf. Paulus, 
 Dig. xli, 4, fr. 2, § 19; Justinian. Cod. vii, tit. 31 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, iv, 
 c. 12, § 4, n. 2 ; 4 Kent's Com. 441, note i. 
 
 DWi'YY^K possessio, tantumj'ure successionis sine justo titulo obtenta, prodesse ad 
 praescriptionem hac sola ratione non potest. Justinian. Cod. vii, 33, const. 4. 
 Long possession, asserted or pretended merely by right of succession, without a 
 lawful title, cannot have grown into a prescription upon that ground {or for that 
 cause) alone, cf. Pufendorf, de Jure N. et G. iv, c. 12, § 3, n. 5. 
 
 Read: Longi temporis praescriptio his, etc. Cod. ii. const. 2. Longi temporis possessione 
 munitis instrumentoram amissio, etc. Cod. ib. const. 7. Nulla justo titulo praecedente possidentes 
 ratio juris quaerere dominium prohibit. Justin. Cod. iii, 32, const. 24. v. Pufendorf, supra. 
 
 DIUT-URNA consuetudo pro jure et lege in his, quae nonex scripto descend- 
 unt, observari solet. Ulpian. Dig. i, z, fr. 33. C u s t o rn s of long 
 duration are accustomed to be observed as right and law in those things 
 which are not derived from the written law. 
 
 Est enim juris civilis species consuetudo ; enim vero, diuturna consuetudo pro jure et 
 lege, in his, quae non ex scripto descendunt, observari solet, etc. Pothier, Pand. lib. i, 
 tit. 3, art. 6, n. 28, 29 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. § 18. 
 
 DiuturnnS, a, um, adj. Of long duration, lasting, long (quite class.). 
 
 Diversa bona et catalla ipsius querentis ibidem invertae.- L. Lat. Divers goods 
 and chattels of the plaintiff there found. 
 
 DIVERSIBILIS in semper divisibilia. A thing divisible may be forever divided. 
 Diversie deS COUrteS.— L. Fr- The difference of the courts. 
 Diversio onis, /. [-{- diverto.] A turning aside ; a diversion. 
 
 687 
 
Div.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Div. 
 
 DiversiS diebns ac Vicibus. — L. Lat. At or on different days and times. 13 East, 407. 
 
 Diversis vicibus. — L. Lat. At different times. Reg. Orig. i-jl ; Hob. i8ga. 
 
 Diversitas, atis,/. \diversus.'\ Contrariety, contradiction, disagreement. Tacitus, C 
 XV ; id. II. i, (>2; Pliny, vi, 26, 30 ; ;</. xx,5, 19; Svs.r. Calig. i. (&,) Diversity, difference. 
 QuiNTlLlAN, xi, 3, 87 ; X, 5, 10. Consiliorum. Tacitus, C. iv, 76 et saep. Ingetiiorum. 
 Pliny, Ep. vii, 30_/f«. Trop., Difference, unlikeness, dissimilarity. 
 
 In English Law: Diversity, difference, unlikeness ; c. g. Diversitas calami, vel atra- 
 menti, vel manils, — a difference of pen, or ink or hand. Fleta, lib. vi, c. 34, § 5. Diversitas 
 scriberidi, — a difference of writing. Bracton, fol. 39815. 
 
 Diversities des courts. — L. Fr. Diversity of the courts. 
 
 The title of a treatise on the courts and their jurisdiction, written in French, and printed 
 in 1525 and again in 1534; attributed to Fitzherbert. 3 Bl. Com, 53; 3 Reeve's Hist. 152 ; 4 
 id, 420 ; Crabb's Hist. 330, 483. 
 
 Diverse intuitu. — Lat. In a different view or point of view; with a different view, 
 design, purpose ; by a retrospective view ; by a different course or process, v. Cas. Temp. 
 Hardw. 132 ; I W. Bl. 89 ; 9 East, 311; Story on Bailm. § 57 ; I Peters' R. 500 ; 2 Gallison's 
 R. 318 ; 4 Kent's Com. 211 (b) Jin. 
 
 Diversorium, — Lat. \^diverto.'\ In Eng. Law: A lodging or inn. Town's PL ■>,%. 
 
 The Latin word for an inn is diversorium, because he who lodges there is quasi divertens 
 se i vid, — in a manner diverted from his way ; and so diversorium. 8 Co. 32, Calye's case ; 
 I Smith's L. C. [195] 227 ; Story on Baibn. § 475 ; 2 Kent's Com. 595. v. Hospitium, 
 
 DIVERSUM esset, si testator talis iterum postea mutatd mente in Holandid rerum 
 ac fortunarum suarum sedem reponat; tunc enim voluntas ilia, quae migra- 
 tione in irritum deducta fuerat, quasi recuperatd pristind ad testandum habilitate 
 redintegratur ex aequitate; eo modo, quo sustinetur jure praetorio testamentum, d 
 patrefamilias conditum, quod per arrogationem irritum factum fuerat, si is iterum 
 postea sui juris f actus in eddem perstiteritvoluntate, J. Voet, ad Pand. lib. xxviii, 
 tit. 3, § 13. It would be different if such a testator, having changed his mind, 
 should re-settle with his property and fortunes in Holland ; for then the will 
 which by his emigration had been rendered void, upon regaining as it were his 
 former capacity of making a testament, is restored by equity ; in that manner in 
 which by praetorian law is upheld a will made by a paterfamilias which had been 
 avoided by arrogation (/. e. total adoption at civil law) if he, having again become 
 sui juris, should have persisted in the same will. Cited in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 473- [F. J. M.] 
 
 DiverSUS, a, um, Pa. Turned different ways, i.e. (a.) Let over against each other, oppo- 
 site, contrary (quite class, both lit. and trop.). (6.) In partic: (= contrarius.) Inim- 
 ically opposed ; of hostile or opposite opinions. Cicero, Acad, ii, 22 et al. Not agreed. 
 LiVY, XXV, II ^n. Ex diverse, — on the opposite side. QuiNTlLiAN, v, 11, 43;' vi, 3, 81; 
 xii, 9, 16 et saep. E diverso, — on the contrary. Suet. Caes. 86 et al. (c.) Turned in differ- 
 ent directions, apart, separate (freq. and class.). Trop., Different, unlike, dissimilar. 
 C1CEK.0, Manil. 10 Jin.; id. de Or. iii, 16, 61 et al.; Quintilian, ix, 3, 34 et al. et saep. 
 
 Diverts, ere, 3, V. n. To turn or go different ways ; to part, to separate. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: Li t. , To turn aside ; to go away from ; to leave; 
 e.g. Uxor sive divert eri t , sive empta est adhuc, etc., — whether the wife has left her 
 husband, or the marriage is thus far, etc. Ulpian. Dig. ix, 2, Jr. 27, § 30. So also of 
 divorce. Si uxor h legato diverterit , — if the wife shall have turned away from 
 alegac)'. Papinian. Z'2]f. v, i,/r. 42. v. Divortium. T r o p ., To deviate from each other; 
 to differ. Plautus, Epid. iii, 3, 22. v. Diversus. 
 
 DIVIDE et impera, ciim radix et vertex imperii in obedientium consensu rata sunt. 
 Divide and govern, since the foundation and crown of empire are estab- 
 lished in the consent of the obedient. 4 Co. Inst. 35 
 688 
 
Div.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Div. 
 
 Dividenda.— L. Lat. [+ rf;W</o, ere, to separate, divide.] A thing divided ; dividend. 
 
 ^•" f -^ ." ^I^' ■ ^ f*'^? °'' ?="■' allotted in the division of a thing ; the profits of a corpo- 
 ration divided among the shareholders /r<7 rata; the interest paid on public funds as expressed 
 in stocks or bonds ; the division of a bankrupt's or insolvent's effects, etc. 
 
 In old English Law; A part of a deed or indenture executed in two parts. 
 
 K e a a : Chirographum, et seq. 
 
 Omnis igitur probatio artificialis constat aut signis, aut argumentis, aut 
 exemplis. * ***** 
 
 DIVIDUNTUR (signa) in has privias duas species, quod eorum alia sunt, quae 
 necessaria sunt, quae Graeci vocant renfxripia ,• alia, quae non neces- 
 saria, quae armeia. Priora ilia sunt, quae aliter habere se non possunt, quae 
 Graeci vocant tSH^ifipia, a\vra GrjjiEia, quae niihi vix pertinere ad praecepta 
 artis videntur; nam ubi est signum insolubile, ibi ne lis quidem est. * * 
 
 Alia sunt signa non necessaria, quae eiKOTa Graeci vocant; quae etiamsi 
 ad tollendam dubitationem sola non sufficiunt, tamen adjuncta ceteris, plurimicm 
 valent. Quintilian, Inst. Orat. v, 9, §§ 3, 8. All artificial proofs, then, depend 
 on indications or arguments; or examples. * * * 
 
 They are distinguished, first of all, into two kinds, one in which the conclusion 
 is necessary, what the Greeks call raujjirjpia ,• the other in which it is not 
 necessary, what the Greeks call OrijxEia. The former are those which can- 
 not be otherwise, and which the Greeks call r£H)xripia, or aXvra arnxeicx:, these 
 scarcely seem to me to come under the rules of art ; for when there is an irre- 
 futable indication, there can be no ground for dispute. * * * 
 The other sort of indications are those from which there is no absolutely neces- 
 sary conclusion, and which the Greeks call einora-, these, though they are not 
 sufficient of themselves to remove all doubt, yet, when they are combined with 
 others, are of great weight. Cited in i Best on Evid. § 27, note 4. 
 
 Read, in this connection; Eorum autem, quae signa sunt quidem, sed non neces- 
 saria, genus Hermagoras pulat, etc. Id. ib. § 12. 
 
 DIVINA providentia, Terram W alliae , prius nobis jure feodali suhjectam, jam in proprie- 
 tatis nostras dominium convertit, et coronam Regni Anglia, tanquam partem coiporis ejiisdem, 
 annexuit et univit. At this period, by Divine permission, he appropriated Wales, which 
 before was subject to us by the law of fealty, into a seigniory belonging to us, and as a part 
 of our possession, and annexed and united it to the crown of the king of England. 
 
 DIvinatio, Cnis, /. [divino.] The faculty of foreseeing, predicting, divination. Cicero. 
 
 Vetus opinio est jam usque ab heroicis ducta temporibus eaque et populi Romani et omnium gentium firmata 
 consensu versari guamdain inter homines divinationem. guam Graeci fiavTLKriv appeltant id est, praesensi- 
 onem et scientiam rerum /orturarum. Magnijica quidem res et satutaris. si modo est ulia, guague proxime 
 addeorum vim natura mortalis possit accedere. Hague ut alia nos melius multa guam Graeci, sic huic 
 praestaniissimae rei nomen nastri ct divis, Graeci, ut Plato interpretatur, i furore duxerunt. Cicero, 
 de Divinatione, i, i, 8 i. It is an old opinion, derived as far back as from the lieroic times, and confirmed by 
 the unanimous agreement of the Roman people, and indeed of all nations, that there is a species of divination 
 in existence among men, which the Greeks call ij.a.vTiKn, that is to say, a presentment and foreknowledge of 
 future events. A truly splendid and serviceable gift, if it only exists in reality ; and one by which our mortal 
 nature makes its nearest approach to the power of the Gods. Therefore, as we have done many other thmgs 
 better than the Greeks, so, most especially have we excelled them in giving a name to this most admirable 
 endowment, since our nation derives the name which it gives to it, divination, from ihe Gods (Divis), 
 while the Greeks derived the title which they gave it, namely, Mavriicii, from madness (,tLavi.a.). For that is 
 Plato's interpretation of the word. cf. Cicero, * Div. ii, 5, 13 ; ii. 63, '3°; '"'■ de Legg. ii, 13, 32. 
 
 In the Jurists t t ■ An examination, jV f. to which of several accusers presenting 
 themselves was the most proper person to conduct the accusation. Quintilian, in, lo, 3 ; 
 vii. 4, 33 ; Gellius, ii, 4; Suet. Cues. 55. 
 
 DIVINATIO non interpretatio est, quae omnino recedit ci, literd. That is divi- 
 nation (guessing), not interpretation, which altogether departs from the 
 letter. Yearb. 3 Hen. VI, 20 ; Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3. < 
 
 [87] 6^9 
 
Div.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Div. 
 
 DivinitUS institutum. Divinely instituted. 3 JCenf's Com. iSi, note. 
 
 Divinns, a, um, ad/, [divus.} Of or belonging to a deity ; divine (very freq. and class.). 
 
 Divinae res. In Philosophy: Divine things — i. e. nature, physics — as distin. 
 guished from humanae res, i. e. morals. CiCERO, Tusc. v, 3, 7 ; iv, 26, 57 ; id. Off. i, 43, 
 153 et al.; QuiNTILIAN, xii, 2, 8, 20 et al. 
 
 In Juridical Language: Divinae res, — natural lav? s ,in opposition to humanae 
 res, — positive laws. Cicero, Sest. xlii, gi ; Justin. Inst, i, tit. i ; Ulpian. Dig. i, i, /;-. 10. 
 
 Divisa, Devisa. — L. Lat. A division or partition ; a devise. 
 
 In old English Law; (a.) A division, distribution of goods by will ; a will or tes- 
 tament of goods or chattels. Glanv. lib. xii, c. 20; Spelman, voc. 'Divisa.' 
 
 In modern law, t. t. : A devise exclusively denotes a will of lands or disposi- 
 tion of real estate, as distinguished from a bequest of personal property. 2 
 Bl. Com. 373 ; Broom &" Nad. Com. ii, 557. v. Devise. 
 
 (6.) A division or boundary of a parish, or between adjoining lands, which may be a stream, 
 highway, wall, ditch, stake or stones. Cowell. Dicitur divisa eh quod dividit agros et tene- 
 menta, — it is called divisa because it divides lands and tenements. Bracton, fol. 180^. 
 ■u. Bundae, et metae et rationabilis divi s ae , etc. 
 
 Divis6, adv. Distinctly, separately. Lord Ellenborough, 15 East, 559. 
 Sivisibilis in semper divisibilis . A thing divisible may be divided forever. 
 Wharton's Lex. 
 Divisim, adv. — L. Lat. Severally, separatel}'. Bracton, fol. 47. 
 
 DIVISQUE ALUS ALII SACERDOTES, OMNIBUS PONTIFICES, SINGULIS FLAMINES 
 SUNTO. Lex XII Tab. x, fr. — . Let the different gods have different 
 orders of priests [sacerdotes). Let them all have pontiffs in common ; and let 
 each separate god have his flamen. Cicero, de Leg. ii, 8, § 20 med. 
 
 Divisum imperium, A divided empire or jurisdiction. Trop ., A mutual authority ; 
 alternate jurisdiction, i Bl. Com. no; 5 Co. 107; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 131; 1 Kent's 
 Com. 366; Molloy, de Jio: Mar. 231. 
 
 In Courts of Equity and Common Law: The term is applied to the mutual 
 authority, jurisdiction, exercised by them over the same subject. Id ib.; 4 Steph. Com. 9. 
 
 Divorce or DeVOrce, = Lat. Dlvortium. \-\-divortere, divertere, to separate, to turn, or 
 go different ways, -\- di for dis, and vortere, vertere, to turn, — in diversas partes.^ v. Divortium. 
 
 DIVORCE nest autre chose que severaunce de lyt parentes espons et espouse. — L. 
 Fr. Divorce is nothing else than a separation of the husband and wife 
 from the marriage relation. Britton, c. 7. 
 
 Divorce a vinculo matrimonii . A divorce from the bond of marriage. 
 A total divorce of husband and wife, dissolving the marriage tie, and absolutely releasing 
 the parties from their matrimonial obligations, v. i Bt. Com. 440 sq., and Cooley's notes and 
 cases; 2 Kent's Com. 95, and cases; Shelford, Mar. &= Div, 363 sq.; 2 Parsons onContr. 84, 
 and cases ; Broom ^ Had. Com. i, 540 sq., and notes. 
 
 Divorce a mensd et thoro. A divorce from table and bed. 
 
 A divorce from table and bed, commonly expressed " bed and board," by which the par- 
 ties are, in a partial or qualiiied manner, released from the marriage obligation, and forbidden 
 to live or cohabit together without affecting the vinculum matrimonii itself, v. \ Bl. Com, 
 440 sq., and Cooley's notes ; 3 id. 94, and Cooley's note ; 2 Kent's Com. 125 ; Shelford on 
 Mar. &' Div. 363, 364 ; 2 Steph. Com. 311 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 85, and cases ; Broom &> Had. 
 Com. i, 541 sq., and notes. "This is also called Separatio thori. Bracton, fol. 92^. 
 
 Divorce causd frigitatis . Divorce by reason or on account of coldness, frigidity. 
 5 Co. 98a, Buries' case ; Wingate's Max. igo, § 14. 
 
 If a man be married to a woman, and after they are divorced causd frigitatis, and then 
 the man takes another wife, and hath issue by her; yet this issue is lawful because that a 
 man may be habilis et inhabilis divcrsis temporibus, a.ni by the divorce causd frigitatis the 
 marriage was dissolved 4 vinculo matrimonii, and by consequence either of them might 
 marry again. 5 Co. gSii, Buries' case; Wingate's Max. 190, § 14. 
 
 Divorce causd consanguini tatis . Divorce by reason of consanguinity or rela- 
 tionship. 
 690 
 
DiT.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Div. 
 
 Divortii COnsilio. in contemplation of divorce. Marcianus, Dig- xxv, 2, fr. 25. 
 
 V. Actio rerum amatorum. 
 
 Divortiuin, ii, «. Y-\- diverto^ A separation, viz.: (a.) Divorce, — orig. used only 
 of the wife. Cicero, de Or. iii, 40 ; Coel. in Cicero, Fain, viii, 7 ; Plautus, Mil. iv, 4, 31; 
 but afterward in general. Cicero, Att. xii, 52 ; xiii, 7 et saep.; Quint., vii, 4, 11 et al. 
 (6.) Concr., A point of separation, place where a road divides into two ; a fork in a road. 
 LivY, xliv, 2 ; Virgil, A. ix, 379. v. Cicero, Att. v, 20. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Divorce; separation of husband and wife; a going different 
 ways, — in diversas partes eunt. Gaius, Dig. xxiv, 2, fr 2 pr.; Hermogenianus, ih. fr. 60 ; 
 V. fr. 61-62 ; PauLUS, ib. L, lt,fr. 191. 
 
 In ancient Canon Law; Canonist define divoriium : Legitima mariti et uxoiis 
 separatio apud competentem judieem ciim causae cognitione, et sufficiente ejus probatione factae. 
 
 In the Common Law; Bracton's d\&\\ViC\XQr\ ■v^z^ divortiuin h vinculo, — a separa- 
 tion from the bond — and separatio thori, — a separation from the bed. Bracton, fol. 92^. 
 
 Lord Coke's derivation is ; 
 
 DIVORTIUM dicitur a divertendo , vel dtvortendo, quia vir divertitur 
 ab uxore. Divorce is called from divertendo or dtvortendo, i. e. diverting 
 or turning away, because a man is thus turned away or diverted from 
 his wife. Co. Lift. 235. 
 
 As a Common Law t. t.: It denotes dissolution of the marriage contract, and the 
 separation of husband and wife by the sentence of the law. Ayliffe's Parergon. 225 : Cord on 
 Married Women; Shelford, Mar. &= Div. zt^ Of divorce there are two kinds; one 
 absolutely a vinculo matrimonii ; the other merely 4 mensa et thoro. Of these, v. supra. 
 V. 20 and 21 Vict. c. 85; 21 and 22 id. c. 108. cf. Bishop on Marriage and Divorce, passim. 
 
 DIVORTIUM, dictum est, d. diversitate mentium, quia in diversas partes sunt 
 qui distrahunt matrimoniuvi. Divorce is so called from a diversity of 
 minds, because they who break off marriage go different ways. Termes de la 
 
 Ley, tit. ' D e v o r c e . ' 
 
 This is a paraphrase of the definition given in the C i vi l Law : Divortium vel ii diversi- 
 tate mentium dictum est, vel quia in diversas partes sunt qui distrahunt matrimonium. Gaius, 
 Dig. xxiv, 2,/r. 2 pr. v. id. infra, 
 
 DIVORTIUM inter virum et uxorum fieri dicitur, repudium verb sponsae 
 remitti videtur j quod et in uxoris personam non absurde cadit. Modestin. 
 Dig. L, i(>,fr. loi, § I. A divorce {divortium) is said to happen between man 
 and wife, but a dissolution of a marriage contract {repudium) seems proper to 
 be said of a party engaged to be married ; this term also does not inappropri- 
 ately designate the condition of a married woman, 
 w. Inter divortium et repudium hoc interest, etc. Paulus, Z';;j-. L, 16, /?■. 191. 
 
 DIVORTIUM non est, nisi verum, quod animo perpetuam constituendi dissen- 
 sionetn fit. Itaque quidquid in calore iracundiae vel fit, vel dicitur, non prius 
 ratum est, quam si perseverantid apparuit, judicium animi fuisse ; ideoque per 
 calorem misso repudio, si brevi reversa uxor est, nee divertisse videtur. Paulus, 
 Dig. xxiv, 2,/r. 3. It is not a divorce, unless in truth, that is accompHshed 
 with the intention of establishing a perpetual dissolution. Therefore, whatever 
 is either said or done in the heat of passion (vehemence of anger) is not ratified 
 before it has appeared, as if by perseverance, to have been the decision or judg- 
 ment of the mind; and therefore a dissolution of the marriage contract having 
 been sent through passion or impetuosity, if, after a short time, the wife has 
 returned, she appears not to have left her husband. 
 
 )uidquid in calore iracundiae vel fit, vel dicitur, non prius "'"'" ^^^^'j^'^J'^'^^^^P^^'eTuT 
 ia apparuit animi judicium fuisse; ideoque brev, reversa uxor nee divortisse videtur. 
 \3W%,Dig. L, 17, fr. 48. cf. Phillimore's Pnnc. and Max. fur pp. 45. 207 sq. 
 
Div.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Div. 
 
 DiVOrtium sine causd vel sine ulla querela. A divorce without cause or with- 
 out any complaint. 2 Kent's Com. 102. 
 
 DIVORTIUM vel a diversitate inentium dictum est, vel quia in diversas partes 
 sunt qui distrahunt matrimonium . G aius, Dig. xxiv, 2, /r. 2 J>r. Divorce 
 is so called, either from diversity of minds, or because they who break off mar- 
 riage go different ways. 
 
 Distinguished from repudittm. v. Inter divortium et repu dium hoc interest, etc. 
 Paulvs, Di^. L, 16, /r. 191. cf. Taylor's Civ. Law, 349 
 
 DIVORUMQUE IRAS PROVIDENTO USQUE APPARENTO CAELIQUE FULGURA 
 REGIONIBUS RATIS TEMPERANTO. UrBEMQUE ET AGROS [et] TEMPLA 
 
 LiBERATA ET EFFATA HABENTO. Lex XII Tab. , fr. . Let them (/'.«. those 
 who give counsel in military or civil affairs) guard against the anger of heaven, 
 and appease it ; and observe from what parts of heaven the lightnings burst 
 forth. Let them declare what lands, cities and temples are to be held free and 
 consecrated, v. Cicero, de Legg. ii, 8, § 21. 
 
 DIVOS et EOS, QUI CAELESTES SEMPER HABITI, COLUNTO ET OLLOS, QUOS 
 ENDO CAELO MERITA LOCAVERINT, HeRCULEM, LiBERUM, AeSCULAPIUM, 
 
 Castorem, Pollucem, Quirinum. Lex XII. Tab. x, fr. . Let the Gods 
 who have always been accounted celestial be worshipped, and those likewise 
 who have merited celestial honors by their illustrious acts, such as Hercules, 
 Bacchus, Aesculapius, Castor, Pollux and Quirinus (Romulus), v. Cicero, de 
 Legg. ii, c. 8. 
 
 The next Law reads: AsT ollos, propter quae datur homini adscensus in 
 CAELUM, Mentem, Virtutem, Pietatem, Fidem ; earumque laudum delubra sunto ; 
 NEVE ulla VITIORUM. Lex XII. Tab. K,fr. . Let due honor likewise be paid to those 
 virtues by which man is exalted to heaven — as Intelligence, Valor, Piety, Fidelity ; and let 
 temples be consecrated to their honor ; with regard to the vices, let no sacred sacrifices be 
 paid to them. v. Cicero, id. ib. zi. F a t h e r s Catrou and Rouille, Tab. xi. Laws 4 and 5. 
 
 DlVUS, and without the digamma, Dius, a, urn, adj. Gr. Sioi. Of or belonging to, or 
 proceeding from a deity; divine. As an adj. very rarel)'. More freq.asasubst., 
 DiVUS {dius), i, m., and Diva {did), ae, /. A god ; a goddess ; a deity (so freq. and class.). 
 Tran sf . {a.) Godlike, divine, — an epithet applied to any thing deified, or of extraordi- 
 nary excellence or distinction (freq. and class.). 
 
 After the Aug. period, <^!w«j- became a standing epithet for the deceased Roman 
 Emperors, which occur in the historians, and on coins and inscriptions, times innumer- 
 able. 
 
 DIVUS Hadrian us fertur, quuin in venatione jilium suum quidem necav- 
 erat, qui novercam adulterabat, i?i insulam eum de portasse, quod latronis 
 magis, quam patris jure eum interfecit J nam patria p ot e stas in pietate 
 debet, non atrociiate, consistere. Marcianus, IDig. xlviii, 9, yV. 5. 
 It is said that the divine Adrian, when some one at a hunt had killed his son who 
 dishonored his, stepmother, transported him to an island, because he (the slayer) 
 slew him more by robber than paternal right ; for paternal power ought 
 to consist in piety, compassion, and not in cruelty. Cited 
 in Broom &" Had. Com. i, 555. 
 
 DIVUS H ad ri anus rescripsit: eum, qui stuprum sibi vel suis per vim infer en- 
 tem occidit, dimittendum. Marcianus, Dig. xlviii, 8, fr. i § 4. The 
 emperor Hadrian gave a rescript discharging [/. e. forgiving] him who 
 killed a person attempting, by force, to violate the chastity of himself, or any 
 one of his family. Quoted in 4 Bl. Com. 181, note {y) ; Broom b' Had. Com. 
 i, 214, note (b). 
 6q2 
 
Div.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Do. 
 
 DIVUS Hadrianus Vivio Vara Legato provinciae Ciliciae, etc. Callis- 
 TRATUS, Dig. xxii, S,/r. 3. 'Kzsid: £>. Hadrianus Vivio Varo Legato. 
 DIVUS Pius rescripsit : Eos, qui ex liber alitate \sud\ conveniuntur, in id, 
 quod facere possunt, condemnandos. Ulpianus, Dig. L, iT, fr. 28. The 
 divine Pius gave a rescript,— that they who are proceeded against judicially, for 
 their liberality, bountifulness (/. e. for their profligacy) are to be condemned or 
 sentenced to do what they can {i. e. according to their ability, or within their 
 means), cf. Gothofred, de Div. Regul. Jur. xxviii. 
 
 DIVUS Sever us rescripsit, confessiones reorum, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, 
 'i.?>,fr. I, §17. Read: Confessiones reorum pro exploratis, etc. 
 DIXI saepius post scripta ' geometrarum nihil exstare quod vi ac subtilitate cum Romanorum 
 jureconsultorem scriptis comparari possit, iantum nervi ittest, tantum profunditatis. Leibnitz. 
 I have quite often said that, next to the writings of the geometricians, nothing exists which, 
 for strength and sublimit}', can be compared with the writings of the Roman Jurists ; there 
 is in them such nerve, vigor, force, and such depth. Quoted in title page of Gaihs' Inst, by 
 Abdy & Walker. 
 
 DIXIMUS, dissensu solvi societatem ; hoc ita est, si omnes dissentiunt. Quod 
 ergo, si unus renuntiet ? Cassius scripsit, eum, qui renuntiaverit societati, a 
 se quidem liberare socios suos, se autem ab illis non liberare. Quod utique observ- 
 andum est, si dolo malo renuntiatio facta sit, veluti si, quum omnium bonorum socie- 
 tate?n inissemus, deinde quum obvenisset uni hereditas, propter hoc renuntiavit ; ideo- 
 que si quidem damnum attulerit hereditas, hoc ad eum, qui renuntiavit, pertinebit, 
 commodum autem communicare cogetur actione pro socio. Quodsi quid post renun- 
 tiationem acquisierit, non erit communicandum, quia nee dolus admissus est in eo. 
 Paulus, Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 65, § 3. We have said that a copartnership is dissolved 
 by disagreement ; this is the case when all disagree ; but what then, where one 
 should retract ? Cassius stated, that he who gave up a copartnership, freed his 
 partners from himself, but himself was not freed from them. Of course this is 
 to be observed, should the revocation be made with evil intent, for instance if, 
 when we have entered a copartnership of all our assets, and afterward an inher- 
 itance should have fallen to the lot of one of the partners, this one should 
 revoke his part of the contract ; and therefore, if the inheritance should have 
 brought to him some loss, this loss shall be applied to him who revoked, but the 
 action out of the copartnership will compel him to share any gain. And if any 
 thing shall have been acquired after the renunciation, it will not be divided, 
 because no fraud is perpetrated in that respect. 
 
 Cited in i Story's Equity Jur. 668 ; Story on Part. §§ 261, 268. 
 
 DIXIMUS, mobilia situm habere intelligi, ubi dominus instruxerit domicilium, 
 nee aliter mutare eundem, quant una citm domicilio. Rodenburg, de Diver. 
 Stat. tit. 2 c. 2 note i. We have said that movables are understood to have 
 their locality {situs) where their owner has established his domicile and they 
 cannot change the same other than along with the domicile. Cited in Story on 
 
 Confl. of Laws, § 362. 
 
 Read: MIobilia inhaerent ossibus domini, et seq. 
 
 Do, dare, dedi, datum, I, v. a. To give, in the widest sense of the word ; as to give away, 
 grant! concede, allow, permit ; give up, yield, resign ; bestow, present ; furnish, afford ; 
 oflfer, etc. (so in all periods and sorts of writing). 
 
 693 
 
Do,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Do ut. 
 
 Savigny says that Dare, in the strictest terminology of the formulary system, means to 
 transfer properly ex jure Quiritium ; whilst Facere, on the other hand, embraces every 
 kind of act, whether juridical or not, and hence comprises, amongst other things, dare, sol- 
 vere, numerare, ambulare, reddere, non facere, curare ne Jiat. cf. Faci endi verba, etc. 
 PoMPONius, Dig. L, i6, fr. 175 ; Facere oportere et hauc significationem habet, etc. ; 
 Paulus, ib. fr. 189; Verbum : facere, omnem omnino faciendi causam complectitur, 
 dandi, solvendi, numerandi, judicandi ambulandi. Papinianus, iPz^. L, 
 16, fr. 218. 
 
 Ho, pres. indie. I give or grant. '' The aptest word of feoffment is i/i; or rf^i/z." Co, Lilt. 
 9 ; 2 Bl. Com. 310, 316 ; Broom iSr= Had. Com. ii, 498, 504. It is undoubtedly the most ancient 
 term of grant or conveyance, v. Bracton, and Fleta. 
 
 D6, Died, AddicO, I give, I say or pronounce, I adjudge. 
 
 In Juridical Language: Words employed by the Praetor to express the execu- 
 tion of his civil jurisdiction, viz. : Do, — in the granting of judges (judices), actions (actiones), 
 exceptions (exceptiones) ; dico, — in pronouncing sentence of judgment ; addico,^\a adjudg- 
 ing the property in dispute, or the goods of the debtor, etc., to one or the other party. 
 V. Varro, L. L. vi, 4, 59; I Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 173, Kaufman's note ; id. § 35, note iji). 
 
 D5, legd. — Lat. I give, I bequeath ; or I give and bequeath. 
 
 In Juridical Language: Formal words in making a bequest or legacy. Justin. 
 Inst, ii, 20, §§ 8, 30 ; Gaius, Inst, ii, § 193 ; Ulpianus, Rules, xxiv, § 3. Either of those 
 words employed separately imports as much as both together. Gaius, ib.; Taylor's Civ. 
 Law, 240. The same expression is very generally employed in modern wills. 
 
 DO tali iantam terram in villd tali, pro homagio, et servitio sua habendum et tenendum eidem 
 tali et haeredibus suis, de me et heredibus meis tantum, pro omni servitio, et consuetudine seculari, 
 et demanda j et ego, et haeredibus mei warrantizabimus, acquietabimus , et defendemus in perpetuam 
 predictam, tali, et haeredes suos versus omnes gentes per praedictum servitium, etc. — L. Lat. I 
 give to such a person so much land, in such a village, for his homage and service, to have 
 and hold to him and his heirs, of me and my heirs only, for all services, worldly custom and 
 demands ; and I and my heirs will warrant, acquit, and forever defend the same estate to 
 him and his heirs against all persons for the aforesaid service, etc. Feud. Lib. 
 
 Under the Feudal System; This was the formula employed in deeds given to 
 feudal tenants. 
 
 DO tibi talem rem, habendum tibi et haeredibus tuis, vel cuicunque dare vel assignare volueris, 
 exceptis viris religiosis et fudeis. — L. Lat. I give you such a thing, to have to you and your 
 heirs, or to whomsoever you choose to give or assign it, except religious men and Jews. 
 Bracton, fol. 47(5. The last clause (exceptis viris, etc) was very common. Co. Litt. 2226. 
 
 DO tibi terram si Titius voluerit : si navis venerit ex Asia: si Titius venerit ex 
 ferusalem .- si mihi decem aureos dederit : si caelum digito tetigeris. I give you the land if 
 Titius is willing ; if the ship shall arrive from Asia: if Titius shall come from Jeru- 
 salem: if he shall give me ten pieces of gold : If you touch the sky with your finger. 
 
 These were the /or»2a/a? of words constituting what were called conditional grants, 
 wherein the fee was in abeyance till the event happened. 
 
 DO ut des. I give [to you] that you may give [to me]. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The first species in the formula constituting a general division, 
 under which innominate contracts were classed, in which something was given by one 
 party as a consideration for something given by the other. Paulus, Z>ij-. xix, 5, /?-. 5. 
 Do ut des, — as when I gi v e money or goods, on a contract that I shall be repaid money or 
 goods for them again. Of this kind are all loans of money upon bond, or promise of repay- 
 ment ; and all sales of goods, in which there is either an express contract to pay so much for 
 them, or else the law implies a contract to pay so much as they are worth. 2 Bl. Com. 444 ; 
 Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 158 ; i Parsons on Contr. 430, note («)y 2 Kent's Com. 463 (/). 
 
 DO ut des : do ut facias ; facto ut des : facio ut facias. Paulus, Dig. xix, 
 5. A- 5- I give that you may give ; I give that you may perform ; I per- 
 form that you may give ; I do that you may perform. 2 Bl. Com. 444 ; i Par- 
 sons on Contr. 430 («), 489 ; Story on Bailm. § 377. v. Servus facit, ut herus dat. 
 The Civilians reduce all contracts not distinguished by special names, into these four 
 general heads. In the first head, the one party gives something in order that the other 
 party may give something in return. In the second, the one party gives something, in 
 694 
 
Dout.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Doc, 
 
 order that the otlrer party may do something in return. In the third, tlic one party does 
 somethmg, that the other may give something in return. In the fourth, the one party 
 does something, in order that the other may do something in return. Erskine's Inst iii 
 
 DO ut facias . I give that you may do. I give [you] that you may, do 
 or make [for me]. Paulus, Dig. xix, 5, /;-. 5 pr. and § 2 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 444 ; Broom 6^ Had. Coin, iii, 158 ; i Parsons on Contr. 430, note. v. Servus 
 facit, ut herus dat. 
 Doarium, Dotarium, Donarium, Dotalitium, [+ Fr. DonaU-e.^ Dower i. c. a 
 
 widow's portion of her husband's estate. Spelman ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 That portion (usually one-third) of a man's lands and tenements, which his widow is enti- 
 tled, after his death, to have and hold for the term of her natural life, for the sustenance of 
 herself, and the nurture and education of her children. Bracton, fol. 92 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 23, 
 § II ; LiU.% 36; Co. Litt. 30*; 2 Bl. Com. 129, 130, and Cooley's notes; 2 Crabb's Real 
 Prop. 124, § 1117 ; 4 ^m/'f Co/H. 3S ; Broom &= Had. Com. 11,2^2, This is called an estate 
 in dower, and the widow so holding is termed tenant in dower. Co. Lilt. 303. 
 
 Doced, ere, cul„ctum, 2, v. a. To teach, instruct, inform, show, tell, etc. (freq. and class.) 
 In the Jurists: To show, set forth, make out a case by proper statements. Braclon, 
 fol. 20g. V. Fleta, iv, 7, 2. (6.) To show or establish by proof. Bracton, fol. 2i63. 
 
 DocendS dicimus. — Lat. We leam by leaching. 
 
 DOCTI neque solum vivi aique praeseiites studiosos discendi erudiunt, atque doceni ; scd hoc 
 idem etiam post mortem munimentis litterdrum adsequuntur. Nee eniin locus ullus est praeter- 
 viissus, ab iis, qui ad leges, qui ad mores, qtii ad disciplinam rei publicae periineret, ut otium 
 suum ad nostrum negotium contulisse videantur. CiCKKO,de Officiis, i, 44, § 156. Not only 
 do those learned men (philosophers) instruct and educate those who are desirous of 
 learning while alive and present among us ; but they continue to do the same after death, 
 by the monuments of their learning ; for they neglect no point that relates to the constitu- 
 tion, the manners and the morals of their country; so that it appears as if they had dedicated 
 all their leisure to our advantage. 
 
 DOCTI rationem artis inielligunt, indocti voluptdtem. Learned men 
 understand the principles of art, the unlearned have a perception of the principles only. 
 QuiNTlLiAN, Inst. Oral. 
 
 Doctor, Oris, m. Ydoceo^ A teacher, instructor. Cicero ; Quintilian, pass. A learned 
 man. Doc tor D ivini talis (ahht . D. D.). Doctor Theologiae {sibhr . D. T.), 
 Doctor Legum (abbr. LL. D.). 
 
 DOCTOR Legum mox a doctoratu, dabit operam legibus Angliae ; ut non sit imperitus earum 
 legum quas habet sua patria; et differentias exteri patriique juris noscat. A Doctor of 
 Laws, after his degree, shall apply himself to the laws of England, that he may be 
 skilled in those laws which appertain to his own country, and may know the distinction 
 between the foreign and the national law. Stat. Eliz. R. c. 14 ; i Bl. Com. 16, note (m). 
 
 Read: Quia juris civilis studiosos decet haud impetitos esse juris municipalis, etc. 
 
 DOCTORES toties ingerunt ea, quae recipiunt solemnitatem actus, vel quae tem- 
 pore contractus ex natura ipsius adhibentur, oriunturque, ex more regionis, ubi 
 contractum est, legem, accipere. Ea vero, quae ad complementum vel executionem con- 
 tractus spectaiit, vel absoluto eo superveniunt, solere a statuto loci dirigi, in quo pera- 
 genda est solutio. Burgundus, Tract. 4, n. 29. The doctors have so often 
 asserted that those matters which regard the formality of the act or which are 
 allowed and which spring at the time of the contract from its own nature, take 
 their law from the custom of the place where the contract is made. But that 
 those things which concern the complement or execution of the contract, or 
 supervene when that has been discharged, are usually governed by the statute 
 of the place in which the payment is to be made. Cited in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § Tfioa Jin. \J^- i- "J^-J 
 
 69s 
 
Doc. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dog. 
 
 Doctrina, ae, /. [doctor.'] Teaching, instruction (quite class.), (a.) Object., The 
 Icnowledge imparted by teaching, i. c. science, erudition, learning in its widest sense (freq. 
 in Cicero). (6.) The habit produced by instruction. Principle. Nep. Alt. 17 ad ^n. 
 
 DOCTRINA est ingenii naturale quoddatn p abulum . Learning is, as it were, 
 the natural food of the mind. v. CiCERO, Acad, ii, 41, 127. 
 
 Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam, 
 Mectique cultus pectora roborant ; 
 Utcumque defecere mores, 
 Dedecorant bene nata culpae. — Horace, Ode, iv, 4, 33. 
 But learning improves the innate force, and good discipline confirms the mind ; whenever 
 morals are deficient, vices disgrace what is naturally good. Quoted in Pufendorf, de 
 Jure Nat. et Gent, vi, c. 2, § 6 ; vii, c. 4, § 13. 
 
 Courage and virtue descend to us from our ancestors, but education forms them into 
 strength and perfection. This education the poet expresses hy doctrina recti cultus, ^ndi mores 
 (learning, good discipline, and morals) ; when they fail {utcumque defecere') this happiness of 
 birth is disgraced and corrupted by vice and follj'. v. Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis, etc. 
 
 " Yet sage instructions to refine the soul. 
 
 And raise the genius, wondrous aid impart, 
 Conveying, inward as they purely roll, 
 
 Strength to the mind and vigor to the heart ; 
 When morals fail, the stains of vice disgrace 
 The fairest honors and the noblest race." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Doctrina robur civitatis. — Motto. Science o?- learning is the strength <7r power 
 of the state. 
 
 DoctUS, a, um. Pa. Learned, skilled, versed, experienced in any thing (freq. and class.). 
 
 DoctUS Utriusque juris. Learned in either department of law. 
 
 DoCUment'llIIl, i, »• (-\- Documenta, Drum, «.) [doceo, ere.] Any thing instructive; a 
 lesson, example (either for instruction or warning) ; a proof, specimen, etc. (quite class.). 
 
 DOCUMENTA example docendi causa dicunttir. Documents are called 
 examples or transcripts setting forth a cause. Varro, de Lingua Latina, vi, 7, 68. 
 
 In the Civil Law; A document; an instrument (z«j/r«ff;f«fe»z). ^Gx. dv/xfioXaiov. 
 Justinian. Nov. cxix, c. 3. v. Savigny, Dr. Rom. % 165. 
 
 In the Common Law; A record, writing, precept, written instructions or directions. 
 
 In the Law? of Evidence; A written instrument adduced for the purpose of show- 
 ing or proving a claim, right, or other matter in controversy; an evidence of right or 
 title. (6.) An instrument of evidence; "properly including all material substances on 
 which the thoughts of men are represented by any species of conventional mark or symbol," 
 etc. V. I Best on Evid. 2g8, §215. Read; Instrumentorum nomine, etc. 
 
 Dodrans, antis, ?«. Three-fourths of any thing. As a measure of length; Nine 
 inches (three-quarters of a foot). Pliny, xxxvi, 9, 14, n. 5 et al. 
 
 In the Roman Law; A subdivision of the oj, containing nine unciae; the propor- 
 tion of nine-twelfths, or three-fourths. Taylor's Civil Law, 492 ; 2 Bl. Com. 462, note. u. As. 
 
 Dog-draw, in Forest Law; D ra wi ng after a deer with a dog. Manwood. 
 Moioi ydp re niBoi xaTaxeiarai iv Aid? ovSei 
 AwpoDv, oia SiSoodi, xaxwv k'rspoi 3k, eacav 
 "Di/uev xati/ii^ai So6t] Zevi repTtiHspavvoi, 
 AXXore hev te nanm oye uipsrai, aXXors S'sdOXo), etc. 
 
 Homer's Iliad, £1. 527. 
 Two casks of gifts, which he bestows, lie at the threshold of Jupiter, (the one) of evils 
 and the other of good. To whom thunder-rejoicing, Jove, mingling, may give them, some- 
 times he falls into evil, but sometimes into good ; but to whomsoever he gives of the evil, 
 he makes him exposed to injury; and hungrj' calamity pursues him over the bounteous 
 earth ; and he wanders about, honored neither by gods nor men. 
 
 " Two urns by Jove's high throne have ever stood. 
 The source of evil one, and one of good ; 
 From thence the cup of mortal man he fills. 
 Blessings to these, to those distribute ills, etc. — Pope. 
 Quoted in i Best on Evid. [g6] § T^Jtn. note i, 
 
 6g6 
 
Dog.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [DoL 
 
 Dogma, atis, ». =Gr.d6x/.ia,-{-doX£ir, to think. (/■/«»'. Dog'ma-ta.) A philosophic 
 opinion, tenet, doctrine, dogma. Cicero, Acad, ii, 43, 133 ; id. il>. 9, 27 ; id. Fin. ii, 32, 105. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An ordinance of the Senate. Nov. ii, c. i, § i. t/. Modest. 
 Dig. xxvii, i,fr. 6, § 4. 
 
 In late Latin: A principle of doctrine asserted or taught without sufficient evidence; 
 an undue assumption ; a peremptory opinion. 
 
 Doigne, Doyne. — L. Fr. I give ; given. Britt. c. 36. 
 
 Doit, Dovit. — L. Fr. He or it ought; he owes. Doient, Doyeni, — they ought. 
 
 Dol. — Fr. [4-Lat. (fo/«J.] Evil or malicious design ; deceit; fraud. 
 
 Doli Capax (doli capaces). Capable of mischief or criminal intention ; having knowledge 
 of right and wrong ; capable of distinguishing between good and evil ; of the age of discretion. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Capacity to commit a crime. The term was employed in defin- 
 ing the liability of infants to punishment for crimes. Maecianus, Dig. xxix, 5, 14; Gaius. 
 ib. L, 17, fr. Ill ; Ulpian. ib. xlvii, 2, fr. 23 ; I Bl. Com. 464 ; 4 id. 22, 23 ; Broom on C. L- 
 5qi, 889 ; Brootii &= Had. Com. iv, 17, 18. 
 
 Doli incapax. Incapable of mischief or criminal intention ; not of the age of discretion; 
 incapable of discerning between good and evil. 
 
 In the Civil and Common Law: Incapacity to commit a crime. Dig. supra; 
 4 Bl. Com. 23, and cases in Cooley's notes (i); Broom's Max. 310, 311 ; Broom on C. L. 889; 
 Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 18. 
 
 DOLI clausula, quae stipulationibus subjicitur, noii pertinet ad eas partes 
 siipulationis, de quibus nominatim cavetur. Papinian. Dig. xlv, i,/V'. 119. 
 The clause of [in respect to] ' dolus ' (fraud), which is subjoined to stipulations, 
 does not apply to those parts of the stipulation concerning which express pro- 
 visions are made. 
 
 In the Roman Law: In private contracts, the 'iJo/j (r/««j«/(j,' as it was called, usually 
 inserted in stipulations, did not relate to those points concerning which there was a specific 
 agreement. Special words do derogate from the effect of the general clause always, in loto 
 jure, in contracts, in wills, in rescripts, and in laws. In toto jure generi per speciem derogatur 
 el illud potissimum hahetur quod ad speciem directum est. Papinian. Dig. L, IT, fr. 80. 
 
 In the Common Law: Clausula generalis non eomplectitur ea que non ejusdem generis 
 sunt citm iis quae speciatim dicta fuerant. Lofft's R. App. Max. 419. Clausula generalis non 
 refertur ad expressa. 8 Co. 154- 
 
 * Doli non doli sunt, nisi astu colas. — Plautus, Capt. li, i, 26. 
 A stratagem is no stratagem, if you do not plan it with art. A fraud ceases to be a fraud 
 unless you plan it with dexterity. 
 Philocrates, an Elean captive in Aetolia, says in the comedy : 
 Secede hue nunc javi, si videtur, procul : 
 Ne arbitri dicta nostra arbitrari queant : 
 Neve perjndnet patam haec nostra /atlacia. 
 Nam doli non doli sunt, nisi astu cplas 
 Sed inalu7>i niaxumum . si i d palavt J>rovenit . 
 Nam si herus tnihi es tu, atque ego me tuum esse servunt assimuto, 
 Tamen viso opu'st, canto est opus, ut hoc sobrie, sineque arbitris. 
 Accurate hoc agatur, docte ei diligenter. 
 Tanta incepta res est: haud somniculose hoc 
 Agendum est. — Pl-AVTVS, Capt. ii, i, 23-32. 
 Stop here then, at a distance now, if you think fit, that no listeners may be enabled to overhear our discourse, 
 and that this plan of ours may not be divulged before them; for a stratagem is n stratagem, if you 
 don't plan it with art, but it is a very great misfortune if it becomes disclosed. For 
 if you are my master, and I represent myself as your servant, still there's need of foresight and need of caution, 
 that this may be carried out discreetly and without overlookers, with carefulness and with cautious prudence 
 and diligence. So great is the matter that has been commenced upon; this must not be earned out u\ any 
 drowsy fashion. 
 Plautus, in another comedy, expresses the idea -.i 
 
 * * Nullam rem oportet dolose aggrediri, nisi 
 Astute acctiratgue ejeseq uare . — Vlaijtvs, True, il, s, 9> '°- 
 DoliariUS, a, um, adj. [dolium, a very large jar.] Of a cack or casks, (b.) Sub St.. 
 Doliarium 'ii, »• The place where the wine-casks are placed ; corresponding to our 
 wine cellar. Gaius, Dig. xviii, i,fr. 35. § 7- 
 
 DOLO facil, qui petit, quod redditurus est. Paulus, Dig. xliv, 4, /' 8 I '"'■ '*■ 
 L, ■i.1,fr. iTZ, § 3- He commits a fraud, who demands that which he is 
 about to restore, /. e. to the identical person. Gothofred, de Div. Regul Juris 
 [88] ^97 
 
Dol.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dol. 
 
 clxxiii, § 3; PuFENDORF, de Jure N. et G. iii, 6, § 11. "It is fraudulent to 
 claim what you must restore." Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. Hi, p. 233. 
 
 To give ihis rule effect, the person, the thing and the time must be coincident. It does not 
 apply where the claimant would be compelled to gi ve it back to another. 
 
 Absurde dicitur dolo videri eum facere qui non ipsi quem convenit sed alii restiturus petit. 
 
 Paulus, Dig. xxiv, 3, fr. 44, § i. 
 
 In the Common Law the rule is: Frustra petis, quod mox se restiturus. 2 
 Kame's Equity, 104; 5 Man. Sf Gr. 575. Frustra petis, quod statim alteri reddere cogeris. 
 fenk. Cent. 256, case 49 ; i Story's Eq. J ur.^tb\\ Brootn's Max. yy^; Story on Partn.%221; 
 2. H. &= N. 319. 
 
 D0I5 malo. With evil design, malicious intent; in corrupt deceit, fraud, etc. 
 
 Adverbially: Fraudulently, deceitfully. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 119. 
 
 DOLO malo pactum fit, quoties drcufnscribendi alterius causd, aliud agitur, et 
 aliud agi simulatur. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, i^,fr. 7, § 9. An agreement is 
 accomplished by fraud, as often as for the sake of circumscribing [hindering, 
 restraining] another, one thing is acted or done and another thing may be pre- 
 tended or simulated to be acted or done. Cited in i Story's Eq. Jur. § 192. 
 DOLO malo pactum se non servaturum. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, § 9. An 
 agreement founded on a corrupt fraud will not be upheld. Broom's Max. 
 
 703- 
 The two preceding maxims {dolo malo) were clipped from the rule stated by Ulpianus : 
 
 DOLO malo ait Praetor pactum se non servaturum. Dolus malus fit 
 calidate et fallacia, et ut ait P edius , dolo malo pactum fit, quoties circum- 
 scribendi alterius causd, aliud agitur, et aliud agi simulatur. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14, 
 /''• 7> § 9- The Praetor says that he will not uphold an agreement founded in 
 corrupt fraud. A fraud \dolus malus\ is affected by cunning [artfulness, strata- 
 gem] and deceit [trick, intrigue] ; and so P e d i u s says, an agreement is accom- 
 plished by corrupt fraud as often as for the sake of circumscribing [hindering, 
 restraining or ensnaring] another, one thing is acted or done and another thing is 
 simulated or pretended to be acted or done. 
 
 The Praetor's edict reads: Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque 
 ADVERsus leges, plebiscita, senatusconsulta, edicta [decreta] principum, neque quo 
 fraus cui eorum fiat, facta erunt, servabo. Ulpian. Dig. ii, 14,/;-. 7, § 7. 
 
 Dolo proxima. Close on fraud ; next to fraud ; borders close on fraud ; e. g. Culpa lata. 
 Lindley's Intr. Ixxxiv. 
 
 Dolor artuum. The pain of the gout. Cicero, Brut. Ix, 217. Dolores articulorum 
 habere, — to have pains of the joints, i. c. gouty pains. Cicero, Att. i, ^ fin. 
 
 Dol6s6, "'fo. Craftily, deceitfully, fraudulently. Plaut. /"j. iv, 2, 4 ; Q,\c.deOff.\\\,\%. 
 
 DOLOSUS versatur in generalibus. He twists or turns in crafty, cunning, 
 deceitful generalities. 2 Co. 34 ; Wingate's Max. 165, citing 3 Co. iob. 
 Twine's case; 5 Co. ^jb, Specot's case. v. Goldsborough, 161; 2 Bulstrode, 226; 
 Lofft's R. 782 ; Rolle, 157 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 657. "A person intending to 
 deceive deals in general terms." Broom's Max. 285. 
 A parallel maxim is quoted thus : 
 
 DOLOSUS versatur in universalibus. He twists or turns in crafty, deceitful 
 universalities [things as a whole, indefinitely]. 2 Bulstrode, 226; i Rolle, 
 157 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 657. v. Dolus versatur in generalibus. 
 
 These maxims, drawn from the Civil Law paraphrastically, are cited and applied in 
 our courts, v. 6 CI &= Fin. 6g8, 699. 
 
 Dolum et CUlpam mandatum. Fraud and neglect in respect to a mandate. Story on 
 Bailm. §§■ 173. 332. 
 
Dol.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dol. 
 
 "TjOLUM et culpam, mandatum, cotnmodatum, venditu7n, pignori acceptum. 
 \J Ulpian. Dig. L, 17,/r. 23. Fraud and the fault of remissness (careless- 
 ness or neglect) pertains to a mandate or commission, a loan, a sale, a thing 
 received in pledge. Cited in Story on Bailni. § 332. 
 
 Read it in Ulpian's famous law; Contractus quidam dolum malum duntaxat recMunt 
 etc. Dig. L, 17, /r. 23. ^ 
 
 Dolum ineBSe in re. There is fraud in tiie very transaction. Erskine's Inst, iv, t. i, § 44. 
 
 DOLUM ex indiciis perspicuis probari convenit. Justinian. Cod. ii, 21, const. 
 6. Fraud should be proved by clear tokens, i Storfs Eq. Jur. § 190, 
 note 2 ; i Story on Contr. §§ 499, 625. 
 
 Our Jurists state the rule in this paraphrasis : 
 
 DOLUM non nisi perspicuis indiciis probari convenit. It should not be consid- 
 ered as a fraud unless it be proved by clear tokens, i Vern. 227 ; i Story s 
 Eq. Jur. § 194. 
 
 DOLUM malum a se abesse praestare venditor debet; qui non tantum in eo est, 
 qui fallendi causd obscurl loquitur; sedetiam, qui insidiosl, obscure. Floren- 
 TiNUS, Dig. xviii, i,/r. 43, § 2. The vendor ought to show corrupt fraud to be 
 away from himself [/. e. show himself to be free from it] ; which corrupt fraud 
 is not only in him who for the sake of cheating (beguiling or deceiving) talks 
 obscurely; but likewise, he who insidiously and obscurely dissembles, v. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xix, I, fr. i, § i; Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 3, § 2, n. 6 ; 
 I Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 192, 211. 
 
 Read: Ac de jure quidem praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, etc. Cicero, 
 de Officiis, iii, 16, § 65. 
 
 Dolum malum ad Circumveniendum. Corrupt fraud for the purpose of circum- 
 venting. V. I Story's Eq. Jur. 192 ; I Story on Contr. § 632. 
 
 DOLUM malum Servius quidem ita definit, machinationem quandam alterius 
 decipienda causd, quam aliud simulatur, et aliud agitur. Labeo autem, posse 
 et sine simulatione id agi, ut quis circumveniatur ; posse et sine dolo malo aliud agi, 
 aliud simulari ; sicuti faciunt, qui per ejusmodi dissimulationem deserviant, et tuentur 
 vel sua vel aliena. Itaque ipse sic definit, dolum malum esse omnetn callidatem, 
 fallaciam, tnac hinationem ad cir cumv eniendum, f allendam , 
 decapiendum alterum adhibit am . Labeonis definita vera est. Ulpian. 
 Dig. iv, 3, fr. I, §2. Servius defines dolum malum (corrupt fraud) thus : any 
 contrivance of one person for the sake of deceiving another, when one thing is 
 pretended and another done. But Labeo says that a person may be circum- 
 vented without simulation or pretense ; that one can, without corrupt fraud, do 
 one thing and feign another ; as they do who, by dissembling of that sort, benefit 
 and defend their interests or the interests of strangers. Accordingly he thus 
 defines corrupt fraud to be every species of craft, deceit, contriv- 
 ance used to circumvent, deceive, entrap another. The defi- 
 nition of Labeo is true. Cited in Story on Bailm. § 20b. cf. i Story's Eq. 186 ; 
 I Story on Contr. § 620, n. i. [F- J- M.] 
 
 Dolus I, »«. =Gx.S6Xoi. Orig.: A device, trick, artifice. A fraudulent address or 
 false pretense used to deceive some one. Hence, in the Jurists: With the attribu- 
 tive mains, a standing expression : guile, deception, any subtle contrivance by words or 
 acts with a design to circumvent, cheat, defraud. Dig. supra et infra; Justinian. Cod. ii, tit. 
 21, • de Dolo Malo: cf. Grotius, de Jure Bel. ac Pace, iii, c. i, §§ 7. 8. 
 
 699 
 
Dol] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dol. 
 
 Doll vocabulum nunc tantum in mails utimur, apud antiquos autem etiam in bonis rebus utebatur. 
 Unde adhuc dicimus sine dolo jnalo, nimirum qui solebat dici et bonus. Festvs, de Si£^n. Verb.p.sy 
 We now use ttie word dolus in a bad sense, but the ancients used it in a good one too . Wiien we still say 
 sine dolo jnalo (without corrupt fraud or without malicious intent) in that there was what was wont to be 
 called good. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Dolus est mentis calliditas, ab eo, quod deludat« Aliud enim agit, et aliud simulat. Petronius aliter exis- 
 timabat, dicens ; Quid est Judices dolus? Nimiruiti ubi aliguid /actuKt est^ guod dolet legi : kabetis 
 dolum accipite nunc maljtm. IsiDOROS, Orig. v, 26, § 7. Dolus is the craft or cunning of the mind used 
 by one that he may deceive. For he does one thing and pretends another. Petronius thought otherwise, 
 saying: What is dolus^ oh! judges? To-wit, when something has been done that grieves 
 or causes pain in law; there you have the dolus (the guile), now take the malus {i, e. 
 the corrupt fraud, the malicious intent). [F. J. M.] 
 
 Ctim ex eo quaereretur: Quid esset dolus malus, respondebat : Cum aliud esset simulatum , 
 aliud actum. Hoc quidem sane luculente ut ab homine perito deiiniendi. Ergo * * * * omnes 
 aliud agentes, aliud simulantes, perfidi, im|)robi, malitiosi. NuUam igitur eorum factum potest utile esse, cum 
 sit tot vitiis inquinatum, Cicero, de Oj^. lii, 14, 10, 11. 
 
 When it was inquired of him [Aquilliusj : " What is a criminal device?'' he answered ''When 
 one thing is pre tended , and another thing done." Very clearly, indeed, was this laid down, 
 as by a man skilled in definition. Therefore * * * * all those who do one thing, while feigning another, 
 are perfidious, base, knavish. No act of theirs, then, can be useful when it is stained with so many vices, 
 ■u. CiCEKO, Top. i^Jin. 
 
 (6.) Without malus in the same signification: Guile, deceit, deception; 
 fraud, trick, delusion. 
 
 '■ * * ''' Ita omnes meos dolos, fallacias , 
 Praestigias praesirinxit cotntnoditas patris.^^ 
 
 Quid ergo isti doli, quid machinae, quid fallacie praestigiaque? — Poeia ap Cicero, N. D. 
 i", 29, n- 
 
 * + * This easy goodnessandgenerosityofthefatherquitedefeatsallmy frauds, tricks and strat- 
 agem s . What therefore are these frauds, machinations, tricks and stratagems? 
 
 (c.) Design ; evil or criminal intention ; malice. Justinian. Inst, iv, 3, § 14, ' de Dolo et 
 Culpa.' Any subtle contrivance bj' words or acts, with a design to circumvent, overreach, 
 deceive, cheat another. Justinian. Cod. ii, tit. 21 ; 2 Kent's Com. 560. Any act or omission 
 which operates as a deception upon another party, or violates the just confidence reposed by 
 him, whether there be a deceitful intent {.malus animus") or a purpose of ensnaring, beguiling, 
 deceiving {animus circumveniendi^ fallendi, decipiendt) or not. Pothier^ Traite de Dep6t^ nn. 
 23, 27 ; 2 Kent's Com. 506, n. ; Story on Bailm, § 20a. 
 
 In the Civil Law: In strict sense the word do lu s is vox media, i. e. a word of mid- 
 dle or indifferent signification, and to be determined by its adjunct {bonus or malus), or other 
 circumstance. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 3,/)-. 7, §§ 3, 7 ; Taylot's Civil Law, li8 ; Grotius, de Jur. 
 Bel. ac Fac. \\h. in, c. !,%%■], ?i. When used in its more c o m p rehen si ve sense, the 
 word dolus imports a willful injurj', and was understood by the Civilians to include 
 ''every inten-tional misrepresentation of the truth made to induce 
 another to perform an act which he would not else have under- 
 taken." Mackeld. Civil Law, § 166; id. ed. 1883, §§ 179, 227, 388- Broom's Leg. Max. 
 703. Hence a marked distinction existed with the Civilians, between dolus bonus ^-cA 
 dolus malus. Of these, v. infra. As a rule, even sometimes where the question is one of 
 punishment (especially of infamy) dolus includes culpa lata. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 6, /r. 5, § 2 ; 
 Celsus, id. xvi, 3, fr. 32 ; Paulus, ib. L, 16, fr. 226 ; Ulpian. id. L, 17, fr. 23 et al. v. 
 Culpa lata, et seq. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The distinction between dolus malus and dolus bonus is: 
 Dolus bonus. A justifiable deceit ; a good trick or device, which is allowed in certain 
 cases; as in self-defense against an unlawful attack. Ulpian. Dig. iv, ^,fr. i, § 3, quoted 
 infra; Mackeld. Civil Law, 165, § 166. 
 
 The term dolus bonus is employed as " signifying that degree of artifice or dexterity which 
 a person may lawfully employ to advance his own interest, in self-defense against an unlawful 
 attack of an enemy, or for some other justifiable purpose ; e. g. if a man dissemble the truth in 
 order to prevent a lunatic from injuring himself or others, etc. Ulpian. Dig. ix, 3, //-. i, § 2; 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, % 166; id. ed. 1883, § 179; Broom's Max. 703; 2 Fafsons on Contr. 767 
 sq.; I Story on Contr. § 629. cf. Grotius, de Jur. Bell, ac Fac. iii, c. i, § g sqq. ; PuFENDORF, 
 de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c. I, § 13 sqq. 
 
 Dolus malus. A corrupt deceit, fraud ; evil design ; a bad or corrupt trick or device ; 
 the intentional endeavor to injure another by a criminal device, fraudulent delusion or other 
 unlawful means. 
 
 The term dolus malus or dolus simply includes every kind of craft, guile, or machination, 
 intentionally employed for the purpose of deception, cheating or circumvention. Cicero, 
 700 
 
Dol.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [DoL 
 
 «t Off. Ill 15, 61; in, 24 ; id. Flacc. xxx, 74 ; id. Alt. i, i, 3 ; Livy, i, 24 fl^/«.,- xxxviii. 11; 
 Ulpian Z)^^. IV, ut. 3, V^ Dolo Male;' id. xliv, tit. 4, ' rf^ ^-^Z^' .^a/; ^/ Metus 
 Exceptione; Papinian »<Z. L, 17, >. 79 ! Ulpian. i<Z. ii, 14, >. 7, § 9 I i Ar«./../rf. Ciz.. 
 Zat«^ l56 ; z</. ed. 1883, §4, 179, 227, 388 ; Broom's Max. 703 ; Story on Bailm. § 2oay 5/««'j- 
 ±.q.Jur.^^ 187, 397; Pothieron Oblig. part I, c. i, sect. I, art. 3. § 3 ; 2 /'cmK.r en Contr. 
 705 ; I Story on Contr. § 629 ; Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Labeo sic definit : 
 rVOLUM malum esse omnetn callidatem, fallaciam, machina- 
 \J tionetti ad ci r cumv eniendum , f allendum , decipiendum 
 alterum adhibitam. Labeonis definitio vera est. Ulpian. Dig. \w,^,fr. 
 ij § 2 fin. Labeus thus defines dolus vialus to be every kind of 
 craft, deceit and contrivance employed for circumventing, 
 beguiling, deceiving, (ensnaring or entrapping) another. The defi- 
 nition of Labeus is true. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 166 ; id. ed. 1883, § 179 ; 
 PuFENDORF, de Jur. Nat. et Gent, iii, c. 6, § 8 ; r Story's Eg. Jur. i, § i86. 
 
 Ulpianus expressed the distinction between dolus bonus and dolus malus ; 
 
 § 3. Non fuit autem contentus Praetor DOLUM dicere, sed adjecit malum ; quoniam veteres 
 dolum etiam bonum dicebant, et pro solertia hoc nomen accipiebant, maxima si adversus 
 hostem latronemre quis'machinetur. Ulpian. /i5. § 3. Read the definitions given by Fes- 
 Tus, IsiDORUS and Cicero, under dolus . 
 
 DOLUS auctoris non nocet successori The fraud of a predecessor does not 
 prejudice the successor. Wharton's Law Lex. 
 
 DOLUS circuitu non purgator. Fraud is not purged by circuity. Bacon's 
 Max. in Reg. i; Broom's Max. 226 ; i Best on Evid. § 227. 
 "Dolus here means any wrongful act tending to the damage of another." Judgm. 6 Ell. 
 &• B. 948. " There can be no dolus without a breach of the law." Per Willis, J. (citing the 
 above maxim), 8 H. L. Cas. 637; E. B. &' E. 104; et v. per Bramwell, '&.,id. 1045; per 
 Williams, J., id. 1054; 9 C. B. (N. S.) 505, 514. v. Dolus, supra. 
 
 Dolus dans locum contractui . Fraud giving the occasion, cause or reason for 
 having contracted. Broom's Max. 8oi ; Broom on C. L. 342-344, and cases cited ; I Story on 
 Contr. § 646, n. i ; Broom &' Had. Com. iii, 170. 
 
 DOLUS est machinatio, chm aliud dissimulat aliud agit. Fraud or deceit is a 
 machination, since it dissembles or disguises one thing and does another. 
 Lane, 47. This is derived from the Civil Law. 
 
 DOLUS est omnis c aliditas , f allacia , machinati ad decipi- 
 endum , fa 1 1 endum , cir cumv eniendum , alterum adhibit a . 
 {v. Labeo ap. Ulpian. Dig. iv, s,/r. i, § 2.) Culpa, factum inconsultum, quo 
 alter laeditur, vel quod, quum a diligente provideri potuerit, non sit provisum. 
 Casus est eventus a divind providentid profectus, cui resisti rwn potest. Heinec- 
 cius, Elem. Juris Civilis, lib. iii, tit. 14, § 748. Dolus is every artfulness, strata- 
 gem, machination, employed for the purpose of deceiving, beguiling, circum- 
 venting another, (v. Labeo ap. Ulpian. supra.) Culpa is an act or deed 
 without advice (an unintentional act) by which another is injured, or that 
 which, when with diligence it may have been avoided, it is not provided for 
 (guarded against). Casus is an event accomplished by Divine Providence 
 {actus Dei ) to which there can be no resistance. Quoted in Story on Bailm. § 20. 
 
 DOLUS emtoris qualitate facti, non quantitate pretii aestimatur. Quern si fuerit 
 intercessisse probatum, non adversus eum, in quern emtor dominium transtulit, 
 rei vindicatio venditori, sed contra ilium, ciim quo contraxerat, in integrum restitu- 
 tio competit. Justinian. Cod. iv, 44, 10 The fraud of a purchaser is estimated 
 
 701 
 
DoLJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 (and thus determined) by the quality of the act, not by the sum or amount of 
 the price. If one shall have been proven to have interfered or interposed a vin- 
 dication \i. e. a claim or civil action] of the thing for the vendor not against him 
 to whom the purchaser has transferred the ownership, but against him with 
 whom he had contracted, a restitution to his former condition is competent. 
 
 DOLUS et fraus remini patrocinentur {patrocinari) debent. Deceit and 
 fraud shall excuse or benefit no man. Yearb. 14 Hen. VIII. 8 ; 3 Co. 
 78 ; I Best on Evid. § 227 ; 2 id. § 599 ; i Story's Eq. Jurisp. § 395. 
 Jus et fraus nunquam cohabitant. 10 Co- 460. Qui fraudem fit frustra agit. 2 Rol. !•]. 
 
 DOLUS et fraus una in parte sanari debent. Deceit and fraud should always 
 be remedied. Hoy's Max. No. 32, p. 45. 
 Dolus in re. Fraud in the verj' thing. Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. I, § 27. 
 
 DOLUS malus est, dim aliud agitur, aliud simulatur. Si qui dolum et 
 me turn adhibuit, ut res ad alium transiret, uterque de vi et dolo actione 
 tenebitur. Paulus, Sent. Recept. i, tit. 8, ' de Dolo Malo.' Corrupt fraud 
 is when one thing is done, another is simulated or pretended. If one who has 
 employed fraud or a cause of fear, in such a manner that a thing shall 
 pass to another, he shall be held in an action both of force and fraud. 
 
 DOLUS semper et in omni contractu praestandus, nee conveniri potest in 
 antecessum ut ne dolus praestetur. Hein'ecciv s, Elem. J^ur. 
 Inst. lib. iii, tit. 14, § 785. Fraud may always and in every contract be shown, 
 and there can be no agreement in advance that fraud shall 
 not be shown. Quoted in Story on Bailment, § 32. 
 
 The Civilians expressed this doctrine: Illud muUA factione effici potest, ne doltis 
 praestetur: quamvis si quis pacificatur, ne depositi agat, vi ipsa id pactus videatur, 
 ne de dolo agat : qnod pactum proderit. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 27, § 3. Cited in Story on 
 Bailm. % l?>2a; Story on Agency, § 188. 
 
 Read in this connection; Pacta, quae iurpem causam continent, non sunt observanda ; 
 veluti, etc. Paulus, supra, § 4. 
 
 DOLUS versatur in generalibus. Fraud is carried on (transacted) in loose 
 generalities. 2 Co. 34a y 3 id. %\a. 
 
 This is otherwise expressed : Dolosus versatur in generalibus . 
 
 Dom PrOC, An abbreviation of Domus Procerum, or Domo Procerum. The House of 
 Lords in England. Sometimes bj' the letters D. P. Sugden's Law of Prop, passim. 
 
 Domaniuill or Demanium. — L. Lat. \^ domus. or dominus.'\ Ownership of land 
 {fundi proprietas). (a.) Immediate or absolute ownership ; paramount or ultimate owner- 
 ship ; domain. 2 Kent's Com. 339. (6.) An estate or patrimony of an individual , quod quis 
 propria suo jure possidet, — that which one possesses in his own right. Spelman. v. Dominium 
 eminens. Eminent domain and Public domain treated of in i Kent's Com. 166, 
 259 ; 2 id. 339, note ; 3 Pars, on Contr. 535 sq. v. Dominium. 
 
 Dombeck or DombOC- — Sax. [-|- dom, judgment, and bee, hoc, a book,] Dome-book or 
 Liber fudicialis. 
 
 It is a lost work ; supposed to have contained the principal maxims of the Common 
 Law, the penalties for misdemeanors, and the forms of judicial proceedings, v. i Bl. Com. 
 64, 65 ; 4 id. 411 ; Crabb's Hist. 7. 
 
 Domesday or Doomsday, [+ Sax. dom, sentence, judgment, hence dome or doom.] 
 The title of a book that was written (as was claimed) in the time of St. Edward the Con- 
 fessor, and before the title of Ancient demesne. Old Nat. Brev. fol. 16 D ; 3 Co- pref. vii. 
 This book contained not only all the lands throughout England, but also all the names of 
 those whose lands the}' were at that time when the book was made. 
 702 
 
Dom.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 Lombard, however, asserts, and seems to prove, that this book was made in the time of 
 William the Conqueror, A. D. 1086-1087, with whom Camden, in his Britan. p. 94, 
 agrees, v. 2 Bl. Com. 49, and Cooley's note (5); Crabb's Hist. 52, 53; Spelman ; Cowell ; 
 DuCange. 
 
 Mr. Hallam says: "Ingulfus gives the plain meaning of the word Domesday (or Doomsday), 
 which has been disputed. The book was so called, he says, fro sud gencralitate omnia tenementa totetus 
 terrae integrk contincnte, Domesday co^Mom/wrt^wr (= for its generality, in that it contained all the tene- 
 ments throughout the land completely, it is surnamed Doomsday, z. ^. it was as general and conclusive as 
 the last judgmen t will be." Nai/am's Mid. Ages, ch. g,pt. 2. 
 
 Ingulfus, who flourished the same time, touching the contents thereof, hath these words : Tota-nt Terram 
 descripsit : nee erat Hida in tota A nglia , quin Valorem ejus et Possessorem scivii, nee Lacus nee locus 
 aliquis quin in Regis Rotule ejctitit deseriptns, ae ejus Redditus et Prove7itus, ipsa possessio et ejus Possessor 
 Regiae notitiae nianifestatus, juxta Taxator^ fidetn, qui electi de qualibet Patria ierritorium proprium 
 describebant. Iste Rotulus vocaV est Rotulus Wintoniae; et ab A nglis , pro sud generali- 
 t at e . q u o d o m n i a 7 e n e m e n t a t ot iu s Terra continuit, Dootnsday cognominatur , i.e. 
 
 It describes the whole lands j neither was there one Hide in all England whose value and possessor was 
 unknown, nor any lake or place not described in the King's Roll, and the rent, profits, possession itself, and 
 possessor not made known to the kmg, according to the fidelity of the Taxers, who described the same 
 country wherein they were elected. That Roll is called Rotulus Wintoniae ; and by the English, for its 
 generality, in that it contains all the Tenements through the Land, it is surnamed 
 Doomsday. Ingulfus, Hist. Croyl., cited in Spelman ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 This book was anciently known in Latin by various names: Liber J udicatorius vel J udieia- 
 rius, quia in eo Regni descriptio diligens eontinetur, et tarn de tempore Regis Edwardi, quam de tempore 
 Regis Gulielmi, sub quo /actus est, singulorum ftcndorum valentia exprimitur . = Anglice : 
 
 The Judgment Book, because in it is contained a diligent description of the Kingdom, and it expresses 
 the value of all the grounds thereof, as well in the time of King Edward as in the time of King William, 
 under whom it was compiled. 
 
 Also called Angliae Notitiae et lustratio (the survey of England) ; Censualis Angliae (the tax book of 
 England) ; Rotulus Regis (the King's roll) ; Rotulus or Liber Wintoniae (the roll or book of Winchester). 
 
 Domesmen. = Lat., Homines judiciarii, v. h. t. 
 
 Domestic^, adv. At home, privately. Domesticfe et Secrete,— at home and by one's 
 self; privately and in secret or secretly. 
 
 DomesticilS a. un>, adj. [domas.'] Of or belonging to the house. Transf.; Of or 
 belonging to one's family ; domestic, familiar, household (freq. and class.). 
 
 Domestic! Orum, m. The members of a family; inmates of a household (class.). 
 (6.) Family domestics, household slaves. Suetonius, Ol/i. lo. (c.) The escort, retinue of 
 a person. Theod. Cod. i, 12, 3 ; Justinian. Cod. 12, tit. 7. 
 
 Domicilium ii, «• [+ domus, a house.] A habitation, dwelling, abode (freq. and quite 
 class.). Transf.: The place where a person has his home. Dig.l., tit. i; Justinian. 
 Cod. X, tit. 39. That place which a person has made his permanent residence. Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, ed. 1883, § 149. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A man may, generally speaking, choose hi s dom i cil e. 
 
 Nihil est impedimento, quominus quis, ubi velit, habeat domicilium, quod ei inter- 
 dictum non sit. Marcellus, Zi;;?. L, i./n 31- Ubi d omi cil i um habeat ex destinatione 
 animi esse accipiendum. Ulpianus, ib.fr. 27, § 2. Sola domus possessio, quae in aliena 
 civitate comparatur, domicilium non facit. Papinianus, ib. fr. 17, § 13. Et m eodem 
 loco singulos habere domicilium non ambigitur, ubi quis larem rerumque ac fortunam 
 suarum constituit. Justinian. Cod. x, 39, const. 7. , . j ,. , . 
 
 (6 ) A man may have two domiciles: Viris prudentibus placuit, duobus locis posse 
 aliqu'em habere domicilium, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. L, i, fr. b, ^ 2\ fr. 27, § 2. (c.) A 
 man may be w i t h o u t a d o m i c i 1 e : Si quis d o m i c i 1 i o relicto naviget, vel iter facial, 
 quaerens, quo se conferat, atque ubi constituat ; nam hunc puto sive domicilio esse. Ulpian. 
 Die L I fr. 27 § 2. This latter, however, is not according to our law. 5 Vesey, 587 ; 10 
 Pick. 77 ;■ Robinson, 191 ; V. S. Dig. -V) ova\c\\s.' v. Incola, sq. 
 
 DOMICILIUM autem habere potest et relegatus eo loci, untie arcetur, iit 
 Marcellus scribit. Ulpianus, Dig. L, i, fr. 27, § 3- One can have a 
 domicile and be returned to that place, from where he is prohibited, restrained 
 or kept off, as Marcellus announced in writing. 
 Arcere prohibere est. Festus. de Sign. Verbo. 
 
 The cfvilians seemed to attach about equal i™Po;'ance '° the place of business and 
 of residence as fixing the place of domicile, cf. Papinianus, Dig. L, i, fr. 17, fe 13 , 
 
 703 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 Ulpianus, ib. fr. 27, § 2; Justinian. Cod. x, 39, 7 ; Pothier, Introd. Gen. Cont. d'' Orleans, 
 c. I, art. 1, § 8 ; Story on Confl. of Laws, g 42. 
 
 DOMICILIUM facit potissimum sedes fortunarum suarum, quas quis in aliquo 
 loco habet. Pothier, ad Pand. lib. L, tit. i. Introd. art 2, n. 18. The 
 seat of the fortune which any person holds in any place, constitutes his chief 
 domicile. Cited in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 42. 
 
 Proprie dictum domicilium est, quod quis sibi constituet aninio inde non decedendi, si non aliud 
 avocet. VoET. ad Pand. lib. v, tit. I, n. 94 ; Story on Confi. of Laws, § 42 fin. 
 
 DOMICILIUM re et facto transfertur, non nudd contestatione. Paulus, Dig. 
 L, 'i,fr. 20. Change of domicile is proved by facts and actions, not by a 
 simple declaration. Story on Confl. of Laws, § 45 ; Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 
 Jur. xxix, p. 162 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 578. Read: Et in eodem loco singulos 
 habere domicilium, etc. Justin. Cod. x, 39, 7. Read : Si quis instructus sit, etc. 
 
 In the Common Law: A residence at a particular place, accompanied with posi- 
 tive or presumptive proof of an intention to remain there for an unlimited time. Phillimore 
 on Domicile, ch. 11. 
 
 That place where a man has a fixed and permanent home and principal establishment, 
 and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of returning. 2 Bos. 6= Pull. 228; 
 3 Hagg. Eccl 374 ; 2 Kent's Com. 532, and notes ; 10 Mass. 188 ; 5 Mete. (Mass.) 187 ; 4 Barb. 
 (N. Y.) 505 ; I Bosw. (N. Y.) 673 ; 13 Me. 255 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 578, and notes. 
 
 Domicile is that place in which a man has voluntarily fixed the habitation of himself 
 and family, not for a mere special or temporary purpose, but with the present intention of 
 making it a permanent home, until some unexpected event shall occur to induce him to 
 adopt some other permanent home. Per V. C. K. Lord vs. Colvin, 7 W. P. 250. 
 
 Domicile is of three sorts: domicile by birth, domicile by choice, and domicile by opera- 
 tion of law. The first is the common case of the place of birth (domicilium originis vet 
 nativitatif). v. infra. The second is that which is voluntarily (domicilium voluntarius) 
 acquired by a ^2cc\.y propria marte. The last is consequential ; e. g. that of the wife arising 
 from marriage (domicilium matrimonii). Stores Confl. of Laws, c. 3, § 41. cf. 2 Kent's Com. 
 430, note ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 578 sq.; 8 Cranck, l^'i; i Binney's R. 349, note; 5 N. Y. R. 
 (i Seld.) 422, 423. 
 
 Read: Si in comitatu plura habeat d o m i c i I i a , etc. Bracton, io\. 'i32^- 
 
 Domicilium matrimonii (vel mariti). A domicile arising from marriage (or from one's 
 husband) ; c g. wives at the abode of their husbands, cf. Paulus, Dig. L, i, fr. 22, § i ; 
 POMPONIUS, Dig. xxiii, 2, fr. 5 ; Mackeld. Civ. Law, § 136, sub. 2 ; ib. ed. 1883, § r49. 
 
 Domicilium necessarium. A necessary or compulsory domicile. 
 
 In the Civil Law: These have compulsory domicile, viz. : exiles, at their place of banishment. 
 Paulus, Dig. L, ^,fr. 22, § 3 : Ulpianus, ib fr. 27, § 3. Soldiers, at the place where they lie in- pfarrison. 
 Hekmogen. ib./r.i-^, § i. Public officers, at the place where their duties must be performed; wives, 
 at the abode of their husbands {domiciiijtm matrimonii). Paulus, ib./r. 22, § i ; Papirius Justus, ib./r. 
 38,53. cf. PoMPONius, Zi!>-. xxiii, 2,y>-. 5 ; Ulpianus, Z);>-. v, 1, /?-. 65. And children, while under pater- 
 nal authority, at the abode of their father, unless they have established a domicile of their own with their 
 father's consent. Ulpianus, Dig. L, i.,/rr. 3, 4 ; Mackeld. Civil Law, % 136, sub. ^. 
 
 Domicilium orig^inis, vel nativitatis. The home of a family or nativity ; the home of 
 the parents; the domicile of origin or nativity. Paulus, Z);^. L, \, fr. 22; Phillemore on 
 Domicile, 25, loi ; Marshall, C. J., i Brock. R. 389, 393. v. 5 Metcalf's R. 587 ; 14 How- 
 ard's R. 423; Story on Confl. of Laws, c. m. fin. 
 
 Domicilium VOluntarium. A voluntary domicile ; a domicile of one's own free will. 
 
 In the Civil Law: In order to establish a voluntary domicile two things are requisite: (a.) That 
 a person should actually take up his abode in a certain place ; and (b.) That he should design to remain there 
 constantly, unless particular reasons determine him to leave it. One of these, without the other, is not suffi- 
 cient. Papinianus, Dig. L, \,fr. 17, § 13. 1,. Ulpianus, ib./r. 27, g i;' Justinian. Cod. x, 39, 7. And both 
 are also required to effect a change ofdomicile. Paulus, ib. fr. 20, Domiciliutti re et facto transfertur, 
 etc. ; I Mackeld. Civil Law, § 136, sub. i; id. ib. ed. 1883, § 149. 
 
 Domina, ae, /. \do7ninus!\ Mistress of a family, the mistress as regards the domestics. 
 
 = Mater familias. 
 
 In general: A mistress, lady (freq. and class.). In particular: The appellation 
 of a lady belonging to the imperial family. Suet. Dom. 13 ; Claud. 39. 
 
 In English Law: Lady; a lady. Bracton.io\. iitb. A lady of a manor. An hon- 
 orable woman, who anciently in her own right of inheritance, held a barony. 
 704 
 
I>om.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 DominatiO, Onis,/. [i/ominor.] Rule, dominion ; the act of dominating. 
 
 With an odious se co n dary m ean i n g : Unrestricted power, absolute dominion 
 Domination, lordship, tyranny, despotism (freq. and class.). 
 
 Dominator, oris, /. [dominor.] Ruler, lord. J^erum Deus. Cicero, N. D. ii, 2. 
 
 Dominatrix, Icis,/. A female ruler, mistress. Cicero, Jnv. i, 2. 
 
 Domini, 5rum, ;«. \^plur.-\-dominus.'\ Proprietors, lords or sovereigns. Erskine's hist. 
 ", 3, § 10. 
 
 Dominia. Plur. -\- dominium, v. h. t. 
 
 Dominica Curtis. — L. Lat. The Lord's court. Spelman. 
 
 Dominica dies. In Eccles. Latin: The Lord's day ; Sunday. Tert. Coron. 3. 
 
 Dominica Falmarum. Palm Sunday, ;. t. the Sunday next before Easter. 
 
 In Ecclesiastical Latin: Called Palm Sunday in commemoration of our 
 Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude strewed palm branches in the 
 way. Dominica in ramis palmarum, — the Lord in branches of palms. 
 
 In English Law. Palm Sunday. Town's PI. 12,1; Cowell; Blount. 
 
 Dominica potestas. The master's power. 
 
 In the Civil Law: In potestate Hague sunt servi dontinorum. Quae quideTn potestas jjiris gentimn 
 est : nam aput omnes peraegue gentes a?iimadvertere possunius dominis in servos vitae necisgue potestatem 
 esse ; et quidcumque per servium adquiretur id doinino adquiretur. Gaius, Inst, i, § 52. = Anglicd : 
 
 Slaves then are in the power {potestas) of their masters, vfiixcix potestas is derived from th& jus gentium; for 
 among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves ; and 
 that whatever is acquired by the slave is acquired for the master, v. Justinian. Inst, i, 8, § i ; Savigny on 
 Possess, (by Perry) p. 53, note. 
 
 Dominicide. [-\-dominus, master, and caedo, to kill.] The crime of killing one's lord 
 or master. 
 
 Dominicum. — L. Lat. \-\-dominus,^| Domain, demesne. Ownership of land. 
 
 In old English Law: Lit., That of which one is lord or master; a lord's own 
 land or estate {patrimo7iium domini). (a.) That portion of a lord's lands retained in his own 
 possession or control {in dominico suo) as distinguished from that which was granted out to 
 tenants in sirvitio. Bracton, fol. 263. (6.) That portion of a lord's lands which was reserved 
 for his own special use, as for the supply of his table and the maintenance of his family. 
 Bracton, fol. 263 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 5, § 18. (c.) The estate which a liber tenens had in the 
 land, fee or tenement held by him of a superior lord. The lord had nothing in the fee but 
 the service ; hence it was the lord's fee in service, and the tenant's fee in demesne, {v. Dom- 
 inus nihil habet in feodo, etc.) The tenant was domus in the sense of master; he had the 
 exclusive control of the fee and could alien it to another (except the tenant were expressly 
 restrained by the terms of the original conveyance). Bracton, fols. 45(5, 46. v. 2 Bl. Com. 105. 
 Hence dominicum came to signify ((?.) That in which one had a free tenement (liberum iene- 
 mentum) or freehold, even though another was in actual possession of the land as lessee for 
 a term of years, as guardian or the like. Bracton, fols. i^lb, 209, 263; Fleta, lib. ii, c. 50. 
 V. 2 Bl. Com. 105. 
 
 Dominicum antiquum.— L. Lat. Ancient demesne. Bracton, loX.'it^b. 
 
 Dominicum bannum,— L- Lat. The lord's ban ; the sovereign's edict. Spelman. 
 
 DominiCUS, a, um, adj. [dominus.] Of or belonging to a lord or master. Habitationes. 
 Col. g, praef. § I. Palatum. Sen. £/. xlvii. T ran sf .,(«.) S i n ce the fo rmat ion 
 of the empire: Imperial. Pes. Justinian. Cod. vii, 38. Coloni. Id. ib. iii, 26, 7. 
 (6.) In Ecclesiastical Latin: Dominica dies,— the Lord's day ; Sunday. 
 
 In old European Law: Of or belonging to the king or lord. Spelman. 
 
 DominiO Ut de feodO. in ownership as of fee. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses. 
 
 Littleton tells us that there are but two seisins, one in dominio ut de feodo, the other 
 dominio ut de feodo etjure, — in ownership as of fee and in law. 
 
 Dominium, ii, »• {dominus.'\ (a.) In the Latin of the Jurists, /.^.. Property, 
 right of ownership. Gaius, Inst, i, § 54 ; ". § 4° ; Ulpian. Rides, xix, § 2 ; Justinian. Cod 
 ii, 3, 20 et saep.; id. Inst, ii, I, § 12 ; Dig. xli, tit. i, ' de Acquirendo Rev. Dom.' Perfect and 
 complete property or ownership in a thing, as distinguished from the possession or usufruct. 
 Differentia inter dominium et possessionem haec est, quod dominium nihilominus ejus manet, qui 
 dominus esse non vult, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 17, § I- (&•) Comr. = Lordship. 
 = Lord Master. Incertissima dominia impotentissimaque. Seneca, Dial, vii, 4, § 4 /»• 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 Dominium, or ownership, is the sum of all rights over a thing ; the most complete, absolute 
 right which can be had in things nostra patrimonio. This gives ihe plenam in re fotestatem, — 
 full, absolute power in or over a thing, and makes it our own. '&y ^\i\X\T[% effectus pro causA, — 
 the effect for the cause, dominium Sini proprietas become synonymous, of. Mackeld. Civ. Law, 
 §§ 259, 260; id. ib. ed. 1883, §§ 237, 265, 301. 
 
 Plenum in re dominium includes by rational or logical construction these elements., (a.) Jus 
 utendi tantum, — the full right to occupy a thing, and to extract from all its uses and services 
 {usus). (6.) Jus fruendi tantum, — the right to take, use and enjoy all its fruits (fructus). 
 (C.) Jus abutendi, — the right to dispose of it, either by alienating or destroying it (aiusus). 
 (d.) Jus vindicationis, — the right to claim it back from whomsoever detains it. Pufendorf, 
 de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, c. 4, § 2 ; i Bl. Com. 105, 106. These several rights, however, are 
 subject to the qualification that they shall be used within the limits allowed by law. 
 
 Hence the definition : 
 
 DOMINIUM est jus utendi, fruendi, et abutendi, quatenus juris ratio f alitor. 
 Dominion is the right of making use of a thing, reaping the fruits and 
 profits of it, of consuming it (if it be capable of consumption), and of destroy- 
 ing it (if it be capable of destruction), to what extent it shall be permitted by 
 reason of right. Civil Law Max. 
 
 The modes of acquisition are : Occupatio, specijicatio, accessio, adjudicatio, or traditio. cf. 
 those terms, and the authorities there cited, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, %% 264-272, and the 
 authorities there cited, v. Plenum in re dominium, — plena in re potestas. 
 
 In old English Law: Ownership ; property in the most extended sense, ;. e. right 
 of propert)', and the right of possession or use. Bracton, tit. 2. (6.) The right of property 
 which the lord had in the fee of his tenant. Bracton, fol. 27. v. Nihil habuit in dominico 
 nisi nudum dominium, etc. (c.) The estate of a feofee to uses. "The feofees to use 
 shall have the dominium, and the cestui que use the disposition." Dodridge, 1., Latch, 137. 
 {d.) A lordship. Town's PL 20. (e.) Sovereignty or dominion. 
 
 DOMINIUM h possessione caepisse dicitur. Right of ownership is said to have 
 taken its beginning from possession. Halkerston' s Max. 
 
 Dominium absolutum et directum. The absolute and direct ownership, or property. 
 v. 2 Bl. Com. 105. 
 
 Dominium directum. The direct domain or estate ; the direct or strict ownership. 
 
 In the Civil Law: That which was founded on strict law, as distinguished from 
 equity, i Mackeld. Civ. Law, §§ 258, 259, Kaufman's note. v. ed. 1883, note 3, § 327. 
 (6.) Property without use ; the right of a landlord. Taylor's Civ. Law, 478. 
 
 In Feudal Law: Right or proper ownership ; the right of a superior or lord, as dis- 
 tinguished from that of his vassal or tenant. Taylor's Civ. Law, 478 ; Co. Litt. lib. iii, But- 
 ler's note, 77 ; 3 Kent's Com. 495. v. 4 id. 441, note i. 
 
 In English Law: The title, property, estate of the king in all the lands of the king- 
 dom, they being held either mediately, or immediately of him as lord paramount, Co. 
 Litt, \b ; 2 Bl. Com. I05. v. Broom d^ Had. Com. ii, 138 {a), v. Praedium domini regis est 
 directum dominium , etc. (6.) Allodial property; that which is held of no superior. 
 2 Bl. Com. 105. 
 
 Dominium directum et absolutum. The direct and absolute dominion. Applied 
 to property in its highest degree, whereof one is seised absolutely in dominico suo. 2 Bl. 
 Com. 105. 
 
 Dominium directum et utile. The direct ownership and use ; the absolute dominion 
 and use, i. e. the union of the title and the exclusive use. Story, J., 7 Cranch's R. 603. 
 
 Dominium emineUS, Eminent domain, i. c. the eminent, original, universal and ulti- 
 mate property claimed by the people of a State, in and to all lands within the jurisdiction of 
 the State. 3 Kent's Com. 513 ; 4 id. 3. cf. 3 Parsons on Contr. 537 sq. 
 
 The inherent, sovereign power of a State which gives the legislature the control of private 
 property for public use. 2 Kent's Com. 339, and notes. The ultimate right of the sovereign 
 power to appropriate not only the public property, but also the private property of all the 
 citizens within the territorial sovereignty, to public purposes, upon giving him a full indem- 
 nification and equivalent for the injury thereby sustained, i Bl. Coin. 139, and Coole3''s 
 note (17) ; 2 id. 35, Cooley's note (19); Story, J., 11 Peters' R. 420, 641, Websier, arguendo, 
 s. c; 6 Howards R. 531'; 5 N. Y. R. (i Seld.) 434 ; 25 Vermont R. 465; 4 Ohio St. Rep. 
 308 ; 14 Ohio R. 147, 173 ; Story's Com. on the Constit.; 3 Parsons on Contr. 537 sq. 
 
 The maxim is : Princeps et respublica ex justd causd possunt rem meum auferre. 12 Co. 13. 
 706 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 As to the right of the public in cases of emergency to seize upon the propert)' of indi- 
 viduals and convert it to public use, and the right of individuals in similar cases to commit 
 trespass on the persons and property of others, v. McKean, J., i Dallas, 2,(12 ; 2 id. 304. 
 V. Taylor's Civ. Za™, 463 ; Cooper's Just. Inst, notes, *456, 457. 
 
 DOMINIUM non potest esse in pendenti. The right of property cannot be in 
 abeyance. Lordship cannot be in suspense. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. i, § 4 ; 
 Halkerston's Max. 39 ; Broom s Max. 
 
 Dominium plenum. Full ownership. = PropHetas plena. 
 
 It comprehends the union of the dominium directum with the dominium utile. Taylor's 
 Civ. Law, 478 ; 1 Mackeld. Civ. Law, 269, § 260. 
 
 Dominium utile. The useful, beneficial, profitable ownership. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Equitable or praetorian ownership; an ownership founded on 
 equity. I Mackeld. Civ. Law, 267, 268, Kaufman's note. (6.) Use without property; e. g. 
 the right of a tenant. Taylor's Civ. Law, 478. 
 
 In Feudal Law: Useful or beneficial ownership; i e. the usufruct, or right to the 
 use and profit of the soil {dominium utile fundi) as distinguished from the dominium directum ; 
 the possessory right to the soil, or the right of a vassal or tenant to its use and profits, 
 expressed by the term seisin. Co. Litt. Butler's note, 77, lib. iii ; 2 Bl. Com. 105 ; 3 Kent's 
 Com. 495 ; 4 id. 441, note i ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 209. 
 
 DominUS, i< »<■ \domus?^ Orig.: The owner of a house, and all belonging to it ; the 
 head of a household. Hence, Master of the house; a master, possessor, proprietor, 
 owner (freq. and class.). Hence, In general: A master, lord, ruler, commander, chief 
 (freq. and class.). In particular: (a.) With or without convivii or eptdi. The 
 master of a feast, the entertainer, host. CiCERO, Vatin. 13 ; LiVY, xxiii, 8 ; Varius in 
 Gellius, xiii, 11, 5 et al. (6.) In the period of the Empire: A title of the 
 emperors. Suetonius, jCoot. ySm ei al. {c.) A term of endearment. Ovid, Am. iii, 7, 11. 
 (d.) In addressing a person, like our Sir. Seneca, Ep. 3; Martian, vi, 88; 
 Suetonius, Claud, xxi. 
 
 In the Civil Law; Lord, master, owner, proprietor; one who has the control or 
 property of a thing. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 12 ; id. ii, i, § 29; id. % 25. (6.) The owner 
 or proprietor of a thing. Read. : Domini appellatione continetur, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xxix, 5, fr. I, § I. (c) A master or principal ; one under whose direction another acts. 
 He who appoints an agent, a procurator, a praetor or attorney is called his dominus. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iii, 28, § I ; iv, 11. § 3 : Ulpianus, Dig. iii, 3, frr i, 39; Bracton, fol. 42^, 2121:1, 
 262, 342i5./ Stat. West. II. c. 10 ; Story on Agency, § 3. 
 
 In Admiralty practice: A client. Dominus meus est promptus et paratus, — 
 my client is ready and prepared. Clerke's Prax Cur. Adm. tit. 9. 
 
 In Feudal and Ecclesiastical Law: A lord ; a feudal superior. Feud.\\'o.\, 
 titt. 4, 5 et pass. Lord or Sir, — a title of distinction. Spelman. It usually denoted a 
 knight, a clergyman, a gentleman, or a lord of the manor. 
 
 DOMINI appellatione continetur, qiti habet proprietatem, etsi iisufructus alienus 
 sit. Ulpianus, Dig. xxix, s,/r. i, § i. In the appellation of owner (or 
 proprietor) of a thing is contained one who has the property, although the usu- 
 fruct may be in another, cf. i Mackeldey, Civ. Law, § 259 ; ib. ed. 1883, § 265. 
 Dominus aedificu. The owner of the building. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, 29. 
 
 DOMINUS aliquandi non potest alienare. A lord sometimes cannot alienate. 
 Wharton's Law Lex. 
 Dominus capitalis. A chief lord, i. e. the king. 
 
 DOMINUS verb capitalis {feodi) loco haeredes habetur, quoties per defectum vel 
 delictum, extinguitur sanguis sui tenentis. The chief lord of the fee really 
 stands in the place of the heir, when the blood of the tenant becomes extinct 
 by defect (death) or offense. Fleta, lib. vi, c. i, § 18; Co. Litt. 18 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 246 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 396- ?'• Escheat. 
 Dominus fundi The owner of land or ground. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, g 12. 
 •SSSSs SJuS, Liege lord or sovereign, r Bl Com. 367 ; Broom ^ Had. Co,n.^. ,,.. 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 Dominus litis. Master or controller of a suit ; the manager of litigation. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The client or party as distinguished from the proctor or attornej'. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, ii, § 3 ; Ulpianus, iPaj-. iii, 3, fr. j,! fr. v. Story on Agency, § 24, note i ; 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, 268, 269, § 259, note. (6,) One who has the entire control or manage- 
 ment of a suit. Curtis, J., i Curtis' R. 343. Also a procurator or an advocate, who, after 
 the death of his client, prosecuted a suit to sentence for the executor's use. Civil Law ; 
 Termes de la Ley ; Wharton's Law Lex. 
 
 In Admiralty practice: The person appearing and defending a suit in behalf of 
 and in the absence of the real party to the suit. 1 Curtis' X. 201, 203. v. Litis do7ninium. 
 
 Dominus Magnus AdmiralluS Angliae. The Lord high Admiral of England. I 
 Hale's Hist. Com. Law, 36, note. 
 
 Dominus materiae. Owner of the materials. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, ^5 25. 
 
 Dominus medius, A mesne or intermediate lord. 
 
 Dominus mens est promptus et paratUS. My client is ready and prepared. Clerke's 
 Prax. Cur. Adm. tit. 9. 
 
 Dominus navis. The owner of a vessel. Paulus, Diff. xxxix, 4, /;-. 11, § 2. 
 
 Dominus negotiorum. The master, controller of the business, cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 ed. 1883, § 492. The manager of another's affairs. Inst, iii, 27, § i. 
 
 DOMINUS nihil habes in feodo nisi servitium ; et sic erit feodum tenentis in 
 dominico, et feodum domini in servitio. The lord has nothing in the fee 
 except the service ; and thus it shall be the tenant's fee in demesne, and the fee 
 of the lord in service. Bracton, fol. 461^. 
 
 DOMINUS nan m'aritabii pupillum nisi semel. A lord cannot give a ward in 
 marriage but once. Co. Litt. 9. 
 
 Dominus pro tempore. The owner for the time : the temporary owner. Broom's Max. 
 820 ; Broom on C. L. 697, and cases. 
 
 Dominus providebat. The Lord will provide. 
 
 Dominus rerum non apparet. The owner of the goods does not appear. 
 
 Dominus rex. The lord the king. The sovereign lord. 
 
 Dominus soli. The owner of the soil. Bracton, fol. 10. 
 
 Dominus vobiscuni. May the Lord be with you. 
 
 In the Roman Church: This is the benediction of the priests to the congregation ; 
 the response is et cum spiritu tuo, — and with thy soul. 
 
 Domitae naturae. Of a tame, domestic nature. 
 
 In English Law: Applied to such animals as are of a nature tame and domestic; 
 e.g. horses and other beasts of draught, kine, sheep, poultry, etc., as distinguished from 
 such as z.xe ferae naturae. 2 Bl. Com. 390 ; 2 Kent's Com. 348. Also applied to all animals 
 which serve for food, as neat or other cattle, swine, and the like. 4 Bl. Com. 236; Broom &' 
 Had. Com. iv, 292. v. Ferae naturae. 
 
 Domitor, oris, m. [domo.'\ A tamer, breaker. Equorum. Cicero, de Off. i, 26, go; 
 Virgil, ^. viii, 189, 651, 691 ; ix, 523^^0/. Transf., A subduer, vanquisher, conqueror. 
 Cicero, Mil. 13 ad fin. et saep. 
 
 DomO prOCerum. — L. Lat. In the House of Lords. 
 
 It is abbreviated Dom. Proc. Sometimes expressed by the letters D. P. Sugden's 
 Law of Real Prop., passim. 
 
 Domo reparanda. To cause repair in a house. 
 
 In old English Law: The title of a writ that lay for one against his neighbor, by 
 the anticipated fall of whose house he feared a damage and injury to his own. Reg. Orig. 153. 
 
 DOMUM e7ni, ciim earn et ego, et venditor combustam ignoraremus. New a, 
 Sabina, Cassias, nihil venisse, quamvis ared maneatj pecuniamque 
 solutam condici posse aiunt. Paulus, Dig. xviii, 1, fr. 57 pr. I bought a 
 house when both I and the seller did not know it had burned down. Nevva, 
 Sabinus, Cassius say that nothing to have come remains in the vacant 
 place (the building spot); and the money paid can be demanded ba(;lc. cf. 
 70S 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dom. 
 
 Story's Eq. Jur. § 142 ; 2 Kent's Com. 468, 469 ; Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. 
 b. ii, ch. II, § 7. 
 
 Paulus adds ; Sed si pars domus maneret, N er alius ait, hanc questionem multum 
 interesse, quanta pars domus incendio consumtae permaneat, ut si quidem amplior domus 
 pars exusta est, non compellatur cmtor perficere emtionem ; sed etiam quod forte solutum 
 ab eo est, repetet. Sin vero vel dimidia pars, vel minor quam dimidia exusta fuerit, tunc 
 coarctandus est emtor venditionem adimplere, aestimatione viri boni arbitratu liabita, ut quod 
 ex praetio propter incendium d/ecrescere fuerit inventum, ab Jiujus praestatione liberetur. 
 fr. 57 /n 55 !• Sin autem venditor quidem sciebat, domum esse exustam, emtor autem igno- 
 rabat, nullara venditionem stare, si tota domus ante venditionem exusta sit ; si vero quanta- 
 cunque pars aedificii remaneat, et stare venditionem, et venditorem emtori quod interest 
 restituere. § 2. Simili quoque modo ex diverso tractari oportet, ubi emtor quidem sciebat, 
 venditor autem ignorabat; et hie enim oportet, et venditionem stare, et omne pretium ali 
 emtore venditori, si non depensum est, solvi, vel si solutum sit, non repeti. § 3. Quodsi 
 uterque sciebat, et emtor, et venditor, domum esse exustam totam vel ex parte, nihil actum 
 fuisse, dolo inter utramque partem compensando, et judicio, quod ex bona fide descendit, 
 dolo ex utraque parte veniente, stare non concedente. Paulus, ib. pr. and §§ i, 2, 3. 
 
 But if a part of the house should remain standing, N e r a t i u s says that this question is 
 of much importance how great a part of the house consumed by the conflagration remains 
 standing ; that if the greater part of the house was burned, the buyer was not compelled to 
 perfect the purchase, but even could reclaim the amount which perchance had been paid by 
 him. But if either half or less than half of the house was burned, then the buyer is to be 
 forced to complete the sale, an estimate of a competent man having been made by arbitra- 
 tion, that he may not be liable for that part of the purchase-money which ought to be deducted 
 from it on account of the fire. fr. ^T pr. § I. But if the vendor indeed knew that the house 
 was burned, but the buyer was ignorant of it, there is no valid sale if the whole house was 
 burned before the sale ; but if a part of the building, no matter how large, remains standing, 
 both the sale is valid and the seller must restore to the buyer the balance. § 2. In similar 
 manner must we treat this matter conversely, when indeed the buyer knew, but the vendor 
 was ignorant of it ; and truly in this case both the sale must stand and all the purchase-price, 
 if not already paid, be paid to the vendor by the purchaser, or, if it was paid, cannot be 
 reclaimed. § 3. But if both buyer and seller knew that the house had burned down either 
 totally or in part, no transaction has taken place, -dolus' being compensated (balanced) 
 between the two parties, and the decision, coming from good faith {ex bond fide), not allow- 
 ing the sale to be valid, since • dolus ' came from both parties. Paulus, ib. pr. and §§ i, 2, 3, 
 cf. I Story's Eq. Jur. 65 142 ; Poihier de Vente, n. 4. Grotius has made somejensible remarks 
 upon the subject of error in contracts. Grotius, de Jur. Belli, b. ii, ch. 11, § 6. 
 
 DQiWJM. accipere debemus non proprietatem domus, seddo??iialiumj quare stve 
 in propria domu [domo] quis haMtaverit,sive in conducta \conducto\ vel gratis, 
 sive hospitio receptus, haec lex [Cornelia] locum habebit. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, 10, 
 fr. 5, § 2. We ought to interpret [understand] the term domics not the house 
 which one owns, but his domicile or residence ; wherefore, if one shall have 
 resided either in a house which belongs to him or one he hires, or one in which 
 he is received gratuitously or as a guest, the Cornelian Law \de Injuriis] shall 
 have place [be efficacious], v. Justinian. Inst, iv, 4, § 8. 
 
 ConstituHim esse, earn domum unicuique nostrum debere existimari,uhi qmsque sedeset tabulas 
 haberet, snarumque rerum constitutionem fecisset. Alfenus Varus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 203. 
 
 DOMUM CUM LAUDE REDEUNTO. Lex XII. Tab. ix, /;-. — . Let them (sol- 
 diers) endeavor to return home with unblemished honor. 
 This the concluding maxim in respect to soldiers: Imperia, p.°"STA™s ^l^rR^^g' 
 QUUM SENATUS creveIit, etc. Tab, ix, fr. -. V. CICERO, de Leg. m, 3, § <ifin., ui. 8, § 18. 
 
 DOMUM suam reficere unicuique licet, dum non official invita alteri, in quo jm non 
 habet. ULPIAN. Dig. L, 17, fr. 61. Every one is allowedto repair his own 
 house, provided he does not incommode [hurt] another, against his will, in a 
 matter in which he has no right. Gothofred, ./. Div. Regul Jurts. Ixi, 256. 
 
 709 
 
Dom.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Doa 
 
 Domus, i, '«. (also damns, us, m.) =Gx. Sbfioi. A house, home (freq. and class.). 
 Melon., (a.) In a wider sense: One's native place, countr)' home (freq. and class.). 
 (6.) A household, family, race (freq. and class.). In the Jurists; A house or dwelling, 
 a habitation. Apfellatione do in us habitationem quoque [quamque] significari, palam est. 
 Papinian. Dig. xlviii, i, fr. 8, § i. A home, residence, or domicile ; l. g. 
 
 In English Law: Domus = Messuagium. Cro. Jac. d'in; Q) ICeilw. ST, V^- I- 
 
 LomUS Capitalaris. — L. Lat. A chapter-house ; the chapter-house. Dyer, ltd. 
 
 Domus COmpetenS, A competent, suitable house. Mag. Chart, c. 7. 
 
 Domus COnverSOrum. The house of the converted. 
 
 Anciently, a house established by Henry III. for the benefit of the converted Jews. 
 
 DOMUS dedecori domino fit . The house becomes a disgrace to its owner. Cicero. 
 
 Domus Dei. The House of God. Applied also to hospitals and religious houses. 
 
 Domus et placens uxor. A house and pleasing wife. 
 
 Domus mansioualis. — L- Lat. A mansion-house; dwelling-house. II Mod. 302; 4 
 Bl. Com. 224, 225, Cooley's note (7) ; 3 Serg. if R. igg. 
 
 In General: A place permanently used by the occupier or any member of his family 
 as a place to sleep in. Goldthwaite, J., 26 Alabama R. 152. 
 
 In Criminal Law of Burglary: A house in which the occupier and his family 
 usually reside, or dwell and lie in. Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 357. v. Cooley's note (7), 4 
 Bl. Com. 224. " Every house for the dwelling and habitation of man is taken to be a man- 
 sion-house, wherein burglary may be committed." 3 Co. Inst. 64 ; Broom <5r> ffad. Com. iv, 
 272 ; 3 Serg. Si' R. 199. (6.) A building or out-house appurtenant to a dwelling-house, or 
 standing in the same yard, is part of the dwelling-house so that burglary may be committed 
 within it. i Devereaux (N. C.) R. 2S3; \ Hayward, 102, 242. v.2N. Y. Rev. Stat. [66g] 
 §§ 16, 17. V. Burglaria. 
 
 In the Law of Conveyancing: The term " dwelling-house " includes all build- 
 ings attached to or connected with the house. 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. 338, and note. 
 
 Domus mansionalis Dei. The mansion-house of God. 4 Bl. Com. 224 ; Broom Si' Had. 
 Com. iv, 272. Ecelesiae est domus mansionalis Omnipotentis Dei. -^ Co. Inst. 164. 
 Domus procerum. The House of Lords, v. Domo procerum. 
 Domus religiosa. A religious house. Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. Ill, c. 36. 
 
 DOMUS sud cuique est \est unicuique\ tutissimum refugium. To every one his 
 own house is his surest refuge. 5 Co. 91, 92. " Every man's house is his 
 castle." BroQm s Max. \\i \ Wharton's Max. ■^\. 
 
 The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defense against 
 injury and violence as for his repose. 5 Co. (jib. v. ii Co. 82 ; 3 Co. Inst. 162 ; i Hale's P. 
 C. 481 ; 8 Q. B. 757 ; 16 id. 546, 556 ; 19 How. St. Tr. 1030. A man's dwelling-house is his 
 castle, not for his own personal protection merely, but also for the protection of his family 
 and his property therein. Walworth, C, 4 Hill's R. (N. Y.) 437. v. Debet sui cuique 
 domus esse frofugium tutissimum. Under this maxim a man's house is a refuge for him 
 against a fi. fa., ca. sa. or distress-warrant, as neither sheriff nor landlord can, under such 
 process, justify breaking outward doors into his house to take him or his goods. The ques- 
 tions arising under this maxim are discussed and the principal authorities cited in Broom's 
 Max. 417-426 ; Wharton's Max. xxxi. This maxim is paraphrased from the following: 
 
 DOMUS tutissimum cuique refugium atque receptacuhim sit. Gaius, Dig. ii, 4, 
 fr. 18. A man's house shall be his safest refuge and shelter. 
 V. ffemo de domo suA extrahi debet. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 103. v. ii, 4, fr. 21. 
 "The habitation of each one is an inviolable asylum for him." 
 
 Don. — L. Fr. A gift. Don est un nosme general plus que ne feffement, — gift is a more 
 general name than feoffment. Britton, c. 34. v. Done. 
 
 Don grant et render a fine sure. — L. Fr. Gift, grant and return, by fine upon. 
 
 In English Law: This was a double fine, comprehending the fine sur cognizance de 
 droit, come ceo, que it ad de son done, and the fine sur concessit, and might have been used to 
 create particular limitations of estates ; whereas the fine sur cognizance de droit come ceo, etc., 
 conveyed nothing but an absolute estate, either of inheritance or at least of freehold, cf. 2 
 Bl. Com. 352, 353 ; i Steph. Com. 563. 
 
 Dona, orum, n. plur. -\-donum. Donations, gifts, presents. 
 710 
 
^°ii'J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 rVONA clandestina sunt semfer suspiciosa. Clandestine gifts are 
 VJ always suspicious. 3 Co. 80, 81, Twyne's case ; i Eden's R. 168. " Clan- 
 destine gifts are always open to suspicion." Broom's Max. 285. 
 , «"^j 5" ^°f Mansfield C J i Burr. 482 ; 4 Bar,t. b- Cress. 652 ; i Maule &- S. 253; 
 nfinf , ■*■?. "■ \^""'^'/- C- [34] and note [39]. where the subject of secret transfers 
 clandestine gifts, etc., is treated, v. 2 Stoiy on Contr § 659. 
 
 Donarium, ii, «. \_d5num.'\ The place in a temple where the votive offerings were kept ■ 
 a temple treasure-chamber. Luc. ix. 516; App. M. i, p. 221. Melon., {«.) A temple' 
 sanctuary, altar. Virg. G. Hi, 533, Serv.; Ovid, F. ill, 335 ; Am. ii, 13, 13. (6.) The votive 
 offering itself. Livy, xlii, 28 ; Gellius, ii, 10, 3 et al. 
 
 Donare, pres. infin. -j- dono, v. h. v. 
 
 DONARI videtur, quod nulla jure cogente, conceditur. Papinian. Dig. L, 17, 
 fr. 82. That is considered to be given which is granted without the obli- 
 gation of any law. Broom's Max. That may be considered a gift which is 
 bestowed without any legal compulsion, cf. Gothofred, de Div. Regul. Juris. 
 Ixxxii. 
 
 Donatarius.- L. Lat. A donee. /7<?^a, lib. iii, c. 13, I 3. 
 
 Donations, «, um, adj. [dono.] Given as a present ; presented. Festus, p. 52 ; Cato 
 in Festus, p. 195. 
 
 D5natio, Onis, /. [id.] A presenting, a donation, in aistr. and concr. Cicero, F/dl. iv, 
 4, q ; id. Verr. ii, 3, 80 ; id. Rose. Am. ix. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Donation, gift. Justinian. Inst, ii, tit. 7, ' de Donationibus ; ' 
 Dig. xxxix, tits. 5 and 6; Justinian. Cod. v, tits. 3,. 16; viii, tits. 54, 55, 57 ; id. Nov. 162. 
 
 Read: Donatio dicta est a dono, quasi datum, capta a Graeco, etc. Paulus, Z?e>. v. infra. 
 
 In English Law; A gift or donation of lands or chattels. 
 
 Donatio absolnta et larga. An absolute and unlimited gift, i. e. a gift in fee simple. 
 Bracton, fol. \\b; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 5. 
 
 Donatio ante nuptias. A donation before marriage. An ante-nuptial gift. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Est et aliud genus inter vivos donationis, — quod ante nuptias 
 vocabatur; et tacitam in se conditionem habebat, ut tunc ratum esset, ciim matrimonium 
 fuerit insecutum ; ideoque ante nuptias appellabatur, quod ante matrimonium efficiebatur; 
 et nusquam post nuptias celebratas talis donatio procedebat. Justinian. Inst, ii, 7, § 3. 
 
 There is another kind of donation, inter vivos, which used to be termed donationbefore 
 marriage (ante nuptias') having (containing) the tacit condition that it should only take 
 effect when the marriage was performed ; and on that account it was properly called ante 
 nuptias because it was effected before marriage; and such a donation never proceeded 
 after the marriage celebration, cf. Justinian. Cod. v, 3, 19, 20 ; Mackeldey, Civil Law, ed. 
 1883. § 572, by Dropsie. 
 
 Donatio causa mortis. A donation made in view or in consideration of death. 
 
 In the Civil Law, t.t.: A donation made by the giver in contemplation, anticipa- 
 tion, apprehension, expectation or prospect of death, arising from infirmity, old age, or any 
 external and anticipated danger of death. 
 
 Paulus defines: Mortis causd donare licet, non tantum injirmae valetudinis causA, sed 
 periculi etiam propinquae mortis, vel ah hoste, vel i praedonibus, vel ab hominis potentis creduli- 
 tate aut odio, aut navigationis ineundae, (Gaius, fr. 4) — aut per insidiosa loca iturus, (Ulpian. 
 
 fr, 5) aut aetate fessus; (Paulus, /r. 6) — haec enim omnia instans periculum demonstrat. 
 
 Paulus et al. Dig. xxxix, 6, frr. 3-6. 
 
 Justinian, defines: Mortis causd donatio est, quae propter mortis fit suspicioncm . cum 
 quis ita donat, ut si quid humanitus ei contigisset, haberet is qui accepit; sin autem supervixisset 
 is qui donavit, reciperet, vel si cum donationis poenituisset, aut prior decesserit is cui donatum sit. 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, 7, § 1. ' 
 
 Other Civilians have expressed it in other diction {v. Dig. ii.\y.'i^, tit. t,' de Mortis 
 causa donationibns'), but the definitions given supra comprehend the most essential features 
 of that class of donations, v. Mackeldey, Civ. Law, ed. 1883, §§ 793-795- 
 
 In summa sciendum est. a gift made under peril, or apprehension, or contemplation of a 
 conceived approach or prospect of death, on condition that if the donor dies the donee shall 
 absolutely possess it ; but if he survives, the donor may recall it at his pleasure. It is 
 
 711 
 
Don.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 reduced as far as possible to the similitude of a legacy ; it resembles a legacy, inasmuch, 
 in the legal phrase, it is ambulatory during the life of the giver ; it differs from a legacy for 
 several reasons mentioned in Sandars' Justinian. Inst. pp. 219, 220, and for other reasons 
 not therein alluded to, viz. : because it is not a subject Of probation in a court of probate 
 (2 Strange, 777. v. I Bligh, N. S. 531) ; and is not the object of administration ; and requires 
 no ere Ho , and requires no assent from the executor to make the title of the holder valid. 
 2 Vesey's Ch^ 120 ; I Shjt~ 6^ S. Ch. 245. Legatum est, quod legis jnodo, id est, imperative, 
 testamento relinquitur. Nam ea, quae precativo modo relinquuntur, Jidei commissa vocantur. 
 Ulpianus, Reg. xxiv, § i. Legatum est donatio testamento relicta. MODESTINUS, Dig. xxxi, 
 I, fr. 36. cf. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jurisp. xxxix, p. 205. 
 
 It differs from a donatio inter vivos because it is ambulatory and revokable during the 
 donor's life ; because it may be made to the wife of the donor ; and because it is liable for 
 the donor's debts. 
 
 A donatio causd mortis may be the subject of a trust or a condition. 
 
 Ab eo, qui neque legatum, neque Jidei cammissum, neque hereditatem, vel mortis causd donatio- 
 nem accepit, nihil per fidei commissum relinqui potest. Jt;STINIAN. Cod. vi, 42, const. 9. 
 
 By the Roman and Civil Lav? it can be made in writing. Read; Avunculo suo, 
 dehitori, mortis causd donaturus, quae debehat,ita scripsit : Tabulae vel c hirograp hum 
 tot Ubi cunque sunt manes esse, neque cum solvere debere. Marcellus, 23?^. xxxix, 
 b,fr. 28. cf. I Ves. Sen. Ch. 314; 2 id. 440. 
 
 Papinian states this rule: Eorum., quibus mortis causd donatum est, Jidei committi 
 quoquo tempore potest; etc. Papinianus, Dig. xxxi, i, Jr. 77, § I ; Hambrook vs. Simmons, 4 
 Russell R. 27. 
 
 By the Roman Law, z. donatio causd mortis made to the wife is valid (Marcianus, 
 Dig. xxxix, 6, Jr. 27) ; and thus specifically different from a gift ' inter vivos.' Ulpian. Regl. 
 vii, § I. Julian mentions tres species mortis causd donationum. z/. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxxix, i>,Jr. 2, quoted under Mortis causd donatio. The subject is further considered 
 under Mortis causd donatio, cf. Sandars' Justinian. Inst. 219, 220 ; i Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 606, 
 607^, where the subject is considered in its various features, and the leading cases collated ; 
 2 Kents Com. 444 sq. and notes. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term, in its comprehensive sense, is defined : .Sj-/ az/fem 
 inter alias donationes donatio mortis causd quae morte confirmatur, cujus tres sunt species, etc. 
 2 Bracton, c. 26, § i, fol. 60. 
 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone defines : "A death-bed disposition of property ; where a person 
 in his last sickness, apprehending his dissolution near, delivers or causes to be 
 delivered to another the possession of any goods, bonds, bills drawn by the deceased upon 
 his banker to keep in case of his death." 2 Bl. Com. 514. Later authorities consider 
 Blackstone's definition too stringent. It is a gift of personal chattels made by a person 
 with a view to his own death, and conditioned to take eifect only on the donor's death by 
 his existing disorder, v. Cooley's note (40) in 2 Bl. Com. 514 ; 2 Vesey, Jr. iii (1793) ; i Eq. 
 Rep. 176 (1853), 2 id. 1105 (1B54); Gibson, C. J., 2 Wharton's Rep. 17,22; 3 Kent's Com. 
 444-448, and notes ; i White's Lead. Eq. Cases, 602, 603 ; id. 614, 615, and notes; I Story's 
 Eq.Jur. §§ 606, 6o7^y Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 658. v. Wait's note (426). 
 
 Donatio COnditionalis. A conditional gift. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 4. 
 V. Donatio sub conditione vel sub modo. 
 
 DONATIO dicta est a dono, quasi dono datum, capta a Graeco j nam hi dicunt 
 Swpov nai dcopeia^ai, id est, donum et donare, Paulus, Dig. xxxix, 
 61 A- 35) § I- ^ donation takes its name from a gift {donum), as if given 
 for a gift ; the expression is taken from the Greek, for they say Swpov Hal 
 doopsiffBai [a gift and to donate]. 
 
 Paulus adds : § 2. Sed mortis causa donatio longe differt ab ill vera et absoluta dona- 
 tione, quae ita proficiscitur, ut nuUo casu revocetur ; et ibi, quo donat, ilium potius, quam 
 se habere mavult; at is, qui mortis causa donat, se cogitat, atque amore vitae recepisse 
 potius, quam dedisse mavult. Et hoc est, quare vulgo dicatur ; se potius habere vult, quam 
 eum, cui donat, ilium delude potius quam heredem suam. § 3. Ergo qui mortis caus^ donat, 
 qua parte se cogital, negotium gerit, scilicet ut, quum convaluerit, reddatur sibi. Nee 
 debitaverunt Cassiani, quin condictione repeti possit, quasi re non secuta, propter hauc 
 rationem, quod ea, quae dantur, aut ita dantur, ut aliquid facias, aut ut ego aliquid faciam, 
 aut ut Lucius Titius, aut ut aliquid obtingat; et in justis condictio sequitur. Paulus, 
 supra, §§ 2, 3. 
 
 Paulus adds : § 2. But a donation causd mortis is far diflferent from that true and absolute 
 
 donation, which evinces itself so that in no case it can be revoked ; and here, the one, who 
 
 donates, rather wishes him (the recipient) to have and possess the object, than himself ; on 
 
 the contrary, he who donates causd mortis weighs the matter within himself, and through love 
 
 712 
 
Don.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 of life rather wishes to have received than to have given. And this is the reason why it is 
 commonly said that he (the donator) rather desires to have the object, than the one to whom 
 he donates, and wishes him (the recipient) rather to have it than his heir. § 3. Therefore, 
 he who donates causd mortis in whatever way he considers the matter, fosters the plan, that, 
 when he is convalescent the thing should be restored to him. And the C a s s i a n i (;. e. 
 the adherents of Cassianus) did not doubt that it could be reclaimed by a condiction, just as 
 if no result had followed, for the reason that the things which are given are either so given, 
 that you should do something for the gift, or that I shall do something, or that Lucius 
 Titius should do something, or that something should happen ; and in such cases a recla- 
 mation follows. 
 
 Read: Mortis causd donatio fit multis modi, etc. Paulus, ib. § 4. And see Julian. 
 under Mortis causd donatio. 
 
 DONATIO est et aliud genus acquisitionis. Donationum autem duo sunt genera : 
 mortis causd, et iion tnortis causd. Justinian. Inst, ii, 7 pr. Gift is another 
 kind of acquisition (or another method of acquiring property). And of gifts 
 there are two classes, those mortis causd and those not mortis causd. 
 
 Read : Mortis causd donatio est quae propter mortis fit, suspicionem, etc., and Mortis causd 
 donatio fit multis modis. 
 
 DONATIO est quaedam institutio, quae ex mera liberalitate et voluntate, nulla 
 jure cogente, procedit, ut rem transferal ad alium, et est {dare) rem accipientis 
 facere citm effectu. Donation is a certain institution \i. e. estabhshed mode 
 of alienation] which, from mere liberality and [good] will under no compulsion 
 of right, proceeds to transfer a thing to another, and [to give] is to make a thing 
 [the property] of another effectively. Bracton, i, c. 5, § 2, fol. 11. v. JPleta, iii, 
 c. 3, §§ i> 2 ; Co. Lilt 9 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Laiv, 95. 
 
 Donatio feudi. — L. Lat. The donation or gift of fee. v. Feoffment. Broom & Had. 
 Com. ii, 498. 
 
 Donatio inofficiOSa. An inofficious, undutiful gift. cf. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, 
 
 1 469- 
 
 Donatio inter virum et UXOrem. Gift or donation between husband and wife. cf. 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, g 575. 
 
 Donatio inter vivos. A gift between the living. Justinian. Cod. viii, 57, const. 4 ; 
 id. Inst, ii, 7, §§ 2, 3 ; Marcianus, Dig. xxxix, 6, fr. 27. v. Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, 
 
 § 463 -f?- 
 
 In the Common Law. The ordinary kind of gift by one person to another. 2 
 Kent s Com. i^^i. , ,. ,^ .^ j ,. j j 
 
 A gift of a chattel inter vivos, if not perfected by delivery, must be evidenced by deed. 
 
 2 B. Ss'Ald. SSI. In order to transfer property by gift, there must either be a deed or instru 
 merit of gift ; or there must be an actual delivery of the thing to the donee. Lord Tenter- 
 den, id. ib. 552 ; 10 Exch. 575. v. cases in Broom on C. L. 434, notes (/, m). 
 
 Donatio libera et pura. A free and pure gift. Bracton, fol. i\b. 
 
 Donatio mortis causS,. = Donatio causa mortis. 
 
 DONATIO non praesumitur. A gift is not presumed. Jenk. Cent. 109 ; 
 Broom's Max., List of ; Wharton's Lex. 
 Otherwise quoted Non praesumitur donatio. 
 
 DONATIO perficitur possessione accipientis. A gift is perfected [made com- 
 plete] by the possession of the receiver. JenA. Cent. 109, case 9 ; Broom's 
 Max. J 7 Johns. R. 26 28. A gift is incomplete until possession is delivered. 
 2 Kent's Com. 438 ; 2 Johns. (N. Y.) ^. 52 ; 2 Leigh (Va.), 337- 
 
 DONATIO /«««>w intelligitur sine praejudicio tertii. A gift of the prince is 
 understood without prejudice of a third party. Davis, 75/^. 
 
 [9°] 
 
Don,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 Donatio propter nuptias, A gift or donation on account of nuptials. 
 
 In tile Civil Law: A donatio ante nuptias migiit be augmented at any time during 
 matrimonj', and when it iiad received an augmentation post nuptias, it was not called a 
 donatio ante nuptias, but donatio propter nuptias ; so donations introduced on account of 
 matrimony were placed on the footing of dowries, and were allowed not only to precede 
 marriage, but be augmented, or even constituted after the marriage. Justinian. Inst, ii, 7, 
 § 3 ; id. Cod. v, tit. 3, const. 19 
 
 Bracton used the term as another name for dower ad ostium ecclesiae, — dower at the church 
 door, i. c. dower according to the custom of England. Bracton, fol. <j2b. 
 
 Donatio renumeratoria, et sub modo. A remuneratory and conditional gift. cf. 
 Mackeld. Civ. Law, ed. 1883, § 466. 
 
 Donatio simplex et pura. A simple and pure.gift. = Donatio libera et pura. 
 
 In English Law: A gift without the compulsion of any law, civil or natural, and 
 without any reward, menace or force ; proceeding from the pure and gratuitous liberality of 
 the donor, and where the donor imposes no restriction, that what he has given shall return 
 to him. Bracton, fol. 11 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3. § 3. 
 
 Donatio Stricta. A strict, precise or peculiar gift, i. c a gift which passes no more than 
 is plainly expressed. 
 
 DONATIO stricta et coarctata; sicut certis haercdibus, quibusdam vero a successione 
 exclusis. A donation exact and restrained; respecting certain heirs, some, how- 
 ever, being excluded from the succession. B-racton, fol. lib ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 5. 2 Bl. 
 Com. no. It is quasi, a gift in fee lail. 
 
 Donatio sub COnditione vel sub modo. A donation under a condition, or under a 
 mode or qualification. Bracton, fol. 11 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 4. v. Mackeldey, ed. 1883, § 466. 
 
 Donatio testamento relicta. A gift left by will. Legatum est donatio testamento relicta. 
 MODESTINUS, Dig. xxxi, fr. 36. 
 
 DONATIONES complures sunt. Dat aliquis ed mente, ut siatim velit 
 ac c ipi entis fieri, nee ullo casu ad se reverti; et propter 
 nullam alium causam facit, quam ut Uberalitatem et munificentiam exerceat j haec 
 proprie donatio appellatur. Dat aliquis, ut tunc demum ac cipientis fiat , 
 quum aliquid se cutum fuerit ; nan proprie donatio appellabitur, sed totum 
 , hoc donatio sub conditione est. Item quum quis ed mente dat: ut statim qui- 
 dem facial a c cipienti s J sitamen ali qui d factum f ue r it , aut 
 non fuerit: velit ad se reverti: 7wn proprii donatio dicitur, sed totum 
 hoc donatio est, quae sub conditione solvatur: qualis est mortis causd donatio. 
 JULIANUS, Dig. xxxix, S,/r. I pr. Gifts are of several kinds. Some one gives 
 with that purpose, that he wishes that it may become at once 
 the property of the person receiving it, and not in any case 
 return to himself; and he does this for no other cause than in order to 
 exercise his liberality and munificence ; this is properly called a gift. Some one 
 makes a gift so that it may become the property of him who 
 receives it when something has followed; this is not properly 
 called a gift, but the whole thing is a gift sub conditione. Again, when some one 
 gives with this design: that it may become immediately the prop- 
 erty of the receiver; if however something should be done 
 or not be done, he wishes it to return to himself: it is not 
 called properly a gift, but this whole thing is a gift which is paid sub conditione : 
 of such a sort is a donatio mortis causd. Cited in Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et 
 Gent. V, c. 4, § i, note i. [F. j. M.] 
 
 DONATIONES in concubinam collatas non posse revocari convenit, nee si matri- 
 m.onium inter eosdem postea fuerit contractum, ad irritum recidere, quod ante 
 jure valuit ; an autem maritalis honor et affectio pridem praecesserit, personis com- 
 714 
 
Don.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 par aits, vitae conjunctione consider ato perpendendum esse respondi j neque enim 
 tabulas facere matrimonium. Papinian. Dig. xxxix, 5,//-. 31 pr. It is agreed 
 that gifts made to a concubine cannot be revoked, and that if a marriage was 
 afterward entered into between the same parties, that what was valid at law does 
 not become void ; but I answered that it must be weighed whether marital honor 
 and affection previously preceded, the persons being compared, and the union of 
 life being considered; for the tablets [writings] do not make the marriage. 
 
 [F- J- M.] 
 Donationes propter nuptias. Donations on account of the marriage. 
 In Scotch Law: It denotes the provisions made by the husband to the wife on account 
 of the t o c h ' e r (the marriage portion). Erskine's Inst. \, 6, 46. 
 
 DONATIONES sint stricta juris, ne quis plus dondsse praesumatur quam in 
 donatione expresserit. Donations may (shall) be of strict right ; no one is 
 presumed to have given more than shall have been expressed in the donation. 
 Baldus. v. 2 Bl. Co?n. 108 ; Broom 6^ Had. Com. ii, 214. 
 Donationes velatae. Veiled or concealed gifts. 
 
 In Scotch Law: The term is applied to deeds granted by a wife to third parties in 
 trust for her husband's use. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 35. 
 
 DONATIONIS verbum, simpliciter loquendo, omnem donatioiiem comprehendisse 
 videtur, sive mortis causd, sive non mortis causd fuerit. Ulpianxjs, Dig. L, 
 \6,fr. 67, § I. The term donation, simply speaking, appears to have com- 
 prehended every gift, whether it shall have been mortis cau-sd, or not mortis causd. 
 DONATIONUM alia perfecta, alia incepta, et non perfecta j ut si donatio lecta 
 fuit et concessa, ac traditio nondum fuerit subsecuta. Some gifts are perfect, 
 others incipient and not perfect ; as if a gift were read and agreed to, but delivery 
 had not then followed. Co. Litt. 56. 
 
 DONATIONUM, quaedam libera et pura, et quaedam sub conditione vel sub 
 modo suspensa. Item quaedam absoluta et larga, et quaedam stricta et coarc- 
 tata, sicut certis haeredibus, quibusdam vero a successione exclusis. Of dona- 
 tions, some are free and absolute, and some are under conditions and under 
 a mode. Likewise, some are absolute and large, and others restricted and nar- 
 rowed, as to certain heirs, some, however, being excluded from the inheritance. 
 Bracton, i, 5, § 3, fol. \\b. v. 2 Bl. Com. no. 
 
 Donator, Oris, »«. \ddno?^ A giver, donor. Freq. in the Jurists. 'PhV\xs%, Dig. 
 xlii, i,/r. 49; Ulpianus, ib. xxxix, 5, frr. 18, ig. Justinian. Inst, ii, 7, § 2 ; ib. Cod. viii, 
 54, I et saep. A donor or giver; the party who makes a donation or gift. Bracton, fol. 11 
 et seq. 
 
 DONATOR nunquam desinit possidere antequam donatorius incipiat possidere, 
 quia uno incipiente desinit alius. The donor never ceases to possess, before 
 the donatory begins to possess, for when one begins the other ceases. Bracton, 
 
 fol. 41^ y Dyer, 281. 
 
 Read: Desinit donator possidere, citm corpore et animo donandi, etc. Bracton. fol. 411^. 
 
 Donatrix, icis,/. [donator.'] She who gives ; a female donor. Cod. viii, 54, 20. 
 
 1. Done Don Doun,— L- Fr- [+Lat. a?o««OT.] A gift. Don est im nosme general plus 
 que ne feffe'ment,— gift is a more general name than feofTment. Brilt. c. 34. 
 
 2 Done Donee — L- Fr- [+Lat. donare, to give.] In old Law: Given. Doiu- a 
 Londres, ^//.,-given at London, etc. Danes h Gaunt, .fc.,-given at Ghent, etc. 
 
 Donee, conj. [contr. -\-doniclim, which has the same meaning.] As long as, or until. 
 («.) As long as, while. (6.) Until, till at length (class.). 
 
 In English Law Until. A word of limitation in old conveyances. Co. Zj«. 235a. 
 
 71S 
 
Don.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 Donee. = L. Lat. DonataHus or donaiorious, q. v. O p p o s i t e of Donor, 
 In old English Law: One to whom lands are donated ; one to whom ^/^^KaAV is made. 
 In later English Law; Oneto whom lands or tenements are given in tail. LiU.%S7. 
 In American Law: {a.) One to whom a gift or donation is made. (&•) The party 
 executing a power ; otherwise called appointor. ^ Kent's Com. 316, 
 In New York, called the gran tee. i j^^-t/. ^/aA [738J § 135. 
 
 Donee eris feliocy mtiltos numerdbis amleps : 
 
 Tempora si fuerint nubilay solus eris, — Ovid, THstium, i, 9, 5. 
 
 So long as you shall be fortunate, you will number many friends; if the times become 
 cloudy [your circumstances become o'ercast] you will be alone. 
 
 This idea is concisely expressed in the familiar proverb : 
 
 Felicitas multos habet « w? zc(7j, — Prosperity has many friends. 
 
 As the Greeks expressed it: Eutux*'** TroXu^iAoy, — success has many friends. 
 
 Ei \l\v yap irkovTJjs iroAXoi <f>iKot, ^ r S € irivrjai 
 Ilaupot, K'ou/cefl' 6/aws aurbs avrip o A. a 06 s, — TheogNIS. 
 If you are rich you will have many friends ; but if you are poor you will have but few, and will no longer 
 be the good man you were before. 
 
 ' The gale is favoring, numerous friends you'll find ; 
 From the adverse storm they fly before the wind.' 
 Ovid adds the following similes — too beautiful and pertinent to be omitted : 
 ^^As^zczs, ui veniani ad Candida tecta columbae^ 
 Accifiiat nullus sordida iurris aves? 
 Horrae fornticae tendunt ad inania nuinquam. 
 
 Nullus ad amissas ibii amicus opes. 
 Utgue comes radios per soils enutibus umbra esty 
 
 Ciitn latei hie pressus nubibus^ ilia fugii^ 
 Mobile sic seguitur fortunae lu-mina vulgus : 
 
 Quae simul inducta nube teguntur, abit. 
 Haec precor, ut semper possint tibi /alsa videri. 
 
 Sunt tamen eventu vera Jatenda meo. 
 Dum stetimus^ iurbae quantum satis esset^ kabebat 
 
 Nota quidem^ sed non ajnbitiosa domus. 
 At simul impulsa est^ omnes timuere ruinam^ 
 
 Cauiaque communi terga dedere fugae. 
 Saeve negue adm.iror metuunt si /ulntina^ quorum 
 Iquibus afflari proxima quaeque solentJ'' — Ovid, Tristium^ i, g, 6-22. 
 Thou seest how the pigeons resort to the whitened roofs, and how the begrimed turret receives no bird. The 
 ants never proceed to empty granaries ; no friend will attend the ruin of the wealthy. And just as the shadow 
 accompanies those who walk in the rays of the sun, but flies when he lies hid o'erwhelmed with clouds, e'en 
 so does the crowd follow the brightness of f o r t u n e , and departs soon as it is obscured by night coming on. 
 It is my prayer that this may always appear a fiction to thee, but that it is the truth must be confessed by my 
 experience. While I stood erect, a house, well known but of no pretensions, entertained a circle sufficiently 
 large. But soon as that house was shaken, all dreaded the crash, and, in their caution, joined the common 
 flight. And I am not surprised if they do fear the ruthless thunderbolts by whose fires they see each nearest 
 object blasted. 
 
 Ovid, in another place, expressed the idea : 
 
 Deligitur nemo^ nisi mei Fortuna secunda est: 
 
 Quae simul intonuit^ proxima quaeque /ugat. — OyiD, ex Ponto^ ii, 3, 23, 24. 
 
 And in another place : 
 
 Tempore felici -multi numerantur amici ; 
 Si fortuna ferity nullus atnlcus erit.— Ovio. 
 Plautus picjuantly expressed : Ub i mel, ibi ap e s . Where there is honey, there will be bees. T r o p . , 
 Where there is attraction, entertainment, luxury, there will be no want of admirers. 
 The familiar proverb is; Wbi opes ibi amicos. 
 
 Donee terrae fuerint commune. Whilst the lands were in common. I Stofy on Contr, 
 § — I J^ote I, p. 94. 
 
 Doneresse. — L. Fr. A female donor. Yearb. T. 7 Edw. III. 34. 
 
 Bonis COnditionalibus {statute de). The statute in respect to conditional gifts. 
 
 Title of the Statute Westm. II. 13 Edward I. c. i, A. D. 1286 ; otherwise called Statute 
 Westminster the Second. This statute revives, in some sort, the ancient feudal restraints which 
 were originally laid on alienations, cf. 2 Bl. Com. 12 ; Broom df Had. Com. ii, 223, 318. 
 
 Bonis rationabilis. Of a reasonable gift. 
 
 Bonor. L. Fr. Donour. = Lat. Donator. A giver, donor, bestower. 
 
 In old English Law: One by whom lands were given to another ; the party who 
 made a donatio. 
 
 In later English Law: One who gives, donates lands or tenements to another in 
 tail. Litt. § 57 ; Termes de la Ley, 
 
 In American Law: The part)^ conferring a power. 4 Kent's Com. 316. 
 
 In New York , called the gran tor. i /\?^^/. ^^a/. [738], § 135. 
 
 716 
 
Don.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dor. 
 
 Donque, Donques, Done— L. Fr. Then. Britt. passim j Utt.^isT. 
 
 DONQ UES doit le feoffee, per la !ey, faire estate a la feme, cypres le condition, et auxi cy pres 
 I'entent de la condition que il poit faire, etc.— L. Fr. Then ought the feoffee, by the law^ to 
 make an estate to the wife, as near the condition, and also as near the intent of the condition, 
 as he can make it, etc. I-itt.'% 352. 
 
 Donques Vivant.— L- Fr. Then living. 
 
 Dond, 5re, I, V. a. [donum.] To give one something as a present ; to present, bestow ; 
 to grant, vouchsafe, confer (freq. and quite class.). T ro p . , To give up, sacrifice any thing 
 to any one. Cicero, i^u?«. v, 2, 2. In p art icu lar : To remit, forgive one a debt, an 
 obligation, etc. Justinian, xxxii, 2, 4; Suet. Calig: xl. (6.) Trop., for the more 
 usual Condonare : To forgive, pardon an offense. LiVY, viii, 35 ; v, 2, 35; Justinian. 
 xxxii, 25 ; id. xxxviii, 6. 
 
 Donum, I, '«. [+a?i'.] A gift, present. Plaut. ^»/. prol. 138 jy.y i, 3, 36-40 ; Cicero, 
 Clii. ix ad fin. ; xxiv, 66 ; id. de Or. ii, 71 ; Ulpian. Dig. xxxviii, i, fr. 7 ; Paulus, ib.fr. 
 37. Ultima ox suptema dona, — the last honors, funeral rites, obsequies. Oniti. Her.\\\, 192 
 et al. 
 
 In Particular: A present brought to a deity, a votive offering, sacrifice. Plautus, 
 Rud. prol. 23; LucR. iv, 1233; vi, 733 ; Cicero, Rep. ii, 11^ fin. et saep. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A gift ; a free gift. Distinguished from mawKj. Inter donum 
 et munus hoc interest, etc. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, fr. 194. Munus proprie est, quod neces- 
 sarie obimus, etc. Marcianus, ib. fr. 214. v. Paulus, ib. fr. 18. v. Munus. 
 
 The difference between donum and munus is that donum is more general, while munus is 
 specific, cf. Ulpian. supr.fr. 194 ; Calvini, Lex furid. Munus is said to mean donum with 
 a cause for the giving — though not a legal consideration — as on account of nataliticium, 
 nuptalicium {nuptialitiam, nuptiarum). Ulpian. supr. fr. 194. Donum is said to be that 
 which is given from no necessity of law or duty, but from free will, from the absence of 
 which, if they are not given, no blame arises; but if they are given, praise is due. Marci- 
 anus, supr. fr. 214 ; Calvini, Lex Jurid. 
 
 Donum gratllitnni, A free gift ; a gratuitous donation. 
 
 No court of conscience will enforce donum gratuitum, though the intent appear never so 
 clearly where it is not executed or suiBciently passed by law ; but if money had been paid, 
 and so a person damnified, or that it was for the establishment of his house, it is a good 
 matter in chancery. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses; Law Tr. 310; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 973, and 
 cases. 
 
 DONUM NE CAPIUNTO NEVE DANTO, NEVE PETENDA, NEVE GERENDA, NEVE 
 GESTA POTESTATE. QuOD QUIS EARUM RERUM MIGRASSIT, NOXIA POENA 
 
 PAR ESTO. Lex XII. Tab. \y.,fr. Let no bribes be given or received, either 
 in soliciting, discharging, or resigning an official station. If any one shall 
 infringe any of these laws, let him be liable to equal punishment 
 Cicero, de Legg. iii, c 4, § 1 1 fin. 
 
 Cicero, in another place, observes : Sequitur de capitis pecuniis et du amhitu. Quae quo- 
 niam magis judiciis quam verbis sancienda sunt, adplectatur: NoxiAE poena par. ESTO,utin 
 suo vitio quisque flectatur, vis capite, avaritia multa, honoris cupidilas ignominia sanciatur. 
 Cicero, ib. cap. 20 pr. Next follows those laws which relate to pecuniary bribes and can- 
 vassing! And since these cannot be so well chastised by censures as by penalties, it is 
 added: Let all such abuses be visited with equal penalty and pun- 
 ishment, so that every one may be duly punished for his fault; violence being corrected 
 by death, avarice by fines, and ambition by ignominy. Cicero, ib. iii, c. 20 pr. 
 
 Dormant.— L. Fr. and Eng. [+ Lat. donnio, ire, to sleep. L. F. dormir.] Sleeping; 
 suspended ; not in exercise ; not apparent ; not known. 
 
 As to the term applied to a partner. Story on Partnership, § 80 ; 5 Cow. (N. Y.) 534; 4 
 Mass. 424 ; Collyeron Partn. % 4- Applied to an execution, when it is delive.ed to the sheriff 
 with directions to levy merely, and not to sell until a junior execution is received. 2 Hill s 
 R. (N. Y.) 364. 
 
 DORMIT \dormitur\ aliquando jus, moritur nunquam. A right sometimes 
 sleeps, but never dies. Co. Litt. 2'i<)b; Wingate's Max. 141, s. 15 ; 3 Mns. 
 
 Cas. loi, 103. 
 
 717 
 
Dor.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dos. 
 
 A right to land, for instance, it is understood cannot die, but vests somewhere. If a man 
 release his right it is extinguished for the time ; but this is understood only of the right of 
 the person making the release. 
 
 " Of such high estimation is right in the ej'e of the law, that the law preserveth it from 
 death and destruction ; trodden down it may be, but never trodden out ; for where it is said 
 that a release of right doth in some cases enure by way of extinguishment, it is to be under- 
 stood (as Littleton doth § 478) in respect of him that makes the release, or in respect that by 
 construction of law it enureth not alone to him to whom it is made, but to others also, who 
 be strangers to the release, which is a quality of an inheritance extinguished. As if there be 
 lord and tenant, and the tenant make a lease for life the remainder in fee, if the lord release 
 to the tenant for life, the rent is wholly extinguished and he in remainder shall take the bene- 
 fit thereof. So when the heir of a disseisor is disseised and the disseisor make a lease for 
 life, the remainder in fee, if the first disseisee release to the tenant for life, this is said to 
 enure by way of extinguishment, for that it shall enure to him in remainder, who is a stranger 
 to the release, and yet in truth the right is not extinct, but doth follow the possession, viz. : 
 the tenant for life hath it during his time, and he in remainder to him and his heirs, and the 
 right of the inheritance is in him in the remainder ; for a right to land cannot die or be extinct 
 in deed ; and therefore if after the death of tenant for life, the heir of the disseisor bring a 
 writ of right against him in the remainder, and he join the Mise upon the mfier right, it shall 
 be found for him, because in judgment of law he hath by the said release the right of the first 
 disseisee." Wingate's Max. 141, s. 15. 
 
 DORMIUNT aliquando leges, nunquam moriuntur. The laws sometimes sleep, 
 they never die. 2 Co. Inst. 161. 
 
 Dors, Dorse, Dorce, — L. Fr. \;\-'LsX. dorsum^ The back. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 Dorsum, i, «., also DorsUS, us, m. The back of a man or beast. Transf. in gen. : 
 The back of any thing. Jugis, — the ridge of a hill. Caes. B. G. vii, 44 ; LiVY, xliv, 4. 
 Montis. Livy, i, 3 ; xli, 18 ; Tac. A. iv, 47. , 
 
 In English Law: In dorso recordi, — on the back of the record. 5 Co. i,\b. 
 
 Dos, Otis, y. E+rf".] A marriage-portion ; dowry. Plautus, ^ot. ii, 2, 209; Cicero, 
 Caecin. 2i Jin.; id. Leg. i\, lb, 41. Transf., A gift, endowment, talent, property, quality. 
 Cicero, ^f O;-. i, 55. Dos mea, — my gift. OviD, Am. i, 10, 60. Praediorum. Papinian. 
 Dig. xxxiii, 7, fr. 2, § i ; ScAEV. ib. fr. 20, § 3. 
 
 In Roman and Civil Law, t. t.: A marriage-portion ; money or other property 
 given or settled on a marriage, 
 
 Dos est fecunia 7narito, nuptiarum causd, data vel fromissa, — dowry is the money (or 
 property) given or promised to a man in consideration of the nuptials. CnjAS. 
 
 Dos est quod ai uxore, vel alio ejus nomine, fro sustinendis oneribus matrimonii marito datur 
 promittiturve, — a dowry is what is given or promised to a husband by the wife, or another 
 person in her name, for sustaining {i. e. to enable him to sustain) the burdens of the marriage. 
 Brissonius ; Calvini, Lex Jurid. cf. Zljf. xxiii, tit. 3, ' de Jure Dotium;' Justinian. Cod. v, 
 tit. 12; id. tit. 15, ' de Dote Cauta non Numerata;' id. v, tit. II, ' de Dotis Promissione, etc.;' 
 Dig. xxxiii, tit. 4, ' de Dote Praeiegata;' id. xxxvii, tit. 7, ' de Dotis Collatione;' Heineccius, 
 Etem. Jur. Civ. ii, tit. 8, § 465 ; Lord Mackenzie's Rom. Law, p. 106. 
 
 Ulpianus defined dos and its various kinds as follows : 
 
 I. Dos aui daiitr ,aui diciiur , attt promiititur. 2. DateTn dicere potest tnulier, quae nupiura est,ei debitor 
 7nulieris si j'ussu ejus dicat ; item parens muiieris virilis sexus, per virilem sexunt cognatione junctus, velut 
 pater, avus paierttus-dare, promiitere dotetnofnnes possunt. 3. Dos aut profect icia dicitur, id est quam 
 pater muiieris dedit .• aut advent icia, id est ea, quae it guovis alio data est. 4. Mortuo in ynairijnonio 
 mutiere dos it patre pro/erta ad pairent revertitur, guintis in singulos liberos in infinitum vetiotis penes 
 virum. Quod si pater non sit, apudmaritumremanet. 5. A d v e n t i c i a autem dos sefnper penes maritum 
 remanet, praeterquam si is, qui dedit, ut si/ii reddereiur, stipulatus fuerit ; quae dos speciatiter recep- 
 ticia dicitur. IJlpian. Regl. tit. ^ de Dotibus^ vi. 
 
 1 A marriage-portion is either given, declared or promised. 2. A woman about to marry can declare a 
 marriage-portion, and so can the debtor of a woman, provided he does so at her order; and so can a male 
 ascendant of a woman related to her through a line of males, as a father or a paternal grandfather. Any per- 
 son can give or promise a marriage-portion. 3. A marriage-portion is said to be either 'profectl- 
 tious,' i.e. one which the father of the woman has given, or 'ad ven ti tiou s , ' i. e. one which has been 
 given by somebody else. 4. If the woman die during the continuance of the marriage, a marriage-portion 
 which proceeded from the father returns to the father, a fifth being retained in the husband's control for each 
 child, as far as the marriase-portion will go . But if the father be no longer alive, it remains with the husband. 
 5. An 'adventicious' portion, on the contrary, always remains in the husband's hands, unless the donor 
 made a stipulation that it should be returned to him ; and such a marriage-portion has the specific name of 
 'receptitious.' 
 
 In old European Law; Dos, among the ancient Germans, signified a marriage por- 
 tion brought by the husband to the wife as a marriage settlement. This difference from the 
 Roman Law was noted by Tacitus, de Mar. Germ. c. 18. v. Dotem non uxor marito, sed 
 uxori maritus offert, etc. Tacitus, M. G. c. 18. v. infra. 
 
 718 
 
I>os-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dos, 
 
 «.!■ r /r^ ^ Gauls a different law prevailed, and the same was noted by Caesar, de 
 Belli Galhco vi, u. 18. v Virt quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis, etc. {in local cf Reeve's 
 Hist. Eng Law, 100: i Cruise, Dig. 152 ; i Washburn on Real Prop 147 
 . /"• 2 r,"^ LI-*' ^V' '^'" ngnifieatid, quod liber homo dat sponsae suae ad ostium 
 ecelesiae, propter nuptias futuras , et onus matrimonii, et ad sustentationemuxoris, et educationem 
 liberorum, cum fuertnt procreati, si vir praemoriatur. 
 
 Dos signifies that property or portion which a freeman gives to his spouse at the door of 
 the church, in consideration of the nuptials about to take place and the burden of matrimony 
 and for the sustation of the wife and the education of the children when they shall have been 
 born, in case the husband should die before her. Bracton, ii, c. 39, § i /«. fol. 92 ; Fleta, 
 lib. V, c. 23, § 2. 
 
 I n t h e C o m m o n L a w : = Maritagium. Co. Litt. 31a/ Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 103 • 
 MacquesH on Husband and Wife, 151, note. It was usually translated dower (in L Lat 
 dos\ Bracton, lo\. 92*/ 1 Bl. Com. 129; \ Reeve's Hist, too; i Washb. on Real Prop. 147. 
 ci. Dos adventttia, and Dos profectitia, and Dos mulieris. 
 
 In later English Law: The one-third part of all the lands and tenements which 
 her husband has had in his domain, and so in fee, which the law, on his death, gave the 
 widow, in case he had not previously endowed her ad ostium ecelesiae. o. A ssignetur autem 
 ei pro dote sud, etc. {in loco), p. 202. 
 
 Thus we see that in modern Common Law, dos is employed to express dower. 4 Co. 
 12.2b; Co. Litt. 31 ; 2 Bl. Com. 129, 134 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. ii, 250 seq. a'nd notes. 
 
 Dos adventitia. An adventicious dowry or marriage-portion. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A dowry or portion given by another person than a parent. 
 That kind of portion which was bestowed by a stranger {ab extraneo). Ulpian. Dig. xxiii, 3, 
 A- 5/''- §§ 9> II ; Justinian. Cod. v, 13, § i ; id. Nov. xci, c. i. 
 
 In the Common Law: Adventitia dos did poterit maritagium , quod ab aliis datur, 
 qua a patre vel matre, sive parens sit vel extraneus. Bracton, ii, u. 39, ^ 5, fol. 921^. 
 
 Dower maybe called adventitious when it is amaritage given by others than the father 
 or the mother, whether it be a relative or a stranger. 
 
 Otherwise called Dos advsntiva. Pleta,v, c. 23, % 4. v. Dos profecticia. 
 
 DOS de dote peti non debet. Dower ought not to be sought of dower. Co. Litt. 
 31; i, Co. 122; 4 Dane, Abr. b"]!; \ Washburn on Real Prop. 20()\ \ Paige, 
 Ch. R. 634-636 ; 7 id. 259, 260; 13 Barb. R. 50-55 ; i Barb. Ch. 598, 602 ; 
 23 N. Y. R. 231, 233. 
 
 A widow is not dowable of lands assigned to another woman in dower, i Hilliard on 
 Real Prop. 13 5. 
 
 Dos mulieris secundilin consuetudinem Anglioanam. The dower of the woman 
 
 according to the custom of England. 
 
 Fit donatio propter nuptias, quod sponsus dat sponsae ad ostium ecelesiae et de qua hie agitur, 
 die desponsationis. Et hoc proprie dicitur dos mulieris secundum consuetudinem 
 A ng lie a n a m , et taleni datem lucratiir vir, uxore praemortua, et uxori remanet ad vitam vivo 
 praemortuo, et lucratur sic ver dotem, uxore praemortua. 
 
 There is a donation on account of nuptials, which the spouse, gives to the spouse at the 
 door of the church and which is treated of here, on the day of espousal. And this is prop- 
 erly called the dower of the woman according to the custom of Eng- 
 land, and such dower the husband gains if the wife predeceases him, and it remains to the 
 wife for life if the husband predeceases her, and the husband thus gains the dower if the wife 
 predeceases him. Bracton, ii, c. 39, § 5, fol. 92.^/ i Reeve's Hist. Joo. 
 
 Read: Dos rationabilis and Dower ad ostium ecelesiae. 
 
 Dos parapherna. Paraphernal dower. v. P a rap hern alia. 
 
 DOS parapherna est, quae fit juxta dotem, vel praeter et ante matrimoniam, non constante 
 matrimonio, ut si fiat viro et uxori simul, vel uxori per se ; et tulis non cadit in partem, licit 
 facta fuerit &■ parentibus, quia pura est, et non ob cnusam matrimonii, ut supra dictum est. 
 Paraphernal dower is that which is made by the side of dower, or beyond or before 
 matrimonj', matrimony not being a thing settled, as if it be made for the husband and the 
 wife together, or for the wife by herself : and such dower does not come into partition, 
 although it may have been made by relations, because it is absolute, and not on account of 
 matrimony, as it is above said. Bracton, li, c. 39, § 5, fol- gZ''- ■"■ ^^^'"' "■ =■ 23. § 4. 
 
 719 
 
Dos. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dot. 
 
 Dos per Commuiiein Legem. — L- Lat. Dower by the Common Law. 
 
 In English and American Law: Consisting of that portion (usually one-third) 
 of the lands and tenements of which the husband was seized in fee at any time during the 
 coverture, which his widow is entitled, after his death, to have and hold for the term of her 
 natural life, for the sustenance of herself and the nurture and education of her children. 
 Bracion, fol. 92 ; Litt. § 36 ; Co. Lift, ■^oh; 2 Bl. Com, 129-134 ; 4 Kent's Com. 35 ; 2 Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 124, § 1117; i Greenleaf's Cruise's Dig. [183] 165, note. 
 
 Read : Si mortuo viro, uxor ejus remanserit, et sine liberis fuerit, etc. 2 Bl. Com. 133 (J). 
 
 Dos profectitia. a profecticious dowry or marriage-portion. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Dos frofectici a est, quae h patre vel parente profecta est 
 de bonis vel facto ejus. Ulpian. Dig. xxiii, Z< fr- 5 /''• A profecticious dowry is 
 that which is contributed (advanced) by the father or parent (of the male sex) out of his prop- 
 erty or by his act. v. Ulpian. Regul. supra, vi, § 3. 
 
 In the Common Law: Pro fectitia dici poierit quae datur a patre, vel matre, vel 
 alio parente in ipso contractu pro filia maritenda, et terra sic data did poterit maritagium, et pat- 
 rimonium mulieris, et aliquando cadit in partem inter cohaeredes foeminas, si talis partem habere 
 voluerit haereditatis. Bracton, ii, c. 39, § 5, fol. 92. 
 
 It may be said to be a profectitious dower, when it is given by a father or a mother, 
 or another relative, in the contract itself for the maritage of a daughter, and the land so given 
 may be a maritage and the patrimony of the woman, and it sometimes comes into partition 
 between female coheirs, if such a one wishes to have a part of the inheritance. 
 
 Fleta calls it dos perfectiva. Fleta, v, c. 23, § 4. 
 
 Dos rationabilis. — L. Lat. Reasonable dower. 2 Bl. Com. 134. 
 
 DOS rationabilis vel legitima est cujuslibet mulieris de quocumque tenemento tertia 
 pars omnium terrarum et tenementorum, quae vir suus tenuit in dominico sua, 
 et ita infeodo. Reasonable (or legitimate) dower belongs to every woman of a 
 third part of all the lands and tenements of which her husband was seised in his 
 demesne, and so in fee. Co. Litt. 336. v. 2 Bl. Com. 134. 
 
 In another place this rule is quoted : Rationabilis dos est cujuslibet mulieris de quocumque 
 tenemento, tertia pars, etc. Bracton, fol. 92; Fleta, lib. v, c. 23, § II ; Co. Litt. 33i5. 
 
 Dos recepticia, A receptitious dowrj' or marriage-portion, v. Ulpian. Reg. vi, § 5. 
 
 Dos receptiiia is where the donor has made a stipulation connected with the gift relating to 
 the death of the wife, that it should be returned to him. Calvini, Lex Jurid.; Du Cange ; 
 I fVashburn on Real Property, 147. 
 
 Dot. — Fr. [-[- Lat. i/oj'.] Dowry or marriage-portion ; independent settlement. 
 
 Dotalis, e, adj. \dos.'\ Of or belonging to a dowry or portion (of the wife and sometimes 
 of the husband); dotal. Dotalis aedes. Plautus, Mil. iv, 4, 30; iv, 6,63. Dotdle prae- 
 dium, — the dotal estate. Justinian. Inst, ii, 8 pr.; Dig. xxiii, tit. 4; id. xxiii, tit. 5. v. 
 Paulus, Dig. xxiv, I, 28. 
 
 Dotalitium. ^ — ^L. Lat. In Canon and Feudal Law: Dower. =^ Doarium. 
 Spelman, voc. ' Doarium' ; 2 Bl. Com. 129; Broom &" Had.. Com. ii, 253. 
 
 Dotalitii : et trientiS ex bonis mobilibus viri. Of dower : and a third part of the 
 husband's goods. 
 
 Among the ancient Goths, an adulteress was punished by the loss of her dota- 
 litii : et trientis ex bonis mobilibus viri. Stiernhook, 3, c. 2 ; 2 Bl. Com. 130 (k) ; Broom &■ 
 Had. Com. ii, 253 (0). 
 
 Dotarinm. [+'^<'-s'-] — L. Lat. Dower, v. Doarium and Do-wer. 
 
 Dotatus, ii. um. Pa. [doto, to endow, to portion richlj'.] Well or richly endowed, gifted, 
 provided. Uxor. PlAutus, Asin. v, 2, 49 et saep. 
 
 Dote. — Span. [-(- </oj.] In Spanish Law: The marriage-portion of a wife. White's 
 New Recop. b. i, tit. 6, c. i. The property which the wife gives to the husband on account 
 of marriage, or for the purpose of supporting the matrimonial expenses. Id. b. i, tit. 7, c. i, 
 § I ; Schmidt's Civ. Law, 75. 
 
 Dote assignando, — L. Lat. For assigning dower, v. Breve de dote assignanda. 
 
 DOTEM non uxor marito, sed uxori matitus offert. Intersunt parentes et propinqui, ac 
 munera probant ; munera non ad delicias muliebres quaesita, nee quibus nova nupta comatur ; 
 sed boves et fraenatum equum et scutum ciim framea gladioque. In haec munera uxor accipitur; 
 720 
 
Dot] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Don. 
 
 atque invicem ipsa artnorum aliquid viro affert : hoc maximum vinculum, haec arcana sacra, 
 lios conjugales Decs arbitrantur. Tacitus, Mor. Germ. o. l8. The wife does not bring a 
 dowry to her husband, but the husband brings one to the wife. The parents and relations 
 assemble and pass their approbation on the parents : presents not adapted to please a female 
 taste, or decorate the bride; but oxen, a caparisoned steed, a shield, spear and sword. By 
 virtue of these the wife is espoused ; and she in her turn makes a present of some arms to 
 her husband. This they consider as the firmest bond of union ; these, the sacred mysteries, 
 the conjugal duties. 2 Bl. Com. 138 (/) / 4 Kent's Com. 37 (f) ,• Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 264 [q^. 
 Among the Gauls the tenns of a marriage settlement were as artistically formed and nicely compen- 
 sated as a modern jointure ; Viri guantas pecunias ad uxoribus, dotis nomine, acciperunt ; tantas ex suis 
 bonis, aestimatione /acta ciim dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis pecuniae conjunctim ratio habetur, 
 /ructHsgue servantur. Uter eorum vitd super&rii : ad eutn pars utriusgue, ciim /ructibus superiorum 
 temporum, pcrvenit. Caesar, de Bel. Gail, vi, c. ig. Whatever sums of money the husbands have received 
 in the name of dowry from their wives, maicing an estimate of it, they add the same amount out of their own 
 estates. An account is liept of all this money conjointly, and the profits are laid by ; whichever of them shall 
 have survived [the other], to that one the portion of both reverts together with the profits of the previous 
 time, 
 
 Dotem Unde nihil habet. From which she has no dower. 3 Bl. Com. 183. 
 
 DOTI lex favet: praemiiim pudoris* est; ideh parcatur. The law favors 
 dower : it is the reward of modesty ; therefore it shall be spared or pre- 
 served. Co. Liu. 31 ; Branch's Principia. 
 
 *Pudor. = not only modesty, decency, chastity, but sense of propriety, scrupulousness : an inward abhor- 
 rence of moral turpitude, through which the conscience is awed, and may be said to blush, v. Verecundia. 
 
 Dotis admensuratione. For the admeasurement of dower. 
 V. Breve de admensuratione dotis. 
 
 DOTIS appellatio non refertur ad ed matrimonia, quae consistere non possunt ; 
 neque enim dos sive matrimonio esse potest ; ubicunque igitur matrimonii 
 nomen non est, nee dos est. Ulpianus, Dig. xxiii, 3,/r. 3. The appellation of 
 dowry or marriage portion cannot be ascribed or appHed to those marriages 
 which cannot exist ; for there can be no dowry or marriage portion without a 
 marriage ; whenever, therefore, there is no name of marriage there is no mar- 
 riage portion. 
 
 DOTIS causa perpetua est, et dim voto ejus, qui dat, ita contrahitur, et semper 
 apud maritum sit. Paulus, Dig. xxiii, 3,/;-. i. The cause or considera- 
 tion of a dowry or marriage-portion is permanent, and he who gives it with his 
 vow, has so contracted {or restricted it), that it can always be with (/. e. in the 
 possession of) the husband. 
 
 DOTIS fructum ad maritum pertinere debere aequitas suggerit j quum enim ipse 
 oner a matrimonii subeat, aequum est, eum etiam fructus percipere. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 7. Equity suggests or advises that the fruits or profits of a 
 dowry or marriage-portion ought to belong to the husband ; for when he himself 
 undergoes the burdens of the marriage, it is reasonable that he likewise ought to 
 obtain (receive, gather, collect) the fruits or profits. 
 
 Dotis incrementum. An increase of dower. V. Hypobolon. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Hypobolon, dotis est incrementum, vel quod mortuo marito uxori superstiti redditur supra dotem, quod 
 est instai donationis propter nuptias. Calvim, Lex. Jicrid. 
 
 DotiSSa.— L. Lat. \-\-dos.'\ A dowager. Com. \%S- 
 
 Douarium.-Lat. =Doarium. l-^-^t. douaiye.\ Dower (q. v.). Spclman. 
 
 Double entente.- Fr. Double meaning ; a play on words. 
 
 Double entendre.— Fr. A double meaning. An ambiguous expression to which two 
 meanings may be attached. 
 
 Douceur — Fr. [+ Fr. «'»«.*•, sweet.] Sweetness. Softness, gentleness. Transt.. 
 Used to denote a present, gift, compensation ; an inducement. Odiously: A bride. 
 
 [9O '^-' 
 
Dou.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dro. 
 
 DOUX yeux. — Fr. Soft glances. To make the doux yeux, — to interchange tender looks. 
 
 Dowager. («.) in English Law: A widow endowed or having a jointure. Blount; 
 Webster. (6.) A widow who either enjoys a dower from her deceased husband, or who has 
 property of her own brought by her to her husband on marriage, and settled on herself after 
 his decease. Brande. (c.) A title given in England to a widow, to distinguish her from the 
 wife of the husband's heir bearing the same name. Brande ; Webster. ((I.) A title applied 
 chiefly to the widows of princes, dukes and other personages of rank and title ; e. g. Queen 
 dowager^ — the widow of a king. Cowell ; Blount; Webster; 1 Bl. Com. 223. 
 
 Sowarie, — L. Fr. Dower. =L. hat. Doarium, OT Douarium. 
 
 Dower. — L- Fr. and Eng. [-\- Fr. douaire.] = L, Lat. Doariutn, Douarium. 
 
 In English and American Law: The ordinary kind of dower, consisting (usu- 
 ally) of one-third of the lands and tenements of which the husband was seised in fee at any 
 time during the coverture, which his widow is entitled, after his death, to have and to hold 
 for the term of her natural life, for the sustenance of herself, and the nurture and education 
 of her children. Bracton, fol. 92 ; Litt. § 36 ; Co. Litt. ^ob ; 2 Bl. Com. 129, 130 ; 2 Crabb's 
 Real Prop. 124, § 1117 ; 4 Kent's Com. 35, 158 ; Broom &= Had. Coin, ii, 250 et seq. Such 
 estate of the widow is called an estate in dower, and she is termed tenant in 
 dower {tenens iti dote). Co. Litt. 30a. v. Dos per comjnunem legem. 
 
 Dower ad ostium ecclesiae. — L. Lat. Dower at the church door or porch. 
 
 This appears to have been the original English dower {_dos), supposed to have been derived 
 from the donatio propter nuptias of the Civil Law. It was anciently conferred in England by 
 the act of the husband himself, who endowed his wife at the church door or porch. 
 
 Bracton called it : Dos mulieris secundum consuetudinem Anglicanum, and is described 
 in the passage under Dos. In old English Law, supra, v. Litt. § 39 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 133 j-y. z/. note (/) on page 134. Dower ad ostium ecclesiae is abolished by statute 3 and 4 
 Wm. IV. c. 105, § 13 ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 251, n. {g). 
 
 Dower de la pluis belle. — L. Fr. Dower of the fairest part. 
 
 The fifth species of ancient dower, mentioned by Littleton, § 48. It was abolished together 
 with the military tenures, of which it was a consequence, v. Co. Litt. §§ 48, 49 ; z Bl. Com. 
 132 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 251, n. (^). 
 
 Dower ex assen.su patris. — L- Lat. Dower by the assent of the father. 
 
 In old English Law: A species of dower ad ostium ecclesiae, made when the hus- 
 band's father was alive, and the son, by his consent expressly given, endowed his wife with 
 parcel of his father's lands. To prevent fraud it was required to be made in facie ecclesiae 
 et ad ostium ecclesiae, etc. (q. v. in loco). Bracton, b. ii, cc. r, 2 ; Litt. § 40 ; Wingate's Max. 
 162, § 5 ; 2 Bl. Com. 133 ; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 251, n. (g). 
 
 Dower, unde nihil habet. Dower whence she has nothing. 3 Bl. Com. 183. 
 
 V. Breve de dote unde nihil habet. 
 
 DowresS. A tenant in dower ; a woman entitled to dower. 2 F. Wms. 707. 
 
 Dowry. =Lat. Dos. In old English Law: A portion or property given with 
 a woman to her husband in marriage. If in lands it was called maritagium (v. h. t.). Brac- 
 ton, lo\.2l\ Fleta,\\'b.\vL, c. 11. If in money,goods, chattels, etc., it was called marriage- 
 portion. Co. Litt. 3ra. v. i Co. Inst. 351 ; Wingate's Max. 55, § 129. It is not dower 
 or doarium. 
 
 Draclima, ae, /. = Gr. SpaxUV' A small Greek coin of about the same value as the 
 Roman denarius. Cicero, Div. i, 52 ; Plautus, Merc, iv, 4, 37. = about seven and three- 
 fourth pence Sterling. (6.) As a weight: The eighth part of an uncia. Pliny, xxi, 34. 
 (c.) In old English Plead, and Records: It denoted a groat. Town's PI. 180. 
 
 Drama, atis, ». =Gr. Spdua. A drama, play. Aus. £p. xviii, 15. 
 
 Dramatis Personae. The characters represented in a play ; the interlocutors in a drama. 
 
 Drift. A driving. Drift-way,- — away, road or path used for driving cattle. Co. Litt. 
 56a/ I Taunt. 279 '■ Hilliard's Real Prop. 33. 
 
 Drip. A species of servitude. = Stillicidium (v. h. t.). 3 Kent's Com. 436 ; 2 Hilliard's 
 Real Prop. 85 ; ii Ad. &' E. 40. 
 
 Droit. — Fr. ='LsX. f us, rectum, directum. Right, justice, equity. Co. Litt.iz^b; Crabb's 
 Hist. Eng. Law, 406. Law ; c g. coinmun droit, — the Common Law. Litt. § 213 ; Co. Litt. 
 142a. 
 
 722 
 
Dro.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dru. 
 
 Droit d'aubaine (or d'aubaigne, and sometimes d'aubenage). The right of escheat to 
 the crown of the property of an alien deceased, i Bl. Com. 372 ; 2 Kent's Com. 44, 69. = 
 Jus albinaius, v. h. t. 
 
 Droit d'aOOeSSion.— Fr. Right of accession. =Jus acccssionis. 
 
 In French Law: That right of property which is acquired by making a new species 
 out of the materials of another, of. Code Civil de Napoleon, art. 565, 577 ; Merlin Rtfpert, 
 'Accession.' v. Accessio. 
 
 Droit de bris. — L. Fr. The right to the fragments. More fully expressed : Droit de 
 i5n,r,— the right to the fragments, remains, etc., from shipwreck. 
 
 In old French Law: A right which the lords of the coasts of France claimed to 
 persons and property shipwrecked, and which were confiscated to their benefit ; chiefly so in 
 Bretagne. The right was abrogated by Henry III. as duke of Normandy, etc., A. D. 1226. 
 Laws of Oleron, art. xxvi, note ; i Peters' Adm. Decis. Appendix. 
 
 Droit de garde. — L. Fr. Right of ward. Steph. Led. 250. 
 
 Droit de gite. — Fr. Right of home, or board and lodging. Steph. Led. ^t,\. 
 
 In French Feudal Law: The duty incumbent on a roturier, holding lands within 
 the royal domain, of supplying board and lodging to the king, and to his suit, while on a 
 royal progress. Steph. Led. 
 
 Droit de greffe, — Fr. A right concerning the register or clerk's office. Sleph. Lect. 354. 
 In old French Law. The right of selling various offices connected with the custody 
 of judicial records or notarial acts (a privilege of the French kings). 
 
 Droit de maitrise, — Fr. A right of or concerning mastership. 
 
 In old French Law: A charge payable to the crown bj' any one, who, after having 
 served his apprenticeship in any commercial guild or brotherhood, sought to become a 
 master workman in it on his own account. Steph. Led. 354 
 
 Droit de detractione. — Fr. 2 Kent's Com. 44, note. 
 
 Droit de pescher. — L. Fr. The right to fish ; a right of fishing. =Jus piscandi. 
 
 Droit de prise. — Fr. A right of taking, capture, prize. 
 
 In French Feudal Law: The duty incumbent on a roturier, of supplymg to the 
 king on credit, during a certain period, such articles of domestic consumption as might be 
 required for the royal household. Steph. Led. 351. 
 
 Droit de quint.— Fr The right of a fifth 01 fifth part. 
 
 In French Feudal Law: A relief payable by a noble vassal to the king as his 
 seigneur, on every change in the ownership of his fief. Steph. Led. 350. 
 
 Droit de retraite. — Fr. The right of withdrawal. 2 Kent's Com. 44, note. 
 
 Droit de Viduit6, — Fr. The right of widowhood. 4 Kent's Com. 35 {a). 
 
 In French Law: Tenancy by curtesy is called rfretV aV mi/«!V^. Aguesseau, iv, 660. 
 
 Droit des Gens.— Fr. The law of nations. = Lat. Lex Gentium. 
 
 Droit-Droit. — L. Fr. A two-fold or double right. = Jus duplicatutn. 
 
 In English Law: The right of possession united with the right of property. Co. 
 Litt. 2(>ta; 2 Bl. Com. 199 ; l Reeve's Hist. 476 ; 4 Kent's Com. 373. v. Jus ad rem, etc. 
 
 Droit 6crit.— Fr. The written law. The Roman Civil Law, or Corpus Juris Civilis. 
 Steph. Lect. 130. 
 
 Droit et avant.— Fr. Right and forward. Motto. 
 
 Droit et loyal.— Fr. Upright and loyal. Motto. 
 
 Droit naturel.— Fr. Natural law. story on Bailm. § 48. 
 
 DROIT ne done pluis que soil demaundi.— Fr. The Liw gives no more than is 
 demanded. 2 Co. Inst. 286 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 591. 
 DROIT ne poet pas morier.— Fr. Right cannot die. Jenk. Cent. 100, case 95. 
 = Lat., Jus nunguatn moriat. A right can never die. 
 
 Droit patent.-Fr. A patent right. . , . • ,v„ ^t„t 
 
 Droiture.— L. Fr. Right, justice. Common droiture. Common right or justice. Stat. 
 
 Westm. I. c. I. 
 
 Drunkenness. =-L?A. Ebnetas,v.\i.v. v. Dipsomania. 
 
Dufor.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Due. 
 
 Du fort au faible. — Fr. From the strong to the weak. 
 
 Duabus sellis sedere. — Lat. Pro v.: To sit in or occupy two seats. Trop., 
 To keep in with both parties. Laberius, in Seneca, Conir. vii, i8 Jin. 
 Dualis, e, adj. \duo, two.] That contains two. 
 
 DUAS uxores eodem tempore habere non licet. Justinian. Inst, i, lo, § 6. It 
 is not lawful to have two wives at the same time, i Bl. Com. 436 ; Broom 
 &" Had. Com. i, 526. 
 
 Dub. An abbrev. used in the reports to express Dubitatur, v. h. v. 
 
 Dubietas, 5tis,/. [duHus.] Doubt, uncertainty (/^j/. f/aj-j.). 
 
 DubioSUS, a, um, adj. [id.] Doubtful, dubious ; fahulae. Gell. iii, 3, i. 
 
 DubitaUS. Part. \-\- diibito.'] Doubting; wavering in opinion or judgment. "Dob- 
 bin, J., dubitans.^' 1 Show. 364. 
 
 Dubitautur, adv. Doubtingly. (6.) Hesitatingly ; with hesitation. Cicero. 
 
 Dubitatio, Snis,/. \dubito.'\ A wavering in opinion or judgment ; a being uncertain, a 
 doubting ; uncertainty, doubt ; sine ulla dubitaiione, — without any doubt, i. e. with complete 
 certainty, most certainly. Cicero. Me ton.. A considering, examining, pondering, 
 reflecting upon. Cicero, Lael. 19. (6.) A wavering, hesitating in coming to a conclusion ; 
 hesitancy, irresolution, delay (freq. and class.). 
 
 DUBITATUM, ilia *verba* : Ope, consilio, quemadmodum accidienda sunt, 
 sententiae conjungentium, aut separantium, etc. Paulus, Dig. L, \(i,fr. 53, 
 §2. Read it in: Ope, consilio, etc. 
 
 Dubitatur. \_fres. indie. pass. -\- dubito.'\ It is doubted. 
 
 Dubitavit. Vp^rf. indie. -\- dubiio.] He has doubted ; doubted. "Vaughan, C. J., 
 Dubitavit." Freem. 150. 
 
 Ducalis, c, adj. [dux.J Of or belonging to a leader or commander (post, class.). 
 
 Ducaliter, adv. Like a leader or general. 
 
 Ducator, 5ris, m. [rf«jr.] A leader, commander. Civitalis. TERTVLtlAi^, adv. J'ud. 13. 
 
 Ducatrix, icis, /. A female leader. 
 
 DucatUS, lis, m. [dujT.^ Military commandership ; command. Suetonius, Tib. xix ; 
 Justin, ii, 15, 14; ix, 6, 8 ; xxx, 2, 5. 
 
 In Feudal and old European Law: A dukedom ; the territory and dignity of 
 a duke. Feud. Lib. i, tit. 14; ii. tit. 10. 
 
 In old English Law: A duchy. Jieg. Orig. i^'i. 
 
 Ducere. [pres. infin. -\- duco^ To lead, conduct, draw, bring forward, etc. 
 
 Ducere fanxiliam. In general: To lead a company, i. e. to be at the head, be the 
 first. Cicero, Phil, v, 11, 30 ; id. Fam. vii, 5, 3. v. the pass. Id. Fin. iv, 16, 45. 
 
 Ducere UXOrem. To lead a wife home, i. c. to marry. Plautus, Mil. ili, 1, 91. v. i 
 Freem. 346; 2 Pars, on Contr. 61. Ducere UXOrem doiUUIU, — to lead a wife home. 
 Plautus, Aul. ii, i, 40. 
 
 Duces et milites limitanei. Commanders and soldiers upon the frontiers. Ershine's 
 Inst, ii, tit. iii, § 2. 
 
 Duces ex virfufe sumunt. Dukes or leaders [-1- dux] receive their honors from 
 their virtue (or renown). 
 
 Duces tecum. — L- Lat. That you bring with you. [Duces -f- duco.} 
 
 In Common Practice: A term applied to certain writs ; e.g. suhposna duces tecum, — 
 where a party summoned to appear in court is commanded to bring with him some 
 piece of evidence, in writing or otherwise, that the court and jury would view and consider. 
 Termes de la Ley. If the witness, instead of bringing the papers or other instruments 
 required, deliver them to the opposite party, by whom they are withheld, the court will 
 allow secondary evidence of the contents of them to be given, without a notice to produce 
 the originals. A witness producing papers under a subpoena duces tecum need not be sworn 
 unless he be examined, i Chitty's Archb. Prac. 332. 
 
 Duces tecum languidum. — L. Lat. That you bring the sick person with you. 
 
 724 
 
Due] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Dum. 
 
 Duces tecum licet languidus.— L. Lat. You bring with you, although sick 
 In old Practice: A writ directed to the sheriff, upon a return that he' could not 
 bring his prisoner without danger of death, he being so sick {aded languidus) ; whereupon 
 the court granted a habeas corpus in the nature of a duces tecum licet languidus Cowell ■ 
 Blount. Such writ is now obsolete. 
 
 * * * * Duds, ingeniwm ; res 
 Adversae nudare solent, celare secundae. 
 
 Horace, Sat. ii, 8, 73. 
 Adversity is wont to disclose, prosperity to conceal the abilities of a general. " Misfor- 
 tunes call forth the skill of a general, prosperity (or prosperous circumstances) leave them 
 concealed." 
 
 "Good Fortune hides, Adversity calls forth, 
 A landlord's genius, and a general's worth."— Dr. Francis. 
 Ducit amor patriae.— Lat. P r o v . The love of country guides. 
 Duckings stool, v. Cathedra stercoris. Timborillum. Trebuchetuvi. Cucking stool. 
 DUCO, ere, xi, ctum, 3, z/. «, In the widest sense: To lead, conduct, draw, bring 
 forward. In Pub. Law, t.t.: To take, lead away, carry off a person before court to 
 prison, to punishment, etc. In Mercantile lang.; To calculate, compute, reckon 
 (class, pass.). 
 
 DUCTUS aquae, cujus origo memoriam excessit, jure constitui loco habetur. 
 PoMPONius, Dig. xliii, 20, fr. 3, § 4. A leading or conducting of water, 
 the origin of which exceeds the memory, is held to be established in place of 
 [as for] a right, v. Praescriptio immemorialis. 
 
 Duellum, i, »• A contest between two. 
 
 Due Hunt bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria coniendentibus dimlcatur. Kestus, de Sign. 
 Verbo. p. 51, 
 
 In old English and Scotch Law: The judicial combat, or trial by battle. 
 Bracton, lib. iii, tr. 2, c. 21, fol. 141*. 
 
 DUELLUM est singularis pugna inter duos, ad probandam veritatem litis, et qui 
 vicerit probasse intelligitur. Due Hum is a single combat between two 
 to prove the truth in a suit ; and the one who overcame was understood or con- 
 sidered as having proved his case. Flcta, lib. i, c. 34, § 26 ; Wingate's Max. 
 4^> § S ; ^"^ -^'^'- 294^. V. Battel. 
 
 Duke. '"■ Dux. 
 
 Dulce " Domum" ! Sweet " Home" I or " Homeward." 
 
 The title of the song sung by the students of Winchester College, on the evening preced- 
 ing the Whitsun holidays, and also at the close of the term. 
 
 Dulce est desipere in loco. — Lat. It is pleasant to jest or revel at the proper time. 
 
 Dulce et decorum est pro patrid mori. It is sweet and honorable to die for 
 one's country. Horace, Od. iii, 2, 13. An apothegm cited in all wars and in all ages. 
 
 " Dulcia defectd modulatur carmina lingd, 
 Cantator cygnus, fiineris ipse sui." 
 
 "The dying swan will, with his latest breath, 
 Chaunt sweetest strains, and sing himself to death. 
 
 DxHcis, e, adj. Sweet. Trop.: Agreeable, delightful, pleasant, soft, flattering. In 
 partic. : Friendly, pleasant, agreeable, charming, kind, dear. 
 
 Dulocraoy. [+ Gr. ^ov^.oi, a servant, and Hparsiv, to be strong, to rule, -\- npatoi, 
 strength, power.] A government where servants and slaves have so much license, so many 
 privileges, that they domineer. 
 
 Dum «»/ While, while that. As long as. Transf.; (a.) So long as, if so be that, 
 provided that, if only. (6.) Just so long as. (r.) Until, until that. In old English 
 conveyances: While. A word of limitation. Co. Litt. I'i'ia ; 10 Co. i,^b. 
 
Dum.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dum. 
 
 Dum bene se gesserit. — L. Lat. While, or as long as he conducts himself well. 
 Tro p . : During good behavior. 2 B!. Com. 252 ; 4 id. 261 ; 2 Kenfs Com. 252 ; Broom &• 
 Had. Com. ii, 404; iv, 336. v, Quamdin bene se gesserit j Dum se bene gesserit. 
 
 Dum de te loqueris, gloria nulla tua est. When you speak in your own 
 praise, you add nothing to your reputation. Verinus. 
 
 Dum deliberamws quando incipiendum,, incipere Jam serum fit. — Lat. 
 Prov. Whilst we consider when to begin, it is often too late to act. Quintilian. 
 " Protracted deliberation is, on many occasions, as dangerous as precipitancy in action." 
 
 DUM dilucidis gauderet intervallis. While he enjoys lucid intervals, Bracton, 
 fol. 43 ; Fleta, lib. iii, c. 3, § 10. 
 Dum dos sit, nullum vitium vitio vortitur. — Plautus, Persa, iii, i, 59. 
 So long as there's a marriage-portion, no fault is reckoned as a fault. 
 Tace siulta : non tu nunc koininuni mores vides ? 
 Quojusniodi hie ciim fama facile nubitur. 
 Dum dos sit^ nullum vitium vitio vertitur. 
 
 Saturio in Plautus, Pers. iii, x, 57. 
 Be silent, fool. Do you not see the customs of people now-a-days, that marriage is easily eifected here with 
 a reputation of any kind ? So long^ as there's a marriage-portion, no fault is, etc. 
 
 Dum fevvet opus. While the work glows. Trop., While the business is in agita- 
 tion ; in the heat of action, i Kenfs Com. 120. 
 
 Sum fuit infra aetatem. While he (or she) was within age. Reg. Orig. i^^ib; F. N. B. 
 T.<y2.G; Liu. § 406 ; Co. Litt. 247(5; Roscoe's Real Act. 93 ; 3 Bl. Com. 183, note {z); 2 Kenfs 
 Com. 238, note. 
 
 Dum fuit in prisona. — L. Lat. While he was in prison. 2 Co. Inst. 4S2 ; Roscoe's Real 
 Act. 93. 
 
 Dum fuit non compos mentis suae. While he was not sound in his mind. Reg. Orig. 
 228^/ R. N. B. 192, 202C/ 3 Reeve's Hist. 31 ; Roscoe's Real Act. 93 ; -j, Bl. Com. 291 ; 3 id. 
 183, note (z); Broom <y Had. Com. ii, 469. 
 
 Dum in diibio est animus, paulo memento, hue vel illuc impellitur. 
 
 Terentius, Andr. i, 5, 31. While the mind is in suspense, it is swayed by a slight impulse 
 one way or the other. While the mind wavers in uncertainty, a trifling matter will move it 
 either one way or the other. 
 
 This jnodus loquendi is translated from the balance, when the two scales equiponderate, the least 
 weight added to either of them, even a feather, will destroy the equilibrium and make the balance incline, 
 {mo^ne ntiim quasi movintenium'). 
 
 Ovid portrays a mind wavering in uncertainty, and IS impulsed. Read: Et modo desperat modo 
 vult temptare. et seg. Owio^ Metamorphoses. X, ^-ji sq. 
 Lucretius expressed the idea: 
 
 Nil adeo fieri celeri ratione videiur. 
 
 Quam sibi meus fieri proponii et inchoat ipsa: 
 
 Ocius ergo animus quam res se perciet ulla., 
 
 A nte oculos quorum in promptu natura videtur; etc. 
 
 Lucretius, de Rev. Nat. iii, 182 seq. 
 Dum leges regebant. While the laws were in force. Cicero. 
 
 Dum recens fuerit maleficium (factum). While the offense (act) is fresh. Bracton, 
 fol. 147 ; 4 Bl. Com. 211 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 253. v. Ciim igitur virgo sic, etc. 
 
 DUM res maneat, verba fingant. While the thing remains, let them frame the 
 words. " Let them make words, if only the facts rem.iin." Cicero. 
 
 Dum se bene gesserit. So long as he conducts himself well. 
 
 Some official stations are held upon this tenure, v. Dum bene se gesseiit. 
 
 Dum sola. Whilst sole or single. Dum sola et casta, — while [she was] single and chaste. 
 Dum sola et casta vixerit, — while she shall have lived single and chaste. Dum sola et casta 
 viveret, — so long as she might, would or should live single and chaste. Dum sola fuerit, — 
 while she shall remain sole or single. Words of limitation in conveyances. Co. Litt. 235^. 
 
 Dum spiTO, spero. Whilst I breathe, I hope. Motto. 
 726 
 
^^"'■^ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Duo. 
 
 Dumtacet, clamat. Whilst he is silent, he cries out ; though he be silent he is elo- 
 quent. In the or rg^n^l . D u„, iacenl ,. la,na„ t .- whilst they are silent, they are 
 loud and eloquent. Cicero i„ Cataline. i, 8. Their silence expresses their sense of wrong. 
 
 DUM /amen <i v,„di(cre arrarum nomine aliquid receptum fueHi. Provided something have 
 been received as earnest by the seller. Bracton, fol. txb; Fleta, lib. ii, ^. 58, § 2. 
 
 DUMtamen aliquid animan dicta navi vivum evasent. Provided, however, some animal 
 have escaped from the said ship. Reg. Ong. 126. v. VVrechum, and De wreck de mere est etc 
 The escape of a live animal from the ship is expressly made a criterion whether goods 
 washed ashore were forfeitable as wreck, v. Bracton, fol. 120. 
 
 DUsV tamen dilucidis gauderet intervallis. Provided he still enjoyed lucid intervals. 
 Bracton, fol. 43 ; id. 420*. v. Nisi lucidis gaudeat intervallis. Bracton, fol. 12. 
 
 Dummodo.— Lat. Provided that ; so that ; so long as ; if only. 
 
 A word of limitation. 11 Co. 41^,- Co. Lilt. 2350. Also a word of reservation ; e. g 
 
 Dummodo COnstet de persona. Provided that it is clear as to the person. Provided 
 it appears who the person is. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. g, § 8. 
 
 Dummodo morata recte veniat, dotata est satis. 
 
 Plautus, Aulularia, ii, 2, 62. 
 So long as she comes with right morals [good principles] she is sufficiently portioned. 
 
 Dummodo solvent talem redditum. Provided he shall pay such a rent. Co. Liit. ^^a. 
 
 Dun, »• ''. [imp. and p. p. dunned (dund) ; p. pr. and vb. n. dunning.'] [Ang. Sax. 
 dynian, Icel. dynia, to make a din, to clamor.] To beset, or ask with importunity, as a 
 debtor, for payment. Subst. n.: (a.) An urgent request or demand of payment of a debt. 
 (6.) One who demands payment. One who duns. 
 
 •To dun- IS a word of consequence, for it is at once a verb and a noun, and is derived from the Saxon 
 word dunan, to din or clamor. It owes its immortality — so tradition says — to having been the surname of 
 one Joe Dun, a famous baihtfof Lincoln in the reign of Henry VII., who was so active and dexterous in 
 collecting bad debts that when anyone became "slow to pay," the neighbors used to say "Dunhira," 
 that is, send Dun after bim. Chambers' Journal, 
 
 Dun. — Sax. [dunnum. — L. Lat.] A hill of small elevation; a low hill. Co. Litt. \b. 
 Banks or elevations along the sea shore are called downs. 
 
 Duntaxat (also dumtaxat), adv. [dumtaxo, hence lit., while one values, exactly esti- 
 mates, i. e. {1.) Exactly, of the right measure, viz., either {«.) Not more, i. c. d u 1 y, or (6.) 
 Not less, i.e. At least (freq. and class, in both).] (a.) Not more than the right measure, 
 i. e. Only, simply, merely, iantummodo. (6.) Not less than the right measure, i. e. 
 At least, (c.) To such an extent as a thing is valid, ;. i'. So far. Duntaxat de peculio, — 
 so far as relates to the peculium. Ulpian. Dig. xv, 2,fr. i, etc. 
 
 Duo, ae, numer. Gr. Svo. Two (freq. and class.). 
 
 DUO compeiunt remedia de. superoneratione : vel amensuratio, i<el assisa novae 
 disseysinae de communia pastiirae. Two remedies lie for a surcharge : either 
 an admeasurement, or an assise of novel disseysine concerning a common right of 
 pasture. Bracton, iv, c. 29, § 3, fol. 229^/ Fleta, lib. iv, c. 23, § 4. 
 V. Superoncratio and Surcharge. 
 
 DUO grana salts, viz., unum sapientiae, ne fit insipidus, et alterum conscientiae, 
 ne fit diabolus. IVo grains of salt, viz., one of wisdom [intellectual acute- 
 ness, prudence, good sense] lest he become insipid, and the other of conscience, 
 lest he become diabolical. 10 Co. i^oa, Kigbeley's case. v. Discretio. 
 
 " Every statute, ordinance and provision which is to be made by force of the commission, 
 * * * ought to consist of four causes: l. The material cause, which is the sub- 
 stance. 2. The formal cause, and that is the manner with convenient circumstance. 
 3. The efficient cause, and that is their authority according to their commission. 4. 
 The final cause, and that is pro iono publico, et nunquam pro privato. The consideration 
 whereof will be as so many sea-marks to direct the commissioners how to steere in the exe- 
 
 727 
 
Duo. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Duo. 
 
 cution of their charges, and how to order the liberty which is given them by the statute of 
 23 Henry VIII. 5, viz., to make such ordinances, etc., according to their own 
 wisdom es and discretions, etc., which words are meant and ought to be interpreted 
 according to law and justice. For every judge or commissioner ought 
 to have duo grana salis, viz., unum sapientiae, ne fit insipidus , et alterum conscientiae , tie fit 
 diabolus. And discretion is well described to be scire per legem quid sit justutn." Wingate's 
 Max. 21, s. 42, citing 10 Co. 14017, Kigbeley's case. v. Broom on C. L. 6, 7. v. Discretion. 
 
 DUO in s olid um precario habere non magis possunt,quam duo in solidum 
 vi possidere aut clamj nam neque justae neque injustae possessiones duae con- 
 curre possunt. Julianus, Dig. xliii, 26, fr. 19 pr. Two persons can no more 
 have or hold the whole (i. e.]ova.\S.y and severally) by entreaty <7r request, 
 than two can possess the whole (jointly «««' severally) by force or secretly, 
 for neither two just nor unjust possessions can concur (accord, agree simultane- 
 ously in the same person), cf. Savigny, lib. iii, § 11. v. Compossessio. 
 
 Plures eandem rem in solidu7n possidere non possunt. Paulxjs, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 3, § 5. 
 Duoruvi quidem in s oliduvi dominum vel possessio esse non potest. Ulpian. Z?2^. xiii, 6, _/r. 
 5, § 15, cited ijifra. cf. I Mackeld. Civil Law, § 236 ; id. § 245, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 DUO non possunt esse domini ejusdem rei iit solidum. Two persons cannot be 
 proprietor of the same thing or property in entirety. Erskine's Inst, ii, 
 tit. I, § I. 
 
 DUO noti possunt in solido unam rem possidere. Two cannot possess one thing 
 each in entirety. Co. Litt.jfiZ \ Broom's Afax. 4^0, n.; 1 Preston on Abstr. 
 318; 2 id. 86, 326 ; 2 Dod. Adm. 157 ; 2 Carth. 76. 
 
 DUO non possunt simul et insolidi unicam rem possidere, non magis quam unus 
 stare ubi alius stat, et unus sedere ubi alius sedet, et eisdem rationibus dare 
 non potest, qui non possidet. Two cannot possess together the whole of one thing 
 at the same time and solidly [or to the same extent], any more than one man 
 can stand where the other stands, or one man can sit where the other sits, and 
 for the same reason he cannot give who does not possess. Bracton, fol. 45. 
 
 DUO pene millia liborum esse conscripla, et plus quam tricentena decern tnillia versuum a veter- 
 ibus effusa. It was written in nearly two thousand volumes, and diffused in more than three 
 millions of ancient fragments. I Kent's Com. 537 (a). Said of the Corpus Juris Clvllis. 
 
 DUO sunt instrumenta ad omnes res aut confirmandas aut i7npugnamdas, ratio 
 et author it as . There are two instruments for confirming or impugn- 
 ing all things, reason and authority. % Co. 16, The Prince's case. 
 
 DUOBUS modis, id est, aut vi aut fraude fiat injuria j fraus, quasi vulpec- 
 ulae, vis, leonis videtur; utrumque ab homine alienissimum j sed fraus odio 
 digna majore. Cicero, de Officiis, i, 13, 41. An injury is done by two methods, 
 that is, either by force or by fraud ; fraud being the attribute of the fox, 
 force that of the lion ; both are utterly repugnant to society ; but fraud is 
 the more detestable, v. Ciim autem duobus modis, id est, etc. Cited in i Story's 
 Eq. Jur. § 186. 
 
 DUOBUS negativis \negantibus'\ verbis quasi permittit lex magis, quam prohib- 
 uitj idque etiam Servius animadvertit. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, fr. 237. The 
 law, as it were, rather permits than prohibits by two negations ; and Servius 
 observes that also \i. e. two negatives have, so to speak, the legal force of an 
 affirmative]. 
 
 In the Common Law the rule is: Negatio destruit negationem, et ambae faciunt 
 affirmativum. Co. Lift. 146 ; Wingate's Max. 13, s. i. 
 
 728 
 
Duo.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Duo. 
 
 DUOBUS quis mandavit negotiorum administrationem: quaesitum est, an unus- 
 quisque mandati judicio in solidum teneatur i Respondi, unum quemque pro 
 soHdo conveniri debcrc, dummodo ab utroque non amplius debito exigatur. Scaevola, 
 Big. xvii, 1,/r. 60, § 2. A person who has intrusted the administration of affairs 
 to two persons : it is asked whether each is bound in solido by a judgment recov- 
 ered on the mandate ? I answered that each ought to be sued for the whole 
 {pro solido), while more than the debt should not be exacted from both. Cited 
 in Story on Agency, §§ 44, 233 ; Wharton on Agency, § 142. 
 
 Duodecim, num. [dtw-decem.^ Twelve. 
 
 Duodecim Tabulae. The Twelve Tables, i. t. the Law of. Cicero, de Off. i, 12 ; QuiN- 
 TILIAN, V, 14, 8. Called also abs. Duodecim (or xii). Cicero, de Legg. ii, 23 ; id. de Off. iii, 
 16 et al. ci. Mackeldey, §§ 15, 16 ; id. ed. 1883, §§ 23, 24. v. Lex Duodecim Tabularum. 
 
 Duodecim, Tabulae, finis aequi juris, Tacitus, A. iii, 27. The Twelve Tables 
 (». e. the Law of the Twelve Tables) is the limit of equal right. Otherwise called " that con- 
 summation of equitable legislation." 
 
 LiVY calls them Fons omnis publici privaiique juris . LiVY, iii, c. 34. 
 
 Cicero wrote Bibliothecas jnehercule omnium philosophorum unus mihi videtur XII Tabu- 
 larum libellus superare. CiCERO, Rep. ii, c. 36, 37. 
 
 But he says, oij the other hand, the last two tables contain nothing but jus iniquum. Id. 
 
 Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta. The Fragments of the Twelve Tables. 
 
 Duodecima manus. — L. Lat. The twelfth hand ; twelve-hand, or twelve-hands. Glanv. 
 lib. i, c. 9; Bracton,io\. 410; 3 Bl. Com. 343, 344. 
 
 Duodeoemvirale judicium, — L. Lat. The trial by twelve men, or by jury. Applied to 
 juries de medieiate linguae. Molloy de Jur. Mar. 448. 
 
 Duodena. A dozen. In old records: A jury of twelve men. Cowell. 
 
 Duodena manu. Twelve hands, i. e. twelve witnesses to purge a criminal of an offense. 
 
 Duodena panis. A dozen [loaves] of bread. Town's PI. 170. 
 
 DUODENI legales homines, quorum, sex Walli et sex Angli erunt, Anglis et 
 y^KiAA^jus dicunto. Let twelve lawful men, of whom six shall be Welsh 
 and six English, declare the law to the English and Welsh. 3 Bl. 
 Com. 360. 
 
 Celsus a it : 
 
 D VORVM. quidem in solidum dominium vel possessionem esse non posse, nee 
 quemquam partis corporis dominium esse, sed totius corporis pro idioso pro 
 parte dominium habere. Ulpian. Dig. xiii, 6, fr. 5, § 15. Celsus says : Two 
 parties cannot have ownership or possession (of one and the same thing) 1 n 
 entirety, nor is any one the owner of a part of the body, but has the owner- 
 ship of the whole body undivided pro rata. v. Bracton, fol. 28^. cf. i Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, § 236, and notes ; id § 245, ed. 1883, by Dropsie. 
 
 Ulpianus, i n t h e s a m e s e c t i o n , a d d s : Usum autem balnei quidem vel porticus, 
 vel campi unius cujusque in solidum esse-neque emm mmus ">« ut. quod « ^^"= J'^^^" 
 tur-rerum in vehiculo commodato vel locato pro parte qu.dem f^^^'" ™^ "=7^ ,^^^"J^' 
 quia non omnia loca vehiculi teneam ; sed esse verius ait. et ^ol"™. ^'^"'P^-"'/^^^^^^^ 
 tiam, et custodiam in totum me praestare debere. Quare duo q"°''''"^.">°'f°/^' ^„^''"^""'"'' 
 et si alter conventus praestiterit, liberabit alterum, et ambobus compet.t furti actio. 
 
 But the use of a bath-house, or of a portico, or of a park, each one can have in entirety - 
 for mv using the same will not hinder another person from doing so -but in the case 01 a 
 hired vehicle, I have in effect the use only in part, because I occupy not all the seats o he 
 conveyance. However, savs he (Celsus, Jr.) it is more according to a •^7-" ^'^^^ "J 'J^ 
 matter that I ought to be responsible in entirety for fraud, for carelessness for d.l.gence and 
 watchfulness. Wherefore two parties are held liable, so to speak, and if one of them has 
 
 729 
 
Duo.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dup. 
 
 paid his share he will free the other, and both can avail themselves of the action arising from 
 theft, cf. PuFENDORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iv, u. 4, § 2. 
 
 V. Plures eandem rem in solidum possidere non possunt, etc. Dig. xli, 2, fr. 3, § 5. 
 
 Duos qiii sequitur lepores, neutrum capit, — Lat. Pro v. He who follows 
 two hares, catches neither. Trop. , When the attention of a man is divided between two 
 objects, he rarely attains either of them. 
 
 Dupla, ae, /. IntheCivilLaw; A double price, (sc. pecunia.) Double the price 
 of a thing. Ulpian. Dig. xxi, 1, 31, § 20. v. Simplam pro dupla, — simple (or single) for the 
 double. Id. xxi, -^ifr. 37, § 2. v. In duplum . 
 
 Duplaris, e, «(/?'. \duplus^ Containing double. Duplaris numerus , — containing double 
 the number. 
 
 Duplex, Icis (abl. commonly duplici; duplies, HoR. Sat. ii, 2, 122), adj. [duo-plieo.^ Two- 
 fold, double. T ra n s f . , Of things made double by being divided into two ; cloven, bipar- 
 tite, double. Plautus, 7V«j<r. iv, 3, 7 ; Quintilian, vii, 7, 10. Trop., In poets, = Gr. 
 SiTtXov?, of character, qs., double-tongued, double-faced, i. e. false, deceitful. Horace. 
 
 In the Jurists: Double. Applied to a plea. Freem. yz\. 
 
 D UP LEX est e7iijn vis animorum atque natura : una pars in appetitu posita est, quae est 
 opi^Tf Graece, quae Iiominem hue et illuc rapit, altera in ratione, quae docet et explanat quid faci- 
 endum fugienduvive sit, Ita Jit ut ratio praesit, app etitus obteniperet. ClCERO, 
 de Officiis, i, 28, loi. The nature and powers of the mind are two-fold : one consists in 
 appetite, by the Greeks called opfiij {i. e. impulse), which hurries man hither and thither ; 
 the other is reason, which teaches and explains what we are to do, and what we are to avoid. 
 The result is, that reason should direct and appetite obey. 
 
 Read: Omnis autem actio vocare debet temeritate, etc. ClCERO, ih, 
 
 DUPLEX est locus contractus, ut supra dixi, quo casu in tantum censetur contractus 
 celebratus in loco destinatae solutionis, quod nullo modo censetur celebratus in 
 loco, ubi verba fuerunt prolata, quoad ea, quae veniunt post contr actum in esse pro- 
 ductum. EvERHARDUS. The place of the contract, as I said above, is two-fold, 
 in which case in so much is the contract considered actually made in the place 
 of the destined payment that it is in no wise deemed to have been made in the 
 place where the words were uttered, as to those things which arise after the con- 
 tract came into existence. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 299. [F. J. M.] 
 
 D UP LEX omnino est jocandi genus : unum illiberdle, petrihans, flagitiosum, obscaenum; 
 alteruvi elegans, urhdnum, ingeniosum, facetum. Quo genere non viodo Plautus nosier et A tti- 
 corum antiqua comedia, sed etiam philosophorum Socraticorum libri referti sunt; multaque mul- 
 torum facete dicta; ut ea quae ^ sene Catone collecta sunt, quae vocant ocTCocp^Ey txocTOC. Ffuilis 
 igitur est distinctio ingenui et illiberalis joci. Alter est, si tempore fit, remisso hoviine dignus; 
 alter ne libero quidem, n rerum turpitudine adhibetur verboi'um obscenitas. ClCERO, de Officiis, 
 i, 2g, 104. The manner of joking is reduceable under two denominations : One that is 
 ill-bred, insolent, profligate and obscene; another that is elegant, polite, witt)' and good- 
 humored. We have abundance of this last, not only in our Plautus and the authors of the 
 old Greek comedj', but in the writings of the Socratic philosophers. Many collections have 
 likewise been made by various writers, of humorous sayings, such as that made by Cato and 
 called his Apothegms. The distinction, therefore, between a genteel and an ill-mannered 
 joke is a very ready one. The former, if seasonably made, and when the attention is relaxed, 
 is worthy of a virtuous man ; the other, if it exhibit immorality in its subject or obscenity in 
 the expression, is unworthy even of a man. 
 
 Duplex placitum. — L- Lat. A double plea. A plea of several matters. 
 
 In Practice: A plea containing an averment or denial of several facts, constituting 
 distinct points or defenses. I Burr. 316. A plea containing several distinct answers to the 
 plaintiff's declaration. Steph. PI. 251, 252. A plea containing several distinct matters in 
 answer to diiTerent parts of the declaration, where either of such matters alone is a sufficient 
 
 73° 
 
DiipJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dur. 
 
 answer to the whole. Steph. PI. 251, 252 ; Archb. Civ. PL 174. The averment of diflFerent 
 facts constituting one point, may be put at issue by a single traverse, i Burr. 316 • i Smith's 
 L. C. [214] 246, note to Crogate's case. ' 
 
 Duplex querela. A double complaint, 0;- a double quarrel. Cowdl. v. ■i £ I. Com. 241; 
 I Bum. 160; Btoovi (^ Had. Com. i, 472; iJ. iii, 305. 
 
 Duplex valor maritagii,— L. Lat. Double the value of the marriage. Litt. § no ; Co. 
 Lilt. i2.b; 2 Bl. Com. 70. In Scotch Law: The double avqil of marriage, v. 
 Maritagiutn and Valor maritagii. v. Duplicem valorem maritagii, 
 
 Dupli actio. An action for double the value of the matter in dispute. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 §171. 
 
 Duplicare. \_pres. infm. ■\- duplico.'] To double or repeat. 
 
 Duplicatio, Snis, /. IdupUco."] A doubling. Seneca, Q. N. iv, 8 ; Paulus, Dig. ix, 4, 
 fr. 31 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xlviii, ig,/r. 8 et al. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A duplication, i. e. by an addition to the formula ; e. g., Adjec- 
 tione opus est adjurandirei gratia, quae duplicatio y vocatur. Gaius, /»j<. iv, § 127. An 
 addition to the formula for the purpose of assisting the defendant ; which is called dupli- 
 cation. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The defendant's answer to the plaintiffs replication ; correspond- 
 ing to the rejoinder of the C o m m o n Law ; Gaius, supra ; Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, i, fr. 2, 
 § 3 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 14, § i ; Heineccius, El. Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 14, § 1284. It is the 
 fourth pleading in the series. 3 Bl. Com. 310. 
 
 DUPLICATIONEM/^wz^y/ZaftV lex nonpaiitur. The law does not allow the 
 doubling of a possibility, i Roll. R. 321. 
 
 Duplicato, ad'''- Twice as much. Pliny, ii, 17, 14 fin. 
 
 Duplicator, oris, m. [duplico.] A doublet ; a magnifier. SiD. Ep. iii, 13. 
 
 Duplicatiim jus,— L. Lat. Double right. Bracton, fol. 383*. = Fr. Droit droit. 
 
 Duplicem valorem maritagii.— L- Lat. Double the value of the marriage. Litt. 
 § no; Co. Litt. ?:2l> ; -^ Bl. Com. 70; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 151. v. Maritagium and Valor 
 maritagii. v. Duplex valor maritagii, 
 
 Duplicitas, atis, /. \duplex?[ A being double, duplicity, doubleness. 
 
 Dupliciter, adv. Doubly, on two accounts. 
 
 Duplico, are, I, !<. fl. {duplex.] To double (freq. and quite class.). r^fia,— to double, 
 i. e. to repeat the words. Cicero, Or. xxxix, 135. T r a n s f . : To double, i. t. to enlarge, 
 augment, increase (freq. and class.). 
 
 Dupld, are, I, V. a. {id.] In Jurid. Latin: To double 1,= duplico.) Ulpianus, 
 Dili, xl, 12, /r. 20 ; Paulus, Dig. xi, 3,/r. 14 ; Gaius, Dig. xxxviii, 10, fr. 3. 
 
 buplus, a, Mia.adf [duplex.] Double, twice as large, twice as much. Cicero, Univ. 7. 
 Donativum. Suetonius, Dom. 2. Pecunia. LivY, xxix, 19. 
 
 Duplum, i, «. The double of any thing; in duplum. Cicero, Fl. 21 ; Ulpianus, Dig 
 xl, 12, fr. 20 et al. v. Actio in duplum. 
 
 Dupondius, H, «.. or Dupondium, ii, »■ [duo-pondo.] The sum of two asses. = twenty- 
 four parts. Justinian. Inst, ii, 14, 8. (a.) A s a c o i n . Var. L. L. v, 36, 47 ; ix, 49, 148 , 
 Cicero, G««^. xvi, 53; Gaius, /«.^. i, § 122. (&.) A s a measu re . Two feet. Col. 
 iii, 13, 5; iii, 15, 2; iv, 13; iv, 32. 2. Transf.: Need, want. Petr. Iviii, 13. 
 
 Dura vox a harsh, unfeeling, stern voice or utterance. 
 
 " For as it is vera vox to say ■ maximus erroris populus magister' ; so it is dura vox to say 
 •maximus erroHs pinceps magister.'" Bacon's Arg. Jurisd of the Menches ; Law Tr. 2^1. 
 
 Duramentum, i, «. [dwo.] X h^xAening in concreto. Trop.: Firmness. Seneca, 
 
 Tranq An. I. , ^ t -i. 
 
 Durante.- L. Lat. During. InEng. Law: A word of limitation. Co.L^tt.2^^. 
 
 Durante absentia. During absence. 2 Bl. Com. 503, 508. 
 "nnrnTiffi lipn^ tilaeito During our good pleasure. 
 
 ^ 731 
 
Dur.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dur. 
 
 Will. c. 2 ; I Bl. Com. 267 ; 2 Steph. Com. 492. The form of the royal writ appointing 
 sheriffs is durante benl placito. i Bl. Com. 342 ; Broom 5}= Had. Com. i, 320. v. 409. 
 
 Durante casta viduitate. During chaste widowhood. 10 East, 520. V. Durante 
 viduitate. 
 
 Durante itinere. During the voyage or journey. 
 
 Durante minore aetate. During minor age ; during minority. 5 Co. 29, 30 ; 2 Bl. Com. 
 503, 508 ; Broom on Com. Law, 585 ; Broom 5f Had. Com. ii, 643. ' Durante minoritate,'^ — 
 During minority. 
 
 Durante servitio. During the servitude ; while in service. 5 //. &" N. 106 ; I Smithes 
 
 L. a [517] 649. 
 
 Durante termino. During the term. Bracton, fol. 27. 
 
 Durante viduitate. During widowhood. Co. Litt. "iii^h J 2 Bl. Com. 124; Broom i2r= 
 Had. Com. ii, 580. v, 263 (X'). v. Durante casta viduitate. 
 
 Durante virginitate. During virginity ; during virginhood. Co. Litt. 234^. 
 
 Durante vita. During life. Co. Litt. 234^ / I Hen. &= Munf. 350. 
 
 Duress, Duresse, — L. Fr. [Lat. durus,\vzx&\ r/zjnVw, hardness.] Hardship, constraint, 
 compulsion, imprisonment. The state of compulsion or necessity in which a person is 
 induced, by the restraint of his liberty or menace of bodily harm, to do some act; e. g. to 
 execute a deed, will or contract, or any legal act, or to commit a misdemeanor. Such acts, 
 though accompanied with all the other requisite solemnities, may be afterward avoided for 
 duress, i Bl. Com. 130, 131, and Cooley's note (11). v. Bacon's Max. reg. 22; Broom &;' 
 Had. Com. i, 154. 
 
 It is a well-grounded and deeply-rooted rule in law and equity, that where a party is not a 
 free agent, and is not equal to self-protection, the court will protect him. 
 
 In the Civil Law the maxims are : Nihil consensui tarn contrarium est, qui et bonae 
 fidei judicia sustinet, quam vis atque metus; quern comfrobare, contra bonos mores est. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 116 pr. Ait Praetor: Quod metus causA gestum ERfr, 
 RATUM NON HABEBO. Ui.PlANUS, Dig. iv, 2, fr. 1 ; 1 Story's Eq. Jur. § 239, note 5. 
 
 In the Common Law the well-known maxim is : Quod alias bonum et justum est, si 
 per vim v el f rait dum peiatur, malum et injustum efficitur. 3 Co. jSa. Fermor's case. 
 I Story's Eq. ftir. % 23<j. Read: Gratuita debet esse donatio, etc. Bracton, io\. 16b. 
 
 Circumstances also of extreme necessity and distress of the party, although not accom- 
 panied by any direct restraint or duress, may, in like manner, so entirely overcome his free 
 agency, as to justify the court in setting aside a contract made by him on account of some 
 oppression or fraudulent advantage, or imposition, attendant upon it. I Stojy's Eq.Jur. 
 § 239, and the cases there collated. Moreover, the rule is that duress of goods will 
 suffice to avoid a contract ; e. g. if the signature to an agreement were procured by a threat 
 of detention of one's goods, or of injury to them, the agreement thus signed can be repu- 
 diated by the party so coerced, cf. 2 Kenfs Com. 610 and notes. Money extorted by duress 
 of the plaintiff's goods, and paid by the plaintiff under protest, may be recovered in an action 
 for money had and received. 11 Ad. 6= E. 983, ggo. v. per Coleridge, J., 2 Q. B. 846; 
 cf. I Story OH Contr. §§ 510, 515 ; Brooin on C. L. 610, notes \h). {k)j 5 HilTsl^. Y.) R. 158 ; 
 I Duer, 210; 12 N. Y.Ji. 99 ; i Bay, 470 ; 2 id. 211. Persons who purchase or convey 
 under duress may affirm or avoid such transaction, whenever the duress is ceased. 2 
 Co. Inst. 483 ; 5 Co. 119 ; 2 Bl. Com. 292, and Cooley's note (6) ; 2 Kent's Com. 453, and notes ; 
 
 I Parsons on Contr. 395 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 471. v. Wait's note (339). Equity fol- 
 lows the law as to what is duress. 62 Penn. St. R. 846. Equity will relieve by ordering an 
 instrument procured by duress canceled. 64 N. C. 384 ; 53 ///. 129; i Story's Eq.Jur. 
 §239. In England, it may be considered as doubtful whether duress of goods 
 would suffice to avoid a contract. Broom's Com. 2d ed., 591. Vani tivioris justa excusa non 
 est. Celsus, Dig.'L, 17, fr. 184; cf. Gothofred, de Div. Regul. Juris, clxxxiv. But see 
 
 II Exch. S78, 879; Broom on C. L. 610, note {K) ; 3 Mees. &= W. 650; 11 Ad. &= El 983. 
 V. cases in i Parsons on Contr. 394, note (w). Yet money paid under such duress may be 
 recovered back. 5 E. L. &• £.469; s. c, 6 Exch. 343. In America, several strong 
 cases hold that duress of goods is quite sufficient to avoid a contract entered into under 
 its influence. ^ Johns. (N. Y.) R. 201 ; 5 Hill's (N. Y.) R. 154, 158 ; i Hen. &= Munf. 350 ; 
 18 Md. 318 ; I Bay, 470; 2 id. 211 ; 16 Wall. 414, 432. v. 1 Parsons on Contr. 394, note (w). 
 There are two sorts of duress, v. infra. 
 
 Duress of imprisonment. This comprehends the actual loss of liberty. 
 
 "The confinement of the person in any wise is an imprisonment ; so that the keeping a 
 man in a private house, putting him in the stocks, arresting or forcibly detaining him in the 
 streets, is an imprisonment." 2 Co. Inst. 589. If a man under duress of imprisonment, i. c 
 a compulsion by an illegal restraint of liberty, until he signs and seals a bond, or the like ; 
 
 732 
 
^^•1 JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Dyn. 
 
 &R^ T «/"r ^'' '^"■''^^^ °f imprisonment, and he is not at liberty to avoid it " 2 Co' 
 i-MatiA ;^/, '^::,^] • ^: S, ff^'- '■ '54. xO: ; . ^..V L„. 6.0, aid „o^et; 
 
 Duress per minas — L. Lat. Duress by threats and menaces 
 or loss ot limb i Bl. Com. 131 ; 4 ,,/. 30; ^^om 6- Had. Com. i, 154 ; iv, 28 ■ 4 Steth Com 
 
 Bracton laid down the rule that such fear must be upon a sufficient reason v Mctus 
 autem est praesenh vel futuH perUuli causd mentis trepidatio, etc. BractonTl\ § if foT 
 Xbbfin. V. Metum, sq.; i £1. Com. 131. ' ' ^' ^ '*' '°'- 
 
 Lord Coke enumerates four instances in which a man may avoid his own act bv reason 
 /L .T-, « menaces: Fear of life; of member ; of mayhL ; of imprisonment^ 2 S 
 /«./. 483; £acon, ^ir., 'Duress'; Foster. Cr. Law, 322; 2 Strange, i\(>- 2 Z<.^</ .P<zp«. 
 
 Restraint of goods under circumstances of oppression, hardship, will avoid a 
 337, 2 Af £■/<:. (Ky.) 445. See cases under Duress, supra. 
 
 Duressor. One who subjects another to those hardships, constraints, menaces, fears, etc., 
 coming within the term duress. Lord Bacon employs the term in Reg. 22. 
 
 Duritia, ae, /. Idurus, hard, etc.] Hardness, strictness, rigor, oppressiveness, severity. 
 InEnglish Law: Duress, i Leonard, 22(). 
 
 Durum! sed levius fit patientid, 
 Quidquid corrigere est ne/as.— Horace, i, Carm. i\fin. 
 This is hard ! but what it is out of our power to amend, becomes more supportable by 
 patience. 
 
 *"Tis hard: but patience must endure, 
 And soothe the woes it cannot cure." — Dr. Francis. 
 Quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. ViRGIL, A. v, 710. 
 Miseriarum portus est patientia,— -pax\ence is the asylum of affliction. Puelius Syrus. 
 
 Durum telunt necessif as.— Lai. Pro v. Necessity is a hard weapon. 
 "Necessity has no law (neeessitas non habet legem), hence we cannot contend against cir- 
 cumstances to which necessity commands us to submit, v. Plowd. i8a. 
 
 Duskes a Chon que. — L. Fr. Until that. Kelham. 
 
 Duumviri, Orum, m. [duo-vir.'\ A Roman board or court consisting of two persons . 
 magistrates elected in pairs to fill any office, or perform any function. Duumviri aedis' 
 faciendae S. locandae, S. dedicandae,— the duumviri for building, hiring, or dedicating 
 a temple. LiVY, vii, 28 ; xxii, 23. Duumvlrl muuicipales,— the highest board of magis- 
 trates in the municipia. Cicero, Agr. ii, 34, 93 et al. Duumviri navales,— an extraordi- 
 nary board created for the purpose of equipping fleets. LiVY, ix, 30; xl, 18; xli, i. 
 Duumviri perduellionis, — an extraordinary criminal court, the dttumviri. LiVY, i, 26; 
 vi, 20; Cicero, Rab. perd. 4. 
 
 Dux, duels, <:(?«. \duco.'\ In general: A leader, conductor, guide. In partic, 
 in military language: A leader, commander, general-in-chief. Caesar, .5. C. i, 13, 
 2 ; ii, 23, 4. A lieutenant-general, general of division. Ibid, iii, 21, i ; Cicero, Ojf. iii, 26, 
 4, g. The commander of an army. Ulpianus, Dig. iii, 2, 1 pr. A military governor of a 
 province, v. Justinian. Cod. i, 27, 2. A military officer having charge of the borders or 
 frontiers of the empire ; called dux limitis (plur. duces limitum). Justinian. Cod. i, 49, i pr.; 
 id. ib. i, 46, 4 ; id. iii, 26, 7. Hence, Transf.; As a title of honor and dignity. 
 
 Originally (/«.r was a Roman dignity denominated h. ducendo, — from leading or com- 
 manding. Duces (dukes) were the ductores exercituum, — commanders of armies. Afterward 
 the title was given to the governors of provinces in time of peace. 
 
 In old European Law; Duke,— a title of honor, or order of nobility. 1 Bl. Com. 
 397. The first title of dignity after the royal family. Bracton, fol- Sb ; i Bl. Com. 397; 
 Crabb's Hist. 236 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 480. His consort is called a duchess. 
 
 Dux facti. The leader, commander of the deed. Story on Agency, § 21. 
 
 Dux foemina facti. A woman the leader of the deed. Virgil. 
 
 Dynian. — Ang.-Sax. To make a din, to clamor, v. Dun. 
 
 733 
 
E,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [E pla, 
 
 E or e. — L. Fr. A contraction of et, and ; e. g., E volums he, — and we will that. E fet 
 h remembrer, — and it is to be remembered. Conf. Cart. 25 Edw. I. 
 
 In the Latin of the Romans, £ or ^ frequently occurs in the place of /. The 
 long e interchanges frequently with the diphthongs a and ce. Dig. and Cod. passim ; Bract, 
 passim. 
 
 As a Latin abbreviation: E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) sig- 
 nifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit,evocatus,etc.; e. g., E. M. V ,egregiae memoriae vir ; E. Q. R., 
 eqites Romanus ; EE. QQ. RR., Equites Romani ; E. P., eque publico ; E. M. D. S. P. P., e monilu 
 de sua pecunia e^'exit^ etc. 
 
 E or ^^praep., abbrev. oi ex. From, out of, on, by, etc. ; e. g. : e COntra, — on the 
 other side ; of the opposite opinion ; Dyer, 10b; 1 Shower, 208 ; Keilway, 18 : — e COnsenSU 
 patris, — by the father's consent; — e COutinenti genere, — in continuous descent; in an 
 unbroken succession of generations ; in an uninterrupted succession from the same familj'; 
 Cicero. Fin. ii, ig, 61: — e COntra or e COntrario, — ^on the contrary ; on the other hand 
 (= ex COntrario) so frequently used in Cicero, Quintilian, and the poets; — e COntrario 
 parte, — ^on the other hand; on the other part; — e COnverSO, — on the contrary; on the 
 other hand ; conversely ; reciprocally, i. c. by turning, reversing the order of a proposition; 
 Bracton, fol. ()\b et saep ; I Co. Inst. 5 ; 2 id. 31 ; Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses; Bl. Com. ii, 236 ; 
 
 ■i-ib. 394- —e corpora comitatus,— from the body of the county; — e debito justitiae,— 
 
 from, by, on account of a debt of justice; — e delicto (= ex delicto), — from, by, on account 
 of the crime, offense or delict;- — e diversO (= CX diverso), — on the opposite side ; on the 
 contrary (class, passim). </. Justinian. xxx,4, 6: — e genere, — from birth, descent, origin; — 
 e mere gratia, — from mere favor; on account of a mere grace; — e pluribus unilin, — 
 one out of manj'. v. h. infra: — e re nata, — arising from or out of that subject, matter or 
 business ; according to the exigency of the case ; as the case stands ; Terentius, Ad. iii, 
 1,8: — ^e regione, — in a straight line, etc. v. h. infra: — e Vestigio, — at the point or 
 moment ; instantly. 
 
 E flammd petere cibum. — L a t . P r o v . To seek or obtain one's bref.d out of the 
 fire. T r o p . : To obtain a livelihood by the most desperate means. 
 
 This was a proverb expressive of the lowest degree of means and infamy. It was the 
 greatest alTront that could be oflfered to any person. Terence employed it in the plaj' : 
 
 * -^ quern ego esse infra infivios otnneis puto 
 Homines : nam qui huic animum assentari induxeris, 
 E flammd petere te cibum, posse arbitror. 
 
 Terence, Eunuchus, iii, 2, 36-38. 
 * * a fellow whom I consider beneath all men of the very lowest grade: for when you 
 can bring yourself to flatter that fellow (referring to Thraso), I do believe you could 
 pick your victuals out of the very fl am es, p. f. meat out of a funeral pile]. 
 LociLius, in giving the character of a most contemptible wretch in nature, says : 
 Mordicus petere aurum ex flamma expediat, et e coeno cibum. LuciLIUS, in Nov. cxxxviii, 21. 
 He could stoop to snatch with his teeth, gold from the flames, and food out of dirt. 
 
 E fungis nati homines. Men sprung from mushrooms. T r o p . : Upstarts. 
 
 E mails multis malum quod minimum est, id minimum est tnalwin. — 
 
 Pro v. Of many evils, that which is the least evil, the same is the least an evil. Plautus, 
 Stichus, i, 2, 63. A nglice : " Of many evils, the least must be preferred." 
 
 E medio flum,ine mella petal.— P r o v . He may look for honey in the middle of 
 a stream. Trop. ; He may seek for what is not to be found. Ovid, Ars. Amat. i, 748. 
 
 E myitis paleis, paulum fructus collegi. — Lat. Pro v. From much straw I 
 have gathered little fruit. T r o p . : With much labor I have obtained but little profit. 
 
 E piano or de piano. Lit. ; On level ground ; on a plain. J u rid. t. t. On level 
 ground ; below, not on the bench, i. e out of court, extrajudicially. Paulus, Dig. xlviii, 18, 
 fr. 18, § 10. On the floor of the court. Suetonius, Tib. xxxiii. 
 
 734 
 
Eplii.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY, [E plu 
 
 E Pluribus Ununi. — L a t . Motto: One out of many. 
 
 What do these words signify? a.iier, what idea did the author intend to convey? indeed, 
 who is the author? 
 
 The origin of our national motto, 'e pluribus unum," maybe traced to a classic 
 source. The earliest instance, undoubtedly, may be found in Virgil (born B. C. 70), where 
 the sentiment, and indeed the language is similar to that expressed in our national motto : 
 
 It tiianus in gyrum; paulatim singula vires 
 
 Deperdunt proprias; color est E P luribus Unus , 
 
 Nee totus viridis, quia lactea frustra repugnant. 
 
 Nee de laete nitens, quia tot variatur ab herbis. — Virgil, Noretum, i, 103. 
 
 Horace, the poet (born in the year 65 B. C), and the contemporary of Virgil, employs 
 
 an expression very similar to that of Virgil, when he puts this question : Quid te exemta 
 
 levat spinis de pluribus una? Horace, Epist. ii, 2 fin. What profits you only one 
 
 thorn eradicated out of many? 
 
 Juvenal (born in the year of Christ 38), and who wrote his satires about a century subse- 
 quent to Virgil and Horace, closely employed the question above stated from Horace: 
 Quid te exemptajuvat spinis e pluribus 'una? Juvenal, 5« A What does it avail you, if 
 one thorn be removed out of many? 
 
 The Spectator, August 20, 1711 (No. 140), employs as a motto: '■Exemta juvat 
 spinis E P luribus Una' — it aids (it is a point gained) only one thorn extracted out 
 of many. This is close to Juvenal, and slightly paraphrased from Horace. 
 
 Whether our national motto was drawn from one or the other of the poets it matters 
 not, the idea conveyed by each of them is 'one out of many,' and not, as many sup- 
 pose, one made up of many — hence, one out of many nations, and not 
 one made up of many States. 
 
 The Gentleman's Magazine kept on its title page for over a century, as one of its 
 mottoes: 'E P luribus fwzim ,' accompanying a cut representing a hand grasping a 
 nosegay ; and this was said to have been taken from the poem of Virgil above quoted. A 
 correspondent of Lippencott's Magazine (in the August number, i86g) pronounces 
 the Gentleman's Magazine the source whence we derived our national legend. We 
 doubt this statement ; and we express what is most probable, that it was drawn from the 
 classic poets : one or the other or possibly all ; hence we say detur digniori. Be this, how- 
 ever, as it may, the motto was quite familiar to those who first employed and adopted it as 
 the insigne of our national seal and ensign. In the coat of arms of 1782, the American 
 eagle displayed in his beak a scroll inscribed "E Pltiriizis Unum." In a paper read 
 before the Massachusetts Historical Society (v. Proceedings, 1866-1867, p. 351), it is said 
 that Mr. Barton, of Philadelphia, first suggested it in 1782. In 1786, there was no United 
 States Mint, but there was a private mint at Newburg, N. Y., and the motto of the 
 United States was first placed on a copper coin struck at that mint. In 1787, a goldsmith 
 named Brasher coined a piece which was known as the New York Doubloon (a six- 
 teen dollar gold piece). The legend of the New York 'doubloon' as well as of one of 
 the New York coppers coined in 1787, is 'Unum e Pluribus .' The d oub 1 o on is 
 worth to-day, $2,000, and only four are known to be in existence. The legend of the 
 ' Immunis Columbia' copper, struck in the same year, is 'E Pluribus Unum.' In 
 1786-7 the motto also appeared on various copper coins of the State of New Jersey. The 
 Kentucky copper coins of 1791 bear for their legend ' E Pluribus Unum.' These 
 were minted in England. On the scroll on the reverse side of one of the varieties of the 
 Washington cent of 1791, the legend is ' Unum e P luribus .' The United States Mint 
 was established in 1792, but the use of the motto on any of the gold, silver or copper coins 
 was not specially directed by any provision of the statute establishing the mint. The first 
 appearance of 'E Pluribus Unum' on the national coinage was on the quarter-eagle 
 in 1796, and on the eagle and on the dime during the year following. The silver dollar of 
 1798 has it on for the first time. The motto had not appeared on any of our coins since 
 1837, until the standard silver dollar was coined. It remained on our early gold and silver 
 
 735 
 
E reg.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ea est. 
 
 coins until 1834, when it was omitted from the gold coins. In 1836, it was dropped from 
 the twenty-five cent piece, and the following year from all silver coins. 
 
 Quaere : Why was this beautiful and very appropriate legend discarded from our coinage ? 
 
 E regione. (adverbially.) (a.) In a straight line, directly. Cicero, Fat. ix, 18. So of 
 the rectilinear motion of atoms. Id. ib. xx, 46. Straight down, perpendicularly. Ldcr. 
 vi, 284. (6.) Most usually: In the opposite direction, over against, exactly opposite, 
 (freq. and quite class.). (C.) T r o p . : On the other hand ; on the contrary. = E contra. 
 HiER. adv. Jo'din. ii, 7. 
 
 E se finxit vdut araneus. He spun from himself like a spider. Trop.: He had 
 only his own resources to depend upon. 
 
 E tardigradis asinis equus non prodiit. — Lat. Pro v. The horse does not 
 spring from the slow-paced ass. "Fortes creantur forlibus et bonis.'' Horace. 
 
 E tenui cassa, saepe vir magnus exit. A great man frequently springs from an 
 humble cottage. Trop.: The meanest cabin may often produce a hero. Horace. 
 " From an humble cottage a hero often springs." 
 
 EA animi elatio, quae cernitur in periculis et laboribus, si justitiA vacat pugnatque non 
 pro salute communis sed pro suis commodis^ in vitio est. Non visdo enim id virtutis non est^ sed 
 est potius immanitaiis omnem humanitatem repellentis. Itaque probe definitur a Stoicis fortitudo, 
 quum earn 'virtutem' esse dicunt ' pro pugnantem pro aequitate.' Cicero, de 
 Officiis, i, 19, 62. That elevation of mind (magnanimity) which is discovered in toils and 
 dangers, if it be devoid of justice, and contend not for the public good, but for selfish inter- 
 est, is blamable, vicious ; for so far from being a mark of virtue, it is rather that of a bar- 
 barity which is repulsive to all humanity. By the Stoics, therefore, fortitude is rightly 
 defined, when they call it " V a 1 o r fighting on the side of justice." 
 
 EA enim, quae audoritate legis vel consuetudinis cotitractum. comitantur, eidem 
 adherent. N atur alia a doctoribus appellantur. Lex enim altera est quasi 
 natura, et in naturam transit. Aique quoad naturalia contractuum etiam forenses 
 statuta loci contractus observare debent. Lauterback, Diss. 104, Pt. 3, n. 58. 
 For those qualities or elements which by authority of law or custom are connected 
 or committed to a contract, the same are adherent. They are called by the doc- 
 tors or learned men Naturalia (natural elements or qualities). For the law is, 
 as it were, another nature, and it passes into the nature of the contract. And 
 as to the natural elements of contracts, even foreigners must observe the laws of 
 the place of the contract. Quoted in Story on Bills of Exch. § 139; Story on 
 Prom. Notes, § 159; Story on Confl. of Laws, § 263. [F. J. M.] 
 
 EA est accipienda interpretatio, quae vitio caret. Celsus, Dig. i, 3, fr. 19. That 
 interpretation is to be received or adopted which is free from fault or wrong. 
 It is a rule that the law will not intend a wrong, which the Civilians utter thus : Ea 
 est accipienda, interpretatio, etc. And therefore if the executor of J. S. grant omne bona et 
 catalla sua, the goods which they have as executors will not pass, because non constat whether 
 it may not be a devastation, and so a wrong ; and yet against the trespasser that taketh them' 
 out of their hands, they shall declare quod bona sua cepit. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3. 
 
 Lord Bacon clipped this from Celsus. The full text is: In ambigua voce legis ea 
 fotius accipienda est significatio, quae vitio caret, etc. Celsus, Dig. i, 3, fr. ig. 
 
 EA est in re prava pervicacia, ipsi fidem vocant. That which is obstinacy in a depraved 
 matter, they call honor. Tacitus, de M. G. c. 24; i?/. Cojiz. iv, 172. 
 
 E A est natura c avill ationi s , quatn Graeci 0oopirr]v [aocpiGfxa] [acer- 
 valem sy Hog ismvm\ appellant, ut ab evidenter veris per brevissimas 
 mutationes disputaiio ad ea, quae evidenter falsa sunt per ducatur. Julianus, Dig. 
 L, 1"], fr. 65. Cavillatio, which the Greeks call Gmpirrji (sorites), is a 
 sophistical argument of this nature, that it passes by very brief steps (or rapid 
 736 
 
^a^am.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ea quae. 
 
 turns) from things which are self-evidently true to those which are manifestly 
 false. 
 
 Ulpianus says: Natura cavillaiionis, quamGraeci 6oopiT7,v [acervaUm svl- 
 log ismu m J apfellaverunt haec est, ut ab evidenter veris per brevissimas mutationes dispJatio 
 adea, quae evidenter falsa sunt perducatur. Ulpian. Dig. L, lb, fr. 177. 
 
 Ea fama vagatur. Virgil, a. ii, 17. That report is spread abroad. A rumor to that 
 effect is in circulation. 
 
 Ea intentione,— L. Lat. With that intent, design, purpose. 
 
 I n E n g . L a w : Held not to create a condition but a confidence and trust. Dyer, 138,5. 
 pA igitur, quae diligens paterfamilias in stiis rehcs praestare solet, a creditore 
 -L/ exiguntur. Paulus, Big. xiii, 7, fr. 14. That, therefore, which a dili- 
 gent paterfamilias {or a business man) is accustomed to apply in his own affairs, 
 is required of the creditor, Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. 10, § i4/«. n. 4 ; Story 
 on Bailtn. § 332. 
 
 EA quae civiliter acquiruntur, per eos, qui in potestate nostra sunt, acquirimus, 
 veluti per stipulationem; quod naturaliter acquiritur, sicuti est possessio, 
 per quemlibet volentibus nobis possidere acquirimus. Modestinus, Dig. xli, i, fr. 
 53. Those things which are civilly acquired by those who are in our power 
 (under our authority) we acquire, for instance, by stipulation; whatsoever is 
 naturally gained, as possession is, we acquire by whomsoever we will appoint 
 to possess for us. cf Grotius, de Jure Bel. ac Pac. iii, c. 6, § 9. 
 
 Paulus like^wise: Possessionern adquirlmus et animo, et corpore: animo utique nostro: 
 corpore vel nostro, vet alieno, etc. Paulus, Sent. Recept. v, tit. 2,%\ et seq. 
 
 EA, quae commendandi causd, iti venditionibus dicuntur, si palam appareant, ven- 
 ditorem non obligant. Florentinus, Dig. xviii, 1, fr. 43 pr. Things 
 which are said on sales, in the way of commendation [or praise], if they [/. e. 
 the things sold] appear openly, do not bind the seller. Broom's Max. 751. v. 
 Arnot vs. Hughes, Chitty on Contr. 393, note. 
 
 EA, quae commendandi causd in venditionibus dicuntur, si palam appareant, ven- 
 ditorem non obligant; veluti, si dicat ' s e riium sp e cio sum ,' ' doinu tn 
 beni aedificattim.' Florentinus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 43//". Those things 
 which are said at sales, in the way of commendation [or praise, puffing], if they 
 [/. e. the things sold] appear openly, do not bind the seller ; for instance, if he 
 [the vendor] says ' a good-looking [splendid or brilliant] slave ; ' 'a house 
 well-built.' Quoted in i Story's Eq. Jur. § 201. Caveat emptor is the rule. 
 
 If the means of knowledge, however, are not equally open, a diiferent doctrine is pro- 
 nounced in the same law. Florentinus adds this qual if icat ion : 
 
 At si dixerit, hominem literatum, vel artificem praestare debet; nam hoc ipso pluris vendidit. 
 Florentinus, Dig. ib. v. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 201. 
 
 Ulpian. laid down a similar rule, but with a qualificatipn against commendation with a 
 fraudulent intent: Quod venditor, ut commendet, dicit, sic habendum, quasi neque dic- 
 tum, neque promissum est. Si vera decipiendi emtoris causd dictum est, neque sic habendum est 
 ut non nascatur adversus dictum promissumve [emti] actio, sed de dolo actio. Dig. iy, 3, fr. 37. 
 
 Ulpianus in another place, says: Venditor, si, qtcum sciret deberi servitutem, cela- 
 vit, non evadei ex emio actionem, si modo earn rem emtor ignoravit; omnia enim, quae 
 contra bonam fidem fiunt veniunt in emti actionem. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, i, 
 
 A- 1. § I- 
 
 Florentinus also laid down the following rules: §1. Quaedam etiam polhcita- 
 tiones venditor non obligant, si ita in promptu res sit, ut cam emtor non ignoraverit, veluti si quts 
 hominem luminibus effossis emat, et de sanitate stipule tur; nam de cetera parte corpotis potxus 
 stipulatus videtur, quam de eo, in quo se ipse decipiebat. § 2. Dolum malum a se abesse praestare 
 venditor debet; qui non tantum in eo est, qui fallendi causd obscurl loquitur; sed^ etiam qui 
 insidiosK obscur^ dissimulat. Florentinus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. 43. § 2. v. 1 Story s Eq. Jur. 
 
 §§ 192, 21 1. 
 
 V9i] "7 
 
Eaquae.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ea quae. 
 
 Lord Chancellor Thurlow laid down this comprehensive rule: 
 " If a man, upon a treaty for any contract, will make a false representation, b)- means of 
 which he puts the party bargaining under a mistake upon the terms of the bargain, it is a 
 fraud. It misleads the parties contracting on the subject of the contract." i Bro. Ch. 546; 
 I Story s Eq. Jar. § 192, note 5. v. 2 Paige's Ch. R. 390. v. Suggestio falsi. 
 
 EA, quae dari impossibilia sunt, vel quae in rerum natura non sunt, pro non adjectis 
 habentur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, iT,fr. 135. Those things which are impos- 
 sible to be given, or which do not exist in the nature of things, are considered 
 as not added \i. e. form no part of the contract]. Gothofred, cxxxv. 
 
 Read: Impossibilium nulla obligatio est. Celsus, Z*;^. L, 17, />-. 185. The maxims under 
 Impossibilis conditio will be found instructive and interesting. 
 
 EA, quae ex aedificio detracta sunt, ut reponantur, aedificii sunt, at quae paraia 
 sunt, ut imponantur, non sunt aedificii. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, T,fr. 17, § 10. 
 Those things which are taken away from a building in order to be [with a viev/ 
 to their being] replaced, are a part of the building ; but things which are made 
 ready so that they may be put into the building are not a part of it. 
 
 Read: Aedium autem multa esse, quae edibus affixa non sunt, etc. Ulpian. id.fr. 11 pr. 
 V. Justinian. Cod. viii, tit. 10, 'de Edificiis Privaiis.' 
 
 EA, quae ex animalibus dominio tuo subjectis nata sunt, eodem Jure tibi adquiruntur. 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 19. Those which are born of animals (the young 
 of animals) subject to your power are, by the same law, also acquired by you. 
 All that are born of animals of which you are the owner become, by the same 
 law, your property. cf. Sandars' Justinian, p. i66. 
 
 Florentinus states it: Quae ex animalibus dominio nostro eodem jure subjectis nata 
 sunt. Dig. xli, 1, fr. 6. 
 
 EA, quae ex hostibus capimus, jure gentium statim nostra fiuntj adeo quidem, ut 
 si liberi homines in servitutum nostrum deducantur. Qui tamen, si evaserint 
 nostram potestatem et ad suos reversi Jueriiit, pristinum statum recipiunt. Justin- 
 ian. Inst, ii, I, § 17. Those things which we take from the enemy are also ours 
 at once by the law of nations ; so much so, that even freemen are reduced into 
 slavery to us ; though still if they escape from our power and return to their 
 own people, they recover their former condition, v. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 69 ; id. 
 Dig. xli, I, Jr. 5, § 7 ; id. ib. Jr. 7 ; Grotius, de Jur. Bel. ac Pac. 
 
 EA quae in curid nostrd riti acta sunt, debitae executioni demandari debent. 
 Those matters which are properly transacted in our court ought to be 
 committed to a due execution. Co. Litt. 289a. 
 
 EA, quae in nominibus sunt, non recipiunt divisionem, quum ipso Jure in portiones 
 hereditarias ex Lege Duodecim Tabularum divisa sunt [«'«/]. Justinian. 
 Cod. iii, 36, const. 6. Those things which exist in claims (bonds, notes, items 
 of debt) receive no division {i. e. by the interposition of the court), when by 
 the law itself they are divided in hereditary portions according to the Law of the 
 Twelve Tables. Cited in Story on Partn. § 354, in note 4. 
 
 The law referred to reads : Nomina hereditaria ipso jure esse divisa. Lex XII. Tab. 
 'V, fr. 9. 
 
 EA, quae in partes dividi non possunt, solida a singulis heredibus debentur. Mar- 
 CELLUS, Dig. L, \'],fr. 192. Those things which cannot be divided into 
 parts (apportioned) are owed solidly by each heir individually. Gothofred, 
 de Div. Jur. Reg. cxcii. 
 738 
 
Eaquae.j JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ea sunt. 
 
 Labeo generaliter scrihit: 
 ■pA, quae perpetui usus causa in aedificiis sunt, aedificii 
 -L/ esjej quae vero ad praesens, non esse aedificii; utputa 
 fistulae teviporis quidem causa positae, non sunt aedium, verumtamen si perpetuo 
 fuerint positae, aedium sunt. Ulpian. Dig. xix, i,fr. 17, § 7. Labeo writes in 
 general : that things which are in a building for continual 
 use are parts of the house; but those only for the present 
 are not parts; pipes, for example, if laid for a temporary purpose, are not 
 parts ; but if they were laid from the first for permanence, they belong to the 
 building. 
 
 § S. Castella plumbea, putea, opercula puteomim, epitonia \epistonid\ fi^tulis adplumbata, aut 
 quae terra conlinenter, quamvis non sint affixa, aedium esse constat. § 9. Item constat sigilla, 
 columnas quoque et personas, ex quarum [quorum] rostris aqua satire solet, villae esse. § 10. Ea, 
 quae ex aedificio detracta sunt, ut reponantur, aedificii sunt, et quae parata sunt, ut imponantur, 
 non sunt aedificii. §11. Pali, qui vineae causa parati sunt, antequam collocentur, fundi non 
 sunt, sed qui exempli sunt hac mente, tit [iterum] collocentur, fundi sunt. Ulpian. ib. gg 8-11. 
 
 § 8. Leaden reservoirs, cisterns, coverings of cisterns, stoppers fitted by the plumber to 
 pipes, or fixtures contained in the earth, although not attached to the building, are evidently 
 parts thereof. § 9. It is plain, too, that statues, columns or figure-heads, from whose bealcs 
 water gushes, belong to the house. § 10. Things which have been removed from the house 
 to be replaced, are parts ; but those which have been prepared for the purpose of being 
 applied to it, are not parts. § 11. Stakes which have been prepared for a vineyard, but not 
 3'et set, are not part of the piece of land or property; but those which have been taken up 
 with a view to being replaced, belong to the property (the vine3-ard). [J. I. H., D. D.] 
 
 Read in this connection: Papinianus quoque libra septimo rcsponsum ait : Sigilla 
 et statuae ajfixae instrumento domus non continentur, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiii, 7,yV. 12, § 23. 
 
 Statuae affixae bassibus structilibus, aut tabulae religatae catenis, aut erga paiietem affixae, 
 etc. Pompon. Dig. L, 16, fr. 245. 
 
 EA quae rarh accidunf, non temeri in agendis negotiis computantur. Julianus, 
 Dig. L, \'],fr. 64. Those things which rarely occur or happen are not to 
 be rashly or inconsiderately taken into account in the transaction of business. 
 GoTHOFRED, de Diversis Reg. Jur. Ixiv ; Broom's Max. 
 
 EA quae rerum naturd prohibentur, nulld lege confrmata sunt. Celsus, Dig. 
 L, 11, fr. 188, § I. Those things which are prohibited [forbidden] by 
 nature, are confirmed by no law. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Jur. Ixxxviii, § i, 
 p. 740. 
 
 EA quoque res quae in rerum naturd non est, si modb futura est, recti legatur: 
 veluti fructus, qui in illo fundo nati erunt, aut quod ex ilia ancilld ?iatum erit. 
 Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, § 7. A thing not yet in the nature of things [/. e. not 
 in existence], if only it is in possibility, may be properly bequeathed ; as, for 
 instances, the fruits which shall grow on such a farm or spot of ground ; or the 
 child which shall be born of a particular female slave, v. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 203. 
 Ea ratione. From that calculation ; on that account ; in that respect ; with that under- 
 standing, etc. 
 
 EA sola deportationis sententia aufert, quae ad fiscum perveniunt. Hermoge- 
 NiANUS, Dig. L, 17,/^. 97- A sentence of transportation bears away those 
 things alone which come to the fisc, /. e. carry away its sources of revenue, cf. 
 Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Jur. xcvii, p. 430. 
 
 EA sunt animadvertenda peccata maxime, difficilime fraccavcntur. Cicero, pro 
 Sexto Roscio Amerino, xl, 116. Those offenses are to be punished with the 
 greatest severity which are guarded against with tlie greatest difficulty. 
 
 739 
 
Eavero.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Earl. 
 
 Cicero expresses and illustrates this rule in the passage : In rebus minoribus socium fallere 
 turpissimum est aequeque turpe atque illud,de quo ante dixi, etc. Cicero, ib, cf. Bl. Com. iv, l6. 
 
 EA, vera, quae ad complementum vel executionem contractus spectant, vel absoluto 
 eo superveniunt, sola a statuto loci dirigi, in quo peragenda est solutio. Bur- 
 GUNDUS, Tract. 4, n. 29. But those things which regard the complement or 
 execution of the contract, or which supervene upon its execution, are solely 
 governed by the law of the place where the payment is to be made. Quoted in 
 Story on Confl. of Laws, § 331a. cf. Kent's Com. ii, 459, and cases in n. (c). 
 Read: Idem ergo de solutionibus dicendum; scilicet, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 EA vero [jura], quae ipsa sibi quaeque civitas constituit, saepe mutari solent, vel 
 tacito consensu populi, vel alia postea lege laid. Justinian. Inst, i, 2, § 11. 
 But in truth the laws, which every State has created for itself, undergo frequent 
 changes, either by tacit consent of the people or by another rule being subse- 
 quently substituted. 
 
 It was, indeed, a maxim of the Civilians that, as laws might be established hy long and 
 continued custom, so they could likewise be abrogated by disuetude, or be annulled by con- 
 trary usage. Ea vero^ quae ipsa sibi quaeque civitas constituit^ etc. Broom's Max. 844 ; Mackeld. 
 Civil Law, 5, § 7 ; Irving' s Civil Law, 4th ed. 123. 
 
 Ea vice. His turn ; that turn. Ed vice, — by or in his or that turn. v. Bacon's Max. in 
 Reg. 4. 
 
 Eadem, adv. The same way. Cicero, Div. i, 54, 123 ; Plautus, Mil. ii, 3, 32 et al 
 
 Eadem, demons, pron. The same. Eadem, abl. Of, from, by, at, in the same. 
 
 Eadem auctoritate. By the same authority. 
 
 Eadem curia apud Westmonasterium ad tunc tente existente. — L. Lat. At the same 
 court then holden and being at Westminster. 
 
 EADEM causa diversis rationibus coram judicibus ecclesiasticis et secularibus ven- 
 tilatur. The same cause is moved or ventilated from different principles 
 before ecclesiastical and secular judges. 2 Co. Inst. 622. 
 
 EADEM equitas occurrit, ut hoc casu detur etiam actio exercitori versus eum, qui 
 citm magistro navis contraxit. Pothier, ad Pand. xiv, t. 3, n. 4, marg. n. 
 (3). The same equity occurs, as in that case an exercitory action may be 
 granted also against him who contracts with the master of the ship. Quoted in 
 Story on Agency, § 425, in n. 2 fin. 
 
 EADEM mens praesumitur regis quae est juris et quae esse debet praesertim in 
 dubiis. The mind of the sovereign is presumed to be coincident with that 
 of the law, and with that which ought to be, especially in ambiguous matters. 
 Hobart, 154; Broom's Max. 55. 
 
 EADEM mens uniuscujusque praesumitur quae est juris, quaeque esse debeat, 
 praesertim in dubiis. The mind or intention of everyone is presumed to 
 be the same as that of the law, and as it should be, especially in doubtful cases. 
 Lofft, 635 ; Halkerston. 
 
 Eadem persona Clim defnnctO. The same person as the deceased. Kent's Com. iv, 
 37g. An heir stands the same as his deceased ancestor. Erskine's Inst, iii, 4, 26. 
 
 Ealderman, ealdorman. — Sax. ■^'L.'LzX. Aldermanus. An alderman. 
 
 In Saxon Law: A very ancient title applied to a great variety of offices ; e. g. an Earl^ 
 Schireman, Comites, Aldemiannus. v. Bracton, lib. i, c. 8 ; Co. Lilt. 168 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 6 ; Bl. Com. i, 116, 398 ; id. iii, 36 ; Crabb's Hist. 24 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 481. 
 
 Earl, eorle. Sax. Eoryl. = L. Lat. Comes, eorla ; Fr. Comte. A title of nobility so 
 ancient that its original cannot clearly be traced out. 
 740 
 
Ear.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ebr. 
 
 In English L.tvv: It is now the third, ranlcing between a marquis and a viscount 
 {vice-comes). Bl. Com. i, 398. It is a mere personal dignity annexed to the family of the 
 possessor and independent of land. Crabb's Hist. 235, c. xvi ; Cruise's Dig. tit. 'Digni- 
 ties;' I Lord Raym. 10, 13. It now merely confers nobility and an hereditary seat in the 
 House of Lords. Broom &• Had. Com. i, 481. 
 
 Earldom, The office, jurisdiction or dignity of an earl (Comes), i Lord Raym. 10, 13; 
 BL Com. i, 33g. v. Comiiatus, 
 
 Earl Marshall. = Comes mariscallus, v. h. t. v. Bl. Com. iii, 68 ; iv, 4O7. 
 Earnest. = Lat. Arr/m, arra, or arrhabo, v. h. v. 
 
 EAQUE materia forma publica percussa, usum dominiuntque non tam ex sub- 
 stantia praebet, quam ex quantitate, nee ultra merx utrumque \est\, sed 
 altcrum pretium vacatur. Paulus, Dig. xviii, i, fr. i pr. fin. Quoted in Story 
 on Confl. of Laws, § 3131^. R e a d it in Origo emendi vendendique a permutationi- 
 bus coepit, etc. Paulus, Dig. ib. fr. i pr. 
 
 EARUM natura est, ut aliae aliarum ejusdum generis rerum vice fugantur_ 
 Pothier, Fret de Consumption, n. 25. (Fungible) is of that nature that 
 things of the same class can be substituted, one in place of another. Cited in 
 Story on Bailin. § 284 /«. v. Res fungibiles. 
 
 Easement. = L. Lat. Aisiamentum or aysiamentum, v. h. v. 
 
 Easter term. = L- Lat. Te7-minus Paschae, v. h. t. 
 
 Eat. [3 A"- /'■^■f- ■f"^/ + ^°' ^'''' ^ so-] He may or can go. 
 
 Eat inde quietus.— L. Lat. [That] he may go thence, quit or discharged. 
 
 Eat inde sine die.— L. Lat. [That] he may go thence or thereof without day. 
 
 In leeal practice: These words were used in recording judgment m favor of a 
 defendant- si<rnifying that he is dismissed or permitted to go out of court without 
 any fur he°r day, continuance or adjournment, etc., his innocence bemg pubhcly 
 cleared and the actior^ being at an end. Bl. Com. iii, 399 ; Stefh. Com m, 636. = SU ^nde 
 guUtlsl V. h. t. In case of several defendants, the form was, Eant tnde sine die, etc. 5 Mod. 
 148. V. Quod eat inde sine die. 
 
 Eat sine die.— L. Lat. Let him go without day (i. t . be' discharged). 
 
 Eaves-droppers. ^. Eves-droppers, cf. Bl. Com. iv, 167; Russ. on Cr. i, 302. 
 
 Ebba.-L. Lat. Ebb. Ebba et flUCtUS,-ebb and flow of the tide: ebb and flood. 
 Bracton, fol. 255, 338- 
 
 Ebriamen, mis, n. [ebrio, -^r^,-io make drunk, to intoxicate.] Intoxicatmg liquor; 
 
 strong drink. 
 
 •Phriptas atis /•. \ebri„s.-\ Drunkenness, ebriety. Quintilian, i, 11, 2 ; v, 10, 34- 
 Jn^eTrietatem et ebriositatem interest. -aliudgue est amatorem esse, aliud amantem. 
 
 C\Q.Y.^O,Tusc. Disp. iv, 12, 27. 
 
 ^s: ':'bH:ta?l:ipt h™k: spist. , 5, 16 
 
 g:',r/in-». luatsob^ius. Ca,y,r, i f/j,^;/- l^! ",7^ 191 i8 id. .2; 3 
 
 on C L. 607, 608. As to other questions and pomts L. K., 1 ri. oj x. 
 5 54 Re a d : Omne crimen ebrietas et tncendit et detegit, sq. 
 
 EBRIET AS probatur ex aspectu illius qui asseritur ebrius. D r u n k e n n e s s is 
 proved from the appearance of him who is asserted ..declared to be drunk. 
 Mascardus, de Prob. Concl. 579, nn. S et seq.; i Best on Emd. § 133, ". 3- 
 
 Ebriolus, a, um, adj. drm. [ebrius.^ Drunk .. tipsy a little. P.AUTt;s, Cure, ii, 3, X5 I 
 '■ Ebriositas, .tis, /. iebHosus.^ Addicted to drink; sottishness. C....0, Tusc. Visp. 
 iv, 12, 27. ^^i 
 
Ebr.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ecc. 
 
 EbrioSUS, a, um, ni^'. [edniis.] Given to drinking. Subst.^ A drunkard. Cicero, 
 Faio, V, lo; id, Acad, ii, 17, 53 et al. 
 
 In Common Law: An habitual drunkard ; one given to ebriety or the excessive use 
 of intoxicating drink, who, by frequent indulgence, has lost the power or the will to con- 
 trol his appetite for drink, cf. 5 Gray (Mass.), 85 ; 18 Penn. St. R. ill. 
 
 In some States, such persons are liable for punishment; and in most of the States 
 such persons are classed with idiots, lunatics, etc., in regard to the care of property, cf. 7 
 Paige's Ch. (N. Y.) 312 ; 15 Barb. R. 520; 8 N. Y. R. (4 Seld.) 388 ; 5 Gray (Mass.), 85 ; 11 
 Cush. (Mass.) 477 ; 18 Penn. St. R. 172. 
 
 Ebrius, a, um, adj. Who has drunk himself full ; drunk, intoxicated. Trop. . For- 
 tund dulci ebria, — intoxicated with prospering fortune. Horace, Ode, i, 37, 12. 
 
 "EtCCe, adv. demonstr. Lo ! seel behold! Ut ecce, — for example. 
 
 Used in calling attention to a person, proposition or illustration. 
 
 Ecce homo ! Behold the man ! v. John, xix, 5. 
 Ecce Signum ! Behold the sign ! 
 
 Ecce autem simtlia omnia: omnes congrtiunt; 
 
 Unum cognoris, omnes noris. 
 
 Terentius, Phorm. ii, i, 34. 
 Look )'e there, they are all alike, all hang together; when you know one you 
 know all . 
 
 Virgil says: Crimine ah rtno discs omnis. Virgil, .(4«z. i, 65. 
 
 ECCE mo do mi r tun! quod femina fert breve regis, 
 Non nominando virum conjunctum robore legis. 
 
 Behold now a wonder! that a woman bears or has the king's writ, 
 not naming her husband, though united to her by the strong bond of the law. 
 
 In old English Law: A /!?»;? ^-ot'??-/ was disabled to sue without her husband, and 
 5'et (in some cases) a wife hath had ability' to sue and be sued without her husband ; for the 
 wife of Sir Rob. Belknap (one of the justices of the Court of Common Pleas) who was 
 banished beyond the sea, did sue a writ in her own name, versus Lady Weyland, without 
 her husband, he being alive, whereof one exclaimed in the form of a rhyming Latin couplet, 
 expressive of surprise that a married woman could in any case Sue without her husband. 
 Co. Litt. 132a, 133a y Kent's Com.W, 154; Story on Contracts, § 146. 
 
 In a quare impedit against the Lady M altravers, she pleaded that she was covert of 
 baron, whereunto it was replied for the king, that her husband, the Lord Maltravers, 
 was put in exile for a certain cause, and she was ruled to answer, v. more examples hereof 
 in Co. Litt., where this difference is put, that if the husband be condemned to perpetual 
 banishment, his wife, in his absence, and in her own name, shall sue and be sued, but if it 
 be but relegation for a time, it seems to be otherwise. And all this, least the parties that 
 have cause of action should remain without remedy ; for when he is condemned to perpetual 
 banishment, he is a monk protest, dead in law. There is the same law also of perpetual 
 abjuration. Wingate's Max. 145, § 10. 
 
 Ec-chy-mo'ma, atis, n. [-f- Gr. EKxilJ-oo6ii, extravasation of blood, + eKxrifiooo, to pour 
 out.] A soft blue swelling from a bruise ; extravasation of blood into the cellular tissue. 
 
 K gemts of the order Tumores, class Locales, of Cullen's Nosology. 
 
 In Medical Jurisp.: See the subject of ecchymosis treated in Beckys Med. J.ur., 
 15-17, 534 ; Taylor's Med. Jur., l8l ; Wharton &= Stille's Med. Jur. § 382. 
 
 Ecclesia, ae, /. [= Gr. eKxXr;6ia, an assembly of citizens called out by the crier ; the 
 church, -|- ExxaXEQo, to call out.] A (Grecian) assembly of the people. Pliny, x, 3, i ; 
 IsiDORUS, Orig. v'm,c. i, §i- Transf.: («.) In EccIes.Lat.: A religious assem- 
 bly of Christians ; a Christian congregation. (6.) A Christian place of assembly ; a church, 
 etc. Ecclesia Catholica nniversalis, quasi alio rov KCt.^' oXov , id est secundum totum. 
 IsiDORUS, Orig. viii, i, §1. In general: A place of meeting. h\5%. Ep. xxiv, 93. 
 
 Among the ancient Greeks: EKK?i.r)(Sia was = Cmia and Senatus among the 
 Romans, to denote a public assembly as well as the place of meeting itself. 
 
 In English Law: A place of religious worship; a church. Templum, seu domus 
 qica fideles conveniunt, ritus divinos celebratmi. Spelnian. Ecclesia est domus mansionrilis 
 Omnipotentis Dei. 2 Co. Inst. 164. 
 
 Transf.: A parsonage. Fitzh. N. B. 'i'i.H. A living or benefice ; an advowson or right 
 of presentation. Biacton, fols. 52, 95. 
 
 742 
 
^"''■J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ecc. 
 
 PCCLESIA decimas non solvit ecclesiae. The church does not pay tithes to 
 i-^ the church. Cro. Eliz. i^-jf), ^T.1-^ Moor, ^lo. 
 
 v"/^ J'r ' ''^^"a"", I'"'';? ',? 'i"? '■^'='°''' """^ ""^ '■^':'°^ *° "i-^ vicar." ^/. C.« ii 31 ■ Broom 
 ^ ^«''- (^<""- ". 65 («)/ AV//. Abr. 653. Otherwise quoted : ^ ' 
 
 pCCLESIA ,?ff/«/(7tf (/^«>«a.f j-^/w^yr non debet. The church ought not to pay 
 I-' tithes to the church. Cro. Eliz. 479 ; Broom's Max. 
 
 ECCLESIA est domus mansionalis Omnipotentis Dei. A church is the dwelling- 
 house of Almighty God. 2 Co. Inst. 164. 
 
 pCCLESIA est infra aetatcm, ct in custodid domini regis, qui teneturjura et 
 L/ ^ haereditates ejusdem manutcnerc et defendere. The church is within age, 
 and in the custody of the king, who is bound to uphold and defend its rights 
 and inheritances. 11 Co. 49, 
 
 pCCLESIA fungitur vice minorisj meliorem facere potest conditiojiem suam, 
 J-/ deteriorem nunquam. The church occupies or stands in the position of a 
 minor; it can make its own position better, but by no means can it deteriorate 
 itself. Co. Litt. 341 ; Wingate's Max. 1, s. 3, citing Bracton, iv, c. 38, § 13. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke, upon consideration of all the books of the law, well observed this 
 diversity, that a parson or vicar for the benefit of the church, and his successor, is in some 
 cases esteemed in law to have a fee-simple qualified ; but to do any thing to the prejudice 
 of his successors, in many cases the law adjudgeth him to have in elfect but an estate for 
 life. Causae ecclesiae publicis causis aeqtdparaniur. And Ecclesiae fungitur vice minoris etc 
 Wingate's Max. I, § 3, citing i Co. Inst. 2b, 4. ' 
 
 ECCLESIAE magis favendum est quam personae. The church is to be more 
 favored than a person. Godbolt's R. 172. 
 
 ECCLESIA meliorari, non deteriori potest. The church can be improved, not 
 deteriorated. 2 Eden, 313. 
 T^CCLESIA non morittir. The church does not die. 2 Co. Inst. 3. 
 
 Ecclesiae guardiani. Guardians, overseers or keepers of the church ; church wardens. 
 Bl. Com. i, 394 sq. 
 
 ECCLESIA semper in regis est tutela. The church is always under the protec- 
 tion of the king. Lofft, 309. 
 ECCLESIAE suae conditionem meliorem facere possunt sine consensu j deteriorem 
 non possunt sine consensu. The church can, without agreement <?;- general 
 consent, make its own condition better; it cannot deteriorate or make itself 
 poor, without agreement or general consent. Wingate's Max. i, s. 4, citing i 
 Co. Inst. 102b. 
 
 An abbot, prior, bishop, dean, arch-deacon, prebend, parson, vicar, or other sole corpora- 
 tion, that is seised in autcr droit, cannot disclaim, because they alone cannot devejt any fee, 
 which is vested in their house or church ; for an abbot and prior had their convent, the 
 bishop his chapter, the parson and vicar their patron and ordinary, and the like of other sole 
 corporations, without whose assent they could pass away no inheritance. And the reason of 
 this was because the wisdom of the law would never suffer one sole person to be trusted 
 with the disposition of the inheritance of his house or church. Ecclesiae suae conditionem 
 meliorem facere possunt sine consensu; deteriorem non possunt sine consensu. Wingate's Max, ib. 
 
 ECCLESIAE de feudo domini regis non possunt in perpetuum dari, absque assensu 
 et consensione ipsius. The church which belongs to the king in fee, cannot 
 be disposed of in perpetuity without his assent and concurrence. Const. Clar- 
 endon, c. 2, A. D. 1164; Bl. Com. ii, 270, note {e). 
 
 743 
 
Ecc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Edi. 
 
 Ecclesiarch, [+ Gr. kunXridia, church, and ocpxoi, a chief.J The ruler of a church ; a 
 ruler of the church. 
 
 EcclesiasticUS, a, um, adj. =Gr. kxHX?/dEa6Tix6?. [-\- ixxXr/dia, an assembly of 
 citizens called out; the church.] Of or belonging to the church, or to its organization or 
 government ; ecclesiastic. Tertullian, Pudic. 22. S u b s t . : 
 
 EcclesiasticUS, i, '«• A church officer. Theodosius, Cod. i, 3, 22. (6.) The name of 
 the book of S i r a c h . 
 
 EcclesiecdicUS, i, m. =Gr. ixxXr/diSHSiKoi. A church proctor.. Theod. Cod. i, 5,34,5. 
 
 EcdicUS, I, '«. =Gt. ExSiKoi. [-(-£?€ and 5z:x:of, justice.] =Cognitors. defensor civi- 
 tatis. A syndic, solicitor of a community. Cicero, Fam. xiii, 56. 
 
 In Later Latin; The attorney, proctor or advocate of a corporation; a recorder. 
 Episcopoi-um ecdici, — a bishop's proctors ; church lavi^yers. i Reeve's Hist. 65. 
 
 Eclamp'sia, Eclamp'sis, =Gr. sxXafiipii, brilliancy. [-)- £«, out, out of, from, and 
 
 Xafifioo, I shine, sxXa/UTCco, to shine.] Lit. , Flashes of light before the eyes; effulgence. 
 
 Transf., Convulsions; f. ^. of children. 
 
 Signijicat splendoretn fulgorem e/fu Ige ni iajn , et einicationeiit gualis ex oculis aliquando prodeunt. 
 Metaphoric^ sumitur de einicatione flatnmae vitalis in pubertate et aeiatis vigore. Castelli, Lex. Med. 
 
 Eclampsia gravida'rum et parturien'tium. = Fr. Convulsions des fimmes enceintes et 
 en couche. Convulsions of pregnant and parturient vifomen. A form of puerperal convul- 
 sions, accompanied by apoplectic convulsions, and which produces aberration of mind at 
 childbirth, cf. 
 
 In Medical Jurisprudence: It is said that an ordinary person would scarcely observe it, and that 
 it requires the practiced and expert eye of an intelligent physician to discover that the patient is under an 
 aberration of mind and acting in total unconsciousness of the nature and elfect of her acts. Doubtless many 
 of the tragical cases of infanticide proceed from this cause. Hence, 
 
 In Criminal Jurisprudence: Judges' and jurists cannot bestow too mu'ch care and critical inquiry 
 into the symptoms of this strange malady, so that they may safely diagnose it and discover the guilt of the 
 mother, where guilt exists, and ascertain her innocence if her acts proceed from this disease. Two cases of 
 this kind, well defined, are reported in the Boston Medicat Journal^ vol. xxvii, no. 10, p. 161. 
 
 ECQUIS, florentissime Caesar, nocens esse poierit ttsquam, si negare suffecerit 2 " 
 "'JScqui s inno c ens , esse poterit, si accusasse sufficiet.' ' 
 Could any one, O, most illustrious Caesar, be ever found guilty, if it shall have 
 sufficed to deny? To this the emperor rejoined: Could any one be 
 innocent, if it will be sufficient to have accused? 
 
 When the Emperor Julian was sitting to administer justice, a prosecutor, seeing his 
 cause about to fail for want of proof, exclaimed : " E cquis , florentissime Caesar" 
 etc. To which the emperor readily rejoined : '^Ecquis innocens^ esse poterit y si accusasse suM- 
 ciet." Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. xviii, c. i. Quoted in 2 Best on Evid. § 346, note 2. 
 
 EdicO, ere, 3, t*. iJ. I n P u b 1 . L a w , <. ;. . To declare, publish, make known a decree, 
 ordinance, etc. Hence, To establish, decree, ordain, by proclamation (freq. in the jur.) 
 Transf. , To make known, declare, appoint, establish, order, ordain any thing (freq.). 
 
 E DICTA magistratum constitutio principis. The edicts or ordinances of the 
 magistracy (or civil government) is the constitution of the emperor. Big.; 
 Tayler, 155. 
 EdictaliS, e, adj. \edictum.'\ By edict, according to edict. Dig. passim. 
 Edictio, onis, /. [idico.'] Order, edict, etc. =Edicticm. Plautus, Capt. iv, 2, 31, 43 ; 
 id. Pseud, i, 2, 10, 39. 
 
 Edictum, i, »■ A proclamation, ordinance, command, edict of the Roman magistrates ; 
 a law promulgated ; a general constitution. 
 
 In Roman Law: An ordinance, mandate, edict enacted by the emperor without the 
 senate, known as Constitutiones principis. Gaius, Inst, i, § 5 ; Justinian. H. i, 2, ^ 6 ; Ulp. 
 Dig. i, 4, fr. I ; Taylor's Civil Law, 233. The praetors also published edicts of great 
 authority, caUed the f us Aonorariurn. Gaius, /«ri. i, § 6, z/. Justinian. /«j-/. 1, 2, § 7; Pom- 
 pon. Dig. i, 2, fr. 2, § 10; Mackeld. Civil Lain, §§ 39, 40; Taylor's Civil Law, 214. 
 
 744 
 
Edi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eff. 
 
 Edictum perpetUUm. The perpetual edict. 
 
 In the Roman Law: An important part of the body of Roman laws was gradually 
 formed by the Edicta of the Praetors renewed and made more complete every year. Edictum 
 perpeluitm in contradistinction to Edicta prout res incidit. Ciceko, Verr. ii, i, 41 sq.; ii, 3, 
 7 ; xiv sq.; id. Quint. 19. 
 
 JULIANUS, a lawyer of great eminence under the reign of Adrian, digested and compiled 
 from the same in fifty books. They are lost, except the extracts preserved in the Digests. 
 
 Editio, Onis, /. \e-do, ere.] A bringing forth ; a birth. Ulpianus, Dig. L, z, /;-. 2, i; 6. 
 (6.) A putting forth, publishing of a work. Seneca, Ben. iv, 28 ; Pliny, Ep. i, 2, 5. Concr., 
 like our edition. Quintilian, v, 11, 40; xii, 10, 55. (c.) A statement, representation. 
 LivY, iv, 23. 
 
 In the Jurists,/.^..- A declaration, designation, of the form of action. Ulpianus, 
 -^'i'' >'. 13. Z''- I -f?- Tribuum. CiCERO, /'/««<:. xvi, 39, 41. (6.) An exhibition. Opemrutit. 
 Heratius, Dig. xxxviii, i,/r, 50. Editio principes, — the first edition. 
 
 Editor, Oris, m. \e-do.'\ (a.) That brings forth or produces. Lucretius, ii, 423. (6.) 
 An exhibitor (late Lat.). 
 
 EditUS. = Aeditus.— L. Lat. [e-do.] In old English Law: Put forth; published 
 or promulgated ; passed as a law. Jieg. Jud. 22 ; East. Ent. 598, 599. Brought forth or 
 born as a child. Bracton, fol. 278. 
 
 EDMUA^DUS autem latus/erreum, rex naturalis de stirpe rcgiim^ genuit Rdwarduvi ; et 
 Edwardus genuit Edgarum , cui de Jure debebatur reguuiii Angloru7n. But Edmund 
 Ironsides, the natural king from the stock or family of kings, begot Edward; and 
 Edward begot Edgar, to whom by right the kingdoms of England was bounder obli- 
 gated. Bl. Com. i, 199 ; Broom &r' Had. Com. i, 232. 
 
 E-dO, e-dere, 3, z/. a. To give out, put forth, bring forth (f req. and class.). In p a r t i c . : 
 To bring forth any thing new; to produce, beget, form, etc. Transf . . To propose, set 
 forth, publish, relate, declare any thing. = Exponere. Jurid. and Polit. t. t. . To 
 give out, promulgate, proclaim, ordain. Ulpianus, Dig ii, 13, fr. i. Judicium. Cicero, 
 Quint, xxi. Verba. Id. ib. xx, 63 et saep. 
 
 EducatiO, Snis, /. \e-educo.'\ A breeding, rearing, bringing up, education, (a.) Of men. 
 Cicero, de Or. iii, 31, 124 ; id. Leg. iii, 13 ; Quintilian, i, i, 21 ; 2, 6 ; 11, 17. (6.) Of ani- 
 mals. Cicero, Fin. iii, 19; id. Rose. Am. 22 Jin. (6.) Of plants. Pliny, xvi, 25, 39. 
 
 Educator oris, m. [id.] A rearer, bringer up. (a.) Of an actual foster father. 
 Cicero, Blanc, xxxiii, 81 ; Quint, vii, i, 14. (6.) Also of tutors, pedagogues. Tacitus, 
 A. xi, I ; xii, 41 ; xiv, 3 ; Ulpianus, Dig. xl, 2, fr. 13 et saep. 
 
 1. EduCO ere, 3, v. a. To lead forth, draw out, bring away (freq. and class.). 
 
 In the ] urists, t. t. : To bring, summon befoi'e court. Ciceko, Ferr. ii, 2, 4J et a/. 
 (6,) To bring up for punishment. = duco. Cicero, Ferr. ii, 2, 26. 
 
 2. Educ6 are, i, v. a. To bring up a child physically or mentally ; to rear ; to educate. 
 
 EFFECTA contractuum certo loco initiorum, pro jure loci illius alibi quoque obser- 
 vantur, si nullum inde civibus alienis creatur praejudicium injure sibi quaesitoj 
 ad quod potestas alterius loci non tcnetur, neque potest extendere jus diversi territorii. 
 HUBERUS, torn, ii, lib. i, tit. 3, § n. The effects of contracts made in a certain 
 place are observed also elsewhere according to the law of that place, if no preju- 
 dice is done to foreign citizens in a right prosecuted in their courts ; besides, 
 the authority of the other place is not held to extend, nor can it extend, the law 
 of a different country. Quoted in Story on Coiifl. of Laws, §§ 324, 388. [F. J. M.J 
 HuBERUS adds : Ampliamus hanc regulam tali extensione. Si jus loci in alio impeiio pug-^ 
 net cUm jure nostrae civitaHs. in qua contractus etiam initus est, conjligens cum eo contractu, qm 
 alibi celebratus fuit : magis est, ut jus nostrum, quam jus ahenum, servemus. We amplify tliis 
 rule to such an extent If the law of another country conflicts with that of our own State, 
 n which a contract is entered or agreed upon conflicting with a -"'-='■ -^^ that con.rac 
 which has been solemnized elsewhere : we should (,n such a case) rathe observe our own 
 law than the foreign law. Quoted in Stoiy on Conjl. of Laws, fefe 239, 324. 
 
 [94] 745 
 
Eff.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ego. 
 
 Effectum, i, «• An efiect. Cicero, Top. iii ; Quintiliav, vi, 3, 63 ; v, 10, 94. 
 
 EflfectUS, ils, ?«. \efficio, e.xa.'\ A doing, effecting, vh.. (a.) In general: Execu- 
 tion, accomplishment, performance (class.). Ciim effectu,— \n effect; in fact. Ulpian. Dig. 
 ii, 2, i; Paulus, ib. xl, 7, i. (6.) In particular, with reference to the result of an 
 action : An operation, effect. Cicero, Div. ii, 20 fin. Effectus eloquentiae est audientium 
 approiatio, — the effect of eloquence is popular approbation. Id. Tusc. ii, I, 3. v. QuiN- 
 TILIAN, ii, 17, 25 ; 18, 2 ; ix, 2, 103. 
 
 Effectus, a, um. Pari, and Pa. \_-\- efficio.'\ Worked out, i. e. effected, completed (class.). 
 
 EFFECTUS sequitur causam. The effect follows the cause. Wingate's Max. 
 226; Halkerston's Max. 
 Effectus pro Ca.USa. The effect for the cause, v. Causa pro effectu. 
 
 Effictio, Onis,/. Rhetor. /. /. . A representing, portraying of corporeal peculiarities. 
 Cicero, ad Her. iv, 49, 63. 
 
 Effigies, si, /. An (artistic) cop)', imitation of an object {in concreto). (a.) A likeness, 
 portrait, image, effigy (quite class.). Trop: An imitation, image, ideal (freq. and class, 
 especially Cicero.) In general: The plastic or pictorial representation of an object ; 
 an image, statue, portrait (freq. and class.). 
 
 In the Common Law: To make the effigy of a person with an intent to make him 
 the object of ridicule, is a libel. Hawkins' PL Cr. b. i, c. 73, § 2 ; 2 ChiUy's Cr. Law, 866; 
 14 East, 227. 
 
 Effractarius, ii, m. \effractorl\ A house-breaker, burglar. Seneca, Ep. 68. 
 
 Effractor, oris, »;. [effringo, ere, to break out, to break open.] A house-breaker, 
 burglar. So in the jurists. PauluS, Dig. i, 15, fr. 3, § 2 ; Ulpian. ib. xlvii, 17, fr. i ; 
 id. tit. 18, ' de Effractoribus et Expilatoribus ; ' Bracfon, fol. 105. 
 
 EffractoreS, um, m. Qui furandi causd domos effringunt, — those who broke open houses 
 for the purpose of stealing. Spelman. (&.) Prison-breakers. Qui sc e carcere proripiunt, — 
 those who rush [break] themselves out of prison. Spelman. Called Fractores gaolarum, — 
 gaol or prison breakers. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 52, § 12. 
 
 Effractura, ae, /. House-breaking, burglary. Paulus, Dig.^Vj'ijfr. 2 ; Scaevola, jii. 
 xxxviii, 2, fr. 48. 
 
 Effrenatio, onis, /. [effreno, ere, to unbridle, let loose.] Unbridled impetuosity. 
 Effrenatio impotentis animi, — the unbridled fury of an intemperate mind, Cicero, Phil, v, 
 8, 22. 
 
 Effusio, 5nis, /. [effundo, ere, to pour out, shed.] A pouring out, pouring forth (a 
 Ciceronian word). Lit. . Effusio aquae. Cicero, jV. D. ii, 10. Effusio sanguinis, — the 
 shedding of blood. Transf.: A pouring out or rushing out of people. Cicero, /"/j. 
 22. (6.) Profusion, prodigality. Id. Part. x-x.m,%i et al. Trop.: Extravagance, excess. 
 Id. Tusc. iv, 31, 66. 
 
 Effusio sanguinis. Lit.; The shedding of blood. 
 
 In old English Law: The mulct, fine or penalty imposed by the old English Laws 
 for the shedding of blood, which was granted by the king to many lords of manors. Cartu- 
 lar MSS. 
 
 Egaltife.— L. Fr. Equality. ZzW. § 253. Egalit6.— Fr. Equalit)', uniformity. 
 
 "^Sfi, pron. pers. = Gr. syw, I, myself. 
 
 EGO cogito^ ergo sum. I consider, reflect, think, therefore I exist. Descartes, 
 Principia Philosophae, part i, n. 7 ; i Best on Evid. [5] § 4. 
 Ego et heredes mei warrantizabimus in perpetuum. I and my heirs will warrant 
 
 forever. Kent's Com. iv, 470, note. 
 
 EGO eniin quum ad causam sum agressus, atquc omnia cogitando, quoad facere potui,persecutus; 
 dim el argumenia causae, et eos locos quibus animi judicum conciliantur, et illos quibus permo- 
 vciitur vidi atque eognovi ; turn constituo, quid habeat quaeque causa boni, quid mali. Nulla 
 746 
 
Ego-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ego. 
 
 enim ferh ns potest in dicendi disceptationem aui controversiam vocari, quae nan habeat idrumque ■ 
 sed, quantum habeat, id refert. Mea autem ratio in dicendo haee esse solet, tit, boni quod habeat 
 id amplectar, exornem, exaggerem ; ibi commorer, ibi habitem, ibi haeream : a malo atitem vitioque 
 causae ita recedam, non nt id me defugere appareat, sed ut totum, bono illo ornandi ei augendo 
 dissimulatum, obruatur. Et, si causa est in aigumentis ; firmissima quaeque maxime tueor, 
 siveplura sunt sive aliquod unttm : sin autem in conciliatione aut in permotione causa est, ad earn 
 me potissimiim partem, quae maximh commovere animos hominum potest, confero. Summa deni- 
 que huj us generis haec est, ut, si in refellendo adversaria Jirmior esse oratio, quhm in confirmandis 
 nostris rebus, potest, omnia in ilium conferam tela ; sin nostra faciliiis probari, quhm ilia redargui 
 possunt, abducere animos a contrariA defensione, et ad nostram conor traducere. Duo denique 
 ilia, quae facillima videntur {quoniam quae difficiliora sunt, non possum), mihi pro meo jure 
 sumo; unum, ut molesto aut difficili argumento, aut loco, nonnunquam omninb nihil respondeam , 
 quod forsitan aliquis jure irriserit : quis enim est, qui id facere nonpossit? sed tamen ego de med 
 nunc, non de aliorum, facilitate disputo j confiteorque me, si quae premat res vehementiiis, ita 
 cedere solere, ut non modb non abjecto, sed ne rejecto quidem scuto fugere videar: sed adhibere 
 quandam in dicendo speciem atque pompam, et pugnae similem fugam ; consistere verb in meo 
 praesidio sic, ut non fugiendi hostis, sed capiendi loci, catisd cessisse videar. Alterum est illud, 
 quod ego oratori maxime cavendum et providendum puto, quodque me solicitare sitmmh solet : non 
 tam ut prosim causis, elaborare soleo, quam ut ne quid obsim ; non quin enitendum sit in utro- 
 qtie , sed tamen multb est turpius oratori, nocuisse videri causd, quam non profuisse. Antonius 
 apud Cicero, de Oratore, \\, c. 72, §§ 291-295. For when I have entered upon a cause, and 
 traced out all its bearings in my mind, as far as I could possibly do so ; when I have ascer- 
 tained and contemplated the proper arguments for the case, and those particulars by which 
 the feelings of the judges may be conciliated or excited, I then consider what strong or 
 weak points the cause contains ; for hardly any subject can be called into question and con- 
 troversy in pleading which has not both ; but to what degree is the chief concern. In 
 pleading, my usual method is to fix on whatever strong points a cause has, and to illus- 
 trate and make the most of them, dwelling on them, insisting on them, clinging to them ; 
 but to hold back from the weak and defective points in such a way that I may not appear to 
 shun them, but that their whole force may be dissembled and overwhelmed by the ornament 
 and amplification of the strong parts. If the cause turns upon arguments, I maintain chief!}' 
 such as are the strongest, whether they are several or whether there be but one; but if the 
 cause depend on the conciliation or excitement of the feelings of the judges, I apply myself 
 chiefly to that part which is best adapted to move men's minds. Finally, the principal 
 point for consideration on this head is that if my speech can be made more effective by refut- 
 ing mj' adversary than by supporting my own side of the question, I employ all my weapons 
 against him; but if my own case can be more easily supported than that on the other side 
 can be confuted, I endeavor to withdraw the attention of the judges from the opposite party's 
 defense and to fix it on my own. In conclusion, I adopt, on my own responsibility, 
 two courses which appear to me most easy (since I cannot attempt what is more difficult): 
 one, that I make, sometimes, no reply at all to a troublesome or difficult argument or point 
 (and at such forbearance perhaps somebody may reasonably laugh ; for who is there that 
 cannot practice it? but I am now speaking of my own abilities, not those of others; and I 
 confess that, if any particular press very hard upon me, I usually retreat from it, but in such 
 a manner as not only not to appear to flee with my shield thrown away, but even with it 
 thrown over my shoulders ; adopting, at the same time, a certain pomp and parade of lan- 
 guage and a mode of flight that resembles fighting ; and keeping on my guard in such a way 
 that I seem to have retired, not to avoid my enemj', but to choose more advantageous ground); 
 the other is one which I think most of all worthy of the orator's precaution and foresight, 
 and which generally occasions me very great anxiety : I am accustomed to study not so 
 much to benefit the causes which I undertake, as not to injure them ; not but that an orator 
 must aim at both objects ; but it is, however, a much greater disgrace to him to be thought ' 
 to have damaged a cause than not to have profited it. 
 Read : Equide7n soleo dare operam :(t de sua quhgue, etc. Cicero, dc Oral, ii, i;. 24, § 102, 
 Read also: Qnum i^itiir accefto causae genere cognilam rem tiactare coept, etc. Id. ib. c. =7, § 114- 
 
 747 
 
Ego.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Egr. 
 
 RoDENBURG ex.Tinines the reasoning that the law of the place of the making of a testament 
 should govern as to the forms and solemnities thereof, and not the law rn sitae, and treats 
 as follows : 
 
 £go potius utrobiquc proiestamento respondendum duxerim, quippe personae qualiias ad suvimam 
 rei non facit, turn factura, si statuta ilia, in solentnitates scripta, personalia forent, ut subditus 
 iis gauderet exterus: sed contra constat ea viere realia esse. Quicunque enijn fiierit, sive incola, 
 sive exterus, qui rem alienare inie7idit, necesse habet respicere ad soleninitatetn tei'ritorii, cui bona 
 sunt obnoxia. Quare dicendum est decidendae quaestionis rationem in modo prolatis possitam esse: 
 necessitatis nimirutii rationem, summuvique favorem, qui pro testamentis facit, impetrdsse, ut, 
 quamvis ilia mancipent aeque atque alienationes inter vivos, ideoque consimiliter componenda 
 forent ad normam loci, ubi res sitae sunt, suffecerit tatnen ordindsse, secu7idum leges loci, ubi 
 actus conjicitur. Proinde si quis eo, quod ad testandum expeditius sud causd comparaium est, 
 noluerit uti, qttod ei fo7'te promptias sit componere suprema ad loci leges, cui bona subjaceant, qu^ 
 mifihs testam-entujji- ejus valituritm sit, non video: nulla enim juris ratio, aut aequitatis benigni- 
 tas patitur, ut quae salubriter pro utilitate hominum introducuntur, ea nos duriore interpretatione 
 contra ipsorum commodum producamus ad severitatem; nee citm superaddatur alia tesiandi forma, 
 adimitur prior, quod novae solemnitatis adjeUionem potius dedisse D. D. quavi prioram ac ordi- 
 nariam permutdsse videantur. Unde consequens est dicere, re disputem sine speciei appositione, 
 Amersfurti, ubi coram trinis testibus and ciim notario ultima conduntur elogia, vivibus subsistere 
 celebrata^ coram binis testibus siipra notariuvi,de bonis in Hollandia, aut in alia provinciae nostrae 
 parte sitis. RoDENBURG, de Div. Stat, ii, ch. 3, n. i, 2. I rather think that I should answer 
 for the testament in both ways, as the quality of the person is not the main thing which it 
 should become, if those statutes regulating the solemnities of an act were personal, so that 
 a subject might enjoy them while a foreigner could not; but on the contrary it is clear that 
 they are merely real. For whoever he is, an inhabitant or a stranger, who purposes to dis- 
 pose of his property he must necessarily have regard to the formalities of the place to which 
 his goods are subject. Wherefore it must be said that the point on which the decision of 
 the question rests lies in the following, namely : that necessity and the very high favor 
 which is given to testaments brought it to pass that although they convey as well as do con- 
 veyances among the living, and therefore should be made according to the standard of the 
 place where the propert)' is situated, yet it would have been sufficient to have made them 
 according to the laws of the place where the act is done. Wherefore, if a person should not 
 be willing to use what was provided in his behalf so as to enable him to make a testament 
 more expeditiously, because, perhaps, it was handier for hira to make his will according to 
 the laws of the place to which the property is subject, I do not see why his will should not 
 be valid. No doctrine of law suffers, and the mild interpretation of equity does not suffer 
 what are beneficially introduced for the use of men to be turned by a harsh interpretation 
 into a source of hardship contrary to their welfare; and when a new form for making testa- 
 ments is added, the former one is not taken away, because the jurists have supplied a new 
 form rather than changed the former and ordinary one. Hence it follows to say, lest I should 
 be discussing the point without giving an example, that at Amersfurst, where a last 
 testament is made before three witnesses together with a notary, it will be valid if made before 
 two witnesses and a notary as to goods situated in Holland or some other part of our prov- 
 ince. Quoted in Story on Conjl. of Laws, § 444. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Ego nunc sycophantae Jiuic sycojihantari volo, I have a mind now to trick 
 this trickster. Plautus, Trin. iv, 2, 116 ; id. ib. iii, 3, 57. 
 
 EGO, STEPHANUS, Dei gratid, assensu cleri et populi, in regcm Anglorum electus, etc. — 
 L. Lat. I, Stephen, by the grace of God, and by the consent of the clergj'- and people, 
 elected to the realm of England. Bl. Com. i, 200, n. (K) ; Broom Ss' Had. Com. i, 234, n. (/). 
 
 Ego spem pretio non emO. I never purchase hope with ready money. T r o p . ; 
 I will not throw away a thing of value upon empty hopes. Terentius, Adelpho, ii, .i, 11. 
 
 V. Pecuniam in loco negligere, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 Egrediens et exeuns. — L- Lat. Going forth and issuing out of (land). Towns. Pi. 17. 
 
 Egreditur personam. It comes out, passes out, moves from the person. Per De Gray, 
 C. J., 2 Blackstone's R. 892 ; i Smith's L. C. [553] 6go. 
 748 
 
^S^-'l JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ei inc. 
 
 EgreSSio, Onis, /. [egredior, to go, or come out.] A going out. T r o p . , in rhetorical 
 lang. : A digression, in speaking. = Gr. 7tapsx/3adii. Quintilian, iv, 3, 12 ; 15 ; iii, 
 9, 4. In the plural. M ib. xi, 3, 164 ; xii, 10, 60. 
 
 EgreSSUS, as, OT. [;</.] A going out or away (quite class.). In general: Egress, 
 departure (class.). O f b i r d s ; A flying out, flight. Tr o p ., in rhetor. lang. . A digres- 
 sion, in speaking. Quintilian, iv, 3, 12 ; Tacitus, A. iv, 32. 
 
 Ehem, interj. Ha I what ! An exclamation of joyful surprise, astonishment. Plautus, 
 passim.; Terentius, Audr. ii, 5, 6. 
 
 Ehea, interj. Ah ! alas I An interjection of pain. 
 
 * * *, * mieu! 
 
 Qtiam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam ! 
 Nam V if lis nemo sine nascitur : opttnius ille est, 
 Qui minimis urgetur.— Horace, Sat. i, 3, 66. 
 Alas I how in^jscreetly do we ordain a severe law against ourselves ! For no one is born 
 without vices ; he is the best man who is incumbered with the least. 
 "Alas ! what laws, of how severe a strain, 
 Against ourselves we thoughtlessly ordain? 
 For we have all our vices, and the best 
 Is he who with the fewest is opprest."— Dr. Francis. 
 
 EJieii, fugaces, Po.ithume, Fosthume, 
 Labuntur anni ; nee pietas moram 
 JRugis et instanti senectae 
 Affert, indomitaeque tnorti.— Uora.ce, Carm. ii, 14, i. 
 Alas ! my Postumus, my Postumus, the fleeting years glide on ; nor will piety cause any 
 delay to wrinkles, and advancing old age, and insuperabe death. 
 '* How swiftly glide our flying years ! 
 Alas ! nor piety, nor tears, 
 
 Can stop the fleeting day ; 
 Deep furrow'd wrinlcles, posting age, 
 And death's unconquerable rage, 
 
 Are strangers to delay.'*— Dr. Francis. 
 
 Eho, interj. Ha ? ho ? holla ? soho ? 
 
 E I aliqualiter submini s trare . For that, to furnish aid or support in any wa)'. 
 Dig. xxiii, tit. 3. To furnish or give aid for that in anj' way. i Parsons on Contr. 356. 
 
 EI incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat. Paulus, -Dig. xxii, 3, fr. 2. The 
 proof lies upon him who affirms, not upon him who denies. i £esi on 
 .fiw^/. § 269, and cases, n. 2 ; Greenl. on Evid. % T 4 ; 2 ^ariJ. i?. 135, 148 ; 4 Abb. 
 Pr. (N. S.) 238, 243 ; 6 Robt. 322, 324. 
 
 Matthaeus {de Prob. c. 8, n. l) speaks of this rule as "Regula lippis et tonsoribus nota." 
 
 EI incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat; (Paulus, Dig. xxii, 3, /;-. 2) — 
 quum per reruni 7iaturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 19, const. 23. The proof lies upon him who accuses or affirms, not on 
 him who denies ; as, in the nature of things,- the fact of denial is no proof. 
 Quoted in Bl. Com. iii, 366. cf. authorities, supra. 
 
 Actor, quod asseverat, probare se non posse projitendo, rcuni necessitate inonstrandi contrari-um 
 non adstringit, quum per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio milla sit. Justinian. Cod. 
 iv, ig, const. 23. 
 
 Probat et qui asserii, non qui negat {Cod. supra); yiisi circumstantiis affirmationem, conttnent- 
 ibus sit munita negatio; veluti si quis se delictum non perpetrasse probet, docendo sumn alibi, 
 utloquuntur (Justinian. Inst, iii, 19, § 12). Probat denique is, qui non possidct; qui si m 
 probanda deficiat, possessor vincit (Gaius, Dig vi, i, fr. 24 ; Cod. iii, 32, 28). Voet. ad Pand. 
 xxii, 3, § 8. Cited in i Best on Evid. § 270 /«. note i. 
 
 O u r o 1 d 1 a wy e r s lay it down broadly : " It is a maxim in law that witnesses cannot 
 testify a negative, but an affirmative." Co. Litt. bb. v. Co. Inst, iv, 279 ; F. N. B. 107. 
 
 749 
 
Eileg.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eis. 
 
 In conformity with these rules, on a trial before a jury the party who holds the affirmative 
 of the question at issue begins, because he is called upon to give evidence in support of his 
 case. 
 
 Ei legitur in liaeC verba. And it is read in these words, v. Oyer. 
 
 EI nihil turpe, cui nihil satis. To whom nothing is enough, to him nothing is 
 base. 4 Co. Inst. 53. Nothing is base to him to whom nothing is sufficient. 
 Eign^ or Eign, Eisne, Eygne, — L. Fr. [+Fr. «?«/.] The eldest or first-born. Litt. 
 399. V. Bastard etgn^. 
 
 EI qui irritdtu suo feram bestiam, vel quacumque aliam quadrupedem in se prori- 
 taverit, eaque damnum dederit, neque in ejus dominum neque in custodem actio 
 datur. Paulus, Sent. Recept. i, 15, § 3. He who, by his teasing, has irritated a 
 wild beast or any quadruped whatsoever, thereby suffering an injury, has no 
 right of action against either the owner or keeper of the animal. Quoted in 
 Wharton on Negligence, § 130. 
 
 EI, qui mandatu meo post tnortem meant stipulatus est, recte solvitur, quia talis est 
 lex obligationis : ideoque etiam invito me recte si solvitur. Ei autem, cui jussi 
 debitorem meum post mortem meum solvere, 7ion recte solvitur, quia mandatum morte 
 dissolvitur. Paulus, Dig. xlvi, 3, fr. 108. He who, upon my mandate, has 
 stipulated (or is obligated) after my death, has rightly paid, because such is 
 the law of the obligation : and therefore even had I been unwilling, payment is 
 properly made to him. But he to whom I ordered my debtor to pay after my 
 death, is not rightly paid, because the mandate is dissolved, broken by death. 
 Quoted in Wharton on Agency, § loi. 
 
 Eignesse. — L- Fr. [+ L. Fr. dgne, elder, L. Lat. einecia, aisnetia^ Eldership. ^ 
 In old English Law: The privilege of an elder sister of choosing first on a partition 
 of lands held in coparcenary. Britt. c. 73 ; 6 Man. &• Gr. 327, note. 
 
 Einecia. — L. Lat. Eldership; esnecy. In old English Law: The right or privi- 
 lege of the first born. Cowell. 
 
 Einetius, — L. Lat. The eldest or first born. = Lat. Primogenitus. 
 
 In old English Law: Pars einetia. The part or share of the eldest sister. Spelman. 
 
 Eins, Einz or Eyns. — L. Fr. In, into. Eins cesque, — in this that; inasmuch as. Britt. 
 C.54. Eins encounter la ley , — in against the law. Zj«.§82. Eitis per descent, — inbydescent. 
 /</. § 403. Eins per divers titles, — in by divers titles, /rf. §662. Eins per lease de son lessor, — 
 in by lease of his lessor. Id. § 82. Eins per tort, eins per title, — in by wrong, in by title. 
 Keilw. 2, pi. 2, 
 
 Eire, Eyre, Eyer. — L. Fr. [+Lat. iter, by dropping the t.] A journey, circuit. 
 
 In old English Law: The court of the justices in eyre. Co. Litt. 2i)3a. =/usticiarii 
 in itinei-e, or itinerantes, q. v. 
 
 Eirenarcha.— Gr. Lat. [+Gr. sipr/vapxrii, + Eipr/VT), peace, and ocpxij, government.] 
 In England: A term applied to a justice of the peace. =Irenarcha, in the class, jurists. 
 
 There is a commission under the great seal of England to certain gentlemen, giving them 
 power to preserve the peace and to arrest and punish all turbulent persons whose misde- 
 meanors may tend to the disquiet of the people; and these be called the 'justices of the 
 peace,' and every of them may well and truly be called eirenarcha. The chief of them is 
 called custos rotulorum, in whose custody all the records of their proceedings are residing. 
 Bacon's Off- of Const.; Law Tr. 189. 
 
 EISDEM modus dissolvitur obligatio quae nascitur ex contractu, vel quasi, quibus 
 contrahitur. An obligation which arises from contract or quasi contract, 
 is dissolved in the same way in which it is contracted. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 19. 
 
 V. Eodem modo quo quid constituitur, eadem modo destruitur. Qiiomodo quid constituitur, etc. 
 Unumquodque dissolvitur, etc, AH hi 1 est tarn naturale quevi, etc. 
 
 75° 
 
Eis-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eje. 
 
 Eisne, Eysne, Eigne.— L. Fr. The eldest. Co. Lin. \tbb. The senior. 
 Eisnetia or Einetia.— L. Lat. The part or share of the eldest. Co. Liit. \bbb. 
 Eject, \_-\-ejicio, are.] To cast, thrust or drive out; to expel; to put or turn out of 
 possession. Bl. Com. iii, ig8, igg, 200. 
 
 Ejectio, onis, /. \id:\ A casting or throwing out. Cicero, Att. ii, 18. Ejection ; a 
 turning out of possession. Bl. Coin, iii, igg. 
 
 Ejectione CUStodiae.— L. Lat. Ejectment of ward. =L. Fr. Ejectment de garde. 
 
 In old English Practice; The name of a writ, first mentioned in Stat. Westm. II. 
 which anciently lay against him who turned out a guardian from any land dunng the minority 
 of the heir. Reg. Orig. 162 ; F. N. B. i3gZ/ /Mt. § 323 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 208, 325. 
 
 Ejectione firmae. — L. Lat. Ejectment, or ejection of a farm. =L. Yx. Ejectment de firme. 
 
 In old English Law: The name of a writ or action of trespass in ejectment 
 which lay where lands or tenements were let for a term of years, and afterward the lessor, 
 reversioner or remainderman, or any stranger, ejected or ousted the lessor of his term, 
 firme or farm. F.N.B.\T&. In such case he had his writ of ^Vf/WK to call the defend- 
 ant to answer for entering on the lands as demised to the plaintiff for a term not expired and 
 ejecting him. And by this writ the plaintiff recovered back his term, or the remainder of it, 
 with damages. Reg. Orig. iilb; F. N. B. 220F, G; Litt. § 322 ; Bl. Com. iii, igg;' Crabb's 
 Hist. 2go, 418, 448, 556; Hobart, 121. v. Breve de ejectione firmae. 
 
 Read : Quare ejecit infra terminum, and the following : 
 
 EJECTIONE firm a e n'esi que un action de trespass, en sa nature, et le pleyn- 
 tife ne recovera son terme que est a venir, nient plus que en trespass Vhomme 
 recover a les dommages pur trespass nient fait, tnes a feser; mes it convenient a suer 
 par action de convenant al common ley a recoverer son terme; quod tola curia 
 concessit. Et p e r Belknap, la comon ley est Ion homme est ouste de son te^-me 
 par estranger il aver a ejectione firme versus cestuy que luy ouste j et sil soil 
 ouste par son lessor, brief e de covenant; et sil per lessee ou grantee de reversion briep 
 de covenant versus son lessor, et countera especial count. — L. Fr. Ejectment 
 of farm is only an action of trespass in its nature, and the plaintiff shall not 
 recover his term which is to come, any more than in trespass a man shall recover 
 damages for a trespass not committed but to be committed ; but then he must 
 sue by action of covenant at the Common Law to recover his term ; which 
 the whole court agreed to. And, according to Belknap, the 
 Common Law is, that where a man is ejected of his term by a stranger, he shall 
 have ejectment of farm (an action of trespass) against him who ejected 
 him ; and if he be ousted by his lessor, he shall have a writ of covenant ; and 
 if by the lessee or grantee of the reversion, he shall have his writ of covenant 
 against his lessor; and he shall count a special count. P. 6, Rich. II. ; Fitz. 
 Abr. tit. 2, ' eject, firm.;' Bl. Com. iii, 200, n. {k). cf. Bracion, fol. 220, cap. T,(i. 
 
 Ejectment. — L- Fr- [+ Lat- '< out of, jacere, to throw, cast ; ejicere, to cast out, to eject.] 
 A casting out, ejection, expulsion. 
 
 In Practice: A species of mixed action by which possessory titles to corporeal here- 
 ditaments may be tried and possession obtained, with damages and costs for the unlawful 
 detention of it. cf. Bl. Com. iv, 441 ; id. iii, ig7, note, igg sq. v. English and American 
 D igests, 'Ejectment.' 
 
 Ejectment de firme.— L. Fr- Ejection or ejectment of farm. =Ejectione firmae. 
 
 Ejectment (egettement) de garde.— L. Fr. Ejectment of ward. =Ejectione CUStodiae. 
 
 Ejectum.— L- Lat- [e-jido, ere.} Cast, thrust or driven out ; ejected, expelled. 
 
 In Civil and old English Law: Quod I mari ejicitur,— that which is thrown out 
 of or up by the sea. Ejectus maris,— ejected by the sea ; jet jetsom, wreck. Cart. Hen 
 III. A D 1226. V. Peters' Adm. Decisions, Appendix, xliii. (6.) That which is thrown out 
 of a vessel into the sea. in order to escape shipwreck ; or out of a house to escape destruc- 
 tion by fire. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 75^ 
 
Eje.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eju. 
 
 Ejectus, a, um, Part. \-\-e-Jicio, ere.] Cast out, ejected, expelled. Ejecius Aomo,— a 
 cast out man; an outcast; a rejected man. Melon., A broken, ruined man. Cicero, 
 Quint. 19 ad fin. Ejectus e patrocinio legis, — cast out from the law's protection, /. e. out- 
 lawed ; an outlaw. LL. Hen. I. c. 45, cited by Sfelman. 
 
 Ejicio, ere, 3, v. a. To cast, thrust or drive out ; to eject, expel (quite class.). 
 
 In English Law: To throw or cast out ; to eject or dispossess. Bracton,io\s.lts,i(>(). 
 
 Ejicio te, et tu me incontinenti flagrante disseysina, I eject you, and you imme- 
 diately, while the disseisin is fresh [eject] me. Bracton, fols. 163^, 164. 
 
 Ejlirare, pres. infin. -[- ejuro, v. h. v. 
 
 Ejuratio, Snis, /. [-|- ^^Wo,] An abjuring, z. ^. a renouncing, resigning, laying down 
 of an office. Val. Max. ii, 7, ~i fin. Transf., A resigning. Seneca, Vit. 
 
 Ejuro (also Eynro), are, \,v.a. At.t.oi Jurid., Polit. and Mercant. Lang.: 
 To refuse or neglect a thing by oath ; to abjure. 
 
 In Juridical Language: Ejurare forum QX judicium iniquum siH, — to reject, refuse 
 on oath a court or judge as unjust to himself. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 60; id. Phil, xii, 7, 18. 
 
 In Pub. Law Language: To lay down, resign an office — magistraium, imperium, 
 etc. Transf., To abandon, forswear, disown any thing— /«fo«3OT. Tac. AT. iv, 28. 
 
 In Mercantile Language: Ejurare bona copiam, — to declare on oath that one has 
 not where withal to pay his debts ; to swear that one is insolvent. Cicero, Earn, ix, 16, 7. 
 
 Ejus, gen. -\- is. Of him or that ; from or by him or that. 
 
 EJUS DECRETA RATA suNTO. Lex XII. Tad. ix,/r. 7a. Let the decrees of 
 that body (the Senate) be absolute. Read: Omnes magistratus aus- 
 PiciUM, etc. Tab. 'v^,fr. 73. Cicero, de Leg. iii, c. 3, § io/;>-. etc. 12, § 28. 
 
 EJUS est actionem denegare, qui possit et dare. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, fr. 102, 
 § I. It is of him [/. e. in his power] to refuse who has the power to give 
 an action, v. Gothofred, de Div. Jur. Reg. cii, § i. 
 
 EJUS est interpretari cujus est condere. It is of or by him to interpret from or 
 by whom it is to establish. Taylor's Civil Law, 96. He who can [or is 
 toj interpret [the law] his it is to make or establish [the law] . v. Broom's Max. 
 150, where this is commented on and explained. 
 
 EJUS est nolle, qui potest velle. Ulpian. Dig. L, 17, //•. 3. "It is of him 
 to be unwilling, who can be willing." He who can will [exercise consent], 
 has a right to refuse to will [/. e. to withhold consent]. 
 M r. Phillimore quotes and translates in this form : 
 
 EJUS est non velle, qui potest velle. "He who can say yes, can say no.'' 
 Phillimore' s Princ. and Max. Jurisp. Iv, p. 241. 
 Greek Interpret.: Hard imivov idri to /hi) BeXsw, rov Svra/jevov BeXsiv. 
 Basilikon, lib. i, 3. 
 
 EJUS est periculum, cujus est dominium aut commodum. He has the risk who 
 has the right of property or advantage [the ownership or the profit]. 
 Story on Bailm. § 283 ; Wharton, 328. 
 
 EJUS, qui apud hostes decessit, did hereditas non potest, quia servus decessit. 
 Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, fr. 3, § i. It cannot be called an inheritance by him 
 who has died with the enemy, because he has died a slave. " He cannot be 
 called an heir who has died with the enemy, because he has died a slave." 
 
 EJUS, qui justum patrem non habet, prima origo a matre, eoque die, quo ex editus 
 est, numerari debet. Neratius, Dig. L, i, fr. 9. The first ancestor of 
 him who has no lawful father ought to be reckoned from the mother, a,nd from 
 that day in which he is brought forth. (Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 46. 
 7S2 
 
Eju.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ele. 
 
 EJUS, quod m potestate patris agens habutsti, dominium ad pair em tuum pertinuit, 
 extra ea, quern non acquiruntur. Justinian. Cod. viii, 47. The ownership 
 of that property which you had while acting in your father's power belongs to 
 your father, those things excepted which are not so acquired [/. e. while in potes- 
 tate patris\ . V. Peeulium, et seq. 
 
 Read: Filius familias neque retinere neque recuperare, etc. Placet, quoties acquiritur pet 
 aliquem hereditas, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xxix, 2,fr. 79. cf. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. 244. 
 
 EJUS, quod non ei debetur, qui coiivenitur, sed alii, compensatio fieri non potest. 
 Justinian. Cod. iv, 31, const. 9. An offset of that which is not owed by 
 him who is sued, But by another party, cannot be made. v. Pothier, Pand. xvi, 
 t. 2, n. 15 ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. §1441. v. Compensatio, et seq. 
 
 EJUS, vero nulla culpa est, cui parere necesse sit. Paulus, Dig. L, i.'j.fr. 169 
 pr. No fault truly attaches to him who is compelled to obey. 
 
 Read: Is damnum dat, qui jubet dare. Gothofred, de Div. Reg. Jur. clxix. 
 
 Obedience to existing laws is a sufficient extenuation of civil guilt before a civil tribunal. 
 As, where a proper officer, or other person acting in his aid, in the legal exercise of a par- 
 ticular duty, kills a person who resists or prevents him from executing it. cf. Bl. Com. iv, 28. 
 
 And where a known felon is attempting upon any one, not only the party assaulted may 
 repel force by force, but his servant attending him, or any other person present, may inter- 
 pose to prevent the mischief, and, if death ensue, the party so interposing will be justified. 
 Fast. Disc. Horn. 274 ; Broom's Max. 13, and cases. 
 
 Ejusdem generis. Of the same kind or nature. Dow. Ti ; i Aik. 462 ; r Powell on 
 Dev. 509, note ; 2 Story's Eq. Jur. §§ 1099, 1105 ; Bishop on Mar. and Div. § 373 ; 5 T. P-ilS, 
 379 ; I Barn. &• C. 237 ; 5 id. 640; 8 Dowl. Sf P. 393. 
 
 In the construction of wills, when certain articles are enumerated, the term 
 goods is to be restricted to those ejusdem generis. Bacon's Abr. 'Legacies,' B. ; 2 Atk. 
 Ch. 113 ; 3 id. 61. 
 
 'EunXayiov. — Gr. In the Civil Law: Across, obliquely, transversely (in collat- 
 eral relationship). Nov. xxii, c. 22. 
 
 'Exnoieiv. — Gr. [sk, from, and ?roz£rf, to make.] In Civil Law: Tomakeover; 
 to alienate; to transfer. JVov. vii, c. i. Hence, 'Ex jtoirfdi?,— alienation, transfer. 
 Nov. in tit. 
 
 Elaboratio, Snis, /. [e-laboro.'] Persevering labor, careful diligence. 
 
 Elaboro, are, i, v. a. and ?!. (a.) Neutr.: To labor, exert one's self, take pains (freq. 
 and class.). (6.) Act. : To labor on, take pains with ; to work out, elaborate a thing. Elaho- 
 ratum hparentibus imperium. Justinian, i, 2, 11. (c.) To gain, acquire, or purchase, as by 
 labor and industry. Elaboratus,— property acquired by labor. Spelman. 
 
 ElargatiO, Snis, /. \elargare + e, and largus, large ; to enlarge, widen.] An enlargement. 
 Reg. Otig. 2Sob, 255. Elargatio mansi vel curiae,— the enlargement of a manse, or manor, or 
 court (by taking in more land). Id. ib. 
 
 ElatiO, onis,/. \effero, to carry out, to bring forth, to raise, elevate.] A carrying out. 
 In particular: A carrying to the grave, a burial. Mortui. Ulpianus, Dig xi, 7, fr. 
 14, § 3. (6.) A lifting or raising up. Onerum. Vitr. viii, 10. Trop.: («.) A being 
 carried away or hurried along ; transport, passion. Cicero, Fin. iii, 10 fin. (6.) Exalta- 
 tion, elevation. Elatio et magnitudo animi,— elevation and greatness of spirit, /d. Off. i, 
 19, 64. Elatio atque altitudo orationis ,— ey^aitaWon and loftiness of speech. Id. Brut, xvii, 
 66. V. Id. Top. xviii, 71. 
 
 Electa, 5rum, «. Selections. Pliny, Ep. iii, 5. I7- ■"■ Electus. 
 
 ELECTA und vid, non datur recursus ad alteram. By a choice in one way, 
 recourse is not given to another. " When there is a concurrence of means, 
 he who has chosen one cannot have recourse to another." 10 Toull. n. 170. 
 [95] ^" 
 
Ele.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ele. 
 
 Electio, onis, /. [eligo, ere, to pick out, choose, select] A choice, selection. Cicero, 
 Or. XX, 68 ; QuiNTlLlAN, i, I2, 4 ; prooem, § 2 ; iii, 4, 8 ; x, i, 6 et al. 
 
 In English Law: Election, choice, selection. "Election is to choose one or the 
 other, and not every one of them successively." Wythers, J., 2 Show. 0,0,2. Election 
 is where a man is left to his own free will, to take or do one thing or another, which he 
 pleases. Bracton, fols. 113, 114; 2 Co. 35 et seq. ; 5 id. 5g ; Cruise's Dig. 18 ; Termes de la 
 Ley ; Co. Liit. 144^, 145^. The doctrine of election in equity is treated in Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 1075 et seq, ; I White's Eq, Cases, 223, 225-250. v. U. S. Digest, 
 
 ELECTIO est interna, libera, et spontanea separatio unius rei ab alid, sine com- 
 pulsione, consistens in animo et voluntate. Election is the internal, free, 
 and voluntary separation of one thing from another, without compulsion, con- 
 sisting in intention and will. Dyer, 281. 
 Electio fori. Choice of a court. Cas. temp. Lord Hardwick, 214. 
 
 ELECTIO semel facia, non patitur regressum. Election once made does 
 not admit of going back ^r recall. Co. Litt. 146. v. 11 Johns. R. 241. 
 More fully stated : 
 
 ELECTIO semel facta, et placitum testatum, non patitur regressum. Quod semel 
 placuit in electionibus amplius displicere non potest. An election once 
 made, and the plea witnessed, /. e. determination made known, does not admit 
 of recall. That which has once fully pleased [determined, resolved] by election 
 cannot be displeased [revoked], i. e. "an election once determined [(?r resolved] 
 and expressed cannot be retracted." Wingate's Max. 118, § i, citing Co. Litt. 
 146a. 
 
 ELECTIONES fiant ritl et liberi sive interruptione aliqud. Elections 
 should be made in due form and freely, without any interruption. 2 Co. 
 Jnst. 169. " Let elections be made rightly and freely, without any interruption." 
 
 ElectuS, a> um, Pa. Picked, selected ; select, choice, excellent (class.). 
 
 In English Law: Electus, pi. electi. [-|- eligo, ere, to pick out, choose, select.] 
 Chosen. 10 Mod. loi, 2; 11 id. 174. Electi, triati et jurati, — chosen, tried and sworn. Cro. 
 Jac. 119. 
 
 Eleemosyna, ae, /. = Gr. iXsTj/^odvvij, pity, mercy, alms. [-|- sXejj/iov, compassion- 
 ate, -(- ^'^^^J'^j to P'ty; ^'AeoJ, pity.] In Ecclesias. Lat.. Alms. Aug. Civ. D. xx\, 
 27 et al. ; Bracton, fol. 27^ ; Cowell. Eleemosyna regis, etc. cf. Fleta, ii, c. 23, ' de Officio 
 Elemosinarii.' 
 
 EleeiI10S]nia.e. The possessions belong to the church. Blount. 
 
 EleemOSynaria.. — L. Lat. [-\- eleemosyna.'] The place where the common alms were 
 deposited, and thence by the eleemosynarius distributed to the poor. Cowell. 
 
 EleemOSynarillS, ElemOSiuariuS. — L. Lat. [eleemosyna!] (a.) An almoner, or dis- 
 tributor of alms. (6.) An officer who received the eleemosynary rents and gifts, and in due 
 method distributed them to pious and charitable uses. Cowell. (c.) An officer in the king's 
 house, called the king's almoner, or almner. Cro. Jac. 48 ; Co. Litt. 94a. 
 
 Eleemosynary, "dj. \_-\- Gr. eXET//xodvvT/.] (a.) Relating to charity ; intended for the 
 distribution of charity. (6.) Given in charity or alms ; founded by charity, (c.) Supported 
 by charity. English Lexicons. 
 
 Eleemosynary, «■ One who subsists on charity. English Lexicons. 
 
 Eleemosynary corporations. Artificial bodies constituted for the perpetual distribution 
 of the free alms or bounty of the founder of them to such persons as he has directed. 
 
 The terra comprehends: (a.) Hospitals for the relief of indigent, sick, and 
 impotent persons. (6.) Colleges, academies, established for the promotion of learning and 
 piety. Bl. Com. i, 371 ; Steph. Com. iii, 128, 171 ; Kent's Com. ii, 274. v. Dartmouth College 
 case, 4 Wheaton (U. S.) 681. 
 
 754 
 
Ele.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eli. 
 
 PLEGANS quaestio est, an, amissis Uteris cambialibus, ipsum debitum cambiaU 
 Vu expiret? Id quod tnerito ius;atur. Quodsi debitor fateatur, se cambiale!. 
 litteras dedisse, index ilium per exsequutionem cambialem adigere potest ad sol- 
 vendum, modo actor prius cautionem de futura indemnitate praestiterit Sin verc 
 neget reus, probatione, adeoque processu ordinario opus est : victus tamen reus exse- 
 quutione cambiali ad solvendum compellitur. Heineccius, de Camb. cap. vi, § ii. 
 It is a nice question or point whether, if the bill of exchange has been lost, the 
 exchange-debt expires ? The question is rightly answered in the negative. If 
 the debtor confesses that he gave the bill of exchange, the judge can, by judicial 
 means, compel him to pay, provided the plaintiff has given him security of future 
 indemnity. But if the debtor deny it, proof, and accordingly the ordinary pro- 
 cess is necessary ; and still the defeated debtor is compelled by an execution on 
 the bill to pay it. Quoted in Story on Bills, § 448, note ; Story on Prom. Notes, 
 § 447- [F. J. M.] 
 
 Eleganter, adv. With correct choice, tastefully, neatly, finely, gracefully, elegantly, 
 judiciously (class, pass.). Accurately, judiciously, with discrimination. Ware, J., 3 Story's 
 R. 611, 636. 
 
 Elegit. [+ ^'^If. ere, — to pick out, choose, select.] He has chosen. 
 
 In practice: A judicial writ given by the statute of Westminster (II., 13 Edw. I. c. 18) 
 directed to the sheriff, empowering him to seize all the defendant's goods and chattels (except 
 oxen and beasts of the plow). If the same were insufficient, then the moiety of the defend- 
 ant's lands, etc., for damages recovered. The sherifT, on receipt of the writ, holds an inquest 
 to ascertain the value of the lands and goods he has seized, and then they are delivered to 
 the plaintiff, who retains them until the whole debt and damages have been paid and satis- 
 fied. During that time he is called tenant by elegit. The name was given because 
 the plaintiff has his choice to accept either this writ or 2lJi. fa. cf. Co. Litt. 2891^/ Bl. Com. 
 iii, 418 ; id. ii, 161 ; Steph. Com. i, 278, 288 ; id. iii, 652 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 314, 315 ; 
 id. iii, 371 \ \ C. B. (N. S.) 568. 
 
 In the United States: The writ is still in use partially and with certain modifica- 
 tions in the various States adopting it. cf. Kent's Cotn. iv, 431, 436; 10 Cratt. (Va.) 580. u. 
 U. S. Dig. 'Elegit: 
 
 The writ is called elegit because the statute gave the party his election to have either a 
 fieri facias or this writ {elegit), which was by his election; and the entry on the roll was, 
 Quod elegit sibi executionem , etc.; and the writ itself had a similar recital. Quia elegit sibi, etc., 
 q. q. V. in loco. 
 
 Elementa, orum, ><. Lit.: The first principles of things; elements. Cicero, Acad. 
 i, 7, 26 ; QuiNTlLlAN,ii, 17, 38 ; iii, 8, 31 <r/a/. Transf.: The first principles, rudiments, 
 in the arts and sciences. Cicero, de Or. i, 35, 163; id. Acad, ii, 28 fin.; QoiNT. prooem. 
 § 21 ; i, I, 35 ; ii, 3, 13 et saep. Meton. : Elementary scholars, beginners. QuiNTlLlAN, 
 i, 2, 26. The beginnings of other things. OviD, .f". iii, 17 ; Horace, Oi/. iii, 24, 52. Elementa 
 ■vitiorum, — the first elements of vices. Juvenal, Sat. xiv, 124. 
 
 Elementa Juris Civili. The Elements of the Civil Law. 
 
 Elementa Juris Privati Germanici. The Elements of the German Private Law. 
 
 Elido ere, 3, v. a. To knock, strike or dash out; to tear or force out (freq. and class.). 
 (6.) To break or dash to pieces ; to shatter ; to crush ; to strangle (freq. and class.). T r o p . . 
 To break down, destroy. Cicero, Tusc. ii, 11 ad fin. 
 
 In the Latin of the Jurists: Elidere frius factum per posterios, — tobreakdown, 
 i. e. to abrogate a prior agreement, contract or pact by a following or later one. Paulus, 
 Dig. ii, 14, /;-. 27, § 2. To defeat, destroy, an adversary's pleading. Bracton, fol. 399^; 
 Fleta, lib. ii, c. 60, § 3. 
 
 Eligendi, nominandi et appunctuandi. Of electing, nominating and appointing. 
 
 ELIGENS majus esse servum. Dei quam libertus seculi, firmiter credens, et sciens, quod 
 servire Deo, regnare est, summaque ingenuitas sit in qua servitus comparabatur Christi, etc. 
 Choosing rather to be the bondsman of God than the freedman of the world, (well) knowing 
 and firmly believing, that to serve God is to reign ; and that the greatest freedom is to be 
 
 7SS 
 
Eli.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Elo. 
 
 acquired by submitting to the service of Christ, etc. cf. Du Cange, voc. ' Oblatus,' vol. iv, 
 1286, 1287 ; Mabillon, de Re Diplomat, lib. vi, 632. 
 
 Read: Ciim sit omni carnali ingenuitate generosius, etc. 
 
 ELEGUNTUR in iisdem conciliis et frincipes, qui jura per pagos , vicosque reddunt. Centeni 
 singuli, ex pkbe comites, consilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt, Tacitus, de Mar. Germ. c. 12 
 Jin. In the same assemblies chiefs are also elected, to administer justice through the can- 
 tons and districts. A hundred companions, chosen from the people, attend upon each of 
 them, to assist them as well with their advice as their authority. Quoted in Bl. Com. iii, 35. 
 
 Elimatio, Snis, /. y-llmo.] (a.) An elucidation, explanation. Justinian. Praef. 3 de 
 emend. Cod. § 3. (6.) A reducing, lessening. Coel. Aur. Tard. v, 11. 
 
 ElimO, are, avi, atum, i, v. a. To file up, viz.: («.) To polish. (6.) Transf . : To 
 elaborate, cultivate ; to finish, perfect. Cicero, Att. xvi, 7, 3 ; Quintilian, ii, 7, 5. (c.) To 
 lessen, diminish. Coel. Aur. Tard. ii, 14. 
 
 Elinguation, [+ e-linguo, are, v. u. to deprive of the tongue.] The punishment of cut- 
 ting out the tongue. 
 
 Elisio, 5nis, /. \elido.'\ A striking out, forcing out, pressing out. Seneca, Ep. 99. 
 
 In the grammarians: The striking out of a letter; elision. In late Latin: 
 A defeating or destroj'ing. 
 
 Elisors, EslisorS' [+ Fr. esHer, to choose.] Electors or choosers. 
 
 In Practice: Two persons of the county named by the court, and sworn, who are 
 called elisors, who shall execute writs of venire in cases where both the sheriff and coroner 
 are disqualified from acting ; and they shall indifferently name the jury, no challenge being 
 allowed fo their array. Co. Litt. 158 ; £1. Com. iii, 355 ; Stepk. Com. iii, 597, note. I n N e w 
 York: Persons are called elisors who are appointed to execute any writ in default of the 
 sheriff and coroner. 3 Cowen's R. 298 ; i id. 32. 
 
 Elocatio.— L. Lat. A lease or letting. Elocatio termino,— a lease or letting for a 
 term. Spelman. 
 
 E-locO, are, i, v. a. — Lat. To let or hire out ; to let out to farm. Fundum. Cicero, 
 Vem. ii, 3, 22. Funus. Pliny, xxi, 3, 7. 
 
 Elocutio, Snis, /. In Rhetor. Lang.: Oratorical delivery; elocution. = the Gr. 
 cppd6ii. Quintilian, Inst, viii, i, § i ; iii, 3, § i ; 9, § 2. 
 
 ELOCUTIO est idoneorum verhorum et sententiarum ad inventionem accommodatio. Elocu- 
 tion is the adaptation of suitable words and sentences to the topics so conceived. Cicero, 
 de Inventione, i, 7, 9. 
 
 Elogiuin, ii, n. An utterance, short saying, sentence, viz. : In par tic. : (a.) A short 
 maxim, saying. Cicero, de Sen. xx, 73. (6,) An inscription — on a tomb stone. Gellius, 
 iii, 7, 19 ; Cicero, de Sen. xvii, 61 et al. Also on doors. Plautus, Merc, ii, 3, 74. On the 
 images of ancestors. Suetonius, Galb. 3. On votive tablets. Id. Calig. 24. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A will or testament. Justinian. Co(f. vi, 23, 29, 30; ;</. vi, 51, 2. 
 A clause in a will (especially which disinherits one). CiCEKO, Clu. xlviii, 135 ; Afric. Dig. 
 xxvui, 2, fr. 14 Jin.; Ulpian. Z?z]f. xxxvii, 10, /?-. I, | 9. Hence, u Itim a elogia, — the last 
 will or testament. Cod. iii, 28, 3^,%! et al. Also a judicial statement, record, abstract 
 in criminal cases (respecting the criminal oifense, punishment, etc.). Suetonius, Calig. 27. 
 So the juridical expression: Mittere aliquem ciim elogio, — to send a criminal 
 before the proper magistrates with a specification of his offense. Celsus, Dig. xlviii, 3, Jr. 
 II ; Marcianus, ib. Jr. 6 ; Modestinus, Dig. xliii, 16, Jr. 3. 
 
 Eloigner. — L. Fr. To eloign; to remove or carry to a distance. F.N. B. 68, 69, 74; 
 Bl. Com. iii, 148. To take one's self away; to go away ; to elope, as a wife from her hus- 
 band. Yearb. T. 3 Edw. III. 9 ; T. 6 Edw- III. i. 
 
 Elohgata, — L' Lat. \_A^ elongarc, to carry off or away.] Eloigned; carried away to a 
 distance. 
 
 In English practice: The return made by a sheriff to a writ of replevin,/.^, that 
 the goods or beasts were carried to a distance, to places to him unknown ; whereupon the 
 party replevying had a writ of Capias in withernam, etc. F. N. B. 73, 74; Bl. Com. iii, 148; 
 Steph. Com. iii, 522. 
 
Elo-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ema. 
 
 Elongatus.— L. Lat. [L. Fr. eloignc.'] Eloigned ; carried to a distance. 
 ^ In English practice: A return by a sheriflf to a writ de homine replegiando, signify- 
 ing that the party or person had been conveyed out of the sheriff's jurisdiction ; whereupon 
 a capias in -withernam issued, to imprison the defendant himself, without bail or main-prize, 
 till he produced the party. Raym. 474 ; Bl. Com. iii, 129 ; Broom c5r= Had. Com. iii, 138. 
 
 Elongavit. He has eloigned, carried away. 
 
 Elopement. [+ Goth, hlaupan. Ang. Sax. hledpan, to run, jump, leap, or + Belg. ee, 
 marriage, and loopeil, to run.] In general; To run away, or escape privately,— especi- 
 ally of a woman who runs away with a lover. In particular: The voluntary departure 
 of a wife from her husband, to tarry with an adulterer. Cowell ; Tomlin ; Wharton. 
 
 In English Law: Elopement, without voluntary reconcilement to her husband, is a 
 cause of forfeiture of dower according to the Statute Westminster II. cap. 34. 
 This rule is expressed in the old Latin couplet : 
 
 " Sponte virum mulier fugiens, et adultera facta. 
 Dote sua careat^ nisi sponso sponte retracta." 
 
 Co. Litt. yib ; Wingale's Max. 139, § 3. cf. Kent's Com. ii, 52 sq. 
 "The word elopement is not a legal teim, nor has it any express meaning in the law. It is not to be 
 found in Bracton, Beitton or Fleta, nor is it used in the statute of Westm. II, Lord Coke is the first that 
 I remember to have mentioned it (2 Co. Inst. 435), and he speaks of a wife's eloping and remaining 
 with an adulterer. The modern books never speak of elopement but in a criminal view." Per De 
 Gray, C. J., Hatchett vs. Baddely, 2 W. Bl. 1080. As is here ^hown, the term is used frequently, with a pre- 
 cisely defined meaning. 
 
 Emanare, \emano^ To flow out; to proceed, emanate from. Inpartic: To spread 
 abroad, become known. In Eng. Law: To issue or award. Emanare brevia, — to award 
 writs. Towns. PI. 28. 
 
 Emancipatio, Onis, f. [emancipo.^ A liberating, setting free ; emancipation. 
 
 In the Roman Law, t. t. . In the strictest sense of the term, the solemn act by 
 which a pater-familias releases a son i^filius-familias) \>y means of a thrice-repeated manci- 
 patio and manumissio, from the patrid potestas, so as to render him sui juris, — independent. 
 
 The legal ceremony oi emancipatio is described in Gaius, Inst, i, § 132. cf. Sandars^ Justinian, p. 82 sq. 
 
 Emancipatio, in brief, was an imaginary sale i^per aes et tiliram), by which a son was set free from the 
 power and jurisdiction of his father ; for as long as a son was under his father's control {in patria potestas) 
 he could not, according to the |uris consults, go to law with him. Turnebus. 
 
 Anastasius introduced a new mode of emancipation. It consisted in obtaining an imperial rescript author- 
 izing the freeing the child from patria potestas; and this rescript being registered by a magistrate or proper 
 officer, the process was complete. Justinian. Cod. viii, 49, const. 5. By this method 2. Jilius-familias might 
 be emancipated in his absence. This could not be done by the old form per aes et libram, because the pur- 
 chaser had to lay hold of the subject. 
 
 Justinian gave the greatest possible facility to emancipation. He abolished the old fictitious process (per 
 aes et libram, or ex imperiati rescripto), and parents were allowed, recta via, to appear directly before a 
 proper judge or magistrate, and free from their power their children, or grandchildren, or other descendants. 
 Justinian. Inst, i, 12, § 6 ; Cumin, Civil Law, 36. 
 
 T r a n s f . : Emancipatio familiae,— a giving up of one's patrimony. The term signifies 
 a fictitious alienation of property in making a wxWper aes et libram. Gellius, xv, 27, 3. 
 
 cf. Gaius, Inst, ii, 102; Ulpian. Reg. tit. xx, SS i, 2. 
 
 In English Law: Emancipatio has been borrowed from the Roman Law, and is con- 
 stantly used in the law of parochial settlements. 7 Ad. &" Ell. (N. S.) 574, note. 
 
 In American Law; The term is used to denote the liberation of slaves; and of those 
 who are sub potestate; e. g. a parent may emancipate his child before the age of majority, 
 either by express words or by turning him away from his home, or any acts equivalent thereto. 
 The child is then no longer sub potestate patris vel parentis , &x>d may hire himself out and 
 receive for his own use a compensation for his services. 8 Cowen's jT. 84 ; 7 id. 92; 55 
 Fenn. St. JR. 457 ; 6 Cush. R. 458 ; 20 IV. Hamp. R. 388 ; i Parsons on Contr. 310, and cases. 
 
 Emancipatio et adoptio. Emancipation and adoption. 
 
 EmancipO are, i, v. a. To liberate, set free ; to emancipate. 
 
 In the Roman Law, /./..• («.) In the s t ri c test sen se : To declare free and 
 independent ; to emancipate a son from ^\i^ patrid potestas by the thnce-repeated act of man- 
 cipaiio and manumissio. v. Gaius, Ulpian. and Justinian «/«., (&.) I n a w 1 df r « e "|?; 
 To give out of one's own potestas into that of another. Fihum in adoptionem. CiCERO, Fin. 
 i ° ^2?. plinv Et viii, 18,4. T r a n s f . : To give up, surrender, sell. Plautus, Bac. 
 i;i,5t'; Cic&^o, de Sen. y.\,l,'i; id. Phil n. 21,^1. Agrum. Suetonius, OM. 4. Praedia 
 paterna. Quintilian, vi, 3, 44- 
 
 7S7 
 
Emb.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Erne. 
 
 Embargo, 1+ Sp. embargar, to arrest, restrain, -j- bai-ra, bar.] A hindrance or restraint. 
 
 In Public Law: A prohibition by public authority, and for a limited time, of depart- 
 ure from a port. 2 Wheaton's (U. S.) R. 148 ; Webster. A detention of a vessel in port. 
 A stopping of ports. A prohibition to sail. Bl. Com. i, 270, 271 ; JCenfs Com. i, 60, 432 ; 2 
 How. St. Trials, 402 ; Johnson, J., 2 Wheaton's R. 148. 
 
 Embezzlement, [Norm. Fr. embeasiler, to filch.] Fraudulent appropriation to one's 
 own use of what is intrusted to one's care, custody or management. English Lexicons. 
 
 "Embezzlement" is " the act of appropriating to one's self that which is received in 
 trust for another." Johnson's Diet. v. Reg. vs. Wortley, 2 Den. C. C. 333. 
 
 In Criminal Law: "Whosoever being a clerk or servant, etc., shall fraudulently 
 embezzle any chattel, money or valuable security which shall be delivered to, or received, or 
 taken into possession by him for, or in the name, or on the account of his master or 
 employer," shall be deemed to have feloniously stolen the same from his master or employer, 
 although such chattel, money or security was not received into the possession of such master 
 or employer otherwise than by the actual possession of his clerk, servant, or other person 
 so employed, v. Slat. 24 and 25 Vict. c. 96, § 68 ; Bl. Com. iv, 230, 231, and Cooley's note 
 (2) ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 302 ; Broom, on Com. Law, 971, and cases. 
 
 As to embezzlement by mariners of goods on board a vessel, and the embezzlement, by 
 public officers, of the public money, v. Wharton's Am. Cr. Law, 421 ; Bl. Com. iv, 230, 231 ; 
 Kent's Com. iii, 194. As to the difference between a mere breach of trust and embezzlement, 
 V. Reg. vs. Gibbs, Dearsl. 445. Fraudulent breaches of trust are now in many cases punish- 
 able as misdemeanors under the Stat. 24 and 25 Vict. c. 96, §§ 75 sq. 
 
 Emblavance de bled. — Fr. Com sprung up above ground. 
 
 Emblements. [+ Norm. Fr. emblear, to sow, or bled, bU, grain, corn.] The produce or 
 fruits of the land sown or planted; the profits of sown land ; the profits of the crop ; 
 growing crops of corn or grain. Co. Litt. 55 ; Bl. Com. ii, 122, 145 ; Wingate's Max. 197, § 5 ; 
 Broom on Com. Law, 394, 395 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 77, § 1046. 
 
 The term includes hops, because they require annual training and culture. I Washb. 
 Real Prop. 102. Also trees, shrubs, etc., cultivated by gardeners and nurserymen for 
 sale. 2 East, 88. And so any annual profit of land from crops produced by annual planting 
 and culture (fructus industriales), and not such as grass, fruit and the like, as are the natural 
 annual produce or profit from permanent roots in the earth, v. Co. Litt. 55, 56 ; Bl. Com. ii, 
 122, and Cooley's notes; id. 453; Kent's Com. iv, 73, 109, no; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 77, 78, 
 §§ 1046-1048 ; Broom &' Had. Com. ii, 237, 282 ; 9 Johns. R. 108 ; 3 Penn. Rep. 496 ; 12 
 Ohio, 88. 
 
 Emblers de gentz, — Fr. A stealing from the people. Rot. Pari. 21 Edw. III. n. 62. 
 
 Embrasour, — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Imbraciator. An embraceor. One who attempts to 
 influence a jury corruptly to one side, by promises, persuasions, entreaties, money, enter- 
 tainments, and the like, i Hawk. P. C. 259 ; Bl. Com. iv, 140; Broom fr" Had. Com. iv, 158. 
 One who labors a jury, or instructs them, or puts them in fear. Co. Litt. 3693. 
 
 In the Criminal Law of England: This villainy has been provided against by 
 divers statutes. Edward III. Henry VIII. George IV. By Stat, ig Henry VIII. c. 13, an 
 embraceor is defined : " One who, when a matter is on trial between party and party, 
 comes to the bar with one of the parties (having received some reward so to do), and speaks 
 in the case, or privily labors the jury, or stands there to survey or overlook them, thereby 
 to put them in fear or doubt of the matter." Termes de la Ley ; 19 Henry VII. c. 13. 
 
 The punishment for em bracery is by fine and imprisonment; and for the juror 
 so embraced, if it be by taking money, the punishment is (by divers statutes of the reign of 
 Edward III.) perpetual infamy, imprisonment for a year, and forfeiture of the tenfold value. 
 Bl. Com. iv, 140. By the Stat. 6 George IV. c. 50, § 61, the oflfense of embracery of jurors, 
 and jurors willfully and corruptly consenting thereto, is punishable by fine and imprison- 
 ment, cf. 2 Story on Contr. § 712 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 158, v. Wait's note (669). 
 
 Words importing a charge of embracery are actionable per se. 5 Cowen's R. 503. 
 
 Erne die caeca herde oHvom, id vendito oculatd die. 
 Jatn hercle vel ducentae fieri posstmt praesentes tninae. 
 
 Plautus, Pseudolus, i, 3, 67. 
 Buy oil on a blind day, and sell on a day with eyes. (T r o p . : Buy oil on credit, and sell 
 it for ready money.) Then i'faith, even two hundred minae ready money might be raised. 
 *' Emtio die caecd — id vendito oculatd.''^ By buying a commodity " on a blind day," and selling it "on 
 one with eyes," is meant the system of credit for the purposes of business ; where they who purchase on 
 that principle have an eye only to the present time, but are blind as to the future consequences of their specu- 
 lation. 
 
Erne.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Emi. 
 
 Emenda. — L- Lat. [+ Fr. amende, eincnde^ Amends. Quod in restaurationem damni 
 Iribuitur,— that which is rendered or paid in restoration (reparation, satisfaction) of damage, 
 ('. e. for a loss, or trespass committed. Spelman. 
 
 In Saxon Law: A pecuniary compensation for an injury. Spebnan. 
 
 Emenda pro transgressione. Amends for trespass. Bracton, fol. 230. 
 
 Emendare, — L. Lat. in Saxon Law: To make amends, restitution, satisfaction for 
 any crime or trespass. Emendam solvere, — to pay a fine. LL. Edw. Conf. c. zi- Emendari 
 se, — to redeem one's self, 7. e., by payment of a weregild. LL. Longob. 
 
 Emendatio, 3nis, /. \_-\- enu-ndo?^ A correction, amendment, emendation. Cicero, />'«. 
 iv, 9 ; QuiNTiLiAN, i, 5, 34 ; ii, 4, 10, 13 ; Claud. Saturn. Dig. xlviii, ig, fr. 16, § let saep. 
 
 In old English Law; Amendment, correction. The power of amending and cor- 
 recting abuses according to certain rules and measures. Cowell. 
 
 In Saxon Law: A pecuniary satisfaction for an injury. ^Emenda. Spelman. 
 
 Emendatio, reflectio, restanratiO, COmpensatio, An amending, repairing, restoring, 
 compensating. Spelman, Gloss, v. Broom &r' Had, Com. ii, 23, n. (z). 
 
 Emendatio panis et oerevisae. — L. Lat. Correction of bread and beer. 
 In old English Law; The assizing of bread and beer, z. ^. the power of supervis- 
 ing and correcting the weights and measures of them. Kennett's Par. Ant. 196 ; Cowell. 
 
 Emendator, oris, m. [emendo.] A corrector, amender. Cicero, Bulb, viii, 20. 
 
 Emendatrix, ids,/. She who corrects, amends. Cicero, Leg. i, 22, 58. 
 
 EmendatllS, a, um, Ba. Faultless, perfect, pure. Mores. Cicero, Lael. 17; Vir. HoR. 
 Ep. i, 16, 30; Pliny, Ep. iii, 3, 5. Vita. Ulpianus, Dig. iv. 3, /r. 11. 
 
 EmendO are, i, v. a. [mendum.] To free from faults; to correct, improve, amend. 
 Cicero, Z^^. iii, 13, 30 ; Quintilian, ii, 2, 7 ; 4, 14 et al. Especially frequent of 
 language, oral or written: To correct, emend. Cicero, Att.u,i6; id. de Or. 46; 
 Quintilian, ii, 2, 7 ; viii, 2, 4 ; x, 2, 20. In particular, in the Jurists; To cor- 
 rect by punishment ; to chastise. Ulpianus, Dig. i, 6, fr. 9, g 3. 
 
 Emergd, ere, 3, -o. a. and n. (a.) Act. . To bring forth ; to bring to light, raise up ; to 
 come forth, come out; to rise up, emerge. Trop. ; To extricate, or free one's self ; to 
 raise one's self up ; to rise (class.). (&.) Ncut. . To come forth, come up, arise, emerge; 
 to get away, escape. In particular: To come forth, come up, break forth (class.). 
 Trop.: To extricate one's self from ; to raise one's self up ; to emerge, get clear (class, 
 freq.). Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 10, /;-. 5 fn. 
 
 In old English Law: To emerge, to arise, to happen. Bracton, io\. lb, iot)\, Stat. 
 Marlbr. c. 13. 
 
 Eminent domain. = Lat. Dominium cminens. The sovereign right of the State over all 
 property within the jurisdiction of the State. In general sense: The right of the 
 State to take, at a fair price, the property of individuals for public use. 6 Howard's (U. S.) 
 R. 629, 636. V. Dominium eminens, and the authorities. 
 
 EMISIT me mater Londinum, juris nostH capessendi gratia ; cujus ciim vestibuhim sahitas- 
 sem, repenssemque linguam peregrinam, dialectum barbarum, methodum inconcinuum, molem non 
 in<''entem solum, sed perpetuis humens sustinendam, excidit mihi fateor animus.— U Lat. My 
 mother sent me to London, for the purpose of entering upon our law; when I had even 
 entered its threshhold, I discovered a foreign language, a barbarous dialect, an unhandsome 
 method, an incumbrance not only prodigious, but to be perpetually on my shoulders, I con- 
 fess my mind shuddered. 
 
 EmiSSarius, ii, «. [emitto.] An emissary, scout, spy. Clc^KO, Verr. u, 2, % Ascon ; u, 
 
 3, 40 et al. . ^ r>- •• ., 
 
 Emissio Onis,/. [id.] A sending out, a darting forth. Angu,s. Cicero, D7v.u. 29. 
 
 M e to n . : ' Power of projecting or hurling. Graviores telorum. Cicero, Tusc. u, 24, 57- 
 ■Pmittfi ere % . a To send out, send forth ; to let out, let go (freq. and class.). I n 
 
 par^ruiar:' Manu emittere ali,uem,-.o release a person from one's potestas; to set 
 
 free, emancipate. Plautus, Capt. iii, 5. 55 et al. Also without manu. Id Ps. ,v. 2, 37. 
 
 759 
 
Emo.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Emp. 
 
 Trop.: Manibus manifesta suis emittere quoquam, — to let slip from our hands thai 
 which is evident. Lucretius, iv, 505 ; Cicero, de Or. ii, 54, 2ig. Argumenta. Id. ib. ii, 
 53, 214. Maledictum. Id. Plane. 23 ad fin. 
 
 Ems, ere, emi, emptum, 3, v. a. To buy (freq. in all forms of comp.). Trop.. To 
 buy, buy up ; to purchase, obtain. Cicero, Verr. ii, 3, 62 et al. 
 
 EmolumentUIIl, i, n. [emolior, to move out, bring out, work out, etc.] Lit.: A work- 
 ing out ; hence , (a.) A striving for success, i. e. effort, exertion, labor. Varro, 
 R. R. iii, 14, I ; Caes. .5. C i, 34, 3. Conor. : A work, a building, etc. Theod. Cod. 
 XV, I, 19. (6.) The attainment of success, i. e. gain, profit, advantage, (a.) Abs., 
 Emolumenta ei deirimenta {quae mq>i\rjlJ.aTa et pXdfifiaroi appellani) communia esse voU 
 ueruni, — they have laid it down that all benefits and injuries, which they call mcpEXij- 
 liazoL and pXdiiara, are likewise common. Cicero, Fin. iii, 21. So opposite to detri- 
 menium. Id. ib, i, 16, 53, cf. opp. damnum. Suet. Aug. 25. (yS.) t.gen., Emolumenta 
 rerum fallacibus judiciis vident . . . . poenani non vident^ — they view the profits of (evil) 
 
 transactions with false judgment they do not see the punishment. Cicero, Off. iii, 8, 
 
 36. Victoriae. Vallej. ii, 105 ad fin. Belli. Id. ii, 114, 4. Pads. Tacitus, Ana. xi, 7. 
 Laborum. Juvenal, iii, 22. Honoris. Plautus, Trin. iii, 2, 68, 81. 
 
 Emparl. [L. Fr. Emparler, enparler.'\ To speak together. 
 
 Emparlance. = Imparlance, V. h. V. 
 
 Emparler. — L. Fr. To emparl or imparl ; to speak together. 
 
 Empeschemeut, — L. Fr. Impeachment. Kelham. 
 
 EmpeschemeiLt de wast. — L. Fr. Impeachment of waste. =L. Lat. Impetitio vasti. 
 
 Emphyteusis, eos, /. [=Gr. t/j<pvrEvdti, an ingrafting, -\- iixcpvTEVstv, to sow, plant, 
 ingraft or improve land.] In the Jurists: An improving lease, yaaji a sort of fee-farm 
 or copy-hold. Justinian. Cod. iv, 66, const, i; id. Inst, iii, 24, § 3; id. Nov. vii, cap. iii. 
 
 It was a locatio in perpetuum, — a lease of land in perpetuity — by a private individual or 
 corporation to a private individual, to hold in fee for an annual rent {pensio or canon) reserved 
 to the owner, and was always hereditary and transferable, and also subject to rules peculiarly 
 its own. cf. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 324 ; Bl. Com. iii, 232 ; Sandars' Justinian, Inst. 204. 
 Thus a new ownership or ^afl« ownership was ingrafted (kv q>VT Ev 00) on ihe true doinin' 
 ium; and hence the name kixcpvrEv6ii. ci. Jus emphyteuticarium. cf. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 
 4, § 6. The right of the emphyteuta to transfer was subject to the right of the dominus to 
 pre-empt at the price offered for the transfer ; or if he did not pre-empt he had a fine, on the 
 transfer, of two per centum on the purchase-money. Justinian. Cod. iv, 66, const. 3. The 
 emphyteuta was also bound to so use the object held by him as not to deteriorate it in value 
 at the time his right expired. Nov. vii, cap. iii, § 2. cf. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, 
 iv, c. 8, § 3, n. 3. 
 
 Gaius states the law of his time in respect to a locatio in perpetuum. Gaius, Inst, iiij § 145 . 
 
 Justinian, gives a more complete definition of an emphyteusis. Ji'Stinian. Inst, iii, 24, § 3. 
 And a still more extended and specific definition is given in Justinian. Cod. iv, 66, const, i. 
 
 Emphyteuta, ae, m. =:Gr. Efi(pvrETjrrf<i, A copj'-holder. The person to whom an 
 emphyteusis is granted. The lessee or tenant under a locatio in perpetuum. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 66, const, i sq.; Mackeld. Civil Law, §§ 324, 325. Called also emphyteutiearius, 
 Justinian. Cod. iv, 66, i sq.; Sandars' Justinian. Inst. p. 204. 
 
 Emphyteuticus, a, um, adj, =Gr. kiicpWEvriytoi. Of or belonging to a copy-hold. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Jus emphyteuticum, — a right of copy-hold. The right founded 
 on, growing out of or having the character of an emphyteusis. Jure emphyteutico, — of or under 
 a right of copy-hold ; by or under an emphyteutic right. Bl. Com. iii, 322. Contractu emphy- 
 teutico, — by or under a copy-hold contract; under a contract of emphyteusis, Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 66, const, i, 2 ; id. Inst, iii, 4, § 3. 
 
 Emporium, ii, »■ =i}^Tt6piov, a trading-place. [-\- EUTCopoi, traveler, trader, -\-ili 
 or kv, in, and iCopoi, way through and over, path.] A place of trade, a market-place, mar- 
 ket-town, market. Plautus, Am. iv, i, 4 ; Varro, R. R, ii, 9, 6 ; Cicero, Att. v, 2,2 etal. 
 
 In Modern Sense: A place of extensive commerce or trade; a commercial city or 
 town ; a mart. English Lexicons. 
 
 The name is mostly applied to a seaport town, but in strict sense it signifies only a particular place in such 
 a town, i. n. market-plac e. It is deduced from e^tTropos, which signifies, in Homer, a person who sails as 
 a passenger in a ship belonging to another person {Od, ii, 319; xxiv, 300); but in later writers it signifies the 
 
 760 
 
Emp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Emp. 
 
 merchant or wholesale dealer, and differs from KawijAos, the retail dealer, in that it is applied to the merchant 
 who carries on commerce with foreign countries, while the icairijAos purchases his goods from the e>i7opo5 and 
 retails them in the market-place. Smitli's Did. of Antig. 
 
 Emprestito. — Span. Loan. I n Spa n i sh Law ; A thing lent at the request of the 
 borrower. White's New Recop. b. ii, tit. n, c. i. 
 
 Emprimecllief.— L. Fr. First of all. Kelham. 
 
 Emprisoner, Enprisoner.— L. Fr. To imprison. Bntt.z.tt. 
 
 Emprisonement, — L. Fr. Imprisonment. Imprisonement fur emprisonemeni, — impris- 
 onment for imprisonment. Britt. c. 25. 
 
 Emprompter, Enprompter.— L. Fr. To borrow. Emprompt,— borrowed, borrowing. 
 Britt. c. 21. 
 
 Empti actio, — Lat. An action of purchase ; an action for a thing purchased, v. Actio 
 ex empto. 
 
 Emptio, Onis, /. {e!no.'\ A buying, purchase. Varro, S. Ji. ii, 2, 5 ; Cicero, Caec. vi, 
 17; Justinian. Inst, iii, 2^ pr.; Dig. xviii, tit. i ; Gaius, Itist. iii, § 139. v. pass, infra. 
 T r a n s f . , A purchase-deed, bill of sale. Scaevola, Dig. xxxii, i, fr. 102 et al. 
 
 Emptio bonorum. A purchase of goods. 
 
 Emptio et venditio, — Lat. An emption and vendition ; a purchase and sale. 
 
 In the Roman Law: The?. ?. to express a consensual contract of buying and selling. 
 Gaius. Inst, iii, § 139 ; Justinian, ii. iii, 24 pr.j id. Cod. iv, tit. 38 ; Bracton, fol. dib; 
 Heinecc Elejn. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 24. A consensual contract to sell and deliver a thing 
 for a stipulated price. Heinecc. uK supra; 3 Salk. 61. v. i Parsons on Contr. 489. As a 
 compound word ; emptio-venditio. Hallifqx, Anal, b, ii, c. 18. 
 
 EMPTIO et venditio contrahitur citm de pretio convenerit, quamvis nondum 
 pretiiim numeratum sit, ac ne arra quidam data fuerit: nam quod arrae 
 nomine datur argumentum est emptionis et venditionis contradae. Gaius, Inst, iii, 
 § 139. V. Justinian, ib. iii, 23 /r. A contract of buying and selling is entered 
 into as soon as agreement is made about the price, even though the price has 
 not yet been paid nor even earnest given. For vchat is given as earnest is only 
 evidence of a contract of buying and selling having been entered into [/. e.. it is 
 not of the essence of the contract], v. Pufendorf, de Jitre, v, c. 5, § 2, n. 3, 
 4; § 5, n. 2; Bracton, ii, c. 27, § i, fol. (i\b, Emptio vero et venditio contrahitur, etc. 
 
 Gaius, in another place, expresses the same rule as to the contract of sale, and shows how 
 nearly it approaches that of letting to hire. v. Locatio et conductio proxima est, etc. Gaius, 
 Dig. xlx, 2,fr. 2. 
 
 Emptio mercium integrarum.— Lat. The buying up of goods by wholesale. 
 
 V. Abrocamentum. 
 
 Emptio sub corona.— Lat. A purchase made under a crown (chaplet or garland). 
 
 Those prisoners made captive in war by the Romans were sometimes sold by auction sub 
 corona, because they wore a crown when sold. LiVY, v, 22 sq. v. Corona. 
 
 There was also an emptio sub hasta, — a purchaser under the spear, i. e. a spear was set 
 up where the crier stood. 
 
 EMPTIO tarn sub conditione quam pure contr ahi potest; sub conditione, veluti : 
 si Stichus intra certum diem tibi placuerit, erit tibi 
 emptus aureis tot. Justinian. Inst, iii, 23, § 4- A sale maybe con- 
 tracted conditionally as well as purely ; conditionally, as for example : 'if, 
 within a certain time, Stichus shall suit you, he shall be 
 purchased by you at so many aurei.' v. Gaius, Inst, iii, 146. 
 
 Ontheotherhand: If, within a certain time you find Stichus does not suit you, let 
 it be considered no sale. The Jurists, in such case, said that the sale was a pura emptio, 
 quae sub conditione resolvitur. cf. Paulus, Dig. xli, 4, fr. 2, §§ 4. 5- 
 
 Emptio venditio. A purchasing and selling. = Emptio et venditio. 
 
 The R o m a n s employed this term to denote a contract of sale. v. Emtio venditio. cf. 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, g 2. 
 
 [96] 76X 
 
Emp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Emt. 
 
 EMPTIO vero et venditio contrahitur', cum de precio convenerit inter contra- 
 hentes, dumtamen a venditore arrarum nomine aliguid receptum fuerit, quia, 
 quod arrarum nomine datum est, argumentum est emptionis et venditionis contractae. 
 Et si scriptura intervenire debeat, non erit perfecta emptio et venditio, nisi ciim fuerii 
 partebus tradetaet absoluta. Et ciim arrae non intervenerit, vel scriptura, nee tra- 
 ditio fuerit subsequnta, locus erit poenitentiae, et impunl recedere possunt partes 
 contrahentes d, contractu. Truly a purchase and sale is contracted when 
 the price has been agreed upon between the parties contracting, provided that 
 something has been received by the vendor in the name of earnest, for what 
 is received in the name of earnest is an argument of a contract for purchase 
 and sale. And if a writing ought to intervene, the purchase and sale will not 
 be perfect except when it shall be delivered to the parties and completed. And 
 when earnest money has not intervened nor a writing and delivery has not fol- 
 lowed, there will be a place for repentance, and the contracting parties may with 
 impunity recede from the contract. Bracton, ii, c. 27, § i, fol. (>T.b. v. Gaius, 
 Inst, iii, § 139, Emptio et venditio contrahitur ciim de pretio, etc. 
 Read; Si pretium solutum fuerit vel ejus pars, etc. Bracton, bib. 
 
 EMPTIONES, vel acquisitiones suas, det cui magis velit. Terram autem quam 
 ei parentes dederunt non mittat extra cognatio7tem suam. LL. Hen. I. c. 70. 
 A person may give his purchased or acquired property to whom he please. But 
 the land given by his parents, he cannot dispose of that to the exclusion of his 
 kindred. Bl. Com. ii, 288, note (fi); Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 466, (ft). 
 
 EMPTIONIS venditionis contractae argumentum. The proof of a contract of purchase 
 and sale; the proof of a purchase and sale being made. Justinian. Inst, iii, ■upr.; Bl. 
 Com. ii, 447, 448. V. Arrha and Quod arrhae nomine datur, etc. 
 
 Emptor, Oris, m. [emo.] A buyer, purchaser. Plautus, Boen. i, n, 128 s^./ id. Pers. 
 iv, 4, 31 ; Cicero, de Off. iii, 12, 51; id. Phil ii, 38. (As to the laws aifecting him, see 
 under emptio.') Emptor familiae, — the imaginary purchaser of an inheritance pet aes 
 et librain. SuET. Ner. 4 Bremi ; Heinecc. Ant. Rom. ii, 10," § 6 sq. v. Familiae emptor. 
 
 EyLWOB^ emit quam minima potest; venditor vendit, quam maxima potest. The 
 buyer purchases for the lowest price he can ; the seller sells for the highest 
 price he can. Kent's Com. ii, 486 ; 2 Johns. Ch. 252-256, 486 ; 22 N. Y. R. 
 327, 343 ; 30 Sarb. 553, 562. 
 
 This maxim is also quoted to show that a person cannot act as agent for another to sell 
 property, and become himself the purchaser. Kent's Com. iv, 438. v. Story on Agency, 
 § 10, 11. 7, § 210. 
 
 EMPTOR tenetur venditori ad pretium, et venditor emptori, i converso, ad ipsam 
 rem tradendam. The buyer is bound to the seller for the price, and the 
 seller, I converso, to the buyer to deliver the thing sold. Bracton, fol. (i\b; Fleta, 
 lib. ii, c. 58, § 1. 
 
 Emptrix, icis, /. \emptor.'\ She who buys; a female purchaser. Modestinus, i?jf. xxi, 
 2, fr. 63 ; Justinian. Cod. iv, 54, const, i. 
 
 Emtio, onis, /. A buying or purchase. = Emptio. 
 
 This form of the word {emptio) is used in the Dig. xviii, tit. i ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 49. 
 Emtor, Oris, m. A buyer, purchaser ; the buyer. = Emptor. 
 
 This form of the word {emptor) occurs in the Dig. xviii, tit. i ; Justinian. Cod. iv, tit. 49. 
 Emtrix, icis, /. She who buys ; a female purchaser. = Emptrix. 
 This form of the word (emptrix) occurs in Justinian. Cod. iv, 54, const, i. 
 762 
 
ErnuJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [En vie. 
 
 Emutatio, Onis, /. [emuto.] A change, alteration. Quintilian, viii, 6, 51. 
 
 En. — F. or L. Fr. In, into, within, on, upon, among, at ; into, to, toward, like. = Lat. 
 In; ex.gr. En affrayer de la pees,— in a breach of the peace. En ami,— as a friend. 
 En apres, — hereafter, afterward. L. Fr. Diet. En arere,— in time past. Stat, de Juda- 
 ismo ; 2 Co. Inst. 506. En arrifeie,- in the rear. En autre (auter) droit,— in another's 
 right. Bl. Com. ii, 177 ; Kent's Com. iv, loi ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 329. En avant ! — 
 forward! in advance ! En badinant,— in jest ; as a joke. En banke,— in the bench. 
 = Lat. /»*fl»«. LAud. SI. En barre,— in bar. F^a;-*. T. 8 Edw. III. 6. En bon foy,— 
 
 in good faith. Yeari. T. 4 Edw. II. 107 ; KeDiam. En brever, — to write down in short ; 
 to abbreviate or imbreviate; to put into an abstract or schedule. Britt. c. i. En bouch del 
 lay gents, — in the mouth of the common people. Cro. jac. 700. En chescun article et 
 
 CheSCUn point, — m every article and every point. Artie. Sup. Chart, c. i. En chiefe, — in 
 chief. Britt. c. 2,^- ='L3i. In eapite. En OOSte, — on the side; collateral. Kelham. =Lat. 
 A latere. En COUrt, — in or into court. Britt. c. 26. = Lat. In euria. En COUrt que 
 porte record, — in a court of record ; in a court which bears record. Britt. c. 47. En 
 demeure, — in delay; chargeable with delay; in default. Pothier, Obi. part i, c. 4, sect. 4, 
 
 ^3. = Lat. In mora. En demeyne, — in demesne. En demeyne et en severalte, — in 
 demesne and in severalty. Britt. c. ^2. En d6shabill6, — in an undress; undressed. En 
 dorse, — on the back. =Lat. In dorso. En especes au COUrS de Se jour, — in the coin or 
 currency of the present day. En fait,— in fact ; in deed. Co. Litt. 380^. = Lat. De faeto 
 or in facto. En fait et en droit, — in fact and in law. = Lat. De facto and de jure. En 
 faits endentes, — in deeds indented. Litt. § 370. En famille, — in a domestic state. En 
 fet, — in fact. Yearb. M. 3 Edw. II. 59. En favOur de franchise, — in favor of liberty. 
 Britt. i:. nq. En filace, — on file. Kelham. Filaee, — a file. En fin, — at last; finall}'. 
 En flute, — in flute, i. e. armed with guns on the upper deck only. En foule, — in a crowd, 
 throng, multitude ; in mass, herd. En grand,— of full size. En grande tenue,— in full 
 dress. En grOS, — in gross ; by wholesale. Britt. •^.■2.\. Enjugmcnt, — in judgment ; in 
 or into court. = Lat. In judieio. En le haut estrete,— in the highway, Yearb. H. 2 
 Edw. II. 27. En le (la) mercie, — in mercy. .ffK//. c. 24 ; Zz«. § 514. = In miseneordia. 
 En le meyn temps,— in the mean or intermediate time. Kelham. En lOUT droit sens, — 
 in their right sense, mind, reason. Britt. c. 28. En mort meyne,— in a dead hand ; in 
 mortmain. Britt. c. 43. =1.0.1. In morlua manu. En nuly (nuluy) biens, — in no one's 
 goods. Kelham. =1.3.1. In nullius bonis. En OUltre,— furthermore. Kelham. En OWCl 
 main,— in equal hand. Yearb. M. 5 Edw. III. 106. = Lat. In aequali manu. Eu pais or 
 En pays — in the country. Litt. % 6xS. On the country. Britt. c. 4. =l.,.l.a.t. Inpatrid. 
 V. In pais. En paSSant,— in passing ; by the way. Er jrAarEt,— Gr. Broadly, liberally ; 
 with an allowance. Julian. Dig. xlvi, 3, fr. 13 ; Ulpian. id. xlvi, 8, fr. 12, § 2. = Lat. 
 Cum laxamento et amplitudine. En plciu (plcyu) COntO,- in full county court. 
 
 Art. Sup. Cart. En plein jour,— in broad daylight. En plein (or pleyn) vie,— in full 
 life. Britt. c. lob. En poigne, En poiu,— in hand. Litt. % 3'js- En primes,— in the 
 
 first place ; firstly. Britt. c. i. = Lat. Imprimis. En replegiare port per,— in replevin 
 brought by. Dyer.ib. En revanche,— in return. En rOUte,— on the way. En ServiCC 
 del roy,— in the service of the king. En SOn damage,— in his damage ; doing him dam- 
 age. = damage feasant. =Lat. In damno suo. En SOU demeyne COme de fee,— in his 
 demesne as of fee. Britt. cc. 51, 72. En SOU droit Sens,— in his right sense, mind, under- 
 standing. Britt. c.%(). =hs.i. Compos mentis. En SOU nom propre,— in his proper name. 
 Story on Agency, ^ 271. En SUite,— In company. En SUivant la v6rit6,— in following 
 
 the truth. En suspence,— in abeyance. Dyer. 71. En temps de sier blees,— in the 
 
 time to mow or gather the corn, or gather crops, i. e. in harvest time. Kelhmn. En tes- 
 moignance,— in testimony or witness. = Lat. In testimonium. En tesmoiguance de 
 quele chose,— in testimony of which ; in testimony whereof. En toutz pleas meUS et 
 d, mover,— iti all pleas moved and to be moved. BHtt. c. 126. En vie,- in life ; alive. 
 
 Britt. c. 50. 
 
 763 
 
En asc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [En gra. 
 
 EN ascun cas., un releas urera. de mitter tout le drhit que il que fait le releas ad, 
 a celuy a que le release est fait. — L. Fr. In some cases, a release shall 
 enure to put all the right which he who maketh the release hath, to him to whom 
 the release is made. Litt. § 306 ; Hale's Anal. § xxxv. 
 
 As if a man be disseised and releaseth to his disseisor all his right, hereby the disseisor 
 acquires a new right, which changes the quality of his estate, and renders that lawful which 
 before was tortious or wrongful. Bl. Com. ii, 225. v. Ascun foils un releas prendra effect, et 
 urera pour miller Veslale, elc. 
 
 En avant ! — Fr- Forward ! In advance ! In old English Law: In future ; for 
 the time to come. Kelham. Henceforward. L. Fr. Did. 
 
 EnblanC— Fr. Lit.: In white ; unwritten ; in blank. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: Without restriction. Applied to indorsements on promissory 
 notes, bills, etc., where no indorsee is named. 
 
 EN ce cas le ley enlend le properld de besles en may. — L. Fr. In this case the law intends the 
 ownership of the game to be in me. 
 
 EN ceo mol, morl, y ad double enlendment. — L. Fr. In this word mart (dead) there is a 
 double meaning. Britlon, c. 92. 
 
 EN cest court de Ckauncerie, home ne sarra prejudice par son mispleading ou per 
 defante de forme, mes solonque le veryte del mater ; car il droit agarder solon- 
 que consciens, et nemi ex rigore juris. — L. Fr. and Lat. In this Court 
 of Chancery, no man shall bis prejudiced for his mispleading, or for default of 
 form, but according to the truth of the matter ; for it ought to be decided by- 
 conscience, and not by the rigor of the law. Diversyte des Courts, 
 edit. 1534, fols. 296, 297 ; Brooke's Abr. tit. 'Jurisdiction,' 50; Bl. Com. 
 iii, 446 (.»). 
 
 En commandite, — Fr. [ko-man-di-t.] In French Law: In partnership in which 
 the acting partners are responsible without limitation, and the dormant ones to the extent of 
 their shares only ; called SociiU en commandile. Also: A partnership in which some fur- 
 nish money, and others furnish their skill and labor in place of capital. It is a special and 
 limited partnership. 
 
 The term includes a partnership containing dormant rather than special partners. 
 Slory on Parln. § log et seq. The business being conducted in the name of some of the 
 partners only, it is considered to be just that those who are unknown (dormant) should lose 
 only the capital which they have invested as capital stock, from which alone they can receive 
 any advantage. Guyol, Rep. Univ. In many of the States, limit ed partnerships, so 
 called, are allowed, although no such partnerships are recognized at Common Law. Trou- 
 bat. Limited Partn. cc. 3, 4. 
 
 EN demeyne , si eat dit a la difference de ceo que est tenu en seignioury, ou en 
 service, ou en commun ovesque autres. — L. Fr. In demesne is so called 
 to distinguish it from that which is held in seigniory, or in service, or in common 
 with others. Britton, c. 78. 
 
 EN droit de hostes, velous que chescun respoyne pur son hoste que il avera herb- 
 erge. — ■ L. Fr. In right [or, as to the law] of guests, we will that every 
 one should answer for his guest, whom he shall have harbored. Britt. c. 12. 
 
 EN eschange, il covient que les estates coieut ^gales. — L. Fr. In an exchange it 
 behooves that the estates should be equal, /. e. equal as to the quantity of 
 interest. Litt. § 64 ; Co. Litt. $06 ; 2 Hilliard's Real Prop. 298. 
 
 EN grande pauvrelS n' y u pas grande loyau te . — Fr. In great poverty there 
 is no grand integrity. Bonnier, TraiU des Preuves, §t5 igo, 320; I Best on Evid. § igi. 
 Read: fures licet et samothracum, etc. Juvenal, &/. iii, 144. Quoted in .S^rf, zi. 
 Read: Da teslem Romae lam sanctum, elc. Juvenal, Sat. iii, 136. 
 
 764 
 
Enjui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [En ven. 
 
 En juicio. — Span. Judiciallj' ; in a court of law ; in a lawsuit. White's New Recop. b. 
 ii, tit. 8, c. I. 
 
 EN la defence sont Hi choses entendantz : pertant quil defende tort et force, home 
 doyt entendre quil se excuse de tort luy surmys per conute j et fait se partie al 
 pie ; et per tout quil defende les dammages, il affirm le parte able destre respondu j 
 et per tout quil defende ou et quant il devera, il accepte la poiar de court de connus- 
 tre, ou trier lour pie. — L. Fr . In a defense, these three things are understood : 
 if he defends the injury and force, a man ought to consider that he excuses him- 
 self of the wrongs imputed to him by the court, and makes himself a party to 
 the plea ; and if he defends the damages, he admits that the party is able to 
 answer ; and if he defends when and where he ought, he acknowledges the power 
 of the court to acknowledge or try the plea. Mod. Tenend. Cur. 408, ed. 1524. 
 V. Co. Litt. 127 ; Bl. Com. iii, 298, n. (li). 
 
 En la chambre des esteilles pres la resceipt la Westminster.— L. Fr. In the star 
 chamber near the receipt [of the exchequer] at Westminster. Rot. Clans. 41, Edw. III. m. 13 ; 
 Bl. Com. iv, 266, in note {a) j Broom &" Had. Com. iv, 342 (^). 
 
 En le per. — L- Fr. In the/^r. En le per et cut. In the per and cai. 
 
 En le post, in the post. These several terms were applied, in the old books, to writs of 
 entry. Reg. Orig. 228, 229 ; 3 Reeve's Hist. 34. 
 
 EN primes, voit le roy que common droiture soit fait a touts, auxybien as 
 povers come as riches, saus regard de nulluy. — L. Fr. In the first place, the 
 king wills that common justice be done to all, as well to the poor as to the rich, 
 without regard to any, i. e. without respect of persons. Stat. Westm. I. c. i. 
 
 EN rigle generate, le commissionnaire, qui promet, qui stipule, qui agit en sa qual- 
 ity de propose, ne s' oblige pas en son nom propre. II est simple ministre et 
 executeur. II est tenu a rien de plus qu'& exhiber son mandat. Mais le commission- 
 aire, qui contracte en son nom, s'oblige sans distinction vis-a-vis du tiers avec qui il 
 contracte, parce qu'on ignore sa quality, et quil est censd plutdt agir pour soi, que 
 pour antrui. Potius meo nomine, quam pro alio. Emerig. Assur. 
 ii, c. 4, § 12, p. 465. According to the general rule, the agent who promises, or 
 stipulates, or acts in his quality or character as agent, is not personally bound 
 [is not bound in his proper name]. He is a simple agent or instrument [mm- 
 ister or executor]. He is 'held to nothing more than to exhibit his authority or 
 mandate. But the agent who contracts in his own name, he is bound, without 
 distinction, to the third person with whom he contracts ; because such third 
 person is ignorant of his quality or character, as agent, and he is presumed 
 rather to act for himself than for another. 'Rather in my own name 
 than for another.' Story on Agency,% 2(>2,r^oi& a fin.^. z^b. 
 
 En sa quaUt6 de capitaine et per privilege sur la navire - Fr In h.s qual.ty 
 (character) as captain, and by privilege upon the ship. 2 Smiths I. C [606J 685. 
 
 Entesmoignances des queux choses nous avous fait faire cestes nous lettres 
 0VertS.-L. Fr. In testimony whereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent 
 (open). Stat. Confirm. Chart. 17, Tn pvprv 
 
 En tout ce, qui concerne I'interest commun des propri6taires. - Fr. every 
 
 thing which concerns the common interest of the owners. Story on Partn. ^ 433- _ 
 
 EN ventre sa m^re.— h. Fr. In its mother's womb. Bntt. c. 118. - i.at. 
 In utero matris. The Civilians express it: Qut tn ventre [utero. 
 Vulg.]est. Uarcia^. Big. i, 5, /r. 5- Is qui in ventre portabatur. Justinian. 
 Cod vi, 29, 3. ^g^ 
 
Ena.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [End. 
 
 In general; This expression is emplo3'ed relative to a child before birth, and the 
 existence of an unborn child is recognized to the extent that proceedings by bill, etc., may 
 be taken on behalf of an unborn infant (Fitz en venire sa mhe),toT the protection of the rights 
 which it will acquire by birth. 2 Vernon, 710 ; 2 Atkyns, 117 ; i Vesey, Sr. 86, 555 ; Free. 
 Ch. 50. A child in foetal existence is supposed in law to be in esse for many purposes ; and 
 whenever it is for its benefit a child is deemed to have been in existence (in rebus humanus) 
 from its conception, i. e. it is considered as born for all beneficial purposes of heirship. 
 Bracton expressed the rule of succession as to an heir in foetal existence : Descendit jus 
 vera haeredi, ubicunque natus fuerit, vel in utero matris , etc. Bracton, ii, c. 29, § i, 
 fol. 62*. And so always in England : and such a child is capable of taking a devise of 
 lands (2 Atk. Ch. 117; I Freem. Ch. 224, 293); may take a distributive share of intestate 
 property (i Vesey's Ch. 81); may take, under a marriage settlement, a provision made for 
 children living at the death of the father (id. 85. v. in) ; may take a legacy, and is entitled 
 to a share in a fund bequeathed to 'children,' or of 'children living at the tes- 
 tator's death.' 2 Brown's Ch. 63, 320 ; 2 Vesey's Ch. 673 ; 3 id. 486 ; 4 id. 322 ; i T. F. 
 49; yid.ioo; 1 5fltt. 229 ; Bacon's Air. 'Legacies' (A); Ambl. •joi.iii; 9 and 10 Wm. 
 III. c. 16 ; Co. Litt. 36 ; Bl. Com. i, 129, 130, and Cooley's note (10) ; Broom dr" Had. Com. i, 
 154; id. ii, 324, -u. n. (c)/ i P. Wms. 244, 329; 2 id. 446; 1 Vesey, Sen. 85, in ; 2 Vernon, 
 578 ; 2 H. Bl. 299 ; Kent's Com. iv, 249, 412 ; -^ Johns. Cos. 18. v. 2 Faige's Ch. 35 ; 4 id. 47, 
 53 ; 3 Barb. Ch. 488, 509 ; 4 Smedes &= Marshall, 99; 15 Fick. 255 ; 5 Serg. &= F. 38. As to 
 back rents, v. 8 Wils. 526. 
 
 And these rules appear to accord with the Civil Law: Hi qui legitime 
 concipiuntur, ex conceptionis tempore statum sumuni. Gaius, Inst, i, § 89 fin. Glm tamen in 
 compluribus aliis causis postumi, pro jam natis habeantur, etc. Id. ib. § 147. Intelligendus est 
 mortis tempore fuisse, qui in utero relictus est. Terentius, Clemens, Dig. L, 16, fr. 153. 
 Qui in utero est, perinde ac si in rebus humanis esset, custoditur, etc. Paulus, Dig. i, 5, fr. 7. 
 Qui in utero sunt, in toto paene jure civili intelliguntur in rerum naturaesse, etc. JULIANUS, 
 ib. fr. 26. Verum est, omnem postumum, qui moriente testattire in utero fuerit, si natus sit, 
 bonoruTn possessionem petere posse. Paulus, Dig. xxxvii, w, fr. 3. Si quis praegnantem uxo- 
 rum reliquit, non videtur sine liberis decessisse. Celsus, Dig. L, 17, f}. 187. Fostumus in 
 officosum testamentum potest dicere eoruTn, etc. Ulpian. Dig. v, 2, fr. 6. Fostumi quoque liberi, 
 id est, qui in utero sunt, si tales sunt, ut nati in potestate nostra futuri sint, suorum heredem 
 numero sunt. Ulpian. Fegl. xx, § 15. Eos, qui in utero sunt, si nati sui heredes nobis futuri 
 sint, posumus instituere heredes, etc. Id. ib. § 19. v. Gaius, Inst, ii, § 130. cf. VoET. ad 
 Fand. i, I, § 5. 
 
 V. nine petenda ratio, cur posthumo praeterito placeat testamentum ab initio valere, etc. Dig. 
 
 The later English cases even warrant the conclusion that marriage settlements 
 cannot be revoked even before marriage, if thereby the children suffer, v. 9 Beavan, 570. 
 II id. 227; 16 zV. 346. Even a child in foetal existence may be appointed an executor. 
 West. Symb. p. i, § 635, cited in Broom Ss' Had. Com. ii, 642 ; Bacon's Abr. 'Infancy' (B). 
 
 A mother of a child in foetal existence may detain writings on its behalf. 2 Vem. Ch. 710. 
 
 Euarratio, 5nis, /. \enarrol\ A detailed exposition, interpretation. Qijintilian, i, 4, 
 2 sq.; ii, 5, I ; i, g, I ; i, 8, 18. 
 
 Enarrator, 5ris, m. \id.'\ An explainer, expounder, interpreter. Gellius, xiii, 30, i ; 
 xviii, 4, 2 ; 6, 8. 
 
 Enarrd, are, i, v. a. To explain in detail ; to expound, interpret (quite class.). Plautus ; 
 Cicero; Quintilian. 
 
 Enchaz et rechaz.- — L. Fr. In chase and out chase, i. c. the right of driving cattle to and 
 from a common. Kelham. 
 
 Euclieson, Enchesson, — L. Fr. Occasion, cause, reason. 
 
 Euclamer, — L. Fr. To claim. Enclamaunt fraunk tenement, — claiming the freehold. 
 Britt. cc. 42, 70. 
 
 Encdmiog^aplms, i, »«• =Gr. syuooiiioypacpoi, + sv, priv. Kmjuiov, — chanted, 
 praised ; and ypdqiEiv, — to write. The composer of a eulogy ; a eulogist ; panegyrist. 
 
 Enditement. = Indictamentum, V. h. v. 
 
 Endowment. = L- Lat- Dotatio. \-\- Lat. dos, dotis, marriage portion.] Properly: 
 the giving or assuring of dower to or upon a woman. Bl. Com. ii, 135, 
 
 Mefaph. : The setting out or severing of a sufficient part or portion to a vicar for his 
 perpetual maintenance, when the benefice (bencfcitim) is appropriated. Stat. 15 Rich. II. 
 c. 6; 4 Hen. IV. c. 12; Bl. Com. i, 387; id. ii, 135; Termes de la Ley. In extended 
 sense: (a.) Property, fund or revenue permanently appropriated to any object. (6.) Gift 
 of nature, talents, natural capacity. 
 
 766 
 
^""^■^ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eni. 
 
 Endowment de la plnis belle part.- L. Fr. Endowment of the fairest part. 
 
 In old English Law: When a man dies seised of lands held in knights' service 
 s r/n ZrT^- ""'^ V^'' '^"'^^ '" ^"^"^^ee {soca^ium. soccagium, or .J"^3the w dow 
 Te^t t }aLey '" '°"'^' ''"'''' "' "^ ' ^^''''' ""'' ^^■''- '' <="?• = ' 
 
 Enfans de families.— Fr. Children of the family. 
 
 Enfant perdu, (plur. enfans perdus. ) — Fr. Lost child . T r o p . , A forlorn hope. 
 
 Enfant gat6.— Fr. A spoiled child. Enfant troilv6.— Fr. A foundling. 
 
 Enfaunt.— L. Fr. [Lat. ^?;/a«j-.] An infant (child). Britt. cio-]. An infant or minion. 
 
 Enfaunt dedens age,— L. Fr. An infant under age. Britt. c. 54, 126. 
 
 Enfeoff. = L. Lat. Feoffars, infeudare. To give, convey a fee or fief. Bl. Com. ii, 310. 
 
 Enfeoffment. («.) The act of creating investiture ; the act of investing with any dignity 
 or possession. (6.) The deed or charter by which a person is invested with the possession 
 of lands. 
 
 Enfraunchir.— L. Fr. [+ en, in, and fraunk, free.] To make free ; to enfranchise ; to 
 confer a liberty or privilege. Enfraunchys per charires. — L. Fr. Britt. c. 120. 
 
 Enfranchise. [L. Fr. Enfraunchir.^ To make free ; to confer a privilege or liberty. 
 (a.) To make a person a free denizen. (6.) To incorporate a person or persons into a body 
 politic or corporation. Tennes de la Ley ; Co. Litt. lyib. 
 
 Enfranchisement.— L. Fr. and Eng. \_-\- enfraunchir.\ The act of making a person 
 free, as a villein or bondman. Co. Litt. 137^. (6.) The incorporating a person or persons 
 into any society or body politic, and thereby imparting to him or them its liberties and privi- 
 leges. Termes de la Ley ; II Co. 91. (c.) The making a man free of a company or corpora- 
 tion. Co. Litt. I37i5. cf. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Engetter. — L. Fr. To eject ; to cast or throw out ; to dispossess. 
 
 Englecery, Englecherie, Englescherie, Engleschery.— L. Fr. and Eng. = L. Lat. 
 
 Englescheria or Engleceria, or Anglescheria. The fact of being an Englishman ; Englishery. 
 Bracton, fol. 135 ; Bl. Com. iv, 195 ; 2 Reeve's Hist. 22 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Engleterre. — L- Fr. England. Britt. fol. I. 
 
 En-gr58S. [-|- Fr. en, in, and gros, grosse, large.] To copy in a large, fair hand. 
 
 In Conveyancing: When the chirographer made the chirographum or indenture of 
 a fine, and delivered it to the party to whom the conusance was made, it was said to be 
 engrossed. 5 Co. 39*. 
 
 In Practice: To write in a strong gross hand, on one or more long rolls (or presses) 
 of parchment sewed together. Bl. Com. \, 183. To copy a paper for the purpose of filing. 
 
 In Criminal Law: To get into one's possession; a buying up, large quantities of 
 corn, or other dead victual, or any other commodity, with intent to sell it at an unreasonable 
 price. Bl. Com. iv, 158. This was "forestalling the market," and was an oflTense indict- 
 able and finable at Common Law (Cro. Car. 232), but is now abolished by Stat. 7 and 8 Vict, 
 c. 24, 
 
 Enim conj. — Lat. To corroborate a preceding assertion. Truly, certainly, 
 to be sure, indeed (f req. and class.). (6.) Strengthened by I'cro, and combined with it 
 into one word, enifnvero : Yes, indeed; yes, truly ; of a truth; to be sure; certainly; 
 indeed (freq. and class.). Transf., To prove or show the ground of a preced- 
 ing assertion : For. Quid enim,— ior vihzt. (6.) To explain a preceding assertion : 
 For instance, namely (freq. and class.). 
 
 ENIMVERO, quia antelatio ex jure singulari vel privilegio conipetit, non debet 
 in praejudiciiim illius civitatis, sub qua debitor deget, et res ejus mobiles con- 
 tineri censentur, extendi. Ad jura igitur domicilii debitoris, ubi jit concursus 
 creditorum, et quo omnes cujuscunque generis Hies adversus ilium debitorum propter 
 connexitatem causae traduntur, regulariier respiciendum erit. Hertius, de Collis. 
 Leg. For seeing that the preference is required by particular right and privi- 
 lege, it ought not to be extended to the prejudice of that county in which the 
 
 767 
 
Eni.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ens. 
 
 debtor lives, and his movable property is deemed to be. Therefore we shall 
 have to refer, as a rule, to the laws of the domicile of the debtor, where there 
 is a conflict of creditors, and where all suits of whatever kind are transmitted on 
 account of the connecting character of the suit. Quoted in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 325^. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read it in Si de re immobili agitur, etc. Story, ib. § 527. 
 
 Enitia (or enicia) pars. — L- Lat. [-|- Fr. aisnesse, i. e. dignitas ftimogeniti.'\ The part 
 or share of the eldest. 
 
 In old English Law: The part which the eldest sister had, where a partition of 
 lands was made by friends chosen by agreement of parceners, and she chose first one of the 
 parts so divided. Reg. Orig. iTj; Litt. §§ 244, 245 ; Co. Litt. \(>bb ; Stat. Marlbr. c. 9; 
 Termes de la Ley. The rule is expressed in the following maxim : 
 
 ENITIA pars semper praeferanda est propter privilegium aetatis. The part of 
 the eldest sister is always to be preferred on account of the privilege of 
 age. Co. Litt. 1666. 
 
 Enjoyndre. — L- Fr. To command, to enjoin ; to impose or lay upon. 
 In Practice: To enjoin, j. c. to command a person to refrain from doing a thing ; to 
 prohibit or restrain by express command, v. Injungere. 
 
 Enlarger. — L. Fr. To enlarge ; to extend, add to, make more comprehensive. 
 
 Eularger I'estate.^ L- Fr. The enlarging of an estate. 
 
 As if there be tenant for life or years, remainder to another in fee, and he in remainder 
 releases all his right to the particular tenant and his heirs, this gives him the estate in fee. 
 Litt. § 465 ; Bl. Com. ii, 324; Broom &" Had. Com. ii, 518. 
 
 Enodatio, Snis,/. [-\- enodo, are.] A development, denouement, explanation. Cicero, 
 Tip/, vii, 31 ; id. N. D. iii, 24, 62. 
 
 Enormia. — L- Lat. ^-^-e-normis,^ Wrongs ; unlawful or wrongful acts. 
 
 In old Practice and Pleading: The term frequently occurs in the old writs of 
 trespass in the Register. Reg. Orig. <)2li, 93. Also in the old declarations of trespass; the 
 original atia enormia being still retained as the name of the clause containing it. 
 
 Enormis, e, adj. — Lat. [+■?, out of, and norma, rule.] Out of rule or measure. (6.) 
 Immoderate, immense, excessive. Transf., in the Jurists: Out of rule or law; 
 unlawful, wrongful, against law. 
 
 Enormis laesio. Unlawful hurting or injuring. Kent's Com. ii, 477 [a). 
 
 Enormis transgressio. — L. Lat. An enormous, heinous trespass. Stat. Westm. II. 
 c. 29. A transgression in gross violation of law. 
 
 Enormitas, atis,/. {enormis.^ (a.) Irregularity. QuiNTlLlAN, ix, 4, 27. (6.) Huge- 
 ness, vastness, enormous size. 
 
 Enparler. — L. Fr. To speak or talk together ; to imparl. Brift. c. 52. 
 
 Enquest. — L. Fr. and Eng. [Fr. enquite,-\-'^x. enquerer, to inquire, to' make inquiry.] 
 Inquest, inquisition or inquiry ; the inquisition of a jury. Britt. (6.) A jury. Yearb. M. 
 3 Edw. II. 56 ; Litt. § 368 ; i Leonard, 5. 
 
 Enroll. L. Fr. enrouler. L. Lat. irrotulare. To put in or on a roll. 
 
 In Practice: To write, transcribe or enter on a roll of parchment or other material. 
 (6.) To enter on record — as a decree in Chancery, (c.) To record — as a deed. 
 
 Enroulment. — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Irrotulatio. An entering on a roll, or on record. 
 Enrouler, — L. Fr. [+^«, in, and route, a roll.] To enroll, to put or write on a roll. 
 Ens. — L- Fr. In, within. Kelham. 
 Ens entis, ». [sum.] A thing; formed like essentia. 
 In English Law: Being, existence. Bt. Com. iii, 322. 
 
 Ens rationis. A thing, being, creature of reason. The conclusion obtained by long and 
 abstract ratiocination. 
 768 
 
^®-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Eo aui. 
 
 Ense petit placidam sub Ubertate quietam. -Latin Motto With the 
 sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty. M o 1 1 o of the State of Massachusetts. [Ens^ 
 abl. -\-ensis, a sword.] 
 
 Ensele de son seal— L. Fr. Sealed with his seal. Briifon, c. 121. 
 
 Ensele deSOUth les seals de J0Ur0UrS.-L. Fr. Sealed under the seals of the iurors 
 Bntion, c. 58. 
 
 Elltaill6.— L. Fr. A fee entailed, i. .-. abridged, curtailed, limited to certain heirs. Bl. 
 Com. ii, 112 sq. v. Feodum talliatum. 
 
 Entendre.— L. Fr. To understand. Britt. c. ^o. To intend. L. Fr. Diet. 
 
 Entent— L. Fr. Understanding. Entente cordial.— Yx. A cordial understanding. 
 
 An evidence of good will exchanged by the chief persons of two states; or armies, etc. 
 
 Entirety. [+ L. Fr. entierte, + entier, whole.] The whole, in contradistinction to a part 
 or moiety. Kent's Com. ii, 132 ; id. iv, 362 ; Bl. Com. ii, 188. 
 
 Entre.— Fr. and L. Fr. In, within, between. Entre deilX vins.— Fr. Between two 
 wines, i. e. half drunk. Entre leS mains,— between the hands. Entre mains,- in the 
 hands. Entre nOUS, — between ourselves ; among ourselves, confidentially. ='L2Lt. Inter 
 nos. Entre ses bras,— within her arms. Britt. c. 23. 
 
 Entrepot, — Fr. A warehouse or magazine for the deposit of goods. 
 
 Entry. =L. Lat. Intratio. In Practice: The putting a proceeding on record in 
 legal terms, language and order — as inajudgment record composed of entries of the 
 various proceedings in the action in a certain order. 
 
 Entry. =L. Lat. Ingressus. An actual taking possession of lands or tenements by enter- 
 ing into, or setting foot upon, the same. 
 
 There is some nicety required to define and distinguish the cases in which such entry is 
 lawful or otherwise, v. Bl. Com. iii, 5, 174 ; Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 402, 403 ; r Hilliard's 
 Real Prop. 83; 2 id. 151. 
 
 Entry, writ of. ■=Breve de ingressu, v. h. t. 
 
 Enumeratio, Onis, y.— Lat. {A^Snumero, are, to reckon up, count over.] A counting 
 up, enumerating. Malorum. Cicero, Leg. iii, 10. Singulorum argumentorum. Id. Cluent. 
 24. In Rhetorical Language: A recapitulation. Cicero, /kz/. i, 29, 45 ; Quintil- 
 lAN, vi, I, I ; v, 14, II et al. 
 
 ENUMERATIO infirmat regulam in casibus non enumeratis. Enumeration 
 invalidates, disaffirms the rule in cases not enumerated. Bacon's Aph. 17. 
 ENUMERATIO unius est exclusio alterius. Specification of one thing is an 
 exclusion of the other. A recapitulation of certain things is an exclusion 
 of the rest. 4 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 106, 113 ; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 2, § 18. 
 
 Inclusio unius est exclusio alterius. Otherwise quoted, Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. 
 2 Johns. Cas. 289, 2go ; % Johns. R. 119, 120; 10 id. 167, 170. 
 
 EnnnciatiO, onis, /. [enuncio, to say out, to speak out.] A declaration, enunciation, 
 proposition. Cicero, Fat. i ; x ; xii ; Quintilian, vii, 3, 2; ix, i, 23. 
 
 E6 Ire, V. n. Inthewidestsenseoftheword: To go, walk, ride, move, pass 
 (freq. in all sorts of writings). (6.) To go out, to go or proceed against. So, Ad hosteiu. 
 LlVY, xlii, 49. Contra hostem. Caes. B. G. vii, 67, 2. Adversus hostem. LiVY, xlii, 49. 
 In hostem. Id. ii, 6. 
 
 E6. [3b\. -\-is,ea,id, demons.pron.,(\.v.'\ I n th e J u r i s t s : In so much, for as much, 
 by as much. For the reason (propterea). There ; therefore ; on that account ; for that rea- 
 son. In eo est, — it is so far ; is at that pass. Mon est in eo,— \\. is not come to that; it is 
 not so. Cicero, ^«. xii, 40. /« w«A— it consists in that ; depends upon that. Id. Q. Fr. 
 iii, I. Ex w,— from that, hence. Id. Fin. ii, 9. Cum eo,- with the condition or stipula- 
 tion. LiVY, viii, 14. 
 
 Eo, cid'". So much, by so much. 
 
 E6 animi With that desire, impulse, inclination, will, purpose, intention. 
 
 [97] 769 
 
Eoins.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eod. 
 
 Eo illsta.Ilti. At that instant ; at the very moment, immediately. Co. LUt, 298a/ i Co. 
 138 ; Bl. Com. i, 196, 249 ; id. ii, 168 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 229 ; ii, 320. 
 
 E5 intuitu. With or in that view ; virith that intent or object, v. Intuiius. 
 
 EO ligamirie quo ligatur. By that tie by which he or it is bound, v. the maxim Nihil tarn 
 conveniens est naiurali aeq-uitate.^ etc. 
 
 E6 loci. In that place, there. Ulpian. Dig. v, i,/r. 19, § 2. In that state or condition. 
 Calvini, lUx. Jurid. 
 
 Eo loco. From that place ; in that place. Justinian. /bj?. iv, i, § 3. 
 
 Eo ipso. By the thing itself. Erskine's Inst. ii,,tit. 3, § 44. 
 
 EO magis praefulgebat quod non videbatur. He shone forth with the greater splendor 
 because he was not seen. Tacitus. 
 
 The historian here speaks of the statue or image of a great man which was invidiously 
 removed from the view of a popular procession. 
 
 EO maxime praestandum est, ne dubium reddatur jus domini, et vetustate temporis obscuretur. 
 That is principally to appear, lest the right of the lord be rendered doubtful and obscure by 
 the antiquity of time. CoRVlN._/«j. Feod. lib. ii, tit. 7 ; Bl. Com. ii, 85 {t); Broom &= Had. 
 Com. ii, 173 (c). 
 
 Eo nomine. Under that appellation; by that name ; under that description. Justinian. 
 Inst, ii, I, 43. 
 
 A grant of a stream of water eo nomine will not pass the land over which the water runs. 
 5 Co-wen's R. 216 ; \x A. &' E. (N. S.) 701. 
 
 E6 nomine et numero. Under that name and number or amount. 
 
 EO nomine, quo institor contraxit, si modo aliter rem suam servare non potest. 
 Gaius, Dig. xiv, 3, fr. 2. Cited in i Story on Partn. § 109, n. 2 ; Story 
 on Agency, § 426. Read it under Aequum Praetori visum est, sicut commoda 
 sentimus exactu institorum, etc. Ulpian. Dig. fr. i. See supra, pp. 95, 96. 
 
 EO quod desiit esse miles seculi qui /actus est miles Christi ; nee beneficium pertinet ad eum 
 qui non debet genere officium. Because he declined to be a soldier of this world who was 
 made a soldier of Christ; nor should he receive any advantage who ought to do the duty. 
 2 Feod. Lib. 21 ; 2 BL Com. 257. 
 
 EO quod tenens in faciendis serviiiis per biennium- jam cessavit. Because the tenant has 
 ceased to perform service for two years. Bl. Com. iii. 
 
 Dicendum tameit erit, 
 
 EO usque producendum utilitatem navigantium. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, i, fr. i, 
 § 5 fin. Cited in Story on Agency, § 2q/\, fin. Read it in Magistrum 
 autem accipimus non solum, quern exercitor proposuit, etc. Ulpian. Dig. supra. 
 Cited in Story on Agency, §§ 36, 117. 
 
 EO quod obligationes dirigi soleant d, loco, ubi contrahuntur. Rodenburg. 
 Because obligations are wont to be guided or arranged according (to the 
 law) of the place where they are contracted. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, 
 
 §325/- 
 
 Eodem, adv. To the same place ; to the same thing ; to this. 
 
 Eodem, demons. pron. [abl. -\-ldem, the same.] By the same, in the same, etc. By the 
 said. 2 Lord Raym. 888, arg. v. Idem. 
 
 Eodem delicto. By the same delict ; in the same offense. Bishop on Marr. iV Div. 
 § 395 (3(i ed-)- 
 
 EODEM ligamini quo ligatum est dissolvitur. By the same tie which binds a 
 [a thing] it may be dissolved [or discharged]. By the same tie by which 
 he [or it] is bound, he [or it] may be dissolved or discharged. Co. Lilt. 212b j 
 Park, B., 15 M. 6^ W. 34 ; Broom's Max. 856. 
 770 
 
^"^•] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Eor. 
 
 PODEM modo quo oritur, eodem mode dissolvitur. _ By the same mode or means 
 -L' by which a thing originates, by the same mode or means it is dissolved. 
 Cro. Eliz. 697 ; Story on Partn. §§ 117, 268 ; 11 Wend R. 28, 30 ; 24 id 294, 
 298 ; Story on Agency, § 49. 
 
 PODEM modo, quo quid constituitur, dissolvitur, destruitur. In the same man- 
 L/ ner m which [/. e. by the same means by which] a thing is constituted [in 
 that manner] is it dissolved, destroyed. 6 Co. <^ib. 
 
 EODEM modo, quo quid constituitur, eodem modo dissolvitur, destruitur. In the 
 same mode in which any thing is constituted, in the same mode it may be 
 dissolved or destroyed. 6 Co. 53 ; Broom's Max.; Story, Confl. of Laws, § 351*. 
 
 In the Common Law: These several maxims express the principle that the disso- 
 lution of a contract is required to be by an instrument of the same dignity and solemnity as 
 that by which it is created. Story on Partn. §§ 117, 268. 
 
 Read: Quodque dissolvitur eodem modo, etc. Also : Unumquodque dissolvitur, etc. Also : 
 Nihil tarn conveniens est naturali aequitati, quhm unumquodque dissolvi eo ligamine quo ligatum 
 est. 2 Co. Inst. 359 ; Broom's Max. 842. 
 
 They are all derived from the Civil Law maxim : Nihil tarn natura'u est, etc. Ulpian. 
 Dig. L, 11, fr. 35. 
 
 EODEM modo tenentur caupones et stabularii, quo exercentes negotium suum 
 recipiunt. Caeterum, si extra negotium receperint, non tenebuntur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. iv, 9, fr. 3, § 2. Inn-keepers and stable-keepers (hucksters and landlords) 
 are bound in the same manner in which managers or conductors (exercentes) 
 assume or undertake their business. Otherwise, if they shall have received or 
 assumed out of the line of their business, they are not bound. Quoted in Story 
 on Agency, § 459 ; Story on Bailment, § 487 ; Story on Partn. § 459, 460. 
 
 EODEM modo dicemus, in contexanda actione, fori consuetudines observandas esse, 
 ubi contenditur, quia et in judiciis quasi contrahitur. Idem in arrestis seu 
 majiuum injectionibus tenendum est, ut scilicet consuetudinem loci spectemus, ubi facta 
 est manus injectio ; quia arrestatio cipud nos ingressus est fudicii, et duntaxat litis 
 pendentiam, non executiomm generet. Burgundus. In the same manner we say 
 that in framing, taking the action, we should follow the laws of the forum, 
 because the contract is made, as it were, in the place of trial, of judgment. 
 The same should be held in respect of arrests [v. manus injectio), namely, that we 
 should regard the law of the place where the restraint is put ; because with us 
 arrest is a preliminary step of the trial, and creates not an execution, but only 
 the pendency of a suit. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 5 74a. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Eodem sanguine natuS. Sprung from the same blood. Co. Litt. 157a. 
 
 Eorum, earum, eOrum, dem. pron. [gen. plur. + is, ea, id.] Of or from the same ; of 
 these ; of such a sort, character or quality, etc. 
 
 EORUM AUTUM GENERA SUNTO DUO : UNUM, QUOD PRAESIT CAEREMONIIS 
 ET SACRIS : ALTERUM, QUOD INTERPRETETUR FATIDICORUM ET VATUM 
 EFFATA INCOGNITA, QUORUM SANATUS POPULUSQUE ADSCIVERIT. Lcx XII. 
 
 Tab. xii,/r. 15. Let there be two classes of these priests : one to preside over 
 ceremor^ials and sacrifices, and the other to interpret the obscure predictions of 
 the prophets and diviners, whenever the senate and the people require it. Cicero, 
 
 de Legg. ii, 8, § 20. 
 
 EORUM autum, quae signa sunt quidem sed non sint necessaria, genus Herma- 
 gorasputat: non esse virginem Atalantam, quia cicm tnvent- 
 bus per stlvas vagetur. Quod si receperimus, vereor, ne omnia quae ex 
 
 i' 771 
 
Eor.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eos. 
 
 facto ducuntur, signa faciamus. Eadem tamen ratione qua signa tractantur. 
 Quint. Inst. Orat. v, 9, 12. Of indications, which are presumptions indeed, 
 but from which no necessary conclusion follows, Hermagoras thinks the follow- 
 ing an example : 'Atalanta is not a virgin, because she strolls 
 through the woods with young men.' If we admit such a circum- 
 stance as a presumption, I fear that we shall make every thing that has any 
 reference to a fact a presumption. Such circumstances are, however, treated by 
 rhetoricians as presumptive proofs, v. Best on Evid. voc. 'Presumptions.' 
 EORUM bona et catalla infra hospitia ilia existentia, etc. Of the same goods and chattels 
 within the inn that appeared or existed, etc. 8 Co. 32, Sayles' case ; ■ Smith's L. C. [195] 227. 
 
 EORUM enim nierces non possunt videri servandae, navi jactae esse, quae periit. 
 Their goods certainly cannot be understood to be preserved, which were 
 thrown out of the vessel which was lost. A maxim in Maritime Law. 
 
 EORUM ratio prior est creditorum, quorum pecunia ad creditor es privilegiarios 
 pervenit. P e rv enisse autem quemadmodum accipimus, utrum si statim 
 profecta est ab inferioribus ad privilegiarios, an vera, et si per debitoris personam : 
 hoc est, si ante ei numerata sit, et sic debitoris facta, creditori privilegiario nume- 
 rata est ? Quod quidem potest benigne did, si modo non post aliquod intervallum id 
 factum sit. Ulpian. Dig. xlii, 5, /;-. 24, § 3. Creditors, whose money has come 
 to privileged creditors, have a priority of claim. We understand that it has 
 come to them in this manner whether it passed at once from later creditors to 
 privileged ones, or also if through the person of the debtor ; that is, if it were 
 previously paid over to him, and thus having become the property of the debtor 
 paid over to the privileged creditor. This may be said as a matter of indul- 
 gence, provided it was not done after some interval of time. [F. J. M.] 
 Read, in this connection ; Creditor, qui ob restitutionem aedificiorum crediderit, impecunia, 
 quae credita efit, pfivilegium exigendi habebit, etc. Ulpian. z'^. § I. v. Subroga-tio. 
 
 EOS, qui ab hostibus capinutur, vel hostibus deduntur, jure postliminii reverti, 
 antiquitus placuit. Modestinus, Dig. xlix, ^S^f''- 4- Those who are cap- 
 tured by the enemy, or are misled or seduced to the enemy, I have restored by 
 right of postliminy. 
 
 EOS, qui ex liberalitate \^suci\ conveniuntur, in id quod facere possunt, condem- 
 nandos. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 28. Read this under Divus Pius 
 rescripsit : Eos, qui ex liberalitate \sua\ conveniuntur, etc. Ulpian. Dig. supra. 
 
 EOS qui negligenter ignum apud se habuerint, fustibus, vel flagellis, caedi. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. i, \'^,fr. 4. Those who negligently carry fire with them 
 shall be beaten with clubs or sticks. Bl. Com. iv, 222 ; Broom &= Had. Com. 
 iv, 267. 
 
 Pauujs states the rule: Et quia plerumque incendia culpa fiunt inhabitantium, aut 
 fustibus castigat eos, qui negligentius ignem habuerunt, aut severa interlocutione comminatus 
 fustium castigationein remittit. Paulus, Dig. i, 15, fr. 3, § i. v. Lex XII. Tab. viii, fr. 10. 
 
 EOS qui obibus valebant mulios habuisse devotos quos secum ducerunt in bello, soldurios sua 
 lingua nuncupates quorum haec est conditio, ut omnibus invito commodis una cum his fruantur, 
 quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid iis per vim accedat, aut eundem casum, una ferant, aut 
 sibi mortem consiscant. Those who were rich had many devoted to them, whom they took 
 with them to the war, called in their own language, soldiers, whose condition was such, that 
 they could enjoy all advantages in life, in company with those to whom they had pledged 
 their friendship ; and that if any thmg happened to them from violence, or any other cause, 
 that they might suffer togethei even if it led to their death. 
 772 
 
EOS.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Epi. 
 
 EOS, ^ut veniam aetatis h principali elementidiTnpetraverunt,etiamsi minus 
 idonee rem suam administrare videantur, in integrum restitutionis auxilium 
 impetrare non posse, manifestissimum est, ne qui dun eis contrdhunt, principali auc- 
 toritate circumscripti esse videantur. Justinian. Cod. ii, tit. 45, const, i. It is 
 very plain that they who, by the clemency of the prince, have obtained the 
 privilege of age, although they do not manage their affairs aright, cannot 
 obtain the help of restitution in integrum, that is, be exempted from liability on 
 their contracts, lest persons contracting with them should be hampered, cramped 
 by the authority of the prince. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 6, n. 3. 
 V. Veniam aetatis. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Constitution, 3, reads : Eos qiti veniam aetatis a principali clementid impetrave- 
 rttnt vet impetraverint, non solum alienaiionem, sed etiajn hypothecam minimh posse sine decreii 
 interpositione rcrum suarum immoHlittm facere jubemus, in quarum alienatione vet hypoiheca 
 decretum illis necessarium est, qui necdum veniam aetatis meruerunt, ut similis sit in ea parte 
 conditio minorum omnium, sive petita sit sive non, aetatis venia, Justinian. Cod. il>. const. 3. 
 
 We order that they who have, or shall have, obtained the privilege of age by the clemency 
 of the prince shall be incapacitated from making not only a convej'ance but even a mortgage 
 of their immovable property without the intervention of a decree, in the conveyance or mort- 
 gage of which property a decree is necessary to those who have not yet got the privilege of 
 age, so that in such respect the condition of all minors may be alike, whether the privilege 
 of age was applied for or not. [F. J. M.] 
 
 EOSQUE ita disparavit, ut suffragia non in multitudinis, sed in locupletium potes- 
 tate essent J curavitque, quod semper in republica tenendicm est, ne plurimum 
 valeant plurimi. Cicero, de Repub. ii, c. 22. These [the citizens] he [Servius] 
 so distributed [/. e. in classes] as to place the suffrages, not in the hands of the 
 multitude, but in the power of the men of property. And he [Servius] took 
 care to make it a rule of ours, as it ought to be in every government, that the 
 greatest number should not have the greatest weight. 
 
 Cicero, as if aware of the danger to property from universal and equal suffrage, further 
 says : Ita nee prohibebatur quisquam jure suffragii : et is valebat in suffragio plurimum cujus 
 plunmum intererat esse in Optimo statu civitatem. Id. ib. Thus no one was excluded from his 
 right of voting, yet the preponderance of votes was secured to those who had the deepest 
 stake in the welfare of the State, v. Kent's Com. i, 519, note {a). 
 
 Ephemeris, idis, /. =Qx. icpr^H^pii. a daj'-book, diary, ephemeris. C\c-m.o, Quint. 
 xviii, 57 ; Seneca, Ep. 123 ; Pliny, xxix, i, 5, § 9. 
 
 EPHEMERIS annua pars Legis Anglicanae. An annual diary is a part of the 
 English Law, i. e. the law takes notice of the annual calendar. Halker- 
 
 ston's Max. 43. 
 
 En' avTo^oopoD.— Gr. [+ txi, in ; avroi, very ; and qimpa, theft.] A manifest thief. 
 
 Manifestus fur est, quern Graeci tTti avTO<pwpoD appellant : nee solhm is, qui in ipso furto 
 deprehenditur, sed etiam is, qui eo loco deprekendiiur, quo furtum fit Justinian. Inst iv, i, 
 S3 A manifest thief is one whom the Greeks call Eif avTocpcopoo ■ being not only he who 
 is taken in the act of thieving, but also he who is taken in that place where the theft is com- 
 mitted. , c • 
 
 'ETCiEiH£ia.— Gx. [+ l-Ki, and 'diHoo, to be like, equal.] Equity, equality; the fitting, 
 adapting or adjusting of one thing to another. = Convenienlia. Calvini, lex. Jurid. 
 
 'ETCUiKhi.-Gr. [+ tni, and huoo, to yield, to be like.] Equitable; fit or becoming; 
 moderate or mild: = Aequum et bonum. Schrev. Lex. v. Aequitas. 
 
 EpiSCOpaIia.-L. Lat. \_^ episcopus.-\ InEccles. ^a w : Synodals, pentecostals 
 and other customary payments from the clergy to their diocesan bishops, formerly collected 
 by the rural deans. Cowell. 
 
 EpiSCOpUS, i. in. Gr. Ui6K0itoi. [-f 'eniiniTtroum, to look round upon, to oversee.] 
 
 An overseer, superintendent. 
 
 > 773 
 
Epi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Equ. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Episcopi qui praesunt fani et ceteris venalibus rebus, — overseers 
 wlio have the charge of bread and other things exposed for sale. Arcad. Dig. L, 4, fr. 18, 
 §7. In Eccles.Lat.. A bishop, — in the eccles. fathers, saep. Justinian. Cod. i, 
 tit. 3 ; Feud. Lib. 1. 2, tit. 20. 
 
 EPISCOPI, sicut caeteri barones, debent interesse judiciis cum baronibus, quosque 
 praeveniantur ad diminutionem membrorem vel ad mortem. The Bishop, as 
 well as the other barons, ought to be present at judgment with the Lords, unless 
 prevented on account of loss of limb or death. Const. Clarendon, 1 1 Hen. 11. • 
 Bl. Com. iv, 264 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 339. 
 
 EPISCOPI autem collaterales et socii cancellarii esse dicuntur praeceptores, eh 
 quod brevia causis examinatis remedialia fieri praecipiunt et hoc quandoque 
 citm sine denariis ad opus Regis, et quandoque sine fine ; eb quod omnia brevia non 
 sunt omni tempore aequipollentia. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 13, § 12. The side bishops 
 and associate chancellors are said to be preceptors, because they command, 
 direct, the remedial briefs, writs, to be made in the causes examined, and this 
 sometimes without the money for the benefit or use of the king and sometimes 
 without the fine, because all writs are not always of equal moment, Cited in 
 Broom &• Had. Com. iii, 31, note (u). 
 
 Read: Cui icancellario) associantur clerici honesti et circumspectly etc, 
 
 EPISCOPO nunc Londonensi, qui me erudivit in pueritid. To the Bishop, now of London, 
 who instructed me in youth. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 25 ; Broom's Max. bit. 
 
 EPISCOPUS alterius mandato quant regis non tenetur obtemporare. A bishop 
 need not obey any mandate save the king's. Co. Litt. 134. 
 EPISCOPUS teneai placitum, in curia Christianitatis, de iis quae meri sunt 
 spiritualia. A bishop may hold plea in a court Christian, of things merely 
 spiritual. 12 Co. 44. 
 
 EpisCOpuS puerorum. Bishop of the boys. 
 
 In England: It was an old custom that some lay persons about a certain feast should 
 plait his hair, and put on the garments of a bishop, and in them exercise episcopal jurisdic- 
 tion, and do several ludicrous actions, for which reason he was called bishop of the 
 boys; and this custom obtained long after several constitutions were made to abolish it. 
 Blount. 
 
 Epistola, ae, /. = Gr. tTtiiToX?}. [-\- kiti6riXXEiv, to send to, + kiti and dreXXeiv, 
 to dispatch.] A written communication, a letter, epistle. Cicero, Q. Fr. iii, i, 3 ; id. Fam. 
 ii, 4 et saep. 
 
 In the Civil. Law: An imperial rescript. Y'RO^fW. Aquaed. 105. An opinion of 
 the emperor upon a case submitted to him, or a decision in answer to a petition. Justinian. 
 Jnst. i, 2, § 6 ; Taylor's Civil Law, 229, 230. 
 
 In old European Law: A letter or epistle. Calvini, Lex Jurid. A charter, i. e. 
 Instrumentum quo praedia conceduntur, pactionesque firmantur, — an instrument by which lands 
 are conveyed, and pacts or agreements are confirmed. Spelman. 
 
 Equaria, ae, /. {equus^ A stud of horses. Varro, R. R. ii, prooem. § 6. Also called 
 Equitium. 
 
 Equarius, ii. '«• A stable-boy, a groom. SoLiNUS, 45. 
 
 EquariuS, a, um,<j<^'. \equus^ Of or belonging to horses. Equarius medicus, — a doctor 
 of horses; a farrier. Val. Max. ix, 15, 2. 
 
 Eques, itis, m. [id.} A person on horseback ; a horseman, rider. Labeo in Javol. 
 Dig. ix., 2, fr. ST. In particular: A horse-soldier, trooper. C aesak, /req. 
 
 Eques auratUS. A knight,— so called from the gilt spurs he wore. v. Equites aurati. 
 
 Equester, tris, tre. {m. equestris) adj. [eques.] Belonging to horsemen ; equestrian. Cic. 
 Kf>r. ii, 2 ; Suetonius, TV/, ii. In partic: (a.) Of or belonging to cavalr}'. Caesar; 
 Cicero et al. (6.) Belonging to the order of knights ; equestrian. 
 
 In the plur.. Eques tria, ium, «. Subst. {sc. loco.') The seats of the knights in 
 the theatre. Petr. cxxvi, 10 ; Suetonius, Calig. xxvi. 
 
 774 
 
E<lii-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Equ. 
 
 Eqai donatio denies non inspiciuntut:— P r o v . The teeth ot a gift horse are 
 not inspected. Hikronymus, Ep. ad Ephes. prooem. 
 
 Liljethe English Proverb: "We don't loolc a gift horse in the mouth. " 
 Eqilidem, adv. [^ and quidem.'] A demonst. corrob. particle: Verily, trul)', 
 indeed, at all events, certe, revcra, etc. (freq. and quite class.). In par tic: (a.) Cer- 
 tainly, at all events, by all means, of course, to be sure (freq. and class.). (6.) Sometimes 
 withpregn. reference to the speaker: For my part ; as far as I am concerned. 
 Caesar ; Cicero ; Pliny et al. 
 
 EQUIDEM eliam illud animadverto, quod, qui propria nomine ' perduellis' esset is 
 ' hostes' vocarctur, lenitate verbi rei tristitiani mitigatam. Ho stis enim apud majorcs nostras 
 is dicelmtur, quern nunc ' peregrinum' dicimiis. Indicant Duodecim Tabulae, ut. Status 
 DIES CUM HOSTE (Tab. ii, fr. 2); itemque: Adversus hostem aeterna auctoritas (Tab. 
 iii, fr. 7). Quid ad hanc mansuetudinem addi potest, eum, quicuin belluvi geras, ta7n malli 
 noviine appellare? Quamquam id nomine durius effecit jam vetustas ; a peregrina enim recessit 
 et proprie in eo, qui arma contra ferret, remansit. Cicero, de Officiis, i, c. 12, § 37. And, 
 indeed, there is another thing that I should observe, th^t he who ought properlj' be termed 
 perduellis, that is a stubborn foe, is called hastis, and thereby the softness of the appellation 
 lessens the horror of the thing ; for by our ancestors he was called hostis whom we now call 
 a stranger. This the Twelve Tables demonstrate : as in the words ''a day appointed 
 iox ^ ho stis to plead;" and again : ''A Roman's right of property as 
 against a hostis never terminates.'' What can exceed the gentleness of this, to 
 call those with whom you are at war by so soft an appellation ? It is true that length of time 
 has affixed a harsher signification to this word, which has now ceased to be applied to the 
 stranger and remains peculiar to him who carries arms against us. 
 
 EQUIDEM omnia, quae pertinent ad usum civium, morem haminum, quae versantur in can- 
 suetudine vitae, in ratione rei publicae, in hac societate civili, in sensu hominum communi in 
 naturd, in moribus, comprehendenda esse oratari puto : si minus, ut separatim de his rebus philo- 
 sophorum more respondeat ; at cert}, ut in causd prudenter possit intexere : hisce autem ipsis de 
 rebus ut ita laquatuor, ut ii, qui jura, qui leges, qui civitates constituerunt, locttti sunt, simplici. 
 ter et splendid}, sine ulld serie disputationum, et sine jejund concertatione verborum. CiCERO. de 
 Oratore, ii, 16, 68. I think, indeed, that all matters relative to intercourse between fellow- 
 citizens, and the transactions of mankind in general, every thing that concerns habits of life, 
 administration of public affairs, civil society, the common sense of mankind, the law of nature 
 and moral duties, falls within the provision of an orator, if not to such an extent that he may 
 answer on every subject separately like the philosophers, yet so at least that he may inter- 
 weave them judiciously into his pleadings and may speak upon such topics as those who 
 established laws, statutes and commonwealths have spoken upon them, with simplicity and 
 perspicuity, without any strict order of discussion or jejune contention about words. 
 
 EQUIDEM soleo dare aperam, ut de suA quisque re me ipse doceat ; et ut nequis alius adsit, 
 quo liberius loquatur, et agere adversarii causam, ut ilk agat suam, et quidquid de sud re cogitd- 
 ni, in medium proferat. Itaque, ckm ille discessit, tres personas unus sustineo summd animi 
 aequitate meam, adversarii, judicis. Qui locus est talis, ut plus habeat adjumenti qudm incom- 
 modi hunc judico esse dicendum : ubi plus mali quhn boni repeHo, id totum abdico atque ejicio. 
 Ita adsequor, ut alio tempore cogitem, quid dicam, et alio dicam ; quae duo plenque, ingemo freti, 
 simul faciunt ■ sed certe iidem illi melius aliquanto dicerent, si aliud sumendum stbi tempus ad 
 coaitandum, aliud ad dicendum putarent. Quum rem penitus causamque tognovi, stattm occurnt 
 animo, quae sit causa ambigendi. Nihil est enim, quod inter homines ambtgatur, stve ex cri m - 
 ine causa constet, ut facinoris, sive ex controvcr sid ,ut haereditatis. sive exdeHbera- 
 tione utbelli,sive expersond, ut laudis,sive ex disputatione , ut de rat,one vrvendt ; 
 in quo non, aut quid factum sit, aut fat, futurumve sit, quaeratur, aut quale nt, aul qmd 
 vocetur. c\c..ode Jratore, ii, 24, 102. It is my custom to use my -'^-J- '^^'/^j;^ 
 of my clients may give me instructions in his own affa.rs himself, and that nobody be 
 IZt so that he may speak with the greater freedom. I am accustomed also to plead o 
 h m the cause of his adversary, in order to engage him to plead his own, and state boldly 
 
 775 
 
ECLU.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Era. 
 
 what he thinks of his own case. When he is gone, I conceive myself in three characters — 
 mj' own, that of the adversarj', and that of the judge. Whatever circumstance is such as to 
 promise more support or assistance, I resolve to speak upon it ; wherever I find more harm 
 than good I set aside and totally reject that part entirely ; and thus I gain this advantage, 
 that I consider at one time what I shall say, and say it at another ; two things which most 
 speakers, relying upon their genius, do at one and the same time; but certainly those very 
 persons would speak considerably better if they would but resolve to take one time for pre- 
 meditation, and another for speaking. When 1 have acquired a thorough understanding of 
 the business and the cause, it immediately becomes my consideration what ground there 
 may be for doubt. For of all points that are disputed among mankind, whether the case 
 is of a criminal nature, as concerning an act of violence ; or controversial, as 
 concerning an inheritance ; or deliberative, as on going to war ; or personal, as in/ 
 panegyric ; or argumentative, as on modes of life, there is nothing in which the inquiry 
 is not either what has been done, or is being done, or will be done, or of what nature a thing 
 is, or how it should be designated. 
 
 Cicero, in another place, returns to his method of treating causes: Quum igitur accepto causae 
 genere cognitam retn tractare coepi^ etc, Cicero, ib. c. 27. Read in another place : Ego enim gurnn ad 
 causatn stim agressus atque omnia cogitando, etc. Id. ib. u. 72. 
 
 EQUIS legatts et equae continentur. Marcianus, Dig. xxxii, 65, § 6. Under 
 a bequest of horses are included mares. Read: Peeoribus legatts, etc. 
 
 EQUITAS (or aequitas) sequitur legem. Equity follows the law. i Story's 
 Eq. Jur. 4; 5 Barb. R. 277, 282. 
 
 Equitatura.— L- Lat. [+ eguitare, to ride.] In old English Law: Traveling 
 furniture, or riding equipments, including horses, horse harness, etc. Reg. Orig, looii / Stat. 
 Westm. II. c. 39. 
 
 Eq^uiteS, The order of knights, the equites, — who among the Romans, held a middle 
 rank between the senate and i}[ieflebs. Cicero, Rep. ii, 20, 22 et, at. cf. Adams' Rom. Antiq. 
 I, p. 32 sq. 
 
 Eq^uites aurati. Knights of the gilt spurs, — so called from the gilt spurs they wore ; 
 and equites because they always served on horseback. Bl. Com. i, 404 ; Broom &" Had. 
 Com. i, 486. V. Anulus. 
 
 Equites garterii. Knights of the (order of) the Garter. 
 
 Equitium, ii, «. \equus.'\ A stud of horses. Ulpian. Dig. vi, i, /n i, § 3; vii, ?i, fr. 
 12, § 4 ^^ al. 
 
 Erciscundus, a, um, /'a?-^. In the Civil Law: To be divided. Justinian. /kj^. 
 iv, 17, § 4 ; iii, 28, § 4; iv, 6, § 20. ■=Herciscundus. 
 
 ERANT autem interdi eta formae atque conceptiones verborum, quibus praetor 
 aut jubebat aliquid fieri aut fieri prohibebat; quod tunc maximi fiebat, cum de 
 possesstone, aut quasi possessione, inter aliquos contendebatur. Justinian. Inst, iv, 
 15 pr. Interdicts were certain forms of words by which the praetor either 
 commanded or prohibited something to be done ; they were chiefly employed 
 when any contention or dispute arose concerning possession, or quasi possession. 
 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 868. v. Dig. xliii, tit. i ; Gaius, Just, iv, §§ 138, 139 sq. j 
 Sandars' Justinian. Inst. p. 570 sq. 
 
 ERANT in Angliae quodaminodo tot reges, vel potius tyranni, quot domini casielloruni. There 
 were in England, in a certain manner, as many kings, or rather tyrants, as lords of castles. 
 Bl. Com. i, 263 ; Broom if Had. Com. i, 314. 
 
 ERANT omnia communia, et indivisa omnibus, veluii unum ctmctis patrimonium esset. 
 JusTiNUS, xliii, I.. I. All things were common and undivided to all, as if it were one 
 inheritance for the whole. Bl. Com. ii, 3 ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 3. 
 776 
 
^^•^ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Erg. 
 
 ERAT autemhaec inter uirosque officiorum vicissitude, ut dientes ad colocandas senatorum 
 fihasde sua conferrent; in aeHs alieni dissolutionem gratuitam pecuniam darcnt ; et ab hostibus 
 tn bella capias redimerent. Paul Manutius, de Senatu Romano, c. .. There was indeed this 
 interchange of good offices between them, that (he clients should contribute from their prop- 
 erty, to portion the daughters of the senators ; that they would give a voluntary sum for the 
 payment of their debts ; and redeem captives from the enemy when taken in war. Quoted 
 in £t. Com. ii. 64, note («). 
 
 Eremodicum, ii, ». =Gr. epj/^oSiKioy. A default of appearance at the appointed 
 time. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 4, fr. 7 /«.; xlvi, 7, /,-. 13; Justinian. Cod iii, i, const. 13, 8 3. 
 V. Restauratio eremodicii. 
 
 Ereptio, Onis, /. leHpio.^ A forcible taking away, seizure, of a possession. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 4, 5. 
 
 Ereptor, oris, m. \id.\ A robber, plunderer. Bonoi-um. Cicero, Quint. 8. Libertatis. 
 Id. Sest. 51. Terrarum. TACITUS, A. xviii, 55 Jin. 
 
 ERGA virum appetitus tuus erit, et ipse regnabit in te. Thy appetite shall 
 be toward the man, that is, thou shalt order thy appetite with reference to thy husband's will, 
 and he shall have dominion over thee. -^ Smith's L. C. [421] 480. [F. J. M.l 
 
 Ergasterium, ii, K. =Gr.'Epya(3Tijpioy. A workshop. Justin. Coa'. i, 3, 2 ; xii,4i, 2. 
 
 Ergastularii, Brum, OT. (s.c. servi) Overseers of a penitentiary. CoL. i. 8, 17. 
 
 Ergastulum, I, «. [+Gr. IpydZoiiai.] A work -house, for offenders (slaves, debtors, 
 etc.) ; a house of correction, bridewell, penitentiar3'. Cicero, Clu. vii, 21 ; Livy, ii, 23 • 
 vii, 4; Suetonius, ^«^. 32 ^/ a/. Transf. : Initie plur., Ergas tu!a, orum, n. The 
 inmates of a work -house, penitentiary; convicts. Caesar, B. C. iii, 22, 2 ; Cicero, Earn. 
 xi, 13, 2. Also Ergas tulus , — a convict. LuciL. in Nov. iv, 47, 7 sq. 
 
 Ergo, adv. Proceeding from, in consequence of. (a.) In consequence of, on account, 
 because of (freq. and class.). (6,) Abs. (for cujus rei ergo). Consequently, accordingly, there- 
 fore, then. Enn. in Cicero, de Sen. iv ; Cicero, Fin. i, 3, 9 ; ii, 11, 34; Plautus, Cist, i, 
 1,74. Transf .,(«.) In a logical concl usion : Consequently, therefore. Plaut. 
 Epid. iv, 2, 20 et al. (6.) In consecutive interrogation: Then, (c) With 
 imperatives; Then, now. {d.) I n resu m i ng a t rai n of the ugh t : As I was 
 saying, I say, then, well then. Ergo hie , — therefore here. Ergo nee hie , — therefore 
 neither here. 
 
 ERGO conditio personae a causd domicilii tota regitur. Na7n ut consentiunt doc- 
 tores, idem sunt forum sortiri et statutis subjici; et unusquisque talis esse prae- 
 sumitur, qualis est dispositio statuti suae patriae. Proinde, ut sciamus, uxor in 
 potestate sit mariti necne, qua, aetate minor contrahere possit, et ejusmodi respicere 
 oportet ad legem cujusque domicilii. Burgundus, § 65, n. 2. Therefore the con- 
 dition of the person is wholly regulated by his condition in his domicile. For 
 as all the jurists agree to acquire a forum, a tribunal, and to be subject to the 
 laws there are the same thing ; and each person is presumed to be such as his 
 condition is under the law of his country. Accordingly, to know if a wife is 
 subject to the power of her husband or not, at what age a minor can contract, 
 and the like questions, regard must be had to the law of the domicile of the 
 person. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 65, n. 2. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ERGO consuetadinam sermonis vocdbo consensum eruditorum, sicut vivendi consen- 
 sum bonorum. QuiNTlLlAN, Inst. Orat. i, 6, §45^«. Custom in speaking, therefore, I shall 
 call the agreement of the educated, as I call custom in living the agreement of the good. 
 
 ERGO ita existimo hanc rem manifeste pei-tinere ad eversionem jmis nostri, ac idea non esse 
 magistratus haec obligatos h jure gentium ejusmodi nuptias agnoscere, et ratas habere. Multosque 
 magis statuendum est eos contra jus gentium facere videri, qui civibus alieni imperii sua facili- 
 tate jus patriis legibus eontrarium scienter violenter impertiunt. I consider, therefore, that this 
 thing manifestly pertains to the overthrow of our law, and on that account the magistrates 
 [98] 777 
 
Erg.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Erg. 
 
 are not to acknowledge, by the law of nations, the obligations of marriages by that mode, or 
 to confirm them. And more especially is it to be resolved that those who appear to do these 
 things act contrary to the law of nations, as knowingly and rashly bestowing marriage cere- 
 monies with such facility on the citizens of another government, contrary to the laws of their 
 own country. 
 
 ERGO cambium sen cotnmutaiio pecuniae ciim pecunia undique procedit a jure 
 gentium. Cambiu m , id est permutatio pecuniae citm re, sen rei ciim pecunia, 
 fuit inventum ex necessitate. Deinde hoc cambium pecuniae citm pecunia caepit fieri 
 etiamper litter as, et retinere proprium nomen cambii, et inservire non solum simplici 
 perfnutationi ad emenda, quae domni, et familiae nefessaria sunt, sed etiam pro facil- 
 iori mercaturae et peregrinationis usu. Scaccia, de Camb. Quest, vi, n. 3, 6, 7, 
 pp. 127, 128. Therefore, exchange, or the changing of money for money, is 
 everywhere derived from the law of nations. Exchange, that is the changing 
 of money for a thing, or of a thing for money, was invented by necessity. After- 
 ward this exchange of money for money began to be made by letter, and to 
 retain its proper name of exchange and serve not only as an exchange to buy 
 what are necessary for home, domestic purposes, but also for easier commercial 
 and traveling uses. Quoted in Story on Bills of Exch. % 8. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ERGO, i contra, si venia aetdtis in hoc dumtaxat impetretur, ut actus personates 
 minor celebrare et peragere possit, veluti bonorum suorum administrationem 
 consequi, contractus et obligationes irire, sane hoc casu postulare debebit a judice 
 domicilii, cui in personas plenum jus est attributum. Burgundus. Therefore, 
 contrarywise, if the privilege of age {venia aetdtis) be only solicited in order that 
 the minor may be enabled to celebrate and perform personal acts, as, for instance, 
 to pursue the administration of his own goods and to form obligations and con- 
 tracts, certainly in this case he will be obliged to have recourse to the judge of 
 the domicile, to whom is given full authority over the person. Quoted in Story 
 on Confl. of Laws, § 500. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Burgundus says whether the venia aetdtis exists or not is immaterial. Read: Unde feri 
 obtinuii, ut Judex domicilii, ubi et mobilia, etc. Quoted in Story, supra. 
 
 Read; Proinde confitendum est, si aliquid circa non alterare minor velit, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 ERGO omne jus aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas constituit, aut famavit consue- 
 tudo. MoDESTiNUS, Dig. i, 3, fr. 40. Therefore all right either consent 
 has created, or necessity established, or custom confirmed. All right has been 
 created either by consent or established by necessity or confirmed by custom. 
 Broom on Common Law, 256. 
 
 ERGO umini debet esse ojnnibus propositum, ut eadem sit utiliias unius c uj usque 
 et universorum- ; quam si ad se quisque rapiet, dissolvetur omnis huinana consortia. A tque 
 etiam, si hoc natura praescribet, ut homo homini, quicumque sit, ob earn ipsam causam, quod is 
 homo sit, consultum i^elit, necesse est secundum eande?fi naturam omnium utilitatem esse commu- 
 nem. Quod si ita est, una conlinemur omnes et eadem lego naturae; idque ipsum si ita est, certe 
 violare alterum naturae lege prohibemur. Verum autem primum : verum igitur et extremum . 
 Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 6, §g 26, 27. One thing, therefore, ought to be aimed at by all men ; 
 that the interest of each individually, and of all collectivel}', should 
 be the same; for if each should grasp at his individual interest, all human society will be 
 dissolved. And also, if nature enjoins this that a man should desire to consult the interest of 
 a man, whoever he is, for the very reason that he is a man, it necessarily follows that as the 
 nature, so the interest, of all mankind is a common pne. If that be so, we are all included 
 under one and the same law of nature ; and if this too be true, we are certainl}' prohibited 
 by the law of nature from injuring another. But the first is true; therefore the last is true. 
 778 
 
^^e-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ero. 
 
 Ergolabus, i, »«. =Gt. ^pyoXcipoi. An undertaker, contractor,- for work Jus- 
 tinian. Cod. iv, tit. 59. ' J ^ 
 
 Eriach. I n I f i s h L a w : The pecuniary satisfaction which a murderer was obliged to 
 make to the friends of the murdered. Bl. Com. iv, 313. 
 Erigimus.— Lat. [m>, ere. to raise, erect.] We erect. Bl. Com. ht^. 
 V. Creamus, erigimus, fundamus, incorporamus. 
 
 Eripuit coelo fulmen, sceptrumque turranis. He snatched the thunderbolt 
 from heaven, and the sceptre from tyrants. 
 
 This epigraph is a periphrasis of one from Manilius; 
 
 * * Soivitgue animis tnirdcula reruin, 
 
 Eripuitque Jovi fulmen, viresque t enanti . — 'K.\mi,i\js. 
 
 He both freed our minds from dread of things above, and snatched the lightnings from Jove 
 and from the thunderer his might. ' 
 
 It was inscribed bytheFrenchMinister Turcot on a medal strucli; in honor of Benjamin Franklin 
 The allusion is to his discovery that lightning is produced by electricity, and to the support which he gave to 
 his country in the assertion of its independence of the British crown. 
 
 ERIT autem lex honesta, fusta, possibilis, secundum naturam, secundum consuetu- 
 dinem patriae, loco temporique conveniens, necessaria, utilis, manifesta quoque, 
 ne aliquid per obscuriiatem in captionem contineat, nullo private commodo, sed pro 
 cot?imuni civium utilitate conscripta. Isidorus, Orig. ii, 10, § 6. The law shall 
 be honest, just, possible, according to nature, and according to the custom of 
 the country, suitable to time and place, necessary, useful, also plain, so as not 
 to contain in its caption (v. Captio) any thing obscure, framed for no private 
 convenience, but drawn up in writing for the common good or utility of the 
 citizens. Quoted in i £est on Evid. § 37, n. i. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Read: "Oi Si vofioi rd Siuaiov," etc Demosthenes. Quoted in Christian's Ed. 
 Bl. Com. i, 44, n.; Best on Evid. § 37, n. Read also: Hanc igitur video sapientissimorum 
 fuisse sententiam, etc. Cicero, de Legg. ii, c. 4, § 8. 
 
 ERIT si quis Hamsokne, quae dicitur invasio domus, contra pacem domini 
 regis in domo sud se defenderit, et invasor occisus fuerit, impersecutus et 
 inultus remanebit, si ille, quem invasit, alter se dejendere non potuit, dicitur enim 
 qui non est dignus habere pacem, qui non vult obs ervar e earn. 
 If any one in a case of Hamsoken, which is the forcible entry or invasion of 
 a house against the peace of the lord the king, shall have defended himself in 
 his own house, and the invader shall be killed, he shall remain unpersecuted 
 and unavenged, if he whom he invaded was not able otherwise to defend him- 
 self ; for it is said that he is not worthy to enjoy peace who is 
 not willing to observe it. £racton,\\h. \i\, tr. 2, c3.-p. 2^,% :^ Jin. io\. 
 \i,^b fin. V. Hamesokne. 
 
 ErogatiO Onis, /. [erogo.] A giving out, paying out, a division, distribution. Pecuniae. 
 Cicero, Att. xv, 2_fin.; Ulpian. Dig. xxv, j., fr. 3 ; Callistratus, i/>. L, 4, fr. 14 ; Papin- 
 lAN z^. xxxiii, I, /r. 10 ; Justinian. Co<^. xii, 38, 16 ^/a/. Aquarum. FROttTiN.Aquaed.jj. 
 (6.) A repeal, abrogation. Zegis. Tertullian, id. 5. 
 
 ErOgO, are, l,v. a. O rig. a Pu b . Law ;■. /..• To expend, pay out money from the 
 public treasury (pecunias ex aerario), after asking the consent of the people. Cicero, Vat. 
 12; id. Verr. ii, 3, 71 ; 5, 19 ^' o^- Transf., Erogare bona sua in fraudem futurae 
 actionis,— \.o squander his goods or property in fraud of a future action. Gaius, Dig. xvii, 
 2, fr. 68. To expend, divide, distribute, etc. 'Ulpian. Dig. xv, 3, 7 ; xxiv, l, fr. 5 adfm.; 
 Paulus, ib. xxvi, 7,/r. 12; ScAevola, ib. xxii, x.fr. 102 ad fin. 
 
 Erotomania. [+Gr- ^'/""S, love, and nana, madness, frenzy.] Melancholy, mental 
 alienation or madness caused by love. -Erotico-mania, or Nymphomania. 
 
 779 
 
Err.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Err. 
 
 Errantia animi. A wandering of mind. Att. in NoN. 204, 13. 
 
 * JErrat longe, med quidem sententid, 
 Qui iinperium credat gravius esse, aut stabilius, 
 Vi quod fit, quam illud, quod amicitid adjungitur. 
 Mea sic est ratio, et sic animum induco meum, 
 Malo coactus qui suum officium facit, 
 Dum id rescitum iri credit, tantisper cavet : 
 Si sperat fore clam, rursum ad ingenium redit. 
 Ule, quern benefl,cio adjungas, ex aninio facit : 
 Studet par referre : praesens, absensque idem erit, 
 
 MiciO apud Terentius, Adelphi, i, i, 40-48. 
 
 He is very much mistaken, in my opinion at all events, who thinks that an authority is 
 more firm or more lasting which is established by force than that which is founded on 
 affection. Such is my mode of reasoning ; and thus do I persuade myself. He, who, 
 compelled by harsh treatment, does his duty, so long as he thinks it will be known, is on 
 his guard ; if he hopes that it will be concealed, he again returns to his natural bent. He 
 whom you have secured by kindness acts from inclination ; he is anxious to return like for 
 like ; present and absent he will be the same. v. Dr. Patrick, n. 41. 
 
 Read : Hoc patrium est, potius consuefacere filium, etc. Terentius, id. ib. 
 
 Cicero eloquently says: Ovmiujn autein rermn nee aptius est quidquam ad opes iuendas ac tenendas. 
 gzcam ditigi : nee alienius, quam te^neri, etc. ClCERO, de Ojfficiis, ii, u. 7. 
 
 Pliny: Frustra se terrore succinjcerit, qui septus caritate non /uerit. Pliny, Paneg. 40. 
 
 The Civilians give place to this doctrine of kindness in the exercise of authoritj' : 
 Patria potestas in pietate debet, non in atrocitate consistere . Marcian. 
 Dig. xlviii, <),fiy. 5 Jin. 
 
 Errata. Plur. -\- erratum, i, n. [-\-errdre, to wander.] Errors, mistakes, typographical 
 errors, etc. 
 
 ErraticUS, a, um, adj. [erro.'i Wandering to and fro, wandering about, roving, erratic. 
 Erraticum, hominem, — a strolling fellow. Gellius, ix, 2, 6. 
 
 Erraticum, i, ». In old Eng. Law: A waif or stray ; a wandering beast. Cowell. 
 
 ErrO, are, i, v. n, and a. Neutr. (w.) In gen . -. To wander, to stray about, to wander 
 up and down, to rove (freq. and quite class.). T r o p . , To be uncertain, in doubt. Plaut. 
 Mil. iii, 1, 197. (6.) In particular: To miss the right way, to lose one's self, to go 
 astray. Cicero, Off. i, 16, 51. Errare vid. Virgil, A. ii, 739. Trop., To wander from 
 the truth, to err, mistake. As a moral error: To err through mistake (class.). Errare 
 est hu7nanum, — to err is human. Act., To wander over or through. Ovid, i^. iv, 573 f/ja^. 
 
 ErrO, onis, m. [erro.'] A wanderer, vagabond, vagrant. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A truant slave. Ulpian. Dig. xxi, i,fr. 17, § 14. 
 
 Error, 5ris, «. A wandering, viz. : (a.) In general: A wandering or straying about. 
 Cicero, i?^. ii, 4. (6.) Trop., A wandering, uncertainty. Viarum, — uncertainty, ignor- 
 ance. LiVY, xxiv, 17. In particular: A wandering from the right way, a going astray. 
 Plautus, Ps. ii, 3, 2. T r o p . , A departure from the truth ; an error, deception, illusion 
 (the usual and classical signification). 
 
 In English Law and Practice: =L. Fr. Erreur, errour. An error, mistake or 
 defect in substance, in the foundation, proceedings, judgment or execution of a suit in a 
 court of record, in a matter of law or fact, that is not aided, amendable or cured at common 
 law or by statute; and to correct which a writ of error lies. Co. Litt. liib; Bl. Com. 
 iii, 406. V. Breve de errore. 
 
 Error coram nobis. Error before us. V. Coram nobis. 
 
 ERROR facti ne maribus quidefn in damnis vel compendiis obestj juris 
 autem error nee feminis in compendiis prodest; ceteruin omnibus juris 
 error in damnis admittendae rei suae non nocet. Papinian. Dig. xxii, 6,/r. 8. 
 An error in fact is not prejudicial to men in losses or gains ; an e r r o r 
 780 
 
Err.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Esc. 
 
 inlaw does not help even women in gains ; however, an error in law is 
 not prejudicial to any who are in jeopardy of losing their property. 
 
 Papinianus, in/r. 7, says: Juris ignorantianon prodest acquirere volentibus, sumn vera 
 fetenhbus non iiocat. Papinian. Dig. xxii, 6, fr. 7. 
 
 E'R.'RO'K fucatus nudd veritate in multis est probabilior; et saepenumero rationi- 
 bus vincit veritatem error. Error artfully disguised [or colored] is in many 
 cases more probable than naked truth ; and very frequently error overwhelms 
 truth by its show of reasons. 2 Co. 73. 
 
 ERROR juris iwcet. Error of law injures. A mistake of law has an injurious 
 effect, /. e. the party who commits the error must abide by the result — 
 suffer the consequences, i Story's Eq. Jur. § 139, note. 
 
 ERROR nominis nunquam nocet, si de indentitate rei constat. An error in the 
 name of a thing is never prejudicial, if it be clear as to the identity of the 
 thing itself, i. e. where the intention is clearly known, i Duer on Insurance, 171. 
 
 ERROR placitandi aequitatem non tollit. A clerical error does not take away 
 equity. Lofft, 577. 
 
 ERROR qui non resistitur, approbatur. An error which is not resisted is 
 approved. Doctor and Student, Dialogue ii, c. 42. 
 ERROR scribentis nocere non debet. The mistake of a writer, /. e. a clerical 
 error, ought not to injure. Jenkins' Sent. 325, cas. 42. 
 
 ERROREM calculi, sive ex uno contractu, sive ex pluribus emerserit, veritati 
 non afferre prae judicium, saepe constitutum est, unde rationes etiam saepe 
 computatas denuo retractari posse, si res judicatore non sunt vel transactio non inter- 
 venit, explorati juris est. Sed et si per errorem calculi velut debitani quantitatem, 
 quum esset indebita, promisisti, condictio liberationis tibi conipetit. Justinian. Cod. 
 ii, tit. 5, ' de Errore Calculi.' It has been laid down often that an error in the 
 reckoning, whether it has arisen from one contract or several, does not injuri- 
 ously affect the truth, whence it is established law that calculations, although 
 frequently cast, may finally be revised, overhauled, if the matter has not been 
 examined judicially, or a contract has not intervened. But if, by an error in 
 computation, you have promised a sum as due when it was not due, you are 
 entitled to a release from the obligation. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ERRORES ad sud principia referre, est refellere. To refer errors to tlieir 
 sources, is to refute them. 3 Co. Inst. 15. Trop., To trace errors to 
 their origin is to see their end. 
 
 ERRORES scribentis nocere non debet. The mistakes of one writing ought not 
 to harm. Jenk. Cent. 324. 
 ERUBESCIT lex filios castigare parentes. The law blushes when children 
 correct their parents. 8 Co. 116. 
 Eruditio, Onis, /. llradio, ere, to educate, instruct.] An instructing, instruction. 
 Transf., Learning, knowledge, erudition. Cicero; Quintilian, et al. 
 EruditUS in lege. • Learned in the law. 
 
 Escaeta, Eschaeta.- L. L^t. An escheat. Reg. Orig. 164/v Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. 
 Escaetasquercum.-L. Lat. Escheats of oaks, i. ..whatever fell or dropped frotn 
 trees. Fleta. ^ 
 
Esc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Esc. 
 
 ESCAETAE vulgo dicuntur quae, decedentibus his qui de rege tenent in capite, 
 ciim non extat ratione sanguinis haeres, ad fiscuni relabantur. Those things 
 are commonly called escheats which, on the death of the king's tenants in 
 capite without heirs of blood, revert to the fisc or treasury. Lib. Nig. Scace. par. 
 2, c. 10. Cited in Spelman, voc. ' £s c haeta . ' 
 
 In Later Law: The falling back or reverting of lands to the state upon the death of 
 the owner without heirs. Kenfs Com. iv, 423, 424. 
 
 Escambium, Eschambium, Excambium.— L- Lat. Exchange; an equivalent. Escam- 
 bium ad valentiam, — recompense, compensation to the value. Bracton, fols. 27, 296^, 301. 
 
 Escapilim, Eschapium. [+ L- Fr. eschaper, escafper.\ An escape. 
 
 In Practice: A violent or privy evasion out of some lawful restraint. Cowell. 
 
 An escape is where a defendant, being in acta et salva custodia after arrest or imprisonment, 
 regains his liberty before he is delivered by award of any justice, or by order of law. Termes 
 de la Ley; Steph. Com. iv, 254 ; Bl. Com. iii, 415. Escapes from arrest under process are 
 either voluntary or negligent. Voluntary are such as are by the express consent of the 
 keeper. 3 Co. 52. Negligent where the prisoner escapes without his keeper's knowledge 
 or consent. Bl. Com. iii, 415 ; i Arch. Pr. 85 ; Sewell on Sheriff, 441. Any liberty given to 
 or taken by a prisoner, not authorized by law, is an escape, i Salk. 271; i Shower, 174; 5 
 Mass. R. 310 ; i Johns. R. 472 ; 10 id. 220; 16 id. 181 ; 18 id. 48 ; 3 Wend. R. 184. The 
 escape of a person arrested, under lawful authority, for crime is itself a crime punishable by 
 fine and imprisonment. Wharton's Am. Crim. Law, 551. 
 
 Eschaeta, Escaeta. — L- Lat. An escheat. Bracton, fol. .30. v. Escheat. (6,) The 
 falling of a material object — as a tree ; the limbs of a tree felled or cut down. Cowell. 
 V. Escaetas quercus. 
 
 ESCHAETA derivatur a verba Gallico ^eschoir,' quod est accidere, quia 
 accidit domino ex eventu et ex insperato. Escheat is derived from the 
 Gallic [French] word '^^-Ci^ozV,' which signifies 'to happen,' because it falls 
 to the lord from an event, and from an unforeseen circumstance. Co. Litt. 93. 
 
 ESCHAETAE vulgo dicuntur quae decidentibus iis quae de rege tenent, cum non 
 existit ratione sanguinis haeres, ad fiscum relabuntur. Those things are 
 commonly called escheats which revert to the exchequer from a failure of 
 issue in those who hold of the king, when there does not exist any heir by con- 
 sanguinity. Co. Litt. 13. cf. Kent's Com. iv, 423, 424. 
 
 Eschaubiuni. — L. Lat. Exchange. Bracton, io\. 'ii'zb. %/. Escambium. 
 
 EscbatllXge. — L. Fr. Exchange. Eschaunge a la vaillaunce, — exchange for or to the 
 value. Britt. cc. 75, 105. 
 
 Eschaper, — L. Fr. To escape. Biitt. t. 11. u. Escapium. 
 
 Eschapium. — L. Lat. Chance, hap, accident; a casual opportunity. Bracton, fol. 230. 
 
 Escheat, L. Fr. Eschete, Eschet. \_-\- eschier, eschoir, to expire or run out ' to fall ot 
 happen.] = L. Lat. Eschaeta, Escaeta, — a falling or happening. 
 
 In Feudal and English Law: The determination of the tenure, or dissolution 
 of the mutual bond between the lord and tenant from the extinction of the blood of the 
 latter, by either natural or civil means ; if he died without heirs of his blood (propter defectum 
 sanguinis) ; or if his blood was corrupted and stained by commission of treason or felony 
 (propter delictum tenentis), whereby every inheritable quality was entirely blotted out and 
 abolished. In such cases the land fell back to t\ie dominis capitalis, — the chief lord of 
 the fee. " We say the fee is escheated." 2 Co. Litt. 13a, 92* y Bl. Com. ii, 72, 73 ; id. 
 244, 245 ; I Crabb's Real Prop. 638, § 818; 2 id. 1028, 2411 ; Steph. Com. i, 166,401, 402,414; 
 Broom (^ Had. Com. ii, 155, 199. v. Excadentiae. 
 
 In American Law; The falling back, reverting of lands to the State, on the death 
 of the ovinei propter defectum sanguinis. Kent's Com. iv, 423, 424. 
 
 Es'crOW. [Norm. Fr. Escrow, Escrovet, — scroll. O. Fr. Escroe, Escroue, — a roll of writ- 
 ings, bond.] A scroll, scrowl, or writing, — delivered to a third person to hold or keep as a 
 custodian, which is not to take effect as a deed till some act be done, or some conditions be 
 performed ; and then it is to be delivered to the grantee or obligee, when it takes effect .and 
 becomes a deed to all intents and purposes. Bl. Com. ii, 307 ; Kent's Com. iv, 454. 
 782 
 
Esc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Esp. 
 
 In England : The authorities, epitomized, show the following doctrine • 
 
 If a man deliver a writing sealed to the party to whom it is made, as an escrow to be 
 his deed upon certain conditions, etc., this is an absolute delivery of the deed, being made 
 to the party himself; for. the delivery is sufficient without speaking any words (otherwise a 
 man that is mute could not deliver a deed), and tradition is only requisite ; and, therefore 
 when the words are contrary to the act — which is the delivery — the words are of none effect ' 
 for, Non quod dictum, sfd quod factum est, inspicitur. And hereof, though there hath beeri 
 variety of opinions, yet is the law settled agreeable to judgment in former times ; and so it 
 was resolved by the whole Court of Common Pleas. H., 12 Jac. But it may be delivered 
 to a stranger as an escrow, etc., because the bare act of delivery to him without words 
 worketh nothing, v. Wingatis Afax. 65, § 5, citing Co. Lift. 36a y 9 Co. 373. 
 
 That the delivery of a deed should operate as an escrow, it is necessary that it should be 
 delivered to a stranger, and not to the party, //oiart, 146 ; 9 Co. 13 7^. If deliv- 
 ered to the party (the grantee), let the form of words be whatever it may, the delivery is 
 absolute, and the deed shall take effect in presenti. 9 Co. ijba, Thoroughgood's case; per 
 Cresswell, J., I C. B. N. i'. 718 ; 3 .g. &^ C. 5 ; b E. &= B. 986 ; 5 //. 6- N. 797. If, how- 
 ever, in point of fact the deed is delivered not to take effect until some condition is 
 performed, it will operate as an escrow, notwithstanding the delivery is in form absolute. 
 2 ^. (Sr= C. 81 ; per Pollock, C. B., 8 Exch. 290 ; per Jervis, C. J., 17 C. B. 634 ; per Cromp- 
 TON, J.,_ t E. &• B. 374; id. 986 ; Broom a' Had. Com. ii, 492, Wait's note (370). 
 
 Delivery constitutes the formal declaration of the party that he thereby determines to 
 complete the conveyance or contract. Plowd. 308. Where the signing and sealing is attested, 
 but not the delivery, though it was admitted that the deed was executed as it purported to 
 be, the court presumed that there had been delivery, and declared the instrument to be a 
 valid deed. 12 Q. B. 6gg. 
 
 The attestation or execution of the deed in the presence of witnesses, though not 
 essential to the validity of the deed, is necessary for preserving the evidence but not to con- 
 stitute the essence of the deed. Com. Dig. ' Fait,' B. 4; Peake's R. 23, 146; 2 Camp. 635. 
 V. 10 Ves. 436 ; II Mees. &• W. 161; Kent's Com. iv, 457-459 ; 3 Washb. Real Prop. 247, 248. 
 
 The question whether the deed is or not a mere escrow is one of evidence. 11 M. &= W. 128. 
 
 In the United States: A deed may be attested and delivered to a third person to 
 hold as a custodian, which is not to take effect as a deed till some future event or some act 
 be done or some condition be performed before the deed is to take effect ; and then to be 
 delivered to the grantee or obligee. A deed thus delivered is called an escrow; for a deed 
 can never be an escrow if delivered to the grantee himself, even though it be accompanied 
 with an express condition that it is not to take effect unless such event shall occur, such act be 
 done or such condition be performed ; for however explicit such condition may be, the deed 
 shall take effect in presenti, and the title will pass by such delivery to the grantee. These 
 doctrines have been adjudicated in our American courts, cf. 2 Johns. R. 248 ; 13 id. 285 ; 
 23 Wend. K. 43 ; 10 id. 310 ; 21 id. 267 ; 6 id. 666 ; t, N.Y. R. 229 ; 8 Mass. 230, 238 ; 13 
 Ohio St. 249, 254 ; 2 Afich. 390 ; 5 Sneed. 639 ; 6 S?n. &= Marsh. 9 ; 8 Rich. Law, 325 ; 14 
 Ga. 145 ; 5 Blackf. (Ind.) 18 ; 4 Watts (Penn.), 180 ; 10 Finn. St. 285 ; 22 Me. 569 ; 30 id. 
 no; 2 Dev. &• B. (N. C.) 530. v. Kent's Com. iv, 454 sq. and notes. An escrow has no 
 effect as a deed until the condition upon which it was delivered has been fulfilled. 13 N.J. 
 Eq. (2 Beasl.) 455, 458 ; 16 Vt. 563 ; 4 Wise. 343, 351; and generally the cases, supra. 
 
 Es'cuage. — L. Fr. [-(- «f«, a shield or buckler. -\-'Lm.. Scutum^ ='L.'L2A. Scutagium. 
 
 In old English Law: An unsettled, variable, pecuniary assessment incident to the 
 tenure by knight-service, whereby the tenant found means of compounding for the personal 
 attendance in knight-service, by making a pecuniary compensation or satisfaction to the lord 
 in lieu of such knight-service, being indeed a pecuniary instead of a military service. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 36; id. fol. 77/5/ Litl. %% 95. 103; Co. Litt. 68i ; Bl. Com. ii, 74, 75. v. Scutagium. 
 
 Eskippamentum.— L- Lat. Tackel or furniture of ships. Cowell. 
 
 Eskippare.— L- Fr- To ship. Towns. PI. 223; Rost. Ent. \o^. 
 
 Eskipper, Eskepper.— L. Fr. To ship. L. Fr. Diet. £j/J;>i/<j,— shipped. Dyer.i,-ib. 
 
 EsliSOrS EsliorS. [+ L. Fr. EsHor, to choose.] Electors or choosers, v. Elisors. 
 
 Esnecy.' [L- Fr. Aisnesse; L. Lat. Aesnecia.] The privilege of the eldest. (&.) A privi- 
 lege or prerogative granted to the eldest among coparceners, to have the first choice after 
 the inheritance was divided. Fleta, iv, c. 10; Litt. §§ 244, 245 ; Co. Litt. i66i. 
 
 EspleeS.— L- Fr. and Eng. [L. Lat. Explctiae, + explere, to fill up.] Full products and 
 profits of land. ■ Cowell; Finch's Law, b. iv, c. 27. v. Expletia. 
 
 EspOUSailleS.— L. Fr. = Lat. 5/0K.ra&, v. h. v. Espousals. 
 
 Esprit de corps — Fr. («.) The animating spirit of the body corporeal. The stirring, 
 passionate, unquenchable intellect of man. (6.) The wit, judgment, intelligence, under- 
 standing of a person. Esprit deS lois -the spirit of the laws. Esprit foUet -a ghost, 
 a spectre. Esprit fort,— a freethinker. 
 
Esq.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ess. 
 
 Esq^uire, [+ L. Fr. Escuien, -\- escu, a shield. 1 = L. Lat. Armiger. A knight's attend- 
 ant, who waited on him in time of war, and bore his shield or armor. Spelman. 
 
 In English Law: A name or title of dignity next above gentleman and below knight. 
 Also, a title by virtue of their offices ; as justices of the peace, and others who bear any 
 office of trust under the crown. Bl. Com. i, 406 ; Steph. Com. iii, 15, note ; Broom d^ Had. 
 Com. i, 487, 488. 
 
 Essartmu. — L. Lat. Essart or assart, i. e. woodland turned into tillage by uprooting the 
 trees, and removing the underwood. More commonlj' called assart, v. h. v. 
 
 Esse. — Lat. \_pres. infin. -f- sum, I am.] To be, being. In Law Lat. : Used as a 
 substantive and governed by a preposition ; e. g. ad esse, de esse, in esse. 
 
 Esse in bonis, — Lat. To be in possession of a thing ; to possess it as property. 
 
 Esse in bonis aliCUJUS. In the Jurists: To be in possession of a person; to 
 belong to him. Gaius, Dig. i, 8, jr. i ; Paulhs, ib. xl, 12, fr. 38, § 2. 
 
 Esse in COnunercio. In the Jurists: To be a subject of dealing, contract, or acqui- 
 sition. Justinian. Inst, ii, 20, § 2. 
 
 In the Roman System: The term commercium included the power of holding prop- 
 erty and making contracts according to the Roman Law; and also the testamenti factio, or 
 power to make a will and to accept property under one. v. Jus Latinum. 
 
 Esse in possessione. To be in possession. 
 
 Esse in possessione does not mean the same as possidere, the former expression denoting the 
 mere fact of detention, the latter that the detention is protected by means of interdicto ; 
 hence a tenant is "in p os s e s si on ," whereas his landlord "possesses." cf. Sav- 
 IGNY ott Possession, translated by Perry, book i, § 7. Aliud est possidere, longe aliud in posses- 
 sione esse. Ulpian. Dig. xli, 2,y>-. 10, § i ; Bracton, fol. 206 ; Hobart, 163. 
 
 ESSE Optimo constitutam rempublicam, quae ex tribus generibus illis regali et optimati, et 
 populan, sit modice confusa. CiCERO, fragm. de Repub. ii, 23. That government is best con- 
 stituted which is moderately blended with these three general things, the regal, aristocratic, 
 and the democratic (forms). Bl. Com. i, 50 ; Broom &• Had. Com. i, 44. 
 
 Msse quam videri, — Lat. To be rather than to seem. 
 
 Esse quam videri malim, I should wish to b e rather than to seem. 
 
 Esse simul et semel. To be together and at the same time. To be at the same time and 
 no more than once. Bacon's Read. Stat. Uses.; Law Tr. 314. 
 
 Essendum, Essendi, — L. Lat. [gerund, -\- sum, esse, to be.] Being, of being. 
 
 Essendi (or de essendo), quietum de theolonic— L. Lat. Of being quit of toll. 
 
 The name of an ancient writ of exemption from toll. Reg. 0}ig. 2581}/ F. AT. B. 226 I; 
 Termes de la Ley. ■__ 
 
 Essentia, ae,/. [sum.] The being or essence of a thing ; a translation of the Gr. 
 ov6ia. QuiNTiLlAN, ii, 14, 2. ^ 
 
 Essoin, Essoine, Essoign. — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Essonium. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Essoniare, — L. Lat. To essoin, to present an excuse to a court. Bracton. 
 
 EsSOniator. An essioner; one who presents an excuse for another. Bracton, fol. 337^y 
 I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 116, 118. 
 
 EsSOinatUS, A person essoigned, or for whom an essoin was present. Glanv. i, c. 25 ; 
 Bracton, fol. 343^. 
 
 Essonio. — L. Lat. I essoin ; I offer an excuse or reason. 
 
 In old English Law: The formula of essoining was : Essonio talem dominum 
 meum, quod cum esset in veniendo versus curiam, talis injirmitas accedit ei per viatti, quod venire 
 non potest pro lucrari, nee pro perdere ; et hoc paratus sum docere, sicut curia consideraverit, etc. 
 I essoin such a one, my master, that while he was coming toward the court, such an infirmity 
 happened to him by the way that he cannot come, either to gain or lose ; and this I am ready 
 to show or prove, as the court shall consider, etc. Bracton, fol. 340. 
 
 Essonium, Exonium. — L. Lat. In gen. : An excuse or reason — for not appearing. 
 In old English Law: An essoin ; an excuse for not appearing in court. 
 There were five essoins allowed, viz.: (i.) In servitio regis, or simply servitium regis ; 
 [2.) In terra sancta, or in terram sanctam, called simply terra sancta ; (3.) Trans or ultra mare ; 
 
 784 
 
Est] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 (4.) Malum lecti ; (5.) Malum viae. The latter was the most common essoin. Hence the 
 t. t. : (i.) De seryitio regis ; (2.) De terra sancta ; {3.) De ultra mare ; (4.) De mala lecti; and 
 (5.) Be malo veniendi. Glanv. lib. i ; Bracton, fol. 340 sq.; I Reeve's Hist. 405 sq. ; 2 id. 122, 
 303. These have long been obsolete, except the last, and no essoin is now allowed in per- 
 sonal actions. 2 T. K. 16; 16 East's Ji. 7, note (a)/ Ro.iCoe's Real Act. 163. 
 
 In real actions essoins are still allowed. \.o Bing.b^; Steph. Coot, iii, 659. 
 
 There are divers ways of excusing a man's not appearing in court, and all allowed by law, 
 as by imprisonment, whereof Littleton speaketh, ^478; a\so per inundationem aquarum : — 
 tempestatem : — pontem fractum : — navigium subtractum per fraudem petentis : — mmorem 
 actatevi : — desensionem summonitionls per legem : — mortem A ttomati : — hreve de warrantia diei. 
 
 Also, Si petens essoniatas sit, vel si placitum mitiatur sine die. 
 
 But sickness (as one saith) is no cause of saving a default, because it maybe so artificially 
 counterfeited that it cannot be known. Wingate's Max. 149, g 16, citing Co. Lift. 259^. 
 
 Est. — L- Fr. [-)- estre, to be.] = Lat. Est. Is, it is, there is. 
 Est. — Lat. [-|- sum, esse, to be.] Is ; he, she or it is ; there is. 
 In the Civil Law: It was sometimes used to signify the past. 
 
 Quemadmodttvt anient hoc veriium : est , non solum praesens, sed et praeieriium iempus signiyicai, itci ei 
 hoc verbuni : er it , non solum /uiurum, sed interduTn etiam praeieriiuTn ietnpus demonstrat ; nam guum 
 dictmus : Lucius Titius solutus est ai otjli gatione , ei praeteritum, ei praesens signijicamtts, 
 sicut hoc : Lucius Tutius ailigatus est ; et idem Jit, guutn ita loguimur : Troja capta est: 
 non enint ad praesentis ^acii demoTlstrationein re/ertur is sertno, sed ad praeteriium. PoMPONlus, Dig. L, 
 i6,yr. 123 med. 
 
 Est i voir. — L. Fr. It is to be seen. Kelham. Est ascavoir, — it is to be under- 
 stood. Litt. q, 4ii. Estassaver, — this is to be known. 
 
 EST aliquid in omnia materia naturaliter primum. In every subject there is something 
 naturally first. Quintillian, Inst. Orat. iii, 8, § 6. 
 
 EST aliquid quod non oportet, etiam si licet ; quicquid vera non licet certi non 
 oportet. Cicero, pro JSalbo, c. 3 in Jin. There is some thing [are some 
 things] which ought not to be done, even though it be lawful ; but whatever is 
 not lawful certainly ought not to be done. Hobart, 159. 
 
 "^St aliquod perdire tenus. It is something to destroy or dissipate the snare. It 
 is something to sever the cord. Story's Eq.Jur. § 341, citing 2 Ves. 158. 
 
 Est amicus sociiis mensae, et non permaneMt in diem necessitatis.— 
 Lat. P r o V . A friend is the companion of your table, but he will not continue or abide 
 with you in the day of necessity. Trop.: "He is a friend who will enjoy 3'our prosperity, 
 but if necessity press you he flies." " Again some friend is a companion at thy table, but 
 will not continue in the day of thine affliction.'' Ecclesiasticus, c. vi, 10. 
 
 Read: Diligiter nemo, nist mei Fortuna secunda est, etc. OviD. 
 
 Read: Citm fortuna manet, vultum scrvatis amici, etc. Petronius. 
 
 * * * Est aniinus tibi 
 
 Rerumque prudens, et secundis 
 Tem,poribus, dubiisque rectus; 
 Vindex uverae fraudis, et abstinens 
 Ducentis ad se cuncta pecuniae ; 
 Consulque non unius anni, 
 
 Sed, quotiens bonus atque fidus 
 Judex Jionestum praetuUt utili, 
 Mejecit alto dona nocentium 
 
 Vultu, per obstantes catervas 
 ExpUcuif sua victor arma. 
 
 Horace, Carm. iv, 9, 34-44. 
 You have a mind ever prudent in the conduct of affairs, and steady alike amidst success 
 and danger ; you are an avenger of avaricious fraud, and proof against money that attracts 
 every thing by its influence ; and a consul not of one year only, but as often as the good and 
 upright magistrate has preferred the honorable to the profitable, and has rejected with a dis- 
 dainful brow the bribes of wicked men, and triumphant through opposmg crowds (or bands), 
 has displayed the arms of his integrity, v. Pufendorf, de Jure, ui, c. 2, § 8.. 
 
 [99] ''^ 
 
Est,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Explicutt sua victor a r >« a may be rendered more literally , though less intelligibly, " triumphant 
 displays his arms." The "opposing crowds" are the difficulties that beset the path of the upright 
 man, as well from the inherent weakness of his own nature, as from the arts of the flatterer and the machina- 
 tions of secret foes. Calling, however, virtue and firmness to his aid, he employs those arms of purest temper 
 against the host that surrounds him, and comes off victorious from the conflict, Dubl. Ed. 
 " ■:= -^ * How glorious to the State '. 
 How constant to the public weal 
 
 Through all the dreadful turns of Fate ! 
 Thy steady soul by long experience found 
 Erect alike, when fortune smilM or frown'd." 
 
 "Villains, in public rapine bold, 
 
 Lollins, the just avenger, dread. 
 Who never by the charms of gold. 
 
 Shining seducer ! was misled ; 
 Beyond thy year such virtue shall extend. 
 And death alone thy consulate shall end." 
 
 " Perpetual magistrate is he 
 
 Who keeps strict justice full in sight ; 
 With seorn rejects the offender's fee, 
 
 Nor weighs convenience against right ; 
 Who bids the crowd at awful distance gaze. 
 And virtue's arms victoriously displays." — Dr. Francis, 
 
 Est ascavoir, — L. Fr- =Lat. Sciendum est. It is to be known or understood ; otherwise 
 expressed " it is to-wit." Litt. §§ g, 45, 46, 57, 59. 
 
 Lord Coke says of this common expression : "It ever teacheth us some rule of law, 
 or general or sure leading point." Co. Litt. 16. 
 
 EST autem alluvia incrementiim latens j per alluvionetu autem id videtur 
 adj'tci, quod ita paulatim adjicitur, ut intelligi non possit, quantum quoque tem- 
 poris momento adjiciatur. Justinian. Inst, ii, i, § 20. Alluvion is an imper- 
 ceptible increase ; and that is said to be alluvion, which is added so gradually 
 that no one can perceive how much is added at each moment of time. v. Gaius, 
 Dig. xli, \,fr. 7, § I ; Papinian. xxi, 2, fr. 64, § i ; Bracton, fol. gay Grotius, 
 de Jure, ii, c. 8, § 11 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, iv, c. 7, § 11, n. i ad fin. 
 
 V. Quod si vis Jluininis, etc., and Id quod per allumonem nobis, etc. Gaius, Tnst. ii, § 70. 
 
 EST autem atrox injuria, et est levis, et secundum hoc sequitur poena, major vel 
 minor, juxia illud : "Quod tamen adtni s sum , quae sit vindicta 
 doc ebo . " Nee debet poena ad alios extendi quod ad suos auihores, nee ulterius 
 pergredi quod se extendit delict'. An injury is severe or it is light, and accord- 
 ingly a greater or less penalty attends it according to the verse : "I will 
 teach you what is the penalty when the act has been admit- 
 ted." Nor ought the punishment to extend to others than the authors of the 
 act, nor advance further than the delinquency extends. Bracton, iii, 3, § i, fol. 
 
 lOI^. 
 
 Poena vera non transgreditur persona delinquentis, non enim debet poenam seniire, qui in culpa 
 non fuit, juxta illud : "Poena potest demi, culpa perennis erit." Bracton, iii, 
 c. 2, Jin. fol. loi^, Grotius says : Nemo puniendus est ultra meritttm. 
 
 Read; Adsit Regula, peccatis quae poenas irrogat aequas, etc. Horace, Sat.'x, 3, 117. 
 
 EST autem cambium contractus in permutatione pecuniae acquivalentis in diversis locis pro 
 certo pretio facienda consistens. StypmAnnits, Jus. Marit. c. 8, § 14. E x c h a n g e is a con- 
 tract in changing money of equivalent value in divers places for a certain established price 
 to be made or given. Cited in Story on Bills oj Exch. § 4. v. Cambium. 
 
 EST autem capitis diminutio prioris capitis permutatio, eaque tribus modis accidit : 
 nam aut maxima est capitis diminutio, aut minor quam quidem mediam vacant, 
 aut minima. Gaius, Inst, i, § 159. Capitis diminutio is the change of the origi- 
 786 
 
E^ 
 
 ^^*'J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 nal caput,^ and occurs in three ways ; for it is either the capitis diminutio maxima ; 
 or the minor, which some call media; or the minima. 
 These several are defined under Capitis diminutio. 
 
 ^ST autem inter alias donationes, do n atio mor ti s causd quae morte con- 
 firmatur, cujus ires sunt species: Una citm quis nullo praesentis mortis 
 pertcuh metu conteritur, sed sola cogitatione mortalitdtis donat j alia, citm quis 
 imminente periculo mortis commoius, ita donat, ut statim fiat accipientis. Tertia, 
 ut si quis commoius periculo, non dat sic, ut statim fiat accipientis, sed tunc demiun, 
 ciim fnorsfuerit insequuta. Br acton, ii, c. 26, § i, fol. 60. There is also amongst 
 other donations a donation in view of death, which is confirmed by death, of 
 which there are three species : o n e when a person is not crushed by any fear 
 of a present danger, but gives solely from the contemplation of mortahty ; 
 another when a person, moved by the imminent danger of death, gives in such 
 terms that the thing forthwith becomes [the property] of the acceptor ; a third 
 as [for instance] if a person moved by danger does not give in such terms, that 
 the thing forthwith becomes the acceptor's, but only then when death has fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 Bracton paraphrased this from Julianus. Read it: Julianus libra septimodecimo 
 Digestotum tres esse species mortis causd, donationum, etc. Dig. xxxix, 6, fr. 2. 
 Bracton continues : Et mortis causd donatio potest esse multiplex, etc. Fol. 60. 
 
 EST aute7n Jus publicum et privatum, quod ex naturalibus praeceptis aut gentium, 
 aut civilibus est collectum ; et quod in jure scripto jus appellatur, id in lege 
 Angliae rectum esse dicitur. Public and private law is that which is collected 
 from natural precepts : on the one hand of nations, on the other of citizens ; and 
 that which in the Civil Law is called jus , that in the law of England is said to 
 be right. Coke's Lilt. 55 8a. v. Bracton, i, c. 5, §§ 2, 3, fol. tji. 
 
 EST autein jusjurandum assertio religiosa, qud divinae misericordiae renuncia- 
 mus, aut divinam poenam in nos deposcimus, nisi verum dicamus. Hunc enim 
 juramentorum sensum esse, facile indicant formulae, quibus ilia concipi solent j puta, 
 ''Ita me Deus adjuv et , Deus sit testis. Dens sit vindex, aut 
 his aequipolentes ; quae eodem fieri recidunt. Quando enim superior puniendi jus 
 habe?is testis advocatur, simul ab eodem perfidae ultio petitur ; et qui novit omnia, 
 ultor est, quia testis. In hoc ipso autem gravissima poena est, si quern Deus propitius 
 mortalem non adjuvet. Pufendorf, de Jure, Nat. et Gent. lib. iv, c. 2, § 2. An 
 oath then is a religious asseveration, by which we either renounce the mercy, 
 or imprecate the divine punishment, if we speak not the truth. That this is the 
 sense and purport of oaths, appears from those forms of words in which they 
 are commonly expressed : as, " S o help me God," "God be my wit- 
 ness, ""God be my a v en ge r," and other equivalent terms, which amount 
 to much the same. For when a superior, who hath a right of punishing, is 
 appealed to as a witness, his vengeance is likewise invoked in case of breach of 
 faith ; and God, who knows all things, being ever a witness, is ever an avenger. 
 But in this of itself there is the gravest punishment, if when gracious God shall 
 not aid a human being. Quoted in Best on Evidence, § 58, note. 
 
 EST autem justitia constans et perpetua voluntas: jus suum unicunque tribuens 
 vel hoc saltern affectans. Justice, truly, is a constant and perpetual dis- 
 position : giving to every man his right, or at least desiring this. Fleta, lib. iv, 
 
 '■^'^^- 787 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est 
 
 This maxim is paraphrased from the Civil Law: Justiciaet constans et perpetua voluntas 
 jus suum cuique tribuendi. Ulpianus, Dig. i, \,fr. lo; 
 
 EST autem libertas naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique facere libet [quod 
 voluerit\ nisi quod de jure vel vi prohibetur . Liberty is the natural power 
 of doing whatever one pleases, except what is prohibited by right or by force. 
 Bracion, fols. 4^, 461^. 
 
 Fleta (lib. i, c. 2I omits quod voluetit. Lord Coke copies Fleta. Co. Litt. wtb. 
 This maxim is from the Civil Law, changed merely in the order of words. Libertas 
 est naturalis facultas ejus, quod cuique fcu:ere libet, nisi si quid vi, aut jure prohibetur. Floeen- 
 TINUS, Dig. i, 5, fr. 4. 
 
 EST autem longl diversum j aliud est enim po s sider e : longl aliud in p o s - 
 sessione [possessionem^ esse; denique rei servandae causd, legatorum, 
 damni infecti, nonpossident, sed sunt in possession e custodiae causd; 
 quod si factum est, utrumque procedit. Ulpianus, Dig. xli, 2, fr. 10, § i. It is, 
 indeed, a far different thing : for it is one thing to possess: widely another 
 to be in possession; accordingly for the sake of property to be protected 
 or preserved, of legacies, of apprehended damage or loss, persons do not pos- 
 sess, but are in possession for the sake of the custody; and if it is done, 
 each benefits or is of use. 
 
 Gaius put forth the distinction that we are regarded as possessors, not only when we 
 possess personally, but also when any other is in possession in our name, even though he be 
 not subject to our authority ; e. g.a. tenant of land or of a house, v. Possidere autem videmur 
 non solum si ipsi possideamus, etc. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 153. 
 
 Bracton draws the same peculiar distinction : Aliud est possidere aliud esse in possessions 
 Bracton, fol. 206, § 2 ; Hobart, 163. 
 
 Savigny treats'this subject in the same light, and he observes that esse in possessione has a 
 different meaning Uom possidere, — the former expression denoting the mere fact of detention, 
 the latter that the detention is protected by means of interdicts ; hence a tenant is ' i n pos- 
 session,' whereas his landlord 'possesses.' cf. Savigny on Possession i, § 7. 
 
 EST autem magna assiza regale quoddam beneficium, elementia principis, de con- 
 silio procerum, populis indultum j quo vitae hominum, et status integritatis tam 
 salubriter consulitur, tit, retinendo quod quis possidet in libero tenemento suo, duelli 
 casum declinare possint ho7nines ambiguum. Ac per hoc continget, insperatae et per- 
 maturae mortis ultimum evadere supplicium, vel saltem perennis infamiae opprobrium 
 illius infesti et iniierecundi verbi, quod in ore victi turpiter sotiat consecutivum. 
 Ex equitate item jnaxima prodita est legalis ista institutio. Jus enim, quod post 
 multas et longas dilationes vix evincitur per duellum, per beneficium istius constitu- 
 tionis commodius et acceleratius expeditur. For the great assize is a certain royal 
 benefit granted to the people by the clemency of the prince, with the advice 
 of the great men ; by which the lives of persons, and the state of their condi- 
 tion, are so wholesomely consulted, that, retaining what each possesses in his 
 own freehold, men may decline the doubtful chance of single combat {duellum). 
 And in this manner it happens that they may avoid the ultimate punishment of 
 an unexpected and premature death ; or, at least, the disgrace of the enduring 
 reproach of that odious and shameful word, which sounds dishonorably upon 
 the lips of the vanquished. Therefore, from the greatest equity was that legal 
 institution framed. For the right, which, after many long delays, should scarcely 
 be shown by single combat, by the benefit of this institution, is more advantage- 
 ously and speedily decided. Glanville, 1. ii, c. 7 ; Bl. Com. iii, 341 (.r). 
 
 Glanville is here speaking of the trial by battle, the honorable trial of the right to land, 
 by Single Combat i^per duellum), the particulars of which are given to us in Bl. Com. 
 
 788 
 
^'*-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 •C riVln/?p:,°i:rh^fwfsTedded"th\^AelTr' Th-"''^' the vanquished uUered, was 
 word craven is to his hX ,,=»h ■ "l 'S.^""^ '=^"^^- The odious and shameful 
 
 pST aujem nobis electio, utrum exercitorem, an magistrum convenire velimus 
 i^ fe i8. Sed ex contrario, exercenti navem adversus eos, qui ciim magistro con- 
 traxerunt, actio nan pollicetur, quia non eodern auxilio indigebat. Sed aut ex locate 
 cum magistro, si mercede operam ei exhibet, aut si gratuitam, mandati agere potest 
 Ulpian. Dig. XIV, x,fr. I, §§ 17, 18. We have a choice to sue either the ship- 
 master or the owner. § 18. But, on the other hand, an action is not given to 
 the shipmaster against those who have contracted with the owner, because he 
 does not need the same help. But he has an action ex locate against the owner 
 if he works for him for hire, or if he works for him gratuitously he has an actio 
 mandati against him. FF T M 1 
 
 Quoted in Story on Agency, % 295 ; Wharton on Agency, § 473. 
 
 Haec actio ex persona magistH in exercitorem dabihir, et idea, si cum utro eorum actum est cum 
 altera agi non potest. Ulpianus, Dig. xiv, I, fr. i, § 24. v. Bracton, bib, c. 27 pr. 
 
 EST aute?n tutela {ut Servius definivit) vis ac potestas in capite libera, ad_ tuendum 
 eum, qui per aetatem se defendere nequit, jure civili datd ac permissd. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, i, 13, 1. Tutelage (as Servius has defined it) is an authority and 
 power given and permitted by the Civil Law, over a free person [or qui est sui 
 juris\ for the purpose of protecting him who is unable, by reason of his [tender] 
 age, to protect himself. 
 
 Paulus states the same principle: Tutela est, ut Servius definit, vis ac potestas 
 in capite libera, etc. Dig. xxvi, I, //-. i pr. Read: Iinpuberes autem in tutela esse, etc. 
 Justinian. Inst, i, 20, § 6. 
 
 Est autem vis legem, siuiulaus. — Pro v. Violence ot- force may also put on the 
 mask of the law. 
 
 EST boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem. It is the part of a good judge to 
 extend the jurisdiction. Gilb. 14. It is the province, duty, of a good 
 judge to amplify, extend, use liberally, his remedial authority. Chan. Free. 329. 
 It is the duty of a judge [when requisite] to extend [or amplify] the limits of 
 his jurisdiction. 9 Mees. &= W. 818 ; Broom's Max. 80. 
 
 " I should have been extremely sorry if this case had been without remedy at Common 
 Law. Est boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem . and I say, est bani judicis atupliare justitiam ; 
 therefore, whenever such cases as this come before a court of law, it is for the public good ' 
 that the Common Law should reach them and give relief." Per Wilmot, C. J., 2 Wilson, 
 350; S. C, r Smith's L. O [497] 616. v. Cases under Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem. 
 
 EST boni judicis ampliare justiciam, non jurisdictionem. It is the duty of a good 
 judge to amplify, extend justice, not jurisdiction or authority. 2 Barb. J?. 
 282, 287. Read: Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem. 
 
 EST consuetudo in quibusdam partibus, quod post natus praefertur primogenito et i 
 contrario. It is a custom in some parts, that an after-born son is preferred 
 to the elder-born, and on the contrary. Bracton, fol. 76. v. id. fol. 2,2, \ Fleta, 
 lib. iii, c. 9, § 9. V. Post-natus. 
 
 EST dictum homicidium ab homine et caedo : quasi hominis caedium. It is called 
 homicidium (manslaughter) from homo (a man) and caedere (to kill or slay), 
 as it were hominis caedium, — the killing of a man. Bracton, fol. 120^. v. Homi- 
 cide. =■ Lat, Homicidium. 
 
 789 
 
Est.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 EST enim advindicanda furta nimis atrox, nee tamen ad refrenanda suffieiens ; quippe neque 
 furium simplex tavi ingens faeimus est^ ut capite debeat plecti j neque ulla poena est tanta, ut ab 
 latrociniis cohibeat eos qui nullum aliam ariem quaerendi victus habeni. It (the law) is certainly 
 too severe in punishing thefts, nor yet is it sufficient to restrain them, for surely a simple 
 theft is not so heinous an offense as to merit a capital punishment ; nor is any punishment 
 so great that it can restrain those persons from committing robberies who have no other mode 
 of seeking a livelihood. Mori Utopia, edit. Glasg. 1750, p. 21 ; Bl. Com. iv, 236, note {k). 
 V. Denique eiim lex M s aie a , quanquam inclemens et aspera, etc. Id. ib. 
 
 EST enifn aliquid quod non oporteat, etiam si licet. Quidquid vero non licet, certe 
 non oportet. Cicero, pro Balbo, c. iii, 8 fin. There are, indeed, some 
 things which are not expedient, even if they are lawful. But whatever is not 
 lawful is most certainly not expedient, v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, i, 
 c. 7, § 2 ; Hobart, 159. 
 
 Etsi peccare nemini licet, sed sermonis errore labimur. Id enim licere dicivius, quod cuique 
 conceditur. Cicero, Tusc. Disp.v, 1,. ig, 55 ^». Quod non vetat lex, hoc vetat fieri pudor. 
 Agamemnon in Seneca. The Civilians express the idea: No n omne , quod 
 licet, honestutii est. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 144. 
 
 ESiT enim earum specierum judicialis quaestio, per quam res expediatur. § i. 
 Non absimilis ilia, quae frequentissime agitari solet : fidejussor an, et prius- 
 quant solvat, agere possit, ut liberetur? Nee tamen semper expectandum est, ut 
 solvat, aut judicio accepto condemnetur, si diu in solutione reus cessabit, aut eerie 
 bona sua dissipabitj praesertim, si domi pecuniam fidejussor non habebit, qua 
 numerata creditori mandati actione conveniat. Marcellus, Dig. xvii, i, fr. 38 
 pr. fin. et% i. For a judicial inquiry, by which the subject is explained, con- 
 cerns these topics. It is not unlike that which is very often agitated : can a 
 surety, before he pays, take steps to be freed 1 Nor is he always to be expected 
 to pay, or to be mulcted on a judgment given, if the defendant will delay a long 
 time in payment or certainly waste his property ; especially if the surety shall 
 not have money at home, which being paid over to the creditor, he (the surety) 
 may have his actio mandati. [F. J. M.] 
 
 The subject is treated per Kent, Oa.., \ Johns. Ch. R. 438 ; cited in i Story's Eq. Jur. § 641 ; 
 Wharton on Agency, § 311. 
 
 EST enim gloria solida quaedam res et expressa, non adumbrata; ea est consentiens lares 
 bonorum, incorrupta vox bene judicantium de excellenti virtute, ea virtuti resonat tamquam imago. 
 Quae quia recte factorum plerumque comes est, non est bonis viris repudianda. Ilia autem, quae 
 se ejus imitatricem esse vult, temeraria atque inconsiderata et pleruvique peccatorutn vitiorumque 
 laudatrix, fama popularis, simulatione honestatis formam ejus pulctitudinemque corrumpit. 
 Qtiae caecitate homines, quum quaedam etiam praeclara cuperent eaque nescirent nee ubi nee qualia 
 essent, funditus alii everterunt suas civitates, alii ipsi occiderunt. A tque ii quidem optima petentes 
 non tam voluntate quam cursus errore falluntur. CiCERO, Tuscul. Disput. ii, c. 3, §§ 3, 4. 
 Glory is a real and express substance, not a mere shadow. It consists in the united praise 
 of good men, the free voice of those who form a true judgment of pre-eminent virtue ; it is, 
 as it were, the very echo of virtue ; and, being generally the attendant on laudable actions, 
 should not be slighted by good men. But popular fame, which would pretend to imitate it, 
 is hasty and inconsiderate, and generally commends wicked and immoral actions and throws 
 discredit upon the appearance and beauty of honesty by assuming a resemblance of it. And 
 it is owing to their not being able to discover the difference between them that some men, 
 ignorant of real excellence, and in what it consists, have been the destruction of their country 
 and of themselves. And thus the best men have erred, not so much in their intentions as 
 by a mistake of conduct. 
 790 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 EST enim imprisonamentum duplex delictwii, injusta captio et injusta detentio, in 
 vmculis vel sive in cippo vel alia poena inajori vel minori. Imprisonment is 
 really a double offense, an unlawful taking and an unlawful detention, in chains 
 or without, in the stocks or with other greater or less punishment. Fleta, lib. i, 
 c. 42, § I. V. Imprisonamentum. 
 
 In general, it may be observed, that the confinement of the person in any wise is an 
 imprisonment, which may even be evidenced by the forcibly detaining of another in the 
 public street. Any restraint upon a man's liberty, wherever may be the place, or whatever 
 may be the manner in which the restraint is effected ; as by keeping a man against his will 
 {in invituin), in a private house, or arresting or forcibly detaining him in the open street, or 
 even merely using words which impose a restraint upon his person. Termcs de la Ley ; 2 
 Co. Inst. 589 ; Bl. Com. i, 136 ; Kent's Com. ii, 26. v. Per Lord Denman, 7 Ad. Ssf El. 742, 
 753. And the law so much discourages unlawful confinement, that if a man is under 
 duress of imprisonment, which elsewhere is explained to mean a compulsion by an 
 illegal restraint of liberty, until he seals a bond or the like ; he may allege this duress, and 
 avoid the extorted bond. Bl. Com. \,\'ib. v. 'Duress' sq. Torts affecting personal lib- 
 erty are false imprisonment and malicious arrest. To constitute the injury 
 of false imprisonment, there are two requisites, the detention of the person, and the 
 unlawfulness of such detention. 
 
 As to the question — What may suffice to constitute an ' i m p r i s o n m e n t ? ' of. .5/. Com. 
 i, 135-137; per Lord Denman, C. J., 7 Ad. &^ Ell. 742, 753; 4 C. B. N. S. 180, 204, 205 ; 
 7 (?. B. 742 ; I Lord Raym. 739 ; 2 B. &• P. N. R. 211 ; b Car. &= P. 504 ; id. 774 ; Broom on 
 C. L. 722 sq. J Kent's Com. ii, 26. 
 
 EST enim juris civilis species consuetudo ; eni?nvcro, 'diuturna consuetude 
 pro jure et lege, in his, quae non c.x scripto descendunt observari, solet.' Maxime 
 autem probatur consuetudo ex rebus judicatis. Pothier, Pand. lib. i, tit. 3, art. 6. 
 notes 28, 29. 'Custom' is really a species of Civil Law ; for truly 'a long 
 custom is wont to be observed as right and law in those matters which come 
 down to us not in writing.' Custom, indeed, is proved in the highest degree out 
 of or by cases adjudicated [questions judicially determined]. 
 Quoted in i Story's Eg. Jur. § 18. 
 
 Diuturna consuetudo pro jure et lege in his quae non ex crifio descendunt, observari solet. 
 Ulpianus, Dig. i, 4, fr. 33. 
 
 EST enim jus quod lex constituit. That certainly is right [or binding] which 
 the lav,' ordains. Cicero, de Leg. i, 15 ; ad Herenn. ii, 13. 
 
 EST enim non modo liberale , paulum nonnunquam de suo jure decedere, sed interdum etiam 
 fructuosum. CiCERO, de Off. ii, 18, 11. For, to abate at times a little from our right, is not 
 only generous, but sometimes profitable also. 
 
 Pecuniam in loco negligere, maximum interdum est lucrum. Terentius, Adelphi, ii, 2, 7. 
 
 Plautus says : Est etiam, ubiprofecto damnum praestet facere, quam lucrum. 
 
 EST enim obligatio quasi contraligatio. An obligation is indeed the same as a 
 counter-binding. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 56, § i. 
 
 EST enim sine dubio domus juris consulti totius oraculum civitatis. Cic 
 </^ Ora/. i, 45, 200. There is no doubt the house of an eminent lawyer is the 
 oracle of the whole city. 
 
 EST enim unum jus, quo devincta est hominum societas et quod lex constituit una. Quae lex 
 est recta ratio imperandi atque prohibendi : quam qui ignorat, is est injustus. sive est ilia scHpta 
 uspiam sive nusquam. CiCERO, de Legg. i, 15, 42. For there is but one essential justice 
 which cements society, and one law which establishes this justice. This law is right reason, 
 which is the true rule of all commandments and prohibitions. Whoever neglects this law, 
 whether written or unwritten, is necessarily unjust and wicked. 
 
 Est etiam aUa causa acquirendi rerum dominia, quae dicita causa successionis 
 
 There is also another source or mode of acquiring the ownership of things, which is called 
 the source of succession [title by succession]. Bracton, fol. 62*. v. id fols. 31*, 4°. 
 
 791 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Est etiam, ubi profecto damnum praestet facere, quam lucrutn, Plaut. 
 Capi. ii, 2, 77. There are occasions when it is undoubtedly better to incur loss than to 
 make gain. 
 
 Cicero says : £si enim non modo liberals, faulum nonnumquam, etc. 
 
 EST igitur adolescentis majores natu vereri exque Us deligere optimos et probaiissinios, quorum 
 consilio atque auctoritate nitatur: Ineuntis enim aetatis inscitia senuni constituenda et regenda 
 prudentia est. Maxime autem haec aetas ii libidinibus arcenda est exercendaque in tabore patien- 
 tiaque et animi et corporis, ut eorum et in bellicis et in cimlibus officiis vigeat industria. Atque 
 etiam, quum relaxare animos et dare ac jucunditati volent, caveant inteviperantiain m-eminerint 
 ■uerecundiae, quod erit facilius, si in ejus modi quidem rebus majores natu volent interesse. Cic- 
 ero, de Officiis, i, 34, § 122. It is the duty of a young man to reverence his elders, and 
 among them to select the best and the worthiest on whose advice and authority to rely. For 
 the inexperience of youth ought to be instructed and conducted by the wisdom of the aged. 
 Above all things, the young man ought to be restrained from lawless desires, and exercised 
 in endurance and labor both of body and mind, that by persevering in them he may be effi- 
 cient in the duties both of war and peace. Nay when they even unbend their minds and 
 give themselves up to mirth, they ought to avoid intemperance and never lose sight of 
 morality ; and this will be the more easy if even upon such occasions they desire that their 
 elders should be associated with them. 
 
 EST igitur proprium mumis magistratus intelligere se gerere personam civitatis debei'e que ejus 
 dignitatejn et decus sustinere, servare leges, jura describere, ea Jidei suae commissa meminisse. 
 Privatum autem oportet aequo et pari ckm civibus jure vivere neque submissum et abjectum 
 neque se effereniejn, turn in republica ea velle, quae tranquilla et honesta sint : talem enim solemus 
 et sentire bonum civem et dicere. CiCERO, de Officiis, i, 34, § 124. It is, therefore, the peculiar 
 duty of a magistrate to bear in mind that he represents the state, and that he ought, there- 
 fore, to maintain its dignity and glory, to preserve its constitution, to act by its laws, and to 
 remember that those things are committed to his fidelity. As to a private man and citizen, 
 his duty is to live upon a just and equal footing with his fellow-citizens, neither subordi- 
 nate and subservient nor domineering. In his sentiments of the public to be always for 
 peaceful and virtuous measures ; for such we are accustomed to imagine and describe a 
 virtuous citizen. Read: Peregrine autem atque incolae officium est, etc. Cicero, zii. § 125. 
 
 EST illud quidem vel m.aximum animo ipso anivium videro et nimiram. hanc habet vim prae- 
 ceptem Apollinis, quo monet ut se qui s que noscat . Non enim, credo, id praecipit, ut membra 
 nostra aut staturum Jiguramve noscamus : neque nos corpora sumus, nee ego tibi haec dicens corpori 
 tuodico. Quum igitur : Nosce te , dicit, hoc dicit: Nosce anim um tuum. Nam cordus 
 quidem quasi vas est aut aliquod animi receptaculum . ab animo tuo quidquid agitur, id agitur h 
 te. Cicero, Tuscul Disput. i, c. 22, § 52. It is, indeed, the most difficult thing imaginable, 
 to discern the soul by the soul. And this, doubtless, is the meaning of the precept of 
 Apollo, which advised everyone to know himself. For I do not apprehend the 
 meaning of the god to have been, that we should understand our members, our stature and 
 form ; for we are not merely bodies ; nor, when I say these things to you, am I address- 
 ing myself to your body: when, therefore, he says, "know yourself," he says this : 
 "Inform yourself of the nature of your soul;" for the body is but a kind 
 of vessel or receptacle of the soul, and whatever your soul does is your own act. Cited in 
 'PvYS.t^TiOV.V, de Jtir. Nat. et Gent. i\,c. /^,%i. Read: Nosce te- tpsum. 
 
 ESTipsi res augusta domi. There is to him needy circumstances at home. Trop: 
 ' His establishment is very low.' Cicero. Similar to the phrase : Est egentissimus in sud 
 re. He is much straightened in his circumstances, v. Pes angusta domi . 
 
 EST ipsorum legislatorum tanquam viva vox j rebus et non verbis legem imponi- 
 mus. [The voice, utterance or declaration] of legislators themselves is like 
 the living voice [/. e. the spoken word of an individual] ; we impose laws upon 
 things, not upon words. 10 Co. loib. 
 
 Statutes, ordinances, laws, are to be interpreted, like popular language, with reference 
 rather to the subject-matter, the substantial fact than mere verbal nicety. 
 
 792 
 
^s*-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Est. 
 
 EST JUS eham ielhcum fidesque piris jurandi saepn cum haste sei-vanda. Quod enim ita 
 juratum est, ul mens conciperel JieH oportere, id servandum est.- quod aliter, id si non fecerit 
 nullum est perjunum. Ut si praedonibus pactum pro capite precium non aituleris, nulla frans 
 est, ne si juratus qmdem id non feciris. Nam pirata nan est ex perduellum numera definitus, sed 
 communis hostis omnium. Chm hoc nee fides debet nee jus jurandum esse commune. Non 'enim 
 falsum jurare perfurare est, sed, quod EX ANIMI TUI sententia >ram, sicut verbis concipitur 
 more nostra, id non facere perjurium est. Scite enim Euripides : Juravi lingua , mentem 
 injuratum gera. Cicero, de Off. iii, 29, 107, 108. There are also rights of war, and 
 the faith of an oath is often kept with an enem)'. For that which is sworn, that the mind 
 conceives it ought to be done, that should be observed. What is otherwise, if you perform 
 it not, involves no perjury. Thus, if you should not pay a price for your life, agreed on 
 with robbers, it is no fraud if you shall not perform it, though bound by an oath. For a 
 pirate is not comprehended in the number of lawful enemies, but is the common foe of all 
 men. With such a man, neither should faith nor an oath be in common. For to swear what 
 is false is not always perjury ; but not to do that which you swear according to the 
 sentiment of your mind, — fx aramz ^az j-^K^f«/w, as it is expressed in words of our 
 law form, is perjur)'. For Euripides says well : "With my tongue have I sworn; 
 I bear an unsworn conscience." ci. Q%.o-llXi%, de Jure Belli ac Pac.\\,\'i,%%i, 
 3, 15 ; PUFENDORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iii, 6, § n. Read : Est jusjurandum affirmatio 
 religiasa. Cicero, ib. § 104 sq. 
 
 EST jus p ar ticular e ab alio legislatore quavt unperato, e constitututn. Dico 
 jus p arti culare , in quantum opponitur juri communi, non pr out est gentium 
 et naiurale, sed prout est jus civile Romanorum, populo Romano commune, et omni- 
 bus, qui illo populo parebant. Additur, ab alio legislatore, dim qui statuta 
 condit, recte et sua modo legislator appelletur, ut ipsa statuta leges dicuntur municip- 
 iorum. Et quideni, ab alio, quia regulariter statuta non condit imperator; 
 excipe, nisi municipibus jura det, statuta praescribat, secundum quae ipsi sua regant 
 municipia. Denique adjicitur, quam itnperatore, quod licet imperator solum- 
 ?nodo dicatur legislator, id tamen, non alio sensu obtineat, quam quod suis legibus tion 
 hunc aut ilium populum, verum omnes constingat, quos suae clementiae regit imperium. 
 Paul Voet, de Statut. A particular law is established by another legis- 
 lator than the emperor. I call it a particular law so far as it is opposed 
 to the common law, not according as it is of nations and natural, but according 
 as it is the law of the Romans, common to the Roman people and all who are 
 subject to (or obey) that people. It is added by another legislator, 
 since he who makes statutes may rightly, and in his own way, be called a legis- 
 lator, just as the statutes themselves are called the laws of municipalities. And 
 indeed, by another (ab alio), because the emperor does not regularly ((?/' 
 customarily) make the statutes, except unless he gives laws to the municipalities, 
 he prescribes the statutes according to which the municipalities themselves are 
 governed. Finally there is added, as by the emperor, because, although 
 only the emperor can be called the law-maker {legislator), this, however, obtains 
 in no other sense than that he binds by his laws not only this or that people, 
 but all whom the authority or sway of his clemency governs or controls. 
 Quoted in Story on Conjl. of Laws, § 12. 
 
 EST jus publicum quod ad statum reipublicae pertinct. The public law is that 
 which pertains to the state or condition of the republic. Bracton, fol. 3^. 
 This is a paraphrase of the Civil Law. o. Publicum jus est, quod ad statum, etc. 
 EST jusjurandum affirmatio religiasa. Quad autem affirmate quasi deo teste 
 promiseHs, id tenendum est. Jam enim non ad iram deorum, quae nulla est, sed ad justitiam et 
 ad fidem pertinet. Nam fraeclare Ennius : 
 
 '0 Fides alma apta pinnis e t jusj u randum J avis !' 
 Qui jus igitur jurandum vialat, is fidem violat. 'quam in Capitalia Vietnam Javzs 
 
 [too] 793 
 
Est.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 optimi maxiini,' ut in Catonis oratione est, ' majores nostri esse voluerunt.' Cicero, de Officiis, 
 iii, 2g, § 104. An oath is a religious affirmation. But what you solemnly 
 promise, as if the deity were witness, to that you ought to adhere. For it pertains now not 
 to the anger of the gods, which exist not, but to justice and fidelity. For well has Ennius 
 said •• 
 
 ''O holy Faith, winged, and the very oath of Jove." 
 He, then, who violates an oath, violates Faith, which our ancestors, as is recorded in 
 Cato's speech, wished to be in the Capitol, next to Jupiter, greatest and best. Quoted in 
 Grotius, de Jure, ii, 13, § I, s. 3.' 
 
 Read : Est jus etiam bellicum fidesque juris jurandi, etc. Cicero, ib, § 107. 
 
 EST le lieu, oh il a son principal establishment. (Domicile) is the place where 
 one has his principal establishment. Cod. Civ. art. 102. Quoted in Story 
 on Confl. of Laws, § 43. Read: Le dotnicile est le lieu, etc. 
 
 EST litus maris, quatinus hypernus fluctus maximus excurrit. Justinian. Lnst. 
 ii, I, § 3. The sea-shore extends as far as the greatest winter-flood runs 
 up. Angell on Tide Waters, 67, c. 3. 
 
 Litus pub licum est eatenus, qua maxime Jluctus exaestuat idemque juris est in lacu, 
 nisi in totus privatus est. Javolenus, Dig. L, it, fr. H2. Litus est, quousque maximus 
 Jluctus a mari pervenit ; idque Marcum Tullium aiunt quum arbiter esset, primum constituisse. 
 Celsus, Dig. L, 16, fr. 96. Celsus ascribes this definition to Cicero. " Wherever the 
 waves dashed " (qua fluctus eluderei). ClCERO rather ascribes the definition to .his colleague 
 A q u i 1 1 i u s . Cicero, Topica, vii, 32. 
 
 EST longe aliud tenere liberi, et aliud tenere per liberam servitium j quia quamvis 
 quis teneat per liberum servitium, twn tamen propter hoc tenet liberi, quia tene- 
 mentum quod conceditur villaiio, tenendum per liberum servitium, non facit villanum 
 liberum, nisi teneat liberi, non magis quam villenagium facit liberum hominem vil- 
 lanum, si liber homo teneat per villanus consuetudines j quia tenementum nihil confert 
 nee detrahit personae. It is one thing to hold freely, and a far different thing to 
 hold by free service ; because, though one may hold by free service, yet he does 
 not on this account hold freely ; because a tenement which is granted to a villein 
 to hold by free service does not make the villein a freeman, unless he hold freely, 
 any more than villeinage makes a freeman a villein if a freeman holds by .villein 
 customs; because the tenement neither adds to nor takes from the person. 
 Bracton; fol. 24^. v. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 13, § i. 
 
 Est maximi momenti et pouderis. Cicero, Vatin. iv. It is of the greatest import- 
 ance and weight. Quoted in i Story on Contr. § 622, n. 7. 
 
 EST nihil aliud praesumptio quam opinio ex probabili ratiocinatione concepta. 
 ViNNius, Jurisp. Contr. lib. iv, cap. 36. A presumption is nothing else 
 than an opinion of a probable case conceived through an exercise of the reason- 
 ing powers. V. 1 Best on Evid. § 299, note i. v. Praesumptio. 
 
 Est modus ill rebus; sunt certi denique fines, 
 Qiios ultra citrdque nequit consistere rectum. 
 
 Horace, Sat. i, i, 106. 
 There is a medium in all things ; there are, in fact, certain bounds, on either side of which 
 rectitude cannot exist. 
 
 The evil effects or malign influences of f ana ti cism , prompted by mothres positively good, are almost 
 equal to those which have sprung from confirmed vice. The 'golden mean' is wisely commended. 
 Plautus puts it : Jl/odus omnibus in rebus, optimum est hal>iiu. Plautus, /*(7^w. i, z, 29. 
 nar 7ap TO TToAi* TT o ^ e jii t o v T ^ (^ u 0- e t .= Every thing in excess is adverse to nature . Hippocrates. 
 Kal 7cip jcal jucAoToy to TrAeoi' ktrrl x A ^ .= For even honey in excess becomes gall. 
 " * * * For sure some difference lies 
 Between the very fool and very wise; 
 Some certain mean in all things may be found, 
 To mark our virtues, and our vices bound." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 794 
 
Est-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 P ST poena pecuniaria, stcui corporalis, et quaelibet poena corporalis, quamvis 
 
 L^ minima, major est qualibet poena pecuniaria. There is a money penalty, 
 
 just as a bodily punishment, and any corporeal punishment, however small, is 
 
 greater than a pecuniary penalty. Bracton, iii, c. 6, § i fin. fol. 105. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke drewfromthis: Minima poena corporalis est maim- qualibet pecu- 
 niaria. 2 Co. Inst. 220. J I c 
 
 ESTproprtum stultitiae aliorum cernere vitia, oblivisci suorum. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. iii, 30. 
 It is the peculiar characteristic of folly to perceive the vices of others but to forget its own. 
 V. PuFENDORF, dc Jure, viii, i,. 3, § 7. ' 
 
 EST qiiidem alia praesentatio, quae nominatur Heriettumj et quae nulla 
 comparationem habeat ad relevium, silicet, ubi tenens, liber vel servus, in morte 
 sud, dominium suum, de quo tenuerit respicit, de meliori averio suo, vel de secundo 
 meliori, secundiim diver sum locasum consuetudinem, quae quidem praestatio mag is 
 f it de gratia , quam de jure, et quae hereditatem non contingit. Br acton, 
 fol. 86. There is, indeed, another payment or giving, which is called H e r - 
 riot; and which has no comparison to relief {v. releviuni), namely : where 
 the tenant, whether a freeman or vassal, considers that upon his death the lord 
 of whom he holds is entitled to the best beast or the second best, according 
 to the custom of different places, which payment or tribute, indeed, is made 
 more out of favor, than of right, and does not relate to or touch 
 the inheritance, v. Fleta, lib. iii, c. 18 ; Bl. Com. ii, 424 ; Broom ^^ Had. Com. 
 ii, 608. 
 
 Bracton says : 'Magis Jit de gratid, cjuhm de jure; ' and yet in another place he observes 
 that where a freeman died suddenly and without a will, his lord was entitled to his 
 heriot {quod habeat suum herioth). Bracton, fol. bob. This right in the lord must have been 
 established by immemorial usage, cf. Bl. Com. ii, 424. 
 
 In England: Herriots are due in many places, according to custom, and are generally 
 compensated by a pecuniary fine. .5/. Cot«. ii, 424. v. Heriottum. 
 
 EST quidem injuria levis, et est atrox: atrocitas verb aestimatur ex ipso Jacto, ut 
 si quis fuerit mali vulneratus, verberatus, et mali tractatus contra pacem. 
 Item ex loco, si in curia domini regis, vel dominorum, si coram justiciariis, vel in 
 comitatu coratn vicecomite. Item si in theatre, in nundinis, vel in Joro, vel alibi 
 coram omni populo. Item locus vulneris, ut si fronte, vel in oculo magis quam in 
 loco secreto. Item ex prisona aestimatur injuria, ut si magistratibus, vel bellivis 
 fiat, parentibus, vel patronis. Item non soliim tenetur actione injuriarum, qui fecit 
 injuriam {hoc est ) qui percussit, sed ilk qui dole fecit, vel qui dolo percuravit, ut 
 alicui maxilla pugno percuteretur. Haec autem actio per dissimulationem aboletur. 
 Et ideh si quis injuriam passus, hoc statim ad animum non revocaverit, posted ex 
 poenitentia remissam injuriam per dissimulationem ad animum recolligere nonpoterit. 
 Bracton, iii, tr. 2, c. 36, § 4, fol. 155^. There is, indeed, a light injury, and there 
 is an atrocious injury : but the atrocity is estimated from the act itself, as if a 
 person has been badly wounded, beaten or ill treated contrary to the peace. 
 Likewise according to the place, if in the court of the lord the king or of lords, 
 if before the Justices, or in the county before the viscount. Likewise if m the 
 theatre, in the fair, or in the market, or elsewhere before the public. Likewise 
 the place of the wound, as if it be on the forehead or in the eye, rather than m 
 a hidden part. Likewise the injury is estimated according to the persons, as if 
 it be done to magistrates or to bailiffs, to parents or to patrons. Likewise not 
 merely he who has done the injury, that is who has struck the blow, is hable to 
 
 795 
 
Est] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 an action for injury, but he who did it by deceit, that a person's cheek should 
 be struck with a fist. But this right of action is abolished by dissimulation. 
 And therefore if a person who has suffered an injury has not recalled it to mem- 
 ory at once, he shall not be able to recall to mind on repentance an injury once 
 remitted by dissimulation. 
 
 Read; Est autem atrox injuria, ct est levis, etc. Bracton, fol . loi^. 
 
 The Civilians defined these terms. Read: Atrox etseq. 
 
 EST quidem vera lex recte ratio; naturae congruens, diffusa in omnes, constans, sempitema, 
 quae vocet ad officium jubendo^ veiando a fraude deterreatj quae tamen neque probos frustra jubet 
 out vetal r.ec improbos jubendo aut vetando movet. Hinc legi nee abrogandi fas est neque derogari 
 ex liac aliquid licet neque tola abrogari potest, nee vero aut per Senatum and per populum solvi hac 
 lege posstimus, neque est quaerendus explanator aut interpres ejus alius, nee erit alia lex Romae 
 alia Athenis alia nunc, alia posthae, sed et omnes gentes et omni tempore una lex et sempitema 
 et iviviutabilis continebit unusque erit communis quasi magister et imperatof omnium deus; ille 
 legis hujus inventor, disceptator, later, cui qui non parebit, ipse se fugiet ac naturam hominis 
 aspematus hoc ipso luet maximas poenas, eiiam si caetera supplicia, quae putantur, effugerit. 
 Cicero, de Republica, iii, 22 ; ap. Lactantius, Inst. Div. lib. vi, cap. 8. True law is right 
 reason, conformable to nature, universally diffused, unchangeable, eternal, which calls us to 
 our duty by commanding it (ot" whose commands urge us to duty), and whose prohibitions 
 restrain us from evil. Whether it enjoins or forbids, the good respect its injunctions and 
 the wicked treat them with indifference. This law cannot be contradicted by any other law, 
 and is not liable either to derogation or abrogation. Neither the Senate nor the people can 
 give us .iny dispensation for not obeying this universal law of justice. It needs no other 
 expositor and interpreter than our own conscience. It is not one law at Rome and another 
 at Athens; one thing to-day, and another to-morrow ; but in all times and nations this 
 universal law must for ever reign, eternal and imperishable. It is the sovereign master and 
 emperor of all beings. God himself is its author, its promulgator, its enforcer. And he 
 who does not obey it flies from himself, and does violence to the very nature of man. And 
 by so doing he will endure the severest penalties even if he avoid the other evils which are 
 usually accounted punishments, v. Grotius, de Jure Belli ac Pace, i, c. i, § 10; PuFEN- 
 DORF, de Jure Nat. et Gent, ii, c. 3, § 20 ; Kent's Com. iii, i. Read: Hanc igitur video, etc. 
 
 Est rosa flos Veneris; quo dvZcia fuiie later ent, 
 
 Harpocrati matris dona dicdvit Amor. 
 
 Inde rosam mensis hospes suspendit amicis, 
 
 Convii'ae ut sub ed dicta tacenda scianf. 
 The rose is the flower of V e n u s ; in order that his sweet thefts might be concealed, 
 Love dedicated this gift of his mother to Harpocrates. Hence it is that the host 
 hangs it up over his friendly board, that the guests may know how to keep silence upon 
 what is said beneath it. 
 
 Harpocrates (Gr. 'Apn-oKpares), the god of silence, represented with his finger on his mouth; accord- 
 ing to others: a Greek philosopher, who enjoined silence respecting the nature of the gods. Varro, ite 
 Ling. Latina, .. lo, 17, § 57, Mull. Hence the familiar expression, ' It was said under the rose,* or 
 ' Suh rosa. ' 
 
 EST quiddam perfcctius in rebus licitis. There is something more perfect in 
 things allowed. Hobart, 159. 
 EST Sen atari necessarium tiosse rcmpublicam; idque late patetj genus 
 hoc omne scientiae, diligentiac, memoriae est; sine quo paratus esse Senator 
 nulla pacto potest. Cicero, de Legg. iii, 18, 4r. It is necessary for a Senator to 
 be acquainted with the general state of the republic ; and this is a subject of 
 very extensive application, since it comprehends a knowledge of science, dili- 
 gence and reflection ; without which a Senator cannot possibly be fit for his 
 office. Bl. Com. I, 6 ; Broom c^- Had. Cam. i, 5, n. (</). v. Concilium Reipub- 
 licae Sempiternum. Read : Causas populi texeto, etc. 
 796 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Vtdendum est primh quid fit traditio, et 
 
 EST tradtttq de re corporali propria vel aliena, de persona in personam de 
 manu propria vel aliena, sicut procuratoria, dum tamen de voluntate domini, 
 in alterius manum gratuita translatio. Et nihil aliud est traditio, in uno sensu, 
 nisi in possessionem inductio de re corporali, ideo dicitur quod res incorporalis non 
 patitur traditionem; sicut ipsum Jus quod rei sive corpori inhaeretj et quia non 
 possunt res incorporates possideri sed quasi, ideo traditionem non patiuntur sed quasi 
 nee adquiruntur nee retinentur nisi per patientiam et usum. Let us see in the first 
 place what is delivery. Delivery is the voluntary transfer of one's own or 
 another's corporeal thing from person to person, out of one's own hand or from 
 any other's (as of an attorney's if with the consent of the principal) into the 
 hands of another person. And delivery is nothing else, in one sense, than the 
 induction into possession of a corporeal thing, so called because an incorporeal 
 thing does not admit of delivery; such as the right itself which inheres in the 
 thing or subject \corpus\; and because incorporeal things cannot be possessed, 
 but as it were, therefore they do not admit of delivery, but as it were, 
 nor are they acquired or retained except by sufferance and use. Bracton, fol. 39/J. 
 Sir Wm. Blackstone extracted from this the passage: Traditio nihil aliud est quam 
 rei corporalis, etc. (Com. ii, 317), to illustrate the difference of things which lie in livery, 
 «. c. res corporales, and things which lie in grant, i. c. res incorporates. 
 
 EST un maxime en nostre ley 'parols pout pie.' — L. Fr. It is a maxim 
 in our law 'words make the plea.' Yelverton, Arg. Yearb. M. 
 19 Hen. VI. 48. V. 5 Mod. 458; Sir H. Spelman, Arg. 2 How. St. Tr. 1178. 
 
 EST vis armata, non solum si quis venerit cum talis, verum etiam omnes illos 
 dicimus armatos, qui habent quo nocere possunt. That is armed force 
 not only where one comes with weapons, but we call all those armed .who have 
 any thing with which they can hurt. Bracton, fol. 162, § 7, pr. 
 
 V. Telorum appellatione, etc., and Telortim autem appellatione omnia in quibus, etc. 
 
 EST vis compulsiva quae aliquando metum inducit, ubi scilicet quis ahum 
 in carcere et in vinculis detinuerit, vel evaginatio gladio, computerit ad aliquid 
 dandum vel faciendum contra ipsius voluntatem. Compulsive force is that 
 which sometimes induces fear, as, for instance, where one detains another in 
 prison and in chains, or, drawing a sword, compels him to give or do something 
 against his will. Bracton, fol. ' 162, § 2 /«. Read: Vis, etc. 
 
 EST wayvium quod nullus advocat. A waif is that which no one claims. 
 Bracton, fol. ■L2<,b; Fleta, lib. i, c. 27, § 13. 
 Estate — L. Fr. and Eng. [L. Fr. estat, + Lat. status, + sto, stare, q. v.] (a.) The con- 
 dition or circumstances in which the owner stands lstatus\ with regard to his property. Co. 
 Liu 345 ■ Jil Com. ii, 103 ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. 2, § 942- The interest which one has in 
 Unds, tenements, hereditaments. Bl. Com. ii, 103 ; Preston on Estates, 20. (6.) The prop- 
 erty \x^€^i {corpus-) in which one has an interest; .. g. real e s tat e-cons.st.ng of lands 
 [vxRev. Stat. N. Y. [387] § 2); also lands, tenements and hered ■ tarn en t s {^d 
 r7^ol S 10)- and personal es t a te-consisting of goods, chattels, personal property - 
 which terrn'includes all subjects of property not of a freehold nature ^-';^--'. ^4°; 
 Hence the proper qualifying words ' p e rson al ' or • real e state , as the case maj 
 
 rpnuire Dewev, T., 4 Metcalf's R- 178- . 
 
 Tu . Z. .«t,,P is of extensive import and application, being nomen gcneraltssimum, 
 
Est] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Wayne, J., ii Howard's R. 358 ; Kent, C, 16 Johns. R. 587', Dewey, J., 4 MeUalf's R. 
 178, 180. When used in wills the term estate depends, in its import, essentially upon its 
 association with other expressions. Cases, supra; also 2 Powell on Devises (by Jarman), 158, 
 ch. X ; 2 Jarman on Wills, 581 (132 Perkins' ed. notes) et seq.; i Hilliard's Real Prop. 614. 
 
 Estate in vadio. — L- Lat. An estate in gage or pledge. Bl. Com. ii, 157. v. Mortuum 
 vadium. 
 
 Estate pur autre vie. — L- Fr. Estate for another's life, i. e. an estate in lands which 
 one holds for the life of another. Litt. § 56 ; Bl. Com. ii, 120. 
 
 Esterling. L. Lat. Esterlingus. Sterling. A standard of coin. Good money (moneta 
 proha) as distinguished from base coin (reproba). Spelman. Standard silver money. Art. 
 Sup. Chart, c. 20. Lawful money in general. Spelman. As to the origin of the term, v. 2 
 Co. Inst. 575 ; Bl. Com. i, 278, note; 2 How. St. Trials, \'2.'2,. 
 
 Esto, y«'. imper. -\- sum, esse, fui. Thou shalt be; he shall be ; let him or it be. In 
 putting a case: Beit; suppose; suppose it to be. .W«/a, iii, 9, § 24 ; c. 10, § i. 
 
 ESTO consentiens adversaria tiio cito, dum es in vice ciim eoj ne 
 forte tradat te adversarius judici, et judex tradat te ministro, et in carcerem 
 mittaris. Matthew, v, 25. Agree with thine adversary quickly, whilst thou 
 art in the way with him ; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the 
 judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison. 
 V. Imparlance; Lex XII. Tab. 
 
 Esto bonus miles, tutor bonus, arbiter idem 
 
 Integer: ambiguae si quando eitabere testis 
 
 Incertaeque rei, Fhalaris licet imperet ut sis 
 
 Falsus, et admoto dictet perjuria tauro, 
 
 Summum crede nefas animam, praeferre pudori, 
 
 Et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas, 
 
 Digntis morte peril, — Juvenal, Sat. viii, 79-86. 
 Prove yourself a good soldier, a faithful guardian, an incorruptible judge. If ever you 
 shall be summoned as a witness in a doubtful and uncertain cause, though Phalaris him- 
 self command you to turn liar, and dictate the perjuries with his bull placed before your 
 eyes, deem it to be the summit of impietyto prefer existence to honor, 
 and for the sake of life to sacrifice life's only end ! He that deserves to die is dead. 
 
 Phalaris was one of the most cruel of all the Sicilian tyrants; to flatter whose cruelty Perillus 
 invented a brazen bull wherein he inclosed people and roasted them alive, and their cries were not unlike the 
 bellowings of an ox; but the tyrant had the justice to reward the artisan as he deserved by making him first 
 try the experiment. 
 
 " Be brave, be just; and when your country's laws 
 
 Call to witness in a dubious cause, 
 
 Though Phalaris plant his bull before your eye, 
 
 And, frowning, dictate to your lips the .lie, 
 
 Think it a crime no tears can e'er efface. 
 
 To purchase safety with compliance base, 
 
 At honor's cost a feverish span extend. 
 
 And sacrifice for life, life's only end! 
 
 Life! 'tis not life — who merits death is dead." 
 
 Mr. William Gifford, viii, iig-127. 
 v. PuFENDORF, de Jjtre Nat. et Gent, ii, c. 6, § 2. 
 
 " Be a good soldier, or upright trustee. 
 
 An arbitrator from corruption free, 
 
 And if a witness in a doubtful cause. 
 
 Where a brib'd judge means to elude the laws ; 
 
 Tho' Phalaris his brazen bull were there, 
 
 And he would dictate what he'd have you swear. 
 
 Be not so profligate, but rather choose 
 
 To guard your honor, and your life to lose. 
 
 Rather than let your virtue be betrayed ; 
 
 Virtue, the noble cause for which you're made. 
 
 Improperly we measure life by breath; 
 
 Such do not truly live who merit death." 
 
 Mr. G. Stepnt, of Trinity College in Cambridge. 
 
 798 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Esto perpetua.— Motto. Be thou perpetual. "May this institution be perma- 
 nent.'' Broom &" Had. Com. i, 172. 
 
 Esto quod esse videHs.— L a t . P r o v . Be what you seem to be. 
 
 Estop. L. Fr. Estopper, estoppare, to hinder. = L. Lat. Oppilare, ol/stare, obstipare. To 
 stop, bar, impede ; to prevent, preclude. Co. Liit. 352a. To stop or obstruct. " Estopping 
 a river.'' 3 Leonard, 174. 
 
 Estoppel, [+ L- Fr. estop -\- estopper or estoupir. = Lat. oppilare, to stop up, shut up ; 
 or obstare, to stand before or against, or. in the way of a person or thing ; to thwart, hinder, 
 oppose, obstruct.] In general: An impediment or bar by which a man is precluded in 
 law from alleging or denying a fact, in consequence of his own previous act, deed, allega- 
 tion or denial, to the contrary. Stephens' PI. 196. A conclusive act or admission of a party, 
 which cannot be denied or controverted, whereby he is estopped from alleging against it by 
 way of answer to an action, or by way of proof. 
 
 In Practice: An estoppel is a special plea in bar ; which happens where a man hath 
 done some act, or executed some deed, which estops or precludes him from averring any 
 thing to the contrarj'. Bl. Com. iii, 308. 
 
 In Pleading: A plea, replication or other pleading which, without confessing or 
 denying the matter of fact adversely alleged, relies merely on some matter of estoppel as a 
 ground for excluding the opposite party from the allegation of the fact. Stephens' PI. 219. 
 
 It is called an estoppel "because a man's own act or acceptance estoppeth or 
 closeth his rnouth to allege or plead the truth." Co. Litt. 3520. cf. 2 Smith's L. C. [581] 
 635 ■!■?•/ 2 Best on Evid. § 533; 2 Parsons on Conir. 787. ''Estoppel is where one is 
 concluded and forbidden in law to speak against his own act or deed ; yea, though it be 
 to say the truth." Termes de la Ley. In every estoppel privity is required, for it ought 
 to be reciprocal, viz., ought to bind both parties; and therefore (regularly) a stranger shall 
 neither take advantage nor be bound by an estoppel. But privies in blood, as the 
 heir; privies in estate, as the feoffee, lessee, etc. ; privies in law, as the lord by 
 escheat, tenant by the courtesy, tenant in dower, the incumbent of a benefice, and others that 
 come under by act of law, or in 'Cae. post, shall be bound and take advantage of estoppel, etc. 
 Wingate's Max. 55, § 74, citing I Co. Inst. 352, a. 
 
 Estoppel is of three kinds : (a.) By matter of record. A record generally con- 
 cludes the parties thereto and their privies, whether in blood, in law or by estate. Bl. Com. 
 ii, 465, note, (ft.) By deed. A man shall always be estopped by his own deed, or 
 not permitted to aver or prove any thing in contradiction to what he has once so solemnly 
 and deliberately allowed. Bl. Com. ii, 295. The general doctrine is that an indenture estops 
 all who are parties to it, while a deed-poll only estops the party who executes it, since it is 
 his sole language and act. Shep. Touch. 53. (C.) In pais ; e. g. a tenant cannot dispute 
 his landlord's title. Broom on C. L. 430, notes {k) and (/); 531, note («)y 842, note {e); 
 Broom's Max. 288. As to these several kinds, cf. the authorities, infra. 
 
 The mode of raising the defense of estoppel by deed is by pleading it if there be 
 an opportunity (per Lord Campbell, C. J., i ^5. 6^.5. 512 ; B.C.L.H^{e); by demur- 
 rer where the estoppel appears on the face of the record; or by e vi den ce , in other 
 case's — as where the proceedings took place in a county court. 8 Exch. 392 ; 11 C. B. 732. 
 
 The doctrine of estoppel has been guarded with great strictness, not because the party 
 enforcing it necessarily wishes to exclude the truth, for it is rather to be supposed that that 
 is true which the opposite party has already recited under his hand and seal but because 
 the estoppel may exclude the truth. Per Lord Denman C. J., 2 Ad (^ El. 289. It is, 
 therefore a recognized rule that estoppel must be certain (10 C. B. 35); that ^ Pleaby way 
 be certain to every intent — which seems to amount to this,— that it 
 
 
 Litt. jiiia; Com. Dig. 'Estopp 
 
 787- 
 
 Best on Evid. t;^ 532 ^'IJ- „ 
 
Est.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Est. 
 
 Estoppel in pais. Lit. Estoppel in the country, v. In pais. 
 
 An estoppel by matter that is neither a record nor a deed, but by acts of notoriet)'; c. g. 
 as livery, entrj-, acceptance of rent, etc. Co. Litt. 352<7/ Kent's Com. iv. 
 
 Where a man has accepted rent of another, he will be estopped from afterward denying, 
 in any action with that person, that he was, at the time of such acceptance, his tenant. 2 
 Smith's Lead. Cas. Duchess of Kingston's case, [6ll] 693 ; 4 Man: &• Gr. 209 ; 3 Hill's (N. 
 Y.)^. 215, 220. A tenant is said to be estopped from denying his landlord's title. 4 
 H. <y N. 754, 755 ; s. c. 6 id. 135 ; 7 id. 602 ; 2 C. B. N. S. 768 ; 11 Exc/i. 769. As to an 
 agent in the subject-matter of the agency. Story on Agency, § . cf. Kent's Com. iv, 261, 
 and cases in note {b); Broom on C. L. 430, and cases in notes (/i) and (/). As to admissions 
 made by a party, v. 8 Wend. R. 480. 
 
 Estoveria. — L. Lat. [//an -|- estoverium, an estover, -j- L. Fr. estouver or estoffer, to 
 furnish, supply.] Estovers ; an allowance out of an estate for one's nourishment, mainte- 
 nance, support. 
 
 Such sustenance as a man, taken for felony, is to have out of his lands or goods for him- 
 self and his familj' during his imprisonment. Bracton, fols. 136*, 137 ; Fleta, i, 26, S 2. An 
 allowance in meat or clothing (/« -';V/« et vestuti'). Stat. 6 Edward I c. 3. An allowance 
 (quasi, alimony') granted to a woman divorced a mensa et thoro, for her support out of her 
 husband's estate. Bl. Com. \, 441. An allowance of wood made to a tenant in dower for 
 repairs, fuel and fencing. Rationahili ^rrt) estoverium capere possit in boscis ad aedificandum, 
 ardendum, claudenduvi. Bracton, fol. 315. Certain allowances of necessary wood to be taken 
 out of another man's wood. Stat. Westm. II. c. 15, An. 13 E. I. cf. Broom &• Had. Com. 
 ii, 22, 23, 234, 282. 
 
 The name estovers comprehends house-bote, fire-bote, ludge-bote SLni plow-bote ; and if 
 anj' one hath in his grant these general words, reasonable estovers in the woods, 
 etc., he may thereby claim those three. Stat. Westm. part 2, tit. 'Fines,' § 26. d. Bl. 
 Com. ii, 35, and Cooler's note (17); Kent's Com. iv, 73 ; Termes de la Ley; Broom &' Had. 
 Com. ii, 22, 23, 234, 2S2. 
 
 Estoveria de COnunimL — L- Lat. Estovers of common. 2 Smith's L. C. [426] 485. 
 
 ESTOVERIA sunt aedificandi, ardendi, arundi, construandi, et claudendi. 
 Estovers are for building, burning, plowing, constructing and enclos- 
 ing. 13 Co. 68 ; Co. Litt. ^\b ; Stat. Westm. II. c. 25. cf. JBracton, fol. 315. 
 
 Libertas habendi rationabile estoverium in bosco patroni, sicut ad house-iote, hey-bote, et ad 
 ardendum et hujusmodi. Bracton, fol. 40S. 
 
 EstOVeris habendiS, ''• Bre-.c de estoveris habendis. Bl. Com. i, 441. 
 
 EstOVeriimi ardendi. Estovers of firewood ; fire-bote. 
 
 Estovers of wood granted to be burned in such an house shall go to him that hath the 
 house, by whatsoever title he hath it ; for one is inseparably incident to the other. Win- 
 gjte's Max. 41, § 55, citing 12 Eliz. 3S1 ; Fituh's Law, 15. 
 
 Estraye, Estrayeur. — L. Fr. = L. Lat. Extmhura. Anj- thing out of its place, especi- 
 ally a domestic animal that has escaped from its owner, and strays about. 
 
 Pecus T.igans, quod nuilus petit, sequitur, vel advocat. Fleta, lib. i, c. 43 ; Bl. Com. i, 297, 
 29S. Pecus quod, elapsum a custode, campos pererrat, ignoto domino. Spelman, voc. 'Extra- 
 hum.' cf. Bl. Com. Ii, 14 ; Kent's Com. ii, 359. The doctrine of estrays applies only to 
 animals domitiae naturae. Steph. Com. iii, 554. 
 
 Estrepamentum. — L. Lat. [-|- Fr. estreper or estrepier, to mutilate, damage, destroy, -{- 
 Lat. extirpare, to pluck up by the stem or root; to root up. destroy.] Estrepement; injury 
 done by a tenant for life upon land or woods a destructive kind of waste (^rji-iuj vasti 
 i^enus) committed by a tenant for life or years on lands, woods, houses. . . Bl. Com. iii, 225 ; 
 Kent's Com. iv, 77, 7S. 
 
 ESTREPAMENTL'M est quasi extirpamentttm : e.xtirpare. Estrepement is 
 the same as extirpment : to root out, or raze to the foundation ; to destroy 
 utterly. Spdmaii. :-. Breve de estrepameiito. 
 
 Estrepament pendente lite. Estrepement or waste during the pendent}' of the suit. 
 2 Ston's Eq. |§ 9^10. 
 
 In old English Common Law: In real actions depending, as /'i>rr«/<i'i7n, rf«w 
 fuit infra aetatem, — writ of ri^ht, or the like, the demandant shall ha\-e a writ of estrepement, 
 to inhibit the tenant from committing waste or estrepement, hanging the suit ; the like writ 
 may also be had after judgment, and before execution, v. Sn.'ule of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I. 
 cap. 13. It lieth also in an action of waste ; and the words of the writ are : riti p-ieripi- 
 
 800 
 
^*'^ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et adv. 
 
 inUif. cusso. Mi.. N. rZ^'mnZ^TZl ^f/" V^^'^^f/: «"« ff fende„te placito praed. 
 To prevent any further waste a wrTnf w f / ,? u' ■'''""^ ^ Co. 115, Foliamb's case, 
 as well before IaI..Z Jfl'^. r^'l'°[''"^'ff'?'"' ''^'^ in an action of waste at anv time. 
 
 as well before iudement as after iuLr^.r:, aZT " ■ " '''^"°" °' "'^^'^ =" any time, 
 .:.: „ juuguu;ii(, as alter judgment and before exerntinn WAV^^/v„ n^ 0/ c ^ '. 
 
 27. 
 
 citinir c ro ttc-'a ;;; c I-' ,,—-' J'^'^Sment and before execution. IVinzate's Max i&i % jr.'- 
 cumg 5 C. 115*, ,n Fohamb's case. The writ was abolished by Stat 3 and 4 WiU IV. c. 27.' 
 
 anfthrL V^ A .^^ """'■ I" ?-■■'-"•" ^ («.) And indeed, and moreover, 
 and that too. 6.) As, than, (c.) When, and then, (d.) Now, but. (e.) And in fact ani 
 .ndeed, and truly, and so. (/.) And so too, and also; too, also, likewise. PartitTvely 
 et . et It serves, like the Gr. nai . . . . nal ox rs ncci to connect two ideas. = E n gl i s h ^ 
 Both .... and; as well ....as; not only .... but also. 
 
 ET ad ea quae frequenlius occurrunt. And respecting those things which 
 more frequently happen, v. Ad ea quae frequenlius accidunt jura adaptantur 
 
 ET ad et cum quolibet eorum. And to and with all and every of them. 1. Parsons 
 on tontr. 23, note, citing Sligsby's case, 5 Co. lib el al. 
 
 PT adeb contra Quinti Mutii sententiam obtinuit, ut illud quoque constituent 
 i^ posse convenire, ut guts 'lucri partem ferat, damno non te7ieatur j quod et ipsum 
 Servius convenienter sibi existimavit. Quod tamen ita intelligi oportet, ut si in aliqud 
 re lucrum, in aliqud damnum allatum sit, compensatione facta solum quod superest 
 tntelligatur lucri esse. Justinian, fnst. iii, 25, § 2. And, indeed, contrary to 
 the opinion of Quintus Mutius, it hath obtained as law, and it is admitted 
 that by special agreement a partner may take a share of the profit, and yet not 
 be accountable for the loss ; which Servius himself also thought might be done 
 consistently. Yet this must be so understood, that if profit may accrue from 
 one transaction, and loss from another, only the net profit, after compensation 
 is made [the accounts balanced], shall be considered or reckoned as profit, cf. 
 Gaius, fnst. iii, § 149 ; Paulus, Dig. xvii, 2,/r. 30. Mucius scribet non posse 
 societatem coiri, etc.; Story on Partn. § 20. 
 
 ET advertendum, quod Doctor es pessimi intelligunt, L. si fundus de evicti j quia 
 putant ruditer et indistinctl, quod debeat ibi inspici locus et consuetudo, ubi fit 
 contractus, et sic jus in loco contractus. Quod est falsum ; quinimh jus est in tacita 
 et verisiiniliter mente contrahentium. Dumoulin. And it is to be observed that 
 the Doctors (learned men) are quite wrong in their understanding of the law, if 
 concerning land evicted ; because they rudely and indiscriminately consider or 
 judge that the place and custom where the contract is made ought to be looked 
 at, and that thus the law is that of the place of the contract. This is false ; 
 indeed the law is assumed as a matter of course, and in very like manner in the 
 mind of the contracting parties. Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, § 479/^. 
 Dumoulin explains himself thus ; Aut statutum loquitur de his, quae concernunt nudam 
 ordinationem vel solemnitatini actus; et semper inspicitur statutum vel consuetudo, ubi actus cele- 
 bratur, sive in contractibus , sive in judiciis, sive in teslamentis , sive in instrumentis, aut aliis 
 conficiendis . Aut statutum loquitur de his , quae merituin scilicet causae vel decisionem concern- 
 unt ; et tunc aut in his, quae pendent h voluntate partium, vel per eas immutari possunt, et tunc 
 inspiciuntur, circumstantlae voluntatis quarum, una est statutum loci, in quo contrahitur, et 
 domicilii contrahentium antiqui vel recentis, et similes circumstantlae. 
 
 Either the statute speaks of things which concern the mere ordination or solemnization 
 (arrangement or formality) of the act ; and the statute or custom of the place where the act 
 is celebrated (published or proclaimed) is always regarded either in contracts, or in judg- 
 ments, or in testaments, or in instruments, or in other matters to be accomplished. Or the 
 statute speaks of things which belong to the merits of the case, say, or the decision; and 
 then either it answers those things which depend on the will of the parties, and then we look 
 to the circumstances of the will, one of which is the law of the place in which the contract is 
 made, and of the old and recent domicile, and like circumstances. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Quoted in Story, supra, § 479'^- 
 
 [loi] 801 
 
Etadj.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et ani. 
 
 Et adjournatur (or adjomatur). — L. Lat. And it is adjourned. 
 
 In the old reports: This occurs where the argument of a cause was adjourned, or 
 where a second argument was had. Yearb. T. 3 Edw. III. 37 ; Cro. Eliz. 180; T. Raym. 55 ; 
 Hardr. 68 ; i Keb. 692, 754. u. Adjournatur. 
 
 Et al. Abbr. of Et alius or alium. — Lat. And another. Et als, Abbr. of Et alios. 
 And others. 
 
 Et alia enormia, — L. Lat. And other great wrongs. Et alia enormia eiintulit, etc., — 
 and other wrongs to him (the plaintiff) then and there did, etc. Reg. Orig. 92^, 93 ; Towns. 
 PI. 420, 421 ; I Chitty's PI. 397, 398. 
 
 Et alii h COntta. — L. Lat. And others on the other side. Yearb. P. Edw. II. Et alii 
 ^ contra, et sic ad patriam, — and others on the other side, and so to the country. Yearb. T. 
 3 Edw. III. 4. These phrases were used in describing a joinder in issue. 
 
 Et alii non venerunt, ideo respectuentur. — L. Lat. And the others do not appear, 
 
 therefore they are respited. 
 
 ET an eadem causa petendi, et eadem conditio personarum . quae nisi omnia con- 
 current, alia res est. Paulus, Dig. xliv, 2, /;-. 14. And whether in the 
 same cause pending, and the same condition of persons ; unless all those things 
 concur it is another matter. Quoted in 2 Smith's L. C. [596], 671. 
 
 Read it in Quum quaeritur, haec exceptio noceat, necue, inspiciendum, est, etc. Paulus, 
 supra. V. Res judicata, etc. 
 
 ET animadvertendum, quod Doctores pessimi intelligunt, d. I. quia putant ruditer 
 et indistincti quod debeat ibi inspici locus et consuetudo, ibi fit contractus, et sic 
 jus in loco contractus. Quod est falsum j quinimo jus est i?i tacita et verisimiliter 
 mente contrahentium. Dumoulin. And it is to be remarked that the jurists are 
 very wrong in their understanding of the said law, because from ignorance and 
 confusion they think that the law and custom of the place where the contract is 
 made are to be looked at, and that thus the law is that of the place of the con- 
 tract. This is wrong ; nay the law is assumed, and likely in the mind of the 
 contracting parties. Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, § 274a. 
 
 Dumoulin illustrates the subject thus : Fac, civem Tubingenseni perigr} euntem per urbem 
 Italiae, vendere ibi domum suam Tubingae vel A ugustae, an teneatur dare duos fide jussores 
 evictionis, et de duplo, prout probat statutum loci contractus. Et omnes dicunt, quod sic, in quo 
 errant, non intelligentes praxim, et hie non perspicientes mentem d. I. quae est practice. Ideh 
 contrarium dicendum; quia venditor non est subditus statutis Italiae, et statutum illud non con- 
 cemit rem, sed personam, et sic non potest ligare exteros, qui non consentur sese obligare ad statu- 
 tum, quod ineunt. Ideh non ienetur cavere, nisi secundkm morem sui domicilii, vel secundum jus 
 commune; nee veriim est, quod istud statutum concernat solemnitatem et modum contrahendi. 
 Quinimb respicit effectum, jneritum, et decisionem, et dicta lex malh allegatur ad materiam primae 
 conclusionis . Faciamus civem Tubingensem hie vendere vicino domum Genevae, vel Tuguri 
 sitam, ubi sit statutum, quod venditor fundi tenetur de duplo cavere, per duos idoneos cives, ne 
 teneantur litigare extra forum suum. Iste est proprius casus et verus, intellectus, d. I. in qu& 
 dicitur: Venditorem teneri cavere secundum consuetudinem loci contractus; quod est intelligendum 
 non de loco contractus fortuiti, sed domicilii, prout crebrius usuvenit, immobilia non vendi peregri, 
 sed in loco domicilii. Lex a tit em debet adaptari ad casus vel hypotheses, quae 
 solent frequenter accidere : nee extendi ad casus rarh accidente s . Sal- 
 tem quando contrarium apparet de rati one diversitatis, vel quando seq - 
 ueretur captio ingerentis. Quia quA ratione dicta lex, excludit externum locum situs 
 rei, in quo contrahentes non habent domiciliuvi; multh fortius excluditur locus fortuitus con- 
 tractus, in quo partes peregrk transeunt. Patet : Quia quis censetur potius contrahere in loco, in 
 quo debet solvere, quam in loco, ubi fortuith transiens contrahit. Sed hie venditor eo ipso se obligat, 
 solutionem et traditionem realem, per se, vel per alium, facere in loco, in quo fundus situs est : 
 ergo ibi contraxisse censetur. Et tamen in dubio non attenditur consuetudo loci contractus. Quia 
 venditor illi Tion subest, nee ejus «otitia?n habere praesumitur, ergo multo minus consuetudo loci 
 fortuiti, quam magis ignorat. DuMOULIN. 
 
 Suppose a citizen of Tubinga, traveling abroad in an Italian city, sells while there his 
 house at Tubinga or Augusta, is he obliged to give two sureties of eviction and in 
 double the amount, as the law of the place of the contract demands ? All say yes ; wherein 
 802 
 
^*^ss.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et cum. 
 
 they err, not understanding the practice and here not perceiving the purpose of the said law 
 which is practical. So the contrary is to be said ; because the vendor is not subject to the 
 laws of Italy, and that law does not concern realty, but the person, and so cannot bind 
 strangers, who are not deemed to bind themselves, to the law because they go there. So he 
 is not obliged to give security save according to the custom of his domicile or the common 
 law ; and it is not true that this law concerns the solemnity and mode of contracting. Nay, 
 it regards the effect, merit and decision, and the said law gives no support to the first con- 
 clusion. Let us suppose a citizen of Tubinga sells to a neighbor here his house at 
 Geneva or Zurich, where there is a law that the seller is obliged to give security in 
 double with two sufficient sureties, citizens, that they were prevented from entering into liti- 
 gation outside their own jurisdiction. This is the proper case and real meaning of the said 
 law, in which it is said : That the seller is bound to give security according to the law of the 
 place of the contract ; which must be understood not of the chance place of the contract, 
 but of the domicile, as it more usually happens that immovable property is not sold while 
 one is abroad, but in the place of the domicile. The law ought to be adapted to 
 cases or suppositions which often arise, and not extended to such as 
 seldom occur; at least where the contrary is clear from the reason 
 of the difference, or when a fraud of the person acting would follow. 
 Because the reason given why said law excludes the foreign place of the situs of the thing, 
 where the contracting parties have no domicile, has a much stronger application to the chance 
 place of the contract, where the parties are traveling abroad. It is clear, because a person 
 is deemed rather to contract in the place where he is to pay than in the place where, while 
 passing by chance, he makes the contract. But this vendor binds himself to make perform- 
 ance and real deliver)' by himself or another in the place where the estate is ; therefore he is 
 deemed to have contracted there. And, however, in a doubt the law of the place of the 
 contract is not considered. The seller is not subject to it, and is not presumed to have a 
 knowledge of it, therefore much less does the law of a chance place of which he is more 
 ignorant bind him. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 274a. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Et assignatis suis, et cum quolibet, et qualibet eorum. And to their assigns, and 
 
 with all and any as you please of them. 5 Co. 18^, Sligsby's case ; Wingate's Max. 64, § 22. 
 
 Et COS saints. — L- Fr- = L- L^t. Et haec sancta. And these holy (things, i. e. gospels). 
 The conclusion of the ancient form of an oath. Fleta. 
 
 Sometimes, though improperly, rendered "And the saints." 
 
 Et cetera or Et caetera.— Lat. And the rest ; and other things. Justin. Inst, ii, i, 18. 
 
 Et ceteris similibus. And other things of a similar kind. Ulp. Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 25, § I. 
 
 ET come ascun soit issi fuit attorne, mes ne se fra repenter pendaunt la p'ole, 
 sanus la volunte son client. — L. Fr. And where' one has been made an 
 attorney, he may not afterward repent or withdraw during the plea, without the 
 consent of his client. Britton, c. 126. 
 
 ET cut per mediam nolis occurrere noctem.— hs.i. And he is one whom you would be 
 unwilling to meet at midnight. " One whom it might not be safe to trust yourself with." 
 
 ET citm duo jura in und persond concurrunt, aequam est ac si essent in diversis. 
 And when two rights blend together (concur) in one person, it is the same 
 as if they were in opposites. v. Bacon's Arg., Case of the Post-nati of Scotland. 
 V Cum duo jura in una persona concurrunt, etc. 
 Et cum qualibet eorum. And with any one of them. I Parsons on Contr. 23, note. 
 
 ET cum [guum] verbis aliquid, etc. Story on Fart,,. § 118 ; Story on Agency, 
 § 49, note I. V. Prout quidque contractum est. Pompon. Dtg. xlvi, 3, 80. 
 Et ctim spiritu tUO. And with thy spirit. 
 HT cUm virgines et vidnae et sanctimoniales Deo sunt deduatae, corruptto eor,„n 
 D non solum ad injuriam hominum, verum etiam ad ipsius Da ommpote,,tts 
 irreverentiam committitur, et sive vindicta talis non conquiescat insama. And when 
 
 003 
 
Et cur.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et eL 
 
 virgins, and widows, and saintly persons are dedicated to God, their deflowering 
 not only works an injury to mankind, but also an irreverence toward God, and 
 without an avengement such madness will not be put to rest. Bracton, iii, tr. 2, 
 c. 28, § I, fol. 147a. 
 
 Read: Ciim igitur virgo sic corrupta fuerit, et oppressa contra pacem domini regis, statim, et 
 dum factum receus fuerit, citm clamoruet hutesio accedere debet ad villas vicinas, etc. Bracton, ib. 
 
 Raftus mulieris ne fiat defendit tarn lex huinana, etc. Bracton^ ib. 
 
 Et curia COnsentiente. And the court agreeing. 
 
 Et damna, et quicquid quod ipse defendere debet, et dicit, etc. And the damages, 
 and whatever he should defend, and says, etc. 
 
 Et de ceo se mettens en le pays. — L- Fr. And of this they put themselves upon the 
 country. Fet. Assaver, § 64. 
 
 Et de euz tailler haut et bas. — L. Fr. And to tax them high and low. Yearb. P. i 
 Edw. II. 4, 
 
 Et de hoc ponit se super patriam. — L. Lat. And of this he puts himself upon the 
 country. Mem. in Scacc. 22 Edw. I. ; Yearb. T. i Edw. II. 11. 
 
 This is the conclusion of a plea in bar by way of travers, preserved in modern forms. 
 Steph. PL 73, 78, 230. V. Bl. Com. iii, 313. 
 
 Et de jure hospitalis. — L. Lat. And concerning the law of the hospital. 
 
 Et dicit quod ipse non debet praefato— praed. 20 1. nee aliquem inde denarium, 
 
 etc. — L. Lat. And says that he does not owe the said — the aforesaid 20/. nor any penny 
 thereof. This is the conclusion of a plea of nil debet. Towns. PI. 483. 
 
 Et dicitur de injuria sua propria, etc.— L. Lat. And he says of his own wrong, etc. 
 8 Co. 66, Crogate's case ; i Smith's L. C. [201] 233. 
 
 ET dona clafidestina sunt semper suspiciosa. And clandestine gifts are always 
 suspicious. 3 Co. 80, 81, Twyne's case; Broom's Max. 285, and cases ; 2 
 Story on Contr. § 659 ; r Smith! s L. C. [34], and note [39], in Twyne's case, 
 where the subject of clandestine gifts and secret transfers is treated, v. Ulpian. 
 Big. xix, I,/;-. 11, § 2. 
 
 ET EA QUAE PER EOSDEM [jUSTICIARIOs] PROPTER DIFFICULTATEM ALIQUO- 
 RUM ARTICULORUM TERMINARI NON POSSINT, REFERANTUR AD JUSTITI- 
 
 ARios NOSTROS DE BANCO, ET iBi TERMiNENTUR. And thosc matters which 
 cannot be determined by the same [justices] on account of difficulty in some 
 points, shall be referred to our justices of the bench, and shall be determined 
 there. Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. c. 12. 
 Et ego, et baeredes mei, etc., warrantizabimus.— L. Lat. And I, and my heirs, etc 
 
 will warrant. Litt. § 
 
 ET ego Jingo tibi quaestionem : Duos esse Domino navis, alterum velle corigruo 
 tempore adnavigandum ipsam navim navigatum mittere, alterum vero malle in 
 portu permanere j et praeferendum ilium existimo, qui rem ad ustim paratum uti 
 velit, et utiliter agere, recusante socio. Straccha, de Navib. P. 2, § 6. And I 
 suppose this question for you : That there are two owners of a ship — that one 
 wishes to send the ship to sea at a time suitable for navigation, while the other 
 prefers it should remain in port, I think that the one is to be preferred who 
 wishes to use the thing ready for use, and to use it profitably, his partner refusing 
 to do so. Quoted in Story on Partnership, § 436. fF. J. M.] 
 
 The reason seems to be, that ships are designed for navigation ; and, thus employed, they 
 support a great public commercial policy. Id. ib. and authorities there cited. 
 
 Et ei legitur in baee verba. And it is read to him in these words. V. Oyer. 
 
Eteje.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et gen. 
 
 Et ejeCtiOUe firmae. — L. Lat. And in ejectment of farm. v. Ejectione firmae. 
 
 ET eo modo relictum : exigo, desidero, uti des, fidei commissum valet; 
 sed et ita : volo hereditatem meajti Titii esse; scio heredi- 
 tatetn m e a in r e stitut u r am te Titio. Neratius, Z»z^. xxx, i,/r. ii8. 
 And left in this manner : 'I claim,' 'I desire,' 'you give to be used 
 or enjoyed,' the fidei-commiss is valid ; but also in this manner : ' I w i s h (will 
 or desire) my inheritance to be the inheritance of Titius;' 'I 
 know (or understand) you will restoremyinheritance toTitius.' 
 Quoted in 2 Story s Eq. fur. § 1074. 
 
 Read: Etiam, hoc modo: cupio des , opto des, etc. u. Fidei-commissum. 
 
 Et eorum Utrique. And of those of either of them, i Parsons on Contr. 25, nrte. 
 
 " It was moved, in arrest of judgment, that the covenant was joint, and not several, for 
 the word ' utrique' in Latin is conjunciim, and not separatim ; sed non allocatur, and judgment 
 was given for the plaintiff." Dyer, i'ilb. 
 
 ET est omnium Doctoruin sententia, ubicumque consuetudo, vel statutum locale, 
 disponit de solemnitate, vel forma actus, legari etiam exteros ibi actum ilium 
 gerentes, et gestum esse validum, et efficacem ubique, etiam super bonis soils extra 
 territorium cotisuetudinis vel statuti. Dumoulin, Consil. 53, § 9. And it is the 
 opinion of all the Jurists {Doctores), that wherever the custom or local statute 
 regulates the solemnity or form of the act, even foreigners, performing that act 
 there, are bound, and that the transaction is valid and effectual everywhere, 
 even with regard to immovable property outside the territory of the custom 
 or State. Quoted in Story on Bills of Exch. § 137, n. r, p. 160; Story on Confl. 
 of Laws, § 441, 372«. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Dumoulin in another place says : Attt statutum loquitur de his, quae concemunt nudam 
 ordinationem vel soleinnitatem actus ; et semper inspicitur statutum vel consuetudo loci, ubi actus 
 celebratur, sive in contractibus., sive in judiciis, sive in testamentis, sive in instrumentis, aut aliis 
 conficiendis. Ita quod testamentum, factum coram duobus testibus in locis, ubi non requititur 
 major solemnitas, valet ubique. Idem in omni alia actu. But the statute spealis or treats of 
 those things which concern the mere orderly arrangement or solemnization of the act ; and 
 the statute or custom of the place, where the act is celebrated or proclaimed, is always con- 
 templated (regarded), whether it is in adjudications, or testaments, or instruments, or other 
 matters to be accomplished. So that a testament made before two witnesses in places where 
 no greater solemnity is required, is valid everywhere. The same rule (obtams) as to every 
 other act. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 260, 441. , 
 
 Gaill adopts the same conclusion : Contractus enim, celebratus, cum solemnitate requisita 
 in loco contractus, extendit se ad omnia bona, licet in loco bonorum major solemmbus reqmretur. 
 Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, % 3720. 
 
 Read: Et quidem in scriptura instrumenti, etc. Burgundus. 
 
 ET est pactio duorum plerumque in idem placitum consensus. The consent of 
 two or more in the same will {placitum, that which is their pleasure to 
 arrange between them) constitutes a paction or bargain. Halkerstons Max-. 43. 
 Ulpian expresses it : Et est pactio duorum plunumve in idem placitum consensu. Ulpian. 
 Z>2>. ii, 14, A I, § 2. Read: Pactum autem h pactione diatur, etc. Id. ib. 
 Et fait k entendre.- L. Fr. And it is to be understood. Britton, c. 40. 
 
 Et fait dit, que le contraire avait estre fait devant ces heures.- L^ Fr And it 
 
 was said that thi contrary had been done in former times. Vearb. 2 Hen. IV. i , Bl. Com. 
 
 iv, 328 (d). „, ^ 
 
 Et filio SUO primOgenitO. And to his first-bom son. Plowden.2<). 
 
 ET generaliter {ut Julianus definit) exceptio rei judicatae obstat quoties inter 
 easdem personas eadem quaestio revocatur, vel alio genere judtcn. Ulpian 
 Dtg. xliv, 2,/.. 7, § 4. And generally (as Julianus defines) an exception 
 adjudged matter (a judgment), obstructs as often as it is recalled between the 
 
Etgen,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et id. 
 
 same persons upon the same question, or in another kind of judicial investiga- 
 tion. Quoted in 2 Smith's L. C. [596] 671. v. Max. under ^es judicata. 
 
 Et genus et formam reglna pecunia donat. — Horace, Epist. i, 6, 37. 
 Royal or sovereign mone}' gives both birth and beauty. 
 
 " For gold, the sovereign queen of all below, 
 Friends, honor, birth and beauty can bestow; 
 The goddess of persuasion forms his train, 
 And Venus decks the well bemoney'd swain." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Et genus et pvoavos, et quae non fecinius ipsi, 
 Viae ea nostra voco. — Ovid, Metamm. xiii, 140, 141. 
 High lineage and ancestors, and those advantages which we have not made ourselves, all 
 these I scarcely call our own. 
 
 Seneca says: Qui genus jactat suum aliena laudat. Cicero expressed a 
 similar idea. v. Cicero, Parad, i, 8, 9. 
 
 Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. — Horace, Sat. ii, 5, 8. 
 But birth and virtue, unless attended with substance, is viler trash than sea-weed. 
 " But high descent and meritorious deeds, 
 Unblest with wealth, are viler than sea-weeds." — Dr. Francis. 
 
 Hfind facile emergunt^ quorum virtutibus obstat 
 Res augusia domi. — Juvhnal, 6"rt/. iii, 164. 
 
 Et gist touts temps deius Ian et jour. — L. Fr. And it always lies within a year and 
 a day . v. An etjour and Annus et dies, 
 
 Et habeas ibi tunc hoc breve, — L- Lat. And have j'ou then there this writ. 
 
 This, in old writs, was the command to return them. Reg. Jud. i ; Fleta ; Towns. PI. 166. 
 
 Et haec sancta. — L- Lat. And these holy things, i. e. gospels, v. Et ces saints. 
 
 Et haeredibus. — L- Lat. And to the heirs. 
 
 If a man give lands to another et haeredibus, it shall be a fee-simple without the word suis 
 (his), and though he do not give him a fee-simple expressly, i Plowd. Com. 280, 29. 
 Lord Coke says it is safe to follow Littleton, and add suis. Co. Litt. 8^. 
 
 Et haeredibus de earne sua.— L. Lat. And to the heirs of her body. 
 
 Et haeredibus de COrpore SUO. And to the heirs of his body. Wingate's Max. 10, § i. 
 
 Et haeredibus de corporibus eorum legitime proereatis.— L. Lat. And to the 
 
 heirs of their bodies legitimately begotten, i Co. 84^, in Corbet's case; Wingate's Max. 65, 
 §15- 
 Et haeredibus eorum communibus (vel) haeredibus ipsius uxoris tantum.— L. Lat. 
 
 And to their common or general heirs, (or) to the heirs of the wife only. 
 
 ET hoc genus distrahendae, obligationis, etc. Story on Pdrtn. § 318, n. 4. 
 Read: Etiam morte unius socii societas solvitur, etc. 
 Et hoc paratus est verificare, etc., sed non allocatur.— L. Lat. And this he is ready 
 
 to verify, etc., but it is not allowed. 
 
 These words were the usual conclusion of all affirmative pleadings. Bracton, fol. 306^/ 
 Bl. Com. iv, 340. 
 
 Et hoc paratus est verificare per recordum.— L. Lat. And this he is ready to verify 
 by the record. 
 
 These words were the conclusion of an ancient plea, where in support thereof the defend- 
 ant appealed to the record. Bracton, fol. 306^!; T. Raym. 50, 94; i Salk. 2. 
 
 Et hoc petit quod inquiratur per patriam.— L. Lat, And this he prays maybe 
 inquired of by the country, i. e. by a jury. 
 
 The conclusion of a plaintifFs pleadings, tendering an issue to the country, i Salk. 6 ; i 
 Shoiver, 181 ; Steph. PI. 73, 78, 230; Wingate's Max. 9, § 3- 
 
 Et hoc sequitur.— L. Lat. And this follows. 
 
 Et id genus omne. And every thing of that kind. All of that sort. 
 
 806 
 
^*'*-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et in, 
 
 P T id quidem omnino verusimum est : ( i.) Quia periculom est contraria senten- 
 i^ tia, Ob /aha, quae ita facile possent committi : (2.) Quia ita non facile fieri 
 posset cambtahum litterarum recognitio. Idem dicendum videtur de casu si loco 
 nominis subscript crucis signum subjiciatur. Heineccius, de Camb cap iv 8 18 
 And that IS altogether the best opinion : (i.) Because the opposite one is dan- 
 gerous on account of the falsehoods that might easily be practiced thus : (2 ) 
 Because m this way bills of exchange might not be recognized easily. The same 
 IS to be said of the case where the sign of the cross is made instead of the name 
 being subscribed. Quoted in Story on Prom. Notes, § 35. [F. J. M.J 
 
 PT tdeo de his, quae prima constituuntur, aut interpretatione, aut constitutione 
 1^ optimi. Friiiapis certius statuendum est Julian. Z>?;f. i, 3,//-. n. 
 
 Read this under: JVegue leges, neque senatusconsulta ita scribit possunt, 
 ut omnes casus qui quandoque inciderint comprehendantur , etc. 
 
 EtideO dicuntur liberi.— L. Lat. And therefore they are called (or declared to be) 
 freemen. Bracton j cited in Bl. Com. ii, 100 ; Broom &f Had. Com. ii, 202. 
 
 ET idea ratione eorum, quae constituuntur, inquiri non oportet ; alioquin multa ex 
 his, quae certa sunt subverentur. Neratius, Dig. i, 3,/r. 21. And there- 
 fore it behooves us not to inquire as to the reason of those laws which are estab- 
 lished ; otherwise many of those which are settled will be subverted. 
 
 Read this in connection with the rule: Non omnium, quae h majoribus con- 
 stituta sunt, ratio reddi potest. Julianus, Dig. i, 3, />-. 20. 
 
 ET ideo si fulloni polienda curandare vestimenta dederis, aut sarcinatori sarcienda, 
 nulla 7nercede constituta neque promissa, mandati competit actio. Justinian. 
 Inst, iii, 26, § 13. If, therefore, a person gives his clothes to a fuller to be 
 cleaned, or to a tailor to be repaired, without any pay being agreed upon or 
 promised, an action mandati may be brought. Cited in Whart. on Agency, § 20. 
 Gaius lays down the rule: In summa sciendum est, quotiens faciendum aliquid 
 gratis dederim, quo tiomine si mercedem stattiissem, locatio et conductio contraheretur, mandati 
 esse actionem, veluti si fulloni polienda curandare vestimenta aut sarcinatori sarcienda dederim. 
 Gaius, Inst, iii, § 162. v. Mandatum nisi gratuitum, nullus, est, etc. Paulus, Dig. xvii, 1, 
 fr. I, § 4. 
 
 ET impotentia excusat legem. And inability (or impossibility) excuses (or 
 avoids) the law. Co. Litt. i^a ; 10 Co. 139, Keigley's case; Bl. Com. ii, 
 127. 
 
 The spirit of the maxim is drawn from the Civil Law. Impossibilium- nulla obligatio est 
 Celsus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 185. And Ea qujie dari impossibilia sunt, etc. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, 
 fr. 135- 
 
 ET in eodem loco singulos habere domicilium non ambigitur, ubi quis larem rerum- 
 que ac fortunarum suarum summam constituit, unde rursus non sit discessurus, 
 si nihil avocet, unde quum profectus est, peregrinari videtur, quod si rediit, peregri- 
 nari jam destituit. Justinian. Cod. x, 39, const. 7. And it is not doubted that 
 individuals have a home in that place where each one has established his hearth 
 and the sum of his possessions and his fortunes ; whence he will not depart if 
 nothing calls him away ; whence if he has departed he seems to be a wanderer, 
 and if he returns he ceases to wander, v. Kent's Com. ii, 431, n. (/) y Story on 
 
 Conflict of Laws, § 42. 
 
 Dr Parsons calls this 'the very beautiful definition of the Roman Law of Domi- 
 cile,' out of which hfe has extracted the maxim : Larem rerumque ac fortunarum suarum 
 summam constituit. 2 Parsons on Contr. %■}%. v. Domicilium. 
 
 807 
 
Etin.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et modo. 
 
 ET in summa aliquam diligentiatn in ea creditorem debere prastare. Africanus, 
 Dig. xiv, i,fr. 7, § \ fin. And in brief the creditor ought to be respon- 
 sible for some degree of diligence in that matter, v. Wharton on Agency, § 138. 
 ET in jure, non remota sed proxima causa spectantur. And in law, not 
 the remote, but the immediate cause is viewed or considered. Bacon's 
 Max. in Reg. i ; per Lord Mansfield, C. J., Wadham vs. Marlow, B. R. Mich. 
 25 Geo. III.; I H. Bl. R. 439, note ; cited in i Smith's L. C. [913] 11 19-21 ; 
 Broom's Max. 215 and cases. 
 
 Read: Causa proxima , et non remota, spectatur. Broom's Max. 21'] sq. 
 
 t^T in majore summd, continetor minor. And in the greater sum the less is 
 J included. 5 Co. iis<3!, Wade's case. 
 
 Et inde petit judicium. — L. Lat. And thereupon (or thereof) he prays judgment. 
 The conclusion of a pleading, praying the judgment of the court in favor of the party 
 pleading. Bracton, fol. 57* y Crabb's Hist. Eng. Law, 217. 
 
 Et inde producit seotam. — L. Lat. And thereupon [or thereof] he produces suit. 
 Bracton, fols. 214*, 410a ; Bl. Com. iii, 295 ; Towns. PI. 166. v. Productio sectae. 
 
 Et inde statim producat sectam sufficientem, duos ad minus, vel tres, vel plures, 
 
 si pOSsit. — L- Lat. And thereupon he should immediately produce a sufficient suit, two at 
 least, or three, or more, if he can. Bracton, fol. 410 ; Steph. PI. 429, and note ; Bl. Com. iii, 295. 
 Et issint.— L. Fr. And so. Co. Litl. 303*. 
 
 ET ju s turn appellatur quicquid fit secundum jus perfectum alterius ; ae quum 
 vero quod secundum imperfectum. Wolfins, Inst. Jur. Nat. et Gent. P. r, 
 c. 3, § 83. And whatsoever is done according to the perfect right of another is 
 called just; equable [a^^wa^], however, is that which is done according 
 to the imperfect right [of the same], i Story's Eq. Jur. § 2. 
 
 ET legem hanc manum mortuum vocarunt, quod res semel datae collegiis sacer- 
 dotum, non utique rursus venderentur, velut mortuae, hoc est, usui aliorum, 
 mortalium in perpetuum adeptae essent. Lex diligenter servatur, sic, ut nihil pos- 
 sessionum ordini sacerdotali d. quoquam detur, nisi regis permissu. And this law 
 they called Mortmain, because estates once given to societies of priests 
 could not afterward be sold (they might be considered) as things without life ; 
 that is, they, were obtained for the use of other persons, in perpetuity. The 
 laws thus carefully observed that nothing be given to the sacerdotal order by 
 any person, without the king's consent. Polydore Virgil, Chron. bk. vii. v. 
 Mortmain. 
 
 Et legitime modo acquietatUS.— L. Lat. And in a legal manner discharged. 
 ET lex plus laudatur , quando ratione probatur . — Lat. And law is the 
 more praiseworthy when it is approved by reason. 
 
 lit mihi res, non me rebus, submittere conor. Horace. I endeavor to make 
 circumstances submit to me, not to submit m3'self to circumstances. 
 Et modo ad huno diem venit.— L. Lat. And in this manner he came at this day. 
 Et -modo desperat, modo vult temptare. Pudetque, 
 Et ciipit, et, quid agat, non invenit. Utque securi 
 Saucia trahs ingens, ubi plaga novissima restat. 
 Quo cadat, in dubio est, omnique a parte timetur : 
 Sic anitnus vario labefactus vulnere nutat 
 Hue levis atque iUuc, m,omentaque sumit iitroque, 
 
 Ovid, Metamorphoses, x, 371. 
 And one while she despairs, and at another she resolves to try; and is both ashamed, and 
 yet is desirous and is not certain what she is to do ; and, just as a huge tree, wounded by 
 808 
 
^^""^S-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et per. 
 
 JairrnH^'T '^'J''' '•"■'' now remains, is in doubt, as it were, on which side it is to 
 fall, and :s dreaded in each direction, so does her mind, shaken by varying passions wavr 
 'V::TT- "" "'^ ^"' "'"' ^"'^ ^-^'-^ - -P"'- - either direction 
 
 PT negotiorum gestorum actionibus locus est, quia sine mandate gestum est ■ et 
 ^ mandati^ etiam agi potest propter ratihabitionem, quae aequipolkt mandato 
 JUectio est utriusque actionis. Quia etiam et ratihabitio mandato aequipolkt Pothier 
 Pand hb. xvii, tit I, n. 19, note (2). There is a place for actions on account 
 ot business done (in one's absence) because the business is done without a com- 
 mission ; an action of commission also can be taken on account of the ratification 
 which IS equivalent to a commission. There is a choice of either action. Yea 
 indeed a ratification is equivalent to a mandate or commission. Quoted in Story 
 on Agency, § 239 fin. 
 
 pT non solum excusatur quis qui exceptione7n habet, si sibi ipsi infer atur vis 
 -L/ velmetus; sed etiam si suis, ut si filio vel filiae, fratri vel sorori, vel aliis 
 domesticis et propijtquisj sicut de eodem Falcone, qui tenuit inprisona fratrem 
 ejusdam, donee f rater ejusdem, qui fuit extra prisonam, dedit ct quodam maneriu7n. 
 And not only is a person excused, who objects that he has had violence or 
 fear applied to himself, but also if they have been applied to his son or 
 daughter, to his brother or sister, or to others of his household or of his kins- 
 folk ; as concerning the same Fulk, who kept in prison the brother of a certain 
 individual, until the brother who was out of prigon gave him a certain manor. 
 Bracton, i, c. i, § 13 fin., fol. \(>b. 
 
 Read : Gratuitum debet esse donatio et non coacta, nee fer me turn vel vi extorta, etc. 
 Bracton, ib. § 13 pr. 
 
 Et non alibi, — L. Lat. And in no other place. And not elsewhere. 
 
 Et non allocatur.— L. Lat. And it is not allowed. Yearb. M. 2 Edw. III. 19 ; i Best 
 
 on Evid. [164], note i. v. Sed non allocatur. 
 
 Et obligo manerium et omnia bona et catella mea super manerium praedictum 
 existentia ad distringendum per balivum domini regis.— L. Lat. And i bind the 
 
 manor, and all ray goods and chattels being upon the manor aforesaid for distraining by the 
 bailiff of the lord the king. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 2; Law Tr. 45. 
 
 ET omnes comites et barones una voce responderunt, "Quod nolent leges 
 Angliae m.utare, quae hucu s que usi tatae sunt et appro- 
 bat a e." And all the earls and barons with one voice answered, "That 
 they would not change the laws of England, which have 
 hitherto been used and approved." Stat. Merton, 20 Hen. III. c. 9. 
 
 When the English prelates, at the famous parliament of Merton, in the reign of Henry 
 in. petitioned the lords that they would consent, and endeavored to procure an act to declare 
 that all persons born before matrimony should be legitimate, as well as those born after 
 matrimony, i. e. to declare all bastards legitimate, in case the parents intermarried at any 
 time afterward, in respect to hereditary succession ; alleging this only reason, because holy 
 church {i. e. the Canon Law) declared all such children legitimate, so far as regards the right 
 of inheritance. Et omnes comites et barones und voce responderunt: "Quod nolent leges 
 Angliae mutare, quae hucusque usitate sunt et approbatae." Bl. Com. i, 19 ; Kent's Com. ii, 
 209; Broom <5r= Had. Com. i, 13, note (/). 
 
 Et parati sunt hoc dirationare.— L- Lat. And this they are ready to deraign or prove. 
 Gtanv. lib. iv, c. 6 ; lib. 11, c. 20. 
 
 Et per COnsuetudineS marinas. And by »?- according to the marine customs. Broom 
 &= Had. Com. iv, 346. 
 
 "Et per curiam ill." — L. Lat. And by the court ill. i Shower, 366. v. III. 
 
 Et personaliteri libere, et debito modo resignavit.— L. Lat. And he resigned in 
 person, freely, and in due manner (or form). 
 
 [102] 809 
 
Etpet] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et pri. 
 
 Et petit auxilium. — L- Lat. And he prays aid. Yearb. M. I Edw. II. i. 
 
 Et petit judicium de narrations ilia et quod narratio ilia cessetur — L. Lat. And 
 he prays judgment of that declaration (or count), and that the same may be quashed. 
 
 Et petunt auditum scripta praedicti, et els legitur in haec verba. —L. Lat. And 
 they pray oyer of the said writing, and it is read to them in these words. Hobart, iga / 2 
 Lord Raym. 1540. v. Auditus. 
 
 Et petunt judicium de breve, et quod breve illud cessetur.— L. Lat. And they 
 crave judgment concerning the writ, and that the same may be quashed. 
 
 Et praedictOS dves a tempore praedicti mandati Regis eis directi majoribus districtionibus 
 graverunt, etc. — L. Lat. From the time of the said command of the king to them directed, 
 they burthened the said citizens with heavy fines (or distresses). 
 
 Et praedictus A. B. similiter. — L. Lat. And the said A. B. doth the like. 
 
 Et praedictus querens in propria persona sua, venit, et dicit, quod ipse placitum suum prae- 
 dictum versus praedictum defenden, ulterius prosequi non vult ; sed ab inde omnino se retraxit. — 
 L. Lat. And the said plaintiff in his proper person comes and says, that he will not further 
 prosecute his said suit against the said defendant ; but from thence has altogether withdrawn 
 himself. This is the old Latin form of a nolle prosequi, quoted in the old books. 
 
 Et praedictus — venit et defendit, etc., et nihil in barram sive praeclusionem actionis prae- 
 dicti — dicit, per quod, etc. — L. Lat. "And the said (defendant) — comes and defends, etc., 
 and says nothing in bar or preclusion of the action of the said (plaintiff) whereby," etc. 
 Arch. Forms, 336. v. Nil dicit. 
 
 Et pro private COmmodo. — Lat. And for, private convenience, advantage or profit. 
 V, Broom on C. L."] ', Broom ^ Had. Com. i, loi i^g). 
 
 E Tprobat Johannes de Evia, etc., quod hoc extendet i^t casu quo merces fuerint deperditae, 
 una cum navi, et certa pars ipsarum mercium postea salvata et recuperata; tunc nautum deberi 
 pro rata mercium, recuperatarum, et pro rata itineris usque ad locum, in quo casus adversus acci- 
 derat, fundat,etc. — L. Lat. And John of Evia proves that this extends to a case in which 
 the merchandises were lost, together with the vessel, and that a certain part of these goods 
 were afterward recovered and saved ; he then proves that the freight ought to be according 
 to the rate or proportion of the goods recovered, and according to the rate or proportion of 
 the journey as far as or up to the place in which the accident had occurred, etc. 
 
 ET primh, utrum statutum porrigatur extra territorium ad non subditos; secundo, 
 utrum effectus statuti porrigatur extra territorium statuentium. Et primh : 
 Quae r , quod de c ontrac tibus? Pone tontr actum celebratum per aliquem 
 forenseni in hac civitatej litigium ortum est, et agitatur lis in loco originis contra- 
 heniisj cujus loci statuta debent servari, et spectaril Distingue. Aut loquimur 
 de statuto, aut de consuetudine, quae respiciunt ipsius contractus solemnitatem, aut 
 litis ordinationem, aut de his, quae pertinent ad jurisdictionem ex ipso contractu 
 evenientis executionis. Pri tit casu, inspicitur locus contractus. Secundo 
 casU , aut quaeris de his, quae pertinent ad litis ordinationemj aut de his, quae 
 pertinent ad litis ordinationemj et inspicitur locus judicii . Aut de his, quae pertinent 
 ad ipsius lites decisionemj et tunc, aut de his, quae oriuntur secundum ipsius contractus 
 naturam tempore contractus, aut de his, quae oriuntur ex post facto propter negligen- 
 tiam vel moram. P rimo casu , inspicitur locus contractus, ubi est celebratus 
 contractus; et intelligo locum contractus, ubi est celebratus contractus, non de loco, in 
 quem collata est ^solutio. Secundo casu, aut solutio est collata in locum certutn, 
 aut inpluribus, locis alternative, ita quod electio sit actorisj aut in nullum locum, 
 quia promissio fuit facta simpliter. P rimo casu inspicitur consuetudo, quae est 
 initio loco, in quem est collata solutio; secundo et tertio casu , inspicitur locus, 
 ubi petitur. Ratio praedictorum est, quia ibi est contracta negligentia vel mora. 
 Bartolus, ad Cod. And first, whether the law extends beyond the territory to 
 foreigners. Secondly, whether the effect of the law extends beyond the country 
 810 
 
^*P^-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et qua. 
 
 of the makers of the law. And first I in qu ire as to contract s. Sup- 
 pose a contract made by a foreigner in this state ; a lawsuit arises, and the suit 
 proceeds in the place of origin of the contracting party : of which place should 
 the laws be observed and regarded ? Distinguish. We speak either of the law 
 or custom which regards the solemnities of the contract, or of the proceedings 
 m the suit, or of those things which appertain to the jurisdiction of the execu- 
 tion issuing out of the contract itself. In the first case, the place of the contract 
 is looked at. In the second case, you inquire either as to those things which 
 belong to the process in the suit — and the place of trial is regarded — or as to 
 those things which belong to the decision of the case — and then the inquiry is 
 as to the things that spring from the nature of the contract at the time the con- 
 tract was made — or as to the things that arise afterward from negligence or delay. 
 In the first case we should look at the place where the contract was made — 
 I mean where the contract is entered into, not the place where the payment is to 
 be made. In the second case, either the payment is to be made in a fixed 
 place, or alternatively in several places so that the choice rests with the plaintiff, 
 or in no fixed place because the promise was made simply. In the first case 
 we must look at the law of the place where payment is to be made ; in the sec- 
 ond and the third case, the place where the action is brought is to be regarded. 
 The reason of the foregoing is that it is there that the negligence or delay was 
 caused. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 239^, 301. [F. J. M.] 
 
 ET pur ceo est bone cautele pur ceux que fount f aire chartre, que dati soit mys del 
 four, et del lieu, et del an. — L. Fr. And therefore it is a good precaution 
 for those who are about to make a charter [deed], that the date be put of the 
 day, and of the place, and of the year. Britton, c. 39. 
 
 ET pur ceo que elections doient estre franks, cy defend le roy sur la greeve for- 
 feiture que mil haute home, ne auter, per foyer des armes, ne per malice ou 
 menaces, ne disturbe de faire franke election. — L. Fr. And inasmuch as elec- 
 tions ought to be free, the king commands, under a grievous forfeiture, that no 
 great man, nor other, by force of arms, nor by malice or menaces, shall disturb 
 any to make free election. Stat. Westm. I. c. 5. 
 
 Et quando tiberior vitioram copia ? Quando 
 Major avdritiae pattiit sinus? Alea quando 
 Hos animos ? Neque enim locidis comitatitibus itiir 
 Ad casam tabulae, positd sed luditur area. 
 Praelia quanta illic dispensatore, videbis 
 Armigero! — ]uv^fiAh, Sat. i, 87-92. 
 And when was the crop of vices more abundant? When were the sails ot avarice more 
 widely spread ? When had gambling its present spirits ? For now men go to the hazard of 
 the gambling-table not simply with their purses, but play with their whole chests staked. 
 What fierce battles will you see there, the steward armor-bearer [i. .. while the steward sup- 
 plies the weapons for the coiitest]. v. Pufendorf, defure, v, c. g, § 5. n. 6 ; OviD, Tres- 
 iium, ii, 483, 484. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^j_j ^^^.^^ ^^^^j ^^ j^j^ ^ g^y , 
 
 Say, when did vice a richer harvest yield? 
 When did fell avarice so engross the mind? 
 Or when the lust of play so curse mankind ? 
 No longer now the pocket's stores supply 
 The boundless charges of the desperate die : 
 The chest is staked ! — muttering the steward stands. 
 And scarce resigns it at his lord's commands."-WiLLiAM Gifford, Esqr. 
 
 811 
 
Et qua. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et qui. 
 
 E T quaenam est inter illos reputatio. — Lat. And what he is considered or reputed among 
 them. I Leonat'd, 15. v, Reputatio. 
 
 ET quanquam visi sunt commississe, ut hostium loco essent, jus tamen gentium valuit 
 LivY, ii, 4. And although they are seen to have committed (the acts), as 
 they should be in the place of enemies, nevertheless the law of nations is effect- 
 ive. Quoted in Cooley's note (8), Bl. Com. i, 254. 
 
 ET que les leys et custumes de dit roialme, termes et processes, soient tenus et gardes, come its 
 sount et ount este avant ses heurres. — L. Fr. And that the laws and customs of the said realm, 
 the terms and processes shall be observed and kept as they are and heretofore have been. 
 Stat. 36 Edw. III. c. 15. 
 
 ET que per les aunciens formes et termes de counter nul home soil perdant, issint 
 que la matter del action soil pleniment moustre. — L. Fr. And that no man 
 shall be a loser by the ancient forms and terms of pleading, so that the matter 
 [or substance] of the action be fully shown. Stat. 36 Edw. III. c. 15. 
 
 Et quemlibet eorum. — Lat. And any one you please of them ; and either of them, i 
 Parsons on Contr. 23, note, citing 2 Co. l8i5, Slingsby's case. 
 
 ET quia curia hie de judicio super praemises in hoc parte reddend 'nondum advisatur, etc., dies 
 inde datum est, etc. — L. Lat. And because the court here is not yet advised of [as to] the 
 judgment to be given upon the premises in this behalf, etc., a day is thereupon given, etc. 
 Keilway, 195. v. Advisari. 
 
 ET quia dictus justici — se advisari vult. — L. Lat. And because the said justices will be 
 advised. Keilway, 57*. 
 
 ET quia justiciarii hie nondum avisantur. — L. Lat. And because the justices here are not 
 yet advised. Yearb. P. 18 Hen. VI. g. 
 
 ET quia non ambigitur, vel omnium negotiorum bonorumque administrationem, 
 vel unius rei, mandare posse; procuratores etiam in universales et singulares 
 dividuntur. Heineccius, ad P and. pt. i, lib. iii, tit. 3, § 417. And because it 
 is not doubted that one can intrust or commit to one's charge the administration 
 either of all business and property or of a single or particular thing ; procura- 
 tors likewise are divided into general agents and special agents. Story on Agency, 
 § 20, note 5. 
 
 ET quia, per veredicttim juratorum, invenitur quod praedictus Robertus non habuit acces- 
 sum ad predictam Beretricein per unavi mensem ante mortem suam, per quod magis praesum- 
 itur contra praedictum H enricum. — L. Lat. And because, by the verdict of the jury, it is 
 found that the said Robert had no access to the said B e r e t r i c e for one month previous 
 to her death, for which reason it is more strongly presumed against the said Henry. 
 
 ET qtda praedictus Johannes cognoscit dictam literam per se scriptam Roberto de Fer- 
 rers, etc. — L. Lat. And because the said John knows that the said letter written by him 
 to Robert de Ferrers, etc. 
 
 ET quidem eodem modo, quoties de jure, vel servitute, aut libertate personae quae- 
 ritur, item de facultate ad res personates constituta, respondendum erit secun- 
 dum conditionem personae, quam induit in loco domicilii. Et contra, ergo si de jure 
 ac facultate, quae a re ipsd proficiscitur, item de ejus servitute, atque libertate, plane 
 ad leges situs spectare oportet. Ciim enim unicuique provinciae suae prqpriae sint 
 leges, possessionibus injunctae atque indictae, sane incapacitas foris adepta in consid- 
 erationem venire non potest; sed omnis, sive qualitas, sive personae habilitas, quoad 
 eadem bona pertinet, a loco situs proficiscitur. BuRGtJNDUs, § 433. And in the 
 same manner, as often as the question is of the right or the subjection or liberty 
 of a person, also of his capacity to perform personal acts, the answer will be that 
 it depends on the condition which the person has in the place of his domicile. 
 812 
 
Et qui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et qui. 
 
 And, on the contrary, therefore, if the question be of a person's right and capacity 
 as springing out of real property, likewise of his subjection or freedom as affect- 
 ing it, clearly the laws of the situs must be regarded. For as each province has 
 its own laws enjoined and set over its possessions, surely an incapacity acquired 
 abroad cannot come into consideration ; but the whole quality or capacity of 
 the person, as appertaining to the same property, starts from the place of the 
 situs. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 433. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Bartolus affirms the same doctrine : Ciim est, quod de aliquo jura descendente ex re ipsa 
 servari consustudo vel statutum loci, ubi est res. Bartol. ad Cod. i, tit. i, n. 27 ; Story, sufra. 
 
 DuMOULiN says ; Aut statutum agit in rem, et quacumque verborum formula utatur, sem- 
 per inspicitur locus ubi res cita est. But the statute or law moves or applies in rem, and what- 
 soever formula of words is used, the place where the subject-matter is situated is always 
 contemplated. Quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 433^, 475, 502a. v. Lex loci rei sitae. 
 
 ET quidem in scriptura instrumenti, in solemnitatibus, et ceremoniis, et generaliter 
 in omnibus, quae ad for mam ejusque perfedionem pertinent, spedanda est con- 
 suetudo regionis, ubi fit negotiatio. Rationem assignant Dodores quod consuetude 
 influat in contractus, et convenientes ad eum respicere, ac voluntatem suam accommo- 
 dare videantur. Et recte. Burgundus, Tract. 4, n. 7, 29. And as to the com- 
 position of the instrument and the solemnities and formalities and generally 
 every thing belonging to the form and perfection of it, we should look at the 
 law of the place where the transaction takes place. The jurists give the reason 
 that the law enters into contracts, and the persons contracting regard it and 
 conform their intent to it. And rightly. Quoted in Story on Bills of Exch. 
 § 137 ; Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 237, 260, 300a. [F. J. M.J 
 
 DuMOULiN, in another place, says : Aut statutum loquitur de his, quae cencernunt nudum 
 ordinationem vel solemnitatem actus; et semper inspicitur statutum vel consuetude loci, ubi 
 actus celebratur, sive in contractibus, sive injudiciis, sive in testamentis, sive in instrumentis, aut 
 aliis conficiendis. Jta quod testamentum, factum coram duobus testibus in locis, ubi non requiritur 
 major solemnitas, valet ubique. Idem in omni alio actu. Dumoulin, ad Cod.; Story, § 441. 
 
 Read : Et est omnium Doctorum sententia, etc., on page 805, ante, where the above is 
 translated. It is quoted in Story on Confl. of Laws, § 441. 
 
 ET quidem, si mandavi tibi, ut aliquam rem mihi emeres, nee de pretio quidquam 
 statui, tuque emisti, utrimque actio nascitur. § 2. Quodsi pretium statui, 
 tuque pluris emisti, quidam negaverunt, te mandati habere actionem, etiamsi paratus 
 esses, id, quod excedit, remittere: namque iniquum est, non esse mihi dim illo actio- 
 nem, si nolit, tin vero, si velit, mecum esse; (Gaius, fr. a) — Sed Froculus recti 
 eum usque ad pretium statutum adurum existimatj quae sententia sane benignior 
 est. Paulus, Dig. xvii, i,/r. 3, §§ i, 2, and Gaius, ib. fr. 4. If I have com- 
 missioned you to buy something for me, and fixed nothing' as to. the price, and 
 you bought it, an action may arise on both sides. If I fixed the price and you 
 have bought for more, some writers have denied you an action on the commis- 
 sion although you were prepared to remit the excess of payment, for it is unjust 
 that I should not have an action with him if he is unwilHng, /. e. to consummate 
 the business ; but that he may have an action against me, if he is willmg. But 
 Proculus rightly deems that he may have an action to the determmed price; which 
 opinion is clearly more equitable. Quoted in Story on Agency, §§ 1 29, 1 74^, Wh^- 
 
 ton on Agency, § 156. . ■/ ] 
 
 ET auidem si nihil de partibus lucri d damni nominatin convenerit, aequales 
 scilicd 'partes d in lucre d in damno spedantur. Quodsi expressae fuennt_ 
 partes, hae servari debent : nee enim umquam dubium fuit, quin valeat conventto, st 
 
Etqui.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et quo. 
 
 duo inter se pacti sunt, ut ad unum quidem duae partes et damni et lucri pertineant, 
 ad alium tertia. Justinian. Inst, iii, 25, § i. And if no special agreement be 
 made about the shares of gain and loss, equal shares as to both are presumed. 
 But if the parts be specified, they are to be observed : for it has never been 
 doubted that an agreement is binding wherein two people have arranged that 
 two-thirds, for instance, of the loss and gain shall belong to one, and the other 
 third to the other. Quoted in Story on Partnership, § 25. 
 
 Read: Si non fuerint partes societati adjectae, aequas eas esse constat, etc. UlpiANUS, Dig, 
 xvii, 2, fr. 29. 
 
 Nunc vi dendum de indebito soluto. 
 
 ET quidem, si quis indebitum ignorans solvit, per hanc actionem condicere potest; 
 sed si sciens se non debere solvit, cessat repetitio. Ulpian. Dig. xii, 6, /r. i 
 pr. § I. It is now to be considered concerning the payment of what is 
 not owed. And if one not knowing (or through ignorance) has paid that 
 which is not due, he can reclaim or demand back by that action (i. e., actio con- 
 dictio indebiti); but if he pays, knowing himself not to be indebted, a reclama- 
 tion ceases {i. e. the jus repetendi is lost), v. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent. 
 
 iii. c. 4, § 5- 
 
 PoMPONlus expresses the rule; Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum, aut 
 tantundem repetitur. Dig. id. fr. 7. v. Papinian. id. fr. 54. Cujus per errorem dciii repetitio 
 est, ejus consulto dati donatio est. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 53. 
 
 Read in this connection: Item is cui quis per errorem non debitum solvit quasi ex 
 contractu debere videtur, etc. Justinian. Inst, iii, 27, § 6. 
 
 Is quoque qui non debitum accepit ab eo qui per errorem solvit, ne obligaiur; etc. JUSTINIAN. 
 Inst, iii, 14, § I. V. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 5, ^ 3. The subject is treated in Phillimore's 
 Pi inc. and Max. Jurisp. 200 sqq. 
 
 Et quod fecit hoc — offert se disrationare versus eum. — L. Lat. And that he did this — 
 he offers himself to deraign (or prove) against him. Bracton, fols. \oxb, rig, 138, 372^, 373^. 
 
 Et quod habeat liberum ingressum et egressum [et regressum] . — L. Lat. And that they should 
 have free ingress, egress [and regress]. Fleta, lib. iv, c. 18, § I. 
 
 Et quod hujusmodi deputatus, etc. — L. Lat. And for which purpose he was deputed. 
 
 Et quod inde culpabilis non sit, ponii se super patriam de bono et malo. — L. Lat. And that 
 he is not guilty thereof, he puts himself upon the country for good and evil. Bracton, fol. 
 I38*y Fleta, lib. i, c. 34, § 34. 
 
 Et quod ipsi praefaius praepositus et liberi burgenses burgi praedicti et successores sui in per- 
 petuum habeant plenam potestatem et authoritatem eligendi, mittendi, et retornandi duos discretes 
 et idoneos vivos ad inserviendum et attendendum in quolibet parliamento, in dicto regno nostra 
 Hiberniae in posterum tenendo. — L. Lat. And that the same provost and free burgesses of 
 the aforesaid borough and their successors shall have perpetually full power and authority 
 to elect, send and return two discreet and qualified men to serve in and attend any parlia- 
 ment to be held in future in our said kingdom of Ireland, etc. Stated per Powell, J., Ld. 
 Raym. 938 ; cited in i Smith's L. C. [354] 436. 
 
 Et quod ito- fui inde dotata et seysita, habeo sufficientem disrationationem et probationem, — 
 L. Lat. And that I was so endowed and seised thereof, I have sufficient deraignment and 
 proof. Bracton, fols. 3131^, 297. v. Fleta, lib. v, c. 39, § 5 ; c. 40, § 3. 
 
 ET quod non habet principium, non habet finem. And truly that which hath 
 not a beginning, hath no end. i Co. Inst. 344^^ 6 Co. 48, Boswell's case ; 
 Wingate's Max. 29; £1. Com. ii, 278; Broom's Max. i8o ; Broom &= Had. 
 Com. ii, 452. 
 
 Et quod primd facie valere debent, videtur. — L. Lat. And it seems that ptimd facie they 
 ought to be valid. Bracton, fol. 29. 
 814 
 
^*"1^°-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et sci. 
 
 CT quod tenementum contineri possit sub getieralitate catallorum, quantam ad 
 1^ dominum, videtur, quia ex catallis illorwn servorum {quae dominorum esse 
 debent) empta sunt temmenta. And it seems that, as far as concerns the lord a 
 tenement may be embraced under the general designation of c h a 1 1 e 1 s , becau'se 
 with the chattels of those bondmen (which ought to be their lord's) tenements 
 are bought. Bracton, fol. 26. v. Tenementum. 
 
 ET resali dignitate coronae regni Angliae perpetuis temponbus annexa unita, et incorpo. 
 rata.— \.. Lat. And by the royal dignity, at all times, annexed to the crown and the king- 
 dom of England, sole and incorporate. 
 
 DT regulariter verum est, quod dominicum did potest, omne illud tenementum, de 
 -L/ quo antecessor obiit seysitus ut de feodo, sive ciim usufructu, vel sine. And 
 regularly, it is true that every tenement may be called demesne, of which 
 the ancestor died seised as of fee, whether with the usufruct or without. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 263 ; Fleta, lib. v, c. 5, § 25. 
 
 Et respondere debet qUOUSque, etc.— L. Lat. And that he should answer until, etc. 
 PT sciendum quod animo et corpore simul acquiritur possessio, et non corpore per 
 L/ se nee animo per se, et sicut acquiritur utroque, ita non amittitur nisi utroque, 
 quia si quish possessione ejiciatur, non amittit statim utrdque, possessionem, naturalem 
 et civilem, quia animo retinere potest civilem, licit fuerit extra possessionem. And 
 It is to be known that possession is acquired with the mind and with the body (the 
 mental intent and the physical act) together, not with the body by itself, nor with 
 the mind by itself, and so it is acquired with both, and so it is not lost except with 
 both ; because if a person is ejected from possession, he does not forthwith lose 
 both kinds of possession, the natural and the civil, for he may retain mentally 
 the civil possession, although he is out of possession. Bracton, ii, c. 18, § i,fin. 
 fol. \\b fin. Read, in this connection, § 5. 
 
 Bracton drew this idea of possession animo et corpore from the Civilians. 
 
 Paulus expresses it : Possessionem acquhimus et animo et corpore, etc. Paulus, Recept. 
 Sent. •», 2, g I. And in the Libro ad Edictum he says : Possideri autem possunt, etc. § i. Et 
 adipiscimur possessionem corpore et animo, etc. Paulus, Dig. xli, 1, fr. '^ pr. § I. 
 
 ET sciendum, quod furtum est, secundicm leges contractatio rei aliaene fraudulenta, 
 ciitn animo furandi, invito illo domino cujus res ilia fuerit. Citm animo dico, 
 quia sine animo furandi non committitur. Est autem quasi furtum, rapina, quae 
 idem est quantum ad nos quod robberia, et est aliud genus contractationis contra 
 voluntatem domini, et similis poena sequitur utrumque delictum, et unde praedo dici- 
 tur fur improbus: quis enim magis contractat rem aliquam invito domino, quam 
 ilk qui vi rapit? And it is to be known that theft is, according to the laws, the 
 fraudulent handling of another person's property, with the intention of stealing, 
 against the will of the owner whose property it is. I say with the intention, for 
 without the intention of stealing it is not committed. There is also a kind of 
 theft, rapine, which is the same with us as robbery, and it is another kind of 
 handling against the will of the owner, and a like punishment follows each 
 offense, and hence a robber is called a hardened thief : for who handles any 
 thing more against the will of the owner than he who carries off by violence ? 
 Bracton, iii, tr. 2, c. 32, § i, fol. 150^. 
 
 ET sciendum quod w r e c kum did poterit, quasi derelictum, ut si quid {navis 
 levandae causd) a nave projectum fuerit ab aliquo, sine animo retinendi vel 
 repetendi, id -troprie did poterit wreckum, cum res projecta habita sit pro derelicta; 
 
 8iS 
 
Et sci.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et si. 
 
 et si habita sit pro derelicta videri poterit per presumptiones, ut si liber projectus 
 fuerit, utrum inveniatur clausus vel apertus, cum commode claudi possit et bene; et 
 sic de similibus. And it is to be known that a thing may be called wreck, as 
 being derelict, as if any thing be thrown out of a ship by a person (for the sake 
 of lightening the ship) without the intention of retaining or reclaiming it, it may 
 be properly called wreck when the thing thrown out is regarded as derelict; and 
 whether it be regarded as derelict may be judged by presumptions, as if a book 
 have been thrown out [such inference may be drawn from the circumstance] 
 whether it be found shut or open, where it could conveniently be shut ; and so 
 of like cases. Bracton, iii, 3, § 5, fol. 120. v. Wreckum. 
 
 Read: Item magis propnh dice paterit wreckum, si navis frangatur, etc. 
 
 Et scire feci W. H. filio haeredi predict M. le cognizor.— L. Lat. And I have 
 warned W. H. the son and heir of the aforesaid M. the cognizor. 
 
 Et Semble. — L. Fr. And it seems, cf. Semble et seq. 
 
 E T sequitur aliquando poena capitalis ; aliquando perpetuum exilium, cum omnium bonorum 
 ademptione. And sometimes a capital punishment follows ; sometimes perpetual exile, with 
 confiscation of all the goods. Bracton, fol. 144^ ; Bl. Com. iv, 206 ; Broom &■ Had. Com, 
 iv, 240. 
 
 ET servorum quidem una est conditio; liberorum autem hominum; quidam ingenui 
 sunt, quidam liberiini. Marcianus, Dig. i, 5, fr. 5 pr. The condition 
 also of slaves is one or the same ; but of free men some are free born, some are 
 
 freed men. 
 
 Read: Servi autem in dominum nostrum, etc. And also Ingenui sunt, qui ex matre libera 
 nati sunt, etc. Marcian. Dig. i, 5,/n 5, §§ i, 2. 
 
 ET si duo rei stipulandi sunt, quorum alterius absentis procuratori datum ante- 
 quam is ratum haberet, interim alteri solutum est, in pendenti est posterior 
 solutio ac prior, quippe incertum est, debitum, an indebitum exegerit. ' Ulpian. Dig. 
 xlvi, Z,fr. 58, § 2. And if two debtors are about to stipulate, to the procurator 
 of one of whom in his absence something was given, before he approved of it, 
 and in the meantime it was paid to the other, the latter and' former payments are 
 in suspension or abeyance, because it is uncertain whether he has exacted a debt 
 or not. 
 
 ET si meretrix fuit ante, tunc non full meretrix, citm nequitiae ejus reclamando 
 consentire noluit. And if she were a harlot before, she was not then a 
 harlot, since she was unwilling to consent to his wickedness by crying out 
 against him. Bracton, iii, tr. 2, c. 28, § 1 , fol. iAll> j periphrased in Bl. Com. 
 
 iv, 213. 
 
 Read: Raptus mulieris ne fiat, defendit tarn lex huniana quhm divina, etc. Bracton, ib. 
 fol. \/\,'ia fin. 
 
 Et si nale femme de ascune treson soit attainte, soit ars.— L. Fr. And if women 
 
 are attainted of any treason, they are burned. Britt. c. 8 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 97 {e). 
 
 ET si furiosi negotia gesserim, competit mihi adversus eum negotiorum gestorum 
 actio. Curatori autem furiosi vel furiosae adversus eum eamve dandam 
 actionem, Labeo ait. Ulpianus, Dig. iii, S,/r. 3, § 5. And if the business of a 
 mad-man has been transacted, an action of business done in one's absence is 
 competent to me against him. But Labeo says that an action is given to a cura- 
 tor of a mad-man or of a furious person against him. Quoted in Wharton on 
 Agency, § 360. 
 816 
 
Et si.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et si. 
 
 ET si forte exceperint, quod non tenentur, sine brevi originali, respondere. And if by chance 
 they be taken, that they are not bound to answer without an original writ. 
 
 ET si ho7no prist certaitt aubres, et puis et fait boards de eux, uncore le owner port 
 eiix reprender ; quia major pars substantiae remanet. — L. Fr. And if a 
 man take certain trees, and convert them into boards, the owner may take them 
 again, because the principal part of the substance remains (/. e. its substance and 
 individuality is retained). Britton. 
 
 ET si la nef etoit preste au fair voyage, elle ne doit pourt demeurrer pour ley j 
 et s'il querit, il doit avoir son loyer tout comptant, en rebutant les frais, si le 
 maitre luy en a/ait. Et s'il meurt, sa femme et se prochains le doivent avour pour 
 hiy. — L. Fr. And if the vessel be ready to proceed on the voyage, she should 
 not wait for him [the mariner] ; and if he require, he should have all his wages 
 paid him, after deducting the expenses, if the master has been put to any ; and 
 if he die, his wife and children should receive them instead of him. Maxim in 
 Maritime Law. 
 
 ET si les bestes soient clos dedens meson ou dedens parkes, ou si eles soient chases 
 hors del counie, ou si le baillife autre desturbance trove, tauntost face prendre 
 des bestes le deforceur h la double value come wither na m , et cele destresse teigne, 
 saufis lesser par plerine, jesques taunt que la distresse alloigne soil remene. — L. Fr. 
 And if the beasts be shut up in a house or in a pound, or if they be driven out 
 of the county, or if the baihff meet with other hindrances [in the execution of 
 the process] he shall forthwith cause the beasts of the deforcer [the distrainor] 
 to be taken to the double value, as a withernam, and shall hold this distress 
 without delivering it by plevin [shall hold it irreplevisable] until the distress 
 eloigned be driven back. Britton, c. 27. v. Withernam. 
 
 Read : Si autem averia invenire non possunt; etc. Bracton, fol. 157 ; Fkta, ii, 47, § 10. 
 
 ET si navis in causd praedicta mutaverii iter, vel cepit secundum viagium j vel 
 convenit asportare alias merces in alium locum j vel alias assecurationes fecerit 
 prodicto secundo viagio,-tunc in casibus praedictis assecuratores pro primo viagio, 
 amplius non tenentur. Ita probat. And if a ship, in the case before-mentioned, 
 shall have changed her way or course, or taken a second voyage, or agreed to 
 carry other goods to another place, or shall have made other insurances for the 
 said second voyage, then in the cases aforesaid, the assurers for the first voyage 
 are no longer bound. So it is proved. Maxim in Maritime Law. 
 
 ET si nihil faciU mutandum est ex solemnibus, tamen, ubi aequitas evidens poscit, 
 subveniendum est. Marcellus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 183. And if nothmg is 
 [can be] easily changed in the common way, nevertheless, when the eqmty of 
 the case may be evident, clear, it is to be advanced [to aid, relieve, obviate or 
 remedy the evil], cf. Gothofred, ^. i?w. i?^^. >'"• clxxxm. 
 CT si non omnes, qui rem communem habent, sed certi ex his dtmdere destderant 
 C hoc judicium inter eos accipi potest. Paulus, Dig. x, 3, A- I pr- ^^\^^ 
 not all, who have a thing in common, but certain ones of them desire to divide 
 [the thing so held], this judgment or judicial exammafon [.. .. commum dnndundo 
 judicium] can be accepted among themselves, i Story s Eq^fur^ § 648^ 
 
 Read: Communi dividundo judicium ideo necessartam fmt, etc. Paulus, Dtg. x, 3, / . 
 C T si pallium fullo permutaverit, et alii alterius dedcrit ex locato -f-^^l^^f'^^^ 
 b etLmsi ignarus fecerit. Ulpianus, Dig. xix, .,/r. 13, § "^ fi.'"' J-'l'f^^ 
 shall have changed a cloak or garment, and shall have given one m place^of the 
 
 [ 103 J 
 
Etsi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et sui. 
 
 other, he is held in an action of letting for hire {ex locato), even though he shall 
 have made it unawares or through ignorance. Story on Bailm. § 450. v. § 408. 
 Et si super totum, etc. And if upon the whole, etc. 
 
 ET si susceptum non impleverit, tenetur. Paulus, Dig. xvii, i, fr. 5, § i. 
 Cited in Story on Agency, § 479. Read it in Diligenter igitur fines man- 
 dati custodienda sunt, etc. Paulus, Dig. id. ib. pr. 
 
 Et sic. And so, and thus ; and in this manner ; and in such a manner Et sic ad judi- 
 cium, — and so to judgment. Yearb. T. i Edw. II. 10. Et sic ad patriam, — and so to the 
 country (in recording an issue to the country). Yearb. passim. Et sic de caeteris, — and so 
 in respect to others ; and in this manner concerning the other matters ; and in the same 
 manner in respect to the others, i Co. Inst. 2851^. Et sic de similibus, — and so of or in 
 similar things ; and in this manner in respect to like matters, i Co. Inst. 144a. Et sic i con- 
 verso, — and so on the contrary. Et sic fecit, — and he did so. Yearb. P. 9 Hen. VI. 17. Et 
 sic fiat de consimilibus, — and so let it be done in similar cases. Bracton, fol. 1591^ fin, Et 
 sic fiat irrotulatio, — and the enrollment shall be made thus. Bracton, fol. 2991?. Et sic in 
 similibus, — and so in like cases or matters. Bacon's Use of the Law ; Law Tr. 157. Et sic 
 pendet, — and so it hangs, i. e. the point was left undetermined. T. Raym. 168. Et sic pendet 
 placitum, — and so the plea hangs. Yearb. T. i Edw. II. 8. Et sic quod, — and so that. 
 Bracton, fol. 116. Et sic ulterius, — and so on ; and so forth or further. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 50, 
 § 27. Et sic ultra, — and so on, or beyond, or further on. Et sic vel cadit breve omnino, vel 
 stabit quantum ad quosdam, et cadat quantum ad alios, — and so the writ either abates alto- 
 gether, or will stand good as to some, and abate as to the others. Bracton, fol. 414. Et sic 
 vide, — and thus see. Et sic vide que livery dun fait dun enfant nest semple al livery de terre 
 ou biens per luy. — L. Fr. And thus see that the delivery, which a person makes on the part 
 of an infant, is not a simple delivery of lands or goods made by himself. 
 
 Et similia. And the like ; and so forth. Ulpianus, Heg. xxv, § 2. 
 
 ET sit iniquum, .damnosum cuique esse officium suum. Read this in Sed si 
 quis ex signatoribus aberit, etc. Gaius, Dig. xxix, 3, fr. 7 Cited in Story 
 on Bailm. § 164. 
 
 ET stet nomen univ er si talis . And the name of the corporation may stand. 
 Ulpian. Dig. iii, 4, fr. 7 fin.; Broo7n &" Had. Com. i, 568. 
 
 ET sunt f lures participes quasi unum corpus in eo quhd corpus sit integrum, et 
 quod in aliqua parte non sit defectus. Bracton, lib. v, tr. 5, cap. 25, § 2. 
 And several part-holders are as it were one body, inasmuch as they have one 
 right, and it is incumbent that the body should be entire and that there should 
 not be a defect in any part. Bracton, in continuation, says : 
 
 E T sunt participes quasi partem capientes sicut partis capaces, ut supra de qualitate et differ- 
 entia hae7'edum, eo quod conmiunis est inter eos res ratione pluriuvi personarum, vel ratione vicini- 
 tatis, vel ratione ipsius rei quae partibilis est, et non ratione personarum, quae non sunt, quasi 
 unus haeres et unum corpus, sed diversi haeredes, ubi tenementum partibile est inter plures coliae- 
 redes patentes qui descendunt de eodem stipite, et semper solent dividi ab antique. Bracton, lib. v, 
 tr. V, cap. 45, § 2, fol. 428. And part-holders are as it were holding a part, as part-capable, 
 as above concerning the quality and the difference of heirs, inasmuch as the thing is common 
 amongst them in respect of several persons, or in respect of vicinity, or in respect of the 
 thing itself which is partible, and not in respect of the persons, who are not as it were one 
 heir and one body, but divers heirs, where the tenement is partible between several co-heirs 
 as claimants who descend from the same stock, "and is always accustomed to be divided from 
 ancient time. Co. Litt. 176a y Broom df Had. Com. ii, 356, note («). 
 
 ET suis,post ipsum, jure haereditario perpetue possidendum. And to them, after his decease, 
 to be forever possessed by hereditary right. 
 818 
 
^**™'J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Et und. 
 
 PT suntquidem in navibus, qui custodiae gratid navibus praeponuntur, ut vavcpv- 
 1^ 'kanei \navium custodes\et diaetarii. Si quis igiiur ex his receperit 
 puto in exeratorem dandavt actionem; quia is, qui eos hujusmodi officio praeponit, 
 covimttti eis permittit, quamquam ipse navicularius, vel magister id faciat, quod 
 Xeipeix^oXov [immissiotie m manus] appellant Sed etsi hoc non extet 
 [exercei], iamen de recepto navicularius tenebitur. Ulpian. Dig. iv, (),fr. i, § 3. 
 And there are some persons in ships who are set as a guard over the' ships^ like 
 the ship watchmen or stewards. If any one of these, therefore, should receive a 
 thmg I think an action would lie against the exercitor ; because he that put him 
 m this office permitted things to be deHvered to him ; though the ship owner or 
 the master did it (put the person in office). Even if this were not so, yet the 
 ship owner would be liable on the reception. Quoted in Story on Agency, §458, 
 where the subject is treated. 
 
 ET suprema voluntas quod mandat fierique jubet, parere necesse est. And what 
 a last will commands and orders to be done must be obeyed. Dode- 
 RiDGE, J., Latch, 137. V. Voluntas ultima testatoris, etc. 
 
 ET, traditio libra, legit lit dercus. And, when the book is handed him, he reads like 
 a clerk (or clergyman). 
 
 In old English Criminal Law: This was a test formerly used when a criminal 
 claimed the benefit of clergy, the book was delivered to him, and if he could read in it, he 
 was entitled to the privilege of clergy. 
 
 ET ubi eadem est ratio, idem est jus. And where the reason is the same, there 
 the law is the same. 7 Co. 18b, Calvin's case. v. Ubi eadem est ratio, etc. 
 Et nnde dicit. — L. Lat. And whereupon he says. Yearb. M. : Edw. II. i. 
 
 ET wide ex praemises colligi potest, quod unus potest esse sey situs de aliqua terra 
 vel redditu in dominie o suo ut de feodo, ei de liber o tenemento simul, vel tantum 
 ut de feodo, vel \et'f\ non in dominico, vel tantum ut de liber o tenemento etin dominico, 
 non tamen in feodo sicut did poterit de illis qui tantum tenent ad vitam, quacunque 
 ratione. And hence it may be gathered from the premises, that one may be 
 seised of any land or rent in his demesne as of fee, and of freehold at the same 
 time ; or only as of fee, or [and ?] not in demesne ; or only as of freehold and 
 in demesne, yet not in fee ; as may be said of those who only hold for life in 
 whatever way. Bracton, fols. 2631^, 264. 
 
 ET unde videndum est, quid sit mansio et quid sit villa. Et sciendum quod de jure 
 gentium agris sunt termini positi, aedificia sunt collata sive vicinata, et ex qua 
 collatione jiunt civitates et villae, et ex pluribus aedificiis collatis et vicinatis, et non 
 ex uno aedificio constructo. Ut si quis in agris unicum faciat aedificium, non erit 
 ibi villa, sed cum ex processu temporis inceperint coadjurari \coadunari f\ et vicinari 
 plura aedificia, incipit esse villa. It is to be seen, then, what a mansion house is, 
 and what a town or vill is. And it is to be understood, that according to the law 
 of nations \i. e. the public or general law of States], certain limits are marked out 
 in lands, and houses built together [within them] or erected into a neighborhood, 
 out of which cities and towns are formed, which are thus composed of several 
 buildings erected together, and not of a single edifice. Hence, where a man 
 builds a single house in the fields, it will not be a town or vill ; but when, in 
 process of time, several buildings have become united together for common 
 safety, and formed into a neighborhood, it begins to be a town. Bracton, fol. 211. 
 
 819 
 
Etimi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Etc. 
 
 Bracton, in another place, sa3'S, that two houses standing in the neighborhood of each 
 other would not constitute a vill, or town, but any larger number would. Bracton, fol. 434. 
 Lord Coke defines: Villa est ex pluribus mansionibus mcinata, et collata ex pluribus 
 vicinis ; et sub appellations villarum continentur burgi et civitates. Co. Litt. 115^. 
 
 Et Tini eorum diutius viventi. — L- Lat. And during the life of one of them ; during 
 the life of either of them. Wingate's Max. 65, § 10. 
 
 ET ut de aequitate primum loquamur scire oportet, Aequitatem aut aequutn de omni 
 inter dum jure did, ut citm jurisprudentia ars boni et aequi dicitur ; inter dum 
 dejure naturali absolute, ut cum Cicero ait, jus legibus , moribus , et aequi- 
 tate constarej alias vero de hisce rebus, quas lex non exacte definit, sed arbitrio 
 viri boni per mittit. Saepe etiam de jure aliquo civili proprius ad jus naturale acce- 
 dente, idque respectu alterius juris, quod paulo longius recedere videtur, ut jus Prae- 
 torium et quaedam jurisprudentiae interpretationes. Proprie verb et singulariter 
 Ae quitas est virtus voluntatis, correctrix ejus, in quo lex 
 propter u niv er s alitatem deficit. Grotius, de Aequitate, c. i, § 2. 
 And that we first may speak concerning equity, it must be known that all law is 
 now and then said to be equity or justice, as when jurisprudence is called the art 
 of good and just principles ; now and then the natural law absolutely is called 
 thus; as, when Cicero says that the law consists in statutes, cus- 
 toms and equity; otherwise, however, such matters are called thus, which 
 the law does not exactly define, but leaves them to the judgment of a com- 
 petent man. Often, also (is called thus) some civil statute law, more prop- 
 erly pertaining to the natural law, and this with respect to another law, which 
 seems to date from much further back in time, as the Praetorian law, and cer- 
 tain interpretations of jurisprudence. But properly and specially, equity is 
 the power of the will, a corrector in such matte rs in which 
 the law, on account of its universality, is deficient. Quoted 
 in I Story's Eq. Jur. § 7, note i jin. 
 
 ET utriusque causae quaedam habebal insignia. Justinian. Inst, ii, 7, § i. Inasmuch as 
 in some respects, it has the insignia of both causes. Inasmuch as in some thing it partakes 
 of the nature of both, i Story's Eq. Jur. § 607. 
 
 ET vulgariter dicitur, quod ^privih oportet cervuTn capere, et posiea, ciim 
 captus fuerit, ilium excoriare.' And it is a common saying that 'you must 
 first catch your stag, and afterward, when he shall have been caught, 
 skin him.' Bracton, lib. iv, c. 21, § 4, fol. 191 ad Jin. 
 
 ETENIM fiatura statuti est, ut non extendatur ad bona in alio territorio sita, ubi 
 contraria slat juris dispositio. Bona autum dicuntur esse in ejus jurisdictione, 
 in cujus ter?'itorio sunt. Peckius. In truth the nature of a statute is, that it is 
 not extended to goods or property situated in another territory where a contrary 
 disposition stands by law. But goods are said to be in the jurisdiction of him 
 in whose territory they are situated. Quoted in Story on Conji. of Laws, § 433(5. 
 
 ETENIM omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, liabent quoddatii commune vinculum, 
 et quasi cognatione quddam inter se continentur. Clc^RO, pro Archia Poeta, I jin. Truly all 
 the arts which belong to polished life are held together by some common tie, and are con- 
 nected, as it were, by some intimate relationship to one another. 
 
 ETENIM qui modus est in his rebus cupiditatis, est aestimationis . Difficile est enim Jinem 
 Jacere pretio, si libideni non Jeceris. Cicero, in Verrem, ii, lib. iv, c. 7, § 14 ■ I" truth, the 
 only limit to the valuation of certain things is the desire which any one has for them ; for it 
 is difficult to set bounds for the price unless you first set bounds for the wish. Pufendorf, 
 de Jure, v, c. I, § 6. 
 820 
 
Ete.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eti. 
 
 ETENIM sicut aliis in locis farum firmamenti ei farum virium Veritas liabet, sic in hoc loco 
 falsa invidia imbecilla esse debet : dominetur in contionibus , jaceat injudiciis . valeat in opinioni- 
 bus ac sermonibus iniperitorum, ab ingeniis prudentium repudietur : vehementes habeat repentinos 
 impetus^ spatio interpositio et causa cognita conseneseat, Cicero, pro Cluentio, c. ii, § 5. 
 Indeed, as in some places truth appears to have but little foundation to rest upon, and but 
 little vigor, so in this place unpopularity arising on false grounds ought to be powerless. 
 Let it have sway in assemblies, but let it be overthrown in courts of justice ; let it influence 
 the opinions and conversation of ignorant men, but let it be rejected by the disposition of 
 the wise ; let it make sudden and violent attacks, but when time for examination is given, 
 and when the facts are ascertained, let it die away. 
 
 Read, in this connection : Dcnique ilia dejinitio judiciorum aequorum^ etc. Id, ib. 
 
 E TENIM ut membra quaedain amputantur^ si et ipsa sanguine et tamquam spiritu carere 
 coeperunt et noceni reliquis partibus corporis^ sic ista in Jigura hominis feritas et hnminitas bduae 
 h communi tamquam humanitate \corporis\ se greganda est. Cicero, de Officiis, iii, 6, § 32 Jin. 
 For as certain limbs are amputated, both if they themselves have begun to be destitute of 
 blood, and, as it were, of life, and if they injure the other parts of the body, so the brutality 
 and ferocity of a beast in the figure of a man, ought to be cut off from the common body, as 
 it were, of humanity. 
 
 Read, as preliminary to this : Nulla est enim societas nobis dim tyrannis, et potius summa 
 distractio est, et seq. ClCERO, id. ib. 
 
 Etiam conj. And also, and furthermore; also, likewise, besides. In part_icular: 
 (a.) And even, nay. (6.) Certainly, granted, by all means, yes indeed, yes. (c.) Yet, as 
 yet, still, (d.) In interrogations: What? pray? etc. Etiam atque etiam, denotes 
 that an action is done uninterruptedly, incessantly; whence it also conveys the 
 idea of intensity; constantly, perpetually ; repeatedly, again and again, over and over ; 
 pressingly, urgently. 
 
 Etiam causa non cognita. Even for a cause or reason not known. 
 
 In Common Law: A husband may inhibit his wife etiam causA non cognitd, that is, 
 without the reason of his doing so being even assigned or investigated into. Erskine's Inst. 
 i, tit. 6, § 26. 
 
 ETIAM ea mulier, quuin moreretur, creditur filium habere, quae excise utero 
 edere possit ; nee non etiam alio casu mulier potest habere filium, quem mortis 
 tempore non habuit, utputa eum, qui ab hostibus remeavit. Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, /r. 
 141. Also a woman, when she is dying, is held to have- a child if she is able to 
 give birth by excision. So also in another case a woman may have a child which 
 she did not have at the time of death ; as for example, a child who has come 
 back from captivity. 
 
 ETIAM, hoc modo: cupio des, opto des, credo te datur urn , fidei- 
 commissum est. Ulpian. Dig. xxx, i,//-. 115. Likewise in this manner: 
 I desire you would give, I request you should give, I trust 
 you will give, is a. fidei-commissum. Quoted in 2 Story's Eq. fur. § 1074. 
 Read : Et eo modo relictum exigo, desidero , uti des, etc. Neratius, Dig 
 Etiam in articido mortis. Even at the very point of death. Erskine's Inst, i, t. 6, § 31. 
 ETIAM judicum tunc primanus, nisi illud faceremus, rescripti illius forensis, qui libertaiis 
 personalis omnimodae vindex legitimus est fere solus, usum omnimodum palam pronuntzamt {sm 
 semper similis) nobis perpetuo in posterum denegandum. Quod, ut odiostssimum jmis prodzgtum 
 scientioribus hie universis censitum. Then the chief justice (Sir Nicholas Hyde) announced 
 openly that, unless we would do this (give security for good behavior), the use m any way 
 that judicial writ (habeas corpus) which is almost the only lawful vindication of aU personal 
 liberty should be forever thereafter denied to us ; a declaration worthy of '-- J^.ch de? 
 laration was held by all men of learning to be a most odious prod.gy of law. From Ledden s 
 account of the proceedings in the King's Bench in habeas corpus. ^.. State frzals u, 229. 
 Vindic. Mar. Claus. viii, edit. A. D. 1653. Quoted in Broom &f Had. Com. u,, 143, "• 
 
Eti.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eum. 
 
 ETIAM fnorte unius socii societas solvitur. Et hoc genus distrahendae obliga- 
 tionis societatis proprium est, etc. Vinnius, ad Inst, iii, 25 [26], § 5. Quoted 
 in Story on Partn. § 318, n. 5. Read it under: Solvitur ad hue societas etiam 
 morte socii : quia qui societatem contrahit, certain personam sibi elegit, etc. ViN. ib. 
 Etiam-si, A concessive, conditional particle: Even if, although, albeit 
 (quite class, and sometimes written separately). 
 
 E TIAMSI ad ilia personae consueverint et debuerint per electionem aut quemvis alium modum, 
 assumi. Although as to those matters, persons had been used, and they should have taken 
 them by election, or by some other mode. v. Bl, Com. iv, 107 ; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 106. 
 
 ETIAM-SI appellari non potest, doli mali exceptionem in poenae peiitione obstatu- 
 ram. Paulus, Dig. iv, 8, /r. 32, § 14. Even if it cannot be appealed, an 
 exception (plea) of corrupt fraud would obstruct or thwart the claim of the 
 penalty. Quoted in 2 Story's Eq. Jur. § 1462. 
 
 Read the_/?-. from which this is clipped : Quum quidam arbiter ex aliis . V kxjixsi, supra. 
 Etiam-tum (sometimes Etiam-tunc), conj. Even then, till that time, till then, still. 
 
 ETSI non convenit, si tamen intempestive renuntietur societati, esse pro socio 
 actionem, etc. Quoted from Ulpianus, in Story on Partn. § 289. Read 
 in the fr. . Si convenerit inter socios, ne intra certum tempus communis res divi- 
 dotur, non videtur convenisse, ne societate abeatur, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xvii, 2,fr. 14. 
 
 ETSI non prosunt singula, juncta juvant. Although they are of no use or 
 benefit singly, united they aid. 3 Bulstrode, 132. "Although things taken 
 singly do no good, or work no benefit, when combined or taken collectively they 
 are powerful." v. Juncta jurant. Quae non valeant, etc. 
 
 ETSI persapienteret quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex poiestatem defendendi, quae non hominem 
 occidi, sed esse cum tela hominis occidendi causa vetat, ut, quum causa, non telum quaereretur, 
 qui sui defendendi causa telo esset usus, non hominis occidendi causa habuisse telum judicaretur. 
 Quapropfer hoc maneat in causa, judices : non enim dubifo quin probaiurus sim vobis defensionem 
 meam, si id memineritis, quod oblivisci non potestis, insidiatorem inte rfi ci jure posse . 
 Cicero, /ra Milone, iv, 11. The law verj' wisely, and in a, manner silentl)', gives a man a 
 right to defend himself, and does not merely forbid a man to be slain, but forbids any one to 
 have a weapon about him with the object of slaying a man ; so that, as the object, and not 
 the weapon itself, is made the subject of the inquiry, the man who had used a weapon with 
 the object of defending himself would be decided not to have had his weapon about him 
 with the object of killing a man. Let, then, this principle be remembered by you in this trial, 
 O judges; for I do not doubt that I shall make good my defense before you, if you only 
 remember — what you cannot forget — that a plotter against any one may be 
 slain. 
 
 Cicero says in another place: Atqui si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, 
 quae nulla sunt, etc. And in another place: Insidiatori vera et latroni quae potest 
 inferri injusta nex? etc. Id. iv, 10. 
 
 EUM, a quo mutuam sumsisti pecuniam, in solutu?n nolentem suscipere noinen debit- 
 oris tui co7npelli, juris ratio non permittit. Justinian. Cod. viii, 43, const. 16. 
 The rule of justice does not permit that he, from whom you have borrowed 
 money, should, against his will, be compelled to take in payment the indebted- 
 ness of your debtor. Pufendorf, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, v, c. 11, § 4, note i. 
 EUM, qui nocentem infamat, non est aequum et bonum ob eam rem condemnari; 
 delicta ' enitn nocentium nota esse oportet et expedit. He who defames or 
 accuses a criminal [or a bad man] is not justly to be condemned on that 
 account ; indeed, it is proper and expedient that there be a mark of reproach 
 upon [a condemnation of J the delicts of bad men. Quoted in Bl. Com. iii, 125. 
 822 
 
^™-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eum. 
 
 AnH if T rL„ 5. ^^ '^^'^/"="ed ; for then it is no slander or false tale. 4 Co. 13. 
 thedivi e a heret?/Afs'wm h'";'" a bankrupt, the physician a quack, the lawyer a knave. 
 \lmZ , '^".^^"^' "'= )^'" destroy the respective actions ; for though there may be damage 
 vh^e?hereirn^o "''■rS '^ the fact be t r u e \ is damnum ais^ue iljLnaTTd 
 
 of the Civ 1 Law T7' '^'•■"'" ^'^". "° '^"'"^^- ^"^ "''^ '^ agreeable to the reasoning 
 01 tne L,ivil Law. ^/. Com. 111, 125, citing Di<f. xlvii, 10, /r. 18 /?-. ^ 
 
 The rule of the Civil L a w , of which the above is a paraphrasis, reads : 
 pUM, ^ui nocente7n infamavit, non esse bonmn aequum, ob earn rem condemnari ; 
 i-/ peccata enini nocentium nota esse, et oportere et expedire. Pauu 
 Dig. xlvii, io,/r. 18 pr. He who has defamed or accused one who has com- 
 mitted a wicked or criminal act, is not justly or equitably to be condemned on 
 that account ; indeed, the marked or notorious sins or trangressions of wicked 
 men ought to be exposed. Bl. Com. iii, 125 ; Kent's Com. ii, 18, note ; Broom 6- 
 JjTad. Com. iii, 133. 
 
 JPUM, qui se liber tinum esse fatetur, nee adoptando pair onus ingenuum facer e 
 L/ potuit. Ulpian. Dig. i, s,/r. 27. Nor could a patron by adoption make 
 a free born person of one who confessed he was a freedman. [F. J. M.] 
 
 EUM, qui vectigal populi Romani conductum habet, public ami m appellamus j 
 nam publica appellatio in compluribus causis ad Populum Romanum respicit ; 
 civitates enim privatorum loco habentur. Gaius, Dig. L, 16, /r. 16. He who has 
 the conducting, managing the taxes or revenue of the Roman people we call the 
 farmer general of the Roman revenue; for the public term has 
 respect, in many cases, to the people of Rome ; for they are held in place of 
 private citizens. 
 
 Paulus respondit: 
 
 EUM, qui vivente patre et ignorante de conjunctione [^conditioned filiae conceptus 
 est, licet post mortem avi natus sit, justum filium ei, ex quo conceptus est, esse 
 non videri. Paulus, Dig. i, 5, fr. 11. Paulus decided: That he is not a 
 legitimate son of the person by whom he was begotten, who was conceived, the 
 father still living and ignorant of the condition of the girl, although he was born 
 after the death of his ancestor. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Julia Nus ait : 
 
 EUM, qui dedit diver sis temporibus pro curator es duos, posterior em dando prior em 
 prohibuisse videri. Ulpian. Dig. iii, 3,/?". 31, § 2. Julianus says : He 
 who gives two procurators [creates two agents] at different times, in giving the 
 latter he seems to have prohibited the former [revoked the power of the one first 
 created]. Quoted in Story on Agency, § 474. 
 
 EUM quoque precario teneri voluit Praetor, qui dolo fecit, ut habere desineret. 
 Illud adnotatur, quod culpam non praestat is, qui precario rogavit, sed solum 
 dolum praestat, quamquam is, qui commodatum suscepit, non tantum dolum, sed etiam 
 culpam praestat j nee immerito dolum solum praestat is, qui precario rogavit, qiiam 
 totum hoc ex liberalitate descendat ejus, qui precario concessit, et satis sit, si dolus 
 tantum praestetur ; culpatn tamen dolo p roxiviam contineri quis 
 merito dixerit. Ulpianus, Dig. xliii, 26,/r. 8, § 3. The Praetor willed 
 or declared him also to be held for the precarium who committed a deceit (acted 
 in fraud) so that he ceased to have it. That is noted, that he does not commit 
 a fault who asks for a precarium, but he performs or stands responsible for a 
 
 823 
 
Eiun.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eve. 
 
 fraud or deceit alone, although he who has received the commodatum practices 
 not only a fraud or deceit, but also a fault ; and he is not improperly (he justly 
 stands) responsible for fraud or deceit only who asked the precarium, since all 
 this descends from the liberality of him who granted the precarium, and it may 
 (shall) be sufficient if a fraud or deception only is practiced ; yet a fault 
 may be properly said to be contained or comprehended 
 next (7r nearest to fraud, v. Kent's Com. '\\^ '^do {d). 
 
 EUM quoque qui creditoribus suis bonis cessit, si posted, aliquid acquisierit quod 
 idoneum emolumentum habeat, ex integro in id quod facere potest, creditores 
 ciim eo experiuntur : Inhumanum enini erat spoliatum fortunis suis in solidum 
 damnari. Justinian. Inst, iv, c. 6, § 40. So, when a debtor who has made a 
 cessation of his goods to his creditors acquires a fortune which makes worth 
 their while, the creditors may compel him, by action, to pay as much as he is 
 able, but not more. For it would be inhuman to condemn a man to pay the 
 whole debt who has already been deprived of all his property. 
 
 Ulpianus says : Is, qui bonis cessit, si quid postea acquisierit, in quantum facere potest, con- 
 venitur, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xlii, 3, fr. 4, et v. fr. 6. The subject is treated in Pufendorf, 
 de Jure, v, c. 10, § 10, n. 6 ; Bl. Com. ii, 473; Broom &• Had. Com. ii, 623. 
 
 Eundo et redeundo. In going and returning. 3 Rob. Adm. R. 141. 
 . Eundo, morando, et redeundo. In going, staying and returning. Broom &= Had. Com. 
 i. 454- 
 
 Eundo, redeundo, et morando. In going, returning and staying. Bacon's Ordinances 
 in Ch. 86. 
 
 Eureka. [Gr. EvprjKa, ha-rg'lca.] I have found it. M o 1 1 o of California. 
 Evagatio, Snis, /. [evagor, to wander forth, to roam about.] A wandering about ; a 
 roaming. Pliny, ii, 17, 14. 
 
 E-Vaginatio, Onis, /. \id.'\ A wandering, i. e. spreading out, extending. Arn. i, 50. 
 EvangelicUS, a, um, adj. = Gr. EvayyEXiKoi. Evangelical. Scriptura. Tertullian, 
 adv. Marc. 39. Vox. Prud. Apoth. 495. 
 
 Evangelium, ii, ». =Gr. EvayyiXiov, — good news, the glad tidings. [+ £u, well, 
 and (xyysXkEiv, to bear a message, to bring tidings.] The gospel. 
 
 Evasio, onis, ti.. \j\- e-vado, ere, to get away, flee, escape.] Escape, i. e. from prison or 
 custody. Reg. Orig. 312 ; Fleta, lib. i, c. 26, § 4. 
 
 In general: A getting away, evasion. 
 
 EvastO, are, I, V. a. To lay utterly waste ; to devastate. LiVY, x, 15 et saep. 
 
 Eventum, i, «• («•) An occurrence, chance, event, (jb.) The issue, consequence, result, 
 eflFect, of an action (class, passim). 
 
 Eventus, Hs, m. (a.) An occurrence, accident, event ; or fortune, fate (rare, but quite 
 class.). (6.) The issue, consequence, result of an action. Eventus est alicujus exitus 
 negotii, — -the result is the ultimate termination of any business. CiCERO, Inv. i, 28. 
 
 EVENTUS est qui ex causd sequitur, et dicuntur eventus, quia ex causis 
 eveniunt . An event is that which follows from a cause, and they are 
 called events because they arise from causes. ^ Co. %\b, Agnes Gore's 
 case ; Wingate's Max. 21, § 38 ; ib. 37, § 6. 
 
 EVENTUS spectetur, ut a clementissimo quoquo facta, quamquam lex non minus 
 eum, qui occidendi hominis causa ciim telo fuerit \ferii\ quam eum, qui occi- 
 derit, puniat; et ideo apud Graecos exilio voluntario fortuiti casus luebantur, ut apud 
 praecipuum poetarum scriptum est [Homer, //. xxiii, 85 sqq.^: 
 824 
 
Eve.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eve. 
 
 EJr£ Hi rvrSov idvra Msyoirioi i| 'Ojtoevroi 
 Byayev vuerspovd, dv6poKTa6irii vitd Xvypfji, 
 HfiocTL rm, ore naiSa HavEKTavov 'Aft^iSa/iarro'; 
 Nriitioi, ovK i^eXor, aM<p' aiirpaydXoidi xo^a>Seii 
 [Quando metum parvulum existeutem Menoetius ex Opunte 
 Duxit ad vestrain dommn parricidi-um ob triste 
 Die illo, quum filium occidi Amphidamantis 
 Iinprudens, invittis, circa talis iratus, — Versio vulg.'\ 
 
 Claudius Saturninus, Dig. xlviii, 19,/?-, 16, § 8. 
 
 Let the accident be considered as was done by a very clement person, although 
 
 the law punishes no less the man who has been (strikes) with a weapon with the 
 
 intent to kill than the man who has killed ; and accordingly, with the Greeks, 
 
 accidental homicides were punished by voluntary exile, as has been described by 
 
 the greatest of poets [Homer, //. xxiii, 85 seqq?^ : 
 
 When Menoetius led me from Opus, a little boy, to thj' home, on account of a melancholy 
 
 homicide, on that day when, imprudent, I slew the son of Amphidamas, not wishing it, 
 
 enraged about the dice. 
 
 EVENTUS varios res nova semper habet. A new matter always induces various 
 events. Co. Lift. 3791?. A new invention always has various results. 
 Sir Edward Coke, speaking of Justice Richel his Perpetuity, observes "that new inven- 
 tions ((hough of a learned judge in his own profession) are full of inconvenience. Pericn- 
 losum est res novas et iniisitatas inducere." And that author saith further, "that Littleton, in 
 the debate of the case (§§ 721-723) hath taught us an excellent point of learning, that when 
 any innovation or new invention starts up, the best way is to try it by the Rules of the 
 Common Law; for they are the tr.ue touch-stones to sever the pure gold from the dross, 
 and sophistications of novelties and new inventions." And by this 'example (he saith) "you 
 may perceive that the Rules of the Common Law (which are indeed the maxims of reason) 
 being soundly applied to such novelties, it doth utterly crush them and bring them to nothing ; 
 for commonly a new invention doth offend against many rules and reasons of the Common 
 Law ; and, therefore, the ancient judges and sages of the law have ever suppressed innova- 
 tions and novelties as soon as they have offered to creep up, lest the quiet of the Common 
 Law might be disturbed ; and so have Acts of Parliament also many times done the like.' 
 And the judges say in 38 Edw. Ill: "We will not change the law which 
 always hath been used." And another saith in 2 Henry IV. 18. "It is better 
 that it be turned to a default, than that the law should be changed, 
 or any innovation made." And, therefore, new and subtle inventions ought not to 
 alter any principle of the Common Law. I Co. Inst. 379^^ Wingate's Max. 204, § i. And 
 the wisdom of the judges and sages of the law hath always suppressed new and subtle 
 inventions, in derogation of the Common Law. 1 Co. Inst. 282a, 3. Nihil simul inventum 
 est et perfectutn. Co. Litt. 230. Saepe viatorem nova non vetus orbita fallit. Wingate's Max. 
 204, ^ 2, citing I Co. Inst. 377*, 4. Periculosum existimo quod honorum vivorum non compro- 
 batur exempto. 9 Co. 97^, Sir George Reynel's case. 
 
 EVERY judge or commissioner ought to have duo grana salts viz. 
 unum sapientiae, tie fit insipidus, et alterum conscientiae, iie fit diabolus. And 
 discretion is well described to be, scire per legem quid sit justum. Wingate's 
 Max. 21, § 42. V. Duo grana sails, etc. 
 
 Every statute, ordinance and provision which is to be made by, etc., ought to consist of four 
 causes: i. The material cause, which is the substance. 2. The formal cause, and that is the 
 manner with convenient circumstance. 3. The efficient cause, and that is their authority according to 
 their commission. 4. The final cause, and that is j^ro bono putilico, et nunguam pro private. The con- 
 sideration whereof will be as so many sea-marks to direct the commissioners how to steere in the execution of 
 their charge, and how to order the liberty which is given them by the statute of 23 Henry VIII. c. 5, viz. to 
 make such ordinances, etc., according to their owne wisdomes and discretions, etc.. 
 which words are meant and ought to be interpreted according to law and justice; for every judge 
 or commissioner ought to have duo gratta satis, viz. unu,n sapientiae, ne fit insipidus, et atterum conscien- 
 tiae, ne fit diabolus: and discretion is well described to be, scire per legem quid sit justum. Wingate's 
 Maxims, 21, § 42, citing 10 Co. Tifia, Kigheley's case. 
 
 EversiO Onis, /. \everto, to turn out, to overturn, overthrow.] An overthrowmg. (6.) 
 A destructive overthrow, subversion, destruction. Templorum. Quint, v, 10, 97- Urbis. 
 Flor i 12, 7. z/. Quint, viii, 3. 69- In the pi ur.: Eversiones urbium. Flor. ii, 16, i. 
 
 [104] «^s 
 
Eve.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex abr. 
 
 In Jurid. sense: Eversio possidentium, — a turning out, expulsion, from one's pos- 
 session. Flor. iii, 13, 9. Trop.: Subversion, destruction. Cicero, </?&«. xii. Omnis 
 vitae. Id. Acad, ii, 31, 39; id. Fin. v, 10, 28. Rei familiae. Tacitus, A, vi, 17. 
 
 Eversor, 5ris, m. \id?\ A subverter, destroyer. Quint, viii, 6, 30. Trop.: Eversor 
 civitatis. CiCERO, Part. ^,0 ad fin. Eversor juris humani. Pliny, xxviii, I, 2. Eversor et 
 interceptor pecuniae, i. e. one who squanders it. Theod. Cod. xii, 6, I. 
 
 Eves-droppers. Such as stand under the walls or windows by night or day to hear 
 news, and to carry to others, to make strife and debate amongst their neighbors ; those are 
 evil members in the commonwealth, and therefore are to be punished. Stat. Westm. I. c. 33. 
 They are a common nuisance. And this misdemeanor is presentable and punishable in the 
 Court-Leet, by fine, and finding sureties for good behavior. Kitchen, F. \x\ 2 Hawk. P. C. 
 c. 10, § 58 ; Pt. Com. iv, 167 ; i Ptiss. Cr. 302 ; 2 Overt. R. (Tenn.) 108. 
 
 Evictio, onis, y. [-j- evinco, ere, to overcome, to prevail in law.] Eviction. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A recovering of one's property by a judicial decision {per sen- 
 tentiam Judicis) ; a recovery, eviction. Dig- xxi, tit. 2; Justinian. Cod. viii, 45, ' De Evic- 
 tionibus.' (6.) The abandonment which one is obliged to make of a thing, in pursuance of 
 a sentence by which he is condemned to do so. Pothier, Cont. of Sale, part 2, c. i, § 2, art. 
 I, n. 83. (c.) The sentence which orders such abandonment. Id. 
 
 In the Common Law: The recovery of lands, etc., by form of law. 10 Co. 128 (i). 
 The recovery from a tenant of the whole or a part of the demised premises, by a title para- 
 mount to that derived from his landlord. Kent's Com. iii, 464, 465. (c.) The recovery from 
 a vendee, of land purchased by him, under a paramount title. Kent's Com. iv, 475-477. 
 (d.) The compelling a tenant to abandon the demised premises, bj' rendering them unfit for 
 occupation, as by a nuisance. Kent's Com. iii, 474, note ; i Carr. &' M. 479. v. Recuperatio. 
 
 Evictum perpetuum. A perpetual eviction, or ouster of possession. 
 
 Evidentia, ae,/. [-j- evidens, apparent, visible, manifest, clear, open to view, -|- e, out, 
 and videre, to see.] Apparentness, clearness, in speech, i. e. distinctness. Cicero, Acad. 
 ii, 6, 17. V. Quintilian, iv, 2, 63 ; vi, 2, 32. (6.) Evidence. 
 
 The terms evidence and proof are constantly used in practice as sj'nonymous. Bl. 
 Com. iii, 367 ; Steph. Com. iii, 604. Evidentia signifies generally any proof, be it testimony 
 of men, records or writings. Cowell ; Termes de la Ley. It is that which tends to render 
 evident or clear; the means by which the truth of a fact or point in issue is made clear or 
 demonstrated Bl. Com. iii, 367 ; I Best on Evid. 10, § 11. Any matter of fact, the tend- 
 ency or design of which is to render evident, or to generate proof to produce in the mind a 
 persuasion, affirmative or disafErmative, of the existence of some other matter of fact. Ben- 
 t/iam, Jud. Evid. 17 ; I Best on Evid. 10, § 11 ; w. § 28. 
 
 The word evidence, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any alleged 
 matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to investigation, is established or disproved. 
 I Greenleaf on Evid. § i. In strict sense proof is the effect or result of evidence ; evi- 
 dence is the medium of proof. Id. ih. 
 
 Evidentia rei v61 facti. Evidence of a thing or fact. 
 
 Real evidence, /. ^. all evidence of which any object belonging to the class of things 
 is the source ; persons also being included in respect of such properties as belong to them 
 in common with things. 3 Bentham, Jud. Evid. 26, 53. v. Mascard. de Prob. Quaest. 8 ; Lord 
 Stowell, I Hagg C. R. 105 ; l Best on Evid. [26] § 28 ; [277] § ig6, v. Calvini, Lex Jurid. 
 
 EVIDENTISSIMIS probationibus ostenditur testatorem multiplicasse legatum 
 voluisse. By the most evident proofs it was shown that the testator was 
 desirous to increase the legacy. 10 Johns. R. 156, 159. 
 
 Ex or fe. Out of, from. To indicate direction: From, down from, up from, out 
 of. In time: After, immediately after, directly after. From .... onward, from, since. 
 In specifying a multitude: Out of, of which. To denote material: Of, 
 out of. To indicate cause: From, through, by, by reason of, or, on account of. To 
 indicate a transition, change, alteration: From, out of. To denote 
 measure or form: According to, after, in conformity with. Also to form adverbial 
 expressions; e. g. ex aequo, ex commodo, ex diverse, etc. v. infra. 
 
 Ex abrupto. Abruptly; — ex abnudanti, — out of abundance, abundantly, superfluously ; 
 Calvini, Lex. Jurid.: — ex abundailtia,— out of the abundance; —ex abundanti cau- 
 tela — out of great or abundant caution : " The practice has arisen ex abundanti cautela ; " 
 '826 
 
Exabu.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex con. 
 
 8 East, 3ig ; Lord Ellenborough, \ M. ^ S. 544 : —ex abusu,— from the abuse ; v. 
 maxim, infra ; — ex adversO,— on the other side ; 2 Show. 461 ; 2 Best on Evid. § 651 ; — 
 ex aequitate, — according to equity, in equity; Fleta ; Erskines Inst, ii, 11, §24: — eX 
 aequo, — in an equal degree, equally ; Lucretius, i, 854 ; Ovid, M. iii, 144 ; by reason of or 
 according to right, justice, equity ; —ex aequo et bono,— agreeable to what is good and 
 right ; Cicero, Caec. xxiii ; according to equity and good morals or conscience ; Bl. Com. 
 iii, 162 ; Broom &■ Had. Com. iii, 156 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 705 ; Story, J., 2 Gallis, 61 : — 
 ex affectu, COntrahentium, — from or by or according to the intention of the contracting 
 
 parties; Bracton, fol. 52*.- —ex altera parte,— of the other part ; — ex animali exem- 
 
 plo,— from a living model ; original; Cic. Inv. ii, i, 2 : — ex animi nostra Sententia,— 
 from the thought of our mind ; Quint, viii, 5, § i ; — ex animi Sententia, — according to 
 the best of his judgment ; Cicero, Acad. Q. xlvii : — ex animi tui sententia, — according 
 to the sentiment of your mind ; Id. Off. iii, 29 : — eX animo, — from the fullest conviction 
 of; with the whole intention, heartily: — ex arbitrario judicis, — at or according to or 
 depending upon the will or discretion of the judge; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, § 31 ; Bl. Com. 
 iv, 394 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 482 : — ex aSSensu Curiae, — with the assent of the court : 
 
 — ex assensu totius curiae,— with the assent of the whole court; 139: — exassensu 
 omnium tenentium, — by the consent of all the tenants: — ex assensu patris, — by or with 
 
 the father's consent ; Litt. § 40; Cro.Jac. 415 ; Bl. Com. iv, 133 : — eX assensU SUO, — with 
 his consent ; Comh. 220: — eX assignatione, — from or according to the assignment ; Reg. 
 Orig. 75^ y Dyer, zotb : — ex auctoritate mibi COmmissa, — by the authority entrusted to 
 me : — ex aversione, — from behind ; Auct. Bell Hisp. 22 : — ex bene placito, — at pleas- 
 ure : — ex benevolentia, — from benevolence ; out of good will, friendship, indulgence : — 
 ex benigne interpretatione, — according to a benign interpretation; by a liberal interpre- 
 tation ; Bracton, iol. 95 : — ex bona fide, — on account of good faith; according to good 
 faith : — ex bonis, — from or out of the goods or property : — ex bonO et aeqUO,— in fair- 
 ness and equity; Gaius, Inst, iii, 137 : according to what is good and just ; on principles of 
 fairness and equity ; fairly and equitably ; Justin. Inst, iv, 6, §§ 30, 31, 39 : — ex capita, — 
 from, by, according to the heads; v. J>er capita . — eX Capite doli, — on the head of fraud 
 or deceit; Erskine's Inst, iii, I, § 16 : — ex Capite fraudis,— on the head of fraud ; Id. ib. 
 iii, 8, § 88 : —ex Capite inhibitionis,— on the ground of inhibition ; Id. ib. ii, 11, § 3 : — 
 
 ex capite interdictionis, — on the ground of interdiction ; Id. ib. ii, 7, § 59 : — ex capite 
 
 lecti — on account of the extremity of sickness in bed ; on the head of death bed ; Id. ib. ii, 
 11^ I 6 : — ex capite minorennitatis et laesionis,— on the ground of minority and lesion 
 or fraud ; Id. ib. i, 7, § 34 : — ex Casu, — by chance or accident: — eX cathedra,— from 
 the pulpit, chair or bench ; from high authority : —ex causa,— from a cause or considera- 
 tion ; from or by title, etc. ; v. infra : — ex CaUSa furtiva,— from a secret cause : — ex 
 causa metus,= on account of fear : —ex causa praecedente,— from a cause or consid- 
 eration preceding ; upon a previous consideration ; Bracton, fol. ig^, § 3 : — ex CaUSa sub- 
 sequente,— from a subsequent cause ; Id. ib. : — ex CaUSa SUCCeSSionis,— on the ground 
 or by title'of succession ; v. infra, p. 833: — eX Certa SCientia,— of certain or sure knowl- 
 edge ; I Co. 40b J- I Man. &• Gr. &• Scott, 518, v. ex gratid speciali, etc., p. 835 : — ex certa 
 SCienta et mero motu,— from positive knowledge, and from mere will or pleasure; v. 
 infra, p. 834: — ex comitate,— out of comity (7r by courtesy; Erskine, iii, 2, § 39; Kent's 
 Com. ii, 457 : - ex comitate et jure gentium,- by comity and the law of nations ; Lord 
 Mansfield, i W. Bl. 258 : —ex commodate,- from or out of loan ; v. Commodatiim : — 
 ex COmporatione SCriptorum,- by a comparison of writings or handwritings; Best on 
 Presumptions, 2x8 : -eX COmpromiSSO,- by or out of compromise ; v. Arbiter, etc. : - eX 
 COnceSSione — from permission ; by or according to the grant ; Reg. Orig. T^b : — ex COn- 
 ceSSis — froiii matters conceded: -ex concesso,- from what has been conceded: -ex 
 COnfeSSO -beyond doubt, confessedly ; QuiNTlLlAN,iii, 5.§ 3 : -ex consanguine,- from 
 
 blood relationship : - ex consequentift,- consequently ; i Saik. 346 : - ex consequenti,- 
 
 according to reason ; from what follows; consequently; of course; v. Consequenter :- ^t^ 
 ponsilio-from the resolution, intention, purpose; Papin. Dig.: - ex COnsuetudlUe,- 
 from or 'according to custom or use ; by or from habit ; in a usual or customary manner; 
 
 827 
 
Ex con,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex gra. 
 
 agreeing with custom, etc. ; Caesar, B. G. i, 52; Sal. J.; Quintilian, ii, 5, i et al. : — ex 
 COUSUetudiue clericorum,— from the custom of the clergy; Bacon's Max. in Reg. 21: — 
 ex COntinenti, — instantly, immediately, incontinently : — eX Contractu, — from contract ; 
 arising out of or founded upon contract ; Dig. and Inst, passim ; Bracton, passim s Bl. Com. 
 iii, 117 ; Broom &= Had. Com. iii, 240, 250 ; v. infra : — ex COntrario, — on the contrary ; 
 on the other hand ; Cicero, R. Com, xvi, 47; Quintilian, vi, i, 16 ; Dig. and Inst, passim ; 
 V. e contrario : — ex CUlpa levissima,— from the least fault ; Erskine, i, 7, § 22 : — ex 
 curia,— out of court : — eX damnatO COitii, — of, from, by an unlawful intercourse; Brac- 
 ton, fol. 63 : — ex damno, — on account of a fine, penalty or damage : — ex debito justi- 
 tiae, — from or as a debt of justice; in accordance with the requirements of justice; Bl. 
 Com. iii, 48, 67 ; id. iv, 330, 392 ; Broom on C. L. 232 {0) ; Parsons on Contr. 428 (/)y u. infra, 
 
 P- 833 : —ex debito vel merito justitiae, vel ex gratis, — from a debt or reward of 
 
 justice, or from favor: — ex defectu natalium, — from defect of parentage; Erskine, iii, 
 10, § 6 : — ex defecto sanguinis, — from failure of blood; from want of issue; Hale's 
 Anal, xix : — eX delictu familiae, — on account of an election or choice of the family ; 
 Erskine, ii, 12, § 7: — ex delicto, — from or out of delict ; arising out of misconduct, mal- 
 feasance, or tort ; Justinian. Inst, iv, tit. i, and/;-./ Mackeld. § 195 ; Bl. Com. ii, 302; Broom 
 &= Had. Com. iii, 253, 309 ; Broom on c. L. 654, 858 : — ex delicto quasi ex Contractu,— 
 
 by or on account of a delict, as though it were by way of contract ; v. infra, p. 834: ■ — ^ex 
 delicto vel C[Uasi delicto, — from delict or as it were from delict ; from real or constructive 
 delict, misconduct, malfeasance, tort; Erskine, iii, 3, § 70: — eX dem., an abbreviation of 
 ex demissione,— from or on the demise ; — eX destinatione animi,— from, or according 
 to the resolution, purpose, design of the mind. Ulpian. Dig. L, \, fr. 27, § 2 ; — ex des- 
 tinato, — designedly, intentionally ; Seneca, Clem, i, 6 ; Suet. Calig. 43 ; — eX diametro, — 
 in or through a diameter; Hob. 266^ .• — eX dlcto majoris partis, — according to the saying 
 (verdict) of the majority : — ex dictis majOris partiS juramentorum,— by the verdict of 
 the major part of the jury; Hale's Hist. Com. Law,'i6,rj, note; 2 Reeve's Hist. 268: — ex 
 directo, — by a direct course ; directly, immediately ; Story on Bills, §§ 143, igg ; — eX dis- 
 putatione fori, — from or through the discussion of the forum ; v. Disputatio fon : — ex 
 diuturno tempore, — from length of time ; Bracton, fol. 5ii5y v. maxim, infra, p. 834: — 
 ex diverse, — on the contrary ; on the opposite side ; on the other hand ; Gaius, Inst, ii, 6, 4; 
 Quintilian, v, 4, 43 et al. : — eX dolo, — through fraud or deceit ; Erskine, ii, 3, § 22 : — 
 ex dolo male, — out of, or through corrupt fraud or deceit ; v. Dolus mains ; et v. maxim, 
 infra: — ex donatione regis, — by or through the king's gift; Bl. Com. i, 374 : — eX 
 
 done,- by gift: —ex eadem causa,— from or through the same cause: —ex eadem 
 lege, — b}' the same law ; v. infra : — ex empto, — by or through purchase ; Ulpian. Dig. 
 xvii, I, fr. 14 ; arising out of purchase ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 28 ; Bracton, fol. 102 ; — eX 
 eo, — from that, hence : — ex eo 0[UOd plerumque fit, — out of that which it becomes the 
 greater part, or for the most part becomes ; Broom's Max, 862 ; from that which most fre- 
 quently occurs; Erskine, ii, 8, § 2: — ex eodem Utero, — born of the same mother; v. 
 Uterinus : — ex eorum assensu, — by the agreement of themselves; i Story's Eq. § 477, 
 note : ■ — ex facie, — on the face of it ; i De G. M. &" S. 672 ; Erskine, iii, 7, § 9 ; Broom on 
 C. L. 355 : — ex facile, — easily, without difficulty; — eX factO, — from the fact or deed ; in 
 consequence of the act or thing done ; Bracton, fol. 172 ; v. maxim, infra, p. 835 : — eX fic- 
 tione juris, — by or through fiction of law; Bracton, fol. 53 : — ex fide bona, — in good 
 faith; sincerely, conscientiously, honorably ; Cicero, Off. iii, 16,66 et al. ; Ulpianus, Dig. 
 vi, 2, 7, § II ^< al. ; V. bona fide : — eX fructibus pracdiorum, — from the profits of the 
 estate ; v. infra, p. 835 : — ex fumo dare lucem, — to give light from smoke ; Broom's Max. 
 534 ; V. infra, p. 835 : — eX furto, — by theft ; v. infra, p. 835 ; — ex. gr. or e. g. abbreviation 
 of exempli gratia,— for the sake of example; by way of example : — ex gradu adscend- 
 entium, — by degrees of ascending; in ascending degrees; Paul. Dig. xxiii, Z.fr. 68 : — 
 ex gratia — from grace or favor ; by way of grace or indulgence (the opposite of ex debito'); 
 
 Bl. Com. iv, 392 : — ex gratia curiae,— by favor of the court ; — ex gratia special!, certa 
 
 SCientia et mero motu, — out of special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion : v. 
 De gratia speciali, etc.: — ex gravi querela, — from or upon the grave complaint or accusa- 
 828 
 
^^^^°0 JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ex obi. 
 
 on JiesOng.^^^i ^. ^. ^. j^gL ; 3 ^W. /Tu.. 49; _ex hac parte -from this 
 sde on th.s side; Cicero, Cat. ii. 11,25: -ex haereditate - out of, excluded from, 
 
 the inheritance; disinherited; i Kames- E.j. 247 : -ex hypothesi,- upon the hypothesis; 
 
 by way of supposition ; -ex ilia CaUsa falsi -by that false, deceptive cause, i. , fraud • 
 Marcian. Dxg. xlviii, JO, I, I 9: _ex illo tempore,- from that time ; since then : -ex 
 improviSO- without preparation ; Dyer. 28 : - ex inCOntinenti - from the spur of the 
 moment; summarily; Erskine, i, 4, § 17: -ex industria - by diligence, industry ; with 
 deliberate design; on purpose ; purposely; intentionally; Kenfs Com. i, 318; Story, J., i 
 
 nheat. R. 304: —ex ingenio,— f rom natural disposition, temper, inclination, mode of 
 thinking ; according to the judgment or understanding ; Erskine, i, i, § 49 ; — ex insidlis 
 fortunae,— upon, within, or through the snares of fortune; Bracton^ io\. 92^ fin.: —ex 
 insidus,— by artifice or stratagem; craftily, insidiously; Sall. J., 113, 6: — ex insinua- 
 tione, — on the suggestion or information ; Reg. Jud. 25 ; Yearb. P. 8 Edw. III. 24 : — ex 
 institntione legis,— by the institution of the law : —ex integro,— anew, afresh ; Ql'int. 
 X, 3, 20; Bracton, fol. 293 : — ex intentione ad affectum,— from the intention to the 
 efTect ; Story's Eq. § 1080, note i med. : — ex intervallo,— after an interval ; Fleia ; Erskine, 
 '. 4, § 4 : — ex ipsa re deductis,— drawn from the subject or case itself : ex jure, — by 
 law : — ex jure naturae,- by the law of nature ; Erskine, ii, 9, § 63 : — ex justa Causa,— 
 from a just or lawful cause ; by a just or legal title ; Ulpian. Dig. iv, 4, 7, § 12 ; v. ex causd: — 
 ex justis nuptiis prOCreatUS,— born from or in a lawful marriage ; Bracton, fol. 63; Co. 
 Litt. "jb ; Broom's Max. 4g6 : — eX justitia, — from justice; Erskine, iii, 7, § 37 : — eX 
 latere, — from the side; by a collateral relation ; collaterally; Paulus, Dig. xxiii, 2, 68 : — 
 ex lege, — from law; according to law ; Erskine, ii, 9, § I ; — eX legibus, — according to 
 the laws ; Ulpian. Dig. L, 16, 6, § i ; i/. infra, p. 840 : — ex leX, — out of the law ; v. infra: — 
 ex licentia regis, — by the king's license : Bl. Com. i, 168, note : — ex locato, — from or 
 out of letting ; Justinian, iv, 6, § 28 ; Bracton, fol. 102 ; Erskine, iii, 3, § 15 ; from a letting 
 out, leasing ; v. Locatum : — eX loUgO, — for a long time back ; Virgil, ^. ix, 64 : — ex 
 major! cautela, — frorn, by, on account of greater caution; Story on Contr. § 650 : — eX 
 maleficio, — from, arising out of, or founded upon malfeasance, misconduct, fraudulent 
 intent; Inst, iii, 14, § 2 ; iv, i pr.; Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 4 ; Bracton, fols. 99, loi, 102 ; v. maxim, 
 infra, p. 840 : — eX maleficio Vel delicto, — from malfeasance or tort ; Bract. loi ; v. maxim, 
 infra, p. 840 : — eX mandatio regis, — from the mere pleasure of the king ; -z Hale's P. C. 
 412 : — ex mandate, — from, or arising out of a mandate ; by command, order, or commis- 
 sion ; v. Mandatum : — eX mediaUO, — from the middle or central part ; Ulpian. Dig. ix, 
 3, 5 : — ex mensa et thorO, — from table and bed ; " from bed and board ; " j-. j4 mensa et 
 thoro . — ex mera gratia, — out of mere grace; through mere favor: — ex mero bene- 
 ficio, — out of mere good will or favor ; v. Beneficium : — ex merO jure naturae, — by the 
 bare law of nature; v. ex jure naturae: — eX mero motu, — of mere motion; from one's 
 own free will ; l Co. 40i5 .• — eX mora,' — from or in consequence of delay ; Story on Bailm. 
 
 §84: — ex more, — according to custom; v. Mos : — ex morbo, vel causa sontica, — 
 from sickness, or serious cause (or just impediment); Festus : — eX multitudine sig- 
 norum, — from or out of a great number of signs; v. maxim, infra, p. 841 ; — ex mutui 
 
 datione by the giving of a loan ; on account of a lending ; v. Mutui datio consistit, etc.: — 
 
 ex mutuo — from or out of a loan ; v. Mutuum : — ex natura,— by nature ; according to 
 the course of nature; Erskine, ii, 6, § 61 : — eX Uatura rei,— from the nature of the thing; 
 Id. iii, 3, § 65 : —ex necessitate,— of or through necessity; 3 R^P- i" Ch. 123 : — ex 
 necessitate legis,— from necessity of law; Bl. Com. iv, 394; Broom &' Had. Com. iv, 
 482 : — ex necessitate rei,— from the necessity of matter or case ; from the urgency or pres- 
 sure of circumstance; Bl. Com. i, 152 ; Broom on C. L. 316 ; v. infra, p. 841 : — ex nihil 
 nil fit,— out of nothing nothing comes ; 13 Wend. 178, 221 ; 18 id. 257. 301 : — ex niMlo 
 nihil fit — nothing comes out of nothing; v. maxim, infra, p. B41 : — eX nobili officiO,— 
 from the 'noble ofEce or supereminent power of the judge: Erskine, i, 7, § 54= —ex nudo 
 pactO,— out of a nude or naked fact ; v. maxim, infra, p. 842 : — ex nuda SUbmissioue,- 
 from a bare of naked submission ; v. maxim, infra, p. 842 : — ex nuptiis injustis,— from 
 unlawful marriage: -ex Obliquo,- from the side, sideways; Pliny; Bacon's Read. Stat. 
 
 829 
 
ExoecJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex sua. 
 
 Uses : — ex OCCasione, — upon occasion ; as occasion offered ; Suetonius, Caes. Ix : — ex 
 occulto, — from a secret place; from a place of concealment; Terentihs, £un. iv, 7, 17 ; 
 Cicero, Chi. xvi, 47: • — ex ofB.cio, — by virtue of office; officially; from the obligation or 
 as a consequence of office ; v. infra, p. 842 : — eX ofRciO et debito jnstitiae, — by virtue of 
 office, and in the obligation of justice; Bl. Com. iii, 98 : — eX officio judicis, — by virtue of 
 the office of judge; — eX Ordiue, — by or in succession; without intermission ; CiCERO, Agr. 
 i, 2 ; — ex pacto illicito, — from or out of an illegal pact or agreement ; v. maxim, infra, 
 p. 843 : — ex pari, — in an equal manner ; on an equal footing; equally : — eX paiitate 
 rationis,— by a parity of reason ; upon an equality of argument ; Erskine, iii, 9, § 48 : — eX 
 parte, — of the one part ; by one party or side only ; in part, partly ; Broom &' Had. Com. 
 iii, 96 ; V. infra : — ex parte materiia,on the part of the mother ; on the maternal side ; in 
 the maternal line ; Bl. Com. ii, 236, note ; id. ib. 222, note ; Steph. Com. i, 382 ; Broom's Max. 
 500; Broom &» Had. Com. ii, 376 : — eX parte paterna, — on the part of the father; on the 
 paternal side ; in the paternal line ; Bl. Com. ii, 236, note ; Steph. Com. i, 381, 382 : — eX 
 parte patris, — on the part or side of the father; Stat. Westm. II. u. 16: — ex parte 
 q^liaerentis, — on the part of the plaintiff: — eX parte reO, — on the part of the defend- 
 ant: — ex patieutit, — by sufferance: — eX paucis, — from a few things; v. maxim, 
 infra: — ex pietate, — from piety, or natural affection and duty; Erskine, iii, 3, § 92 ; v. 
 Pietas : — ex post factO, — from or through, or in consequence of an after-act ; from a thing 
 done afterward, or after the event; Bracton, fols. lib, 1.1, 51 ; Bl. Com..i,^(>; 3 Dallas Ii. 
 386 ; Kent's Com. i, 409 ; v. infra . — eX pOSt factO non COnvaleSCit, — it shall not acquire 
 validity from a subsequent act ; Ulpianus, Dig. xxx, fr. 41, § 2: — ex praeCO^itate 
 maUcia, — of malice aforethought; Jieg. Orig. 102 : — ex praemises, — from the premises ; 
 from what has preceded ; Fleta : — eX principiis, — from principles; v. maxim, infra: — 
 ex private, — from one's own private property; LiVY, xxx, 44: — eX profeSSO, — openlj-, 
 avowedly, intentionally, professedly ; Seneca, Ep. 14 ; v. Pro confesso : — ex propria 
 jurisdictione, — of his own proper jurisdiction: — eX proprio JUOtli, — upon his own 
 motion; of his own accord ; Erskine, i, 7, § 54 : — ex proprio vigOre, — by his own vigor; 
 by its own force; Kent's Com. ii, 457; v. infra : — eX provisione hominis, — by the pro- 
 vision of man, as distinguished from the disposition of the law; 11 Co. iob : ■ — ex pro- 
 visione legis, — by provision or disposition of the law ; Story's Eq. § 445 : • — eX prOVisione 
 mariti, — by a provision, forethought, precaution of the husband : — ex pueris, — from the 
 age of childhood ; Cicero, Acad. 3 : — eX ([Uasi Contractu, — from quasi contract ; arising 
 as if by contract or agreement ; Fleta ; Bracton, fol. loob ; from an implied contract ; Ersk. 
 iii. 3> § 55 I ^' infra ; v. Actio quasi ex contractu : — eX C[Uasi maleficio, — from quasi mal- 
 feasance or tort; v. infra: — ex ratihabitio COnvalescit, — from ratification it acquires 
 force ; Bracton, fol. 40 : — eX re, — from, by, or out of the thing itself ; Erskine, iii, 3, § 51 ; — 
 ex rei natura, — from or out of the nature of the thing ; Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 40 ; — eX 
 rel., abbr. -\- ex relatione, — -on the relation, report, or narration ; Bracton, fol. 403^/ v. 
 infra: — eX relatu, — on the relation, report, or information; Reg. Orig. 34, 36, 42 : — eX 
 reverentia maritali, — on account of the reverence belonging to married people; from 
 marital reverence and respect ; Erskine, iii, 7, § 37 : — eX rigore jUris, — by the force of the 
 law ; Ulpian. Reg. xxv, § i ; from or according to the rigor or strictness of the law; Fleta ; 
 2 Story's Eq. § 1223 : — ex SCriptis oliiuvisus, — from writings formerly seen ; 5 Ad. &= El- 
 703, 730: — ex Sese, — from himself: — eX Sola animi, — from or according to the mind 
 or intention alone : — ex SOla animi destinatione, — from or according to the resolution, 
 purpose, design of the mind alone; Paulus, Dig. xxv, 7, fr.a,: — eX Sententia, — from 
 one's thought or opinion ; Quint, viii, 5, i ; to one's mind or liking; Plautus, Pers. i, 1, 
 18 ; id. Capt. ii, 2, 97 ; according to one's wish ; Id. Men. v, 9, 89 : — eX tua Sententia, — 
 according to your wish ; Id. Cist, i, 2, 7 ; Cicero, Earn, ii, 7, 3 et al. : — ex speciali gratia, 
 certa SCientia, et mere motu regis,— by the special grace, certain knowledge, and mere 
 will of the king; .5/. Cot«. ii, 347 ; ii Peters' R.Tii; u. ex gratia speciali, etc.: — eX statuto, — 
 according to the statute ; Fleta : — eX StatutO Magnae Chartae,— according to the statute 
 of Magna Charta; Id.: —ex stipulatu aotio,— an action of or upon stipulation ; Justin. 
 /wc. iv, 6, § 27 : — ex stricto jure,— from or according to strict law ; — ex suS, natura,^ , 
 
 830 
 
Exabu.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex ant. 
 
 from his own nature ; Erskine, ii, i, § 4 ; according to its own nature : — eX SlUniUa neces- 
 sitate, — from or out of the highest necessity; — eX SUO motll, — from his own impulse, 
 inspiration; upon his own motion; according to his own will : — eX SUperabundanti, — 
 
 out of superabundance ; —ex superabundanti, et ad majorem cautelam,— f rom or in 
 
 superabounding, and for greater security; 2 How. St. Tr. 1184; v. Ad cautelam, etc. . — eX 
 tempore, — from the time, instantaneously, forthwith ; on the spur of the moment ; Cicero 
 de Or. i, 5, 19 ; from or by time ; Bracton, fol. 52 ; by lapse of time : — eX testamento, — 
 from, by, or under a testament or will ; Justinian. Cod. vi, 30, ig ; id. Inst, ii, 9, § 7 : — ex 
 tota materia, — from or out of the entire subject-matter; v. maxim, infra: — ex toto, — ■ 
 wholly, completely, entirely, all together : — ex tranSVerSO, — across, crosswise : — ex trans- 
 VersO viae, — across the way ; Towns. PI.: — eX turpi CaUSa, — out of a base or corrupt 
 cause ; v. maxim, infra : — ex turpi COIXtractil, — from or out of a base, immoral, corrupt 
 contract; z/. maxim, ««/>■« .• — ex Una Causa, — from one cause; — eX UUO factO, — from 
 one act or deed ; Bracton, fol. 137^, 235 : — eX Una parte, — of one part ; on one side : ■ — 
 ex UnO disce omnes, — from one learn all ; -u. Ab uno disce omnes ; — ex Uno latere COn- 
 juncti, — related on one side ; Dig. xxxviii, 10, 10 et al. : — ex Uno parente OOnjuncti, — 
 related by one parent only; Dig. et al. : — eX utraque parte, — on both sides; Dyer, 
 I26i5 .• — ex utrisque parentibus COnjuncti, — related on the side of both parents ; = of 
 the whole blood : — ex vi aut metu, — through force or fear ; Erskine, i, 6, § 34 ; v. Vi aut 
 meta : — eX Vi et USU termini, — by the force and use of the term; Bacon's Arg. Imp. 
 Waste : — ex vi termini, — by force or virtue of the term ; Bl. Com. ii, 109, 115 ; Broom &= 
 Had Com. ii, 221 : — eX vl termini per se,— by force of the term itself ; Wingate's Max. 
 3I_ g g : — ex vlsceribus, — from the inner parts ; from the interior or essential substance : — 
 ex vlsceribus causae, — from the interior or essential parts of the cause ; 10 Co. 24^ .• — ex 
 vlsceribus testamenti, — fro™ Ae interior parts or essential substance of the will ; 4 M. 
 &■ 5. 97 ; 2 Mete. R. 213 ; v. infra : ex vlsCCrlbuS verborum,— from the essential sense 
 of the words ; 2 Story's Eq. § 980 ; \o Johns. R. 494 ; — eX visltatlone Del,— by the visita- 
 tion of God • Bl. Com. iv, 324 ; — eX visu SCrlptlonls,— from the sight of the writing ; 
 from having seen a person write ; Best on Presump. 218. 
 
 EX abusu non arguitur ad usum. No argument can be drawn from the abuse 
 (of a thing) against its use. 
 Ii a principle or practice be perverted from its right meaning or end, no solid argument 
 against either can be drawn from such perversion. We should not deduce, from the occa- 
 sional abuse of any thing good or useful, an argument against the use of it. Maunders, 
 Treas. of Knowledge. 
 
 EX abusu non argumentum ad dissuetudinem. The abuse of a thing is no argu- 
 ment for its discontinuance. Common Law Max. 
 Ex aequo et bono judlcare. To judge in fairness and equity. Cicero, Caec. xxiii. 
 
 EX aequo et bono, non ex callido versutoque jure rem judicari oportere : scriptum 
 sequi calumniatoris esse bonique judicis voluntatem scriptoris auctoritatemque 
 defendere. Cicero, /r^ Caecina, xxiii, 65 >. A case ought to be decided by 
 considerations of what is honest and just, and not of cunning and tricky law ; 
 that to adhere to the mere text is the part of a false accuser, but that it is the 
 duty of a good judge to uphold the intention and authority of him who framed 
 
 the law. , , , , ,■ - 
 
 Ex animl mel (tui) sententia. To the best of my (your) knowledge and belief ; on my 
 
 (your) conscience. 
 
 In the formulary of an oath: Jurare ex sui ammi sentent,& quemquem 
 J;«-e°veryoneTould swear accoriling to th- ° P i " i on of h , s own mind. 
 Cicero, Acad, ii, 47 fin. B y m y f a 1 1 h a n d o p . n 1 o n . Sallust, /. 85- 
 CX antecedenttbus et c ons eq u c ntibu s fit optima wterpretatio. By 
 C what precedes and follows, the surest interpretation is obtamed. i Bulstr. 
 10 1 " The best interpretation [of a part of an instrument] is made from the 
 
 831 
 
Ex ant.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex cau. 
 
 antecedents and the consequents [from the preceding and following parts]." 2 
 
 Co. Inst. 317. _"A passage will be best interpreted by reference to that which 
 
 precedes and follows it." Broom's Max. 555; Bl. Com. ii, 379; Wharton's 
 
 Max. xxxii. 
 
 It is a true and important rule of construction, that the sense and meaning of the parties 
 to any particular instrument should be collected ex antecedentibus et consequentibus ; that is to 
 say, every part of it should be brought into action, in order to collect from the whole one 
 uniform and consistent sense, if that may be done. Per Lord Ellenborough, C. J., 15 
 East, 451. V. 8 East, it). The whole instrument is to be viewed and compared in all its 
 parts, so that every part of it may be made consistent and effectual. Kent's Com. ii, 555. 
 v.'i B. ^ C. 568. The same sentence or clause in a deed may have different operations, 
 according to the nature of the several things to which it is applied, and to carry into effect 
 the will and intent of thfc parties. Particular covenants are to be construed with reference 
 to the whole context and intent of the deed. Hobart, 273 ; I Bulstr. loi; 15 East, 541 ; 15 
 M. &= W. 160. V. Broom's Max. 555 sg. and cases, where the subject is treated at large ; 
 Broom, on Com. Law, 523, and cases ; 2 Story on Contr. § 806 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 501, note 
 («) and cases ; 2 5»2«V/!'j-Z. C [449] 517 ; 3 iVend. Jf. S03, 526. JVascitar i sociis- is the 
 rule laid down by Lord Hale (i Vent. 225), and it may be appropriately considered with 
 the rule sujrra: Ex antec edentibus et cons equentibus y etc. 
 
 EX antecedentibus et consequentibus est optima interpretatio; nam 
 turpis est pars quae ciim. suo toto non convenit, et maledicta est expositio quae 
 corrumpit iextum. The best interpretation [of a part of an instrument] is made 
 from the antecedents and consequents [the parts preceding and fol- 
 lowing] ; for the part which does not agree with the whole is of mean account 
 [is entitled to small or no consideration], and it is a bad [an accursed] inter- 
 pretation which corrupts the text. Broom on C. L. 523. v. 3 Wend. R. 503, 526. 
 Read: Maledicta est expositio quae corrumpit textum. 
 
 EX antiquo et de jure facere debet. He ought to do it according to the 
 custom and law. Magna Charta, 9 Henry III. cc. 15, 16. 
 
 Ex arbitrio jndicis pendentes. Depending upon the discretion of the judge. Justin- 
 ian. Inst, iv, 6, § 31. 
 
 Ex bono et aequo. In fairness and equity. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 137. 
 
 Ex Capite doli. On the head of fraud, deceit. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 1, g 16. 
 
 Ex capite fraildis. On the head of fraud. Id. ib. iii, 8, § 88. 
 
 Ex capite inhibitionis. On the ground of inhibition. Id. ib. ii, tit. 11, § 3. 
 
 Ex capite interdictionis. On the ground of interdiction. Id. ib. i, tit. 7, § 59. 
 
 Ex capite lecti. On the head of death-bed. Id. ib. ii, tit. 11, g 6. 
 
 Ex capite minoreimitatis et laesionis. On the ground of minority and lesion or fraud. 
 Id. ib. i, tit. 7, § 34. 
 
 EX casu tamen fortuito ad reparationem neminem teneri manifestum est, 
 ubi scilicet nulla alicujus culpa admixta est. In case of pure chance, where 
 the hurtful action is not mixed with any fault of ours, it is evident we are not 
 obliged to reparation. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, iii, c. i, § 6, citing 
 Ulpian. Dig. ix, 2, fr. S, § 2 ; id.ib. fr. 7, § 3 ; de Lege Aquil. cf. Barbeyrac's 
 note I, where the subject is treated. 
 
 Read: Proinde si quis alterius impulsu damnum dederit Proculus scribit, etc. Ulpian. 
 Dig. ix, 2, fr. 7, § 3. Also: Secundum haec, si cui inspiciendum dedi sive ipsius causa, etc. 
 Ulpian. Dig. xix, 5, fr. 17, § 2. 
 
 EX CAUSA DEPOSiTi. Lex XII. Tab. iii, fr. 8. On account of a deposit. 
 Arising from a deposit. 
 Paulus states the law : Ex causA depositi Lege XII. Tabularum in duplum actio datur, edicto 
 Praetoris in simplum. Paulus, Sent. Recept. ii, 12, g 11. By the Law of the Twelve Tables 
 an action on account of a deposit is given in duplum; by the edict of the Praetor, in simplum. 
 
 832 
 
Excau.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex con. 
 
 Ex causa Cui propositus fuit. On account of or for whom he was appointed or placed 
 in charge. Wharton on Agency, § 282. 
 
 Ex causa Uiandati. On account of a mandate ; arising from or out of a commission. 
 
 An agent cannot recover for disbursements made by him needlessly or without cause. 
 " The agent's disbursements must not only be made ex causd mandati, but inculpabiliier, i. e. 
 that it has not been the agent's fault which has given occasion to the expenditure or loss." 
 V. Bell's Com. (7th ed.) 534; Wharton on Agency, %^ 315, 346. 
 
 Ex causa potestatiS. On account of power. Bishop on Marr. &= Div. § 224. 
 
 Ex causa successionis, sive ex causa perquisiti. By title of succession, or by title of 
 
 purchase. Bracton, fol. 92*. 
 
 Ex causa successionis, vel donationis, vel ex causa dotis, vel ex aliqua alia justa 
 causa acquirendi. — L. Lat. By title of succession, or by gift, or by way of dower, or by 
 any other just way of aquisition. Bracton, fol. 183^. 
 
 Ex certa SCientia et mero motii. Of certain and sure knowledge and from mere will 
 «?■ pleasure. Kent's Com. i, 460 {b). 
 
 EX chart a de confirmatione subsequente facta ab herede ciim ei jus descenderit, 
 convakscit prima charta de donatione quae ab initio fuit invalida, et sic quae- 
 libet illaruvi Juvat aliam. From the deed of confirmation subsequently made by 
 tiie lieir when the right shall have descended to him, the first deed of gift, which 
 was originally of no effect, acquires validity, and so each of them assists the 
 other. Bracton, lib. iv, tr. iv, c. 8, § 2, fol. 389. 
 
 Read: Confirmatio omnes supplet defectus, etc. Bracton; Coke. 
 
 Ex comitate gentium. By or according to the comity of nations. Kent's Com. ii, 120 
 (a), V. id. ii, 457. 
 
 EX compromisso placet exceptionem non nasci, sed poenae petitionem. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. iv, 8,/r. 2. An exception is not allowed to arise out of a compro- 
 mise, but a claim of a penalty (will be allowed). 2 Story's Eg. Jur. § 1461. 
 Read: Stari autem debet sententiae arbitn, etc. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 8, fr. 27, § 2. 
 EX consensu pene omnium gentium. By the consent of almost all nations. Kent's Com. 
 
 iii, 496, note (a) ad Jin. 
 
 EX contractu multis modis; sicut ex conventione, etc.; sicut sunt pactu conventa quae nuda 
 sunt aliquando, aliquando vestitae, etc. In several modes, by way of contract ; as well as by 
 agreement, etc.; and also by way of pacts agreed upon, which are sometimes without, and 
 sometimes with, a consideration. 
 
 EX contractu actio est, quoties quis sui lucri causd cum aliquo contrahtt, velutt 
 emendo, vendendo, locando, conducendo, et ceteris similibus. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 xliv 7 /r 25 § I An action arises out of contract {ex contractu) as often as 
 one 'person contracts with another for the sake of his own gain ; for instance, m 
 buying, selling, renting, hiring, and other matters of a similar kind. 
 nX contractu pecuniae creditae actio inefficax dirigitur, si delegation, per sonae 
 D ritl facta, jure novationis vetustior contractus evanuit Justinian. Cod. viu, 
 ^2 const 2 An action is ineffectually brought out of a contract of money 
 Lned, if by a delegation of the person rightly made, an older contract has 
 ended or disappeared under the law of novation. .. Delegatto and Novatto. 
 
 cf I Far sons on Contr. 217-221. 
 Tiy. contractu procuratoris,acHoregulariterprocuratorietadversusprocuratorem 
 
 E quaeritur; non autem domino, aut adversus domtnum. ^^.^^^^ f/J^^r 
 iii tit% n Q 10 An action ex contractu is regularly sought by a procurator 
 fo; Iptcurlt;; and against a procurator; but not for an owner .. master 
 against an owner or master. Quoted in Story on Agency, § 163. ^^^ 
 
 [105] 
 
Excon.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex div. 
 
 Ex contractu, vel ex delicto. From or by contract, or from a delict or an offense, u. 2 
 Parsons on Contr. loi, 102. 
 
 Ex culpa levissima. From the least fault. Erskine's Inst, i, 7, § 22. 
 
 Ex debito justitiae. From a debt of justice ; according to a requirement of justice. 
 
 If a judge direct a jury contrary to a presumption of law, a new trial is granted ex debito 
 justitiae. i Phil. &^ Am. Ev. 464; <) B. Ss' C. 643 ; i Best on Evid. [417J § 304. v. 2 Best 
 on Evid. § 636 ; Broom &• Had. Com. iv, 479. 
 
 Ex defectu natalium. From defect of parentage. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 10, § 6. 
 
 Ex delectu familiae. On account of an election or choice of the family. Erskine's Inst. 
 ii, tit. 12, § 7. 
 
 Ex delicto. From or out of delict, offense or wrong; arising out of misconduct, mal- 
 feasance or tort. Justinian. Inst, iv, \pr.; Bl. Com. iii, 302; Broom on C. L. 654, 858; i 
 Mackeld. Civil Law, § 195. 
 
 The term comprehends the actions (Ct.) case; (6.) trespass; (c.) trover; («?.) replevin. 
 
 EX delicto, non ex supplicio, emergit infamia. Infamy arises from the crime or 
 offense, not from the punishment, penalty or torture. Fh. 6^ Am. Ev. 18; 
 I Best on Evid. % 142. ^^ Poena potest deini, culpa perennis erit." 
 
 Ex delicto, q^uasi ex contractu. By or on account of an offense or tort, as though it 
 were by way of contract ; from tort or wrong, as if it were out of or from contract. 
 
 Ex delicto vel q^uasi delicto. From a delict or quasi delict. From real or constructive 
 delict, malfeasance or delinquency. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 70. 
 
 Read: Oriuntur etiam obligationes ex delicto vel quasi, ex maleficio vel quasi, etc. Bracion, 
 fol. loi. § 14. 
 
 EX depositi, et commodati, el mandati, et tutela, et negotiorum gestorum; ob dolum 
 malum defuncti heres in solidum tenetur. Pomponius, Dig. xliv, 1,fr. 12. 
 The heir is held for the whole on account of the fraud of the deceased in a case 
 of deposit, a loan, a mandate or commission, of guardianship and business trans- 
 acted in one's absence (negotiorum gestorum). 
 
 EX desuetUdine amittuntur privilegia. Privileges are lost by desuetude. Rights, 
 privileges, are forfeited by non-user. Civil and Common Law Max. 
 Ex diuturnitate temporis. From duration of time ; after lapse of time. 
 
 EX diuturnitate temporis , omnia praesumuntur ritl et solemniter esse 
 acta. From length of time [lapse of time] all things are presumed to have 
 been rightly and regularly done [/. e. done in due form]. Jenkins, Cent. 185 ; 
 Co. Lilt. 6b J I Greenl. on Evid. § 20 ; i Best on Evid. § 43. 
 
 "Antiquity of time fortifieth all titles and supposeth the best beginning the law can give 
 them." Hobart, 257. "It is a maxim of the Law of England to give effect to every 
 thing which appears to have been established for a considerable course of time, and to pre- 
 sume that what has been done was done of right, and not of wrong." Per Pollock, C. B., 
 1 H. Ss' N. 623. " The law will presume a state of things to continue which is lawful in 
 every respect ; but if the continuance is unlawful, it cannot be presumed." Per Pollock, 
 C. B., s, H. &' N. 514. V. b H. &' N. 85, 86. v. Broom's Max. 907 et seq. where the subject 
 is treated at large. Omnia praesumitur riti et sollennitur esse acta, donee probetur in contra- 
 rium. Co. Litt. bb, 332 ; per Pollock, C. B., t H. &f N. 85, 86 ; Broom's Max. 907 ; Whar- 
 ton's Max. Ixv, p. 129 ; 12 Wheaton's (U. S.) R. 69, 70. 
 
 EX diverso, si quis in alieno solo sud materid aedificaverit, illius fit aedificium, 
 cujus et solum est; et si scit, alienum solum esse, sua voluntate amisse proprie- 
 tatem maturiae intelligitur ; itaque neque diruto quidem aedificio vindicatio ejus 
 materiae competit. Certe si dominus soli petal aedificium, nee solvat pretium materiae 
 et mercedes fabrorum, poterit per exceptionein doli mali repelli; utique si nescit, qui 
 aedificavit, alienum esse solum, et tanquam in suo bona fide aedificavitj nam si scit, 
 834 
 
Exdol.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex emp. 
 
 culpa ei objici potest, quod temere aedificavit in eo solo, quod intelligeret alienum. 
 Gaius, Dig. xli, I, fr. 7, § 12. On the contrary, if any one shall have built 
 with his own materials upon the ground of another, the edifice becomes the 
 property of him to whom the ground belongs ; and if he knows it to be the 
 ground of another he is considered to lose or give up by his own will the owner- 
 ship of the materials ; and so in truth a vindication or reclamation of his mate- 
 rials when the edifice has been destroyed is not competent. Of course if the 
 owner of the soil claims the building, but neither pays the price of the materials 
 and wages of the workmen, he will be defeated by the defense of fraud ; cer- 
 tainly, if he who built were ignorant that it was another's ground, and, as it 
 were, he built upon his own good faith ; for if he knows (has knowledge), it can 
 be said against him that he had built rashly upon that ground which he knew 
 to belong to another, v. Justinian. Inst, ii, 1, § 30. cf. Pufendorf, de Jure, 
 iv-, c. 7, § 6, n. 2, 3. 
 
 V. Quum in suo loco aliquis aliena materia aedificwverit, ipse dominus intelligitur aedif-cii, quia 
 omne quod inaedijiciatur solo cedit. Gaius, ib. fr. 10. 
 
 Ex dolo malo. Out of a corrupt fraud or deceit ; through evil design ; by a bad or cor- 
 rupt trick or device, etc. V. Dolus malus a.ni dolus io«aj distinguished. 
 
 EX dolo malo nan oritur actio. A right of action cannot arise out of fraud. 
 Cowper, 341, 343 ; Broom's Max. 702 et seq. where the subject is treated 
 at large ; Wharton's Max. xxxiii, and cases. 
 
 " No contract can arise out of a fraud, i. e. unless the party upon whom such fraud was 
 practiced chooses to accept and ratify the contract." Patterson, J., i Ad. &= E. 42. v. 9 
 .ff. 6^ C. 532, 539 ; 2 C. ^. 501, 512, 515; Talfourd, J., 10 C. -5. 919, 927; \ H. &= N.^IT, 
 5 Scott, N. R. 558. A contract for the sale of goods, though obtained by fraud, is perfectly 
 good if the party defrauded thinks fit to ratify it. It must be considered as established that 
 fraud only gives a right to avoid a contract or purchase. 13 C. B. 285, 303 ; 8 H. of L. Cases, 
 682, reversing s. c. 6 £. &' B. i, 17, 25 ; per Parke, B., 2 Exch. 541. " It is now well set- 
 tled' that a contract tainted by fraud is not void, but only voidable at the election of the party 
 defrauded " Per Lord Campbell, C. J., t E. &• B. 761 ; et vide per Pollock, C. B., 2 H. 
 Sf C 247 V. Broom on C. L. 335 sq.; 10 Mass. 276 ; li^ Johns. R. 146, 156 ; 20 Wend. R. 
 24 32 • 14 N. Y. R. (4 Kern.) 162, i3i; 15 Barb. R. 346, 347. v. Ex turpi causA, non oritur 
 actio, and Dolo malo pactum, and Ex pacto illicito non ontur actio, cf. i Story on Contracts, 
 § 519, note ; § 646, note i. 
 
 Ex donatione regis. By gift or grant of the king. Broom. &' Had. Com. i, 452. 
 
 EX donationibus autem feoda militaria vel magnant serjeantiam non continentibus 
 oritur nobis quoddam nomen generate, quod est Soc ag ium. From grants 
 not containing military fees or grand sergeantry, a kind of general name is used 
 by us, which is Socage. Co. Litt. i6. v. Sockagium , ox Soccagtum . 
 
 EX donationibus, servitia militaria vel magnae sergentiae non continentibus, oritur 
 nobis quoddam nomen generate, quod est ^'Soccagium. " From grants, 
 not containing knight's service, or grand serjeanties, a certam general name 
 arises for us, which is " S c ag e ." Fleta. lib. iii, c. 14, § 9 I J^l- Com. u, 79 ; 
 Broom df Had. Com. ii, 164. ^ ^rr rr, , t 
 
 EX EA FAMILIA * * * IN EAM FAMILIAM. Lex XII. Tab. \, fr. 12. 
 Out of that family * * * in that family. 
 
 EX eadem leze descendit, quod dominis sine voluntate vassah feudum ahenare non potest.- 
 L. Ift FTom Ae sLe \l, it follows that the lord cannot alienate the fee w.thout the 
 
 vassal's consent. . 
 
 ■Ex enmto Upon or out of purchase, v. Actio ex empto. ^ ^ v,. . ,^„ 
 
 JiiXenipio. ^P r L.L.^g licere If one has assigned a debt, and the 
 
Exemt.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex fac. 
 
 assignor in an action ex empto, requiring him to give to the assignee habere licere (substan- 
 tiall)') the full enjoyment of the debt. As he cannot do this, he must pay damages. 
 2 Story's Eq.Jur. § 1040*, note 2 ; Story on Bills of Exch. § ig, note 1, p. 24. 
 
 EX emto actione is, qui emit, utitur. '^ \. Et in primis sciendum est, in hoc judicio 
 id demum deduci, quod praestari convenit j quum enim sit bonae fidei judicium, 
 nihil magis bonae fidei congruit, quam id praestari, quod inter contrahentes actum 
 est ; quodsi nihil convenit, tunc ea praestabuntur, quae naturaliter insunt hujus 
 judicii potestati. Ulpian. Dig. xix, i, fr. 11. He who buys uses the action ex 
 empto. And first observe that in this action the question is what was agreed to 
 be given. For since this action is one of good faith, nothing is more agreeable 
 to good faith than that that should be given which was contracted between the 
 parties. But if there was no (express) agreement that that shall be given which 
 according to natural justice is within the power of this action. Pufendorf, de 
 Jure iV. ^^ C V, c. 5, § 5, n. I ; Story on Contr. ii, § 1067. 
 
 Ex eo q^UOd plerumque fit. From that which most frequently happens. Erskine's Inst. 
 ii, tit. 8, g 2. 
 
 EX eo solo tenetur, si quid dolo commiserit : Culpae autem nomine, id est, desidiae 
 ac negligentiae, non tenetur : Itaque securus est, qui paritm diligentir custo- 
 ditam rem furto amiserit : quia, qui negligenti amico rem custodiendam tradit, non 
 ei, sed suae facilitati, id imputare debet. [A depositary] is only answerable on 
 account of that which he commits by or in fraud ; for where a fault only can 
 be proved against him, such as carelessness or negligence, he is under no obli- 
 gation ; and he is therefore secure, if the thing deposited be stolen from him, 
 even though it were carelessly kept. For he who commits his goods to the care 
 of a negligent friend should impute the loss, not to his friend, but to his own 
 want of caution. Quoted per Lord Holt, C. J., Lord Raymond, 909 ; s. c, i 
 Smith's L. C. [288, 289], 351. 
 
 It is slightly changed from Justinian. Inst, iii , 14, § 3. Read: Praeterea et is apud quern 
 res aliqua deponitur, etc. 
 
 EX eodem inferimus naturd inhabiles ad negotia aliorum gerenda, procuratores 
 esse non posse ; veluti furiosos, mente captos, infantes, surdos et mutos, mino- 
 res annis [septemdecim). Heineccius, ad F and. lib. iii, tit. 3, § 425. From the 
 same we infer that persons naturally incapable of doing business for others can- 
 not be agents, as, for instance, the mad, the insane, infants, the deaf and dumb, 
 and persons under seventeen years of age. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Quoted in Story on Agency, § 8, n. i. 
 
 'Ex eodem ore calidum, et frigidem effldre. — Lat. Adage. To blow hot and 
 cold with the same mouth, v. Fable of the Satyr and the Traveler. 
 
 E'^ facto actio est, quoties ex eo teruri quis incipit, quod ipse admisit, veluti 
 furtum vel injuriam commisit, vel damnum dedii. In f actum actio dici- 
 ticr, qualis est, exempli gratid, actio, quae datur patrono adversus liber turn, d. quo con- 
 tra edictum Praetoris in jus vocatus est. Ulpian. Dig. xliv, 7,/r. 25, § i. An 
 action arising from or out of a fact {ex facto") is, as often as any one begins to be 
 responsible from that which he himself did ; for instance, committed a theft or 
 caused some damage. An action called on the fact or deed {in factum) is such 
 as, for the sake of example, the action which is given to a patron against his 
 freedman, by whom, contrary to the edict of the Praetor, he has been called into 
 court. V. Actio ex facto. 
 836 
 
^^fS'C-] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex fam. 
 
 PX facto jus oritur. The law arises from the deed or fact. 2 Co. Inst. 479 ; 
 J-/ -5/. Cw/. iii, 329; Broom's Max. 106. The law arises from the deed. 
 
 " A rule of law continues in abstraction and theory, until an act is done on which it can 
 attach and assume, as it were, a body and shape." Best on Evid. Introd. Si. v De facto 
 JUS oritur. ' •' 
 
 EX facto quaerebatur, quendam ad siliginem emendam curatorem decreto ordinis 
 constitutum, eidem alium subcuratorem constitutum siliginem miscendo corru- 
 psse, atque ita pretiiim siliginis, quae in publicum emta erat, curatori afflictum 
 [tnfltctum'] esse ; quaque actione curator cum subcuratore experiri possit et consequi 
 id, ut ei salvum esset, quod causa ejus damnum cepisset? Valerius Sever us 
 respondit, adversus contutorem negotiorum gestorum actionem tutori dandam. Idem 
 respondit, ut Magistratui adversus Magistratum eadem actio detur, ita tamen, si 
 non sit conscius fraudis. Secundum quae etiam in subcuratore idem dicendum est. 
 JULIANUS, Dig. iii, 5, fr. 30. A certain man was appointed by decree of the 
 Senate curator for buying wheat. Another, who had been appointed sub-curator 
 to him, injured the wheat by mixing it, so that the price of the wheat, which 
 was sold in public, had to be paid by the curator. On these facts the question 
 was, in what kind of action could the curator sue the sub-curator and recover 
 what would make him good for the loss he had suffered by the act of the latter ? 
 Valerius Severus answers that a guardian had an action against his co-guar- 
 dian of negotiorum gestorum. He also said that a magistrate would have the same 
 action against a magistrate, if he were not a party to the fraud. In analogy to 
 this the same was to be said in regard to the sub-curator. Quoted in Wharton 
 on Agency, § 363. 
 
 EX falsis verum effici non potest, facet igitur iota conclusio. Cicero, de Divinatione, ii, 51 
 fin. False premises cannot produce a true result. Therefore the whole conclusion falls to 
 the ground. 
 
 Nisi fundamenta fidiliter jeceris, quidquid superstruxeris corruet. Quintilian, i, 4, 5. 
 
 Debile fundamentum, fallit opus. Wingate's Max. 40; Broom's Max. 180, 182. 
 
 E'X. fama quidem oritur suspitio, et ex fama et suspitione gravis praesumptio ; 
 tamen probationem admittit in contrarium, sive purgationem. Suspitio quidem 
 multiplex esse poterit. In primis, si fama oriatur apud bonos et graves. Item ex 
 facta praecedum oritur suspitio, cui etiam standum est, donee probetur contrarium : 
 ut si quis appellatus fuerit a pr abator e, et fugerit propter appellum, et mortuo pro- 
 batore redierit. From fame, indeed, suspicion arises, and from fame and sus- 
 picion a grave presumption ; nevertheless it admits of proof to the contrary, or 
 of purgation. Suspicion, indeed^ may be manifold. In the first place, if a report 
 arises amongst the good and the grave. Likewise, suspicion arises from a fact 
 preceding, by which we must hold, until the contrary is proved, as if any one 
 has been appealed by an informer, and has fled on account of the appeal, and 
 upon the death of the informer has returned. Bracton, Tr. ii, lib. iii, c. 22, § i, 
 
 fol. 143. 
 
 Sed ckm fama suspitionem inducat, vivendunp erit, quae et qualiter esse debeat talis fama, et 
 unde oriatur Et sciendum quod fama, quae suspitionem inducit, orin behet apud bonos et graves, 
 non quidem h malevolis et maledicis, sed providis et fide dignis persoms, non semel sed saepius 
 Quod clamor innuit et defamatio manifestat, tumultus enim fit et clamor popuh quandoque de 
 pluribus, quae in veritate non fundantur, et ideb vanae voces popuh non sunt audiendae. 
 
 But when fame brings on suspicion, we must examine what and what kind of fame it 
 ought to be and whence it arises. And it is to be known that fame, which gives rise to sus- 
 picion is a fame amongst good and grave persons, not originated by malevolent and slan- 
 
 837 
 
Exfre.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex hoc. 
 
 derous persons, but by provident and trustworthy persons, not once, but repeatedly, which 
 clamor intimates and dissemination manifests; for there is sometimes a tumult and a clamor 
 of the public concerning several things, which are not founded on truth, and therefore the 
 vain voices of the public are not to be heard. Bracton, ib. fin. 
 
 EX frequenti delicto augetur poena. Punishment is increased with the frequency 
 of delict or crime. 2 Co. Inst. 479. 
 
 Quae>itur, ut crescunt tot magna volumina legis? 
 
 In promptu causa est, crescit in orbe dolus , 3 Co. 82a, Twyne's case. 
 
 Ex flUCtibuS praediorum, ut blada foettum,etc.,seu ex fructibus arborum. 
 ut poma, pyra, etc. From the profits of the estates, as the grass, hay, etc., or 
 from the fruits of the trees, as apples, pears, etc. 
 
 EX fumo dare lucem. To give or produce light from smoke. " It is the duty 
 of those who have to expound a will, if they can, ex fumo dare lucem. 
 Per. V. C. E. 15 L. J. Chan. 308 ; s. c, 15 Sim. 163 ; ^ II. L. Cas. 524. 
 
 In other words, the first thing for consideration always is, what was the testator's 
 intention at the time he made the will ; and then the law carries that intention into effect as 
 nearly as it can, according to certain settled technical rules. Judgm., s M. &= S. 490; Dougl. 
 341 ; 12 M. &= W. 279 ; I C. B. 459 ; 16 id. 59 ; 5 g. B. 223 ; Broom's Max. 534. 
 Note. — The jurists have appropriated this fragment from Horace : 
 
 " Non fumum ex fulgore,sed ex fumo dare lucem 
 Cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat." — Horace,".^. P, 143. 
 
 Ex furto, rapina, damua, injuria. By theft, robbery, damage and personal violence. 
 
 EX gratid speciali, certd scientid, et mero motu. Out of special grace, certain 
 knowledge, and mere motion. 
 In English Law: These formal words were anciently used in royal charters and 
 letters-patent; otherwise expressed : De gratiA speciali, ex certd scientid, et mero motu. \ Co. 
 43, 45, 46, 49. V. 6 Peters' R. 691, 738. 
 
 EX his omnibus causis, quae jure non valuerunt, vel non habuerunt effectufn, 
 secuta per errorem solutione condictioni locus erit. Papinian: Dig. xii, 6, 
 fr. 54. Wherever money has been paid by mistake, for a cause which the law 
 does not support, or which has been followed by no effect, an action may be 
 brought for its recovery. Phillimore's Princ. and Max. Jur. xi, p. 6g. 
 
 Papinian. says : Haec condictio ex bono et aequo introducta, quod alterius apud alterum sine 
 causd deprehenditur, revocare consuevit. Papinian. ib. fr. 66. 
 
 PoMPONlus states the rule: Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum, aut tan- 
 tundem repetitur. PoMPONins, ib. fr. 7. 
 
 Gaius states the rule: Is quoque qui non debitum accepit ab eo qui per errorem solvit re 
 obligatur. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 91 ; Justinian. Inst, iii, 14, § i. 
 
 Solvere pro ignorante et invito cuique licet, quum sit jure civili constitutum, licere etiam igno- 
 rantis inviiique meliorem conditionem facere. Gaius, Dig. xlvi, 3, fr. 53.. 
 
 EX his, quae fortl uno aliquo casu accidere possunt, jura non constituuntur. 
 Celsus, Dig. i, 3,/r. 4. Laws are not founded upon or established from 
 those things which can happen by chance in any one case. 
 
 Read : fura constitui oportet, ut dixit Theophrastus, in his, quae iiti rd itXBi^xov [ut 
 plurimum] accidunt, non quae in TtapaXoyov [ex inopinato\ POMPONIUS, ib. fr. 3. 
 
 Read also : Nam ad eapotius debet aptarijus, quae et frequenter et facile, quamquae perraro 
 eveniunt. CelSUS, ib. fr. 5. 
 
 EX hoc jure gentium omnes pene contractus, introducti sunt — usu exigente, et 
 humanis necessitatibus. By this law of nations almost all contracts were at 
 first introduced — in use through the requirements of experience and the neces- 
 sities of mankind. Kent's Com. ii, 454 (Ji) j citing Justinian. Inst, i, 2, § 2. 
 838 
 
E^lioc.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exjud. 
 
 The text in Justinian, is: 
 
 EX hoc jure gentium, omnes pene contractus introducti sunt, ut emptio, venditio, 
 locatio, conductio, societas, depositum, mutuum, et alii innumerabiles. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, i, 2, § 2 fin. By the law of nations almost all contracts were at 
 first introduced, as, for instance, buying and selling, letting and hiring, part- 
 nership, deposits, loans returnable in kind, and very many others. Kent's Com. 
 ii> 454 {^)- Pardessus, Droit Commerciel, torn, v, p. 1482 ; Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 242. 
 
 EX hoc jure gentium introducta bella, discretae gentes, regna condita, dominia dis- 
 tmcta, agris termini positi, aedificia collocata, commercium, emtiones, vendi- 
 tiones, locationes, conductiones, obligationes institutae, exceptis guibusdam, quae * a* 
 jure civili introductae sunt. Hermogenianus, Dig. i, i, fr. 5. By the law of 
 mankind wars were brought in, nations separated, kingdoms framed, govern- 
 ments severed, boundaries put to lands, buildings located, and commerce, buy- 
 ing, selling, letting, hiring and obligations created, except some which were 
 introduced by the law of the state. Pufendorf, de Jure Nat. et Gent, v, c. 1, 
 § I, n. I. 
 
 EX hoc quaesitu7n est : si ancilla praegnans manumissa sit, deinde ancilla postea 
 facta, aut expulsa civitate pepererit, liberum, an servum pariat ? Et tamen 
 rectius probatum est liberum nasci, et sufficere ei, qui inventre est, liberum matrem 
 vel medio tempore habuisse. Marcianus, Dig. i, 5, fr. 5, § 3. This question is 
 asked : if a female slave, being pregnant, is manumitted and then is afterward 
 made a slave or is expelled from the city, and then bears a child, is the child 
 free or slave 1 The better opinion is that the child is born free, and that it is 
 enough for the child in the womb to have had a free mother at an intermediate 
 time {i. e. between conception and birth). 
 
 Ex llOllOre- From or on account of honor, repute, respect, esteem, v. Story on Bailm. 
 §153. Transf.. On account of official dignity, office, post, preferment. 
 * * Ex, humili magna ad fastigia rerum 
 Extollit, quoties voluit fortuna jocari.— JuvEtiAz, Sat. iii, 39,40. 
 As often as fortune is in sportive mood, she raises men from an humble station to the 
 highest pinnacle of power. v. Fortuna. 
 
 " And why not everything? since Fortune throws 
 Her more peculiar smiles on such as those, 
 When'er, to wanton merriment inclined, 
 
 She lifts to thrones the dregs of human kind ["—William Giffoed, Esq. 
 Ex inCOntinenti. Summarily, on the spur of the moment. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 4, § I7- 
 Ex ingeniO. According to the understanding or judgment. Id. ib. i, tit. i, g 49. 
 Ex insidiis fortunae. Upon or out of the snares of fortune. Bmcton, fol. 92*, p. 55. 
 Ex institutione legiS. By the institution of law. 
 
 As to the distinction taken between deeds ' ex institutione legis ' and ' ex firovtstone homtms, 
 V. 6 Co. 38, Bellamy's case; Wi^igate's Max. 115, §§ 13, I7 i also per Cutler, 21 Hen. VII. 
 5 B. pi. 2; ^2 M. &= W. 426 ; 16 id. 66 ; l Best on Evid. [309]. 
 
 EX judicorum puUicorum admissis, nan alias tratieunt adversus haeredes poenae 
 bonorum ademptionis quam si lis contestat et condemnatio ficerit secutaj excepto 
 majestatis judicio. On account of admissions made at public trials, the punish- 
 ment of confiscation of goods or property does not otherwise pass against heirs 
 than if a contested suit and condemnation followed ; exceptmg m the case of 
 high treason. Halkerston's Max. 44. , .. . f 
 
 In an arraignment for high treason, a confession in open court is equal to a verdict of con- 
 viction and i^nfiscation of property upon trial, after plea of not gu.lty. 
 
 039 
 
Exjur.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex mal. 
 
 Ex jure g^entium. By or according to the law of nations. Kent's Com. ii, 454. 
 Ex jure naturae. By or according the law of nature. Kent's Com. iii, 442. 
 Ex justa causa. From a just or lawful cause. Dig. vi, tit. 2. 
 
 EX jusHs nuptiis procreatus. Born of or in lawful marriage. He only is heir 
 who is ex justis nuptiis procreatus. Co. Lift, lb ; 5 B. Ss' C. 440, 454; 
 Broom's Max. 496. 
 
 Lex naturae haec est, ut qui nascitur sine legitimo matrimonio, etc. Ulpian. Dig. i, 5, fr. 24. 
 
 Ex justitia. From or according to justice. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 7, § 37. 
 
 Ex justitia gentum, From or on account of the justice of nations. Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 340. 
 
 Ex legibus. According to the laws. v. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Verhum:ex legibus, sic accipiendum est ex legum sententia, quam ex verbis. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. L, 16, fr. 6, § I. The expression : 'according to law,' (ex legibus), is to be thus 
 accepted or interpreted, as well according to the purpose or intention of the law, as accord- 
 ing to the words \or letter]. 
 
 EX legibus: sic recipiendum est : tarn ex legum s ententid, quam ex 
 verbis. Ulpianus, Z*?^. L, 16, /r. 6. 'According to law:' is 
 to be thus accepted : As well according to the spirit or intent of 
 the law, as according to the word [or letter]. 
 
 Ex lex, or in one word Exlex. Out of the law. 
 
 In old English Law: Qui est extra legem, — one who is out of the law's pro- 
 tection. Bracton, fol. 125. An outlaw. 
 
 Ex locatO- Upon letting ; on account of letting, v. Actio ex locato. Story on Agency, 
 § 425. V. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 3, § 15. 
 
 Ex majori cauteld.. On account of greater caution ; for the sake of better security. 
 I Story on Contr. § 650. 
 
 Ex maleflcio. From, arising out of an evil deed, misconduct or malfeasance ; from mis- 
 chief, hurt, harm. Dig. passim. 
 
 Ex maleficio vel quasi maleficio. From a malicious act or a quasi-malicious act. 
 Bracton, fol. loi, § 14. 
 
 Or iuniur eiiam ohligationes ex delicto vel quasi, ex tnalejicio vel quasi, etc. 
 
 EX m alefic io nascuntur obligationes, veluti ex furto, ex damno, ex rapina, ex 
 injuria j quae omnia unius generis sunt j nam hac re tantum consistunt, id est 
 ipso maleficio, quum alioquin ex contract^ obligationes non tantum re consistant, sed 
 etiam verbis et consensu. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 4. Obligations arise out of 
 malfeasance {maleficium\ for instance, out of theft, damage, rapine, injury ; 
 those things are all of one origin, for they consist in the thing only [or alone], 
 that is, in the malfeasance [evil deed] itself; when, otherwise, obligations from 
 contract consist not only in the thing, but likewise from the words and the 
 consent. 
 
 EX maleficio non oritur contractus. A contract does not rise out of mal- 
 feasance or tort. A contract cannot arise out of an act radically vicious 
 and illegal. 1 Term. R. 734 ; 3 id. 422 ; i H. Bl. 322 ; 5 Ell. fif B. 999, 1015 ; 
 8 Wheaton's E. 152. 
 
 " You shall not stipulate for iniquity." Those who come into a court of justice to seek 
 redress must come with clean hands, and must disclose a transaction warranted by law. Per 
 Lord Kenyon, C. J., 3 T. R. 422. v. Per Lord Eldon, C, 2 Rose, 351 ; Broom's Max. 
 706, 707, and cases, v. Ex turpi contractu, etc., and Pacta quae turpem., etc. 
 
 EX maleficio non oritur contractus; et, in pareter delicto, potior est conditio 
 defendentis. From an evil deed, fraud or deception no contract arises ; 
 and when both parties are alike depraved [or guilty], the defendant is in the 
 better situation. Read: fn pari delicto, et seq. 
 840 
 
Exmal,] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex non, 
 
 EX mal e fici vel delicto procedunt injuriae et transgressiones. From malfeas- 
 ance or tort (malice or delict) arise wrongs and trespasses. Bract, fol. loi. 
 
 In lis delictis sive vialefeciis, obligatur ille qui delinquii, ei contra quern delinquitur, etc. 
 Bracton, fol. loi*. 
 
 EX in alls moribus bonae leges natae sunt. Good laws arise from evil man- 
 ners. 2 Co. Inst. i6i. Good laws are born from bad customs. 
 E^ tnan da to apud eum qui mandatum suscepit nihil remanere oportet, sicuti 
 nee damnum pati debet, si exigere foeneratam pecuniam non potuit. § i. 
 Fidejussori negotiorum gestorum est actio, si pro absente fidejusserit : nam m.andati 
 actio no?i potest competere, quum non antecesserit mandatum. Paulus, Dig. xvii, i, 
 fr. 20. It is proper that nothing of the mandate should remain with him who 
 has undertaken the mandate, just as he ought not to suffer loss if he cannot 
 recover back money loaned on interest. A guarantor has an action of negotiarum 
 gestorum if he was guarantor for an absent person. For the actioij of mandate 
 cannot lie because there had been no antecedent mandate. Quoted in Story on 
 Bailm., § 194; Story on Agency, § 340; Wharton on Agency, §§ 22, 23. 
 
 Ex mandato regis. By or according to the mandate of the king. Broom &• Had. Com. 
 iv, 482. 
 
 Ex mero jure naturae. Bj' the bare law of nature ; from mere right of nature, i. c. such 
 as is grounded upon the original constitution of our nature, and which every man is obliged 
 to observe to another man, considered precisely as such, irrespective of some other institu- 
 tion, or other human act. v. Pufendorf, de Jure, N. et G. i, c. 7, § 15, note 2. 
 
 Ex mero motu. From a mere motion ; out of one's free will or pleasure. T r o p . : With- 
 out suggestion or constraint. 
 
 JEx mvlUs exquire illis unum tibi, qui certus siet.— Lat. Pro v. Out of 
 many there are dut few friends that are to be depended upon by a person. Plaut. Pseud. 
 
 i, 3, 158. 
 
 EX multitudine signorum, colligitur identitas vera. From a great number 
 of signs or marks, true identity is gathered [made known]. Bacon's Max. 
 in Reg. 25. v. Broom's Max. 6t2, 613, and cases. 
 
 Therefore, 
 ' my sui' 
 
 tilings tlicic .-ail u- ..« .— — , . • J >i 
 
 hold the law to be that precise truth of all recited circumstances is not required. 
 
 "But in such things ex multitudine signorum colligitur indentitas vera, therefore, though 
 mv box were sealed, and although the arras had the story of theNativity, and «<?^ of the 
 Passion if I had no other box, nor no other suit, the gifts are good; and there is cer- 
 tainty sufficient, for the law doth not expect a precise description of such things as have no 
 certain denomination." Bacon, in Reg. 25. 
 
 Ex necessitate legis. From the necessity of law. 
 
 Ex necessitate rei. From the necessity of the case ; arising from the urgency of circum- 
 stances. Broom &= Had. Com. ii, 319. 5I9- 
 
 EX nihilo nihil. fit. From nothing, nothing comes, rs Wend Ji. l^?>, 221 ; 
 18 id 257 301 ; 3 ■^'"^^- ^°°' '^7- Nothing comes out of nothmg. 
 Nic posse creari de nilo. Lucretius, i, 153. ^- PeRsius, Sat. iii, 83, 84. 
 
 EX npn scrip to jus venit, quod usus coniprobavit : nam diuturni mores 
 consensu utentium comprobati legem imitantur. Justinian. Inst i 2, § 9. 
 The u n w r i 1 1 e n 1 a w comes out of that which usage has approved : for daily 
 customs, established by the consent of those who use them, are like, or put on 
 the character of law. Broom's Max. ^83, note 4. .... 
 
 constitutum. Julianus, vig. i, 3, yo-'. s 
 [ 106] 
 
Exnud.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex omn, 
 
 voluntate omnium, sine lege, vetustas comprobdvit. CiCERO, de Inv. ii, 22. v. I Stor/s Eg. 
 Jur. § i8. 
 
 EX nudd submissione non oritur actio. From a bare or naked submission 
 \i. e. to arbitration] no action can arise. Gr. and Rud. of Law, 143 ; 
 Broom's Max. 
 
 EX nudo pacto non nascitur \oritur\ actio. Oportet igitur quod habeat ves- 
 timenta, et hujusmodi causa ex contractu, vel quasi, semper erit civilis. No 
 action arises from a naked pact \i. e. an agreement not in solemn form]. It is 
 necessary, therefore, that it shall have the vestments or clothing, and this kind 
 of cause or consideration arising from contract, or quasi-contract, will always be 
 civil, Bracton, iii, c. i, § 2, fol. 99a y Fleta, lib. ii, c. 56, § 3 ; Plowden, 305. 
 cf. Bl. Com. ii, 445 ; Smith on Contr. 85, 86 ; Broom's Max. 716 ; Story on Bills, 
 § 180 ; Story on Prom. Notes, § 183 ; Story on Bailm. §§ 9, 165, i^ia ; 3 Johns. 
 R. 484, 488 ; 40 Barb. 512, 515 ; 9 TV. F. R. 219, 222. 
 
 This rule, well founded in the Common L aw , was drawn from the Civil Law, 
 where the civilians pronounced it in various forms ; but in the Common Law its meaning is 
 different. Guterbock's ^;-flf^o«, 170. v. Nudum factum et seq. 
 
 EH nudo p a c 1 perspicis actionem jure nostro nasci noti posse. Justinian. 
 Cod. iv, 65, const. 27 fin. Under our law, you perceive [or well know] 
 an action cannot spring forth out of a naked or nude pact. v. Id. ib. ii, 3, 10 ; 
 V, 14, I. cf. PuFENDORF, de Jure, Nat. et Gent, v, c. 2, § 2, note 2. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A nudum pactum affords no ground for an action, but it 
 might be the subject of an exception or plea. 
 
 Ulpianus states the doctrine: Quum nulla subest causa, propter conventionem hie 
 constat non posse constitui obligationem. Igitur nuda pactio obligationem non parit, sed parit 
 exceptionem. Ulpianus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 7, § 4 ; Heineccius, Elem. Jur. Civ. lib. iii, tit. 14, 
 §777. As to the doctrine of nudum pactum in the Civil Law, v. 'i Burr, xt'jo et seq. ; 
 Plowden, 309, note ; Spence's Chanc. 186, note (y). 
 
 In the Common Law: This rule is universally recognized. No cause of action 
 arises from a bare or naked promise. There must be nue cause d'oii robligation. Pothier on 
 Oblig. 5. "A consideration of some sort or other is so absolutely necessarj' to the forming 
 of a contract, that a nudum pactum, or agreement to do or pay any thing on one side, without 
 any compensation on the other, is totally void in law, and a man cannot be compelled to 
 perform it. Bl. Com. ii, 445, v. Cooler's notes, 5-7. Consideration or recompense is the 
 very essence of a simple contract, and that principle pervades all adjudications upon the 
 subject. Broom's Max. 716 sq., where the subject is treated ; Wharton's Max. xxxv, and 
 cases ; i Story on Contr. § 525 ; id. § 427 ; I Parsons on Contr. 427 sq. and cases ; Powell on 
 Contr. 330 sq.; 'i Johns. R. 484, 488 ; <) N. Y. P. (5 Seld.) 2ig, 222. 
 
 Ex ofS.cio, By virtue of office ; under the power or duty of office ; officially. 
 
 Judicial, official and fiduciary duties are to be executed under the power and 
 obligation of office. Judges are bound to take notice of public acts, judicially and ex officio. 
 Every official duty of public officers, arbiters, procurators, tutors, etc., is performed ex officio. 
 cf. Ulpian. Dig. xxi, i,fr. 31, § 14; Bl. Com. i, 86; id. iii, 447; id. iv, 308, 309. 
 
 Ex ofB.cio, et debito justitiae. By virtue of office, and under a debt or obligation of 
 justice ; officially and in the obligation of justice. Bl. Com. iii, 98. 
 
 Quod si A qui liana dejinitio vera est : 
 
 EX omni vita simu latio di ssimul atioq ue to llenda est. Ita nee, ut emat 
 melius, nee ut vendat, quidquam simulabit aut dissimulabit vir bonus. Atque iste dolus malus 
 et legibus erat vindicatus, ut tutela duodecim tabulis, circumscriptio adolescentium lege Plaetoria, 
 et sive lege judiciis, in quibus additur, EX FIDE BONA. CiCERO, de Officiis, iii, c. rs, § 61. But 
 if the Aquillian definition is true: Simulation and dissimulation ought to 
 be banished from the whole of life, so that neither to buy better, nor to sell, 
 will a good man feign or disguise any thing. And this criminal device was punished both 
 by the statute laws, as in the case of guardianship by the Twelve Tables, in that of defraud- 
 ing of minors by the Plaetorian law, and by judicial decisions without legal enactment, in 
 which is added " accord in g to good iz.'w'h" (ex Jide bonffj. 
 842 
 
^^P*"-J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Ex post. 
 
 JExep6s yap ^01 Kelvo, o f. i 5 AfSao ni\ri,Tlu, 
 
 PuFENDORF renders this ■ .s- ,■»„,, ■,;•■.. ^^"■'-'-=s '« Homer, /»w, ix, vers. 312, 313. 
 
 »e.«.., «A-«rfa«^„« '''?-■'-- 1^ a fe7;1\oLe"irtTe''e;te%'o-f"r,T;/^\"''''''/''''*"^ "-'''''"■ '" 
 
 thing ,n h.s m.nd, and utters anoth"?r^'' VurLlo^V",..";.^.?^^^/. ^Lr'v%';° Yr'' °"' 
 
 Like hell I hate the man, whose tongue reveals ' ' 
 
 A different tale from what his heart conceals " 
 
 Seneca expresses: Tur^e es^ ali., ^o,.^■. aUucl s.^^^.e, e^c. Read: /«.■«,/.«..,„•„„,,,,,, 
 
 L, X ^aao tlltcUo non oritur actio. From an illegal pact or contract an action 
 ■L/ does not ansa. Broom's Max. 713. cf. 7 CI. &- Fin 729 
 
 S iv! 7rconst 2""" ' ^""^ " ^"" '"""^ ^"""^""'^ ^""'''■'^■'' ''^^^'■^'- ■^«"^^^- Jus^iAN 
 
 Ex paritate rationis. From or by a parity of reason ; by parity of manner. ErsHne's 
 Inst. Ill, tit. 9, § 48. From or by an equality of calculation. 
 Ex parte.— L. Lat. Of the one part ; from or upon one side. 
 A common terrn originally drawn from the Canon Law. Durand, Spec. Tur. ii tit ' de 
 
 r.Hnn ,^l <^ 1 1 c e : Evidence given on one side only is called ex parte. An ex parte appli- 
 cation to a court is an application made byonepartyonly, without notice to the oppo- 
 site party, or opportunity given him to oppose it. Holthouse j i Burr. Pr. 340. 
 
 Ex parte matris. On the side of the mother ; on the mother's side. Stat. Westm. II. 
 c. 16. 
 
 Ex parte materna. From or on the side of the mother ; in the maternal line. Kenfs 
 Com. iv, 409, note ; 2 Crabb's Real Prop. io2r. 
 
 Ex parte patris. On the side of the father ; on the father's side. Jd. ib. 
 
 Ex parte paterni,. From or on the side of the father. Kenfs Com. iv, 409, note; 2 
 Crabb's Real Prop. I020, 2400 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 267 ; ii, 376. 
 
 Ex paucis. — Lat. From a few things, words, hints or indices. 
 
 EX paucis dictis intendere plurima possis. From a i^-w words you may be able 
 to understand many things. Litt. § 384. You can imply many things 
 from few expressions. 
 
 Lord Coke says : " By this verse inferences and conclusions in like cases are warrant- 
 able." Co. Litt. 237. In line with this is the following : 
 
 EX paucis plurima concipit ingenium. From a few words [or hints] the mind 
 or understanding conceives many things. Litt. § 550. 
 EX persona rei, et quidem invito reo, exceptio et cetera rei commoda fidejussori 
 ceterisque.accessionibus competere potest. Ulpian. Dig. xlvi, \,fr. 32. The 
 fidejussor and other sureties can have the benefit of an exceptio (equitable defense) 
 personal to the principal and of all other matters which are of advantage to the 
 principal, even against the principal's wish. Pufendorf, de Jure, Nat. et Gent. 
 V, c. 10, § 9, n. I. 
 
 E'K poenalibus causis non solet in patrem de peculio actio dari. Ulpianus, Dig. 
 L, 11, fr. 58. The action de peculio does not lie against a father in penal 
 causes. (The action de peculio was brought against the father or master for the 
 contracts of a son or slave, on the ground of the peculium held by the father or 
 master.) [W. L. L.] 
 
 Ex post facto. From or by an after act ; from what is done afterward ; in consequence 
 of a thing done afterward ; by or through matter of subsequent occurrence. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The import of this term will be understood from : Non- ex post 
 facto sed ex presenti,etc. Nunquam crescit ex post facto, etc. Quae ab initio inutilis, etc. And 
 see MODESTINUS, Dig. xx, l, /r. 2 ; Paulus, ib. xxi, 1, fr. 44 fn. 
 
 843 
 
Ex post.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex reL 
 
 In the Common Law: v. Donationum quaedam valida, etc. ; Item id quod ab initio, 
 etc.; Non mandante, etc.; Poterit esse summonitio, etc. cf. 3 Dallas R. 386, per Chase, J. ; 3 
 Cranck's R., per Marshall, C. ].; Bl. Com. i, 46 ; Kent's Com. i, 409; 17 Howard's R. 456, 
 463 ; Broom i5r= Had. Com. i, 40, v. Wait's note (8). 
 
 E'X. post facto non convalescet. It shall not acquire validity from a subse- 
 quent act. Ulpian. Dig. xxx,/r. 41, § 2. 
 EX principus nascitur probabilitas j ex factis vero Veritas. Probability arises 
 from principles ; but truth [or certainty] springs really from facts. 
 E^ procedentibus et consequentibus optima fit interpretatio. The best interpre- 
 tation is made from things preceding and following, /. e. from the context. 
 I Roll. 375. Read: Ex antecedentibus et consequentibus, etc. 
 
 Ex proprio motu. Of his own accord ; out of his own peculiar will. Erskine's Inst. 
 i, tit. 7, § 54. 11. 2 Story on Contr. § iioo. 
 
 Ex proprio Vig0r6. By, from or through his or its own peculiar force or vigor. Kent's 
 Com. ii, 457; Story on Confl. of Laws, § 98. 
 Ex provisione hominis. By the provision, foresight, precaution of man. 
 See the distinction taken between deeds ' ex institutione legis ' and ' ex frovisione hominis. ' 
 6 Co. 38, Bellamy's case ; 11 id. Soi ; Wingate's Max. 115, §§ 13, 8, 17 ; also, per Cutler, 21 
 Hen. VII. 5 B. pi. 2; 12 M. &= W. 426 ; 16 id. 66 ; i Best on Evid. [309] note 4. 
 
 Ex provisione Viri. By the foresight, forethought, precaution of man ; by the hin- 
 drance, prevention of man. v. Broom 6= Had. Com. ii, 543. 
 
 EX qud persond quis lucrum capit, ejus factum praestare debet. Ulpian. Dig. 
 L, I'jffr. 149. One who takes gain, profit or advantage on account of a 
 person, ought to be answerable for his act or deed. A person, who gains wealth 
 by the labors of another person, must be responsible for the acts of that person. 
 Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 16. 
 
 Whoever derives advantage from a person ought to be accountable for that person's deeds, 
 bear that person's obligations. For example, as a husband acquires by marriage a right to 
 his wife's movable estate, he becomes on that account liable in payment of all the movable 
 or personal debts contracted by her previous to the marriage. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § i6. 
 Ex C[1iasi contractu. From an implied contract. ». Quasi ex contractu. 
 Obligations are formed quasi ex contractu as well as by express contract ; ex. gr. when goods 
 are thrown overboard for the sake of lightening a ship in distress, the owners of the goods 
 saved are qtiasi ex contractu obliged to make up a ratable proportion of the loss. This rule 
 was introduced into the Roman Law by the Lex Rhodia de Jactu, Dig. xiv, tit. 2, ' de 
 Lege Rhodia de Jactu.' It has ever since obtained in the Maritime Law of all nations. 
 cf. Kenfs Com. et al. 
 
 EX quasi contractu nasci actiones dicuntur, quae nee omnino ex pacta, nee 
 omnino ex maleficio, sed tamen majorem cii7n pactis habent affinitatem qudm 
 citm maleficiis. Actions are said to arise from something like a contract, when 
 they arise altogether upon a pact, or altogether upon a tort, but have a greater 
 affinity with a pact than a tort. Br acton, iii, c. 3, § 8, fol. 103. 
 
 EX quasi maleficio nascuntur actiones, quae nee ad pacta accedunt nee 
 proprii ad maleficia, sed similiora sunt maleficiis quam factis. Actions arise 
 from something like a tort, which approach properly neither to pacts nor to 
 torts, but are more like torts than pacts. Bracton, iii, c. 3, § 8, fol. 103. 
 Oriuntur etiam. obligationes ex delicto vel quasi, ex maleficio vel quasi etc. 
 Ex quibus rex uniim COnfirmabat. Of whom the king confirmed one. Bl. Com. i, 
 340 ; Broom &' Had. Com, \, 405. 
 
 EX ratihabitione convalescit. It acquires validity from the ratification. Brac- 
 ton, fol. 40. 
 Ex relatione. By or on the relation or information. Bracton, 403^. 
 In Practice: The term is used in the titles of legal proceedings, which are prosecuted 
 by the people, on the relation or information of the party aggrieved, at whose instance 
 
 844 
 
Ex rev.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ex tur. 
 
 they are issued, who is called the relator; f. jf. in writs of mandamus and prohibition, v. 
 Bracton, fol. 403^, § 8. 
 
 In Equity; A bill may be brought for an injunction, etc. ; e. g. to restrain a public 
 nuisance on the relation {ex relatione), or by the information of the party directly 
 afTected by the nuisance, who is called the relator. 18 Ves. Ch. 217 ; 2 Johns. Ch. R. 
 382 ; 6 id. 439; 12 Peters' (U. S.) R. 91 ; 13 How. (U. S.) R. 518. 
 
 Ex reverentia maritali. From marital reverence ; from reverence and respect due to 
 her husband. ErsHne's Inst, iii, tit. 7, § 37. 
 
 Ex rigore jure civilis. By force of the Civil Law. Ulpian. Reg. xxv, i. 
 
 Ex rigore legis. By rigor or force of law ; in strictness of law; according to the, etc. 
 Fleta, iii, 10, § 3 ; Story on Prom. Notes, § 497. 
 
 Ex SCriptO et sententiS, script!. From or out of the writing and the sense, meaning or 
 purpose of the writing. From the letter and the design. 
 
 EX speciali gratid, certd scientid, et mero motu regis. By special favor, certain knowledge, 
 and mere will of the king. Bl. Com. ii, 347 ; 6 Peters' R. 738. v. Ex gratid speciali, etc., and 
 De gratid speciali, etc. 
 
 Ex SU3, natura. From its own nature. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. i, § 4. 
 Ex SUO proprio motu. On his own peculiar movement, mental operation, impulse, 
 will, motion. 2 Story on Contr. § iioo. Of his own accord. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 7, § 54. 
 
 Ex superabundanti, et ad majorem cautelam. Out of superabundance, and for 
 
 greater caution or security. 2 How. St. Trials, 1184. v. Ad cautelam et ex superabundanti. 
 
 Ex tempore. Adverbially: Instantaneously, forthwith, on the spur of the moment, 
 extempore. Cicero, de Or. i, 50, 194; Id. Arch, viii, 18. (6.) From or in consequence of 
 time; by lapse of time. Bracton, fols. 51, 52. 
 
 Ex diuturuo tempore. From length of time. Id. fol. 5ii. 
 
 Ex tota materia. Out of the whole subject-matter. From the entire cause, occasion, etc. 
 
 EX totd materid emergat resolutio. The explanation, construction or resolution 
 should arise out of the whole subject-matter. Wingate's Max. 68. 
 It is the office of a good expositor of an act of parliament to make construction of all the 
 parts together. Nemo enim aliquam partem recti intelligere possit antequhm totum iterum atque 
 iterum perlegerit. 3 Co. 59^, in Lincoln Colledge case. 
 
 Such an exposition of a deed must be made, that all the parts thereof may well stand 
 
 together, and that withall it may stand with the rule of law. 7 Co, 423, in Beresford's case. 
 
 Read; Optima statuti interpretatrix est, etc. Also Injustum est, nisi tota lege inspectae, etc. 
 
 EX turpi causd, non oritur actio. An action does not arise from a base cause. 
 Cowper, 343. " No action arises out of a base, infamous or corrupt con- 
 sideration." I Selwyn's N. Pr. 63 ; 2 Peters' R. 539 ; Story on Agency, § 195 ; 
 2 Smith's L. C. [457] 528 ; Broom's Max. 703 ; Broom on C, L. 356 ; 2 Parsons 
 on Contr. 746, cases («). 
 
 V. Ex dolo malo non oritur actio, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 EX turpi contractu non oritur actio. No action arises on an immoral or dis- 
 graceful contract. Out of an immoral contract no action arises. Kent's 
 
 Com. ii, 466. 
 
 A contract founded upon an illegal or immoral consideration is contra bonos mores, and 
 cannot be enforced by action. Kent's Com. ii, 466; i Story on Contr. %% 490, 592,6:5,670; 
 20 Johns. R. 386, 397 ; 5 Cowen's R. 256 ; 7 Wend. R. 276, 280; 19 id. 293, 295 ; 20 id. 390, 
 400 ; I Story's Eq. Jur. § 296 ; Nelson, C. J., 2 Hill's (N. Y.) R. 434. 437 ; 4 id. 424, 436; 4 
 N. Y. R. (4 Comst.) 449, 455 ; 22 id. ( ) 272 ; 3 Abbotfs Dig. (N. Y.) 782. 
 
 "The reason why the Common Law says such contracts are void is for the public good : 
 'You shall not stipulate for iniquity.' All writers upon our law agree in this — 
 no polluted hand shall touch the pure fountains of justice." Wilmot, C. J., 2 Wilson, 341, 
 350 ; S C, I Smith's L. C. [497] 616. v. Lord Kenyon, C. J., 6 Tei-m. R. 16. See the true 
 extent and application of the rule explained by Washington and Marshall, JJ. 4 Wash- 
 ington, C. C. 297 ; and 11 Wheaton, 258. 
 
 84s 
 
Exung.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exa. 
 
 The authorities show, however, that where a contract, founded upon an immoral consid- 
 eration [ex turpi causd], has been executed, neither law nor equity will interfere to set it 
 aside, if both parties have been equally in fault, for the rule is well grounded. /« pari 
 delicto potior est conditio defendentis. i Story's Eq. Jur. § 2g6 sq. and cases cited. Yet a 
 sealed contract made in consideration of past seduction and cohabitation, or past 
 cohabitation without seduction, can be enforced ; not simply because it is binding in foro 
 conscientiae, for such a Cause is not sufficient in law, but because a specialty imports a con- 
 sideration, which, if legal, both parties thereto are estopped from denying, i Vem. 483 ; 2 
 Wils. 339. cf. I Story's Eq. Jur. § 296 sq. 
 
 The rule of the Civil Law is: Pacta, quae turpem causam continet, non sunt 
 observanda, etc. Paulus, Dig. ii, 14, fr. 27, § 4. Pacta, quae contra leges constituiionesque vel 
 contra bonos mores Jiunt, nullum vim habere, indubitati juris est. Justinian. Cod- ii, 3, const. 6. 
 
 Ek ungue leonem. — P r o v . You can tell the lion by his claw. T r o p . , The mas- 
 ter's hand may be known in the specimen. 
 
 The Greek proverb is: 'Eu roDK ovvxoi' Tov Xs ov r a -ytr ootinsiv . — To 
 judge of the lion from his claws. A metaphor, To express a great thing from seeing only 
 a small portion of it. 
 
 Eac tino disce otnnes. — Lat. Pro v. From one you may learn all. From one thing 
 you can discern all. What has been said of one may be said of the rest. v. Crimine ab 
 uno disce omnes. ViRGlL. v. Unum cognoris, omnes noris. Terentius. 
 
 Ex lino specta omnia, — Lat. P r o v . From one circumstance, judge of all. 
 
 EX verba generali aliquid excipitur. From a general word or term something is excepted. 
 Kent's Com. iv, 468. 
 
 Ex vi aut metu. Through force or fear. Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 6, § 34. 
 
 Ex vi facti. By force of the deed. JCent's Com. W, n6l. 
 
 Ex vi termini. By force of the term. Bl. Com. ii, 109, 115 ; Broom &' Had. Com, ii, 22. 
 
 Ex vi et HSU termini. By force and use of the term. 
 
 Ex vi termini per se. By force of the term by or in itself. Wingate's Max. 31, § 9. 
 
 Ex visceribus. From the inner parts ; from the interior or essential substance. 
 
 Ex visceribus causae. From the interior or essential parts of the cause. 10 Co. 24b/ 2 
 Mete. (Mass.) 213. 
 
 Ex visceribus testameilti. From the interior or essential substance of the will. " From 
 the particular will in question itself, without reference to the language or construction of 
 other wills." Lord Ellenborough, 4 M. &' S. gy ; 2 Metcalf's R. 213. 
 
 Ex visceribus verborum. From the essential sense of the words. 2 Story's Eq. Jur. 
 § 980; \o Johns. R. 494. 
 
 Ex visitatione Dei. By the visitation of God. Bl, Com. iv, 324. 
 
 Ex visu SCriptionis. "From the sight of the writing ; from having seen a person write. 
 Best on Presumptions, 218. 
 
 Exactio, 5nis, /. {exego^ A driving out, expelling. Cicero, de Or. i, g, 37. (6.) A 
 demanding, exacting. Operis. COL. xi, I, 26. In particular, A calling in, collecting • 
 of debts. Cicero, Att, v, i ; id. Leg. ii, 20, 51 ; Scaevola, Dig. xlii, 8, fr. 24. Hence, 
 transf. in Publicist's Language: Tax, tribute. Cicero, i^a»2. iii, 8, 5 ; x, 32. 
 Exactiones illicitae. TACITUS, ^. xiii, 51. 
 
 In English Law: A demand, exaction. Co, Litt, lyia. 
 
 Exaction is a wrong done by an officer, or by one pretending to have authority, in demanding or taking 
 any reward or fee for that matter, cause or thing, which the law allows not The difference between 
 exaction and extortion is this : Extortion is where an officer demands and extorts a greater sum or 
 reward than his just fee. Exaction is where an officer or other man demands and wrests a fee or reward 
 where no fee or reward is due at all . Ter-mes de la Ley, v.Extortio, 
 
 Exactor, Sris, m, \id!\ A driver-out, expeller. LiVY, ix, 17. (6.) A demander, 
 exactor. Operis, i.e. an overseer, superintendent, enforcer — of any kind of labor. Col. 
 iii, 13, 10 ; LivY, xlv, 37. In particular: In the Civil Law: A collector of taxes. 
 Caes. B, C, iii, 32, 4 ; LiVY, xxviii, 25 ; Arcad. ChAris. Dig, L, 4, fr. 18, § 8. Exactores 
 iributorum, — collectors of taxes. C?(f. x, 19. Or of other debts due to the estate. Ulpian. 
 Dig, xxii, I, fr. 33. 
 
 In old English Law: One who collected taxes and other public moneys. 
 846 
 
Exa.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exa. 
 
 Exactrix, icis, /. She who demands. Aug. Ep. 135. 
 
 Exactor regis. The king's exactor — who collected the taxes and other money due to 
 the treasury. Spelman. 
 
 EXA CTOR vel praesentans liiteras cambiales ad se missas mature praesentai trassaio, rogatque, 
 ut istas velit honorare. Id si hie facere detrectet, protestatione opus est, de qua paullo post dicemus. 
 Sic trassafus promittit, se soliiturum, acceptatio formula hoc Utteris subjecta fieri solet : " ^i) 
 
 accejittre unb oerttJredje contente SSeja'^lung. SSerlin, ben SSenjamin ©emler." Aliquando 
 
 institor pro domino acceptat tamquam mandatarius, idque fieri solet his similibusque verbis : " 3m 
 
 Stamen jeines patrons 9J. 'R. unb in beffen SSottmad^t Ber(;jri(i)t contente SSeja^tnng 9^. SK. SBeritn, 
 
 ben. . . ." Ceterum plerisque hodie locis prohibitae sunt acceptationes, quae fiunt per signa, ex. gr. 
 
 accept.; z/«//tfW!«/«, " 3(^ ^abe e6 ge|e^en; iii)accet)tire, umraber3eit8uanttt)otten." Heinec- 
 cius, de Camb. cap. 4, § 26. The demander or presenter maturely presents the bill of 
 exchange sent to him to the drawee and asks him to honor it. If he declines to do so, there 
 should be a protest, of which we shall speak a little after. But if the drawee promise to 
 pay, the acceptance is usually in this form : " I accept, and promise payment of the within. 
 
 Berlin, the Benjamin Semler." Sometimes a clerk accepts for his master as an agent, 
 
 and this is usually in such words as these : " In the name of his employer N. N. and by his 
 authority, payment of the within is promised. N. N. Berlin, the . . . ." Moreover, in most 
 places at this day acceptances by signs are forbidden ; for example, "Accept;" or by forms, 
 "I have seen it," " I will accept, to be answerable in time." Quoted in Story on Bills of 
 Exchange, § 251, note 5. [F- J- M.] 
 
 Exactissima diligentia. Diligence in the most exact sense ; extraordinary diligence. 
 Gaius, Dig. xvii, 2, fr. 72. v. Story on Bailm. §| 18, 238. v. Culpa diligentia. 
 
 Exactissima litis contestatae, coram judice, per duodecemvirale sacramentum exagitatis. In 
 the most exact sense, the stirring up [examination] of a contested suit [an issue of fact] 
 before a judge, by twelve sworn men. Spelman. v. Triatio.. 
 
 Exactissimam diligentiam custodiendae rei praestare compellitur. He is compelled to 
 exercise the most exact diligence for the safe custody of the thing. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7,/r. 
 1,84. Read: Is vero, qui utendum accepit, amiserit, etc. 
 
 ExaequatiO, Snis, /. [exaequo.'\ An equaling. L i t ., A leveling. Concr., A\eve\, a 
 plane. Vitr. v, 12. Trop., A leveling, an equality. Livy, xxx, iv, 4. 
 
 Exaeqno are, 1, v. a. and n. (a.) Act., qs.. To equalize, i. c. to make equal or level 
 with any thing. Transf.,^ urum auro expendetur, argentum argento exaequabitur, — 
 gold shall be paid for gold, silver shall be balanced, compensated with silver (shall 
 have its weight of silver in return). Plautus, Rud. iv, 4, 43. T r o p . , To place on a level, 
 regard as equal, to equal. CiCERO, Lael. 20 ; id. Her. iv, 18, 25. (6.) Neutr., To equal, be 
 equal to any one. AucT. Her. iv, 20, 28 ; Ovid, Am. iii, 8, 61. 
 
 Exaggeranter, adv. Copiously ; with many words. Tbrtullian, de Cam. ch. 19. 
 
 ExaggeratiO, onis, /. [exaggero.} A heaping or damming up. Tro p ., Elevation, 
 exaltation. Cicero, Tusc. ii, 26 ad fin. Cumulation, exaggeration. Gellius, xiii, 24, 9. 
 
 of. id. § 16. 
 
 Exaggerator, oris, m. [id.] One who increases. Eamae. Hies.. Ep. xxu, 8. 
 
 ExaseerS are, i v. a. (a.) To raise by damming, to dam up, to heap up (quite class.). 
 To abundantly fill, supply- Col. viii, 11, 9- Transf., To enlarge, increase by heaping 
 up. Cicero, Of. i, 26, 92. Trop., To exalt, heighten, magnify, exaggerate. Cicero, de 
 Or. iii, 27 ; id. Or. lix, 192 ; Quintilian, ix, 2, 53. 
 
 Exaggitator, oris, m. [exaggito, are.] One who severely blames; a censurer, repre- 
 
 hender. Cicero, Or. xiii, 42- . j- , u 
 
 ExaffitO are J v a. To drive out of its position or place ; to stir up, rouse up, disturb. 
 Trop To rouse up, to disquiet, harass, persecute, disturb, torment (freq. and class.). 
 I n D a'r't i c u 1 a r ■ To disturb a person by scolding, fault-finding, i. e. to violently attack, 
 to severely censure, criticize, satirize, rally (freq. and class.). (6.) To stir up, irritate, excite 
 one (freq. and class.). 
 
Exa.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 Examen, Inis, ». A multitude issuing forth, flying out, a swarm. Transf., Multitude, 
 crowd, shoal, swarm. Trop. , A weighing, consideration, examination. 
 
 In English Law: A trial. Examen compuH, — the balance of an account. Towns. 
 PI. 223. Ad aliud examen, — to another examination. 
 
 Examinatio, onis, /. \examino, are.] Lit., An equipoise, equilibrium. Vitr. x, 8. 
 Trop., A weighing, examination. Ulpian. Zl/f. iii, 5, /r. 8; xlviii, 14, 1 Jin. 
 
 ExaminatUS, a, um. Pa. Tried, i. c. careful, thoughtful. 
 
 Examinatissima diligentia. The most thoughtful diligence. Aug. Conf. 7, 6. 
 
 ExaminO, are, I, w. «. and a. To form swarms, to swarm. L i t ., ^r^., To weigh. Cic- 
 ero, Tusc. i, 19, 43 . Neutr. (alicui). To be in equilibrium with a thing, to counterbalance, 
 counterpoise. Vitr. x, 8. Trop ., .^r^., To weigh, ponder, consider, examine. Cicero, 
 de Or. ii, 38, 159 ; id. Eef. iii, 8 ; Quintilian, x, 3, 5 ; i, 5, i. So of judicial examination. 
 QuiNTiLiAN, xii, 3, 6; Papinian. Dig. xxx, /r. 58; Ulpian. ib. xxxiii, 7, /r. 12, § 43. 
 
 Excadentia. — L. Lat. In old European Law: Escheats. Terrae excadentiales, — 
 escheated lands. Spelman; Co. Litt. 13a. 
 
 Excambiare.— L. Lat. To exchange. Spelman. Excambiator,— an exchanger, broker. 
 Coweil. Excambion,— exchange, i Forbes Inst, ii, 173. ExcamWiun, =Escambium,— 
 
 L. Lat. (a.) Exchange, a recompense. 4 Co. 121 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 442. (6.) A 
 
 mutual grant of equal interests in land, the one in exchange or consideration for the other. 
 
 V. Bl. Com. ii, 323 ; Litt. §§ 64, 65 ; Co. Litt. 50, 51. 
 
 (6.) Exchange of money. Molloy, de Jur. Mar. 313. (c.) A recompense or equivalent in 
 
 value. I Reeves Hist. 442, 447 ; 3 id. 14. v. Escambium. 
 
 In English Law: The term implies a condition and also a warranty. Id. ih. The proper word in old 
 deeds of exchange. Perk. ch. 4, §§ 252, 253. 
 
 EXCAMBIUM naturaliter vult in se warrantium. An exchange naturally 
 creates in itself a warranty. Common Law Max. 
 EXCAMBIUM non potest esse rerum diversae qualitatis; neque excambium inter 
 tres partes datur. An exchange cannot be of things of a different quality; 
 nor is it granted among three parties. Halkerston' s Max. 43; Lofft, 469. 
 
 Excedendo modum et mensurum. Exceeding (going bes'ond) mode and measure. 
 Bracton, fol. loi. 
 
 Excelsior. " More elevated." Motto of the State of New York. 
 
 Excepta dignitate regali. Saving the royal dignity. Bt. Com. i, 205. 
 
 Exceptio, Onis, /. \excipio.'\ An exception, restriction, limitation (class, and freq. in 
 Cicero). In the Latin of the Jurists: The exception of the defendant to the 
 plaintiff's statements inserted into the Praetor's edict. Cicero, Inv. ii, 19, 20 ; id. de Off. 
 iii, 14, 15 ; id. de Or. i, 37; Gaius, Inst, iv, Ii5 sq.; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13 ; id. Dig. xliv, 
 tit. i; id. Cod. viii, tit. 36. 
 
 In the Roman Law: A judicial allegation opposed by a defendant to the plaintiff's 
 actions. Comparatae sunt autem exceptione s defendorum eoru?n gratid cum quibus agitur: 
 saepe enim accidit. ut quis jure civili teneatur, sed iniquum sit euni judicio condemnari. Gaius 
 Inst, iv, § 116. E X c e.p t i o n s then are provided for the purpose of protecting defendants, 
 for it frequently happens that a man is liable according to the Civil Law, and yet it would be 
 inequitable that he should be condemned in the suit. v. Justinian. Inst, iv, 13 pr. "Ratio 
 exceptionum." Thus it seems exceptions were equitable defenses, creatures of the formulary 
 system, and not in existence during the period of the legis actiones; by which exceptions the 
 defendant obtained by asserting facts which did not destroy the right of action ipso jure, but 
 on account of peculiar circumstances of the case — e. g. fraud, fear or otherwise — the Praetor 
 aWovieA 2. Aetense quia iniquum fereteumcondemnati. z/. Cicero ; Gaius ; Justinian. ja/Sra/ 
 Mackeld. Syst. Jur. Rom. §§ 200, 2040, pp. 2o5, 207; Heinecc. Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. iv, tit. 13', 
 §1277. In a strict sense: Actionis jure stticto competentis ob aequitatem exclusio, — the 
 exclusion of an action that lay in strict law, on account of equity. Heinecc. Elem.Jur. Civ. 
 ubi supra. The exceptions in these cases were called exceptio metits causd, — exception on 
 account of fear ; exceptio doli mali, — exception of willful fraud ; exceptio in factum, — excep- 
 tion on the fact. Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, 1. v. Gaius, Com. iv, § 116 sq.; Mackeld. Civil 
 Law, 207, § 204 ; id. 209, § 206, and note. Exceptions were of two kinds. Dicuntur autem 
 exceptiones aut peremptoriae aut dilatoiiae, — exceptions are said to be either peremptory or 
 dilatory. Gaius, /kj-^. iv, 120-125. z/. Justinian, /»rf. iv, 8, 9, lo, 11. Oii!ae.ze, v. Peremp- 
 totiae sunt quae perpetuo, etc., and Dilatoriae sunt exceptiones quae, etc. (in loco). 
 
 848 
 
Exc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 In modern Civil Law: Any objection of a defendant by which he alleges anew 
 fact, in order to defend himself against the action ; as distinguished from simple denial 
 of the facts alleged by the plaintiff. Mackeld. Civil Law, § 204. Similar to the Common 
 Law plea in confession and avoidance. 
 
 J • '"' ^ ^ ' ' °" " '^ °^'^" employed by modern writers as synonymous with "defense," 
 and is made to include any matter which can be set up by the defendant in opposition to the 
 plaintiff's claim, i Mackeld. Civil Law, 209, note ; Broom's Max. 323. 
 
 In the Common Law: Exception is a bar or stay to an action, and is divided into 
 exception dilatory and peremptorj'. Of these, v. infra. Bracton, lib. v, tr. 5 ; Britten, c. 
 91, 92 ; Termes de la Ley. It is the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration (narratio 
 or intentio); the defendant's first pleading in the action. Actionis elisio,perquam actio perim- 
 ttur vel differtur, — the defeating of an action, by which the action is either destroyed or 
 deferred. Bracton, fol. 339*/ Steph. PI. Append., note (35). 
 
 Exceptio ad breve prosternendum. — L. Lat. In old pleading: An exception 
 or plea to abate or overthrow the writ ; in /. /. a plea in abatement. Bracton, fol. 413 ; 
 Steph. PI., Append, note (22); Bl. Com. iii, 301, 302, and Cooley's note (13) ; Broom on C. L. 
 170, 171. 
 
 Exceptio cedendarum actionuin. An exception of yielding, assigning or surrendering 
 rights of actions, i Story's Eq. Jur. % 501, and note i ; citing Kent, C, 4 Johns. Ch. R. 130. 
 
 EXCEPTIO dicta est quasi quaedam exclusio, quae \inter\ opponi actioni cujusque 
 rei solet ad excludendum id, quod in intentionem condemnationemve deductum 
 est. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, i, fr. 2 pr. An exception is called, as it were, 
 a certain exclusion, which is accustomed to be opposed in the course of the 
 action, by any defendant, in order to exclude (or for the purpose of excluding) 
 that matter which is introduced in the charge or condemnation. Brissonius, 
 adverb ' Res j' Broom's Max. 321, 322. 
 
 Replicationes nihil aliud sunt, quam exceptiones, et h parte actoris veniunt, etc. Id. ib. § i. 
 
 Exceptio dilatoria. — Lat. A dilatory exception or plea. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception which is a good defense for a certain time only; 
 e. g. as an agreement made to the effect that money should not be sued for within five years ; 
 for on the expiration of that time the exception is no longer available, v. Dilatoiiae sunt 
 exceptiones quae, ad tempus nocent, etc. Gaius, Inst, iv, 122; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, 10; 
 Ulpian. Dig. xliv, I, 2, § 4. 
 
 In the Common Law: A dilatory plea ; a plea which tends or is intended to delay 
 or put off the action by questioning the propriety of the remedy, rather than by denying the 
 injur)'. Bl. Cam. iii, 301 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 451. 'The pleas known under this 
 head are : Pleas to the jurisdiction, pleas in suspension, and pleas in abate- 
 ment. Steph. PI. 46 ; Steph. Com. iii, 576. 
 
 Exceptio doli mali, — Lat. An exception or plea of intentional fraud. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 § 121 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, §§ i, 9; Dig. xliv, tit. 4, ' de doli mali et metus exceptione ;' 
 Bracton, fol. 100*. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exceptio doli mali to an exceptio doli mali could not obtain. If 
 the plaintiff had committed dolus malus, it could not strengthen his right of action that the 
 defendant had also been guilty. 
 
 Marcellus ait, adversus doli exceptionem non dari replicationem doli. Labeo quoque in eadem 
 opinione est ; ait enim iniquum esse, communem malitiam petitori quidem praemio esse, ei vero, 
 cum quo ag'eretur, poenae esse, quam longe aequum [aequius] sit, ex eo, quod perfide gestum est, 
 actorem nihil consequi. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 4, fr. 4, § 13. 
 
 EXCEPTIO ejus rei cujus petitur dissolutio nulla est. A plea of that matter, 
 the dissolution of which is the object of the action, is of no effect. " There 
 is no exception of that matter of which a dissolution is sought." Jenkins' Cent. 
 cas. 37. 
 
 EXCEPTIO est conditio quae modo eximit reum damnatiohe, modo minuit dam- 
 nationem [condemnationem]. An exception is a condition which sometimes 
 exempts or frees a defendant from condemnation, sometimes diminishes the 
 condemnation or sentence. Broom's Max. 322. 
 
 [107] 849 
 
Exc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 EXCEPTIO is, therefore, defined to be, quasi quaedam exdusio quae opponi 
 actioni cujusque rei solet, ad elidendum id, quod in intentionem consentionemve 
 deductum est. Brissonius ^ed curd Heinecc?), ad verb '' R e s .' An exception is, 
 therefore, defined to be, as it were, a certain exclusion which is accustomed to be 
 opposed to an action in behalf of any defendant, in order to exclude that matter 
 which is brought forth in the intention (i. e. the charge) or the condemnation. 
 Broom's Max. 321, 322. 
 
 Brissonius herein employs the exact language of Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, i, fr. 2 pr. v. 
 Mxceptio dicta est quasi quaedam exdusio^ etc.y supra. 
 
 EXCEPTIO falsi omnium ultima. A false plea is the basest of all things. 2 
 Bouvier's L. Diet. 126; Wharton, 353. 
 EXCEPTIO firmat legem in casibus non exceptis. The exception confirms the 
 law in cases not excepted. Bacon's Arg. Jur. Marches, Works, iv, 270 ; 
 Law Tracts, 262 ; Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 7, § 16. 
 
 EXCEPTIO firmat regulam in casibus non exceptis. The exception confirms 
 or strengthens the rule in cases not exceptio. Bacon's Aph. 17; Philli- 
 more's Princ. and Max. of Jur. p. 383. 
 
 EXCEPTIO firmat regulam in contrarium. The exception affirms the rule to 
 be the other way. Bacon's Aph. 17. The exception affirms the rule in 
 contrary cases. 
 
 EXCEPTIO firmat regulam in rebus non exceptis. The exception confirms or 
 strengthens the rule in matters not excepted. 10 Mod. 115, arg. 
 Exceptio in factum composite, — Lat. An exception formed or shaped on the fact. 
 In the Civil Law: An exception or plea founded on the peculiar circumstances of 
 the case, i. e. so shaped as to raise the question whether a statement of a particular fact was 
 true or false. Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § i. 
 
 Exceptio judicis iucompetentis. An exception or plea of the incompetency of the 
 judge. I Mackeld. Civil Law, 206, § 203. 
 
 Exceptio jusjurandi, — Lat. An exception or plea of oath. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception or plea that the matter had been sworn to. If an 
 oath be administered to a debtor at the instance of his creditor, and he swears that nothing is 
 due, yet he still remains bound ; and if the plaintiff afterward complain of perjur)', the 
 debtor may defend himself by alleging his own oath by way of exception. Justinian. Inst. 
 iv, 13. 4- 
 
 Exceptio litis dividuae. An exception or suit of suit divided. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception or plea given to repel a plaintiff who broke up, 
 divided into two actions his remedy for a single thing, and sued within the same praetor- 
 ship for the part he did not include in his first action. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 12a. 
 
 V, Exceptio rei residuae. 
 
 Exceptio metilS causa. — Lat. An exception or plea of intimidation. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception or plea of fear or intimidation. Gaius, /«j/. iv, 
 § 121 ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, §§ i, g ; Dig. xliv, tit. 4 ; Bracton, fol. \oob. 
 
 In Modern Practice: A plea of duress, v. Duress. 
 
 Exceptio non numeratae pecuniae. An exception that the money was not counted 
 over and paid. Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. 2, § 5. Otherwise stated : Exceptio pecuniae non numer- 
 atae. V. h. infra, 
 
 EXCEPTIO nulla est versus actionem quae exceptionem perimit. There is [can 
 be] no plea against an action which destroys [the subject or matter of] the 
 plea. Jenk. Cent. 106. 
 
 Exceptio pacti conventi. An exception of a stipulated compact or agreement ; an 
 exception of a compact or bargain agreed upon ; an exception of an agreement made. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception, plea that the plaintiff had agreed ; .r. ^. not to sue 
 for the money under any circumstances. Gaius, Inst, iv, S5§ 116-126; Justinian. Inst, iv, 
 13. §§ 3, 9- 
 850 
 
^^c.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 Excfeptio pecuniae non numeratae. An exception of money not paid, i. ,. was not 
 counted over and paid. Otherwise called Exceptio non numeratae pecuniae. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A plea or defense allowed where one was sued on a promise to 
 repay money that he had never received. Gaius, Inst, iii, §8 ii6, 134, note bv Abdv & 
 Walker ; Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § 2 ; id. Cod. iv, 30, 14. > 1 
 
 Exceptio peremptoria. A peremptory exception or plea ; also called Exceptio perpetuae. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A perpetual and peremptory exception which is available at all 
 times and which cannot be avoided, and which always obstructs the plaintiiT, and destroys 
 the force of the action {quae semper rem de qua agi'tur perimit). Of this sort is the exceptio 
 doh mall, the exceptio metus causd, the exceptio in factum, the exceptio rei judicatae, the exceptio 
 rei tn judicium deductae, and the exceptio pacti conventi, i. e. when it is agreed that the money 
 shall not be sued for {cum ita convenerit, ne omnino pecunia peteretur). Gaius, Inst, iv, S 121 • 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § 9 ; Gaius, Dig. xliv, i, fr. 3. 
 
 Read: Exceptiones peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo, etc., and Exceptiones aut perpetuae et 
 peremptoriae sunt, aut temporales et dilatoriae, etc. Gaius and Justinian, infra. 
 
 In the Common Law: A peremptory plea ; a plea in bar. Bracton,io\s. ■2.Vi,yy)b. 
 
 Exceptio peremptoria /^r^jB^; ad dedsionem causae. A peremptory excep- 
 tion pertains to the decision of a cause. Baldus. Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, 
 §§ 577, 580. 
 
 EXCEPTIO probat regulam. The exception proves the rule. 11 G?. 41 y 
 Broom's Leg. Max. v. Exceptio quoque regulam declarat. 
 EXCEPTIO probat regulam, de rebus non exceptis. An exception proves the 
 rule, concerning things not excepted. 11 Co. 41. v. per Lord Kenyon, 
 C. J., 3 Term. R. 722 ; id. 38 ; 4 id. 793; i East, 647, n.; per Lord Kenyon, 
 C. J., J^E.&'B. 832 ; 2 H.&' N. 48. 
 
 EXCEPTIO quae Jirmat legem, exponit legem. An exception which confirms 
 the law explains, expounds the law. 2 Bulstrode, 189. 
 EXCEPTIO, quae primA facie justa videatur, inque noceat actori. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 126. 
 An exception, which at first sight appears just, may unfairly prejudice the plaintiff, i. e. may 
 operate as a bar unjustly, v. Justinian. Inst, iv, 14/?-. 
 
 EXCEPTIO quoque regulum declarat. The exception also declares the rule. 
 Bacon's Aph. 17. v. Exceptio probat regulam. 
 EXCEPTIO rei i}i judicium deductae. An exception or plea of a thing drawn 
 in or before a court, /. e. matter already in issue, and in the course of actual 
 trial or contestation of suit. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The effect of this exceptio is that the matter has been carried 
 beyond the litis contestatio, and that thus there has been a novatio. Gaius, Inst, iii, § 181 ; iv, 
 §§ 106, 107, 121 ; App. p. 460 {R), by Abdy & Walker. It is immaterial whether the court 
 has arrived at a judgment or not. A peculiar case connected with this exception is stated. 
 Cicero, de Or. i, 37. 
 
 EXCEPTIO rei judicatae. An exception or plea of adjudged matter. An 
 exception or plea of res judicata. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The effect of this plea is that the matter has already been adju- 
 dicated upon and come into judgment, and constitutes an exceptio peremptoria. Gaius, Inst. 
 iii, § 181 ; iv, §§ 106, 107, 121, and Abdy & Walker's note {R), p. 460 sq.; Justinian. Inst. 
 iv, 13, § 5 ; Paulus, Dig. xliv, \, fr. 22 pr.; Ulpian. ib. xliv, 2, /?-. 3 ; i CI. &• Fin. 435 ; g 
 Johns. R. 221 ; Broom's Max. yi'i,. 
 
 In the Common Law: The term was adopted by Bracton, and ever since has been 
 used to distinguish a defense grounded upon a former adjudication, i. e. pro eadem causd, 
 inter eddem partes. Bracton, fol. lOOi^y Story on Confl. of Laws, §§ 584, 598, 601 ; Kent's Com. 
 ii, 120, and notes ; Broom's Max. 323 sq.; Erskine's Inst, iv, tit. 3, § 4. The term is synony- 
 mous with our "plea of judgment recovered" or " former recovery." Broom's Max. 323. 
 The principle upon which the plea is grounded, is expressed in the celebrated maxim : Res 
 judicata pro veritate accipitur. Ulpianus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 207, and the kindred maxims. 
 
 Et generaliter, ut JULIANUS definit: 
 
 EXCEPTIO rei judicatae obstat, quoties inter easdem personas eadem quaes- 
 tto revocatur, vel alio genere judicii. Et idea, si hereditate petita singulas res 
 
 851 
 
Exc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 petat, vel singulis reius petitis hereditatem petat, exceptione summovebitur. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xliv, 2, fr. 7, § 4. And generally, as Julianus defines : The defense res 
 adjudicata (a judgment) lies as often as, between the same persons, the same 
 question is recalled, even in another kind of judicial investigation. And, there- 
 fore, if one sues for single things (that is, parts of an inheritance) after having 
 sued for the inheritance (that is, as a whole), or sues for the inheritance after 
 having sued for the single things, he will be barred by this defense. Quoted in 
 2 6'W//^'jZ. C. [596] 671. [W. L. L.] 
 
 Ulpian. continues : Idem erit probandum^ et si quis debitum petierit h debitore hereditario, 
 deinde hereditatem petat, vel contra si ante hereditatem. petierit, et postea debitum- petat; nam et 
 sic obstabit exceptio. Nam quum hereditatem peto, et corpora, et actiones omnes, quae in hereditate 
 sunt, videntur in petitionem deduci. Ulpian. ib. § 5. 
 
 The same will be true if one had sued a debt against a debtor of the deceased and then 
 sued for the inheritance, or if, on the other hand, he had first sued for the inheritance and 
 afterward sued for the debt. The defense will lie. For when I sue for an inheritance, all 
 things and actions which are in the inheritance seem to be brought into the action. [W. L. L.] 
 
 ViNNius (iv, tit. 13, § 5) specifies tiie proper requisites to this plea: Haec autem exceptio non aliter agenti 
 ohstat, qua7n si eadem guaestio inter easdem personas revoceiur, Hague ita demutn nocet, si omnia sint 
 eadem, idem corpus, eadem guantiias, idem, jus, eadem causa petendi, eademgue conditio personarum. 
 
 V. Broom's Max. 328, 329, and cases. 
 
 Exceptio rei residuae, An exception of the residue of a thing. 
 
 In the Civil Law: An exception similar to the exceptio litis dividuae. If a person 
 have brought his action for a part of a thing claimed, and then sue for the remainder within 
 the time of office of the same Praetor, he is met by the exception styled litus dividuae, and 
 that rei residuae. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 122. v. Exceptio litis dividuae. 
 
 EXCEPTIO rei venditae et traditae. An exception or plea of a thing sold and 
 delivered. Dig. xxi, tit. 3. 
 In the Civil Law' A plea that the article claimed by the plaintiff was sold and 
 delivered to the defendant. 1 Mackeld. Civil Law, 315, § 291. 
 
 EXCEPTIO rei venditae et traditae non tantum ei, cui res tradita est, 
 sed successionibus eiiam ejus, et emtori secundo, etsi res ei non fuerit tradita, 
 proderit ; interest enim emtoris primi, secundo rem non evinci. Hermogenianus, 
 Dig. xxi, 3, fr. 3. The exception of a thing sold and delivered 
 will be of use, not only to him to whom the thing has been delivered, but also 
 to his successors, and to the second buyer, although the thing may not have 
 been delivered to him ; for it is of importance to the first purchaser that the 
 thing should not be recovered from the second. 
 
 Hermogenianus adds [ib. § i) : Pari ratione venditoris etiam successoribus nocebit, sive 
 in universum jus , sive in earn duntaxat rem successerint. § I. In like manner will it harm also 
 the successors of the vender, whether they had a succession to his entire right (estate) or only 
 to the thing in question, cf. I Mackeld. Civil Law, § 291, and the authorities. 
 
 EXCEPTIO semper ultima [altius] ponenda est. An exception is always to be 
 put last. 9 Co. 53. The exception is always placed at the end. 
 ^•Exceptio semper altius ponenda est. And, therefore, if a release run thus: A doth 
 acknowledge himself satisfied, etc., of all bonds, etc., made by B, 
 and it is agreed that A shall deliver all such bonds as he hath un-de- 
 liveredto B, except a bond of 40/. wherein Band C stand bound, etc.: 
 Here the exception extends to all the premises, and it could not be inserted sooner, because 
 the proper place thereof is to come last," etc. Wingaie's Max. 73, § 8 ; citing 9 Co. 53a in 
 Hickmot's case. 
 
 Exceptio temporis, S. praesoriptio. An exception of time or lapse of time, sc. a prae- 
 scription. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A plea that the action had not been brought within the time 
 limited by law. Analogous to our plea of the statute of limitations, i Mackeld. Civil Law, 
 § 200. V. ed. by Dropsie, § 213. 
 
Exc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 JULIANUS libra tertio Digestorum respondit: 
 
 EXCEPTIONEM r ei j udi c at ae obstare, quoties eadem quaestio inter easdem 
 personas revocatur ; et ideo etsi singulis rebus petitis hereditatem petat, vel 
 contra, exceptione summovebitur. Ulpianus, Dig. xliv, 2, fr. 3. Julianus, in 
 the third book of the Digests, answered : An exception of adjudged matter 
 \i. e. that the matter had before come into judgment] is to stand against, or in 
 the way of a person as often as the same question between the same persons is 
 recalled or brought up ; and, therefore, albeit you may endeavor to obtain 
 [seek] for single or individual things in prayers of an inheritance, or the con- 
 trary, it will be withheld [cleared away] under the exception. 
 
 Ulpianus says in fr. 4 : Rei judicatae exceptio tacite continere videiur oinnes personas, 
 quae rem in judicium deducere solent. Ulpian. ib. fr. 4. An exception of adjudged matter 
 [a judgment] is considered to silently contain or embrace all persons who are wont to be 
 drawn or involved in the suit in court [or in the matter under investigation], v. Ulpianus, 
 ib. fr. 7, § 4, supra; PotMer, ad P and. xliv, 1, i pr.; Broom's Max. 322 sqq. 
 
 EXCEPTIONES aut perpetuae et peremptoriae sunt, aut temporales et dilatoriae. 
 Perpetuae atque peremptoriae sunt, quae semper locum habent, nee 
 evitari possunt, qualis est doli mali, et rei judicatae, et si quid contra leges senatusve 
 consultum factum esse dicetur, item pacti conventi perpetui, id est, ne omnino pecunia 
 petatur. Temporales atque dilatoriae sunt, quae non semper locum habent, 
 sed evitari possunt, qualis est pacti conventi temporalis, id est, ne fortl intra quin- 
 quennium ageretur. Procuratoriae quoque exceptiones dilatoriae sunt, quae 
 evitari possunt. Gaius, Z'z^. xliv, i,/r. 3. Exceptions are either perpetual and 
 peremptory, or temporary and dilatory. Perpetual and peremptory 
 are those which always have place [/. e. which are available at all times], nor 
 can they be avoided, such as willful fraud {dolus malus) and of a matter decided 
 by adjudication (an adjudicated law suit), and if something can be said to be 
 done contrary to the laws or the decree of the senate ; and so, also, that an 
 agreement has been made that the money should not be sued for under any cir- 
 cumstances. Temporary and dilatory are those which do not always 
 have place [/. e. are not available at all times], but can be avoided, such as an 
 agreement made temporary, that lest, perhaps, an action might be brought within 
 five years. Procuratory exceptions \i. e. exceptions belonging to a procu- 
 rator] are dilatory, which can be avoided, v. Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § 9, infra. 
 EXCEPTIONES per e mp toriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nee evitari pos- 
 s^fit^ — i)elut quod vietiUs causd, aut dolo malo, aut quod contra legem senatusve 
 censultum factum est, aut quod res judicata est vel in judicium deducta est; item 
 pactum conventi quo pactum est ne omnino pecunia peteretur. Gaius, Inst, iv, 
 8 121. Peremptory exceptions (pleas) are those which are available 
 at all times and which cannot be avoided, — for example, the exception of 
 intimidation, or of willful fraud, or that something has been done contrary to a 
 lex or senatus-consultum, or that the matter has been already adjudicated, or 
 drawn [laid] before 2. judex; and so also that an agreement has been made 
 that the money should not be sued for under any circumstances. 
 
 EXCEPTIONES perpetuae et peremptoriae sunt, quae semper agenti- 
 bus obstant, et semper rem, de qua agitur, perimunt : qualis est exceptio doli 
 mali, et quod metHs causd factum est, et pacti conventi, ciim ita convenerit, ne omnino 
 pecunia peteretur. Justinian. Inst, iv, 13, § 9. P e r p e t u a 1 and p e r e m p - 
 
 853 
 
ExcJ JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc 
 
 tory exceptions (pleas) are those which always present an obstacle against 
 the plaintiff, and always destroy the subject-matter or ground of the action : of 
 this sort is the exception of willful fraud, and that which is done on account of 
 fear, and of compact or agreement made when it has been agreed that the money 
 should not be sued for under any circumstances, v. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 'i.,fr. 3, 
 supra. 
 
 Exceptis. — Lat. In old conveyancing: Excepted; excepting. 
 
 Exceptis bOSCis. — L- Lat. With the exception of wood. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3. 
 
 Exceptis prae-exceptis. Excepting what was before excepted; except as above excepted. 
 Towns. PI. 21. 
 
 Exceptis viris religiosis. Excepting religious persons, i. c. clergymen. 
 
 EXCEP TO eo solo quod damno fatali, aut vi majore veluti nanfragio, aut piratarum injuria 
 perisse constat. That only excepted, which by an irremediable loss, or by a greater force or 
 fury, as by shipwreck, or injury received from pirates, is certain to have been destroyed. 
 
 Exceptor, oris, m. [excipio.'] One who catches up any thing said, i. e. who writes it 
 down ; an amanuensis, short-hand writer, scribe. Ulpian. Dig. xix, 2, fr. 19 fin.; Firm. 
 Math.\\\, 6 med. and 12. In a later period of the Empire: An officer in the 
 Court of Chancery. Justinian. Co^. xii, 19, 5; 12 et al. In pid English Law: A 
 party who excepted, or put in a plea (exceptio). Fleta, lib. vi, i,. 39, § 2. 
 
 Excerpta, — Lat. Extracts; abridged notices taken from a work. 
 
 Excerptio, Onis, /. An extract selected from a composition ; an excerpt. Gellius, xvii, 
 21, I. A picking out, choosing, selecting. 
 
 EXCESSIT ex ephebis est person. He who comes out of, exceeds his minority, 
 becomes legally a person. Riley, 114. 
 EXCESSIVUM injure reprobatur. Excessus in re qualibet jure reprobatur 
 commu7ii. Excess in law is reprehended. Excess in any thing is repre- 
 hended in Common Law. 11 Co. 44. 
 
 Excessus, OS, OT. \excedo.'\ A departure from life. CiCERO, i^z». iii, 18, 60. Vitae. Id. 
 Tusc. i, 12, 27. Death. Tacitus, A. i, 7, 14 ; Suet. Tib. xxii, 70 et al. (6.) A standing 
 out, projecting beyond a certain limit; projections. Celsus, viii, \ ad fin. Trop. . A 
 departing from the subject, digression. Quintilian, iii, g, 4 ; v. ib. § i ; Puny, Ep. ix, 26, 9. 
 Also, A deviation, aberration from rectitude. Val. Max. viii, 2 fin. 
 
 In old English Law: Excess, transgression, violation of engagements. Magna 
 Cart. Johan. c. 6i. 
 
 EXCESSUS in jure reprobatur. Excess in the law is reprobated or con- 
 demned. All excess is condemned by the law. 
 Thus the law allows liberal, but it by no means allows excessive damages. 
 
 EXCESSUS injure reprobatur. Excesszis in re qudlibet, jure reprobatur com- 
 muni. Excess in law is reprehended. Excess in any thing is reprehended 
 at Common Law. 11 Co. 44 ; 2 Co. Inst. 232 ; i Best on Evid. [51], § 47. 
 
 EXCESSUS in petita excusatio manifesta jit. An excess in seeking an excuse, 
 becomes manifest, i. e. he who excuses before he is accused manifests his 
 own guilt. 
 
 Read: Excusatio non petita fit accusatio manifesta. Qui s' excuse s' accuse. 
 
 EXCESSUS in re qualibet jure, reprobatur communi. Excess in any thing is 
 reprobated by Common Law. Lofft, /^(>2; Halkerston, ^i,. 
 Exchequer. L- Fr.i Eschequier, Eschequer, Escheker. = L. Lat., Scaccarium. A very 
 ancient English court of record. 
 
 854 
 
E^c.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 It was set up by William the Conqueror as a part of the Aula Regia, though regulated 
 and reduced to its present order by Edward I. and intended principally to order the revenues 
 of the crown, and to recover the king's debts and duties. 4 Co. Inst. 103-116. It is called 
 the Exchequer, scaccariiim [+ Ital. scacco, a chess-board], from the checked cloth, resembling 
 a chess-board which covers the table there, and on which, when certain of the king's accounts 
 are made up, the sums are marked and scored with counters. Bl. Com. iii, 44 ; Steph. Com. 
 iii, 400, 401. A very concise account of the origin and jurisdiction of this court is given in 
 Broom on C. L. 2<^ sq. 
 
 Excitare fliictus in simpulo.— L?Lt. Pro v. To excite a flood in a small ladle. 
 Trop.: To raise a tempest in a tea pot,j. e. to make much ado about nothing. Cicero, 
 tie Legg. iii, 16, 36. 
 
 Exclusa.— L. Lat. A sluice ; a structure for carrying off water. Reg. Orig. g.6 ; a scluse. 
 Spelmait. Exclusagium.— L. Lat. A sluice or sluisage. Cowell. 
 
 ExcIusiO, Onis, /. \excludo.'\ A shutting out, exclusion. Ulpian. Dig. xliv, i, fr. 2. 
 
 Exclus5rillS, a, um, adj. \id.'\ Exclusory : exclusoria exceptio, replicatio. Id. ib. 
 
 ExCOmmenge. — L. Fr. ^='LaX. Excommunicatus. Excommunicated. Litt. § 201; Co. 
 Litt.\yib. Excommengement. — L. Fr. =1.211. Excommunicatio, v.h. v. Termes de la Ley. 
 
 ExCOmmunicatio, onls, /. [-|- excommunico.'] Ban of the church, excommunication. 
 Aug. de Fide, 3 et saep. 
 
 In old English Law: An ecclesiastical interdict or censure, by which a man was 
 cut off from communion with his church. Co. Litt. 133. 
 
 This was two-fold : the less and the greater excommunication ; the less was an ecclesias- 
 tical censure, excluding the party from the participation of the sacraments; the greater pro- 
 ceeded farther, and excluded him not only from these, but also from the company of all 
 Christians. Bl. Com. iii, loi. Formerly too he was not regarded as a probis et legalis homo ; 
 he could not serve upon juries, nor be a witness, and, worst of all, could not bring an action, 
 either real or personal, to recover lands or money due to him. Co. Litt. 133, 134 ; Bacon's 
 Abr. Now the act, 53 George III. c. 127, prohibits excommunication, and contumacious 
 persons are dealt with under the writ de excommunicato capiendo, SinA the writ de contumace 
 capiendo. Bl. Com. iii, loi, Cooley's note (8). 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATIO minor est, per quum quis d, sacramentoriim participa- 
 tione conscientid vel sententid arceatur : major est, quae nan solum a sacra- 
 mentorum verum etiam fidelium communione exdudit, et ab omni actu legitimo 
 separat aut dividit. The lesser excommunication is that by which a man, 
 either by conscience or sentence, is expelled from participation in the sacra- 
 ments ; the greater is where he is not only excluded from participation in 
 the sacraments, but from all community with the faithful, and from every legiti- 
 mate act. Co. Litt. 133a. 
 
 ExCOmnninicatO capiendo. For arresting an excommunicated person, u. Breve de, itc. 
 
 Excommunicato deliberandO. For delivering an excommunicated person. 
 
 In English Law; A writ to the sheriif for delivery of an excommunicated person 
 out of prison upon certificate from the ordinary of his conformity to the ecclesiastical juris- 
 diction. Fitzherbert, N. B. 63. 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATO interdicitur omnis actus legitimus, ita quod agere non 
 potest, nee aliquem convenire ; licet ipse ab aliis passit conveniri. Every 
 legitimate act is forbidden an excommunicated person, so that he cannot act, 
 nor sue any person ; but he may be sued by others. Co. Litt. 133^. 
 
 Excommunicato recapiendO or recipiendo. For retaking or receiving an excommu- 
 nicated person, v. Breve de excommunicatio recapiendo. 
 
 In English Law: A writ whereby persons excommunicated, being for their obstinacy 
 committed to prison, and unlawfully delivered before they have given caution to obey the 
 authority of the church, are commanded to be sought after, retaken and imprisoned again. 
 Reg. Orig. 67. 
 
 EXCUBIAS et explanationes qtias wactas vacant. Guards and explanations which they 
 call wacts. Capitul. Hludov. Pii. cap. I, A. D. 815 ; Bl. Com. i, 356 {g). -o. Wacta. 
 
 855' 
 
Exc] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exc. 
 
 EXCUBIA S, quas usiiato vocabulo wactas dicunt, facere non negligant. They shall not 
 neglect to perform watches, which in common language they call wacts. £1. Com. i, 336. 
 
 V. Esprit des lois, liv. 30, c. 13, and note. 
 
 Excusare, /''fJ. infin. -j- excuso. To excuse. In the Civil Law: To relieve or 
 absolve one from any thing ; to discharge, dispense with one ; to relieve or release from a 
 duty or obligation, for sufficient cause shown. Paulus, Dig. xxvii, i, fr. 11 ; 2, fr. 41. 
 
 EXCUSAT aut extenuat delictum in capitalibus, quod non operatur idem in civili- 
 bus. That excuses or extenuates an offense (7r. wrong in capital causes 
 which does not operate [have the same effect] in civil causes. Bacon's Max. 
 Reg. 7 ; I Best on Evid. § 96. A wrong in capital cases is excused ox palliated 
 which would not be treated similarly in similar civil matters. 
 
 See certain exceptions in Best on Evid. § 96, and cases in note 10. 
 
 In capital causes in favorem vitae, the law will not punish in so high a degree, except 
 the malice of the will and intention appear ; but in civil trespasses and injuries that are of 
 an inferior nature, the law doth rather consider the damage of the party wronged than the 
 malice of him that was the wrong-doer. And therefore, " The law makes a difference between 
 killing a man upon malice fore-thought and upon present heat and provocation ; In malefi- 
 ciis voluntas spectatur non exitus (Callistratus, Dig. xlviii, 8, 14) ; but if I give a man slan- 
 derous words, whereby I damnify him in his name and credit, it is not material whether I 
 use thera upon sudden choler and provocation of set malice, but in an action upon the case 
 I shall render damages alike. So if a man be killed by misadventure, as by an arrow at 
 butts, this hath a pardon of course ; but if a man be hurt or maimed only, an action of tres- 
 pass lieth, though it be done against the party's mind and will, and he shall be punished in 
 the law as deeply as if he had done it of malice." Bacon's Max. in Reg. 7 ; Broom's Max. 
 318 sq. 
 
 ExCUSatio, onis, /. ^excuso.^ An excusing, excuse, release (freq. and quite class.). 
 
 In the Jurists: A being excused, an excuse ; a release, discharge, — from any thing ; 
 an exemption or release from duty or obligation, for sufficient cause shown \ex causS\. 
 Ulpian. Dig. xxvii, i, 'de Excusationibus' fr. 3; id. ib. fr. 5 et saep. A ground, cause or 
 reason for exemption from duty. Ulpian. Dig. xxvii, tit. i. 
 
 EXCUSATIO non petita fit accusatio manifesta. An exculpation which is not 
 called for, betrays the guilt of him who makes it. Com. Law Max. 
 V. Qui s' ex cuse s' ac cus e . 19 TV. K. T?. (5 Smith) 549, 569. v. Excessus in petita, etc. 
 ExCUSator, oris, m. \id.'\ One who excuses. Aug. Civ. D. iii, 20 ; Serm. iii, 3 et at. 
 In old English Law: Anexcuser; one who offered the excuse of another iu court. 
 Fleta, lib. vi, c. 13, § i. Properly ^Essoiner. Id. ib. 
 
 EXCUSATUR quis quod clameum non apposuerit, ut si toto tempore litigii fuit 
 ultra mare quacunque occasione. He is excused who does not bring his 
 claim if, during the whole period in which it ought to have been brought, he 
 has been beyond the sea wheresoever, on occasion [or at a fit timej. Co. Litt. 
 260. See, however, ig & 20 Vict. c. 97, s. 10. 
 
 ExciisO, are, i, v. a. \-\-ex, from, and causa, cause.] To excuse a person or thing (freq. 
 and class.). Transf . , (a.) A liquid {alicui). To allege in excuse, to plead as an excuse, 
 to excuse one's self with (freq. and class.). (6.) Aliquem ab aliqua re, aliqua re, or alicui 
 rei, — to excuse, absolve one from any thing ; to discharge, dispense with one. Paulus, 
 Dig. xxvii, I, fr. 11 ; Ulpian. ib. fr. g. (c.) Se ab aliqua re, — to shelter, protect one's self 
 from any thing. Pal. Nov. vii, 2. Hence (d.) Aliquid aliqua re, — to compensate, atone 
 for any thing. Pliny, Pan. xxxii, 4. 
 
 ExCUSSio, 5nis, m. [-{- ex-cutio, ere, to search, examine, shake out.] Excussion. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A diligent prosecution of a remedy against a debtor ; the exhaust- 
 ing of a remedy against a principal debtor before resorting to his sureties. = Di scussio . 
 
 In old English Law: Rescue or rescous. Spelman. 
 
 EXCUSSUS, a, um, Pa. Stretched out, extended, stiff. Seneca, Ben. ii, 6. 
 
 Ex-CUtio, ere, 3, v. a. To shake out or off, to cast out, drive out, to send forth (class.). 
 
 Tro p ., To shake off, discard (class.). In particular: To search, examine, inspect; 
 to shake out ; to discuss. Cicero and Quintilian. 
 
 856 
 
J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exe. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To search thoroughly; to prosecute a remedy against one to the 
 utmost, especially against a principal debtor ; to search ad peram et sacculum, — to the wallet 
 and the money purse, i. n. to the last farthing. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Exeat, \ex-eo, ere, to go out or forth, to go away.] Let him depart ; let him go away. 
 
 * * * Exeat aiild 
 
 Qui VUlt plus, — LUCRETIDS. 
 
 Let him depart, withdraw from court, who wishes to remain uncorrupted. T r o p . , Let 
 him who would be a good man retire from court, avoid or ward off litigation. 
 
 EXEANT semores duodecim thani, et praefectus cicm eis et jurent super sanctu- 
 artum quod eis in manus datur, quod nolint ullum innocentum accusare, nee 
 aliquem noxiiim celare. The twelve chief thanes (land-holders), and the pre- 
 fect or sheriff with them, shall go and swear upon the holy testament, which is 
 delivered into their hands, that they will not accuse any innocent person nor 
 screen the guilty. Wilk. LL. Angl. Sax. 117; -Bl. Com. iv, 302; Broom b' 
 Had. Com. iv, 400, n. (11). 
 
 Execrabile illud Statutum. That execrable, abominable statute. Bl. Com. iv, 114. 
 
 Executio, onis.y. (vide Exsecutio.) Execution, performance (class.). 
 
 In English Law:- Execution. The act or mode of putting the sentence of the law 
 in force, or of carrying into effect the judgment or decree of a court. Bt. Com. iii, 412. 
 
 In Practice: The final process in an action. A judicial writ, termed final pro- 
 cess , founded on a judgment, and issued on behalf of the party obtaining such judgment, 
 for the purpose of executing the judgment and obtaining the satisfaction or full benefit of it. 
 Lord Coke calls it " the life of the law," and " the fruit and life of every suit." 5 Co. 89, 91. 
 The most usual of these are the Fieri facias and the Capias ad satisfaciendum. Also the 
 Levari facias ^ Extendi facias. Elegit, Habere facias possessionem, De retomo habendo. 
 
 In Criminal Law: The carrying into effect the sentence of the law by the infliction 
 of capital punishment. Bl. Com. iv, 403, 404. 
 
 In Conveyancing: The acts and solemnities of signing, sealing and delivering by 
 the party making a deed ; or of signing and publishing by the party making a will, in the 
 presence of witnesses ; thus rendering it perfect and operative. Bl. Com. ii, 376 ; Kent's 
 Com. iv, 450. 
 
 Executio bonornm. — L. Lat. Management or administration of goods, u. Ad ecclesiam 
 et ad amicos pertinebit executio bonorum. 
 
 EXECUTIO est executio juris secundum judicium. An execution is the execu- 
 tion of the law according to the judgment. 3 Co. Inst. 212. 
 EXECUTIO est finis et fructus legis. An execution is the end and fruit of 
 the law. Co. Litt. 28915. 
 "An execution is the end of the law. It gives the successful party the fruits of his judg- 
 ment." Marshall, C. J., 9 Peters' (U. S.) R. 28. It is otherwise quoted : 
 
 EXECUTIO est fructus, finis, et effectus legis. Execution is the fruit, the end 
 and effect of the law. Co. Litt. 289 b. 
 EXECUTIO juris non facit (non habet) injuriam. The execution of the law 
 does no injury. The execution of the law does not work a wrong. 2 Co. 
 Inst. 482 ; Hobart, 266b. ' The law will not, in its executive capacity, work 
 a wrong.' Broom's Leg. Max. 132. v. i Story on Contr. § 394, and cases in 
 note 3 ; § 512. 
 
 In the Roman Law the rule is, as in our own : Is, qui jure publico utitur, non vide- 
 tur injuriae faciendae causa hoc facere; juris enim executio non habet injuriam. Ulpian. Dig. 
 xlvii, 10, /r. 13, § I. Likewise Nullus videtur dolo facere, qui suo jure utitur. Gaius, Dig. 
 L, 17, fr. 55. See both maxims and the authorities cited under each. 
 
 ExeCUtione facienda in withernam, v. Breve de execuHone facienda in withernam. 
 
 ExeCUtione judicii. v. Breve de executionejudicii. 
 
 Executor oris, m. [exsequor.] An accomplished performer, executor. Vallej. u, 45. 
 Sententiae. App. ^. vii, 197 ; Macer. /J^;?. xlix, i,/n 4. ^i^"- Justinian. /;w<. iv, 6, 24,25. 
 [108] 857 
 
Exe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exe. 
 
 In Juridical Language: (a.) A prosecutor, revenger. Offensarum inimicitiarum- 
 que. Suet. Vesp. 14. (6.) A collector. Justinian. Cod. viii, 17, 7. (c.) A ministerial officer 
 who executes or carries into effect the judgment or sentence in a cause called executor litis. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 6, 24, 25. 
 
 In English Law: A person appointed or authorized to execute or perform a duty or 
 trust; especially to manage and dispose of the property or estate of a deceased person 
 according to the tenor of the will ; an executor. Bl. Com. ii, 503. The term = haeres testa- 
 mentarius of the Civil Law. 3 Atkyns' Ch. R. 299, 306. 
 
 Executor ^ lege COnstitutus. An executor appointed by law, i. e. one who derives his 
 authority from the ordinary of the diocese. Bl. Com. ii, 507; i Williams on Executors, 185. 
 
 Executor ^ testatore COUStitutus. An executor appointed by a testator. Otherwise 
 termed Executor testamentaritis , — a testamentary executor. Glanv. lib. vii, c. 6; Bracton, 
 fols. 20, 61 ; 1 Williams on Exec. 185. 
 
 Executor ab episcopo COUStitutUS. An executor appointed by the bishop. Otherwise 
 Executor dqtivus, — an executor who is given or appointed, i Williams on Exec. 185. 
 
 Executor de son tort. — L. Fr. An executor of his own wrong ; one who acts illegally 
 under a will. 
 
 If a stranger takes upon himself to act as executor without any just authority — as by inter- 
 meddling with the goods and effects of the deceased (5 Co. 33, 34), or, at all events, to dispose 
 thereof or apply them to his own use, will by such interference constitute himself an executor 
 de son tort. Bl. Com. ii, 507 ; and see Cooley's notes, (19), (20), (21); I Williams on Exec. '2.\<:i 
 et seq.j I Parsons on Contr. 132 and cases. 
 
 Executor testameuti. Executor of a will. Fleta, lib. ii, c. 70, § 5. 
 
 Executour. — L. Fr. An executor. Britt. c. 28, 64. 
 
 ExeCUtreSS. A female executor. Hardr. 165, 473. 
 
 Executrix. — L- Lat. A female executor. Yearb. P. 10 Edw. III. 2. 
 
 Exedra, ae, /. = Gr. i^sdfja. A hall furnished with seats ; a hall for conversing or 
 disputing in. Cicero, de Or. iii, 15, 17 ; Quint, x, i, 89 ; Ulpian. Dig. ix, 3, /r. 5 et al. 
 Transf . , An aviary. Varro, j?. H. iii, 5, 8. 
 
 Exedrium, ii, «. = Gr. kisSptov. a sitting-room, parlor. Cicero, Earn, vii, 23, 3. 
 
 EXEMPLA illustrant, non restringunt, legem. Examples illustrate the law ; 
 do not restrict it. Co. Lift. 24a, 240 ; 1 Best on Evid. [115] § 87. 
 EXEMPLA instrumentorum etiam sine subscriptione edeatis edi posse receptum 
 est. MoDESTiNUS, Dig. ii, 13, /r. 11. Authorized copies of instruments 
 likewise given out without a subscription to be promulgated are to be received. 
 
 EXEMPLA non restringunt regulam, sed loquuntur de casibus crebrioribus. 
 Examples do not restrict the rule, but speak of the cases which most fre- 
 quently occur. Traynor's Max. 201. 
 
 Exemplar, aris, n. A pattern, model, original, an example. (6.) A transcript, copy. 
 Cicero, jRzm. x, 31, 6; id. Att. iv, 51; Pliny, iv, 7, 2. A copy. Pliny, xxxv, 11,40. 
 Trop ., An image, likeness, impression. Cicero; Pliny. 
 
 Exemplares, ium, m. (i. e. HbH.) Copies, exemplifications. =^Exemplaria. 
 
 Exemplaris, i, adj. [exemplum.'] That serves as a pattern or example, exemplary. Vir- 
 tutes. Macr. Somn. Scip. i, 8. 
 
 Exemplarium, ii, m. [exemplar.'] A pattern, model, original. Arn. vi, 198. (6.) A 
 copy. Proculus, Dig. xxxi, fr. 47. 
 
 Exempli causa. For example's sake. Cicero, Phil. xiii. 2, 2. On account of the 
 example. 
 
 Exempli gratia. For the sake of example; for instance; for example's sake. QuiN- 
 tilian, ix, 2, 56 ; vi, 5,6; v, 10, no. Usually abbreviated ex. gr. or e. g. 
 
 Exemplificatio, onis, m. — L. Lat. \exemplum, a copy, and facere, to make.] A certified 
 transcript, under seal, of a record. The term applies strictly to matters of record. 5 Co. 52, 
 Page's case ; 3 Co. Inst. 173. 
 
 An exemplification of letters patent in a certified transcript of the enrollment under the 
 great seal. Burton's Real Prop. 160; i Archb. Pr. 159, 162. 
 
 858 
 
Exe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exe. 
 
 EXEMPLO perniciosum est, ut si scripturae credatur, qud unusquisque sibi adno- 
 tattone proprid debitorem constituit. Unde neque fiscum, neque almn quemlibet 
 ex suis subnotationibus debiti probationem praebere posse oportet. Justinian. Cod. 
 iv, 19, const. 7. It is a very pernicious rule that a writing should have that 
 credit, in which any person by his own memorandum may constitute another 
 his debtor. Whence neither the public treasury nor any other one can be able 
 to furnish proof of a debt by his own subscription or memorandum, v. Bl. Com. 
 iii, 368, n. (w), and Cooley's note (ig) and cases, cf. 2 Best on Evid. % 503, n. 
 3 ; id. % 506. 
 
 Instrumenta dotnestica, seu frivata testatio seu adnotatio, si non aliis quoque adminiculis adju- 
 ventur, ad probationem sola non sufficiunt. Justinian. Cod. iv, 19, const. 5. Factum cuique 
 suum, non adversario nocere debet. Paulus, Dig. L, 17, fr. 1^% pr. 
 
 Exemplo quodcunqwe malo committitur ipsi 
 Displicet auctori. Prima est haec ultio, quod se 
 tTU dice, nemo no c ens absolvitur ; itnproba quamvis 
 Crratia faUacis praetoris vicerit urnam. — Juvenal, Sat. xiii, 1-4. 
 Whatever is committed with bad example [;'. e. that will furnish a precedent for crime] is 
 loathsome even to the author himself. This is the punishment that first lights 
 upon him, that by the verdict of his own brdast no guilty man is 
 acquitted; though the corrupt favor of the deceitful praetor may have overcome the urn, 
 i. e. made his cause prevail by the urn being tampered with. v. J udic e s selecti . 
 
 He that commits a sin shall quickly find 
 
 The pressing guilt lie heavy on his mind ; 
 
 Tho' bribes or favors shall assert his cause, 
 
 Pronounce him guiltless, and elude the laws : 
 
 None quits himself; his own impartial thought 
 
 Will damn, and conscience will record the fault." — Thomas Creech. 
 
 Man, wretched man, whene'er he stoops to sin. 
 
 Feels, with the act, a strong remorse within ; 
 
 *Tis the first vengeance : conscience tries the cause. 
 
 And vindicates the violated laws ; 
 
 Though the bribed Praetor at their sentence spurn. 
 
 And falsify the verdict of the urn." — William Gifford, xiii, 1-6. 
 
 Exemplum, i, »• [eximo.'] O r i g . . A sample, /. c. talcen out of a large quantity as a 
 sample. Hence, Transf., (a.) An imitation, image, portrait taken from something; a 
 draft, transcript, copy. Plautus, Fs. ii, 2, 56. A sketch, draft. Plautus, Most. 1, 2, 21; 
 id. ib. iii, 2, 75 sq. A transcript, copy. Cicero, Alt. viii, 6, i sq. et al. (6.) A pattern, 
 model, original, example, case. Ex animali exemplo, — from a living model, original. Cic- 
 ero, Inv. ii, I, 2. V. id. Off. iii, 17, 69. Exempla ad imitandum. Cicero, Fhil. a, 2, 5. 
 Habere exemplum ad imitandum. Cicero, Mur. xxxi, 86. Exempli causd, — for example's 
 sake. Cicero, /"^aV. xiii, 2, 2; id. Mur. x.n,2y. Haec exempli gratid sufficient. Quintilian, 
 X, 2, 56. In Particular: A warning example, an example, warning, punishment (class.). 
 (6.) A way, manner, kind, nature. So frequently of the tenor, purport, contents of 
 a letter, etc. Literae uno exemplo, — i. e. of the same tenor. Cicero, Fam. iv, 4, i et al. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A copy. Exemplum libelli, — an authorized copy of a writing. 
 Callistratus, Dig. xiii, i, fr. 33 ; Modestinus, ib. ii, 13, fr. 11, quoted supra. 
 
 In Modern Law: An example, v. Ad exemplum constituti singulares non trahi. Cal- 
 vini, Lex.Jurid.; Co. Litt. 24a. 
 
 EXEMPLUM tractdtus de justitia universali , sive de fontibus juris. 
 An original treatise upon universal justice, or upon the fountains of the law. Kent's Com. 
 
 ii, 553- 
 
 Lord Bacon defined his collection of aphorisms, contained in his treatise 'De Aug- 
 mentis Scientiarum,' to be 'Exemplum tractdtus de Justitia universali, sive de fontibus juris.'' 
 Chancellor Kent pronounced it a code proper for the study of statesmen as well as 
 lawj'ers. 
 
 859 
 
Exe.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exe. 
 
 Exemptilis, e, adj. [exima.] That may be taken out ; removable. Ulpian. Dig. xlii, 
 2,A. 25, §11. 
 
 JExemta Juvat spinis, e pluribus una. It aids (it is a point gained) only 
 one thorn eradicated out of many. f. E p luribus unum. 
 
 The poet puts the question : Quid te exemta levat spinis de pluribus una? Horace, 
 Epist.Sx, 2 fin. JtJVENAL has it : Quid k exetnpta juvat spinis e pluribus una? 
 
 Exemptio, onis, /. \id.'\ A taking out, removing. Varro, .ff. ^. iii, 16, 34 ; Pompon. 
 Dig. xix, 5,/n 16. 
 
 In Juridical Latin: A detention of a person summoned before court. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. ii, 7, fr. 5 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 4. 
 
 In Modern Law: Act of exempting; freeing, relieving from some service, duty or 
 requisition ; immunity, privilege. 
 
 ExeC[liatur. \;\- ex-sequor.'\ Let him execute or perform his office ; he may or can pur- 
 sue or perform his office, v. 3 Chilly's Com. Law, 56 ; 3 Maul. &' S. za/a. 
 
 In Public Law: The official recognition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by 
 the government to which he is accredited, authorizing him to exercise his powers in the 
 country. Webster; Wharton. 
 
 Exerced, ere, 2, V. a. To drive on, keep busy, keep at work ; to oversee, superintend ; 
 to work, work at, employ one's self about a thing ; to oversee. Ulpian. Dig. xxxiii, 7, fr. 
 3. Exercere /eras, — to drive, hunt wild animals. Tryph. Z);^. vii, i, /"n 62. Exercere diem, — 
 to employ the day in labor, perform their day's work. Virgil, .i4. n., 808. Trop., (a.) To 
 busily engage, occupy, employ, exercise a person or thing in some action (freq. and class.). 
 (6.) To practice, follow, exercise any employment; to employ one's self about, to make use 
 of any thing; to keep ; e. g. Cauponam vel slabuluvi, Ulpian. Dig. iv, g, fr. i, § 5. To 
 use in the course of business. Navem. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, i, fr. i. Auri, argenti, etc., 
 fodinas. Ulpian. Dig. vii, i, fr. 13, § 5. Negotiationem per libertos ScAEVOLA, Dig. xxvi, 
 
 7, fr. 58. 
 
 Exercitatio, onis,/. {exerdto?^ Exercise, practice (freq. and class.). 
 
 Exercitatio optimus est magister.-^ P r o v . Practice is the best master. 
 
 Exercitatio potest omnia, — P r o v . Practice can accomplish every thing. " Prac- 
 tice makes perfect." 
 
 Exercitator, oris, m. [id.] An exerciser, trainer. Pliny, xxiii, 7, 63. 
 
 Exercitatrix, Icis, /. She that exercises the body, gymnastics. Quintilian, ii, 15. 
 
 Exercitio, Snis, /. [exerceo.] Practice, exercise, management, administration. =Exer- 
 citatio. Cato in Gellius, xi, 2, 6. Exercitio navium. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, i, fr. 1, § 20. 
 Publici judicii exercitatio, — the administration of public justice or judgment. Papinian. 
 Dig. \, 21, fr. I. 
 
 Exercitor, oris, m. [exeneo,] An exerciser, trainer. Plautus, Trin. iv, 3, 9 ; ii, i, 3. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One who exercises, practices any profession, business, calling; 
 ex. gr., Exercitor navis, aut cauponae aut stabuli, — a master of a ship or a keeper of an inn or 
 stable; an innkeeper. Gaius, Dig. xliv, T, fr. 5, § 6. Exercitor navis ratium, — a ship- 
 master, captain of a ship or rafts. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, i, fr. i ; iv, g, fr. i ; Justinian. Inst. 
 iv, 5, § 3. Whether he be himself the owner, or has freighted the ship from the owner. 
 Erskine's Inst, iii, tit. i, § 2g. 
 
 EXERCITOR appellatur in ad quem quotidianus navis quaestus pertinet. Jus- 
 tinian. Inst, iv, 7, § 2. He to whom the daily profits of a ship belong is 
 called the exercitor. 
 
 An exercitor was not necessarily the owner of a vessel, but might be a charterer. Gaius, 
 Dig. xiv, \,fr. i, § 15, quoted infra, and the authorities there cited. 
 
 Exercitor maris. One who fits out and equips a vessel, whether he be the absolute or 
 qualified owner, or even a mere agent. Emerigon, Mar. Loans, c. I, § i. 
 
 In English and American Law: The terms 'managing owner' or "ship's 
 husband' denote the same as exercitor maris, v. Loccen. de Jur. Mar. iii, c. 8, § 2. 
 
 The term exercitor is synonymous with Belgian and German Sleeber, — freighter, 
 owner of a ship, and @(!^iff8fteitnbe, — partner in a ship, and the English, ship's hus- 
 band. Loccen. ib. 
 860 
 
^e.] JURIDICAL CxLOSSARY. [Exe. 
 
 Exercitor navis, The employer or charterer of a vessel ; the ship-master ; the captain 
 of a ship. V. Ulman. Dig. xiv, i, fr. I, § 15, cited infra; Mackeld. § 512, ed. by Dropsie. 
 
 PXERCITOR navis, aut cauponae, aut stabuli de damno, aut furto, 
 L/ quod in nave, aut caupona, aut stabulo factum sit, quasi ex maleficio teneri 
 videtur, st modo ipsius nullum est maleficium, sed alicujus eorum, quorum opera 
 navem, aut cauponam, aut stabulum exerceret; quum enim neque ex contractu sit 
 adversus eum constituta haec actio, et aliquatenus culpae reus est, quod opera malorum 
 hominum uteretur, ideo quasi ex maleficio teneri videtur. Gaius, Dig. xliv, 7, fr. 
 5, § 6. The master of a ship, or of an inn, or a stable is considered to be liable 
 for a quasi malfeasance, on account of any damage or loss through theft occur- 
 ring in the ship, the inn or stable, that is, if it is not he who has committed the 
 wrongful deed, but that of some one employed in the service of the ship, inn or 
 stable. For since the action against him is not on contract, and he is held liable 
 for another's fault, because he used the service of bad men, therefore he seems 
 to be held upon a quasi malfeasance. 
 
 Justinian, incorporated this in the Institutes (iv, 5, § 3), and adds : In his autem cassibus 
 in factum actio competit, quae heredi quidem datur, adversus heredem autem non conipetit. In 
 these cases the action which can be brought is one in factum; and it is allowed for the bene- 
 fit of the heir of the injured person but not against the heir of the defendant. 
 
 Read : Caupo praestat factum eorum, etc. Ulpian. Dig. xlvii, i,fr. i, § 6. 
 
 The exercitor appointed the master, and was bound for his acts ex contractu and ex delicto. 
 Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, § 2 ; Loccen., de Jur. Mar. lib. iii, c. 8, § 3 ; Kent's Com. iii, 161, n. ; 
 Story on Agency, § 163. 
 
 EXERCITOREM autem eum dicimus, ad quem obventiones et reditus omnes per- 
 veniu7it, sive is dominus navis sit, sive it domino navem per aversionem conduxit 
 vel ad tempus, vel in perpeiuum. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, i,fr. i, § 15. We properly 
 call him an exercitor to whom all the revenues and incomes [profits] come; 
 he may be either the master of the vessel or hired the vessel in gross \per aver- 
 sionem\ from the owner of the vessel, or for a time [temporarily], or in general 
 [continuously], v. Ulpian. Dig. iv, 9, fr. 7 ; Paulus, ib. fr. 6 ; Molloy, de 
 Jure Mar. 243 ; Story on Agency, §§ 36, 317 ; Kent's Com. iii, 161, note (l?). 
 
 EXERCITORES navium ad annonam inservientium. Ceteris autem exercitori- 
 bus non datur actio adversus eos, qui ciim magistro contraxerunt ; nisi forte 
 eo casu, quo aliter rem suam servare non possent. Pothier, Pand. lib. xiv, tit. i, 
 n. 18, note 3. Owners of ships engaged as provision ships. But no action is 
 given to other owners against persons who have contracted with the master ; 
 unless in the case perhaps where otherwise they could not preserve their prop- 
 erty. Quoted in Story on Agency, § 425, note 2 fin. [F. J. M.] 
 
 Exercit5ria actio. An exercitoty action, i. e. an action which lay against the employer 
 of a vessel (exercitor navis) for the contracts made by the master. Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, § 2 ; 
 id. Dig. xiv, tit. I ; id. Cod. iv, tit. 25 ; Kent's Com. iii, 161 ; Mackeld. § 512, ed. by Dropsie. 
 
 EXERCITORIA {actio') tunc habet locum, ciim quis servum suum magistrum 
 navi praeposuerit, et quid ciim eo, ejus rei gratid, cui praepositus_ erit contrac- 
 tum fuerit. Ideb autem exercitoria vacatur, quia exercitor is appellatur, ad quem 
 quotidianus navis quaestus pertinet. Justinian. Inst, iv, 7, § 2. The action 
 exercitoria takes place when a master hath made his slave (or servant) com- 
 mander of a vessel and some contract hath been entered into with the slave (or 
 servant) in that capacity. This action is named exercitoria because he to whom 
 
 861 
 
Exe.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exh, 
 
 the daily profits of a ship belong is called exercitor. v. Gaius, Inst, iv, § 71; 
 Wharton on Agency, § 282. 
 
 Exercitorius, a, um, a(^'. \exercitor.'\ Of or belonging to exercise. Tertuli.ian. PofmV. 
 (&.) Of or belonging to a trade, business. Actio. Ulpian. Dig. xiv, tit. i; Afric. ib.fr. 7. 
 
 Exercitliale. — L- Lat. [-(- exerdtus^ A heriot ; a payment or tribute in arms or military 
 accoutrements. Cowell, voc. 'Exerciiuale;' Laws Edw. Conf. 1.. w. Heriot. 
 
 Exercitualis, e, adj. \exercitu.^.'\ Belonging to an army. Cassiod. Varr. xi, i. 
 In Saxon Law : ^=.Heriettum, v. h. v. Cowelt, yoc. 'Exerciiuale.' 
 
 ExercitUS, Us, »«. \exerceo.'\ Exercise. Plautus, ^«(/. ii, I, 7. Transf., in military 
 language: An exercised, disciplined body of men ; an army. Exercitus autem nomen 
 ab exercitatione traxit. Ulpian. Dig. xxix,' i, fr. i, § i Jin. v. id. Dig. iii, 2, fr. 2, 
 %i, infra. The word is used frequently in CiCERO, LiVY and Caesar. Hence, transf., 
 A multitude, host, swarm, flock. Virgil, G. i, 382; id. Aen. v, 824. v. Grotius, de Jur. 
 Bell, ii, 16, 3. 
 
 In old European Law: An army ; an armed force. A collection of thirty-five men 
 and upwards. LL. Inae, apud Spelman. And so of various other numbers. 
 
 EXERCITUM autem non unam cohortem, neque unam alam dicimus, sed numeros 
 multos militum ; nam exercitui praeesse dicimus eum, qui legionem, vel legiones 
 ciim suis auxiliis ab Imperatore commissas administrat. Sed hie etiam eum, qui ab 
 aliquo numero militum missus est, quasi ab exercitu missum sic accipiemus. Ulpian. 
 Dig. iii, 2, fr. 2, § i. Now we do not call one cohort, or one squadron, but a 
 great many soldiers, an army ; for we say that he is at the head of an army who 
 commands one legion, or several, with their auxiliaries, intrusted to him by the 
 emperor. Yet we count him, who has been dismissed from any number of sol- 
 diers, to have been dismissed from the army. 
 Exeunt omnes. All go out. 
 
 Exhaeredere. \^pres.infin.-\-exheredo,(\.v^ In the Civil Law: To disinherit ; 
 to exclude from inheriting. Justinian. Inst, ii, 13 /n/ Ulpian. Dig. xxviii, 2,frr. i, 2. 
 
 In Scotch Law: To exheredate. 1 Kames' Equity, 2HT. 
 
 Exhaeredatio or ExheredatiO, onis, /. \exheredo.'] A disinheriting. 
 
 In the Civil Law: Disinheritance; an exclusion from inheritance. Quintilian, 
 vii, I, 53 ; Justinian. Inst, ii, tit. 23 ; Ulpian. Dig. xxxvii, g, fr. i, § 3 ; Bractan, fol. 383 ; 
 Heinecc. Elem. fur. Civ. lib. ii, tit. 13, § 528. 
 
 In the Common Law: Disherison; an injury done to one who has the inheritance, 
 particularly to a remainder-man or reversioner. Bl. Com. iii, 228. 
 
 ExheredO, are, 1, v. a. [exAeres.] To disinherit. Cicero, BAH. ii, 16, 41 ; id. Clu. 
 xlviii, 135 ; id. Rose. Am. xviii, 52 ; Quintilian, v, 13, 32 ; vii, 4, 20 et saep. 
 
 In the Civil Law: To deprive the heir of any thing. Pliny, 372, 7 y?»./ Justinian. 
 Inst, ii, 13, §§ 1-4 et saep. v. Exhaeredare. 
 
 Exheres, Sdis, adj. Disinherited, without inheritance. 
 
 In the Civil Law: One who is excluded from being an heir ; a person disinherited. 
 Patemorum bonorum ex heres filius. Cicero, de Or. i, 38, 175 ; Plautus, Most, i, 3, 77 ; 
 Quintilian, v, 10, 107; vii, i, 42; Justinian. Inst, ii, i3^r. 
 
 Nominatim autem quis exheredari videtur, sivk ita exheredetur, Titius filius meus 
 exhaere s esto, sive ita, filius meus exhaeres esio, non adjecto proprio nomine, 
 scilicht si alius filius non extet. Justinian. Inst, ii, 13 pr. A child is nominally disinherited, 
 if the words of the will are let Titius, my son, be disinherited; or even thus, 
 let my son be disinherited, without the addition of a proper name, provided the 
 testator had no other son living, v. Ulpian. Dig. xxviii, 2, fr. 2 ; Bracton, fol. 383. 
 
 ExMbeO ere, 2, w. a:. \habeo.'\ L i t ., To hold out, reach out. H e n c e , To hold forth, 
 tender, present ; to deliver, give up, produce (quite class.). 
 
 Transf., (a.) To show (qs. by holding forth), to display, to exhibit. Pliny ; Cicero ; 
 Quintilian. (6.) Especially in Juridical Latin: To maintain, support, sustain 
 
 862 
 
^^•] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. 
 
 [Exh. 
 
 rhKk' 7 show exhibit, employ; to procure, occasion, cause. Mum_ficeutiam Svi.t. 
 P ,'^f'p ^'^''-"'H'"""- fmenham, comitatem. SUET. Nev. lo. Liberalitalem et justitiam. 
 fvir^u^ K-h^.1'"' ^' • ^'"^ testamenti. Afric. Z)^:^. xxix, 6, fr. i6. Humanitatem ,- ,o 
 exercise, exhibit humanity. Pliny. ^/. v, ig. 2. Diligentiam. Gaius, ^^if. xviii, 6, /h 2^/ «/. 
 hpfoJ, I'' 7' ^".'^o''^ °"«' display openly ; to present, produce, show in or 
 
 h^nHiJ ^ ' to produce exhibit a thing- corporeally, so that it maybe seen, inspected, 
 twndled. Gaius, Dig. L, it, fr. 12 et ai. ^. ^. u n d e r t h e t i 1 1 e 'Actio ad exhibendun,: 
 
 pXHIBERE estfacere in publico potestatem, ut ei, qui agat, experiundi sit copia. 
 i-^ Paulus, Dig. x, 4, /r. z. To e x h i b i t is to give a power in public (pro- 
 duce a thing publicly), in order that he who sees may have the means of trying 
 the subject. 
 
 Where a will was the subject: Quid sit exhibere videamus : 
 T^~^'H-IB'E'E..'E hoc est materiae ipsius apprehe7idendae copiam facere. § 9. Exhi- 
 -L/ be re autem apud Praetor em oportet, ut ex auctoritate ejus signatores admo- 
 niti venirent [vem'ant] ad recognoscenda signa j et si forte non obtemperent testes, 
 Labeo scribit, coerceri eos d. Praetor e debere. § 10. Solent autem exhiberi tabulas 
 desiderare omnes omnino, qui quid in testamento adscriptum habent. Ulpianus, 
 Dig. xlii, 5, /r. 3, §§ 8-10. What may we understand by 'to exhibit?' 
 To exhibit is to give the opportunity or means of taking hold of the subject- 
 matter itself. § 9. To exhibit before the praetor it is necessary that the sub- 
 scribers be summoned by his authority, and come to acknowledge their seals ; 
 and if by chance the witnesses do not obey, then they should be compelled by 
 the praetor, as Labeo says. All those may claim an exhibition of the writings 
 who have any thing in their favor written in the will. 
 
 Where a person was the subject of the action: 
 
 Ait Praetor exhibeas: 
 
 EXHIBERE est, in publicum producere, et videndi tangendique hominis faculta- 
 tem praebere ; proprie autem exhibere est, extra secretum habere. § 9. Hoc 
 interdictum omnibus competit; nemo enim prohibendus est liber tati f aver e. Ulpian. 
 Z>2^. xliii, 29, /r. 3, §§ 8, 9. The Praetor says you shall exhibit: To 
 exhibit is to produce in public, and to give an opportunity of seeing and 
 touching the person ; but properly to exhibit is to have (bring) out of 
 secrecy or concealment. § 9. This interdict is competent in (applies to) all 
 cases ; for no one is to be prohibited to favor in a case of liberty. 
 
 Plus est in restitutione, quaiit in exhibitione ; nam exhibere est, praesentiam corporis prae- 
 bere; re stituere est, eiiam possessionem facere, fructusqae reddere, pleraque praeterearestitu- 
 tionis verba continentur. Gaius, Dig. L, i6, fr. 22. 
 
 Apud Labeonem Pithanon [libris TreiBavcav] ita scriptum est : 
 
 EXHIBET, qui praestat ejus de quo agitur, praesentiam, natn etiam qui sistit, 
 praestat ejus de quo agitur praesentiam, nee tamen eum exhibet j et qui mutam, 
 aut furiosum, aut infantem exhibet, non potest videri ejus praestare praesentiam ; 
 nemo enim ex eo genere praesens satis apte appellari potest. Pomponius, Dig. L, 
 i6, fr. 246. With Labeo in his book Pithanon (a book on the general rules of 
 law) it is fhus written : He exhibits who furnishes the presence of that 
 which [or him who] is the subject of the action ; for even he who appears fur- 
 nishes the presence of that about which the action is, yet does not exhibit it ; 
 and one who exhibits a mute [dumb person], or a madman, or an infant, does 
 not appear to furnish the presence ; for no one of that kind can with due accu- 
 racy be called present. 
 
 863 
 
Exh.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exi. 
 
 ExMbitio, onis, /. [exhibeo.] {a.) A handing out, giving up, producing, delivering. 
 Tabularum testamenti. Ulpian. Dig. xxix, 3, fr. 2 fin. Chirographi. Gellius, xiv, 2, 7. 
 (6.) Sustenance, maintenance. Ulpian. Dig. xxvii, 2, fr. 3 ; Papinian. ib. xxvi, 2, /n 26 
 /f». !>. Exhibeo. 
 
 Exhibitio billae,— L-. Lat. The exhibition of the bill. 
 
 In old Practice: A term = the commencement of the suit; the suit com- 
 menced by the exhibition of a bill to the court. 
 
 Exhibitor, oris, m. \exhibeo.\ One who presents, gives any thing, a giver. Arn. vii, 
 297 ; NoN. 281, 20. 
 
 Exhibit drills, a, um, adj. [exhibitor^ Relating to exhibiting. Interdictum. Ulpian, 
 Dig. xliii, 5, fr. 3 ; 29, fr. 3. 
 
 ExhibitUS, a, um, /"a?-/. \exhibeo.'\ Shown, exhibited, etc. Subst. In Practice: 
 An exhibit is any writing which, on the examination of a witness before a judge, an 
 examiner or commissioner, is exhibited or shown to the witness to be proved, and on 
 the back of which the judge, the examiner or commissioner certifies that such writing was 
 shown to the witness at the time of his examination, and by him sworn to. Jacob's Law 
 Diet.; Gray's Chanceiy Practice, 98. 
 
 ExhinC, adv. Hereupon, after this, then. =Exinde. 
 
 Exigd, ere, 3, v. a. [ago.] To drive out or forth, to thrust out, to take or get out ; to 
 send out (freq. and class.). (6.) To demand, require, enforce, exact payment of a debt, tax, 
 etc., or the performance of any other duty (freq. and class.). Tro p . , To drive out, expel. 
 Plautus, Capt. v, 4, 4; LuciL. in Non. 291, 8. 
 
 Exigent or Exigi facias. — L. Lat. You cause him to be demanded, required or exacted 
 (to render himself). 
 
 In English Practice: A judicial writ used in the process of outlawry, which 
 requires the sheriiF to cause the defendant to be proclaimed, required or exacted, in five 
 counties successively, to render himself; and if he does, then to take him as in a capias; 
 but if he does not appear, and is returned quinto exactus, he shall then be outlawed by the 
 coroners of the county. JBl. Com. iii, 283, 284 ; i Tidd's Pr. 132 ; Archb. N. Pract. 485 ; 
 Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Exigendarius.— L. Lat. An exigenter. An officer of the English Court of Common 
 Pleas, whose duty it was to make out the exigents and proclamations in the process of 
 outlawry, i Archb. Pr. 11. Abolished by Stat. 7 Will. IV. and i Vict. c. 30. 
 
 EXIGERE dotem mulier debet illic, ubi maritus domicilium habuit, tion ubi instru- 
 mentitm dotale conscriptum est ; nee enim id genus contractus est, ut et \potius\ 
 eum locum spectari oporteat, in quo instrumentttm dotis factum est, quam eum in 
 cujus domicilium et ipsa mulier per conditionem matrimonii erat raditura. Ulpian. 
 Dig. V, j,/r. 6s. A woman is to demand her dower where her husband had 
 his domicile, not where the dotal instrument was made ; for it is not that sort of 
 a contract that the place where the instrument of dowry was made is to be 
 regarded rather than that to which, as her domicile, the woman herself, by her 
 condition of marriage, has to return. [J". J M.l 
 
 Pothier, ad Pand. v, tit. i, n. 38 ; Story on Confl. of Laws, § 195. 
 
 CujAClus affirms this doctrine : Sed ex eo contractu mulier migravit in alium locum, id est 
 talis est contractus, ut ex eo mulier statim migret in alium locum. Ergo non is locus spectatur 
 sed ilk, in quern sit migratio. Hac ratione, mulier non agit, ubi matrimonium contraxit; sed 
 ubi ex matrimonio migravit, vel uhi divertit,aget, CujAS. ad Legem, 'Exigere dotem,' Dig.v, \,fr. 
 65; vol. vii, p. 162. 
 
 (But) the woman has, according to that contract, emigrated to another place, that is, the 
 contract is such that according to it the woman immediaetly is to emigrate to another place. 
 So that place is not regarded, but the one to which the emigration is made. For this reason 
 the woman does not sue where she contracted marriage, but where she abides and lives after 
 marriage. Quoted in Story on Conflict of Laws, § 195. rp. J. M 1 
 
 864 
 
Exi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exi. 
 
 Exigi facias, — L. Lat. You cause to be demanded. 
 
 This was another name of the writ of Exigent, being the two emphatic words of that writ. 
 Reg.Jud. 2; Bl. Com. iii, 283, 284. 
 
 Exilium, ii, «. Banishment, exile. =Exsilium. 
 
 In the Roman Law: See Cicero and Marcianus, under .fi'.arj'j/iWOT . 
 
 In old English Law: A driving out or sending away of persons ; a species of waste 
 committed by manumitting or ejecting tenants, or so excessive in itself as to have the effect 
 of driving them away. A species of waste anciently classed with vastum, destructio and vai- 
 dltio, but distinguished from these by having reference to persons {homines) only. It signified 
 a species of injury done to an estate by setting free the bondmen {servi) or bondtenants, or 
 by wrongfully ejecting them. Stat. Marlbridge, c. 24; Fleta, lib. i, i,. 12, §20; Co. Litt. 
 526. Also an aggravated kind of waste {vastum) done ad magnum deformitatem curiae et cap- 
 italis messuagii, — i. e. to the great disfigurement of the chief messuage and the court or 
 grounds about it — as by pulling down and selling {venditio) the buildings ut si inhabitatores 
 mansionem habuerint derelictum, — the same as if the inhabitants may have willfully abandoned 
 the mansion — or by cutting down and rooting up trees and orchards. Bracton, fol. 316^/ i 
 Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 386. 
 
 EXILIUM est patriae privatio, natalis soli mutatio, legum nativarum amissio. 
 Exile is a privation of country, a change of natal soil, a loss of native 
 laws. 7 Co. 20. V. Bacon's Abr. ' Waste,' {a) j r Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 386. 
 Read: Exsilium. 
 
 Ex-inde, adv. From there, from then. T r a n s f . : After that, next. In time: After 
 that, thereafter, then, next furthermore. 
 
 In the Jurists: From that time, since then. Justinian. Cod. vii, 33 ; ii, 22 ; iv, 32 ; 
 Paulus, Dig. x, \, fr. 4 ; Pompon, ib. xli, 6, fr. 4 ; Ulpian. ib. i, 16, /?-. 4, § 6 ; v, i, fr. 67. 
 
 Ex-ire or Ex-ere. \pyes. infin, -)- e.x-eo, to go out, or forth.] To go out. 
 
 In Englis.h Law: To issue, as a writ, /"/^/a, lib. ii, c. 50, § 8. 
 
 Existens. — L. Lat. Being, remaining. 2 Strange, 747, 748. 
 
 ExistimatiO, Onis, /. \existimol\ A judging, judgment, opinion, supposition (class.). 
 Transf., objectively: Reputation, good name, honor, character. Cicero, i^a«. v, 20, i; 
 xiii, 73, 2 ; id. Place, xxii, 52 ; xv, 35 ; id. Rose. Com. vi, 16 ; id. Att, i, i, n^etsaep. v. Status. 
 
 In the Civil Law: The civil reputation which belongs to the Romam citizen as 
 such. cf. I Mackeld. Civil Law, § 123. 
 
 EXISTIMATIO est dignitatis illaesae status, legibus ac moribus comprobatus ; qui 
 ex delicto nostra aiictoritate legum aut minuitur autconsumitur. Callistratus, 
 Dig. L, 13, yV. 5, §1. Reputation is the status of unsullied honor approved of 
 by the laws and morals ; by our fault [errors] it is either diminished by the author- 
 ity of the laws, or entirely swept away. Pufendorf, de Jure, viii, c. 4, § 7, n. 7. 
 Callistratus further says: §2. Minuitur existimatio, quoties manente libertate 
 circa statum dignitatis poena plectimur, sicuti quum relegatur quis, vel quum ordine movetur, vel 
 quum prohibetur honoribus publicis fungi vel quum plebeius fustibus caeditur, vel in opus publi- 
 cum datur, vel quum in earn causam quis incidit, quae Edicto perpetuo infamiae causa enumeratur. 
 § 3. Consumitur vero, quoties magna capitis minutio intervenit, id est, quum libertas adimitur, 
 veluli quum aqua et igni interdicitur, quae in persona deportatorum venit, vel quum plebeins in 
 opus metalli vel in metallum datur ; nihil enim refert, nee diversa poena est operis et metalli, nisi 
 quod refugae operis non morte, sed poena metalli subjiciuntur. Callistratus, Dig. ib. §§ 2, 3. 
 Reputation is diminished when, without loss of liberty, we are punished in respect to the 
 status of dignity, as when one is relegated, or when he is degraded from his rank, or when 
 he is prohibited from discharging public offices, or when a plebian is beaten with sticks or 
 sentenced to the public works, or when one falls into that condition which, by the perpetual 
 edict, is declared a condition of infamy. But reputation is swept away whenever the great 
 reduction of status takes place, that is when liberty is taken away, as when one is interdicted 
 from fire and water {i. e. banished), which happens in the case of those who are deported, as 
 when a plebian is sentenced to the mines or to mine work ; for there is no diversity in pun- 
 ishment between mine work and the mines except that those who escape from mine work 
 are punished not by death but by the punishment of the mines. [W. L. L.] 
 
 Existimd are, I, u. a. [aestimo ; and hence as a consequence of aestimo,a.itei estimating 
 
 . the value of 'a thing', to judge of it in any way.] To judge, consider, suppose, think, esteem 
 
 ' (freq. and class.). 
 
 [109] ^^s 
 
Exi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exi. 
 
 EXISTUNT saepe injuriae columnia quadam et nimis callida, sed malitiosa juris 
 interpretatione : ex quo illud, 'summumjus sum ma injuria" factum 
 est jam tritam sermone proverbium. Cicero, de Officiis, i, lo, 33. Very often 
 wrongs arise through a quirk, and through a too artful but fraudulent construc- 
 tion of the law. Hence, 'the rigor of law is the rigor of injustice,' 
 is a saying that has now passed into a proverb, v. Hobart, 125a. 
 
 Cicero laid down a principle and stated a case, to illustrate this rule, thus : " You are 
 not to perform those promises which may be prejudicial to the party to whom you promise, 
 nor if they may be more hurtful to you than they can be serviceable to him. It is inconsist- 
 ent with our duty that the greater obligation should be postponed to the less. For instance, 
 suppose you should promise to appear as the advocate of another while his cause is depend- 
 ing ; now, if your son was to be seized violently ill, in the mean time, it would be no breach 
 of duty in you not to perform what you promise ; the other person would rather depart from 
 his duty if he should complain that he had been abandoned. Who, then, does not see that 
 a man is not bound by those promises which he makes either when coerced by fear, or 
 seduced by deceit? Many such promises are canceled by the edict of the Praetor's court, 
 some by the laws : nam existunt saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida, sed maliliosa 
 juris interpretatione: ex quo illud, ^ suTnmum jus sttmma injuria,^ factum est jam 
 tritum sermone proverbium. CiCERO, Off. i, 10, 33, 
 
 Terentius expressed the proverb in this form : Verum illud dicunt :' ' fus summum 
 saepe sum ma est malitia .' Terentius, Heaut, iv, 5,48. They quote that saying 
 with good reason : 'Rigorous law is often rigorous malice.' 
 
 ExitllS, OS, m. \exeo'\ A going out, or forth ; egress, departure (class, and freq.). 
 Transf .: Concr. Place of egress, outlet, passage. Exi turn non habet ac pervium non 
 est iter. Varro, de L. L. v„ 32, 40. 
 
 Trop. : (a.) i. q. End, close, conclusion, termination. Vitae, — end of life; latter end. 
 Nep. Eum. 13. In particular: End of life, end. Cicero, Rep. i, \t jin, j id. N. D. 
 iii, 37, 89; id. Div. ii, 9, 24. (6.) Issue, result, event, i. q. eventus. Id. Fam. vi, 1,6; 
 Plane, in Cicero, Fam. x, 8, 3 ; ii, 16, 6 et al. 
 
 Exitus acta prohat, — Pro v. The result proves all actions. "The event or the 
 end justifies the deeds." Washington's Motto. 
 
 ^ExitllS acta probat,^ Careat successihus, opto., 
 Quisguis ab eventu facta notanda putat. — Ovm, Heroides, if, 85. 
 "The result proves «// actions.'* I trust that he may fail of success, whoever thinks that actions 
 are to be judged of by the result." 
 
 "* * * Ne'er may successes bless 
 
 The man who measures actions by success." 
 ■<f. PuFENDORF, de JuTC Nat. et Gent, ii, 4, 8. 
 
 EXITUS acta probaf j finis, non pugna, coronat. The conclusion or result 
 proves or justifies the acts ; the termination, not the trial, crowns the 
 victory. Wharton, 366. 
 
 Exitus in dubio est. 'Audehimus ultima ! ' * 
 'Viderit, audentes forsne deusne juvet. 
 Capimus audendo Gabios quoque. — Ovid, Fastorum, ii, 781. 
 The result is doubtful — ' we will dare the utmost,' * 'Be it chance, or be it a provi- 
 dence that aids the bold, let him see to it. It was by daring, too, that Gabii we won.' 
 
 Ex-itus. — L. Lat. lexeo.exire.} To be going out or proceeding from. The issue. The end. 
 
 In old English Law: {a.) Issue or offspring; a child or children. 2 Mon. Angl. 
 607. (6.) Issues ; the rents or profits of land. Cowell. This includes rents, grain in barns, 
 and all res mobiles except household utensils, wearing apparel and horse furniture. Stat. 
 Westm. II. c. 39. (c.) An issue in pleading, because "issuing out of the allegations 
 and pleas of the plaintiff and defendant." Co. Litt. 126a. But more properly because it is 
 the end of the pleadings, or brings the pleadings to a close. Bl. Com. iii, 314. v. Exitus 
 idem est quod finis, etc. De materia in exitu, — concerning the matter in issue. 12 Mod. 372. 
 (d.) The issue or result of an act. v. In maleficiis spectatur, etc. (e.) A duty outwards ; <> 
 custom on goods exported. Exitus de cocketto ; exitus sigilli quod vacatur cocquet, — issues 
 of the cocket; issues of the seal which is called the cocket. Hale, de fur. Mar. part 2, c. 11. 
 (/".) An end. Exitus termini, — the end of a term. Bracton, fol. 20. 
 
 866 
 
Exi.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 EXITUS idem est, quod finis, sive deter minatio placiti. Issue is the same as the 
 end or determination of the plea. Yearb. 21 Edw. IV. 35 ; Stephen's PI. 
 Append, note (10). 
 
 Ex-legalitas.— L. Lat. \-\-ex-lex.\ In old English Law: Outlawry. ZZ. Edw. 
 Conf. c. 38. 
 
 Ex-legare. — L Lat. To outlaw. In old English Law: Exuere aliquem beneficio 
 legis, — to deprive one of the benefit and protection of the law. Spelman. 
 
 Ex-lex, egis, adj. — Lat. Beyond the law, bound by no law, lawless. Var. in Non. 
 X, 19; Cicero, C/«. xxxiv, 94. Subst.: An outlaw. 
 
 In old English Law: Qui est extra legem, — one who is beyond the law, «'. <?. one 
 who is out of the law's protection. Bracton,io\. 125. Qui bsneficio legis privatur, — one who 
 is deprived of the benefit of law. Spelman. 
 
 Ex-Onerare, /''i?-f. infin. -(- ex-onero, V. h. V. 
 
 Exoneratio, Onis, /. \exonero.'\ An unloading, lightening, discharge. Exoneratio mer- 
 cedis. Ulp. Dig. xix, 2, fr. isjin. The discharge of a cargo ; unloading. Loccen. de Jur. 
 Mar. lib. ii, c. 5, num. 9. 
 
 In Scotch Law: A discharge, or a deed, by which a person is disburdened. Bell. 
 
 Exoneretur. [+ ex-onero.^ Let him be discharged, exonerated. 
 
 In English Practice: An entr)' made upon a bail-piece, where the bail are dis- 
 charged, either by the surrender of their principal, or for other cause ; signifying that the 
 bail are exonerated. i Tidd's Pr. 280, 288; i Leon. 58. Exoneretur nunc pro tunc, — 
 let him (or it) be now discharged instead of at some past time ; let him be discharged now 
 for then. 
 
 Ex-onerd, 3re, i, v. a. To free from a burden ; to disburden, unload, discharge. Navem, 
 Plaut. Stick, iv, I, 26. To send off. Id. Epid. iii, 4, 34. Trop. : To exonerate, dis- 
 charge, confide, remove (class.). Aes alienum, — to clear off, pay off the money of another, 
 I. e. a debt. Ulpian. Dig. xxiii, 3, A- 5, § lo- 
 
 EXOSUS mihi iste loquam portae inferorum, qui aliud quidem occultat in mente, aliud autem 
 loquitur. Pufendorf's version of Achilles in Homer, Iliad, ix, 312. 313. 
 {'Ex^poi ydp HOI MCtvoi 6/Z(Si 'Aidao TtvX'^6iv, 
 "Oi x' i^^pov hevQei ivi q)ooE&iv aXXo Si ftd^ei.) 
 Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is he who conceals one thing in his mind and utters 
 
 another. 
 
 " Like hell I hate the man whose tongue reveals 
 A different tale from what his heart conceals." 
 
 Pufendorf, de Jure, iv, I, § 9. 
 
 " Hated to death may that grand villain be, 
 Whose heart and tongue do ever disagree." 
 
 cf. Grotius, de Jure, iii, i, § g. 
 
 Expatriation. [+ L. Lat. expatriare, -\- ex, out, and patria (so. terra), one's fatherland 
 -j- pater, father.] The renouncing or abjuration of one's native alleigance ; the voluntary 
 act of removing, forsaliing one's native country and becoming the citizen or subject of 
 another. Kenfs Com. ii, 43, 49. The act of banishing, or the state of banishment ; especi- 
 ally the act of forsaking one's own country. Webster, v. Exuere patriam. 
 
 EXPECTET emptor: [qui ignordre non debuit quod jus alienum emit) usque 
 ad aetatem warranti sui. The purchaser shall wait: (who ought 
 not to have been ignorant that he bought the right of another) until the age of 
 his warrantor. Yearb. M. 6 Edw. III. 36. v. Caveat emptor : qui ignorare 
 non debuit, etc. 
 
 Expedit. It is for the good, benefit or advantage ; it is profitable ; it concerns. Justin. 
 Inst, i, 8, § 2. 
 
 EXPEDIT omnes gentes Romdnis Legibus operam dare, suis vivere. It is well for all peo- 
 ple to study the Roman, and to obey their own laws. Mackeld. Civil Law, Motto in Praef. 
 
 867 
 
Exp.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 EXPEDIT reipuUicae, ne sud re quis male utatur. Justinian. Inst, i, 8, § 2. 
 It is for the interest of the State that no man should misuse his own prop- 
 erty, /. e. to the injury of others. " It is for the public good that no one should 
 be permitted to misuse his own property." 6 Co. 36a. 
 
 Every man must enjoy his own property in such a manner as not to invade the legal rights 
 of his neighbor. Broom's Max. 357. v. Wharton on Negl. § 782. " Every man is restricted 
 against using his property to the prejudice of others. The principle embodied in the maxim 
 Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas, applies to the public in at least as full force as to indi- 
 viduals. There are other maxims equally expressive of the principle : Nihil quod est incon- 
 ■veniens est licitum, and Salus reipublicae suprema lex." Lord Trdro, 4 H. L. Cas. 195. 
 
 EXPEDIT reipublicae ut sit finis litium. It is for the advantage of the State 
 that there be an end of lawsuits. " It is for the public good that actions 
 be brought to a close." Co. Litt. 3031J. " It is for the general good that some 
 period be put to litigation." 6 Co. "j ; id. :^6a j 9 id. 79; Broom's Max. 325, 
 336, 858, note; 5 Johns. Ch. 555, 568 ; 3 Barb. 305, 310. There must be an 
 end of suits, and Res judicata pro veritate accipitur. Wingate's Max. 178. v. 
 Interest reipublicae ne sud, etc. 
 
 EXPEDITA est Uoctorum Responsio : Jura judicii tantum in illis observanda 
 esse, quae ad ordinem processtls judicialis pertinent, etsi lis sit de bonis immo- 
 bilibus, in alio territorio sitis. Hertius. The answer of jurists is ready : that 
 the laws of the place of trial are to be observed only as to what concerns the 
 forms of judicial proceeding, although the lawsuit may afifect immovable prop- 
 erty situated in another country, v. Story on Confl. of Laws, § 560. [F. J. M.] 
 Strykius states the doctrine : Quoties cunque circa judicii ordinationem controvertitur, 
 statuta loci judicii, omnibus caeteris posthabitis,introspiciatur, etc. Quoted in Story on Confl. of 
 Laws, § 561. 
 
 Expeditate. \^ exfeditare, ex, out, and /«, foot.] In the Forest Law: To cut 
 off the ball and claws of dogs' fore-feet, to prevent them from running after deer or game. 
 Cart, de Forest, c. 6 ; Bl. Com. iii, 72 ; 4 Co. Inst. 308. 
 
 Expeditio, Snis, /. [expedio.] In Military Lang.: An enterprise against the 
 enemy ; an excursion, expedition, campaign. 
 
 In Rhetoric: A discussion, settling, determining. AucT. .ffi?;-. iv, 54, 68. A figure 
 of speech; A dispatching, removing. 
 
 EXPEDITIO est quum rationibus compluribus enumeratis quibus aliqua res aut fieri aut non 
 fieri potuerit ceterae tolluntur, una relinquitur, quam nos intendimus. Auctor. ad Heren. iv, 
 29, 10. Expeditio is when, after enumerating several ways in vfhich a thing might be done 
 or not done, we show that all, but that for which we are arguing, are out of the question. 
 
 Expeditio brevis. — L. Lat. The service of a writ. Towns . PI. t^^. 
 
 EXPEDITIO contra hostem, arcium constructio, et pontium reparatio. An expedition 
 against the enemy, the building of forts, and repairing of bridges. Bl Com. i, 357 ; Broom 
 (V Had. Com. i, 431. 
 
 Expensa, ae, /. (sc. pecunia.) \-\- expendo^ A disbursement, expense. Ulpian. Dig. 
 xxvii, 10, fr. i. Expensae, — expenses or charges. Justinian. Cod. vii, 51, 5. Expensae 
 circa funus,— funeral expenses. Eleta, lib. ii, c. 57, § 10. Expensae litis,— costs, 
 expenses of a or the suit. Calvini, Lex. furid. v. Impensa. 
 
 Expensa vero totius operis. Certainly the cost of the whole work. 
 
 Experientia, ae, /. \experior.'\ A trial, proof, experiment. Varro, R. R. \, 18, 8 ; 
 Planc. m Cicero, i^flffj. X, 18, 3. Experientia patrimonii amplificandi. C\q- 
 mio, Rab. Post, xvi, 43. Belli. Vellej. ii, 78, 2. Veri. OyiD. M.\, 22$. Transf.. 
 The knowledge gained by repeated trials; experimental' knowledge, practice, experience. 
 Tacitus, -4. i, 4 ; Virgil, G. i, 4. 
 868 
 
Exp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 EXPERIENTIA per varios actus legem facit. Magistra rerum experentia. 
 Experience, by various acts, makes law. Experience is the mistress of 
 things. Co. Lift. 60 ; Branch's Princ. 
 
 Experimenta, crucis. The experiments of the cross, i. e. eliciting truth by tortures. 
 
 Experimentum, i, «. \_experior^ a proof, trial, experiment. Cicero, Tusc. xxx, 3, 
 74; QuiNTlLlAN, ii, 5, 15 ; id. vi, 2, 25. 
 
 Experimentum crucis. The experiment of the cross, — eliciting truth by torture. 
 
 Ex-perior, iri, 4, v. dep. a. To try a thing, either by testing or attempting it. («.) To 
 try, prove, put to the test (freq. and class.). (6.) To try to do, to attempt, to make trial, — 
 of a thing. Liberiaiem, — to make use of, enjoy liberty. Sallust, J., xxx, 5. 
 
 In Juridical Lang.: To try or test bylaw; to go to law. Cicero, Quint, xi, 38. 
 In jus vocare est juris experiundi causa vocare. Paulus, Dig. ii, li, fr. i ; Ulpian. ib. xlvii, 
 8, fr. 4. To sue ; to try one's right by law. Justinian. Inst, ii, 6, § g ; iv, 6, § 40 ; iv, 11 pr. 
 
 JExperto crede. Give credit to an experienced person ; trust one who has tried, or had 
 experience. Virgil. 
 
 EXPERTORUM dictum nunquam transit in rem judicatam. The testimony 
 of experts never passes into adjudged matter [never becomes res judicata^ 
 Bonnier, Tret, des Preuves, § 74. 
 
 Expertus, a, um. Pa. Tried, proved, known by experience. Subst. : An experi- 
 enced, skillful person. 
 
 In Common Law: A person having skill, experience in certain professions, or 
 peculiar knowledge on certain subjects ; an expert, scientific witness ; a skilled laborer, 
 artisan or artist. As to the general rule respecting persons of such classes, read the 
 maxim : Cuilibei in sud arte perito est credendum. Co. Litt. 125 ; Broom's Max. 8g6. 
 
 . ExpiIa.tiO, Onis, y. \expilo, are.] A pillaging, plundering. E xpilatio direptio- 
 quosociorum, — a rifling and robbing of our allies. C\CK&.o,deOff.\\.iiJin. Expi- 
 latione s dir eptione s que sociorum et civium , — robberies and extortions from 
 allies and fellow-citizens. Id. ib. iii, 8, 36. 
 
 EXPILATORES qui sunt atrociores fures, hoc enim est expoliatores, hoc est 
 XooTtoSvTai, \_qui vestibus homines exuunt^, in opus publicum 
 vel perpetuum, vel temporarium dari solent, honestiores autem ordine ad tempus 
 moveri, vel fines patriae juberi excedere ; quibus nulla specialis poena Rescriptis 
 Principalibus imposita est ; idcirco causd cognitd liberum erit arbitrium statuendi 
 ei, qui cognoscit. Ulpianus, Dig. xlvii, 18, fr. i, § i. Pillagers or robbers 
 (expilatores) are more hateful thieves, for they are plunderers, that is, Xwnodv- 
 rai (who strip, despoil persons of their clothing), who are accustomed to be 
 given (z. e. sentenced) to either permanent or temporary public work, but the 
 better classes are properly to be removed for a period of time, or to be ordered 
 to go beyond the boundaries of their country ; upon such there is no special 
 punishment imposed by the Rescripts of the Princes ; therefore, he who inves- 
 tigates judicially will have freedom of judgment after the case is heard. 
 
 Ex-pIlO, Sre, I, V. a. To pillage, rob, plunder. Cicero, Parad. vi, i, 43; id. Verr. ii, 4, 
 27. Armarum. Id. Cluent. Ixiv, 181. Thesauros. LlVY, xxxi, 12, 3. Rem hereditariam. 
 Ulpian. Dig. xxix, 2,/?-. 21. Expilatae hereditatis. Dig. xlvii, tit. 19. ' De crimine expi- 
 latae hereditatis.' JusTINlAN. Cod. ix, tit. 32. 
 
 Explees. = L. Lat. Expletia. The profits of an estate, v. Esplees. 
 
 Expletia, Explecia.— L. Lat. [+ expleo, explere, to fill or make up ; to finish, complete 
 or make perfect.] Esplees ; the rents and profits of land. Bracton, fols. 40, 44*. 
 
 So- called because the estate is made complete and perfect by reaping the explees, «. e. 
 the fruit profit and commodity thereof. 6 Co. 58*. Excoluit terram, et blada expendit, et 
 
 869 
 
Exp.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 redditus et expletia cepit, — he cultivated and sowed the land, and took the rents and 
 esplees. Bracton, fols. 5oi, 206^, 372*, 373. 
 
 As of a common: The taking of grass by the mouths of the beasts that common 
 
 there. Of an advowson: The taking of gross tithes by the parson. Of wood: 
 
 The felling of wood. Of an orchard: The felling of apples and other fruit growing 
 
 there. O f a m i 1 1 : The taking of toll, are the esplees, and of such like. Termes de la 
 Ley, voc. ''Esplees .' 
 
 Explicatio, Onis, /. \explico^ An unfolding, uncoiling. Est quasi rudentis exp Il- 
 ea tio. Cicero, Div. i, 56, 127. Trop., of speech: An unfolding, expounding an 
 explication, exposition, explanation. Id. Fin. iii, 4, 14. Naturae. Id. Div. ii, 63, 129. 
 Explicatio fabularum et enodatio nominum. Id. N. D. iii, 24,62. Explicatio illus- 
 tris perpolitaque. Id. de Or. ii, 27, 120. 
 
 In the Civil Law: A pleading corresponding with the surrejoinder of the Comrnon 
 Law. Allegatio infirmans supplicationem, — an allegation refuting, disproving the supplica- 
 tion, i. e. the rejoinder. Calvini Lex. v. ' Supplication 
 
 Mcplorant adversa vivos. — Lat. Prov: Adversity tries men. Silius Italicus. 
 
 Exploratio, onis,/. \exploro!\ An examination, exploration. E xploratione occulta 
 fallere aliquem tentare, — to try to escape the notice of any one by secret observation. Taci- 
 tus, H. iii, 54. 
 
 In Military Lang.: A spying. Modestinus, ZJj^f. xlix, 16, /r. 3. 
 
 Expl5rator, oris, m. \id.'\ A searcher out, examiner, explorer; a prying person, a spy. 
 Rerum. Plaut. Fs.vv, 7, 71. (6.) Adjective: Searching. 
 
 In particular: («.) I n Military Lang.: A spy, scout. Caesar, 5. G. i, 12, 
 2 ; ii, 5, 4 ; 11, 3. (6,) Explorator viae, — an explorer of the way; one who ran before 
 the emperor to clear the way. Suetonius, Tib. 60. 
 
 EXPLORATORES, qui secreta nuntiaverunt hostibus, proditores sunt, et capitis 
 poenas luunt. Arrius Menander, Dig. xlix, 16, fr. 6, § 4. Spies or 
 scouts, who have made known [informed, reportedl to the enemy, are traitors, 
 and they expiate their offense by capital punishment. 
 
 EXPLOSIS itaque hujusmodi ridiculosis ambiguitatibus, tarn c ondilor quam 
 inter pr e s legum solus imp er ator juste existimabitur j 
 nihil hac lege derogante veteris juris conditoribus, qzda et eis hoc majestas imperialis 
 permisit. Justinian. Cod. i, 14, const. 12 ad Jin. So these ridiculous ambigu- 
 ities shall be rejected and the emperor alone shall be rightly considered as well 
 the author as the interpreter of the laws, without hereby derogating any thing 
 from the ancient authors of law, because to them too the imperial majesty gave 
 this power, cf. Bl. Com. i, 74 ; Broom &= Had. Com. i, 66. 
 
 Expoliare, Espoliare. — Lat. In the Civil Law: To rob, plunder or spoil. (6.) 
 To deprive or take away. Calvini, Lex. Jurid. 
 
 Expoliatores. Robbers. Calvini, Lex. ; Spelman. 
 
 Exportatio, Snis, /. \exporto.\ Exportation. Cicero, ^^i? 0^. ii, 3, 13 ; 2 i)/o»». &■ G. 
 155 ; 3 id. 959. (6.) Banishment, deportation. Seneca, Tranq. xi. 
 
 Expositicius or tius, ^, um, adj. [expono, to expose.] Exposed, foundling. Puella. 
 Plautus, Casin. prol. 79. 
 
 Expositio, Snis, /. [expono, to expose, explain, interpret.] (a.) An exposing, of an 
 infant. Justinian, i, 4, 5 (6.) Of speech: A setting forth, exposition; an exhibition, 
 showing; a narration. Cicero, de Or. iii, 53, 203; Quintilian, iv, i, 35 ; 2, 2 ; 3, 12 et 
 saep. Explanation, exposition, interpretation (class, and freq.). 
 
 Expositio COntentiosa. A disputatious, obstinate exposition or interpretation. 
 Expositio naturalis. A natural exposition or interpretation. Bacon's Arg. Jur. March. 
 Expositio statuti. An exposition, interpretation, explanation of a statute. 
 870 
 
Exp.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 EXPOSITIO, quae ex viceribus causae nascitur, est aptissima et fortissima in 
 lege. An exposition, which springs from the vitals of a cause, is the fittest 
 and most powerful in law. That kind of interpretation, which derives its origin 
 [or arises] from the vitals of a cause is the aptest and most forcible in the law. 
 lo Co. 24. 
 Expressa, [+ exprimo.'\ Things or words expressed, or expressly mentioned. 
 
 EXPRESSA nocent, twn expressa non nocent. Modestinus, Dig. xxxv, i, 52 ; 
 id. L, 17, 19, 5. Things expressed are [may be] prejudicial; things not 
 expressed are not. " Express words are sometimes prejudicial, which, if omitted, 
 had done no harm." Calvini, Lex. Jurid. Lord Coke paraphrased the rule : 
 
 EXPRESSA non prosunt, quae non expressa proderunt. Things expressed do 
 no good, which, not expressed, do no harm. 4 Co. 73, Borough's case ; 
 ]Vingate's Max. 66, § i. 
 Bracton drew this doctrine from Modestinus : 
 
 EXPRESSA enim nocent, non expressa, tion nocent, et sic liberat charta ab onere, 
 quae expressa non nocent. For things expressed are nocuous, things not 
 expressed are innocuous, and so a deed, which does not expressly burden, liber- 
 ates from a burden. Bracton, ii, c. 6, § i, fol. 18. 
 
 Expressim, adTJ. [expressus, -\- exprimo.'\ Expressly, clearly, distinctly. Paulus, Dig. 
 xlvi, ■i.fr. <)?>■, Modestinus, ii. xlix, i,fr, 19. 
 
 Expressio, Onis, /. {exprimo.'] A pressing or squeezing out. Mellis. Pall. Jun. vii, 3. 
 Spiritus. ViTRUVius, ix, 9. (6.) Expression ; distinct mention in words or writing. 
 V. Expressus^ a, um. 
 
 EXPRESSIO eorum, quae tacitl insunt, nihil operatur. The express [or dis- 
 tinct mention] of those things which are tacitly comprised or implied, 
 has no effect. 4 Co. 73, Borough's case ; 5 id. 11, Ives' case ; Hobart, 170 ; 2 
 Co. Inst. 365 ; Wingate's Max. 66. 
 
 A man's own words are void, when the law speaketh as much. Finch's Law, b. i, c. 3, 
 No. 26. Words used to express what the law will imply without them, are mere words of 
 abundance. 5 Co. 11. The expression of what is tacitly implied is inoperative. Broom's 
 Max. 642. Ex. gr., If land be let to two persons for the term of their lives, this creates a 
 joint tenancy ; and if the words "and the survivors of them " are added, they will be mere 
 surplusage, because, by law, the term would go to the survivor. Co. Lift, igja; cited arg., 
 4 B &= Aid 306. V. per Lord Langdale, M. R. 9 Beav. 374 ; Martin, B., 5 H. L. Cas. 
 829 ; Brooms Leg Max. 642 ; 3 Atkyns, 138 ; n Mees. &- W. 569 ; 7 Exck. 28, 35 ; 15 N. Y. Ji. 
 (l Smith), 9, 120 ; 17 Bari. R. 513, 517 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 28, 515, note {s) ; 59 Barb. R. 259. 
 
 When a bill is indorsed by the payee in blank, a power is given to the indorsee of speci- 
 ally appointing the payment to be made to a particular individual, and what he does in the 
 exercise of this power is only expressio eorum quae taciti insunt. Lord Ellenborough, i 
 Camp lUli; l Parsons on Contr. 240, note (</). In a case of executory consideration the 
 statement that what was done was a t the defendant's request, \s vaat&Xy expressio 
 eorum quae tacitk insunt, and therefore unnecessary. Such, for instance, is the case of money 
 lent which, if lent at all, must obviously have been so with the borrower's concurrence, i 
 Smith's L. C. [225] 267. 
 
 Expressio falsi. The expression or utterance of a falsehood ; a lie. 2 Parsons on Contr. 
 778. V. Suppressio veri. 
 
 EXPRESSIO unius est exclusio alterius. The expression of one thing is the 
 exclusion of another. Co. Lilt. 2Joa ; 5 T. R. 21; 6 id 320. "The 
 express mention of one thing, person or place implies the exclusion of another." 
 Broom's Ma'x. 626 ; Broom on C. L. 502. 
 
 If there be many things of the same class or kind, the expression of one or more of them 
 implies the exclusion of all not expressed ; and this, even if tne law would have implied all, 
 
 871 
 
Exp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exp. 
 
 if none had been enumerated. 2 Parsons on Contr. 28, 515 ; 1 B. &" Ad. 65 ; 5 id. 715 ; i 
 Bing. 344; 8 id. 51 ; 3 Bing. N. C. 85 ; 8 Scott, N. R. 1013, 1017 ; 12 Mees. &f W. 761 ; 15 
 id. no ; 2 Curt. C. C. 365 ; 6 Mass. 84 ; 11 Gushing, 328 ; 2 Metcalfs R. 234, 241 ; i Story on 
 Contr. § 514. An implied covenant is in all cases controlled within the limits of an express 
 covenant. 4 Co. iob. Where parties have entered into written engagements, with express 
 stipulations, the presumption is, that having expressed some, they have expressed a 1 1 
 the conditions by which they intend to be bound under that instrument. Judgm., 5 Q. B. 
 683-685 ; ^ H. L. Cos. 624 ; Beat. 370. 
 
 Great caution is requisite in dealing with this maxim; for it is not of universal 
 application, but depends upon the intention of the part)' as discoverable upon the face of the 
 instrument or of the transaction, v. Per Lord Campbell, C, 8 II. L. Cas. 729. As to the 
 caution necessary in applying the rule, v. l5 M. (Sr" IV. 244 ; (> CI. &= Fin. 482 ; Broom's 
 Max. 627, 641. As to the application of the maxim in the construction of statutes, v. Plowd. 
 20515 ; per WILLIAMS, "^.,2 E. Ss" B. 879 ; Broom's Max. 637 sq. and cases ; Cj Johns: R. (N. Y.) 
 349 ; Story, J., 3 Story's R. 87, 8g. For other applications of this maxim, v. I Story's Eg. 
 Jur. § 102 ; Story on Bailm. § 550 ; Story on Partn. § 2og ; 2 Johns. Cas. 289, 290 ; 8 Johns. 
 R. iig, 120 ; cases in 3 Abbott's Dig. 782. 
 
 EXPRESSIO unius personae, vel ret, est exclusio alterius. The express mention 
 of one person or thing is the exclusion of another. 4 Co. 80. 
 
 The preceding maxim is also quoted in this more explicit form. It must not be considered 
 as restricting the doctrine of implication ; it merely restrains its application within the limits 
 expressed in the maxim. But an express agreement between parties ousts every implication 
 by law. A verbal agreement or stipulation will not be allowed to be added to a contempo- 
 raneous written agreement. An express and an implied covenant upon the same subject 
 cannot exist together. General words are governed by particular words, and the absence of 
 particular words gives effect to general words, v. 1 Ld. Raym. 14 ; 4 Taunt. 329 ; ^ H. L. 
 Cas. 624 ; 8 id. 172 ; 12 Mees. &= W. 761 ; 13 id. 752 ; 15 id. 465 ; 10 Q. B. 135 ; b B. &= C. 
 609 ; 2' B. &' A. I^t ; Wharton's Max. xxxvi, and authorities in the last preceding maxim ; 
 ■ Story on Contr. § 640. 
 
 ExpreSSUm, »• + ^ pressus (plur. e fressa, q. v.) Express; expressed. A thing or 
 word expressly, distinctly mentioned. Bracton, fol. 18. 
 
 EXPRESSUM facit cessare taciturn. That which is expressed makes that 
 which is implied to cease, i. e. supersedes it or controls its effect. Co. 
 Litt. 183^, 210a:. The express mention of one thing puts an end to (renders 
 ineffectual) that which is implied." " The express mention of one thing implies 
 the exclusion of another." Broom's Max. 626 ; Ld. Raym. 538. 
 
 This is one of the first principles applicable to the construction of deeds, v. Per Lord 
 Denman, C. J., 5 Bing. N. C. 185 ; per Crompton, J., 6 H. L. Cas. 856. An implied cove- 
 nant is to be controlled within the limits of an express covenant. 4 Co. 80, Nokes' case ; 5 
 id. 97, Goodall's case ; Broom's Max. 626, cases in notes 4-6 ; Broom on C. L. 278, 312 ; 5 
 Bing. N. C. 185 ; 6 Bam. &f C. 609 ; 2 Crompt. &• M. 459 ; 2 Ell. &= B. 856 ; per Pollock, 
 C. B., 1. II. St' JV. 768, 772 ; 4 Wash. C. C. 185 ; 7 Mass. 106 ; 2 Johns, Cas. 384, 397 ; i Johns. 
 R. 24, 31 ; id. ib. 529, 571 ; 11 id. 16, 20; 5 Hilts R. (N. Y.) 578, 579 ; 6 id. 20, 27 ; 2 Denio's 
 R. 362, 367 ; II Barb. R. 414, 439 ; 13 id. 461, 478 ; 30 id. 292, 296 ; 2 Parsons on Contr. 515. 
 
 Nor can parol evidence be admissible, either in a court of equity or a court of law, to show 
 terms upon which the instrument is silent. Per Lord Chancellor Thurlow, i Bro. C. C. 
 341 ; id. ib. 93 ; Broom's Max. 640. You can introduce nothing on parol proof that adds to, 
 or deducts from, the writing. If, however, an agreement is by fraud or mistake, made 
 to speak a different language from what was intended, then, in those cases, parol proof is 
 admissible to show the fraud or mistake. These are cases excepted from the general rule. 
 Per Kent, C. J., i Johns. R. 571, 572 ; Broom's Max. 640. ■</. Story on Agency, §§ 76, 326, 
 and cases ; i Story on Contr. § 18. 
 
 EXPRESSUM facit cessare taciturn — vox emissa volat — litera scripta manet. 
 A thing or word distinctly mentioned renders ineffective that which is 
 impHed — the spoken word flies, the written word remains. Per Kent, C. J., 
 I Johns. R. 571, 572 ; Broom's Max. 640. 
 
 EXPRESSUM servitium regatvel declaret taciturn. Let service expressed rule 
 or declare what is silent. Bacon's Works, xv, 73. 
 ExprobratiO, Onis, /. [exprobro, to make a matter of reproach ; to charge, upbraid.] 
 A reproaching, upbraiding. LivY, xxiii, 35, 7. Credulitatis. Justinian, i, 8. In exprobra- 
 tione esse. Pliny, xix, 4, 19, § 57. 
 872 
 
Exp.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Exs. 
 
 Exprobrator, oris, m. \id.'\ One who reproaches ; a reproacher, upbraider. Seneca, 
 Contr. iii, 2i /in.; id. Ben. i, i. 
 
 Exprobratrix, icis, /. \ex probrator.'] She that upbraids, reproaches. Sen. ^c«. vii, 22. 
 
 Expromissor, oris, »«. [ex promitto.'] In the Civil Law: One who promises 10 
 pay, either for himself or for another. Gaius, Dig, xviii, i, 53 ; Ulpian. ib. iv, 3, 7 ; xlii, i, 
 4 et saep.; Paulus, ib. L, 17, fr. no, § i. 
 
 One who assumes the debt of another, discharging the first debtor, and making himself 
 originally liable in his place ; one who was substituted as a debtor by the process of dekgatio. 
 Justinian, Inst, ii, i, S 41 ; Ulpian. Dig. xii, 4, fr. 4 ; Heineccius, Elem.Jur. Civ. lib. iii, 
 tit. 30, § 1015 ; Pufendorf, de Jure, v, c. 10, ii 11, n. 7. A person whom a creditor takes 
 as a substitute for his debtor, whom he thereby discharges. Pothier, Obi. iii, 2, i. 
 
 Exprdmittd, ere, 3, V. a. In the Jurists and Merchants: To promise or 
 agree to pay for one's self or for another. Var. S. R. ii, 2, 5. Pecuniam alicui. Ulpian. 
 Dig. xxiii, 3, fr. 36 ; Paulus, ib. xvi, i, fr. 22. 
 
 Expurg^tio, Onis, /. \expurgo^ A justification, vindication, excuse. Plautus, Am. 
 iii, 3, 10 ; id. Merc, v, 3, 4. 
 
 Ex-purgO, 5re, i, u. a. To purge, cleanse, purify (class.). In particular: To clear 
 from censure ; to exculpate, vindicate, justify, excuse. Plautus, Capt. iii, 4, 87 ; id. Mil. 
 ii, 6, 17 ; Tacitus, A. xvi, 24 ; Gellius, vii, 3, 5. 
 
 Exqilisitim, adv. \exqiiisitus -f- exquiro?[ Carefully, accurately, precisely. 
 ExC[1USltio, Onis, /. [exquiro, to search diligently, to inquire.] In Jurid. Latin: 
 Research, inquiry, investigation. Justinian. Cod. v, 9, const. 9 fin.; vii, 17, i. 
 
 Exq^uisitUS, a, um, Pa. Carefully sought out, ripely considered, choice, excellent, 
 exquisite. Cicero, freq. 
 
 Ex-rogd, are, i, V. a. [-\- ex, from, and rogare, to pass a law.] In the Roman Law: 
 
 EXROGARE est ex lege vetere aliquid, eximere per movem legem. Exrogare 
 is to prohibit [forbidj something from a law, to take away by a new law. 
 Festus, de Verbo. Sign. p. 82. {^J^svi^!iiy Abrogare,N. h. v.) To take something 
 from an old law by a new law. Taylor's Civil Law, 155. 
 
 ExseCUtio {exec'), Onis, f. [exsequar.} An accomplishing, performance, execution. 
 Institui operis. Pliny, xxxv, 8, 34. Negotii. Tacitus, A. iii, 31. Legis, i. c. administra- 
 tion of law Frontin. Aquaed.fin.; Tacitus,^, xv, 25. 
 
 In the Jurists: A judicial prosecution, indictment. Delictortim quorundam. Ulp. 
 Dig. xlvii, I, fr. i. Criminis delicti. Id. ib. L, 16, fr. 131 fin.; id. ib. fr. 178, § 2. 
 
 Exseciitor {exec), oris, in. \id.'\ An accomplisher, performer, executor. Sententiae. 
 Macer. Dig. xlix, 1, fr. 4. In t'he Jurists: A prosecutor, revenger. Offensiartim 
 inimicitiarumque. Suetonius, Vesp. 14. (6.) A collector. Justinian. Cod. viii, 17, 7. 
 
 Ex-Sequor {fxeq.), i, 3, V. dep. u. To follow to the end, to pursue, follow. In p a r t i c . : 
 To follow up, prosecute, carry out ; to perform, execute, fulfill, accomplish (freq. and class.). 
 In the Jurists; To pursue with punishment ; to punish, avenge. Injurias accusaiioni- 
 bus. Pliny, Ep. iii, 4, 5. Delicto. Suetonius, Caes. 67. Doloris exsequendijus. Livy, v, 
 11,5. Justum dolorem. Ulpianus, /);§. xxix, 5, /r. 33. Abs. z/. Tryphon. ZJz^j-. xxxix, 9, 
 fr. 22. 
 
 Exsilium {exilium), ii, /«. [exsul, a banishing from one's native soil.] Banishment, 
 exile. V. Exsul, et v. Exilium. 
 
 EXSILIUM non supplicium est, sed perfugium portusque supplicii. Nam qui volunt aliquam 
 poenam subterfugere aut calamitatem, eo solu?n verlunt, hoc est, sedem ac locum mutant. Itaque 
 nulla in lege nostra reperietur, ut apud ceteras civitates, maleficiufn ullum exsilio esse multatum. 
 Sed quum homines vinculo, neces ignominiasque vitant, quae sunt legibus constitutae, confugi- 
 unt quasi ad aram in exsilium. Qui si in civitate legis vim subire vellent, non piius civitatem 
 quam vitam amitterent : quia nolunt, non adimitur iis civitas, sed ab iis relinquitur atque depo- 
 nitur. Nam quum ex nostra jure duarum civitaium nemo esse possit, turn amittitur haec civitas 
 [no] 873 
 
Exs.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ext. 
 
 denique, quum is, qui profugit, receptus est in exsilium, hoc est, in aliam civiiatem. CiCERO, 
 pro Caecin. xxxiv, lOO. Banishment is not a punishment, but is a refuge and harbor of 
 safety from punishment. For those who are desirous to avoid some punishment or some 
 calamity, turn to banishment alone, that is to say, they change their residence and their situa- 
 tion, and, therefore, there will not be found in any law of ours, as there is in the laws of 
 other States, any mention of an)' crime being punished with banishment But as men wished 
 to avoid imprisonment, execution, or infamy, which are penalties appointed by the laws, they 
 flee to banishment as to an altar; though, if they chose to remain in the city and to submit 
 .to the rigor of the law, they would not lose their rights of citizenship sooner than they lost 
 their lives ; but because they do not so choose, their rights of citizenship are not taken from 
 them but are abandoned and laid aside by them. For as, according to our law, no one can 
 be a citizen of two cities, the rights of citizenship here are lost when he who has fled is 
 received into banishment, that is to say, into another city. 
 
 EXSILIUM triplex est : aut certorum locorum interdictio, aut lata fuga, ut 
 omnium locorum interdicatur fraeter certum. locum, aut in insulae vinculum, 
 id est relegatio in insulam. Marcianus, Dig. xlviii, 22, fr. 5. Banishment 
 or exile is three-fold : either an interdiction from certain places, or an 
 extended flight (lata fuga), as he is interdicted from all places excepting a cer- 
 tain place, or in prison upon an island, that is a banishment, or sending away to 
 an island. 
 
 Exsolutio, 3nis, /. [exsolvo.] A release, discharge. Festus, p. 238. In particular: 
 A pa3'ment. Vectigalis. Scaevola, ZJzf. xx, i, />•. 31. Totius debiti. /i/. zi5. xxxii, i, _/>-. 33. 
 
 Ex-S0lv6, ere, 3, t^. o. To loose, unloose; to unbind, untie, undo (class.). In par- 
 ticular: To set loose, release, deliver, free (class.) In Mercantile Lang.; To 
 discharge, pay a debt or an obligation. Fidem, — to fulfill one's promise. LiVY, xxvi, 31, 
 10. Beneficia, — to repay, requite favors, benefits. Tacitus, A. xi, 18. Poenas morte, — to 
 suffer the punishment of death. Id. ib. i, 10. 
 
 Extendere. in English Law: To appraise or value ; to extend to the full value. 
 Bl. Com. iii, 420. To lay out, survey, or make an inventory of. 
 
 Extendere et appreciare. To lay out and appraise. Bracton, fol. 72. (6.) To set off 
 or assign. Id. fol. 75. (c.) To amount to {Extendere se). 
 
 Extendi ad valentiam. To be extended (appraised) to the value. 
 
 Extendi et appreciari. To be extended (surveyed) and appraised. Bracton, fols. 72, 
 75^ ; Reg. Jud. 2, 32^. 
 
 Extendi facias. — L. Lat. You cause to be extended, i. c. appraised to full value. 
 
 In English Practice: The name of an execution, commonly called an extent. 
 Bl. Com. iii, 420; 2 Tidds Pr. 1043. v. Extent. 
 
 EXTENDITUR haec pax et securitas ad quatuordecim dies, convocato regni senatu. This 
 peace and security is extended to fourteen days, the Parliament of the realm being extended. 
 Bl. Com. i, 165 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 198. 
 
 Ex-tendO, ere, 3, V. a. To stretch out, spread out, extend (quite class.). Trop. : To 
 extend, increase, enlarge. Voluntatem suam ad ulteriores. Modestinus, Dig. xxxii, i fr. 
 33. OfficiuTn suum ad lapidum venditionem. Scaevola, ib. xx, 4, fr. 20. 
 
 Extensio (or extentio), onis, /. [extendo.] A stretching out, extension. Y1S.0. Vet. v, 
 14. In English Law: An extent. ^/i?/fl, lib. v, c. 9, §4. 
 
 In Mercantile Law: Extension; enlargement of time for the payment of debts. 
 An agreement by which a creditor allows further time to a debtor for the payment of his 
 liabilities. 
 
 Extensores, — L. Lat. ='L.¥t. Estendours. Extenders or appraisers. In old Eng. 
 La w : The name applied to certain officers appointed to appraise and divide or apportion 
 lands. Bracton, fols. 72i5, 75. 
 874 
 
Ext.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ext. 
 
 Extent (or extendi facias), in English Law: The name of a process upon debts 
 of record due to the crown. 
 
 It differs in this respect from an ordinary writ of execution at the suit of a subject, that 
 under it the body, lands and goods may all be taken at once in execution, to compel the 
 payment of the debt. It is called an extent, or fjti'i»«(^« ya«flj, because the sheriff is to 
 cause the lands, etc., to be appraised to their full extended value, before he delivers 
 them to the plaintiff, that it may be certainly known how soon the debt will be satisfied. 
 F. N B. 131 ; Bl. Com. iii, 420. Of the two kinds, one is an extent in chief, the other 
 an extent in aid. 2 Tidd's Pr. 1045. 
 
 Extenta. — L. Lat. An extent, an estimate or valuation ; a survey or register of lands. 
 Cowell ; I Mon. Angl. 548. 
 
 Extenta manerii. — L. Lat. The extent or survey of the manor. 2 Reeve's Hist. Eng. 
 Law, 140. 
 
 Extentio, Onis, /. [extendo.l A stretching out, extension. Vitr. ix,4. In English- 
 Law: An extending, surveying or laying out of lands. Bracton, fols. 72, 75^. 
 
 ExtennatiO, Snis, /. \extenuo^ A thinning, rarefaction. Pliny, xvii, 26, 39 ; Seneca, 
 Q. ^. ii, 57. T r o p . : A lessening, diminution, extenuation, as a figure of speech. Cicero, 
 de Or. iii, 53, 202 ; Quint, ix, i, 28 ; 2, 3. 
 
 Exter or ExterUS, tera, terum, adj. On the outside, outward, foreign, strange. Papin. 
 Dig. xxxi, I,/?-. 61 ; id. ib. xxix, l,fr. 84 ; id. ib. xxxi, i, 67, § 4. 
 
 Exterus subst. A foreigner or alien ; one born abroad. The opposite of Civis. Bacon's 
 Works, iv, 345. 
 
 EXTERNUS non habet terras.; habet res suas, et vitam et libertatem. A for- 
 eigner has no lands ; he has his personal effects, and life, and liberty. 
 Lofft. 153. 
 
 EXTINCTO subjecto, tollitur adjunctum. When the substance istigone, the 
 adjuncts disappear. When the subject is extinguished the incident ceases. 
 Pothier. TraiU du Con. de Soc. Nos. 140-143; 16 Johns. R. 438, 492. 
 
 Thus a partnership is dissolved by the death of one of the partners. Justinian. Inst, iii, 
 25, 4 5. V. Solvitur adhuc societas, etc.; et v. id. ib. g§ 6-8 ; Kent's Com. iii, 52, note; Story 
 on Partn. § 280. 
 
 Ait M ar c ellus , cessare mandati actionem : quia — 
 
 EXTINCT UM est mandatum, finitd voluntate. Quodsi mandaveris exigendam, 
 deinde prohibuisti, exactamque recepisti, debitor liberabitur. Pomponius, Dig. 
 ocvii, \,fr. 12, § \()fin. Marcellus says an action of mandate ceases; because 
 a mandate ^r commission is revoked, extinguished by the prescribed will of the 
 mandator. If, however, you sh^ll have ordered or commissioned a thing to be 
 demanded, and afterward you have restrained and received the exact demand, 
 the debtor shall be liberated, v. Story on Bailm. § 208. 
 
 EXTINGUITUR obligatio que rite constiteret si in eum casum inciderit a quo 
 incipere non potuit. An obligation which has been sealed in due form is 
 extinguished if it fall into that state from which it cannot arise. Halkerston's 
 Max. 46. V. Paulus, Dig. xlv, i,fr. 140, § 2. 
 
 Extirpamentnm.-L. Lat. [extirpo, ^k.] v. Estrepamentum. 
 
 Extirpo, are, I, v. a. To extirpate or root out; to destroy utterly, or from the founda- 
 tion. V. Ex-stirpo. 
 
 Tfir+nrtio Onis /. \-^r ex-torqueo, ere, to twist, wring or wrest from ; to obtain by force.] 
 The act of 'torturing; illegal exaction. (6.) That which is extorted, (c.) Oppression, 
 
 generafwrof advertence to one important po.nt. What is an extorted pron>.se?^_If by an 
 
Ext.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ext. 
 
 extorted promise is meant a promise that is made involuntarily, without the concurrence of the will; if it is 
 the effect of any ungovernable impulse, and made without the consciousness of the party, then it is not a 
 promise. This may happen. Fear or agitation may be so great that a person really does not know what he 
 says or does, and in such a case a man's promises do not bind him any more than the promises of a man in a 
 fit of insanity. But if by an 'extorted' promise it is only meant that very powerful inducements were 
 held out to make it, inducements, however, which did not take away the power of choice, then these prom- 
 ises are in strictness voluniary, and like all other voluntary engagements they ought to be fulfilled." 
 DyjnoncTs Principles of Morality^ c. 6. 
 
 In Criminal Law: An unlawful or violent vpringing of money or money-worth from 
 any man. Cowell. A taking of more than is due, by color or pretense of right. An abuse 
 of public justice, which consists in any officer's unlawfully taking, by color of his office, 
 from any man, any money or thing of value that is not due to him, or more than is due, or 
 before it is due. I Hawk. P. C. c. 68, § i, 170; 10 Co. 102 ; Co. Lift. 368^ y .5/. Com. iv, 141, 
 Cooley's note (2g) ; Broom &= Had. Com. iv, 162, v. Wait's note (672); 17 Mass.nio ; 7 Pick. 
 279 ; I Russ. Cr. *I44. The taking must be willful and corrupt. 2 Mo. 22 ; 15 Wend. R. 
 .277. 
 
 It is extortion for an officer to take money for the performance of his duty, even though 
 it be in the exercise of a discretionary power. 2 Burr. 927. cf. the American cases. I 
 Caines (N. Y.), 130 ; 6 Cowen (N. Y.), 661 ; i Yeates (Penn.), 71 ; 3 Penn. Si. R. 183 ; 13 
 Serg. &^ R. (Penn.) 426 ; i Pick. (Mass.) 171 ; 7 id. 279. . 
 
 It is no other thing, indeed, than plain robbery, or rather more odious than robbery ; for robbery is appar- 
 ent, and always hath with it the countenance of vice : but extortion, being as great a vice as robbery is, 
 carries with it a countenance of virtue, by means whereof it is the more hard to be tried or discerned, and 
 therefore the more odious. And yet some there are that will not stick to stretch their office, credit and con- 
 science, to purchase money as well by extortion as otherwise, according to the saying of the poet ; 
 * * Quid non Tttortalia fedora cogis^ 
 A »ri sacra fa in es ! — Virgil, A en. iii, 56. 
 
 V. TerTnes de la Ley. v. ^ Ex actio .^ 
 
 EXTORTIO est crimen quando quis colore officii extorquet quod non est debitum, 
 vel supra debitum, vel ante tempus quod est debitum. Extortion is a crime, 
 when, by color of office, any person extorts that which is not due, or above due, 
 or before the time when it is due. lo Co. 102 ; i Hawk. P. C. 170. 
 
 Extra, adv. On the outside, without. Cicero, Fin. ii, 21, 68 ; id. N. D. ii, 59, 147 ; 
 Quint, i, \o,.i,% et al. Transf.: Except or besides. Exceptional. Extra-quani, — 
 except that, unless that. Cicero, Inv. i, 33, 56 ; id. Att. vi, 7-15 ; Ulpian. Dig. xliii, 12, i, 
 § 16. Additional, for the more usual fraeterea: Besides, extra. Seneca, Ben. vi, 15. 
 
 Extra, praep. Out of, outside of, without, beyond. Horace, Ep. i, 2, 16 , Cicero, de 
 Legg. ii, 23, 58 ; id. Rep. ii, 4 et al. Extra consilivm meum, — without my advice. TiTlN. in 
 Non. xcv, 2 et saep. Exceptional: Excepting, except. Plaut. Am. ii, 2, 203 ; Cicero, 
 Div. i, 31, 66; id. Earn, vii, 3, 2; id. Phil, v, 19, 53; LiVY, viii, 32, 8. 
 
 Additional : Besides, in addition to. Varro, R. R. i, 18, 3. 
 
 Extr& CaUSam. Without the cause. 2 Best on Evid. §§ , 473. 
 
 Extra COmmercium. Outside of commerce; uncommercial. 2 Kent's Com. 282(1:)/ 
 Lord Brougham, 3 Myl. &= Keene, 517. Not capable of being bought or sold. Erskine's 
 Inst, iii, tit. 8, § 86. 
 
 Extra COntinentia urbis. Beyond the suburbs of the city. Dig. L, 16, fr. 173, § i. 
 
 Extra Ciartem domiui. Beyond the manor of the lord. 
 
 A vassal is not bound to carry the grain or other articles payable to the superior beyond 
 the territory of which the vassal's property forms a part. Erskine's Inst, ii, tit. 4, § 5. 
 
 Extra districtnin SUUm. Out of his district. Fr. Hors de son fee. 
 
 Extra feodnm. — L. Lat. Out of his fee ; out of the seigniory, or not holden of him that 
 claims it. Reg. Orig. 97*/ Co. Litt. \b. 
 
 Extra judicium. — Lat. Outof court. Siv} in judicio promiserit, sivk extra judicium 
 caveiit, — whether he may have promised or engaged in court, or may have provided, taken 
 care for it out of court. Justinian. Inst, iv, 11, § 4. (6,) Not by due course of law or 
 judicial proceeding. Quae non in judicio, sed extra posequimur, — which we prosecute not 
 by course of law, but without it or bej-ond it. Bracton, fol. 98*. (c.) Extra judicial, i. e. 
 876 
 
Ext.] JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ext. 
 
 beyond the line or limits of judicial duty ; (extra) beyond, (Judicium) judgment or due course 
 of law ; out of the regular order of judicial procedure ; beyond the jurisdiction or limits of 
 judicial authority ; out of or beyond the matter to be adjudged. Ka«^^. 332 ; Hale's Hist. 
 Com. Law, 90, note. 
 
 Extra jus, — Lat. Beyond the law ; more than the law allows or requires ; c g.. Injure, 
 vel extra jus , — in or by law, or beyond the law. Bracton, fol. 169^. 
 
 Extra legem, — L. Lat. Out of the law ; out of the protection of the law. Kent's 
 Com. ii, 42 {c). 
 
 Extra legem positi. Placed, put out of the law (said of Utlagati). Fleta.' 
 
 EXTRA legem positus est civiliter mortuus. One who is put out of the law 
 \i. e. outlawed] is civilly dead. Co. Litt. 130a. 
 Extra ligeantiam. Out of the ligeance (of the king). 7 Co. l8a/ Kent's Com. ii, 42 (c). 
 Extra ordinem. Out of order ; out of methodical arrangement. 
 
 As an adverbial expression: (a.) Out of the ordinary course ; in an unusual 
 or extraordinary manner. Extra ordinem decemere. Cicero, Prov. Cons. 8. Extra ordinem 
 ctimina probantur. Paitlus, Dig. xlviii, i, fr. 8. (6.) Extraordinarily, i. e. uncommonly, 
 eminently, especially. Cicero, Fam. vi, 5. 
 
 Extra patria. Out of, beyond one's fatherland, native land, or country. 
 
 Extra parochia. Without or beyond a parish ; not within the bounds or limits of any 
 parish, v. Bl. Com. i, 113, 284. 
 
 Extra q^uatuor maria. — L. Lat. Beyond the four seas, i. e. out of the kingdom of 
 England. Co. Litt. 244 ; Bl. Com. i, 457 ; Broom &' Had. Com. i, 561. 
 
 These words, it is believed, were originally suggested by the geographical position of Eng- 
 land, and so they were applied peculiarly to the whole island of Great Britain — encompassed 
 by the four seas {quatuor maria). The phrase is of frequent occurrence in English statutes, 
 treatises and reports. 'Beyond the seas' (extra maria) occurs in the statute of limita- 
 tions (21 Jac. L c. 16) and is said to have been introduced on the union of the crowns in place 
 of the earlier phrase 'out of the realm.' i W. Bl. 286. cf. Holthouse; Wharton's Lex. voc. 
 'Limitation.' 'Beyond the sea is the old and true expression.' Dennison, J., i W. 
 Bl. 287. 
 
 In American Law: The phrase has been construed to mean 'out of the State,' or 
 •without the limits of the State.' 3 Wheaton's R. 541; 11 id. 361; \\ Peters' R. 145; 5 
 McLean's R. ^Sy. 
 
 In Pennsylvania: Construed to mean 'without the limits of the United States,' 
 which approaches the literal signification. 2 Dallas' R. 217; iVates'R.32g; s. c, McLean, 
 J., 6 Peters' R. 2gl, 300 ; 20 Missouri R. 530. cf. Angell on Lim. §§ 200, 201. 
 
 Extra regniim. — Lat. Out of the realm. 7 Co. 160/ Kent's Com. ii, 42, note. 
 
 Extra SUlun forum. Outside of, beyond his forum ; beyond his district. Cicero, 
 Verr. ii, 3, 15, 38. 
 
 Extra territorium. — Lat. Beyond, without the territory. 6 Binney's R. 353; Kent's 
 Com. ii, 407 ; Erskine's Inst, i, tit. 2, § 4. 
 
 EXTRA territorium jus dicenti impuni nonparetur. Idem est, et si supra juris- 
 dictionem suam velit jus dicere. Paulus, Dig. ii, i, fr. 20. He (a judge) 
 is not obeyed with impunity in pronouncing a decision or sentence beyond his 
 territory or outside of his judicial litaits. The rule is the same if he intends to 
 declare a sentence or decide a legal right beyond his jurisdiction or legal author- 
 ity. Quoted in Story on Conjl. of Laws, §§ 8, 539. 
 
 One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is not obeyed with impunity. 10 Co 
 77 He who exercises judicial authority beyond his proper limits cannot be obeyed with 
 safety. Id.; Dearsl. &- B. 182; Story on Con/, of Laws § 539; ^B.^- S. 400; Brooms 
 Max.iOA ; Broom on C. Z. 47- ■v. per RuGGLES, C. J., 5 N. V. R. (1 Seld.) 340. 
 
 Read: Constat igitur extra territorium legem dicere licere nemini, etc. v. Story, ib. fe 20. 
 
 Extra testamentum. Outside of the testament, v. Interpretatione extrinsecus, etc. 
 
 Extra Viam. Beyond, or out of the way. Bayley, J., 16 .ffa.r?, 351. 
 
 Extra Villenagium.- L. Lat. Out of villenage or servitude. 
 
 877 
 
Ext. J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Ext. 
 
 Extra vires. Beyond their powers, v. Ultra vires. 
 
 Extracta. — L. Lat. Extracts; estreats. .Sto?. Westm. II. c. 8 ; e.g. 
 
 Extracta Scaccarii or de Scaccario. Estreats of the Exchequer. (6.) Profits arising 
 from amercements. Extracta curiae, — the issues or profits of holding a court, arising from 
 the customary dues, fees and amercements. Cowell. 
 
 Extractum de libris actorum Adjornalis. Extracts from the book of minutes of 
 Adjournal, i Pitcaim's Crim. Trials, part i, p. Il6. 
 
 Extractum ex Curiae Justiciarie, Extracts from the minutes of tlie Court of Jus- 
 ticiar}'. Id. ib. 
 
 Extraditio. [+^.jr, from or out of, and /ra^/jftV, adeliverj'.] Extradition; delivery from 
 one nation or state to another. 
 
 In Public Law, t. t. . Delivery, by one nation or state to another, of fugitives from 
 justice, in pursuance of a law or treaty. Wheaton's Intern. Law, 176-180, part 2, ch. 2, § 13. 
 
 Extra-familiatUS. =Foris-familiatus. Put out of a family, etc. Speltnan. 
 
 ExtrahO, ere, 3, V. a. To draw out or forth, to drag out (class.). Trop., In gen.: 
 (a.) To withdraw, extricate, release; to draw out, extract, eradicate. Extrahere se rebus 
 humanis, — to withdraw one's self from life. Ulpian. Dig. xxi, I, fr. 23, § 3. In p a r t i c . : 
 (6.) To draw out, protract, prolong (freq. and class.). 
 
 Extrahere, in old Practice: To estreat. Extraxit, — estreated. 3 Leon. 8. 
 
 Extrahura. — L- Lat. An estray ; a wandering beast. 
 
 In old English Law: Pecus quod, elapsus h custode, campos pererrat, ignoio domino, — 
 a beast which, having escaped from its keeper, strays over the country, its owner being 
 unknown. Spelman, 
 
 Extra-naturalis, e, adj. Beyond nature, not natural. Tertullian, Anim. 43. 
 
 ExtraneO, are, i, v. a. [extraneus.] To treat as a stranger, as not one's own child. 
 
 ExtraneUS, a, um, adj. [extra.] That is without, external, extraneous, strange. Extra- 
 nea causa. Atjct. Her. iii, 2, 2. Extraneus cognomen. Id. ib. iv, 31, 42. 
 
 In particular, with respect to one's family: Strange, not related. Justinian, i, lo; 
 Suet. ^2<f. 69 ; id. Claud. \ Jin. Subst., Extraneus, — a stranger. Justinian.; Suet., 
 supra. 
 
 In the Roman Law: The term comprehends-: all those who are not subject to the 
 power of the testator are termed extraneous heirs (ceteris qui testaloris juri subjecti non 
 sunt, extranei heredes appellantur). Justinian. Inst, ii, 19, § 3. v. Heinecc. Elem. 
 Jur. Civ. lib. ii, tit. 19, § 58. 
 
 In old English Law: A stranger ; a person not known. Fleta. A stranger or for- 
 eigner ; one foreign born. 7 Co. 16. 
 
 EXTRANEUS est suMitus qui extra terram, i. e. potestatem regis, natus est. A 
 foreigner is one who is born out of the territory, that is, the govern- 
 ment of the king. 7 Co. 16. 
 
 Extra-ordinarius, a, um, adj. Out of the common order, extraordinary. Fructmim 
 species. Varro, P. P. ii, i, 28. Pecunia. Cicero, Pose. Com. i, 4; id.Verr. ii, 1, 3, 100. 
 Cupiditates. Id. Verr. ii, 5, 14, 35. 
 
 In the Jurists: Extraordinaria crlmina, — extraordinary crimes, offenses, i. e. respect- 
 ing which the law contains no enactments. Dig. xlvii, tit. 11. Cognitiones. Ib. tit. 13. 
 Coercitio. Ulpian. ib. xlvii, 20, fr. — . 
 
 Extra-par5chia. Extra parochial ; not within the bounds or limits of any parish. £1. 
 Com. i, 113, 284 ; Termes de la Ley. 
 
 Extrarius, a, um, adj. [extra.] Outward, external, extrinsic. Cicero, Inv. ii, 56, 168; 
 Quintilian, vii, 2, g et al In part i cular, as respects one's family: Strange, unre- 
 lated. QuiNTlLlAN, vii, 4, 9. Extrarios heredes. Javolenus, Dig. xxxviii, 2, fr. 36 et saep. 
 
 Extra-vagautes. [extra, beyond, outside of, and vagans, roving, roaming, wandering.] 
 Rovings, wanderings outside. 
 
 In Canon Law; The name given to the Constitutions of the Popes posterior to the 
 Clementines, v. Broom &■ Had. Com. 
 
 878 
 
Ext.J JURIDICAL GLOSSARY. [Eyr. 
 
 Extravng^anies: quasi vagantes extra corpus juris (as it were, rovings, wanderings, outside of the 
 body of the law), thus called to express that they were outside of the canonical law, which at first contained 
 only the Decrees ofGratian; afterward the Decretals of Gregory IX., the Sexte of Boni- 
 face Vm., the Clementines, and at last the ' ExtrS-vagantes' were added to it. These are the 
 Extra-vaganies Joannis XXII., containing twenty epistles, decretals or constitutions of Pope John XXII., 
 divided under fifteen titles, without any subdivision into boolcs. The others are the Extrd-vagantes com- 
 munes, containing epistles, decretals or constitutions of the popes who occupied the holy see either before or 
 after Pope John XXII. They are divided into five books, like the decretals. Ail these together, Gra- 
 tian's decree (decretum Gratiani), Gregory's decrees (decretales or decretalia Gregorii noni), the 
 sixth decretal (liber sextus decretalium), the Clementine constitutions and the extravagants of J o h n 
 XXII. and his successors form the Corpus Juris Canonici, or body of the Roman Canon Law. v. Bl. Com. 
 i, 83; Broom &" Had. Com. i, 83. 
 
 E'SJY'KEM.k. potius pati guam, turpia facer e. Extremities are rather to be suf- 
 fered than to do disgraceful, infamous or scandalous things. Lofft, 213. 
 Extremis + extremilS (q. v.). v. In extremis. S u p e r I . : Extremisdmus. 
 Extremis mali, extrema remedia.— L a t . P r o v . In extreme disorders, extreme 
 remedies. T ro p . : To desperate evils, desperate remedies should be applied. 
 Read : Continue culpam ferro compescere, etc. Virgil, G. iii, 469. 
 
 EXTREMIS probatis, praesumuntur media. Extremes being proved, the 
 mediums are presumed. Traynor's Max. 207. 
 
 Extremitas, atls, y. [extre}?tus.'\ The extremity; the outer edge, outline. 
 
 ExtremUS, a, um, adj. The outermost, utmost, extreme. T r o p . : (a.) In respect 
 to time or the order of succession: The last, the end (freq. and class.). (6.) 
 Extreme in quality or degree: (a.) The utmost, highest, greatest, (fi.) The 
 lowest, vilest, meanest. Mancipia. Seneca, Ep. ^o fin. Latrones. App. M. iii, p. 131. 
 
 Extrinsecus, adv. From without, from abroad. Transf. : Without, on the outside. 
 Trop.: (a.) Irrelevantly. (6.) Moreover. In late Latin, adjectively: Outer. 
 V. Conditiones extrinsecus, etc. Papinian. Dig. xxx v, i , fr. gg. 
 
 Ex-tunc. — Lat. From then, from thence, from that time, thereafter. Fleta , Calv. Lex.; 
 2 Mod. 24. ExtU7ic deinceps (or de caeterd) imperpeluum, — from thence, continuously (or hence- 
 forth) forever. Towns. PI. 22. Extunc imperpeluum, — from thenceforth forever. Eeg. 
 Orig. 2891?. 
 
 EXTUNC utlagatitur, sicut ille qui est extra legem, sicut Saug^elegmait. — L. Lat. He shall 
 thenceforth be outlawed, as one who is out of the law, as a lawless-man. Bracton, fol. 
 125. V. Utlagatus, etc. 
 
 Exuere patriam. — Lat. To throw off or renounce one's country or native allegiance; 
 to expatriate one's self. Phillimore on Domicil, 18. v. Kent's Com. ii, 43, 49 ; Bl. Com. 
 ii 369. 37°! Coole/s notes. 
 
 Read: Nemo patriam in qua natus,etc., and Nemo potest exuere patriam . 
 
 Eyre, Eire, Eyer.— L- Fr- and Eng. [= Lat. iter, a journey.] A journey. 
 
 In old English Law: The journey or circuit of the king's justices. Britt. The 
 court of the justices itinerant, or justices in eyre. Co. Lilt. 2g3 ; i Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 52. 
 
 Eyre Eire, Eier, Eyer.— I- Fr. and Eng. [Scotch, ayre, ayr, aire, + Lat. iter, a jour- 
 ney,] In old English Law: The journey or circuit of the king's justices. The 
 court of the justices itinerant, or justices in e y r e . Co. Lilt. 2g3 ; Gilbert's Com. Pleas, 
 Introd. 23 ; I Reeve's Hist. Eng. Law, 52. v. Iter. 
 
 879 
 
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