CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM The History department Dafe Due ^'%liiiS.SI3i„SLM''skin, 'luinirlSfiPffi'Xi Ohio, olin 3 1924 028 848 673 Overs The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028848673 1794. HISTORY OF MUSKIiaUM COUNTY, OIIO^ WITH Illustrations and Biographical Sketches OF PROMINENT MEN AND PIONEERS. PUBLISHED BT J. F EVERHART & CO. Lo Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by J. F. EVERHART & CO., In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. Author and Compilers Preface, In presenting the record concerning the former inhabitants of this country, the term aboriginal has been avoided, and the distinctive appellations, Mound-Builders and Ameri- •cah Indians, chosen instead, for reason obvious to the intelligent reader. Alexander W. Bradford ["American Antiquities," 1841] was pleased to speak of the former inhabitants of our country as the Bed Race, and to say that antiquarian writings have so often been exposed to the charge of being replete with improbable conjectures and conclusions, which vanish at the touch of sober reason, that this interesting class of historical investigations seldom receives the perusal of the plain-thinking portion of the public. For this reason, the first portion of his valuable work, with but few exceptions, is strictly confined to a description of the Ancient American monuments, pursuing, in as faithful a manner as was consistent with proper brevity, the language of his authorities, thus aflfording the reader an opportunity to form his own conclusions. This course, so manifestly fair, has been adopted by the compiler of this work ; . and yet, with all due respect to Mr.. Bradford, the writer dissents from his opinion when he says: "In relation to the question of origin, no predisposition in favor of the result to which I. have arrived has influenced the investigation ; for, biased at the outset strongly towards the theory of a migration by Behring's Straits, it was only at a later stage of the examination, and after a long struggle, that I was forced to abandon this idea, with what reason others may determine." In this disagreement the compiler is sustained by the authors quoted in the ■chapter on the Mound-Builders. The late Elijah H. Church kindly placed his gleanings in historic data and personal reminiscences at the disposal of the compiler, a generous act that his friends and com- munity will duly appreciate. To the members of the press for the free use of their files, aflfording a large amount of valuable data, grateful acknowledgments are made; and it is believed that they, who know so well the difficulty of obtaining reliable information, and deserve so much from community for their pains — they who are so often censured for the caste of their papers, while yet the faithful mirrors of the doings of the world in which they move — will have a feeling of generous charity for the failures that may appear. That such will be found, no one is more conscious, and no one could more sincerely regret, than the writer. HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. To the county and city officials, members of the bar, the medical profession, teachers^ and last, though by no means least, the pastors of the numerous churches, for most cordial co-operation, sincerest thanks are again tendered. To the pioneers in the various townships, for generous aid in obtaining reliable data,, acknowledgments are also made. With the consciousness of having endeavored to do my whole duty in the compilation, of this work, it is now submitted. Respectfully, J. F. EVERHART., I AUTHOR AND COMPILER. PUBLISHER'S PREFACE, In this volume every line of the author's copy has been printed; and though sub-^ scribers may think the work is small, they should bear in mind that the paper, though thin, is strong and of excellent quality, and that every page is a full and honest page, no " stuffing" to get a large work being allowed. Every endeavor was made by the author and compiler to get a correct and com- plete history of the county. That this has been done, any one who has had any ex- perience in, or who has carefully examined such works, cannot for a moment doubt. It is the most exhaustive and complete in detail of any similar work the publisher has issued and it should be well and liberally received by the people of Muskingum county. A. A. GRAHAM, Columbus, Ohio, December, 1882. PUBLISHER CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. — The Mound Builders — The Brush Creek Mound and its Disclosures.... 10-26 n. — The American Indians — In Ohio and the Muskingum Valley...; 26-43 III. — Political History — Legislation and Officers of the Law — Court Houses and Jails 43-66 IV. — Zanesville — As a Trading Post — Ebenezer Zane — Indian Trail — Zane's Patent — Zane, McCulloch, Putnam,i_Dr. Mathews, Whipple, Jona Daven- port, Isaac Zane, John Mclntire, King Louis Phillipe — Fourth of July 1800 — Zanesville Incorporated — Boys and Girls of i82oi-2i — Dam — Land Office — Revenue — Street Railways — Industries ofiBBi, etc., etc. 66-99 V- — Town Plat OF Zanesville — Described 99-109 VI. — United States Mail — In Zanestown in 1794 and Zanesville in 188 1 109-113 VII. — Boats and Boating 113-115 VIII. — Burying Grounds 115 IX.— Schools — The First School — The First Public School Building — Semi- nary — Academy — Mclntire School — School Law — Board of Education — First Graded School — Graded System Completed — First Superinten- dent — First Lady Principal — Teachers— Superintendent's Report — At- tendance for the Last Ten Years — Cost of the Schools for the Last Ten Years — Regulations — Boundaries of Districts — Directors from 1838 to 1881 , inclusive. Parochial Schools — St. Columbia's Academy — German Lutheran School. Zanesville Business College 116-140 X. — Physicians and Medical Societies 141 XI. — Putnam — The Town of Springfield — Putnam Hill Park — First Store — First Physician— First Child Born— Post Office— M. E. Church— Black- smiths — Deaths — Tanneries — Taverns — Banks — Name of Town Chang- ed — Manufacturing Company — Woolen Mills — Potteries — Oil Mill — Societies — Foundry — Village Incorporated — Glass Works — Bucket Fac- tory — Loan and Savings Association — Classical Institute — Annexation to Zanesville — "ClifFwood" — Merchants, Mechanics and Professional Men of Springfield — Reminiscences — Natchez.. 143-157 ■ XII. — EccLESiASTicAN HisTORY — Embracing twenty-two Religious Organiza- tions within the limits of Zanesville 157-187 XIII. — Secret Societies — The Masonic Fraternity and Directory — Odd Fellows' Fraternity and their Benevolent Association — Grand United Order of Odd Fellows (Colored) — Druids — Independent Order of Red Men — Knights of Pythias — B'Nai Berith — Kesher Shel Barsel — Knights of Honor — Royal Arcanum — Patriotic Order Sons of America 187-204 XIV- — The Press — The Weekly Advocate— The Zanesville Courier— The Daily Democrat — The Daily Era — The Zanesville Post — The Zanesville Sig- nal—The City Times— The Daily Morning Times— The Dresden Chronicle — New Concord Enterprise — Universal Sorrow, when President Garfield Died 205-216 XV. — Water Works 216 XVI. — Banks and Banking 217 XVII. — Fire Department 220-225 CHAP. XVIII. — Societies — The Ohio Bible Society — Temperance — Emancipation — St. Nicholas— Old Settlers— Y. M. C. A.— Building— Woman's Benevo- lent — St. Joseph's 225-239 XIX. — Library 240 XX. — Telegraph and Telephone 241 XXI. — Elections — Since the Adoption of the Present City Charter 242 XXII. — Music — " Mess Johnson " and his Viol — First Reed and String Band — Harmonic Band — Mechanics' Band — Atwood's Brass Band — Bauer's Band — Heck's Band and Orchestra — Organs and Pianos — Vocal Music — H. D. Munson — Music in the Public Schools — Harmonic HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. Society — Music Store — Professors Lilenthall, Walberg, Machold, Miller, Strachauer, Meising, Rowe and Luse. Musical Societies — Concordia, Mannerchor, Frohsinn, Harmonic, German Singing So- ciety — Choral Association — The Mendelssohn Glee Club XXIII. — Fine Art — In Zanesville XXIV.— The Opera House XXV. — Eleemosynary Institutions — Muskingum County Infirmary — John Mclntire's Will — Muskingum County Children's Home — John Mc-In- tire Children's Home XXVI. — Muskingum Improvement XXVIL— Railroads XXVIII. — Agricultural AND Horticultural Societies XXIX. — Geological Report of Muskingum County — A. B.Andrews XXX. — Military History of Muskingum County XXXI. — The Muskingum Mission 243-246 250 252 253 259 261 265 267-279 279-320 320-328 TOWNSHIP HISTORIES, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. DATE OF SETTLEMENT. 1790 TOWNSHIP. Falls Muskingum 1797 Newton i797 Harrison 1798 Jefferson and Cass 1799 Madison 1800 Salt Creek 1800 Washington 1801 371 Adams 1801 377 Perry 1802 380 Springfield 1802 383 Wayne 1802 392 329 336 341 347 352 360 37S TOWNSHIP. DATE OF SETTLEMENT. Licking 1802 Hopewell 1803 Union . 401 408 .From 1803 to 1806 415 425 439 453 Blue Rock 1805 Rich Hill 1805 Meigs 1807 Highland 1808 451 Monroe , 1810 Salem 1810 Brush Creek i8jo Clay 1812 Jackson 1815 456 460 467 473 47s PORTRAITS AND -VIEWS. Church, E. H Foley, G. W Spangler, B. F Amos, W. L Larzelere, J. R Court House Jewett, H.J Buckingham, A Schultz's Opera House Wiles, L. & Son Shinnick Block Glessner & Gilbert Spangler & Finley American Encaustic Tile Co. Clark, S.W Sturtevant & Martin High School Werner, H. C Mitchell & Stults Herdman, Harris & Co Farquhar, O. C Putnam Female Seminary . . . . Epply, William Allen, J. B Frank, L. & Son Grant, Alexander Bailey & Porter Graham, W. H. & Co 92 24 32 32 32 40 S6 64 72 76 81 81 89 -216 97 97 112 120 128. 136 136 140 144 152 i68 192 192 200 232 PAGE. Spencer, E 240 County Infirmary 252 Mclntyre Children's Home 252 Stevens, W 256 Schoene, H 264 Allen & Munson 272 Merkle, A 280 Ungemach & Stern 280 Blandy, B. A 288 Dodd, J. H 296 England Bros 304 Jacobs, C. & Co 304 Hermann, J. J 320 Griffith & Wedge 328 Lemert, L. J. & Son 352 Rambo, L. & Co 352 Barron, O. W 360 Rambo Bros 368 Adams, J. L. & Co 368' Lemert & Brammer 376 Hewitt, Samuel 384 Muskingum College 420 Speer, A. & Son 424 Wilkins, H. H 424 The Times 432 The Signal 440 The Weekly Visitor 448 c n o c 3 CO c (0 ?■ m 3 H ® if. ^ !» I e ? c o a 3- :: \.>t^ ij^muss- i^^f" , / % \ \ , o o c TO n' cf 3 o a w- \V // i ';)' .xiii.'jj-L V r "^ A,.M!^W. Vn'f. ^ History of Muskingum County, Ohio. CHAPTER I. THE MOTJND BUILDERS. THE OPINIONS OF RELIABLE WRITERS THE BRUSH CREEK MOUND AND ITS DISCLOSURES THE INSCRIBED STONE FOUND IN THE MOUND, AND THE TRANSLATION OF THE INSCRIPTION. A. y. Conani, A. M., Member of the St. Louis Academy of Science, and of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancetnent of Science. P. 13 : " Many centuries ago, the inhabitants of Amer- ica, who were the authors of the great works in the Mississippi Valley, were driven south by an army of savage warriors from the north. After many hundred years, a messenger returned from the exiled tribes, with the alarming news that a terrible beast had landed on their shores, who was carrying desolation wherever he went, with thunder and fire. Nothing could stay his pro- gress, and no doubt he would travel over the land in his fury. " It is conjectured that this beast of thunder and fire referred to the Spanish invasion of Mexico. The Tuscaroras, according to the account pub- lished by Mr. David Cusick in 1827 (quoted by Prof. Rafinesque), had a well-arranged system of chronology, dating back nearly three thousand years. Their traditions locate their original home north of the great lakes. In process of time, some of their people migrated to the river Kanawag (S"t. Lawrence). After many years, a foreign people came by the sea, and settled south of the lakes. Then follow long accounts of wars, and fierce invasions by nations from the north, led by confederate kings and a renowned hero named Galatan. Many years again elapse, and the king of the confederacy pays a visit to a mighty potentate whose seat of empire is called the Golden City, situated south of the lakes ; and so on, down to the year 1143, when the traditions end." p. 14: "No one can examine these traditions without. being convinced that they have some great historic' facts for their basis, however in- credulous he maybe as to the correctness of their dates, or their pretentions to so high antiquity.'' p. 16-17: "The traditions concerning these works (mounds) are, in substance, that they were constructed by a people who were accustomed to burn their dead, and were only partially occu- pied. Each family formed a circle sacred to its own use. When a member died, the body was placed in the family circle, and burned to ashes. A thin covering of earth was then sprinkled over the whole. This process was repeated as often as a death occurred, until theinclosure was filled. The ring was then raised about two feet, and again was ready for further use. As each addi- tional elevation would of necessity be less in diameter than the preceding, in the end a conical mound would be the result." * * " While it is no doubt true that the mound builders were an agricultural people, it is quite reasonable ;to sup- pose, from the fact that their most extensive works are found upon the shores of lake's and banks of rivers, that fish formed no inconsidera- ble item in their bill of fare. A strong proof that they were here, many centuries ago." Idem, p. 50: Decayed Skeleton. — "At the depth of about two feet the first skeleton was reached, lying upon- its back, with head towards the east. All the small bones were thoroughly decayed. About six feet north of this, another skeleton was disclosed, evidently buried in a sitting posture. This was so much decomposed that only a few of the thicker portions of the skull could be secured. Near this was also found the skeleton of a very aged female, the skull in a better state of preservation. In companionship with these was a flint spear-head of the rudest pattern, as were all the implements of stone — which were not numerous — which the deposit contained. With the exception of the rude spear- head, their presence seemed to have been acci- dental, and this also may have been so. Among the most interesting relics were articles of bone, such as awls, scrapers,' and the like, and occa- sionally one made from the inner surface of a shell, with a sharp edge. [These disclosures were found in Pulaski county, in one of the many famous saltpetre caves so often mentioned in the early annals of the State (of Missouri), with which the Gasconade abounds. The opening is in the face of a perpendicular limestone bluff", which ex- tends along the river for many miles.] And it is worthy of note that saltpetre can't save bones eternally." Idem, p. 60: "The peaceful tribes who once dwelt in this region of the Mississippi Valley, lO HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. upon either shore, found no quarries of stone of easy cleavage, or which could be wrought with their simple tools for the erection of their edifices. Doubtless, wood was the only material at their commaiid, or, possibly, sun-dried brick. The dust oi their temples is gone with that of their builders ; their altars are crumbled, the sacred fire is extinguished, which the sun shall never- more re-kindle. But the proud monument of their national solemnities still rears its majestic form in the midst of a vast alluvial plain of exhaustless fertility, a grand memorial of days more ancient than the last migration of the Aztec race to the plains of Anahuac, who found there the same structures, which they appropriated and by which they perpetuated the worship of the land of their fathers as well as that of the people whom they subjugated. It is not unreasonable to suppose that when, from its elevated summit, the smoke of the yearly sacrifice ascended in one vast column heavenward, from the great work above described, that it was the signal for simultaneous sacrifices from lesser altars through- out the whole length of the great plain, in the centre of which it stands, and that the people upon the Missouri shore responded with answer- ing first from those high places which once stood upon the western bank of the river, but are now destroyed. *' Here we may well believe was the holy city, to which the tribes made annual pilgrimages to celebrate the national feasts and sacrifices. But not here alone ; for in this vast homogeneous race, one in arts and worship, had the same high and hoty places, though of less imposing magnitude, in the valley of the Ohio, in Alabama and Mississippi." P. 67-8: "From an interesting account of certain mounds in Utah, communicated by Mr. Amaza Potter to the 'Eureka Sentinel,' of Ne- vada, as copied by the ' Western Review of Sci- ence and Industry,' I make the following ex- tracts : " ' The mounds are situated on what is known as the Payson farm, and are six in number, cov- ing about twenty acres of ground. They^ are from ten to eighteen feet in height, and from five hundred to one thousand feet in circumference.' " The explorations divulged no hidden treas- ure so far, but have proved to us that there once undoxibtedly existed here a more enlightened race of human beings than that of the Indians who inhabited this country, ands chesrordwoe have'been traced back hundreds of years.' "'While engaged in excavating one of the larger mounds, we discovered the feet of a large skeleton, and carefully removing the hardened earth which was embedded, we succeeded in unearthing a large skeleton without injury. The human frame-work measured six feet six inches in length, and, from appearances, it was un- doubtedly that of a male. In the right hand was a large iron or steel weapon, which had been buried with the body, but which crumbled to pieces on handling. Near the skeleton was also found pieces of cedar wood, cut in various fantastic shapes, and in a state of perfect pre- servation ; the carving showing that the people of this unknown race were acquainted with the use of edged tools. We also found a large stone pipe, the stem of which was inserted be- tween the teeth of the skeleton. The bowl of the pipe weighs five ounces, and is made of sand- stone, and the aperture for tobacco had the appearance of having been drilled out.' " ' We found another skeleton near that of the above-mentioned, which was not quite as large, and must be that of a woman. There was a nea'ly carved tombstone near the head of this skeleton. Close by, the floor was covered with a hard cement, to all appearances a part of the solid rock, which, after patient labor and ex- haustive work, we succeeded in penetrating, and found it was the corner of a box, similarly con- structed, in which we lound about three pints of wheat kernels, most of which was dissolved when brought in contact with the air. A few of the kernels found in the center of the heap looked bright, and retained their freshness on being exposed. These were carefully preserved, and last spring planted and grew nicely. We raised four and a half pounds of heads from these grains. The wheat is unlike any other raised in this country, and produces a large yield. It is the club variety ; the heads are ver\' long, and hold very large grains.' " ' We find houses in all the mounds, the rooms of which are as perfect as the day they were built. All the apartments are nicely plas- tered, some white, others in red color. Crockery ware, cooking utensils, vases — many of a pattern similar to the present age — are also found. Upon one large stone jug or vase can be traced a per- fect delineation of the mountains near here for a distance of twenty miles. We have several mill- stones used for grinding corn, and plentv of charred corn-cobs, with kernels not unlike what we know as yellow dent corn. We judge, from our observations, that those ancient dwellers of our country followed agriculture for a livelihood, and had many of the arts and sciences known to us, as we found molds made of clav for casting different implements, needles made of deer-horns, and lasts made of stone, and which were in good shape. We also found man^- trinkets, such as white stone beads and marbles, as good as made now ; also, small squares of polished stones resembling dominoes, but for what use intended, wo cannot determine.' " The above account we see no reason to dis- credit, and can only wish that the examinations had been more thorough, and the account more explicit as to the dimensions of rooms and other details. From what is stated, however, we con- clude that the authors of these works could not have belonged to the present Indian race, but were undoubtedly of the mound-building people of the Mississippi Valley." Many pages of interesting data might be ad- ded from Mr. Conant's great work, but the limit of this paper will not permit. That his opinions are entitled to great respect no intelligent reader HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. II can doubt. His own vast store of information from observation has been added the wisdom o Garcillaso De La Vega, Prof. Refinesque, Dan- iel Willson, L.L. D., Alexander W. Bradford, J. W. Foster, Edward L. Clark, Wm. Pidgeon, Prof. G. C. Swallow, Sir John Lubbock, M. L. Figuier, M. Marlot, John Evans, Lewis C. Beck, H. M. Brackenridge, James Adair and others. So that while the names of tribes or individuals may not be given, it is safe to accept the opinion given by Mr, Conant in the fifth chapter o "Vanished Races:" "Notwithstanding the va- riety of form presented in tlie multitudinous structures throughout the continent of North America, the comparison of many of the most prominent characteristics makes it reasonably certain that one people were the authors of them all. . . . It seems highly probable that there were two slowly moving streams of migration from the north ; the most important one on the east of the Mississippi, the other through the ter- ritories lying west of the river. The southward movement of a vast people seems to have been arrested in the valley of the Ohio for a long pe- riod of time. Otherwise the fact can hardly be accounted for that here occur the most stupen- dous monuments of their industry and skill, and also the most striking evidences of the stability and repose of their national life. Here the mound builders reached the highest stage of civ- ilization they ever attained this side of Central America and Mexico. The movement upon the western side of the river, while it had its source in the one great fountain-head at the north, does not seem to have been so well defined in all its characteristics, notwithstanding the fact that the population in Missouri at one time was as great, and, we have reason to think, greater than in Ohio. The cause may have been that they never enjoyed a season of repose and exemption from war to such a degree as to render it possible for them to devote the time and concentrate their energies upon their internal affaii's to the extent which resulted in the more advanced civilization of the eastern tribes. There seems to have been one prevaiHng system of religion among them all, which was based upon the worship of heav- enly bodies. This remark applies not only to the people of North America, but to the ancient inhabitants of the southern continent as well. The temple mounks in both, though built of dif- ferent materials, are the same in form and pur- pose. . . . Manj^ able writers upon Ameri- can Antiquities have given much attention to the numerous class of works which have usually been denominated sacrificial mounds. . . . To my own mind the evidences are almost conclu- sive that these should be denominated Cremation Mounds ; and that up to a certain period this was the usual, perhaps, universal, method of dispos- ing of the remains of departed friends. The size of the mound would then indicate the rank of him whose body was thus consumed therein. Upon no other hypothesis can we account for the earth being heaped upon the so-called altars while the fires were yet burning, leaving some portions of wood yet unconsumed. The latter custom seems to have been the one universally practiced by the mound-builders of Missouri. Should the idea here advanced be substantiated by future investigation, that cremation was once the prevailing custom, and that at some period it was discontinued and mound buried adopted in its place, then it would seem altogether probable that Southeastern Missouri was peopled at some time subsequent to that event, and therefoi-e the works so abundant there are more recent than those of the Ohio Valley. John T. Short, in the North Americans of An- tiquity, p. 130: "It is quite certain the cranies of the Northwest Mounds, as compared with those of the Mississippi region, clearly point to the fact of relationship with Asia. Strong reas- ons for supposing a remote intercourse between Asia and the Pacific Coast." Idem, p. 147: "No claim has been advanced, we believe, which advocates an actual Egyptian colonization* of the New World, but strong arguments have been used to show that the architecture and sculpture of Central America and Mexico have been influ- enced from Egypt, if not directly attributable to Egyptian artisans." Mr. Bancroft remarks : "The customs, manner of life, and physical ap- pearance of the natives on both sides of the Straits are identical, as a multitude of witnesses testify." Again: "If the original population of this continent were not Japanese,- at least a con- siderable infusion of Japanese blood into the orig- inal stock has taken place." Idem, p. 154: "The only remaining theory, and probably the most important of all, because of its purel}^ scien- tific character, which presents itself for our con- sideration is that which not only considers the civilization of Ancient America to have been in- digenous, but also claims the inhabitants them- selves to have been autoch-thonic ; in a word , the process of evolution, or in some other way, the first Americans were either developed from a lower order in the animal kingdom, or were created on the soil of this continent. As the lat- ter involves the denial of the unity of the race, it requires proof before we can consider it." P. 187 : "We have every reason to believe that the men of the mounds were capable of executing in sculptures reliable representations of animate ob- jects. The perfection of the stone carvings, as well as the terra cotta moulded figures of animals and birds obtained from the mounds, have ex- cited the wonder and admiration of their discov- erers. Against the Ethnic Unity : Indians there- fore not Mound-Builders." P. 190: "Probably one of the most incontrovertible arguments against American Ethnic Unity is that which rests upon the unparalleled diversity of language which meets the philologist everj^where. The actual number of American languages and dia- lects is as yet unascertained, but is estimated at thirteen hundred ; six hundred of which Mr. Bancroft has classified in his third volume of 'The Native Races of the Pacific States.' " Idem, p. 195 : "We call attention to the words of the distinguished Prof. Haeckel, in his "His- 12 HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. tory of Creation," which are as follows : 'Prob- abl}' America was first peopled from Northeast- ern Asia by the same tribe of Mongols from whom the Polar men (Hyperboreans and Esqui- maux) have also branched. This tribe spread first in North America, and from thence migrated over the isthmus of Central America down to South America, at the extreme south of which the species degenerated very much by adaptation to the unfavorable conditions of existence. But it is also posssible that Mongols and Polynesians emigrated from the west and mixed with the former tribe. In any case the aborigines of America came over from the old world, and did not, as some suppose, in any way originate out of American apes. Catarhine, or narrow-nosed apes, never at any period existed in America.' The same argument holds good if it be ascer- tained that both man and apes developed from a common ancestor. With these authoritative ut- terances from the most celebrated representatives of the development school, we shall rest the fan- ciful hypothesis of the autoch-thonic origin of the ancient American population." P. 232 : "It is common to look upon the Tol- tecs and Aztecs as the first inhabitants of Mex- ico. Such a conclusion is erroneous, since they were preceded in Central Southern America and even in Anahuac by people of different extrac- tion from themselves, and by scattering tribes of their own linguistic family — the Nahua. And all the early writers refer to them in terms which indicate that they were disposed to accept the existence of a race of giants as a fact !" P. 234: "The tribes which figured conspicu- ously in Mexico prior to the Toltecs, and not re- lated to the Nahuas, were the Miztecs and Zapo- tecs, whose language was not Maya, as some have supposed." P. 234: "Their civilization," says Bancroft, "in Oajaca, rivalled that of the Aztecs." J. P. MacLean, p. 131 : "Indians have no tra- ditions concerning them, and know nothing about this people." P. 135: '■'■The decayed Condition of the Skeleton. — In nearly every case the skel- eton has been found in such a state of decay as to forbid an intelligent examination. Probably not over half a dozen have been recovered in a condition suitable for restoration. This is all the more remarkable from the fact that the earth around them has invariably been found wonder- felly compact and dry. The locality, the method of burial, the earth impervious to water, all tend to the preservation of the body. Well preserved skeletons have been taken from the tumuli of Europe, known to have been deposited there not less than 2,000 years ago. The mode of burial was not better adapted for the preservation of the body than that of the mound-builders. Yet the latter were exhumed in a decomposed and crumbling condition. From this consideration alone a greater antiquity must be assigned to them than to the burrows of Europe. This point has been lost sight of by some modern stu- dents." From the Chautauqua Librar}- of English His- tory and Literature, chapter i. Britons and Ro- mans. I. British Period: from date unknown to 55 B. C. : "The earliest inhabitants of Britain. In days long past, while the children of Israel, perhaps, were groaning in bondage and Moses was yet unknown, a non-Arj^an people, pursued by want or driven by war, settled in England. The Island was then a desolate waste of marsh land and forest. The bear and the wolf roamed through the thick woods, and the beaver built in the reeky fens, a wild and worthless land and a wretched race ; for they passed away, leaving little more mark of their presence than did the herds that pastured near their low huts." History has preserved no record of these ear- liest inhabitants of England. Only some rude burial mounds, in instruments of flint and bone, which are now and then turned up to the spade, are left to tell us about them. But from the evi- dence gleaned from these remains it seems cer- tain that generation after generation came and went before they were dispossessed by men of another race. Some knowledge they acquired during these long years; for, "beginning with heavy bones for hammers and sharp bones for knives, they gradually came to manufacture stone instruments and to work in horn ; they har- pooned the whale, and fought on more than equal terms with the wild beasts of the forest. But before they had attained higher progress they were surprised by invaders, strangers, men with better arms, who slew them or drove them into the hills." [See Pearson's History of Eng- land, chap. I.J In Freeman's History of England we read : "The Celtic occupation of Britain. The people who succeeded these rude tribes were members of the Aryan race, which has given to the world its best civilization. They were called Celts, and were divided into two classes : the Gaelic, still represented b}- the Celts of Ireland, and the Scotch Highlands, and the Cymric, represented by the Celts or Whales and Cornwall. We do not know when the Celtic people came to England, which they called Britain, but there is scarcely an English village that has not some mark of their presence which carries us back an almost indefinite time in the history of the world." According to Dr. Everett W. Fish, in the "Egyptian Pyramids'": "Stone inscriptions were the earliest types of written language. In word presentation, though not in morphology, they resemble the Chinese syllabicism : certain forms became associated with certain ideas, sometimes relative, sometimes cognate, and henceforth were used to represent them. In the course of years the idea-character became con- tracted to a word or syllable. The early Aryan or Semitic types of picture writing were distin- guished by a predominence of vowel elements ; the Coptic by nearly an absence of vowels and preponderance of consonants. But some time during this thousand years vowels appear in such quantity as to indicate a new element in stone literature. Also the co-relation between the age, characters and personal attributes of the Cheops CHISELS, GOUOES AND ADZES. STONE AND CLAY FIPES. HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY. 13 of Herodotus in the Suphis of Manettro — the fourth Memphian and the sixth Egyptian dynas- ties — points unmistakably in the direction that all these finger marks of the period do, viz : that at or just before the Memphian conquest of Thebes, all Egypt was invaded by a more intel- lectual people ; that they left their marks on the monumental history and the facial and cranical angles, and on the national character of the hith- erto Hindoo, and Hamitic, occupants of the val- ley. Their life channel may be traced in its one grand tradition — its origin from Menes. Its Mf;nes came from Menu of India, and it went, T,ooo years later, into Attic Theotechony as Minos. There is also one channel in which a search among traditions of the invading race is confined : that is, the stream of Theosophy older than Menu, Sabeism or the perpetual fires of Iran : the monotheism of the race kindred to the Abrahamic, of whom Melchi-Zedek is the earliest Pontiff King ! If the philosophy of this singular history teaches us of the invasion of the Shepherd Kings at this time, it also teaches that they were subsequently repelled, though not conquered." "There is a widespread belief that the ancient Egyptians were a highly developed race intel- lectually, yet it is an error as far as it refers to the pre-Ptolemaic period. In astronomy, math- ematics, chemistry, art, economics, literature, painting, sculpture, perspective, etc., they were singularly and persistently backward ; no aixh relieves the severe angular structures. The sun moved around from east to west in its risings. Its figures came from Arabia. Its letters changed not from sound-pictures. Its tomb paintings were daubs." Mrs. Dr. Fish argues the improbability of the Egyptians designing the Great Pyramid: "77^6 Stone Logos. — The most remarkable develop- ment of the Great Pyramid in its relation to that religion which has descended to us through the Abrahamic race. ... It must give not a little weight to the history of those races de- scended from Shem, but out of the Abrahamic succession ; for, no doubt, the Captitorim, the Canaanites in general, and the races under Mel- chizedek, were part of the original monotheists. The peculiar history of the Pyramid's erection ; its freedom from idolatrous hieroglyphs, pi-esent in every other tomb and temple in Egypt, and its marvelous problems — almost if not quite prophetic — also should be taken into account. . . . The prophetic nature of the chronology, con- tained in the passages, representing events in the history of the Hebrew race, is strong indica- tion of a theistic design on the part of the builder. The peculiar prominence of the 'Sacred Cubit' is also worthy of notice, especially as this cubit (25 Pyramid inches) was not in use either by the Egyptians or Hebrews as a people. It was given of God, as witnessed by Ezekiel, chap, xl, v. 5, and consisted of a 'cubit and a hand breadth.' Again, Isaiah, chap. 19, verses 19-20: 'In that day shall there be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar in the border thereof to the Lord. 'And it shall be for a sign and a witness unto the Lord of hosts in the land of Egypt ; for thej' shall cry unto the Lord because of the oppressors, and he shall sendthem.a Savior, and a great one, and he shall deliver them.' " "Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid," by Piazzi Smyth, F.R. S.E., F.R. A.S., Astrono- mer Royal for Scotland. — Inasmuch as one of the symbols in the insci-iption is found over the one and sole original entrance passage inito the great pyramid, the compiler feels not only aston- ished that that symbol is only found on the pyr- amids, but constrained to cite the learned author concerning the Great Pyramid in several par- ticulars : " The ancient pyramids of Egypt form some- what of a long, clustering group of gigantic monuments, extending chiefly over about a de- gree of latitude; beginning in the north, at the head of the triangular-shaped land of Lower Egypt, and stretching thence southward along the western side of the Nile. Within that nearly meridian distance one trav- eler claims to have noted forty-five ; another says sixty-seven ; and another still, leaving Egypt altogether, and ascending the river as far as Merve Noori, and Barkal, in Ethiopia, men- tions one hundred and thirty as existing there. But they are mediaeval, rather than ancient, small instead of large, and with very little about them, either in form or material, to remind of the more typical early examples entirely in stone, or those I'eally mathematically shaped old pyra- mids, which, though few in number, are what have made the world-wide fame of their land's architecture from before the beginning of his- tory." _ " With many of the smaller and later pyramids there is little doubt about their objects ; for, built by the Egyptians as sepulchres for the great Egyptian dead, such dead — both Pharaohs and their relatives — were buried in them, and with all the written particulars, pictorial accompani- ments, and idolatrous adornments of that too graphic religion, which the fictile nation on the Nile ever delighted in. But as we approach, ascending the stream of ancient time, in an}^ careful chronological survey of pyramidal struc- tures, to the Great Pyramid, Egyptian emblems are gradually left behind ; and in and throughout that mighty builded mass, which all history and all tradition, both ancient and modern, agree in representing as the first in point of date of the whole Jeezeh, and even the whole Egyptian group, the earliest stone building also positively known to have been erected in any country, we find in all its finished parts not a vestige of heathenism, nor the smallest indulgence in anj^- thing approaching to idolatry ; no Egyptology of any kind, properly so called, and not even the most distant allusion to Sabaism and its worship of sun, or moon, or any of the starry host of heaven. " I have specified finished -parts, because in certain unfinished, interminal portions of the con- structive masonrv of the Great Pvramid discov- H HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO. ered by Colonel Howard Vyse in 1837, there are some rude Egyptian markings for- a temporary mechanical purpose ; and I also except, as a matter of course, any inscriptions inflicted on the same pyramid by modern travelers, even though they have attempted, like the Prussian savants of 1848, A. D., to cut their names in their own slight ideas of the ancient hieroglyphics of the old Egyptian idolators. But with these simple exceptions, we can most positively say that both exterior and interior are absolutely free from all engraved or sculptured work, as well as from everything relating to idolatry or erring man's theotechnic devices. From all these hieratic emblems, therefore, which from first to last have utterly overlaid every Egyptian temple proper, as well as all Egypt's obelisks, sphinxes, statues, tombs, and whatever other monuments they (the Egyptians) did build up at any known historical and Pharaonic epoch in connection with their peculiar, and, alas ! degrading religion. "Was the Great Pyramid, then, erected be- fore the invention of hieroglyphics, and previous to the birth of the false Egyptian religion ? No ! for these, both history, tradition, and recent ex- ploratory discoveries, testified to by many trav- elers and antiquaries, are perfectly in accord, and assure us that the Egyptian nation was established, was powerful, and its spiritually vile hieratic system largely developed, though not arrived at its full proportions at the time of the erection of the Great Pyramid ; that that struc- ture was even raised by the labor of the Egyptian population ; but under some remarkable com- pulsion and constraint, which prevented them from putting their unmistakable and accustomed decorations on the finished building ; and espec- ially from identifying it in any manner, direct or indirect, with their impure and even bestial form of worship. "According to Manetho, Herodotus, and other ancient authorities, the Egyptians hated, and yet implicitly obeyed, the power that made them work on the Great Pyramid ; and when that power was again relaxed or removed, though they still hated its name to such a degree as to forbear from even mentioning it, except by a peculiar circumlocution, yet, with involuntary bending to the sway of a really superior intelli- gence once amongst them, they took to imitating, as well as they could, though without any under- standing, for a fewof the more ordinary mechan- ical features of that great work on which they had been so long employed ; and they even re- joiced for a time to adapt them, so far as they could be adapted, to their own favorite ends and congenial occupations. " Hence the numerous ' quasi,' copies for sep- ulchral purposes, of the Great Pyramid, which are now to be observed, further south along that western bank of the Nile ; always betraying, though, on close examination, the most profound ignorance of their noble model's chiefest internal features, as well as of all its niceties of propor- tion and exactness of measurement ; and such mere failures are never found, even then, at any very great number of miles away from the site j nor any great number of years behind the date of the colossal parent work. The full architectural idea, indeed, of the one grand primeval monument, though expen- sively copied during a few centuries, 3'et never wholly or permanently took the fancy of the Egyptians. It Aad some suitabilities to their favorite employment of lasting sepulture, and its accompanying rites ; so they tried what they knew of it for that purpose. But it did not ad- duction of their unwieldy 'sacred' animals, nor bulls, nor crocodiles, nor the multitudes of abject mit of their troops of priests nor the easy intro- worshippers, with the facility of their own tem- ples ; and so, on the whole, they preferred them. Those more opened and columned, as well as sculptured and inscribed structures, ac- cordingly, of their own entire elaboration, are the only ones which we now find to have held, from their first invention, and uninterrupted reign through all the course of ancient and mediaeval Egyptian history ; and to reflect themselves con- tinuously in the placid Nile, from one end of the long drawn Hamitic land to the other. They therefore are, architecturally, Egypt. Thebes^, too, with its hundred adorned Pylon tem)