liliHIiiff THE GIFT OF A 1""^'^^^-^ -- -(.-.Ut.l W/ 1 Cornell University Library HV5020 .C88 Protection of native races against intox olln If 5 I'h 3 1924 030 305 837 The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to . the librarian. tgM^''iO -\-i'47a F HOME USE RULES. All Bool(S subject to Recall. Books not used for instruction or research are returnable within 4 weeks. . Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out, for a limited time. Borrowers should iiot use their library privileges for the bene- fit of other persons. ~ . ' not needed nring recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange^ m^nts made for their return during^ borrow- er's absencBfif wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. ' Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to report all- cas.es of books marked or muti- lated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030305837 GEBH«^ RUSSIA AXIS]^ PROTECTION OF INATIVE races! AGAINST INTOXICANTS AND OPIUM DtandMrsMU and Marj anclMar^aretWLeitch PROTECTION OF NATIVE RACES AGAINST INTOXICANTS & OPIUM President William McKinley, in Message, December j, igoo: — We have been urgently solicited by Belgiutn to ratify the international convention of June, iSgS, amend- atory of the previous convention of iSgo in respect to the regulation of the liquor trade in Africa. Com- pliance was necessarily withheld, in the absence of the advice and consent of the Senate thereto. The principle involved has the cordial sympathy of this Government, which in the revisionary negotiations advocated more drastic measures, and I would gladly see its extension , by international agreement, to the restriction of the liquor traffic with all uncivilized peoples, especially in the west-- em Pacific. Treaty ratified December 14, ipoo. (See document. Executive B. silh Congress, 1st Session ) LODGE RESOLUTION, ADOPTED BY U. S. SENATE, JANUARY 4, 1901. Resolved, That in the opinion of this body the time has come when' the principle, twice affirmed in international treaties for Central Africa, that native races should be protected against the destructive traffic in intoxicants should be extended to all uncivilized peoples by the enactment of such laws and the leaking of such treaties as will effectu ,lly prohibit the sale by the Signatory Powers to aboriginal tribes and un- civilized races of opium and intoxicating beverages. (5 I HE men who, like Paul, have gone to heathen jj lands with the message, "We seek not yours, but you," have been hindered by those who, coming after, have reversed the mes' sage. Rum and other corrupting agencies come in with our boasted civilization, and the feeble races wither before the hot breath of the white man's vices. The great nations have combined t o suppress the slave trade. Is it too much to ask that they shall combine to pre vent the sale of spirits to men who, less than our children, have acquired the habits of self-restraint? If we must have "consumers," let us give them an innocent diet- — From opening address of ex'Pres' ident Benjamin Harrison as Honorary President Ecumenical Missionary Conference of J 900. ^^^^r^^:^^ ^^^:*-:j^#^^'-%j It does seem to me as if the Christian uatious of the world ought to be able to make their contact with the weaker peoples of the earth, beneficent and not destructive, and I give to your efforts to secure helpful legislation my warmest sympathy. Letter to Rev. W. F. Crafts, Jan. 1, 1901. Protection of Native Races AGAINST Intoxicants ^ Opium BASED ON TESTIMONY OF ONE HUN- DRED MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELERS BY DR. &■ MRS. WILBUR F. CRAFTS AND MISSES MARY y MARGARET W. LEITCH n„ the B-eneral concurrence of opinion of every civilized and Christian IfeTo^n'^or'^orch^rirnlJ^tosu^PPor'^^ Fleming H. Revell Company ■NTs™ Vnrk Toronto Chicago New yotk Puimhers of Evangelical Literature Livingstone: "All I can say in my solitude is, May Heaven's richest blessing come down upon every one — English, American, or Turk — who shall help to heal this open sore of the world." COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY THE REFORM BUREAU WASHINGTON, D. C. Pertnission granted to republish extracts in periodicals PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. The authors of this book have each some special fitness for the task. Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts is Superintendent of The Reform Bureau, an incor- porated international society, with headquarters at Washington, D. C, which is, in the largest sense, a union missionary society. It is laboring to create a more favorable moral environment wherever our aag floats and in other lands, especially throughout the American continent, by means of legislation. letters, lectures and literature. Mrs. Crafts is the Sunday School Superintendent of the World s Women's Christian Temperance Union, and in that office has had occasion for years to keep informed on temperance work in all lands, especially its most important aspect, the protection of youth. Misses Mary and Margaret W. Leitch were suc- cessful missionaries for ten years in Ceylon, where they found the licensed sale of liquors and opium, in the supposed interest of British revenue, the chief obstacles in their path, and made it a part of their missionary labor to combat it, as in earlier missionary work among the colored people of the South also they had combated liquor selhng as their chief foe The last-named is a welcome speaker in the great national conventions of the Endeavorers and white-ribboners, as well as in missionary con- ferences. Petition Patterns. [For individual signatures. Another form below.] Petition for tlie Protection of Native Races Against Intoxicants and Opium. The undersigned adult persons authorize the use of their names on a petition that shall ask the sixteen great nations that in 1892 nobly cove- nanted to suppress traffic in slaves, firearms and spirituous liquors in a defined district of Africa, in protection of native races, to extend that new policy of civilization, by separate and united action so as to protect at least the islands and other districts that are inhabited chietly by similar unde- veloped races, especially those that are under Christian government, against intoxicants and opium. Name. Residence, Position ok. Occupation. The undersigned certifies the genuineness of these signatures. Any one who cannot use the above pattern to gather the names of other petitioners is invited to at least sign Ms own name to the following state- ment; "You may attach my name to petition to sixteen nations on page b of book entitled. Protection of Native Races against Intoxicants and Opium." (With name give residence in full and occupation.) Send indi- vidual or larger peti tions suggested on this page (not those given later in the book for Congress and the President) to The Reform Bureau, 210 Delaware Ave., n. e., Washington, D. C, U. S. A. [Resolution-Petition for Public Meeting or Churcli or Organized Society.] Whereas, sixteen nations in 1893 made a treaty to exclude slavery, fire- arms and spirituous liquors from a large section of Africa, in protection of native races, therefore, Resolved, that we ask an extension of this mandate of true civilization by the exclusion of all intoxicants from all regions inhabited chiefly by native races through separate action of each Christian government in its own domain, supplemented byjoiut action so far as maybe necessary to make the protection of such races complete; and we authorize the presiding officer of this meeting, in our behalf to so petition the Chief Executive and national legislature of every civilized country. The above was adopted by vote at a meeting on of City or Town of State of and the undersigned was authorized to so Attest: /When signed, send to address above, to be engrossed in duplicate for the SIX een nations addressed. (There were seventeen that endorsed the t?eaty mcludrng Zanzibar, since absorbed by the British Empire) ThI lilt of nations, given ,n the order in which they ratified the treaty are as follows • Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, The Independent State of The 7anffh,?''^'i ""i"-^'"^ "^'y- the Netherlknds, Persia'^ Swiden and Norway UnU^'d^iatf^s^p'oSugal!'^'^' ''^^ °"°"''" ^"'^' '^^ ^^^^ '^-P"""^.' AUTHORS' INTRODUCTION. The relation of the great Christian nations to weaker peoples is to-day first on the docket in the court of conscience in all the continents. On the surface it seems to be a battle of conscience against commerce, but Great Britain, the most experienced of colonizing powers, is beginning to recognize that .commerce no less than conscience calls for the aboli- tion not alone of slavery but also of the kindred traffics in liquors and opium. She is finding her opium revenue costly not only in the lethargy and hatred it has promoted in China, but also in the criticisms it has prompted in rival nations, which have affected the public opinion of the world, a force to be reckoned with in this age of popular government no less than armies and navies. Our own nation, a novice in colonizing, has thus far not profited by the mistakes, nor studied the new pol- icies of other powers as to the drink and opmm traffics among native races. Christian nations are no doubt bound to brmg China to order, and every other country which lacks humane and efiicient government. But Christian citizens meantime must bring their own nations to Justice When that is done the traffics m liquors and opium will follow the abolished slave trade to the limbo of crimes against civilization. And this book proves that it can be done speedily if all our Christian forces are mobilized for this crusade. The temperance organizations, which form but a thm 7 8 Authors' Introduction. line of skirmishers, including less than one in a hun- dred of the church members, should be re-enforced by the larger missionary societies, which must soon recognize that temperance work is a branch of mis- sions, home and foreign; and pastors must also marshal on the firing line the main army of the Church of God by seeing to it that temperance WORK at home and ABROAD IS MADE AN ORGANIZED PART OF REGULAR CHURCH WORK. "GoD WILLS IT." October i, 1900. P. S.— Even while this book has been passing through the press the crusade it represents has made progress,bcth in Washington (see p. i) and Manila (see p. 186). Some things herein urged will have become accomplished facts when they reach our readers but such words will still be cf historical value as showing the status of this great movement at the close of the nineteenth century, and those who desire to keep step with its onward march should frequently turn to the reports of progress which will be given in the bulletins of The Reform Bureau, of Washington, D. C. CONTENTS. PAGE . . . . I MISSION FIELDS UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG. Extract from President McKinley's Message Frontispiece, Ex-President Benj. Harrison, words and portrait Great Saying of Livingstone Publisher's Preface Petitions for Protection of Native Races Authors' Introduction .... Remarks of Hon. S. B. Capen and Prayer of Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D.D ii General Survey, Address of Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D. 13 CLASSIFIED TESTIMONIES. Rum Tragedies in Africa, Bishop Wm. Taylor and others. 31 The New Hebrides, Appeal of Rev. John G. Paton, D.D. 53 Turkish Empire, Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D.D., and others . 67 Bulgaria India, Bishop Thoburn and others 77 ...... 92 ] ] , 99 . . . . loi Burma • ' ' ' ' Assam ... Ceylon .... ... China T- Hudson Taylor and others . i°7 . • 137 Japan DISCUSSION or THE EVIL AND ITS REMEDEIS. Addressof Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D.D .149 Letter of Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M.D., D.D i54 Address of C. Harford-Battersby, M.D i57 163 175 187 210 211 215 220 Alaska . . . • Hawaii The Philippines . Guam ... Tutuila • • Porto Rico Sportant Experiments' by the British Army in the Line of Total Abstinence ', t • ' ' Testimony of American Military Leaders Agamst Liquor Selling in the Army and Navy . • ^^^ Alphabetical Index ' Short List of Temperance Books .....•• Supplemental Notes on Progress of our Crusade . 227 2a» 287 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Ex-Presideut Beiij. Harrison 8 Hon. S B Capen II The Cross above the Flag 12 Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Ph.D 13 Pres. Y. B. Angell 19 Minister Wu Ting fang 20 Reform Bureau ofBce and flags 29 Maps of African treaties 30 Bishop William Taylor 32 Bishop J. C. Hartiell 34 Dr. H. C. Guinness 35 Miss Agn es McAllister 30 Rev. Henry Richards 40 Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain 40 Rev. W P. Dodson 45 Dr. John G. Paton 62 British law, facsimile. . , 57 Map of Pacific Islands 65 Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D.D 67 Rev. F. W. Macallum 68 Miss Corinna Shattuck 70 Bishop J. M. Thoburn, D.D 77 Rev. E. B. C. Hallam 82 Miss A. E. Baskerville 84 Rev- H. J. Bruce 85 Mrs. Joseph Cook 87 Joseph Taylor gg Rev. W. H. S. Hascall 92 Rev. W. M. Young 94 Rev. F. P. Haggard 99 PAGE Rev. J. I,. Dearing 138 Miss E. A. Preston 143 Sho Nemoto 144 Rev. Otis Carey 145 Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler.. 149 Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M.D., LLD 154 C. F. Harford Battersby, M.D 157 "This is a Christian Nation " 163 Rev. O. H. Gulick 175 Hon. C. E. Wttlefield, M. C 180 President Schurraan 186 H. Irving Hancock 189 The Manila Times, facsimile 192 E. H. Wherry 193 Harold Martin 194 Edward W. Hearne 201 Mrs Mary H, Hunt 214 Mrs. Schafner-Etnier 218 Gen. Guy V. Henry 218 George Kennan 220 Gen. L. S. Wood 225 Gen. Lord Roberts 227 Gen. Sir Robert White 230 Gen. I^ord Kitchener 231 I,ieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles 238 Major Gen. Jo. Wheeler 238 Secretary John D. Long 238 Maj. Gen. Wm. H. Shafter 238 Ex.-Pres. R. B. Hayes 238 Rev. J. Hudson Taylor 107 Rear Ad. Wm. T. Sampson Rev. E. E. Aikeu 112 Rev. T. Longstrip 112 Rev, T. Barclay, M.A 118 Rev. W. N. Crozier 114 Rev. Wm. Ashford, Jr 115 Rev. T. W. Pearce 120 Rev. C. C. Baldwin 120 Rev. J. B. Fearn, M D 121 Mrs. J. B. Fearn 121 Mrs. Howard Taylor 122 Joseph Cook, LL. D 126 Mrs. J. F. Bishop 127 Gen. G. M.Ludlow 233 Maj. Gen. H. V. Boynton 838 Rear Ad. A. S. Barker 238 Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard 241 A. C. Dixon , D. D 345 Mr. W. E. Johnson .'.'.'. 248 Mrs. M. D. Ellis ..'..'.'.. .257 Mr. E. C. Dinwiddle.. Hon. H. W. Blair Mr. John Willis Baer. .259 .261 .266 10 Miss M. W. Leitch £71 Hon. Samuel B. Capen, LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOR- EIGN MISSIONS, ON TAKING THE CHAIR AT SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING ON OPIUM AND LIQUORS IN MISSION FIELDS, DURING ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, IgOO. We know what the curse of this abominable liquor traffic is in our own country, and it is the same elsewhere. It is a curse to the individual and a curse to the home; it fills our jails and our alms- houses; it is opposed to everything that is good in America. The saloon is no different or better anywhere else. It does not improve by exportation. Prayer of Rev. Arthur T. PiERSON, D.D., Editor of THE Missionary Review, at Supplemental Meet- ing, Ecumenical Conference of Missions, 1900. Almighty God, the God of the nations of the earth, the God of the Ten Commandments, the God of all righteousness in dealing with our fellow men, as well as of all godliness in our relations to Thy- self, preside over this meeting, and may there go out 'from it a trumpet remonstrance against alcoholic HON. S. B. CAPEN, LL.D. 12 Introductory Remarks. drinks and opium and all else of a kindred character, which is not only destructive to human bodies and human souls, but is bringing the very Gospel of Jesus Christ into disrepute as connected with nations which themselves are called Christian. We do entreat Thee that every word that is spoken this afternoon may be a bugle blast ; that it may be the word of God, that Thou, who didst make choice of Peter that out of his mouth the Gentiles might hear the word of grace, wilt Thou be pleased this afternoon to make choice of every inouth that shall speak that it may speak not the word of man but the word of God in the power of the Spit it, which shall echo round the world, that everywhere may be heard this remonstrance against gigantic and ter- rible evils, which we pray that, either through mercy or through judgment. Thou wilt speedily sweep away off the face of the earth, that Thy kingdom may come and Thy will may be done in earth as it is in heaven, through our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. GENERAL SURVEY of the PROBLEM. ADDRESS BY REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, Ph. D. AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING, ECUMENICAL MIS- ■ SIONARY CONFERENCE, 190O. On Sabbath morn- ing, on our ships of war, as the hour of worship approach- es, the stars and stripes are tempo- rarily lowered, and there is raised to the peak a pennant containing a blue cross, symbol of the Kingship of Christ, in a white field, em- blem of nationa righteousness. Then "Old Glory" REV. WILBUR F. CRAFTS, PH.D. is drawn up uncl.r the cross, in token of the nation s subordination to Christ- as its King; proclauning in the language of flags what the United States Supreme Court declared in a unanimous opmion m i8q2 "This is a Christian nation" ; proclaiming also that 'nothing has a right to have our flag float over it in token of protection that is inconsistent with the cross of a Christian civilization. 13 14 Protection of Native Races. The cross in the many flags of Christian nations proclaims that the purpose — the ideal at least — of "Christendom," which is but an abridgment of Christ's Kingdom, is to make the law of Christ the law of the world. Our object — and the object of a book or an address is more important than its subject — is to promote that ideal by securing the active aid of all to whom these words may come, in behalf of pending and progress- ing legislation, national and international, looking toward the removal of the greatest hindrance to missions, the greatest shame of Christian nations, the traffic in liquors and opium on the frontiers of civilization. A worthy ceie- ^° Christian celebration of the com- brationofthe pletion of nineteen Christian centuries new cen ury. j^^^ ^^^ been arranged. Could there be a fitter one than the general adoption, by sep- arate and joint action of the great nations of the world, of the new policy of civilization, in which Great Britain is leading, the policy of prohibition for native races, in the interest of commerce as well as conscience, since the liquor traffic among child races, even more manifestly than in civilized lands, injures all other trades by producing poverty, disease and death. Abetter ^^^ object, more profoundly viewed, en-pironment IS to Create a inorc favorablc environment 17a ^IZ../'"- '^' c'^i^d races that civilized nations are essaying to civilize and Christianize. Science has made too much of environment, but the church has made too little. Science, in the sophomoric era of evolution, spoke of environment as almost omnipotent; but the church makes a greater mistake in almost ignoring it as if it were General Survey of the Problem. 15 impotent. Imagine a farmer giving his labor exclusively to planting seeds, making no effort to create a favorable environment for his plants by fencing out the cattle that will otherwise trample them under foot, and ignoring the weeds that will overshadow them, and then calling conventions after harvest to solve the mystery, why his plants are so few and small. city missionary In this age of cities it is to be expected worii. that conversions will decrease if we allow needless temptations about our youth to increase, such as foul pictures, corrupt literature, leprous shows, gambling slot machines, saloons, and Sabbath breaking. Instead of putting around our boys and girls a fence of favorable environment, we allow the devil to put about them a circle of fire ; and then we wonder that they wither. We are try- ing to raise saints in hell. While the churches are anxiously asking why conversions are decreasing we would like to write on the sky, as the message for the hour at home and abroad, "Environment AFFECTS conversion BEFORE AND AFTER." This warning is needed alike in city missions, home missions and foreign missions. Home mission- In what Other way could home mission- ary methods, ary forces, in Montana, for example, so rapidly build up their churches, in some of which the only man in attendance is the preacher, as by devoting their chief energies unitedly, for a whole year, if necessary, to securing the adoption of the American Sabbath in place of the holiday, work-a- day Sunday. Environment in And surely, when missionaries tell us mission fields, that "Christian nations &re making ten drunkards to one Christian:' and when they also say i6 Protection of Native Races. that WL' could multiply conversions by ten if we could first subtract the saloon, it would seem hardly less than a self-evident mathematical axiom that mis- sionary and temperance societies ought to unite actively in this country, as they have in England, to marshal Christian citizenship for the swift over- throw of the liquor traffic among native races. To create a more favorable inoral Law as well as gospel environment is the supreme mission of needed. government, at home and abroad. In the words of Gladstone, "The purpose of law is to make it as hard as possible to do wrong, and as easy as possible to do right." Ex-President Harrison, in opening this Ecumenical Missionary Conference, declared that the child races, "even less than our children, have acquired the habits of self-restraint." They should therefore be treated as the wards of civilized nations, as, theoretically at least, we have treated our minors and Indians. We are the In s. heathen country, like Turkey, government. missionary work must be chiefly the planting of Christian life in individual souls. But when in any country individuals have been con- verted in such numbers that Christian convictions have become a Christian nation, then in the home land and in all its colonies, the Christian citizens, who can control the acts of government if they will, are responsible if these acts are so unchristian as to hinder the work of civilization and Christianization. In all missionary lands that are controlled by Chris- tian popular governments the very citizens who send the missionaries are responsible for permitting the sending of the opium and intoxicants which are the greatest hi ndrance to their work.^ /^ ' Considerably more than half the world's surface is under General Survey of the Problem. \^ Miss Marie A. Bowling, a missionary to China, tells in a letter how a Chinaman asked her and other missionaries standing by, why they were in China, to which they replied, "To preach the true doc- trine." The Chinaman said, with bitterness in his voioe, and contempt in his manner, "You cannot be true, for in one hand you bring opium to curse China, and in the other you bring your religion." The missionaries replied that they were from Amer- ica, not from England, which forced opium upon the Chinese. "But," the letter continues, "what if we had been in Africa?" Let the missionaries cease their vain effort to separate the Christians that sent them from the citizens that permit the rum and opium to be sent, and in prophetic indignation awake Christian citizenship to prohibit this slaughter of native races. Christian citizenship can certainly dictate the pol- icies of Great Britain and the United States, whose united leadership in such a case would almost cer- tainly be followed by all others of the sixteen great nations that dominate the world, and that have already twice adopted in treaties the principle that the native races should be protected against the vices of civilization.^ To secure extensions of these treaties made for Africa to all like cases the world over by way of providing a favorable environment for child races in the process of civilization, is our sublime object. . a^^i^^i^vernments, and the remainder largely under their Si"ro land if we had really Christianized our politics the control., ana w „, . , ■" , gd but the Christian govern- and opium traffics. 2 See page 6, __ - 1 8 Protection of Native Races. With this object clearly in mind, let us The supreme -' ^ _ crime of politics examine without flinching the great and commerce, ^^^j^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^g slaughter of native races, body and soul, through the v^rhite man's vices, a crime done by commerce, with the co-oper- ation of politics, 0/ zvhich no one of us is innocent who has not done Ids ittinost to prevent it. Total absti- At the foundation of this part of our nence religions, gtudy we must place the fact that when this debauching of the native races began half the world was under total abstinence religions, Hindu, Buddhist and Mohammedan. There are seven hundred millions of arguments against the shallow sophistry, invented by tipplers but often echoed by Christians, that the desire for intoxicants is "a universal human instinct that will be gratified one way or another." Wherever in heathen lands Christian nations have not "made ten drunkards to one Christian," it is usually due to the fact that we have encountered a total abstinence religion. In their simplicity Persians suppose white men and Christians are one and the same, and that drunken- ness is a fruit of Christianity. Mohammedans say on seeing one of their number drunk, "He has left Mohammed and gone to Jesus." Here are some ingenuous expressions in a description of drinking usages in Morocco, from a Mohammedan point of view: "Drunkenness is considered a Christian sin." "All the grog shops are kept by Christians." "There is no license system because the Sultan can- not derive a profit from sin." "No efforts are made to check the manufacture, importation or sale of intoxicants because the Moors consider it a Christian habit which they must tolerate." This "Christian habit" is the chief obstacle, say the missionaries, to General Survey of the Problem. 19 PRES. J. B. ANGELL. the conversion of Moham- medans, in Africa and Asia alike. The testimony is abundant that even now the adherents of the total ab- stinence religions, except the classes that are intimate with Europeans and have been affected by their evil exam- ple,^ generally observe this best of all the provisions of heathen religions. Even those Otber lieathen races light heathen who drinkers. ^^.g ^^^ j^g^jj ^O abstinence by religious vows are most of them very temperate.* President James B, Angell, through whom, when American Minister to China, a treaty was negotiated that stopped the 3 The following is a. representative statement. It came to the National Temperance Society from a Hindu. "With the spread of the English education in India, we notice the more extensive use of liquors. We are strictly and religiously pro- hibited from touching liquors, but many of our youths privately drink the English and the country wines and liquors. A small band of preachers are doing their best by giving lectures against the use.-'-i?. 5. Jiana, L. C. S., Raj Kot, India, It is a suggestive fact that the only place m our new islands where prohibition is now in force, so far as we have heard, is m Sulu where liquor selling inside and outside the army has been' forbidden by Col. Jas. F. Pettit, chiefly because he is surrounded by fierce Mohammedans, who are abstainers by ''''^i The Ainos of Japan are the only race of heathen drunkards known to ns who were not made so by civilization Drunken- ness is with them, as with ancient worshipers, of Bacchus, a religious ecstasy. 20 Protection of Native Races. importation of opium by American merchants into that country, told me that when resident in Pekin he did not see two drunken Chinamen a year. In the year 459 of our era a Chinese emperor made a prohibitory liquor law with the effective penalty of behead- ing/ And I need not remind you that the opium vice is there only because a Chinese emperor's pro- hibition of it was repealed by British cannon in the wickedest of all wars. When I have spoken of the liquor traffic in India to mis- sionaries from that country, I have repeatedly received the reply, even in these days when Great Britain has so long fostered it for revenue, that "intemperance is not nearly so much of a problem in India as in England or the United States. " The fouy of Tropical races generally, before the whisky drinking- coming of the whitc man, had learned ropics. ^^ instinct and the survival of the fit- test to drink only mild intoxicants and those very ^ In response to an inquiry, the Chinese Minister at Wash- ington, Wu Ting fang, sends us this statement; "Imperial edicts against liquors have been so common in China from the remotest times that I need to mention only a few of them. Emperor Yu, of the Hsia dynasty, had a particular distaste for wines of a delicious flavor owing to their insidious nature. Emperor Cheng, of the Chow dynasty, issued a strong edict against the use of wine, which has remained to the present day a classic of the Chinese language, much admired by scholars. The laws of the Han dynasty prohibited the use of wines and liquors except upon occasions of national rejoicing and festiv- ities. Emperor Chao-heh, of the Han dynasty, made it unlaw- ful even to make wine." MINISTER wu. Copyright Guiekunst. Phil. General Survey of the Problem. 21 moderately. European and American merchants look down upon such races as intellectual inferiors, but they at least have "more sense" than to invite insanity and early death by whisky drinking in the tropics. Hon. Ogden E. Edwai ds, who lived long as consul and merchant in Asia, declares it is hardly less than idiocy for a civilized nation to allow whisky to be sold in tropical colonies. The excess- ive death rate of Europeans who go to the tropics is conveniently laid to malaria, which has no doubt slain its thousands, but tropical drinking has slain its ten thousands." It is often claimed that civihzed drinks ilsrutrmfS' displace worse native ones, but there than those of -^-j^g ^ut little "strong drink" in heathen civuization. ^^^^^^ before they came in contact with civilization,' and when such a distilled native drink is found, as in the case of arak, it is commonly used by the natives in very small quantities. Was it native drink that wrought the wholesale slaughter of the American Indians, and of the Africans? There is no escape for the sure indictment of his- tory, that in the nineteenth century the so-called Christian nations, largely because Christian citizens failed to protest effectively at the polls, have made « The American Board has recently stated that its mission- aries though a majority of the mission fields are -tropical, show ^ death rate in the last decade of 8.6 per thousand, which is 49 per thousand less than the death rate of the select insured lives of twenty-eight American life insurance com- panies. These missionaries are total abstainers. 'One missionary says: "In the matter of the rum traffic America and England are more heathen than the Africans. The palm wine will make the native over-merry, but it is only the imported rum that makes him a beast complete." 22 Protection of Native Races. the savages they essayed to civilize more intem- perate than they found them. ^. .,. ^. The vices of civilization have done such Civilization, with au its deadly w^ork that many are saying tliat faults, a gain. ^^ ^{g^^t better have left the heathen in their simplicity.* They object to sending a lone missionary in the cabin with enough New England rum in the hold to pervert ten times as many as he will convert. But they forget that the rum would go even if the missionary did not. "Trade follows the flag," says one. "Trade follows the missionary," says another. But oftener trade outruns both, as in Hawaii, And with all its faults civilization has carried more blessings than curses to new lands. For instance, in India, where England's course has sub- jected her to much just criticism, one hundred cruel customs, such as throwing the children into the Ganges and burning widows with their husbands, have been abolished by the British government, moving forward slowly as missionaries created pub- lic sentiment to support these humane reforms. But let us remember also that India might have had the blessings without the curses of civilization if tlie Christian citizenship of Great Britain had unitedly so ordained at the ballot box." * Dr. John G. Paton, being asked what he thought of leaving the heathen in their innocence, replied with gentle irony: "If there are such peoples I don't know of them. All heathen whom I have seen have been unhappy in their heathendom, abominable in their habits. The man who does not know Christ may write a pretty tale filled with dialect and the romance of undisturbed children of nature. Such a writer misses much and does harm for art's sake." " The rapid increase of intemperance in recent years in the world at large is declared and described in "Christian Missions General Survey of the Problem. 23 Our new Shall we condemn the sins of other policy. nations and condone our own? We allowed the stalwart American Indians, children of nature claiming our special protection, to be slaughtered wholesale by the drink traffic pushed by white savages through a "Century of Dis- honor," and then repented and made them wards of the nation, protected, as we protect minors, against the liquor seller. In the Indian Territory and in Alaska for a generation we forbade the sale of intoxicants even to the whites as the only practicable way to protect the reds, and when, in 1899, prohibition in Alaska was hastily repealed, so far as it applied to the whites, it was retained for all native races, even for those that are civilized and live in villages, members of the Greek church. Whisky is It is self-evident that the full prohibi- king. tion of the Indian Territory, or at least the Alaskan -prohibition for all native races should have been extended to the similarly populated islands of Hawaii and the Philippines. There was yet another national precedent point- ing the same way, the international treaty of 1892, by which sixteen of the foremost nations of the world covenanted to suppress in a certain defined part of Africa— the larger part of the Congo Free State— the traffics in slaves, firearms and spirituous liquors. Our country, I blush to say, was the last, save Portugal, to sign the treaty, and even jeopard- and Sod^Progress," by Jas. S. Dennis, D.D. (Revell) vol. I pp 76 84 with numerous references to the literature of the siibiect ' See also Gustafson's "Foundation of Death," pp. .51.356 (Funk & Wagnalls Co., N. Y.). For a fuller world survey of the drink curse, see "Temperance in All Nations, National Temperance Society, N. Y. 24 Protection of Native Races. ized its success by years of delay." The Moslems and the monarchies went in before us, reminding us of a fact that we must face, that tJie liquor trajfic, in the very nature of the case, has more power in a republic than under any other form of government. But we joined the treaty at last, accepting this new policy of civilization, namely, that civilized nations are bound to restrain their own merchants in "* Treaty made July 2, 1890, ratified by U. S. Senate January II, 1892. The portions of the treaty that relate to liquors are: "Article XC. — Being justly anxious concerning the moral and material consequences to which the abuse of spirituous liquors subjects the native population, the signatory powers have agreed to enforce the provisions of Articles XCI, XCII, and XCIII within a zone extending from the 20th degree of north latitude to the 22d degree of south latitude, and bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by the Indian Ocean and its dependencies, including the islands adjacent to the mainland within 100 nautical miles from the coast. "Article XCI. — In the districts of this zone where it shall be ascertained that, either on account of religious belief or from some other causes, the use of distilled liquors does not exist or has not been developed, the powers shall prohibit their impor- tation. The manufacture of distilled liquors shall also be pro- hibited there. "Each power shall determine the limits of the zone of pro- hibition of alcoholic liquors in its possessions or protectorates, and shall be bound to make known the limits thereof to the other powers within the space of six months. "The above prohibition can only be suspended in the case of limited quantities intended for the consumption of the non- native population and imported under the regime and condi- tions determined by each government. " Article XCII provides for .a progressively increasing tax on distilled liquors for six years in all parts of the zone to which the above prohibition does not apply, as an experiment on which to determine a minimum tax that will be prohibitory to natives, which by treaty of 1899 was fixed at 52 cents a gallon. On this treaty, ratified by U. S. Senate. Dec. 14, igoo, see pp. I. 30, 50. General Survey of the Problem. 25 ie fending the child races of the world as their wards, 'Specially in newly-adopted countries not already hope- 'essly debauched by the vices of civilization. The Philippines were precisely such a case, but to them we gave not even protection for the native races igainst rum. That the rum tragedy of Manila is Deing repeated in our other new islands we have ibundant evidence. For all of them missionary work should begin with an attack on the American saloon. Later, see pp. i, 8, 51, 287. n tories ai- '^° many people it seems a chimerical ready achieved, dream to talk of upiooting the trafScs in liquors and opium among native races. But in fact the crusade has already marched three success- ful stages toward victory. The first stage is the treaty already referred to, made by sixteen leading nations in 1892 for the suppression of the traffics in liquors, firearms and slaves in the Congo region. Although it is extremely difficult to enforce such a law in such a country, the general testimony of missionaries is that it has been of great benefit, and that the part of Africa so protected presents a most favorable contrast to adjacent portions not under prohibition." That treaty has taken us over the most " Mons. A. y. Wauters, a well-known traveler in the Congo Free State, and author of several works on the Congo, and one of the chief oiBcials of the Congo Railway, makes the following statement: "In 1890, immediately after the passing of the Brussels Act, the importation of spirits into the greater part of the Free State was absolutely prohibited. The area of prohi- bition was further increased in March, 1S96, and again in April, 1898, so that spirits cannot be carried beyond the river of Mpozo on the southern bank, and as the railway is entirely within the zone of prohibition, liquor cannot be conveyed by railway."— rw 1 Ca: Mohammedan prohibition protects native races in the parts of Africa north of portion covered by Treaty of iSqo. and British prohibition protects most of the natives in the regions south of it. On Treaty of 1890-2, see pp. 6, 23, 156, 160. On Treaty of 1893, see pp. 26, 50, 51, 161. 30 CLASSIFIED TESTIMONIES. Rum Tragedies in Africa.' [Space will permit only a few representative testimonies jm leading missionary fields, first from Africa and other stricts where the people were savages before the coming of e modern missionary' ; then from Turkey, India, China and pan; then from mission fields under the American flag. ;her countries can only be touched upon in footnotes and ref- ences. See Topical Index at the close of the book.]^ ■ [All footnotes in this book are added by the editors, not by ose who furnish the speeches and letters.] Startling statis- ;s of the liquor traffic in Africa are given by Rev. Jas. S. ennis, D.D., in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," ). 78, 79. One of the strongest articles on this subject is by rchdeacon Farrar in Contemporary Review, 1888. He shows, hat unhappily was no news, that the same country which at e beginning of the centur}' made so noble a self-sacrifice to rike down African slavery, toward the close of the same ntury had identified herself with a so-called commercial move- ent which had already brought conditions worse than those slavery to the Dark Continent, and which threatened to unge the entire population of that vast area into hopeless in and decay. 2 All missionaries at Ecumenical Conference and all at home 1 furlough have been asked to contribute. This is said St any should think there had been denominational prefer- ices in gathering testimonies for this book. 31 32 Protection of Native Races. REV. WILLIAM TAYLOR, D.D. MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR AFRICA METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1884-1896, THIRTY-THREE YEARS OF MISSIONARY SERV- ICE IN AFRICA. On my first voyage down the west coast of Africa tlie K r o o boys who handled the cargo on a three months' cruise down and up tlie coast were paid in gin of the wretched quality used in commerce on that coast. If they succeeded in obtaining a small portion before they left the ship the result was temporary insanity involving the necessity of imprisonment in the brig. On our way up the Coanza River our little steamer made its first land- ing at a "factory" which was the export point of the plantation, a distillery which did business under the BISHOP TAYLOR.' " In the giving of testimony /Ae face is a part of the evi- dence, and so we have inserted portraits of many of our witnesses, that they may seem to speak from the very lips. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 33 name of Bon Jesu — Good Jesus. Many thousands of the Ambundu had never heard the sacred name except in connection with this agency of the devil. Rum as a means At Malange, our inmost mission of cheating. station in Angola, we found the following method of trading: Caravans arriving from the interior with ivory, dyewoods and rubber were invited to deposit their loads in the compound of the trader. They were then debauched with rum for several days, when they were told what price would be paid for their products. If they expostu- lated they were informed that the trader now had possession of them and they must take his price. When forced to do so, they were paid in rum, also at his price. We opened a trading post, putting it in charge of a merchant from Lynn, Mass. Because of his square dealing with the natives and the payment of a fair price for their product in cloth, needles and thread, or Portuguese currency if they preferred, our missionaries became wel- come heralds in the caravansaries, and the natives returned to their homes with the message of sal- vation from the new people they had met, "the God-men." At that time there were two hundred steamships in the rum trade of Africa. Since then the coast steamers have ceased to pay their Kroo boys in rum, and it has been excluded from large sections of Africa. Among others, that large territory called Zambesia has excluded the rum traffic. Like the river of the same name, it is called after N'Zambe, the God of the Heavens; and if it succeeds in mam- taining the strict prohibition enjoined by many African chiefs it will be worthy of its title, "God's Country. ' ' 34 Protection of Native Races. BISHOP IIARTZELL. Rev. Joseph C. Hartzell, D.D. (Missionary Bishop for Africa Metliodist - Episcopal Church, 1896 — , four years' service in Africa). — Bishop Tugwell, of the English Church, whose diocese is on the west coast of Africa, said a few montlis ago that seventy-five per cent of the deaths among the European traders and other white inhab- itants of Lagos were due to the excessive use of intoxicat- ing drinks, and I believe that he did not overstate the facts. As to the natives, not only on Africa, but also in all Africa in touch with European com- I believe the west coast of wherever they are mercial relations and the traffic is allowed that fully seventy-five per cent of their demoraliza- tion in home life and in personal character comes from the same source. The abominable and wicked habit of "treating," so common among the Europeans, is, as a rule, extended to the natives whose trade is desired. I have seen many caravans come from the interior to the coast towns with rubber or other native prod- ucts. The European traders would at once invite the "captains" of the caravans to their places, and, getting them half drunk, would dress them up and start them out as illustrations of their great kind- ness and liberality. As a result, the traders would buy the rubber at a very low price, and in turn sell to the caravans through their half-inebriated "cap- tains" what they needed, at enormously large prices. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 35 It is encouraging that England and other nations having vast possessions and responsibilities in Africa, are seriously considering this question. There are large sections where the sale of intox- icants to the natives is forbidden, and wherever possible attempts are made to lessen the sale by increasing the per cent of taxation. What a sad thing it is that there could not have been a consensus of national conscience and policy, on the part of the three or four great nations of Europe who control the destinies of Africa, to ex- clude intoxicants from the millions of that continent! Henry Qrattan Guinness, M.D., F.R.Q.S. (Secre- tary "Regions Beyond" Missionary Union, London). —It is infinitely sad that the contact of civilization with the native races of West Africa should have been characterized in the first place by slavery, and later on by the traffic in ardent spirits. It is well that our steamers should carry missionaries to the Dark Conti- nent, but is it well that the car- go of many a vessel should mainly consist of gin and gun- powder? This was the case with the old steamship Adrian, on which I sailed for the Congo in 1 89 1. In due time we safely reached Banana, at the mouth of the Congo River, and I com- menced to see the abominable effects of the firewater, which in those days was so freely sold. Night was made hideous in the wooden hotel by scenes and sounds of revelry. A dozen bottles of gin could be H. G. GUINNESS, M.D, 36 Protection of Native Races. "Wages paid in gin. bought for sixty cents. The already degraded natives were in part paid for their labor in gin, and they were thus further degraded, demoralized, decimated and damned. To-day the strength of the spirits sold is greatly diluted, as its poisonous and destructive power was even for trade purposes too serious. When the artificial taste was created, palm wine, which is very slightly intoxicating, could no longer suffice the natives, who were prepared to barter all their pos- sessions for the accursed "firewater." I have often seen the graves of these poor heathen decorated with the gin bottles they owned daring life. It is a matter of profound gratitude that a restrict- ive tariff is in some degree lessening the sale on the Lower Congo ; but still more are we rejoiced that cora- bined Europe, too tardily kind, has drawn a cord of protection around Equatorial Afiica, forbidding the sale of spirits beyond a certain clearly defined sphere. Miss Agnes McAllister (Gar- raway, Liberia, Methodist- Episcopal Board, 1888 — ). — I would rather face heathenism in any other form than the liquor traffic in Africa. I have gone many times into the native heathen towns to preach the gospel, and found the whole town, men, women and- children, in excitement over a barrel of rum that had been opened to be drank by the town people. I have seen them drinking it out of buck. ets, brass kettles, iron pots. MISSAG.N'ES MCALLISTER. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 37 earthen pots, tins, gourds, cocoanut shells ; and a mother who could not get anything in which to put it would fill her own mouth with rum and then feed it to her babe from her own lips. And when I have reproved them they have replied: "What do you white people make rum and bring it to us for if you don't want us to drink it?" Mrs. P. JVlenkel (Batanga, West Africa, Presby- terian Board, 1892 — ). — The rum traffic in West Africa is the curse of the country. It both hinders and counteracts our missionary efforts. As a rule, our native Christian men cannot find employment with the white traders unless they are willing to accept rum in part payment for their services. Christian natives engaged in the rubber and ivory trade are required to take rum to the interior tribes in exchange for these articles, making the evil nature of the heathen much worse than before. It is sad to see the increased degradation of the natives in their villages caused by the white man's rum. When I speak to natives about not drinking rum, I invariably receive the answer, "We do not want rum in our country, and we wish you ministers or mis- sionaries would send a letter over the big sea and tell thein not to send us any more. " Rev. A. Polhemus, M.D. (West Drink more deadly than Africa). — "Bishof was condemned for malaria. saying that seventy-five per cent of the Europeans who die on the west coast of Africa die of drink; but I can safely say that fully ninety per cent die from that cause." Thus spoke an English army officer to me about a month ago, as we both sailed away from the west coast. The gospel has no greater enemy on the west coast of Africa than rum. ^8 Protection of Native Races. Rev. Charles Satchell Morris (Traveler in South and West Africa, now special agent National Bap- tist Convention and American Baptist Missionary Union). — As I have witnessed the unutterable hor- rors of the rum traffic on the west coast, as well as in South Africa, I shall gladly embrace the oppor- tunity to let the civilized world know something of the sickening details of a traffic of which it might be truly said, Slavery slew its thousands, but the rum traffic is slaying its millions.* I traveled up and down the coast on boats that were simply wholesale liquor houses — rum in hogsheads, rum in casks, rum in barrels, rum in kegs, rum in demijohns, rum in stone jugs; and the vilest rum that ever burnt its way down human throats. What an aivful many-sided cha7'ge the vast cloud of -butchered African witnesses zvill have against the civilized world in the day of judgment! Africa, robbed of her children, rifled of her treasures, lies prostrate before the rapine and greed of the Christian nations of tJie world. A slave pen and battle field for ages. Christian nations, instead of binding up her wounds, like the good Samaritan; instead of passing * Rev. James Johnson, the native pastor of the island of Lagos, who was sent by the Christians of that place to plead their cause before the English Parliament in 1887, closed his testimony before a committee of the House of Commons with these words: "The slave trade has been to Africa a great evil, but the evils of the rum trade are far worse. I would rather my countrymen were in slavery and being worked hard, and kept away from drink, than that the drink should be let loose upon them. Negroes have proved themselves able to survive the evils of the slave trade, cruel as they were, bat they show that they have no power whatever to withstand the terrible evils of the drink. Surely you must see that the death of the negro race is simply a matter of time. ' ' Classified Testimonies — Africa. 39 by and leaving her alone ^ like Levite and priest; have cone to her with ten thousand shiploads of Jiell's mas- terpiece of damnation, rum, that is turning Iter chil- dren into human cinders; that has turned the ENTIRE WEST COAST INTO ONE LONG BARROOM, FROM WHICH NO FEWER THAN TWO MILLION SAVAGES GO FORTH TO DIE EVERY VEAR AS A RESULT OF THE TRAFFIC.^ "Gin, gin," is the cry all along the west coast, and, says Joseph Thompson, "Underneath that cry for gin I seem to hear the reproach, You see what Christian nations have made ns." Africa sends to Europe fiber, palm oil, palm kernels, rub- ber and coffee. Europe sends to Africa powder and balls to slaughter the body, and rum to slay the soul.* 5 Italics and capitals in all parts of the book are editorial emphasis. « Rev. David A. Day, for twenty -four years a missionary in Liberia of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in ITnited States, once wrote as follows; "In a few decades more, if the rum traffic continues, there will be noth- ing left on the west coast of Africa for God to save. The vile rum in this tropical climate is depopjilating the countty more rapidly than famine, pestilence and war. Africa, with the simple Gospel of Jesus, is saved, but Africa with rum is eternally lost ; for the few missionaries that can survive there cannot overcome the effect of the river of strong drink that is being poured into the country." The lamented Dr. Albert Bushnell, for thirty-five years a missionary of the Presbyterian Board in the Gaboon Mission, made the following statement a short time before his death: "Alcohol is the burning curse of Africa, and the traders, with scarcely an exception, are remorseless as the grave. Some people wonder why the coast tribes of Africa waste and disappear. It is no wonder to one who lives there with his eyes open. If I were an Apollo or Chrysostom, I should like to go through all the churches of the land, persuading and entreating every member for Christ's sake to abandon the intoxicating cup and prohibit its manufac- ture and sale. I would call aloud to all friends of missions. If you love the Church of God, help, help to dethrone the demon 40 Protection of Native Races. REV. HENRY RICHARDS. Rev. Henry Richards (Ban- za Manteke, Congo, Baptist Missionary Union, 1879 — ). — The importance of the liquor question with regard to Central Africa can hardly be over-stated. Its introduc- tion means destruction of the moral character and will power of the native who comes under its awful influ- ence, and seems almost to put him beyond the reach of salvation. When the ex- tra heavy tax was imposed on foreign spirits imported into West Africa, the region recently purchased by the English government from the Royal Niger Company, the traders complained that these heavy dues interfered with the trade. The Colonial Secretary [the Rt. Hon. Jo- seph Chamberlain] replied THAT IT WAS THE INTENTION OF THE Government to dis- courage THE drink TRAFFIC, AS IT ULTIMATELY DESTROYED ALL TRADE BY DESTROYING THE POPULATION.' When the Afri- JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN. of intemperance — our reproach before the heathen, the blight of our churches!" ' A deputation of the Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee, on April 14, 1899, memorialized the British Classified Testimonies — Africa. 41 can becomes a drinker of foreign spirits he rap- idly degenerates and sinks lower and lower. The natives on the coast misrepresent the natives of the interior, and travelers who have only visited the coasts have wrong impressions of the proper native character. Missionaries always prefer to Colonial Secretary regarding the protection of Mohammedan races in the Soudan and in the Niger Territories, and regard- ing the prohibition of Trade Spirits for the whole of West Africa, or, if this could not be arranged, they urged, as the best alternative, that; — i. A definite line should be marked out, beyond which no liquor should be imported, so as to eilectually protect the Mohammedan districts before mentioned. 2. The carriage of spirits by railway, should be absolutely prohibited. 3. A minimum duty of not less than 100 francs per hectoliter at 5 centigrades should be established, which should be carried out by all the Powers having possessions in West Africa. Mr. Chamberlain replied to the deputation in part as follows; "I hold, as a matter of deep conviction, that the Liquor Traffic in West Africa among native races, is not only discreditable to the British name, not only derogatory to that true Imperialism — the sentiment which I de=;ire to inculcate in my countrymen — but it is also disastrous to British trade. " Then, after a careful survey of the present position of tariffs, and a declaration that Great Britain would seek for the impo- sition of a minimum liquor import duty on spirits in the coast districts, of four shillings a gallon, to be carried out in the West African possessions of all the Powers, he added; "But 1 will go one step further and I will say even if the Brussels Conference should fail to produce the satisfactory results which we desire, I shall not be content to remain where we are. I agree with those that think that a special responsi- bility falls on Great Britain, and although I admit there is great difficulty in the way of foreign competition in dealing with this subject, still I do not think the difficulty is altogether insurmountable."— rK'^Z/M Anmcal Report, United Commit- tee for the Preventioji of the Demoralization of the Native Races by. the Liquor Trajfc. 42 Protection of Native Races. work in the interior, as they know the work is far more hopeful among those natives who have not been degraded bv the drink. christian work has had small success among the coast people. Missionaries have worked and organized churches ONLY to SEE THEM BECOME CORRUPTED AND BROKEN UP. Even those who profess to accept salvation and give up the drink and heathenism for a time seem almost unable to resist the temptation to drink again the spirits that once enslaved them. When the heathen, untouched by the fire- water, RECEIVE Christ, they appear to have little difficulty in giving up the native palm WINE AND . other NATIVE DRINKS, AND HEATHENISM. SaTAN HAS NO BETTER AGENT TO DESTROY THE AfRICAN THAN THE FOREIGN LIQUOR. The government of the Congo Free Slate decided to prohibit the drink trade beyond the region where it had not been introduced, but no boundary line was defined until quite, recently, and the law was practically a dead letter. Now the boundary line is the Nkisi River, about 230 miles from the coast, beyond which the drink must not pass according to law, but to enforce this and prevent the native from crossing the line with drink will be very difficult, as they are born traders and have many markets. The only proper and successful way is to prohibit its sale entirely. Many of the white assistant traders dislike to sell the drink and acknowledge that it is vile stuff and poison to the people, but say that they have to do it as their commercial houses command them to sell it. The chief white traders say that "the natives demand it," and the demand must be met, but in ORDER TO GIVE THE NATIVES A LIKING FOR THIS FIRE- WATER, LARGE QUANTITIES HAVE BEEN GIVEN AWAY Classified Testimonies — Africa. 43 rO NATIVES WHEN A NEW DISTRICT HAS BEEN OPENED, [N ORDER TO CREATE A CRAVING FOR IT. Rev. Peter Whytock (Conefo, "Regions Blessings of j \ o t o International Beyond" Missionary Union). — In the prohibition. sphere of our Congo Balolo Mission, inside the area of the Great Bend of the Upper River, happily we are protected by the Treaty of Brussels from the European drink curse. Eleven years ago, when we arrived at the mouth of the Congo, some natives paddled off to us with fruit for sale. In a short time I saw one of them lying helpless in the bottom of his canoe. He had imbibed gin, which was a part of our cargo from Rotterdam. A young Belgian who returned with me to Europe, told me that the natives who were employed in the factories got a large part of their remuneration in trade spirits, and that for days each week they were drunk. The price of palm oil and palm kernels was in greater part paid in this awful drink. Rev. C. B. Antisdel (Mukimvika, Congo, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1892 — ). — The greatest hindrance to our work is rum-. There are five trad- ing stations within two hours of my mission. Their chief article of barter is rum. One house sells each week a hogshead of this death-dealing drink. It is killing the people very, very rapidly. The captain of one of the steamers of the Etat Ind6pendant du Congo told me that when he gave rum to his work- men as part of their rations (as was formerly the custom) six out of thirty of his men were each week so ill as to require the services of a physician ; but after a law was made prohibiting rationing with rum, even an entire month often passed without a single individual requiring medical attendance. 44 Protection of Native Races. The Etat Ind^pendant du Congo will not allow alcoholic drinks to pass the Kpozo River, which is a few miles beyond Matadi, thus prohibiting intox- icants from all of this vast Congo State, which is nearly half the size of the United States, except a narrow strip bordering on Portuguese territory. ' In this section my station is located; hence the rum traffic is in full operation all about us. In going towards Sumba, where the trading houses are located, it always makes my heart ache as I meet the people returning from there, nine out of ten having nothing but rum, for which they have exchanged their produce, palm-kernels, palm-oil, Drink depopu- Tubbcr, pcanuts and beans. Unless lating great Something is done to stay this iniqui. reg ons. ^ to US trafHc, this people wiU soon bccome extinct. This section is being depopulated rapidly. When I remonstrate with these Africans, urging them not to drink rum, they say: "But you white people sell us the rum; it is made' by your own people. We have not the power to resist the temptation, although we know it is killing us." Again and again they have said to me, "We do not wish to drink. Summon a gunboat and drive these traders away with their rum, and remove the temptation from us!" Rev. W. P. Dodson (Angola, Southwest Africa, ' Methodist-Episcopal Board, fifteen years' service in Africa, i88s— ).— The native intoxicants in Portu- guese Angola are palm wine and corn beer ; strength of each sufficiaat to intoxicate, about like that of lager beer ; used universally. The native narcotic is Indian hemp, smoked very generally and pro- ducing lung decay and heart trouble. The native religions do not forbid but rather favor the use of Classified Testimonies — Africa. 45 ese liquors and drugs. The imported liquors are oUand gin and a vile brandy for which English, erman and Portuguese traders are alilce respon- ble. A better quality of liquors and wines is used eely by a majority of the foreign residents, wine : meals, brandy after meals, id beer as a refreshment, ''hen once introduced by the uropeans the great profit of le liquor traffic becomes evi- 5nt to the more cunning of le natives, and the conse- aence is not only large deal- ig in rum but the purchase E a small rum still by every ative smart enough to use it ad favorably situated, the :ill being fed by his cane lantation, worked by house- old slaves. The covenant of le sixteen great nations in 892 to suppress the traffic een carried out in Angola, REV. W, P. DODSON. in slaves has never which is to-day the eld of local, foreign and domestic slavery as of Id, though met by terms and arrangements with lasters called "contracts," which are nothing less lan a vile evasion of the law, and call for investi- ation. Not long before my return to my 'j^Srarerob- native land [the United States], I eries. witnessed in the town of Dondo, Lngola, at the head of navigation of the Quanza Liver, the process by which trade with the native is lade'a farce, and his life forfeited as well as his roduce. It was an unusually fine season for the 46 Protection of Native Races. rubber trade, and large baskets were brought down from the interior by thousands of natives arriving in large companies entering the town in single file, singing as they came. The first act of the trader was to get as many of these as he could into his large yard, and give them rum and a present of some sort. Drinking was followed by drunkenness and drunk- enness by frenzy, and in this state the poor wretches were allowed to march in companies, dressed in flashing colors, carrying guns and brandishing knives along the street in wild mock fights. Then came the weighing of their valuable rubber with a falsified balance, their payment partly in rum, and their dismissal — each stage lubricated with lum. I went back to the interior from that town, and having shortly to return to the coast, I saw the narrow trail lined on either side with many shallow graves covered over with brush and marked by a stick from which floated a rag from the clothes of the poor wretch who laid his drunken and exhausted body down to rise no more. And this was the return for that rich product which might have fur- nished means for developing many a happy, sober, native Christian village, a consummation made impossible by rum.* 8 To these African tragedies should be added, if only for contrast to Great Britain's new policy, previously mentioned, the story of Madagascar. When Mauritius became a sugar colony the rum made there was unfit for exportation to England. So it was sent to Madagascar; and when the fright- ful results in crime and disease led the Malagassy king to pro- hibit the importation, the Mauritius merchants complained, the English government interfered, and free rum was forced upon the island. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 47 Rev. W. R. Hotchkiss (Kangundo, gland's new . ^ . . , ^ . , ■ hibitory Ukamba Province, British East Africa, icy In Africa Inland Mission, 1895-1899, and it Africa. . . ^ ' ^^f ^ ,\.. now missionary of the Friends Mis- >nary Society), — To my mind the most convincing oof of the absolute unreasonableness of the liquor liiic in mission fields, not to say its unmitigated ckedness, is found in the action of the English ivernment with respect to its East African pos- ssions.' In this, the latest British acquisition THE DARK continent, STRINGENT REGULATIONS lVE BEEN ISSUED, AND SO FAR AS I HAVE NOTICED, tVE BEEN ENFORCED, PROHIBITING THE SALE OF EITHER QUOR OR FIREARMS TO THE NATIVES. When We COn- ier this action in connection with her policy on 3 The following is a copy of the Regulations made by Her ijesty's Commissioner and Consul-General for the East Africa otectorate, with the approval of the Secretary of State. "i. Alcoholic liquor, whether manufactured in the Protec- :ate or imported, shall not be sold or given, otherwise than r medicinal purposes, by any person to any native. "For the purposes of these Regulations 'native' means any rson of African race or parentage, not being a British sub- ;t. "2. Any person who commits a breach of these Regulations all, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding 1,000 pees, or to imprisonment for a period which may extend to : months, or to both, and any alcoholic hquor found in his ssession shall be liable to forfeiture. "3. Any alcoholic liquor found in the possession of any such five as aforesaid shall be liable to confiscation, and may be ized by any Protectorate ofBcer and disposed of as the Sub- immissioner of the province may direct. "4. These Regulations maybe cited as 'The Liquor Regu- ;ions, 1900.' " Great Britain has also given us a peculiarly timely precedent establishing prohibition in the Soudan, conquered by Kitch- er's army of abstainers. See Appendix. 48 Protection of Native Races. the West Coast, where liquor has been poured in without stint, and where the result has been seen in rebellious uprisings and massacres innumerable, we have the testimony of one of the greatest nations, and certainly the most experienced colonizing power, that liquor for revenue does not pay, that as a simple commercial transaction it is ruinous, expensive, criminal.^" Resolution on the "Drink Traffic" unanimously adopted at the supplemental meeting of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, June 2oth, 1888. "That this International Conference, comprising delegates from most of the Protestant missionary societies in the world, is of opinion that the traffic in strong drink, as now carried on by merchants belonging to Christian nations a,mong native races, especially in Africa, has become the source of terrible and wholesale demoralisation and ruin, and is proving a most serious stumbling-block to the prog- ress of the Gospel. The Conference is of opinion that all Christian nations should take steps to sup- press the traffic in all native territories under their influence or government, especially in those inter- nationally enrolled, and that a mutual agreement to this effect should be made without delay, as the '" AV. P. Dodson, prcnously quoted, declares that the rum traffic, as introduced by civilized nations into Africa, "turns the whole tide of industry into lazy, besotted indigence." See also p. 64. Both these utterances, and especially the declara- tion of the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain on p. 40, are commended to the consideration of chambers of commerce, which in defense of commerce, if for no other reason, should ask Congress to adopt the new policy of Great Britain in our new islands. Classified Testimonies — Africa. 49 vii, already gigantic, is rapidly growing." — Report f the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions f the World, pp. ^y^, ^^6. "What is essential is co-operation. The example if what has been effected in the way of preserving he North Sea fisheries from the drink traffic by o-operation is encouraging. Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, and Holland came to m agreement by which it has been stopped. Our object should therefore be so to awaken the conscience f Europe and the United States as to lead to a joint 'irohibition of the deadly traffic among all native -aces. — The late Rev. H. Grattan Guinness, in same. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR AFRICA." VIAKE EFFORTS TO STOP THE EXPORTATION TO AFRICA OF NEW ENGLAND RUM. America is very directly involved in the destruc- :ion which is being wrought on the West Coast of Africa, since large quantities of New England rum, much of it manufactured at Medford, Mass., are mnually exported there. ^^ Let the Christian people 11 These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. Joseph C. Hartzell, D.D., Missionary Bishop, Methodist-Epis- ;opal Church. 12 Exports of Rum from the port of Boston for year ending June 30, 1899: Countries to which exported- Turkey in Europe England . British Africa . . Total . —Memorandttm supplied to The Reform Bureau by the Boston Custom House, Sept. i-j, igoo. Gallons. 25,097 26,210 790,550 Value. $ 34,162 35,595 1,099,743 841,857 $1,169,500 50 Protection of Native Races. of this country make such a loud protest that the very respectable manufacturers of this Medford rum will not be able to stand before it. Let indi- viduals write letters or call upon those men in per- son, and let the ministerial unions, missionary societies, Endeavorers and kindred bodies organize a numerous and weighty deputation that shall con- strain these manufacturers or their State or national legislators to put an end to this darkest blot on New England's fair name. WORK FOR MORE ADEQUATE PROHIBITORY LEQIS- TION. Treaties of 1890 and 1899," though encouraging, are both inadequate in that both relate only to "spirituous," that is, distilled liquors. The second allows these to be sold among natives, and even to them if they can pay the high price. Let us work for treaty on p. 58, made universal, see p. i, and for such laws for Africa as are cited on p. 174 or pp. SI, 52, 56, 57- 13 In a letter to The Reform Bureau from Department of Foreign Affairs, Congo Free State, dated October 20, 1900, the following were named as the governments that had ratified the treaty of 1899: Germany, Belgium, Spain. Congo Free State, French Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and Norway, Turkey. Our own government was the only one of first rank that had not ratified. As in 1890-1893, the Mos- lems and the Monarchies had gone in before us. Since foregoing suggestions were printed and partly because they have been printed also in The Reform Bureau's Twentieth Century Quarterly — a special issue on opium and liquors in "mission fields — and have also been urged in many of its public meetings, the movement for the ratification of this treaty and related legislation has made several stages of progress to which others will have been added before this book reaches our readers, who will nevertheless be interested to see the plan from the beginning, and will find much left to do. (1) On Bee. 3, President McKinley, in his message (p. 1), recom- mended three things; (1) Ratification of treaty of 1899 as to Africa; (2) v/orld-wide application of its principle for tlie protection of uncivilized peoples; (3) special action in 'Western Pacific," having reference to the Classified Testimonies — Africa 51 ^ew Hebrides without doubt, which Dr. Paton and the people had pressed apon his attention. (2j On Dec. 14 Senate ratified the treaty (see p. 1). (3) On Dec. 5, 19C0, the second day of Congress, The Reform Bureau secured a hearing on the treaty of 1899 before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, which at ouce voied to advise ratification, which is there- fore practically assured. (4) The foregoing victories should not satisfy but only encourage us to intensified efforts to signalize the opening of a new Christian century by the adoption of such trtaties and laws as will accomplish a universal pro- tection of native races, as suggested by the President. A Senate resolution, introduced by Senator H. C. IvOdge as an invitation to such actiou, passed the Senate unanimonsly on January 1. (See p. 4.) (5) As a further step in this protection of native races, pending the long negotiations required to secure a treaty, Senator Lodge and Hon. C. E. Littlefield. M.C., introduced a bill, which, with some proposed amend- ments, is given on page 185, on which a hearing was secured by The Reform Bureau on Dec. 6, 1900, before the House Committee on Insular AflJairs, the bill forbids the sale of intoxicants opium and firearms in all Pacific islands, so far as the authority of the United States extends. (6) The foregoing bill being one not likely to be passed without a long struggle, on December 10, 1900, Hon. F. H. Gillet, M.C , introduced a bill dealing only with islands not in the poss( ssion nor under the protection of any civilized Power, with special reference to the New Hebrides where war was in progress in which the savage cannibals, armed with American gut;s and maddened by American rum, were killing the civilized natives of the Christian islands. (See next page.) (T) On Dec. 7 and 8, 1900, the Bureau secured Senate hearings on the liquor selling "canteens," which being mostly located in our new islands, need to be suppressed to protect natives as well as soldiers. The following law had passed the House on December 6, 1900, by a vote of 159 to 51, and was then before the Senate: "The sale or the dealing in beer, wiue, or any intoxicating liquors by any person in any post exchange or canteen or army transport or upon any premises used for military purposes by the United States is hereby pro- hibited. TheSecretary of Waris hereby directed to carry the provisions of this section into full force and efiect. " This amendment was approved in the Senate on Jan. 9, 1901, by a vote of 31 to 15, so making it law whenever army bill as a whole should go into effect. REV. JOHN C. TATON, D.D. The Law for which he pleads.— Any person subject to the authority of the United States, who shall give, sell, or otherwise supply, any arms, ammunition, explosive substance, intoxicat- ing hquor, or opium to any aboriginal native in the New Heb- rides or any other of the Pacific Islands lying within 20 deg north latitude and 40 deg. south latitude, and the 120th merid- ian of longitude west, and the 120th meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, not being in the possession of or under the pro- tection of any civilized power, shall be punishable by imprison- ment not exceeding 3 months, with or without hard labor, or a line not exceeding $50, or both. And in addition to such pun- ishment all articles of a similar nature to those in respect to which an offense has been committed found in the possession of the offender, may be declared forfeited. If it shall appear to the Court that such opium, wine or spirits have been given bona fide for medical purposes it shall be lawful for the Court to dismiss the charge. (See p. 65.) The New Hebrides/ AN APPEAL TO AMERICA TO KEEP STEP WITH ENGLAND IN PROTECTION OF ISLAND PEOPLES. ADDRESS BY REV. JOHN Q. PATON, D.D. (Australian Presbyterian Board, 42 years' service) AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING REPEATED IN SUB- STANCE AT REGULAR MEETING ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE, igOO.^ I am very glad to see so many assembled here to-day on a matter which is of such vital importance to the progress of God's work in every mission field. After we gave the Gospel to the heathen, and life and property were safe, trade followed us, not to uphold the work of God, but to give the natives rum iThe New Hebrides consists of thirty islands, with about 80 000 population, of whom 18,000, on twenty-two islands, are Christianized. The others are still cannibal savages, who are being made yet more savage by American rum, and more dan- gerous by American guns and dynamite. The time is npe, m view of recent events in China, to guard the sale of all these dangerous articles in all uncivilized lands by international agreement. See p. 59- , , j -, • %Dr Joseph Cook writes us: "The venerable and heroic Tohn G Paton's appeal to the American government to jom England in prohibiting the liquor traffic with the natives of the New Hebrides, is the most overwhelmingly reasonable, pathetic and urgent call ever heard from missionary fields since the hour when the man of Macedonia stood in a vision at the side of the Apostle Paul and said, 'Come over and help us.' " *53 54 Protection of Native Races. and brandy, which ruin both their bodies and their souls. I have been sent to remonstrate with the American American traders' agent not to give to cln'lrairrlfm ^he young men, the natives, this mad- aud guns. dcuing Hquor, and he would stop it for a short time, and then again return to it. At last we sent a deputation to him, and" he said he could not stop the business; to do so would ruin him and his wife and children. Instead of the drink saving him and his family, it nearly proved the death of them all. Natives maddened with his own rum, and in some way offended, would have shot him with rifles he had sold them had not the missionary's helper stood between him and them, pleading in his behalf. Meantime his wife and children escaped by flight. These natives eagerly desire to embrace Chris- tianity, but when they are under the influence of liquor they shoot each other, and they shoot them- selves. Even a white man sometimes shoots his friend, and not a few of them have fallen victims to their own madness. In West Tanna m}^ son was placed as a mission- ary three years ago. At that time he did not know a word of the language, but he labored hard, and he succeeded, by God's grace, in con- verting many of the people, including the war chief of four thousand cannibals. This war chief came to the missionary one morning and said: "Missi, will you go with me to the American traders living on the shore and help me to plead with them A converted ^^^ to Sell to my men the white man's chief pleads for firewater, for when their reason is pro bition. dethroned by it they commit shocking crimes, and I have no power to control them. It's Classified Testimonies— The New Hebrides. 55 making havoc of my people. 1 have wept over it. When you come to give us the Gospel, why do ,your countrymen come with the white man's firewater to destroy our people?" A savage, drunk on traders' rum, and armed with a trader's musket, is a thing of horror. My son would have been killed by a bullet from an Ameri- can gun, sold by an American trader to a native, if the noble chief before mentioned had not thrown himself between the half-drunk native and the mis- sionary, only to fall dying with the bullet in his own body. Natives maddened by American rum have Bum-maddened tumed American rifles against the little ■avages .hoot- native orphan girls of the mission who 'clu^en!" were sporting in the tops of trees, and shot them down with as little compunction as if they had been monkeys. American rum and guns have wrought many other tragedies, including the case of a trader on Tanna who wrought as a lay missionary and was shot while he knelt in prayer. A letter by the last mail from Austraha and tlie islands reports how an American missionary named Fielding and Gilley, another mission- tZllZolZ, ary, went inland to conduct worship at oi mi8Bionarie8. ^ jieathen village, when a ball was shot at Gilley who escaped it, and another went through Fielding' who fell, and when Gilley ran to lift him up a savage struck Gilley with a club and dragged hiili aside, when they shot another of the party and compelled Gilley, under a guard, to remain and see them cook and devour the bodies of the two like so many rabid dog3. Next morning at the pleading of the other men, for fear of punishment, Gilley and his party were let go. 56 Protection of Native Races. As there is no other trader there from whom they could get the ammunition for all these murders, they must have got it from the American trader living there on the shore. The Australian churches support the New Heb- rides Mission, and the mission sent me to America Dr. Paton'9 eight years ago to appeal to the Amer- appeals to the - ... , , „ American ^^au public and to the President of the goTerument. United States and to the Congress of the United States to place the American traders under the same prohibition that England has placed her traders under in regard to the sale of intoxicating liquors, and ammunition and opium. = At that time'^ when I came here, I spent several months in America pleading with God's people, and thousands sent in petitions to the President and to Congress, beseech- mg that this foul stain upon America's honor should be wiped off, and that the traders of the United States government should be placed under the same 3 We have received through the courtesy of the Rt Hon Joseph Chamberlain, British Colonial Secretary, a package of British prohibitory laws for the protection of Paciiic islanders mostly of the same tenor as the one given herewith in fac- simile, which we hope may aid some legislator to draw a cor- responding law forbidding any American citizen to sell or give or otherwise supply to any aboriginal native of any island in the Pacific ocean, any wine, spirits, or any other intoxicating liquors, etc. These laws apply to British sub- jects, not alone in British islands and others under a British protectorate, but also, as will presently be shown in the case of the New Hebrides, for example, in islands where she has no governmental control of any but her own traders The United States found a way to prohibit American merchants from selling opium in China, and surely can iind a way by separate action, while an international agreement is delayed to prevent them from selling opium, intoxicants and firearm among the natives of the islands. l^Supptement to the Rqi/al Gazette. Published hy Aut1u>rity. No. 29, Vol. 7] WEDNESPAT, DECEMBER 31. fl879. No. \, 1879. VICTOEU, BY "THE GEACE OF GOD, OP THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GEEAT BEITAIN AND lEELAND, QUEEN, DEFENDEE OF THE FAITH, &c., &c. A REGULATION (Made in the name and on heludf of Her Majesty wider tlie proviaioM of tlie Western J*acijic Oi-cier in Council, 1879.^ TO PEOHIBIT THE SUPPLY OP INTOXICATING LIQUOES TO NATIVES OF . TONGA, AND OIHEES EESIDENT IN THE. FEIENDLy ISLANDS. CL.S. ABTHUE GOEDON, H.C. I. If any Britisli subject, in-Tonga, sella or gives, or otherwise supplies to Bny native Tongan, or any native of any island in the Pacific Ocean resident in Tonga, any wine, spirits, or any other intosicatmg liquor, he shall, on conviction thereof before tbe Court of Her Majesty's High Commissioner, be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds, and in default of payment shall be liable to unprisonment for a period not exceeding one month. II. If it shall appear to the Court that such wine or spirits have been given honi fide for medicinal purposes, or other cause which shall, in the judgment of the. Court, be reasonable and sufficient, it shall be lawful for the Court to dismiss the charge. Done at Nasova, Fiji, this twenty-ninth day of December, in the year of our L remedies. a few churches, especially the Free Baptist and Methodist-Episcopal, make the tamper- ing with either liquors or narcotic drugs a matter of discipline. In this regard other churches, in other 84 Protection of Native Races. missions, are advancing, both missionaries and their converts practicing total abstinence from all these things. I see no hope for very marked improvement, so far as the spread of this evil among the common people is concerned, unless influence can in some way be brought to bear upon the government so as to compel it to relinquish its wicked and shameless license policy whereby the use of these things is encouraged. Much has been done in the British army on temperance lines, ^ but there is room for a very great deal more. Miss Agnes E. Baskerville (Cocanada, Godavery District, Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario and Quebec, 1888 — ). — The use of opium is alarmingly prevalent in the Godavery District. It is given medicinally for many ailments by the native quacks, and its use grows on those who indulge in it until the habit cannot be broken. It is given to babies to keep them from crying, and In- dian nurses administer it secretly to the children of their European employers. One form of revenue from the diink traffic is obtained from the tax on toddy made from the juice of the Palmyra tree. When the revenue from this source falls below the mark, officers of the MISS A. E. BASKERVILLE. govcmment order more '■ See p. 227. Classified Testimonies — India. 85 toddy shops to be opened.' Both these evil things let loose all the evil passions in human nature. Rev. H. J. Bruce (Satara, American Board, 1889 — thir- ty-seven years' service).-^ In 1893 the British govern- ment sent out a royal com- mission to examine into the great opium traffic in India. I called one of my best native agents, a very shrewd man, and said to him: "Go to a certain village and see what is done with the opium." I had known before that there was a large amount of opium used in the district, but I did not know how it was used. He investigated and reported. I was astounded. I said: "I cannot receive that testimony second-hand ; I must go there and examine and see for myself. Go again to that village and tell the people that on a certain day I will be there to inquire about the use of opium. ' ' I met the Patiel, the chief of the village, a very stalwart man, dressed in spotless white, with a big turban on his head. The pith of what he Infants fed Said was that the great majority of the with opium. babes in that community were fed with opium by their mothers, and with what result? It REV. H. J. BRUCE. ' The government forbids the natives to draw toddy from their own trees where it would often be only slightly fermented, and compels them to go for it to the toddy shop, where it is sure to have reached a considerable degree of fermentation, which is like discouraging the use of sweet cider for the very purpose of drawing those accustomed to it to buy hard cider. 86 Protection of Native Races. worked very well for the infants up to the age of two or three years. Then when the children were old enough to eat solid food they began to break off giving them opium, but when they attempted to stop the opium diet there came on disease and death. That Patiel sitting before me there in the presence of his people confessed that 25 per cent of all their babes were thus killed by opium. JVIrs. H. D. Hume (Bom- bay, India, American Board, 1835 1854). — Intoxicating drink in our early experience in India was one of Satan's most effective agents for hindering the progress of gospel. In the eyes of the natives, white men were all "Christians," The Moham- medans, Hindus and Jews, by their religious beliefs and by their social customs were, with few exceptions, total abstainers. Every ship that entered the Bombay harbor brought rum, ale, wine, and other intoxicants, and the European i^ta-r:sr"^'^°'=tors, using these beverages them- intoxicants. sclvcs, recommended them to all Euro- peans, saying that in that hot countiy these stimulants were needed, and that it was dangerous to drink the water. Under these circumstances missionaries found it difficult to influence foreigners to be total abstainers. The poorer class of foreign- ers began to drink the fermented juice of the cocoa- nut palm, and the better class used imported drinks. Slowly the almost universal drinking habits of the MRS. H. D. HUME. Classified Testimonies — India. 87 Europeans began to influence the better class of natives, until now the drink traffic, which ought to have been nipped in the hid, has become one of the devil's bulwarks. If India's people are to be saved from this curse, and the stain on Great Britain's flag wiped out, national measures of repression should be undertaken. Mrs. Joseph Cook (Boston, Observations in India as a Traveler). — In the Gujerathi country in western India the women have a plaintive song which asks why their parents did not kill them at birth instead of marrying them to men who take opium. It is no consolation to these wronged women and their starving children that the British government in India propagates the opium vice for the sake of rev- enue and helps to fill the Indian exchequer at the cost _ . ^ _ of their ruined Opium trafiac Increased by homcs and bro- llcense system. ^^^ heart S. The government regulations for the opium traffic in India oblige the man who takes out a license to sell this drug to make a certain return to the government. Consequently he takes the most active measures to ensure the rev- enue, and sends his emissaries out into untainted districts, and gets his victims among the younger men, with the full knowledge that, "He who hesitates is lost," for the habit once formed is harder to break than the alcohol habit. Several seasons ago there was a strong anti-opium MRS. JOSEPH COOK. 88 Protection of Native Races. agitation in Great Britain, which the London Times sneeringly spoke of as "one of the periodic out- bursts of cheap Puritanism." At the great meet- ings in Exeter Hall, an eloquent Christian Hindu woman, Soonderbai Powar by name, brought most pathetic appeals from both Hindu and Mohammedan women. One of these messages from a mass meet- ing of Mohammedan women in Lucknow was: "We will thank the government to take the sword and kill the wives and children of opium smokers, so as to rid us of the agony we suffer!" When these bitter cries from outraged heathen women were repeated to Christian England the verdict of "shame! shame!" was heard again and again, but will public sentiment be strong enough to induce the British government to forego this blood money which swells her revenues? Christian England sends Bibles to India and China, and commercial England forces upon them the deadly narcotic, opium. Is it strange that the natives, who consider , all who wear European dress as representatives of the Christian religion, cry out in despair, "Is this your Jesus way? Then we want none of it. ' ' Rev. David Downie, D.D. (Nellore, Madras Presi- dency, Baptist Missionary Union, 1873 — ). — In South India, among the lower classes, many are addicted to the use of a powerful native distilled liquor called arak. Government seeks to control its use by license, but even with the tax the stuff is still so cheap that it is a question how far the licens- ing restrains the production or use. As the licenses Drink habit are sold by auction, the tendency is to spreading. increase rather than to diminish the sale. Among the higher classes, the cheaper Euro- pean liquors are preferred to the native liquors. Classified Testimonies — India. Though both Hindus and Mohammedans are forbid- den by their religions to use these liquors, the habit is all too common, and I fear is on the increase. Opium is not extensively used in South India, but is used to some extent. There is also a drug called bhang or gunga which is used to a consider- able degree. It is a powerful intoxicant, and some- times its intemperate use leads to insanity.* As a mission we have not suffered seriously from in- temperance among our na- tive Christians. We teach total abstinence; have tem- perance societies among our people, especially the yoting ; use unfermented wine at communion, and discounte- nance the use of intoxicants in every possible way. Joseph Taylor (Hoshanga- bad. Central provinces, Friends' Foreign Missionary Association of Great Britain, 1889— ).— One of the great moral questions, which appears to me to most seriously affect the future internal welfare of the India Church and its missionary influence on the sur- rounding populations, is intemperance. In consider- ing this question we have to sorrowfully acknowledge *This dried Indian hemp-plant {Cannabis Sativa), from which the resinous juice has not been removed, is smoked in India for its narcotic effects. It is called gunja in some parts of India, and is the same as the hasheesh used by the Turlcs. Many young men are led to moral ruin through its use, as it stimulates the sensual passions. JOSEPH TAYLOR. 90 Protection of Native Races. that the example of the European community has had a damaging influence on the more educated Indian Christians, by familiarizing them with indulgence in intoxicating liquors, which, as Hindus of good position, most of them would not have been tempted to partake of, and in lending countenance to the former drinking habits of many converts drawn from the lower social strata. Our own and some other of the societies working in the northern and central districts of India have Total absti- ^'^'^^ ™^*^^ ^^ ^ ^"^^ ^^^'^^ ^'^^^^ abstinence nence required w expected frojH every member of the members'! church, thus removing one grave source of temptation and general hindrance to the spread of the gospel, with very great benefit to the communities affected; but it is to be feared that in many districts Indian Christians are more and more acquiring social drinking habits (from which they would have been freed as Hindus), which must necessarily affect the welfare and growth of the Church in the future. Rev. T. S. Johnson, M.D. (Bombay, Methodist- Episcopal Board, 1862— ).— Some of the lower castes and many of the aborigines are noted for their Intemperance drinking habits. Of late years intem- Increaslng. PERANCE IS GREATLY ON THE INCREASE AMONG ALMOST ALL CLASSES. The poor Can afford only cheap native intoxicants, but the better classes use imported drinks. The native seldom remains a MODERATE DRINKER, AND HENCE SHOULD THE DRINK HABIT BECOME GENERAL THE OUTLOOK FOR THE COUN- TRY WOULD BECOME APPALLING. Missionaries gen- erally regard the present condition as a very grave one, and are anxious to curtail or prohibit the liquor traffic. Classified Testimonies — India. 91 Mrs. I. C. Archibalds (Madras, Foreign Mission Board Maritime Baptist Convention, 1878 — , Presi- dent Madras W. C. T. U.). — To supply the national exchequer the government of India, otherwise the best government India could have, sanctions, fos- ters and legalizes the manufacture and nw" toin^reaso Sale of liquors, thus filling the country ot drink with tavcms, before whose doors the "^ ' already faltering feet of the countless hosts are constantly tripping. It cannot be denied THAT THIS TRAFFIC IN HUMAN SOULS IS LARGELY ON THE INCREASE. Rev. G. H. Rouse (Calcutta, English Baptist Mis- sion, 1862-1898). — The use of intoxicants is ^rowm^. Formerly only certain lower classes used to drink intoxicants, now a large number of men of respec- table grades of society indulge in the evil. I think it may be truly said that natives never drink in „ ^.^..= moderation. Strong drink is altogether Prohibition ° i j tor India and entirely unneeded by them, and practicable. harmful to them. The native Chris- tian community is affected by the evil, as well as the Hindu and Mohammedan communities. Both the Hindu and the Mohammedan religions, and public opinion, would uphold the Government in taking strong measures against the sale of alcoholic drink. 92 Protection of Native Races. Burma. REV. W. H. S. HASCALL. RANGOON AND MAULMAIN, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION- ARY UNION, 1872-1888. I have no hesitation in saying that the opium and drink traffics in Burma are among the most serious problems con- fronting the missionary. It is but natural that the native of that country, seeing these evils licensed by his rulers of a Christian land, should ask, "Are these the fruits of your boasted Christian religion?"' That the American author- ities in our new eastern posses- sion should fall into the same error as the English in India, and foster such a hindrance to the cause of righteousness leads one to long for the coming of a Nathan who shall be able to tell the 1 The British ParHament in 189 1 passed a resolution declar- ing that the course of the government with reference to opium was "morally indefensible." In 1S93 a Royal Commission was appointed. Referring to this Commission, Dr. J. G. Kerr, M.D., forty-four years a missionary in China, says: "Had the Royal Commission taken into consideration the degradation of the moral nature and given due regard to the effect of opium on the immortal part of man, the condemnation of the opium trade and of the habit would have been unanimous and in the strongest terms, and the British nation would have swept them from every part of the world where her flag holds sway. " In 1895 the Royal Commission made a report which failed to REV. W. H. S. HASCALL. Classified Testimonies — Burma. 93 story of India's "ewe lamb," and then, pointing the finger of condemnation at our Sovereign Amer- ican People, sa}^, "Thou art the man." condemn the traffic, but the agitation was not without effect and no doubt helped to secure the gradual prohibition — corre- sponding to the gradual emancipation accomplished long ago in British colonies — which has recently been ordained for parts of Burma, starting out with the prohibitoiy declaration, quoted by Dr. Dennis in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," that Buddhism rightly condemns the opium traffic, and that it shall be suppressed. The details of this plan of gradual prohibition —which, it will be seen from missionary letters quoted here- with, is not fully adequate, as it leaves out large sections of Burma and natives who are not Burmese or Karens — are given officially in the following letter and statement sent to us, in response to enquiries, by the British Govern- ment. It is certainly encouraging to further agitation- looking toward the total prohibition of the sale of opium, except as medicine, in the whole British Empire and by British subjects everywhere — to read, in contrast to England's opium record in India and China, these Burmese prohibitions, due, no doubt, to agitation, working through the Christian statesman- ship of Sir Charles H. Aitchison; India Office, Whitehall, S. W. 13th Septembe' , 1900. Sir:— "With reference to your letter of i8th July, 1900, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, which has been forwarded to this Office, I am directed by Lord George Hamilton to for- I ward an extract containing a description of the rules ' regarding cultivation, manufacture and sale of opium and the registration system applied to opium consumption, m Burma. . ,■ • ti. Owing to the preat prevalence of opmm smugglmg m the province some modifications of this system are m contempla- tion, but the particulars have not yet been published by the Government of Burma. T am Sir Your obedient Servant, • • HORACE WALPOLE. Wilbur F. Crafts, Esq., Reform Bureau, 210 Delaware Avenue N. E., Washington, U. S. 80. The cultivation of opium is prohibited throughout Burma, except in Kachin villages in the Katha, Bhamo, Myit- 94 Protection of Native Races. Rev. W. M. Young (Thibaw, Missionary among the Shans, American Baptist Mission- ary Union, 1892). — The opium curse is the worst obstacle we have to meet. I asked a native ruler his opinion of the opium traffic. The Buddhists designate everything by merit and demerit, and in that view, he said: "There are five points of demerit. The man that is addicted to opium has no strength; he has no energy; it weakens his mind; it shortens his life; it increases poverty. " If he had added two more, namely, it debauches home, and is REV. W. M. YOUNG. kyina, and upper Chindwin districts. A duty of eight annas is levied on each quarter of & pex [1.75 acres] of land under poppy cultivation in these villages. Land under poppy culti- vation is measured by the village headman. If any opium grown in these areas is taken to another part of Upper Burma, duty is levied on it at the same rate as on foreign opium imported into Upper Burma. The area of land under poppy cultivation is not known, because the localities in which the cultivation is carried on are for the most part beyond the sphere of regular administration. They are situated in remote hills which are usually visited once a year by Government officers. 81. The manufacture of opium is prohibited in Burma, except — (a) For medical and tattooing purposes by professional persons. (b) By licensed] vendors, who are permitted to manufacture beinsi and beinchi from raw opium ; and (c) By non-Burmans, in localities in which the cultivation of the poppy is permitted (see preceding paragraph). Classified Testimonies — Burma. 95 Parts of Burma ^^^ '^^^^^ cause of Crime, he would have still under covercd the situation. There is nothing op urn g t. ^j^^j, g^ debauches the Shans as the use of opium. In not a few of the homes more than half of all the money received is paid out for opium. In 82. (i) Burmans in Upper Burma may not possess opium except for medical purposes. (ii) Burmans in Lower Burma who have not been registered may not possess opium except for medical purposes. (iii) Non-Burmans may possess opium for private consump- tion. (iv) Travelers of distinction entering Burma and heads of caravans entering the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts by land may possess opium produced in the Shan States or out of India which they have brought with them for their consumption, and (v) Persons to whom special licenses have been granted (medical practitioners and others) may possess opium in accord- ance with those licenses. The ordinary limit of private possession is that prescribed for retail sale, viz. , three tolas of opium and its permitted preparations (other than those used for medical purposes) ; six tolas of medical preparations; and five seers of poppy -heads. The system of registering Burmans was introduced in the beginning of 1893. It was then decided to extend the prohibi- tion of the use of opium (except for medicinal purposes) by Burmans, which had always been enforced in Upper Burma, to Lower Burma. In order to avoid inflicting hardship on Burmans who had become habituated to the use of the drug, notices were issued in March, 1893, to the effect that, after the new system had been introduced, no Burmans except such as had registered themselves would be permitted to possess opium, except for medicinal purposes; that all Burmans of 25 years and upwards who desired to continue the use of opium must register themselves ; and that Burmans under 2 5 years of age were not permitted to register themselves. The Rules provide that the names of registered consumers shall be entered in township registers, and that extracts from these registers con- taining the names of registered consumers from each village or ward shall be given to the headman concerned. Every head- man is thus acquainted with the names of registered consumers 96 Protection of Native Races. our hospital, in the three years I was there, I think fully 75 per cent of all the deaths were due to opium. Bowel troubles are among the most deadly diseases, and the opium victim always succumbs to the disease. In the local jail, with an average of sixty prisoners, 75 percent were opium victims. A new in his jurisdiction. A combined register for the whole of each district is also kept by the Deputy Commissioner. Each regis- tered consumer is furnished .with a certificate of registration and is required to produce it when buying opium as a proof that he may legally possess it. The Rules further provide for the removal from the register of the names of consumers who desire to have their names removed or who have died, and for the transfer from one register to another of consumers who change their place of residence. In order to secure that the registers are kept up to date, District Officers are required to verify them every six months. 83. The Bengal Excise opium, which is procured by Govern- ment and stored in the district treasuries, is issued thence to licensed vendors at Rs. 29 per seer in Arakan, and at Rs. 33 per seer in the rest of the province. Deducting Rs. &}4 per seer, which is credited to "Opium" revenue as the cost of pro- duction, the resultant rates of duty are Rs. 20}4 and Rs. 24}^ per seer, respectively. Opium imported from the Shan States or Yunnan, for sale in Upper Burma pays a duty of Rs. 17 per viss of 3.65 lbs., or about Rs. 93/5 per seer. But the illicit con- sumption of Chinese, Shan, and Upper Burma grown opium in 1898-99 amounted together to only 9 maunds against 720 maunds of Bengal opium. These figures exclude some 42 maunds of contraband opium which, after confiscation, were disposed of to licensed vendors for sale. 84. Licenses for retail sale are ordinarily disposed of by auction, and the licensees are permitted to open shops in selected places and to sell opium retail to persons permitted to possess it, namel}^ medical practitioners, pharmacists, doctors, tattooers, non-Burmans, and registered Burmans in Lower Burma. The localities at which shops are opened are fixed by Government and have varied little during the last few years. The principle followed in licensing shops is to license them in places in which there is a considerable population of persons Classified Testimonies — Burma. 97 license system is fastening this evil on some of the Shan States. In one of them, with 100,000 popula- tion, the first year the license sold for 5,000 rupees, the second year for 8,000, the third )='ear for 15,000, and the fourth year for 17,800. There is some drunkenness, but the Buddhist commandment prohibiting the use of intoxicants is fairly well enforced. Rev. W. W. Cochrane (Thibaw, Shan States, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1890). — The British India government, it is fair to say, does not aim to introduce opium into Burma, but to regulate and restrict an article that had already been intro- duced from the Chinese side, and largely by the Chinese before English rule. The heavy license on opium and the strict enforcement of the law lifts,the price far out of the reach of many of the people, addicted to the consumption of opium. There were fifty-three licensed shops in 1898-99. The principle of prohibition applied to the Burmese and Karens in Burma, has been adopted by the Japanese Govern- ment in Formosa, but with some manifest improvements. See p. 139- Success of Prohibition in Burma.— Joseph G. Alexander, LL B , Honorary Secretary of the Society for the Suppression of the' Opium Trade (London), makes the following in his annual report for 1896: "The beneficial effect of the law is shown by the following figures, showing the quantity of opium sold in Burma before and after the new regulations came into operation: Average of three years, 1890-91 to 1892-3 . 58,259 seers Yeari894-5 ^'^'^''^ (One seer equals 2.1 pounds.) -For our own society it is highly satisfactory that the protec- tion measures which we so long urged in the interests of the Burma people, and which the Indian Government so obsti- nately opposed in the interest of its opium revenue, have been attended with these beneficial results. 98 Protection of Native Races. The control of the sale of opium under English law is better than the open and comparatively unre- stricted freedom that one sees in Western China Farther ^nd the Shan States. The next step, 'restrictions doubtless, should be to reduce to a min- suggested. . . , imum the amount to be sold under the licenses granted, reducing also the number of those licenses, and making even more stringent the reg- ulation against selling to minors. The next, to exclude the article altogether, except for medicinal and other necessary purposes, with laws as strin- gent as those of the United States and other civilized countries. Classified Testimonies — Assam. 99 IMPUR, Assam. REV. F. p. HAQQARD. NAGA HILLS, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION, 1892 . Theoretically the Hindus and Mohammedans of the plains of Assam are supposed not to use intoxicating liquor, but the temptations have been too great, so that the government- licensed rum shops do a big business. In the hills the aboriginal people among whom I have been living, have always used their native rice beer; and as they themselves now acknowledge, greatly to their _ detriment; but it must be admitted that the effect of this beer in no wise compares with the (ireadful results of the use of distilled liquor, of which our people originally knew noth- ing; but for the use of which, as introduced by Europeans and natives from the plains, they are now thoroughly prepared. They consider it a great treat to get a taste— or more— of the Sahib's liquor. I am sorry to say also that my obser- vation has been that most of the British officers of whom I have known anything, have encouraged rather than discouraged the use of both opium and liquor among the people ; and in some cases this influence has been a positive detriment to our work ; REV. F. P. HAGGARD. Native driixks giving place to more deadly liquors of civilized nations. lOO Protection of Native Races. indeed, aside from the distinctively religious BITES OF heathenism WE HAVE FOUND NOTHING SO HARD TO MEET AS THE APPETITE FOR THESE TWO ARTI- CLES AND NOTHING SO DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME AS THE RESULTS OF THE USE OF BOTH OF THEM. I shall never forget the first true picture I had of the effects of the opium traffic. I was touring among the villages on the mountain tops of South- eastern Assam. I was on the mountain of joy that morning, for I had just left the last of three Chris- tian villages in which I had been spending several days in the midst of scenes which were pentecostal in their character — villages but recently wholly heathen now furnishing many candidates for bap- tism, building churches, calling for teachers and preachers, and giving many other and remarkable evidences of the presence of the Spirit and the great transformation which He had wrought among them. An opium The next village visited was one to Tillage. which I had never before gone. The path was new to me, so that I was surprised when they told me that we were at the village ; and, as we entered, I was immediately struck with the strange appearance of things. The usual numbers of cattle, pigs and chickens were wanting; the granaries were small and in decay. Going still further into the village I was led to ask my com- panions if this really were a village. I saw not one new house; not one in first-class repair; most of them were dilapidated, and many were almost dowrr^ the posts inclining at various angles from perpendicular. I said, "Do people live in those houses?" "Yes." "Can it be; what is the mat- ter?" "Why, it is an opium village." The entire village was a ruin, morally and physically, through Classified Testimonies — Ceylon. lOi opium ; and the testimony of the people themselves, with whom I afterwards talked, was worth more than the verdict of a thousand commissions. They testified, "This is our curse. " Ceylon. MISSES MARY AND MARGARET W. LEITCH. JAFFNA, AMERICAN BOARD, 1879-189I. We found the liquor traffic, authorized and licensed by the British govefnment, a great foe to Christian work in. Ceylon. The government cer- tainly does not dream of the bitterness, of the sor- row and despair with which many of the natives look upon this absolutely ruinous traffic, thrust upon them against their wishes for the sake of a revenue. In Ceylon the liquor traffic is purely a government monopoly. The right to sell liquor in a district is, in many districts, weLr" sold at public auction to the high- rather than gst bidder. When one has bought the restrains drink. ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^.^j^ ^^ ^g ^ loSeP by the transaction, so he opens as many liquor shops as possible in the district. These are located in the towns and villages near the tea and cinchona estates, in the mining districts and the roadsides along which there is most travel, and by means of THESE MULTIPLIED PLACES OF TEMPTATION MANY WHO WERE FORMERLY ABSTAINERS ARE FAST BECOMING DRUNKARDS. The religions of the Hindus, Moham- medans and Buddhists forbid the use of strong drink, and formerly the people of Ceylon were 102 Protection of Native Races. for the most part total abstainers. Spirits were high - priced and hard to get, and drunlcenness was uncommon because there was little temptation to drink. But in any country, if the facilities for OBTAINING STRONG DRINK ARE INCREASED, THE CON- SUMPTION IS INCREASED; if the facilities for obtaining strong drinli are diminished, the consumption is diminished. In Ceylon the facilities for obtain- ing STRONG drink HAVE BEEN ABNORMALLY INCREASED. The British government, for the sake of a revenue, has made strong drink to be cheap and plentiful. It has been said by Mr. Gladstone in the House of Commons that "the combined evils cf war and pestilence and famine are not so great as those evils which flow from strong drink." If this be so, has not Ceylon crime enough of its own, sorrow and poverty enough of its own, without having this, the curse of Great Britain, imported into it and fostered there against the wishes of the people for the sake of revenue? Mr. Gladstone said on another occasion: "Gentlemen, I refuse to con- sider a question of revenue alongside of a ques- tion of morals. Give me sober and industrious people, and I will soon show you where to get a revenue." The quantity of opium imported into Ceylon in 1897 was 18,285 pounds. As the result of an anti- opium agitation by the Ceylon Anti-Opium Com- mittee, some restrictions have been secured from government, but as the Ceylon Observer says, these proposals "touch but the fringe of the true evil, namely, the selling of this drug, opium, by native licenses in thoroughfares of our cities, attracting new customers and so spreading the opium habit among an effeminate people like the Sinhalese." Classified Testimonies — Ceylon. 103 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR INDIA, BURMA, ASSAM AND CEYLON.i I. EFFORTS BY MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD. 1. Make total abstinence a condition o£ church membership, as a number of leading missions have already done. 2. Use unfennented wine at the con:imunion serv- ice. Many natives break away from their principle of total abstinence for the first time by tasting fer- mented wine at the Lord's table. ^ 3. Have scientific temperance teaching in all mis- sion schools of the higher grade. Sample books, suitable for the different grades, can be had from Mrs. Mary~H. Hunt, 23 Trull Street, Boston, Mass., Superintendent of Scientific Temperance for the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, from which translations can be made adapted to the needs of each country. The higher educational institutions should aim to develop leaders in tem- perance work. 4. Hold temperance mass meetings. Form tem- perance societies, securing the co-operation of those of all creeds and classes who are favorable to total abstinence. Many will gladly join in such a move- ment, and thus the missionaries will find a way to 1 These suggestions have been revised and approved by Bishop Thoburn. 2 The juice of boiled raisins is used in some places ivhen unfennented wine is not at hand. We realize that some may- have conscientious objections to the use, for sacramental pur- poses, of other than fermented wine, but while resf>ecting their convictions, we would remind them that in the case of tens of thousands of the Christians of India living in extreme poverty and very far from Europeans, it is impossible to procure fer- mented wine. 104 Protection of Native Races. co-operate for the moral betterment of the com- munity with large numbers who will not attend an ordinary preaching service. Have resolutions passed at these meetings, voicing the wish of the people for protection through the closing of the licensed liquor shops in the district, and urging that the sale of opium and Indian hemp shall also be pro- hibited except for medicinal purposes, with laws as strict as those in force in England and other civilized countries. Send a copy of the petition to the proper Government ofHcial of the District, and a duplicate copy to the Honorary Secretary of the Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Commil- tee. Dr. Harford-Battersby, 139, Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, Westminster, London, England. 5. Prepare and print in the native language peti- tions of similar import, and have them widely cir- culated for signatures among the educated classes. Arrange for a deputation of influential citizens to present this petition to the proper government offi- cials. Report this effort in the local papers in order to educate public opinion. 6. Put into circulation among Europeans, Eura- sians and educated natives the best temperance lit- erature in English. Translate from this literature into the native languages, adapt to local conditions and needs, &nd circulate widely, and in this effort secure the co-operation of the great tract societies in India. Prepare, from time to time, articles for the English and native papers. 7. Secure the appointment by each mission of a temperance committee as one of its permanent com- mittees to have the general oversight of this work, and a temperance secretary in connection with each native missionary society. Classified Testimonies — Ceylon. 105 8. Secure the appointment of a temperance com- mittee in each interdenominational missionary organization wliich exists in the large cities. 9. Secure the adequate presentation of this sub- ject at all great conventions ; for example, those of the Y. M. C. A., the Sunday School Union, the Indian National Congress, the Decennial Missionary Conference, etc. 10. Help to arouse a public sentiment at home with regard to these evils by letters to the mission boards, to friends and to the press. 11. When at home on furlough refer to this sub- ject in public addresses. Who but the missionary can portray these evils to Christians at home and arouse them to prayer and effort for their removal? 12. Let all missionaries in India of whatever nationality unite in bringing pressure to bear on the British people, with a view to the total separa- tion of the government from the traffic. 2. EFFORTS BY FRIENDS OF MISSIONS AT HOME. 1. Supply the missionaries with temperance literature. 2. Let tourists use their opportunities for conver- sations and public addresses on this subject. 3. Let special efforts be made in Great Britain to influence those who are contemplating civil service in the East. idS Protection of Native Races. Rev. T. Q. Selby (Twelve years a missionary in South China). — The ill-omened opium traffic is an injury to every form of legitimate commerce and predisposes the Chinese to The opium dislike even the science and civilization we rep- trafflc Injurious fesent. Not only does the trade impoverish the to legitimate Chinese in many ways, and disqualify them commerce. from becoming our customers on any adequate scale, but the tradition of the past leads them to oppose the extension of a trade of which this evil is the most conspicuous item. Sentiment plays a much more important part in our international commerce than some people suppose. The feel- ing engendered amongst all right-minded people of the eighteen provinces, is one of unanimous and unappeasable bitterness against Great Britain. The purest patriots of the country are against us. It is this, too, which is the chief obstacle to the spread of the Christian faith. The Chinese bring it as their grand argument against the missionaries. They have little to object to in our The greatest theoretical ethics. Attacks upon idolatry do hindrance to not provoke any ver3r serious reply. The one c'hrl*''^*'*'* "* *^"'^* ^^^^^ ^^y ^y <^^y i° the preaching room lam y. j^ "How about the opium trade?" A religion that leads its professors to deal after this fashion with a friendly nation, it is assumed, cannot have much moral virtue in it. Our consecration of life, property, strength, to the conversion of the Chinese millions is largely neutralized by this unrepented national crime. ' 'Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way ; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift." Wipe out this cruel, long-fretting, virulent offense, and your missionary offerings shall have upon them the sign of a gracious acceptance they have hitherto lacked. How can we expect our witness to the blood sprinkling that speaketh better things to be heard, whilst the blood of the daily- slaughtered Abel cries daily against us from the ground?— TA^ Poppy Harvest, p. 32. China. J. HUDSON TAYLOR. SUPERINTENDENT CHINA INLAND MISSION. [Extract from addresses delivered at the Centenary Confer- ence of the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, iS88. See report of same (Revell), vol, I, pp. 75 and 132. Rev. J. Hudson Taylor has granted permission to use this extract, and states that it expresses his present views.] W li en we look back to eighty years of mission- ary labor (in China) and com- pare it with the results of eighty years of commer- cial labor, I am afraid our brows must be covered with shame and our hearts filled with sorrow. Aft- er eighty years of missionary labor we are thankful for thirty-two thousand communicants; after eighty years of commercial labor there are one hundred and fifty millions of the Chinese who are either per- sonally smokers of the opium or sufferers from the opium vice of husband or wife, father or mother, or some relative. You may go through China, and you will find thousands— I can safely say, tens of thou- 107 REV. J. HUDSON TAYLOR. io8 Protection of Native Races. sands — of towns and villages in which there are but small traces of the Bible or of Christian influence. You will scarcely find a hamlet in which the opium pipe does not reign. Ah! we have given China something besides the gospel, something that is doing more harm in a week than the united efforts of all our Christian missionaries are doing good in a year. Oh, the evils of opium! The slave trade was bad; the drink is bad; the licensing of vice is bad; but the opium traffic is the sum of all supreme curse. Villainies. It dcbauchcs more families than drink ; it makes more slaves directly than the slave trade; and it demoralizes more sad lives than all the licensing systems in the world. Will you not pray, my friends? — I entreat you to pray to the mighty God that He will bring this great evil to an end. . . . This is a profoundly important question, and one that must be dealt with in the sight of God. The common defense brought forward is this: "England cannot afford to do right. " Now I would say, Eng- land cannot afford to do wrong. Nay, you must not do one wrong thing to escape another. It is said you must not starve India in order to deliver China. My dear friends, it is always right to do right, and the God in heaven, who is the great Governor of the universe, never created this world on such lines that the only way to properly govern India was to curse China. There is no curse in God's government. i_gj What is to be done? We do not— I GoTernment spcak for myself, but I think there are opirbusinLs.^^^y "^°^^ ^°' ^^^o"! I a^i speaking- ask the government of India to prevent these native states from producing their opium. I do not suppose we could do it. We do not ask that Classified Testimonies — China. 109 the opium should not be allowed to pass through Indian territory, and it can get out through no other way without paying a heavy duty. But we do ask that the queen and government of England shall not be the producers of opium. The Indian govern- ment has taken this ground: that it has the right to prevent the production of opium except at the gov- ernment factories. Let it add to that that it shall not be produced at the government factories, and we ask no more. Rev. C. F. Kupfer, Ph.D. (Chinkiang, Central China, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1881 — ). — It has been our sad privilege to live for more than eighteen years among a people where the use of opium has become, beyond all doubt, one of the most destruc- tive national vices that has ever blighted the human race. During our travels in central China, whether upon large river steamers, upon small junks and boats, or in oveiland conveyances, we have freely moved among all grades of society, and to our astonishment found that among all classes this per- nicious evil has made great inroads. Through it we have seen high officials incapacitated; business men bankrupt; artisans and coolies depleted of all their energy and strength; families broken up and homes destroyed. No words can describe the misery of an opium smoker when once reduced to such a condition that he cannot buy both his drug and nourishing food. No surer method could be found to sap the life from a sturdy nation with the temperament of the Chinese, than the introduction of opium. May the cry of the suffering millions reach the ears of those in high places who are responsible for the presence of this dire calamity in the Middle Kingdom. no Protection of Native Races. Rev. W. K. McKibbin (Swatow, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1875 — ). — The saddest thing China's noBie about this wholc Sad opium business is fight against ^/^^ dfbauchment of the Chinese con- opinm followed r\\ • by decay of scietice. Time was when a Chinese conscience. emperor — Tao Kwang, who was em- peror at the time of the Opium War, 1840-1842 — ■ confiscated the whole stoclc of tlae odious drug and burned it with fire, and paid to the last penny the bill which the English government presented for collection.^ Time was when, being importuned to legalize the trade and thereby receive large money, he replied that he would be driven from his throne before taking money to poison his poor people. China went into a hopeless war rather than accept the drug, yielding only when prostrate before England's overwhelming force. But those brave days are past. Having accepted the hideous revenue thrust upon her, China finally went on to the growing of the hated drug herself. "It is your country that sent us the opium, ' ' is still the greeting China gives the English-speaking missionary. But the thing she hates she has now made native in her own bosom. The red flag of the poppy-blossom flaunting over her fertile rice-lands is the token that her resistance has ' "Fifty years ago it was submitted to the general sentiment of the mandarinate of China whether they would legalize opium, and the expression of their opinion was then given by His Majesty Tao Kwang in the remarkable words: 'I cannot receive any revenue from that which causes misery and suffer- ing to my people. ' The evils [of opium in China] are so great that if we would act effectively in the matter we mu.st seek to devise strong and efficient measures to influence public opinion in Europe and America as well as in China." — Rev. A. P. Happer, D.D., in Records of the Missionary Conference, S/ian^hai, iSgo, p. j6i. Classified Testimonies — China. 1 1 1 been overborne, her outcries stifled, her conscience debauched, and her degradation made complete; until such time as the new life of Christianity shall overcome the sin which a Christian nation has poured into her veins.'' Rev. W. E. Soothill (Wouchow, English Methodist Free Church Board, 1882—).—! hold that the opium vice is the most colossal in its pernicious effects that the world has ever known. And I would urge every American citizen to set his face as a flint against the introduction of the drug into the United States even amongst the Chinese communities here. I would beseech every Christian man and woman to use heart, voice, and pocket to rid the world of this hor- rible habit, which kills hundreds of thousands every year, and blights millions of homes.' 'iRev. Jas. S. Dennis, D.D., in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," vol. I, p. 81, gives $15,000,000 in round numbers as the revenue derived by the government of India in the year ending 1895 from opium, about half as much as ten years before, due to the fact that while China is using it increasingly it is raising six-sevenths of its supply on its own soil. The number of Chinese victims Dr. Dennis estimates at TWENTY MILLIONS, the quantity consumed annually in China at between fifty and sixty millions of pounds avoirdupois, and the direct cash cost of the drug to China at one hundred mil- lions OF dollars. He declares that prior to the introduction of the drug by foreigners the Chinese knew of its medicinal properties, but, he adds, "there is not a particle of evidence to show that it was smolced or abused in any other way in those days. ' ' This is the word of the greatest missionary cyclopedist. 'The status of the anti-opium crusade in 1896 is given in the Missionary Review of the World for April of that year. China and India are the chief sufferers from opium, but Persia is increasingly cursed by it. One-third of its inhabitants use opium immoderately, and many more to some extent, not less than T.% million in all, says Dr. J. S. Dennis in "Christian Missions and Social Progress," vol. I, p. 84. In civilized coun- 112 Protection of Native Races. Rev. E. E. Aiken (Tientsin, American Board, 1885 — ). — Tlie opium habit has spread widely among officials, literati and wealthy men, and is one of the greatest obstacles with which missions have to con- REV. E. E. AIKEN. REV. T. LOEGSTRIP. tend.* There is perhaps no vice which so saps the natural strength of will and so vitiates the moral Opium nature. The present official corrup- one cause of tION AND MILITARY WEAKNESS OF ChINA China's Political MAY, IN NO INCONSIDERABLE DEGREE, BE Weakness. TRACED TO THIS SOURCE. Opium rcf- uges in connection with missions and mission hospi- tries its use is probably increasing. Some one might well make a special study of this aspect of the curse. ♦ Rev. T. Loegstrip, Secretary of the Danish Missionary Society, writes us that his society is conducting missions in two districts in China, one of them a district about Port Arthur, which is controlled by Russia, whose authority is used to restrict the opium traffic to the utmost ; the other a district under the Chinese government, in which opium is sold as usual in that country, with the result, so far as missionary work is Classified Testimonies — China. 113 tals, and anti-opium societies, show that missionaries are seeking not only to stop the evil at its fountain- head, but also to save those vsrho may already have become its victims. Rev. Thomas Barclay, M.A. (Tainanfu, Formosa, English Presbyterian Board, 1874 — ; twenty - six years' service). — Whatever may be said by interested advocates of the opium traffic as to the harmlessness of the drug, there can be no doubt that amongst the Chinese opium smoking is regarded as a hurtful vice."" That a nation should take the REV. T. BARCLAY, M.A. position which our nation occu- pies in regard to the supply of opium is a certain indication to a Chinaman that we pay more regard to material gain than to righteousness and benevolence, and therefore fall far below the teachings of their own sages. In the life of such a nation any talk of cuinese _ kindncss and good will towards China anti-foreign ^ , feeling largely is regarded as mere hypocrisy, b or due to ^^^ g^jj^g people to bring opium and Opium TVar. ir r o i the gospel seems to them a manifest contradiction; and when a Chinaman attempts to solve the contradiction, he naturally does it by sus- concerned, that there is much greater success in the former field. It may be added that otBcial Russian papers are prone to remind the Chinese of the opium war whenever both Russia and England are seeking favors. ' Rev. J. N. Hays, of Foochow, a missionary of the Presby- terian Board, writes: "The Chinese class opium smoking with gambling and fornication." 114 Protection of Native Races. pecting the motive of our missionary work. I believe THAT OUR INSISTENCE UPON THE CONTINUANCE OF THIS TRAFFIC HAS DONE MUCH TO INTENSIFY THE ChINAMAN'S DISTRUST OF FOREIGNERS and to Confirm him in his national exclusiveness.'' And in this way, I believe, even from a cammercial and material point of view, we have lost more through THIS traffic than WE EVER GAINED BY IT. BUT THIS IS A SMALL MATTER COMPARED WITH THE MORAL AND SPIRITUAL IN- JURY WROUGHT BY IT UPON BOTH NATIONS. Rev. W. N. Crozier (Nankin, Presbyterian Board, 1891 — ). — For about eight years I observed the ravages of opium in China, and can bear testimony that wherever I traveled in that country there were abundant evidences that it is a most awful curse. Opium is bring- ing multitudes of Chinese families to beggary. Even beggars go without food in order to buy Opium opium. Opium raising is a factor IN PRODUCING THE FREQUENTLY RE- CURRING FAMINES. Land, God -given to produce food, is used to produce poison. Opium- using destroys its victims, soul and body. Moral REV. W. N. CROZIER. one cause of frequent famiDe. "Rev. Richard Lovett, M.A., Secretar)' of the Religious Tract Societ}', London, and Historian of the London Mission- ary Society, says: "To this day Great Britain has to fear the reproach that, as a great power, she compelled China to con- tinue the opium traffic when the Chinese government were willing to suppress it." Classified Testimonies — Ctiina. "5 fiber is rotted out. Will power to resist evil and obey conscience is lost. Opium users are slaves, and, as a rule, self-confessed slaves. "We are help- less to break it off," they say. "Oh, help us!' The opium traffic does much to demoralize the foreigners in the districts where it is handled. It has shut many a door to our gospel message. We preach, and in answer often hear the retort, "But did not you for- eigners send us opium?" China needs help. Is it not time to keep opium from entering her gates, and help her to suppress its production in her own prov- inces? Rev. Wm. Ash more, Jr. (Swatow, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1879 — , twenty years' service). — It is a safe rule to put no dependence on a user of opium. It ruins not only the moral sense, but also the intellect and physical health, and it brings whole families to beggary. Many opium smokers come to missionary hospitals, coming of their own accord or at the urgent entreaty of members of their families, for the cure of this habit, recognizing it as a slavery that they wish to be rid of. So far as I know Christian churches will not receive opium users into membership, but require first a breaking off of the habit. And if a church member takes to its use after admission to the church, he becomes thereby a subject of church discipline. REV. WM. ASHMORE, JR. ii6 Protection of Native Races. The responsibility for the present state of the opium traffic in China lies, in large measure, at the door of a Christian nation, Great Britain. The his- tory of the forcing of opium on an unwilling gov- ernment is too familiar to need repetition. But the recent justifying of the traffic, on the part of the Commission appointed by the British government to inquire into the subject, is the deliberate con- firming of a great wrong that must sooner or later react on those responsible for it. Chinese culture ^"^ ^'^cent ycars the cultivation of the of opium poppy has been introduced into the increasng. Swalow district, and the crop is so profitable that the area cultivated appears to be spreading. It is to be feared that unless the Chi- nese government shall show itself both able and disposed to check this growing evil, it will continue to spread until it proves the utter ruin of the Chinese people. But what can the Chinese government do, even though it should prove to be able and willing to check native growth, in the face of the fact that it must admit the opium that comes in from India protected by treaty with the British govern- ment. A first and most important thing is to encourage and strengthen the hands of those who in Great Britain are carrying on the struggle against the present policy of their own government. That they will finally win the fight I strongly believe. Rev. Frederick Oalpin (United Free Methodist Church i^Iission Board, twenty-five years' service). — I have seen the evil of opium smoking in China. I have no language at my command adequate to express the injury wrought upon men, women and children by the use of this drag. Innocent children Classified Testimonies — China. 117 suffer their whole lifetime because their father is How opium reduced to poverty by the costliness of blights the vicious habit. Girls are sold to a cllildliood. ^ • c c ^ j j^i ' rr • j life of shame, and their suffering and misery, and moral and physical destruction, is the price paid by the father who loves his opium more than his children. It is time that the power of Christendom should awake and arise to stop this great evil. Edgerton H. Hart, M.D. (Wuhu, Methodist-Epis- copal Board, 1893 — ). — The Chinese have native liquors made from rice and fruits, but use them in moderation, chiefly on holidays. Their wine cups are hardly more than thimbles. The opium curses body, mind and soul, and its use and the direful consequences are both increasing. The use of morphine is also increasing, an anti-opium pill con- taining morphine, intended to cure one evil having instead stimulated another. Another danger threat- ening China is the introduction of American beer and the American saloon. In many of the large cities of China, Schlitz beer has made Milwaulcee famous. Rev. John W. Davis, D.D. (Soochow, Presbyterian Board, twenty - six years' service). — The worst results of opium are the poverty and degradation inflicted upon the opium sot's wife and children. An opium smoker will, when all else is gone, take the clothes of his baby girl, and even in winter pawn them for the price of opium. Opium smokers often sell wives and daughters into a life a thousand times worse than death. Mary A. Holbrook, M.D. (formerly Foochow, American Board, now in charge of Scientific Department Kobe College, Japan, twenty-one years' Ii8 Protection of Native Races. service). — At one time I had in my dis- generations of pensaiy in North China four genera- *pium Slaves. ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ family who came to be cured of the opium habit — great-grandmother, grandmother, mother and child of twro years — all bound by the same chains, for the child, they explained to me, would go into convulsions unless they puffed the smoke from the opium pipe in its face every six hours. The great - grandmother I sent back to a relative; she was too old and feeble to endure the ordeal. The mother and child pre- sented no special difficulties; but the grandmother, en being deprived of opium, grew frantic and lashed about the room, throwing herself upon the locked door and barred windows. Her eyes grew glassy and she foamed at the mouth, tore her hair and her clothes, dug her nails into the flesh, and then became unconscious. After a little she was partially restored. She begged me to save her life by giv- ing her just the least little bit of opium. She begged and implored all night when she was con- scious ; and when she was not I sat beside her with my finger on her pulse, wondering how much longer it was safe to hold out. For me it seemed a mental struggle between my will and Satan himself. Nearly all night I stayed, administering medicine and men- tal stimulus, and the morning light brought victory and peace. And yet an eminent English barrister says that the opium habit is "as innocent as twirling the thumbs." Miss Theresa Miller (Kien-P'ing, Auhuei, China Inland Mission, 1890 — ), — I have seen manhood degraded physically and morally, the sufferings of women and children immeasurably increased, and homes broken up through the opium habit. Wives Classified Testimonies — China. 1 19 a-nd children are sold to satisfy the craving. I have seen many brought from wealth to extreme pov- erty; men \inable to work until the daily portion had been obtained; a dying beggar asking opium instead of offered food. The Chinese all condemn its use. Without Christ, they who use faCr '"°"°'' it liave no hope in this life or the next. But Christ can save from this evil habit. Mr. Chin, pale, sallow, emaciated, received Christ, gave up opium. When taunted by his friends that he was half a foreign devil, he replied: "I am much better than I was, for I was a whole opium devil." Many of the women have said tome: "Opium is ruining our country. Why did Britain send it?" I am British, but was compelled to say: "There are men in Britain as well as China who love gold better than they love their God or their neighbors." Let us pray the living God that this stain shall be lifted from the British flag. Rev. Isaac Taylor Headlands (member Faculty of Pekin University, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1890 — ). — One of our native evangelists had seventy-five baptisms his first year, and one hundred and thirty- five joined on probation, in connection with which he received from these members a cupboard full of abandoned pipes and wine cups as trophies of his temperance work. Rev. A. B. Winchester (Pou-ting fu and T'ung Cho, American Board, 1887-1889, now Superintend- ent of Chinese -Missions in British Columbia of the Presbyterian Church in Canada). — I have traveled in different parts of China, north, south and middle, and solemnly state that I have seen enough of the physical suffering and want, social degradation and confusion, moral depravity and loss, occasioned 120 Protection of Native Races. directly and indirectly by opium, to make the stout- est heart sick and to stagger the conscience with the contemplation of the blood-guiltiness which rests on whosoever is responsible for the perpetration and continuation of the opium curse in China. A more reprehensible traffic never engaged the energies or stirred the soulless cupidity of men. Rev, T. W. Pearce (Canton and Hongkong, Lon- don Missionary Society, 1879 — , twenty-one years' REV. T. W. PEARCE. REV. C, C. BALDWIN. service). — I have seen with my own eyes during many years the evils resulting from the use of opium in the cities, towns and villages of South China, where the practice of opium-smoking is widespread. Its consequences are poverty, suffering and crime and everything that makes against righteousness and the coming of God's kingdom on earth. Rev. Caleb C. Baldwin, D.D. (Foochow, American Board, 1848-1895, forty-seven years' service).— i. Continue efforts to influence western governments Classified Testimonies — China. 121 to stay the commercial crime of bartering in deadly- drinks. 2. Let no mission in any part of the world fail to make prominent and urge on natives the duty of abstinence. Rev. J. B. Fearn, M.D. (Soochow, Methodist- Episcopal Church, South, 1894 — ). — Opium smokers take up the habit either to relieve pain or as a diversion for idle lives. From whatever cause they begin the use of the drug, it is not long before they REV. J. B. FEARN, M.D. MRS. J, B, FEARN, M.D. have to largely increase the amount used or be denied the pleasure or relief sought for. In the case of the poor, the whole family is made to suffer beyond one's power to describe or one's imagination to realize. Mrs. J. B. Fearn, M.D.— Were you to ask me the cause of China's mental, moral and physical degra- dation, there could be but one answer, Opium. The cause of her lethargic indifference to the spread of 122 Protection of Native Races. the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ is also opium. May God speed the day when nations may be AROUSED TO work TOGETHER THAT CHINA MAY BE SAVED FROM OPIUM AND RUIN. JVIrs. Howard Taylor (nee Geraldine Guinness, Ch'en Cheo, Ho-nan, China Inland Mission, 1888—). — One of the most formidable obstacles we have to deal with in this missionary work is the terrible vice of opium smoking. Society is permeated with it. Its victims are found among all classes of the population. Opium dens abound on every hand, and the poisonous drug is smoked without disguise in the homes of the people. Men and women alike are enslaved by the habit, and untold suffer- ing and misery are the result. Opium smokers part with all they possess, run deeply into debt, and then even sell their vaves and children without compunction in order to sat- isfy their degrading appetite for the drug. One sad case may stand as an instance of many. In one of the great cities on that plain I was deeply mterested, some years ago, in a young woman who came regularly to our meetings. She was a tall, well-developed, intelligent girl, about twenty-four years of age, thoroughly respectable and holding a good situation in the city. Her husband was an opium smoker and unable to support her. He had consented to her going into service in order to earn a living for heiself and her little girl, who was about MRS. HOWARD TAYLOR. Classified Testimonies — China. 123 six years old. She was employed as a nurse by a well-to-do family in the city, and was in the habit of coming to our house with the children of her mistress to learn all we could teach her of the Gospel. One morning she spent some hours with us learn- ing to read, and drinking in the truth. She left about midday. Towards afternoon I was suddenly summoned to go out to an opium case. A woman had swallowed a large quantity of the poison, and they begged that I would come at once to save her life. Such calls were of frequent occurrence. In that city I have been sent for as many as four times in. one day to different houses in which young women have taken opium to poison themselves because of the misery of their lives. I went, of course, at once, taking with me the necessary medicines. The messenger led us out of the city to a wayside temple, where a large crowd of men had assembled to witness the dying agonies of the poor victim. They made way for me, and I paused rapidly through the crowd and knelt down beside the pros- trate form on the floor of the temple to see what condition the poor woman was in. Imagine the surprise and horror with which I discovered that the patient was none other than the girl who had been at our house that very morning. There she lay, unconscious and disheveled, breath- ing heavily, surrounded by that contemptuous and scoffing crowd. To mix medicines and raise her from the ground was the work of a few moments, and then came the more difficult task— to get her to swallow the rem- edies prepared. When I had at last succeeded in 124 Protection of Native Races. arousing her, I shall never forget the look vv^ith which she understood. "Oh," she cried imploringly, "do not ask me to take it. You are my friend. Let me die. I can- not live. You do not understand. I cannot pos- sibly take the medicine. I cannot possibly live. Oh, let me alone. Let me die quickly." Of course I had no time to argue or persuade her, but was obliged to make her take the medicine with- out delay. It was a terrible scene for several hours. At last the poison was thrown up and her life was saved. Then it was that my woman (a servant), who had accompanied me, drew me aside and said in an undertone, "Do you know why she took that opium?" "No," I said, surprised, "what was the reason?" "Look over there," she answered, point- ing to a corner of the temple: "do 5'ou see that man?" I looked and saw a wretched degraded- looking object, a man crouching in the corner of the temple, his face buried in his hands. I knew at a glance that he was an opium smoker, far gone in his downward course. Thin and haggard, and clothed in rags, he presented a miserable appear- ance. "That," she cried, with a look of horror, "is this young woman's husband. When she left our house this morning to go back to her mistress' home she found that he had come in from the country and was waiting for her. He told her that she must go with him at once. Greatly alarmed, she inquired the reason, but he would give no explanation. She managed, however, to discover from the other servants in the house the facts that some of them had got out of him during her absence. " For some time he had been rapidly going from bad to worse. Classified Testimonies — China. 125 The opium craving was strong upon him. He had sold everything and his luck at gambling had failed. Deeply in debt, he knew not where to turn. With an opium smoker's utter callousness to the suffer- ings of others, he had determined to make money out of his wife and little daughter. He had delib- erately sold them both to a man in a neighboring city to a life compared with which death were noth- ing. When the poor girl discovered this she was not long in making up her mind. She gathered together what little money she had, slipped out unobserved, ran to a neighboring shop and bought a large quantity of opium. This she; hastily swal- lowed, determined never to reach the end of that journey alive. She knew that there was no help for her in any other way. Of course they had not gone far outside the city before she was unable to proceed, and lay down in tLd.t wayside temple to die. And there she would have died unpitied — as so many hundreds of women do die in China every year — had it not been that missionaries were within reach who were able to save her life. But, oh! for what a life had we saved her! I almost felt when I heard it — stricken with grief and horror — that it would have been better to have let her die, even the opium suicide's awful death. In this particular instance the girl was rescued ; for when the people in the city heard what we had done they were moved to some compassion and made a contribution from door to door to buy her back from her husband so that the miserable man was sent away with money enough to pay his debts. This, however, was simply the outcome of our pres- ence and action in the matter. Had we not been there she would have died unpitied and unbe- 12^ Protection of Native Races. friended, as many hundreds do in China every year. ' Such is one solitary instance of the unutterable suffering wrought directly and indirectly through the fearful curse. Countless other facts of the same kind might be added did time permit. "//" thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and tliern that are ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not, doth not he that ponder- eth tlie heart consider it? A nd he that keepeth tlie soul, doth not he knozv it? and shall not he render to every inan according to his ivorks?" Rev. Joseph Cook, D.D., LL.D. (Boston, "Observa- tions as a Traveler"). — At Canton and Shanghai, in large parlor meetings of mis- sionaries, I have put written, elaborate questions and noted very carefully the replies, on the ravages of the opium habit in China. The testimony was unani- mous, detailed, conscientious, convincing, and its general effect was to produce, first, intense moral in- dignation against the promoters of the traffic, wheth- er British or Chinese ; and next, consternation at the JOSEPH COOK, LL.D. ' I believe the deaths in the whole of China from opium poisoning (suicidal) number fully two hundred thousand a year.— Witliam Hector Pari:, M.D., surgeon in charge of the Soochow Hospital, surgeon to the Imperial Maritime Customs^ etc., in "Opinions of over One Hundred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China, ' ' p. ^j. Classified Testimonies — China. 127 ravages themselves, their fatal breadth and virulence, personal, social, national. My study of the question through missionaries prepares ine to endorse every word of Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop's recent testi- mony on the subject on the ground of testimony from others than missionaries. She regards the information to be obtained in mission circles as the bes^t to be obtained anywhere. But, as there is a prejudice among certain poorly - in- formed classes of readers against this evidence, she draws her opinions wholly from other sources,' Her chapter in her recent volume on "The Yangtse Valley and Beyond" is the most authori- tative and appalling revela- tion of the horrors of the opium habit and of the in- iquity of the opium trade that I have yet seen after abundant search for the truth and the whole truth as to this cancer on the fair bosoms of China and India, and also as to the cancer-planters in England and elsewhere. Mrs. J. F. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird), F. R. Q. S. — Eight years ago it was rather exceptional for women and children ' smoke opium, but the Chi- nese estimate that in Sze Chuan and other opium- producing regions from forty to sixty per cent are now smokers. Where opium is not grown the habit is chiefly confined to the cities, but it is rapidly *" The Yangtse Valley and Beyond," by Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, Vol. ii., pp. 28o-2gq. MRS. J. F. BISHOP. 128 Protection of Native Races. spreading. Its existence is obvious among- the lower classes from the exceeding poverty which it entails. Millions of the worldng classes earn barely enough to provide them with what, even to their limited notions, are the necessaries of life, and the money spent on opium is withdrawn from these. It is admitted by the natives of Sze Chuan that one great reason for the deficient food supply which led to the famine and distress in the eastern part of the province in 1897, was the giving- of so much ground to the poppy that there was no longer a margin left on which to feed the population in years of a poor harvest. From all that I have seen and heard among the Chinese themselves, I have come to believe that even moderate opium smoking involves enormous risks, and that excessive smoking brings in its train commercial, industrial, and moral ruin and physical deterioriation, and this on a scale so large as to threaten the national well-being and the physical future of the race. At the close of 1898, a book was published by H. E. Chang Cliili-tung, who is described by foreigners long resident in China as having been for many years one of the most influential statesmen in the country, and as standing second to no official in the empire for ability, honesty, disinterestedness, and patriotism. He has filled in succession three of the most important vice - royalties in the empire. He writes of the opium evil as follows: "The injury done by opium is that of a stream of poison flowing on for more than a hundred years, and diffusing itself in twenty-two provinces. The sufferers from this injury amount to untold millions. Its consequences are insidious and seductive and the limii has not yet been reached. . . The injury is worse than any waste of wealth. Men's wills are Classified Testimonies — China. 129 weakened, their physical strength is reduced. In the man- agement of business they lack industry, they cannot journey any distance, their expenditure becomes extravagant, their children are few. After a few tens of years it will result in China's becoming altogether the laughing-stock of the world. ... If Confucius and Mencius were to live again, and were to teach the Empire . . . they would certainly begin by [teach- ing men] to break off opium. ' ' How is Cliina to emancipate herself from this rapidly-increasing habit, which is threatening to sap the hitherto remarkable energy of the race? ' A Chinese ^'■- S'^" '-'C" - Li, a Chinese govern- view of the ment official, Soochow, Foochow, ques on. Wuhu, in his introduction to " C//«w«5 of Over One Hundred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China," '^'^ writes as follows : "From ancient times to the present day there has never been such a stream of evil and misery as has come down upon China in her receiving the curse of opium. . . . The use has become so common that it is freely used throughout the Empire, and its victims num- ber tens of thousands. The slaves of the habit ' "The Yangtse Valley and Beyond," pp. 281, 285, 293, 297. i» ' ' Opinions of over One Hundred Physicians on the Use of Opium in China," a book of 100 octavo pages, sold by Pres- byterian Mission Press, Shanghai, at 30 cents, and can be ordered in the United States of The Reform Bureau, 210 Dela- ware Avenue, N. E. , Washington, D. C, at 40 cents. Besides dealing with medical aspects of the subject the book intimates, in many testimonies, that England has lost in the sale of other and better goods more than she has made out of her Chinese opium trade, which has hurt her also politically through its effect upon the public opinion of the world. This book is the first broadside of a new "Anti - Opium League," recently organized by missionaries of many denominations in China. The League suggests "an Anti-Opium Anglo-Amer- ican Alliance," 1 30 Protection of Native Races. become old, infirm ed and incapacitated before their time, and all finances are exhausted. This condi- tion is pitiable, but it is not the worst— for those who hold office on their part become greedy and grasping, those who are soldiers become nerveless, and the number of depraved population is increasing daily, while the wealth of the country steadily decreases. Doctors Du Bois and Park, having determined to invite expressions of opinion from all the foreign physicians residing and practicing med- consensus of -^-j^g -^^ China, havc sent out circulars 100 doctors ' , . . , . that the opium for the puTposc of obtammg their habit is evil observations and experience on the and only evil. it -1 subject of the advantages and disad- vantages of opium using. At this time there have been received about a hundred replies in all of which it distinctly stated that there is no advantage but only injury from the habit. Such a consensus OF OPINION CERTAINLY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED SUFFI- CIENT REASON FOR THE PROHIBITION OF IT. DT. Park proposes to file these replies and have AmeXa L"ght them presented to the governments of gave China England and America, so that the proper rom opium. ^j^fl^gjice may be brought to bear to prevent the cultivation of the poppy in India, as that country is the main source of the supply — for when the fountain is cleansed the stream will be pure. Yet there are those who argue that the production of opium is one of the chief industries of India, and that upon this source of revenue the government is largely dependent, and thus it is scarcely probable that such action could easily be taken. But is there any country the soil of which is incapable of pro- duction? If there are such places then of course no Classified Testimonies — China. 131 revenue may be obtained. Now if the cultivation of other crops be substituted, without doubt there will be an equal revenue. The continued produc- tion OF THAT WHICH IS AN EVIL TO MEN AND AN ^ INJURY TO NEIGHBORING KINGDOMS, ENTAILS A RE- PROACH AMONG ALL GENERATIONS, AND DESTROYS THE COUNTRY'S REPUTATION FOR ENLIGHTENMENT. ThuS as to which is better, advantage or disadvantage, it IS not necessary to enquire of the wise. Yet again there are those who say, "Suppose such a scheme be tried and opium cultivation be prohibited in India; already throughout China its production has been established, and thus to pro- hibit in India and permit in China only cuts off a source of income, and the trouble is still not rem- edied. " This may be true, but yet the whole matter really depends upon the British and American gov- ernments. If there is a desire to prohibit opium they should communicate with the Tsung-li Yamen and in concert come to an agreement concerning restric- tion OF POPPY cultivation. The woe that comes to China through opium is not only recognized by the government but every one that uses it is aware of its hurtfulness; thus zvhen both rulers and people are of one mind it could most easily be accomplished. Now in China there are very manv Opium a, i-L 1 root of riots. among the upper classes who seem to be in ignorance concerning the true state of affairs, and are not willing to blame the Chinese for their fault in using opium, but ascribe the real cause of the whole trouble to the avaricious- ness of foreigners and thus look upon them with hatred. Also, the ignorant masses, having even intenser antipathy toward them, zve continually see on every hand anti-missionary ojit breaks and riots, by 132 Protection of Native Races. which is caused much trouble and perplexity, as such affairs are most difficult to settle. If this plan that is being tried proves successful, and this evil to mankind is made to cease, then the real intention of Christianity would be plainly exem- plified. Would that it might be so ; my eyes long for the sight. Resolution on the "Opium Traffic" unanimously adopted at the supplemental meeting of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, held in Exeter Hall, London, June 2oth, 1888. "That this Conference, representing most of the Protestant missionary societies of the Christian world, desires to put on record its sense of the incal- culable evils, physical, moral, and social, which continue to be wrought in China through the opium trade — a trade which has strongly prejudiced the people of China against all missionary effort. That it deeply deplores the position occupied by Great Britain, through its Indian administration, in the manufacture of the drug, and in the promotion of a trade which is one huge ministry to vice. That it recognizes clearly that nothing short of the entire suppression of the trade, so far as it is in the power of the government to suppress it, can meet the claims of the case. And that it now makes its earnest appeal to the Christians of Great Britain and Ireland to plead earnestly with God, and to give themselves no rest, until this great evil is entirely removed. And, further, that copies of this resolu- tion be forwarded to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State for India." — Report of the Classified Testimonies — China. 133 Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, p. ^ji. "Let every missionary and every lay agent, and every woman, and ever child, refrain from being silent upon that question [the opium question]. The opium traffic is the greatest of modern abom- inations, and I believe that, unless it is corrected, it will bring upon this country of England one of the fiercest judgments that we have ever known." — The late Earl of Shaftesbury. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR CHINA." EFFORTS BY MISSIONARIES ON THE FIELD HOW TO HELP. 1. By inserting in the reports you send home for publication or for the perusal of your committees, facts with regard to the opium habit calculated to interest the readers, showing how degrading a vice it really is, and how greatly the connection of the British government with the trade hampers your efforts to make known the Gospel to the people of China. 2. By promoting the formation of anti-opium associations in China, and sending particulars of the work of such associations to the Society for the Sup- pression of the Opium Trade, Hon. Secretary J. G. Alexander, Esq., LL.B., Finsbury House, Bloom- field Street, E. C, London, England. 3. By prayer, both united and individual, for the following definite objects: a. That the rulers of Great Britain and of India may be made willing to put away the national sin of complicity in the opium trade. '1 These sugg-estions have been revised and approved by Rev. C. A. Stanley, D.D., Tientsin, American Board, 1862 — . 1 34 Protection of Native Races. b. That a blessing may rest upon the efforts of those who are seeking to enlighten the minds and consciences of the Christian public of Great Britain with regard to this question. c. That the Chinese authorities may be encouraged to deal vigorously with the native growth of the poppy. d. That they may renew their remonstrance against the importation of Indian Opium, in such a way as to show clearly that they still desire to rid China of this curse, notwithstanding the large rev- enue they now obtain from the drug. Prayer meetings of missionaries and native con- verts for these objects might, in some places, be possible, and would, doubtless, be attended with much blessing. [The above are, in substance, the suggestions made by the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, to the Decennial Missionary Confer- ence in China, 1890, to which the editors would add the following:] EFFORTS BY MEN AND WOMEN EVERYWHERE. 4. Continue the effort to arouse such a public sentiment as will influence the British government to discontinue the culture of the poppy in India. Also influence that government to seize the present opportunity to stop the importation of opium into China, and to press the Chinese government to pro- hibit its home growth, and thus cut off the main source of supply. 5. Strive to induce Great Britain, the United States and the other Christian powers to assure the Chinese government that no obstacles will be placed Classified Testimonies — China. 135 in the way of a renewal of her former prohibitions concerning opium. 6. Missionaries and all friends of humanity should urge China to renew her former prohibition regard- ing intoxicants. This law should be brought up to date, and include in the prohibited list lager beer, with which so many begin their downward career to a drunkard's grave. [The opium tragedy of China should prompt measures of prevention in the United States, in the light of its increased use, as shown by the following table. Why should we not wholly prohibit its importation in forms prepared for vicious consump- tion?] THE IMPORTATION OP OPIUM BY THE UNITED STATES. From U. S. Bureau of Statistics. Opium— crude or un- manufactured — free. Opium — crude or unmanufactured —dutiable. Prepared for smok- ing, and other con- taming less than 9 per cent of mor- phia—dutiable. Lbs. Dollars, Lbs. Dollars. Lbs. Dollars. 1890. . 473,095 77.057 1,183,712 220,743 34,465 74.462 79,466 62,222 50,102 139,765 98,745 157,061 100,258 124,214 142,479 269,586 567,035 547,528 446,422 310,771 920,006 735,134 1,132,861 652,341 828,203 1,065,965 I89I.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894. . 389,497 587,118 615.957 716,881 358,455 365,514 1,072,914 14,414 981,632 1,029,203 1,186,824 1,691,914 730,669 683,347 2,184,727 32,340 1895.. 1896. . 1897.. 1898.. l8qQ. 109,431 513,499 544.928 233,267 1,223,951 1,123,756 igoo. . 136 Protection of Native Races. Mrs. Isobel Strong, a stepdaughter of Robert Louis Stev- enson, and for many years his amanuensis, sends the following letter, dated December i, 1900, to the President of the N. W. C. T. U. Mrs. Strong has resided in Samoa and is familiar with the language. I would like to draw your attention to something that is going on in our new possessions in Samoa. The natives, as you know, have never taken to the white man's vice of drink- ing. There has always been careful legislation on the subject by the kfings themselves and by the various powers who have helped to rule that distracting little group. Tutuila,' America's share of Samoa, has been singularly free from dissensions, native wars and troubles. It is a peaceful, attractive spot, won- derfully beautiful, with its high mountains covered, and the peaks with luxuriant vegetation and dense forests. The natives are increasing in population. Their iine physique, good looks and excellent health they owe to their out-of-door life and cleanly habits. Do you know that^ a saloon is being built at Tutuila (called by courtesy a hotel) and a license to sell liquor has been granted the proprietors? I am not a member of a temperance union nor do I believe in total abstinence, but when it is the greater question of a race of singularly attractive and kindly people put absolutely into the power of the Americans, it is a different matter, and one that should be looked into by wiser people than the writer. The drinking habits of Europeans in remote hot climates has often been commented on by travelers, but few people realize the swift and terrible consequences of intemperance in such places. The men-of-war running to Pago Pago will surely carry enough liquor for their own need. Though Tutuila has been a refuge for whaling fleets in the old days, and for ten ^rears a coaling station for American ships, there has never before been any saloon tolerated there or any liquor sold on the island. Why shoufd we be the first to introduce it here? Drink has done terrible damage to Hawaii; and as the Samoans are a much hardier race than the Hawaiians, with more moral stamina and strength of mind as well as body, it seems a great pity that we should be the people to tempt them to their ruin. Will you kindly look into this matter for the honor of our country and the welfare of a people wholly in our hands? I have lived nine years in Samoa and eight years in Hawaii, and I know whereof X speak. Japan. REV. A. D, QRINQ. KYOTO, PKOTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF AMERICA, 1879. There can be no shadow of doubt that since the gates of the Island Empire of the Pacific were thrown wide open to Western civilization much that has already been and will continue to be of signal and lasting inj ury has poured in. Of those evils none can compare with intoxicants, which have been sent to Japan in large quantities and of every conceiv- American ^^1® Variety. Later, manufactories of Breweries liquors, of bccr principally, were u tipiymg. erected in Yokohama and near Osaka. These breweries are doing a large and flourishing business. About a year ago it was reported in the Japan Mail that another American brewery was to be erected north of Tokyo with a capital of three million yen, which is equivalent to about $1,500,000. American wines and liquors are also used through- out Japan. Only recently large quantities of alcohol and whisky were shipped to Japan and an attempt was made to smuggle it into the country. The smugglers were discovered, and a duty of 250 per cent was placed upon the "white whisky," as it was called. Throughout the length and breadth of beautiful Japan, in all larger and smaller cities and villages, foreign drinks are easily obtainable, to the great 137 Protection of Native Races. injury of the people. The Japanese have an intox- icant of their own, sake, which has ruined its mil- lions. Our foreign drinks will add millions more, unless the Japanese government set this and other Christian governments the example of forbidding their manufacture and sale. The Christian people of this and other lands should exhaust all possible and proper methods to arrest and control this evil traffic which has assumed such enormous proportions everywhere. We are not prepared to say how this is to be done. We don't know. But of this we are sure, that this great evil has assumed such proportions and daring as to alarm the sober-minded and thinking people of the International WOrld. Some- prohibition thing must be for the world, j . done now by in- dividuals, but soon the gov- ernments of the world must take it up and deal with it as they would deal with the black plague, the cholera and the famine. These have slain their millions, but drink has slain its tens of millions. May God grant that those who have long suffered from their terrible afHiction may be speedily relieved. Rev. John L. Dearing (Yokohama, Baptist Mis- sionary Union, 1889— ).— No country in the world suffers less from the opium traffic than Japan. The laws forbidding its importation are most strict. Japan has not lived as a neighbor to China without REV, J. L. DEARING. Classified Testimonies — Japan. 139 learning the lesson which that opium-cursed empire so sadly teaches the world. Chinamen living in Japan do smuggle the drug into the country and its curse is felt in a measure among the Chinese res- idents. I have never known of a Japanese being addicted to its use. Every Chinaman coming to Japan is thoroughly examined to see if he has opium about his person before he is permitted to land. The Japanese Government has taken a noble stand — one worthy of imitation by our Government in the Phil- ippines — in prohibiting the opium traffic in Formosa.^ 1 Prohibition of Opium in Formosa. — The Japanese Gov- ernment has adopted a similar but more complete measure of prohibition in Formosa, than that adopted by the Indian Gov- ernment in Burma. That island appears to have been the first part of the Chinese Empire to acquire the vice of opium smoking. Dr. Dudgeon states that the first Chinese Imperial edict against opium smoking, that of 1729, applied in the first instance only to Formosa, though shortly afterwards extended to the whole empire. The vice has continued to be very widely practiced by the Chinese inhabitants of Formosa to the present time. When the Japanese first obtained possession of the island they issued strict orders to their own troops prohibiting them from indulging in the habit, and warning them that any Jap- anese found doing so would be as strictly punished as in their own country. Later, a proclamation was issued, denouncing under penalty of death, the supply of opium and opium pipes to the Japanese. There was some natural hesitation in apply- ing to the inhabitants of the newly-conquered island, the stringent prohibition of the drug which is enforced in Japan itself. Finding, however, that it would be impossible to pre- vent their own people from acquiring the pernicious habit, unless the prohibition were extended to the entire population, they resolved on this measure, and accepted the recommenda- tion of their medical adviser that provision should be made by a. government officer for the wants of confirmed opium-smok- ers, to whom the total stoppage of their supply might involve great suffering, or even death. A decree was accordingly 1 40 Protection of Native Races. Wherever the ships of war of the Western nations congregate there will be liquor saloons. The open ports of Japan, notably Yokohama, Kobe and Naga- saki, where the various ships of war of America and European nations assemble, and where the mer- chant ships of the world come in large numbers, are attractive ground for saloons and poor liquor. This has but little effect upon the Japanese so far as encouraging drinking is concerned. The Japanese have their own liquor and do not like the foreign distilled liquors. These rum shops where sailors and other foreigners drink are not much frequented by the Japanese. Their effect upon the natives is to European and ^ American arousc a Contempt for the countries rum shops represented by sellers and drinkers rouse contempt. alike. In the early days no distinction was made between the missionaries and the sailors, and of course even at the present time the work of the missionary is greatly hindered by the evil influ- ence of these rum shops. The next morning after treaty revision came into force in Japan, in July, 1899, by which Japanese laws are made to apply to all European residents, and violators of the law are no longer tried by con- sular courts but are subject to Japanese coarts and Japanese prisons, Yokohama was shocked by the report of a murder by an American citizen of an American and a Japanese while under the influence of drink. This took place in one of the rum shops above mentioned, and thus America had the dis- issued, dated 24th February, 1896, which forbids the import of opium into Formosa, except as a medicine, and the purchase and sale of the drug in the island. —Extract from the Annual Report of the Society for the Suppression of the Opiuni Trade, i8g6. Classified Testimonies — Japan. 141 grace of seeing one of its own citizens the first to suffer arrest under the new treaties and after con- viction meet his deserved death on the gallows at the hands of the Japanese government. What has been said applies to the rum Beer saloons shops for the Sale of distilled liquors. are becomings am popxuar. A new peril is the recently increased CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WHICH IS A GROW- ING EVIL. This beer has been introduced into the country by Europeans,' who have in some cases built breweries. Much money is made in the man- ufacture of Japanese beer, which is sold in other countries also. Everywhere in the land this "for- eign beer," made in Japan, is on sale, and is con- sumea in enormous quantities. Let us never forget the disgraceful and humiliating spectacle that we present to the world of the East in our drinking habits. That the nations which lead in civilization and Christian work should at the' same time lead in this traffic and make such beasts of themselves because of it is a thing that the Oriental cannot comprehend. The example is a hindrance to all good influences which emanate from our shores, and causes the native to question the sincerity and truth of our best deeds. A religion which produces such fruit is not the religion for the East, is a thought that the missionary often meets in one form of expression or another. Miss H. Parmelee (Maebashi, American Board, 1877 — ). — The Japanese have long had sake, but ™ ., . . . now thev have all sorts of beer and dis- Beer drinkingr •' rapidly tilled liquors imported from this coun- increasing. ^^^ ^^^ from Germany, and they have obtained from Germany instructors and teachers in 2 By Americans also, as consular reports show. 142 Protection of Native Races. the art of making beer, and they are teaching the Japanese now how to make their own beer, and as you travel about through the country you will see these great smokestacks from the breweries every- where. For years now these intoxicating drinks have been on sale at the railway stations, and you can buy them by the bottle, and they are offered to you constantly. About a month before I left Japan a beer hall was opened as an experiment in Tokyo. Before that beer had been sold only by the bottle. The sales on the first day of the opening of this beer hall amounted to thousands of glasses, and within two week's time three more beer halls, as they are called, were opened in Tokyo. It is safe to predict that within one year's time these beer halls — and they are practically the American saloon — ^will be everywhere all over Japan. Rev. H. J. Rhodes (Tokyo and Okayama, Christian Convention, 1889-1892). — The introduction of Amer- Another Bays: ^^an beer iuto Japan has proved, and is Beer habit proving, a hindrance to the work of growing. missions. The native drink, sake, is bad enough, but the beer is more seductive. The habit of beer-drinking is growing among the young men of the wealthier class, and is a constant men- ace to our work. Miss E. A. Preston (Kobe, Canadian Methodist Board, twelve years' service). — The national drink of Japan is sake, distilled from rice, containing about 14 per cent of alcohol. It is used universally for culinary purposes, also as a beverage by men, forming one of the great attractions of their ban- quets. Its effects are easily seen in the flushed face, in the body bloated to an unsightly size, in the stupefied or maddened brain, the ruined property. Classified Testimonies — Japan. 143 the unhappiness of the home, the suffering of wife and children, and in the shortening of life. Tobacco is smoked in little pipes, publicly and privately, by women as well as men. It was intro- duced into Japan by the Dutch, and hence, as one of our Japanese Christians has expressed it, it is "a Western barbarianism. ' ' The evils arising from the use of native liquors and tobacco in Japan have been greatly intensified by the introduction of wines and other liquors, cigars and cigarettes — -some more or less adulterated — from so-called Christian countries, while their manufacture has been frequent- ly imitated on native soil. On the one hand, the mission- ary takes the Gospel and incul- cates the principle of total abstinence from the use of in- toxicating drinks — and some of us from tobacco too — while on the other hand our Christian nations allow the unrestricted traffic of articles most detri- mental to the well-being of men, thus to a certain extent nullifying our work. We have to contend also with the fact that in Yokohama and other places there are most heart- saddening and repulsive exaniples of men from Christian countries who have been enslaved by the awful drink habit and kindred vices. The Japanese are too shrewd not to perceive that somewhere there is a discrepancy between precept and practice. MRS. E. A. PRESTON. 144 Protection of Native Races. In Japan to-day sake and tobacco are heavily taxed, while the Japanese government puts to the _ , blush our Christian administrations by Japan's -' anti-tobacco its prohibition of the importation of *"■ opium, not only into Japan, but into Formosa as well, and its law recently passed for- bidding the sale of tobacco to minors and all stu- dents, and its use by them.^ ^ Recently a law of great importance has been promulgated with reference to the use of tobacco by minors. The law- became operative on April i, 1900, In this law a youth of less than twenty years is regarded as a minor. If a minor is caught smoking, the penalty in his case is not so severe, being only the confiscation of his to- bacco and smoking implements; but the parent or guardian wittingly allowing a youth to smoke be- comes liable to a fine not exceeding one yen, that is, a Jap- anese dollar, and a tobacconist wittingly selling tobacco, cigars, or cigarettes for the use of a minor may be fined ten yen. Since the promulgation of this law, the Minister of Education has issued an instruction carrying the restrictions still farther, namely, that all students in schools of elementary or middle grade, without reference to age, shall be forbidden to use tobacco in any form. This reaches the case of many who have passed the age prescribed by law, and inaugurates a reform sadly needed and as eageriy welcomed by all who have the interests of this people at heart. The bill was introduced HON. SHO NEMOTO, M.P. Classified Testimonies — Japan. 145 A grand, prosperous, con- tinually - expanding temper- ance work is being done in Japan. There is a national- society composed of various affiliated bodies, including the W. C. T. U.* Rev. Otis Cary (Kyoto, American Board, 1878 — ). — Many visitors to Japan have reported that there is little intemperance here. One reason of this impression is that most of the drinking is done in the homes, in hotels and brothels, where the drink- ers remain until the intoxication has passed away. Hence, except on religious holidays and similar occasions, few drunken people are seen upon the streets. Moreover, the Japanese are seldom quar- REV. OTIS GARY. by the Hon. Sho Nemoto, M.P., whose picture is given here- with, and whose statesmanlike act should be imitated in all lands. Mr. Nemoto is a Christian, and his enlightened views regarding the use of tobacco, and on many other moral ques- tions, are based upon Christian principles. Not only does Mr. Nemoto recognize this but he wishes not to take all the honor to himself for this good work, desiring to share it with his great and good benefactor, the late Hon. Frederick Billings, under whose care he was educated in the University of Ver- mont, and who said to him, "I wish you to be useful in Japan." Mr. Nemoto says of Mr. Billings, "His loving spirit is always working in me." — Joseph Co sand. ^ Miss Clara Parrish, seventh around-the-world missionary of the W. C. T. U. , started out with the interests of Japan upon her heart, and "set her prayerful stakes" to obtain 1,000 pledged total abstainers among the young women in the schools and colleges of that country. Her prayers and tactful, per- 146 Protection of Native Races. relsome when intoxicated. They are usually good- natured and give themselves to singing and various antics that strangers might not recognize as signs of intoxication. I fear, however, that a change is tak- ing place in this respect, owing to the introduction of foreign liquors whicli are stronger and are likely to produce a more violent type of intoxication. In recent j^ears large quantities of alcohol imported from Western lands have been used in making various artificial beverages. The government has lately imposed upon this alcohol a duty of 250 per cent. To get around this tax medicinal tinctures of various kinds have been imported and the alcohol distilled from them. So-called "white whisky," containing 65 per cent of alcohol was imported and had to pay only 40 per cent duty; but the govern- ment has now decided that it must be classed with alcohol. Intemperance is here as everywhere a great obstacle to the work of the missionary. Drinkers are unwilling to give up their cups. sistent labors were more than answered. Over 1,000 girls became members, and an efficient young Japanese woman, Miss Tami Mitani, was made General Secretary, under whose charge the work has grown, and she has become an acceptable speaker and organizer, her father having been quite won over to the cause. Another outcome of the work of the W. C. T. U. in Japan was the organization of The National Temperance League, composed of men, which has had a most encouraging growth. It is non-partisan and non-sectarian, but its leaders are Christians, and all meetings are opened by singing and prayer. It is now arranging to present to the present session of the Diet a bill to prohibit the sale of liquor to minors, which will be brought before the Diet by the Hon. Sho Nemoto. The Hon. Tars Ando, former minister to Hawaii, is the head of the League. Those who desire full reports should address Miss Clara Parrish, Paris, 111. Classified Testimonies — Japan. 147 Saloons Among other evils copied from those of a new thing westcrn lands has been the opening in Japan. cities of "beer halls," and still more lately we have had "rum halls," as the Japanese are beginning to manufacture rum. Formerly the country was without anything similar to our saloons or grogshops, but we fear that they are now fast- ened upon us by these new institutions. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR JAPAN.^ There can be little doubt that among the special perils that threaten the highest interest of Japan the introduction of foreign intoxicants — beer, wine and whisky — are among the gravest. Japan, however, is fortunate in being able to control public perils to her people more easily perhaps than, most nations. .What she has already done to prohibit opium and tobacco to the young and old she could easily do with all native and foreign intoxicants. This action, of course, will be obliged to come from those Japanese statesmen, philanthropists and scholars who realize the danger and will seels; to secure legislation in the matter. No foreigner, of course, could hope to do this. That such legislation would be hailed by all Christians and well-wishers of Japan goes without saying. That day is still far distant when every man will be a law unto himself in the fear of God, in meeting these and other perils that threaten the individual, the home, the country and the church. Until that day comes, however, may we not expect that governments will do for their people what they cannot do for themselves in legislating the evils out of the reach of men as far ^ These suggestions have been revised and approved by Miss Clara Parrish. 148 Protection of Native Races. as possible, and then we shall have fewer falls because there will be fewer temptations to fall. [To the foregoing suggestions made by Rev. A. D. Gring, previously quoted, the editors would add the following:] Japan's special peril is from the recent introduc- tion of beer, and with it the American saloon. Missionaries and teachers in that country, and its own progressive statesmen, who may lose through permitting beer and other intoxicants what they have gained by antagonizing opium and tobacco, are called, as by a firebell, to a swift and thorough study of the physical, moral, social and political influence of the American beer saloon. Missionaries and teachers in Japan should fully expose the fallacy that lager beer is the lesser of two evils, and a relatively harmless substitute for distilled liquors. Not only its personal effects should be studied and promulgated, but also its social effects. The smaller percentage of alco- hol in each glass leads to more frequent and longer visits to the saloon than in the case of dis- tilled liquors, and thus the saloon becomes a place of lounging, loafing, treating, and plotting all sorts of evil— a very nesting place of vice, crime and anarchy. The testimony of physicians and others as to the effect of beer in producing Bright's dis- ease, dropsy and sunstroke, and the experience of surgeons as to the frequent collapse of beer drinkers under even slight surgical operations, can be obtained from the National Temperance Society, 3 West Eighteenth Street, New York, for 25 cents. (See suggestions as to Turkey, Bulgaria, India, Korea and China, many of which are equally appro- priate to Japan.) General Discussions of the Evil and its Remedies. A NEW EMANCIPATION DEMANDED. ADDRESS BY REV. THEODORE L. CUYLER, D.D. EX-PRESIDENT NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY, AT ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, I900. [Report below,' taken by New York "Witness, was sent us by Dr. Cuyler as "the only verbatim report."] Fellow -soldiers of Christ, all hail ! This Conference has been dealing with many impor- tant problems touching the ad- vancement of the kingdom of Christ ; but there remains another problem, very important, on which I have been requested to address you to- night. And al- though it is not allowed to present resolutions at this Conference, if I were to do so I would phrase one something like ' The New York Times said in introducing its report of this address: "As Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler stepped forward he was greeted with a burst of applause that was hardly sur- passed by that with which President McKinley was received on the opening night. This was repeated several times at tell- ing points in his address." 149 DR. THEODORE L. CUYLER. 1 50 Protection of Native Races. this: "That, whereas, one of the most important obstacles to the spread of the Gospel among many native races is the importation of alcoholic liquors by Christian nations; Resolved, that our Christianity needs a little more Christianizing at the core." (Great applause.) And I am sure that if our beloved and honored Christian statesman, ex-Pres- ident Harrison, were here to-night, he would second this resolution, for in that grand address in which he set the keynote of the Conference he uttered this memorable sentence: "The men who like Paul have gone to heathen lands with the message, 'We seek not yours, but you,' have been hindered" — mark the words — "hindered by those who, coming after, have reversed it. Rum and other corrupting agen- cies come in with our boasted civilization, and the feeble races wither before the hot breath of the white man's vices." The history of foreign missions has been a con- firmation and a commentary of our noble President's Christian truc words. For how many years have nations make g^ips from Christian ports carried mis- ten drunkards . . . ^ , . to one sionaries m the cabm, and rum, fire- christian. arms and opium in the hold? Even Britain and America have held out to heathen races the Bible in one hand and the bottle in the other hand; and the bottle has sent ten to perdition where the Bible has brought one to Jesus Christ. A heathen Four years ago Khama, the Christian chief pleading chicftaiu of Bcchuaualand, converted for prohibition, ^j^^gj. Livingstoue, went to London on an extraordinary mission. He went there to tell that he had made a prohibitory law for the protec- tion of his tempted subjects, the poor negroes ; but, he' said, the chief difficulty he had was the smug- Discussion of the Evil and Its Remedies. 151 gling in of liquors by British subjects, and so he implored Her Majesty's government to second his efforts by enacting measures to make prohibition successful. Think of it! A converted African savage on his knees before a Christian queen imploring her people not to poison his own nation! But we have something nearer home than that. Among all the honored heads that have been on Dr. Pati>n's this platform, none has been looked appeal. upon with more reverence than the good gray head of that veteran, John G. Paton, of the New Hebrides (applause) — the grandest man that Scotland has sent out since Livingstone went from his knees in Africa to God's throne, and since the echoes have died away of the voice of Alexander Duff in India. My old friend Paton came here a few years ago— what for? To implore the American government — yours and mine — to prohibit the importation of firearms and whisky among his Christians of the New Hebrides. The grace of God had saved them from cannibalism, but the question was whether they could be saved from the importations of Christian America. I am coming closer home than that. All political subjects are properly quarantined in this Confer- ence, and you may be certain I am not Phmp°Ptaes!'"' Soing to handle the hot potato of the Philippine problem (laughter) in any of its political aspects. But whatever the future rela- tions of our country may be to the millions of those immortal beings, we are now before God and before Christendom responsible for their moral condition as much as any mother in that gallery is responsible for the child she kissed to-night in the crib. There is the flag. That means authority, oppor- 152 Protection of Native Races. timity, responsibility. If there is anything that a true American adores next to his Bible it is the blessed old Stars and Stripes. (Applause.) But, mark you, it is a most terrible truth that that flag — "Old Glory," as they call her — floats to-night over about four hundred American drinking dens and American slaughter houses of body and soul in the town of Manila. (Voices — -"Shame!") Shame! shame! shame! (Applause.) If the flag means the protection of those drinking holes, then, for heav- en's sake, hang it at half-mast. The highest authority vs^ith reference to the native races there is my friend President Schurman, of Cornell, who was President of the Philippine Com- mission. President Schurman says: "I regret that the Americans allowed the saloon to get a foothold in the islands. That has hurt us more than anything else. We suppressed the cockfight, and then per- mitted saloons and dramshops to flourish. The one emphasized the Filipino frailty and the other revealed the American vice." And he adds: "It was most unfortunate that we introduced and established the saloons there, for they will not only corrupt the natives, but exhibit to the world the vices of our own race." Schurman says: "We found them a sober people when we went." And he observes in another place: "They are catching our vices, and coming under the thraldom of those drinking houses. One of them said to me, 'You brought the blessings of civilization, and have lined our most splendid avenues with five hundred dram- shops. ' " ^ 2 Rev. W. K. McKibbin, Missionary in China of the Ameri- can Baptist Missionary Union, writes us on the shame of our island saloons as follows: "The difference between the burden Discussion of the Evil and Its Remedies. 153 I am not going to weary you to-night with any more sickening statistics. We have heard enough from the chaplains of our gallant army there, and the workers of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion there, and from Bishop Thoburn — all confirm- ing the story of the terrible debasement and demoralization of those beautiful islands. What is to be done? Abraham Lincoln once by a single stroke of his pen swept away the darkest The President blot on our national escutcheon. (Ap- appeaied to. plausc.) And if the same pen can be found, and our honored President with the same dashing stroke will extinguish this most terrible stigma on our character and our Christianity, I tell you we will give him a shout that will make the ovation he got on this platform last Saturday night appear but the murmur of a zephyr. (Applause.) I must not devote too much time to a description of the stig'ma that we are praying may be lifted from our beloved land — and I have talked very freely about my native country on the same priiiciple as that of Randolph of Roanoke, who said; "I never let anybody abuse Virginia but myself. ' ' Let this of the islands and the burden at home is that here we are our- selves the sole sufferers and the sole witnesses to our shame ; whereas on the islands we are forcing the leprosy of our cor- ruption upon the wards of the nation , and are doing it on the house-tops, in the face of the nations of the earth. Our island dependencies will be to us a savor of live unto life or of death unto death. If we sweep the saloons of Manila into the sea and rule the islands in truth and righteousness, we may save not only them, but, by the reflex influence, save ourselves also. If we sell out our island wards to the saloon keepers, and to a carpet-bagging administration of their confreres, we both pub- lish to the world our national impotence and we deaden the national conscience, our only hope for better things at home. " 154 Protection of Native Races. All uatious called to help great Conference send a protest to all Christian peo- ples iinploring them to prohibit the introd action of alcoholic intoxicants among those temptable native races of the earth. Eight years ago sixteen nations — our own among them, I am happy to say — enacted a treaty forbid- ding the introduction of alcoholic drink into the Congo country of Africa. That establishes the principle. (Applause). Now, what we want is an enlargement. This Con- ference asks — na)^, implores — the Christian nations of the earth, in the name of a common humanity, out of pity for the weak races that God has bidden us treat as our brethren, for the credit of Christian- ity and for the glory of God, to pass such legislation as shall sweep out of existence this terrible curse of humanity, this destruction of God's children. I implore you all to use all your in- fluence, with pen, with press and tongue, to carry out this great proposal that has been presented. (Prolonged ap- plause.) Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, M.D . D. D. (Ma- danapalli, Arcot, India, Dutch Re- formed Board, 1859 — forty years' service). — One of REV. JACOB CHAMBERLAIN, M.D. , D. D. Discussion of the Evil and Its Remedies. 155 the most persistent, all-pervading and boldest obsta- cles to the Christianizing of the lands of the Orient and the islands of the sea is the opium and the liquor traffic. For the opium traffic in China Christian America is not, thank God, responsible. But in those lands where there is no moral stamina to stand up against the drinking habit, how are we put to the blush to see branded on the empty whisky, rum, beer, barrels and kegs that roll about the streets, "Made in America" ! Shame, shame! if we cannot put down or prevent the liquor traffic at least in the new possessions that have come under our sway, for it sends thousands to destruction for every one saved by the labors of the missionary! God zvill call our nation to account if it thus damns those it has professed to rescue from oppression. 156 Protection of Native Races. "I protest against this trafBc (the liquor traffic) because of its demoralizing effect upon the native races. We know some- thing of what it is at home, but these natives .are simply grown-up children, — they are in the position of minors or infants here among us ; and if }'0U insist and rightly insist by law that they who sell liquor to children — minors^shall be punished, will you force this traffic upon nations who are all minors together? "I protest against this trafBc because of its destructive influence on all legitimate commerce. I appeal here to the selfishness, if you will, of the trading community as a whole, — and I ask them in the name of common sense and righteous- ness if they are going to allow this traffic to deprive them of all honest gain in those countries which in so wonderful a way have been opened up to trade in modern times. If you can force rum upon them you cannot give them cotton goods, for if they buy rum they will have nothing to buy the cotton with. Therefore, for the sake of those who are engaged in legitimate commerce, I ask that this should be prohibited. "I protest against this detestable traffic because of its neu- tralizing effect upon the efforts of our Christian missions. ' Why should we go to the heathen world handicapped and hampered by these men, who have no care but to make money, and who have yoked the car of appetite to the car of mammon that they might ride all the more surely over men? ;) ' 'And, brethren, let us, as representatives of the missionary societies of the world, rise in our might and say that it is time that we should be unhindered, it is time that we should be unhampered. If the Christian churches of England, and Europe, and America were united, and earnest, and right, no evil in the world could stand before them."— IVm. M. Taylor, D.D., at Centenary Missionary Conference, London, 18S8. An International Native Races Com= mittee Proposed. ADDRESS BY C. F. HARFORD=BATTERSBY, M.D. Principal of Livingstone College, London, Honorary Secretary Native Races and the Liquor Traffic United Committee. AT ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, 1900.' We have heard much of the un- fortunate divisions among Christian people and of the need of comity and co-operation. In the British Com- mittee for the Pro- tection of Native Races every great missionary socie- ty of Great Britain and nearly all the great temperance societies are feder= ated, and with vifhat result? The Committee was formed in 1887 with the Duke of Westminster as President and the ' Dr. Harford-Battersby not only presented this subject in a regular meeting of the Conference, but also iu the Supplemen- tal Meeting, from a stenographic report of which last we have added some important paragraphs not included in the regular address, which is taken from the official stenographer's notes. 157 iS8 Protection of Native Races. Archbishop of Canterbury as Chairman. In 1889- 1890 the subject of the liquor traffic was brought before a great conference of the powers of Europe in Brussels. That conference was called to deal with the slave trade, but at the suggestion of the British government, acting under the influence of this Committee, the sale of liquors to native races was also considered, and most important legislation was enacted, namely, that in the territories of Africa where traffic in alcoholic spirits had not pen- etrated, it should be prohibited, and in other parts where it could not be entirely prohibited there should be some small duty put upon extensions of the traffic.^ That gave us the general prohibition for principle that it was right for nations to native races. -, ^ . ^ , . combine to deal with this question. As a result of that the trade in alcoholic spirits has been kept out of the greater part of the Congo Free State, that part which is not contiguous to the French Congo and the Portuguese Congo. At the mouth of the Congo the status in this matter is very far from satisfactory. These destroyers have since been prohibited in a great territory in the central part of Africa, about the upper waters of the Niger. ^ And in that recent conquest of Great Britain, the Egyptian Sou- dan, Lord Kitchener declared that liquor should not be sold or given to the native races. 2 Germany defeated, at an international conference in Berlin in 1884-1885, a movement to have the powers unite in the pro- hibition of the liquor traffic in certain parts of West Africa, although the traffic was doing fearful mischief. 5 The more intelligent natives of the Tomab country, on the Niger, heathen and Mohammedan as well as Christian, are earnest supporters of a strong temperance- policy. An International Committee Proposed. 159 In 1899 a conference of the Powers of Europe was held to consider this one question alone, the sale of liquors to native races. As one has said, it was the most remarkable . temperance meeting ever held in , the history of the world. They met in Brussels, and although they did not do all that we could have wished, they took one more step in the right direc- tion, raising the duty on liquors in the Congo region outside of the prohibition district from the too low minimum agreed on in 1892, which was about 10 cents a gallon in American money, to about 52 cents a gallon, which was thought to be prohibitory for the poor natives. We must not be satisfied until these and better regulations are established among all the weak races of the world. I will give you a few instances of the kind of thing that is being carried on in connection with this Pictures of traffic in West Africa, where I have tue rum curse had a great deal of experience in four visits that I have made there, three times as a missionary, and once on a special visit. The missionaries all say that one of the greatest obstructions in the way of spreading the Gospel is the traffic in liquors. A few years ago it was not to be compared to what it is now. Not long since, one of the missionaries told me, a bottle of liquor would satisfy all the people in town, but she writes, "Now I see men standing around a barrel of whisky with brass kettles waiting to get them filled, and little children drinking what may be left in any vessel. ' ' Gin and whisky are being brought into West Africa in great quantities. In their pure state they surely are bad enough, but in Africa they are made even more deadly by vilest adulterants. i6o Protection of Native Races. and in many parts of West Africa this sort of gin is at present practically the currency of the country. That is, if a person wishes to buy the necessaries of life they will often use spirits as currency. This is a very serious evil because many of the natives who desire to have nothing to do with drink say that it is impossible for them to do their tradin-g without it. I am thankful to say that the Christian people of Africa are realizing the awful wrong of employing alcoholic spirits in connection with trade. Now what about the United States? I have come to plead with you to join in this great movement. In the Coeur de Lion, where I have many times been, I remember there was one factory alone which did not sell strong drink, and the reason was that the ladies of America had prevailed upon the man- agers of that American factory not to sell such drinks in connection with their trade. I trust we shall have your co-operation in this greater matter of the protection of all native races. It is one of the most distressing things foTperation ^ ^vcr heard, that the venerable Dr. needed to Paton Came here some years ago and worid orusade. ^^ked the United States to prohibit its traders to sell liquors and firearms to the natives of the New Hebrides, and that he failed to accomplish anything, and had to return to the islands disheartened. The United States has stood against the action of other Christian nations on that subject, as Dr. Paton told us. This is a very great responsibility. I lay it upon you who are citizens of the United States to see to it that your govern- ment does something in this matter. I propose that there shall be formed in this coun- try just such a committee as has been formed in An International Committee Proposed. i6i England on this subject. It has representatives in Belgium and in France and in Germany. We desire to make a great International Native Races Committee, containing representatives from all Christian Nations. I appeal to the temperance workers in the United States to take the matter up and deal with it with real common sense, because we can do harm if we do not deal with this ques- tion in a common sense way. I believe this question should be dealt with by itself. You should get people of both political parties interested in this question. If this is done all right thinking people must come to feel that it is imperative that any country calling itself a Christian country should deal promptly with this matter. It is a significant thing that v;e are put here to speak with the Bible resting on the Stars and Stripes. Is this flag of yours to be stained by helping to prolong that awful evil? For the honor of the flag, if for nothing else, it is imperative that the United States should co-operate with other nations in this great inter- national reform. „ ^ ^. I appeal to the statesman of this coun- Debaacnlng: ^ ^ native racea try. This is a matter in the interest of bad for trade, commerce, because a people that are demoralized by rum are not a commercial people. Sir George Goldey, when Governor of a chartered company in the Niger Country, strongly supported a prohibition policy on commercial grounds. Get your statesmen to realize that it is the most suicidal policy, from a commercial standpoint, to ship to the natives of these countries this killing, pauperizing drink.which destroys buying power and the very buyers themselves. We have found that wherever the liquor traffic has increased by leaps 1 62 Protection of Native Races. and bounds commerce has gone back correspond- ingly, and contrariwise. It is very foolish to allow alcoholic spirits to be imported into these great regions over which our civilized nations have influ- ence, because it interferes with all legitimate action and all proper commerce. I appeal to the press of the country — the press that wields such a powerful influence — to take the matter up and agitate it, and see that the right opinion is formed on this important subject; and let all co-operate as Christian men and women who are interested in missions in seeing that to whatever nation we belong, our flag shall never be stained by the knowledge that we have helped to demoralize the weaker races of the world. MISSION FIELDS UNDER AMERICAN FLAG. THE Alaska. When Russia, in 1867, sold to the United States the vast district of Alas- ka, as it was chiefly popu- lated by In- dians and sim- ilar native races the pro- hibitory policy as to liquor selling- that had previously been in force in the Indian Territory was extended to that district, /. ^., the total prohibition of the traffic among Indians and whites alike. After allowing the Indian to be slaughtered wholesale for a century by white savages armed with firewater, the nation had settled down to the policy of pro- hibition for districts inhabited chiefly by native races.' "THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION." ^HE form of oath universally prevailing, concluding with an appeal to the Almighty; the custom of opening sessions of all deliberative bodies and most conventions with prayer; the prefatory words of all wills; "In the name or God, Amen"; the laws respect- ing the observance of the Sabbath, with the general cessation of all secular business, and the closing of courts, legislatures, and other similar assemblies on that day; the churches and church organizations which abound in every city, town and hamlet; the multitude of charitable organizations existing every- where under Christian auspices; the gigantic mis- sionary associations with general support and aiming to establish Christian missions in every quarter of the globe — these and many other matters which might be noticed, add a volume of unofficial declarations to the mass of organic utterances that THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION.— !7nanzmo«s opinion of United States Supreme Court, Feb. 29, 1S9S. ' Those who desire to study our "Century of Dishonor" in dealing with the Indians should consult not only Helen Hunt's book of that name, but also references to the effect of liquors 163 164 Protection of Native Races. For twenty-nine years this policy had prevailed in Alaska, when, in the Spring of 1898, a bill was introduced by a Senator from the Pacific Coast to legalize the liquor traffic in Alaska, on the plea that prohibition was not enforced. The law was by no ^^ ... means such a dead letter as this plea Why Alaska ' prohibition would Seem to imply. Columns of was attacked, ^^.^ggy tabulated lists of seized liquors appeared about that time in an Alaskan paper. It was partly because the law was not a "dead letter" but more like a "live wire" that a special effort was made just then to repeal it. Governor John G. Brady had said in his report for 1897, "During the last term of court the judge made a strenuous effort to enforce the law against this large class of offend- ers, and a number of convictions were secured. It was a demonstration that the law could be upheld if the officers of the court were determined to do it." Governor Brady had also said that the law could be effectively enforced if the judge, district attorney and collector would heartily co-operate, especially if the government would provide a steam launch to run down the smugglers. The collector upon the Indian problem in the annual reports of the Board of Indian Commissioners. See also Eugene Stock's History of the Church IMissionary Society on this point. The Youth's Companion, of May 10, 1900, has representative pictures from life of an Alaskan Indian village on St. Lawrence Island, far beyond the reach of law, where Mr. and Mrs. V. C. Gamble went to teach. First we are shown the peaceful simplicity of this Christianized Indian village without liquors; then the same quickly changed into a place of crime and disorder on the introduction of whisky; and then the same again restored to industry and brotherly kindness by the banishment of the drink, whose effects are seen to be the same as in civilized communities only more quickly and more intensely developed. American Mission Fields — Alaska. 165 and also ex-Governor Knaup had expressed concur- rence in tliese views. There was no question but that there was much nullification of the law, the manifest remedy for which would have been to have the incompetent officers dismissed, and efficient, brave and incor- ruptible officers put in their places. Repeal of ^^^ proposed repeal of prohibition prohibition was for the time prevented by Senator preven e . Hansbrough, who inade the point of order against the license law proposed in its place, that it was a revenue measure and must therefore originate in the House, to which it was then too late to transfer it during that Congress. As this bill was sure to come up in the next Con- gress, letters were sent by The Reform Bureau to pastors in every town and city where a Senator or Congressman resided, urging that deputations of Christian citizens, in defense of prohibition in Alaska, should be organized to call upon these public servants while they were at home. It is to be feared that this suggestion was not carried out. Another In December of 1898 a National Chris- victory, tian Citizenship Convention, arranged for by The Reform Bureau, was held in Washington. During this Convention, which had been called in part to avert the repeal of prohibition in Alaska, a score of its leading speakers — men and women of national reputation — appeared before the House Committee on Territories and gave reasons why prohibition should not be repealed, and, with the volley of letters that followed up the hearing, the Committee was carried, and repeal, so far as that Committee was concerned, was killed. But, just at that time, the Committee on Revi- 1 66 Protection of Native Races. ProWbition ^^°^ of Law s, which had been ordered by repealed Congress to codify existing laws, offered "* ^^^*" the twice-defeated license law in place of the existing' prohibitory law. This license law, while forbidding the sale of liquor to natives per- mitted its sale to whites. Such a law in such a country would involve the natives in the traffic and its consequences in many ways. Speaker Reed ruled that it was a revenue feature and could not be included in the pending bill, and under that ruling it could not even be considered except by unanimous consent. Had Christian citizens during the previous summer endeavored, in defense at once of the Indians, of the nation's honor, and of Chris- tian missions, to influence their representatives and senators to uphold prohibition in Alaska, the prob- ability is that at least one of them would have been found at that critical hour to champion prohibition. ■^y^y Had even one in the House been ready the last battle and willing to insist on the point of order was OS . ^j^^ ^^^ could not have passed the House, nor could it have passed the Senate if any one Senator had insisted that it should not pass without S2ich full consideration as sJwuld precede action on a proposal to adopt such a reactionary proceeding and policy at the gates of our new expansion era. When this fight was about to end in the fatal vote there were not enough Christian lobbyists at hand to make Congress understand that it was not the prohibition versus high license issue as it would stand in a civilized community, but a question whether zve should repudiate the new policy of civi- lization as to protecting districts inhabited chiefly by native races against the sale of intoxicants. If there had been Christian lobbyists enough at hand to American Mission Fields— Alaska. 167 explain that it was not an ordinary liquor bill, and enough letters and telegrams coming in from Chris- tian constituents to make congressmen feel that they would displease many voters by repealing prohibi- tion — a thing the national Government never did before — the result would probably have been different. Lest any one should draw wrong inferences it ought to be said that within twenty-four hours from that repeal of Alaskan prohibition for whites, those same legislators enacted prohibition in the anti-can- teen law for a larger number of white people in the army and navy and soldiers' home. IVe lost pro- hibition in Alaska by the indifference of Christian citizenship. We won the anti-canteen law, so far as Congress was concerned, as we may win it again and almost any other reasonable reform measure, by a long pull and a strong pull and a pull all together. Rev. C. P. Coe (Wood Island, Kodiak, Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society). — For the first time we have a legalized drinking place at Kodiak. There may be no more drinking, but what there is is protected by law. Few families in the Repeal of country have money to buy sufficient prohibition fiour or other supplies, but a good condemned. n :i ^ ±. t . , i i many hnd cash to spen d at the saloon Our opinion is, as it has ever been concerning this law, the government has taken a long step back- ward, and has confessed that the law-breakers are ■more powerful than the government. With all due regard for Governor Brady, we believe that the law is a grave and irreparable evil." ^ Extract, by kind permission, from a letter from Mr. Coe, dated November 19, 1899, which appeared in Home Mission Echoes, February, 1900. 1 68 Protection of Native Races. Editorial in Home Mission Echoes, organ of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, referring to the above letter: "We are glad that our missionary, who represents us at this very important outpost on our western frontier, has so vigorously, and, as we believe, truthfully, con- demned the legalized liquor - selling in Alaslja, because of which his heroic efforts against the evils that existed before must now be greatly increased if he is to be victorious for the truth and right." Mrs. Anna F. Beiler (formerly missionary in Saloons mui- Alaska, and now Secretary, Bureau tipiying In for Alaska, Woman's Home Missionary ages. Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church). — Dr. and Mrs. A. W. Newhall, our mis- sionaries in Unalaska, Alaska, write me that there are now, since the repeal of prohibition, four saloons in the village of Qnalaska where none had existed when I was there in 1897. The Aleutian Islands will suffer as they are so near the high- water ways of travel. (Sept. 3, 1900.) Rev. Paul de Schweinitz (Secretary of Missions, American Moravian Church, North). — Our mis- sionaries on the Nushagak River, on account of the proximity of the canneries, complain of the liquor evil, but those on the Kuskowwin, being more remote from civilization, have less to say about liquor. There can be no question but that the introduction of liquor makes missionary work immensely more difficult and results disastrously to the natives. (August 28, 1900.) Mrs. Eugene S. Willard (Juneau, Alaska, Presby- terian Board of Home Missions, 1881— ). — "We have proved v/hat education and Christianity can do American Mission Fields — Alaslca. 169 Alaska natives for these people, as individuals, even rapf/iy Ihen ^^ *'"' ^^^^ generation. Some of our free from first pupils have been holding positions drink. Qf ^j.^g(. jjj ^j^g different missions for years, and they are among the most refined and efficient of our teachers. They are especially gifted as mechanics, and have been employed as engineers and as tradesmen for at least ten years. They are by nature unusually intelligent and industrious people, kind and tractable, easily yield- ing to those whom they regard as superiors, and not able always to discriminate between the good and the evil of civilization. The greatest obstacle of their progress as a people, the greatest curse to them and to us, is liquor." — Extract from a protest against the repeal of prohibition^ in the Union Signal, March g, i88g. Mr. John W. Wood (Corresponding Secretary, Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society,. Protes- tant Episcopal Church). — It is well understood that intercourse with the whites is, owing to the facil- ities for obtaining liquor, fraught with fearful men- ace to the native population. Speaking of the mission station of our church at Ketch- Wlien liquor U . -»-, • -, -r-» • i - sold to whites, ikan. Bishop Rowe m his report for the Indians year 1808-00 says : "There is a native easily get it. ■' , f ,. . -, . ,. population at this point, and its condi- tion is deplorable. They seem to get liquor with- out any trouble. Women and men alike drink, and often the little children seek the shelter of the mis- sion house when their parents are drunk. Even the mothers openly offer their daughters, though but children of thirteen years or so, to the white men for money or whisky. ' ' While this is the only instance of this nature mentioned by the bishop in his report. 17° Protection of Native Races. it is undoubtedly true that there are to-day in Alaska many places where the same deplorable conditions exist. (September 12, 1900.) Rev. F. P. Woodbury, D.D. (Corresponding Sec- retary American Missionary Association). — Our mission among the Eskimos is at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the extreme western point of North •America, only about forty miles distant from Siberia. Our work there is religious, educational and philan- thropic. There is a stringent law against selling spirits to the Eskimos ; but in defiance of its pro- visions great quantities of the vilest and most poi- sonous liquors are traded to them. Avarice is at the root of this iniquitous traffic, which brings in a profit of from 200 to 1,000 per cent. The Eskimos are ignorant as to the value of their furs, ivory, whalebone, etc., and are easily drawn to part with them for whisky, instead of trading them for flour, cloth and other useful articles. One of our mission- aries writes: "The shame and the crime will ulti- mately rest upon the American people if we do not insist that these fellow citizens and wards of ours, solemnly guaranteed protection upon the purchase of Alaska, shall have all the possible protection from Missionaries the ravagcs of intemperance " This kiUed toy -IT ., drunken ^^il liquor trade has been the cause of natives. some outrageous murders, and drunken natives have shot at or sought to stab the mission- aries themselves. Several of the natives were lamed and disfigured in drunken sprees before the estab- lishment of the mission. The assassination of one of our first missionaries there, Mr. Thornton, was due largely to intemperance. Mrs. Thornton, in giving the facts of the dreadful night of the mur- der, says: "We did not fear the people when they American Mission Fields — Alaska. 171 were sober, but feared them when they were in whisky, for when they were drunk they had shot at us. A great deal of whisky had been brought over, and at last Mr. Thornton so felt the danger that he had decided we had better not stay for the winter. On the very Saturday night on which he was shot he had said that if more whisky were brought we would let that be a sign to us that we must go ; and two barrels had just been brought over from Siberia." In the midst of that night Mr. Thornton was sum- moned to the door of his house, and went, supposing that some one was sick, and he was shot down by two drunken desperados. The fight against whisky introduced by the white man is perhaps the hardest fight of the missionaries among those poor Eskimos.' Rev. H. P. Corser (Fort Wrangel, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 1899 — ). — The effect of liquor upon the natives of Fort Wrangel has been something horrible. The population is not one- fourth whiat it was twenty years ago, and I think that I can safely say that there is not a score of per- fectly healthy natives — young men and women — in the town. The present license law is very defective. It ' People often say, "Of course a man must have whisky in a cold country like Alaska," but those who know anything of Arctic exploration know that is just the place of all places where men should let it alone. Joaquin Miller, since the repeal of prohibition, had this to say on his return from Alaska in 1900: "To use intoxicants in Alaska is fatal. No one can uso stimulants without serious results. Even coffee is not necessary to the habitual coffee drinker. Tea is the proper beverage there, and that is the popular drink. Whisky is a deadly thing to the Indians, and they are perishing in Alaska very rapidly." 172 Protection of Native Races. practically places the regulation and control in the hands of those who care nothing for the Indian. In the town of Fort Wrangel there are six saloons to a white population of about J^o, and petitions for license have again and again received the signatures from a majority of the white people when the sign- ers had every reason to believe that the petitioner expected to make a business of selling liquor to the Indians, indirectly if not directly. With the present law any Indian can get liquor who wants it. If we must have license the number of saloons should be restricted so that there should not be more than one to every 200 white people, and those who run the saloons should be compelled to furnish a fairly clean character, and women should be excluded entirely from saloons, and from any room that opens into the saloon. Indians should be excluded and the- saloonkeeper should be under heavy bonds to keep the law. Rev. C. L. Thompson, D.D. (Secretary Board of Home Missions, Presbyterian Church).— The tes- timony of all our missionaries in Alaska is to the same effect, viz., that the liquor traffic is extremely detrimental to the best interests of our work in that country. The liquor traffic is a great evil every- where, but especially so in Alaska on account of the appetite of the people for strong drink. It is, of course, very difficult to enforce liquor laws in the territory of Alaska, much more so than in the States; but it is none the less important that such laws should be enforced, and toward their enforcement all Christian churches having work in Alaska should steadily set their faces. American Mission Fields — Alaska. 173 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR ALASKA.* 1. Let missionaries in Alaska strive to lay right ethical foundations in that most difficult field which is one day to be the largest State in our Union. With earnest and united effort, prohibition might perhaps be recovered for the vsrhole Territory — in any case for many districts — by taking advantage of the local option feature of the present law and other restrictive features secured as concessions through the fight made at the doors of Congress. 2. Let the people of Alaska also make much of the law which requires scientific temperance educa- tion in all its public schools, and let there be an "extension" of this education to the general public by temperance lectures and literature. 3. That the people may have all the benefits that would come from faithful enforcement of these laws, let friends of civil service, and of the Indian, and all good citizens, oppose the "spoils system" and secure instead the adoption of the strict civil service rules of the most successful colonizing power, Great Britain, for Alaska and all our New Possessions. * These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. H. H. Russell, D.D., National Superintendent Anti- Saloon League. 174 Protection of Native Races. THE PROHIBITORY LAW OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY. That any person, whether an Indian or otherwise, who shall in said Territory, manufacture, sell, give away, or in any manner, or by any means furnish to any one, either for himself or another, any vinous, malt or fermented liquors, or any other intoxicating drinks of any kind whatsoever, whether medicated or not, or who shall carry, or in any manner have carried, into said Territory any such liquors or drinks, or who shall be interested in such manu- facture, sale, giving away, furnishing to any one, or carrying into said Territory any of such liquors' or drinks, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and by imprisonment for not less than one month nor more than five years. (Approved March i, 1895.) Nothing in this Act shall authorize or permit the sale, or exposure for sale, of any intoxicating liquor in said Territory, or the introduction thereof into said Territory; and it shall be the duty of the dis- trict attorneys in said Territory and the officers of such municipalities to prosecute all violations of the laws of the United States relating to the introduc- tion of intoxicating liquors into said Territory, or to their sale, or exposure for sale, therein. (Approved June 28, 1898.) Hawaii. REV. O. H, GULICK. Honolulu, 187 1, thirty years' service. ADDRESS AT THE SUPPLEMENTAL MEETING, ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE OF MISSIONS, I900. The feature of the age is consolidation, concentration. Great trusts are swallowing up the smaller tradesmen; great lines of steamships are absorbing the business of the ocean; great nations, like great fishes, are swallowing the little ones ; but the United States showed no eagerness to swallow Hawaii. For five years the leaders of that peo- ple knocked at the doors of Congress, asking to be ad- mitted. At last, under the pressure perhaps of the war with Spain and the fact that Hawaii was the only- stopping place on the road to the Philippines, we were admitted, to our great joy and happiness. Now we are asking. What is annexation to bring us? REV. O. H. GULICK. 1 "Civilization" v?as introduced into these Sandwich Islands by Captain Cook in 1778. The people had been barbarians, but never cannibals. In i8ig the native priests burned their idols at the command of the two queens, Keopuolani and Kaahumanu. This was a year before the coming of the mis- 175 176 Protection of Native Races. Free rum? A godless Sabbath? Free opium? Are these the blessings that are to come? These childlike people of the islands look to Amer- ica as infants look to kindergarten teachers. I have the highest respect for the kindergarten teacher. The kindergarten teacher must have much gracious- ness and patience and love. If they have that they can do everything with the little ones. Our great land, this Columbia, seems destined now to be a kindergarten teacher to the little islands of the sea. There is Cuba asking for the sympathy of this great republic. There is little Porto Rico, with its confid- ing people, waiting to be taught. There is little Hawaii, blessed by America for the past eighty years through the missionaries it has sent there, and proud to become a little territory of this great republic. There are the Philippine islanders, poor and deluded in some respects, but a bright people, many of them the brightest kind of people, and they are waiting to see what America is to bring to them. Shall their union with America be but the beginning of grog shops and the coming of evil of all sorts? This cannot be ; this must not be ; this shall not be. These poor people, in their hope for what is better, look to you. We sent petitions from the islands to Congress sionaries for whom the way was thus providentially prepared, and the Christianizing of the islands was consequently rapid. The result in part was that the monarchy became a constitu- tional one, and for many years maintained prohibitory liquor laws for the natives. On July 4, 1894, Hawaii was proclaimed a republic. In 1896 the population was 109,020, divided as fol- lows: Hawaiians, 39,504; Americans, 3,086; British, 2,250; Germans, 1,432; French, loi; Norwegians, 378; Portuguese, 15,191; Japanese, 24,407 ; Chinese, 2i,6i6; South Sea Island- ers, 455; others, 600. American Mission Fields — Hawaii. ^n asking that in the bill that should constitute Hawaii a territory there should be prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, and of opium and of gambling. These questions were all laid before Congress. Congress prohibited opium and gambling, the sale of liquors also, but with permission to our Territorial legislature to substitute license if they chose. We must now look to our own legislature for protection. Rev. T. L. Qulick (Santan- der, Spain, American Board, 1873 - 1883 ; Pastor Foreign Church of Mani, H. I., 1886- 1893 ; Address at Supplemen- tal Meeting, Ecumenical Mis- sionary Conference, 1900). — Let me add a further word about the Sandwich Islands, where I was born. Before the missionaries went to those islands the people had been in contact with the white men for more than forty years, and they had become largely a drunken people, as well as a gam- bling people. We know that the greatest hindrances to missionary work in heathen lands, especially in savage and semi-civilized lands, are the vices of Christian lands, and that among those great hin- drances are the firewater, the firearms and opium. It is a burning shame that the same ship that carries the missionary in the cabin should carry in its hold what will nullify and largely destroy not only the work of the missionary, but all the REV. T. L. GULICK. 1/8 Protection of Native Races. good influences which come from so-called Chris- tian lands. Now, what are we going to do about it? In the Sandwich Islands the people are, to a large extent, „ .. , a sober people, made so by the mis- Hairaii long a r r i J prohibition sionafics. When the missionaries country. came they listened to the Gospel, and they enacted laws to drive out the liquor traffic. They voted for absolute prohibition — the votes were chiefly of Hawaiians — with no pressure brought to bear upon them except the influence of the Chris- tian teachers. I do not remember ever to have seen a staggering, drunken man in Hawaii while I lived there as a boy. They made for themselves an abso- lutely prohibitory law against the manufacture and sale of liquor to Hawaiians. They found that they could not enforce such a law against the whites, and the whites were allowed to have a few places licensed in Honolulu. France actually came and took possession of the islands on the ground that they were putting too high a tax upon their liquors, and France carried off twenty thousand dollars which some twenty years afterwards they had to pay back. A liquor seller in Honolulu recently went from there to the Philippine Islands and established a grog shop in Manila, because he thought he could make more money out there. Does not the United States Government say who shall be licensed and who shall not be licensed in the Philip- ^rt'our*new pinc Islands to-day? The absolute con- isianders as we trol is with the Exccutive at Washing- i^manr? ton. In the Philippine Islands they are selling liquor not only to the- sol- diers, but to the natives as well. It is a burning American Mission Fields — Hawaii. 179 shame, and it is our duty to do exactly what we have tried to do in some cases for the Indians in America. You know there is a prohibitory law against selling liquor to the Indians on the reserva- tions. Canada has done so on her reservations in the Northwest. Why should not the United States listen to the voice of all Christian citizens and pro- hibit the sale of firearms and firewater, in the New Hebrides, where our venerable friend. Dr. Paton, is trying to stand up for righteousness, and where American rum and American firearms are destroy- ing much of the good work? Why should not America do the same for Guam and for the Philip- pines ;- for Porto Rico ; for all the savage and semi- civilized people with whom it has relations and over whom it has control, and whom it is bound to pro- tect? Did we not say, when we went into this war with Spain, that we went into it with no selfish ends in view; that we went into it to help these people who were oppressed? Now shall we put them under a worse oppression still — an oppression of body and soul that will drag them down worse than Spanish oppression ever did? I say it is the duty of every church and of every Christian indi- vidual, and especially of this Conference, to speak with a loud and earnest and constant voice to our government, urging it to act in this matter for right- eousness' sake.^ 2 For further matter on our islands, see topical index. i8o Protection of Native Races. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR HAWAII .^ HON. C. E. LITTLEFIELD,' M.C. TheReform Bureau, with the aid of the W. C. T. U. and Anti-Saloon League on the out- side, and of Hon. F. H. Gillett, M. C, and Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M. C., on the inside,* se- cured two favor- able votes in the House of Repre- sentatives on an anti-saloon amend- ment to the Hawai- i a n bill. This amendment was passed in the weaker form of absolute prohibition subject to the option of the Hawaiian legislature to enact license instead. 3 These suggestions have been revised and approved by Rev. J. L. Barton, D.D., Secretary American Board of Commission- ers for Foreign Missions, also by Rev. T. L. Gulick and Hon C. E. Littlefield, M.C. * The following extracts from an argument for the Hawaiian anti-saloon amendment by Hon. C. E. Littlefield, M.C, suc- cessor to Hon. Nelson Dingley, is of value for use in Hawaii or wherever else prohibition needs advocacy or defense: "I do not understand that there is any great difference of opinion upon the proposition that the liquor traffic is productive of great and manifold evils. As to the propriety of restraining and restricting the sale of intoxicating liquor upon both moral and economic ground, there does not appear to be any serious question. The only question is as to the most effective method. No reasonable person contends that prohibitory liquor laws can American Mission Fields — Hawaii. i8i As native Hawaiians, who formerly had prohibi- tion of the sale of liquor to the natives, are in the majority, the temperance forces, if well led, should be able to hold the prohibition thus secured. In view of the fact that Christian citizens in this country had sent very few petitions in sup- port of the two Hawaiian petitions that had asked for prohibition,^ the favorable votes in the House absolutely eliminate the traffic, any more than laws prohibiting and punishing the commission of crimes are expected to entirely eliminate the crimes prohibited and punished. The object sought to be accomplished is to reduce to the narrowest possible limit the commission of crimes. Legislation against the liquor traffic has the same end in view. Personally I believe in the prohibitory plan as the most effective, and the best calculated to accomplish this desirable result. The amendment to the Hawaiian bill is a very conservative propo- sition. What advantageous purpose in the development of our civilization a saloon for the sale of intoxicating liquor can sub- serve, it is difficult to imagine. The use of distilled liquors, at least by all native tribes, has by common experience been demontsrated to be very injurious to them. Contact with civilization appears in this particular to distribute vice faster than it disseminates virtue. To prohibit the sale of liquors to native races seems to be the settled policy of civilization. Under these circumstances it could hardly be thought improper for the United States to declare a similar policy in regard to its new possessions, especially in those lands where the native tribes very largely predominate. It has for a long time been deemed both wise and prudent to prohibit the sale of intoxicat- ing liquor to the Indians, the wards of the nation. While the amendment does not absolutely prohibit the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors, it is thought that an effort to eliminate the saloon will be a long step in the right direction. * Hawaiian Petition. — To the Honorable, the Congress of the United States Assembled, Gieetings: Whereas, A Constitution for the government of the Hawai- ian Islands is being prepared by your Honorable Body; and. Whereas, We, your humble petitioners, believe you to be supremely interested in the welfare of all our population ; and, 1 82 Protection of Native Races. are an encouragement to make another effort to secure prohibition for all our new islands at once by the passage of the pending Gillett bill, with Whereas, Should there be any extension of the franchise such would materially weaken the power of the conservative element in the community, and might lead to grave questions and issues pertaining to the wellbeing of certain elements in our population ; and. Whereas, The trafBc in intoxicating liquors has been and is the bane of every class in our country, one which has received the attention of the Hawaiian Government, now trying to regulate it ; and, Whereas, Gaming for money is another pernicious evil, espe- cially dangerous to our population, and one which has been prohibited by the Hawaiian Government ; and. Whereas, The sale of opium is another evil now prohibited by the Hawaiian Government; We therefore petition your Honorable Body, in the interest of over 39,000 Hawaiians and part Hawaiians, and over 15,000 Portuguese, over 24,000 Japanese, over 21,000 Chinese (as per census report of 1896, and thus including over 90 per cent of total population of 109,020), To enact and place in the Constitution, now being formed for this Territory, the following provisions: First That the importation, manufacture and sale of intoxi- cating liquors be prohibited ; Second — That the importation and sale of opium be pro- hibited; and. Third— That gaming be prohibited. And your petitioners will ever pray. [Signed by many influential American and European resi- dents.] [In addition to the above the following, signed wholly by native Hawaiians, was sent to Congress .] To the Honorable Congress of the United States of America Assembled, Greeting: Inasmuch as a Constitution for the government of the Hawaiian Islands is now being framed by you, We native, Hawaiian (male) citizens having at heart the interests of this country, and having particular regard for our American Mission Fields — Hawaii. 183 amendments making it prohibit the sale of all intox- icants in all our islands, at least sales to all aborig- inal natives, which is the status of the law in Alaska. (In its original form the bill aimed only to keep dis- tilled liquors out of the Philippines.) This amended bill and the two anti-canteen bills will all be helped by every petition or letter or telegram sent to one's Congressman or Senator containing these ten words: "We urge suppression of saloons in our army and ISLANDS." Lest the Gillett bill fail, we should also help the Hawaiiansto maintain the prohibition enacted by Congress, subject to their approval. Let all Ameri- can temperance societies unite to send lecturers to Hawaii to re-enforce the workers their, and let the testimony in this book as to the effect of liquors upon native races, and Mr. E. J. Wheeler's "Prohi- bition," with other temperance literature, be sent at once for circulation among English-speaking resi- dents, and mone}^ also for their translation into the own people, earnestly request you to consider the following statement and to grant the following petition ; Indulgence in intoxicating liquors, harmful in every land, is especially bane- ful in tropical countries. Its evils have been painfully felt by our people at certain periods in the past. Its ravages to-day are alarming. The ruin of many homes and the decline in the number of our people is very largely due to it. "Were the sale of liquors prohibited in these islands a great evil and danger would be removed. The use of opium and gambling for money are two evils which have been particularly dangerous to our people. Indulgence in these is now prohibited and should be continued. We therefore most earnestly petition you to place in the Constitution which shall be made for these islands declarations prohibiting: (i) The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors; (2) the importation and sale of opium, and (3) gambling. 184 Protection of Native Races. Hawaiian language/ It should be remembered that Hawaiians are civilized and many of them well educated — indeed, the people of the Island Republic ivhen they came into our Union had to give up such progressive features as postal savings banks, parcels post and restricted suffrage. Now that no outside nation can interfere with their liquor laws, let them vote a renewal of prohibition. * Temperance literature may be sent to Y.M.C.A., Honolulu. Resolution=Petition. [This Resolution can be adopted by churches or meetings, or can be signed by one or more individuals. ] To UNITED STATES SENATE (Care of Hon ) Resolved, That we set up as our ultimate aim the annihila- tion of the traffic in intoxicating beverages in the world at large, in which aim we are encouraged by repeated action of sixteen leading nations in defense of native races in Central Africa, and we authorize the officers of this body to petition those nations for the immediate protection of all native races by treaties and laws against intoxicants and opium. Resolved, That in our national temperance efforts we will set up as our purpose nothing less than the separation of our government from all complicity with the liquor traffic. Resolved, That as steps toward the goal and a fitting inauguration of the 20th Christian century, we authorize the officers of this body to petition Congress and the President for the abolition of saloons in our islands, and for a law forbidding American traders to sell intoxicants in the New Hebrides and other islands not oar own, corresponding to England's law. The above was adopted by vote by a meeting „„ of on and the undersigned was authorized to so ATTEST Individually endorsed by : of of [Modify above as crusade progresses, see pp. i, 8, 51, 287.] [When signed, deliver or send to one of your own Senators.] Patterns for Backing Two Petitions. U. S. SENATE. Petition from U. S. HOUSE OF REPRE- SENTATIVES. Petition from of., State of . for the passage of a bill that shall give to the native races in our Pacific islands the same protection against intoxicants that is accorded to native races in the Indian Territory, or at least such protection as is giv- en in Alaska ; and also for a bill to forbid any American citizen to sell intoxicants and firearms to Pacific islanders. Please refer to Committee on the Philippines. Senator . please present and promote this petition. of.. State of . for the passage of a bill that shall give to the native. races in our Pacific islands the same protection against intoxicants that is accorded to native races in the Indian Territory, or at least such protection as is giv- en in Alaska ; and also for a bill to forbid any American citizen to sell intoxicants and firearms to Pacific islanders. Please refer to Committee on Insular Affairs. Congressman. please present and promote this petition. 185 r86 Protection of Native Races. Fresldent Schurman quoted. PRESIDENT J. Q. SCHURMAN. CHAIRMAN FIRST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. I regret that the Americans allowed the saloon to get a foothold on the islands. That has hurt the Americans more than anything else, and the spectacle of Americans drunk awakens disgust in the Filipinos. We suppressed the cock - fights there, and permitted the taverns to flour- ish. One empha- sized the Filipino frailty, and the other the Ameri- can vice. I have never seen a Fili- pino drunkard. The Filipinos have some excel- lent virtues. They are exceedingly cleanly, and also exceedingly tem- perate. Even the members of this Liberal Club would shock them by the amount of wine most of you have consumed this evening. — Article in the hidependent, December, iSgg, and address at Liberal Club, Buffalo. PRESIDENT SCHURMAN. Since the chapter following was written, the following letter has been received. United States Philippine Commission, Manila, October, 30, 1900. My Dear sir;— I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th of September in which you call attention to the new policy of Great Britain, the most experienced of colonizing powers, which is of late that of prohibit- ing her merchants in her own islands and others to sell intoxicants to native races. The question which you propose is a most difficult and im- portant one for our consideration here, and I shall have great pleasure in submitting your letter and its enclosures to the Commission for their infor- mation and study. I am, very sincerely yours. Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts, Washington, D. C. WM. H. TAFT, President. I,ater telegraphic news reports that the Commission took up the matter: that President Taft pronounced the American liquor trafSc on the :Rscolta "disgraceful; that it was ordered to leave this principal street in the spring; and that saloons were also forbidden to sell to soldiers or natives. The Philippines. ROBERT E. SPEER, M.A. Secretary of Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. AT SUPPLEMENT MEETING ECUMENICAL MISSIONARY CONFERENCE, 1900. Is it a fair thing to hit the heathen world when it is down? I do not ask whether men can excuse themselves to God for any want of sympathy for those for whom Christ died, but whether they can excuse themselves to themselves for such treachery alike to God and to men as to hit the heathen world when it is down. I was reading just the other day a paper published from an American press in the city of Manila, the most conspicuous portions of which — and they seemed to fill the paper from begin- ning to end — were the advertisements of American whisky and beer. Men say that the Filipinos drank before we went there. Perhaps they did, but we did not sell it to them. And I say it is not a fair thing, even if we wished to withhold the gospel from the world, to strike it in the midst of its woe and its weariness and its sin. Hon. Ogden E. Edwards (U. S. Consul in Manila, 1855-1856, afterwards resident there thirty years as an American merchant and Danish Consul, 36 years in all).^— I must premise that I am not a prohibition- 1 Mr. Edwards has been much consulted by the President and Cabinet and both Philippine commissions. This testimony ■was given in a letter to The Reform Bureau, dated Bowling Rock, N. C, April 21, 1900. 187 1 88 Protection of Native Races. ist, nor a total abstainer. I abhor drunkenness, and feel deeply the disgrace brought on the Ameri- can name by the manifestation of this vice in the Philippines. During my long residence in the Philippines I rarely saw a drunken native or Span- iard. Certainly not more than two or three in a year. In crowds of ten thousand people, not one would be seen or heard. To call a Spaniard a drunkard was a much greater insult than to call him a liar. The natives drank "tuba, " the juice extracted from the cocoa palm, which Mr. Dean C. Wor- cester, of the two Philippine Commissions, thus describes: "The unfermented 'tuba dulce' is a pleasant and nourishing drink, often recommended for those who are recovering from severe illness, on account of its flesh-producing properties. The fer- mented product is a mild intoxicant. " ^ The principal drink was "tuba," and the "gin shaks" mentioned by Chaplain Pierce (up to 1888, when I last saw Manila) sold little else u^^olTZLJ^^'' '^'^' ^^rmless beverage. The our advent. great point is that from 1852 to 1888, the range of my personal knowledge of the islands, drunkenness was practically unknown among the natives or Spaniards. The Spanish caf^s sold mostly Spanish wines, and men would sit an hour chatting over a glass or two of wine, and smoking in front of or in them, with never a sign of intoxication. Nothing like the American saloon was ever known in Manila while I lived there ; and I heartily indorse the remark of President Schurman, the Chairman of the Philip. pine Com mission, as quoted by you from the Inde. 2 See p. 227 of "The Philippine Islands," by Dean C. Wor- cester. American Mission Fields— The Philippines. 189 pendent, December 28, 1899, and in his address to the Liberal Club of Buffalo. rir. H. Irving Hancock (Manila Correspondent of Leslie's Weekly^. — Of all the problems that confront us in the reconstruction of the Philippines the grav- est and wickedest is one of our own importation. The Manila saloons, taken collectively, are the worst possible kind of a blot on Uncle Sam's fair name. The city's air reeks with the odor of the worst of English liquois. And all this has come to pass since the 13th of August, 1898! With the van- guard of American troops entering Manila rode the newly appointed Philippine agent of a concern that had shiploads of drink on the way. He secured offices, warehouses, options on desirable locations for saloons, and opened business. Some of the proud- est and best youth of the land marched into Manila to proclaim the dawn of a new era of honesty, lib- erty and light. It was a day of rare import to the downtrod- den East. But the saloon- keeper sneaked in under the folds of Old Glory ! Almost by the time the American soldier had stacked arms in the city a score of American saloons were open. Swiftly other scores were added to them. The number grew and grew. At the outbreak of the insurrection there were hundreds of Amer- ican saloons in Manila. To-day there is no thoroughfare of any length in Manila that has not its long line of saloons. The H. IRVING HANCOCK. igo Protection' of Native Races. street cars carry flaunting advertise- Our coining ^ ^^ multiplied mcnts of this brand of whisky and that saloons. kind of gin. The local papers derive their main revenue from the displayed advertise- ments of firms and companies eager for their share of Manila's drink money. The city presents to the new-comer a saturnalia of alcoholism. The Filipinos of Manila are rather slow to take to drink. They have always heretofore been an abstemious people. Yet slowly but riiipinos slowly gyj-g]y ^.j-jg natives are veering around learning saloon . ^ ^ - . , tabits. to the temptations to be found m the saloon. Five years more of the pres- ent saloon reign in Manila will see a sad demoraliza- tion of the natives. At present the non-drinking majority of the Filipinos feel only contempt for the Americans whom they see lurchingly walking the streets or crouching in silly semi-stupor in the cabs on their way to office, home, or barracks. I do not mean this as a tirade against all saloons. It is only a much-needed protest against the worst features of the American saloon that have crept into Manila arm in arm with our boasted progress. There is nowhere in the world such an excessive amount of drinking, per capita, as among the few thousand Americans at present living in Manila. Nor does this mean that we have sent the worst dregs of Americans there. Far from American youth •: r ji i , a ■ -i -i t • debauched. ^^' some of the best American blood is represented in Manila,, men of brains and attainment, who would nobly hold up our name, were not the saloon at every step. Gamblers and de- praved women — in both classes the very dregs of this and other countries — have followed, and work hand in hand with their natural ally. These people are fast American Mission Fields— The Philippines. 191 teaching the natives the depths of Caucasian wickedness, and the natives imagine this is Ameri- canism. So far as my observation went, I found that the military authorities of Manila were not on record as having done anything to abate this crying disgrace. Indeed, one American officer, fairly high in the councils at the palace, is the putative head of the concern that is doing the most to encourage and supply the thirst of Manila. We tried to civilize the Indian, and incidentally wiped him off the earth by permitting disreputable white traders to supply him with ardent liquors. Are we to repeat this disgrace, tenfold, as we at present seem fair to do in the Philippines? — Leslie's Weekly, January zy, igoo. Captain Everard E. Hatch (i8th U. S. Infantry). — The great source of evil has come from the liquor interests. The first followers of an army are the Beer drummer, saloons, with disreputable women a at the head of close sccond. To repress their per- army. nicious influence taxes the efforts of those in authority. One shipload of liquor was in Manila harbor before the city was taken by the Americans. The agent of the company was with the army, Avearing a military uniform under the guise of a "volunteer aid." The city taken^ the ''''volunteer aid" cast aside his uniform, located a depot and proceeded to establish saloons. In a few weeks the principal streets were transformed. The one brand of whisky and beer handled by the firm received a great boom, and in a way got a great start of competitors. It was not for long. In a few weeks every brand of beer and whisky in America was represented, and the different agents vied for 192 Protection of Native Races. First troubles ■with natives due to drink. business and supremacy. The saloons WERE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE OF THE FRICTION, DISTURBANCES AND ES- TRANGEMENTS WITH THE NATIVES THAN i_LL OTHER CAUSES COMBINED. — Springfield Republican. ta^ S"^ t\^^ S«i»" MV ^isi^Y ,Ve>^ ?Ut VWork I »« now .tb-western >int« resting Ye formed \ Column. I to An- I'ly en - dtis, and (.at3 in MONDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1900. ^ ifi Cbaplaia cited an Tialaiioe "where he bad aeeti font American soldiers rolling around in a carriage in a drunken state, crossing the Bridge ot' Spain, and said: "The degradation of Manila means the degradation of Luzon, and the degradation of Luzon would result in the degradation of the whole Archipelago, and the city of Manila would be a reproach and disgrace to the whole American nation. Every m^n should have pride that ha is » representative of Occidental thought and progress, and he ought to be ashamed to give himself over to sin. "A mestizo ot repute said the common people of the Islands never saw a drunken man until the Americans came. That may not be so, but I never saw a drunken filipino or Chinamen. The people have reason to believe that the United States : is a nation of drunkards. All the men should take this to heart. What have > we come to these islands for 7 To estab- lish a peace-loving people. Shall we laavet^' them worse' thanwe found them? ^^'^^^-^^'^ think they are onIjr_j but we are .a^Ij graa' — Extract from the address of Chaplain Cephas C. Bateman of the U. S. Army., before an audience of American Mission Fields — The Piiilippines. 193 some joo men in the Y- Jl/. C. A. roo s, Manila, as reported in the Manila Times, which devoted almost a column to the report and signifieantly made 710 attempt to prove that the scene had been painted in too dark colors. Sergt. E. H. Wherry (late Corporal Co. H., loth Penn. U. S. Volunteers, now Sergeant Co. H., loth Regiment National Guards, Penn.). — The soldier's greatest enemy here is strong drink. When we took possession of the city there was scarcely an open saloon to be seen, but in a few days they marred every prominent place in the city. Beer by shipload began to arrive. When the first pay was given the soldiers in the town almost went wild. The saloon-keepers, human vul- tures who had followed the army in most cases, began to rake in the soldier's money and have kept it up ever since. When the army entered the city there was hardly a case of sick- ness in any of the companies, but in a short time the sick list began to lengthen, and the cause in fully half the cases was drink. At the present time the saloons are doing a rushing bus- iness, and will probably continue to do so. A full page of the newspapers is taken up each to drink"'*""' day by an advertisement for a certain brand of American beer. Almost every case of disturbance is the direct result of drinking. The inmates of the guardhouse in nearly every case found their way therethrough the neck of the bottle. E H. WHERRY. 194 Protection of Native Races. A few months spent here should make an uncompromis- ing temperance advocate of any American who desires to see his country's greatness ad- vanced and her moral and religious standard upheld. We boast of our civilization, but it is a poor example that the American has set to the new ward of the United States, the Filipino. There is something radically wrong somewhere. — Washington (Pa.) Observer, HAROLD MARTIN. MttrcJl 6, ipOO. rir. Harold Hartin' (Extract, by kind permission, from an article in T/ie Independent^ June 28, 1900). — Before the arrival of the American soldier in Manila there was very little heavy People of all drinking here, and this because both our new islands r' • i j t^*i- ■ , temperate be- &paniards and Fihpmos are temperate fore our advent, people and do not drink to excess. Any one who has been in Spain or who has seen the Spanish soldiers in Cuba, in Porto Rico, and the Philippines will admit they are not addicted to heavy drinking, and I do not think this point needs any further support. And the Filipino IS as temperate as the Spaniard. I have been in these islands for one year, and I have yet to see an intoxicated native. . . . 3 "Mr. Martin is a representative of the Associated Press in Manila, and has written this article in response to our request for a fair and truthful account of conditions which have brought no little discredit on the United States in the Philip- pines." — Editorial in The Independent, June 2S, igoo. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 195 Hence, given the incontrovertible facts that both Spaniards and Filipinos are not addicted to drink, we can understand how Manila got on, before we came here, with three saloons licensed for the sale of liquors, such as brandy, whisky, and other strong drink, while to-day, May joth, there are 170 licensed saloons in the city and 53 licenses for the wholesale distribution of liquor.* Before we came here there were in and about Manila some four thousand native wine rooms licensed for the sale of Spanish wines d^Bcribod™' ^^^ ^^® native dino. Bino is a fiery drink distilled from grain, generally rice, and flavored with anise seed. It is very strong, and when taken in excess by our men ren- ders them temporarily crazy and utterly irrespon- sible. . . . When we first came to Manila the American soldiers very quickly discovered where bino could be had; and, owing to their Soldiers gulped exccssivc usc thereof, the authorities frhat Spaniards . - . r ,-i sipped. were forced to close many of these wine rooms. Formerly those places were frequented by the natives, by the Spanish sol- diers, and by the Chinamen of the city. Since the Spaniards have gone the demand for Spanish wines has dropped, and to-day about seven hundred of * O. P. Austin, Chief of U. S. Bureau of Statistics, report of liquor exports to Philippines for fiscal years 1897, 1898, and calendar year 1899: 1897. 1898. 1899. Malt liquors 8663 $337 $154,448 Spirits, distilled — Alcohol 106 Brandy 21,246 "Whisky, Bourbon .... 80,916 Rye . ... 4,003 All other spirits 572 196 Protection of Native Races. these native wine rooms are doing business. . . . Their licenses are much more costly now than formerly, and this fact and the departure of the Spanish troops accounts for the very considerable „ , . , decrease in their numbers. These four Spanlsn trine rooms not tliousand wiuc rooms cannot be consid- saioons. ered saloons. They were, with very few exceptions, quiet and orderly places, where Spaniards and natives went for their wine. Such wine rooms are distinctly a product of wine-drinking countries, such as France, Italy and Spain; and I believe that one well-patronized saloon here or at home is accountable for as much drunkenness and disorder as were one thousand of these wine rooms in Manila. . . . On February ist of this year we put into effect the license regulations contained in General Orders No. Number of ^ °^ ^9°°' ■ ' ■ ^^^ application of this "saloons," Feb- high Hcensc reduced the number of ruary , . gg^jQQj^g fj-Qm 224 at the end of Jan- uary, 1900, to the 170 existing to-day.' . . . The ^General Otis officially reported that he had licensed 158 saloons besides 77 wholesale places, 613 wine rooms, 15 dis- tilleries (nine of them new ones) and i brewery. Some are confused because no two reports of the number of saloons agree. Evidently they do not agree as to the definition of a "saloon." That solves the riddle. The number stated in President Schurman's testimony, 500, is the largest given. .The number oftener given, 400, has been verified since alleged reduction of February i, 1900, by a count from door to door made by W. E. Johnson, who finds there are 400 places where American or European drinks, whisky or beer, or both, are sold. The number is less important than the consumption and consequences. Mr. Martin shows that the consequences have not decreased, and statistics below show that the con- sumption has increased .since so-called "high license" was introduced, February i, 1900. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 197 Escolta, Manila's principal business street, is as The beautiful ^°^S as four New York blocks, say from Escolta Tenth to Fourteenth Streets, and it degraded. -^ narrower than Fifth Avenue. From the geographical position of the city's districts, the river and the bridges, the Escolta is of necessity Manila's main thoroughfare as well as its principal business street. Here are the best stores, restau- rants and business offices. It is always crowded and often blocked with cabs and carriages. From one end to another of this street, on both sides, there are 76 store properties, and 13 of these are occupied by saloons. All day long the Escolta is filled with American soldiers, and at certain times, especially when the troops in and near Manila have been paid off, the street is very well filled with drunken men. At such times ladies are subjected to unpleasant experiences if on the Escolta, and private cabs and carriages are often forcibly occupied by our drunken The following special report of the Bureau of Statistics, dated July 20, shows that in the matter of exports there was an increase in the two months following the February ist "reduction" of saloons as compared with the two months preceding that alleged reduction. Exports from the United States to the Philippine Islands: Articles — Nov. Dec. Feb. Mar. Malt hquors, doz. bottles . 26,360 7,000 67,131 98,980 Brandy proof gal. . 2,256 743 394 473 Whisky proof gal. . . 3,810 872 3,916 7,886 Other liquors proof gal. . 952 27 Comparing November with March it appears that though the saloons are said to have been halved, the -liquor exports have doubled. See Outlook, Dec. 15, 1900, p. 932, on Gen. Otis. Another fact, also specially obtained for this chapter in this case from the Internal Revenue Bureau, is that American liquors exported, even to our own Philippine Islands, escape ALL TAXATION, SO putting a special premium on the debauchery of the child races we are essaying to elevate. 198 Protection of Native Races. and hilarious troops. During two days following a recent pay day twenty-five drunken soldiers were arrested by the Escolta police, and convictions against all were secured, while many more were gathered in, given time to sober up in the guard- house and then discharged. The police will only arrest a drunken soldier when he is creating a dis- turbance. Three drunken American officers have been arrested on the Escolta, two of whom have been discharged from the service. There is every day more or less disorder and drunken rowdyism on this street. . . . It is unfortunate that the main thor- oughfare of the city should also be the main drink- ing ground, and it has been suggested to the proper authorities that no saloons be allowed on the Escolta. It would be a simple matter to make them go elsewhere, but General Otis never took any action in the matter, and efforts to effect their removal have therefore been futile. . . . It is not my purpose to speak of the effects of alco- holism in the tropics; they are already well known. It is a fact that a large number of the insane soldiers sent home on our trans- ports can trace their affliction to the excessive use of stimulants, and it is a fact that the drinking of liquors in the tropics weakens a man's constitution and renders him more liable to disease. The Filipino people, like any other people in the world, form their judgment of another race by the -men of that other race with whom they Au Americans comc in coutact. In the matter of onr^reptl'stnte- drinking they believe the whole Amer- tives In Manila, ican pcoplc to bc ou a par with the drunken element of our present army of occupation. They don't like us, and decline American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 199 to give us the benefit of the doubt. A temper- ate people themselves, they have a deep contempt for drunkenness. I do not believe our advent to the Philippines has yet caused any appreciable increase of drinking among the islanders; this effect may possibly come later. We have brought our own vices to this land, and up to the present time we alone indulge in in- temperance. When the Filipinos consider the mat- ter at all, they say our men are fools not to realize their excesses will eventually kill them, and they marvel at the American lack of self-control in the matter of drinking as exemplified by our army." ^ "The American reading public may well thank Mr. Harold Martin for his most enlightening article on the saloon in Manila. It lacks ]ust one thing, the cu torn house statistics of the amount of liquor, wines and beer imported into Manila since American occupation, as compared with the amount imported under Spanish occupation. Mr. Martin asked for these figures, and the custom house authorities were ready to give them, but the military governor refused to allow them to be given on the plea that it would take -too much time to compile them. We do not believe the plea ingenuous. The evil is a sad one, hardly less serious than has been represented by those who make it their chief business to fight the liquor traffic ; and its existence is no one's fault but that of the governor-general, who has full power to suppress the American saloon in Manila, in the interest of the American soldiers and of American reputa- tion, if he chooses. General Otis made a sad mistake in allowing the saloon free course. We presume that his suc- cessor is waiting for the Civil Commission to take charge, and the latter should be held to a strict accountability for this evil. The licensed saloon may have some excuse in free civil life ; it can have none as the amusement and ruin of the army in the PhiUppines.'-— Ecli/or ml m The Indepeitdent, June 28, igoo. The statistics of liquors imported from other countries have been secured in spite of obstacles, and remove the last straw that was vainly clutched by the defenders of our saloon policy 200 Protection of Native Races. Bishop J. n. Thoburn, D.D. (Bishop M. E. Church for India and Malaysia). — Ever}^ alternate place of business seems to be a liquor shop of some kind, and the soldier has temptation before his eyes whichever way he may turn. . . . Drunken soldiers meet me everywhere, and it is painful in the extreme to remember that many of them have come from Christian homes, and that they have been thrust into the very jaws of temptation from which only a strong man can be expected to escape. — Extract from letter written from Manila and published in The Indian Witness, Calmtta, April 21, i8gg. in the Philippines, namely, that "perhaps the imports from other countries have decreased as much as ours have increased. ' ' "From the appendix to General Otis' Report and in the Bulletin of Philippine Commerce issued at Washington in 1900 reasonably complete information is obtained of the imports from all countries for the years 1893, 1894, the last of 1898 and the first six months of the year 1900. From these sources I compile the table below, giving the total importations of the various sorts of liquors from all countries for the j'ears 1S93, 1894 and the period from August 22, 1898, to July i, 1899, being the iirst ten months of the American occupation. "From this official report it appears that, during the first ten months of the American occupation, about twice as much liquor was imported into the Philippines as in the other two years combined. The following is the table ■ "Importations of liquor into the PhiUppines from all sources in three years: Aug. 22, 1858 to 1893. 1894. July 31, 1899. Kmd— Litres. Litres. Litres. Wmes . . . 758,589 835,681 1,424,490 Malt liquors . . . 104,712 75,066 1,877,623 Distilled Liquors . . 53,200 67,335 'i85'423 Various .... ^g'ggg Total . . . 916,501 978,082 3,564,432 "I compile from the same authority the following table, giving the sources from which this Noah's flood of alcoholic American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 201 Edward W. Hearne (formerly First Lieu- tenant Co. F, 51st Iowa Volunteers, in Manila, now General Secretary of Y. M. C. A. work in the Philippine Islands). — The Filipinos, while pagan and semi - civilized, are moral and sober. They first learn of Christianity from the profane sailor, and when they see im- mense numbers of drunken, profane and immoral soldiers representing liquors was poured into these islands during tlieir first ten months of 'civilization," and the amount which each of these civilized nations contributed; "Liquors imported into the Philippines first ten months of the American occupation : EDWARD W. HEARNE. From — Beer. Wines. Spirits. Other. United States . 1,522,681 "7,995 76,986 6,678 Great Britain . 22,926 24,193 32,597 6,572 Germany . . 72,703 9,514 19,493 1,687 Spain . . 67,194 1,139-157 34,818 53,932 France . . . 32 32,098 1,640 3,380 China 218,287 L23,459- 20,883 4.647 English colonies 3.840 Holland . . . 25 Total . . 1,877,623 1,424,490 185,423 76,896 "There is one more significant fact in this connection. Prior to the American occupation there was but little beer used in these islands. During the year 1893 there was only about one-eighteenth as much consumed as during the first ten months of the American occupation, that is, of imported beer." — W. £. Johnson, in New Voice, August ^o, igoo. 202 Protection of Native Races. this country they have little respect for the religion they profess. "If that is your religion, " they say, ' ' we prefer our own. ' '—Extract from an address deliv- ered in the chapel of the Fifth A venue Presbyterian Church, as reported in the Neiv York Press, Jan- uary, 22, igoo? nr. John Foreman.* — The conduct of the boister- ous, undisciplined individuals who formed a large percentage of the first volunteer contingent sent to Manila has had an ineffaceably demoralizing effect on the proletariat, and has inspired a feeling of horror and loathful contempt in the affluent and educated classes who guide Philippine public opin- ion.' I would point out that the Philippine Christian 'The Ministers' Alliance of Manila has sent to The Reform Bureau an official expression of its hearty sympathy with the Bureau's efiforts to secure the supression of the traffic in intoxi- cating liquors in the Philippines. The Alliance is compiling a statement concerning former and present conditions and their relation to missionary work among the Filipinos, which they will give to the public through The Reform Bureau. * ' ' Mr. John Foreman is conceded to be the foremost authority on the Philippine Islands. A resident in the archipelago for eleven years; continuously acquainted with the natives for twenty; a frequent visitor to various islands of the group; pos- sessed of a more intimate knowledge of the Filipino character and a larger circle of friends and correspondents among the inhabitants than any foreigner living; the historian /ar excel- lence of land and people, he is a qualified expert to whom we are bound to listen. Professor Worcester, of both Philippine commissions, constantly bows in his book to the authority of Foreman. He was especially summoned to Paris by our Peace Commissioners as the very man to guide their uncertain steps aright" — New York Evening Post. "The first annual report of Maj. John A. Hull, judge advo- cate of the militarj- department, shows thai out of an enlist- ment of 21,0^8 men, there were 12,481 cases of court martial of various sorts, during the brief period of ten and one-half months. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 203 population includes not only those of pure Malay descent, but a large admixture of sagacious Spanish and Chinese half-castes educated in the university and colleges of Manila, in Hongkong, Europe and other places. Within a fortnight after the capitulation of Manila the drinking-saloons had increased fourfold. Accord- ing to the latest advices there are at least twenty to one existing in the time of the Spaniards. Drunken- ness, with its consequent evils, is rife all over the city among the new white population. The orgies of the new-comers, the incessant street brawls, the insults offered with impunity to natives of both sexes, the entry with violence into private houses by the soldiery, who maltreat the inmates and lay hands on what they choose, were hardly calculated to arouse in the natives admiration for their new masters. Brothels were absolutely prohibited under Spanish rule, but since the evacuation there has been a great influx of women of ill fame, while native women have been pursued by lustful tor- mentors. During a certain period after the capitu- lation there was indiscriminate shooting, and no peaceable native's life was safe in the suburbs." Adventurers of all sorts and conditions have flocked to this center of vice, where the sober native is not even spoken of as a man by many of the armed rank and file, but, by way of contempt, is called a ' ' yuyu. Rev. F. H. Horgan (Singapore, Straits Settlements, Methodist-Episcopal Board, 1893—, in a letter to 10 Gen. Mac Arthur reports for May to September, 1900, 268 killed, 750 wounded, of Americans; 3.22? tiHed, 694 wounded, of Filipinos. If there was ever before a war in which soldiers pretending to be civilized killed more than they wounded we have not heard of it " London National Review, for September, igoo. 204 Protection of Native Races. The Reform Bureau, dated June i, 1900).— The colonial expansion vhich has taken Llcengea pros- . ^ titntion under place in otit country has brought in its Phurpplnr^.*'"' ^^'""^^ certain evils which we have never met hitherto. Great Britain and the Continental Powers have set the pace in many things which are not altogether acceptable to Christian sentiment at home or abroad, and one of the evils which they have fostered, but from which we have hitherto been free, is the pandering to the vice of soldiers. It is a fact that is not probably known at home that the iniquitous "Contagious Diseases Acts," formerly openly, and at the present time, it is claimed, secretly enforced in the canton- ments of India, are now in effect in our new pos- sessions. The subject was brought to my attention a few weeks ago, but unwilling to jump at con- clusions I have waited until I could confirm the statements then made, that in Sulu, and if there, doubtless in other places,^^ there is a quarter set off by the commanding oiScer, General Kobbie, as the recognized resort of prostitutes; that these women, mostly Japanese, are brought there with the knowledge and consent, if not the approval of the authorities ; that they are segregated, and only sol- diers allowed to consort with them; that sentries are posted at the entrance to keep peace and order and prevent the entrance of natives or the escape OF THE WOMEN, and that it is a recognized institution of our military occupation. The officers have full knowledge of it, but have yielded to the soph- istry so common among military men that you 12 Facsimiles of similar licenses granted in Manila are given m New Voice exposures referred to below. American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 205 "can't prevent the men doing such things, hence it is better to safeguard them as much as pos- sible. "^^ Do our Christian people at home realize what this means? That their sons are taken from Christian homes in Christian America and brought to the tropics, with all the seductive influences prevalent there, and under the sanction of their Making: it as j:^ ^ j li ■ t hard as othcers nnd. everything made as easy as possible for possible for them to live lives of im- to do riKht* purity and vice ; that our Christian government, through its represent- atives, provides every facility for such sin, and says, by actions, if not by words, that it is necessary and that a young man cannot be continent and pure away from home and mother? The canteen is evil, but this is infinitely worse. Ought not the matter to be investigated and the seal of disapproval set upon it by the united Christian sentiment of our land? We want pure men to guard these outposts and to set the native races an example." The i^ The New Voice declares that separate licensed brothels are kept for army officers only. Lord Curzon recently endeared himself to the peojole of India by degrading high army officers who were implicated in an oifense committed against the person of one Indian woman. If the President of the United States were to degrade the offi- cers connected with these outrages committed against defense- less native women (if, after full investigation, these charges were substantiated) he would endear himself to the people of our new islands, and to Christians everywhere. '* Fuller accounts, both of the Evil here referred to and of the liquor and opium traffics in Manila, can be found in articles in the New Voice, August 2, g, 16, 23 and September 6, 1900, by its special commissioner in the Phihppines, Mr. W. E. Johnson. See also letter of William Lloyd Garrison in Springfield 2o6 Protection of Native Races. reports which came to my ears were confirmed by the Sultan of Sulu himself in an interview which I recently had with him.^^ Republican, May ii, igoo, which declares, on the authority of an army ofScer, that when we arrived in Manila its inhabitants were "a chaste and temperate people," and its few "houses bi ill fame" had "less than a score of total occupants." On the arrival of our forces he declares that hundreds of these traffick- ers in vice floclied to the port of Manila and were admitted. '» Memorial against State Regulation of Vice in Manila. — The General Officers of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, at their business meeting held in Rochester, N. Y. , on September i, 1900, adopted by a unanimous vote the following memorial to President McKinley: Whereas, The European system of State regulation of vice has been introduced into Manila by the U. S. army authorities, therefore Resolved, That we earnestly protest against this action, for the following reasons: 1. To issue permits to houses of ill-fame is contrary to good morals, and must impress both our soldiers and the natives as giving official sanction to vice. 2. It is a violation of justice to apply to vicious women com- pulsory medical measures which are not applied to vicious men. 3. Official regulation of vice, while it lowers the moral tone of the community, everywhere fails to protect the public health. In Paris, the head center of the system, rigid regulation has prevailed for more than a century, yet that city is scourged to a notorious degree by the class of maladies against which regu- lation is designed to guard, and the Municipal Council of Paris has repeatedly recommended its abolition. England tried it in her garrison towns, for the benefit of her soldiers and sailors, and repealed it by a hea^'y Parliamentary majority, after seventeen years' experience had proved it to be a complete sanitary failure, as well as a fruitful source of demoralization. It has been repealed throughout Switzerland, except in Geneva, and is the object of a strong and growing opposition in every country where it still prevails. State-licensed and State-super- American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 207 E, Spencer Pratt, late U. S. Consul-General, Singapore. — There is a condition of almost utter demoralization in Manila, with gambling, prostitu- tion and bar-rooms everywhere.— ^/w^^rrz^zVze' in Pitts- burg Post. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR THE PHILIPPINES. By petitions, letters, personal interviews and deputations urge that Congress by law, or the Presi- dent by military order, shall extend to the Philip- pines the laws recently enacted for the protection of native races, minors and drunkards in Alaska, also the prohibition generally in force in this country as vised brothels are contrary to the spirit of American institu- tions, and in St. Louis, the only city of the United States that has ever tried the system, it was abolished at the end of four years, with only one dissenting vote in the city council. The United States should not adopt a method that Europe is dis- carding, nor introduce in our foreign dependencies a system that would not be tolerated at home. We protest in the name of American womanhood; and we believe that this protest represents also the opinion of the best American manhood. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT, Pres. SUSAN B. ANTHONY, Hon. Pres. ANNA H. SHAW, Vice-Pres. ALICE STONE BLACKWELL, Rec. Seo'y. RACHEL FOSTER AVERY, Cor. Sec'y. HARRIET TAYLOR UPTON, Treas. LAURA CLAY, Auditor. CATHERINE WAUGH McCULLOCH, Auditor. Let this admirably expressetj memorial be reprinted by many organizations, and additional endorsements secured in votes and individual signatures. If the President should not soon act, let the aid of the Philippine Commission be asked. Con- gress should also be requested to act for permanent prohibition of this evil which we have legalized and licensed where it was illegal and almost unknown before our coming. 2o8 Protection of Native Races. to opium," and the anti-saloon provision recently voted bjr the House of Representatives for Hawaii, "> W. E. Johnson, 'Commissioner of The New Voice in the Philippines, writes as follows (Manila, June 23, 1900); "Since the American occupation ijo,S34 pounds of opium have ■ passed thf-ough the United States custom house here for use in these [opium] dives — rather, those are the figures up to October 31, 1899, or for practically Vne first year of American rule. On this opium the government collects a tariff of $2.80 per kilo (2.20 pounds). "I visited the proprietors of a dozen opium joints, and asked to see their licenses. In every case, without exception, they told me that they no longer paid a 'license,' but that since the American occupation they paid so much, at stated intervals, to Palanca [who, by paying a 'duty' on all the opium imported, has practically a 'monopoly of the opium business'], and that he 'squared things with the authorities.' They, moreover, told me that the 'margaritas topsede' (prostitute slaves upstairs) paid a license. I found that this was a license for selling beer and wine, a scheme of licensing the houses of prostitution indi- rectly, an invention of the American officials. Opium dens which do not buy their opium of Palanca are prosecuted by the shoulder-strapped representatives of the American govern- ment, but the five or six hundred dives which buy their drug in the proper place are not disturbed. With one or two excep- tions, the proprietors of these opium hells have slave girls upstairs whom they rent out for immoral purposes." — The New Voice, Aiigust 16, igoo. The Friend of China, the organ of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, in an editorial (April, 1897), referring to the regulations looking to the abolition of the opium trafBc, instituted by the British in Burma and the Japanese in Formosa, makes the following suggestion: "No system can be really satisfactory which continues the sale of opium to existing victims of the vice during the remainder of their lives, as any such system must inevitably afford means of evasion, and will thus, in all probability, perpetuate the evil. A measure abolishing the sale altogether after a brief delay, and in the meantime providing medical treatment for curing opium victims, is the only right solution of the difficulty." American Mission Fields— The Philippines. 209 which Hon. F. H. Gillett, of Springfield, Massa- chusetts, has agreed to combine in a bill worded as follows: "A bill to protect native races in the Philippines against intoxicants, and for other purposes. "'Be it enacted, etc., That no intoxicating liquors shall be sold, given, or in any way disposed of to any minor, aborig- inal native or in- toxicated person or to an habitual drunkard; nor shall saloons for the sale of intox- icating liqiiors to be drunk on the premises be al- lowed ; nor shall opium be sold ex- cept on a doctor's prescription. " Sec. 2. Any one who shall violate any of the foregoing provisions shall, upon conviction, be fined not less that fifty dollars nor more than two hun- dred dollars, and upon a subsequent conviction of such violation shall pay a fine increased by 25 per cent, and forfeit his license and be declared inelig- ible to receive another, and in case of non-payment of the fine imposed shall be imprisoned for six months or till the same is paid." Pending the enactment of the foregoing bill by Congress, which may be delayed, petitions should be sent to the President of the United States, and HON. F. H. GILLETT, M. C. 2IO Protection of Native Races. to the Philippine Commission (address Hon. William H. Taft, Chairman, Manila, P. I.), as powers that can act immediately, asking that an "order" cor- responding to this bill shall be at once put in force. (See note, p. i86, and ask further reforms.) And let the President and the Philippine Com- mission both be strongly urged to investigate the definite and corroborated charges of missionaries and others that prostitution, never hitherto licensed under our flag, has been legalized as a part of our military establishment in the Philippines, and to right this great wrong." Guam. The first military governor of Guam, Capt. Rich- ard P. Leary, U. S. N. , made an enviable record by casting out saloon keepers and friars, promoting marriages instead of the usual unhallowed unions, and calling for civil helpers rather than soldiers. He has been relieved, and the present governor is Commander Seaton Schroeder, U. S. N. In response to an inquiry addressed to the Navy Department, as to whether the prohibition of saloons is to be con- tinued under his successor, we are assured that the Department "intends not to vary from its policy of " In a letter dated Oct. 28, 1900, Dr. Alice B. Condict, Metho" dist Episcopal Missionary in Manila, says: "Our U. S. Govern- ment officers have established here regular houses for prostitute woinen examining them every week and giving each a certifi- cate with her own photograph on it, to securely identify the girl who holds it. The reports are that after election is over in the United States the military authorities think of having this sys- tem, 'for prevention of disease' more systematically carried out here." American Mission Fields— The Philippines. 2u a strict regulation," which certainly does not mean prohibition. "What a promise of "strict regulation" means, all opponents of license laws have learned with sorrow. It means permission, not prohi- bition. Tutuila. Commander Benjamin F.Tilley, U.S.N., in charge of the United States naval station in the Samoan Islands, reports that the chiefs of the island of Tu- tuila have ceded to the United States sovereignty, in accordance with the treaty dividing the islands, and that the flag has been raised at Pago Pago. Local control, under United States law, is assured to the chiefs; the importation of firearms and explosives is forbidden; and wines, beers, and liquors are to be admitted only by permission of the commandant. The majority of the people are missionary converts, which accounts for Commandant Tilley's surprised remark that, while the natives are not to be allowed to obtain liquors, "the encouraging fact has devel- oped that apparently they do not care for them. ' ' — Editorial Christian Endeavor World, Aug. i6, igoo. When the Samoan Islands were under the joint government of Great Britain, Germany and the United States, the policy of the first-named country, which forbids its merchants to sell liquors to native races in the Pacific Islands, prevailed. The Navy Department, in the letter already quoted, says: "The subject of liquor has also been made a matter of regulation in Tutuila." We are promised, not prohibition but "reasonable provisions strictly enforced." The aim is only to "regulate," so as to prevent a too "free use," in short, for foreign resi- 212 Protection of Native Races. dents the old license system, with constant peril that the natives, as elsewhere, will at last imitate the vices of their masters. Rev. Charles Phillips, for more than eight years a missionary of the London Missionary Society in the Samoan Islands, states that the natives in those islands have, for a wonder, been protected from that worst of vices, intemperance, which usually accom- panies the white man on his entrance into tropical countries. About twenty years ago Sir Arthur Gor- don issued an order prohibiting intoxicating liquors to British subjects in the islands. Though he had no authority over the natives in this matter, they thought he had, and the order became operative on all classes. Now there is no drunkenness in the islands. The people in their poverty have built their own churches and schoolhouses, and to a con- siderable extent these are served by native pastors and teachers. It is earnestly to be hoped that our Government will protect its new possession, Tutuila, against the incoming of intoxicating drink, and that it will follow this British example in all the new regions over which its authority is extending. — Editorial in the Congregationalist. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR GUAM AND TUTUILA.is I. We should see to it that through petitions, let- ters, personal interviews and deputations, not alone the New Hebrides but these little islands of our ■'These suggestions have been approved by Hon. F. H. Gillett, M.C. ; Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, Superintendent of Depart- ment of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union ; and Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, Legislative Superintendent National W. C. T. TJ, American Mission Fields — The Philippines. 2 1 3 own shall by law and treaty have the same protec- tion which Great Britain has provided for the Pacific islands generally in forbidding her merchants to sell them intoxicants and firearms. 2. Till such a law is passed appeals should be made to the President, who has the ability, and so the responsibility, to protect these islands through the Navy Department, of which they are coaling stations. Though they are small the principles involved are great. 3. Send temperance literature to the military governor and to the missionaries." " Rev. Ebenezer V. Cooper, an English missionary at Tutuila, in a letter to the Navy Department, says: "Of the six thousand population,! have intimate dealings with over five thou- sand, and am in close touch with their ideas. The natives are more than satisfied to find themselves under the beneficent pro- tection of your Government. More than five-sixths of these islanders now under your flag are Protestant Christians. We have given to these islanders not only a religious literature, but we have also an educational literature, at a great cost of time and expenditure. We have a system of education extending from village schools to a fairly high class school, and it will be our endeavor to develop and foster this educational work as far as we are able. All we ask from your Government is a kindly consideration for all that we have tried to do hitherto, and for our continuing labors to make of these islanders an enlightened Christian people. — Christian Heratd, Sept. 5, 1900. The latest word before going to press is a letter from the daughter of the late Robt. Louis Stevenson, of Samoa: During the National W. C. T. U. Convention of 1900 a let- ter was read to the Executive Committee from the step- daughter of Robert Louis Stevenson, of Samoa, in which it was stated that Americans were introducing the liquor traffic among Samoans. Mrs. M. D. Ellis was directed to present the matter to Congress. 214 Protection of Native Races. A WORLD SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE EDUCATION. BY MRS, MARY H. HUNT, Superintendent of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's W. C. T. U. The first law in the United States and in the world making temperance education a part of the course in the public schools was passed in 1882. By 1900 all States, save Georgia and Utah, had similar laws while the national Con- gress in 1886 made such education mandatory in the District of Colum- bia and in territorial, military and naval schools. Temperance education is now legally compulsory in Scandinavia, Iceland, and several provinces in Canada and Australia, In Great Britain and Ireland temperance lec- tures are given in the schools under the auspices of the Band of Hope, Belgium and Switzerland, through their educational authorities require systematic instruction and the ques- tion of doing this is being considered in some parts of France. Germany ^^^ does not yet require this study, but ■^"v l^'j'^'^^B ^^^ ^ growing organization of total -^ Mv^z^^HI abstinence teachers who recognize the importance of rightly training their pupils, and are standing loyally for their principles, ably supported by an organization of well- known scientists who are also total abstainers. Many educa- tional boards in Finland have put this study into their schools, while the mission schools of Spain, Bulgaria, and Turkey teach it more or«less regularly. India, China, and Burma, Egypt and South Africa also report scientific temperance instruction in many of the mission schools. Japan is making definite progress in the introduction of this subject with very encouraging results. In the Latin- American countries little has been accomplished yet, but seed is being sown by the missionaries in Mexico, Brazil, Uraguay, Argentina, and Chili. The text-books on this subject carefully prepared for the use of pupils in the United States have withstood every effort of the opponents of the movement to prove them inaccurate. They have been translated into many different languages, and may be found in almost every corner of the earth. Thus from America to Japan and from Iceland to South Africa may be traced the growing influence of education as to the truth against alcohol and other narcotics, an education which, if faithfully carried out, will sooner or later redeem the nations from the bondage of strong drink and kindred evils. MRS. MARY H, HUNT. Porto Rico. REV, A. F. BEARD, D.D. NEW YORK, CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE AMERI- CAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION. I certainly hope that you will be able to se- cure sufficient influence to restrict, or better yet, to put an end to the sale of spirituous liquors in the saloons introduced in our new possessions. In two visits to Porto Rico I have been shamed by the fact that drunkenness in that island has been almost entirely introduced by people from the United States since Porto Rico became a member of our Drunkenness national family. So far as I observed mostly of ii^ Ponce all saloons which dispensed Americans or _ '■ tiirougii distilled liquors were carried on by Americans. people from the United States. The example of those whom the natives called "Ameri- cans" was such as to bring grief to those who wished well for Porto Rico. In San Juan the first great sign that met the eye of all passengers land- ing from the wharf was "American Bar." "Amer- ican" saloons were very common. At the times of my visits about all of the drunkenness and rioting manifest in San Juan came through the saloons and over the bars of those who were from the States. In twice traveling through the island from one end to the other, I saw no drunkenness except where the conditions for it had been introduced by my own countrymen. I earnestly hope that influence can be brought to bear to prevent the increase of demoralization among the people of our new pos- 215 2l6 Protection of Native Races. sessions. The great majority of the inhabitants of Porto Rico need help upward and not downward. Mrs. Ruth Shaffner-Etnier (Ponce, President of the West Indies W. C. T. U., and Inspector of the Public Schools in Ponce). — Before the American occupation the natives drank little save light wines, which were used universally but sparingly. Life here in every phase moves leis- urely. Ten-minute dinners and prompt appointments are not indigenous to tropical climes. A party of ladies and gentle- men, wishing to Sobriety spend an hour to- "* natives. gether pleasantly, visit an open cafe. One may order soda, another wine, another cream. Quiet conversation, ^.- M rfr,_,WE^a rather than partaking of the r W mJBSm''*'^ refreshments, occupies their attention. They may talk and sip for hours, no one disturbs them, very likely soft music courses away, finally the fare- wells are said and the company disperses. The Amer- ican habit of making it a business to enter drink shops solely to gulp down huge quantities of liquor till beastly intoxicated, was unknown to this people, until introduced by Americans. Whatever else is chargeable to the native population, they do not become beastly drunken. We have been here four- teen months and have yet to see a Porto Rican well tmder the influence of liquor. We have seen instances almost innumerable of Americans, both soldiers and civilians, so debauched that common MRS. SHAFFNER-ETNIER, American Mission Fields — Porto Rico. 217 decency would debar a public description of their condition. Drinking to excess is so common among Americans here that the natives must conclude that ^ . ours is a nation drunken from center ly AD teens reopened to circumference. The "canteen," and baneful. ^^j.^^. ^^j^^ closcd bccausc o£ a great reduction of the troops, has reopened, adding an- other temptation to the saloons and brothels, and conditions are growing constantly worse. It is awful to contemplate the judgment that must await officials who consign a country's youthful manhood to such holes of iniquity, and refuse all appeals to make it less easy to do wrong. The effects of American occupation in changing native habits as to drink are already appearing. The beer SiHce the War ''American beer" is the Invasion. ^up offered upon every possible occasion by poor and rich alike. Not long since, while mak- ing a tour of the schools in this district during their annual examinations, the yellow beverage was offered by each teacher to every visitor in presence of the pupils. The importations of malt liquors, which in value were in 1897 only $2,354, had risen in 1899 to $924,656; while distilled liquors, of which barely $15 worth was imported in 1897, had risen in 1899 to $19,213. The larger part of this, alas, is for our soldiers, but the natives, as in other colonies that come under Anglo-Saxon rule, will be drawn into the bad habits of the dominant race. The bill enacted for the government of Porto Rico contained no provisions for remedying these grow- in? evils except that its general appli- ignored catiou of laws applying to Territories, uquorevii. makcs Scientific temperance education 2l8 Protection of Native Races. compulsory in all its public schools. But the enforce- ment of the law is yet to be accomplished.^ Even Christian people have shown more interest in achieving free trade with Porto Rico than in preventing the supreme wrong we have put upon its people, the trade in American intoxicants. If there was a single petition sent to Congress during its long debate of the Porto Rico government bill, asking that it should include any moral legislation, The Reform Bureau has failed to hear of it. Congress was less in- different to the moral issues involved than the people, for a strict divorce law was made, doubtless as a concession to Roman Catholic influence. Nothing was done in behalf of a better Sabbath, though De- Tocqueville considered the British-Am'erican type of Sab- bath, as contrasted with the type found in all Latin coun- tries, a prime cause of American greatness. Ameri- cans in Porto Rico, with a very few exceptions, are adopting the holiday Sunday instead of introducing and commending the American Sabbath, the most in- fluential of American institutions, which promotes 'Mrs. "Etnier writes; "Our hope is in teaching the chil- dren." One effective way to do that is by Mrs. Crafts' "Tem- perance Brownies' Tour of the World." Send 25 cents to The Reform Bureau, 210 Delaware Avenue, N. E. Washing- ton, D. C, for book and sewing card pictures. The tour is also presented by stereopticon at a rental of 5 cents a slide. GEN. GUY V. HENRY. American Mission Fields — Porto Rico. 219 conscientiousness, intelligence and a spirit of equality — three necessities of life in self-governing people. Gen. Guy V. Henry, when governor of Porto Rico, appreciated the civil value of the American Sabbath, and asked The Reform Bureau for literature in Spanish to promote it — a request that still waits for a fund to carry it out. WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR PORTO RICO.^ 1. All its teachers, public and private, should be abundantly supplied with temperance literature, especially as to beer (see book list on last page) ; also its missionaries and editors. This can be arranged through Mrs. Etnier, quoted above, and Mrs. M. H. Hunt, 23 Trull Street, Boston, N. W. C. T. U. Superintendent of Scientific Temperance Education. 2. Some good temperance speaker who can talk Spanish should be found to reinforce the W. C. T. U. and the Y. M. C. A. workers who are already holding successful pledge-taking temperance meet- ings for soldiers. 3. As Porto Rico has a measure of self-govern- ment, and its temperate people have at present a profound disgust for drunkenness, a movement should be undertaken to prohibit or curtail the traffic before they have yielded to that tendency that has always inclined subject races to imitate the vices of their conquerors. Congress also has power to do this. 2 These suggestions have been approved by Hon. F. H. Gil- lett, M. C. ; Mrs. Mary H. Htmt, Superintendent of Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction, World's Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union; and Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, Legislative Superintendent N. W. C. T. U. ; also those on p. 213. Cuba. MR. QEORQE KENNAN. SPECIAL COMMISSIONER OF THE OUTLOOK TO CUBA.' _, . ^ I had been on the island [Cuba] about six months be- fore I saw a Cuban percep- tibly under the influence of intoxicating liquor; and yet there was hard- temperate. ^Y » day m that whole time that I did not see Cubans by the dozen talking, smoking and drinking in the restaurants and caf^s of Santiago, Bara- coa, Havana, Matanzas, Car- denas, Santa Clara, or Cien- fuegos. Almost all Cubans drink, but they are the most temperate people, nevertheless, that I have ever known. Even in hours of triumph and periods of great emotional excitement, when over-indulgence might be expected if not excused, the Cuban seldom loses his head to such an extent as to become noisy, disorderly, or offensive. I witnessed in Santa Clara, Cienfuegos, and Havana three great popular demonstrations in honor of General Gomez, when there were reunions of old army comrades, celebra- I Extract, made by kind permission, from an article entitled "Cuban Character," in The Outlook, December 23, 1899. MR. GEORGE KENNAN. . American Mission Fields — Cuba. 221 tions of victories won by Cuban arms, and scenes of almost -unparalleled excitement and passion; but I did not notice in the crowded cafds or in the surging throngs on the streets a single intoxicated Cuban soldier or civilian. About the middle of last January the people of Matanzas had a triumphal celebration, lasting four days, of their deliverance from Spanish rule. Nearly a thousand Cuban soldiers came into the city from neighboring camps; five hundred negro men and women formed in a solid column at night, and danced half a mile down one of the principal streets, to the accompaniment of delirious shouts and cries and the frenzied beating of tom-toms and drums; and the whole city went literally wild with patriotic enthusiasm and excitement. Although the caf^s and drinking-saloons were all open, as usual, the Cuban population remained perfectly sober, and General Sanger, who was then Governor of the city, told me that, so far as he could remember, there was not a single arrest for drunkenness or disorder in the whole four days. Is there a city or town in the United States of which as much could be said at the end of an annual Fourth of July celebration of Drunken American independence? Drunken soldiers. American soldiers I have seen in Cuba, by the score if not by the hundred, but all the drunken Cuban soldiers I have ever seen might be counted on my thumbs. In many parts of the island, and at many different times, my national and racial pride was deeply wounded, not to say humbled, by the glaring con- trast between American intemperance and Cuban sobriety. In Baracoa one afternoon I happened to see three or four drunken American soldiers stag- 222 Protection o*i Native Races. gering down the street toward the postoffice, under the eyes of a dozen or more sober and observant Cubans." In the faces of the latter was a half-pity- ing, half -contemptuous expression which seemed to say, "How is it possible for human beings to make such beasts of themselves?" There was justification enough, perhaps, for the expression, but it irritated Americans ^^^ nevertheless. In courage, in hon- otherwise csty, in Capacity, and in all that goes to superior. make true manhood, those American soldiers were immeasurably superior to the Cubans who stood, clear-eyed and sober, on the sidewalks and looked after them with disgust and contempt. . I had no doubt whatever that three-fourths of those very Cubans would lie without scruple, steal if they had a good opportunity, and go contentedly for three months at a time without a bath ; but drunken- ness did not happen to be their vice. Exactly why the Cubans can drink moderately for an indefinite length of time without increasing the quantity or the frequency of their potations, and without becoming victims of an enslaving habit, I will not undertake to say. Perhaps their modera- cnban ^^^'^ ^^ ^^^ ^^® °^ intoxicants is an methods of inherited racial characteristic. If you °^" compare their method of drinking with that of Americans in the same saloon or cafd, you will probably notice that they spend half an hour in smoking, talking, and sipping at intervals one small glass of Baccardi rum, and then go quietly about their business; while the American soldiers at the next table swallow six drinks of the same liquor in ''General Ludlow has, as Military Governor of Havana, made an enviable record, which includes an admirable anti- canteen order for that province, American Mission Fields — Cuba. 223 the same time, and then go somewhere else to make a day or a night of it. With the Cuban, conversa- tion is the main thing, and the drink merely acces- sory and incidental; while with the American inebriation seems to be the chief object, with con- versation as an incidental stop-gap between drinks. That the average Cuban has more self-control than the average American in the presence of intoxicating liquor is an indisputable fact; but in defense of the American it may at least be said that when he is sober he has his senses ; while the Cuban often loses his senses without being drunk. What effect American example will ultimately have upon drinking methods and habits of the Cubans I am unable even to conjecture; but I sincerely hope that they will not adopt an imported American vice without at least learning a few of the compensating American virtues. While sobriety — or, to speak with greater pre- cision, moderation in the use of intoxicants — is one of the Cuban's best characteristics, he Good qualities -^ , ^^ means without other note- of Cubans. .' worthy and commendable qualities. In the first place, he is manageable. General Wood, General Sanger, General Ludlow, Lieutenant- Colonel Wylly, of Baracoa, and many other American officers whose administrative duties have necessarily brought them into close relations with the Cubans, unanimously declare that the latter, if treated with justice and tact, are kindly, tractable, well disposed, and easily governed. Rev. J. V. Cova (Matanzas, Cuba, Home Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1892—, form- erly in Havana). — The saloon sprang up with the military occupation. There are above forty Ameri- 224 Protection of Native Races. can beer and whisky houses in this single city, which are open on Sundays, as well as on every other day of the week, till late in the night." Quarrels between Cuban policemen and intoxicated American soldiers are an every-day matter. The Cubans are as a rule a very temperate people. But what will be the result of such deplorable examples in those who assume to be American frandaand tcachers of proper government and American republican virtues? Gamblers and drinks. immoral women have also come to co-operate with their natural ally, drink. Add to this the scandalous frauds of American employes and you may have an approximated idea of the hin- drances to Christian missions in this country. It is difficult to make this people discriminate between the American intemperance they are witnessing and the noble spirit of those who are trying to send them the Gospel of the Son of God. ' This country has, during the past year, unloaded upon those countries which have come under the protection of our flag, beer, the wholesale price of which was more than a million dollars, not to mention other intoxicants, which are not particularized in the summary of commerce. Official Figures. — The increase in our exports of liquor from 1897, when Spain was in charge, to 1899, is shown by the following figures. Cuba — 1897. 1899. Malt liquors 827,549 $924,654 Distilled liquors . . . 495 65,271 Porto Rico — Malt liquors . . . 2,354 176,510 Distilled liquors . 15 19,213 Philippines — Malt liquors . . 663 154,448 Distilled liquors . 106,843 Total 831,036 $1,446,979 —Official Report, United States Treasury's Bureau of Sta- tistics, Mr. 0. P. Austin, Chief, February 3, igoo. American Mission Fields — Cuba. 225 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR CUBA. 1. Send liter- ature* to above- named mission- ary and others; also to General Leonard Wood, Havana. Send lecturers also who will be able to present arguments i n Spanish. 2. Urge upon the President of the United States the legal curtailment of the liquor traffic to what it was at our coming, at the very least, a change which we may be sure that General Wood, the Military Governor, will be glad to accomplish, if permitted. = The President has the ability to do this until the military government ends in Cuban independence. * See list at end of book. 5 When General Wood became Military Governor at Santi- ago the country heard at once from his stanch Americanism in prohibitions of bull fights, duels, lotteries and Sunday saloons. If General Shafter (p. 242) had not been overruled in his efforts to keep back cargoes of American beer. General Wood would no doubt have continued that order also GEN. LEONARD WOOD. 226 Protection of Native Races. LODQE=LITTLEFIELD BILL. [This bill is of wider scope, and so more difficult to pass than the bill on p. 52, which omits our own islands and deals with the New Hebrides as an emergency measure, prompted by the war there raging at this writing, December. 1900,] Any person subject to the authority of the United States who shall give, sell, or otherwise supply, any arms, ammunition, explosive substance, intoxicating liquor, or opium to any aborig- inal native in Hawaii, Guam, Tutuila, or the Philippine Islands; or in tlie New Hebrides or any other of the Pacific Islands, shall be punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three months, with or without hard labor, or by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or by both. And in addition to such punishment all articles of a similar nature to those in respect to which an offense has been committed, found in tlie possession of the offender, may be declared forfeited. Sec. 2. If it shall appear to the court that such opium, wine or spirits have been given bona fide for medical purposes it shall be lawful for the Court to dismiss the charge. please send petition or letter, or at least this ballot, at once, by mail or tele- graph, to one of your Senators, and duplicate below to your Congressman. I^et ten sign the same telegram. IVIAII^ BOX REKERENDUIVI. To U. S. Senate, care of Hon Undersigned favors abolition of saloons in our army and islands and protection of native races the world over against intoxicants; NAME RESIDENCE IVIAIL BOX REFERKNDXJIVI. To U. S. House of Representatives, care of Hon M. C. Undersigned favors abolition of saloons in our army and islands and protection of native races the world over against intoxicants: name residence If signatures are in behalf of a society, or meeting, ordered by vote, so state. Important Experiments by the British Army in the Line of Total Abstinence. The fight on drink in the Brit- ish army is one of peculiar inter- est at this time, as tlie same men who have been leading the army temperance movement for years are the very men who are in charge of affairs in South Africa. Lord Roberts himself was for years the Presi- dent of the Army Temperance As- sociation in In- dia. When he was recalled, Gen. Sir George White, the hero of Ladysmith, became his successor, both as com- mander of the Indian army, and as President of the Army Temperance Association. 227 GENERAL LORD ROBERTS. 228 Protection of Native Races. As a result of the efforts of these two men, the Army Temperance Association of India now has more than twenty thousand members, Abstainers onc-thiid of the entire force. Another mucli fewer in hospital and result has been a remarkable difference f^rrdHnkere. between the petty offenses and admis- sions to the hospitals of the abstaining soldiers and the tipplers. I compile from the official returns of the Indian army the following summary, covering the last year reported, which tells the story : THE EFFECT OF ARMY ABSTINENCE IN INDIA. Members Army Non- Year 1898 — Temp. Ass'n. Members, Number soldiers included in return 18,663' 48,842 Convictions bjf court martial, per 1,000 4.12 36.38 Summary punishments for insubor- dination, per 1,000 39.70 92.32 Admissions to hospital, per 1,000 . 209 302 A partial list of the British generals who are now in the public eye and who at the same time have been active in the organization of this Association in the home army comprises nearly the whole list. Among those who are actual officers of the Associa- tion are: Lord Wolseley, late Commander-in-Chief. Lord Roberts, now Commander-in-Chief. Gen. Sir George White. Gen. Lord Methuen. ' These iigures were for March, 1898. By October the number had been increased to 24,800. See "Lord Roberts' Testimony" following. In three regiments, the Black Watch, the Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders, and the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment, over 50 per cent of the men are total abstainers. No less than ten batteries of artillery have a membership of more than 50 per cent of their strength. Experiments by the British Army. 229 Gen. Sir Charles Warren. Gen. J. Kelly-Kenny. Gen. Sir W.F. Gatacre. Gen. Sir R. H. Buller. The list of Vice-Presidents of this Association comprises seventy-three of the leading generals OF THE British army. At the' annual meeting in March, 1899, General White presided, and in his address said: "I would like, here from the platform, and in the presence of the Secretary of War, to thank you men for the efforts you have made in this cause, and for the ATTACKS you HAVE MADE ON THE ARMY'S BESETTING SIN DRINK." On the same occasion, Lord Lansdowne, Secre- tary of State for War, made a vigorous address in behalf of the Association's work. In India the Association is as much a Temperance ^^^ ^j ^-^^ ^^ equipment as the army canteens. ^ j T. r ^ wagons. The government furnishes tents, furniture, transportation free, and supplies at cost. LORD ROBERTS' TESTIMONY. Hon. Williams. Caine, M.P., of England, on Octo- ber 20, 1898, stated that Lord Roberts, Commander- in-Chief, had said to him that one-third of the British army in India (24,800 out of 75,000), who are abstainers, furnish 2,000 more effective troops than the other two-thirds, who are not abstainers. GENERAL WHITE FAVORS TEMPERANCE CANTEENS. In May, 1900, at the anniversary of the British Army Temperance Association, in London, Gen. Sir George White, its president, declared that the 230 Protection of Native Races. temperance rooms which the army had provided in India had been an im- mense benefit to the forces. He declared himself thor- oughly in accord with the suggestion that the gov- ernment should provide temperance rooms in all barracks. . . . The best weapon for fighting the ennui which contributes so largely to immoderate drinking is the provision of agreeable quarters where soldiers can have a good time without recourse to either the outside saloon or army canteen. GEN. SIR GEORGE WHITE. LORD KITCHENER IN THE SOUDAN CAMPAIGN. The British army has gathered the first experi- mental evidence bearing upon this The regimen . , . of the regiment military tempcrancc question. Three should be that regiments were selected from each of of the athlete. several brigades for tests at different times, partly during maneuvers. In one, every man was forbidden to drink a drop while the test lasted; in the second, inalt liquor only could be purchased; in the third, a sailor's ration of whisky was given to each man. The expeiiment was repeated in several instances where forced marches and other work was required. The whisky drinkers showed more dash at first, but generally in about four days showed signs of lassitude and abnormal fatigue. Those given malt liquors displayed less dash at first, but their endurance lasted somewhat Experiments by the British Army. 231 longer. The abstainers, however, are said to have increased daily in alertness and staying powers. As a result of this experiment, the British War Depart- ment decided that in iJie recent Soudan campaign not a single drop of stimulant should be allowed in camp, save for hospital use. The officers, including even the generals, could no longer enjoy their accustomed spirits, wines and malt liquors at their mess tables. There must have been some wry faces, especially among the Scotch laddies, when the order was pub- lished that for all hands, including even camp fol- lowers, liquid refreshment was to be limited to tea, oatmeal water, or lime juice, and Nile water. To-day it is a great feather in the headgear of the advocates of military total abstinence that Lord Kitchener's recent victo- ry w a s won for him by an army of tee- totalers, who made phe- n o m e n a 1 forced march- es through : the desert, i under the burning sun, and in a cli- mate famed for its power to kill or pre- maturely age the unaccli- mated. In- GENERAL LORD KITCHENER. 232 Protection of Native Races. deed, 'lis said that never has there been a British campaign occasioning so little sickness and profiting by so much endurance.'' — Washington Star. ABSTINENCE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN. Lord Roberts in a letter regarding total absti- nence in the British army in South Africa, read, at the annual meeting of the Army Temperance Asso- ciation in London, May 14, 1900, Gen. Sir George White presiding: "There never was a more tem- perate army than that which marched under my command from the Modder River to Bloemfontein. Nothing but good can result from so many soldiers being brought together in an arduous campaign when they see how splendidly our temperance men have borne up against the hardships and dangers they have had to face." — Washington Post, May IS, 1900. Lord Roberts sent from Pretoria a striking appeal to his countrymen to refrain from turning the wel- come of the homecoming troops into a drunken orgy. He expressed the sincere hope that the wel- come would not take the form of treating to stimu- lants and "thus lead to excesses that will tend to 2 Best Drink for Soldiers. — Now that alcohol has been tabooed in the army and na\^y of some of the leading nations of the world, the question has arisen, what is the best drink with which the soldier can quench his thirst? Many distinguished Indian commanders have testified in favor of tea as a thirst allayer when on a long march in equatorial lands. The men under the leadership of Gen. Sir Herbert Kitchener during the recent campaign in the Soudan, who were allowed no alcoholic stimulants whatever, performed their long journey through the desert on cold tea, and fought splendidly at the end of it.— Chicago Record. Experiments by the British Army. 233 degrade those whom the nation delights to honor, and lower the soldiers of the Queen in the eyes of the world, which has watched with undisguised admiration the grand work they have performed for their sovereign and country. I therefore beg earnestly," said Lord Roberts, "that the public will refrain from tempting my gallant comrades, but will rather aid them to uphold the splendid reputation they have won for the imperial army. I am very proud to be able to record with the most absolute truth that the conduct of this army, from first to last, has been exemplary. Not a single case of serious crime has been brought to my notice; indeed, nothing deserving the name of crime. I have trusted to the men's own soldierly feeling and good sense, and they have borne themselves like heroes on the battlefield, and like gentlemen on all other occasions." — Washington Star, November j, ipoo. Lord Wolseley, then commander-in-chief, had on October 13 issued an appeal, as follows: "The time draws near when we may hope to welcome home many of the gallant soldiers who have so nobly fought our battles for us in South Africa. Their reception will, I know, be cordial, and it is this assured cordiality that impels me to ask those wish- ing to do them honor to refrain, while extending to them a hearty welcome, from offering intoxicating liquor. Our soldiers are recruited from all classes of her majesty's subjects, and only differ from their brothers in civil life by the habits of discipline they have acquired in the army. Like all of us, they are open to temptation. Many of them must soon resume the occupations and positions their employ- ers have patriotically kept open for them. Others 234 Protection cf Native Races. will have to seek for new situations, and will require a helping hand in doing so. It is therefore most important that all should endeavor to preserve a .good name for steadiness and sobriety before enter- ing upon their civil work. I trust that our greeting to the brave soldiers returning from this war may- be something better than an incitement to excessive drinking, and that all will remember that whoever encourages them in this, far from being their friend, is realty their worst enemy. ' ' Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, and President of the British Army Temper- ance Association said at one of its anniversaries: "There are yet some battles to be fought, some great enemies to be encountered by the United Kingdom, but the most pressing enemj' at present is drink. It kills more than all our newest weapons of warfare, and not only destroys the body, but the mind and soul also." ' TOTAL ABSTINENCE IN THE FRENCH ARHY. Qeneral Qaliflet, Ex=ninister of War, recognizing the injury of drink in the army, began reform by forbidding sales of distilled liquors in canteens — not an adequate reform, but it shows that the evil is ^ British prohibition in the army in time of war and official encouragement of total abstinence at other times are most com- mendable, but the official establishment of liquor-selling can- teens in the barracks in time of peace ought to elicit vigorous protest. The whole British Empire may well be urged to adopt the policy of Canada, which totally forbids the sale of all intoxicating liquors in its military camps. In October, 1898, Dr. Borden, Minister of Militia, was informed that the regula- tions in this respect were not being strictly enforced, where- upon he issued strict orders that the law must be observed in its entirety. Experiments by the British Army. 235 felt.* Of the tests leading to this order the Ameri- *Tliis battle against distilled liquors in the French army, taken with the appeals in recent years of that nation's chief medical society and other learned bodies for restrictive legisla- tion against the same, proclaim the failure of the "wine cure" in its stronghold. It has been loudly claimed that encouraging the use of wine will promote temperance by correspondingly decreasing the use of stronger drinks. The above facts sufficiently prove this to be a fallacy, but the matter is made doubly sure by a "Statement Showing the Production and Con- sumption of Alcoholic Beverages (Wine, Beer and Spirits), in the Various Countries of Europe, in the United States and in the British Colonies," presented to the British Parliament February 15, 1900, an ofScial copy of which has been furnished us by the British government. From it we learn, as to wine, "that the total amount consumed in these three countries [United Kingdom, United States and Germany], with their 160 millions of inhabitants, averages [per year] only an eighth of what is consumed in France with its 38 millions of inhabit- ants," while the consumption of spirits is shown to be about twice as great per capita in France as in Great Britain and the United States. Lest any should turn from the "wine cure" to the "beer cure," it should be added that Germany also is in this report put with. France as consuming about twice as much "spirits" as Great Britain and the United States. The report further states that in France the consumption of beer, while it is at present much less per capita than that of the other three countries now being compared with it, "shows a distmct tend- ency to gradually increase. " In short, whether measured by total gallons or in absolute alcohol the land of wine has the largest fer capita consumption of i?ttoxicants. The British table reduced to American gallons is as follows: FRESH STATISTICS OF LIQUOR CONSUMPTION. (From British Parliamentary Report, February 15, IQOO.) Countries- Wine. Beer. Spirits. Total. Canada . - - . • o.io Australasia United States Great Britain Germany . Prance 4.32 0.78 5-20 I 26 12.72 0.91 14-89 0.28 15-64 1-1° ^7-02 0.49 38-29 1-23 40.01 0.92 32-S3 2.22 35-67 29.58 aeo 2.48 38-66 "The United Kingdom derives ^ larger proportion of its 236 Protection of Native Races. can Issue says: "Experiments carried oh in the French army show that under all circumstances the French soldier is 40 per cent more efficient when subjected to a regime of total abstinence. Officers declare that great advance toward temperance in the French army has been made by controlling the canteens, and replacing them with refectories where coffee, tea, cocoa and other beverages are furnished. " national revenue from the taxation of alcoholic liquors than any other country, the proportion [36 per cent] being twice as great as in either France [19] or Germany [18]." The United States' percentage, 28, ranks next to Great Britain, a serious obstacle to prohibition when it is considered in the concrete that the large national fund that has prompted our unprece- dented generosity in pensions has been chiefly liquor revenue. About half the liquor revenue in all four countries named comes from the distilled liquors. Let it be noted in above table that Canada consumes only one-fourth as much of intoxicants per capita as the United States, and Australasia only three-fourths as much as we do. ' 'The tendency [of Canada] to decrease [in the consumption of all alcoholic beverages] is perhaps more remarkable in view of the directly contrary tendency in most other countries, with the exception perhaps of the United States." It is to be feared that we are hardly entitled to this compliment, since our consumption of intoxicants increased from four gallons per capita in 1840 to eighteen in 1892, and having fallen to sixteen in 1893, apparently through the influ- ence of "hard times," has increased again with "prosperity" to nearly the high-water mark of 1892. Testimony of American Military Lead= ers against Liquor Selling in the Army and Navy. The following military leaders are on record as opposed to the sale of liquor in the canteen: Generals Hayes, ^ O. O. Howard, Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, Henry, Sternberg, Wilcox, Ludlow, Rochester, Boynton, Carlin, Lee, Stanley, Castle- man, Harries, Carr, Graham, Bliss; and of the navy. Secretary Long, Rear Admirals Sampson, Barker and Kimberly, Commodore Gibbs, Captains Folger, Higginson, Crowninshield, Bradford. Lieutenant-Qenerai Nelson A. Miles, in General Order No. 87, dated July 2, 1898: The history of other armies has demonstrated that in a hot climate ' President Hayes, in the following "order" as Commander- in-Chief of the Army and Navy, prohibited liquor selling in the army : "Executive Mansion, Washington, February 22, 1881. "The Secretary of War: In view of the well-known fact that the sale of intoxicating liquors in the army of the United States is the cause of much demorahzation among both officers and men, and that it gives rise to a large proportion of the cases before the general and garrison courts-martial, involving great expense and serious injury to the service — "It is therefore directed that the Secretary of War take suitable steps, as far as practicable consistently with vested rights, to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage at the camps, forts and other posts of the army. "R.'B. HAYES." There were men in those days as now skilled in "interpret- ing" away temperance laws, and this order was "interpreted" not to refer to "beers and light wines," so that, President Hayes' term of ofBce shortly after expiring, the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors never became effective. Beer 237 Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles. Maj.-Gen. Jos. Wheeler. Sec. John D. Long. Maj.-Gen. Wm. H. Shaffer. Ex.-Pres. R. B. Hayes. Rear Ad. Wm. T. Sampson. Maj.-Gen. G. M. Ludlow. Maj.-Gen. H. V. Boynton. Rear Ad. A. S. Barker. MILITARY LEADERS WHO CONDEMN THE CANTEEN. 238 Testimony of American Military Leaders 239 abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks is essential to continued health and efficiency.^ Hon. John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy, Gen- eral Order No. 508, Feb. 3, 1899: "After mature deliberation, the Department has decided that it is for the best interest of the service that the sale or issue to enlisted men of malt or other alcoholic and light wine continued to have the open sanction of the military authorities, and the stronger liquors were sold, as now, with more or less pretense at concealment. Canteens were never required by law, but were permitted, at the discretion of commanders, by military orders, until prohibited by Con- gress in February 27, 1898, in a law which, even as interpreted by the Attorney General, permits, but does not require, com- mander's to establish them. ' General Miles, during the Cuban war, acting no doubt for the President, to whom appeals for some executive action on canteens had been made, issued the following "order," which delegated the powers of the Commander-in-Chief and Com- manding General to control the "canteens" to lesser command- ers, who might choose to use it in their own jurisdiction. It is important as showing responsibilities and powers in this mat- ter, and because it was the only military "order" on the sub- ject during the Cuban war, and also because, especially, it cites favorably, but does not follow the example of "other armies," referring unquestionably to the British army in par- ticular. Headquarters of the Army, General Order, No. 87. Adjutant-General's Office, Washington, July 2, 1898. The army is engaged in active service under climatic con- ditions which it has not before experienced. In order that it may perform its most difficult and laborious duties with the least practicable loss from sickness, the utmost care consistent with prompt and efficient service must be exer- cised by all, especially by officers. I The history of other armies has demonstrated that in a j hot climate abstinence from the use of intoxicating drink is | essential to continued health and efficiency. I Commanding officers of all grades and officers of the medical 240 Protection of Native Races. liquors on board ships of the navy, or within the limits of naval stations, be prohibited. "Therefore, after the receipt of this order, com- manding officers and commandants are forbidden to allow any malt or other alcoholic liquor to be sold to, or issued to, enlisted men, either on ship board, or within the limits of navy yards, naval stations, or marine barracks, except in the medical depart- ment." Rear Admiral Wm. T. Sampson. — ^I think there is but one opinion among officers of the navy about grog, and it is that alcoholic liquors have no place in the navy of the United States except as a medicine. Intoxicating liquors of all sorts should be abolished. Rear Admiral A. S. Barker. — I am opposed to the selling of beer to our sailors and marines at any navy yard or on board any of our men-of-war. Fortunately the Secretary of the Navy has prohib- ited its sale. — In letter to The Reform Bureau from Navy Yard, N. F., dated Nov. 28, igoo. staff will carefully note the effect of the use of such light beverages — wines and beer — as are permitted to be sold at the post and camp exchanges, and the commanders of all inde- pendent commands are enjoined to restrict, or to entirely pro- hibit, the sale of such beverages, if the welfare of the troops or the interests of the service require such action. In this most important hour of the nation's history it is due the government from all those in its service, that they should not only render the most earnest efforts for its honor and wel- fare, but that their full physical and intellectual force should be given to their public duties, uncontaminated by any indul- gences that shall dim, stultify, weaken or impair their faculties and strength in any particular. Officers of every grade, by example as well as by authority, will contribute to the enforcement of the order. By command of Major-General Miles. H. C. CORBIN, Adjutant-General. General Corbin, who signed this order, declared, Feb. g, 1899, he was of the same opinion as in 1892, when he said in his official Testimony of American Military Leaders. 241 Maj.-Qeti. O. O. Howard, in official report. — ^The post exchange presents the ap- pearance of a small country store or refreshment rooni where beer is served. The impression is irresistible that beer is easily and cheaply procured, so that it is con- stantly forced upon the atten- tion of the enlisted man. He is always tempted to in- dulge in its use. Command- ing officers have generally agreed with me that it would be well to abolish the sale of beer entirely and to substitute for it other beverages. Under the present system soldiers appear to be more generally led to drink and to offenses that go with drinking than under the old sutler and post- MAJ.-GEN. O. O, HOWARD. report as Assistant Adjutant-General ; ' 'A cause of restlessness (in the army) is traced to the excesses of the exchange, the saloon feature of which is not productive of good, and should be done away with without further experiment. The men who drink spend the greater portion of their money for beer. The credit system brings them to the pay table with little or no money due. This takes all heart out of them, and makes them quite ready to ask their discharge and try some other calling. The service should, of all things, teach economy. The feature of the exchange under remark is in direct conBict with the sol- diers' savings. Any vocation that fails of substantial results cannot hope to thrive. . . The argument that the soldier will get drunk elsewhere will not stand the test of reason, nor jus- tify the government in approving the scheme herein complained of. Drunkenness should be reduced to a minimum; this can- not be done by open z«i/z7a//(7« to drink. . . . The exchange m every other way is a good thing, and should have every possi- ble encouragement. ... The great majority of the men are 242 Protection of Native Races. trader system. I am strongly convinced by actual experiment that, while a few drunks are moderated in their application by strong beer, the remaining soldiers who fall under temptation are worse off, and that military oiTenses are rather increased in number. naj.-Qen. Wm. H. Shafter.— I have always been strongly opposed to the canteen system or the sale of intoxicating drinks of any kind on military reser- vations; and have opposed it until absolutely over- ruled and required to establish a canteen at my post' I regard it demoralizing to the men, besides impairing seriously their efficiency. There are always, in every regiment, a number of men that will under any circumstances get and drink liquor, but the great majority are temperate, abstemious men; and it is to those that the evil effects of the post exchange system work the greatest injury, as young men who would not think of going away from the post for liquor will, when it is placed before them and every inducement offered them to pur- sober and self-respecting, and if the temptations were reduced the}' would be more so, and the changes in personnel materiallj- reduced. . . . The exchange with an open saloon would be a first-rate thing to recommend for adoption in the army of the enemy." In the new controversy over the canteen, prompted by the Attorney-General's interpretation, General Corbin has stood with the Secretary of War on the side of the canteen, but his opinion from 1892 to 1899, as quoted above, is still of value and significance on the anti-canteen side. 3 This was ivhen General Shafter was a colonel. General Otis also opposed canteens when a colonel, until overruled. But for overruling, then or since, we might perhaps have had a different story from the Philippines. Note General Shaffer's original order above, as our first military governor in Cuba, which, manifestly, was also overruled. Testimony of American Military Leaders. 243 chase, do so, and thus gradually acquire habits of intemperance. The plea that it furnishes a large sum, which it does, to improve the table fare of the men is, in my opinion, a very poor one, as the government of the United States is perfectly able to feed its men without any assistance from the profits of rum selling. I have absolutely prohibited the sale of liquor, or the opening of saloons in the city of Santiago, and have refused permission for cargoes of beer to come from the States here.— Letter from Santiago de Cuba, dated July 30, i8g8. Maj.=Qen. Q. iVl. Ludlow (quoted in Lt.-Gen. Miles' Report, 1900, part 3, page 227).—// is a matter of general reeognition that the use of intoxicating drinks of any kind in the tropics conduces effect- ively to attacks from disease. It is believed by this department that absolute prohibition is impera- tive. In almost every case of yellow fever developed thus far among American troops in Cuba, it has been found that the patient was in the habit of drinking. It is particularly important, where a large portion of the troofs are recruits^ that nothing be officially done to create in them the habit of using intoxicants. To establish canteens at the posts IN the tropics is to render the temptations of sociability and companionship practically irre- sistible, AND THE habit OF DRINKING IS READILY ACQUIRED. Surgeon-Qeneral Q. M. Sternberg.— I do not think much of the beer canteen. The theory that the sol- dier needs a beer canteen to keep him from going to * Of the 100,000 men in the American army, about 75 per cent are new recruits, largely "soldier boysr 85 per cent of them in the tropics. 244 Protection of Native Races. outside saloons for something stronger, is all wrong. There is nothing in it. On the contrary, a great many young soldiers who are not accustomed to drink contract drinking habits at these canteens, and are ruined. There is no need whatever for intoxicating drinks at these canteens, and it will be a good thing for the army if they are abolished.^ — Votce interview. riaj.-Qen. Jos. Wheeler. — I am a thorough believer in temperance in all things, and am utterly opposed to soldiers being sold intoxicating liquors, and I believe that every effort should be exercised to . remove the temptation of such dissipation from them. — /« letter from Camp Wikoff, Montauk Point, L. /., dated September 20, i8g8. iWajor-Qeneral H. V. Boynton. — (Asked if each regiment had a sutler. General Boynton replied:) They had something worse than a sutler, each one had a canteen. He said that 372 carloads of beer had been sold in the camp under discussion. He depre- cated the fact that army regulations permitted the canteen system. — Testimony before the War Investi- gation Committee, New York Tribune report. Brig.=Qen. Quy V. Henry.— I am opposed to sales of liquors of any kind to enlisted men, and the use of the same in hot climates is injurious. A canteen puts liquor (beer and light wines) in front of a man, and induces him to drink, which, with this tempta- tion removed, he would never do. — Letter from Ponce, September 75, i8g8. Brig=Qen. E. Carr.— I have always opposed the "■ Surgeon-General Sternberg, like Gen. Corbiu, took the side of the War Department in the controversy over the canteen aroused by the nullification of the law, but the above testimony still has value, Testimony Against the Canteen. 245 "canteen" which encourages soldiers to drink beer when otherwise they might not be exposed to temptation. Brig.-Qen. D. S. Stanley. — It is my deliberate opinion that our army, now entering upon a cam- paign in a hot climate, would be immensely better off if all alcoholic drinks were prohibited. Brig.-Qen. William B. Rochester (Retired). — There is no doubt that the drink habit works very great injury to the army. It has been shown over and over again that those who endure the greatest fatigue and exposure are the men who do not drink. Brig.-Qen. William R. Carlin (Retired).— It has always, since I was old enough to have an opinion, been my conviction that the public good would be enhanced by the exclusion of liquor from all circles. It does no good anywhere, and countless evils everywhere. It is useless to discriminate between the army and other people. Liquor is a nuisance and an evil, and no greater blessing to mankind could come to it than the total prohibition of its manufacture, sale and use." Besides those already cited and quoted, the following ofificers condemned the canteen by word or deed or both : Colonels of following regiments, which had no canteens: ist, 3d Nebraska ; ist Texas ; ist Wisconsin ; 2d, 4th, 6th and 8th Ohio; 5th, 8th, 12th and 13th Pennsylvania; 2d and 5th Mis- souri; 25th Kansas; 157th, 159th and i6oth Indiana; jst, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th and gth Illinois ; ist, 2d, 3d and 4th Kentucky ; District of Columbia regiment ; ist and 2d Mississippi; ist New Hamp- shire; 5th and 8th Massachusetts ; ist Washington; 15th Min- nesota; ist and 2d Arkansas; 49th, 50th and 52d Iowa; ist South Dakota; 2d Virginia; 2d South Carolina and 2d Louisi- ana. [Many of these regiments tried the canteen and then abolished it. ] Lieutenant-Colonels Treuman, North Dakota ; Beck, Kansas. Chaplains Sam Small, 3d U. S. Engineers (no canteen); 246 Protection of Native Races. Eye Witnesses of the Canteen Evil. Rev. A. C. Dixon (of Brooklyn, N. Y., Army Evangelist). — I regard the "canteen" system as it is worked in the camp as the most diabolical piece of infernalism of which the government has ever been guilty. I studied its workings while I was at Tampa, and I do not hesitate to say that parents, when they give their boys to the service of their country, have more cause to fear the "canteen" than they have to fear Spanish bullets or Cuban fever. It brings the worst tone of the regiment down to the bar - room level. Around it gather all kinds of iniquities. It is the slums of the regiment, with forces at work help- ing to turn the whole regiment into a slum dis- trict. Let all who love their country, their homes and their fellow men unite in an effort to remove this blot from our civilization. (Written during Cuban War.) Crawford and Harbaugh, Ohio ; House, Massachusetts ; Hunter and Brad^r, Pennsylvania; White, Texas; Todd, Illinois; Phillips, Nebraska; Cook, Georgia; Stamper, Kentucky; Solo- mon, Missouri ; Babcock, Arkansas ; Kimball (regulars) ; Watts, Texas ; and Lyman, Louisiana. Surgeons Genella (regulars); Ward, Missouri; Penrose, Utah; Eeler, Tennessee. Adjutant Venable (U. S. Engineers). Major Burton R. Ross, District of Columbia. Captain R. S. Woodson (expert on tropical diseases) ; Hunt, Battery D, Pennsylvania. Lieutenant A. K. Taylor (regular army), article in United Service Magazine. A. C. DIXON, D.D. Testimony Agiinst the Canteen. 247 Rev. Wilbur F- Crafts. — I examined a canteen, not in an extemporized volunteer camp in time of war, but in a fort, at Newport, managed by regu- lars, shortly after the Cuban war was over. The only place for eating was in the dirty kitchen. Nearly the whole establishment was occupied by a long bar, behind which a soldier, in his shirt sleeves, drenched in perspiration and beer, with the aid of a professional bartender, was selling the drink to a howling crowd of already half -drunken soldiers standing four or five deep in front of the counter. Near the end of the bar was a piece of sail cloth on which a soldier was conducting a style of gambling fitly described as a "skin game." Holding up a fistful of bills, he shouted, "Come on, boys; any man's money is good enough for me." It was simply a "bar-room" of the lowest type. There are no ' ' worse places. ' ' Subsequently I went the rounds of the Newport saloons, and found the canteen had by no means diminished their patronage. In every saloon soldiers were in evi- dence, drinking and gambling. In a week's time I was never on the main street when there were not drunken soldiers in sight. Besides the regulars there was a regiment of volunteers at the fort, and although the police arrested none who were not dis- orderly as well as drunk, there were nearly fifty arrests that week. A majority of the regiment deserted the camp after the pay-day drinking I had witnessed in canteen and saloons. I mingled with the soldiers freely, and found the volunteers literally "soldier boys," to whom the canteen was manifestly serving as a preparatory school for the saloons and brothels outside. Mr. W. E. Johnson, Commissioner of New Voice. 248 Protection of Native Races. W. E, JOHNSON. —During the past two years, in my newspaper work, I have visited something like a hun- dred beer canteens of the United States army, covering a terri- tory from Portland, Me., all the way to the Philippine Islands. With one or two exceptions, I have never been able to find anything of the nature of a reading room in connection with the beer saloon. For the most part, these beer canteens were located on prohibition territory, in defiance both of the State laws and of an express law of Congress. In every case, the beer canteen was merely a common groggery. In many cases, whisky was sold as well as beer. In one case, Jamaica ginger was openly sold for beverage purposes. In one case, the canteen was operated in connection with a brothel. As a rule, soldiers are still being detailed to act as bar- tenders in the face of the Griggs opinion. So far as my observation goes, the only "regulation" which was generally adhered to was that a soldier should pay for his liquor, either when purchased or on pay day. (Nov. 21, 1900.) Reply to General Corbin's Plea for the Canteen. On Feb. 9, 1899, General Corbin reaffirmed to Wm. E. John- son, and shortly after to the writer (W. F. Crafts) the anti-can- teen opinion he published in 1892. (See p. 240.) But on lilay 15, 1900, he wrote a letter to the House Committee on Military Affairs (repeated in substance in a letter published August 28, and in a Senate hearing, Dec. 12, 1900), in which he suddenly Testimony Against the Canteen. 249 reversed the position he had held for seven years. The House Committee, rejected his p»ea in behalf of canteens and reported it bill to suppress them for two reasons; ist, Congress intended to suppress them by the law of 1899; 2d, Government ought not to go into the business of liquor selling. This second objection to canteens had been made in a House report of the previous Congress. The concluding statement of General Cor- bin's letter of May 15 (House Report No. 1701, 56th Congress) should have discredited the whole document in the mind of every intelligent reader. That statement was as follows, refer- ring to the forces opposing the canteen; "Professional tem- perance reformers are, in this respect, allied with the aggressive saloon interests in their efforts to secure legislation to destroy it." In fact, when the anti-canteen law was nullified in 1899, the only persons or papers that defended the Griggs opinion were those officially connected with the liquor traffic, one of these, the Washington Sentinel, editorially claiming to have suggested the nullification. And when, in 1900, the House voted again to suppress the canteen this paper had two edito- rials on the canteen side on the very day (Dec. 8) when Chap- lain Miller was repeating this charge in a Senate hearing. General Corbin assumes to give statistics to prove the canteen has decreased desertions and disease, but his own statements of fact by no means prove that. It is the old familiar fallacy of logic, after, therefore because of— post hoc, ergo propter hoc. Other things happened about the same time the canteen was introduced, for one thing, a higher standard was set for recruits The only really scientific statistics on this subject are the British, proving that army abstinence greatly decreases both disease and disorder. If canteens really decrease these evils the army with its numerous canteens shoula have abetter record in both respects than the Navy, which has_ abolished them Has it? General Corbin gives the impression that he has taken an impartial poll of our military officers, beginning with generals and ending with corporals. In fact he has polled less than a tithe, skipping most of the generals and chaplains the two groups best qualified to testify. Even his one most plausible argument fails, the claim that canteens are a choice of evils. There is absolutely no proof of this m his letter, and much to the contrary outside. It should be remembered that a soldier goes out of camp only once a week or so, andwo"M have only occasional opportunity to dnnk if not officially tempted Ivery day in the idleness of the camp. .They say we "slander the soldiers." Nay it is those who say. Soldiers will drink anyway." Our Navy and the British Army prove the contrary. _ Anti=Canteen Law Enacted by the Fifty=Fifth Congress. No officer or private soldier shall be detailed to sell intoxicating- drinks, as a bartender or other- wise, in any post exchange or canteen, nor shall any other person be required or allowed to sell such liquors in any encampment or fort or on any premises used for military purposes by the United States; and the Secretary of War is hereby directed to issue such general order as may be necessary to carry the provisions of this section into full force and effect.' 1 Secretary of War Alger, first, and, three weeks later, At- torney-General Griggs, ruled that this law did not prohibit civilians but only soldiers from selling liquors ; in other words, only ordered a change of bartenders, leaving the liquor selling otherwise unrestricted. Above law, prepared by The Reform Bureau, was intro- duced in the House by Hon. M. N. Johnson, M.C., of North Dakota, supported also by Hon. W. W. Grout, M.C., of Ver- mont, and carried by a nearly unanimous vote, Whole story ^'^'^ ^-Iso without division in the Senate, of canteen where it was introduced by Senator Hans- leglsiation. brough, of North Dakota. Public indignation over the nullification of this Anti-Canteen law waxes rather than wanes, and many who have been indifferent are now calling for the facts in the case. Here they are: I. March i, 1875. Congress authorized the President to "make and publish regulations for the government of the arm3^" On July 25, the War Department, in General Order No. 46, said that the "commanding officer ?««v permit beers and light wines to be sold at the canteen," if he is satisfied it will promote "temperance and discipline." Under the above law, however, President Hayes prohibited liquor selling in the army, but his order was nullified. The foregoing law and 250 Anti-Canteen Law. 251 The present Ncw York Times: A correspondent contention. whose letter we published yesterday erred in assuming that the army canteen issue, as it order were, however, both in force when the Cuban war opened. z. The regimental saloons, known as "canteens," as they existed when the Cuban war began, rested not on any law, but on permissive orders of the War and Navy departments. These allowed an army colonel or naval captain or any higher officer to have a "canteen" or not, as he thought best, except that none could be established in any case in a prohibition town or State. This last provision was grossly violated in sev- eral camps. Some regiments were put under prohibition from the start. Long and Roosevelt, of the Navy Department, and others, tried "canteens" for a while in the sincere but vain hope that sale of beer only, under military supervision, would prove the less of two evils and displace the "worse places" outside. In fact, "canteens" proved, in army and navy and soldiers' homes alike, only preparatory schools for the outside saloons which besieged every rendezvous of soldiers. These "worse places" increased rather than diminished. Secretary Long therefore abolished canteens in the navy by an order. Of course, Secretary Alger could have done the same in the army, or the President as Commander-in-Chief in both army and navy. 3. Three reform organizations set before Congress collected testimony from ninety-seven of our generals and other military officers, showing the evil effects of the "canteens" upon health and order (Eagan alone dissenting of those who published opinions); also the scientific tests by which the British army had proved the great military value of total abstinence. These were supported by an unprecedented array of popular petitions for the anti-canteen law, which was passed by an almost unani- mous vote in the form of an amendment to the army bill. This law in plain terms declared that no one should_ be "allowed" to "sell" "intoxicating liquors" on "any premises used for military purposes by the United States," so enactmg complete prohibition for army and navy, and soldiers' homes. That the Senate committee understood it to include soldiers homes is proved by a letter of Senator Sewall in the possession 2 52 Protection of Native Races. exists to-day, can be settled by proving either that the canteens are good things intrinsically or that they are the less of two evils. The present of The Reform Bureau. The Washington Sentinel, liquor organ, so interpreted the law at the same time. 4. Congress having adjourned, the editor of this liquor paper, Louis Schade, hastened to the War Secretary, as he tells us in uncontradicted editorials, and suggested two ways in which the anti-canteen law might be mullified: first, by ruling that beer is not an intoxicating drink ; second, by ruhng that the law might be evaded by contracting for civilians as bar- tenders in place of soldiers. The War Department took up these suggestions promptly. The legal adviser of the Depart- ment, -Judge-Advocate Lieber, was asked if beer and wine might not be sold under the new law. He replied (in an opin- ion suppressed by the War Department, which afterward came by accident into the hands of The Reform Bureau), first, that as beer and wine were the only alcoholic drinks that could be legally sold before this new law was passed, they must be the liquors prohibited; second, that Congress, in the District of Columbia liquor law, classed beer with "other intoxicating drinks." That loophole being closed, Mr. Alger gave out to the press, as a part of his Sabbath observance, on March 12, the other evasion proposed by the liquor-dealers' agent, namely, that only a change of bartenders was necessary. This was published as Mr. Alger's own interpretation of the law in leading papers March 13, one day in advance of the promulga- tion of the law it was to nullify, which should have been sent out to be applied in accordance with its plain meaning, leaving opposers of the law to raise the questions of interpretation in the courts as usual, if they chose to do so. Mr. Alger presently bethought him that such a remarkable legal evasion ought to have a lawyer rather than a layman behind it, and so got it endorsed by Attorney-General Griggs, whereupon scores of Senators and Congressmen, greater lawyers, declared that this so-called "interpretation" accorded neither with the intent of Congress nor the plain meaning of the lavA The only Con- gressman that approved the Schade-Alger-Griggs' opinion was Mr. Bartholdt, Chairman of the Beer Committee. The press was also unanimous against the "interpretation," except the liquor papers. Mr. Alger, notwithstanding all this, declared Anti-Canteen Law. 253 t>ro- contention is that the Congress passed a law pf hibiting them, and the President, through his At- torney-General, extracted from the law a meaning exactly contrary to that which its framers had in mind. Another point in our correspondent's letter: He wrote, "Men will drink." Will they? Certain rail- ways and quite a number of other corporations have to a Voice reporter that he would have been glad to suppress the canteens had not the law prevented. 4. President McKinley, being petitioned to overrule the opinion, took up the plea of inability to go contrary to "the law as interpreted." In fact, the law, even interpreted by Griggs, is still only a permissive law, and does not in the least abridge the power of any officer, from colonel to commander-in-chief, to abolish canteens in his jurisdiction. "When the President finally declined to suppress liquor-sell- ing in the army, the people again appealed to Congress to re-enact the anti-canteen law, and the Bowersock bill was accordingly. introduced by request of Rev. E. C. Dinwiddle, National Legislative Secretary of the Anti-Saloon League, with which The Reform Bureau and the W. C. T. U. co-oper- ated at the National Capital, and other bodies at a distance, and it was favorably reported shortly before adjournment of Congress in the summer of 1900 by the House Committee on Military Affairs, despite the contrary advice of Secretary of War Root and Adjutant-General Corbin. Both of these urged that the officers of the army had been polled and were found to be 90 per cent against the bill, but an examination of the report shows that it was not a full poll at either end of the official list. It omits Lieutenant-General Miles, whose strong anti-canteen opinion we have given, also most of the other generals, and makes up in numbers by 500 corporals and sergeants half of the whole number polled. Chaplams, next to -renerals, are the best witnesses, but they too were omitted. LATER Jan. 9, 1901, Bowersock bill, as section 40 of army bill (P 258), has been adopted by large majorities and will become law unless bill is finally rejected. But continued edu- cation on this subject will be necessary to prevent repeal and secure enforcement. 2 54 Protection of Native Races. managed to establish a close approach to total absti- nence among their employes, and they have done it without the exercise of anything like the pressure than can be brought to bear upon the soldiers. As for the argument that the canteens are a source of little luxuries in the way of food, that, as we have said before, is unworthy of serious consideration by adults.^ 2 We have quoted numerous Generals whose voices have weight, but we now quote two greater "Generals" that might have greatest weight of all, if they would insist upon due con- sideration of their words, namely, "General Assembly" and "General Conference. " Their utterances are given as patterns for petitions and memorials: Letter to the President, from the Presbyterian Gen- eral Assembly.— Pittsburg, December 27, iSgg— Hon. William McKinley, President of the United States, Washington, D. C. — IVIr. President: This communication is sent to you in pursu- ance of the following action of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America: Resolved, That this General Assembly, having heard with pain and indignation of the unholy activity of brewers and distillers, in introducing alcoholic liquors into the territory newly acquired by this nation, instruct its Permanent Commit- tee on Temperance to investigate existing conditions, and, if it be deemed wise, to address, in the name of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, the President of our Republic, asking the exercise of his power for the prevention of the great wrong. The unfurling of our national flag should be to those peoples the pledge of the starting of influences that shall be elevating and in every way beneficent. And surely the hope of such results seems justified in view of our avowal of purely disinter- ested and philanthropic motives in entering on the recent con- flict with Spain. Sore disappointment, therefore, has come from the discovery that a vast stream of intoxicating drink from American dis- tillers and breweries is being poured into our newly acquired possessions. The official records at Washington show that the Anti-Canteen Law. 255 amount of alcoholic liquors exported to those countries has doubled in six months. The American saloon— that foul blot on our civilization— has already gone to curse those lands. In the single city of" Manila are to be found more than four hundred of those breeders of poverty, vice and crime. Whatever blessings of a higher Christian civilization we may have hoped to bring to those distant communities, it is to be feared that the benefits conferred will be counter-balanced by the demoralization and ruin inflicted by the American liquor traffic. Deprecating the coming of such sad calamities on those hapless races, and with trembling apprehension of God's right- eous judgment on our beloved country, we come in the name of the million communicant members and of the other millions of adherents of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America to address you^ the President of our Republic, earnestly asking that your power be exercised for the preven- tion of this great wrong. In behalf of the Permanent Committee, JOHN F. HILL. WM. C. LILLEY. O. L. MILLER. The President's Secretary acknowledged the receipt of this letter January 13, igoo, saying the President had brought it to the attention of the Secretary of War. Assembly of 1900. — We deplore the existence by official establishment of the sale of liquor in the canteens in the army of the United States, and urge its abolishment Methodist Episcopal General Conference, igoo. — Aroused and indignant at the aggressions of the liquor power, at the inexcusable miscarriage of the anti-canteen law, and at the new perils in which the nation is involving its new possessions, the church will summon and pledge all our ministers and people to a more determined struggle against the enormous evil, and urge each to contribute thereto according to his judgment, his testimony, his example and his ballot. We deeply regret that after the enactment of a law pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating beverages at army posts and in forts, camps and reservations used for military purposes, a. law plainly intended to effect this result, and so understood by its 256 Protection of Native Races. friends and foes in and out of Congress, and by the Chief Mag- istrate who signed it, by construction it seems to us forced and unnatural placed upon the law by the Attorney-General, its plain intent was defeated, and the government of the United States, amid the exultation of all sympathizers with the liquor traffic, resumed the practice of selling intoxicating liquors to its soldiers. We are gratified that the House Committee on Mili- tary Affairs has favorably reported a bill so explicit in its terms that no antagonism to its object can obscure its meaning. We earnestly appeal to the -President of the United States to use his powerful influence to promote its adoption, and to our min- isters and members to urge by petition and personal letters to their representatives in the House and Senate the speedy enactment of this measure of protection to our soldiers from a foe more deadly than shot or shell. We call upon the administration to make use of its tre- mendous power in the military government of the eastern islands which have come under our control, so that the people of those islands shall not be debauched by the introduction of the liquor traffic among them. Baptist National Convention, May 27, 1900. — We deplore the introduction into our new possessions where we have mili- tary authority, of vastly increased quantities of intoxicating liquors, and we demand of our government that it take every practicable means of preventing the indiscriminate and devastating sale of ardent spirits in the camps of our soldiers and among the new people who are to be taught civilization by our example Anti-Canteen Law. 257 REMARKS ON SECRETARY ROOT'S REPORT CONCERNING THE CANTEEN. Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis (N. W. C. T. U. , Super- intendent of Legislation). — It is interesting to note that the requests sent out by the Secretarj' of War for opinions of officers relating to the canteen v/ere not sent to general officers, aside from three de- partment commanders, but to the commanding officers of troops, batteries, companies, and regiments, and to "some- thing over 500 non-commis- sioned officers." A very good reason is apparent for not asking the opinion of th^ general officers instead of the subordinates. It is found in the fact that almost every general officer was already on record as opposed to the canteen, the only exception being Brigadier-General Ea- gan. To have incorporated the protests of such well- known officers as Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, Surgeon-General Sternberg and others would have been to defeat the object of the investigation. It is important also to observe that the Secretary of War's report (December, 1900) contained the state- ments of thirty-five officers who declare that the canteen has been detrimental to the morality of the enlisted men; that forty declare it to be prejudi- .'^^^ 1 1 MRS. M. D. ELLIS. 258 Protection of Native Races. cial to discipline; that twenty assert that it has increased drunkenness, and that thirty-six declare in favor of the absolute prohibition of the canteen. (See pages 114, 120, 122, 127, 142, 145, 151, 153, 161, 177, 181, 182, 187, 301, 210, 211, 216, 219, 25s, 271, 273-) ANTI-CANTEEN AlWENDMENT. The sale of or dealing in beer, wine, or any intox- icating drink as a beverage by any person in any post exchange, or canteen, or transport, or upon any premises used or owned by the United States, is hereby prohibited. [The above was Section i of Bowersock Bill, H. R. 8752, favorably reported in first session of Fift5--sixth Congress, (see below) which^was passed as Section 40 of new Army bill on Dec. 6, igoo, by the House of Representatives, and at this writing, Jan. i, 1901, is pending in the Senate.] Hon. John A. T. Hull, from the Committee on Military Affairs, submitted the following report to Favorable accompany H. R. 8752: "The Com- report. mittce ou Military Affairs, to whom was referred House bill 8752, report the same back to the House with the recommendation that it do pass. "The bill was referred to the War Department, and a very voluminous report was returned to the committee against the passage of the bill, but the committee believes that, in view of the legislation of the last Congress, when it was intended by Congress to abolish the canteen, but on account of faulty lan- guage did not accomplish it, the present bill should pass. The expressions received from all parts of the United States go to the point that even if the canteen results in the decreased consumption of liquor by the army, the United States government Anti-Canteen Law. 259 should not in sense be connrcted zvitk the liquor traffic^ but let private parties conduct it under the laws of the different States. "The committee further believes that if the gov- ernment should not permit the selling of liquor in military reservations that it should prohibit it in any other premises owned or controlled by the government of the United States, and with the amendments suggested in the report, that the bill do pass. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO ABOLISH CANTEENS.^ I. Send petitions, letters, tel- egrams, and deputations to your Senators in behalf of the anti-canteen amendment. The following brief petition heading will serve : "To the U. S. Senate: The undersigned earnestly petition you to abolish the liquor sell- ing in canteens and all gov- ernment premises. ' ' This petition may be signed by many names, as usual. "V" should be put after voters, and the place from which peti- tion comes should always be stated ; or the petition may be endorsed by vote in a meeting of a church or society or of citizens gener- ally, in which case the endorsement should be as follows : ' These suggestions have been approved by Rev. E. C. Din- widdie, Legislative Superintendent of the National Anti-Saloon League. Modify as portions of the program are realized. REV. E. C. DINWIDDIE. 26o Protection of Native Races. "The above petition was endorsed at a meeting o£ (. . . . members, .... in attend- ance) , of , on , and the undersigned vpas authorized to so "Attest " 2. A novel and effective way of lielping tlie pas- sage of this and kindred bills for the protection of native races is by circulating a "blanket ballot," as given in miniature below, among fifty or more lead- ing citizens, explaining the measures and getting the ballot marked and signed, and then sending them in a bunch Lo the signers' Congressman — a duplicate set to a Senator: Blanket Ballot. \Vot\xs&'by stfigle individual adults, (i8 years or more), or meeting, to express sentiment on one or more bills in Congress.] The Sovereign People's Referendum and Plebiscite. To United States Senate (Care of Hon ) The. undersigned individuals and org-anizations hereby express their fraction of public bcntiment in behalf of pending- nieasvires marked X in squares below, for favorable votes upon which they hereby petition the Senate as a whole, and their own Senators in particular. □ I Ratification of international treaty of 1899 for protection of central Africa against intoxicants by raising tax to a sum considered pro- hibitory for native races. n 2. Suppression of liquor selling "canteens" in the army. r-i 3. A bill to forbid the sale of ail intoxicants to native races in the Pacific islands, so far as our authority extends, as in Alaska, also to abolish, saloons and the opium traffic in our own islands. The above was adopted by vote by a meeting of of on and the undersigned was authorized to so Attest Individually endorsed by of [When signed deliver or send to one of your own Senators.] [Send duplicate to House for 8.] 3. As no reform society has sufficient funds to send out as many petitions and explanatory circulars as are needed, let those who are interested mtiltiply the petition and arguments for it by typewriter, mimeograph and printing press, and urge the pre- sentation of the case in pulpit and press. The Future of the Temperance Reform. ADDRESS BY HON. HENRY W. BLAIR. Ex-U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. AUTHOR OF THE PROHIBITORY AMENDMENT TO THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION, THE NATIONAL SUNDAY REST BILL, THE EDUCATION BILL, THE NATIONAL LABOR DEPARTMENT BILL, ETC. « - The present seems to me to be a time for con sultation among the forces which make for man in his conflict with alcohol. This conflict has been strong and deadly J..^^' .A. ■^'-"^ ^ century. ^^^■KmBfiMWk. Alcohol is gaining upon man. What is to be done? Every great bat- tle is necessarily a close one, and turns upon some decisive thing done at a critical time. Our faith in God and belief in the ultimate triumph of His cause 261 HON. II. W. BLAIR. 262 Protection of Native Races. even unto the ends of the earth involve the con- Aicohoigain- "^^^sion that alcohol will be destroyed; ing. Change butwhen? — and how? Evidently there nee'd^d. ™^^^ ^° ^°^^ Sfreat change in the gen- eral plan of battle, or in the handling of the forces, or in both ; and the whole future of the Temperance Reform, and all that is involved in it, must be seriously affected by what is or is not now done by us. There ought to be a council of war held, here and now. Sometimes I think that we fail to compre- hend fully what a "big job" we have undertaken. Mr. Lincoln, you know, found out gradually that he had a bigger job on his hands than he at first thought for. So did we all. So did the whole nation— both sides, for that matter. And something is accomplished when we find out just what we have got to do; for then, as Mr. Lincoln and the nation did, we will go to work and do it. Now there does not seem to me to be any right plan for the destruction of evils of alcohol but that of total abstinence for the individual and of absolute worid-emtoac- P^hibition by the State, the nation and ine plan of the world. I believe that a world- nlce°"ary. embracing plan of action is necessary, and that all the great agencies of Christian civilization should combine and co-operate with each other like allied armies in continental wars. It was thus that the African slave trade was swept from the earth, and inasmuch as alcohol is now an article of universal production, interchange and consumption among all nations, and its trans- portation can be effectively controlled only by the combined action of the commercial powers, we must constantly aim to secure in all civilized nations Future of the Temperance Reform. 263 that public sentiment and governmental action covering the whole world, which we strive for with a special sense of responsibility in our own country. I think that any student of our history will admit that among organized bodies of men the pulpit has The pulpit been the pioneer and principal pro- the real motcr of the great steps taken by our nation in civil, social and moral reform. It is the business, as well as the inclination, of the American pulpit, to be right, and to be aggressive. The pulpit was the real leader of the people up to and through the Revolutionary War. Giving due credit to all other men, organizations and agencies, ever since the Revolutionary War, and to-day, the pulpit has been and now is the real leader of the American people, whenever they are led toward higher and better life. The pulpit largely inspires and controls the platform, the press, and all other agencies for good. With this power goes corre- sponding responaibility. If, in the future, the Tem- perance Reform is to be more fortunate than in tlie past, there must be more general, united and efficient action for its promotion by the pulpit than there lias been in the past. The clergy of all denominations might well unite in one vast association (taking in lay persons of both sexes and of all beliefs) for the prosecution of the Temperance Reform, the success of which is next to the success of godliness, and without which it is impossible to bring home to the individual man the truths of a religion which can exist only in a clear head and honest heart. If the pulpit Temperance , , ... must become rcgardlcss of denominational distmcttons, as much a part ^,^^^/^^ ^^^^^ for the promotion of this or church w^ork -^ -^ ■ _f as missions, great cutise, and would make it a part of 264 Protection of Native Races. their primary work, support it by regular presen- tation to their congregations, calling for contri- butions to its support, until they come to be as much a part of Christian volutitary taxation to be enforced by a sense of duty, as is the case with mis- sionary and Bible societies and otJier general causes, the support of which is recognised to be obligatory upon all who claim to live a practical Christian life, the future of the Temperance Movement would be as sure as the triumph of the Gospel by the same eternal word of God. And why, since the eradication of the influence of alcohol is a condition precedent to the triumph of Christianity — why, I ask, is it not the first duty of the pulpit to organize for Temperance Reform? There was a time when the churches did nothing toward foreign missions, and, of course, there v^rere Missions once ^o missious. The pulpit changed all an "outside" that. The clcrgy created the mission- ary societies, and preached the Chris- tian duty of their maintenance, and now the whole world is familiar with the story. If the clergy of all denominations, or at least of some of the great ones, would take upon themselves to organize the American or the World's Temperance Society, or, still better, would organize both, and unite such societies with international ties, in due order of development, and then would insist that they be supported like other branches of Chris- tian work by all who profess to recognize Christian or even humanitarian obligations, I think that the most important advance movement that can be suggested would have been made. The past has been full of emotion and discussion. Whether the future shall be but a repetition of the past Future of the Temperance Reform. 265 depends upon another question — to ivit, ivhether the Temperance Reform can be put upon a hisiness basis — like the missionary and educational institu- tions of the Church. More than half of the human race are chiisHan* Under the control of governments Temperance founded upon the Christian faith, and ^° °° ° """* it would not be many years before that and TPomen. -' J faith would dominate the world if the pulpit would do for the temperance cause what it already has done for the cause of missions at home and abroad. A Personal Greeting to Christian Endeavorers. MR. JOHN WILLIS BAER. Secretary of the World's Christian Endeavor Union. Christian En- deavorers, your ears, please. In 1892 sixteen great nations agreed to suppress the slave, opium, and liquor traffics in a certain portion of Africa. Let us have a part in bringing suffi- cient pressure upon these same nations and others to secure to all so- called mis sion lands protection from the awful evil experienced in the opium and liquor traffic. Ex-President Harrison has nobly said, "The men who like Paul have gone to heathen lands with the message, 'We seek not yours, but you, ' have been hindered by those who coming after have reversed the message. Rum and other cor- rupting agencies come in with our boasted civiliza- 266 MR. JOHN WILLIS BAER. A Greeting to Christian Endeavorers. 267 tion, and the feeble races wither before the hot breath of the white man's vices. ' ' Experts show us that the liquor and opium traffics are two of the greatest obstacles in the way of progress of missions in foreig-n lands, Prohibition of ^ f" 11 j /^t, • *■ i- flrearma and and that so-called Christian nations are itqnori for very largely responsible for the growth of these traffics. Did you know that the British Parliament has passed a law enabling the government to stop the exportation of firearms? British wars in recent years have been fought against enemies who were armed with British guns. German guns directed by German officers are being turned against Germany and her allies in China to-day. "Henceforth the policy of the powers must be to keep civilized weapons out of barbarous hands; and not to arm their enemies for their own hindrance and defeat. The gun-makers of Essex and Birmingham will lose profits, but Germany and England will be secure." England all too tardily has forbidden the exportation of firearms; may God inspire her and all other nations to stop the exporta- tion of ''firezvater." The need of the hour is to arouse the Christian church, and to encourage and assist it to shoulder „ .^ _.^ its responsibility. Christian Endeav- World-wlde ^ •' •, t j power of orers, lift! Mr. Parr, at the London Endeavorers. Convention, said: "The attitude of the Christian Endeavor Society to-day will be the atti- tude of the church of Jesus Christ to-morrow. " At the same convention, speaking to Christian Endeav- orers, the chaplain to Her Majesty said: "It is you who make the laws. Your will definitely expressed becomes the law of the country. There is no gov- ernment that would not at once change its attitude 268 Protection of Native Races. and character if the whole Christian community should speak out." Christian Endeavorers, speak out ! I am utterly opposed to allowing merchants, for the sake of private gain, to export quantities of liquor to heathen lands and thus hinder and defeat the work of missionaries who have been sent to those lands to Christianize and civilize the people. It is high time we presented a united front against this soul-destroying business, and protected native races. Mr. Chadwick, at the London Christian Endeavor Convention, said: "We have gone seeking and sav- ing individuals. God forbid that we ^^Llfo^ln. should ever cease to do so. But is it not time that the church turned its attention to causes as well as cases f [The italics are mine.] Evil is organized, and it is only by organi- zation of the forces of righteousness that we may expect to deal with the organized forces of iniquity. For example, it is not enough to pick up individual drunkards, and leave the organized force of liquor- sellers to make twelve drunkards for every one we save." That is exactly what is happening in not a few mission lands. Missionaries are making one con- vert while the liquor-dealers are making twelve drunkards. Time and time again have I urged every society of Christian Endeavor to have a live temperance committee and at least four temperance meetings a year. The temperance committees now in existence will gladly enlist for this 'new phase of the old war, and I earnestly suggest to societies without temperance committees, that such a com- mittee be organized at once. We must combat this evil, and it will be largely through temperance com- A Greeting to Christian Endeavorers. 269 mittees that a strong public opinion will be brought to bear upon "the powers that be." There will be meetings to arrange, petitions to be circulated, and many other methods to be tried, unless Christian Endeavor is recreant to its trust. Let us have genuine revival of interest in this subject, and deal with it as God would have us. Nozv is the accepted time. Christian Endeavorers, enlist! The Opportunity of the Hour. ADDRESS BY MISS MARGARET W. LEITCH. Formerly Missionary of the American Board in Ceylon. AT SUPPLEMENT MEETING IN CALVARY BAPTIST CHURCH, NEW YORK, DURING ECUMENICAL CON- FERENCE OF MISSIONS, 1900. Those who have spoken this afternoon have brought to us the cry of our suffering brothers and sisters in far-off lands: The cry of myriads as of pne, The voiceless silence of despair Is eloquent with awful prayer. Oh, by the love that loved us all, Wake heart and mind to hear their cry, Help us to help them lest lue die ' What makes it possible for these great evils to go on unhindered in heathen lands, especially in lands under the control of Christian governments? The LACK OF AN AROUSED CHRISTIAN PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN CHRISTIAN LANDS MAKES IT POSSIBLE. HoW loUg shall immense quantities of rum, manufactured in this country, be poured into Africa to curse her people? How long shall American frontier saloons in our new islands disgrace us in the eyes of the natives and prove an almost irresistible temptation to our soldiers? Just so long as public sentiment in THIS COUNTRY MAKES IT POSSIBLE, AND NOT A DAY LONGER. 270 The Opportunity of the Hour. 271 This is a government of the people. The men in the halls of the legislatures and of Congress are not Who is the masters, but the servants of the responsible? people. They have their ears to the ground. The Christians of this country form a BALANCE OF POWER. ThEY HAVE BUT TO SPEAK THE WORD AND THEIR RULERS WILL TURN IT INTO LAW. But before they speak the word they must hear the words; they must KNOW THE FACTS. As we have list- ened to those who have addressed us this afternoon I am sure many of us have been wish- ing that all the delegates to the Conference could have heard those burning words ; that ministers all over this country could have heard and could tell out this story; and that newspaper editors could have heard and could give the message wings. Friends, we can make them hear. A full stenographic report will be published of all that has been and will be said on this subject in this Conference, together with the testimonies of many missionaries attending this Con- ference, who have sent in written testimonies re- garding the trafQc in their respective fields. If copies of this report were placed in the hands MISS M. W. LEITCH. 272 Protection of Native Races. of preacliers, officers of all kinds of religious organi- zations, editors, statesmen, commercial leaders, such as the officers of chambers of commerce, and sent to missionaries throughout the world, far-reaching and practical results would follow, by God's bless- ing.' To us here present has come the opportunity of a lifetime. It may be possible for us to do more for God and humanity within the next few months through giving wide circulation to this report, and through helping this cause by voice and pen, than we have done in our whole lives before. God will do His part. He has, by His Spirit, moved the hearts of those who have spoken. He can, by His Spirit, move the hearts of those who read and hear. Are we willing to enter into partnership with God? Thomas Clarkson, when on his way A call for from Cambridge to London to deliver consecrated uvei. a prize essay on the slave trade, stood a long time by the side of his horse, on a spot which is now marked by an obelisk, meditating on the heart-rending facts contained in his essajr; and at last he said within himself: "If these things are so, slavery must come to and end." Turning away from the alluring career opening up before him, he consecrated his whole life and all his 1 This material will be more impressive in book form, espe- cially for influential men, and it is our earnest hope that funds may be provided for sending not less than 10,000 presentation copies to leaders of thought in this and other lands. This book will be sold at very low rates for bona fide free distribution. Orders for this purpose should be sent to The Reform Bureau. Portions of it have also been issued for wider distribution in a sixteen-page illustrated periodical, the Ecumenical Conference number of The Twentieth Century Quarterly, published by The Reform Bureau, Washington, D. C. (210 Delaware Avenue, The Opportunity of the Hour. 273 property to the task of freeing the slaves; and, after thirty years of labor, he had the joy of seeing slavery abolished throughout the British possessions. Face to face with this greater slavery — a slavery which enslaves not the bodies merely, but the souls of men — are there not some who, turning away from the pursuit of honor, pleasure and wealth, xvill con- secrate their whole lives and all their means to the task of of posing these gigantic evils? Will not the missionary societies take A call to ^ misaionary Up this fight, making it an integral boards. p^j.j. ^^ their work? 2 The removal of these two death dealing traffics in mission lands would be equivalent to doubling the missionary FORCE IN THOSE LANDS and the victory gained would react favorably on the work at home. The HOPE FOR the removal of these An aronsed rtmrch the EVILS LIES IN AROUSING THE CHRISTIAN secret of CHURCH TO USE ITS GREAT STRENGTH IN victory. OPPOSING THEM. We rejoice in the new and better policy which Great Britain has been led to adopt in restricting N. E.), price one cent a copy, post-paid to any address. Every 8100 contributed for the sending out of presentation copies of this periodical to Ijey men and women will mean 10,000 leaders informed and aroused. Every dollar will reach an hundred pulpits. All checks may be sent to The Reform Bureau, in trust for this particular object. Receipts will be returned to all donors, whose wishes as to the disposition of their gifts will be carefully carried out, and an audited cash statement will be published in due time, and copies sent to all donors. This report in both forms has been prepared as a labor of love. Any profits received by the editors will be applied to promoting the circulation of this testimony. 2 "I believe the true anti-opium society is, or ought to be, the union of all the missionary societies. I believe we are making a great mistake in leaving a cause of this kind as a 274 Protection of Native Races. the sale of opium and intoxicants in her newer pos- sessions. She was led to adopt that policy largely through the efforts of the British Committee for the Protection of Native Races, in which every great missionary society of Great Britain and nearly all the great temperance societies are federated. When the Secretary of this Committee urges restrictive legisla- tion on Parliament his words.have great weight. The Christians of Great Britain are giving us an example of the value of solidarity of action. Such a committee is possible in Great Britain because of an aroused Christian public sentiment. This the British mission- aries have helped to create by telling of the evils of the opium and liquor traffics when at home and in their letters from the field. They have done this because they realized that Great Britain had a large measure of responsibility for the existence of these traffics, especially in British dependencies. We have been surprised that in this country we have so seldom heard missionaries refer, in their addresses, to the evils of the opium and liquor traffics in mission lands. Perhaps the omission was due to the fact that, until recently, this country had no foreign dependencies. This reason for silence no longer exists. God has entrusted to us millions of human beings in our new possessions. The Christian church must be aroused to protect these ignorant and helpless people from the rapacity of those who are opening liquor saloons and opium dives among them for purposes of gain. specialty in the hands of certain persons outside the organiza- tions of our missionary societies." — Rev. J. F. D. Tzn/ing, in Report of the Centenary Conference, London, iSS8, Vol. II' P- 553- The Opportunity of the Hour. 275 At the present time the churches in this country practically leave this great battle to the temperance organizations, which are but a thin line of skirmish- ers. These gigantic and deep-rooted evils will never BE OVERTHROWN UNTIL THE WHOLE WORKING FORCE OF THE CHURCH MOVES FORWARD TO THE FIRING LINE. It seems passing strange tliat the church has so long neglected to embody temperance reform as an integral pari of its work. Perhaps it is no more strange than that a hundred years ago the Protestant churches of England and the United States had no foreign missionary organizations. The members read their Bibles, but failed to discover any call to evangelize the heathen world. We are filled with amazement to think that our ancestors, so clear- visioned in other respects, could have failed to see a duty which seems to us so plain. One hundred years fiom now our descendants will be filled with equal amazement as they look back at the churches of this generation to see that they did not include among their regular departments of work, a matter so vitally related to the progress of Christ's Kingdom at home and abroad as the suppression of the traffics in intoxicants and opium. Let THE CHURCH EMBODY TEMPERANCE HoTT can the change be REFORM AS A REGULAR ORGANIZED DE- eftected? paRTMENT OF ITS WORK, WITH COMMIT- TEES APPOINTED TO PROMOTE IT AS REGULARLY AS ANY OTHER PART OF CHURCH WORK. The easiest mode of entrance in most churches for this new movement would be to secure the appointment of a Temperance Secretary or a Tem- perance Committee in the woman's missionary societies, Home and Foreign, in ?he young peo- ple's societies, and in the Sunday School. Also 276 Protection of Native Races. among the regular committees of. the Church itself should be a permanent committee on Christian reforms, including temperance, Sabbath observ- ance, gambling, and impurity.'' The Methodist-Episcopal Church has the most thorough temperance organization of any denomina- tion in this country. The basis of it all is total abstinence in the rules of the church. "The dis- cipline provides for a permanent conference com- mittee in every annual conference auxiliary to the Committee of the General Conferences; also for a district committee in every district, with -the pre- siding elder as chairman, auxiliary to the Annual Conference Committee; and for a committee in every church appointed by the Quarterly Con- ference, with the pastor as chairman, auxiliary to the District Committee. No further organization is " In enlisting the church more fully in temperance work it would be a great advantage to have one whole day in the Week of Prayer devoted to this theme. Following the precedent of the Sunday School, this subject should be entered at least four times a year in the list of prayer-meet- ing topics, alike for churches and young people's societies, including always the fourth Sunday in November, so sup- porting the "World's Temperance Sunday." A very good metliod of interesting young people both in temperance and missions, who would not study them directly, would be to form a " 'Round the World Reading Circle," traveling from countrjr to countrjr, spending from one to four weeks in each country, according to circumstances, the leader watching tactfully to bring in both the missionary and temperance problems of the countries studied. A list of the least expensive books for this purpose can be had by applying with stamps to The Reform Bureau. This book should be used to furnish the temperance facts, in connection with other books referred to in these pages, and for the freshest mission- ary material one's own mission board may be consulted. The Opportunity of the Hour. 277 needed in this denomination, but only the faithful working of the disciplinary plan." * This movement has been inaugurated in another denomination — the Presbyterian. The Perma- nent Temperance Committee of that church has recommended that every local missionary society shall appoint a Temperance Secretary to see that this neglected department of missions shall receive due attention. It is the duty of that secretary to see that the problem is studied 2.ndi publicly pre- sented in due proportion with other aspects of the work. The Secretary in charge of this department in one synod writes: "I hope to spend at least $200 a year as long as I live in securing the appointment of temperance secretaries in missionary societies." If there were a few more such earnest souls in every denomination it would not be long before the mis- sionary societies would be permeated with temper- ance sentiment. As there are now ten in the church interested in missions to one in temperance, the enlisting of the missionary force would mean a great increase in the temperance ranks ; and when the forces of temperance and missions are welded as one and mobilized for this crusade, it will not be long before the rank and file of the church is enlisted in the fight. The long-desired end will then be in sight for, as Dr. Josiah Strong has said, "There is no reform which the Christian" churches of this country will unite in demanding from our govern- ment which they cannot secure." * Extract from lette. from Rev. J. G. Evans, D.D., LL.D., Chairman of the Permanent Committee of the M. E. Church on Temperance and Prohibition. 278 Protection of Native Races. Should there not be a National Federation of Churches in this country having as one of its great objects the enlistment of the Christian forces of the land in a united campaign against social evils? Many reform bills brought before Congress have failed to become lav?s because there were only individual effort and individual con- tributions to arouse the country to demand their enactment. A well-known writer has said: "The great social evils about us that look strong enough to thrive through another himdred years might be routed in ten by a fighting federation of churches. We shall reach Christian union or at least unity sooner than by debate, sooner even than by singing 'Blest be the tie that binds,' by a practical federation of churches for reform work. ' ' The British Noncon- formist Churches have moved in this direction and the "Non-conformist Conscience" has long been a factor to be reckoned with by the British Govern- ment and has had influence in shaping her new and better policy of restricting the sale of liquor in her newer possessions. An enconrag- An example of what may be accom- ing: precedent. pHshcd whcn cvcu a Small portion of the church is aroused, may be seen in the success which attended the recent Anti-Polygamy fight. The Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church was one of the first organiza- tions to take up the fight. They did this as a reg- ular part of their home mission work. They sent out a form of petition to all their local auxiliaries and asked them to secure signatures. The Reform Bureau, the League for Social Service, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the woman's clubs The Opportunity of the Hour. 279 and other organizations joined in the effort. The League for Social Service sent out carefully pre- pared literature on the subject to prominent editors and to 50,000 ministers of all denominations. The ministers were requested to bring the subject before their people at one of the regular church services, secure signatures at the close to a petition, and take up a collection for the movement. Many did as requested. Broadsides were given to the press by The Reform Bureau, and manjr editors embodied them in editorials; mass meetings were held, depu- tations organized, resolutions passed and petitions were put into circulation, in which work the New York Journal took a leading part. There were some who said, at the beginning of the movement, that it would be time wasted to sign The power petitions, as they would simply be of petitions. thrown into the waste basket. To show the falsity of this statement, a gentleman in Washington offered a dollar each for every petition which it could be shown had been received by a Congressman and thrown away. That dollar still remains unclaimed. Public men know that a mes- sage from the people is just as sacred as a message from the President, and no public officer would dare insult the people by denying the sacred right of petition. Every petition received by a Senator or Representative must be regularly filed and printed in the Congressional Record. When from day to day numerous petitions on any subject are found appearing in the "Record" Congressmen come to understand that the country is aroused on that sub- ject. Such large numbers of petitions, letters and telegrams were sent to public men regarding the Roberts case, that it was felt by them that it was 28o Protection of Native Races. unquestionably against the will of the "Sovereign people" that a polygamist should secure a seat in Congress. In the fight against the saloon and the opium dive similar methods vs^ould prove equally effective. The Church If the Church of Christ has it in its responsible. power to protect those native races which are under Christian governments from these soul-destroying trafifics ; and if these traffics go on unchecked in the future, as in the past, will not God call the Church to an account? As surely as there is a God in heaven He will call the Church to account. As the Church is made up of individuals He will call each individual to account. He will hold each one of us responsible not merely for what we have done but for all that we had it in our power to do. "//" thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto deaths and those that are ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold we knew it not; doth not He that pondereth the heart consider it? and He that keepeth thy soul doth not He know it? and shall not He render to every man according to his works?'' Immediate ao- Whatever is done for the protection of tion necessary, the people in our new possessions should be done speedily, for the policy of our gov- ernment with regard to the liquor and opium traffics in our new islands is likely to be decided upon before the fourth of March, 1901. Though not irre- vocable it will be harder to change a wrong decision than to secure a right one! Thrpugh circulating petitions and literature, which can be had from The Reform Bureau; through securing the passage of resolutions at public meetings; through letters telegrams and deputations to one's Senators and THe Opportunity of the Hour. 281 Representatives; through prayer for God's blesssing on all workers and all means employed, each one of us can do much to help forward the cause. We may feel weak and helpless in ourselves, but God can use the weak things. We may be few in number, but in this great fight, we are not in the minority. "One with God is a majority." "O blest is he to whom is given The instinct that can tell That God is on the field when He Is most invisible. "And blest is he who can divine Where the real right doth lie, And dares to take the side that seems Wrong to man's blindfold eye. "For right is right since God is God, And right the day must win ; To doubt would be disloyalty, To falter would be sin." — Faber. 2^2 Index. Aborigines, intoxicants fatal to, 78; treaty for universal protection of, 51 Africa, Maps of. 30; rum tragedies in, 3:^ ff. ; treaties to protect portions of, L3, ^4, 50, 1 Aiken, Rev. E. K-j portrait, quoted, 11'3 Ainos of Japan, intemperance of, 19 Alaska, prohibition for native races ill, ^3 ; evil results of weakening the law, 163 Alcoholization of Turkish wines, 67 Alexander, Rev. J. R., quoted, 73 A]|?er, Sec, power to abolish can- teens, 251 ; interpretation of anti- canteen law by, 25::^ Amerlcnn Board, Missionaries' death-rate, 21 ff American traders not restricted like British, 62 Angell, Pres. J B., portrait, quoted, 19 Angola, rum and slavery in, 45 Annexation, what it means to Hawaii, 175 f. Anti-canteen law of 1899, 250; amend- ment of 1900, 258 Antisdel, Rev. C. B., quoted, 43 Anti-opium, League in China, 139; publications, 135; society proposed, 273 Anfci-pulygamy fight in Congress, 278 Arak, among tropical peoples, 21 ; used in Turkey, 09 Archibald. Mrs. I. C, quoted, 91 Arniy, abolition of canteens in, 28; officers of, on canteens, 243; Tem- perance Association of in India, 228 Aslimore, Rev. Wm., Jr., portrait, quottd, 115 Athletes and soldiers require same regimen, 23J Austin. O. P., quoted, 195, 224 Austria, appealed to in behalf of international treaty, 58 Babes, mother feeding rum to, 37; feeding opium to, 8S Baer. John Willis, portrait, appeal to EJndeavorers, 266 Baldwin, Rev. C. C, portrait, quoted, 120 Baptist National Convention, reso- lutioii^; of, 25(5 Barclay, Rev. Thomas, portrait, quoted, 113 Barker, Rear Admiral A. S., portrait, 238; on canteens, 240 Baakerville, Miss Agaes K., portrait, quoted, 84 Bateman, Chap. C. C, quoted, 192 Beard, Rev. A. F., quoted, 215 Beer, increasing through American trade, in Porto Rico, 2!7; in Japan, 140, 142; in China, 117, V^h\ intro- duced by Europeans in India, 82; testimony of doctors against, 136 Beggary resulting from opium. 114 Beiler, Mrs. Anna F , quoted, 163 Bengal, out-still system in, 83 Bhang intoxicant, in India, 89 Bishop, Mrs. J. F., portrait, quoted, 127 Blair, Hon. Henry "W., portrait, ad- dress of, 261 " Blanket ballot'"' on reform bills 260 Blue Books, statistics iu, of opium iu India, 80 . Boer War, British abstinence in, 233 Bombay, intemperance in, 90 Boston, rum exported from to Africa, 49 Bowersock, anti-canteen bill, cited, 28, 253; quoted, 258 Boynton, Gen. H. V., portrait, 238; on canteens, 244 Brady, Gov. John G., quoted. 165 Brandy, introduced by Europeans into India, 83 British Array abstinence in war and peace, 2:^7 ff, 249 British committee for protection of native races, 274 Britieh Governm ent, responsibility of, for liquor traffic in India, 77; new policy of, as to opium in Burma, 97; as to intoxicants in Africa, 40 British Parliament on opium traffic, 92 British prohibitory laws for Pacific islanders, etc , 56; facsimile of pro- hibitory law for Tonga, etc., E7 Brown, Rev. J. G., portrait, quoted, 79 Bruoe. Rev. H.J., portrait, quoted, 85 Buddhism, requires total abstinence, 18; coudenius vicious uses of opium, 94 Bulgaria, American rum in, 75 Uurgen, Dr. S. H., on beer, 136 Burma, opium prohibited in, 26, 92 Caine, W. S., M.P., on liquor rev- enue in India, 83 Canadian Anti-Canteen Order, 234 Cannibals in New I-Iebrides. made more savage by American rum and guns, 53 Canteens, American, origin of, 2n0; prohibited by President Hayes, 250; real character of, in Spanisli-Araer- icau war, 246f, 251; condemned by officers, 237; forbidden in 1899, 25U, 251; the law nullified, 252; House Committee reports in favor of an- other anti-canteen law, the Bower- sock bill, 258; House passes 1 he bill as amendment to army bill, 51; hearings on both sides in Senate Committee. 51; replies to Corbin, 218. See also British Army Absti-" nence Canteen, a temptation to young soldiers, 249 Canteens, British, abolished in war, discouraged in jieace, 227 ff Canteens, Canadian, forbidden, 234 Canteens, in Porto Rico, 217 Capen, Hon. S. B., remarks of, H Ind ex. 283 Curzon, Lord, action of, on army brothels, 205 CariiD, Gen. W. R., on canteens, 245 Oarr, Gen. E., on canteens, '215 Centenary Conference of Missions, 48 Century, Twentieth, proposed cele- bration of, 14 Ceylon, liquor revenue in, 83; liquor traffic in, 101 Chamberlain, Rev. Jacob, portrait, quoted, 154 f Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Joseph, por- trait, quoted, 40; cited, 50. Chief, converted, gives life to save Dr. Paton's sou, 55 Chief, pleads for prohibition, 54 Child-races, better environment for, 14 Child-races, wards of civilization, 25 Children, better environment for, 14 China, temperate, 19, emperors of, prohibit liquor selling, 20; opium prohibited, 1 lO ; opium war, llO ; liquor and missions, 107; in danger of American beer, 117, 135; to be saved from opium and rum, how, 121 Christian lobbyists needed, 166 "Christian nation," U. S. Supreme Court declares ours to be a, 13 Christian nations, their relation to weaker peoples, 7 Christian voters, the balance of power, S71 Cnunder Sen on misery from iutoxi- cants in India, 81 Church, responsibility of for evils, 280; temperance work in, 8, 275. City Mission work. 15 Civilization of Sandwich Islands, 175 Civilization, on the whole, a bless- iug, 22 Clarkson, Thomas, on slave trade, Cochrane, Rev. W. W., quoted, 97 Coe, Rev. C. P., quoted, 167 Colonies, British , restriction of opium traffic in, 91 ff Commerce destroyed by liquor traffic, 40, 106. 156. Conference, Centenary, 48 Conference, i^cumenical, of Mis- sions, 11 Congo Free State, prohibition in, 25, 30, 43, 158. Congress, prohibition of canteens by. in 1899,250, action of, on same in 19(10, 51; repeals Alaska prohibi- tion, 161 £f; ignores liquor question in Porto Rico bill, 217, action of, on Hawaiian liquor traffic, 18) Committee for Protection of Native Races, report of. 41 Consecrated lives needed, 272 Consumption of liquors increasing, ^63 Converts fewer than driMika-rds in mission fields, 268 Conversion affected by environ- :uent, 15 Cook, Rev. Joseph portrait, i:o, quoted, 53, 126 Cook, Mrs. Joseph, portrait, quoted, Co-operation the great need, 49 Corbin, Gen., on canteens, ^40; reply to, 248 f Corser, Rev. H P., quoted. 171 Cova, Rev. J. v., quoted. 22J Crafts. Rev. W. F., introduced by publisher, 5; portrait, address of, 13; on canteen';, 246 Crafts, Mrs. \V. F., introduced by publisher 5; Temperance Brownies of, 218 Crozier, Rev. W. N., portrait, quoted. 114 Cuba, as affected by American occu- pation, 220 Cuyler, Dr. T. I, , portrait, address of, 150 Davis, Dr. N. S., on beer, 136 Davis, Rev. John, quoted, 117 Day, Rev. David A,, on rum in I^iberia, 39 Dear ill g. Rev. J, I^., portrait, on liquor saloons in Japan, 139 Death-rate of missionaries, 21 Dennis, Rev. J. S., on increase of in- temperance, 3; on growth of opium habit in India, 80; statistics of opium in China, 1 1 1 Depopulation of great regions by in- toxicants, 44 Dinwiddle, Rev. E. C, cited, 2o3 ; portrait, endorsement by, 259 Diseases resulting from opium in Burma, 96 Dixon, Rev. A. C, portrait, on can- teens, 246 Dodson, Rev. W. P., gin in Angola, 244 f ; portrait, 45 Dow^nie, Rev. David, quoted, 88 East Africa Protectorate of Great Britain, prohibition in, 47 Ecumenical Conference of Missions. 11 Edwards, Hon, O. E-, on sobriety of the Philippines before our advent, 188 Egypt, European drinking-places in, 73 Ellis, Mrs M. D., portrait, on can- teens, 257 Endeavor Society, power of, 267 Environment, better, for children and child-races, 14 Eskimos, law against selling spirits to, disregarded. 170 European liquors more destructive than native, i'9 Europeans responsible for mtemper. ance in Egypt, 73; in India, 86 Evans, Rev. Thomas, quoted, 66 Index. Evans, Rev. J. G., quoted, 277 Exports of rum from Boston to Africa, 4y; from U. S. to Philippines, :,00 Farmers injured by liquor-traffic, 28 Farrar, Archdeacon, on liquor in Africa 31 Federation of Churches needed, S:8 Fielding, inissionary, slain by drunken savages, in Filipinos learning drinking habits, 190 Fearn, Rev. J, B., portrait, quoted, Fearn, M.D., Mrs. J. B., portrait, quoted, 1^1 Firearms American, in New Heb- rides. 51, 54 ; bill to forbid sale of in Pacific islands, 51; hindrances to missionary woik, 177; sale of pro- hibited in East Africa, 47 Foreman, John, on debauchery in Manila, 203 Foster, Sec. J. W. , on proposed inter- national treaty, 58 France appealed to in behalf of in- ternational treaty. 51; increasing intemperance in, 234 Freling-huysen, Sec, on proposed international treaty, 58 French army, distilled liquors for- bidden in, 234 Galpin. Rev. Frederick, quoted, lt6 Germany appealed to in behalf of proposed international treaty. 58 Gillett, Hon. F. H., proposed bill of, to protect native races in the Philip- pines, ;.0J; to protectNew Hebrides, 28, 61 Gin, effect of in Africa, 32, 35, 36 Gladstone, utterances on liquor and revenue, 102 Gordon, Sir Arthur, quoted, 212 Government liquor selling in can- teens condemed by committees of Congress, 249 GreatBritain. prohibiting liquor and opium, 26, 273; prohibition of liquor selling to nfitives in East Africa, 47; proposals of treaty for Pacific is- landers, 53 Grigrgs, Attorney-Gen., opinion oa anti-canteen law, 852 Gring, Rev. A. D., on Japan, 137 Guam, liquor regulations in, 210 Guinness, Dr. Henry Grattan, por- trait, quoted, 35. 66 Gulirk, Rev. O. H., address of, 175 Gulick, Rev. T. L., portrait, quoted, 177 Gunja, an intoxicant in India, 89 Haggard, Rev. F. P., portrait, quoted, 99 Hallam, Rev. E. C. B., portrait, quoted, 8i Hamlin, Rev. Cyrus, portrait, quoted, Hancock, Mr. H. I., portrait, on Manila saloons, 189 Harford-JBattersby, Dr. C. F. , por- trait, address of, 157 Harrison, Ex-Pres., portrait, quoted 2, 26'^; relation to treaty, 58 Hart, Dr, E. H., quoted, 118 Hartzell, Bishop J. C. , portrait quoted, 34, 49 Hascall, Rev. W. H. S., portrait, quoted, 92 Hasheesh, prohibited in Egypt, 74 Hatcli, Captain E- E-, on Manila saloons, Jill Hawaii, liquor traffic in, 175; ap- pealed to in behalf of treaty, 58 Hay, Sec, John, Dr. Paton's personal appeal to, 62 Hayes, Pres., prohibits liquor selling inarmy, S37; portrait, 238. Hays, Rev. J. N., quoted, 113, note Headlands, Rev. J. T., quoted, 119 Hearne, E- W., portrait' quoted, i!01 Heathen, not innocent, 22; generally temperate, 19 Hemp-plant, intoxicant, 82 Henry, Gen. Guy V., portrait, 218; quoted, 219 HiUier, Dr. Alfred, quoted, 2G Hindu religion requires total ab- stinence, 18, 91 Holbrook, Dr. Mary A., quoted, 117 Home missionary methods, 15 Hotchkiss, Rev. W. R., on Africa, 47 House of Representatives, action on canteens, 21& Howard. Gen. O. O , portrait, on canteens, 241 Hull, Hon. John A. T., report of. 258 Hume, Mrs. H. D., portrait, quoted, 86 Hungary, appealed to in behalf of treaty, E,8 Hunt, Mrs. Mary H., portrait, on temperance education, 214 Importations of beer into Porto Rico, 217, into Philippines, 186 India, Bishop Thoburn on, 77; li- quors and opium in, 77, 79; revenue of, fromopium. 80, 8?; intemperance in, due to Europeans, 86; temper- ance organizations in, 83; out-still system of, 83 Indian Territory, prohibition law of, 23 Infants fed with opium, 85 Insanity of soldiers through liquors. 198 6 H , Intemperance, increasing in India, 19; in world at large, 3, 234 International treaty proposed to protect Pacific I-lands, 58 International Races Committee, 161 Islands, ournew, prohibition for, 182 Islands, Pacific, proposed interna- tional agreement to protect, 58 Xt^ly appealed to in behalf of treaty, 58 Index. 285 Japan* Ainos of, intemperate, 19; auti-tobacco law of, 14'1; native and imported drinks of, 13? Jessup, Rev. "Wm. quoted, 60 JnhnsoB, Rev. James, quoted, 38 Johnson, Rev. T. S., quoted, 90 Johnson, W. E-, on opium joints in Manila, 208; portrait, on cautecns, 248 Justice to weaker peoples, 7 Kerr, Dr. Norman S , on beer, 13G Kerr, Dr J. G., on opium commis- sion, 9J Keuuan, George, portrait, on Cuba, Khama, appeal of, for prohibition, 150 Kitchener, Lord, prohibitory orders of, 158, y3!; portrait, 231 Kupfer, Rev. C. F., quoted, 1C9 liahor and liquor, 27 Lagros, native pastor quoted, 38 Law needed, as well as go-pel, 16 Leary, Capt R. P., reforms of, iu Guam, 21U Iiesii>lation, prohibitory for Africa, 47, 158 liClt-ch, Miss M, W., portrait, 271; address of, 270 Xieltch, Misses Mary and Margaret, quoted, 5, iOl lilberia, intemperance in. 39 Ijirense increases consumption of liquors, 82, 88 Ijieber, judge-Advocate, anti-canteen opinion of, 252 lilttlefieldHon. C. E.. bill of, 51, 326; portrait, speech on Hawaiian amendment, 180 Liquor traffic a government monop- oly in Ceylon, 10 1; destroys trade, 40; farmers injured by, 28 tiving-stone on slavery, 4 Lodge, Hon. H. C, bill of, 51, 22i) Loegstrip, Rev. I,., portrait, quoted, 112 liODg, Secretary, portrait, £33;- anti- canteen order of, 2-^9, -^bl Lovett, Rev, Richard, quoted 114 Ludlow. Gen on canteens, 222; por- trait, 238: quoted, 213 Macallnm, Rev. F. W. , portrait, quoted, 68 Madag^aflcur, liquor traffic forced upon, 46 Madras, intemperance in, 91 Malaria, drink more deadly than, 37 Manila Times, facsimile of lfi2 Manila, moral conditions in, 255; wine rooms of, described, 195 Maps of Africa. 30 ; of Pacific Islands, 62. Martin, Harold, on saloons in Manila, 194 f McAll'ster, Miss Agnes M., portrait, quoted, 36 McKihbin, Rev. W. K. , quoted, 110; on Manila saloons, 152 McKinley, President, Dr. Paton's appeal to, 62; appeal of Presby- terian Aj^sembly to, 254: decision of, to support Griggs' interpreta- tion, 253; urges world-wide protec- tion of native races, 1, 51 Menkel, Mrs, P., rum in Africa, 37 Methodist Church, organized for temperance work, 276 Methodist General Conference on canteens and island saloons, 255 Miles, General, on canteens, 237, 253; portrait, 338 Mff itary officers, testimonies of, as to Cdnteens, 257 MfUer, Joaquin, quoted, 171 Miller, Miss Theresa, quoted, 118 Missionaries), in Alaska killed by drunken" natives, 170; reproached for opium traffic, 17; in tropics, death-rate of, 21 ; prefer work in interior of Africa, 41 Missionary Boards, appeal to, 273 Missionary Reading Circle, pro- posed, 276 Missions. Centenary Conference of, 48; F^cumenical Conference of, 11; fair trading helps, 33; liquor and opium traffic hinders, 69, 1U6, 108, 156. 168 Mission work in cities, 15 Mohammedan religion requires ab- stinence, 18, 91 Monopoly, government, of liquor- traffic in Ceylon, lOI Morgwn, Rev. F, H., on licensed pros- titution in Philippines, 204 Morris, Rev. C. S., on Africa, 38 Mother feeding rum to babe, 37 Mulr, Sir Wm., prohibits liquor-sell- ing, 78 Narasima, Charya, on India, 81 Native, pastor, on Lagos, 38 Natives swindled through drink, 33 NaTal officers, on canteens, 243 Navy, abolition of canteens is not productive of increased drinking, :.49 New Hebrides, American rum and firearms in, 51; Dr. Paton's appeal for, f 3 New York Times, quoted, 251 Niger country, prohibition in, 40 Officers, army, against canteens, 25? Opium, bill to forbid in , Pacific islands, 51 ; brings beggary 1 14 Opium in Burma restricted, 97; m Ceylon, 102; a curse to China, 20, 109, Itl, 122, 127, 129; prohibited by Chinese emperor, 1!0; cause of crime, 94; cause of disease, 9'); culture of, 116; enslaving, 1 18, 123ff; importation of. 135 increasing use of in India, 80. in Persia, 111; m Turkey, 70; mightier than missions 108; publications against, 135 Index. Opium, habit. Buddhist on, 94; in China, ravages of, 1^6; consensus of 100 doctors as to, 130; degrading, 118 Opiam pipes given up by native con- verts, 119 Opium traffig, action of British parliament on, 92: missionaries reproached for, 17; suppressed in Formosa, 142 Opium vice the worst the world has known. Ill Opium victims saved, 119 Opium village, 100 Opportunity of the hour, 270 Out-still system, in India, 83 Pacific islands, proposed interna- tional treaty to protect, 58 Page, Rev. H. P., on Bulgaria, 75 Palm wine {" toddy"), 84 Park, Dr. W. H., quoted, 126 Parliament of Religions, Chicago, 81 Parmalee, Miss H., on Japan, 141 Parr, Mr., quoted, 267 Parrish, Miss Clara, work of. 146 Paton, Rev. J. G., quoted, 22; por- trait, 52; appeal of, for New Heb- rides, 53, 151 Pearce, Rev. T. W., portrait, quoted, 120 People, power of, 16 Persia, opium habit increasing in, 111 Petitions, pattern for, 6; in defense of the Philippines, 210; against canteens, 271; effectiveness of, 278 Pettit, Col J. F., forbids liquor sell- ing in Sulu, 19 Philippines, saloons in, 186 Phillips, Rev. Chas., quoted, 212 Pierson, Rev. A. T., prayer of, 11 Pipes, given up by native converts, 119 Plntt, Hon. E. S., interview with gn Philippines, 207 rolhemus. Rev, A., quoted, 37 Porto Rico, effect of annexation of, 215 Presbyterian church, as related to temperance, 275 Presbyterian General Assembly, ap- peal of, to Pres. McKinley, 254 Preston, Miss E A., portrait, on Japan, 143 Proctor, Miss Myra A., on Turkey, 68 Prohibition, in Central Africa, 158; in Kast Africa Protectorate, 47; in Alaska, 23: repeal of, 164 ff; by British officials in India, 78; in Congo Free State, 158; chief ap- peals for, 54; in Indian Territory, 23. 174; for our new islands, 182; of opium in Formosa, 141; of firearms and liquors for native races, 267; zone of, map, 3J Public opinion, power of, 269 Pulpit, the responsibility of, 263 Ramsay, Sir Henry, restricts liquor traffic, 78 Rana, R. S., L. C. S., quoted, 19 Reform Bureau, The, 51, 129, 165 Religions requiring total abstinence, 18, 91 Remedies for liquor and opium evils, 64, 70, 74, 76, 103, 133, 147. 173, 180, 219 Resolutions, forms of, 6, 184; on opium traffic, 132 Revenue from opium in India, 80, 87; a bar to prohibition, 81 Rhodes, Rev. H. J., on Japan, 142 Rice beer in India, 99 Richards, Rev. Henry, portrait, on Africa, 40 Riilgrs, Rev. Edward, on Turkey. 69 Roberts, I^ord, on army abstinence, 232 Rochester, Brig-Gen. W. R., on can- teens, 245 Rum, American, in Africa, 49, 159; in Bulgaria, 75; in New Hebrides, 54 Rum tragedies in Africa, 3 Russia appealed to in behalf of treaty, 58 Sake the national drink of Japan. '42 Salisbury, Lord, on New Hebrides, 6;i Saloons in Alaska, 168; in our army, kS; in Egypt, 73; injapan, 146; hin- der missions, 69 Samoan Islands under pro.aibition, 211 Sainoson, Rear Ad. Wm. T., portrait, 238; on canteens 34U Sandwich Islands, liquor traffic in, 175 Schade Louis, suggests evasion of anti-canteen law, 253 Schurman, Pres. on saloons in the Philippines, 152, 186 Schweinitz, Rev. Paul de, quoted, 168 Scientific Temperance Instruction, 214 Shafrner-Etni«r,Mrs. Ruth, on Porto Rico, 217 Shatter, Gen. Wm. H. portrait, 238; on canteens, 243 Shaftesbury, Earl of, on opium traf- fic, 133 Sho Nemo to, portrait, anti-tobacco bill of, 144 Sien Lien-Li. quoted. 139 Slavery in Angola, 45 Soldiers, best drinks for. 233; absti- nence of British, 227 ff; canteens harmful to our, 257 ff; insane through liquors, 198 SootliiU, Rev. W. E., quoted. 111 Soudan campaign, abstinence in, 231 Speer, Robert E., on Philippines, 187 Stanley Brig. Gen. D. S-, on can- teens, 245 Statistics, Bureau of, on exports to the Philippines, 197. 200 Statistics of Gen. Corbin shown to he fallacious, 249 Index. 287 statistics on opium in China 111 ■ in India, 80; in United States, 135 Sternberg Surgeon Gen, G. M on canteeus, 243 ' Stroi^, Dr. Josiah, on power of the church, 277 Suffiage. Woman's Ass'n., memorial ot, on licensed vice, 20li Sulu, liquor-selling forbidden in, 19 hupreme Court, U, S. declares 'This JS a Christian nation,'' 13; also that prohibition is constitutional, 3 Taft, Jud^e W. H., letter from, 186 Taylor, Bishop William, portrait, on Africa, 32 Taylor, Joseph, portrait, on India, 89 laylor, Mrs. Howard, portrait on opium, 123 ''aylor. Rev. J. Hudson, portrait, address of, 107 £f Taylor, Rev. W. M., quoted, 1.^8 Temperance committees in church- es, 275 Temperance organizations in India, 83 Temperance union of men and women needed, 265 Temperance work in church, 8, 263; in our own country, 27 Thoburn, Bishop, portrait, on India 77; on Manila, 200 Tlmmpson, Rev. C. I,., on Alaska, Thompson, sir Henry, on beer, 136 Tilley, Com. B. F,, report on Tutuila, Toddy (palm wine), 84 Total abstinence, in Methodist Church. 276; among employees, 251 ; required by three heathen religions, 38, lO'i; required of native Chris- tians in India, 90 Tobacco, formerly much used in Japan, 143; prohibited for minors and students, 144 Trade, honest, helps missions, 33. See Commerce Treatingr, evil of 34 Treaty, international, of 1890 cited, 33; quoted, 24; of 1899, 50, 1 Tropics, canteens in, deadly, 219 Iropics, natives of mostly temperate 19; danger of drink habit in 20 Tugwell, Bishop, cited, 34 Turkey, intemperauce'iu, 67 ff Tutuila, liquor regulations in 211 Iwentieth Century Quarterly, 272 Union of forces needed in moral re- forms, 156, 278 Wages paid in gin, .56 Walpole, Horace, quoted, 93 Waulers, A. J , on Congo, 25 W. C. T. IT. in Cairo, Egypt, 73 Week of Praver, temperance day in proposed, 276 ' Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, portrait, 338- on canteens, 244 Wherry, E. H., portrait, on Manila, Whisky in tropics, deadly, 20 "W'hite, Gen. Sir Geo,, fevors temper- ance canteens in British army 229 Whytock, Rev. P., Congo, 43 ^Vilcox, Gen.O. B., on canteens 244 Willard, Mrs. Eugene S., on Alaska, Winche,ster, Rev. A. B., quoted, 119 Wine given up by native converts, "Wine cure," proved false by France, 235 Wines, Turkish, adulterated with alcohol, 67 Wolseley, I,ord, on liquors, 2,13, 234 Woman's Suffrage Ass'n., memorial of, against regulation of vice in Manila, 206 "Woods, Dr. J. T., on beer, 136 Wood, Gen. I,,, reforms of in Cuba, 225 Wood, John W., quoted, 169 Woodbury, Rev F. P., quoted, 170 World's temperance society, needed. 264 Wu Ting fang, portrait, on Chinese prohibition, 20 Young, Rev. W. M.. on Burma, 94 SUPPLEMENTAL REPORTS OF PROGRESS. Dec, 14, 1900, U. S. Senate consented to treaty of 1899 for protection of native Africans, leaving nothing further to be done except for President to proclaim adhesion of United States to the treaty after getting official infor- mation from Belgium as to ratifications by other Powers. Dec. 31, 1900, missionary boards of Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Pres- byterian, Reformed (Dutch) and Episcopal churches, through Bishop E. G. Andrews and Secretaries Carroll, Morgan, Moorehouse. Ellinwood, Speer, Cobb and Woyd, petitioned the Senate to adopt the Lodge resolution (p. 51) declaring for universal protection of native races, as a political keynote for the new century. Jan. 4, 1901, Senator Lodge having presented above and many other petitions asking such protection of child races on the previous day, brought up the matter in Foreign Aifairs Committee on this date with the result that the resolution was subsequently passed. A Native Races Committee is in process of formation in the United Slates. Bishop Doane, Chairman; Robt. B. Speer, Secretary, 156 5th Av., BOOKS ON THE LIQUOR PROBLEH. (For fuller lists apply to National Temperance Society, 3 W. Eighteenth Street, and to Funk & Wagnalls Co., both New- York City; and to New Voice, Chicago; and to the Idea! Publishing Union, 33 Paternoster Row, London, E. C. All the books may be ordered through F. H. Revell Co., below.) Temperance in All Nations. J. N. Stearns, octavo, 1,017 pp. $2.00. Gives survey chiefly of civilized nations, in 1893. Protection of Native Races against Intoxicants and Opium. Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts and Misses Mary and Margaret W. Leitch. i2mo., illustrated, 288 pp. Cloth, 75c. ; paper, 35c. Gives world survey of liquor problem in mission fields in igoo. The Foundation of Death. Axel Gustafson. 600 pp. $1.50. Discusses fundamental problems of the reform. The Temperance Century. Rev. Wilbur F. Crafts. i2mo. 152 pp. Cloth, 75c; paper, 35c. A concise history of the temperance movement from the beginning. The Liquor Problem. Rev. Daniel Dorchester, D.D. Octavo, 72B pp. $2.50. An extended history of the devel- opment of the tolal abstinence and prohibition movements. The Temperance Conflict. Hon. H. W. Blair. Octavo, 583 pp., illustrated. $2.00. A full discussion of abstinence and prohibition. Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition. Octavo, 700 pp. $3-50. Economic Aspects of Liquor Problem. John Koren. $1.50. Ten Lectures on Alcohol. Dr. B. W. Richardson. i2mo. , 372 pp. $1. Talks on Temperance. Archdeacon Farrar. 50c; paper, 25c. Temperance Sermons. (By Cuyler, Talmage, etc.) $1.25. Qough's Addresses. loc. The Liquor Traffic in Sweden and Norway. Wm. E. John- son. Cloth, 50c; paper, 25c. The Canteen in the U. S. Army. Wm. P. F. Ferguson. Cloth, 75c; paper, 40c. Pamphlets on Beer. "Catechism on Beer," Coleman, 5c. "Readings on Beer," 5c. "Beer and the Bbdy," 5c. This last contains statements of physicians as to eilects of beer. Free Government Documents on Liquors. "Economic Aspects of Liquor Problem," apply to U. S. Bureau of Labor, Washington, D. C. Hearings on "Liquor-selling in Army Canteens " and on " Liquor Traffic in Pacific Islands," apply to your Congressman or one of your Senators. Write to The Reform Bureau, Washington, U. C. , for Senator Gallinger's speech on " The Army Can- teen," chiefly devoted to scientific condemnations of beer. Any of the above sent to any address in the Postal Union, postpaid, on receipt of price, by FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY, Chicago, New York and Toronto. Q z ai M Dollars. 557,807 6,143 108 28.060 119,079 6,710 3,897 4,818 3.579 , • CO X so OOl I> > a S 3 '+J 'foooocoo — in i S :SiiiSi ta g S '"2?! "■"" ft 3 CJ 8 a OS P3 [fl t> . . lO lO O ■M CO to H > coinc^ot-t'oco 8 > oo . . S5 •-s S s § o ;? « M q O ■rt to . ?D ■* O 00 O t~ 5PCOCOQOOCO-^C^ H d rt i : w f>i CO*" a B o incf o" 1 t^ ^ c/i ecicC'i -osiccsMO C~ — ■£> ■ CO ■* O lO CD t^C-lO -CQeDt-Olt-- — > m. c: 3i ■ .-H i> •?! C't S cQ Ci -.D c-Kx in -* Its 00 C-- ■ cr, OS in iS ^ — ic : to'M'"i-r in o o : ft" og- - ^ 1—1 > ^ "- ■^ -_ o T-CO 0-*«OCCCOCO fM CO to • O M' to O cj'i' cocQ^ino^n ci oi 1— > ■ CO c- ai =0^_ . its^^rM— .--. 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