X>0 fc\7 if \n3 u-lia fc "#^< ,pp * J^*?W if r Sv% ¥$k, r* •'i#-1(H**L iiV* -vC?*;'%it ^jisrftf. ; ^fc ; ^1^ J*^ : ^l* r *<*&&%*' Darnell 3ltntoer0itg Slibrarg 3thaca, Sein fork FROM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS V 506 Rev. Stat, prohibits the withdrawal of this book (or home 1 s: < '37 fMTfc cot ; i '3? J */? *» ?x r:7 Cornell University Library DU 817.A5 1922 American Samoa. 3 1924 028 692 543 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028692543 o a o o AMERICAN SAMOA A GENERAL REPORT BY THE GOVERNOR WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 Fa .'NIVI'. Ui; I i Y I. f I? U /», H Y -5=7*6- l\5\SZ^\ I'M LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Government House, Pago Pago, American Samoa, May 1, 1921. From : Government Commandant. To : The Secretary of the Navy. Via : The Chief of Naval Operations. Subject : Report for information of the general public on American Samoa. 1. In compliance with the letter of the Chief of Naval Operations of 'February 3, 1921, there is submitted herewith a general report on conditions in American Samoa. 2. This publication is a revision and enlargement of the report made by the Governor Commandant, Capt. W. M. Crose, 1912. W. Evans, Captain, U. S. Navy. 3 AMERICAN SAMOA. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. The Samoan group of islands extends in latitude from 13° 26' south to 14° 22' south, and in longitude from 169° 29' west to 172° 48' west. American Samoa comprises the " Island of Tutuila and all other islands of the Samoan group east of longitude 171° west of Green- wich." The islands of American Samoa from east to west are : Rose Island, Tau, Olosega, Ofu, Tutuila. and Aunuu. The islands of Tau, Olosega, and Ofu are generally known as " the Manua group," and the island of Aunuu is embraced in the name "Tutuila." Eose Island is a coral atoll, uninhabited, and of practically no value. The islands of western Samoa are : Upolu, Savaii, and the small and rather insignificant islands Apolina and Manono, lying between the other two islands. Upolu is the most important island of western Samoa, although Savaii is the largest. The island of Upolu has always been the most important island of the group, politically and commercially. The Samoan kings lived there, and the most important wars were waged on that island, although the other islands were also often the scene of hostilities. It was customary for Tutuila and Savaii to send warriors to Upolu to take part in the general wars. From very early days the Manua group held aloof from the other islands and did not take part in their politics or wars. It had its own king, Tuimanua, and an independent government. The location of Tutuila will be better understood from the follow- ing table of distances : Distance from Pago Pago to — Miles. San Francisco 4. 160 San Diego 4, 190 Panama 4, 900 Punta Arenas 5, 197 Hongkong 4. S6S Yokohama 4. 072 Honolulu 2.263 Auckland. New Zealand 1.536 Sydney. New South Wales 2.370 Suva, Fiji 612 Apia, western Samoa 77 HISTORICAL RETROSPECT. Very little is known of the early history of the Samoan Islands. The earliest notice we have of them is the visit of the Dutch " Three 6 AMERICAS" SAMOA. Ship Expedition," under Roggewein, in 1722. The French explorers followed — Bougainville in 1768 and La Perouse in 1787. During the visit of the latter at the small village of Asu, in Tutuila, a boat's crew of the Frenchmen and M. de Langle, one of the officers, were massa- cred while on shore. In 1791 the British war vessel Pandora, visited the islands. In 1830 the London Missionary Society established a mission in one of the Samoan Islands, and followed that up by extensive opera- tions in all the islands. The United States exploring expedition, under the command of Lieut. Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, made the first scientific investigations in the islands, in 1839. This expedition, composed of six vessels, was equipped for the particular purpose of surveying and exploring the unfrequented islands of the South Seas. A staff of competent civilian scientists was on board, and the ships (all naval vessels) were prepared for accurate survey work. The surveys then made of the Samoan Islands, though necessarily hurried ones, were for many years the basis of our charts. The latest survey of the islands of American Samoa was completed in 1920, and charts from this survey will shortly be issued. As early as 1850 England, Germany, and the United States were represented by commercial agents in Apia, Samoa. During the next 20 years Germans and Englishmen were more forward than the Americans in establishing trading stations, acquiring land, and devel- oping intimate relations with the natives. Americans took very little interest in Samoa at this time. In 1872 Commander Richard W. Meade. United States Navy, commanding the IT. S. S. Narragansett, visited Pago Pago, and made an agreement with Mauga, the highest chief of Tutuila, in which Mauga expressed his desire for the friendship and protection of the United States, and granted to the United States the exclusive privi- lege of establishing a naval station in Pago Pago Harbor. Com- mander Meade made this treaty on his own responsibility. In May, 1872, President Grant communicated this agreement to the Senate, saying that he would not hesitate to recommend its approval, but for the protection to which it seemed to pledge the United States, which was not in accord with the foreign policy of our Government. The Senate took no action on the agreement. Xaval officers had long recognized the strategic value of Pago Pago, with its magnificent harbor and its situation at the crossroads of the Pacific trade routes from North America to Australia and from Panama and South America to the Orient, and that a coaling station afr this point would be of inestimable value to the United States. ;Vln 1873. in response to a public demand for more information about the Samoan Islands, the Department of State sent Col. A. B. Stein- berger as special agent to the Samoan Islands, to report upon their condition, which report was submitted in the latter part of the year 1873 and transmitted to Congress in April, 1874. Steinberger was sent back to Samoa a second time, carrying a letter from the President and some presents to the chiefs of Samoa, his official relations with the United States being severed when the letter and the presents were delivered. Steinberger formed a government for Samoa, of which he became premier (practically "dictator"). It was said, and probably with cause, that Steinberger had promised AMERICAN SAMOA. 7 the Samoans the protection of the United States. The State Depart- ment, in answer to a resolution of the House of Representatives, March 28, 1876, transmitted all the correspondence in Steinberger's case to Congress, and repudiated any agreement which Steinberger may have made with Samoa as without authority. In 1876 Steinberger's government fell into difficulties with the foreign Governments at Apia, particularly that of England, and he was deported in the English gunboat Barracouta — Capt. Stevens commanding — in an arbitrary and illegal manner. Capt. Stevens resigned his commission after an investigation into his conduct. The government of Steinberger was the best the Samoans had ever had. It collapsed after his deportation. In 1877 the chiefs of all Samoa sent Mamea as ambassador ito the United States to conclude a treaty, hoping at least to obtain the pro- tection of the United States. He was unsuccessful in this particular object, as the people of the United States were not ready to assume such serious obligations. In January, 1878, Mamea concluded a treaty of friendship and commerce at Washington, the first treaty ever entered into by Samoa, and which contained formal definition of the relations of the United States to the Samoan Group : Naval vessels of the United States shall have the privilege of entering and using the port of Pago Pago and establishing therein and on the shores thereof a station for-coal and other naval supplies for their naval and commercial marine, and the Samoan Government will hereafter neither exercise nor authorize any jurisdiction within said port adverse to such rights of the United States or restrictive thereof. The fifth article provided that should any difference arise between Samoa and another Government at peace with the United States, "the Government of the latter will employ its good offices for the purpose of adjusting those differences upon a satisfactory and solid foundation." The United States here made the first departure from its policy of avoiding entanglements with foreign Governments, which entangle- ments, as a matter of fact, came very quickly. The treaty was rati- fied by both the United States and Samoa during the year 1878. In 1879 treaties were concluded between Germany and Samoa and between England and Samoa, by which Germany was granted a coaling station at Saluafata, Upolu, and England was granted one at a place to be later determined. The treaties were otherwise much similar to the one concluded by the United States. In 1885 Dr. Stuebul, the German consul general, took possession of all the land within the municipality of Apia, in the name of his Government, which action was the cause of much disorder. In con- formity with our treaty with Samoa, "to employ its good offices," proposals were made to Germany and England for them to authorize their diplomatic representatives in Washington to consult with the Secretary of State with a view to the establishment of order. A con- ference was held at Washington in June and July, 1887, which was adjourned in July until autumn in order to allow the foreign ministers to consult with their home Governments, it being under- stood that in the meantime the status quo would be preserved. Almost immediately after the adjournment the German Government, through its representatives in Samoa, declared war on the Samoan King, Malietoa, who was dethroned and deported ; Tamasese was de- 8 AMERICAN SAMOA. clarecl to be King, with Brandeis, a German, as adviser. This action of Germany," declared to be a lack of consideration of the United States, aroused adverse feeling in our country. In September, 1888, many of tlie Samoan people revolted against Tamasese and chose Mataafa- as King, and a war ensued. The Ger- mans in Samoa deported Tamasese. The feeling in the United States against Germany was accentuated. Five hundred thousand dollars were appropriated by Congress for the protection of the interests of the United States. The American squadron in Samoa was re- enforced. On March 15, 1889, there were gathered in the harbor of Apia the American ships Trenton (the flagship of Bear Admiral Kimberly), Vandcitia, and Nipsic; the British ship Calliope; the German ships Adler, Eber, and Olga. A hurricane developed on that day, and by the evening of March 16 only one of those seven vessels remained afloat — the Calliope, which by her superior power and by magnificent seamanship was enabled to put to sea in the face of the hurricane. The frightful disaster did much to bring about a settlement of Samoan affairs. On June 14, 1889, the Berlin general act was concluded, and was later agreed to by Samoa. This act, after declaring the independence and neutrality of the Samoan Islands, and stipulating for the pro- visional recognition of Malietoa Laupepa as King, provided for the establishment of a government. The principal feature of the Gov- ernment was a supreme court, the chief justice to be appointed by the three powers, or, failing agreement, by the King of Norway and Sweden. A municipal government for Apia was provided, and also a land commission, to settle the very troublesome questions of titles to lands. From the Samoan standpoint the new Government Avas not a suc- cess from the start, caused in some degree by the dilatory methods of the first chief justice. The strained relations between the German residents and the British and American residents of Upolu continued. The Mataafa party was never reconciled to the recognition of Malietoa Laupepa as King. War broke out in 1893, Mataafa rebelling against the authority of King Malietoa, and many lives were sacrificed. Mataafa,' with 12 chiefs, was deported to the German Island of Jaluit, the three powers concurring and sharing in the expense of maintenance. The Mataafa followers still maintained an organiza- tion, however, and were ready to rebel again when opportunity offered. In 1898 King Malietoa died. By agreement among the powers, made before the death of Malietoa, Mataafa was brought back to Samoa very shortly after Malietoa's death occurred, he having signed an agreement to abide by the law of Samoa and not to engage in hos- tilities against the Government. The Berlin general act had made provision that the successor to the King should be selected by the Samoans according to their customs, and, failing a selection, that the chief justice of Samoa should decide as to which claimant should be King, this decision to be final. The method of selecting a King was not set forth. The Samoans could not come to any agreement as to the successor of Malietoa; there was no provision in Samoan customs that the majority should rule. The followers of Malietoa Tanu and of Mataafa, the rival claimant, were armed and ready for war. AMERICAN SAMOA.„ 9 After some months of this uncertainty, the decision was referred to the chief justice, who decided in favor of Malietoa Tanu. Mataafa proclaimed himself King, and opened hostilities, abetted more or less openly by the Germans, who refused to recognize Malietoa. Mataafa gained the ascendancy and the consuls of the three powers recognized a temporary provisional government under Mataafa. This step was taken by the consuls to avoid further bloodshed. The United States flagship Philadelphia, Rear Admiral Albert Kautz in command, arrived in Apia in March, 1899. At a conference between officers commanding the naval vessels of the three powers and the consuls it was decided that Mataafa must withdraw from Apia and cease hostilities, and that Malietoa Tanu was legally the King. The German consul general and the officer commanding the German cruiser Falke dissented, and openly opposed by proclamation the orders issued by Admiral Kautz. In the hostilities which ensued Mataafa's forces and villages were shelled by the American and British men-of-war. On April 1, 1899, a force of marines and sailors from those vessels was ambushed near Apia while attempting to destroy some native villages, and two American officers, one British officer, two American sailors, and one British sailor were killed and five men were wounded. Other casualties among the combined forces took place, sentinels being killed by the natives. When this news reached home the three powers decided to send a commission of three men, one from each power, to Samoa to take over the Government temporarily and restore peace. The American commissioner was Mr. Bartlett Tripp. The commission arrived in Apia on May 13, 1899, and immediately set about restoring order. The hostile Samoan armies laid down their arms, the commission agreeing to purchase all guns turned in. Both Malietoa Tanu and Mataafa agreed to abide by the decisions of the commission. At the request of the commission Malietoa resigned the kingship, and it was decided that there should be no King until the powers made some further agreement. A successful provisional government was formed and peace was restored. The three powers then decided that the only way to govern the Samoan Islands was to divide them among the powers — England, Germany, and the United States. England and Germany made a separate agreement, by which England surrendered her claim to one of the islands upon Germany's surrendering to England certain islands in the Solomon group. A convention was made between Germany, the United States, and Great Britain, and was ratified by the Senate February 13, 1900. It provides as follows : Article I. The general act concluded and signed by the aforesaid powers at Berlin on the 14th day of June, A. D 1889, and all previous treaties, conventions, and agreements relating to Samoa are annulled. Art. II. Germany renounces in favor of the United States of America all her rights and claims over and in respect to the island of Tutuila and all other islands of the Samoan group east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich. Great Britain in like manner renounces in favor of the United States of America all her rights and claims over and in respect to the island of Tutuila and all other islands of the Samoan group east of longitude 171° west of Green- wich. Reciprocals, the United States of America renounce in favor of Germany all their rights and claims over and in respect to the islands of Upolu and Savaii 57250—22 2 10 AMERICAN SAMOA. and all other islands of the Samoan group west of longitude 171° west of Green- wich. Art. III. It is understood and agreed that each of the three signatory powers shall continue to enjoy, in respect to the'.r commerce and commercial vessels, in all the islands of the Samoan group privileges and conditions equal to ' those enjoyed by the sovereign power, in all ports which may be open to the commerce of either of them. Abt. IV. The present convention shall be ratified as soon as possible, and shall come into force immediately after the exchange of ratifications. On February 19, 1900, an Executive order was signed by the President, reading as follows: The island of Tutuila, of the Samoan group, and all other islands of the group east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, are hereby placed under the control of the Department of the Navy for a naval station. The Secretary of the Navy shall take such steps as are necessary to establish the authority of the United States and to give to the islands the necessary protection. The Secretary of the Navy, on the same date, issued an order as follows : The island of Tutuila, of the Samoan group, and all other islands of the group east of longitude 171° west of Greenwich, are hereby established into a naval station, to be known as the Naval Station, Tutuila, and to be under the command of a commandant. POLITICAL STATUS. B. F. Tilley, commander, United States Navy, was the first com- mandant. His orders contained the following clause : While your position as commandant will invest you with authority over the islands in the group embraced within the limits of the station, you will at all times exercise care to conciliate and cultivate friendly relations with the natives. This same clause occurs in the orders of the successive commandants to the present 'day. Beginning with 1905, the commandant, upon nomination by the Secretary of the Navy, has been given by the President of the United States a commission as governor, and his authority in civil matters is derived therefrom. The islands have been known officially as " Naval Station, Tutuila," but the Navy Department has now adopted the name "American Samoa," by which name they are now called. The first commandant drew up a form of government by " Regu- lations." Regulation No. 5, of May 1, 1900, is "A declaration con- cerning the form of government for the United States Naval Station, Tutuila." This regulation describes the form of government and judicial administration and is still in force with amendments. The Navy Department does not give its approval of the regulations issued by the governor. It will be noticed that although England and Germany renounced all claim to the islands of American Samoa, the United States did not necessarily thereby acquire sovereignty over those islands, for their independence had hitherto been recongized by the three powers. However, on April 17, 1900, the chiefs of Tutuila made a formal cession of their island to the United States, arid on July 15, 1904, the chiefs of Manua recognized the authority of the United States over AMEKICAN SAMOA. 11 their islands. These cessions were never acted upon by Congress, but they were accepted by the President, letters and presents be bur sent in acknowledgment. In 1903 full information as to the conditions in American Samoa was furnished to Congress, but that body failed to legislate for the islands and has never defined their political status. By decisions of the various departments rendered from time to time the following points as to the status of American Samoa are established : It is not foreign but domestic territory. Customs duties may be collected in the United States on goods shipped from American Samoa unless tliey are certified to be products of the islands or goods on which duty has been collected in those islands. The same customs duties may be collected on importations from the United States as on importations from other countries, in conformity with the con- vention, Article III. Samoans are not " citizens of the United States," but owe allegiance to the flag. A'essels owned by Samoans are not entitled to registry but are entitled to fly the flag. " Neither the Constitution nor the laws of the United States lave been ex- tended to them, and the only administrative authority existing in them is that derived mediately or immediately from the' President as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States." (Opinions of the Attorney General, vol. 25.) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. All of the Samoan Islands are of volcanic formation, having been probably thrown up from the ocean bed by some mighty convulsion of nature. All are mountainous. The Island of Tutuila, of irregular shape, is about 18 miles long and from 5 to 6 miles wide in the widest part. It is estimated that it contains 40.2 square miles of land. A mountain ridge extends nearly the whole length of the island, with spurs on each side, and with indentations of deep valleys. The aspect is extremely rugged, but more so in the eastern than in the western part. There is very little level land except at the foot of the mountains along the coast, and with the exception of a broad fertile plain in the southwestern j>art of the island. On this plain are several villages of importance and extensive cultivations of coconut trees. The north side is bold and precipitous, with a few level spaces here and there, barely large enough to support a village. The mountains are wooded to the top, the whole island being a mass of tropical vegetation, extremely beautiful to the eye of the traveler. Pago Pago Bay, the safest and best harbor in the South Seas, has its entrance to the southward and nearly cuts the island in twain. It is formed in the crater of an immense volcano, the south side broken away and open to the sea. About a mile from the harbor mouth it turns sharply to the westward, giving the harbor the appearance of. the foot of a stocking, with the United States naval station situated on the instep, facing north and entirely sheltered from seaward. The sea can not be seen from ships at anchor inside the harbor, the ships lying quietly in smooth water during the heaviest gales. High mountains encompass the harbor, villages nestling comfortably on the narrow strip of level land along the shore. Pago Pago, the most 12 AMERICAN SAMOA. important village of the island, is at the extreme toe of the stocking, to follow the simile. Fagatogo lies behind the naval station. Aua, Lepua, and other small villages are on the north shore. The harbor is well buoyed and lighted and may be safely entered by the largest vessels by night or day. Other harbors of importance, with villages of the same names, are Leone and Fagaitua on the south side and Fagasa and Masefau on the north side; but, with the exception of Leone, these harbors are of little value. In the center of the island of Tutuila rises Matafao Peak, 2,141 feet in height — sharp, narrow, and symmetrical. Mount Alava, 1,608 feet, and Mount Pioa, 1,717 feet in height, mark the mountain chain to the northward and eastward of Pago Pago Bay. Mount Tuaolo (or Olotele), 1,639 feet, is the highest mountain of the western part of the island. Tau. of the Manua Group, 60 miles east of Tutuila, 14 square miles in area, is cone shaped, the center being about 2,000 feet in height. Its southern and eastern coasts rise abruptly from the sea. The principal villages, Luma and Suifaga. are on the west coast, on ah open roadstead. Near by is the village of Faleasao, on a small bay, giving an excellent anchorage during the southeast trade winds. Olosega is approximately 3i miles from Tau, to the westward. There are two small villages on this island. Ofu is separated from Olosega by a narrow passage, easily forded. It also has two villages. Both of these islands are rugged and mountainous, but there is enough land to support the small population. The combined area of the two islands is 3.7 square miles. CLIMATE. The climate is tropical. The southeast winds blow strongly from May until November ; during the other months of the year the winds are variable, frequently from the west and northwest. Severe gales and occasional hurricanes have been experienced. In March, 1889, when the ships of the United States, Great Britain, and Germany were gathered in the harbor at Apia, six of the seven vessels were driven on the reef by a violent whirlwind, where they met complete destruction, entailing a great loss of life. In January, 1915, the islands of the Manua Group were visited by the severest storm in their history. The loss of life was small, but there was great destruction of property. The churches, schoolhouses, stores, and most of the huts of the natives were blown down. The greater part of the coconut and breadfruit trees and banana and taro plants were destroyed. Food became very scarce, and Congress appropriated $10,000 and the Eed Cross Society $2,000 for the relief of the people of these islands. In addition to this, the natives of .Tutuila gave large quantities of taro and other foodstuffs. About half of the people of Manua were brought to Tutuila in order to re- lieve the situation. The rainy season extends from December to March. February shows the greatest, average rainfall, 24.1 inches ; August the least, 7.8 inches. The average ye'arly rainfall for 20 years in Pago Pago has been 195.5 inches. The year 1908 shows the greatest rainfall, 284.4 inches, and the year 1905 the least, 130.05 inches. The temperature is AMEEIC'AN SAMOA. 13 highest during the summer months, December to February; coolest during the winter months, June to August. December shows the highest average temperature for 20 years, 82.4° F., and June the lowest average temperature, 79.7°. The highest temperature is about 88° and the lowest is about 68°. See Appendix H and Appendix I for detailed data on temperature and rainfall. In the harbor of Pago Pago there is much rain. Mount Peoa the eastern side of the bay being called the " Rainmaker " from its habit of precipitating the moisture out of every passing cloud. This climate, where there is so little variation of temperature from day to day, together with the limited diversions, affects people from temperate zones according to their temperamental adaptability to tropical conditions. Those persons who abstain from overindulgence in intoxicants, and who do not attempt too great physical or mental activities during the middle of the clay, can remain here for many years with little or no harmful effects. Others, who attempt the same strenuous methods of living to which they were accustomed in colder climates, soon complain of increasing irritability and forgetfulness, with more or less physical breakdown. Such persons are likely to find a return to a temperate climate advisable after about two years. GOVERNMENT. The seat of government is at the naval station in Pago Pago Bay. The governor is at the head of the government. He is also the com- mandant of the naval station and commands the station ship. The secretary of native affairs, an executive official, has cognizance of all native affairs and native officials, acting under the direction of the gov- ernor. The position of chief customs officer is held by a naval officer, so appointed by the governor. The public works officer of the naval station acts in the same capacity in the island government, and as such is superintendent of roads. The captain of the yard, or executive officer of the naval station, is sheriff and responsible for the public safety. The island treasurer is a naval supply officer, who also acts as general storekeeper of the naval station. The public health officer is the senior medical officer, who, in addition to his naval duties, has direct charge of the Samoan Hospital and outlying dispensaries and is responsible for quarantine regulations and the sanitary conditions of the islands. The navy chaplain is superintendent of education for the island government. American Samoa is divided into three general administrative divisions — Eastern District of Tutuila, Wastern District of Tutuila, and Manua District — these corresponding to the Samoan political divisions which have existed from early days. Each district is administered by a native district governor appointed by the governor, The districts are divided into counties, each administered by a county chief. These are also very ancient political divisions, each ruled by one high chief. The county chiefs are appointed by the governor, but the selection is limited, as the office is usually given to the chief whose name entitles him to it by Samoan custom — an hereditary position which is held during good behavior. District governors are chosen from the rank of county chiefs. Each village is controlled by a village chief, " pulenuu," elected annually- and appointed by the governor if the selection is approved. 14 AMERICAN SAMOA. The village councils are composed of the " matais " (heads of fami- lies) in each village, and each is presided over by the village chief, except on occasions of the election of the village chief when the vil- lage magistrate presides. The suffrage is restricted to the " matais," in accordance with the Samoan custom, whereby the family, not the individual; is the unit of society. The district governor, county chiefs, and village chiefs have each a policeman, who acts as messenger and assists in keeping order. Laws are enacted by the governor. The annual fono (general meeting) is held the latter part of each year, to which all parts of the islands send delegates. The people are notified in advance and have preliminary district meetings in which are discussed matters to be presented at the annual fono and in which petitions are prepared. At the fono matters of general interest are discussed, new laws or changes in existing laws are recom- mended, and information is asked and given regarding all matters connected with the administration of the government. A monthly newspaper, " O le Fa'atonu," is the government gazette, containing all new regulations and instructions, together with information of local interest. LAWS. The codification of the laws, regulations, and orders for the gov- ernment of American Samoa were carefully revised by Albert M. Noble, judge of the high and district courts, by order of and under the supervision of Capt. Waldo Evans, United States Navy, governor, early in 1921 and printed in book form in both the English and Samoan languages. This is the first bound edition ever given to the Samoans in their native tongue. The organic law of American Samoa is regulation No. 5 of 1900, "A declaration concerning the form of government for the United States naval station, Tutuila." This provides that the laws of the United States be in force unless expressly modified ; that the Samoan customs, not in conflict with the law, shall be preserved; that the Samoans shall retain their village, county, and district councils who meet to recommend laws, and who are charged with the cleanliness of the villages, counties, and districts, the planting of lands, the making of roads, and matters of local interest. Political divisions are established and administrative native officials are provided for as described in the preceding section. The judicial power is vested in a high court, district courts, and village courts, and the jurisdiction of each is defined. The office of secretary of native affairs is established and his duties defined. This organic law has been found to be generally satisfactory and has been subject to but slight amendment. Some of the other laws as passed from time to time are as follows : Customs regulations provide for specific duties on spirits, tobacco, jewelry, etc., and an ad valorem duty of 15 per cent on general merchandise. The free list comprises fresh meats, vegetables, fruit, live animals, and printed matter. A tabulated list of customs duties will be found in Appendix A. AMERICAN SAMOA. 15 Pago Pago is made the only port of call or entry in American Samoa. All incoming freight must be delivered to the customs department, which receives the freight in the customs warehouse and delivers it to the consignees. A small handling fee is charged. The importation and manufacture of intoxicating liquors is pro- hibited. The importation of firearms or ammunition by anyone is pro- hibited unless a special license is granted by the governor. Natives are allowed only shotguns for sporting purposes, the number allowed in each village being in proportion to the population. Licenses are collected semiannually from persons engaged in the various occupations, and also from stores and warehouses. Most of the persons who pay licenses do not pay taxes. Taxes are assessed by the governor on the loth of November for the following year. The procedure for apportioning and col- lecting the taxes is also provided for. All vessels departing from American Samoa bound to the United States or any insular possession shall declare a manifest at the cus- tomhouse of cargo taken on in American Samoa. The importation of opium is forbidden; likewise the importation of all drugs and patent medicines, unless specifically approved by the health officer. Dogs shall be registered and wear a license tag. The fees are: Males, $1 per year; females,. $2 per year. Stallions and bulls for breeding purposes must be registered and licensed. No animals except domestic animals shall be imported without special permission, and a certificate must accompany such animals from the port of departure showing that the animals have no dis- ease, and that no contagious or infectious disease exists among the animals of that class in the country whence shipped. Passengers without visible means of support shall not be landed. Persons desiring to remain in American Samoa shall deposit $100 with the customs officer, to be returned upon the departure of the passenger or after a residence of one year. It is prohibited for the master of any vessel to discharge any member of his crew unless ar- rangements are made for maintenance and removal. The alienation of native land is prohibited. Foreigners may lease land for a period not exceeding 40 years. The lease must be approved by the governor. The marriage laws provide for publication of notice of intention to marry for a period of two weeks. Foreigners must obtain a certifi- cate from the governor that they are free to marry according to the laws of the land. Licenses to marry are issued by district judges. Marriages may be performed by clergymen or district judges and must be recorded in the marriage register ; the fees to be charged are fixed by law. The divorce laAvs provide the following grounds for divorce : Adul- tery, previous existing marriage, habitual cruelty, desertion for one year or upward, and sentence to imprisonment for 10 years or more. The court has no jurisdiction unless the applicant has been a resident for at least one year. Hearings are held in the district courts, and the proceedings are sent to the high court for decisions. 16 AMEKICAN SAMOA. The Sunday law prohibits working or doing business on Sunday, with necessary exceptions, and also prohibits the disturbance of re- ligious services. Religious freedom is provided for. No person shall be anywise molested, punished, disquieted, or called into question for any dif- ference of opinion or belief in matters of religion. Gambling and lotteries are prohibited. The important criminal offenses are defined and punishments estab- lished. Compulsory vaccination is provided for. The registration of births, deaths, and marriages, the adoption of children and the registration of a "matai" name, all are made com- pulsory. The law of eminent domain provides for the condemnation and acquisition of private land for the use of the United States Govern- ment. A permit to build must be secured before erecting any building of foreign construction. Natives may not enter into contracts for more than $25 or con- tracts to labor for a period exceeding one month unless the contract be in writing approved by the governor. The position of registrar of titles is provided for and instruments must be filed for registration. The currency of the United States is the only legal tender. Gov- ernment checks and copra receipts are negotiable, and discounting them is forbidden. The rate of interest where not specified in a contract is 6 per cent per annum. Where the interest is specified in a contract, the limit is 8 per cent per annum. The game law prohibits the shooting of pigeons and doves between March 1 and August 30 of each year. The road law provides that natives shall construct and maintain roads in good condition. Each county is made responsible for the roads within its limits. The civil government pays half the cost of constructing new roads and builds and maintains bridges. The educational -law provides for the compulsory education of children who have not completed the fourth grade. LAND TITLES— LEASEHOLDS. There are no public lands in American Samoa. When the Ameri- can flag was raised, there were no Crown lands in these islands, and all of the land was owned by individual proprietors. The land re- quired by the United States Government for its naval station, about 40 acres, was acquired by purchase or by condemnation proceedings, where full compensation was given.- Nearly all the land is owned by natives, but a few small tracts are owned by foreigners, the titles having been established before the land commission during the Gov- ernment under the Berlin general act, between 1890 and 1899. There is no opportunity for Americans to become planters in these islands, because of the small amount of arable lands. There is but one white planter in American Samoa at present, Mr. E. W. Gurr. His plan- tation is a freehold in a valley on the north side of the island. He AMEBIC AN SAMOA. 17 has planted coconut trees, rubber, cacao, and a small amount of coffee. The Mormon mission holds 360 acres of land in the western district under a lease of 40 years, acquired in 1902, and it has expended con- siderable sums of money in clearing and planting the land with coconuts and stocking it with cattle. SOIL AND ITS PRODUCTS. The soil is a rich mold upon the slopes and even upon the precipi- tous mountain sides, while the valleys and level tracts are a deep alluvial deposit of the same, the whole a decomposition of vegetable matter, with only a slight proportion of decomposed lava. This being impregnated with iron makes a vigorous tillable loam. So rapid is the growth and decay of vegetable matter, and so long has it been accumulating, that the interstices of broken lava upon abrupt declivities are "filled with soil which is again protected from heavy washes by trees and shrubbery. Lava beds descend to the sea in many places, with black and for- bidding faces. The "iron-bound coast" extends for several miles east of Leone Bay, the edge of a great lava bed, against which the sea roars unceasingly. The sea has cut tunnels in the lava, breaking through the crust many yards inland ; the air compressed within the • tunnels or chambers by the surges of the sea forces the imprisoned water high into the air through these inland "blowholes" with a geyserlike effect. On a stormy day the sight is a magnificent one. The hills and valleys are rocky, but the volcanic rock is still dis- integrating. Many landslides occur during the wet season from this cause. A list of the trees of Samoa, prepared from the report of Col. A. B. Steinberger, W. E. Safford's " Useful Plants of Guam," and notes of residents of Tutuila, and which list is believed to be substantially correct, though incomplete, is appended, marked " Appendix B." Nearly all tropical plants which have been tried in Samoa are found to flourish. In clearing land for plantations the trees are left on the ground as they fall, and in from three to five years have decomposed and dis- appeared. The whole surface of the islands has been heavily wooded, but the clearing of land is progressing slowly. The dense forests have some valuable timber, but most of the wood is unsuitable for building purposes, rotting quickly when cut and dressed. The hard wood is used by the natives in building their houses. There are no sawmills, and no attempt has been made to market the timber, which is not abundant enough to make it worth the labor of getting it to the coast. Samoan fruits comprise the orange, lemon, lime, citron, mango,, alligator pear or avocado, vi, papaya, pineapple, nonufiafia, banana, and a few other tropical fruits. Citrous fruits are subject to scale. Lemons are of a poor quality, large, thick skinned, spongy, and with little juice. There is no outside market for fruit. Some of these fruit trees are described in Appendix B. The Samoan vegetables are chiefly the breadfruit, taro, and yam. Bananas are used as a vegetable. There are practically no other vegetables in common use. The breadfruit is described in Appen- 57250—22 3 18 AMERICAN SAMOA. dix B. The taro (C alodium Colocasia) is common to tropical coun- tries. It is a succulent plant with edible, starchy, tuberous root- stock. The leaves are large and heart-shaped. The plant is culti- vated, but requires little care. There are several varieties, one variety growing best in wet places and another variety growing best on newly cleared land and on the hillsides. When the taro is mature it is dug ; the tops of the rootstocks are cut off and at once replanted ; they take root and mature in less than a year. Taro is cooked in many ways, usually roasted or boiled, but is never made into " poi," as in Hawaii. It has a high percentage of carbohydrates, of which starch is the most important, and a low percentage of fat, protein, and crude fiber. It furnishes an abundance of nutritious food, which alternates with breadfruit in the diet of the Samoan. Europeans soon cultivate a taste for taro. The yam (Dioscorea) (Samoan, " ufi ") is another tuber very com- mon in the Tropics. There are many varieties in Samoa, each with a distinctive name. The yam grows to a much larger size than the taro. It is more difficult to cultivate ; therefore it is not grown nearly so extensively as is taro, although the soil is suitable for its growth, and it is well liked by the natives. In planting the yam, the earth must be loosened to a considerable extent around the roots, and a heap of . earth made for each plant, whereas, in planting the taro, the native pulls up a few weeds, makes a hole in the ground with a stick, inserts the tops cut from the taro root, and nothing more is done until the taro is ripe and is pulled up or dug from the earth. Bananas are of many varieties and are extensively cultivated, each family having its banana plantation for its own use. Many vegetables of the temperate zone thrive in Samoa, but there are no truck gardeners in Tutuila. The following vegetables have been grown with success : Tomatoes, lettuce, radishes, beets, carrots, cucumbers, parsley, sweet corn, eggplant, onions, beans, watermelon, and sweet potatoes. Arrowroot ("masoa") is indigenous, but is seldom cultivated. It is used in puddings or fancy dishes. Kava {Piper Methisticum) (Samoan, "ava") is a shrub grown extensively throughout Samoa for its root, from which the national beverage of the same name is made. The drink is an emulsion of the powdered kava root and water, prepared and served with great ceremony. It is not an intoxicant and has no injurious effects unless drunk in large quantities. Kava is used in Germany and America in the manufacture of certain medicines. Sugar cane is grown to some extent, principally for the leaves, which are used for the thatch of the native houses. A parasite has recently been found in the sugar cane which has done much damage. It is not likely that the cane will ever be grown here for export in the form of sugar. Coffee has been grown in small quantities with success, but none has been placed on sale. Tobacco is grown by natives for native consumption. It is a strong variety and thrives well. The natives roll cigarettes from it in pieces of dried banana leaf. From the pandanus are made several kinds of floor mats and sleeping mats. AMEBICAN SAMOA. 19 The most important product of the soil of Samoa is the coconut ("niu"). This tree gives meat, drink, and shelter to the Samoans. It grows anywhere it is planted — in the sand on the coast where the roots are laved by the sea; on plateaus, on the slopes, and even on the mountain ridges, where it stands out like a sentinel against the sky. The trees begins to bear nuts when about 5 years of age and are mature at T years. The trees grow to be very tall and are very strong. The roots form a dense network extending many yards from the trees, enabling them to withstand the heavy trade winds. From the husk of the coconut (coir) the men plait sennit, with which they bind together the .parts of canoes and all parts of the framework of the houses without the use of nails. The shell is used for drinking cups and for fuel. The leaves are used to make rough baskets, rough mats, and to place on the thatches of the houses to hold them down in windy weather, and when dry the leaves are used as torches. From the midrib of the leaves crude brooms are made. The wood of the trunk is too perishable to be of any great value, but it is used rough hewn for rafters in the native houses, and whole sections of the trunk are sometimes used for rustic bridges over streams. The water of the green nuts is used for drink, and in some villages where there are no springs it is their only beverage. It is slightly sweet, delicate, and wholesome. The nut is first husked on a sharp stake and a circular piece of the shell is cracked off with a knife or a stone. On the hottest days the water within the nut is found to be cool and is a very refreshing drink. The kernel of the coconut, adhering to the inside of the shell, is frequently eaten raw, but is chiefly eaten in a cooked state; the nut is grated and the " milk " is expressed by inclosing the shredded meat of the nut in a fibrous skein and wringing the same in the manner clothes are wrung by hand after washing. This milk coagulates on heating. It is cooked with taro, bananas, and breadfruit, and makes a rich soup, having a very pleasant savor. The raw "milk" as expressed from the grated pulp of the nut is used with coffee as a cream, and a good cheese has been made from it. COPRA. The chief usefulness of the coconut is the copra produced from it. Copra is the dried kernel of the ripe coconut. It is the principal — in fact the only— export from American Samoa. It is shipped to foreign countries, where oil is expressed from it. This oil is in great demand in the manufacture of coconut butters of various kinds, soaps, salad oil, and for other purposes. The principal markets for South Sea copra are San Francisco, Sydney, London, Hamburg, and Marseilles. The copra of American Samoa is sun dried and of excellent quality. Since the raising of the American flag the Government has encour- aged the natives to plant more coconuts, to dry their copra thor- oughly, and to bring in only the best quality of copra, cut from ripe nuts, and excellent results have followed. The quantity of copra produced varies according to local condi- tions. The maximum amount ever exported was in 1912, when 1,526 long tons were shipped. .. e ... , The highest contract price ever received was $155.80 per ton in 1920. 20 AMERICAN SAMOA. Copra is the only product exported and one of the important gov- ernmental functions is handling of the copra for the natives. From the establishment of the government, until the present year, the native taxes have been assessed in copfa, which -the government has marketed. At first the natives delivered to the government only a sufficient quantity of. copra to pay their taxes, the remainder of their crop being sold by the natives to traders. In 1903 some of the natives had their surplus copra marketed by the government, and at the " fono " (general meeting) of that year a request was made by the natives that the government handle, all the copra of the islands, and since 1904 no copra has been sold by natives to traders. The question as to whether the government shall continue to handle the copra is discussed every year, and resolutions have been made annually that it is the wish of the people that the government con- tinue to handle it. Blank proposals, which are sent to copra buyers in all parts of the world, are opened in January. The contract be- ing awarded to the highest bidder, if approved by the governor, covers the product of all plantations of Tutuila and the Manua group for the calendar year. After estimating the expense of handling and of possible shrinkage of the copra, the price is fixed to be paid to the producers for copra delivered to the various copra sheds. At the close of the season the surplus of money received from the contractor over that paid to the producers for copra is divided pro rata among them. For example, in the year 1920 the contract price of the copra, paid by the South Seas Pacific Co. was $156.80 per ton of 2,240 pounds, or 7 cents per pound. The producers were paid the uniform price of 6 cents per pound upon delivery at the copra sheds. At the close of the season the shrinkage and expenses were ascertained, and the surplus was ap- portioned. The shrinkage is calculated for each district separately, and varies from about 5 to 8 per cent of the copra delivered. The shrink- age is caused principally by evaporation of the moisture in the copra, but partly by loss in handling. The secretary of native affairs handles all the details of the copra business. Appendix C is a statement -of the copra sold since 1901, with amounts obtained. Appendix D is a statement of surplus copra from 1907 to 1920, inclusive.' FAUNA. The Samoan live stock consists of cattle, horses, and pigs. Cattle thrive well and are of great value on coconut plantations in keeping down the growth of weeds and grass. The number of cattle and of horses is constantly increasing, although the number is still small. An attempt to improve the breeds is being made, cattle, horses, and pigs being imported for breeding purposes. The natives raise a great many pigs, which are in great demand when feasts are given. A good-sized pig is worth about $50 at such time. Only recently have the natives begun to like fresh beef as a food, although corned beef has long been a favorite delicacy. There are a few donkeys on the Mormon school plantation, and they are well adapted to the rough work required of them. No sheep are found here, as the natives will not eat mutton. AMERICAN SAMOA. 21 Many fowls are found running at large in the villages, but they do not thrive well when kept in captivity. Domestic animals are represented by dogs and cats, there being no scarcity of either class. There are many birds in the forests, some of very beautiful plum- age ; some of them are song birds. The most important bird in the estimation of the Samoan is the lupe or wild pigeon, of which there are several varieties. These pigeons are practically the only game hird of the group, and the game law protects them during the season of breeding. Among the Samoan birds may be mentioned the bat, flying fox, wimbrel, heron, frigate bird, and the tropic or boatswain bird. There are no snakes in Tutuila. In the Manua group nonpoison- ous species are found. Centipedes are found here, and people are frequently bitten by them. There are numerous lizards. The most pestiferous insects are the flies and mosquitoes. Efforts are being made to abate these nuisances, but it is difficult to arouse the interest of the natives. The village chiefs are required to make periodical inspection of the breeding places of mosquitoes and flies and to insist on cleanliness in and around the houses and the villages. The white ant causes some serious losses by its ravages in wooden structures and even in furniture. It is said there are over 600 different varieties of fish found in Samoan waters, some of which are edible and some poisonous. Dr. David Starr Jordan, of Stanford University, California, visited Samoa in 1902 and made a report on fishes in Samoa, which has been published in a large volume, with numerous plates. Edible! fish are not plentiful, and the natives do not engage in fishing as a commercial pursuit. Crabs and crayfish are found on the reefs, the village of Nuuuli being noted for the number of these crustaceans caught in the vicinity. Palolo is a remarkable species of marine worm which has its home in the coral barrier reef and which comes to the surface of the water on the night of the last quarter of the moon in October. If the last quarter of the moon is early in October the palolo does .not come until the last quarter of the November moon. The natives know when to expect the palolo and know where to find it; they consider it a great delicacy. INDUSTRIES. There are no factories here of any kind. The natives dry their copra by the primitive but satisfactory method of spreading it on mats in the sun. There are a few boat builders ; they use no power machinery. There are no waterfalls capable of furnishing power, although one or two are probably large enough to drive generators for furnishing electric light. The native women manufacture floor mats and sleeping mats from the leaves of the pandanus, but the mats are for home use only and not for sale. The " fine mat " (i. e., toga) is woven from the " lau ie," probably a species of pandanus. The leaves of the plant of two years' 22 AMEKICAN SAMOA. growth are gathered into bundles, dried in the sun, scraped well, and split by means of mussel shells. The fineness of the thread depends upon the skill of the operator. Women often work together to make a number of fine mats for some special occasion. The finished mat is soft, finely woven cream colored, with the red feathers of the " sega " bird often worked into a fringe on one edge. The new ones vary in price from $5 to $20, but the old ones with family traditions con- nected with them are valued sometimes as high as $200. In former days the wealth of a family was reckoned in fine mats. On the cele- bration of births, marriages, deaths, Samoan apologies, or other im- portant functions, many fine mats are given by one of the parties and a very careful account is kept of such presents. The importance of a family is shown by the number of fine mats given or received on one of these occasions. The fine mat was formerly worn as a lava- lava or skirt on occasions of ceremony. Tapa cloth or " siapo," the dress of the natives in olden days is made from the inside bark of the paper mulberry, " ua," cultivated extensively. The bark is beaten with a mallet while wet. The thin pieces are bleached and dried and are then joined together with a paste made of arrowroot. The smooth cloth is then painted, gener- ally in shades of brown, with various designs. It is still used for curtains, screens, table covers, or for clothing on important occasions. A small piece of tapa may be bought for $1, the price increasing with the size and quality. Kava bowls are made by hand, usually from the wood of the " ifi lele," a fine, hard redwood. They measure 18 inches to 3 feet in diameter, are nearly always circular in shape, are carved from a single block of wood, and show from 4 to 40 legs on periphery of the bowl. They take a fine polish from the kava which is made in them and are prized highly. Coconut shells are polished and carved for use as drinking cups, particularly with kava. Fanciful war clubs, fans, baskets, hats, and necklaces of shells and beads are made to sell to tourists. The native houses are very skillfully made by native house car- penters. The framing is all lashed together with sennit and the thatch is lashed to the roof in the same manner. These houses are clean, cool, and water-tight. The floor is made of small pieces of coral which have been worn smooth on the beach. When visitors ap- pear mats are unrolled and cover nearly all the floor. The houses are either round or elliptical, according to taste. Curtains, called " pola," are arranged to let down in sections around the sides for protection against wind or rain. The roof is heavily thatched, with the leaves of the sugar cane, the house looking like a gigantic mushroom. Canoe making, like house building, is confined to a select few who show great skill in their trade. The large canoes are not dugouts but are made in sections, the pieces lashed together with sennit ; the joints are so neatly fitted that no water can. enter. A very small canoe, known as the " paopao," is a dugout, made from the trunk of a tree of light wood. PEOPLE. Mr. William Churchill, in his book, The Polynesian Wanderings, shows by the linguistic method that the Samoans originally came from Indonesia. Leaving India they journeyed eastward through AMERICAN SAMOA. 23 the Malay Archipelago, occupying perhaps generations in their jour- neys from island to island. At the time of their passage, the Malays, who are Mongolian, had not come into those islands. One swarm of people came around the north side of New Guinea, entered the Pacific, and at last reached Samoa; another swarm was driven by the ad- vancing Malays to the south of New Guinea, and came to Fiji, whence they resumed relations with other Polynesian tribes. They all avoided the islands of Melanesia, inhabited by black people (New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, etc.). They were the most skillful navigators of their age, or, probably, of any age, making journeys of hundreds of miles into unknown seas. The Samoans are the true Polynesians, probably the finest physical specimens of the race. In appearance they are of a light reddish- brown or copper color, well formed, erect in bearing and handsome in features. The face has many of the distinctive marks of the Euro- pean. The nose is straight, the chin firm and strong, the cheek bones rather prominent, and the forehead high. The hair is black and soft — sometimes wavy. There is nothing about them to suggest the Negro. The men are tall, proud in bearing, muscular in limbs and torso, seldom corpulent — withal, a very handsome race of men. The women, while fit mothers for a race of strong men, are not often noticeably beautiful in features. In girlhood and early womanhood ■ they have beautiful figures, but, like other natives of the Tropics, they do notj retain a good figure long. They are graceful, light- hearted, and merry ; their eyes are soft and dark, with an expression of gentleness and meekness. The Samoan does not like to work. For this trait' he has been severely criticized, but the critics do not tjike into consideration his life and environment. His wants are. few; the climate demands that little clothing be worn ; nature is prodigal of her favors ; and the heat of the day is not conducive to exertion. It is customary for the Samoans to rise at daylight and do the hardest work of the day before the sun is high. Their food is easily produced; breadfruit requires no cultivation; bananas, taro, and yams require little be- yond the planting; pigs and chickens are raised to' a considerable extent, but are generally reserved for food at feasts, not for ordinary daily use. The men and women fish on the reefs. There are certain fish which the women catch, and these are to be found under stones on the reef; the women also collect clams and other shellfish. Men spear the fish from canoes, or while standing on the reef, and they also use the hook and line in deep water, by day and by night. This kind of labor the Samoan likes. He will row or paddle in his boat for hours at a time with no fatigue, but it is not easy to induce him to do a day's work in the towns. There are, however, notable excep- tions to this rule, and when there is a proper incentive the Samoan is capable of the hardest kind of work. There is no desire to amass wealth. By the simple communistic system under which the Samo- ans live, each person contributes the profits of his industry to the family fund, and there is no incentive for one person to work harder than his fellow laborer; the drone fares as well in the good things of life as the worker. Energy and ambition must be manifested in the head of the family in order to produce any increase in prosperity. The Samoans are intensely religious. It may be said that all Samoans are Christians, and, though many of them are not church 24 AMEKICAN SAMOA. members, all go to church. There are family prayers in the morning and evening in every Samoan home, and Sunday is very religiously observed as a day of rest. The missionary societies represented are the London Missionary Society and the Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia (Wes- leyan), Protestant; the Societe de Marie, Eoman Catholic; and the Church of Latter-Day Saints Mission, Mormon. All Samoan churches belong to one of these societies. The London Missionary Society has the greatest number of adherents. The membership, in- cluding men, women, and children, as claimed by the various denomi- nations April 1, 1921, is as follows : London Missionary Society 6, 783 Wesleyan - 180 Roman Catholic 860 Mormon , 270 Total 8,093 With the exception of the Mormon mission, whose adherents are comparatively few, the missions in Samoa are self-supporting. The Samoans contribute large sums to religious enterprises, and many Samoans are sent as missionaries to other South Sea islands. The people are generous and hospitable to a remarkable degree. Any stranger is given a cordial welcome in- any house, given food and sleeping accommodations. There are so few foreigners in these islands that this admirable trait has not been stamped out by imposi- tion or abuse of confidence. The child born out of wedlock labors under no disadvantages, and an erring girl is soon forgiven by her family and by the community. There is no polygamy. The art of falsehood is extensively practiced, but open, barefaced perjury in the courts is rare. In criminal trials the alibi is prac- tically unknown. Petty theft is common, but grand larceny, burg- lary, and robbery seldom occur. The women marry young, and large families are the rule. During the 20 years of American occupation the population has increased 41 per cent. Samoans seldom emigrate to other countries. The dress of the people consists of a " lavalava " or loin cloth, and in the case of women of a waist or upper garment of some kind, sometimes of a long, loose gown. The men consider it undignified to appear without a shirt or coat or both on occasions of ceremony, such as attending church, visiting foreigners, or receiving 1 distin- guished guests, but on ordinary occasions they wear no clothing but the " lavalava." The women wear only the " lavalava " in their own homes or where only Samoans may see them, but it is usually con- sidered immodest for them to expose the bust in the presence of foreigners, except when unmarried girls take part in some Samoan ceremony such as dancing the siva, the national dance. On cere- monial occasions the men and women frequently wear their fine mats or tapas as clothing. Tattooing, though prohibited in the Manua group, is universally practiced in Tutuila. A young man is not supposed to meet other men on equal terms until he has been tattooed. The tattooing is per- formed by skilled operators on special occasions which are marked by feasting and the giving of presents. The tattooing extends from a line above the hip bones nearly to the knees, and the pattern is AMERICAN SAMOA. 25 nearly the same for everyone ; from a little distance it looks as if the color were laid on uniformly and solidly. The missionaries at first attempted to abolish the practice, and laws were made against it, but to no avail. The custom will doubtless disappear in the course of time, as there is little to recommend it. The operation is painful, and the young man is usually laid up for several weeks following the tattooing, which, in itself, takes three or four days with intervals of rest between. The women usually are not tattooed at all, but some •of them have numerous small designs tattooed on the legs and the back of the hands. HEALTH AND HYGIENE. The magnificent physical development of the Samoan race, the salubri'y of the climate, the simple habits of the people, and the absence of the more deadly communicable tropical diseases are fac- tors which, in conjunction with sanitary supervision, education, and ample facilities for free medical treatment, have enabled the natives of American Samoa to increase in numbers 41 per cent during the period from 1900 to 1920 under American occupation. Prevailing communicable diseases are filariasis (not infrequently manifested as elephantiasis), yaws, Samoan conjunctivitis (more properly ophthalmia), dengue, simple influenza, and almost universal infestation with intestinal parasites (hookworm, roundworm, whip- worm). Measles was epidemic in 1893 and 1911, and caused many deaths, especially in 1893. A striking feature of hookworm disease in Samoa is the resistance of the native population, as shown by the comparative rarity of marked classical symptoms seen. These symptoms are seen as a rule only in the very young and in the aged. All villages in American Samoa are now equipped with fly-proof latrines, and it is believed that the incidence of intestinal parasitism will steadily diminish and be reduced within a few years to a very small percentage of cases. Many of the scourges of other tropical countries are unknown in Samoa, such as malaria, cholera, yellow fever, tropical dysentery, plague, and leprosy. The population is kept protected from small- pox by systematic vaccination. The naval medical, personnel of the naval station have entire charge of public health and the medical treatment of the people. There are no civilian physicians and -no field for them, as the native population is treated without cost and the foreign population is very small. The senior medical officer of the naval station is the public health officer and quarantine officer of the port of Pago Pago and has charge of the organization for the prevention of disease among the native population as well as of the medical department of the naval station. On the station the naval dispensary provides for the treatment of the naval personnel. The Samoan Hospital, located at Pago Pago on land belonging to the naval reservation, is entirely distinct and consists of a. central frame building containing the office and con- sultation room, the dispensary, and the dressing and treatment room. A separate frame building contains the operating and sterilizing rooms. The wards consist of three very large Samoan houses which 26 AMERICAN SAMOA. in this climate provide a much better housing for the native sick than could a foreign type of building. The Samoan houses are cool, provide a maximum of ventilation, and furnish an environment to which the natives are accustomed. There is also a small native house for special cases and isolation and the necessary toilet buildings, with shower baths and flush toilets, and other outhouses. One naval medical officer devotes his entire time to the Samoan Hospital. Four members of the Navy Nurse Corps (female) are also on duty there. The Samoan Hospital Training School pro- vides a two-year course of training for young native women. The pupils are carefully selected from among the most promising of the graduates of the missionary schools for girls. They are given a thorough training in nursing, and those who pass successfully through the school and are graduated are competent trained nurses. After graduation they alternate between duty in the hospital and visiting work in the villages. These visiting nurses care for the sick and advise the people in sanitation and the care of babies. There are also two Samoan hospital corpsmen, enlisted in the regu- lar Navy, attached to the hospital. There is a branch dispensary at Leone, on the western end of Tutuila, and one at Tau, in the Manua group. These dispensaries are frame buildings, and each has a Samoan house as a ward. Each is in charge of a chief pharmacist's mate of the Naval Hospital Corps. A third branch dispensary is in the course of construction on the island of Ofu, in the Manua group. This branch will serve the islands of Ofu and Olosega, which are separated only by a narrow strip of shallow water which can be waded at low tide. A daily clinic is also held at the government school at Pago Pago. A sanitary inspector makes periodic inspection of all villages. The navai dental surgeon attached to the station holds a clinic two days in each week, at which natives receive dental treatment free of cost. With the generous approval of the Navy Department a promising and ambitious graduate of the Samoan Hospital Training School was sent to San Francisco and received several months of postgraduate instruction at the Naval Hospital, Mare Island, and at a hospital for women and children in San Francisco. This nurse is now of great value as an assistant instructor in the training school, and is at present on a tour of the villages, lecturing and demonstrating to the women on the proper care of their children. Efforts to protect American Samoa from invasion by the great pan- demic of influenza in 1918-1920 were successful, as not a single case occurred, although there was no interruption of commerce and the regular mail steamers and other vessels discharged their cargoes without delay. In other islands within sight 19 per cent of the total population died of influenza. In January, 1921, by direction of Gov. Evans, there was pub- lished in the Samoan language a pamphlet entitled " Sanitary In- structions for the People of American Samoa." This pamphlet is the result of careful study and observation of the mode of living, habits, and diseases of the Samoan people, and the AMERICAN SAMOA. 27 instructions contained therein will, if followed, aid greatly in re- ducing disease and add much to the health and comfort of the people. A copy has been given each individual family, and the village chief is held responsible for the enforcement of these instructions. SCHOOLS. The foundation of the school system of American Samoa is the parish school, conducted by the native pastors of the various denomi- nations. These schools are of varying efficiency, but none of them could be classed as good. The children go to these schools four days- of the week, for about one to three hours a day, depending upon the energy of the pastor. There is no governmental supervision, except that by a law all children between the ages of 6 and 13 years are required to attend school regularly. The subjects taught are reading,, writing, spelling, arithmetic, grammar, and geography, with a large proportion of time given to religious instruction. The' textbooks are printed in the Samoan language. It is said that all Samoans are able to read and to write, but their education is extremely limited, except as to the Bible, with which they are more familiar than is the average American. The London Missionary Society was the pioneer in establishing schools and to its great enterprise is also due the translation of the Bible, the publication of a large number of textbooks, a few books on general topics, and a monthly religious newspaper. The system- atic instruction of all its adherents in its own schools was begun shortly after the mission was established in Samoa. The Koman Catholics, the Wesleyans, and the Mormons also con- duct parish schools. The schools next higher to parish schools are few in number. The London Missionary Society has two boarding schools, one a school for boys at Eagalele, near Leone, where b6*ys are trained chiefly to fit them to enter the seminary for pastors at Malua, Upolu ; the other a school for girds at Atauloma. The Fagalele school is in charge of the resident white missionary, who also has general charge of all in- terests of the society in American Samao. The Atauloma Girls' School is in charge of two resident white missionaries — unmarried women. The girls are given instruction in domestic science and manual training in addition to the usual studies. The Mormons have a school at Mapusaga for both boys and girls. English is taught there, and much attention is paid to the instruction of the boys in planting coconuts, etc. The Roman Catholics have two schools for girls in Pago Pago Harbor, in charge of white sisters of the Marist order. One of these is a convent school and the other a general school in which the in- struction is in both the Samoan and English languages. The Marist Brothers also conduct a school for boys at the same place. All of the foregoing schools are under private auspices, and m some instances a tuition fee is charged. In 1904 the natives of the western district of Tutuila, with the con- sent of the governor, entered into a contract with the order of the Marist Brothers at Leone to furnish three white brothers as in- structors for a special district school which they desired to establish. This school has continued ever since. It is under the supervision of 28 AMEKICAN SAMOA. the government superintendent of education, and the instruction given is entirely in the English language. The attendance averages over 100 boys. The salaries paid these teachers ($1,200 per annum) is obtained by. special taxation within the district. Prior to 1921 there was but one school which could actually be called a government or public school. This originally was a small wooden building and had a floor space of only 514 square feet. The instruction was entirely in English and given by a normal school graduate from America, whose salary was paid from the customs revenues. This building, of course, was inadequate, and subsequently was replaced by a larger structure called " The Pbyer School." This modern building, constructed of reinforced concrete blocks, has a floor space of 3,600 square feet and verandas with an additional area of 3,000 square feet — a total area of more than twelve times that of the old building. This school, dedicated January 23, 1918, repre- sented an investment, including the land purchased, of about $25,000. The teaching staff consists of an American as principal, assisted by three native graduates of the school. In January, 1921, Gov. Evans instituted plans for a wide-spread development and expansion of the public school system through- out American Samoa. A board of education, consisting of the secretary of native affairs, the senior medical officer, the chaplain, all of the naval station, and two civilians, was appointed, directed to study the school situation, and to make recommendations for its im- provement. As a result Tutuila has been divided into 13 school dis- tricts, and the Manua district into 2, the purpose being to establish a graded school in each of these districts and ultimately to change the Foyer School into a high school. Three such graded schools have already been started in the outlying districts, and the program will be pushed to completion as qualified native teachers become available. The chaplain of the navaj station is superintendent of education, and has direct supervision over all these Government schools. The instruction is but elementary, the principal idea being to give the children a comprehensive understanding of the English language. At present salaries are paid from the customs revenues, but when the sys'em has been established throughout the islands a special school tax will be levied. The following table shows the average attendance at the various schools : Controlled by — Schools. Boys. Girls. Total. 50 1 4 16 2 4 900 140 264 214 49 36 S48 1,748 140 183 175 43 58 447 389 92 94 Total 77 1,603 1,307 2,910 POPULATION. The population of American Samoa has decidedly increased since the raising of the American Flag. It is believed that the increase is largely due to the 'improved methods of hygiene, the education AMERICAN SAMOA. 29 of the natives in sanitation, the establishment of a hospital and train- ing school for nurses, and the care of the Samoan sick given by the Navy medical officers, the Navy nurses, and the Samoan graduate nurses. A census recently completed shows the population to be 8,058, as compared with 5,679 shown by the census of 1900. The following figures show the population of American Samoa in January, 1920 : District. Males. Females. Total. 1,917 1,249 926 1,860 1,159 947 3,777 2,408 1,873 Total 4,092 3,966 8,058 Appendix E shows the census returns from 1900 to 1920, and also the detail returns of the last census by villages, counties, and dis- tricts NAVAL STATION. The primary purpose of the naval station is that of a supply base. There is a coal shed with a capacity of about 4,500 tons and a steel wharf with 30 feet of water alongside. Coal is supplied only to ves- sels of the United States Navy, but in cases of emergency merchant- men have been given a sufficient amount to carry them to the next nearest port. The station is also equipped with storehouses for naval stores of all kinds and has limited facilities for repair work. The power plant comprises refrigerating and electric lighting machinery. There is an ample supply of the best water at all seasons and ves- sels may obtain any amount at any time. The water is of excellent quality for both drinking and boiler use. A navy tug is assigned to the station for general harbor and island duty. The complement of naval officers consists of the commandant gov- ernor, captain of the yard, supply officers, medical and dental officers, a radio officer, civil engineer, and a chaplain. TRANSPORTATION. The Oceanic Steamship Co. maintains a monthly schedule between -San Francisco, Honolulu, Pago Pago, and Sydney. Pago Pago is 13 days from San Francisco, 7 from Honolulu, and 6 from Sydney. Passenger rates from Pago Pago are as follows : First class to San Francisco $200 First class to Honolulu and Sydney 1^5 Second class to San Francisco 150 Second class to Honolulu and Sydney »0 The freight rate to Sydney is $15 and to Honolulu and San Fran- cisco $25 per ton. The ton is either by weight or measurement, at the option of the carrier, measuring 40 cubic feet to the ton. The motor ketch Ajax, 79 tons, operated by the South beas Pacific Co., maintains a transportation service with western Samoa and other islands in the vicinity. 30 AMERICAN SAMOA. The motor schooner Leone, 20 tons, built on the naval station, is operated by the customs department. This vessel is used principally in transporting copra from, distant sheds on the island of Tutuila to the shipping point in Pago Pago Harbor. Between villages of the same island the natives make passage in pulling boats. Some of these village boats, called " fautasi," pull 28 oars and make excellent time. The boat in more common use is the double-ended whaleboat, usually fitted with sails as well as oars. The natives are exceedingly skillful as boatmen. They also con- struct outrigger canoes in large numbers, but these are used princi- pally in the harbors, seldom on the open sea. INFORMATION ON LIVING CONDITIONS. There are no hotels in American Samoa. A limited number of persons could doubtless find some kind of accommodations should they wish to stay in Tutuila, but there is little here to attract tourists. One American-style building outside the naval station is equipped with additional rooms, and table board may also be obtained there, but the accommodations and conveniences are not of the best. Government quarters are supplied on the naval station to all officers ordered here for duty. The quarters are completely fur- nished, except that the occupant must furnish his own table and bed linens, chinaware, silverware, glassware, and kitchen utensils. White uniforms and clothing are universally worn. Negligee shirts are desirable for tennis, picnics, hikes, etc. Clothing of the kind worn by officers, civilians, and their families can not be secured in American Samoa and should be brought from the United States. Dresses made of silk, other than washable silk, of chiffon, or other fabrics of this class will rot in a few months. Canvas shoes with neolin or similar soles are best adapted. Leather is not good. Get one size larger than a snug fit. Persons dependent on glasses should have a reserve supply. It is advisable to have one or more pairs of glasses tinted as a protection against glare. The climate and environment are not as favorable for young children as -is a more temperate climate. Many do well, but others are handicapped. White children born here thrive better than those who are brought here. A supply of excellent milk is available for infants. Samoan nursemaids are available, and they are faithful and kind to children. As far as housekeeping is concerned, the Samoan is not as efficient as the Oriental ; however, the Samoans are the only ones procurable. A Samoan servant receives from $15 to $30 per month. The climate is tropical and the weather very pleasant; in fact it is the most pleasant climate known within the' Tropics. The nights are never hot and seldom are the days excessively hot. The humid- ity is high and rainfall heavy. Women and children are more ad- versely affected than men. Health and recreation trips to Aus- tralia are made easily. There are no schools available for white children. ^The roads at present time are not in a condition to be used bv automobiles with pleasure; however, there are a number of motor cycles equipped with side cars from which much pleasure is ob- AMERICAN SAMOA. 31 tained. The roads are in the process of improvement, and it is hoped that in the near future they will be in such a condition as to be conducive to the use of light cars. Mails leave San Francisco via the steamers of the Oceanic Steam- ship Co., which sail on regular schedules from the United States for Australia via Hawaii and Samoa, averaging about one steamer per month. They stop here on the return trip from Australia, averaging also about one steamer per month. The mail address is Pago Pago, Tutuila, American Samoa. The station is equipped with a. library. The enlisted men's bar- racks, the enlisted men's club, the hospital, and the station ship are also equipped with libraries. It is desirable to have a magazine and newspaper list of your own. The Naval Communication Service has a semihigh-power radio station here, which is open to commercial traffic and is constantly in communication with the outside world. It is advisable for persons coming to Samoa to register a code ad- dress and arrange a code with some one in the United States to be used on important business or other emergency. Electric lights (voltage 220), direct current, are installed in all the government quarters. Current is on from 5 p. m. to midnight only. One or two oil lamps are advisable. Provisions of all kinds, including meats and such other cold-storage supplies as will stand the long haul from the United States, are purchased from the Government commissary. A wide variety of dry and canned provisions is carried. The water supply is ample and of u high grade. The quarters are supplied with sewerage and run- ning water. All moderate-priced toilet articles and preparations are obtainable. There are excellent courts on the station for tennis. Rackets strung with tropical gut and an extra set of tropical gut should be brought along. Do not have rackets strung too tightly. There is excellent swimming in the harbor of Pago Pago. Bath- ing suits and caps may be procured here, but they are not of a superior grade. " Pacific-coast style " bathing suits are best. Pool, bowling, and moving pictures are available. Inferior horses may be hired for riding. The water teems with fish, but elaborate fishing tackle is not recom- mended. Hand-line fishing is very good at times, and all necessary gear may be purchased here. The only hunting is for wild pigeons, and not much of that ; 12- gauge gun with No. 4 to 6 shot is used. Shotgun shells are very expensive here, as they are not accepted by mail steamers as freight. Light blankets are useful during the cool season, also light-weight sweaters or flannel shirts. - A three or four burner, blue-flame oil stove with oven will be found very useful, as soft coal only is provided for cook stoves. Cretonne or chintz for curtains and hangings is desirable. Photographs and leather goods are damaged by the high-moisture content of air. . , , The secretary to the commandant is furnished with quarters by the Navy Department without charge. The chief clerk to the comman- dant is furnished island government quarters at $10 per month. 1 he clerk to the commandant has a chance Q f renting a cottage from the 32 AMEKICAN SAMOA. Samoan Hospital. Other civilians must take their chances at secur- ing quarters on the outside, of which there are very few and of a very inferior quality. ROADS. About 50 miles of public roads have been constructed since the establishment of the government. The road follows the shore lines in most parts of the islands, and some of them have presented many difficulties in their construction. The standard width of the roads is 8 feet, but this is exceeded in most roads. The construction is gen- erally very simple ; coral, sand, or volcanic cinders have been used as surface material where practicable. The principal road runs along the southern shore of the island and around Pago Pago Harbor- Most of this road from the naval station westward has a foundation of rock and bowlders. Where it leads through the naval station — a. distance of 1 mile— it is built of concrete and is from 12 to 14 feet wide, with sidewalk in addition. The roads were originally intended for pedestrians and horses only, but since 1911, when carts were first introduced, the number of vehicles has increased steadily, so that the need for better roads is beginning to be felt. There are now an Overland runabout and four Ford trucks on the island, besides numerous motor cycles with side cars, and the island government has acquired a 10-ton road roller and a 3-ton dump cart to assist in bettering the roads. A rock crusher, belonging to the naval station, is being used to produce crushed stone, quarried from volcanic rock, as a surface, as has already been done for about a mile on either end of the concrete road, and this material has thus far proved satisfactory. Where conditions warrant, it is intended to improve in this manner all the important roads, doing the work gradually as funds permit. Bridges are generally of wood, though several of the longer bridges consist of a wooden deck on two or three steel beams, the abutments being, for the most part, built up of rocks and bowlders. As the improve- ment work advances it will be advisable to replace the major bridges by reinforced concrete, since both wood and steel deteriorate rapidly in this climate. Small wooden bridges are being replaced by con- crete culverts, and as drainage is very necessary in a country where the rainfall exceeds an average of half an inch per day throughout the year, this feature, as well as proper side ditches, is an important part of the work. The cost of the work is borne equally by native tax and the island government customs fund. All road work is under the supervision of the public-works officer of the naval station, who is also superin- tendent of public works of the island government. Labor is ob- tained from villages in the vicinity of the work, except for special repair and bridge construction parties, which are sent from the naval station. Certain sections of road-improvement work are let out on contract to native chiefs for a given price per foot. The work is then carried on under supervision of a public-works inspector, and, since the chiefs can generally get entire villages to work for them, this method usually produces the best, quickest, and most economical results, besides fostering an enthusiasm among the natives, and in- terest in the roads, which is a valuable asset in the work. AMERICAN SAMOA. 33 COMMUNICATION. There is no cable communication with Pago Pago from the out- side world. The nearest cable station is a Suva, Fiji. However, there is a semihigh-power radio station which can com- municate with practically all points in the Pacific, including fast schedules to San Francisco and Sydney. This station is under the control of the United States Naval Communication Service, and is open to commercial traffic. POST OFFICE. There is one third-class post office located on the naval station. The mail address is Pago Pago, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. One mail each month is received from both San Francisco and Sydney. STORES. There are 12 general stores in American Samoa, 8 of which are located around Pago Pago Bay. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The imports are increasing from year to year. For the calendar year 1920 they amounted to $235,293, divided as follows: From the United States, $126,185 ; from the British Colonies (Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, etc.), $108,190; and from all other countries, $918. Copra is practically the only article exported, and this has been considered elsewhere in this report. A statement of importations will be found in Appendix G. " HOLIDAYS. The principal native holiday is flag raising day, the anniversary of the hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over American Samoa. It is celebrated on April 17 in Tutuila and on June 5 in the Manua group. This is always a big day for the native population, vast numbers flocking toward the place of celebration. The morning celebration usually consists of the historic observance of the day in the form of addresses by both native and official orators. The afternoon is de- voted to boat races and athletic contests of various kinds. All American national holidays are also observed in appropriate manner. FINANCES. The finances of American Samoa arc divided into various funds as follows: Customs revenues are used for the upkeep and building of roads, schools, and general island government expenses. The judicial fund, fines, etc., supports the judicial department of the island government. The native tax fund is chiefly for the pay of native officials, such as district governors, county chiefs, village policemen, etc. 34 AMERICAN SAMOA. The Bank of American Samoa is conducted under the supervision of Navy officials. The governor is, president and a Navy disbursing officer cashier. It has a surplus of almost $10,000. All the finances are in excellent condition. They are audited each month by a board consisting of three Navy officials appointed by the governor and three natives recommended to the governor by the dis- trict governors, one from each of the three districts. There is no public debt. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A list of books and papers concerning Samoa is given in Appendix H. The Library of Congress published a bibliography of Samoa and Guam in 1901. GOVERNORS. The names of commandants and governors of American Samoa, with their terms of office, are as follows: Commander B. F. Tilley, U. S. Navy, commandant Capt. U. Sebree, U. S. Navy, commandant Lieut. Commander M. Minett, U. S. Navy, acting commandant Commander E. B. Underwood, U. 8. Navy, commandant...... Commander C. B. T. Moore, U. S. Navy, governor Capt. John P. Parker, U. S. Nav>, governor Commander W. M. Crose, U. S. Navy, governor Lieut. N. W. Post, U. S. Navy, acting governor Commander C D. Stearns, U. S. Navy, governor Lieut. N. W. Post, U. S. Navy, acting governor Lieut. C. A. Woodruff, U. S. Navy, acting governor Commander John M. Poyer, U. S. Navy (retired), governor Commander Warren J. Terhune, U.S. Navy, governor Capl. Waldo Evans, U. S. Navv. governor Edwin T. Pollock ' Prom — Feb. Nov. Dec. May Jan. May Nov. Mar. July Oct. Dec. Mar. June Nov. Dec. 17. 1900 27. 1901 lli, 1902 5, 1903 30, 1905 21, 190S 10,1910 14,1913 14,1913 2,1914 6,1914 1, 1915 10, 1919 11.1920 -, 1921 To- Nov. Dec. May Jan. May Nov. Mar. July Oct. Dee. Mar. June Nov. Dec. — , 1901 16, 1902 5, 1903 30, 1905 21, 1908 10, 1910 14, 1913 14,1913 2,1914 6, 1914 1,1915 10, 1919 3, 1920 — , 1921 Appendix A. A LIST OF CUSTOMS DUTIES. GENERAL DUTIES. On all goods, not specified under the head "Specific duties" or "Free list" an ad valorem duty of 15 per cent. SPECIFIC DUTIES. Tobacco, snuff, etc., per pound— $0. 25 Cigars per thousand— 3. 00 Cigarettes do 1. 00 Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and all mineral water, etc., contain. ng no alcohol, in bottles containing three-quarter pint - per dozen— 0.12 li pints do 0.20 More than 1* pints per gallon— 0.10 Jewelry, precious stones, or pearls, set or strung, ad valorem 60% Diamonds or precious stones, cut, but not set, ad volorem 10% Im tations not exceeding an inch in dimensions, or engraved or mounted, ad valorem 20% Pearls in natural state, not strung or set, ad valorem — 10% Firearms, ammunition, etc., governed as per "Arms Ordnance." Opium and preparations, etc., containing opium, strictly prohibited. Loaded shells for shotguns, ad valorem 60% FREE LIST. Fresh beef, mutton, poultry, and game; poultry feed; fresh fish; fresh vege- tables; fresh fruits; ice; live animals and birds; seeds, plants, bulbs, and cuttings ; wearing apparel ; articles of personal adornment ; toilet articles, etc., of persons arriving, for their own use and not for sale ; printed books, magazines, and newspapers; stationery and books for educational purposes. The importation and sale of the following articles is allowed by permission of the commandant: Patent medicines and drugs, stallions, firearms, and ammunition. Appendix B. SAMOAN TREES. [Prepared from a report by Col. A. B. Steinberger, a book " Useful Plants of Guam," by WE SaW, notes by E. W. Gun- and by E. J. Mooklar. This is not a complete list of Samoan tiees.] Alaa__ Trees grow to a fair s'ze, with straight stem and but ' little foliage; bark thin, wood of light cherry color, straight gra : n, very heavy, and remarkably fine texture; there is but little sap and the wood is durable. This tree does not grow close enough for practical uses as an article of export. Anume (Maba eliptica). A fine, large tree, wood heavy and difficult to work, very durable, and generally used by the natives for posts, etc. 35 36 AMERICAN SAMOA. Aoa Banyan tree (Ficus prolixa). This tree is not very abundant in Samoa. It is the monarch of the for- ests, lifting its great leafy dome above the surround- ing foliage. The natives believe that this tree is the abode of spirits. Atone Nutmeg tree (Myrixtica) . Generally a straight tree, resembling hickory ; wood light color, but not so tough or elastic as hickory; there are many varie- ties of this tree which are indigenous. The nut is large, well-formed, and has a good covering of mace, but it is only slightly fragrant. By grafting the real nutmeg a better or higher fragrance can be obtained. Au'auli Samoan teak; Samoan ebony (Dyospyros Samoensis). A large timber tree but not abundant, except a smaller variety ; wood white, fine in texture, and. very tough, is a vegetable caustic, not less positive in its act. on than n.trate of silver ; sometimes used for large canoes, but the wood is too hard for native manufacturing. Esi Papaya, papaw, mummy apple (Carica Papaya). The tree, suggesting a palm in its habits of growth, bears a crown of large, long-stalked leaves on a slender, straight, fleshy trunk. All parts of the plant abound in a milky juice, or latex, which . has remarkable pepsinlike digestive properties. The fruit is melon shaped and of excellent flavor. The trees spring up spontaneously in open places and clearings in the forest, from seeds dropped by birds. The wood is soft, spongy, and useless. The trunk of the tree can be cut through with one stroke of a hush knife. Kaluga (Barringtouiu tiamoensis) . A small tree, wood light- colored ; very straight grain, exceedingly tough, close in texture, desirable for tool handles, etc. Fan (1'ariti tUiacceuin). A common seacoast tree, with spreading branches and yellow flowers with dark centers; moderate size, wood soft and very light in weight, has but little sap, the heart chocolate-col- ored and in an old tree very close-grained and hard ; used for canoes and houses ; the fiber from the inner bark is used for making fishing nets and cordage, and also a fine white shaggy mat resembling a sheepskin rug ; the fiber is superior in tenacity to any other known fiber. The tree is very abundant and accessible. Faul A. small tree, quite abundant, wood light and tough, good for housebuilding and all general uses; works easy and is generally economical. Fena (Eugenia neurocaly.r). A fine shade tree, but the wood is soft, coarse-grained, of dingy red color, and subject to quick decay ; the fruit is much used for garlands — " ula " — but it is not edible. Fetau , (Calophylliim Jnopliyllum) . One of the most valuable timber trees of Polynesia, but only attains a large, size in Samoa and Fiji ; grows tall with a heavy trunk ; the wood cuts nearly white but grows red as exposed ; it is hard, curly, and heavy ; is suitable for cabinetwork, having beautiful shades of red. It is not so fine in texture as other heavier woods on the islands. Natives build large canoes of this wood and also use it for house posts. It is also valued for an aromatic gum, which exudes from incisions made in its trunk and limbs, and for a medicinal oil obtained from its roots. The resin yielded by the trunk is agreeably aromatic, and is one of the Ta- camahac gums of commerce. AMERICAN SAMOA. 37 Filofiloa — (Coffenccu). A small tree: the wood is white, straight, and very tough ; nearly resembles hickory ; would be valuable for all the purposes for which ; hickory and ash are used. ITutu (Burringtonia speciosa). A moderate-sized tree, outs light but grows brown by exposure. The wood is curly, brittle, and soft, is quite light, and is used f<-r canoes: it is not a valuable wood for general use, though much esteemed by the natives on account rf the ease with which they work it. The fruit is used for stupefying fish, it being grated for this purpose. The leaves are large and lustrous like the magnolia. •Gatae {Enithrina Indira). A tree found on the coast; dense, large scarlet blossoms known as " aloalo." Quick growing; often used for hedges or fence posts; is also used as a shade tree on cacao plantations. The wood is light, and is sometimes u**d i'or the out- riggers of canoes. It is a large tree, easily worked, straight grained, and of light cream color; is eappy but dries well and is quite durable. Ifi (Inocarpus edulis). Samoan chestnut. When the tree is young it is usually cylindrical. It later becomes fluted, as though surrounded by adherent columns, which later develop into radiating buttresses like great planks. In Samoa it is one of the most strik- ing features of the forest. It bears an edible kid- ney-shaped fruit or nut, which is eaten cooked when not quite ripe and tastes much like a chestnut. The wood is of light color, straight, of fine texture and very tough. It is used for burning lime in open kilns, the wood having the remarkable quality of burning readily while green. Ifilele {Intsia Bijuga). A valuable timber tree. The wood is very hard and durable, much used for house posts ; it resists the attack of white ants. In Guam it is much used for- furniture. When old, a nail can not be driven into the wood. Lagaali < Aglaia edulis). A tree about 20 feet in height, found throughout the group, bearing an odoriferous flower used by the natives for scenting oil. The bark of this tree is used by the natives for dysentery, and probably contains tannic acid ; wood light pink color, very handsome, and susceptible of a high polish. Lama Oandlenut (Aleurites Molitrcana). A handsome tree with spreading branches, flowers small and white. In former times the nuts, strung on coconut leaflet ribs, were used by natives as candles to light the bousi s. The nuts yield an oil. The smoke from the nuts de- posits a heavy carbon, much used as a paint, par- ticularly in tattooing. The tree is of moderate size and somewhat resembles the cottonwood of the Western States ; it is worthless as timber. Laulili'i or Taputo'i (Cupania Rhoifolia). A small tree, wood of light cherry color, curly, of close texture and exceedingly hard ; heavy, and works too hard to be of any prac- t'cal use except for some fancy work. Ma'iili or Mafoa A large tree, very abundant; the wood of light slate color, coarse grained but straight, dry, and light; quite hard; the gum is odoriferous and much used by natives. Mago _ — Mango (Mangifera indica). One of the handsomest trees of Samoa. It may grow to a great size, as may be seen at the head of Pago Pago Bay. The branches and leaves are very dense, the tree sym- metrical, the leaves glossy and of a vivid green. The fruit is of good quality, but not so good as the Mango of the Philippines. The trees do not all bear 38 AMERICAN SAMOA. fruit, and those that do bear will fail to produce crops dur.ng some years, probably due to the moist climate. Mamala (Dyso.vylon AUiaceum) . A fine, large tree with meager foliage; wood coarse, straight-grained, light coffee color ; works easy, but in working affects the throats of the workmen. Mmnalava A huge, fine, straight tree, wood the color of white oak, not very close textured. The natives will not use th.s wood for building purposes, as they say that it rots in two or three years. Jfaota (Dysoxylon Up.). A short, heavy tree with dense fol.age; wood is light colored, straight grained, not durable. It is the favorite tree of the wild pigeon, which eats the fruit. ililo (Thexpfsia Populnea) Polynesian Rosewood. A large, straight tree with fine bark, the trees seldom grow- ing close together ; there is but little sap ; not heavy ; about four-fifths of the tree consists of the heart ; wood a beautiful red color ; line texture ; has been used in building schooners ; it is sometimes planted about villages as a shade tree. Mosoo'i (Canunya Odorata,). A tree bearing a profusion of greenish-yellow fragrant flowers, w.tli long fringe- like petals, from which the perfume " Ylang-Ylang " is made. The bark of the tree is smooth and ashy ; trunk normally stra ght. Wood is soft and white, not very durable, but the natives sometimes make small canoes of it. The tree is highly esteemed by the natives, the flowers be.ng strung into wreaths and garlands. ,Niu Coconut (Cocos Nucifera). This tree needs no de- scription here; its wide range and usefulness can not be exaggerated. Nonu (Uorlnda Gitrifolia). A small tree with large, glossy leaves. The seeds contain an air chamber, are buoyant, and have been transported great distances by ocean currents ; a red and a yellow color may be obtained from the wood, which is used for dyes in India and in Guam. The wood is hard, straight grained, and quite coarse in texture. Nonufiafia (Eugenia Malaccensis) Malay Apple. A tree of me- dium size bearing a profusion of white, purple, or red flowers, followed by an abundance of fruit hav- ing a fragrant applelike odor and a delicate flavor. The tree is much esteemed by the natives for its beauty as well as for its fruit. O'a (Bisclioffia Javanica). A moderate-sized tree; the juice under the bark is used by the natives for painting or coloring native cloth ; wood of a peculiar pink color, valuable for cabinetwork. Fulu Rubber (Hevea BraziUensis) . This species of rubber has been planted on a small scale. It is very slow of growth and does not develop into a large tree, as found in other countries. Castilloa Elastica. Grows rapidly and the latex pro- duces a first-class commercial rubber. Ceara. Has been planted to a small extent; the trees thrive well, but it seems doubtful if they will pro- duce good rubier. Very little rubber has been planted in American Samoa ; none at all by the natives. There are some extensive rubber plantations in German Samoa. Seasea (Eiti/vnia H/ieciosa). Tree about 50 feet in height; wood hard and tough, light yellow color, of fine texture. AMEEICAN SAMOA. 39 Seltanu A small tree, wood of cherry color, close-grained, heavy, but works easily ; not especially valuable. Talafulu A small tree, very hardy, and quite plentiful ; a valu- able wood, hard, w.th the color of American apple, but much finer in grain ; susceptible of high polish. Talie Polynesian Almond; Umbrella Tree (Terminalia Cutuppa). A moderate-sized tree, though it often attains great size ; its branches grow in horizontal sworls ; the wood is of light maple color, curly, and of fine texture ; not a valuable timber tree, as the heart is usually defective. Tamanu (Maba sp. ). A good-s:zed tree but grows singly; a hard, light, red-colored wood, resembling cedar when dry. straight grain, but the heart is subject to decay. Tauauave (Ctmtia Hubcordata) . A tree sparsely interspersed throughout the group ; wood of a rich walnut color and very durable. Tuvai {Rhus turtmsin). A tree of moderate size; grows in a moderate quantity on all the islands ; the wood is hard, fine, straight, and resembles live oak, but per- haps is more tenacious. Toa Iron wood (Casuarina equisetifolia) . A leafless tree with drooping branches somewhat like a pine in general appearance ; moderate sized ; wood dingy red color ; straight grain, coarse, and heavy ; not unl.ke oak when fresh cut, but grows hard when exposed ; is a very durable wood ; was formerly used for making spears and war clubs. Toi (Aliihitoitia e.vcelsa). A large tree sparsely inter- spersed throughout the group ; the tree is tali and straight ; wood of a delicate peach color, exceed- ingly tough, and of fine texture, susceptible of a high polish ; the heart of the tree resists decay. Ulu Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis) . A tree com- mon to all South Sea Islands. It flourishes here in its greatest variety and abundance ; the trees sur- round every house, and every village has one or more groves in the interior. The fruit is the staple food of Samoa. The tree is not tall, but is uniform :ind beautiful in shape, with wide-spreading branches and broad pinnated leaves, the entire foliage charming in its regularity. The fruit is globular and about 6 inches in diameter; it is eaten before it becomes ripe while the pulp is still white and mealy. It is eaten cooked, either baked or boiled. The heart of the tree is a dusky red color, strong, straight, and easily worked. From it the frames of native houses are made, and excepting for boat-building purposes it furnishes the lumber of the natives. Vata A fair-sized timber tree; wood of maple color, light weight, straight grained, cuts easily, but is quite tough and durable. Vi (Spondwis dulcis). An important tree of large size; it produces a fruit somewhat like the pear, of good flavor. The wood is soft and of little value. Vivao Wild vi, to distinguish it from the vi, a valuable fruit tree. A large tree, heavy, very sappy, and not valu- able 40 AMERICAN SAMOA. Appendix C. Statement of copra, sold, 1901 to 1920, inclitsire. Price per ton (2,240 pounds). Amount. 1901 I'm.' 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 390, 778 852, 237 132, 878 240, 871 567, 342 018, 860 059, 317 329, 411 345, 437 743, 691 374, 167 417, 508 773, 064 551, 027 628, 187 938, 231 678, 652 067, 177 636,902 208, 803 843.46 62.42 55.44 57.69 57.50 54.00 76.25 61.00 63.25 80.00 82.62 93.75 100. 25 108. 00 85.40 108. 66 103. 52 136. 92 112. 58 156.80 }7, 582. 65 23, 751. 94 28, 042. 02 31, 952. 46 65, 797. 78 48, 690. 36 70, 099. 52 63, 434. 85 66, 228. 59 97, 988. 96 124, 452. 53 143, 031. 86 79, 352. 52 122, 995. 94 62, 074. 62 94, 021. 50 123, 791. 98 187, 481. 19 82, 268. 94 154,616.21 Notes. — (a) Years 1901 and 1902 show tax copra only. Year 1903 show tax copra and most of surplus copra. (&) The price per ton in first four years is the average price. (c) In 1915, 152,596 pounds of copra damaged in the Manua hurricanes was sold at private sale for $4,138.82 . (a) In 1916, 7,720 pounds of copra, second grade, damaged by weather sold at $80 per ton, $275.71. (e) In 1918, 33,546 pounds of copra, second grade, sold for $889.45. Statement of copra weighed into copra slieds. Pounds. 1903 1, 475, 268 1904 1, 499, 108 1905 2, 802, 406 1906 2, 221, 001 1907 2, 228, 416 1908 1 2, 583, 363 1909 2, 557, 542 1910 2, 942, 028 1911 3, 611, 361 1912_ 1913_ 1914_ 1915- 1916- 1917_ 1918_ 1919_ 1920- Pounds. 640, 181 886, 127 889, 910 733, 122 006, 222 765, 745 309, 346 735, 993 330, 190 Appendix D. Statement of surplus copra, 1907 to 1920, inclusive. District. Year. Tax sur- plus. Copra sur- plus. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 • $1, 473. 79 156.18 903. 87 1, 253. 30 1, 526. 81 1, 471. 36 1, 591. 68 242. 42 $644. 60 727,21 494. 73 1, 769. 69 1, 230. 96 650. 10 1, 123. 20 328. 86 56.73 53.73 34.52 8, 676. 14 7,057.60 APPENDIX. Statement of surplus copra, 1907 to 1920, inclusive — Continued. 41 Tax sur- Copra sur- plus. plus. Eastern 12, 256. 50 518. 77 1908 2, 492. 39 1909 1, 049. 34 1, 186. 98 1910 2, 489. 14 1, 339. 06 1911 2, 949. 47 3, 666. 40 1912 2, 739. 74 2, 827. 66 1913 2, 907. 21 1, 039. 81 1914 2, 540. 10 2, 786. 21 1915 1,183.00 2, 005. 85 1916 2, 426. 02 2,116.30 1917 2, 095. 36 5,066.11 1918 3, 195. 13 6, 035. 98 1919 1, 612. 69 1, 696. 59 1920 1907 1908 3, 032. 62 27, 962. 47 36, 067. 89 1, 755. 83 839.94 85.77 1909 1, 000. 49 1, 032. 30 1010 2, 743. 49 2, 125. 43 1911 2, 826. 58 3, 009. 19 1912 2, 910. 40 4, 111. 02 1913 3, 155. 18 2, 017. 65 1914 2, 854. 40 5,081.75 1915 1, 447. 05 5, 047. 55 1916 2, 604. 61 3, 487. 59 1917 2, 305. 90 5, 494. 91 1918 3, 917. 37 8, 565. 45 1919 2, 404. 38 3, 309. 09 1920 3, 970. 73 30, 765. 62 48, 019. 64 Appendix E. CENSUS. Returns of seventh census, January, 1920. EASTERN DISTRICT OF TUTUILA. County. Village. Male. Female. Total. 140 113 34 148 103 35 288 216 69 Utulei 287 286 573 106 27 3 46 33 1 277 277 7 106 99 28 9 29 22 1 238 1 291 5 96 205 55 12 75 55 2 515 568 12 202 883 818 1,701 66 70 14 54 61 46 70 71 16 55 75 35 136 141 30 109 136 81 311 322 633 42 APPENDIX. Returns of seventh census, January, 1920 — Continued. EASTERN DISTRICT OF TUTUILA— Continued. Comity. Village. Male. Female. Total. 73 58 53 25 43 72 43 70 25 42 145 101 123 50 Tula 85 252 252 504 Saole 101 51 S 27 97 44 9 32 198 95 14 59 184 182 366 Total 1,917 1,800 3,777 WESTERN DISTRICT O F TUTUILA. 259 28 27 26 24 14 12 72 42 23 41 29 213 30 29 19 27 19 8 71 53 31 24 13 472 Failolo 58 Fua 56 45 51 33 20 143 95 54 65 42 597 537 1,134 55 34 60 58 27 56 113 61 116 149 141 390 Tualauta 52 57 18 48 76 86 77 40 10 38 58 91 129 97 28 86 Iliili 134 177 337 314 661 Tualatai 27 53 31 38 17 26 44 34 42 21 53 97 65 80 38 166 167 233 Total 1,249 1,159 2,408 DISTRICT OF MANUA. Tau 143 137 155 116 298 253 280 271 551 141 128 269 Fitiuta 182 153 335 Ofu 174 127 22 189 181 25 363 308 Sili 47 323 395 718 Total 926 947 APPENDIX. Returns of seventh census, January, 1920 — Continued. RECAPITULATION. 43 District. Male. Female. Total. 1,917 1,249 926 1,S60 1,159 947 3,777 2,408 1,873 Total 1.. 4,092 3,966 8,058 Census returns from 1900 to 1920. Year. Eastern district. "Western district. Manua. Total. 1900 2,221 2,342 2,441 3,018 3, 186 3, 4-58 3,777 1,702 1,818 1,752 1,907 2,288 2,254 2,408 1,756 1,603 1,695 1,855 1,797 1,664 1,873 5,679 5,563 5, 8S8 6,780 7,251 7, 376 8,068 1901 1903 1908 1912 1916 1920 Statement of births, deaths, ana marriages, fiscal years, July 1 to June 30. Year. Births. Deaths. Marriages. 1901 285 196 144 166 85 195 225 205 114 95 262 202 242 196 151 211 193 220 166 153 ISO 188 187 120 127 163 161 178 164 178 180 176 132 122 85 122 100 1S7 91 67 1902 1903 - 89 1904 1905 71 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 76 1911 56 1912 47 1913 05 1914 PS 1916 : 115 1917 ... . 79 1918 103 1919 139 1923 94 Total 3,706 2,878 1,633 Note. — Prior to. May 12, 1921, records of births and deaths have been filed monthly by the village chiefs. Their records have not been accurate, but are only approximately correct. A new law enacted May 12, 1921, requires village chiefs to report births and deaths on the day following for registration and also makes a burial certificate necessary before any burial can take place. The change is expected to insure accurate returns in the future. 44 APPENDIX. Appendix F. LIST OF GENERAL STORES AND CLASSIFICATION. PAGO PAGO. A. Forsythe & Co 1 first class. B. F. Kneubuhl____ ' 1 first class. H. J. Moors , 1 first class. G. H. C. Reid 1 first class. South Seas Pacific Co 1 first class. Frank Shimasaki , 2 second class. Histake & Nomura 1 second class. C. Scanlon 1 third class. I-EONE. A. Pritchard 1 first class. G. H. C. Reid 1 third class. John A. Pritchard 1 third class. HANUA. South Seas Pacific Co 1 third class. EATINGS OF STORES. First class: Monthly sales over. $2,000 per month. Second class : Monthly sales over $1,000 per month and under $2,000. Third class : Monthly sales over $500 per month and under $1,000. Appendix G. List of importations into American Samoa, 1920. Countries. Bread- stuffs. Cement. Cotton goods. Fish. Meats, etc. Canned vegeta- bles. Canned fruits. $3,850 15,955 $902 68 $26, 777 18,304 431 $24, 141 2,151 $7, 989 37, 873 11, 492 61 $1,148 531 Total 19, 805 970 45, 512 26,292 45,862 1,553 1,679' Countries. Leather. Oils. Sugar. Furni- ture. Lumber. Paints. $1, 828 814 $5, 910 469 $1,604 7,905 SI, 850 1,106 $1,077 351 $699 298 Total 2,642 6,379 9,509 2,956 1,428 997 Countries. Soap. Liquors. Tobacco. Hard- -ware. All other goods not classified. Total. $1,714 5,486 $5,854 3,492 $11,634 2,716 $27,716 10, 582 487 $126 185 $28 108 190 918 Total 7,200 28 9,346 14,350 38,785 235,29S Note. — The above statement does not include merchandise imported by the U. S. Navy Department APPENDIX. Appendix H. 45 TEMPERATURE DATA, 1900 TO 1920. Average annual temperature. 1900_ 1901_ 1902. 1903_ 1904_ 1905_ 1906_ 1907_ 1908- 1909_ 1910- 80.6 1911. 80.5 1912. 79.5 1913. 80.7 1914. 80.8 1915. 80.6 1916. SI. 4 1917. 80.7 1918. 81.1 1919. 80.0 1920. 80.3 80.5 80.7 82.7 80.0 1915 81. 7 82.1 82.6 82.6 82.7 80.8 Average monthly temperature for twenty years. January 82. 4 February 8] . 9 March 82. Z April 81. May SI. 1 June 79. 7 July 80. August 79. 6 September 79. 8 October 80. 3 November 81. 5 December 82. 4 Average mean temperature 80. 9 Maximum average monthly temperature, January, 1914 , . 86.1 Minimum average monthly temperature, July, 1902 75.4 Appendix I. RAINFALL DATA, 1900 TO 1921, INCLUSIVE. Yearly rainfall. Inches. 1900 167. 2 1901 177. 3 1902_ 1903_ 1904- 149. 199. 176. 1905 130. 2 1906_ 1907- 1908_ 1909- 1910_ 148.2 220.3 284.4 145.1 198.5 Inches. 1911 153. 7 1912 195. 4 1913 275. 2 1914 250. 6 1915 156. 3 1916 206. 1 1917 249. 9 1918 207. 1919 174. 9 1920 257. A verage monthly rainfall. Inches. Inches. July 10. 03 August 7.87 September 13. 04 October 15. 92 November 19. 22 December 19- 15 Inches. Average rainfall per year 196. 20 Average rainfall per month 1°- *> Maximum monthly rainfall, May, 1913 °0- 50 Minimum monthly rainfall, June, 1900 °°- 1° January 21. 24 February 24. 11 March 19. 11 April 17. 79 May 14. 50 June 14. 22 46 APPENDIX. Appendix J. A LIST OF BOOKS ON SAMOA. Churchill, L- P '" Samoa Uma." Forest & Stream Pub. Co., New York City, 1902. Churchill, Wm "Polynesian Wanderings." Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C, 1911. Churchward, W. B " My Consulate in Samoa." Richard Bentley & Son, London, 1887. Jordan, David Starr " Fishes of Samoa." Bureau of Fisheries (United States Government publication), 1906. London Missionary Soci" Kalena (calendar) Samoa." Issued annually ; L. M ety S. Press, Malua, Upolu, Western Samoa. Macmillan & Co. (Lon- don) ."Statesman's Year Book." Issued annually. Pratt, George " Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language." London M.ssionarv Society Press, Malua, Upolu, Western Samoa, 1912. Saft'ord, W. E "Useful Plants of Guam" (with many references to Samoan plants). Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C, 1905. Stair, John B " Old Samoa." The Religious Tract Society, London, 1897. Stevenson, Robert Louis." A Footnote to History : Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa." Chas. Scr.bner & Son, 1892. " Letters of." Chas. Scribner & Son, 1899. " Yailinia Letters." Stone & Kimball, Chicago, 1895. Turner, George ''Nineteen Years in Polynesia." John Snow, London, 1861. " Samoa a Hundred Years Ago." Macmillan & Co., London, 1884. United States Forty-third Congress, first session, Senate Executive Document No. 45. Message from President ; report by Secretary of State upon Samoa contains report of Col. A. B. Steinberger, 1S74. Forty-s'xth Congress, first session, Senate Executive Document No. 2. President's message in relation to affairs in Samoa contains report of Mr. Goward on Samoa, 1879. Fiftieth Congress, first session, House Executive Document No. 238, American Rights in Samoa. Contains treaty between the Uir'ted States and Samoa of 1878, and report of George H. Bates, special agent to Samoa. Fifty-first Congress, first session, Senate Miscellane- ous Document No. 81. General act, signed at Ber- lin June 14, 1889, regarding neutrality of Samoa and Government by United States, Germany, and Great Britain. Many other papers on Samoan affairs. Foreign Relations of, 1899. Report of Mr. Bartlett Tripp. Tripartite Convention partitioning Samoa. U. S. Government Print- ing Office Memoranda furnished by Navy Department during second session of the Fifty-seventh Congress, 1902, in re Tutuila. Naval Governor, General Orders relative thereto, and other documents in force Jan. 1, 1903. Treaties, Conventions, and State Papers, relating to the acquisition of Samoan Islands, 1903. Wilkes, Charles Narrative of United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 5 vol- umes, 1845. o u Sfe ^ ufilf ■ &»' r.*« 'A m