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DS-740.4. 
 
 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 THE 
 
 CHARLES WILLIAM WASON 
 
 COLLECTION ON CHINA 
 
 AND THE CHINESE 
 
j Cornell University Library 
 
 DS 740.4.H865 1890 
 
 China's intercourse with, Europe / 
 
 3 1924 023 135 837 
 
 OLIN LIBRARY - CIRCUIATION, 
 DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 m^sSMmM,: ImM 
 
 
 i,^**:*^ 
 
 
 
 
 iSBL-24-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAYLOHD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.S.A. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023135837 
 
CHINA'S INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE. 
 
Z\)c paooba Xibrari?. 
 
 CHINA'S Intercourse 
 WITH Europe. 
 
 By E. H. PARKER. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE following selections are a digest of eight vo- 
 lumes of very interesting matter. Leaving the 
 main facts, as we Europeans perfectly well know them 
 to be, untouched, the translator has chosen only those 
 portions which are novel, curious, or suggestive, — in 
 short, he has picked all the currants out of the cake. 
 The original work is called the St- Chung Ki-shi, or a 
 Record of Chinese and Western Relations, published 
 anonymously by one Hia Sieh" under the fancy name 
 of the " Feeble Old Man of the River." As, during 
 the course of his narrative, he mentions that he was 
 deputed to act in the Nan-ch'ang missionary affair 
 of 1862; and, as he was in close relations there with 
 the mischievous educational officer gf the same sur- 
 name; it is fair to presume that the two men were 
 relatives, and that the author was a scribe or secretary 
 attached to some influential general officer's staff. 
 The book is bitterly hostile to foreigners, and strongly 
 prejudiced, but apparently composed with the strictest 
 possible adhesion to .truth as to facts. Many interest- 
 ing portions are left untranslated, — for instance, the 
 
miserable and foul slanders circulated by the Death 
 Blow to Corrupt Doctrines, which the author does not 
 even profess to believe, but which he repeats out of 
 mahce; and a violent attack upon the character of 
 the late Sir Harry Parkes, w^ho was evidently 
 marked out for the author's special detestation 
 amongst the many detestable foreigners. The book 
 is extremely well written in point of style, and the 
 author attacks his own countrymen as frankly and 
 fearlessly as he attacks Europeans. The burden of 
 his song is: — Why were our statesmen and soldiers 
 so corrupt and feeble as to betray our empire to the 
 European ? The moral of his story is : — Let us put 
 our shoulders to the wheel, and do again what China 
 did with the Scythians and the Turks 2,000 and 1,000 
 years ago, — turn the enemy out. The "preface," 
 which discloses the name of the author — now de- 
 ceased — , appears as a colophon at the end ; and in it 
 is stated the fact that a high Chinese official had 
 already burnt the printing-blocks and suppressed the 
 book some time ago; but the anonymous editor says 
 that he managed to preserve a copy, and has had it 
 reprinted, in order that the opinions contained therein 
 may be widely circulated. 
 
 E. H. PAEKER. 
 
ERRATA, 
 
 Page 3, foot, for 1^ read ^. 
 „ 13, line 6, for " was told " read " Kan Ying was told." 
 „ 22, last line, for " and with " read " and Schaal with." 
 
 According to the Slien Pao of the 15th September 1890, the new 
 General of J&h-lw has just left for Muh-lan /^ W on the way to 
 his post. With reference to the note on page 89, therefore, it must 
 be assumed that this Muh-lan, and not that in Kan SuJi, is the one 
 referred to. 
 
 Note.— The first 32 pages were inadvertently printed off before 
 the defects in punctuation had been remedied. 
 
 E. H. P. 
 
CHINA'S INTERCOURSE 
 WITH EUROPE. 
 
 THE term "The West,"" applied by foreigners 
 to Europe, is simply another way of expressing 
 what the Chinese used to term Ta Ts'in ; * and little 
 more was known of that region during the After 
 Han Dynasty [about the Christian Era] except that 
 it consisted of states '• west of the sea; " it was not 
 until the Tsin dynasty" that this expression was 
 explained to mean "west of the western sea," or 
 what is now known as the Indian Ocean. Even the 
 Mongols only extended their appanages to the 
 countries south and west of the Pamir; whilst the 
 travelling eunuchs of the Ming dynasty, who paid 
 seven visits to the west, only got as far as Hormuz 
 on the east part of the Red Sea. So it was that, 
 when Matthew Rieci'' came to Peking, no one at 
 court knew what countries "The West" were; 
 and it was only after he had seen the Christian 
 
 "M'M '':kM ' A.D. 265-419. ^^MW 
 
2 . China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 tablet at Si-an, and identified his own religion, that 
 the term Ta Ts'in came to be applied to Europe. 
 Jules Aleni " was also a western man, and he printed 
 a copy of the tablet in his book upon the sciences 
 and geography of Europe. 
 
 Previous to the Han Dynasty* these states 
 were under the lead of Greece, or Hellas ; but the 
 power of Rome, the modern Italia, began to assert 
 itself at the epoch of our Eastern " Hans. During 
 our Six Minor Dynasties, ■* Rome became a prey to 
 the Goths, and split up into independent kingdoms 
 recognizing no supremacy but the spiritual leadership 
 of the Popes. During the Ming dynasty there were 
 frequent messengers sent to the western, ocean to 
 command tribute, but no Europeans ever came. 
 Only in the reign of Cheng-te' did the French, 
 who had taken possession of Malacca, send an envoy 
 to offer tribute, taking advantage of our preoccupa- 
 tion with the Japanese pirates to seize Macao. It 
 was from Ricei that we first learnt of " The West ; " 
 but, even then, we did not know if the French and 
 the Dutch came from thence. Though the Mings 
 may have the honour of having pushed farther west 
 than any previous dynasty, yet their ambition has 
 bequeathed to us the troubles which have since beset 
 us during several centuries. 
 
 " 3t ffil 'I^F » i.e. 200 B.C. c u, A.D. 25-220. 
 
 ^ A.D. 586-618. « A.D. 1606-1622. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 3 
 
 The French, as has been said, during their 
 trading expeditions seized Malacca or the Moluccas, 
 and in the year 1518 " sent an envoy with tribute. 
 He and his suite behaved with great violence and 
 rapacity, and a foreign cook named A-san, through 
 the influence of the minister Kiang Pin,' managed 
 to get a position in attendance on the Emperor, 
 whom he amused with his buffoonery. This went 
 on for two years, when it transpired that A-san was 
 only a Chinese servant to the foreigners : he was 
 executed, and the tribute was refused. In 1522, 
 owing to some dispute, the French attacked a place 
 outside the Canton River. They were defeated and 
 their trade was stopped. This arrangement in- 
 terfering with the perquisites of the officials, it ended 
 in Macao becoming a sort of trading port." From 
 this centre the French sent their emissaries up the 
 Fu Kien coasts, and many were the piratical attacks, 
 defeats, and executions which followed their law- 
 less proceedings. Macao became a sort of imperium 
 in imperio ; it had long been the custom for Siamese, 
 Cochin-Chinese, Javan, Loochoo, and Borneo junks 
 to trade at Canton ; but, in the early part of the 
 sixteenth century, the market had been moved to 
 Tien-pak ^ on the southern coast, whence, in 1534, 
 
 a Both were taken by the Portuguese in 1611. >> 9r Ofi 
 
 « It is evident that the word " Franks " must have been used 
 by the first Portuguese in explaining who they were. 
 
4 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 it was again shifted, by the influence of bribes, — 
 this time to Macao ; and the French got a foot-hold 
 there with the rest, and, as has been stated, set up a 
 sort of state of their own. In 1564 they offered, 
 under the new name of Portugals, to send tribute 
 for Malacca; but this was refused, as they were 
 suspected of being French in disguise. Later on 
 they constructed an immense cathedral, such as 
 never was seen in China. The above details come 
 from the Mincf Sid," or History of the Mings. 
 
 The French were followed by the Portuguese, 
 and then by the Dutch. At the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century great efforts were made to get 
 rid of the foreigners, and an examination of Chang 
 Ju-lin's * History of Macao shews that there is some 
 confusion between the French and the Portuo-uese. 
 The Portuguese first came to Ts'uan-chou, Chusan, 
 and Ningpo during the reign of Ch&ng-te, and to 
 Macao in the year 1550, after the trade had been 
 removed thither. In order to get special facilities 
 for themselves, the Portuguese bribed the Macao 
 authorities with a rental of Tls. 500 a year, and then 
 proceeded to send home for their families, in such 
 wise that the population soon reached the figure of 
 3,400 foreign souls. The visits of the French were 
 now only occasional, and all the barbarians who 
 frequented Macao were more or less under the seo-is 
 
China's iMercourse with Europe. 5 
 
 of Portugal. In order to protect themselves against 
 the Dutch, they built a fort, much on the lines of 
 the former French fort, which the authorities had 
 already pulled down once ; and invited the assistance 
 of the Chinese provincial government to expel their 
 rivals. As the Chinese were then fully employed in 
 repelling the Japanese pirates, it was thought better 
 not to drive the Portuguese from Macao, but to keep 
 on good terms with, and watch them, with an eye to 
 future emergencies. At that time Emmanuel Diaz 
 Junior" was in favour, owing to the recommenda 
 tions of the Chinese statesman' 8u Kwang-k'i ; '' 
 but it was not then clear what state Portugal really 
 was : their trade was limited to twenty-five ships a 
 vear, and when the Manchus came into power this 
 figure was maintained, and a preference was given 
 to them over other foreigners in that they had only 
 to pay tonnage-dues and not duties on the goods 
 landed. The above details are extracted from the 
 Ao-min Ki-lioh, or History of Macao. 
 
 The Portuguese never'' sent tribute to Peking 
 during the Ming dynasty, but this was first done by 
 them in the fifth year of Yung-cheng [A.D. 1727], 
 and again in the 18th of K'ien-lung [A.D. 1753], 
 of the Manchu dynasty. 
 
 " ^ 3i pf ' fi 5t ic 
 
 c Francis Xavier left Goa in 1552 with an envoy for China, 
 but the Governor of Malacca detained Pereyra the enroy and 
 Xavier went on alone.— (Williams.) 
 
6 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Holland is a maritime state in the west, but the 
 eunuch Cheng Ho," who visited those regions seven 
 times, does not record Holland amongst the countries 
 seen by him. During the Ming dynasty the Dutch 
 were at war with the Spaniards, Portuguese and 
 others, and possessed themselves of Kalapa [Java]. 
 They attacked the Phillipines in the 29th year of 
 Wan-lih [A.D. 1601], and took the Pescadores in 
 the 32nd year [A.D. 1604]. In this they were 
 encouraged by some treacherous Chinese traders 
 from Patani* who had made their acquaintance 
 there. They soon got tired of discouragements and 
 difficulties here and went back to Malacca. After 
 that they took Formosa and the Pescadores whence 
 they were expelled. Again a third time they took 
 possession of the Pescadores and made a sort of 
 pirate station out of it. A successful effort was 
 made to drive them out in the 4th year of T'ien-k'i 
 [A.D. 1624] and their general Kau Wen-liih "= with 
 a dozen others were sent as captives up to Peking. 
 Chinese colonists were encouraged to populate 
 Formosa after these events; but Koxinga,"* son of 
 Cheng Chi-lung"^ by a Japanese wife, failed to 
 
 :fc i/g in the Malay Peninsula, also called Kolofusha.- 
 ( Porter Smith). 
 
 ° Hf 3it ft ? Karl van Leeuw. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 7 
 
 dislodge the 2,000 or so of Dutch who occupied 
 T'aiwan. In the 16th year of Yung-chSng [A.D. 
 1659] Koxinga attacked Nanking, but failing there 
 went back to Formosa whence he expelled the Dutch 
 in the 18th year [A.D. 1661]. In the 13th year 
 [A.D. 1656J the Dutch had been allowed to send a 
 tribute-envoy to Peking, and it was arranged that 
 they should continue to do so every eight years. 
 Koxinga dying in the 1st year of K*ang-hi [A.D. 
 1662], Dutch aid was sought by the Fu Kien 
 government towards expelling his son ChSng King " 
 who died in 1679. The surrender of Koxinga's 
 grandson Cheng K'eh-shwang* was brought about 
 by Dutch strategy and instruction in the knowledge 
 of tides and naval tactics, their motive being revenge 
 for what they had suffered at his grandfather's 
 hands. After this it was decided to incorporate 
 Formosa with the Empire. The above details are 
 taken from the Ming History, the Hwang TsHng Sz-i 
 IC'au or Notices of tlie Outlying Manchu Dominions, 
 the Manchu Annals of Wei Yiian, and the Kieh-k'i 
 Ting-tsih.' 
 
 During our two Han dynasties Home was the 
 most powerful of the European states, and her report 
 was noised in China after King Antony's embassy."* 
 
 ^ In the 9th j'ear of Yen-hi [A.D. 166] according to the 
 
 Nan-shi, ^ ^j king of Ta Ts'in, sent an envoy by way of 
 Jih-nan or Cochin-China. 
 
8 Chinees Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 From this it is argued in later times that our 
 knowledge of the " Great Western Ocean " begins 
 here. The Great West began with Hellas, of which 
 the leading tribe was Athens. When Rome annexed 
 Hellas she appropriated her learning: hence 
 Europeans, who are credited with astronomical 
 knowledge, must confess their obligations to Italy. 
 The Faith of the Lord of Heaven began with Judaea 
 or West India in the ■ East ; but this country was 
 also subdued by Eome, and hence the doctrine of 
 Jesus started in Italy, and Jesus was recognized as 
 the founder by all the Europeans. Paul and Peter 
 were the apostles of Jesus, and a succession of 
 saintly men followed down to the Chief King Con- 
 stantino (Stine or Stan being the western expression 
 signifying "leader") who altered the pagan temples 
 into churches under the Popes. The Popes are 
 Vicars on earth of the Lord of Heaven, do not marry 
 or mix with the world, and are elected by the 
 Cardinals. The above details are taken from the 
 Chih-Fang- Wai-Ki or Concise Geography [of Didace 
 de Pantoja]." 
 
 In the 9th year of Wan-lih [1581] a western 
 man named Matthew Rioci'' came to Kwang 
 Tung, and in 1601 he went to Peking. ° He 
 
 * Valignani had already arrived in 1580. — (Williams). 
 « With Catanco.— (WiDiams). 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe, 9 
 
 explained how China was only one of very many 
 states in the four continents of Europe, Asia, Libya 
 [Africa] and America ; also a more recent one 
 called Magellenica. He said that all the European 
 states belonged to the Religion of the Lord of 
 Heaven, and that Jesus was born in the 2nd year of 
 the Han Emperor Ai, at Bethlehem in Judsea. He 
 also explained that the Hwei-hwei [Uigur] astronomy 
 used by China was erroneous, and thus it came 
 about that Pantoja and Sabbatin des Ursis" were 
 employed to assist in revising the Calendar. Ricei 
 died at Peking, but his pupils Diaz, John Terrenz * 
 Francis Sambiaso," Jules Aleni, and Nicholas 
 Longobardi ^ remained at Peking, where they never 
 ceased protesting that they could prove the western 
 methods to be correct. Two other westerns named 
 Adam Schaal ' and Jacques Eho''' were recommended 
 by Sii Kwang-k'i for posts on the Astronomical 
 Board in the second year of Ch'ung-cheng [1629] ; 
 but shortly after this the Ming dynasty came to an 
 end. In the second year of the Manchu Emperor 
 Shun-chi [1645] Schaal again came to Peking, 
 and was appointed with Ferdinand Verbiest" to 
 the Astronomical Board, shortly after which began 
 their great dispute with the Mussulman Yang 
 
 "^IH^ *l$3ilS °||*^, Eicoi's succeesor. 
 
 'mns: 'm^m 'mm^^ 'f^mt, 
 
10 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Kwangrsien " about the proper place for intercalary 
 moons. When the rebellion of the three Satraps 
 took place, Verbiest was received in Audience and 
 ordered to make guns on the, western method. He 
 and his comrades taught us algebra, the square- 
 roots, trigonometry, 'logarithms ; translated Euclid, 
 Nicholas [Smogolenski], Tycho [Brahe] * and other 
 authors. Thus Italy it was that really introduced 
 western science into China. Italy sent an envoy 
 with tribute in the ninth year of K'ang-hi [1670], 
 and he was granted Audience in the 18th year. In. 
 the first year of Yung-cheng [1723] the offending 
 westerns were released from gaol and sent home, 
 for which the Pope returned thanks and sent tribute. 
 For the last 200 years the Italians, chiefly at Peking, 
 have been propagating their faith under the cloak of 
 teaching science. The above details are taken from 
 the Ming History, and the Notices of the Outlying 
 Manchu Dominions. 
 
 After the decline of Rome, France and England 
 came to the front. When the French first came 
 they were not known to be from the G-reat Western 
 Ocean ; but after they " took Macao and the other 
 nations began to assemble there, it became known 
 that they all came from the Great West. Italy was 
 a little later arrival. Aleni and des Ursis were 
 Italians ; John Terrenz was a German ; Pantoja 
 
 "■^ 3fc ^ * S 7b S M ^ « i.e., the Portuguese. 
 
China's Intercourse mth Europe. 11 
 
 was a Spaniard; Diaz a Portuguese. All these 
 came from Macao to Peking. Did not the English 
 come then too? Yes. When the Dutch were at 
 Formosa they were only known as the Red Hairs 
 to the Mings, and it was not understood that they too 
 came from the west, and as the English came from 
 the same place they too were called Red Hairs. In 
 the 9th year of Ch'ung-cheng [1637] four Red 
 Hair ships came into Canton waters to demand 
 trade, and owing to a confusion in dates it seems 
 that these were Englishmen mistaken by the \'arious 
 historical authorities for Dutchmen. Amongst 
 foreign writers, Morrison says the English came to 
 trade during the reign of Wan-lih [1573-1620]. 
 Another account says that in the 24th year of 
 Wan-lih [1596] the female Prince of England, 
 wishing to be on friendly terms with China, sent 
 three ships with a letter and presents ; but that they 
 were wrecked in a storm. In the 10th year of 
 Ch'ung-cheng [1637] five of their ships came from 
 Sumatra to Canton and hoisted a white flag whilst 
 their application to trade was being considered ; but 
 through the intrigues of the Portuguese this was 
 refused; they commenced hostilities, captured one 
 of the forts, which however they surrendered on 
 being allowed to dispose of their cargoes. Thus it 
 appears that the English did actually come du'fing 
 the Ming dynasty, and were erroneously supposed 
 
12 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 to be the same as Dutchmen, whose own origin was 
 not understood. The Manchu dynasty permitted 
 foreign trade in the 22nd year of K'ang-hi [1683] ; 
 but the Europeans say that the English traded at 
 Amoy during Koxinga's time. 
 
 The following additional remarks may be of use. 
 It seems clear from what Fan Yeh" says that 
 Europe is the ancient Ta Ts'in, or Hai Si, and the 
 sea (Jiai) of which it was west {si) is the Indian 
 Ocean bordering upon the Eastern and Western Eed 
 Seas, and extending into the Libyan continent. The 
 Wei Shu [A.D. 386-556] says that "west, by 
 " sea, from T'iao-chih you go round 10,000 IV 
 T'iao-chih is the modern West India,' and from 
 this you go to Libya. North of Libya is the 
 Mediterranean which brings you to Europe. Euro- 
 peans who now come east by sea [from- Italy] cross 
 the Mediterranean, follow the west coast [? of Africa] 
 in a southerly direction, and, rounding, emerge from 
 Libyan confines at Ta-lang Shan," when they put 
 about and steer north-east ; so that it is true about 
 being "separated by a sea." Compare this with 
 the After Han History, which says that Ansih 
 [Parthia] was "anxious for the monopoly of trade 
 " with them [T'iao-chih] in Chinese silks, and 
 
 « Author of the After Han History. 
 & Already shewn to be Judaea. 
 
 " i^ M III ? Cape of Good Hope. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. IS 
 
 " therefore kept them from direct communication 
 " with China ; " this evidently means that Parthia 
 would not allow them to cross the sea and get to 
 China. Again Pan Ch'ao" sent Kan Ying on a 
 mission to their country, and, when about to enter 
 the sea, was told by the boatmen that " there was 
 " in the ocean a sentimental object which caused one 
 " to feel sad ; but that, if he did not mind his 
 " parents and family, he might enter [the sea]." 
 The result was that Kan Ying was unable to cross. 
 The Parthians made the boatmen say this in order 
 to keep oif Ta Ts'in, and to frighten the Chinese 
 envoy. The Ming History was composed after Ricci 
 had explained where Italy was, and under the 
 chapter Fuhlim* it is stated that Jesus, Lord of 
 Heaven, was born in Judaea, the ancient Ta Ts'in ; — 
 this was according to the mistaken account of 
 Verbiest and Alcni ; for when the first Europeans 
 came they did not know where Ta Ts'in was, and it 
 was only after they had seen the Nestorian Tablet 
 that they said Ta Ts'in was the place where the 
 Lord of. Heaven was born, being ignorant that 
 Judsea was in the entirely different continent of 
 Asia, whilst Ta Ts'in was Europe. Fuhlim is West 
 India, separated by a sea from Ta Ts'in ; but they 
 followed the erroneous account of the T'ang Shu, 
 which made out that Fuhlim was another name for 
 
 « A.B. 32-102. * ^M 
 
14 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Ta Ts'in., or what was rieally Italy, in quite i 
 different continent. In the same way we thought 
 the French near neighbours because they came from 
 Malacca, and confused the Portuguese as Ta Si-yang 
 with the French, not knowing that the Ta Si-yang 
 were in fact Portugals, and that both they and the 
 French came from the Ta Si-yang or Great Western 
 Seas. The Dutch were only another sort of the 
 same people, and the Italians, who are stated by the 
 Hai-kwoh T'u-cMh to have introduced the French 
 and Portuguese to Peking, really came after these 
 to Macao, and from Macao to Peking. The Italians 
 did not come for trade.bnt to make the acquaintance 
 of our leading men, being the most respectable 
 amongst the barbarians. During the war with the 
 Manehus, foreigners of all nations, but chiefly 
 ItaUans and Portuguese, were invited to Peking. 
 Ricei studied Euclid under Clavius," and bringing 
 his books to the east attracted the attention of such 
 scholars Su Kang-k'i and Li Chih-tsao, * who 
 corrected his style for him. Then came des Ursis, 
 Pantoja, Schaal, Rho, etc., when the Manchu war 
 put a stop to the intentions of the Ming dynasty. 
 The Manehus however took the matter up. At first 
 these men only taught their astronomy and science 
 in order to gain a living ; but when once they had a 
 footing they made it a cloak for spreading their 
 
 "7 R 'mi-m' 
 
China's Intercourse mth EurOpA. 15 
 
 religious doctrines in a way never contemplated 
 by Ricoi. Still, they would never have actually 
 rebelled to this day had it not been for the action of 
 England and France. 
 
 Ever since the T'ang dynasty" the tribes of 
 West India have been Mussulmans, in whose power 
 Judsea then was. Hence the Ming History, whilst 
 describing Aden* and Arabia," only mentions 
 Judsea under the head of Fuhlim and Italy. 
 Western scholars, wishing to make out that their 
 religion came , from Europe, asserted that Ta Ts'in 
 was identical with Judssa, forgetting that the 
 Mediterranean lay between them. Judsea was first 
 subdued by Persia; then by Rome during the 
 Eastern Han reigns ; hence it got the name of 
 Ta Ts'in too. Other causes led to the same 
 confusion in terms. The Nestorian Tablet says : — 
 " The Virgin gave birth to a Holy One in Ta Ts'in." 
 Now the westerns say that this Virgin means " the 
 Mother of the Lord of Heaven," and argue from 
 this that the Lord of Heaven was born in Ta Ts'in, 
 ignoring the context which follows : " a bright star 
 " announced the glorious news, and the Persians, 
 " seeing its light, came with tribute offerings ; ""* so 
 that the Scripture and Images of the Lord of 
 
 a i.e., from A.D. 600. ^M ^ ' 'JOf 
 
 ■* Dr. Hirth is of opinion that this is in effect the language of 
 St. Matthew, ch. 2, v. 1. 
 
16 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Heaven came from Persia, whilst Ta Ts'in appro- 
 priates them to itself. Persia is very close to 
 Judaea' and vrhen the T'ang dynasty came into 
 power the latter had fallen out of the hands of effete 
 Rome back into those of Persia, and it was at this 
 time that the Faith went west. The barbarian 
 priests make the ridiculous assertion that Persia 
 came from Ta Ts'in, instead of Ta Ts'in from Persia. 
 Then, again, regarding the Ta Ts'in Temples : " the 
 edict of the T'ang Emperor T'ai Tsung is not 
 recorded in history, but the edict of, the 4th year 
 of T'ien-pao [A.D. 745] given in the Ts'ih-fu 
 Yuan-kwei^ says that they were first called 
 Persian " Temples, and only at that date changed 
 to Ta Ts'in Temples. The statement, then, in the 
 decree that the Persian Eeligion "* emanated from 
 Ta Ts'in simply repeats the nonsense of the foreign 
 priests. Persia is the ancient T'iao-chih, and 
 European scholars have now ascertained that this 
 is [Parthia or] Ansih, so that Kan Ying's 
 detention by Parthia on the sea-coast was in the 
 country under discussion. The East and West 
 Red Seas, west of West India, are the places 
 dividing Asia from Libya [Africa]. The extreme 
 point of the West Red Sea is separated from 
 
 * Composed by the Sung Emperor Chgn Tsimg, about 
 A.D. 1000. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 17 
 
 the Mediterranean by a strip of land 170 li across, 
 which thus divides Libya from the Mediterranean. 
 The "separation by a sea" really means the 
 " separation of two seas " hy this strip. This strip 
 is a short cut to Ta Ts'in, and of course Kan Ying 
 knew nothing of this. The boatmen told him that 
 " a sea-voyage would take him three years ; that 
 " there was a creature in the ocean, etc., etc.," was 
 all guess-work, for during recent centuries the 
 Europeans at first came by this sea-route, going 
 from the sea of T'iao-chih [? Judsea] round the west 
 coast of Libya and turn north-east at the Cape of 
 Good Hope." Hence the statement of the Ying-hai 
 Chih-lioh^ that the land-route by Suez is nearer 
 by 20,000 li would account for what was told to 
 Kan Ying in Parthia " that he must go round 
 40,000 li, supposing that we add to the extra 
 20,000 li the distance he would have had to travel 
 in the Red Sea and Mediterranean. No wonder he 
 turned back in despair! Wei Yiian" says that 
 the capital of T'iao-chih was Mecca in the present 
 Arabia, a considerable distance from Parthia, think- 
 ing that the sea to which Kan Ying came might 
 not have been the Red Sea, but the Sea of Aleph * in 
 
 * By j^, Governor of Fu Kien. 
 
 ° 1^ W- Author of the Mcmehu Annals, A.D. 1840. 
 
 "^ PrI m ^ ' Arabian Bea, or 1 Gulf of Akaba. 
 
18 CMna's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 the eastern part of. T'iao-ehih ; and that, as the 
 Han History only said he " reached T'iao-ehih," 
 the name of T'iao-ehih was thns applied to all 
 countries west of Parthia ; but that Kan Ying did 
 not necessarily reach the capital of T'iao-ehih. As 
 to the remarks of the boatmen on the west frontier 
 of Parthia, these were merely in reply to route 
 enquiries, and Kan Ying need not have got to the 
 extreme end of the Red Sea in order to find out that 
 he was cut off from the other [or Mediterranean] 
 Sea. To sum up, the Hai Si States of Fan Yeh 
 only refer to the south-western coasts of Asia. Had 
 Kan Ying passed Parthia, entered the Red Sea, and 
 reached Libya, even then he would only have got as 
 far as some point between the East and West Red 
 Seas : to hold that he reached the extreme end of the 
 Red Sea is to unduly strain conclusions. 
 
 The Thin End of the Wedge. 
 
 Judsea, the birthplace of the Lord of Heaven, is 
 the name for the west part of Asia. He lived on 
 earth for 33 years, and was regarded by all the 
 people of the Five Indies as Founder of the Faith 
 which afterwards went west to Ta Ts'in. The 
 westerns were at first Buddhists, until the birth of 
 Jesus 600 years after Buddha's annihilation. The 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 19 
 
 Cross was adopted by Jesus as a symbol of authority, 
 Heaven" was His Father, and He was the Son of 
 God. ' He died to save men, and the westerns 
 styled Him the Lord of Heaven." Nothing of this 
 reached China until the reign ^ of T'ai Tsung, when 
 OlopSn, high priest of Ta Ts'in, * came to the 
 Chinese capital with Scriptures and Images. A 
 decree authorised the establishment of a Ta Ts'in Sz 
 [Monastery] with 21 converted [? or baptized] 
 priests/ Seven reigns later, during the Emperor 
 Tai Tsung's^ time, one King Tsing,* a priest of 
 the Ta Ts'in Sz Monastery, inscribed the famous 
 Tablet recounting how the Nestorian Religion* 
 came to China ; and thus our scholars have concluded 
 that this was the beginning of the Religion of the 
 Lord of Heaven too. However, the 27 books of 
 Scripture-' are beyond the reach of enquiry. The 
 Images were of the True God Aloha,* Three in One 
 Mysterious Body Eternal True Lord, and the Triune 
 Most Honoured Messiah, Mother of the Mysterious 
 Trinity, that is, the Virgin who gave birth to the 
 Holy One in Judsea, as stated in the Tablet. At this 
 
 i A.D. 627-650. ^ Jl ^ IW H :* ^ S ft 
 
 s There must be a mistake. The date given is the 2nd year 
 of Kiea-chung [A.D. 781], which would be T6 'I'sung's reign. 
 
 3 i.e., the New Testament, * PrI ^ IrT 
 
20 CMnaHs Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 time there were three barbarian monasteries in China : 
 the Ta Ts'in 8z [or Nestorianl, the T'ien-shgn" 
 [or Jewish], and the Muni [? Manichean] , * Muni 
 being explained by some to be a western woman who 
 came to China, and T'ien-sh§n being the God 
 worshipped by the people of Ta-ts'in, T'ien-shen 
 being thus identified with T'ien-ehu. Just about 
 this time there was another man in Aden of West 
 India who set up the Mussulman"^ Religion. His 
 name was Mahomet, and he was born 600 years after 
 Jesus. He died in the 14th year of K'ai-hwang 
 [A.D. 593], and his disciples became numerous 
 during the succeeding T'ang dynasty. Some of 
 them brought Muni, or Mani, ■* with them in the 
 train of the Ouigours, when these came on their 
 usual tribute-mission. They established themselves 
 in the capital, and did all they could to weaken the 
 Nestorians; and thus from the time of the in- 
 troduction of the Mussulman religion that of the 
 Nestorians fell off, and hardly anything was heard 
 of them during the Sung and Yiian dynasties. 
 Then in the year 1581 Ricci came with his relics, 
 pictures, etc., from the west, and in 1601 reached 
 Peking. At first it was doubted whether there was 
 such a place as the Ta Si-yang which he pretended to 
 come from. The Emperor certainly made a mistake 
 in entering into direct relations with this man. How- 
 
China's Intercourse with, Europe. 21 
 
 ever, he was much respected, and died at Peking 
 after introducing several others. Then occurred the 
 errors in the eclipse calculations, and, follov^ing the 
 precedent of the Emperor Hung-wu, who established 
 a Ouigour Observatory in 1368, the Emperor 
 appointed Pantoja and des Ursis to the Astronomical 
 Board. Thus did the western men, under cloak of 
 science, spread their religious doctrines. There was 
 one Alphonso Yagnani" at Nanking who made 
 propagandism his special business. One Six Ju- 
 k'o, ' of the Board of Rites, succeeded at last in 
 getting him and Diaz ejected and ordered to Canton. 
 The grounds alleged were that there was little to 
 distinguish in principle between the harm done by 
 the teachings of the White Lily and Nihilist" 
 societies and those of the Roman Catholics. In the 
 year 1618 Pantoja sent in a Memorial remonstrating 
 against this harsh treatment of his co-religionists. 
 In this he was unsuccessful, and both he and 
 Vagriani were ordered away. Vagnani, however, 
 soon returned to Nanking under another name,'' 
 and pursued his propagandist avocations as before. 
 The leading Chinese Christians under the Ming 
 
 "IMS 'f^ftiifii 'n^ 
 
 <* Williams says that one Faber obtained a great reputation in 
 
 Shen Si, and Father Pfister, S.J., to whom and Father Heude, S.J., 
 
 I am indebted for the transliteration of these names, informs 
 
 me that Vagnani re-appeared in Shen Si under the name of 
 
 ^ _ =fc 
 IbI >&■ 
 
22 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 dynasty were Sii Kwang-k'i," Li Chi-ts'ao/ Li 
 T'ien-king/ Feng Ying-king ^ and Fan Liang- 
 shu. ^ Under their patronage Schaal became more 
 influential even than Ricci, and the new faith rapidly 
 extended until there were no fewer than thirty 
 establishments scattered over the thirteen provinces. 
 The authorities for the above account of the Jesuits 
 are the Ming History and the work of their Mussul- 
 man enemy Yang Kwang-sien,-'' called Puh-teh-i ' 
 or " Nilly Willy," or the " Protest." 
 
 As above stated the name Ta Ts'in first appeared 
 in the After Han History, and the first Europeans 
 who came did not know to what place it referred. 
 But Ricci explained to his friend Sii that the 
 Christian religion had its origin during the Eastern 
 Han Dynasty; and afterwards when Aleni saw the 
 Nestorian Tablet he quoted it as referring to the 
 Religion of the Lord of Heaven. He proceeded then 
 to compose his Si Hio Fan or Sketch of Western 
 Knowledge, giving the history of Christianity, to 
 which Schaal added pamphlets describing the works 
 of Jesus, the Crucifixion, and so on. 
 
 Schaal's great ' opponent |was the Mussulman 
 Yang Kwang-sien, and" witS*" Rho was appointed on 
 
 " W 3t£ IX or Paul Sii, who gives his name to Sukawei or 
 Sicoawei, near Shanghai. 
 
 '^:tm 'm%m "mmM 
 'mKm 'm^% 'x^%^ 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 23 
 
 Su's recommendation to a post on the Astronomical 
 Board' in the third year of Ch'ung-chSng [A.D. 
 IfiSO]. Schaal was ou the staif of Li Kien-t'ai's 
 army" which marched against the rebels in 1644, 
 and on the fall of the Ming dynasty next year oiFered 
 his services to the Manchus. After this he and 
 Verbiest were appointed to the Astronomical Board, 
 much to the disgust of Yang, who specially objected 
 to the five words " according to new European 
 methods," inscribed on the new almanacs. Owing to 
 some error in Schaal's calculation affecting the 
 eclipse of January 1665, Schaal was cast into 'prison, 
 and Yang took his place on the Board ; but, three 
 years later, as Yang was unable to place the 
 intercalary moon correctly, he was sentenced to 
 death, and Schaal was re-appointed with Verbiest. 
 Subsequently banished and reprieved, Yang revenged 
 himself by writing a book inveighing fiercely 
 against the foreigners generally and all their works, 
 and more especially against Schaal. He called to 
 mind the warnings of Kiang T'ung* against admit- 
 ting the Tartars into China 1,000 years earlier, and 
 said that no one had ever been allowed previously to 
 set foot in China without bringing tribute, let alone 
 being allowed to remain and stir up trouble. The 
 Hans, said he, were all wrong in their astronomy 
 and managed to reign four hundred years notwith- 
 
24 GMna^s Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 standing. Exeat peregrinus mat ccelum : better have 
 erroneous eclipses than a swarm of scheming Euro- 
 peans. Even the Buddhists and Taoists inculcate 
 loyalty and filial piety, whereas Jesus did not even 
 recognize the natural paternity of his father Joseph, 
 and was crucified as a malefactor even by his 
 own countrymen. Mencius justly condemned the 
 egotistical doctrines of Yang Chu" and Meh Ti,* 
 but these Christians are not only allowed to spread 
 their heretical doctrines, but are encouraged to spy 
 out and inform themselves upon everything in the 
 Empire. Hence the " Protest " or warning. A 
 further declamation of his touches upon the ex- 
 traordinary story of Adam and his descendants' 
 sins ; the proposed redemption of them by the Lord 
 of Heaven 5,000 years afterwards ; the various 
 warnings conveyed through angels and prophets, 
 and finally the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin 
 Mary. Admitting that there was a Creator, surely 
 the Creator's notice would not be confined to the 
 country of Judsea ; and as Lord of Heaven, how 
 could thirty-three years of existence be spared from 
 the Creator's duties of guarding the created world to 
 come on earth ? Who saw to the ordinary course of 
 nature during this period? Why not inculcate 
 virtue and self-restraint instead of simply curing 
 people of their sickness ? And then as to salvation 
 
GUna^s Intercourse with Europe. 25 
 
 by faith alone : what if all the unbelievers are good 
 men and all the faithful wicked ? How was it the 
 Saviour of the world was unable to save Himself 
 from crucifixion? The old Buddhist notions of 
 Heaven and Hell are served up in a new form, and 
 yet Buddhism is preached down. The Confucian 
 Shang-ti is by a mutilation of the Confucian texts 
 made to serve as the Lord of Heaven, and yet 
 Confucianism is abused. If curing the sick and 
 raising the dead are such good works, would they 
 not be better if they reached to preventing sickness 
 and death altogether ?" Eicci said nothing of the 
 crucifixion, but simply that after accomplishing the 
 work of salvation Jesus re-ascended into Heaven. 
 Schaal, who was less crafty, gave the whole version 
 right out. In what way does this all difier from the 
 story of the Taoist patriarch Chang Tao-ling, who 
 also ascended into Heaven? Their science may be 
 fine, but their weapons are fine too : their celibacy 
 and abstinence from office is a means to gain men's 
 hearts, and the history of their doings in Japan and 
 the Phillipines ought to be a warning to us. To-day 
 you may abuse me as spiteful, but let not the day 
 
 a See Williams' Middle Kiiigdom for an account of the 
 dispute between Maigrot and the .Jesuits. The latter took 5C 
 to be the immaterial heaven, and _t W to te God, whilst the 
 Pope Clement XI, notwithstanding a previous papal decision of 
 Alexander VII in favour of the Jesuits, finally declared X 'o ^e 
 the material heavens, and 5C * *" ^^ *^^ correct term for God. 
 
26 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 come when you will venerate me a9 a prophet, and 
 it will be well for China!" Thus spoke Yang 
 Kwang-sien. But after his pardon he went to live 
 in Shan Tung, where he was poisoned by the 
 Europeans,' who did all they could to buy up and 
 destroy his writings. European influence at the 
 Astronomical Board was then triumphant. 
 
 Christian propagandism in the Provinces was 
 first forbidden in the 8th year of K'ang-hi [A.D. 
 1669]. Owing to Verbiest's success in predicting 
 an eclipse, foreigners were allowed to follow their 
 own religion at Peking, but not to spread it or to 
 have chapels in the Provinces. Notwithstanding 
 this prohibition the secret spread of Christian 
 doctrines in the Provinces went on as before. In 
 the 56th year of K'ang-hi [A.D. 1717] the 
 Brigadier of Kitshek (near Canton) represented the 
 growing dangers of propagandism, and prohibitions 
 were issued and renewed by the Emperor in 1717, 
 1718, and 1720, when a Lazarist at Peking named 
 Theodoricus'^ Pedrini was cast into prison for pre- 
 senting a Memorial which the Emperor considered 
 disrespectful. He was pardoned in 1723 on the 
 
 o These words bear a singular resemblance to those of 
 Aristides when driven from Athens : " I only hope that Athens 
 " may never see the day when it shall wish to see me back 
 " again." 
 
 f> This grave and probably mistaken accusation reads J^ n\ 
 
 M E A ^ 5E in the original. 
 
China's Intercourse vnth Europe. 27 
 
 accession of Yung-cbeng. In 1724, on the re- 
 presentation of Manpao," Viceroy at Foochow, the 
 missionaries were all sent to Canton, where the old 
 and feeble ones were allowed to remain on condition 
 of not continuing to make converts, and all Christian 
 Chinese in the provinces were ordered to abjure, 
 whilst the chapels were turned into offices.* In 
 1725 the Canton Viceroy obtained the Emperor's 
 permission to limit the number of foreigners at 
 Macao to 3,000 men. During the succeeding 
 reign of K'ien-lung, however, it was found that 
 propagandism was still going on, and a number of 
 priests were arrested and forwarded to the Board of 
 Punishments for perpetual confinement, amongst 
 whom was Pa-ya-li-yang. "■ In the winter of 1785 
 the Emperor ordered their discharge : those who 
 chose could return home, whilst the others were 
 quartered in the Mission House at Peking. The 
 authority for the above is the Hwang TsHng T'ung- 
 k'ao Se-i M4n. 
 
 The English King George,'' wishing to send 
 tribute and enter into friendly relations, sent an 
 envoy to Peking in the 58th year of K'ien-lung 
 [1793]. His credentials did not mention it, but he 
 requested at the Board to have the same privileges 
 as Russia in the matter of trade, students at Peking, 
 etc. The Emperor explained to him the restrictions 
 
28 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 under which the official missionaries resided at 
 Peking and politely refused his request. Two 
 Imperial mandates were sent to the King through 
 the authorities at Canton, where they were placed on 
 record. The authority for the above is Wei Yflan's 
 Hai-kwoh T'u-clil- In 1795 another letter with 
 presents was brought to and forwarded from Canton. 
 In the 21st year of Kia-k'ing [1816] still another 
 envoy was sent with tribute to China, but owing to 
 his contesting first at Canton certain questions of 
 form, and then again refusing to kneel on the day of 
 audienre at Peking on the ground that he was a 
 Christian," the Emperor rejected his presents and 
 dismissed him. Notwithstanding this the English 
 never abandoned their hopes for trade and residence 
 at Peking, whilst tho Religion of the Cross with its 
 Sabbath meetings and innantations went on until the 
 White Lily and Heaven's Law' revolts took place. 
 The White Lily Faith is a branch of the Muni 
 Faith [? Manichaeism] one of the Three Western 
 Churches" of the T'ang dynasty, which was 
 introduced into China at the same time as the 
 Ta Ts'in [or Nestorian]. When the Mussulman 
 Faith was introduced, Mani was brought along too, 
 and thus that Faith came between the Religion of 
 the Lord of Heaven and the Religion of the Place 
 of Heaven'' [Arabia]. The name " White Lily 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 29 
 
 Faith" was already in existence during the Shan 
 Tung revolt of Sd Hiing-ju" in the Ming dynasty. 
 The great White Lily Revolt took place, however, 
 in the western provinces during the years 1796-1803, 
 followed by the Heaven's Law rebellions of Li WSn- 
 ch'eng* in Ho Nan and Lin Ts'ing" in Chih Li in 
 the 18th year of Kia-k'ing [1813]. This Religion 
 was also called the Pah Kwa [or Eight Diagrams]. 
 The Mus'"^nlmans and Manichaeans will not eat pork, 
 whilst the Christians will not trample on the Cross. 
 Hence Peling'* when Viceroy at Nanking insisted 
 upon two White Lily captives — a chief priest named 
 Fang Jung-sheng" and a nun Miss Chu Erh/ — 
 performing both these acts. Both of them preferred 
 execution, and a distinguished ofEcer who was then 
 at Canton and witnessed the whole affair is authority 
 for the statement. The Pa Kwa or Ts'ih-ts'ih * 
 enthusiasts also objected to doing either of these 
 things. From this it is plain that the Religion of 
 the Lord of Heaven must have entered China at a 
 very early date, and that it can have no sympathy 
 with the Mussulman faith : also that the White Lily 
 and Heaven's Rule conspiracies were corrupt native 
 offshoots having no connection with the westerns. 
 Still, Romanism, Nestorianism and Mussulmanism 
 have all one source and are much akin. They are 
 
 "^ftiM 'mtc^ '%m 'Wis 
 
30 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 the indirect cause of the various sectarian rebellions 
 which have devastated China during the past century. 
 In 1845 it was felt imprudent to resist the French 
 demand for free exercise of their religion, and in 
 consequence of the meetings of evil characters such as 
 the conspirators of Kin-t'ien" there occurred the 
 great [T'ai-p'ing] rebellion in Kwang Si. The Nan- 
 king Treaty provides for the protection of foreign 
 missionaries, but never gave permission to Chinese 
 to practise the faith on equal terms, as is witnessed 
 by the records from the 8th year of K'ang-hi [1669] 
 downwards; and anyhow only referred to the 
 English. In 1845, however, the French obtained 
 through Kiying the latitude they wanted ; yet this 
 gave no permission to gain over females or to cheat 
 the sick out of their eyes. In the 8th year of 
 Hien-fi§ng [1858] the English got the French, 
 Americans, and Russians to join them in demanding 
 further privileges, and the Chinese were distinctly 
 authorised to become Christians, ' and became more 
 emboldened than ever after the satisfaction granted 
 for the execution of Pere Chapdelaine * (?) in Kwang 
 Si. Then followed the repulse from Taku, the 
 attack upon Peking, the Emperor's flight to 
 Lwan-yang [Jeho], and the further conventions of 
 the llth year [1861] with England and with France 
 as demanded in 1846. Besides this, stipulations 
 
 « ^ ffl M HI « 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 31 
 
 were made for the return to the French Minister 
 of all the chapels, cemeteries, and glebes which had 
 been turned into schools and public offices, and free 
 permission was given to the French missionaries to 
 lease and purchase land or houses in the interior. " 
 French missionaries then began to insist on treating 
 with officials on an equal footing, and Chinese 
 converts began to menace their fellow-citizens and 
 their own authorities, in consequence of which a 
 decree was issued at the instance of the Foreign 
 Board ordering the provincial authorities to punish 
 evil characters, whilst giving due observance to 
 the Treaty clauses. The last incidents were the 
 destruction of chapels in Hu Kwang and Kiang Si. 
 
 At the time of the confiscation of the chapels 
 in 1723-4 a native of Hu Peh named Wu Tgh-chi » 
 describes how the converts used to be made. They 
 were obliged first to hack to pieces their ancestors' 
 tablets, and then received Tls. 4 from the Bishop ' 
 with a new name to celebrate their "eating the 
 faith." ^ Their doors were marked with a cross in 
 an oblong drawn upon red paper, on which were 
 depicted also a sword, a hook, an awl, , and a spear, 
 symbolical of "hacking their gods to pieces." The 
 Christian sick could only be cured by Christians, 
 and the women were treated when naked.* Nobody 
 
 "SlH 'Mas 'iii:# '^M 
 
 = Probably alluding to baptism or surgical operations. 
 
32 Chilians Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 but the Bishop [? or local catechist]" was allowed 
 to be present at a death. ' 
 
 The Ts'ih-ts'ih revolt was undoubtedly indirectly 
 owing to the influence of foreign religion, though 
 at that time foreigners had not actually made war 
 on China. So with the T'ai-p'ing rebellion of Feng 
 Yiin-shan, Hung Siu-ts'iian, Yang Siu-ts'ing and 
 others who got up a society at Kin T'ien " and said 
 that Shang-ti was the Father of Heaven and so on ; 
 and after the fall of Nanking in 1853 the unworthy 
 foreign consul at Shanghai went to Ningpo to come 
 to an understanding with them, which brought on 
 the Liu Li-ch'uan* case in the following autumn 
 [the Cantonese who captured Shanghai]. 
 
 Further examination leads to the conclusion 
 that both Christianity and Mahometanism are derived 
 from Brahmanism,' as indeed Hiuen Chwang f 
 thought was the case with the religions he studied 
 in India during the T'ang dynasty. Moreover it is 
 probable that the Mahomedan Ersa and the Christian 
 Jesu are one and the same. In fact Christianity is 
 the offspring of Buddhism, and Mahometanism that 
 
 * Here follow several pages of the rubbish circulated some 
 years ago iu the Death Blom to Corrupt Doctrines charging the 
 priests with the most abominable crimes, 
 
 "5i»lIJ; gtflli; ^mm-, ^ffl 
 
 <* ill M ;ii 'mmn 'UTtm 
 
Ghina^s Intercourse with Europe. 33 
 
 of Christianity. A proof of the reasonableness of 
 this view is that the last-named is again split up 
 into three divisions, the Catholic of France and 
 Italy J the Greek of Eussia ; and the Frotestant of 
 England, Holland, and America. (Stant," it may 
 be observed, is another word for Swant^an or Sultan). 
 This last began during the Ming dynasty with the 
 German Luther. 
 
 a See a previous note. 
 
34 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Roman Catholic Missionakt Data. 
 
 (From Williams' " Middle Kingdom") 
 (Inserted in order to emplain the CUnese author translated). 
 
 1246-7. Mission of John of Piano Carpini to 
 
 Kuyuk Khan. 
 1292-1328. Reception of John of Montecorvino 
 
 by Kublai Khan at Peking. 
 1336. Shunti (Chiyuen) sends Andre on a 
 
 mission to the Pope Benedict 
 
 XII. 
 1353. John of Florence, one of Benedict's 
 
 nuncios, returns with Shunti's 
 
 letters. 
 1338. Date of a letter from Pascal, a 
 
 Spanish friar at Hi, to Europe. 
 1582. Ricci establishes himself at Shan- 
 
 king, near Canton, with Ruggiero. 
 1601. Ricci and Cataneo visit Peking. 
 
 Again, accompanied by Pantoja. 
 1605. Excitement at Canton. Convert 
 
 named Martinez punished and 
 
 dies. 
 1617. European missionaries ordered to 
 
 leave Peking for Canton. 
 
China'': Intercourse with Europe. 35 
 
 1610. Death of Rieci ; succeeded by Longo- 
 
 bai'di as Superior. 
 
 1644. Thomas Kiu and Luke Chin assist 
 
 the Ming pretender Tungh'eh 
 
 against the Manchus. 
 1648. Capellas, a Spaniard, martyred in 
 
 Fuhkien. 
 1665. Persecution and death of Schaal, 
 
 after 30 years residence in 
 
 Peking. 
 1671. Verbiest restored to favour. 
 
 1645. Innocent X. confirms the Dominican 
 
 Morales' views. 
 1656. Alexander VII. approves the Jesuit 
 
 views, as explained by Martinez. 
 1665. Meeting of orders at Macao to 
 
 discuss the term question. 
 1693. Bishop Maigrot of China defies thef 
 
 Pope's decision. 
 1700. The Emperor confirms the Jesuit 
 
 view. 
 1704. Clement XL confirms Maigrot's 
 
 view. 
 1705-6. Tournon, the Pope's Legate, defied 
 
 by the Emperor and the Bishop 
 
 of Macao. 
 1715-21. Unsuccessful mission to Peking of 
 
 Mezzabarba, a second Legate. 
 
36 China's Intercourse ivith Europe. 
 
 1708-18. 
 
 Survey of the Empire by Regis, 
 
 
 Bouvet, Jartoux, etc. 
 
 1718. 
 
 Kanghi forbids any missionary to 
 
 
 remain unless he follows Ricci's 
 
 
 rules. 
 
 1724. 
 
 The propagation of Christianity 
 
 
 forbidden by Yungching. 
 
 1747. 
 
 Persecution in the provinces. Sanz 
 
 
 and five Dominicans killed in 
 
 
 Fuhkien. 
 
 1767-77. 
 
 Gleyo imprisoned in Szchuen. 
 
 1784. 
 
 Search for European priests: de 
 
 
 la Tour taken from Canton to 
 
 
 Peking. 
 
 1801. 
 
 Dufresse beheaded. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Triora strangled in Hupeh. 
 
 1819. 
 
 Clet strangled, and Schoeffler, 
 
 
 Bounard, and Diaz later. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Chapdelaine perished. 
 
 Earliest Notices of China. 
 (From Williams' " Middle Kingdom.") 
 
 A.D. 100-200. Ptolemy and Arrian; Sina, Thin, 
 Seres, Stone Tower (Tashkend). 
 166. M. Aurelius Antoninus sends an 
 
 embassy via Cochin China to Wu. 
 
China' It Intercourse with Exirope. 37 
 
 530-50. Cosmas refers in his Topography to 
 
 maritime trade with Tzinista. 
 600. Theophylact writes of a great Turkish 
 
 people the Taugas. 
 850-877. Narratives of the Arabs Wahab and 
 
 Abu Zaid. 
 1246. Embassy of Oarpini and Benedict 
 
 from Pope Innocent to Kara- 
 
 koram. 
 
 1253. Embassy of Rubruquis from Louis 
 
 XI. to Sartach, Batu, and 
 Mangu. 
 
 1 254. Journey of Hethum of Little Armenia 
 
 to Mangu's Court. 
 
 1254-95. Eesidenee of Marco Polo in China. 
 
 1286-1331. Friar Odoric's journeys through 
 
 China, Tibet, and Cabul. 
 1340. The Arab Ibn Batata's voyage to 
 
 Zayton. 
 1602. Benedict Goes' travels to Cabul, 
 
 Xarkand, Kan Sub, etc. 
 1516-1521. Rafael and Simon Perestrello visit 
 
 the Kwang Tung ports. 
 1537. Portuguese settlements at Lang-peh 
 
 Kau, St. John's, and Macao. 
 
 B.C. 140-86. Chang K'ien's travels to Fergana 
 and Bactria, 
 
38 China's Intercourse with' Enrope. 
 
 A.D. 399-414. Fa Hien's travels to Khoten, 
 Afghanistan, Cashmere, India. 
 
 518. Hwei Sing's travels. 
 
 628-45. Hiien Chwang's travels. 
 
 1241. Victory of the Mongols at 
 
 Lignitz. 
 
 1246. Kuyuk Khan's return letters to 
 
 Pope Innocent. 
 
 PonTUG0ESE Embassies, etc. 
 
 l.')45. Massacre of Portuguese and Chris- 
 
 tians at Ningpo. 
 
 1549. Portuguese driven from Ch'tian- 
 
 chou [Zayton]." 
 
 1517. Pires and Andrade envoys from Goa. 
 
 Executed at Canton. 
 
 1552. , Second Goa embassy stopped at 
 Malacca. 
 
 1667. Third Goa embassy sent to complain 
 
 of stoppage of trade. 
 
 1727. Magaillans takes the Pope's answer 
 
 and MetelJo as envoy. 
 
 1753. Last Portuguese embassy to Pe- 
 
 king. 
 
 a Mr, Gr. Phillips explains in detail that Zayton is Chang-Choii. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 39 
 
 The Spanish. 
 
 1543. Conquest of Manila. 
 
 1575. Two Spanish friars visit Canton" and 
 
 Shao-k'ing. 
 1580. Martin Ignatius fails to get north. 
 
 Imprisoned at Canton. 
 
 The Dutch. 
 
 1624. Capture of the Pescadores and 
 
 Formosa. 
 1653. Portuguese thwart Dutch trade at 
 
 Canton. 
 1655-7. Mission of Goyer and Keyzer to 
 
 Peking. 
 1661. Dutch driven out of Formosa. 
 
 1664-5. Van Hoorn's mission to Peking. 
 1793-6. Titsingh and Van Braam's mission 
 
 to Peking. 
 
 The French. 
 
 1289. Letter from Argun of Persia to 
 
 Philip the Fair. 
 
 a Two others had ah-eady visited Ch'iian-ohou and Foochow 
 to offer assistance against pirates. 
 
40 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 1305. Letter from Oljaitu Khan to Philip 
 
 the Fair. 
 1688. Letter from Louis XIV. to Kanghi. 
 
 1754. Strangling of a Frenchman for 
 
 killing a Portuguese. 
 
 The Russians. 
 
 1567. Mission of Petroff and Yallyslieff 
 
 (unsuccessful) to the Emperor 
 Lungking. 
 
 1619. Pettlin's unsuccessful mission to 
 
 Peking. 
 
 1653. Alexis sends Baikoff to Shunchih. 
 
 Refused to hotoio. 
 1658-1677. Three several trading missions to 
 
 Peking. 
 ' 1689. Treaty of Nipohn. 
 
 1692. Peter sends Ides to exchange ratifica- 
 
 tions. 
 
 1715-30. Tulishen's missions to the Turguts 
 and to Peter II. 
 
 1719. Peter the Great sends IsmaylofF to 
 
 Peking, 
 
 1716-20. Lange's residence in Peking. 
 
 1727. Catherine sends Vladislavitch to 
 
 Peking. Treaty. 
 
 1821. Timkowski'sreliefexpedition to Peking. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 4i 
 
 
 The English. 
 
 1684. 
 
 Obtain a footing at Canton. 
 
 1701-2. 
 
 Catchpoole's attempts to trade at 
 
 
 Ningpo and Ohusan. 
 
 1742. 
 
 Commodore Anson insists on provi- 
 
 
 sions at Canton. 
 
 1744. 
 
 The "Hardwicke" unsaccessfully 
 
 
 attempts trade at Ningpo. 
 
 1755-9. 
 
 Flint repairs to Ningpo and Tientsin. 
 
 
 Imprisoned at Macao. 
 
 1784. 
 
 Strangling of a British gunner for 
 
 
 homicide at Canton. 
 
 1807. 
 
 Captain Eolles of the " Lion " 
 
 
 forcibly rescues Sheen the 
 
 
 homicide. 
 
 1792, 
 
 Macartney's Embassy. 
 
 1808. 
 
 Admiral Drury demonstrates at 
 
 
 Canton. 
 
 1816. 
 
 Amherst's Embassy. 
 
 
 The Americans. 
 
 1785. 
 
 First trading ship to China. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Surrender Terranuova to the Chinese 
 
 for execution. 
 
42 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Tbade Relations. 
 
 In 1685, two years after the Koxinga power 
 was crushed, foreign trade was authorised at Macao, 
 Chang-chou," Ningpo, and Yiin-t'ai' [Kiang Nan]. 
 The English at that time were only vaguely known 
 to be a tribe of the Red Hairs, and, though they 
 followed the lead of the Dutch in seeking to extend 
 their trade, after occasional efforts at Chusan " and 
 Ningpo they confined their efforts to Canton. It 
 was only in the 56th year of K'ang-hi [1717] that 
 the English were reported from Canton to be the 
 most artful of the foreigners : this was owing to their 
 
 a Among the various theories about Zaytun, it may be 
 permitted to advance another. Chang-chou is pronounced Tsao- 
 chiu at Wtoohow (which, true, is not Chang-chou), and this 
 sound would do well for Tsaytiu : on the other hand Hai-t'an, 
 close by, is even nearer to Zaytun in sound, if we can explain 
 why Z is used for H. 
 
 h IIP — ■— 
 
 ^ g Probably Chinkiang. 
 
 c See Mr, D. Boulger's paper on Catchpoole's factory tit 
 Chusau, published in the Asiatic Quarterly/ Review, 18S7. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 43 
 
 having organized remonstrances against the heavy 
 demands to which their trade was subjected, and, in 
 fact, they obtained some slight redaction in the 
 seventh year of Yung-ch6ng [1729]: but at length they 
 resolved to try their luck in the OhS Kiang Province 
 instead. At first there was no Custom House except 
 at Ningpo; but, after Ting-hai had been municipally 
 incorporated with the Empire, the Maritime Collector- 
 ship was removed thither, and a Hung-mao Kwan 
 [or Red Haired Factory] was established there. In 
 the 28th year of K'ien-lung (1755) the chief factor 
 K'alasheng " [ ? . Glasson j asked to be allowed to 
 trade at Ningpo ; but the Canton and Foochow 
 Viceroys, perceiving that they were losing their 
 revenues, succeeded in getting the Che Kiang tariff 
 raised to double that of Canton and Chang-chou, it 
 being feared that Chusau might become a second 
 Macao. The English interpreter or merchant Hung 
 Jen-hwei * [Flint] then proceeded in a huff by sea 
 to Tientsin, where he repeated his request for trade, 
 and the Ningpo authorities at the same time com- 
 plained of the greed of the Canton Customs. Flint 
 was sent back over land under a guard to Canton, 
 and imprisoned at Macao for three years. Though 
 the Canton authorities were made to reduce their 
 exactions at the time, discontent broke out again 
 thirty years later, and representations would probably 
 
44 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 have been repeated at Tientsin had not Flint's 
 punishment been before the foreigners' eyes. It 
 was now that George," King of England, evolved the 
 plan with his ministers of sending a tribute-envoy to 
 congratulate the Emperor on his 80th birthday, 
 taking the opportunity then to introduce the question 
 of trade. Accordingly in the 58th year [1793] 
 Macartney ' was sent by sea with tribute to Tientsin, 
 and thus for the first time opened relations with 
 China. The Emperor, however, declined to allow 
 trade at Ningpo or Tientsin, because there were no 
 co-hongs or interpreters at those places, and refused 
 to grant Russian privileges "^ of residence at Peking, 
 on the ground that ever since the Kiachta Treaty 
 the Russians had hardly ever resided at Peking. 
 The requests for the cession of Chusan, and per- 
 mission to have a settlement near Canton city were 
 positively refused. Macartney was sent back 
 honourably overland, and his tribute ship was 
 allowed to call in at Ningpo for a cargo of tea 
 and silk. The King perceived, after perusing the 
 Emperor's mandate, that his demands were in- 
 consistent with China's dignity, and the matter 
 dropped there; but still the English hoped to get 
 their object at Macao. In the 60th year [1795] 
 
 •' iJS J& ' .^ t ^ or .^ § ^ ^ 
 
 « Elsewhere this demand is said to have been put forward 
 in the ^ ^ or '• tribute address '' brought by Lord Macartney. 
 
■ China's Intercourse with Europe. 45 
 
 another letter was sent through the Supercargo " at 
 Canton, stating that " some years ago they had 
 sent gunboats to Tibet'' by way of co-operation 
 with China," — referring to Fuk'angan's Nepaulese 
 campaign. The Emperor had quietly evaded their 
 request to trade on the same footing as the 
 Portuguese, i.e., by paying tonnage dues only ; but 
 the English did not abandon their hopes, and in the 
 seventh year of Kia-k'ing [1802], six ships appeared 
 off Macao " to defend the place against the French." 
 The Portuguese sought the assistance of the Canton 
 government towards getting rid of them, and, as 
 they did not remain long, the matter was concealed 
 from the Emperor. In the 10th j^ear [1805] the 
 King sent another envoy with presents to Canton, 
 .whose letter referred again to the hostilities with 
 France ; but on this occasion the merchant vessels 
 had an escort of men-of-war, and precautious wei'e 
 taken. In the 13th year [1808] the English 
 Admiral Drury" returned defeated from Annam, 
 and, prompted by the Supercargo, Lafuh [? Robert] <* 
 renewed his designs on Macao, refusing to listen 
 to the declaration sent through the co-hong 
 merchants that Macao was not Portuguese but Chinese 
 territory. Trade was now stopped. Drury advanced 
 with three ships to Whampoa, sent a number of 
 
 " jt ij& fij or ffl jii ^m% 
 
46 CMna^s Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 boats to Canton, and took possession of the factories. 
 Another captain came from England to inquire into . 
 the matter, and, through the efforts of Lafuh, Drury 
 was induced to accept an indemnity of ^^600,000 
 from the Portuguese, and to retire on the promise 
 that trade would be allowed as before. The whole 
 business was got up by Lafuh without the King's 
 privity, and the result was that Lafuh was suspended, 
 and died of grief at Macao a few years afterwards. 
 
 The ever increasing exactions to which the 
 taipans [or Company's agents] were subjected 
 thrqugh the intrigues and agency of the hong 
 merchants, induced the King of England to send a 
 second set of envoys in the year 1816. The one 
 who came to Canton was named 'Kia-lah Wei-li " 
 [? William Galop], and he at once raised questions * 
 about the forms he should use, and objected to 
 crouch before the authorities with his hat off in the 
 old style. The Acting Viceroy acceded so far as to 
 forego the crouching, and to rise from his seat to 
 receive the envoy. Meanwhile the Chief Tribute 
 Envoy Lo Erhmei [Lord Amherst] '' and his 
 Secretary Morrison" had gone by sea to Tientsin, 
 to which place the Emperor sent him a dinner by the 
 hands of the Duke Ho." The authorities ordered 
 him to acknowledge this compliment on his knees, 
 
 " *a ifi M jBi 'mmm 
 'M,mm ' fp m ^ 
 
China's Intercourse ivith Europe. 47 
 
 which he refused to do^ nor would he listen to any 
 explanations of what had been agreed to by the 
 preceding envoy. The Emperor was at the Summer 
 Palace, and Ho hurried the envoy thither from 
 T'ung Chou" in one day and a night, in consequence 
 of which he arrived weary and baggageless, his 
 cart having been intentionally left in the rear out 
 of pique for his refusal to conform to etiquette, and 
 so as to thwart him. The envoy under these 
 circumstances pleaded sickness ; and when the Em- 
 peror, who was waiting, asked for the assistant 
 envoy, he also was not forthcoming, in consequence 
 of which the Emperor, angry at such a want of tact, 
 refused the tribute, and ordered them back by the 
 land route that very day. Later on, the Emperor 
 found out that the envoy had not been properly 
 treated, reprimanded [Duke] Hoshit'ai, and sent 
 after him a mandate with presents for the King, with 
 directions to the Canton authorities to see him off 
 kindly ; but as the English envoy's object had been 
 to represent the extortionate demands at Canton, he 
 refused to be comforted, and went off in a huff. 
 After this a dispute took place about the enlargement 
 of the factory site, which had been conceded by the 
 Viceroy Li Hung-pin' after the fire, and the 
 Governor Chu Kwei-cheng " was induced to reverse 
 the Viceroy's policy. This difficulty, however, was 
 
 " About 30 miles. " ^ ?© ft ' ^W^M 
 
48 China's Intercourse with Murope. 
 
 arranged through the mediation of the captain of 
 one of the newly -arrived Bengal merchantmen. 
 Previous to the establishment of the Superintendeney," 
 foreigners had not been allowed to bring their 
 families to Canton ; but, in the year 1828, the 
 Superintendent brought his wife up, and then the 
 shroflF of the Tung-yii Hong ' was done to death in 
 prison for having introduced sedan chairs into the 
 factory. Hostile measures were then threatened by 
 the Superintendent, on whose behalf it was urged 
 that his weak health required the nourishment of 
 human milk. Under these circumstances the matter 
 was allowed to drop, and the consequence was that 
 a few years afterwards, when Elliot came, he brought 
 up his family as a matter of course ; and thus the 
 seeds of trouble were laid. 
 
 Elliot"^ was the superintendent who succeeded 
 Lord Napier.'' After the Company's monopoly was 
 abolished, Lord Napier came in consequence of a 
 representation made by the co-hong in 1834 that a 
 representative was still desirable, for they preferred 
 the easy-going corruption of the Company to the 
 interests of individuals. The Viceroy Lu K'un " 
 objected to Lord Napier's unceremonious way of 
 entering the river, and drove him away to Macao. 
 Elliot came with his wife and son in 1836, giving 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. ' 49 
 
 out that he came to maintain order, and not to 
 engage in trade, and his sh'ghtest word was law with 
 the barbarians. Then occurred the demand for the 
 surrender of the opium, and Commissioner Lin's 
 attempt to set the interests of the other foreigners 
 against the English, which policy, though approved 
 by the Emperor, was frustrated by the English 
 blockade. Kishen's" unsuccessful attempt to mend 
 matters followed, succeeded by Yiking's* mission of 
 enquiry. During all this business the Emperor was 
 really anxious to learn the truth, and to ascertain 
 if the English had genuine ground for complaint; 
 but the English, who were now bent on satisfaction, 
 managed to talk over the French, American and 
 Kang-kioh" [or Kongkok] traders, who were in 
 favour of accommodation, and the result was the 
 seizure of Hongkong and the payment of six millions 
 indemnity. Elliot now returned to England, and 
 it was Pottinger'' and Gutzlaff* who harried the 
 northern coasts for two years, and finally concluded 
 by exacting the Treaty of Nanking. 
 
 The original idea of the English was confined 
 to seeking trading privileges at Chiisan. They never 
 ventured to hope to get into the interior. But their 
 appetite grew with the eating, and when Bremer-'' 
 had gained possession of Chusan, and ifingpo, 
 
 "«t 'mm 'mm 
 
50 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Shanghai, etc., had fallen one after the other, they 
 extended the horizon of their demands. The Em- 
 peror was anxious to substitute Ch'iian-chou" for 
 Foochow; but Pottinger, Morrison, etc., insisted 
 upon the literal fulfilment of the Treaty, and thus the 
 foreigners were as free at the five new ports as they 
 had been at Macao. The Americans and French 
 soon obtained similar privileges, and the Russians, 
 who had previously only enjoyed the land trade at 
 Kiachta, took them without leave in the 27th and 
 28th years [1847-8]. 
 
 Pottinger unsuccessfully attempted to open per- 
 sonal relations with the Viceroy of Canton a year 
 or so after the signing of the Treaty, and the envoy 
 Bonham * made a hostile but also unsuccessful 
 demonstration in the 29th year [1849] with the same 
 object in view, but agreed to forego it. In the sixth 
 year of Hien-feng [1856] the English demanded to 
 modify the Nanking 5 per cent ad valorem tarifi", 
 on the ground that prices had fallen, and once more 
 endeavoured to assert the provisions of the Treaty 
 about entering Canton. The Viceroy Yeh Ming- 
 shSn" pleaded Bonham's agreement of 1849, but the 
 English had taken offence at China's having seized 
 one of their craft [the lorcha " Arrow "] and their 
 envoy, the admiral, and the Consul Parkes* threat- 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 51 
 
 ened us with a military force, and attacked the 
 forts. The indignant populace thereupon pulled 
 down the Thirteen Hongs, on which the English 
 retired and sent home for reinforcements. A new 
 envoy Elgin" was despatched to China, and the 
 assistance of France was invited. Elgin at first 
 demanded a modification of the Tariff, but his two 
 lettei's to the Viceroy were without effect. The 
 troops then collected, and towards the end of the 
 seventh year [29th December 1857] Canton was taken, 
 and the Viceroy carried off a prisoner. The next 
 year the four (sic) countries sent troops from Shanghai 
 to Tientsin-, and the events at Taku took place, such as 
 are narrated in a special chapter. After the cession 
 of hostilities, Russia and America made offers of 
 arrangement, and the Grand Secretary Kweiliang ' 
 with the President Hwashana ' were sent to Tientsin 
 to negotiate. Nothing definite being done, the 
 English extorted, under the stress of military force, 
 the fresh Treaty of Tientsin in 59 Articles, and 
 demanded its instant ratification. The Emperor said 
 that the Tariff question needed enquiry at the ports, 
 and ordered the four envoys to return to Shanghai, 
 to which place Kweiliang was instructed to follow 
 by land. Here another article was agreed upon by 
 the Chinese Commissioners and the three envoys, 
 and Kweiliang promised to ask that they might be 
 
52 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 ordered to proceed to Peking to exchange ratifica- 
 tions. Hence followed the violent entry into Taku, 
 and the infraction of the previous understanding 
 in the 9th year [1859]. The English army having 
 been defeated, the Americans only were allowed to 
 ratify, on account of their respectful demeanour: 
 and thus the now Tientsin Treaty all fell through, 
 though the English, holding that it had received 
 sanction, had it printed in their Calendars. 
 
 In the 10th year the English, smarting under 
 their previous defeat, and on account of the failure 
 of the ratifications, hired a number of Swatow 
 braves, and made preparations for an attack upon 
 Peking, Prince Sangkolinsin " opposed their pro- 
 gress at Taku. On the 5th day of the 7th moon 
 [21st August 1860], the Western troops attacked 
 the Taku North Fort from the rear by way of Peh- 
 t'ang,* and captured Tientsin on the 7th [23rd]. 
 Prince Sang had retired upon T'ungchou, and as the 
 Western troops advanced by way of Ho-si-wu and 
 Chang-kia Wan, he seized the English chief Parkes, 
 and sent him bound to Peking. On the 7th day 
 of the 8th moon [21st September] the Western troops 
 advanced towards Peking, and defeated the Imperial 
 Guards under General Shengpao " outside the Ts'i- 
 hwa Gate. The next day the Emperor left for 
 Lwan-yang,"* and left Prince Kung in charge of the 
 
 " Am- # f-C" ' fl: Ji "M^ " Outside the Great Wall. 
 
Ghtna\i Tntereourse with FAirope. 53 
 
 Capital. On the 22nd [6th October] the Western 
 troops attacked Hai-tien," Prince Kung retiring 
 npon a position 40 li outside the Chang-i Gate. 
 The Western troops marched right up to the An-ting 
 Gate, and announced that they were going to attack 
 the city. The Prince and Ministers at Peking then 
 offered to release Parkes and to discuss terms of 
 peace. On the 29th [13th] the An-ting Gate was 
 thrown open, and the Western chiefs were lodged in 
 the Imperial Academy and the Cathedral precincts. 
 A decree was now received ordering Prince Kung 
 to arrange terms of peace quickly, and accordingly, 
 on the 11th, 12th, and 17th days of the 9th moon 
 [24th, 25th, and 30th October] treaties were ex- 
 changed with England, France and Hussia respec- 
 tively. The English Treaty was managed by Parkes, 
 and nine articles were added to the twenty-eight 
 of Tientsin. France and Russia also had supple- 
 mentary articles. In addition to the treaty-ports 
 previously exacted, Tientsin, Tamsui, and other 
 places were stipulated for, and the Ten Special Tariff 
 .Regulations agreed upon at Shanghai were incor- 
 porated, with a provision for rectification every 
 ten years. The Imperial consent was received, 
 the requisite instructions were despatched to the 
 Provinces, and the armies retired to Tientsin. 
 
54 China's Intercourse with Euro23e. 
 
 The English now wished to get all the advan- 
 tages of trade in the Provinces, and their chief 
 Bruce" wrote a despatch upon the subject of appoin- 
 ting Consuls at Newehwang, etc., and arranging in 
 accordance with Article X. of the Tientsin Treaty 
 for the Yangtsz Trade Regulation at Hankow and 
 Kewkiang. The Foreign Board was now established 
 at the instance of Prince Kung, and Trade Com- 
 missioners appointed to the ports. Prince Kung, 
 Kweiliang, and the Vice-president Wensiang' were 
 appointed to the former, with a fixed staff of eight 
 secretaries selected from the public offices. Ch'ung- 
 hou" was appointed Superintendent of Trade at 
 Tientsin for the three northern ports, and Siieh 
 Hwan,"* Acting Vicer.oy at Nanking, was ordered to 
 superintend the trade of the five old ports, the three 
 riverine ports, Swatow, K'iungchow, T'aiwan, and 
 Tamsui. 
 
 The above particulars, as regards the first half, 
 are taken from the old Canton archives, as quoted in 
 the Hai-kwoh 2^^u-chi,' and recourse has also been 
 had to the Western work on Trade between England 
 and China. From 1839 downwards the information 
 has been gathered from eye-witnesses. It is plain 
 that it was not the destruction of the opium, but the 
 stoppage of trade, which caused these wars. [Two 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 55 
 
 thousand years ago] as related by Fan Yeh," the 
 Han dynasty had the sagacity to keep the Scythians 
 in good temper by permitting a regular border trade, 
 and the stoppage of a similar trade, owing in the first 
 instance to the exactions of underlincrs and traders at 
 Canton, was sufficient to disappoint and provoke men 
 who had come thousands of miles for the sake of eain. 
 The Japanese troubles under the Ming dynasty began 
 with the eunuchs,' developed with the traders, and 
 culminated with the rich and powerful families. 
 Worms only appear in a rotten carcase, and it was 
 only when exaction followed exaction, and justice was 
 denied to creditors, that the foreigner^ turned upon 
 us. War would have followed all the same even if 
 the opium trade had been stopped; and, in fact, 
 opium only came because, profits being impossible by 
 fair, the foreigners were driven to obtain them by 
 foul means. Some people argue that it was the 
 granting of trade in the first instance that brought 
 on our troubles. But this is absurd ; for China can 
 do without foreigners, whilst foreigners are dependent 
 on us for tea and rhubarb, and therefore are at our 
 mercy. All that is wanted is fair trade to secure 
 their willing loyalty. Even during the war, it was a 
 mistake to stop the trade openly; for, war once com- 
 menced, neither party could be affected one way or 
 the other by a few harmless merchant ships. The 
 
56 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 great mistake was in withdrawing our own defences 
 as we did. If we had announced that all might 
 come and trade freely, then, even though such subject 
 nations as Kongkok" and Double Eagle [Prussia] 
 might have felt compelled to obey England, strong 
 powers like France and America would hardly have 
 submitted to lose their trade on her account. The 
 America petition in fact said: — "If trading ships are 
 " admitted, they can be utilised to constrain the 
 " Western troops." Unfortunately, we had then lost 
 the Bogue, or we might have remained on the defen- 
 sive, proclaimed free trade, and left the Western to 
 put the requisite pressure on outside, or seek to 
 promote a reconciliation. Commissioner Lin was 
 hasty in destroying the opium, but he was right in 
 strengthening his defensive position, and, if Kishen 
 had not come, Lin would have got out of the difficulty 
 somehow. The Nanking Treaty only whetted the 
 appetite for more, and its careless provisions simply 
 brought on the war of 1857. Moreover, "Kishen's 
 extending the privileges of the Nanking Treaty to 
 the other three countries in 1845 gave them all an 
 excuse for joining England in 1858, and the privi- 
 leges of the Tientsin Treaty were then extended to all 
 the smaller kingdoms of the West. 
 
 « The utmost straining of ingenuity falls to Identify Kangkioh 
 ov Kongkok. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 57 
 
 Remarks on the Opium and Second Wars. 
 
 tj 
 
 In the south-west of Asia is Shindu or T'indu," 
 the Five Indu or the T"ien-chuh of the Eastern Han. 
 Its southern part is called Meng-mai,* and is at the 
 entrance to the south-eastern seas. Central India 
 is W^ndustan or Industan, of which the Hingdu (or 
 Indu) Koosh" Mountains are the southern boundary; 
 across this range are West and North Indu, the 
 Mussulman states of to-day. England took Meng- 
 kala"* [Bengal] in East India in the year 1755, and 
 gradually absorbed the rest of East, Central and 
 South India. East and South India produce the 
 kunc/pan, ta-t'u, [or Patna] opium, and Meng-mai 
 or Bombay produces the peh-p'/,^ siao-t^u, [or Malwa]. 
 When first the English cultivated the poppy, they did 
 so as a drug; but, as its demand for smoking purposes 
 increased in China, their revenue from this source 
 gradually increased to over Tls. 10,000,000 a year.-'' 
 At first it was only used as a drug in China, and was 
 taxed at the rate of Tls. 3 the chest. Nothing was 
 heard of it at Court until about the end of K'ien- 
 lung's reign [1790-6]. The Emperor Kia-k'ing 
 
 '^H Bombay. " ® ^|5 ^ ± ^ ^MM '^& 
 
 f According to Commissioner Lin's Memorial, the taxes on 
 trade at Canton yielded Tls. 3,000,000 a year. 
 
58 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 [1796-1820] forbade its import, and removed it 
 from the list of taxable articles, in consequence of 
 which the importation became clandestine, and the 
 price enhanced. In the first year of Tao-kwang 
 [1821], in consequence of the Yeh H6ng-shu" opium 
 smuggling case, the hong merchants were made to 
 give bonds, and the opium-hulks all removed to the 
 Ling-ting Islands, where the junks from the north 
 repaired to obtain their opium. In the year 1822, 
 the Viceroy Juan Yiian* asked for time in order to 
 devise means for stopping this traffic, and meanwhile 
 the hulks moved up to Kumsing'^ Moon and Kap- 
 shui** Moon, where, with the connivance of authorities, 
 merchants, and people, the trade flourished more 
 vigorously than ever. In the year 1836 Hu Nai-tsi, ' 
 Superintendent of the Sacrificial Court, proposed to . 
 tax it as a drug as before, and to forbid its being 
 purchased in exchange for anything else than produce. 
 This proppsal, however, was condemned as undignified 
 by the Council, and in 1838 Hwang Tsioh-tsz-^ 
 Superintendent of the Ceremonial Court, proposed 
 the severest measures of prevention.* 
 
 At the close of the war, our statesmen were 
 afraid to re-stipulate for the prohibition of opium,'' 
 
 3 I he Opium War has already been separately trwited. 
 [Pagoda Library, No. 1.] 
 
 h Commiasioner Lin, on the destruction of the opium, had 
 proposed to the F.mperor that five catties of tea should be given 
 as compensation for each chest destroyed, the cost to be defrayed 
 out of his own pocket. 
 
China'-': Intercourse with Europe. 59 
 
 and equally unable to sanction its import, and conse- 
 quently shirked all allusion to it whatever. The 
 result was that for some time opium came without 
 any duty at all, and the consumption increased 
 rapidly. In 1855-6 a tax of Tls. 24 a chest was 
 placed upon it, in order to provide funds for the 
 army. At Amoy ^48 a chest was charged, and at 
 Ningpo a farming arrangement was come to. In 
 1858 it was proposed to include it as a taxable 
 article in the Tariff at Tls. 30 the pecul, changing the 
 the name yapHen into the more euphonious one of 
 " foreign drug," as it was now re-admitted as a drug. 
 The Emperor's formal permission to smoke it was 
 given to all persons but officials, soldiers, and 
 eunuchs. , 
 
 The name ya-p^ien or "opium" is found in Li 
 SM-ch^n's" Pin-ts'ao Kang-muh [A..D. 1600], so 
 that it had already entered China during the Ming 
 dynasty. It was then regarded as an ordinary drug 
 of no particular value. Java and the countries of 
 the black men were the only places besides China to 
 which it was taken for smoking, and Java was taken 
 by Europeans after its people had been tempted with 
 and weakened by opium. This was the reason why 
 Japan and Annara would not admit Europeans to the 
 privilege of trade. But, although Europeans brought 
 the evil upon China, it was China which opened the 
 
60 CMna's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 door by increasing the demand for it. The right 
 time to have remonstrated was after the destruction 
 of the opium, when the conscience of the English 
 themselves was smitten, and before Elliot had oppor- 
 tunity to get the first word home. Commissioner 
 Lin's action, moreover, was altogether too hasty -from 
 first to last, and it would have been better to lie by 
 and watch for a safe opportunity, first putting severe 
 laws against smokers into real force, and dis- 
 couraging the import of the drug; and then, following 
 the method of underselling smugglers in the salt- 
 trade, to reduce Customs duties and charges so as to 
 leave a prospect of profit on the ordinary legitimate 
 trade apart from opium. The " short and sharp 
 "remedy system, painful but soon over," once re- 
 commended by Ch'ao Ts'o" of the Han dynasty, was 
 a failure in this instance. 
 
 After the fail of Ting-hai, an English letter 
 addressed to the Premier was sent to the Grovernor 
 UrkungS ' and returned. The Governor sent a 
 rdsume of its contents [presumably gathered from 
 word of mouth], and the Emperor took no notice 
 of it. Now, it was not on account of the refusal to 
 receive this letter that Elliot (who had already made 
 up his mind) went north, and that Urkunge was 
 disgraced; but subsequently Urkunge was publicly 
 disgraced on this ground in order to give the Emperor 
 
Chiva'x Intercourse with Europe. 61 
 
 colour for entertaining Elliot's proposals. Elliot, 
 who had a guard of armed men, was very confident 
 and saucy at Tientsin, but K'ishen," the Viceroy of 
 Chih Li, whom Elliot said he should like to see at 
 Canton in the interests of peace, did his best to ignore 
 this and disguise it from the Emperor, and it was 
 only when a report came from T'ohunpu,' Governor of 
 Shantung, saying that Elliot had promised to stop 
 the fleet, then on its way from India, from commencing 
 hostilities, that the Emperor perceived Elliot's true 
 motives. Elliot had to be ordered to dismount from 
 his chair in which he was entering Ilipu's " camp at 
 Shanghai ; but, owing to Ilipu's having received 
 despatches from Canton, he treated Elliot civilly. 
 Thus the complaisance of K'ishen and Ilipu took the 
 heart out of the warlike party. Subsequently, when 
 one of Bremer's boats was enticed on to the shallows 
 at Yii-yao near Ningpo, a number of white men and 
 a gorgeously-dressed foreign female (reported to be a 
 princess)'' were taken prisoners, but were at once 
 carefully despatched to Canton by order of Ilipu. 
 Amonffst them was an artist who drew a sketch of 
 the English Court. From this it appeared that the 
 Queen's son-in-law called Poh-ya-no ' takes his 
 
 i This would seem to refer to Mr. Noble, and the " Kite '' 
 prisoner?, who were finaljj' sent to Chiisan. Pee Repositoiij 1841, 
 p, lill. 
 
62 Chifi.a'fi Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 stand according to rank at Court amongst the other 
 nobles, and that the custom is for courtiers to go 
 down on one knee and take the Queen's hand in 
 theirs, giving it a sniff. 
 
 The interpreter Pao P'eng," employed by K'i- 
 shen in his negotiations with Elliot, was a Canton 
 opium-smuggler who had fled north from justice. 
 K'ishen enquired all along the roads as he left 
 Peking for some one who could speak English, and 
 picked him up in a yamin in Shantung. But he 
 carefully avoided mentioning the fact in his memorials 
 to the Emperor. After the treaty of Nanking, there 
 wore difSeulties at Foochow in connection with the 
 establishment of a Consulate at Wu-shih Shan* in 
 the city; but, as the English troops were on the point 
 of retiring from Kulangsu (Amoy) and Chusan, the 
 Foochow authorities were prevailed upon by K'iying 
 to give waj-. There were also difficulties at Ningpo 
 on account of the homicide of some Chinese, and at 
 Shanghai on account of the suspicious cf)nduct of 
 the Consul Winchester" in his relations with Liu 
 Li-ch'uan,'* the rebel in temporary occupation of 
 Shanghai. In the final result, however, the rebels 
 were expelled with the assistance of the English and 
 French troops. At Amoy there was a dispute as to 
 whether the foreigners should have permission to 
 build on the island of Kulangsu. 
 
 "SI 11 \%^5lli 'J£iJ?& "iHS/lI 
 
China's Intercourse ivith Europe. 63 
 
 The chief difficulty was, however, that at Canton 
 in the sixth year of Hien Fgng (1856). It arose 
 through a lorcha having an English captain and a 
 Chinese crew anchoring off Canton with the Russian 
 flag flying. Now the Nanking Treaty provides for 
 the surrender of such Chinese as shall take refuge in 
 Hongkong or on board Euglisli ships. When the 
 Chinese naval authorities became aware that the 
 crew was Chinese, a charge of being in collusion 
 with barbarians was preferred, and twelve Chinese 
 seamen were taken in chains into Canton. The 
 captain lodged a complaint with the Consul Parkes," 
 who proceeded on board to make an inspection. The 
 naval officer behaved rudely to Parkes, on which 
 Parkes addressed a despatch to the Viceroy setting 
 forth that the officer in question should have applied 
 for the rendition of the seamen, and not taken upon 
 himself to arrest them : moreover, that the seamen 
 were innocent of any offence, and should be set free. 
 Yeh Ming-sheh was Vicei-oy'' at this time, and 
 refused the application, but subsequently agreed at 
 the request of the Envoy Bowring. "^ The English 
 Admiral Seymour,'* hearing of this business, wished 
 to make trouble out of it, and, when the Viceroy 
 sent the seamen to the Consul's public office, the 
 Consul refused to receive them, on the ground that 
 the matter concerned the navy. On the 26tli.of the 
 
64 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 9th moon (23rcl OctoberJ, Admiral Seymour moved 
 up his forces and attacked the Whampoa forts. The 
 Viceroy sent the Lei-chou prefect Tsiaug" to the 
 Consulate to ask for an explanation of these hostili- 
 ties, and Admiral Seymour was present at the time. 
 Both replied to the eiFect that "mistakes arose out of 
 "verbal communications, and had often had a bad. 
 "effect upon the friendly relations between the two 
 " countries : go back and tell His Excellency that 
 " we must go into the city to discuss it," — their minds 
 not being occupied with the seamen, but with the 
 desire to get into the city on this pretext of a 
 personal interview. The Viceroy explained to them 
 the agreement that had been come to in the year 
 1849 between the Viceroy' Sii and the envoy Bon- 
 ham forbidding entry into the city ; but they would 
 take no notice of it, and on the 29th they moved 
 their troops up to Canton. The people made the 
 best defence they could with local levies, when the 
 English offered to suspend hostilities if the Viceroy 
 would receive them. This was refused. At this 
 juncture, the Viceroy received a special appointment 
 as Imperial Commissioner to deal with the affairs 
 of the English, and in the 10th moon (November) 
 the foreign navy attacked the forts at Wang-tong' 
 and the Bogue, and a day or two afterwards also 
 destroyed the T'ai-kok T'au"* and Asai-neung" 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 65 
 
 Forts." During all this time, however, the forts along 
 the river were well manned and defended by troops 
 and local volunteers, and all the English ships 
 which passed were shot at. On the 17th (? Novem- 
 ber) two American vessels came up the river from 
 Macao, and were fired at in mistake by the defenders 
 of the forts. The American Consul complained to 
 the Viceroy, who took no notice of his letter ; and 
 thus bad blood with the Americans was engendered. 
 During the 11th moon (December) other forts near 
 Canton were taken by the English, and, about the 
 middle of this moon (14th December), the people of 
 Canton burnt the six English mercantile establish- 
 ments. The English were greatly enraged at this, 
 and at once sent home word to their Ruler, who 
 summoned both Houses of Parliament to discuss the 
 question. The Prime Minister Palmerston' in the 
 Upper House argued very strongly in favour of 
 war, but the gentry ('who form the Lower House 
 just as the high officers of state form the Upper) 
 objected. Palmerston then offered to resign. Some 
 one suggested that an envoy should first be sent to 
 China asking for a renewal of the Treaty : if this 
 were refused, then war could follow diplomatic 
 efforts, and England would have excuse for it. On 
 
 « This must refer to the capture of three forts by the Ameri- 
 cans on November 21-23, iu order to avenge an attack made 
 upon them. 
 
 *. a ?it iK 
 
66 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 this Elgin," aa earl of the second rank, was sent to 
 Canton, from which place he proceeded to Peking. 
 A number of steam men-of-war were also sent to 
 await the result of his negotiations at Hongkong 
 and Macao. A messenger was also sent to France 
 to invite her military cooperation, to which order 
 the French lent ear. Elgin's negotiations at Canton 
 led to no peaceful result; on the other hand, the 
 people of Canton shewed dissatisfaction with their 
 rulers, and influenced them in such a way that the 
 result was the affair of the 12th moon in the 
 succeeding year [the capture of Canton in January 
 1858]. 
 
 During the 12th moon the foreign ships arrived 
 at Canton. The foreigners had got the French, 
 Americans, and Russians to join them in declaring 
 war. At this time the French ships-of-war had 
 already arrived first at Canton in accordance with 
 arrangement, and they proceeded to join the English 
 in an attack upon Canton, which fell into their 
 hands. After the Treaty of Nanking, the English 
 made capital with the other nations out of their 
 having obtained the opening of five ports, and, having 
 exhausted themselves after so many years of warrinof, 
 with its waste of money and life, now desired to 
 seoire the assistance of allies. France and America 
 both had Consuls at Canton ; and the Russians, too. 
 
Chinci's Intercovrse with Europe. 67 
 
 had come later oa by the sea route, to make 
 enquiries about trade, and to be ready to participate 
 as soon as it should be re-opened, but as yet made 
 no move. On Elgin's arrival he first attempted to 
 get into the city, but was refused. He then 
 resolved, in discussion with the Admiral and the 
 Consul, to officially demand from the Canton authori- 
 ties the acceptance of certain terms, and to guide 
 his further steps according to the nature of the reply. 
 Commissioner Yeh, finding his letter couched in 
 very insolent language, sent him no reply whatever, 
 and took no precautionary measures. The English 
 then, joined by the French, attacked Canton, took it, 
 captured the Commissioner, and sent him a prisoner 
 on board one of their ships. The Tartar- General 
 Mukden" and the Governor Pehkwei' jointly re- 
 ported these facts to the Emperor. The result was 
 the receipt of the following decree : — " In dealing 
 " as Imperial Commissioner with foreign affairs, 
 " Yeh Ming-shen should, if the said foreigners made 
 " improper demands which could not be granted, 
 " have devised means for explaining this to them, 
 " and at the same time have discussed with the 
 " General and the Governor some plan calculated 
 " to reduce them to thorough subjection. But, 
 " though the said English twice delivered despatches 
 " for the General, Governor, and Assistant- General, 
 
68 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 " he took no steps to consult with them, nor did he 
 " disclose to them the contents of the despatches 
 " received by him, but procrastinated day after day 
 " until the English in their indignation forced their 
 " way into the provincial city.- This is indeed way- 
 " ward, masterful, and blundering action, and a 
 " great betrayal of his trust. Yeh Ming-shun is 
 " hereby stripped of his rank." 
 
 After the occupation of Canton by the English 
 and French, they felt that they had broken the 
 treaty, and therefore, after the example set by Elliot 
 when he went to Tientsin, they tried to lay all the 
 blame on the Canton authorities, so as to excuse 
 themselves. They proceeded to arrange with the other 
 . three countries each to despatch an officer to Kiang 
 Su to endeavour to obtain an interview with the 
 Nanking Viceroy ; to send a letter through him to 
 Peking addressed to the Premier of the Celestial 
 Dynasty; and to guide their further steps according 
 to the nature of the reply. On this the deputies of 
 the four states proceeded by sea to Shanghai, and, 
 finding that the Viceroy's head-quarters were at 
 Ch'ang-chou, they went on to Soochow. Chao 
 Teh-ch'eh " was then there as Governor of Kiang 
 Su, and received them. He asked them what they 
 had come for, when they said to hand in a letter. 
 He told them that he would forwai'd it officiallv to 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 69 
 
 Ch'ang-chou, when the Viceroy Ho Kwei-ts'ing" 
 would report its contents to tlie Emperor. The 
 letter addressed to the Premier was for Yiich'eng,'' 
 the Manchu Senior Grand Secretary, who died tlu; 
 following year, when tiie foreigners had ' reached 
 Tientsin. 
 
 To go back to Canton. The Emperor .had 
 appointed the Under-Secretary Hwang Tsung-han ' 
 to be Viceroy at Canton, and he passed through 
 Soochow on his way early in the year (1858). The 
 Governor, having ascertained that the envoys, 
 admirals, and consuls of the four countries intended 
 to proceed from Shanghai by sea to Tientsin, wished 
 to keep the Imperial Commissioner at Soochow, and 
 to keep the foreigners from proceeding north, but 
 Hwang, having received the imperial orders to 
 proceed to Canton, held that " a subject can hold no 
 " side communications," and therefore started on his 
 journey. Before long a despatch was received from 
 the Viceroy Ho, saying that he had received the 
 Premier's official reply,'' informing the foreigners 
 that the Viceroy and Imperial Commissioner Hwang 
 had been directed to proceed to Canton to deal with 
 foreign questions, and ordering the said foreign 
 
 nmm *# 
 
 '^ m 
 
 d The original rejily addresses all four eavoys as W or 
 •• you." The premier lays all the blame on Yeh, and says that 
 he cannot concern himself in foreign affairs, irhich must be 
 arranged at Canton, 
 
70 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 individuals to proceed quickly to Canton to await 
 the result of bis action. A separate despatch was 
 sent to the Russians, informing them that they had 
 not hitherto been authorised to trade at Canton, and 
 that, if they had any matters to discuss, they should 
 proceed with all speed to the Amur River, and await 
 the result of the measures which should be resolved 
 upon by the Resident Officer there. 
 
 The English chief Elgin had already arrived at 
 Shanghai from Canton, and he proceeded to order 
 over a score steam men-of-war from Shanghai, 
 Ningpo, and other places up to Tientsin. The 
 French troops joined them, and the Americans and 
 Russians sent consuls and interpreters along with 
 them, saying that they wished to hand in letters, 
 and not to engage in hostilities. Not long after this 
 the express arrived, bringing news to the Emperor of 
 the Taku engagement. In the spring of the Sth year 
 the ships of the four nations were at anchor off Taku, 
 and it was arranged that they should send consuls 
 in the first instance to Taku with despatches. These 
 despatches were received by the Viceroy T'an T'ing- 
 siang" and by him forwarded to Peking. The 
 English and French were preparing to make war, 
 whilst the Americans and Russians were desirous of 
 an accommodation, so that a continual exchange of 
 civilities and presents went on between the latter 
 
Chilians Intercourse with Europe. 71 
 
 and the Viceroy. During the fourth moon, whilst 
 the boats of the two latter countries were yet in port 
 with the negotiators, the English and French, with- 
 out awaiting our orders, proceeded to force their 
 way into port with small steamers, and to destroy the 
 forts. After the cessation of hostilities, they again 
 made proposals for peace. The Emperor ordered 
 the Grand Secretary Kweiliang," and K'iying,* ex- 
 Viceroy of the Two Kwang, to proceed to Tientsin, 
 and, after K'iying's unauthorised return thence, and 
 his condemnation, Kweiliang alone was ordered to 
 conduct the negotiations. On this the Viceroy 
 addressed despatches requesting the presence of the 
 American and Russian consuls at Tientsin, where an 
 understanding was come to. In this matter it 
 appears that the Americans were actuated by good 
 faith, and really desired a pea'Seful arrangement for 
 trade ; but the story goes that the Russians at this 
 juncture, having been bribed with 5,000 li of the 
 Amur territory, proved faithless to England and 
 France, and, hearing of the American offers, 
 supported them. Later on, Yin Chao-yung "^ im- 
 peached Yihshan ''■ for giving away the 5,000 li 
 of territory beyond the Amur, and u. comparison of 
 dates shews that his memorial was subsequent to the 
 reply of the Peking (Government [to the Russians 
 and Americans]. And a recent monthly periodical 
 
72 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 in the West states that the " four ancestral ti-ibes of 
 " the Mongols " — that is the four Kalka tribes, who 
 " are direct descendants from Genghis — have been 
 "joined to the Russian Empire, and that the amount 
 " of taxation levied bj the Russians is only half that 
 "demanded by China; that the Russians have 
 " followed up the acquisition of this territory by 
 " building forts on the north bank of the Amur and 
 " building steam ships-of-war ; and that it is im- 
 " possible to foresee the end of the encroachments 
 " she will gradually make after this." Indeed it is 
 impossible to gauge the wild desires of a young wolf, 
 whose assistance should never be sought, beinc: 
 certain to bring evil in its train.^ 
 
 In the summer of the 9th year (1859) the 
 emissaries of England and Russia " came from 
 Shanghai to Tientsin to exchange ratifications, and 
 forced their way through the Taku barrier, which 
 they destroyed. Prince Sangkohlinsin, in command 
 of the government troops, fired upon and utterly 
 defeated them. The American ship followed in their 
 wake, and, in accordance with the terms of the 
 original Treaty concluded at Shanghai, entered by 
 
 '> A Note in the original Chinese shews clearly that the 
 editor is confusing the Primorsk territory with the Sainnoin 
 Khanate, bordering on the Hi region, Avhich formed the appanage 
 of Prince Ts'Gling, granted to him for his services against the 
 Kalmucks a century earlier. 
 
 « Sic; .' France. 
 
China's Intercourse with Ewtope. 73; 
 
 way of the Peht'ang River. Thence they despatched 
 a man to the office of the Viceroy of Chih Li, 
 begging that he would forward on their request t6 
 be allowed to enter Peking and present their 
 credentials with a view to ratification. He did so, 
 and the following decree was received : — " In the 
 ' fifth moon of this year, the English and Russians 
 ' came to Tientsin, and, in defiance of the original 
 ' agreement come to with Kweiliang and his 
 ' colleagues, did force their way into Taku, thus 
 ' incurring a defeat, which they brought entirely 
 ' upon themselves, and which shews no breach of 
 ' faith on the part of China. At the same instant 
 ' John Ward," the American envoy, in accordance 
 ' with the terms of Kweiliang's original agreement, 
 ' came by way of Peht'ang, and begged to be' 
 ' allowed to enter Peking, in order to present his 
 ' credentials. Hcngfuh ^ and others have reported 
 ' that the language of the said country's despatches 
 ' is respectful and obedient, and therefore We have 
 ' granted permission to enter Peking in order to 
 ■' present the credentials. This day Kweiliang and 
 ' his colleagues have submitted to us the public 
 ' despatches of the said envoy John Ward addressed 
 ' to them, and, finding that they are couched in 
 ' respectful language, and exhibit perfect good faith, 
 ' We hereby grant permission to the said envoy to 
 
 " ^ ® ^ * M S 
 
74 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 " present the credentials which he has brought with 
 " him, and We order Kweiliang and his colleagues 
 " to receive them. As to the ratifications of the 
 " Treaty, strictly speaking he should return to 
 " Shanghai to exchange them there ; but, having in 
 " mind the pains he has been at to come so far. We 
 " hereby order the Imperial Seal to be placed upon 
 " the Treaty, which will be given to HSngfuh to 
 '.' take with him to the port of Peht'ang, in order to 
 " exchange ratifications with the said envoy. After 
 " the exchange of ratifications, let there be perpetual 
 " concord and open trade, in order to evince Our 
 " kind regard for distant men, and Our high apprecia- 
 " tion of good faith." 
 
 It is said that, when the Americans heard of the 
 Taku affair, they wished to come in as mediators ; 
 but things had gone so far in the way of hostilities 
 that it was too late, and therefore they contented 
 themselves with substituting an obsequious for a 
 haughty demeanour, in order to get what advantage 
 they could after the struggle between the two 
 combatants. The Emperor, feeling how disastrously 
 foreign affairs had turned out, by gaining their good- 
 will thought he might lead them away from the 
 combination, and therefore he only did what was 
 just in the matter of reward or punishment, having 
 no ulterior motive in his action. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 75 
 
 In the 10th year (1860) the English attacked 
 Peking. The Emperor went away to Lwan-yang, 
 and ordered Prince Kung to remain in cliarge to 
 conduct the peace negotiations, and thus in the ninth 
 moon of this year treaties were concluded one after 
 the other with England, France, and Russia. 
 
 The Russians deceived all parties in the matter 
 of the Amur region, which they extorted from China 
 in the moment of her peril. At the time when 
 negotiations were going on, the Americans certainly 
 thought the Russians were earnestly in favour of 
 peace, and both England and France fell into her 
 snares as well. Her agents at Peking were able to 
 move freely about between Peking and Tientsin, and, 
 at the time when the Emperor was ill, they got the 
 foreign newspapers to insert certain articles which 
 had the effect of making the allies more exacting 
 than ever. 
 
76 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Right of Entry into Canton. 
 
 After the conclusion of the Nanking Treaty, the 
 people of Canton and the neighbourhood organized 
 themselves into a regular defensive body, and resolved 
 to resist all attempts on the part of the English to 
 enter the city. So strong was this feeling, that, in the 
 25th year [about January 1846], the Prefect Liu Siin " 
 was attacked and insulted in his own. palace because 
 the people thought fit to contrast his obsequious 
 bearing towards the foreigner with the haughty de- 
 meanour of his suite in the streets. K'iying was 
 then Viceroy, and Ilipu Tartar-General, and to their 
 account was erroneously placed by the clamouring 
 English the hostility which, in fact, they did their 
 utmost to appease. Ilipu died of grief, and K'iying 
 promised before quitting his viceroyalty that permis- 
 sion to enter the city should be granted in two years. 
 In 1846 Su Kwang-tsin' and Yeh Ming-shen were 
 appointed Governor and Treasurer, and, after K'i- 
 ying's departure, Viceroy and Governor successively. 
 In 1849, the English sent ships up the river to 
 demand fulfilment of K'iying's promise, and it was 
 only the determined attitude of the populace which 
 
China's Intercourse with Euroj)e. 77 
 
 induced them to accede to the Viceroy's prayer to 
 abandon the claim for the time. The Emperor's 
 decree rewarding both officers in sympathetic terms 
 for their services in this matter, recites how His 
 Majesty was constrained to yield temporarily in 1842, 
 and how touched he is at the devoted loyalty of 
 his Canton subjects. Things went on thus until the 
 6th year of Hien-fung [1856], when the arrest of the 
 seamen of the "Arrow " took place, and Yeh Ming- 
 shcn, now Viceroy, assured the excited populace that 
 he vt'ould abide firmly by the agreement not to enter 
 the city some to in 1849, which the foreigners had 
 been ordered to print in their newspapers. Then 
 followed the capture of Canton by the English and 
 French, as described above. During the year 1858 
 the Fatshan defence force was organized by three 
 prominent literati" with the object of recapturing 
 Canton from the allies, and most of the authorities 
 effected their escape from the citj^ : but the Governor 
 was kept a prisoner in his palace, and was made to 
 issue proclamations calling upon the people to serve the 
 English as required, and promising immunity to such 
 of their Chinese writers ' as should return to Canton 
 from Hongkong and Macao." The Defence Bureau 
 
 "mitB; mTtmiMMm 
 
 {'if 3c shaiven, shameii, or ? servants. 
 « The words ^ i^ Mehkao, or Makk6, here used arc different 
 from the usual words }& PI AomSn or Omun, 
 
78 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 met this with counter proclamations threatening the 
 families and relatives of all persons who should 
 serve the foreigners in any capacity whatever. On 
 this Consul Parkes recommended an attack upon 
 Fatshan, but, as the Admiral had gone to Tientsin to 
 conclude the tueaty, nothing could be done for the 
 present but issue further proclamations. The English 
 and French, however, had to take the district city of 
 Sin-an on account of the attack made by the local 
 troops upon those sent to post the proclamations. 
 Elgin at Shanghai had to complain to the Imperial 
 Commissioner there that Tls. 30,000 had been offered 
 for Parkes'.. head, and that a mandate" from Court 
 had been found authorizing the Defence Bureau to 
 attack the English and French. This drew an in- 
 dignant denial from the Emperor, whp explained that 
 the three gentry were only commissioned to attack 
 the [T'ai-p'ing] rebels, and that his word once 
 pledged would be kept. On this the martial ardour 
 of the Cantonese cooled down, and most of the 
 fighting men went to join the rebels. 
 
 Enquiry into the exact circumstances of the 
 yielding of Bonham in 1849 resulted in obtaining 
 from Hii Ying-hung* the confidential avowal that 
 his relative Hii Siang-kwang^ had a great hand in it. 
 After gathering and organizing the defence armies, 
 
 "M^ '' W. MM now Treasurer of Kiang Su. 
 
China's Intercowse with Europe. 79 
 
 he wrote a persuasive letter to Bonham pointing out 
 to him that Davis " had probably only extracted the 
 two years' promise from K'iying in order that he, 
 Davis, might get away home and leave the true 
 solution to his successor,'' and exhausting every figure 
 of speech he could bring to bear with a view of 
 cajohng or frightening Davis into acquiescence, and 
 appealing to his better judgment not to insist upon a 
 mere question of outward triumph. 
 
 a /^ 
 
 h The long letter to Governor Bonham is printed in full, and 
 is certainly a masterpiece of ingenious argument. It was sub- 
 mitted to the Emperor, who rewarded Hii at the same time that 
 Sii and Yeh were ennobled. 
 
80 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 The Treaty of 1858. 
 
 When the English and French fleets appeared 
 off Taku in the spring of 1858, and Elgin,with his 
 French colleague forced their way up to Tientsin, the 
 Emperor despatched the Under-Secretaries Tsuug- 
 lun" and Urkunt'ai^ to assist the Viceroy T'an T'ing- 
 siang/ Whilst the peace negotiations were still 
 proceeding, the English and French on the 8th of the 
 4th Moon [20th May] forced their way into the river 
 in a number of small steamers, without awaiting our 
 commands. They were fired upon by the forts, and 
 the result was that these were taken one after the other. 
 The Emperor was furious at this news, and imme- 
 diately sent for and degraded the generals concerned. 
 T'ominga'* was appointed General of Chih Li and 
 Imperial Commissioner, and Prince Sangkolinsin 
 was ordered to take command of the troops in the 
 field. Peking was placed in a state of siege under 
 the command Mienyii, Prince of Hwei. ^ Though the 
 Americans and Russians were willing to treat with 
 Tsunglun and Urkunt'ai, the English and French 
 would have nothing to do with them, because they 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe, 81 
 
 had not what the English called "plenipotentiary" 
 powers. Kweiliang and Hwashana were therefore 
 ordered down from Peking, and, at the recommen- 
 dation of Mienyii and other high officers of state, 
 K'iying was given another chance, in consideration 
 of his past experience. Meanwhile the Americans 
 and Russians had on the 26th [7th June] already 
 concluded their arrangements with Kweiliang and 
 Hwashana, and, when K'iying arrived on the 29th 
 [10th June], the English envoy refused to receive 
 him. Under these circumstances, Kweiliang begged 
 the Emperor to recall K'iying, so as to avoid offend- 
 ing the barbarian feelings. The Emperor was 
 displeased at this, and ordered K'iying, who had got 
 as far as T'ung Chou, back to Tientsin. K'iying, 
 however, went on to Peking and wrote to Sangko- 
 linsin, saying that he would be in the camp by the 
 5th [15th June]. This letter fell into the hands of 
 Prince Hwei, who was on his way back from Sangko- 
 linsin's camp, and, the circumstances being reported 
 to the Emperor, K'iying was arrested and allowed to 
 take his own life. A calm review of the whole facts 
 shews that K'iying had undoubtedly led the Emperor 
 to believe that he could do more than he even tried 
 to do. Kweiliang now proceeded with his peaceful 
 efforts, but had considerable difficulty in restraining 
 the martial ardour of the Tientsin populace, elated at 
 their victory over the Canton rebels in 1853. He 
 
82 CMna^s Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 also had great difficulty in rescuing from their fury a 
 [Hakka] Chinese traitor from Kia-ying Chou named 
 Li-kwoh-t'ai," whom Elgin had sent to Tientsin with 
 the draft treaty in 56 articles. Meanwhile the war 
 party at Peking were doing their best to distract the 
 Emperor from his leaning towards a peaceful settle- 
 ment. The result of all this indecision was that a 
 decree was issued on the 6th day of the 6th Moon 
 [16th August], ordering Kip'u* and Mingshan "^ to 
 accompany Kweiliang and Hwashana to Shanghai to 
 discuss the tariff question with the four countries, 
 whose plenipotentiaries had already left by sea for 
 Shanghai on the 25th of the 5th Moon [5th July]. 
 
 Kweiliang and his colleagues reached Shanghai 
 on the 26th of the 8th moon [about 1st October], 
 and were joined by Ho Kwei-ts'ing, the Nanking 
 Viceroy. Elgin, during the interval, had gone to 
 Japan to escort some Japanese ships, but the three 
 other plenipotentiaries and the English Secretary of 
 Legation had assembled at Shanghai, where a large 
 comet appeared in the heavens during ten days. 
 It was about this time that the treaty was posted 
 at Canton, and the city of Sin-an taken, as above 
 described, in consequence of which complaints were 
 made of the hostile action of the Canton Viceroy 
 and gentry in charge of the Defence Bureau. The 
 Chinese plenipotentiaries were obliged to invent an 
 
 " n Pi Pi ' ^ rf 'mm 
 
China's fntercourse with Europe. 88 
 
 excuse about the road being blocked by rebels in 
 Kiang Si, and to promise the recall of the Viceroy- 
 Hwang and the three leading gentry. In the 10th 
 moon Elgin returned to Shanghai, and the Tariff 
 Regulations were concluded with the four countries, 
 expeditions were now sent up the Yangtsze by the 
 English to arrange about opening the new ports to 
 trade. 
 
 In the summer of the ninth year [1859], the 
 representatives of the different states proceeded to 
 Tientsin to exchange ratifications, and were told, 
 in accordance with Kweiliang's original arrangement 
 at Shanghai, that, as Taku was now put into a state 
 of defence, they must go by way of Peh-t'ang, to 
 which all had said "yes, yes."" The English 
 arrived first, followed by the Russians, and suddenly 
 burst in by way of Taku, in defiance of the original 
 agreement. Hearing of this, the Viceroy HSngfuh* 
 despatched an officer with the agreement to urge 
 thern to change their route. No notice was taken ; 
 and on the 24th of the 4th moon [24th or 25th June] 
 the English blew up the iron chain across the 
 mouth of the river. Prince Sangkolinsin had al- 
 ready given orders to defend this approach and to 
 fire if an entry were made. The next day a number 
 
 « In all allusions to this point the Chinese text is vague and 
 unsatisfactory, though perfectly straightforward elsewhere. 
 
 'mm 
 
84 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 of steam-launches began to remove the iron stakes 
 which had been set up at the mouth, and shots were 
 exchanged with the forts. The result was that 
 several boats were sunk or destroyed, and the rest 
 crippled : only one managed to get away beyond the 
 bar. The English then landed men to continue the 
 attack : these were at once fired upon, 300 were 
 killed, and two taken prisoners. The English officer 
 Li Kwoh-t'ai," who was no other person than the 
 "Hakka" Li-kwoh-t'ai of 1858, was wounded. 
 On these facts being reported to the Emperor, a 
 decree was received congratulating the troops on the 
 complete rout of the enemy, and distributing suitable 
 rewards. The foreigners were now terribly awe- 
 stricken, and the celestial majesty was somewhat 
 re-asserted. The Americans, meanwhile, had changed 
 their route, in accordance with the Shanghai agree- 
 ment, and had received most gracious treatment 
 from the Emperor [29th July]. The writer of the 
 above account was then at Ningpo, where he heard 
 also that the foreigners were repairing their ships, 
 hiring Swatow braves, and preparing for an attack 
 upon Peking next year. 
 
 It will be well to enter more closely into the 
 events of the preceding year. Towards the 6th and 
 7th days of the 3rd moon [about 20th April 1858] the 
 foreign ships had assembled off Taku. Messengers 
 
 " ^ 13 jJC H. N, Lay's name was ^ ^ 0- 
 
ChiiKi's Intercourse with Europe. 85 
 
 sent to inquire into their business returned with 
 the reply that the despatches already sent explained 
 all. On the 11th [about the 24th April] the four 
 states sent officers to Taku with despatches for the 
 Viceroy T'an, for transmission to the Manchu Grand 
 Secretary Yiich'eng, and on the next day Tsunglun 
 and Urkunt'ai were received by the Americans and 
 Russians, who said that despatches from the different 
 powers had been sent to Peking through the 
 Treasurer Ts'ien."' On the 17th [about 30th April] 
 the Viceroy T'an appeared, but the English and 
 French declined to receive him because he was un- 
 provided with plenipotentiary powers: the Americans 
 and Russians, however, exchanged visits with him. 
 The Americans had an interpreter named Ting,' and 
 a Protestant missionary named Ts'ao,'' both of whom 
 accompanied their (consul to Tientsin. News of the 
 taking of the forts was brought to Ningpo on the 
 15th [27th May] by a small English steamer which 
 left Taku on the 9th [21st May]. It appears that 
 the English and French landed on different banks 
 of the river, but that the French loss was the more 
 severe, owing to an explosion of gunpowder in one 
 of the forts. Further news arrived in Shangliai on 
 the 24th [5th June] saying that the English and 
 French had marched to Tientsin without further 
 opposition, and that Kweiliang, Hwashana, and 
 
 -a 'T 'W 
 
86 China'H Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 K'iying were in a fair way of bringing things round 
 to an amicable settlement. The interpreter Ting 
 explained to the writer on his return to Ningpo that 
 the English had found despatches at Canton shewing 
 that K'iying liad acted towards them with deliberate 
 bad faith, and that it was in consequence of this 
 that he had been unable to face them at Tientsin. 
 [The Treaty and Tariff Regulations were signed on 
 the 26th, 28th, and 29th June]. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 87 
 
 The Attack on Peking. 
 
 In the 6th moon of the tenth year (July 1860) 
 the English and French allied forces came to Taku 
 to avenge the wrong of the previous year. Sang- 
 kolinsin had received the Emperor's orders to defend 
 to the utmost the entrance to Taku, and the forts 
 were all strongly manned, mines and ambushes 
 being laid to prevent a surprise by way of Peh-t'ang : 
 but these last were disclosed to the foreigners by 
 native spies. From the 15th to the 20th [2nd to 
 7th August] they were employed in taking sound- 
 ings : some of their boats, getting ashore on the bar," 
 hoisted the white flag in token of peace, but were 
 unharmed by the Prince, who did not wish to fire 
 the first shot. On the 26th [13th August] the 
 foreigners found a channel, and attacked both Taku 
 and Peh-t'ang. The force at Peh-t'ang, under the 
 Manchu General Tehhinga, was defeated, and the 
 foreigners were now able to advance upon and 
 capture Sin-ho, and, on the 28th [15th August] 
 T'ang-erh Ku.*" At this moment Sangkolinsin was 
 in command at the North Fort. The Emperor, 
 hearing that affairs were going badly, sent the 
 
 "mm^ Inner Bar. ' ^ % B 
 
88 China'' s Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Grand Secretary Jui k'i" to T'ungehou with 10,000 
 metropolitan troops. On the 5th of the 7th moon 
 [21st August] the fort on the north bank fell, and 
 with it General Lohshan,' but the south fqrt was 
 still firm in the hands of Sangkolinsin. An imperial 
 order was now received to fall back on T'ung Chou, 
 and Twauhwa, Prince of Cheng, with the President 
 Suhshun" counselled the recall of Sangkolinsin and 
 fresh efforts to secure peace. Sangkolinsin had 
 nothing for it therefore but to take up a position 
 at Chang-kia Wan, 20 1/ from T'ung Chou, and 
 Tientsin, being thus left unguarded, was entered by 
 the foreign armies on the 7th [23rd August]. The 
 Emperor now ordered the Under-Secretary Wen- 
 tsiin and the ex-Hoppo Hengk'i'' to proceed to 
 Tientsin, but the foreigners would have nothing to 
 do with them, on account of their low rank and 
 absence of plenipotentiary powers, in consequence of 
 which the Grand Secretary Kweiliang was ordered 
 down. In response to his advances, Elgin, the English 
 Plenipotentiary Envoy, requested a further military 
 indpmnity, Tientsin as a port, and permission for 
 all the envoys to proceed to Peking with escorts 
 in order to exchange rectifications. It was Parkes 
 that managed all this. The Emperor was furious. 
 Peking was placed in a state of siege, and Sangko- 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 89 
 
 linsin with Juik'i were ordered to defend T'ung Ohou. 
 On this the English and French, on the 21st and 
 22nd [6th and 7th September], advanced as far as 
 Ho-si Wu, and the Emperor was so moved by- 
 alarmist representations that he thought of going to 
 to Muhlan* for the antumn hunt. It was now 
 represented to the Emperor that it would be better 
 to return to Peking than to remain at Hai-k'ou. * 
 On the 24th [9th September] the Emperor an- 
 nounced his intention of taking the field in person, 
 and there was a general stampede from Peking, 
 nor would the Emperor fix any date for his return. 
 General Shengpao,' who had just returned from 
 Ho Nan, and the Manchu Grand-Duke Mienhiin'* 
 were ordered to proceed with 10,000 Bannermen to 
 T'ung Chou, and the Emperor was strongly urged 
 not. to move. On the 28th [13th September] the 
 Emperor issued a decree denying his intention to 
 proceed to Muhlan, and ordering all: the carts and 
 horses impounded to be given back to the people, and 
 men's minds were further restored by the receipt of 
 an imperial present of Tls. 200,000 for the troops 
 guarding Peking. On the 1st of the 8th moon 
 [18th September], the foreign troops advanced from 
 Ho-si Wu to Chang-kia Wan, and thence close up to 
 
 * ^§ Q 5 perhaps the "^ ')|fc Summer Palace is meant. 
 
90 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 T'ung Chou, in consequence of which the Emperor 
 sent Tsaiyiian," Prince of I, to assist in obtaining a 
 peaceful settlement. With him were associated Kwei- 
 liang and the cabinet minister Muhyin.* On receipt 
 of their despatch, Elgin sent his secretary Parkes 
 with an escort into T'ung Chou to discuss terms of 
 peace, and on the 2nd [19th September] Prince I, at 
 an interview with Parkes, did his best to remonstrate. 
 Parkes requested the fulfilment of the Tientsin 
 Treaty, and said he must await the joint counsels of 
 the French envoy. On the 3rd [20th September] 
 both envoys were entertained by Prince I at the 
 Tung-ngoh Temple, Mnhyin and Hengk'i doing 
 diplomacy with the honours of the feast. The French 
 envoy was quite ready to acquiesce, but, after a few 
 rounds of liquor, Parkes rose and said : — " We must 
 " see the Great Emperor about this Treaty in order 
 " to evince good faith : but our countrymen never 
 " kneel to any but the Lord of Heaven. Will your 
 "Highness consent?" The Prince was silent. 
 Parkes went on : — " We have long hoped at a dis- 
 " tance to witness the glory of the suzerain country. 
 " Moreover, the duties of hospitality cannot be dis- 
 " pensed with as a matter of dignity, and we request 
 " to enter with military display." Muhyin asked : — 
 "How many men?" Parkes replied: — "Each 
 " country must have 2,000, and the main forces will 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 91 
 
 " remain at T'uno; Chou." Muli told tliis to the 
 Prince, and the Prince, observing the improper 
 nature of this language, simply said that he could 
 not take the responsibility, and must ask His Ma- 
 jesty's instructions. Parkes got excited, and at last 
 said to H^ngk'i : — " I am tired. Bring the wbere- 
 " withal to sleep on quickly." Heng had nothing 
 for it but to prepare a bed for him, and, when further 
 remarks were made, Parkes pretended to be asleep 
 and not to hear. Muhyin begged the Prince to 
 retire for the present, and to leave Hengk'i in 
 Parkes' company. At dawn next morning a courier 
 came to tell the Prince " that the foreigners were 
 "up to something, and that it seemed hopeless," 
 for spies had already got into the city during the 
 night, and been spying about all over the ])lace. The 
 Prince at once sent Hengk'i to Elgin, but the troops 
 were already upon us, and the Prince perceived 
 that a rupture was taking place : he tlierefore sent a 
 secret message to Sangkolinsin to ensure Parkes' 
 capture and send him on to Peking. The French 
 envoy, having been respectful enough, was civilly 
 dismissed. This, however, was the commencement 
 of hostilities. 
 
 As soon as the Emperor learnt that the foreigners 
 were increasing in boldness and bent upon marching 
 to T'ung Chou, his mind was made up, and Sh^ng- 
 pao was ordered to take up a position west of T'ung 
 
92 China's Intercourse with .Europe. 
 
 Chou. He left Peking on the 3rd [20th September] 
 and arrived the next day at Ting-fuh Chwang." The 
 allies were already in possession of T'ung Chou ; the 
 armies of Sangkolinsin and Juik'i had been defeated; 
 and the foreigners were advancing north. Sheng- 
 pao made a stand at Pah-li K'iao,* upon which the 
 foreign troops marched in three divisions from 
 Kwoh-kia P'an." Sangkolinsin met their west 
 [right] , and Juik'i their east [left] , but were both 
 defeated. Shengpao advanced from the south [to- 
 wards the centre] with his gingalls, but the foreign 
 cannonade speedily put his men to ront, and he 
 himself was wounded in two places. There was a 
 general retreat, and the foreigners soon occupied 
 Ting-fuh Chwang, whilst Sangkolinsin's and Juik'i's 
 men fell back upon the Ch'ao-yang'' or Ts'i-hwa* 
 Gate of Peking. When the Emperor, at his Summer 
 Palace, heard that the bandits were close upon Pekinw, 
 he perceived that his Guards were not to be relied 
 upon, and it was then that his courtiers counselled 
 a return to Peking ; but the Emperor decided for a 
 hunt towards the north, and started off at daylight 
 on the 8th [25th September], followed by the Six- 
 Camps and all the Princes. Twanhwa, Suhshun, 
 Muhyin ; and the cabinet ministers K'wangyiian, 
 
 " S Sfi ^ 
 
 A M. M gives Count Palikao his title. 
 
 " 115 ^ te 'm% ' ^ fls 
 
China's Intercourse with Exirope. 93 
 
 and Tu Han " received orders to follow. Meanwhile 
 the foreigners, who knew the Emperor had gone, 
 had formed a cordon round the walls; there was 
 no news to be got in the Palace of the Emperor's 
 movements for a whole half-day, and the panic in 
 Peking was intense, until the news came that the 
 Emperor had gone on a visit to Lw^n-yang. An 
 imperial order left Yihin, Prince of Kung,' as 
 Lieutenant of the Capital, with orders to take up a 
 position at Hai-tien, in command of Sangkolinsin's 
 and Juik'i's troops. The next day he was invested 
 with the plenipotentiary title so taking to the foreign 
 mind, and peace negotiations began once more. On 
 the 9th [26th September] Wensiang was appointed to 
 the Peking Gendarmerie, in place of Prince Cheng. 
 During this time the Grand Secretary Chou Tsu- 
 p'ei, the President Ch'en Fu-en, and the Under- 
 Secretaries P'an TsSng-ying and Sung Tsin " were 
 assembled at the Ho Nan guild-hall, making prepara- 
 tions for local militia defence, and from the 8th day 
 [25th September] no rice or vegetables were allowed 
 to enter the closed gates. Victuals rose to an 
 enormous rate, and people offered any pricb to bribe 
 their way out. Fearing a revolution, the Princes 
 and High Officers at last allowed the Si-chih^ gate 
 to be open for communications up to noon-time, and 
 
94 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 on the 10th [27th September] the Cheng-yang Gate, 
 or Ts'ien M6n, was half opened for a httle time. 
 Meanwhile Prince Kung, Kweiliang, etc., were 
 outside the city, and the inside was without any 
 master at all. The English gave out that they 
 were going to attack the city, and were very urgent 
 in their demands for Parkes, so that H^ngk'i tried 
 to obtain his release, in order to calm down the 
 foreigners' wrath, whilst a note conveyed the urgent 
 advice of Shengpao to the contrary, and there was 
 a recommendation of the Under-Secretary Hwang 
 Tsung-han" that he should be killed. The Prince 
 and Ministers could not make up their minds. On 
 the 11th [28th September] Shengpao sent an 800 li 
 express to the Emperor, advising that Chinese troops 
 should be sent for from the south ; and the same 
 day a decree announced that, as the Mongols and 
 Bannermen had failed to cope with foreign weapons, 
 more active men must be procured from Sz Ch'wan 
 and Hu Peh. Tseng Kwph-ts'iJan and Yiian Kiah- 
 san ' were therefore ordered to enlist from 2,000 to 
 3,000 men apiece, and place them under the com- 
 mand of Pao Ch'ao " and Chang Te-sh^ng.'' These 
 and other trained troops from An Hwei were ordered 
 to proceed with all haste to Peking, to be at the 
 disposition of Shengpao, in order that the rebel 
 
 4J-V 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 95 
 
 plague might be quickly swept away. As soon as 
 the foreigners learnt that Prince Kung was invested 
 with plenipotentiary powers, they notified him that 
 unless Parkes vere restored witliin three days the 
 attack on Peking would begin on the 15th [1st 
 October]. In his first reply the Prince directed 
 them first to withdraw to Tientsin, then to T'ung 
 Chou, when, after tlie exchange of ratifications, 
 Parkes would be returned. Both offers were refused. 
 Yet Parkes was undoubtedly the cause of their delay 
 in attacking Peking ; and they then moved round 
 to the Tg-sheng Gate, with designs upon Hai-tien. 
 On the 15th a decree was received ordering Itao, 
 Prince of Yii," and the President Ts'iian-k'ing * to 
 look after the Inner City, and Chou Tsu-p'ei with 
 Kweihang after the outer parts, as Lieutenants in 
 charge. The Emperor was then at Lo-shan" in 
 Mih-yiin District, and a number of Council clerks 
 with Tseng Hieh-kiiin '' at their head were ordered 
 to the imperial head-quarters. On the 20th [6th 
 October] the foreigners gave out that they intended 
 to attack Hai-tien, and Sangkolinsin moved his 
 troops round to the north of the city. Prince Kung 
 and Kweiliang were both in the Summer Palace. 
 At tliis moment a Peking trader went with 1,000 
 head of cattle and sheep to the foreign armies, and 
 
96 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 proposed peace, but was told that the matter was 
 one of national importance, quite beyond the 
 ken of- a mere trader, and that Prince Kung must 
 come in person if such proposals were to be enter- 
 tained. On this, Hengk'i again begged for the 
 release of Parkes, but the Prince could not make up 
 his mind. Two days later Hai-tien was attacked, 
 and the Guards fled without a struggle, as also the 
 armies of Sangkolinsin and Juik'i. On the 24th 
 [10th October] the foreigners secretly occupied the 
 Imperial Park, and Prince Kung withdrew to 
 Ch'ang-sin Tien," outside the Kwang-ning Gate, 
 followed by Juik'i and WSnsiang. Then it was that 
 Parkes was released, and Hfengk'i was ordered to 
 escort him back with the assurance that peace might 
 be discussed on the following day. Parkes now being 
 free, the foreigners cared less than ever what they 
 did. Hai-tien was soon in flames, and Parkes, still 
 under the influence of anger, requested that the palace 
 buildings in the Park might be destroyed. The 
 foreign troops and Swatow braves were then allowed 
 to loot the precincts, and the armies retired to the 
 An-ting Gate. The Emperor, who had now got as 
 far as Lwan-yang, was here requested by the 
 Lieutenants in charge to direct Prince Kung to 
 enter Peking and conclude a peace without loss of 
 time, and the foreigners also pressed him to come. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 97 
 
 The Prince still hesitated at the T'ien-ning Sz<* 
 Temple outside the Kwang-ning Gate, but a secret 
 decree in the Emperor's own hand was received 
 saying : — " It is impossible to enter the city just now 
 " to arrange a peace," and ordering him to select a 
 spot for his head-quarters ; for the Emperor feared 
 that the English by some move would take posses- 
 sion of hiip as a hostage. The English having 
 entered Peking, Parkes at once proceeded with the 
 Treaty, which added nine articles to the fifty-six of 
 the Treaty of 1858. The French added ten articles 
 to their forty-two of the same year. The main 
 provisions were for further indemnities ; more ports, 
 including Tientsin; and residence at Peking. The 
 Prince could not object, and the foreigners agreed 
 to wait until the Emperor's consent should have been 
 received. However, there was more trouble yet in 
 store. Parkes and a score or more of others had 
 been sent to Peking after their seizure by Prince I, 
 and after the conclusion of peace it was found that 
 a dozen or more of them had perished in prison.* 
 The English officials were highly indignant at this, 
 and were on the point of withdrawing from the 
 treaty and recommencing hostilities, in spite of the 
 apologies lavished by the Lieutenants. As it was, 
 
 * Captain Brabazon and the Abbe de Luc were beheaded ; 
 Captain Anderson and Mr. de Norman died after release ; Mr. 
 Loch was restored alive. 
 
98 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 they again attacked Hai-tien on the 4th [18th 
 October], and burnt everything in the neighbourhood 
 of King Shan " and the K'un-ming Lake during a 
 period of three days and nights, much to the terror 
 of the Pekingese. Prince Kung meanwhile had 
 removed to the Fah-yiian Sz * Temple, outside tlie 
 city, and the foreigners gave out their intention to 
 attack the Inner City or Palace. The gates were 
 already open, and matters were very threatening, 
 when, fortunately. Prince Kung succeeded in prevail- 
 ing upon the French envoy Gros" to send three 
 messages of intercession one after the other.'' A 
 further indemnity of Tls. 500,000 was exacted on 
 behalf of the deceased, nor would the foreigners 
 agree to exchange signatures, when Hengk'i invited 
 them to conclude the Treaty, until this money was 
 paid over in full; and the sum was scraped together 
 with great difficulty by the 9th [23rd October]. The 
 chieftains were then entertained at the Board of 
 Ceremonies, and treaties were exchanged. On the 
 10th [24th October] Parkes came to fix a date for 
 the ratifications next day, and brought with him a 
 large escort into the city, with weapons concealed 
 under their clothes : after a look round they 
 returned out of the An-ting Gate in the afternoon 
 
 " J: m ' ^ M * ' I® 1 
 
 a In another chapter Baron Gros is said to have gained his 
 Tls. 4,000,000 indemnity bv reducine; the English 12,000.000 to 
 8,000,000. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 99 
 
 amid crowds of spectators, not one of wliom dared 
 to interfere. The ratifications were exchanged on the 
 11th [25th" October]. Escorts accompanied Prince 
 Kung, the Grand Secretaries Kia Cheng" and Choii 
 Tsu-p'ei, the Presidents Chao Kwang* and Ch'en 
 Fu-en/ the Under-Secretaries P'an Tseng-ying, 
 Sung Tsin, etc., but the Guards were all left outside 
 the Cheng-yang Gate. A banquet was laid out at 
 the Board of Ceremonies, and at twelve o'clock Elgin, 
 Parkes, etc., advanced with great pomp and blasts 
 of western music in a procession from the An-ting 
 Gate. Their officials all sat in eight-bearer chairs, 
 and the rest had four. The Prince and Ministers 
 received them outside the great door, and the foreign 
 officials took off their hats to the Prince, to which the 
 Prince replied by the arm-joining form of salutation. 
 There were also three Western ladies, who did not 
 exchange salutations, but were carried straight in 
 and sat down. It was said these were the wives of 
 the foreign officers, including Mrs. Parkes, but it is 
 not possible to be sure. Prince Kung and the Eng- 
 lish officer Elgin sat left and right, and exchanged 
 compliments through interpreters as the feast pro- 
 gressed, after which ratifications were exchanged, 
 and they all left. 
 
 On the 12th the Prince and Ministers ex- 
 changed ratifications with the French. The French 
 
100 CUru^s Intercourse with Europe, 
 
 envoy Gros and suite, in four-bearer chairs, also came, 
 heralded by musicians through the streets, and they 
 also had several Western women, and aho a band 
 of female musicians after the Western style, some- 
 thing hke our tambourine players." Everything 
 else went off just as with the English. After the 
 ratifications, the English and French envoys requested 
 that the treaties might be promulgated throughout 
 the provinces, with instructions to each viceroy or 
 governor. This was brought before the Emperor, 
 who issued a decree promising all that was required, 
 and expressing a hope that hostilities would give way 
 to friendly intercourse. 
 
 On the 17th [31st October] the Russian ratifica- 
 tions were exchanged by the Russian "envoy Ignatieff * 
 and the Prince and Ministers. Their treaty provided 
 for trade at Kiachta as well as at the places on the 
 coast mentioned in the other two treaties, and their 
 Tariff was much the same as that of the English and 
 French. A supplementary treaty provided for the 
 rectification by commissioners of frontiers on the 
 Amur and in Turkestan, so as to prevent further 
 disputes. The forms gone through were the same as 
 in the case of the English and French. 
 
 In the 10th moon [November] the Prince and 
 Ministers begged the Emperor to return to Peking ; 
 but a decree recited that, as the weather was getting 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 101 
 
 very cold, the Emperor proposed to defer his return 
 till the spring. Meanwhile the Governor of Shan Si 
 had begged the Emperor to move west, and the 
 Grand Secretary Kwanwen," Viceroy of Hu Kwang, 
 had begged his Majesty to fix his temporary residence 
 somewhere between Shen Si and Shan Si until all 
 the foreign troops should have left Taku. 
 
 It is noticeable that the Peking Gazettes contain 
 no mention whatever of the capture of the Taku 
 Forts and the fall of Tientsin. Nor is there 
 any information on Sangkolinsin's degradation and 
 restoration. The decrees of the 7th moon quoted were 
 all sent to the present writer by agents in Peking, 
 and arrived in An Hwei towards the end of the 9th 
 moon. The rest was gathered from various letters 
 sent to various official persons in the provinces from 
 the north, and all the information may be relied 
 upon. It is with regret that the writer has to say 
 that it is all simply the truth. After 200 years of 
 careful tending, the Banner troops were found to 
 have forgotten their military training, and to have 
 relapsed into a state of useless inefficiency, in most 
 cases not only suffering defeat, but even afraid to 
 risk an encounter at all: not only are they not to 
 be compared with the Manchus and Mongols of the 
 Conquest, but they are not even so good as any of 
 the Chinese troops of Canton, Fu Kien, Sz Ch'wan, 
 
102 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 and Hu Nan, which have seen a little service in the 
 
 field : and, even if the Emperor had made up his 
 
 mind to return to Peking, it is to be feared that his 
 
 person would not have been safe in such hands. 
 
 Peace, ft is said, was necessary because victory was 
 
 not to be gained ; but, as a matter of fact, the evil all 
 
 dates from the Nanking Treaty, which encouraged 
 
 the foreigners to demand more. No wonder Yu 
 
 K'ien was disgusted with K'ishen's complaisance. 
 
 K'iying's promise to open Caiiton after two years 
 
 was the real beginning of the second war, which 
 
 culminated in the fall of Peking and the flight of the 
 
 Emperor. Still, after all, Sangkolinsin did make 
 
 some show when the Emperor had determined to 
 
 fight ; and who knows but what he might have been 
 
 victorious if he had not been ordered to withdraw, 
 
 and if the counsels of Twanhwa and Suhshun had not 
 
 been listened to ? " 
 
 . " Amongst the most interesting papers in this collection is 
 .the memorial strongly upbraiding the EmjDeror for thinking of 
 retiring to Mulan, and pointing out that the NuchSns and 
 Mongols both lost China as soon as ever the Emperor left his 
 capital. It is pointed out that the English are quite capable of 
 sending a flying column even to Mulan, and that, if the Emperor 
 once leaves, they might set up a puppet of their own, as the 
 
 Kitans set up Shih King-t'ang 5 ®J J^j founder of the After 
 Tsin dynasty, and as the Nuohfins set up the impostor Chang 
 
 raug-ch'ang 5| 55 il i" 1127. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 103 
 
 Reflections lton the Opium Traffic. 
 
 Tlie Treaty provides that foreigners sball only 
 pay 0!i opium an import Awty ofTis. 30 a pecul, that 
 their interest ceases there, and that China may 
 arrange lier likin charges upon tlie drag when once 
 in the hands of Chinese without foreign interference. 
 But Thomas Wade," at Peking, for the English, 
 complained that the levy of Tls. 50 at Shanghai 
 beyond the Tls. 30 duty was contrary to Treaty. 
 The Kiang fSu Government explained that these 
 Tls. 50 in no way concerned foreigners, and Thomsis 
 Wade was at first unable to meet this contention. 
 But afterwards the Englisli Inspector-General of 
 Customs, Hart, came to Peking and handed in a 
 statement on the subject, pointing out that, if the 
 levies ou opium were excessive, smuggling would be 
 correspondingly encouraged. He proposed either to 
 double the duty, or to levy, besides the Tls. 30. 
 foreign duty, a native duty of Tls. 15 for each 
 particular prefecture, with liberty to the authorities 
 of succeeding prefectures to tax further as they 
 should choose. Prince Kung argued that China 
 was free to do what she chose in any case ; but Hart 
 
104 China's /nterco^irse toith Europe. 
 
 said that the present Shanghai system was not a 
 success, and that, even with a duty of TIs. 45, there 
 would probably still be smuggling, seeing that under 
 existing circumstances 10,000 out of the 70,000 
 chests which annually arrived in Hongkong were 
 never accounted for in China. The more Prince 
 Kung and his colleagues objected to his proposals, 
 the more Hart insisted that smuggling would 
 increase in the ratio of taxation. His memorandum 
 was therefore remitted to the Two Superintendents 
 of Trade lor consideration. Another of Hart's 
 memoranda pointed out that opium paying TIs. 50 
 duty at the Canton likin office was permitted to 
 avoid paying any duty whatever at the Maritime 
 Customs ; but this also was met by the same reply, — 
 that the opium in question was already in Chinese 
 hands, and was not opium sold at the ports by 
 foreigners ; and that China could treat her re- 
 imports as she pleased ; so that, even supposing that 
 foreigners were pulling the strings for Chinese, or 
 Chinese for foreigners, the opium thus evading the 
 Customs was in China, and was not sold by 
 foreigners at' a port, and that therefore foreigners had 
 no treaty right to complain. This shut up all clamour, 
 for both Wade and Hart secretly, wished to facilitate 
 the entry of foreign opium into China, whilst the 
 smuggling of which they complained was all done 
 in reality by foreign traders, whose example the 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 105 
 
 Chinese subsequently followed. Anyhow, if preven- 
 tive measures had been sanctioned, China would 
 have lost her treaty right to do as she pleased with 
 opium once in Chinese hands. The same question 
 arose at Kewkiang ; but, even admitting the right of 
 foreigners to sell opium there, (though all duties on 
 such are paid at Shanghai, and the Yangtsze is really 
 the interior), still, they could only sell it at the port, 
 and where the likin ofBce should be stationed was a 
 question separately referred to the Board. 
 
 At best Hart's anxiety was for a very doubtful 
 boon to China. Seventy thousand chests mean 
 Tls. 35,000,000 of money taken out of the Chinese 
 consumer without productiveness, and the improved 
 revenue, after deduction of expenses, would only 
 amount by his own showing to Tls. 1,300,000 ; 
 whilst the gross revenue on opium is only J of that 
 collected on all other produce. Hence to get a 
 benefit of one unit we elect to do ourselves a damage 
 of thirty times the extent. 
 
106 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Treaties with the Smalleu States. 
 
 After the conclusion of the Treaty of 1858 at 
 
 Shanghai with the three powers (England, France and 
 
 America), a number of smaller states, such as Spain 
 
 and Portugal, whose subjects had already been 
 
 trading at Shanghai, claimed similar trading privileges 
 
 on the ground that, unless they had treaties too, 
 
 they would be liable to constraint at the hands of 
 
 those powers who were more fortunate. Kweisiang 
 
 asked the advice of the three powers as to what steps 
 
 he should take in the matter. The French replied 
 
 that they would move their Government to explain 
 
 to the treatyless powers that the Chinese Government 
 
 desired more information as to the nature of their 
 
 demands. The Americans " replied [in Chinese of a 
 
 somewhat unintelligible quality] as far as it is 
 
 possible to collect their meaning from their uncouth * 
 
 language, that China should distinguish between 
 
 states with and states without a treaty ; that Portugal 
 
 was already applying for one with some success, 
 
 though China had refused to make a treaty with 
 
 " The Americans appear to say something about preventing 
 U.S. Consuls from intriguing with Spanish and Portuguese traders 
 under false colours. 
 
China! s Intercourse with Europe. 107 
 
 Spain; and so on: but really it is impossible to 
 fathom the real American ideas, which are hinted at 
 in such obscure language. The English reply was 
 the most impudent of all. It ran : " The writer can- 
 " not suggest what should be done with states 
 " possessing no treaty, as their subjects are not 
 " dependent on England, and England cannot be 
 " responsible for the acts of people who do not belong ■ 
 " to her ; but the matter will be referred home to 
 " the Secretary of State. If your meaning only 
 " refers to the equal taxation of all nationalities at 
 " the Customs, the greater part of your arguments 
 " are unnecessary. But if your enquiries are made 
 " because you are ignorant of the facts, the writer 
 " fails to understand why the high officer of a great 
 " state should indulge in such language." As far 
 as their composition [which is indeed somewhat 
 involved] is intelligible, the English appear to com- 
 bine a desire to shuffle with one to be sarcastic, and 
 at the same time to advise that all nations should 
 have equal privileges under the Tientsin treaty. It 
 is impossible to fathom their mind as expressed in 
 this despatch ; but H. N. Lay seems to have managed 
 it all. The result of Kweisiang's report to Peking 
 was that all the smaller states were distinctly refused 
 a share in treaty privileges. After the ratification 
 of the 1860 Treaties, the requests were repeated, and 
 the matter was referred to the Governor Siieh Hwan, 
 
108 China's Intercourse with Europe, 
 
 then Acting Superintendent, who was just then 
 confidentially reporting upon the Russian proposals 
 to give aid against the rebels and to carry the 
 tribute rice for China, [particulars of which are 
 given further on]. He gave it as his opinion that it 
 would be unfair to deny equal rights to the other 
 states. The Emperor replied that Kweiliang's 
 refusal should be adhered to, and that the smaller 
 states should not be encouraged to proceed to Tien- 
 tsin ; also that it should be authoritatively explained 
 to the three powers that the small and feeble states 
 could not be admitted on a par with them ; and 
 this with a view to obtaining their co-operation in 
 refusing : the Emperor held Siieh Hwan solely 
 responsible if the smaller countries should persist in 
 going to Tientsin. The real mistake thus began 
 with Kweiliang, who should have got the assistance 
 of the three powers in the way suggested by the 
 Emperor's wisdom, and should have brought the 
 affairs of all the other states under one or other of 
 the three treaty powers. Instead of this, Kweiliang 
 modestly asks for advice under plea of ignorance ; 
 and, sure enough, a swarm of countries soon appear 
 clamouring at Tientsin. In the summer of 1861, a 
 mission on behalf of Prussia and the States of the 
 German ZoUverein came to Shanghai. The Prussian 
 envoy Frederick Eulenberg," after Siieh Hwan's 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 109 
 
 refusal to give him a treaty, proceeded to Tientsin, 
 and applied to the Superintendent of Trade there. 
 The matter was managed for him by France. The 
 French envoy v?as told by the foreign Board to stop 
 the Prussian in accordance with precedent. He 
 replied, however, that Prussia was on terms of 
 equality" and amity with France, and that the 
 German Zollverein was on a similar footing with 
 Prussia. A decree meanwhile ordered the Prussian 
 to i-emain at Tientsin, to which place a high officer 
 was despatched to conclude a Treaty. It was 
 provided that the Prussian envoy should reside in 
 Peking on behalf of the other German states as 
 well, and in a special article, that, in consideration of 
 the disturbed state of China, he should not come to 
 Peking at all for five years. The rest of the treaty 
 was like that of the French. 
 
 Then came Belgium, another state of the Euro- 
 pean system. His Excellency Siieh held that, as 
 the Prussians had disobeyed the injunction not to 
 proceed to Tientsin, a refusal to conclude a treaty 
 with Belgium would take her to Tientsin too. As 
 she seemed a peaceful country, and no one was 
 pulling the strings for her, the whole business was 
 accordingly arranged at Shanghai. 
 
 In the summer of the 1st year of T'ung-chi 
 [1862] the Portuguese came from Macao to Tientsin, 
 
110 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 and went straight on to Peking, without even 
 notifying the Superintendent of Trade at Tientsin. 
 The Superintendent sent an express to have them 
 stopped at the Peking gates ; but Kleczcowsky, the 
 French envoy resident in Peking, said they were 
 friends of France, and offered to take temporary 
 charge of them. Prince Kung said that it was 
 impossible to allow non-treaty powers to come up in 
 this way at their own convenience and pleasure 
 to Peking, especially when, as in this case, the 
 Superintendent at Tientsin was not even notified of 
 the facts. Kleczcowsky was- unable to reply to this 
 argument, but asked that he might take the whole 
 responsibility on his own shoulders, as the host of 
 his guests, just as Consuls act officiously for the 
 subjects of other nationalities in matters of trade ; 
 and that after he, Kleczcowsky, should have arranged 
 everything, the Portuguese should return to Tientsin 
 to sign the Treaty without their names ever coming 
 forward at Peking at all. Prince Kung was fain 
 to yield, and an officer was sent to Tientsin, whither 
 the Portuguese envoy was conveyed by Kleczcowsky : 
 but the envoy's name did not appear in the negotia- 
 tions previous to signature, and they got rather less 
 than the French treaty." Early in 1863 the Danish 
 envoy Raasloff' came to Peking via Tientsin, 
 
 " This seems to mean that the Portuguese interests were 
 taken under French protection. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. HI 
 
 and was to be similarly stopped at the gates in 
 consequence of an express sent by the Acting 
 Superintendent Tung Siin," whom he had not 
 notified of his intentions. The English envoy, how- 
 ever, stated that the Danish envoy was his guest, 
 and several days were spent in arguing this point 
 with the Englishman Thomas Wade, who went to 
 the Foreign Office vyith an offer to conduct the 
 negotiations. Prince Kung explained that the 
 conduct of the Danish envoy, was of a nature 
 insulting to China ; to which Thomas Wade replied 
 that Denmark was connected with England by ties 
 of marriage, quoting also the action of France as 
 precedents in the cases of Prussia and Portugal. 
 The Prince and Ministers felt it difficult to resist 
 this somewhat menacing language, and at the same 
 time did not wish to encourage others by making 
 their compliance too easy. They therefore replied 
 that the Danish envoy must first return to Tientsin, 
 and explain his antecedents in an official despatch 
 to the Superintendent of Trade, with a request that 
 a high officer might be sent to Tientsin to assist the 
 Superintendent in concluding a treaty. Wade had 
 no answer to make to this, but he subsequently 
 handed in a despatch saying that in future the Tien- 
 tsin Consul would be instructed to explain Chinese 
 usages to any future foreign envoys who should 
 
112 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 arrive at Tientsin, thus indirectly accepting the 
 blame on behalf of Denmark. Thomas Wade also 
 wrote to the Superintendent at Tientsin asking for 
 his good offices in the matter. The Superintendent 
 accordingly represented the matter to the Emperor, 
 who directed the said envoy to await the result of 
 the Foreign Board's report. The report recited the 
 above particulars for the Emperor's information, and 
 added that several new articles had been inserted by 
 Thomas Wade, whose object evidently was to obtain 
 the same benefits for all countries under the effect 
 of the favoured nation clause ; that the Foreign 
 Board had declined to grant more to the Danes than 
 the Portuguese Treaty contained ; but that, owing 
 to Thomas Wade's representations, it was proposed 
 to take the English Treaty as a model instead of the 
 French, with those parts struck out of it which were 
 in excess of what had been granted to the 
 Portuguese ; and Hengk'i was to sign the Treaty in 
 the first instance at Peking, for conveyance by the 
 said envoy to Tientsin, to be there concluded by him 
 and the Superintendent Oh'unghou. This arrange- 
 ment was approved by the Emperor. Another 
 question then arose as to the right of the Danes to 
 share in the privileges of the temporary Yangtsze 
 Regulations drawn up at the urgent instance of 
 England, but to which the language of the Prussian, 
 Portuguese, and Danish Treaties gavQ the subjects 
 
China' & Intercourse with Europe. 113 
 
 of those powers no title. As a compromise, purely 
 Danish ships of large size were allowed to benefit 
 by these temporary regulations, but the Danish flag 
 was not allowed as yet to be used on the river by 
 lorchas and other mixed or Chinese craft. Prussia 
 and Portugal would doubtless, it was thought, 
 endeavour to obtain a similar compromise, as their 
 treaties gave no such right until one year after the 
 exchange of ratifications. 
 
 Ah me ! The Prince and Ministers of China 
 seem to have dreaded England and France as they 
 would dread a tiger, during their negotiation of the 
 four treaties and the subsequent treaties with the 
 smaller powers. The envoys resident in Peking spied 
 out our weaknesses, and, whenever China wished to 
 make alterations in the working of the treaties 
 already concluded, endeavoured to frighten us with 
 stories of what smugglers might do. Whenever they 
 had cause to regret the want of a clause themselves, 
 then they cunningly inserted it in some other treaty 
 or in temporary regulations. The Americans, whose 
 treaty said nothing about Yangtsze regulations, 
 simply took advantage of them, without even a 
 bare asking, under the favoured nation clause. 
 Would the Danes have had sufficient shrewdness to 
 get the benefit of the temporary regulations without 
 the aid of the English chief Wade? What with 
 going inland for pleasure, permission to hire boats 
 
114 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 and purchase produce anywhere, and what not, it 
 simply amounts to this, that the whole Empire is now 
 thrown open to foreigners. Other small countries 
 are certain to follow one after the other, each one 
 pretending to be a first-class power, and to have an 
 Emperor at its head claiming equality with China. 
 As for the petty states of the German Zollverein, 
 which come in under the Prussian treaty, many of 
 them are unknown even by name in the historical and 
 geographical works accessible to us, and we have 
 no means of establishing the fact of their alleged 
 existence; and yet they can trade all over China! 
 This is what our pessimists are pleased to call the 
 natural movement from West to East. Say rather 
 it is Destiny ! Even Italy, the most famous and 
 civilized of European countries, was moved by the 
 same prospect of greed, and in 1861 an application 
 was made by the Italian Consul [James] Hogg" for 
 permission to visit the Yangtsze ports and share' in 
 the privileges of trade. This application had to be 
 refused, as Italy had no treaty. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 115 
 
 Offeks of Assistance by Foreigners. 
 
 It has been mentioned that, after the conclusion 
 of the Treaties in 1860, the French envoy Gros 
 endeavoured to turn his good oiBces to his own 
 advantage; and, accordingly, at the banquet given 
 to him, he boasted of the superiority of French ships 
 and guns, which he said China could purchase, if 
 she wished, in any quantities. He also offered to 
 place the French forces in the East at the disposal 
 of China for the suppression of the rebellion. The 
 Emperor, however, would not listen to it. 
 
 The Russians, again, proposed both to lend 
 military assistance against the rebels, and to under- 
 take the transport of tribute rice for China." The 
 Emperor expressed fears as to the real nature of 
 Russia's motives, and referred the question back to 
 the Provinces. Tseng Kwoh-fan,* Viceroy at Nan- 
 king, was rather in favour of the proposal ; • but 
 Yiian Kiah-san,'' the Transport Viceroy, most 
 strongly objected, arguing that, whichever of the 
 three powers might assist China, they would certainly 
 
 a In another place it is said they intended to hire American 
 ships for this purpose. 
 
116 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 all alike be greedy of reward if successful, and 
 clamorous for compensation if defeated. Moreover, 
 the naval forces brought against the rebels consisted 
 largely of ruffians once in the employ of the allies, 
 and would probably be but too docile to their foreign 
 leaders' unfathomable ambition. Again, foreigners 
 were ' Christians, and it was precisely Christianity 
 that gave the initial impulse to the great rebellion. 
 When once a foothold were obtained, the foreign 
 ally would never be got fairly rid of In 1859 the 
 Eussians offered to supply China with 10,000 
 muskets, but the promised event never really came 
 off, and it is quite possible indeed that the Eussians 
 actually incited the other barbarians to attack us. 
 During the negotiations at Tientsin, several of the 
 previous year's Peking students were recognized; 
 and even the offer of Russia to convey tribute rice 
 in American steamers looked remarkably uncanny. 
 
 The English chief Thomas Wade was very out- 
 spoken on the subject: not only did he disbelieve 
 in the disinterested motives of France and Russia, 
 but he pointed to India as an example of what 
 England would probably be tempted to do if she 
 once gained possession of rebel cities. However, 
 Prince Kung did not like to rouse ill-will by 
 refusing the offers too harshly, and so he replied 
 that, whilst China was quite competent to crush her 
 own rebellions, she would not fail to avail herself 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe, 117 
 
 of the proffered assistance if required; aud he 
 recommended the policy of gaining over the French 
 by throwing to them some small sop in the way of 
 profit, such as by purchasing guns and ships from 
 them, and dangling before them the prospect of 
 further gain, so as to keep them well disposed. As 
 to the assistance offered by the Shanghai foreigners, 
 it would be well to encourage this by suitable rewards 
 and commendation. Regarding the conveyance of 
 tribute rice. Prince Kung thought it would be better 
 to throw it open to all, and the Emperor agreed 
 with him that it would be well to prevent the 
 Americans, whose disposition was more genuine than 
 that of the English and French, from thinking that 
 they owed any obligation in the matter to Russia. 
 And there the proposals ended for the time. 
 
 Shortly after this, in 1861, Prince Kung re- 
 ported that he had observed considerable jealousy 
 to reign amongst the foreign envoys resident in 
 Peking ; and that England and France, inspired by 
 a jealous fear of Russian aggrandizement, professed 
 their entire disapproval of Russia's appropriations in 
 the Kirin direction." He had also discovered that 
 England had made a treaty of neutrality with the 
 rebels : that the French would like to shew their 
 prowess by attacking the rebels, but were kept in 
 a 5,000 U of territory were abandoned to Bussia on his own 
 authority by Tihshan ^ lU • 
 
118 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 check by the English. Parkas, on his return from 
 the Yangtsze, in the early summer of 1861, gave it 
 as his opinion that the rebel cause was doomed, and 
 all that was now wanted was a supply of money, guns, 
 and ships. Prince Kung thought he had now bagged 
 England and France pretty securely, and that it 
 would be well and safe to accept their assistance. 
 Enquiries had been made of Hart as to the prices 
 of steamers, and Prince Kung thought that a number 
 of small ones would be better than a few large ones 
 at ten times the price. Chinese might be trained to 
 to work them, with foreign assistance where such 
 was absolutely indispensable. Hart had suggested 
 the opium duty collection as a suitable fund whence 
 to draw for the necessary expenditure. Klescz- 
 eowsky was on his way home, and had requested 
 authority to make purchases of guns and boats in 
 France on China's behalf; and Prince Kunw thoucrht 
 that no invidious distinctions should be made between 
 France and England, but that Klesczcowsky should 
 be given half the price in advance, as proposed by 
 Hart in the case of English steamers, if he wished 
 to purchase guns and ships. 
 
 The result of all this was that the English and 
 French did render very effective services against the 
 rebels at Shanghai, and received the expression of 
 the Emperor's thanks for the same. Two Americans 
 
CMna^s Intercourse with Europe. 119 
 
 named Ward "* and Burgevine * raised a force called 
 the " Ever Victorious Army," and made their head- 
 quarters at Sung-kiang, from which place the rebels 
 were repulsed after severe engagements at Ying-k'i 
 Pin'' and T'ien-ma Shan."* After this, Ward and 
 Burgevine represented to the Shanghai taotai that 
 they were willing to become Chinese subjects, and 
 wear the Chinese costume ; and at the Governor's 
 recommendation, Ward received a Button of the fourth 
 rank and a Feather from the Emperor. After the 
 engagement of the Pootung rebels at Kao-k'iao,* 
 in which Ward lent valuable assistance with his re- 
 inforcements, Burgevine behaved with great gallantry, 
 and was severely wounded : he also received a Button 
 of the fourth grade and a Feather as his reward. 
 During the remainder of this year all three countries 
 rendered further excellent services in the T'ai-ts'ang-'' 
 and Sung-kiang^ region, and received distinctions 
 in the shape of temporary Brigadierships, Colonelcies, 
 etc. In 1862, Li Hung-chang was given third rank, 
 and succeeded Siieh Hwan as Acting Governor of 
 Kiang Su, and the Shanghai Customs' receipts were 
 appropriated to the support of his armies. For all this 
 the Customs' Managers, and the naval and military 
 officers of the different countries received the ready 
 thanks of the Emperor, and liberal gratuities were 
 
 ''-mm "^m-x 'mmit 
 
 " 3c ,101 '-Mm '±t "UK 
 
120 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 given to the families of three French Generals who 
 had lost their lives in the prolonged fighting between 
 Shanghai and Ningpo. During the fighting of 1863, 
 when Wu-sih, Soochow, and other places were 
 recaptured, the services of the English officer 
 Gordon" were the most eminent, and for these he 
 received the temporary appointment of Kiang Nan 
 Brigadier-General. In the Soochow affair, the rebel 
 "prince" Chung ^ was the first to bolt, and the 
 rebel officers inside the city surrendered the city 
 after first murdering the leading " prince " T'an 
 Shao-kwang. "^ Eight rebel leaders were executed 
 by Li when his troops entered the city, and the 
 foreign papers made a great ado about this, saying 
 that these eight men had surrendered at Gordon's 
 instance, and after his promise that their lives should 
 be granted to them ; and that the Governor had 
 made a great mistake in killing surrendered men : 
 but whether this was really so or not the writer 
 cannot say. After Ward's death from a rifle shot, 
 Burgevine succeeded to the supreme command, and 
 report has it that he joined the forces of the rebel 
 " prince " Chung because he could not get all the 
 supplies of money which he demanded. He then 
 made his way secretly to Nanking and accompanied 
 
 ° m-^jt^^ Ut [tlie radical " water " is added out of 
 contempt]. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 121 
 
 the rebel " Prince " Shi " to Fu-kien Fu ' in Kiang 
 Si, and thence into the Province of Fuh Kien, where 
 he distinguished himself in the defence of Chang- 
 chow Fu.° Here he was, according to the foreign 
 newspapers, taken prisoner hy the Imperialists, and 
 his fickleness is severely commented upon by the 
 foreign press, which ascribes his death as being 
 entirely due to this defect. The writer begs to express 
 his opinion that the defence of Shanghai by the 
 foreigners, was simply the repelling of a danger 
 imminent to themselves. And as for the Emperor's 
 opinion above quoted, — that the Americans were 
 more genuine than the English and French, — the 
 example of Burge vine proves that "prince" Chung's 
 bribes aad cajolery were soon sufficient to gain 
 him over; that the savage heart of the wolf can 
 never be trusted ; and that the harm in employing 
 foreigners against the rebels more than counter- 
 balances the good. 
 
 " f# 'mm 'mm 
 
122 GMnoHs Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 The Results of the Missionary Clauses 
 OF THE Treaties. 
 
 To turn now to the consequences of allowing 
 natives to practise Christianity. There was an old 
 established chapel at Tung-ts'ai Yiian " in the town- 
 ship of Wu-ch'^ng ' in Kiang Si, which had been 
 destroyed during the prohibitionary period of Tao- 
 kwang's reign, and thence moved to Wang-hu Lou. ° 
 In 1855 it was again destroyed by the Admiral 
 P'eng Yiih-lin'' and a party of his braves. After 
 the Treaty of Tientsin, the French missionary [Pere] 
 Anot « applied for permission to interview the 
 Governor Yiik'o •'' at Nan-ch'ang Fu, and the writer 
 of this book was sent to interview his messenger, at 
 Fu-chou." The messenger, a " Cantonese " named 
 Fang An-chi,* said that Anot was coming with 
 introductions from the Foreign Board, and asked to 
 be allowed to visit the Catholic Girls' Orphanage at 
 Nan-ch'ang. This was in December 1861 ; and a 
 month later Anot came himself to demand com- 
 
 "muB '^mm 'mmm 
 
 * ^ 3E ® [was still serving as Admiral until his death 
 last year J. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 123 
 
 pensation for the chapel destroyed. He was received 
 as an equal, and on his second visit placed the words 
 " Acting Plenipotentiary " " on his card. Some of 
 the people in the streets recognized him as the 
 person who had been ejected by a former Governor 
 twenty years before, and Fang An-chi as a native 
 of Fu-chou. The result was the riot of the next 
 year ; for the native Christians immediately began 
 to put on airs. Meanwhile the gentry of Hu Nan, 
 hearing of this insolence, issued a public manifesto 
 against Christianity, which soon found its way to 
 Kiang Si, where it was printed and posted by the 
 local literati. No assistance could be obtained from 
 the new Governor Shen Pao-ch§ng,' who declined 
 to receive Anot, and took care to return his visit 
 when he was out. At that time the examinations 
 were on, and the prefect and magistrate came to the 
 writer to say that the next day was fixed by the 
 placards for the destruction of the Roman Catholic 
 chapel, and suggested that the educational officer 
 should be induced to stop it. The writer, however, 
 pointed out that the educational officer was a toper, 
 and would not admit any one into his house on 
 business. Just as these things were going on, Anot's 
 spies came with the news that the Orphanage had 
 already been sacked, and that the chapel was in 
 
 * ^ ^ M [tlie destroyer of the Wusung Kailway]. 
 
124 China's Intercourse with iEurope. 
 
 danger. The writer went with the two district 
 magistrates to the spot, and found that a number of 
 Christian dwellings had been pulled down besides 
 the Orphanage. On our reporting the matter to the 
 Governor, he sighed and said : — " The Western men 
 ' have vented themselves on us long enough, and 
 ' unexpectedly our people take the opportunity to 
 ' avenge it for us. Still we, the official body, can 
 'accept the blame of maladministration. Never 
 ' mind talking of arrests." And, in reporting the 
 true facts to the Throne, he actually did so, taking 
 the blame entirely on himself, so that we others 
 all got off. The old chapel outside the city was 
 destroyed too, and also one of the missionary's boats. 
 Anot fled to Jui-chou," and Fang to Fu-chou, 
 resting in Christian houses along the road. The 
 orphans and their nurses were carefully sent hj the 
 magistrate to the Catholic Orphanage at Fu-chou, 
 and Anot made his way via Kewkiang to Shanghai. 
 Soon afterwards the Governor received a note on 
 the subject from Prince Kung, and offered Tls. 5,000 
 compensation. However, the French envoy sent in 
 a, bill for Tls. 70,000 for this and other unsettled 
 damages, besides claiming two new building sites, 
 one at Kewkiang and another at Fu-chou. The 
 following year, when Anot and Fang came to 
 Nanch'ang, they were received by the people with 
 
'China's Intercourse with Europe. 125 
 
 very hostile demonstrations, but eventually the matter 
 was settled for Tls. 20,000 and a site outside the 
 walls of Kewkiang. As the French had no Consul 
 and no trade there, this quartering of them on the 
 settlement made the English and Americans very 
 jealous. Though the Governor relieved the minor 
 officials and gentry from all responsibility, he had 
 the good sense to resist an a;ttempt made by the 
 educational officer Hia T'ing-kii" to produce 
 evidence of eye-scooping and . other exaggerated 
 horrors charged upon the missionaries. 
 
 <^*^!^G®. 
 
126 China's Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 Assassination of Europeans in 1841. 
 
 When the English were in occupation of Ning- 
 po in 1841 a military officer name Shu Hou-an" 
 set free an old thief, charged with being a spy, on 
 condition that he would steal as many foreigners' 
 heads as possible. In a short time a head was 
 brought, and the man was recommended to the 
 Tartar- General,* who was highly pleased, and gave 
 a handsome reward. Imitators then went head- 
 hunting all over the city, and two of the foreign 
 watchmen who went the rounds every night in pairs, 
 one behind the other, were decapitated by these brave 
 rogues, whose plan used to be to put on foreign 
 clothes, so as to get near, and then suddenly stab 
 the foreigner. Another way was to capture them 
 alive by throwing a cloth over their heads from 
 behind, so as to prevent their shouting, twist the 
 two ends round them, and carry them on the back 
 to a lonely place ; gag them ; tie them up in a bag ; 
 and let them down outside the walls. Supposing 
 that the operators were detected by other foreigners, 
 
 ^ Va ^ [this is his private name only], 
 6 Apparently Yiik'ien is meant. 
 
China's Intercourse with Europe. 127 
 
 they put the load on the back and dodged through 
 narrow ways until the pursuers got confused or 
 afraid to follow further. Still another plan was to 
 prepare a bamboo noose, and lie in wait outside 
 the walls until the patrol should pass ; then make 
 a noise ; and when the foreign soldier put his head 
 over the crenels to see what it was all about, throw 
 the noose over his head, pull him down, stuff his 
 mouth full, and treat him as above; as also any 
 other foreigners on the wall who might look over 
 to see what had become of their comrade. Head- 
 taking became quite popular, and developed into 
 quite a fine art. On receipt of the heads, the 
 Tartar- General used to say: — "Better take one 
 " foreign officer than twenty soldiers. I will give 
 "Tls. 10,000 and a Button of the third rank for each 
 " officer taken alive. If that cannot be done, eet 
 "their heads." Shortly, afterwards the operators 
 returned saying : — "Officers cannot be taken; they 
 "sleep in inner rooms surrounded by a cordon of 
 " soldiers ; we have got so far as to peep down at 
 " them through a hole made in the roof, as they 
 " undressed and entered the mosquito curtains, but, 
 " when the curtain was raised later on, no one was 
 " found in the bed. Knowing the value of their 
 "heads, we have dogged them night after night, but 
 " have never succeeded in finding out where they 
 "really sleep. It is easier for us to take a hundred 
 
128 ChinaHs Intercourse with Europe. 
 
 "soldiers than one officer." The foreigners got so 
 frighteaed at the danger they were in that they 
 abandoned Ningpo, and thus the; Tartar-General and 
 his officers got great credit for driving them out 
 and recapturing liiingpo. 
 
 
 KSLLY & WALSH, LIMITBD, PBINTKBS, SHANQHAJ,