66o3 RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. or. ^«„ ^SSI"^" University Library SB 406.R66H 1872 "ajjly 'lowers-Descriptions of upwards of 3 1924 003 414 186 „„, Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003414186 HAEDY TLOWEES. DESCRIPTIONS OF UPWARDS OF THIRTEEN HUNDRED OF THE MOST ORNAMENTAL SPECIES, DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR ARRANGEMENT, CULTURE, ETC. *' Daffodils That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty: violeta dim, But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes Or Cytberea's breath ; pale primroses. That die unmarried, ere they can behold Bright Phcebus in his strength : . . . bold oxlipa and The crown-imperial ; lilies of all kinds.*' SnAEESFSASS. WrROBINSON, F.L.S. ATJTHOE OP "ALPINE PLOWEBS POB. ENOIISH GARDENS," "THE WILD GARDEN," ETC., ETC. NEW EDITION. LONDON : FREDEEICK WARNE AND CO. BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1872. /COR^TLL^ ^s^ LIBRARY 378809 CONTENTS. lAan Introduction 1 PART I. CHAPTER I. The Mixed Border for Hardy Mowers 5 CHAPTEE II. Hardy Flowers in the Mixed Shrubbery Border ^ 7 CHAPTER III. Beds and Groups of Hardy Perennials, etc 11 CHAPTER IV. Isolation of Hardy Plants 15 CHAPTER V. Hardy Perennials and Alpines as Bedding Plants 17 CHAPTER VI. Hardy Alpine and Perennial Plants in the Bock-garden, in the Wild- garden, in Water, and in Boggy Ground .20 Tl CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. pAGa Hardy " Florist's Flowers" 23 CHAPTER VIII. Hardy Flowers in. tlie Spring-garden "o CHAPTER IX. The Culture of Hardy Flowers 27 CHAPTER X. The .Propagation of Hardy Flowers 32 PART II. Alphabetical An-angement of the most Ornamental Hardy Flowers, with Descriptions, Culture, Suitable Positions, etc . . . 41 to 264 ADDENDA. New Species, or those omitted in preceding Part 235 to 274 PART III. SELECTIONS OP HARDY FLOWERS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. A Choice Selection of the vei'y finest Herbaceous Perennials . . . 277 A Selection of the finest Hardy Bulba, including Rhizomatous Plants like the Irises and Hardy Orchids 280 A Selection of Choice Alpine and Eock Plants suitable for the mar- gins of Mixed Borders, etc 281 A Selection of the most Ornamental Annual and Biennial Plants . 283 A Selection of the finest Hardy Flowers that Bloom in Spring . .2:4 CONTENTS, vii PASS A Selection of Autunm-tlooming Hardy Flowers 285 A Selection of Edging Plants 286 A Selection of Plants for forming " Carpets " beneath, larger subjects 289 Hardy Plants with Silvery or Yariegated Foliage 291 A Selection of Hardy Mowers suitable for Naturalization in Woods, Copses, Hedgerows, on Euins, Eooky Banks, and in various other Wild or Half-wild Places 293 A Selection of Fragrant Hardy Plants 295 A Selection of Herbaceous Plants, etc., that will grow beneath the Shade of Trees, and in Copses, etc 296 A Selection of Hardy Perennials, etc., suitable for Exhibition when Grown in Pots 297 A Selection of Ornamental Aquatic Plants 299 A Selection of Plants thriving in Marshy or Boggy Ground . . . 299 Herbaceous and Alpine Plants, etc., that may with advantage be Raised from Seed 300 List of Dwarf Hardy Perennials and Alpine Plants with Fern-like or Graceful Leaves, and suitable for Association with those dis- tinguished by Beauty of Flower in Borders, the Bock-garden, etc. 301 A Selection of Hardy Perennials affording the finest effects in the Picturesque or " Subtropical " Garden 302 A Selection of Hardy Plants of Vigorous Habit and Distinct Cha- racter, suited for Planting in Semi- wild places, in Pleasure- grounds, or near Wood-walks 302 A Selection of Ornamental Grasses 303 Selection of Alpine and Bock Plants of Prostrate or Drooping Habit suited for placing so that they may Droop over the Brows of Rocks and like Positions 304 Trailers, Climbers, etc., for Covering Bowers, Trellises, Bailings, Old Trees, Stumps, Eockwork, Banks, etc 305 Selection of Alpine and Book Plants for Growing on Old Walls, Ruins, Chalk-pits, Stony Banks, etc 306 List of Ferns that may be Grown with Advantage away from the Fernery Proper 307 CONTENTS. HAUDY FLOWERS CLASSED ACCOEDING TO THEIR COLOtTRS. PAGE A Selection of Hardy Plants with White Flowers ...... 308 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Bed, Crimson, Scarlet, or Pinkish Flowers 309 A Selection of Hardy Plants with Blue, Bluish, or Purplish Flowers 311 A Selection of Hardy Plants with TeUow Flowers, in Various Shades, or in which Yellow Predominates 311 Index to the Natural Orders of the Plants named in Part II. 313 to 322 A Concise Glossary of the Descriptive Terms used in this Work 323 to 332 Index to English Names 333 to 341 HAEDY FLOWEES. INTRODUCTION. IN " Alpine Flowers " I treated of the most interesting classes of hardy plants, and the only ones with which there is the slig'htest difficulty as to cultivation, etc., but besides the true alpine flora there are many natives of the low hills, plains, and prairies which are not considered " alpine " either from a horticultural or a •botanical point of view, and the best of these, with all the true alpine plants, are included here. The book comprises the cream of all the ornamental, hardy, herbaceous, alpine, and bulbous plants at every elevation, from sea shore to snowy peak, that are now to be had in cultivation. The descriptions are more technical than those in " Alpine Flowers," as it was thought desirable to give the reader some means of identifying any plant of which he might have doubts as to the name. Though the number of species selected is large (between thirteen and fourteen hundred), weedy subjects, or those unsuitable from any other cause, have been carefully excluded. In the selection of these plants for ornamental purposes more care is required than is the case with any other class, and there is nothing more calculated to add beauty and interest of the highest order to the British garden than the spread of knowledge as to the really ornamental kinds. That many perennials are very beautiful every person who knows a Paeony, or a Delphinium, or a Phlox must be aware ; but that a vastly greater number of them are very ragged and weedy-looking is not less true ; and it is this fact that explains why they have been so much driven from cultivation of late years. The variation in the aspects of plants, even of the same family, is as great as the contrast presented by their properties, which range from the deadliest of poisons to the most grateful, fragrant, and nourishing of products. Look through the vast and not odoriferous order Compositee, and what a wav you have to wade through groundsels and fetid and B HARDY FLOWERS. gawky weeds, before you meet a plant that can be called pretty. It is so all over the world. DoTibtless many people think, from the fascinating banks of orchids shown at our floral exhibitions, that these favoured plants are gloriously beautiful wherever they are found ; but, on the contrary, there are many unattractive plants in the family, many of them large-growing and noble looking, but bearing inconspicuous flowers, not half so beautiful as some of the poorest of our own little meadow orchids; and so it is with many a tropical family of plants of which only the g'org-eous representatives are seen at our flower shows. But, of course, being tropical we have little opportunity of knowing the least ornamental kinds. Moreover, collectors do not bring them home, knowing them to be worthless, and if they are brought home by chance they are soon thrown away as useless. But in the case of the hardy plants of Europe and America it is very different. They are often seen — in fact, as often as we go among the fields, or hills, or wilds of those continents ; often gathered and brought home, and once home they, like ill weeds, grow apace and soon become so conspicuous that th-e really beautiful hardy flowers are unseen among them, or exterminated by them. Most persons will understand what I mean when they remember the many mixed borders they have seen overgrown with weedy asters. Golden Rods, Lysimachia vulgaris, and like plants, which should never be planted except in rough and semi-wild places. In garden books and garden journals it is not uncommon to see lists of those plants given, composed in some cases of the poorest weeds — the ground ivy and Moschatel, to wit. These are, of course, written by persons with a very slender knowledge of the subject, who supplement that little with the knowledge to be gained from lists in botanical books ; and being unable to distinguish the kinds which are beautiful from those which are merely interesting in a botanical point of view, they have had considerable influence in retarding improvement in this direction. It is to me a cause of surprise that while we find persons going to great expense to build a glass box wherein to preserve a little of the pretty vegetarion of New Holland and other warm climates, and which is of necessity always in a condition less beautiful and less satisfactory than vegetation flourishing in the free air, we may seek m vain in their gardens for a ^Toup of the noble hardy Lilies, for the vividly-coloured and beautiful early spring flowers of northern INTRODUCTION. 3 and temperate climes, or for any interesting and beautiful hardy vegetation. We live in a country which is, on the whole, better, calculated for the successful culture of the most beautiful vegetation of northern and temperate climes than any on the face of the earth, and at present we take as much advantage of it as if we lived in one where, from extremes of some sort, such vegetation could not exist, and where extraordinary and expensive artificial means were requisite for the enjoyment of a little vegetable beauty. That the natives of cool latitudes are of an inferior degree of beauty cannot be admitted. Travellers who love many aspects of vegetation give the palm, I believe, to that of the meadows, neaths, and uplands of cool countries and the high mountain sides near the line of perpetual snow, and certain it is that the finest Orchids of our stoves do not surpass in beauty Lilies and Irises, that are as easily grown as the common Seakale. The reason sometimes urged against the free use of hardy perennials, that they do not remain so long in iiower as what are called bedding plants, is a groundless objection, or if not, why not apply it to the contents of the greenhouse and stove ? There it would be sad to think that any one aspect of vegetation should prevail for months at a time, and why should not the same taste be exercised in some select spot in the open garden 1 The fact is that when rightly understood the very fugacity of the most tran- sient kinds will not be considered objectionable ; fortunately, however, a great number of species remain a sufficiently long time in bloom for their beauty to be thoroughly enjoyed. The culture of the finest hardy perennials need not interfere in the slightest degree with that of bedding plants, or anything else — indeed, it would enhance the beauty of all ; and in almost every garden there is, goodness knows, an abundance of room for improve- ment of this kind. To discuss the subject from the basis of the " mixed border," is completely to beg the question, and in most cases when people discuss this question, the old mixed border seems to represent their ideal of the highest beauty to be attained by the use of the hardy herbaceous and alpine flora of our gardens. To me it has a very different and a very much wider and nobler aspect. I have been somewhat surprised that people hav^ spoken so encourag- ingly of the matter, considering their point of view. During the past eight or nine years I have sought after hardy plants of all kinds un- remittingly, and previous to that I had seen a few good old-fashioned mixed borders : but at no time have I ever seen anything in this way b2 HARDY FLOWERS. that displayed a tithe of the beautiful plants which it might have had, or that was in any way worthy of a beautiful garden. Assuredly a well-arranged mixed border would be one of the most interesting things ever seen in a garden. But it is not alone in that way that the plants under discussion may be made available. Many combina- tions of the utmost beauty, and which have not yet been attempted in gardens, are quite possible with them, and very few have any idea of the many diverse ways in which they may be cultivated, so as to attain the happiest results. I will in the following chapters proceed to describe these various ways in which the flora of northern and temperate climes may be grown and arranged with best effect in our gardens, and by which we may, to a great extent, be deli- vered from the appalling monotony and vacant formality now dis- played by the majority of them. It is an every-day occurrence to see hardy plants placed in positions where there is no possibility of their surviving but for a very short time. Therefore at the risk of being a little monotonous at times, the culture and suitable positions for every species are given. This portion of the work is the result of my own observation of the plants in nearly all public and private gardens in these islands where a good collection is grown, and of their habitats in a wild state both on the continent of Europe and in America. By far the freater number of the plants have been described from personal nowledge of them in a living state. I am greatly indebted to the owners of nearly all the good collec- tions in the nurseries and private gardens near London, and in various other parts of the country, for specimens of a large number of the kinds named in the book. In a work dealing with such a number of plants from so many diverse climes, references to many books had to be made, principally to the following : — Walper's "Annales" and " Eepertorium ;" De CandoUe's "Prodromus;" Grenier and Godron's " Flore de France ;" Vilmorin's " Fleurs de pleine terre ;" Duchartres' Jacques et Herincq's " Manuel des Plantes ;" Gray's " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States;" Pursh's "American Flora;" Torrey and Gray's "Flora of North America;" Wood's "Tourist's Flora;" Don's "System of Gardening' and Botany;" Kunth's "Enumeratio Plantarum;" "Nouveau Jardinier;" Syme's "English Botany," and Miller's " Dictionary." TAET I. CHAPTER I. THE MIXED BORDER FOR HARDY FLOWERS. There are several other ways of arranging hardy plants in a more beautiful, natural, and pleasing manner, but the mixed border forms a sort of reception room for all comers and at all times. On its front margin you may place the newest Sedum or silvery Saxifrage ; at the back or in the centre the latest Delphinium, Phlox, or Gladiolus ; and therefore it is, on the whole, the most useful arrangement, though it should as a rule be placed in a rather iso- lated part of the garden, where the extent of the place permits of that. Not that a mixed border is not sufficiently presentable for any position ; but, having many more suitable things to offer for the more open and important surfaces of the garden, this had better be kept in a quiet, retired place, where indeed its interest may be best enjoyed. If no better situation be offered than the kitchen-garden, make a mixed border there by all means. The little nursery depart- ment, if there be one, will also suitj but best of all, in a large place, would be a quiet strip in the pleasure-ground or flower- garden, separated, if the garden be in the natural style, by a thin shrubbery, from the general scene of the flower-garden. It is vain to lay down any precise rules as to the position or arrangement ol this or anything else ; for, even if we succeeded in having them adopted, what a sad end would it not lead to — every place like its neighbour ! That, above all others, is a thing to be avoided. In old times the borders on each side of the main walk of the kitchea- garden were mostly appropriated to herbaceous plants ; and, if well done, this is a good practice, especially if the place be small. A border arranged in this way in a small villa garden will prove a very attractive feature, especially if cut off from the vegetable and fruit quarters by a trelliswork completely covered with good strong- growing varieties of Roses on their own roots. The mixed border is capable of infinite variation as to plan as well as to variety of subjects. The most interesting variety is that II* o w •fi EH .b s a 5 15 f£l p; . d •3-s* 2 TO* o fl •^ Ph i|* g 00* ^2 "1 P p. is* m §1 -13 -s * St i -S-S ^1* 'qj O § t-l Ol C CD W g* s 1* o ^ §1 ■d g* W 1 cS .2 « -S.Q 1^* e3 W-^ .ss §■ 6c 01.2 s^ g|* a* CO Ph S OJ ■a m ^ W z a 9 «• It ^i . 9.^ if li ^ a a -5 la o S H ^ s ■< a o o .5 S '^ 1 CO .r-l 9 S* II > Kg ^ MIXED SHEUBBEEY BOEDER. composed of choice hardy herbaceous plants, biilbs, and alpine plants. Another of a very attractive description may be made by the use of bedding plants only, from Dahlias and Gladioli to the smallest kinds, but in this case we will confine ourselves to the old- fashioned sort made with hardy plants alone. There is a symmetrical system, which must be entirely kept clear of — that of placing quantities of one thing, good or bad, as the case may be, at regular intervals from each other. The very reverse of that is the true system for the best and most interesting kind of mixed border. In a well-arranged one no six feet of its length should resemble any other similar space of the same border. Certainly it may be desi- rable to have several specimens of a favourite plant; but any approach to planting the same thing in numerous places along the same line should be avoided. I should not, for instance, place one of the neat Saxifrages along in front of the border at regular inter- vals, fine and well suited as it might be for that purpose, but, on the contrary, attempt to produce in all parts a totally distinct yet high type of vegetation. The Cannas may be used to diversify the mixed border, a plant here or there having a fine effect. The accompanying plan shows a small portion of what I conceive to be an approach to a tastefully arranged mixed border, so far as size and quality of the plants are concerned. Each of the dwarf plants in front should be allowed to grow into a strong spreading tuft. The borders should be deeply prepared, and of a fine free texture — ^in short, of good, rich, sandy loam. That is the chief point in the culture. It is a great mistake to dig among choice hardy plants, and therefore no amount of pains should be spared in the prepara- tion of the ground at first. If thoroughly well made then, there will be no need of any digging of the soil for a long time, though it will require cleaning, and may with advantage be lightly forked from time to time. CHAPTER II. THE MIXED SHBUBBERY BOHDEH. No practice is more general, or more in accordance with ancient custom, than that of cllgging shrubbery borders, and there is none in the whole course of gardening more profitless or worse. When 8 HAEDY FLOWERS. winter is once come, almost every gardener, although animated with the best intentions, simply prepares to make war upon the roots of everything in his shrubbery border. The generally accepted practice is to trim, and often to mutilate, the shrubs, and to dig all over the surface that must be full of feeding roots. Delicate half-rooted shrubs are often disturbed; herbaceous plants, if at all delicate and not easily recognised, are destroyed ; bulbs are often displaced and injured ; and a sparse depopulated aspect is given to the margins, while the only " improvement" that is effected by the process is the annual darkening of the surface by the upturned earth. Walk through gardens in winter and spring, and observe the borders round masses of shrubs, choice and otherwise. Instead of finding the earth covered, or nearly covered, with vegetation close to the margin, and each individual developed into something like a respec- table specimen of its kind, we find a spread of recently-dug ground, and the plants upon it with an air of having recently suffered from a whirlwind, or something or other that necessitated the removal of mutilated branches. Eough-pruners precede the diggers, and bravely trim in the shrubs for them, so that nothing may be in the way ; and then come the delvers, who sweep along from margin to margin, plunging deeply round and about plants, shrubs, or trees. The first shower that occurs after this digging exposes a whole net- work of torn-up roots. There is no relief to the spectacle ; the same thing occurs everywhere — in a London botanic garden as well as in our large West-end parks; and year after year the process is repeated. While such is the case, it will be impossible to have an agreeable or interesting margin to a shrubbery ; albeit the impor- tance of the edge, as compared to the hidden parts, is pretty much as that of the face to the back of a mirror. Of course all the labour required to produce this unhappy result is worse than thrown away, as the shrubberies would do better if left alone, and merely surface-cleaned now and then. By utilizing the power thus wasted we might highly beautify the positions now so very objectionable. If we resolve that no annual manuring or digging is to be per- mitted, nobody will grudge a thorough preparation at first. The planting should be so arranged as to defeat the digger. To graduate the vegetation fi-om the taller subjects behind to the very mar"-in of the grass is of much importance, and this can only be "done thoroughly by the greater use of permanent evergreen and very dwarf subjects. Happily, there are quite enough of these to be MIXED SHEUBBERY BORDER. had suitable for every soil. On light, moist, peaty, or sandy soils, where such things as the sweet-scented Daphne Cneorum would spread forth their dwarf cushions, a better result would ensue than, say, on a stiff clay ; but for every position suitable plants might he found. Look, for example, at what we could do with the dwarf gTeen Iberises, Helianthemums, Aubrietias, Arabises, Alyssums, dwarf shrubs, and little conifers like the creeping cedar (Juniperus squa- mata), and the tamarix-leaved Juniper ! All these are green, and would spread out into dense wide cushions, covering the margin, rising but little above the grass, and helping to cut off the formal line which usually divides margin and border. Behind them we might use very dwarf shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, in endless variety j and of course the margin should be varied also. In one spot we might have a wide-spreading tuft of the prostrate Savin pushing its graceful evergreen branchlets out over the grass ; in another the dwarf little Cotoneasters might be allowed to form the front rank, relieved in their turn by pegged-down Roses ; and so on without end. Herbaceous plants, that die down in winter and leave the ground bare afterwards, should not be assigned any important position near the front. Evergreen alpine plants and shrubs, as before remarked, are perfectly suitable. But the true herbaceous type, and the larger bulbs, like Lilies, should be " stolen in" between spreading shrubs rather than allowed to monopolize the ground. By so placing' them, we should not only secure a far more satisfactory general effect, but highly improve the aspect of the herbaceous plants themselves. The head of a white Lily, seen peeping up between shrubs of fresh and glistening green, is in- finitely more attractive than when forming one of a large batch of its own or allied kinds, or associated with a mass of herbaceous plants. Of course, to carry out such planting properly, a little more time at first and a great deal more taste than are now employed would be required ; but what a difference in the result. In the kind of borders I advocate, nearly all the troublq^would be over with the first planting, and labour and skill could be successively devoted to other parts of the place. All the covered borders would require would be an occasional weeding or thinning, &o., and perhaps, in the case of the more select spots, a little top-dressing with fine soil. Here and there, between and amongst the plants, such things as Forget-me-nots and Violets, Snowdrops and Primroses, might be scattered about, so as to lend the borders a floral interest, even at 10 HAEDY FLOWERS. the dullest seasons ; and thus we should be delivered from dig-g-ing and dreariness, and see our ugiy borders alive v^ith exquisite plants. Assuming that one did not sufficiently esteem hardy flovirers to go even to the trouble of adapting- the margin of a shrubbery to them, it may not be amiss to point out that the beds of Rhododendrons and American plants generally offer the finest positions that can be desired for the making of the most charming and satisfactory kind of mixed borders. The culture of Ehododendrons has for many years been so popular in this country that there are few places that do rot possess beds or masses of them, or in which fertile masses of peaty soil have not been gathered for their reception. The Rhododendron bush, how- ever fine in flower, has at all times a flattish, formal outline, and this is often disagreeably apparent where large masses are planted, as. is now the custom in many places. The soil suited to the Rhododendron is also perfectly suited to the most beautiful and fastidious of all fine perennials. The bold and tall heads of Lilies standing above the flat green of the Rhododendrons in summer, sometimes, as in L. tigrinum Fortunei and L. superbum, in magnificent candelabra-like heads, are the very things to relieve these masses in the most effective way. Then again the Lilies themselves will be seen to much greater advantage ; the bases of their stems, being hidden by their surroundings when withering, will not be an eyesore, as they often are when in a border, so that an impatient gardener might want to cut them down before their time, or have something else in their place. The very open spaces which long remain between Rhododendrons, &c., in consequence of their somewhat compact and slow-growing habit, encourage the kind of arrange- ment suggested. It would be desirable to treat various classes of plants in this way, as, for instance, the Lilies, the Gladioli, Sparaxis pulcherrima, Tritomas, Crocosmia aurea, eard or tuft of hah-s grounig from the lip. Leaves few, radical, grassy. Native of all parts of the United States, in wet prairies, or the edges of pine woods. Well suited for a good position on the rockwork, or for an open spot in the hardy fernery. I have had no expe- rience of the mode of propagating it. Caltha palustris (.l/nrs/i Jlavigold}. — A well-known native plant with slightly branched stems, (j to 12 in. CALYPSO — CAMPANULA. 81 high. Flowers, in spring, continuing until early summer; bright golden- yeUow, large ; peduncles furrowed. Leaves, rouudish, kidney - shaped, roundly orenate, on long stalks. There is a, double variety and a smaller^ flowered one, the double one excellent for gardens. Marshy places, moist meadows and margins of rivers, brooks, etc., throughout Europe, Western Asia, and North America. The double var. is a first-class plant for moist soils and the artificial bog : the single one always looks well by the side of ponds and streams. Division. Calypso borealis (Northern C.) — ^A handsome and very interesting orchid, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; rose - coloured, resembling those of a Oypripedium, solitary on the end of a slender, sheathed stem. Leaves, one only, thin, many-nerved, either ovate or cordate. Native of the Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and ^.merica, in woods, especially of Firs. The plant appears to be nearly related to Ccelogyne, and particularly to the sec- tion Pleione. Half -shady spots on the margins of the rock-garden or artificial bog, or in a select spot in shrubberies, in light, moist vegetable soil mulched with cocoa fibre or other material to keep the surface open. Calystegla dahurioa {Dahwrian C.) Convolvulus daliuricus — A very showy twining perennial. Flowers, in suTnmer ; rosy purple ; peduncles axil- lary, I -flowered ; sepals, lance-shaped, 2 outer ones broadest. Leaves, some- what heart-shaped, smooth; margins and veins of the under surface downy ; stems downy. Roots, creeping. Cau- casus. Excellent for covering bowers, railings, stumps, cottages, etc., and also for naturalization in hedgerows and copses. It grows in almost any kind of soil, and, like its relation the bind-weed, is readily in- creased by division of the root. Calystegia pubescena plena [Double O.-^A. handsome twining plant, 3 to 64 ft. high. Flowers, in summer and autumn; large, of a flesh rose- colour, changing to bright rose, very double, on stalks from 24 to 34 in. long. Leaves, alternate, hastate, downy. China. Likes a light soil and warm aspect, and is useful for the same positions as the preceding though not so vigorous. Grown in large pots and tubs, I have seen it used with good effect in London for forming small bowers, etc. on balconies. Division of the root, which runs very much. Camassia escnleuta {Quamash-root). — A handsome and distinct bulbous perennial, 1 to 24 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; duU violet- blue, 6 to 10 in a lax spike. Leaves, linear, grooved on the inside, streaked, some- times glaucescent. Bulb, of moderate size, egg-shaped, whitish. Native of N. W. America and the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. Borders and bulb-garden, attaining greatest vigour and beauty in free and deep sandy loam, well drained. Separation of the bulbs every third or fourth year. Campanula alpina (A Ipine Harebell). — A dwarf herb, covered with stiff down, and with nearly simple, furrowed stems, 5 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep blue, scattered in a pyramidal manner along the stems; lobes of the calyx nearly as long as the corolla. Leaves, oblong - linear, woolly, those of the root crowded and narrowed at the base. Transylvania and the Carpathian Mountains. The front margin of the mixed border, or rockwork, in sandy loam. Division Campanula aatumnalis {Autumn C.) — Platycodon autwmnale. — A handsome perennial, 20 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; of a vivid blue, glistening a 82 CAMPANULA. on tlie outside, arranged in a length- ened panicle. Leaves, alternate, oval- aoute, toothed, often tinged with red. There are several varieties : one with single white flowers, another with double blue, another with double light-blue or lilac, and another with double white. China, This kind differs from 0. grandiflora by its pyra- midal habit, its stem being more branching, with slenderer branches, and covered with leaves up to the top. . Mixed borders, in warm sandy loam, and in a warm position, or as isolated clumps near the fringes of shrubberies, in the picturesque garden. Division and seed. Campanula harhata {Bearded Hare- hell.) — A distinct kind, with rough, shaggy leaves, and round, nearly simple stems, 6 to 1 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale sky-blue, nearly I4 in. long, drooping gracefully, and with a long beard at the mouth, in a few- flowered raceme, 1 on each stalk ; calyx hairy, about one quarter of length of corolla. Leaves, nearly entire ; radical ones crowded, lance - shaped ; stem- leaves few, strap-shaped. France, Swit- zerland, North Italy, and Austria. Mixed borders, or the rougher parts of rockwork in sandy soil. Seed. Campanula caespitosa (Tufted Hare- hell),. — Campanula pumila, Hovt. — A very dwarf alpine herb, long known in our gardens, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep blue, 1 to 4 on each stem, drooping ; divisions of the calyx narrow, erect, one-third the length of the corolla. Leaves of root crowded , on short stalks, obovate or kidney-shaped, those of stem nar- rower, toothed. There is a white variety, equally common. Central Europe, on mountains. Front mar- gin of the mixed border, rockwork, or as edging to beds, growing in almost any soil, but thriving best in a moist one. Division. Campanula carpatlca (Carpathian Harebell). — A dwarf, but noble kind, 6 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large and handsome, blue, about the size of those of the Peach-leaved Campa- nula, in loose panicles, on long stalks ; divisions of the calyx nearly erect, two- thirds shorter than the broadly bell- shaped corolla. Leaves, smooth ; lower ones somewhatkidney-shaped, toothed, and on long stalks ; upper ones on short stalks, ovate-acute. There is a variety with white flowers, G. carpa- tlca alba, and a light blue and white one, C. carpatica bicolor. The rock- garden, mixed border, as an edging and bedding plant, and for naturaliza- tion in any soil. Seed and divi- sion. Campanula cenisia (Hfont Cenis Harebell), —A very dwarf tufted peren- nial, a few inches high, running much at the root. Flowers, in summer ; blue, solitary, somewhat funnel-. shaped, but open, and out nearly to the base into 5 divisions ; divisions of the calyx about half as long as the corolla. Leaves, entire ; radical ones in rosettes, obovate, obtuse; stem-leaves ovate - oblong. Alps of Europe, at high elevations. Rockwork, in gritty or sandy soil. I have no expe- rience of this as a border plant. In its native haunts it did not seem a very attractive kind. Division and seed. Campanula Elatines (Elatine Hare- bell). — A dwarf downy kind, with ascending branching stems, 3 to 6 in . high. Flowers, in summer ; pale bluish-purple, freely produced in loose racemes or panicles; divisions of calyx spreading, linear-lanceolate, about half as long as the corolla. Leaves, lower ones roundish ; upper ones heart-shaped and more pointed all coarsely toothed. lu shady rocky places on the Mountains of Italy. Rockwork, borders, old ruins, etc., in CAMi'AJNUijA. 83 dryish or calcareous soila. Seed and division. Campanula fragllis {Fragile ffare- bell], — A free-blooming and valuable dwarf kind, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, iu loose corymbs, or panicles ; coroUa broadly bell-shaped, about as long as the divi- sions of the calyx. Leaves, of root roundish - heart - shaped, toothed, on long stalks J stem-leaves smaller, some- what lance-shaped, and on shorter stalks. C. fragilis hirsuta is a variety clothed with long hairs on all parts. South of Italy. Kockwork, borders, stony banks, old ruins, etc., in lightish soil, dry in winter. Seed and division. Campanula garganica (Owrgano Harebell). — Another excellent dwarf species, with somewhat of the habit of the Carpathian Harebell, but smaller, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bluish-purple with whitish centres, in loose racemes ; corolla flat, 5-parted ; divisions of calyx spreading, unequal. Leaves, of root kidney-shaped ; of stem heai't-shaped, all toothed and downy. Italy. In interstices of the most vertical parts of rockwork, or borders in warm and well- drained positions ; in a deep sandy loam. Seed or divi- sion. Campanula glomerata {Clustered G.) — A showy native perennial, 1 to 2 feet high or more. Fiowers,in summer ; blue or violet, sessile, in terminal clusters on the branches and stem; coroUa funnel-shaped, \ in. or more long ; divisions of calyx awl-shaped, obtuse, half the length of corolla. Leaves, ovate or heart-shaped ; lower ones stalked ; upper stem - leaves sessile. There are several varieties, the best being C. glomerata alba, a white one, and 0. glomerata plena, a double one. Europe, Asia, and Britain. Borders, margins of shrub- beries, by walks, in any sod. Division or e«ed. Campanula graudiflora {Noble Hare bell). — Platgcodon grandiflormn. — A stately, smooth, glaucous plant, 20 in to 2 ft. or more high. Flowers, latf in summer ; large, cup-shaped, deep blue, glistening as if varnished, in a very long panicled cluster, containing a few flowers, each flower 2 to 24 in. across, erect, solitary, on a long naked stalk, Leaves, alternate or nearly opposite, stalkless, rather long, oval- acute, coarsely serrated; upper ones much the smallest. Siberia. Bordei'S, and warm banks, in deep sandy loam. Careful division, or seeds, which do not ripen readily in this country. Campanula grandis {Great Bell- flower). — A very distinct and hand- some species, with a simple, furrowed stem, IJ to 2 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; pale violet-blue, broadly beU-shaped, with large pointed divi- sions, axillary and alternate on the upper part of the stem. Leames, long, sessile, lance-shaped, pointed, finely serrate, attenuated towards the base, and most numerous in the middle part of the stem. Siberia and Asia Minor. Mixed border, margins of shrub- beries, and naturalization among the medium-sized herbaceous plants, long grass, etc. Division and seed. Campanula hederacea (Ivy Harebell). — Wahlenbergia hederaqea. — A very small, graceful, creeping kind, with almost thread-like branchlets. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; faint bluish- purple, less than 4 in. long, on long slender stalks, drooping in the bud, and nearly erect when fully open ; corolla 5-lobed, four times as long as the divisions of the calyx. Leaves, on long stalks, roundish-heart-shaped in outline, 5 to 7-lobed. Europe, America, and Britain in moist and boggy places. In the artificial bog, or in moist spots near the rookworls or hardy fernery. Division. a'i CAMPANULA. Campanuli isophylla [Llgm-ian Han- hell). — C ftoribunda. — A free-flower- ing and sliowy dwarf kind, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; pale bright blue, with whitish centres, very numerous, erect, disposed in corymbs ; style protruding ; corolla fiat, twice as long as the divisions of the calyx. Leaves, stalked, roundish- heart shaped, creuately toothed, all about the same size. Italy. The rock-garden, borders in light and calcareous soil, old chalk-pits, ruins, etc., in sunny spots. Seed or divi- sion. Campanula laotiflora [Milh-floieercd C. ) — A vigorous and handsome herb, with branching stems, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; milk-white, tinged with blue, rather large, and produced in loose leafy panicles ; divi- sions of the calyx very broad, acute, half as long as the corolla, which opens wide, and has a short tube. Leaves, sessile, ovate - lanceolate, sharply serrated, pale underneath. Caucasus and Siberia. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, or naturalization in any soil. Division. Campanula latifolia {Broad-leaved C) — A large and handsome native species, 3 to 6 ft. high, with simple stems and leaves, often 6 in. long and 2 in. broad. Flowers, in summer ; blue, axillary, forming a leafy raceme ; peduncles erect, 1-flowered ; divisions of the calyx, tapering, broad at the base, 3 times shorter than the large bell-shaped corolla. Leaves, ovate- lance-shaped, pointed and toothed ; root leaves stalked, upper ones stalk- less, all narrowed at the base. 0. macranthob is a variety with larger flowers, and with stem and leaves more hairy. There is also a white- flowered variety. Europe, Britain, and Central Asia. Among the taller plants in the mixed border, on the margins of shrubberies, and by wood - walks, in any soil. Divi- sion. Campanula muralis ( Wall Bell-flower). — Avery distinct and charming dwarf species, 6 to 9 in. high. Fluv/ers, in summer; pale violet-blue, | in. long and ^ in. across, abundantly produced in racemes; corolla funnel-shaped, three times as long as the divisions of the calyx. Leaves, nearly equal in size, roundish-heart-shaped, toothed, stalked. On walls in Dalmatia. The rock-garden, in positions where it may spread, like ivy, up the face of a steep part of the stone-work. In such a position only it is seen to best advantage. Division and seed. Campanula nitida {Shivi-ng Rarehell). — A slow-growing, stiff, and dwarf kind. Flowers, in summer ; blue or white, resembling those of the Peach- leaved Campanula, but smaller and on very stiff' stems, from 3 to 9 in. high. Leaves, in rosettes, leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, cre- nate ; those of the stem lance-shaped, almost entire. There is a double variety. North America. Borders and the rock-garden in free and open, but moist and firm soil. Division. Campanula nobilis (Lovg-flowered Harebell). — Avery nobleand large-flow- ered species, 1 to 14 ft. high. Flowers, whitish or reddish, crowded towards the ends of the branches, pendent, of an elongated bell-shape, smooth on the outside, hairy within. Leaves, hairy, serrate, green on both sides ; the radical leaves on long stalks, deeply heart-shaped-ovate ; the stem- leaves sessile, lanceolate. China. Borders and the rougher parts of rockwork, and naturalized on banks or slopes. Division and seed. Campanula persicifolia (Peach-leaved 0.) — One of our handsomest tall peren- nials, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; blue, glistening, very large, broadly beU-shaped, terminal and CAMPANULA. 85 axillary, 1 on each stalk. Leaves, Bmooth, stiff, 3 or 4 in. long and about i in. broad ; root-leaves lance-shaped, obovate ; those of the stem linear-lanee- shaped, stalkless. There are several varieties double and single, both blue and white. Europe and Siberia. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalization in ordinary soil. Divi- sion. Campanula pulla {Dark-coloured 0.) — A very charming dwarf alpine plant, 3 to 6 in. high. FloKcrs, in summer ; very dark purple, terminal ; corolla bell-shaped, large for the size of the plant. Leaves, smooth; lower ones on short stalks, ovate- roundish ; upper ones stalkless, ovate- acute. Alps of Central Europe.- The rock-garden in small carpets near the eye, margins of the choice mixed border, or in pans in light sandy loam or peaty soil. Division or seed. Campanula pyramidalis {Pyramidal Harebell). — A noble and remarkable kind, 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, the stem sending out numerous flowering - branches from the bottom to the top, and form- ing quite a pyramidal raceme ; co- rolla bell- shaped. Leaves, glandularly toothed, smooth ; lower ones some- what heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper leaves stalkless, ovate lance- shaped. There is a white variety. Carniola and Dalmatia. Borders, among the most stately and orna- mental perennials, in sandy loam ; it is also grown largely in pots. Seed. Campanula Baineri {Rainer's Hare- helV). — A very pretty, and as yet rare dwarf Harebell, 2 to 4 in, high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue, erect, 1 to 3 on each branch ; corolla funnel- shaped. Leaves, almost stalkless ; lower ones the smallest, obovate ; upper ones ovate, remotely serrated. Alps of Southern Europe. The rock-garden on warm ledges, or the margin of the choice mixed bnrder, in fine samly soil, and in a warm position. Dii-hiou or seed. Campanula rotundifolla {flareiell). — A beautiful and well-known native plant, 6 to 18 in. high. Flower.', in summer ; deep blue, on stalks either one- or few-flowered, in a loose raceme or panicle ; corolla bell-shaped, grace- fully drooping. Leaves, of rootroundish- heart-shaped, toothed, mostly dying away by the time of flowering; or stem narrow, lance-sbaped, entire. There is a white variety also well worthy of cultivation. Common in most Northern regions. Borders, the rougher parts of the rock-garden, slopes, aud banks in any soil. Division and seed. Campanula soldanellaeflora {Solda- nella-flowercd C.) — A pretty and cu- rious kind, with simple slender stems about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; semi-double, pale-blue, turbinate, with shallow marginal divisions very acutely pointed, axillary on thread- like stalks near the top of the stem. Leaves, long, linear, acute, sessile, distant. The rock-garden, or bor- ders in ordinary free soil. Division or cuttings. Campanula speciosa [Showy Jlare- bell). — Somewhat like the clustered Harebell, but with larger flowers, and 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Floieers, in summer ; deep blue, or purplish, sometimes red- dish outside, funnel-shaped, ia large clustered heads. Leaves, of root heart- shaped, on long stalks ; those of stem stalkless ; stem hairy, square, two sides grooved. Siberia. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturaliza- tion in ordinary soil. Division and seed Campanula Traehelium {Nettle- leaved C.) — A vigorous and handsome species, with coarsely-toothed leaves, which when young resemble those of the common Nettle, and angled sterns^ 3 or 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer j CAMPANULA — CARD AMINE. blue, large, in terminal leafy racemes, 2 or 3 together, sometimes solitary ; calyx very hairy. Leaves, lower ones heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper ones oblong, stalkless. There are three desirable varieties in cultivation — C. 1 rachelium alba, single white, 0. Tra^ ehtlium alba plena, double white, and C. Trachelium plena, the double variety of the common form. Europe, Britain, and Asia. Borders and shrubberies, in any soil. Division and seed. Campanula turbinata ( Vase Eare- Idl). — A sturdy little kind, 3 to 8 in. high with very handsome flowers, huge for the size of the plant. Flowers, in summer ; deep purple, nearly 2 in. across, cup-shaped. Leaves, rigid, of a greyish green, toothed and pointed, with "heart-shaped bases, in stiif tufts, 2 to 3 in. high. Mountains of Tran- sylvania. The rock-garden, mar- gins of mixed borders, and naturaliza- tion on bare sunny banks and slopes in light soil. Seed and division. Campanula 'Wanneri( Wanner' s Hare- bell). — A distinct and handsome Hare- bell, 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in May ; handsome dark blue, tubular- bell-shaped, li in. long, drooping, with very short, apiculate segments ; peduncles long, l-flowered, axillary and terminal ; sepals 4 in. long, widely separated, triangular, pointed, ciliated. Leaves, lanceolate, unequally toothed, the lower ones decurrent on long leaf-stalks. Native of Transyl- vania and the Banat Alps. The rock garden till more plentiful ; at present it is very seldom seen. It will probably prove an excellent border plant. Seed and division. Campanula Zoysii [Zoysi's Hare- bell). — A small tufted herb, with erect stems, 4 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, bell-shaped, drooping, 1 to 3 on each stem. Leaves, entire, those of the root crowded, stalked, ovate blunt, stem-leaves obo- vate-lance-shaped and linear. Alps of Styria, Carniola and Carinthia. The rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil. Seed and division. Cardamine latifolia [Broad-leaved C.) — Resembling our Cuckoo Flower ; il to 16 in. high. Floioers, in summer; largo, lUao, in corymbs ; sepals oval, loose, one-third the length of the petals. Leaves, rather thick, usually fringed, pinnate, all having a very large, roundish, terminal segment, sinuated, and frequently heart-shaped at the base ; lateral segments oval or rounded, gradually diminishing, G or 8 in num- ber on the leaves of the middle of the stem, and only 2 on the upper leaves. Pyrenees and South of France, on the banks of streams. The bog-bed, moist spots near rockwork, and on borders. Division and seed. Cardamine pratensis {Ov,eTcoo Flower). — One of our commonest and most admired wUd-flowers, 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; pink, wliite, or purplish, in a terminal cluster. iea^Jes, pinnate ; divisions of the lower ones roundish ; of stem ones narrow, lance- shaped, entire. There is a double variety. Europe, Northern Asia, and America, also common in Britain. The single kind is too common to need cultivation ; the double kind is a pretty subject for the spring garden and for borders. Division. Cardamine rotundifolia (Round- leaved 0.) — Six inches high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, small, in a terminal raceme. Leaves, smooth, roimdish, slightly toothed, stalked ; stems procumbent. On rocks by rivulets on the high mountains of North America. Borders, in any soil. Division and seed. Cardamine trifolia (Three-leaved 0.) — A dwarf plant, with neat trifoliate leaves and creeping runners, 3 to C in. high. Flowers, in spring ; white, in CARDUUS — CENTAUREA, ' 8/ a. terminal duster, ou nearly naked stems. Leaves, smootMsh, ternate ; leaflets, rhomboid-roundish, toothed. On shady parts of mountains in Cen- tral Euroije. Borders, the rougher parts of the rook-garden, and natura- lization on bare banks. It thrives anywhere, but flowers best in a moist peaty or fine sandy soil. Division. Carduus aoaulis (Dioarf Thistle) — Cnicua acaulis. — A nearly stemless thistle. Mowers, in summer ; purple, in large heads, stalkless, or rarely on stalks a few inches long. Leaves, very prickly, smooth, pinnatifid. Europe and Britain. Margins of shrub- beries, or bare banks in semi-wild places, in ordinary soil. Seed. Carduus eriophorus ( Woolly Thistle). — ^A noble thistle, growing 3 to 4 ft. high, very stout and much-branched. Flowers, in summer ; purple, in very large and handsome globular heads. Leaves, downy and cottony under- neath, hairy and green above, the narrow lobes fiercely armed with wrickles ; lower ones, 1 to 2 ft. long. '&. native of Southern England and many parts of Europe. In open spots in woods, by wood-walks, mar- gins of shrubberies, or among vigorous herbs in the subtropical garden, in any soil. Seed and division. Carllna acanthifolia {Stemless C.) — Resembling the Dwarf Thistle, but differing from that species by being quite stemless, and with leaves larger, more cottony, and less cut. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, very large, soli- tary. Leaves, stalked, pinnatifid; segments spiny, toothed. Alps of Car- uiola. By wood- walks, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization on warm eunny banks, in sandy loam. Seed. Cassia marilandica {American Sen- na). — A noble-looking herbaceous plant, 3i ft. to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; bright yellow, in axillary clusters; petals 6, narrowly- obovate. about 4 in. long ; sepals 5, unequal, nearly free ; stamens 10. Leaves, alternate, pinnate ; leaflets opposite equal, oval - oblong, acute. N. Ame- rica. The back portions of borders among the taller perennials, and in isolated tufts in the pleasure-ground ; thriving best in a deep warm loam. Seed or division. Catananche oserulea {Blue 0.) — A handsome border -plant, about 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; tine blue, each stalk being terminated by a single head; rays indented at the ends ; scales of the involucre ovate. Leaves, hoary, narrow, lance-shaped, with one or two little teeth on each side sometimes pinnatifid at the base. South of France and Italy. Bor- ders, margins of shrubberies, or natu- ralization, in a well-drained warm soil. Seed. Centaurea babylonica {Babylonian C.) — A very tall and stately peren- nial, vfith silvery leaves, growing from 6 to 10 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, close to the tall stem. Leaves, as white as those of 0. ragusina ; of root, lance-shaped-ovate, stalked and with a few small teeth; stem-leaves nar- rower, lance-shaped, decurrent. The Levant. Borders and margins of shrubberies, or in groups of silvery- leaved plants. It is chiefly valuable for the effect of its large silverj' leaves, and it may be well, to improve these, to prevent it from flowering. Allowed to flower, it is fitted for association with the tallest and most vigorous perennials, in half -wild places. Seed. Centaurea dealbata {WhitenedV). — A very hardy perennial with graceful and somewhat silvery leaves, 15 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer; rose- coloured. Leaves, smooth above and covered with white hairs under- neath ; radical leaves stalked, pin- nate, with obovate lobes, coarsely toothed, often auricled at the base ; stem - leaves pinnate, with oblong- 88 CENTAUEEA — CEEASTIUM. lanceolate lobes. Mountain pastures of the Caucasus. Borders, or natu- ralization in any soil. Division. Centaurea macorcephala (^Great- headed C.) —Rather a coarse perennial. Flowers, late in summer ; yellow, larger than a hen's egg; scales of involu- crum jagged. Stem simple, hollow and thickened under the flower. Leaves, oblong-lanceolate, shortly de- current, undivided, rough, somewhat serrated, ending in ashort abrupt sharp point. Iberia, on hiUs and moun- tains. — Naturalization in any soil. Division or seed. Centaurea montana {Mountain 0.) — A handsome border plant, 1 to 2.J ft. high, with slightly cottony leaves, and flowers resembling those of the Corn blue-bottle (C. Cyanus), but larger. Flowers, in early summer ; blue, large and handsome ; florets deeply cut into 4 or 5 segments, 12 or 13 in each head. Leaves, lance-shaped, entire, decurrent ; stem mostly simple, but sometimes with a branch or two. There is a white and a red variety in cultivation. Europe. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- tion in any soil. Division and seed. Centaurea uniflora {One-flowered C.) — A distinct and ornamental mountain plant, as yet not common in our gar- dens, 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purple, roundish, terminal, nearly sessile among the upper leaves, the unopened heads seeming covered with a dark net-work, from being overlapped with the hairy points of the scales. Leaves, small, white and downy ; Tower ones oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; upper ones, lanceolate, entire. Mountain pastures in S. Europe Borders and the rock-garden, or natu- ralization on slopes, in sandy or gritty soil. Division and seed. Centran thus ruber (&d Valerian). — A showy and useful perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; red, in dense cymes forming a handsome corymbose panicle. Leaves, lance- shaped, smooth, entire, and of a glau- cous hue ; stem somewhat shrubby at the base. There is a variety with white flowers. S. Europe. Banks, on which the plant lives long and flowers freely, on borders, margins of shrubberies, stony places, etc. , in any soil. Seed. Cerastium alplnnm {Alpine 0.) — An interesting native alpine plant, with stems 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, rather freely pro- duced on somewhat hairy stalks, 1 or 2 on each ; calyx hairy ; petals twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, ovate, small, nearly smooth, or clothed with long woolly hairs. A very variable species, sometimes green, and at others quite hoary. Pyrenees and Britain. Eockwork, and amongthe smallest flowers in borders, in ordinary free garden soil. Division. Cerastium Bieberstelnii (Bieierstein's 0.) — A silvery-f oliaged moimtain plant, now pretty well known in gar- dons, 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, larger than those of C tomentosum ; stalks erect, dicho- tomous. Leaves, woolly, ovate-lance- shaped ; stems branching. The higher mountains of Tauria. Boi-dei-s, edging, rootwork, rough rockwork, and naturalization on banks and slopes, in any soil. Division. Cerastium Boissieri {Boissier's C.) — A handsome new sUvery kind, 4 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, large, arranged in a rather regular dichotomons cyme on the top of the stem ; anthers yellow ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, scarious on the margin, often ciliated. Leaves, all sessile, generally ovate-lanceolate (more rarely linear), acute, entire. hJdzome, creep- ing extensively, emitting numerous roots from the under side of its joints, and stems from the upper side. A CEEASTIUM — CHELIDONIUM. 89 species coiitaining many forma, and found in hilly parts of Spain. Use- ful for the same purposes as our now common silvery Cerastiwms^ but till plentiful it should be grown in the rook-garden, or choice border, in well- drained soil. Division. Cerastium grandiflornm {Large- floioered 0.) — Like 0. tomentosum, but less hoary, and with leaves narrower and more acute, and a profusion of flowers ; stems 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, large, a.ud showy, 7 to 15 on erect stalks. Leaves, narrow, acute, hoary, or woolly, with somewhat revolute margins. Hungary and Iberia. Rough rockwork, borders, naturalization on banks, and among dwarf vegetation in open spaces, in any soil. Division. Cerastium tomentosum {Common Woolly C.) — A silvery plant, very well known in gardens ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, in forked cymes, on erect stalks. Leaves, oblong-spathulate, upper ones lance- shaped. Southern Europe. I^argely used in many places as an edging to the summer flower-beds, and highly useful for borders, running over rough rockwork, bare banks, or naturaliza- tion amongst dwarf vegetation, in any soil. Division. Gheiranthus Cheiri (Common Wall- fiower). — A sweet old plant long cul- tivated in our gardens, and natu. ralized on old ruins, walls, etc. , 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; variable in colour. Leaves, lance-shaped, quite entire. Abundant in many parts of Europe, on old walls, and stony places. Borders, banks, slopes, etc., par- ticularly the various handsome double kmds, which become shrubby on banks and dry slopes. Seed or cut- tings, the choice double kinds by cuttings, Cheiranthus Marshallii (Marshall's C. )— A half-shrubby plant, with erect, angular branches, clothed, like the leaves, with adpressed forked hairs, 1 to 1 j ft. high. Flowers, in spring or early summer; nearly |. in. across, deep clear orange at first, becoming rather paler, rather freely produced in a terminal raceme ; petals, with a roundish spreading limb. Leaves, crowded at the lower part of the stems, more distant upwards, and on the flowering stems ; upper ones narrowly lance-shaped, with a lew teeth ; lower ones tapering downwards into a narrowly-winged, stalk-like base, becoming more or less spoon- shaped. This is said to be a hybrid between Cheiranihws ochroleur.us and Erysimum Peroffsldanum. Borders and the rock-garden, in light, well- drained soil. It is increased by cut- tings, and a young stock should be kept up as it is not perennial, and is apt to perish in winter. Chelidonium japonioum (Japan C.) — A poppy-like plant, handsomer than our allied Greater Celandine, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, large, axillary, stalked ; calyx smooth ; corolla rather larger than the calyx. Leaves, pale underneath, ovate, pinnate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, acute, on very short stalks. Japan. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization, in ordinary soil. Divi- sion and seed. Chelidonium majus (Greater Celan- dine). — A well-known native plant, 1 to 2 ft. high Flowers, throughout the summer; yellow, 3 to 6 together in a loose umbel ; peduncles hairy with a roundish bract at the base, leaves, thin, pale underneath, pinnate ; leaflets roundish, coarsely toothed. There is a cut-leaved variety very distinct in aspect from the common one. Britain and Europe generally. Only worthy of a place among 90 CHELONE — CICHOEIUM. wild plants, on the margins of ditches, stony places, etc. Division or seed. Chelone Lyoni (Lyon's C.) — A very sljowy perennial, allied to G. ohligua, and differing chiefly by being slightly covered with hairs, with an erect, slightly-branched stem, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purple, in dense terminal spikes. Leaves, stalked, cordate-ovate, serrated, slightly ciliated at the margin. Upper Carolina and Georgia. A fine plant for borders, in sandy loam. Divi- sion. Chelone oWiqua {Oblique C.) — Another handsome plant, but not so vigorous as C. Lyoni, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purple, large, in close terminal spikes. Leaves, stalked, opposite, ovate - lance - shaped, un- equally seiTated, very smooth. Banks of rivers and swamps in North America. Similar uses and treat- ment to the preceding, Chimaphila maculata (Spotted 0.) — A dwarf, and handsome, little shrubby evergreen, with leathery, shining leaves pleasingly variegated, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; whitish, on slender red stems, bearing 2 or 3 flowers. Leaves, stiff, lance - shaped, 2 to 3 in. long, and 4 in, broad at the base, ending with acute points, the margins rigidly serrate, red on the under side, and beautifully veined with white on the upper one. In shady, sandy, or gravelly woods, from Canada to Carolina, Half shady and moist nooks, in or near the rock-garden or liardy fernery, in moist, fibry, vegetable earth. Careful division. Chimaphila umhellata (Umhellated C.) — A dwarf, slightly shrubby ever- green, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; gresnish-white, tinged with red, 5 or 6 in an umbel ; stems pu- bescent. Leaves, opposite, or in whorls, wedge-shaped, or lance shaped, nar- row at the base, serrate, shining, stiff, dark green on the upper, and pale green on the under side. Europe, Asia, and North America. The same positions and treatment as for 0. maculata. Chrysocoxa latifolia (Broad-leaved C.) — A vigorous -growing plant, withan angular, furrowed, downy stem, 34 ft. high, branching above. Flowers, in autumn ; bright golden-yellow, nu- merous, in large terminal corymbose clusters. Leaves of the stem oval- oblong, pointed, rough, sessile; radical leaves very large, oval-oblong, obtuse, on long, furrowed stalks, which over- lap each other at the base. S. Africa. Borders, and naturalization in ordinary soil. Division. Chrysopsis Mariana {Golden Aster) . — A showy composite, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, late in autumn ; aster-like, of a rich, deep yellow, arranged in a simple corymb. Leaves, sessile, ob- long-elliptical, the lower ones nearly ovate, obtuse, distantly toothed, co- vered with a loose, somewhat silky down, growing in dense tufts. Found in dry, sandy places in Carolina and Georgia in the United States. ■ Borders, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Cichorium Intybus (Oliicory.) — A well-known native plant, a good deal used in commerce and as a salad, 2 to f> ft. high. Flowers, m July and August ; numerous, handsome, bright blue, axiUary, sessile, 1 to 1 i in. across, growing in pairs, or three together. Leaves, lower ones oblanceolate, run- cinate, pinnatifld, or dentate ; upper stem- leaves lanceolate, half stem- clasp- ing, broadly toothed or entire, all glandular, ciliated. Britain and va- rious parts of Europe, in waste places, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Is worth introducing as a wi'.d plant in districts where it is not found native. Division and seed. CINERARIA — CLEMATIS, 91 Cineraria macrophylla {Great-leaved C.) — Ligularia macrophylla. — A stately plant, 4 to 6 ft. high. Mowers, in summer ; yellow, numerous, in an elongated, crowded, leafless, branching panicle ; florets of the ray-2 to 3 ; florets of the disk 6 to, 7 ; pedicels rather scaly. Lower leaves elliptical, narrowed into an ovate, margined footstalk, from 14 to 2 ft. long includ- ing the footstalk, and 5 to 9 in. broad, indented with cartilaginous teeth ; upper leaves clasping the stem, glaucous. .Altai Mountains. Asso- ciated with the finer and stronger hardy foliage - plants in rich, deep soil; also as an isolated specimen in the turf, by wood-walks. Seed and careful division. Cineraria maritima {Silvery C.) — A half- shrubby, silvery plant, 18 in. to 24 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- mer ; yellow, in compound panicled corymbs ; involucrum with a few small bracts at the base. Leaves, stalked, smooth above, covered with white down 'underneath, pinnatifld, with from 4 to 6 oblong, obtuse, three- lobed segments on each side. Stem downy, like the under side of the leaves. South of France. A new variety with broader foliage {0. acan-, thifolia), is now in cultivation, Borders, fringes of shrubbery, rough, rocky places, etc. ; it is much used as an edging and bedding plant. Cuttings and seed. Clematis calyeina (Winter Clematis.) —0. balearica.— A very elegant, hardy climber, attaining a height of 12 ft. or more, Flowers, ci-eam-colour, about 2 in. across, very numerous, growing in pairs from the axils of the many-jointed stems, and ap- pearing in mild districts, through the winter and spring. Leaves, trifoliate, stalked, in partial whorls at the joints of the stem; leaflets vari- ously lobed. Island of Minorca. Bowers, trellises, clambering over rough shrubs and hedges, and also on rough rockwork. Division, cuttings, or seed. Clematis campaniflora (Bell- flowered C.) — A free and graceful climbing plant, growing 6 to 12 ft. high. Flowers, iu early summer; delicate light purple; sepals half-spreading, widening at the base; peduncles 1- flowered. Leaves, biternately decom- pound, leaflets entire or 3-lobed. Por- tugal. Creeping over old stumps, bowers, arches, and naturalization in hedgerows, on banks, and in very rough rocky places, in any soU. Seed and division. Clematis ereota (Erect C.)— An her- baceous perennial, with a straight, erect, furrowed, light-green stem, about 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, white, on long fine stalks, in terminal umbel-like clusters. Leaves, opposite, large, pinnate ; leaflets stalked, oval - acute, with downy petioles. Austria, Borders, mar- gins of shrubberies, naturalization iu semi-wUd places, in any soil. Divi- sion. Clematis Flammula (Sweet 0.) — A vigorous climbing shrub, the stems attaining in cultivation a length of from 12 to 30 ft. Flowers, in summer and autumn; white, very fragrant, in panicles ; peduncles sometimes simple and sometimes branched. Leaves, pinnate, smooth ; leaflets, en- tire or 3-lobed, roundish, oval, or linear, somewhat acute. Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Similar positions to the preceding, and worthy of universal culture. Seed or layers. Clematis integrifolia (Entire-leaved C. ) — A very ornamental dwarf herb, with entire leaves, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; pvirple; peduncles long, terminal usually 1-flowered, sometimes branched in the upper 92 CLEMATIS. axils; sepals leathery; anthers long, yeUow ; stamens forming a kind of pitcher-shaped centre. Leaves, oppo- site, smooth, ovate - lance-shaped ; margins hairy ; stem slightly fistulose. Hungary and Germany. Borders, banks or slopes, in good sandy loam. Seed or division. Clematis lanuginosa (Wonny 0.) — A noble species, 3 to 65 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; of a lilac- blue, 6 to 7 inches across, with 4 to 6 spreading sepals. Leaves, simple or with three almost leathery leaflets, quite woolly when young, and con- tinuing so on the under side when fully grown. The flower-stalks and buds are also woolly. There is a variety, 0. I. pallida, with paler and still larger flowers. China. Against south walls, on sunny banks, and in the rook-garden, planted so that its shoots may fall over the faces of sunny rocks, in rich light and deep but thoroughly-drained soil. Seed and layers. [The numerous fine hybrids lately raised rival this (from which most of them are descended) in size, and are worthy of universal culture, placed and treated as recommended for 0. lanuginosa. They may be most effectively used as bedding plants, and trained over supports of various kinds, but they will be seen to greatest ad- vantage in the large rook-garden and on slopes and banks in very deep, good soil, the shoots being allowed to trail freely and naturally down.] Clematis montana {Mountain 0.) — A very ornamental, free-ftowering, climbing shrub, with stems 10 to 20 ft. long. Flowers, in early summer; ■white, large, resembling in size and form those of Anemone sylvestris, seve- ral borne together, or one upon each slender upright stalk. Leaves, ter- nate or trifid, smooth ; leaflets oblong, pointed, toothed. Himalayan Moun- tains. For covering walls, bowers, old stumps, trailing over rude wig- wams with a framework of rough branches, and naturalization on wild slopes, hedgerows, etc. Layers, and seed. Easily obtained in nurseries. Clematis tnbulosa {Tubular C.) — A singular kind, 2 ft. to 32 in. high. Fluwers, in autumn; blue, with a long slender tube, of a deeper colour than the divisions of the flower, very much resembling in shape the flower of a common Hyacinth. Leaves, broad, with three broadly oval - rounded leaflets ; stem erect, almost woody. Native of China. Borders, or mar- gins of shrubberies ; of most in- terest in the botanical or curious col- lection, ilultiplied only by division or cuttings. Clematis Vif^rna {Lea iJiei-y -flowered C.) — A climbing shrub, attaining a height of 8 to 12 ft. FUnccrs, in summer ; dark blue, or purple outside, yellow within, large, drooping, beU-shaped ; peduncles 1 -flowered; sepals leathery, pointed, and turned back at the apex ; stamens scarcely appearing beyond the sepals. Leaves, smooth, pinnate ; leaf- lets entire, oval - lance-shaped, 3- lobed or ternate ; floral ones entire. Hedges and copses, Virginia and Caro- lina. Borders, rockwork, etc., also naturalization in copses, hedge-rows, and on wild banks. Seed and divi- sion. Clematis Viticella {Vine-lower C.)^ A climbing shrtib, with very slender branching stems, growing to a length of 12 or 15 ft. Flowers, in summer; blue or purple ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 1 -flowered; sepals blunt, thin. Leaves, entire, or ternately decompound ; leaflets entire. There are several varieties in cultivation, the white one and the double one being the most distinct from the ordinary form. S. Europe.™ — Similar uses, etc, to those for the preceding kind. COLCHICUM — CONVALLARIA. 93 Colohioum alpinum {Alpine Meadow Saffron). — An interesting and pretty alpine bulb, a little over 1 in. high. Floviers, in autumn ; bell - shaped, of a deep rose-colour, one bloom from each bulb. Leaves, linear, erect, 2 to 2i in. long, narrowed at the base, ap- pearing in February and March. Bidb small. Alps of Europe. The rock- aud choice bulb - garden, in deep sandy loam ; also for the margins of the mixed border, and as edgings in the spring gardea, when sufficiently plentrful. Separation of the bulbs, and seed. Colohioum Bivonse {Bivona's 0.) — A pretty and at present uncommon kind. Flowers, in autumn; radical, elegantly marked with alternate chequers of white and purple, chess-board fashion ; petals elliptical-oblong. Leaves, linear, grooved, not wavy at the edges. Native of Sicily, the kingdom of Naples, Greece, and Portugal. The rock- and choice bulb-garden, at least till more plentiful, and in deep sandy loam. Separation of the bulba, and seed. Colchionm autumnale {Meadow Saf- fron.) — A well-known plant. Mowers, in autumn ; numerous, bright purple, with very long tubes, appearing before the leaves. Leaves, erect, lanceolate, dark green, smooth, 1 ft. long, and often an inch or more broad. Bulb, large, egg-shaped, dark brown on the outside. There are numerous varieties of this plant. Many parts of Europe, in moist meadows. Borders, and as edgings to beds of autumn flowers, and occasionally dotted over the grass ; it may be often seen in a wild state. It does best in a moist soil, but thrives in all ordinary garden soils. Separa- tion of bulbs. Colohioum byzantinum {Byzantine C.) — A fine species. Flowers, in autumn ; larger than those of C. autumnale, of a pale rose-colour, with elliptical-oblong segments, 12 to 16 from each bulb. ieai;es, broad, undulating, plaited, dark green, 4 or 5 in number. Bulb, very large, roundish, depressed. The Levant, in the vicinity of Constantinople. Borders, and the bulb- and rock-gar- den, in good deep soil. This, like the preceding and following kinds, is very suitable for association with the autumn-blooming crocuses and other plants flowering at that season. Sepa- ration of the bulbs, and seed. Colohioum variegatum {Variegated Meadow Saffron), — O. Agrippince. — A prettily chequered kind. Flowers, in autumn; rose-colour, marked with purple- violet chequers like 0. Bivonce ; petals lanceolate, acute. Leaves, oblong-lanceolate, grooved, wavy on the edges. Bulb similar to that of 0. autumnale. Native of the Islands of the Archipelago, and also found in Asia Minor, in the neighbourhood of Smyrna. Borders, edgings, and the lower parts of the rock-garden. This thrives everywhere as freely as the common Meadow Saffron, Separation of the bulba. Commelina coslestis {Blue Spider- wort). — A very pretty vividly-coloured plant, H to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, of a deep sky-blue, grouped on the ends of axillary foot- stalks, and enveloped by a rather in- flated leafy spathe, from which they issue in succession ; the unequal petal oval or roundish, almost sessile, and frequently falling before the other two. Leaves, oval-lanoeolate-acute, sheathing at the base, sessile, fringed at the edges. Foot, tuberous, swollen, fasciculate. There are two pretty varieties, 0. c. alba.and 0. v, variegata, Mexico. Sunny borders, in very light, warm soil, or on slopes and banks having the same advantages. Division and seed. Convallaria bifolia {Two-leaved 0.) — Smilacina bifolia. — A pretty and 94 CONVALLAEIA — CONVOLVULUS. interesting little plant, 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; small, with re- flexed segments, white, fragrant, on long pedicels, in a rather dense, ter- minal raceme, resembling a spike. Leaves, 2, on short stalks, oval, deeply heart-shaped, pointed, marked with a fine tracery of nerves and veins. Berries, yellow, with brown spots. Native of most parts of Europe, in low meadows and damp woods. Borders, or the rock-garden, in almost any kind of soil. Occurring only in one or two places in Britain, it is well worthy of being naturalized in our pleasure-grounds and woods, either in open shady or half -shady places. Division. Convallaria majalis {I/lly of the Valley). — A well-known and favourite old plant, 6 in . to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; small, white, bell-shaped, very fragrant, hanging in a graceful raceme at the end of an arching flower- stem. Leaves, 2, radical, on long stalks, elliptical- oblong, marked with a delicate tracery of nerves and veins. Native of most parts of Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, and N. America, in woods and thickets. The principal varieties are, one with gold striped leaves, one with pink, and one with double flowers. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, etc., best in sandy loam. The Lily of the Valley is worthy of being abundantly planted in our plea- siu-e-grounds and woods, where it does not already occur wild, and in all sorts of positions. Division. Convolvulus althaeoides {Mallow Bindweed). — A climbing perennial, with stems about 3 ft. long, and silvery leaves. Flowers, in summer ; pale rose ; peduncles 2 - flowered. Leaves, heart-shaped, lower ones entire, upper deeply cut into narrow spreading segments, shining and soft. S. Europe. Naturalized on dry sandy slopes aud banks, as a border plant trained over stakes, or on rootwork or rough rockwork ; always in light soil. Di- vision. Convolvulus bryoniaefolius {Bryony- leaved Bindweed). — A climbing peren- nial, with leaves very hairy on both sides. Flowers, in summer ; dark rose or reddish purple, large ; pe- duncles axillary, 1-flowered ; sepals ovate, acute. Leaves, varying in shape but mostly heart-shaped, divided into 7 unequal lobes, the centre one the largest ; the stalks usually as long as the leaves and channelled on the up- per side. China. ^Similar uses and positions to those for the preceding kind. Division or seed. Convolvulus cantahricus {Canta- brian Bindweed.) — A graceful kind, 1 ft. to 10 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; numerous, rose, pale pink, or flesh-coloured, silky on the outside, on long, leafy, loosely -panicled stalks. Leaves, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1^ in. long. Stem ascending, not twining, branching, covered with long, spreading, whitish hairs ; seed vessel hairy. South of France. Scarcely hardy on cold soils Bor- ders, warm banks, or in the wilder parts of the rook-garden, in sandy, light, dry soil. Seed. Convolvulus Cneorum {Silvery Bind- '.) — A white-leaved, small, ever- green shrub, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale rose, hairy outside, produced in clusters at the ends of the short stalks. Leaves, sUky, lance- shaped-obovate, blunt, about 2 in. long, and ^ in. broad. Southern Europe. Sunny parts of the rock- garden, and on warm banks, or old chalkpits, always in light, warm soil. This pleasing plant perishes in winter, on cold soils. Seed and cuttings. Convolvulus lineatus {Pigmy Con- volvulus). — A very diminutive and jjretty plant, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep rose or flesh-coloured, CONVOLVULUS — COREOPSIS. 95 more than an inch across ; stalks axil- lary, solitary, mostly 2-llowered. Leaves, lance-shaped, stalked, acute, very silky. Southern Europe. The rook-garden, in level spots, near or beneath the eye, the margins of the mixed border, or naturalization on very bare banks. It will live in the coldest clays, but tlirives and flowers best in a very free sandy loam. Di- vision. ConvolTulus mauritanicns l^BHe Rock Bindweed.) — A prostrate, twin- ing plant, with very slender, almost thread-like stems. Flowers, in sum- mer ; small, blue, with a white throat and yellow anthers, handsome, about an inch across, borne one to three on each flower-stalk ; calyx villous, with 5 linear oblong divisions, two of them a little smaller than the rest. Leaves, nearly round, or ovate, especially the lower ones, never cordate, 1 to 14 in. long, alternate, in two rows, on very short stalks ; whole plant covered with soft white hairs, scarcely per- ceptible to the naked eye. North Africa, near Constan tine. The rock- garden, and raised borders, always in sunny, somewhat raised positions, and in sandy, well-drained soU. Division or cuttings. Convolvulus Soldanella (Sea Bind- weed.) — A distinct - looking trailing kind, with roundish fleshy leaves. Flowers, in summer; pale red, large, handsome, and freely produced on angled stalks. Leaves, small, thick, broadly rounded, or kidney-shaped, entire, or slightly angled. Europe, Britain and Tauria. The rook- garden, planted so that its shoots may droop over the brows of rocks. It will also thrive and look very well in borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Coptis trifolia {Goldthread.) — A dwarf, neat and pretty evergreen bog-plant, 3 to 4 in. high. Flowers, early in summer; white, 1 on each slender stalk, springing from the root. Leaves, trifoliate, shining ; leaflets wedge-shaped, rounded at the end, about 1 in. long, toothed, obscurely 3-lobed. It derives its common name from its long, bright-yellow, fibrous roots. Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Moist peat or very sandy, moist soil, on the margins of beds of American plants ; in moist spots on rockwork, or in the artificial bog. Propagated by division. Coreopsis auriculata (Eared 0.) — ^A showy perennial, 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; solitary, on long stalks ; florets of the ray yellow, marked with a few purple or reddish- brown spots on the claw, toothed ; disk yellow. Leaves, sometimes entire, sometimes 3-lobed, the two lower lobes being aurioled ; the flower-stems are also furnished with a circlet of small, oval, acute, spreading leaves. N. America. Borders in ordinary good garden soil. Division or seed. Coreopsis grandiflora {Large-flowereA C.) — A showy perennial, with deeply cut leaves, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; bright yellow, 1 on each lengthened peduncle ; florets of the ray, 5-toothed, so deeply cut as to give them a fringe-like appearance. Leaves, opposite, connate, nearly stalkless, fringed with hair at the base. North America. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division or seed. Coreopsis lanceolata {Lance-leaved 0.) — A handsome kind, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, nearly all the summer ; bright yellow, 2 to 3 in. across, mostly one on each long stalk ; florets of the ray 4- toothed. Leaves, lance-shaped, entire, fringed with hairs ; upper ones slightly connate at the base ; stem sometimes branched at the base. N. America. Borders, or margins of shrub- beries, iu light, well-drained soil. Division or cuttings. 96 COEBOPSIS — COEONILLA. Coreopsis prseoox (Early C.)~A very- charming plant, seldom seen in cultivation, 2 ft. or upwards in height. Flowers, in summer; large, orange-yellow, arranged in a corym- bose panicle. Leaves, opposite, entire or ternate, with narrow linear leaflets of a vivid green colour. N. America. ■ Borders, in good free soil. Divi- sion and seed. Coreopsis tenuifolia [Slender-leaved C.) — A very graceful and ornamental plant, with a furrowed branching stem, from 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; rich golden yellow, 1^ in. across, numerous, terminal, erect, solitary on the ends of the many sub- divisions of the branches. Leaves, very much divided into narrow linear segments, and produced in whorls at the joints of the stem and branches. N. America. Borders, and margins of shrubberies, in sandy loam. Divi- sion or seed. Coreopsis verticillata ( Whorled-leaved C.) — A slender but showy species, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright yellow, 2 to 3 in. across ; florets of the ray entire. Leaves, slender, in whorls, stalkless, divided in- to three very narrow, linear seg- ments. W. America. Borders, in sandy loam. Division. Coris monspeliensis (Montpellier C.) — A rather pretty dwarf branching plant, about 6 in. high, usually biennial in our gardens. Flowers, in summer; bright lilac, with orange anthers, in elongated terminal heads. Leaves, linear, acute, with revolute margins, sessile, patent, rather close together, and clothing the .stem from the base to the top. South of France. Dry and sunny parts of rockwork, in dry sandy soil, and among dwarf plants. Seed. Coruus canadensis (Dwarf Cornel). — A pretty miniature shrub, the shoots of which are tipped with white bracts. tinted with rose at the points, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; purplish-white, in an umbel much shorter than the leaves of the in- volucre. Leaves, about \\ in. long and 1 in. broad, nearly stalkless, ovate, acuminate, entire, veined, in whorls of 4 or 6 atthe top of each stalk. Berries globose, red, ripe in .July. The rock-garden, mixed border, and bog-bed, in almost any soil, but thriving best in a moist sandy, or peaty one. Division. Cornus suecica {Dwarf Oornet). — An interesting British plant, with simple stems, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; purple, small, 20 or more in a simple terminal umbel, sur- rounded by an involucre, consisting of 4 large white petal-like leaves, tinged with red. Leaves, opposite, stalkless, ovate, entire, veined almost from the base, about 1 in. long. Berries smaU, red when ripe, sweetish. Britain, N. Europe and Asia. The rock- farden, in moist, sandy, or peaty soil, carcely worthy of culture except in a botanical collection. Division. CorouiUa iberica (Iberian 0.) — A smooth, dwarf, showy, but tiny shrub, with ascending stems, 6 or 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, large, seven or eight in an umbel. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 9 to 11, ob- eordate, ciliate. Iberia and Cappa- docia. • The rock-garden, and among the dwarf est plants in the mixed border, in sandy loam. Division. Coronilla juncea (Rush-stemmed C.) — A low evergreen shrub of rather pleasing aspect, forming a neat bush with branching stems, from 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; clear yellow, small, in terminal and axillary clusters. Leaves, trifoliate, few, and distant. Stem striated. France. Among neat shrubs on the rougher parts of rockwork, in warm sandy loam. Division and seed. COEONILLA— CORYDALIS. 97 CoToniUa minima (Least C.) — A diminutive evergreen, a few inches high. Flowers, in summer ; small, rich yellow, freely produced, 6 to- 12 in each head. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 7 to 13, ovate-roundish, ob- tuse or retuse ; stipules opposite the leaves, 2-toothed at the apex. France and Southern Europe. The rock- garden and among the smallest sub- jects in the mixed border ; in sandy soU. Division or seed. Coronilla montana {Mountain C.) — An erect, free-flowering, slightly glaucous perennial, 15 to 18 in. high. Mowers, in summer; yellow, 15 to 20 in each umbel. Leaves, pinnate; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate, muoronate. Brightly-coloured forms frequently occur. Mountains of Southern Eu- rope. Mixed border, rougher parts of the rook-garden, margins of shrubberies, and naturalization, in ordinary garden soil. Division or seed. Ooronilla varia {Rosy C.) — A very handsome, free, and graceful trailing herb, bearing a profusion of rose- coloured flowers. The shoots some- times attain a length of 4 or 5 ft. Flowers, in summer ; from 1 6 to 20 in each umbel, on stalks about as long as the leaves. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 9 to 13, small, oblong, mucronate. The flowers vary in colour from deep rose to nearly white. Europe and Tauria, in fields and meadows. Behind some bare rock, so that it may hang down over the face of it ; in borders, on chalky banks, running amongst trailing shrubs, or for natu- ralization in semi- wild places, in ordi- nary soil. Seed. Cortusa Matthioli {Alpine Sanicle). — Kesembling Primula cortttsoides, with large leaves like those of the tender Primula mollis. Flowers, in early summer ; deep purplish-crimson, on stems from 9 to 15 in. high, ar- ranged in a loose umbel; corolla fuuuel-shaped. Leaves, roundish-heart- shaped, lobed, sharply toothed. Alps of Piedmont and Germany. Shel- tered nooks in the rock-garden, in moist loam or peat, or on sheltered borders. Division and seed. Corydalis lutea(FeHoM) G.) — Puma- ria lutea. — A graceful perennial, with fern-like but somewhat glaucous leaves, forming close tufts abundantly dotted with yellow flowers, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, most of the summer ; yellow, in racemes ; bracts linear awl- shaped, one-third the length of the pe- dicel. Leaves, 3-ternate ; leaflets, wedge- shaped with roundish lobes. A native of Southern Europe, and naturalized on old walls in various countries. Borders, old ruins, walls, stony places or bare banks, in auy soil. Division. Corydalis Marschalliaua {MarschalVs C.) — A dwarf tuberous-rooted peren- nial, 8 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in April or May ; sulphur-coloured, in short racemes ; spur straight or scarcely incurved, blunt. Leaves, 2, situated above the middle of the stem, 2-ternate ; lobes oval, entire, or bifid. Tauria and the mountains in the Ukraine, under trees. Borders, and the rougher parts of the rock- garden, in sandy loam. Division. Corydalis nobilis {Noble C.) — ^The stoutest and handsomest kind in cul- tivation, 10 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; rich yellow when opened ; the unopened ones at the apex forming a light green rosette ; borne in massive heads on stout leafy stems, double the size of those of O. solida, all turned the same way ; spur long, blunt and incurved at the point. Leaves, bipinnate ; segments wedge-shaped, cut at the top ; bracts acute, entire or cut. Siberia. Borders, or the lower flanks of rock- work, in deep sandy loam. Division. 98 COEYDALIS — CEEPIS. Corydalia solida (Solid 0.) — Fumaria lulbosa. — A compact, free - flowering kind, now becoming popular among spring flowers, 4 to 6 in. higli. Flmeers, in spring; purplisi-rose, a little wliitish underneath, borne in a dense, somewliat one sided cluster, which becomes elongated as the flower- ing advances, each flower springing from the axil of a much-divided bract. Leaves, few, twice-ternate, with glau- cous, wedge-shaped leaflets, divided at the end ; stems scaly at the base ; bulb or tubercle roundish, solid, about the size of a small hazel-nut, with fibrous rootlets issuing from the lower part only. Europe and Asia. Bor- ders, edgings, the spring garden, and naturalization among dwarf plants in bare places. Division. Corydalis tuberosa (Tulerous 0.) — C. cava. — Eesembhng C. solida, but with the small floral leaves quite entire, 4 to G in. high. Flomers, in spring ; white, in a loose, slightly uni- lateral cluster, each flower springing from the axil of an entire bract. Leaves, much cut, twice-ternate, with wedge-shaped segments ; stem not scaly ; bulb or tubercle egg-shaped, hollow, with rootlets issuing from every part of its surface. France and the Pyrenees. Borders, naturalized among spring and early summer flowers, in almost any position. Divi- sion of established tufts. Cotyledon Umbilicus (Wall C.) — Umbilicus erectus. — A distinct-looking plant, with creeping fleshy roots and erect flower-stems, 6 to 12 in. high. Floivers, in summer ; yellowish-green, in a longish raceme ; corolla about J in. long, cylindrical. Leaves, fleshy, roundish, more or less peltate, den- tately crenated, on long stalks. Britain and Southern and Western Europe, in damp places. The rougher parts of rockwork and in hardy fer- neries. Division or seed. Cousinia Hystrix (Spring C.)— A singular plant. Flowers, purplish, about the size of those of the Cotton- thistle, in solitary, somewhat glo- bose, woolly heads. Leaves, pinnatiSd or pinnate, with spiny teeth, covered on both sides with a cobweb-like down ; those of the stem decurrent ; stem branching at the top. Mountain pastures in the eastern parts of the Caucasus, and adjoining regions of Persia. Borders, or banks, in well- drained sandy soil. Division and seed. Crambe cordifolia (Heart-leaved C.) ■ — A noble perennial with huge leaves and small honey-scented flowers, ap- pearing in dense multitudes ; 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; white, ill much-branched, smooth, leafless panicles ; stamens forked. Leaves, stalked, toothed ; lower ones heart-shaped; upper ones ovate, nearly smooth, as is the stem. Caucasus. Isolated, near the margin of shrubberies in the picturesque garden, or grouped with hardy plants having fine leaves, or naturalized in glades in almost any position or soil. It is, however, worthy of a very deep and good soil, in which it becomes much larger and handsomer. Division or seed, Crambe junoea (Rushy C.) — Smaller than the preceding kind, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; whitish. Leaves, lyrate, with toothed lobes, the terminal lobe the largest ; leaf -stalks and stem rough with recurved hairs. J^ative of Iberia, near Tiflis. Not so flne a species as C. cordifolia, having smaller and less divided leaves ; those of the stem very few and small, and scarcely any on the branches. Similar uses to the preceding, but being inferior, it is suited chiefly for botanic gardens. Division or seed, Crepis auroa (Golden C.) — A pretty little composite plant, 4 in. to I t. CEINUM — CROCUS. &9 high. Flowers, late in summer ; orange, seldom more than one bloom on each stem ; involuorum and stem covered with long black hairs, mingled with a few small, white, woolly ones. Leaves, all radical, J or J as long as the stem, spoon-shaped, ob- long, dentate, or runcinate, of a lively green, smooth and shiny, disposed in a rosette. Koot fibrous, without runners or tubercles. Elevated pas- tures on the Alps of Southern Europe. Borders, and naturalized on bare banks and slopes, in any common sandy soil. Division and seed. Crinnm capense {Cape Crinum). — A noble, fragrant, and perfectly hardy bulb, from 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; very large and funnel- shaped, white, sometimes tinged with red, in a terminal umbel of ten to fifteen blooms, producing large heads of curious, fleshy, irregularly-sized seeds, by which the plant is readily increased. Leaves, ribbon-like, long and narrow, grooved, rough on the margins, glaucous. There areseveral varieties, the most remarkable being oHpariiim, fortuitum, and striatum — ■ the first has dark purple, the second fine white, and the third striped flowers. Cape of Good Hope.-r As isolated tufts or small beds in th,e pleasure-ground, arranged with groups of hardy fragrant plants, or with the nobler herbaceous subjects, particu- larly those that flower in lata summer and early autumn ; also, for grouping and massing on small islands or parts of islands on which a distinct and choice type of vegetation is sought, and near the margin of water. Few plants repay better for a sheltered and warm position, and deep, very rich soil, with abundance of water in sum- mer, though it exists in ordinary soil. In very cold situations a little pile of leaves may be desirable over the roots in -winter, but I have known the plant withstand the most intense frosts, and by planting the top of the bulbs half a foot beneath the surface there need not be any fear of injury from this cause. Separation of the bulbs and from seed. Crocosmia aurea {Golden C.)—Tri- tonia attrea. — A bulbous perennial, 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer or in autumn ; few, brilliant orange-red, in a loose spike. Leaves, sword- shaped, pointed, about a foot long and ^ in. broad, sheathing the base of the stem for about a foot. Stem slightly winged. South Africa. Borders, margins of beds of Rhododendrons, etc., in peaty or very sandy soil. Division. Crocus Boryanus {White Autamn 0.) — A very pretty autumn-flowering Crocus, as yet rare in gardens, 3 to 4 in. high. Flowers, late in autumn ; creamy white, throat orange-yellow, the base of the segments sometimes marked externally with dull purple lines ; anthers white ; stigmas orange- scarlet. Leaves, narrow, smooth, ap- pearing a little earlier than the flowers. Corm cSovered by two smooth, soft, persistent, reticulated coats. Asia Minor, the Morea, and the Greek Islands. The rock-garden, bulb farden, and choice borders, in fine eep sandy soil. Separation of the bulbs and from seed. Crocus Cartwrightianus {CaHwright's 0.) — .A very dwarf free-flowering species, about 3 in. high. Flowers, in autumn; fragrant, usually white, more or less stained inside with purple lines, sometimes pure white, often of a pale and sometimes a pretty rich purple; the throat is never yellow. Leaves, appearing before the flowers, narrow, with the reflexed margin, and the dorsal rib densely oiliate j veins very slightly grooved. Corn covered with softly-membranous, reti» culated fibrous coats. Greek islands, h2 100 CROCUS. Teno and Scyro. The positions and treatment recommended for Crocus Orphanidis will also suit this. Crocus Imperati (Tmperati's Crocus). ■ — Nearly allied to G. rersicolor, bat much handsomer, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in very early spring ; sweet- scented, of a lilac -purple on the inside; external divisions If in. long and f in. broad, of a creamy white on the outside, marked with three longitu- dinal dark purple lines, of which the two outer ones and the end of the middle one are feathered with short lines of the same colour. Leaves, appearing before the flowers, longer than the flower-stem, linear, thick, recur>'ed, with a distinct white line in the middle of the concave inner side, and enveloped for 2 or 3 in. from the base with a series of three or four opposite, deeply furrowed, obtuse, membranous sheaths. Corni roundish, irregular, about the size of a small nutmeg, partially covered at the base and sides with brown fibres. Found on the mountains of Calabria at 3000 to 6000 ft. of altitude. Borders, the rock-garden, edgings, and natu- ralization, on warm, sunny banks and slopes, in ordinary soil. Separation of the bulbs. Crocus luteus {Common Telloio 0.) — The common yellow Crocus of our gardens. Flowers, early ia spring, appearing at the same time as the leaves ; of a bright yellow, two on a stem. Leaves, linear ; sheaths wide. Corm covered with veined tunics. Native country uncertain, but sup- posed to have been introduced from the Levant. Borders, edgings, or naturalized in grass, in almost any position and in any soil. Separation of the bulbs. Crocus nudiflorus {Naked-flowered C.) — C. multifldus. ■ — ■ A beautiful late blooming species. Flowers, in autumn ; pale bright purple, with the tube 3 to 10 in. long, and the segments 1| to 2 in. long. Leaves, appearing very early in spring, very slender, with a narrow white line in the centre. Corm flowers when about the size of a pea, sending out stolons in spring, the thickened apices of which form fresh corms. S. W. Europe, but abun- dantly naturalized in meadows about Nottingham, Derby, Halifax, and Warrington. Borders, edgings to beds of autumnal flowers, the lower parts of the rock-garden, or naturalized in the grass, in open sunny spots near wood-walks, in ordinary soil. Separa- tion of the bulbs. Crocus Orphanidis {Orphanides' C.) — A rare and recently introduced kind. i^Zowers, in autumn; soft lilac- blue with yellow throat, 2 J in. in diameter. Leaves, appear with the flowers, exceeding them in length and getting much longer afterwards. Corms unusually large, nearly 2 in. long, closely covered with a bright chestnut-brown tissue. A native of Greece. The rock-garden and choice border, in deep sandy loam, and in sunny, warm, and sheltered positions. When more plentiful it will doubtless prove useful in various other ways. Separation of the bulb every second year, soon after the leaves have died down, replanting the bulbs at once, and rather deeply. Crocus pulchelltts {Mount Athos C.) — A rare and pretty late-blooming kind, 4 to 5 in. high. Flowers, in autumn ; large and showy, pale bluish- pearl colour, with darker veins, the throat orange-yellow ; anthers white. Leaves, broad, smooth, green with a white streak. Corm covered with a membranous coat, having a ring at the base ciliated with fibres. Native of Belgrade, the east side of the Bosphorus, and Mount Athos. The positions and treatment recom- CROCUS — CRUCIANELLA. 101 mended for the preceding will suit this. Crocus reticnlatas (Cloth of Gold 0.) — 0. susianns. — Avery early blooming kind. Flowers, early in spring ; of a rich golden colour, brownish-black on the outside. Leaves, very narrow, smooth, grooved and veined on both sides, appearing with the flowers. Corm covered with a reticulated tunic. Levant. Commonly used in the spring garden and in borders, and well worthy of naturalization, on very bare and sunny banks, where its flowers would prove very attractive in early spring. Separation of the bulbs. Crocus sativua {Saffron Cronus). — The plant from which the saffron of commerce is obtained, which consists, in fact, of the dried filaments of the flowers. Flowers, in autumn ; of a pale violet with deeper coloured veins, the tube of the flower long, exhaling a sweet and delicate odour. Leaves, very narrow, slightly ciliated, appear- ing soon after the flowers. Corm rather large, globular, usually de- pressed, covered with a fibrous greyish tunic. Native country uncer- tain, but probably comes from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. Sunny sheltered nooks in the rock-garden, or on slightly raised warm and siinny banks or slopes, always in perfectly drained and very sandy soil. It is very shy of blooming in cold soils. Separation of the bulbs every third or fourth year, soon after the leaves have withered. Crocus speoiosus {Large Autumn 0, ) — Perhaps the handsomest and lar- gest of the late - blooming kinds. Flowers, in autumn; bluish violet, striped internally with deep purple lines, which are deeper at the base of thedivisions. Leaves, appearingalmost with the flowers, very narrow, erect. Corm of medium size, nearly round, with tunics formed of reticulatedtibres. Native of the Caucasus. The rock- garden, borders, edgings to beds of autumn flowers, clumps on warm fringes of shrubberies, and naturali- zation on sunny banks and slopes. Separation of the bulbs every second or third year, and about the period when the leaves decay. Crocus veruus (Sprinci Crocus'). — The parent of most of the blue, white, and striped kinds generally cultivated in our gardens. Mowers, in spring ; lilac, violet, white, bluish, or streaked with white and violet ; inside of the throat hairy. Leaves, grooved with veins, appearing soon after the flowers. Corm solid, fleshy, generally roundish, depressed, sometimes slightly pear- shaped or elongated, covered with reticulated coats. Alps and Apennines. Edgings, borders, beds in the spring garden, naturalization, etc. The beautifully striped varieties are well worthy of being naturalized in the grass on warm slopes, in the rougher parts of pleasure grounds and parks. Separation of the bulbs. Croons versicolor {Various- coloured C. ) — Flowers, in spring ; white, richly striped with purple, the throat some- times yellow, sometimes white, smooth on the inside, by which it can be readily distinguished from C. vernus, which has the inside of the throat hairy. Leaves, grooved, with a double opaque spathe, without nerves, ap- pearing at tlie same time as the flowers. Native of the South of France. Similar positions and treatment to those for 0. Imperati. Cruciauella stylosa (Lonq-stylcd C.) — A pretty dwarf procumbent herb, with leaves arranged in whorls, 9 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer; pale rose, small, but freely produced in dense terminal heads ; style much pri trading. Leaves, 8 to 9 in a whorl, hispid, as are also the stems. Eocks ami barren places iu Persia and the 102 CUCURBITA — CYCLAMEN. Cauoasiig. Borders, rockwork, or bare banks, in sandy or calcareous soil. Division or seed. Cucurbita perennis (Perennial Cu- canibcr). — A remarkable-looking trail- ing plant, with large hoary leaves. Flowers, in summer ; pale yellow ; lobes of calyx awl-shaped ; fruit roundish, smooth, almost sessile. Leaves, triangularly heart-shaped with undulating margins. Associated with fine -leaved hardy plants, gourds, etc., in very deep and rich soil, in which it will attain great vigour. It may be trained over stakes or stumps, or allowed to trail over undulating banks ; but it is chiefly valuable for the botanical or curious collection. Seed and careful division. Cyananthus loljatns [Lobed C.) — A brilliant and remarkable Himalayan rock plant, about 4 in. high. Flowers, in August and September ; purplish- blue with a whitish centre, few, soli- tary, usually terminal, about an inch across, funnel-shaped, with 5 spoon- shaped lobes; throat -covered with numerous soft, long, whitish hairs ; calyx 5-cleft, large, roundish, thickly set with short blackish hairs. Leaves, lozenge- shaped, small, fleshy, alter- nate, deeply and irregularly notched or lobed, greyish underneath. Stems branching but little, procumbent or ascending, spreading loosely about. Himalayas. The rook- garden in sunny chinks. It grows best in a mixture of sandy peat and leaf- mould, with plenty of moisture diiring the growing season. Increased freely by cuttings. The seed requires a dry, favourable season to ripen it ; in wet weather the large, erect, persistent calyx becomes filled with water, which remains and rots the included seed vessel. Cyclamen coum {Found-leaved C.)— Distinguished by its rounded leaves. Flowa-s, December to March ; reddish purple, darker at the mouth, where there is a white circle ; inside striped with red ; corolla short, closed at the mouth. Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, divided at the base, the lobes overlapping. 0. 'vernum of Sv,'eet (" Brit. Fi. Gard.," vol. i. t. 9), is a variety with the leaves marked, or zoned, with an unequal band of white between the margin and the centre, and flowers similar to the best va- rieties of C. coum. Tuber round, depressed, fibres issuing from under- side only. C. coum album is a variety raised by Mr. Atkins, of Painswiok, with white flowers, having a dark mouth. Greek Archipelago. The rock-garden, or choice warm sheltered borders, in fibry vegetable soil. Seed. Cyclamen europasum {Euroxiean C.) — Flowers, from Jvme to November, or if slightly protected till the end of the year ; reddish-purple, very fragrant ; petals rather short and stiff; mouth of the corolla pentagonal, not toothed Leaves, appear in early summer, and remain the greater part of the year ; they vary considerably in outline, the markings of the surface, and the colour beneath ; but they are always more or less toothed, those from more northern habitats more so than those from loca- lities south of the Alps, where they assume, in a measure, the rounder form and more delicate markings of C. pcrsicum. Tuber of medium^ size and very irregular form, sometimes roundish, depressed, or knotted, at others lengthened out sometimes more than a foot. The rind is thin, smooth, yellowish, sometimes "scabby." The southern varieties have flowers much longer and of a more delicate colour, often approaching peach- colour; pure white ones are rare, but pale ones not uncommon. Central Europe. The rock-garden, or warm borders in rich light e.arth. This, like the Imj-leaved C, may be naturalized in parks and CYCLAMEN — CYPRIPEDIUM. 103 pleasiire-groiinds amidst sliort grass, mosses, and other small plants. Seed. Cyclamen hedersefolium {Ivy-leaved G.) — A beautiful tuberous perennial, liappily perfectly liardy. Plotcers, in late summer and autumn ; purplish red, frequently with a whitish stripe down the petals ; mouth or base of the corolla 10-toothed, pentagonal. Leaves, variously marked, the greater number appearing after the flowers, 4 to 6 in. long and 4 to 54 in. in dia- meter. Tuber not unfrequently a foot in diameter, covered with a brownish rough rind, which cracks irregularly, so as to form little scales. There is a pure white variety and one white with pink base or mouth of corolla, both of which come true from seed. There are also, according ' to Mr. Atkins, valuable and distinct varieties from the Greek Isles, that flower later and continue longer in bloom. Their leaves are thick, shining, and wax - like, rising with or before the majority of the flowers, being both stronger and larger than the ordinary type, with more decided diiferenoe of outline and markings on the upper surface, the under surface being frequently of a beautiful purple. O. grmcum is a very near ally if more than a variety ; •the foliage is more after the perdciim type, the shape of the corolla and toothing of the mouth the same. South of Europe and Northern Africa. The rock - garden, borders, or iip.turalization in halt - shady bare places, in light vegetable earth. Seed. Cyclamen vernum {Spring C.) — C repandum. — A valuable kind. Mowers, from April to end of May ; from a delicate peach to deep red purple, the last-named colour being very rare ; corolla long ; petals some- what fleshy, twisted; mouth round, not toothed. Leaves, appearing before tiie flowers, generally more or less j]j^rked with white on the upper sur- face, and often puqjlish beneath, semi-transparent when young. Tuber round, somewhat depressed, rough or russety on outer surface ; fibres issu- ing from one point on the under side only. Southern JEurope. The rock - garden and sheltered mixed border, in sunny sheltered spots, in light, rich, well-di-ained soil. Seed. Cynara Scolymus {French, Artichohn). — A noble plant, 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn; purple, very large, surrounded by an involucrum of oval-obtuse, sometimes emarginate, downy scales. Leaves, long, some- what spiny, nearly pinnatifid, covered underneath with white cot bony down. South of Europe. Well known in the vegetable garden. This is one of the most striking plants when seen isolated on the grass, in the pic- turesque flower garden, or occasionally in the shrubbery. It loves rich soil, and sometimes perishes if not pro- tected in winter. Seed and division. Cypripedlum Caloeolus {Lady's Slip- per). — Our largest-fiowered British or- chid, now nearly or quite exterminated, 1 to lA ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; usually solitary, or two, large ; sepals 1 to 1 4 in. long, dark brown ; petals dark brown, narrower than sepals ; lip 1 in. long, inflated, yellow, netted with darker veins. Leaves, large, ovate, pointed, veined, generally 3 or 4 in number. Native of N. Europe, in dense woods; very rare. The rook-garden, in sunny nooks sheltered by small bushes, etc., in calcareous soil. Careful division of established tufts. Cypripedlum candidum ( White Lady's Slipper). — ^A small-fiowerod kind, the lip of which reminds one of a small bird's egg ; 8 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in May and June ; solitary ; lip about the size of a sparrow's egg, white, marked with rose-coloured dots ou the inside, flattish laterally, convex above ; petals 104 CYPEIPEDIUM — DELPHINIUM. and sepals greenisli, not much longer than the lip ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, two of them united into one piece under the lip. Leaves, lanceolate- oblong, acute, slightly pubescent. Bogs of Central and W. New York (rare) to Kentucky and Wisconsin. The artificial bog, or in moist peaty spots near the rook-garden. Best suited for the botanical or the curious collec- tion. Careful division. Cypripedium guttatum (Spotted C.) ^A very handsome, rare kind. Flowers, in summer ; rather small, but beautiful, of a purplish-violet tint, spotted with white, the lip also edged with white ; the upper sepal very large, pointed ; the lower one cleft; petals oval, abruptly ^ pointed ; lip longer than the sepals, " nearly round, with the orifice ex- panded and flattened. Leaves 2, alternate, oval-elliptical, pointed, fringed. Native of Canada, N. Europe, near Moscow, N. Asia, in dense forests (dry in summer) amongst the roots of trees, in black, moist vege- table mould, in parts completely shaded from the sun. Of the successful cul- ture of this plant little is as yet known . It is best to try it in shady and half-shady situations, in vegetable soil. Division. Cypripedium spectahile {Nolle Lady's Slipper). — Perhaps the handsomest of this handsome family, from 15 in. to 2 'i ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, handsome, white, slightly tinged with rose ; lip of a bright rosy car- mine, longer than the petals, inflated, slightly furrowed ; sepals oblong, obtuse, undivided, longer and broader than the petals which are lanceolate and fiat ; I or 2 blooms on a stem. Leaves, oval - pointed, pubescent, veined. Native of N. America from Canada to Carolina, in marshy places. The artificial bog, moist borders, at the foot of north walls, among low shrubs, etc., always in deep moist peat or vegetable soil. Division of well-established tufts. Daphne Cneorum {Garland Flower) — A very neat evergreen shrub, bearing a profusion of rosy -lilac flowers, the un- opened buds being crimson, 6 to 1 2 in, high. Flowers, often twice a year, iu April and September ; in dense termi- nal umbels, deliciously fragrant. Leaves, smooth, lance-shaped, mucronate. A native of most of the great mountain chains of Europe. Rockwork, front margin of the mixed border, oras edging to beds of choice low shrubs. Thrives best in sandy peaty soil, kept rather moist in summer. Layers. Datisca cannabina {Hemp-like D.) — A tall and graceful perennial, 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, in lonw, loose, axillary spikes at the tops of the stems. Leaves, pinnate, alternate ; leaflets in 3 pairs and an odd one, about 2 in. long and J in. broad, acutely pointed, deeply serrate. Both the male and female forms should be grown, as, though both are graceful, the fertilized female plant is the most so, and continues much the longest in a green state. Candia. Associated with fine-leaved hardy plants, or as isolated specimens in the pleasm-e- grouud, in deep good soil. Seed and division of weUestabbshed plants. Delphinium elatum {Bee Larkspur). — D. exaltatum. — A stately perennial, 4 to 6 ft. high in gardens. Flowers, iu summer ; blue or white, middle size, in straight racemes ; spur straight, as long as the calyx ; limb of lower petals bifid. Leaves, flat, hairy when young, but becoming smooth when old, cleft beyond the middle into 3, 5, or 7 parts : lobes wedge-shaped, tri- fid or jagged, acuminated at the apex; stem, smooth, somewhat branch- ing. Mountains of Virginia and Carolina. Borders and fringes of DELPHINIUM. 105 plantations, in good rich soil. Division and seed. Delphinium elegana {Elegant Larlc- spur). — A neat border plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; dark blue, smaller than those of D. grandi- florum, in loose, few-flowered racemes ; petals shorter than the calyx ; spur curved, shorter than the sepals ; limb of lower petals bifid. Leaves, smooth, 5-parted, with 3- to 5- cleft lobes, and linear-lance- shaped acute lobules ; stalks scarcely widening at the base. There is a double variety. N. Ame- rica. Borders in good soil. Division and seed. Delphinium formosum {Showy D.) — A very handsome kind, 18 in. to 3^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; a fine azure blue, shaded ■with indigo ; spur of a violet blue, rather long, two-cleft, and having a rumpled appearance ; petals shorter than the sepals. Leaves, alternate, of a greyish-green, palmate with unequal segments, the lower ones stalked, the upper ones sessile and simply tripar- tite. Native country unknown. Borders and fringes of shrubberies in good soil. Division and seed. Delphinium grand'florum (Large- fiowered D.) — One of the handsomest kinds, 1 to 3 ft, high. Flowers, in summer ; from June to September, blue, very large, in spreading few- flowered racemes ; petals shorter than the calyx ; limb of lower ones entire, somewhat orbicular. Leaves, smooth, light green above, hoary beneath, palmately divided into many narrow lobes. There is a fine double variety {D. g. 'plenum). D. sinense, is a variety differing chiefly in having a stiffer and more erect stem than the species, and the two lower petals bearded with yellow hairs. There are several other varieties, both double and single, varying in colour from deep blue to white. The best of these are one with white flowers [D. g, Jl. alb.), another dwarf kind [D. g. pumiln/m cceruleum) with blue flowers, and one (L>. g. pmnilum album) with white flowers. Siberia and Dauria. Bor ders and fringes of shrubberies in good soil. Division and seed. Delphinium intermedium (Interme- diate D.) — 4 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; in glaucous racemes ; sepals blue ; petals very hairy, almost black, the limb of the lower ones bifid ; pedicels, bracts, calyx, and ovaries smooth. Leaves, heart-shaped, 5- to 7-cleft, upper ones 3-lobed, all deeply serrated. There are several varieties of this species. Europe. Borders, in good soil. Division or seed. Delphinium nudieaule ( Dwarf Fed D.) — A singularly brilliant and re- cently introduced dwarf kind, 1 to 18 in. high. Flowers, early in summer, in a loose raceme; vivid red, inclining to orange, the petals clear yellow, lower ones spoon-shaped, with a 2- cleft, fringed limb ; upper ones elon- gated, prominent, hairy at the ends ; spur nearly twice as long as the smooth calyx. Leaves, fleshy, some- what peltate, 3-parted, with numeroxis subdivisions, which in the lower leaves are oboordate with notched lobes, and in the upper ones oblong entire. California. On warm flanks of the rock-garden, or on warm banks or borders till plentiful, in light, well- draiued, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. This plant is as yet rare, and few have had any experience of its culture, but as it grows on the hills and plains near San Francisco, in gravelly and very sandy places, it certainly will be the better of a sandy and thorotighly drained loam in this country. [Hybrids and varieties of Delphi- mum, of the highest order of beauty, have been raised in such abundance that they are now of greater impor- 105 DENTAEIA — DI ANTHUS. tance than tlie species. Additions are being yearly made to the number by nurserymen who cultivate florists' flowers, and have usually a good selec- tion of fine kinds. These Delphiniums are of the highest importance in the flower-garden, where they may be used in lines and in mixtures, in the mixed border of which they are some of the finest ornaments, and, in a word, for every use to which the most beautiful perennials may be put. They thrive best in rich light soil ; and if, after flowering in summer, they are cut down to near the ground, they will again bloom vigorously by autumn. All are easily increased by division in winter, or early spring. The following are excellent kinds : — Alopecuroides, Belladonna, Barloioii, Bcndersoni, La Bdle Alliance, Scha- mijl, Wheeleri, William Pfitzer, Eanun- ciilaiflorum, JDelight, Hyaciniluflorum, Magnificum,Ketdeeri, Heine des Delphi- niiLms, Madame Chai4, Hebe, and Bicolor grandlfloruin. Dentaria bulbifera {Bull-hearing D.) —An interesting perennial, bearing bulbils in the axils of its leaves, as in lAlium hulbiferum ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; purple, sometimes nearly white, rather large, produced in a raceme at the top of the stem. leaves, lower ones pinnartei with 5 or 7 segments ; upper ones liudivided or with few segments ; segments 1 to 2 in. long, lance-shaped, toothed or entire, tapering at the base. Europe, Asia, and Britain. Borders, and fringes of shrubberies in half-shady positions, and iu sandy vegetable soil. Divi- sion and seed. Deataria digltata {Showy Tootliwort.) —- A very handsome dwarf kind, al;out 12 in. high. Flm-crs, in April; rich purple, iu flat racemes at the top of the stem. Leaves, stalked, pal- mately cut into 5 oblong-lanceolate, pointed, deeply serrated segments. France, Italy, and Switzerland, in shady woods. Half -shady borders, margins of beds of American plants, or among low shrubs near rockwork, in rich light and moist soU. Divi- Dentaria pinnata {Pinnate D.)—A stout species at once distinguished by its pinnate leaves ; 14 to 20 in. high. Flowers, from April to June ; large, pale purple, lilac, or white, in a terminal cluster. Leaves, few, near the top of the stem, alternate, stalked, pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, lanoe-shaped, acute, smooth, irregularly toothed, pale underneath. Switzerland, in mountain and sub-alpine woods. Fringes of shrubberies and half shady spots, in rich light earth. Careful division of the thick scaly roots. Bianthus alpinus {Alpine Fink). — A rare and beautiful mountain pink, 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, iu summer ; deep rose spotted with crimson, large, solitary on each stem, so freely pro- duced as to hide the leaves ; petals crenated. Leaves, green, oblong- linear, obtuse. Alps of Austria. Tlie rock-garden, in exposed spots, in light, fibry, gritty, or sandy loam. Where plentiful enough, and where it thrives freely, it should be used on the margin of the. choice border. I have seen it attain great beauty as an edging to small beds of American plants, in sandy peat. Seed and care- ful division. Dianthus barbatus {Sweet William). — One of our most popular old garden flowers, 1 to 2 ft, high. Flowers, iu summer : variouslycoloured, from dark purple to white, in dense cymes; petals bearded ; scales of the calyx ovate, awl-shaped, about equalling the tube. Leaves, broadly-lance-shaped, nerved. There are many varieties, both single and double. Various parts of Central and Southern Europe. Borders, DIANTHUS. 107 margins of shrubberies ; the finer kinds in beds, with the florists' flowers. It is a biennial in cold soils, but a perennial in warm ones. Seed. Dianthus csesius {Cheddar PinJc). — A dwarf, very glaucous, densely tufted kind, 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; delicate rose, very fragrant, generally solitary ; scales of calyx roundish, short ; petals crenated, pubescent. Leaves, very glaucous, short, with rough margins. On mountains in Europe, and in England on limestone rocks at Cheddar, in Somersetshire. r The rock-garden, old walls and ruins, and dry, sandy, or calcareous borders. Seed and careful division. Dianthus Caryophyllus {Carnation). — The parent of our Carnations, Pi- cotees, and Clove Pinks ; 1 to 3 ft. high. FlowerSj in summer ; all colours except blue, solitary ; scales of the calyx 4, very short, ovate, ' rather mueronate; petals, broad and beard- less; stem branched. i(!aj;cs, linear- awl - shaped, channelled, glaucous. Europe and England. The finer named kinds in beds, with the florists' flowers ; in the kitchen-garden, grown for the sake of their out flowers, or in borders, in various ways. It prefers a sound loam, with sharp sand, and decomposed manure. Where there are old ruins and the like, the single forms might be established upon them with good effect. Layers, cuttings, and seed. Dianthus cruentus {Blood-scarlet Pi7ik). — A slender kind, with deeply colotired flowers, many in a head ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; small, numerous, of a bloody-scarlet colour, arranged in contracted, many- flowered, somewhat globose cymes ; petals, 3 in. long, toothed, bearded towards the base with scattered red- dish - violet hairs ; calyx tubular, reddish-violet above, streaked, and ending in 5 very acute teeth. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, very acute, those of the stem in 3 or 4 pairs, connate for the space of 4 in., 3-nerved under- neath, much shorter than the inter- nodes ; lower leaves growing in tufts ; all smooth, and scarcely glaucesoent ; stems slightly squared in the upper part. Native country unknown. Borders, banks, or the rougher parts of rockwork, in free soil. Seed. Dianthus deltoides {Maiden Pihlc). — Forms dense, almost grassy tufts, with flowering-stems C to 9 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright pink with a dark circle, sometimes white ; scales of the calyx 4, ovate-lance-shaped, acute; stem ascending, branched, 1- flowered. Leaves, lower ones oblong, obtuse ; upper ones narrower, acute, pubescent. D. deltoides glaucus is a variety with the stem and leaves slightly glaucous, and white flowers with a dark circle. Europe, Asia, and Britain, but not found in Ireland. Borders and rockwork in ordinary garden soU. Division and seed. Dianthus dentosus {Amoor pink). — A dwarf but sturdy and large-flowered species, 5 or 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; more than an inch across, of a fine violet-lilac, with a regular dark spot formed of purple streaks at the base of each petal, producing a dark eye in the centre of the flower ; the petals toothed at the margin, and bearded at the base. Leaves, linear, rather broad, sometimes slightly un- dulated, glaucous, tinged with a reddish hue, especially in autumn, spreading into broad tufts. Southern Russia and E. Siberia. The rock- garden and borders, in sandy well- drained loam. Seed. Dianthus Fischeri {Fischer's Fink.) — A beautiful kind, as yet rare, 7 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; light rose, with the petals much cut or feathery at the edges, numerous, ia 108 DIANTHUS. closely-set fascicles ; scales oval, pointed, twice as long as the tube of tlie calyx. Leaves, lance-shaped, stiff, with a single vein on the upper side. lUissia. The rookgarden, at least till more plentiful, and in moist sandy or gritty loam. Seed. Dianthus glacialis {Glacier Pinlc). — A brilliant kind, allied to I), neglertus, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; solitary, rose-coloured ; petals notched, one and a half times longer than the calyx ; divisions of the calyx lance- shaped, awned ; awn linear, awl- shaped, herbaceous, longer than the tube. Leaves, linear, obtuse, 1- nerved, attenuated towards the base. Granitic Alps of the Tyrol, Salzburg, and Carinthia. The rock-garden, in exposed spots, in moist sandy loam. Seed and division. Dianthus neglectus {Grass JRose). — Resembling the Alpine Pink in its large and handsome blossoms, but Avith narrower and more pointed grass- like leaves ; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep rose ; calyx striped, scales of the calyx 2, as long as the tube ; petals serrated ; stems erect, tufted, short, generally 1-flowered. Leaves, green, linear, acute, serrulated. Alps of Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Switzer- land, and North of Italy. The rock- garden, in exposed spots, and the margin of the choice mixed border, in fine sandy loam. It is much more easily grown than the Alpine Pink, and in many soils will thrive in any exposed spot, the plant or group of plants being surrounded by a few half-buried stones. Seed and divi- sion. Diauthus petraeus [Eoclc Pinh). — Forms compact tufts, in poor soil, little more than 1 in. high ; ilower- stems about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; fine rose, usually solitary on the stems, which are very freely produced ; scales of the calyx obovate, mucronate ; petals beardless, multi- fid. Leaves, smooth, awl-shaped, entire, nerved. Hungary. The rock-garden, or borders, in ordinary light soil. This is easy to grow and much less liable to suffer from wire- worm than most of the other kinds. Division or seed, but if grown near other kinds the seedlings are apt to vary very much. Dianthus plumarius [Garden Pinh). — This is considered the parent from which all our varieties of pinks have sprung. Flowers, in early summer ; white, purple, spotted, or variegated, double or single ; stems 2- or 3- flowered ; scales of calyx ovate, short ; teeth obtuse ; petals bearded, jagged. Leaves, linear, margins rough. Europe. The finer named kinds in beds of rich sandy loam, with the florists' flowers, or in borders, fringes of shrub- beries, or on banks. The wild single kind thrives best on old walls and ruins, and also in the rock-garden and borders, frequently however perishing in winter in cold soils. Cuttings or seed. ' Dianthus raraosissimus {Bush Pinh). — A hardy, dwarf, free-flowering spe- cies, forming dense and branching tufts ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, late in summer ; purplish-rose, very nu- merous, solitary, on wiry stems. Licaves, linear, pointed, flat, sessile. Tartary. The rock-gaiden, and the margin of the mixed border, in sandy, well-drained loam. Seed. Dianthus suavis (Sweet Pinh). — A pretty and sweet kind, 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pink, petals bearded, deeply serrated ; scales of the calyx 4, acute, short. Leaves, linear, spreading, glaucous ; stem generally 1-flowered. Native country unknown. The rock-garden and borders, in light soU. Seed and division. DIANTHUS — DICENTEA. 109 Dianthus superbus (Fringed Pmk). — A handsome and fragrant species, dis- tinguished by its petals being cut into lines or strips for more than half their length; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, after midsummer ; rose- coloured or reddish ; petals divided beyond the middle, feathery, bearded at the base ; scales of the calyx short, ovate, mu- cronate. Leaves, resembling those of a narrow-leaved Sweet WiUiam, bright green, linear lance -shaped, acute, entire ; stem smooth, many-Howered. The plant is a biennial in some soils, but a perennial in light, well- drained ones. Many parts of Europe. Borders, and the less important parts of the rock-garden. It will grow in any kind of soil for a time, but thrives best in light, rich ones, well drained. Seed. Diapensia lapponica {Lapland D.) — A sturdy, but very dwarf, evergreen shrub, 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, salver-shaped, about 4 in. across ; mostly solitary, on erect stalks ; stamens yellow. Leaves, very narrow, closely packed, linear- spoon - shaped, gmooth. Northern Europe and North America. The rock-garden, in moist sandy peat, and in well exposed positions. As yet, this plant has been but very rarely seen even in our best collections. Careful division of well-established tufts. Dicentra (Dielytra) ohrysantha. — {Yellowfiowered D.) — A very orna- mental, bushy, herbaceous plant, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; full golden yellow, in erect racemes. Leaves, very finely cut, glaucous, resembling those of the Rue. Cali- fornia. Borders, in rich, deep, and well-drained loam. Seed. Dicentra cucuUaria {Hooded D.) — Fumaria cncullaria. — A graceful and interesting, but not very con- spicuous little plant, about 3 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, with yellow tips ; produced in simple racemes on naked stalks; spurs 2, straight, acute. Leaves, tri-ter- nate, smooth, slender. Foot, tube- rous, about the size of a large hazel nut. North America. -The rock - garden, in quiet, half-shady nooks, amid dwarf plants, or on the margins of beds of shrubs, in peat soil. It is very uncommon in gardens, and is not likely to be pojjular, not being so ornamental as the following kinds. Division. Bioentra eximia {Plumy Dielytra). — Combines the grace of a fern with the blooming qualities of a first-class perennial ; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in spring and throughout the summer ; reddish purple, drooping, oblong, iu a compound raceme; spurs short, blunt, somewhat incurved ; wings of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit; stigma 2- angled. Leaves, Z to 8, or more, growing from the crown of the roots; stalks chaunelled, widened at the base ; divisions of the blades variable, but mostly oblong. Clefts of rocks on the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. Borders, or rockwork ; grows in any soil, but thrives best in a deep, sandy loam. Division. [D. formosa, of Nuttall, is by some considered a distinct species, known by the "wings of the inner petals scarcely projecting, the stigma tri- angular and entire, the flowers broadly ovate, and the spurs short, and very obtuse." The plants grovni \inder this name in gardens are, from a horticul- tural point of view, not distinct from the preceding, require the same treat- ment, and are suitable for the same positions.] Dicentra speotabilis {Diehjlm) . — One of our most beautiful and gr.aceful hardy flowers ; 9 in. to 2 ft. hish. Flowers, in spring and early summer j 110 DICTAMNUS — DIGITALIS. large, rosy-crimson, about an inch long, produced in a graceful raceme on a leafy stem ; spurs 2, short, rery blunt. Leaves, stalked, miich divided ; seg- ments obovate-wedge-shaped, cut. Tliere is a pale variety. Siberia and China. Borders, and margins of shrubberies, mixed groups, rough rockeries or banks in a half-natu- ralized state. It grows in any soil, but perhaps attains greatest vigour in a deep peat or fine sandy soil. Division. Dictamnus Fraxinella (FraxincUa). — A showy border-plant, covered with glandular hairs exuding a strongly scented and inflammable oily resin ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; pale purple, in long ter- minal racemes ; petals 5, unequal. Leaves, pinnate, resembling those of the Ash ; leaflets in 4 or 5 pairs, heart- shaped at the base, acute at the apex, finely serrulated. There is a white variety. Southern Europe. Bor- ders, in any soil, but usually best in a dry one. Where it grows vigorously, it would be worth placing in isolated tufts, in the grass near the margins of shrubberies, in nuraoTin spots. Divi- sion or seed, which should be sown when gathered. Digitalis grandiilora {Large-flowered Foxglove), — 3 to 4 ft. high. Flovjers, in summer ; very large (nearly 2 in. long and 4 in. broad), yellow, bell-shaped, pubescent, glandular, very open at the mouth (which is streaked with lines of a deeper tint) and arranged in a long unilateral spike. Leaves, lanceolate, or oval-lanceolate, pubescent on the margin and on the prominent nerves, the lower leaves narrowed into a short winged leaf-stalk ; the upper ones sessile, half clasping the stem ; the whole plant more or less set with soft jointed hairs. There are two varieties, L>. amt'doha and D. ohtusiloha; the former has the lower hp of the corolla acute, and the latter has the same part obtuse. France, Alps, and Pyre- nees. Borders and naturalization, in ordinary soil. Seed. Digitalis lanata (Woolly D.)—'n\ia species, J), lutea, and D. ocAroleuca, are perhaps- scarcely brilliant enough for very select ornamental collections ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; white, delicately veined with pinkish lines, in dense, terminal, many -flowered racemes ; corolla roundish-ventricose, downy ; lip ovate, naked, sometimes purplish. Leaves, oblong, deep green, ciliated with woolly hairs. Himgary. Borders and naturalization in almost any soil. Seed. Digitalis lutea ( Yellow Foxglove) . — 1 4 to .3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale yellow, small, produced in dense racemes ; corolla funnel-shaped, smooth or downy towards the top ; segments ovate, bearded ; lower bract-s longer than the flowers. Leaves, lauce- shaped, toothed, smooth ; stem simple, angular. There are several varieties. Southern Em-ope. Borders, and naturalization, in ordinary soil. Seed. Digitalis mariana {Sierra MtirenaD.) — A handsome plant resembling our common Foxglove; 1.^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; rose-coloured, bearded on the lower part inside with long white hairs, and marked in the same place with brownish-red white-edged spots ; in a unilateral raceme of 10 to 20 blooms. Leaves, mostly radical, co- vered on both sides with a very soft greyish down, ovate or ovate-oblong ; stem-leaves smaller, acute, nearly sessile. Sierra Morena in S. of Spain. Borders, fringes- of shrubberies, and naturalization in copses, etc., in light or well-drained soils. Seed. Digitalis ochroleuca {Cream-coloured B. ) — A rather showy herb, -with both stem and leaves villous; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; yellow reticu- lated with brown, in a terminal raceme ; corolla, oblong-veutricose. DIGITALIS — DODECATHEON. Ill villous ; segments ovate, acute ; lip bearded. Leaves, ovate - lanceolatej acuminated, toothed. Central Eiirope. Borders, and naturalization in ordinary soil. Seed. Digitalis purpurea (^Common Fox- glove). — Our well-known native Pox- glove ; 2 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, purple, marked inside with deep spots which are edged with white, in a dense terminal raceme, all nodding in the same direction ; seg- ments ovate - oblong ; peduncles straight, about equal in length to the calyces. Leaves, very rough, oblong, crenate, on short winged stalks. There are many beautifully spotted forms as well as a white one. Britain and many other parts of Europe. The prettily spotted varieties deserve to be abundantly grown in shrubberies and copses. Seed. Digitalis Thapsi (MuUein-Kke D.) — A handsome plant allied to the common Foxglove, but somewhat smaller, and a true perennial ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; purple, with pale throat dotted with blood-red spots, smaller than those of D. purpureum, and like them pro- duced in a dense raceme ; peduncles arched, much longer than the calyx. Leaves, oblong, rough, orenated, undulated, decurrent. S. Europe. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalization in copses, etc., in light, well- drained soil. Seed. Diotis maritima {Sea Cottonweed). — A dwarf cottony herb, with hard, almost woody, stems branching at the base; 8 to 10 in. high. Plovers, in late summer or autumn ; bright yellow, in dense terminal corymbs. Leaves, alternate, oblong, or almost epoon-shaped, entire, or slightly toothed, sessile, about 1 in. long, quite white on both sides with cottony down. On sea-shore sands of the southern half of Great Britain, in St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey, and also S. Europe. Borders, grouped with plants having silvery and variegated foliage, or as a rock plant, in sandy soil. Cuttings and seed. Diphylleia eymosa (Cymoseflowerecl D.) — A smooth herb with somewhat -the habit of Podophyllum, \ ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; white, in large loose heads or cymes ; petals 6, naked on the inside ; stamens G ; berries roundish, bluish-black. Leaves, 2, very large, alternate, umbrella- like, glaucous, kidney-shaped, usually 2-cleft. Native of North America, on the borders of rivulets and on moun- tains. Peat borders and fringes of beds of American plants in the moistest spots.- Propagated by division in spring. Diplopappus rigidus {Rigid D.) — A dwarf hardy Aster-like shrub with prostrate stems, and ascending flower- bearing branches ; . about 1 foot high. Flowers, in autumn; \\ in. across, sky-blue trith yellow centre, terminal, solitary. Leaves, numerous, linear- acute, sessile, rigid, with a prominent dorsal keel. N. America. Borders, in ordinary free soil. Seed and division. Dodecatheon integrifolium (Entire- leaved D.) — Allied to the American Cowslip, biit dwarfer and more brilliant in bloom; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early siunmer ; deep rosy crimson, smaller than those of S. Meadia, and produced in small few, flowered umbels ; the base of each petal white, springing from a yellow or dark orange cup. Leaves, oval or spoon- shaped, entire. In shady woods near rivers, on the Alleghany Moun- tains, and also the Rocky Mountains in N. America. The rock-garden, in rich soU. Seed. Dodecatheon Jeffreyanum Cffori.) {Jef- frey's American Cowslip). — Avery vigo- rous kind, easily recognised when above ground by its large leaves, with 112 DODECATHEON — DOEONICUM. very thick reddish midribs; 15 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; purplish-rose, the petals 4 in number, reSexed as in the other species, and with a yellowish spot at the base. Leaves, 4 to 10 in., sometimes more, in length, narrowly-spoon-shaped, taper- ing very much towards the base of the very thick midrib. Rooky Moun- tains. Borders, low and sheltered portions of the rock-garden, or here and there amid dwarf shrubs, always in rich, light, and deep soil. It would also thrive very well in the drier parts of the bog-bed, associ- ated with such plants as Trillium, ffrandiflorum and Cypi'ipedium spec- tabile. Easily increased by careful division of the root in autumn. Dodeoatheon Meadia (American Cow- slip). — A beautiful perennial, 10 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in April or May; purple, inclining to the colour of the peach-blossom, freely produced in a loose umbel on smooth naked stems, each blossom droopingelegantly. Leaves, oblong-oval, smooth, unevenly toothed, waved, 6 or 7 in. long and from 2 to 3 in. broad, erect when first appearing, but afterwards spreading. There are several varieties, all of which are worthy of cultivation. Rich woodlands in N. America. ■ Borders, and the rook-garden, thriving best in light, sandy or vegetable, earth. Division, or seed sown soon after being gathered. Dondla Epipactis {Epipactis). — ffacqnetia Epipactis. — A singular and pleasing little herb, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring; greenish-yellow, in a simple umbel ; involucre of 5 or 6 ovate leaves, toothed at the apex, exceeding the umbel. Leaves, radical, ternate or 3-parted, serrated. Root black on the outside. Carinthia and Carniola. Margins of borders, in the spring-garden, or occasionally in the rock-garden, or naturalized on very bare banks and slopes, where such a small and unobtrusive plant may be seen. Division. Doronicum austriacum {AustrianV.) — A very showy -flowered and neatly- tufted perennial; 1 to I4 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; yellow, large, 1 to 5 on each stem. Leaves, dentate, those of the root heart-shaped, stalked; lower stem- leaves ovate-spoon-shaped, abruptly narrowed at the base; upper ones lance- shaped, cordate, clasping the stem. Whole plant rather hairy. Sub- alpine woods of Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, Carinthia, Central France, and the Pyrenees. Borders, or naturalized on rough rocky ground, or banks. It thrives in any soU, and is readily increased by division. Doronicum Caucasicum (Caucasian Leopard' s-hane). — A showy peren- nial, about 1 ft. high. Floxoers, in spring ; yellow, IJ in. across, solitary, terminal and axillary. Leaves of the stem, oval, pointed, with a broad clasping base and toothed mar- gin; radical leaves reniform, with deeply toothed margins. Neck of the rhizome more or less covered with silky down ; seed-vessels of the ray quite smooth, without pappus. Cau- casus. The same positions and treatment as for the last. Division. Doronicum Columnae (Columna's D.) Very like the preceding ; 1 to- 1 4 ft. high. — Flovjers, early in spring and sum- mer; yellow, large. Leaves, den- tate, softly and shortly downy ; those of the root almost kidney-shaped, stalked ; lower stem-leaves auricled ; middle ones cordate-spoon-shaped, or simply cordate ; upper ones ovate- lauce-shaped, clasping the stem. Dis- tinguished from L). caucasicum by the absence of silky down at the neck of the rhizome, and by the seed-vessels of the ray being slightly downy. S. Europe. Similar positions DOEONICUM — DRABA. 11? and treatment to those recommended for H. auatriacmn. Division. DoronicumPardaliano]ies(Z;cop(M-d's- bane). — A coarse perennial, I4 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer; yellow, usually 3 to 5 on each stem ; rays numerous, very nar- row. Leaves of root heart-shaped, hairy, stalked ; of stem, few, ovate, lower ones stalked, upper sessile and clasping. Jioots fleshy, forming at intervals small tubers about the size of a bean. Central Europe. Suitable for rough and wild places only, under trees or otherwise, and in any soil. Division. Doronioum plantaginenm {Plantain D.) — A vigorous herb allied to the previous species, but with larger flowers, and leaves not heart-shaped, but varying, either entire or irregularly toothed ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer; yellow, usually solitary on a terminal peduncle, sometimes, though very rarely, 2 or 3 on a stem. Leaves, of root, ovate or oval, stalked, un- evenly toothed; stem-leaves nearly entire, lance-shaped, narrower than those of the previous species. Central and Southern Europe. Like the preceding, not desirable for any but semi- wild spots. Division. Draba aizoides (Seagreen D.) — A brilliant dwarf rock plant, 2 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; bright yellow, in terminal racemes ; stamens about as long as the petals; scapes naked, smooth. LeoAies, narrow, lance-shaped, keeled, ciliate, arranged in neat rosettes. It rarely ripens seeds. Found in one locality in South Wales, and on rocky and gravelly spots on mountains in Central Europe. The rock-garden, in gritty soil, crevices in mossy old walls and ruins ; occasionally, in very tine and well- drained sandy soils, it thrives very well in borders, but in this case it ought to be protected from the encroachments of coarser plants. Division and seed. , Draba Aizoon(Bvergreen D.) — Allied to the previous species, but a more vigorous grower, with the leaves broader and of a darker green, arranged so as to form a large and complete rosette, from which spring the flower-stems, about 5 or 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; pale yellow, produced in terminal racemes ; scape naked, villous. Leaves, linear, acutish, keeled, stiff, ciliated. It ripens seed freely. Mountains of Carinthia. The positions and treatment recom- mended for the preceding species wiU suit this also. Draba alpina {Alpine D.) — ^An arctic species, 2 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring; yellow, rather smaller than those of D. aizoides, in terminal racemes ; scape naked, pubescent. Leaves, lance-shaped or ovate, dark green, flat, smooth. N. Europe and N. America. A somewhat delicate subject, and best adapted for pot cul- ture, or well-drained chinks in rock- work, in sandy loam. Seed or division. Draba ciliaris {Large Yellow D.) — One of the largest-flowered and finest of the yellow Drabas, 3 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early in sum- mer ; yellow. Leaves, densely clothed with soft spines, in rosettes. Probably a variety of D. cuspidata. Alps. Eockwork. Seed or division. Draba ciliata {Ciliated Draba). — One of the finest of the white-flowered kinds, and resembling a miniature plant of Arabia albida ; 2 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; white, few, closely set ; sepals, green, oval. Leaves, somewhat leathery, smooth, with a cartilaginous margin, slightly toothed and fringed with stiff hairs ; those of the rosette obovate, shortly pointed ; those of the stem oblong, usually two or three in number. Pods linear; I 114 DRABA — DEACOCBPHALUM. stems and flower-stalks very smooth. Croatia and Carniola. The rock- garden, among the dwarfest plants, in tufts or small sheets near the level of the eye, in light, moist soil. Seed and division. Draba cinerea (Grey D.) — The most effective, perhaps, of the white- flowered species ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early spring; white, in terminal racemes, on simple, leafy, somewhat pubescent stems. Leaves, oblong- linear, entire ; stem-leaves 5 or 6 in number, scattered. Siberia. Kockwork in well-drained sandy loam. Seed or division. Draba cuspidata (Pointed-leaved D.) — A pretty dwarf species, 3 in. high, with a thick woody stem, and closely resembling Z>. cilians. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, interrainal racemes ; scapes naked, villous. Leaves, linear, acutish, keeled, ciliated, in dense rosettes. Mountains in Tauria and Spain.— — Eookwork, old walls and ruins, and front margin of mixed border, in warm sandy loam. Seed, which is sparingly produced. Draba glaeialis (Glacier D.) — A very minute kind, forming dense little cushions, 1 to 2 inches high. Flovjers, in earliest spring, yellow. Leaves, linear, pointed, smooth, stiff, fringed on the edges with rigid hairs. Very much resembling a small specimen of B. aisoides, and considered by Koch to be merely a variety of that species growing at a higher elevation. It differs from it oy having a few-flowered stem, pedicels shorter than the pod, and a short style. Granitic Alps of Switzerland. The rock-garden in exposed spots, in moist and very gritty or sandy soil, Rud associated with the dwarfest alpine plants. Seed or very careful division. Diaba rupestris (FoclcZ>).—A dwarf, compact-growing species, 2 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer; white, few, small, on almost leafless stems. Leaves, crowded, lance-shaped, almost entire, pilose. Norway, Scotland, and North America. JElockwork, in sandy loam. Seed. Draba tridentata ( Thrce-tootTted- leaved D.) — Easily distinguished by its 3-toothed leaves ; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; golden yellow, in terminal racemes ; scapes naked, smooth. Leaves, dark green, obovate, narrowed at the base into the stalk, hairy. Mountains of Soiithern Russia. The rock-garden, in light moist soil. Seed and division. Dracocepbalum argunense (Argunsh S.) — A handsome perennial allied to D. Jtuyschianum, but with larger flowers, and . smooth calyces ; 1 to 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; blue, in whorled spikes; calyx quite smooth ; upper lip semi-trifid, lower one narrowly bipartite. Leaves, linear- lanceolate, entire, smooth, nearly sessile, 2 or 3 in. long ; floral ones wedge-shaped- elliptic, acute; stems smooth. Dahuria. A fine border plant, especially in warm soils. In cold ones it wovild be better on raised borders, or on the rockwork. Seed or division. Dracocephalum austriaoum(^ ustnan D.) — Another fine kind, with the habit of I). Ruyschianum, but with divided leaves ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue, in wliorled spikes, each bloom being more than 4 in. long ; upper teeth of calyx ovate, lower ones lance-shaped ; corolla about 3 times as long as the calyx. Leaves, 3- or 5 -parted ; segments linear; margins revolute ; floral ones trifid, and with long fine spines ; stems rather pilose. Most of the great moimtain chains of Europe, Positions and treatment the same as for the preceding. Dracocephalum grandiflorum (Bc- tony -leaved D.) — A very dwarf and DRACOCEPHALUM — DYCKIA. 115 distinct species, somewhat resembling & Betonica in habit, 3 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine blue, in ■whorled oblong spikes, 2 or 3 in. long ; segments of calyx equal ; corolla nearly 2 in. long, 3 times the length of calyx. Leaves, of root, oblong, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, on long stalks; stem-leaves ovate, on short stalks ; floral leaves oblong, deeply toothed. Siberia, frequent on the Al- taian Alps. The rook-garden or the margins of borders, always in good sandy loam, and in a thoroughly weU- •draiaed soil. This plant is now, and has long been, very uncommon in gardens, and deserves a favourable position till sufficiently increased. Careful division and seed. Dracocephalum peregrinum {Twin- Jlowered £>.) — A decumbent species, ■with bracts and leaver furnished with sharp-pointed teeth; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue, 1 to 14 in. long, in pairs both turned the same way, in few-flowered whorls ; corolla about 3 times as long as the calyx. Leaves, lanoe-shaped, resembling those of Hyssop or Rose- mary, somewhat hoary beneath, about an inch long, deeply toothed; floral leaves Uuear-lanceolate, somewhat spiny. Siberia. Borders, and the rougher parts of the rock-garden, in light well-drained soil. Seed and division. Dracocephalttm Euyschiaaum aop-leaved D.) — A handsome species, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish, blue, about an inch long ; about 6 flowers at the top of each stem ; calyx pubescent, haS as long as the corolla. Leaves, linear-lanceo- late, entire, smooth, 1 to 2 in. long; floral leaves ovate-lanceolate ; stems branched from the base, pubescent. Europe and Kussian Asia. Borders, and the rock-garden, in light warm soU. Seed and division, Sryaa Drummondi (Drwmmond's Avens). — A dwarf, hardy, eveigreen trailer, with flower- stems from 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; golden yellow, about 1 in. across ; calyx densely covered with blackish glandu- lar hairs. Leaves, oval, scalloped on the margin, stalked, white and downy underneath. North America. A pretty rock plant, easily grown in any free soil, and also suited for the margins of borders, edges of beds of American plants, etc. It is very un- common in gardens, but thrives quite as well in sandy soil as the common Mountam Avens. Division. Dryas ootopetala (Mountain Avens). — A prostrate or creeping evergreen herb, forming dense spreading tufts. Flowers, in summer ; white, with yellow stamens, an inch or more across,- on erect peduncles, 3 to 8 in. high ; fruit with a feathery appendage an inch long, like those of Anemone. Leaves, oblong, green, smooth and shining above, white and downy be- neath, deeply orenate, about 4 in. long. Europe, Britain, and North America. Borders and edgings, in peaty or very sandy soil, or on rockwork, in somewhat moist spots. It looks very pretty, drooping over the brows of rocks. Division. Dyckia rariflora (Hardy DycTcia). — An interesting plant of a tropical family (Bromelia),-vi]iich., Major Trevor Clarke informs me, has lived out of doors and flowered in his garden for some years ; 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; orange-coloured, and very showy, in panicles, with spiny bracts. Leaves, radical, lance-shaped, pointed, narrow, marked withlengituclinal lines, whitish underneath, and disposed in a rosette. Brazil. Warm, sheltered, and dry nooks of the rock-garden, in well-drained, sandy loam. Seed. Echinacea angnstifolia (Narrovf' eaved E.) — A perennial of distinct 116 ECHINACEA — EDRAIANTHUS. aspect, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; light purple or rose, 4 to 6 in. across. Leaven, lance - shaped, hairy, entire, 3-nerved, 4 to 8 in. long, and about J in. broad; stem hairy below, nearly smooth above the middle. Root perpendicular. North America. The positions and treat- ment, etc. recommended for E, 'pur- purea wiU suit this perfectly. Echinacea purpurea (Purple E.)— Rudbechia purpurea. — A rigid, struit, and remarkable-looking perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high, or more, in very rich, warm soda. Flowers, late in summer and in autumn ; dull purple, 4 or 5 inches across. Leaves of root oval- lance-shaped, on reddish stalks ; stem- leaves more lance-shaped, taper- ing into a winged stalk, or nearly stalkless ; all somewhat rough. Stem smooth. IS. serotina is a variety of this, with hairy and rougher leaves ; the rays usually shorter and broader. Southern and Western United States of America. Associated with the Tritomas, Eryngium amethystinum, or plants of like stature and merit, in mixed borders, or as strong, isolated tufts, in warm spots in the subtropical garden or pleasure-ground, always in rich, deep soU. Propagated by seed or division of the root in autumn, or very early spring ; the plants not to be often disturbed for this purpose. Echinops bannaticus {Hungarian E.) — A plant of stiff, slightly branching habit, 2 to 3 ft. high or more. Flowers, in summer; blue, in spherical heads. Leaves, roughish, pubescent above, downy underneath ; radical ones pinnate, upper ones pin- natifid; lobes oblong, acuminate, spiny, somewhat ainuated, and having a spinous fringe. Hungary and Southern Tauria. Borders and edges of "woods, naturalization in copses, or in gi'oups with the bolder perennials, in any soil. Division. Echinops exaltatna {Tall E.) — A vigorous species, 5 to 7 ft. high. Flowers in summer ; whitish, in large spherical heads ; stem rather simple, covered with glandular hairs and cobweb-like down. Leaves, pinnatifid, rough on the upper side with thinly- set hairs, covered underneath with ash-ooloured down, and set with small spines on the margin; scales of the involucrum smooth, pointed, shortly ciliated ; pappus crown -shaped. Aus- tria. Scarcely worthy of a posi- tion in the borders, not being nearly so ornamental as the following species, but worthy of being natu- ralized amongst the most vigorous perennials in half-wild places, in any sou. Division. Echinops ruthenicus. — The hand- somest species I am acquainted with, 34 to 4 ft. high ; the heads of bloom being of a fine blue. Flowers, late in summer ; blue, collected in spheri- cal clusters on the tops of the branches, those on the summit of the clusters opening first, and all resting on a common receptacle ; each flower-head is surrounded by an oblong, angular involucrum, formed of linear-awl- shaped bluish scales. Leaves, alter- nate, leathery, pinnatifid, with toothed and spiny divisions, like those of some Thistles, of a dull green above, white and cottony underneath ; stem also covered with a cottony down of silvery whiteness. Southern Russia. A first-rate border plant ; also excellent for groups, and for naturali- zation in open glades, near wood- walks, in ordinary soil. Division. Edraianthus Pumilio (Silvery Hare- hell). — A singularly pretty and minute rock-plant, allied to the Campanulas, with foliage resembling that of a dwarf tufted Pink ; about 3 in. high. Flower.i, early in summer ; of a pure, purplish blue, about 1 in. long, termi- EMPETEUM — T)PILOBIUM. 117 nal, solitary, barely rising above tlie leaves, cup-shaped, out into segments for about one-third of their length ; tube of the calyx oboonioal, smooth. Leaves, linear, entire, hoary and silvery, with adpressed hairs on the upper side, very iinely ciliated at the edges, and quite smooth on the under side, which is of a dark, shining green. Dalmatia, on elevated parts of Mount Biocovo. A gem for the rook- garden, thriving in moist loam, with abimdance of sand or grit ; well suited for association with the alpine Forget- me-not, and other dwarf, choice May- flowering rock-plants. Seed. Empetrum nigrum {Black Crow- herry). — A small, creeping, much branched, heath-like shrub, forming thick tufts, I ft. high. Flowers, in spring; purplish, small, with a whitish calyx, sessile, axillary, near the ends of the branches. Leaves, crowded, linear- oblong, about i in. long ; margins rolled back so as to nearly meet. Berries black, clustered, resembling those of the Juniper. N. Europe and Britain. This may occasionally be thought worthy of a place in the rock- garden, or in collections of dwarf shrubs, in peaty or very sandy soil. Division. Epigeea repens {Qround Laurel).— A. very handsome, creeping, tufted, ever- green shrub ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in tarly summer ; white, tinged with red, in small clusters, exhaling a sweet and spicy fragrance ; corolla cylindrical. Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, quite entire, covered with russety hairs; mar- gins waved. North America. Peat borders, or the rock-garden, in half- shady spots, in sandy peat, or natu- ralized in sandy woods or copses, in which it would look as much at home as iu its native woods, Careful divi- sion of established tufts. Epilohium angustifolium [French TTtHou)).— Perhaps the most showy perennial that blooms in the middle of summer 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, crimson, in spiked racemes, each flower with a bract. Leaves, lance-shaped, undulated, nearly stalkless, smooth ; stems erect, nearly simple. There is a pure white variety. Mountain woods and pastures in Europe and Siberia, and in many parts of Britain . This fine plant, which runs so quickly in a border as to soon become a most troublesome weed, is magnificent when allowed to run wild in a rough shrubbery or copse, where it may bloom along with the Foxgloves, etc. Division. Epilobium angustissimum (Narrow- leaved B. ) — A medium-sized perennial, with a reddish stem, from 1 to 2 ft. _^ high. Flowers, late in summer ; rose- coloured, more than an inch across ; flower- buds covered with a white mealy bloom. Leaves, lance-shaped, sessile, attenuated at both ends. European Alps. Borders, in ordi- nary soU. Division. Epilobium Dodonsei (Dodonceus's B.) — A showy herb, with rosemary-like leaves ; 1 to IJ ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; deep rose, terminal. Leaves, very narrow, lance-shaped, nearly entire, smooth ; stem almost smooth, ascending, branched at the apex. Piedmont and Dauphiny. ■ Borders, fringes of shrubberies, or naturalization in open copses, in ordi- nary soil. Division or seed. Epilobium hirsutum [Hairy B.) — A handsome and common species, 3 to 6 ft. high Flowers, in summer ; purple or flesh-coloured, somewhat bell-shaped, in a leafy, corymbose cluster; jjetals cloven, twice the length of calyx. Leaves, lower ones opposite ; upper ones alternate, ovate- lance-shaped, hairy, toothed; stems branched, hairy. Britain, Europe aud Siberia, in wet places. Only useful by the margins of streams, pouds, 118 EPILOBIUM — EPIMEDIUM. etc., associated ■with the Loosestrife and like plants, in any soil. Division or seed. EpiloTjium rosmarinifolium (Rose- mary French Willow). — A graceful plant growing in bushy tufts, 2 to 3 ft. or more in height. Flowers, in summer; purplish-rose, about 1 in. across, in a loose spike ; i^etals obovate ; tube of calyx 4-sided. Leaves, alternate or opposite, linear, of a lively gieen,. very closely set, often crowded together at the joints of the stem, not veined, narrowed for a short distance at both ends, entire or faintly wavy, denticulated, and ter- minated by a pointed and deciduous callosity. Europe. Borders, and fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. A first-rate and easily grown perennial, not at all sufficiently culti- vated. Division, seed, or cuttings. Epimedium alpinum (Alpine Barren- Wort). — A dwarf evergreen herb, with handsome foliage and slender creeping rootstock, which scarcely penetrates the ground; 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; purplish, y eUow on the inside, in a loose terminal raceme, about 6 in. long ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; sepals red, 4 to 6. Leaves, bi-ternate; leaflets heart- or lauce-shajjed, acuminated, serrated. Woods and coppices in the North of England, France, and Southern Europe. The rock-garden, borders, or fringes of beds of shi-ubs, planted in peat soil. Division. Epimedium diphyllum (Two-leaved F.) — AcerantJius diphyllus. ■ — Seldom exceeds 3 or 4 in. in height. Flowers, in April and May; numerous, small, white ; rootstock running a little. This species is distinguished from all the others by its dwarfness, and espe- cially by the absence of the spur from the corolla, and by the flower-stalks branching only once, and bearing only two lozenge-shaped leaflets, smaller, and narrower than those of the other species. Japan. The rock-garden, in sheltered nooks, and in tufts towards the margins of beds or groups of minute shrubs, in moist sandy peat. Division. Epimedium ffiaschianuui (Uluschi's E.) — A tufted erect and compact- growing kind, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in May ; few, of a dull white ; nectaries longer than the petals ; style thread- like, almost central; stigma some- what lobed. Leaves, ternate. Japan, Not of much beauty or interest in the presence of the other kinds, but worthy of a place where there is much room, in peat borders for plants of this kind. Division. Epimedium macranthum (Large- flowered F.) — F. grandiflorum. — A handsome species, 10 to 15 irn high. Flovjers, in late spring or early summer, and occasionally in au- tumn; large, white, drooping, nume- rous, in panicles not branching much; stamens yellow ; spurs straight, about i in. long ; flower-stems with 1 to 3 leaves on each ; lobes at the base of the leaflets rounded, while the mar- gins are fringed with hairs. F. niveum is a var. oiF. macranthum, from which it differs in having much smaller leaves and flowers. ' Japan. Peat borders and the less exposed and less important parts of the rock-garden. Division. Epimedium plnnatum (Large Yellow F.) — So far as I have seen, the strongest grower and the handsomest species ; 8 to 24 in. high. Flowers, late in spring, or early in summer; large, bright golden yellow, in an elongated cluster. Leaves, all radical, stallied, tripinnate, with stalked, oval- acute, toothed segments, pubescent when young, leathery when mature ; stem also pubescent, creeping. Persia. Borders, the rougher parts of the rock-garden, the fringes of shrubberies. BPIMEDIUM — EQUISETUM . 119 and beda of Atuerican plants. It thrives well in ordinary sandy loam, but attains its greatest dimensions and beauty in a deep, moist, and very sandy loam or peat. It is the kind best suited for naturalization, and forming in shel- tered nooks dense tufts of handsome foliage, and is peculiarly well suited for associating with the smaller shrubs. Division. Epimedium pnrpurenm (Purple E.) — Flowers, in May; purplish on the outside, brownish-yellow within, twice as large as those of E. alpinum, from which it is also distinguished by its rootstock not running so much, and by the larger divisions of its leaves. Japan. Fringes of shrubberies, and beds of American shrubs, borders, rockwork, or banks; always in peat soil. Division. Epimedium violaceum {Violet E.) — Resembles E. macranthwm in habit and stature. Flowers, in May ; large, numerous, violet. Rootstock not run- ning. Japan. Seems to differ from E. macrarUhum only in the colour of its flowers, and its leaflets not being regiilarly fringed with hairs ; the spurs of the petals also are not half as long as those of that species, being, in fact, not longer than the sepals. Similar positions and treatment to those recommended for the preceding kind will suit this. Division. Epipaotlg palustris {Marsh E.)—A somewhat showy orchid, 1 to IJ ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; droop- ing ; arranged in a loose spike of 6 to 12 on a stem ; petals and lip white, tinged with purple; calyx purplish- green. Leaves, lanceolate, erect, sheathing the stem at their base, 5- nerved. Stem, pubescent in the upper part. Native of all parts of temperate and southern Europe, in moist grassy places. The artificial bog, or moist spots near a rivulet, in soft peat. In moist districts it thrives very well in peat beds away from the Water. Division of established tufts. Eqnlsetnm scirpoides {Dwarf fforse- tail), — ^A minute and interesting kind, 2 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring. Stems, in very dense tufts, almost thread-like, not rigid but somewhat contorted, usually 6-grooved ; sheaths 3-toothed. North America. Peat borders, among minute plants, on the rockwork in moist peaty spots, or in the hardy fernery. Division. Equisetum sylvaticum( Wood! fforse- tail). — ^A little plant of the most ex- quisite grace when well grown ; 8 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; spike blunt. Sterile and fertile stems simi- lar, 12 to 18 in. high, with about 12 furrows, and many whorls of slender, compound, spreading or deflexed, solid branches ; sheaths lax, ending in 3 or 4 blunt lobes. Sheaths of the branches with 3 long acute teeth, each 1 -ribbed up to its tip. North EuropeandBritain, in wet shady places. In the hardy fernery, in shady moist spots near the rook-garden, rocky fringes of rivu. lets or cascades. It also looks very graceful grown in pots in cold frames. Division. Equisetum Telmateia {Qiant fforse- tail). — A plant of much nobility of port as well as grace of character when well - developed ; 2 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in spring. Sterile stem 3 to 6 ft. high, occasionally bearing a small terminal spike, fiirnished from top to bottom with whorls of slender branches which have 4 angles, each with a longitudinal furrow and 4-toothed sheaths, the lowest joint and sheath exceeding the stem- sheath. Fertile stem stout, 1 ft. or more high, with many pale-brown sheaths with 30 to 40 teeth each ; spike large. Europe and Britain, in wet places, In the hardy fernery, artificial bog, shady peat border, near cascades, or among 120 EQmSBTUM — ERICA. ahruba growing in moist hollows, in vegetable soil. Division. Equisetum variegatum (Variegated Horsetail). — A simple-stemmed and somewhat slender species, 8 to 20 in. high. Spike, short, egg-shaped, pointed. Stems, simple or slightly branched, growing in tufts, of a pale green, very rough, with 4 to 10 furrows ; sheaths slightly enlarged upwards, green below, black above ; teeth blunt, each tipped with a deci- duous bristle, persistent, ovate, black in the centre, with a white membra- nous margin. Europe and Britain. In wet places or in water, by the mar- gins of ponds or streams. Division. Eranthis hyemalls ( Winter Aconite). — A small plant, with yellow flowers, surrounded by a whorl of shining- green divided leaves, and a short, blackish underground stem, resembling a tuber ; 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, from January to March ; calyx of from 5 to 8 oblong, petal-like sepals ; petals 6 to 8, very short and tubular ; sta- mens numerous. Leaves, deeply divided ; involucre composed of 3 deeply-cut leaves growingtogether. Eu- rope. This is seen to best advan- tage in a wild state, under deciduous trees or shrubs, on slopes in half- wild places, etc., though it is occasionally worthy of a place among the earliest border flowers. It grows in any soil and is most easily increased by di- vision. Eremoatachys laciniata {Jagged E.) — A very distinct-looking subject, 12 to 30 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish, in whorls of from 10 to 20 ; calyx downy, widely tubular-cam- pauulate, with 5 prominent ribs. Leares, pinnate ; leaflets oblong- lance-shaped or linear, deeply jagged ; root-leaves 6 in. long or more ; stem- leaves the same shape but smaller ; stems nearly simple. Levant and EasteVn Caucasus. EordeTS,in waiin sandy loam. It is also useful in groups of the bolder perennials, and in warm soils might be naturalized on sunny banks or slopes, amidst other tall perennials. Division or seed. Eremostaoliys iberica (Iberian E.) — Phlomis iberica. — Differs from E. laciniata in having leaves less hairy, and flowers yellow, with the limb not so open or gaping. Georgia, near the Caucasus. Similar positions and treatment to the preceding. Erica carnea ( Winter Heath). — A brilliant, dwarf, very early- flowering shrub, 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, from March to May ; red, axillary, droop- ing, disposed in racemes ; corolla conical, ^ to J in. long ; bracts remote from the calyx. Leaves, linear, smooth, 3 to 4 in a whorl. Stems and branches prostrate. Germany, Swit- zerland, and Britain. Borders of all kinds, in tufts or as edgings, the rock-garden, or naturalized among our own wild heaths. It thrives in ordi- nary garden soil, but, like most of its family, grows best in peat or in fine moist sandy soil. Division. Erica eiliaris (Ciliated HeatK).— A somewhat straggling evergreen shrub, readily known by its very showy racemes of flowers, as large as those of St. Daboec's Heath ; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; pale red ; corolla ovate, obUque at the mouth, nearly ^ in. long ; sepals small, ciliated. Leaves, 3 in a whorl, ovate, glandular, ciliated, spreading. Western Europe. Beds, with the smaller shrubs, on the margins of shrubberies, and in the rougher parts of the rock- garden in peat soil. Division. Erica cinerea (Scotch Heath). — A dwarf evergreen shrub, allied to E. Tctralix, but easily distinguished by its flowers not being in terminal heads, and by its deep green hue ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ERICA — ERINUS. 121 and autumn ; purple, changing to blue ■when fading, in sliowy terminal racemes ; corolla ovate-uroeolate, about i of an inch long. Leaves, usually 3 in a whorl, linear. There are several varieties, one being white. Britain and Northern Europe. Similar treatment and positions to those re- commended for the preceding kind. Erica Tetralix {Cross-leaved Heath). — A species with leaves shorter and less pointed than those of the Scotch Heath; 6tol2in. high. Flowers, rather late in summer; pale red, about the size of those of the Scotch Heath, in ter- minal heads or umbels ; corolla ovate- globose, downy at top. Leaves, 4 in a whorl, ciliated. The plant is often of a greyish hue, from a short whitish down that clothes the branches and upper leaves. Northern Europe, and plenti- ful in Britain. There are several varieties, some of them very pretty. The treatment and positions aiivised for B. ciliaris will suit this. Erica vagans (^Cornish Heath). — A neat bushy kind, not so ornamental in bloom as some of the preceding ; 1 ft. or more high. Flowers, in summer ; pinkish, rather small, but very numerous, on sleader pedicels, usually in pairs, forming terminal oblong racemes ; corolla bell-shaped when it first expands, but afterwards nearly globular. Leaves, 3, 4, or 5 in a whorl, linear, smooth ; stems smooth. There are several varieties enumerated in catalogues. Southern Europe and Britain (in Cornwall), and on the south coast of Ireland. Peat beds and fringes of shrubbery. Cuttings or layers. Erigeron grandiflorns( Large-flowered FUabane). — A small rigid herb, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, late in summer; purple or whitish, very large for the size of the plant, on stems bearing one head each. Leaves, of root, oblong- spoon-shaped ; of stem oval-lanee- Summits of the Eocky Mountains, North America. Mar- gins of mixed borders, or the rock- garden, in ordinary moist but weU- drained soil. Division and seed. Erigeron Soylei {Royle's Fleaiane). — A very ornamental species, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, 2 in. across, bluish purple, with yellow disk, arranged in a loose corymb. Leaves, oblong-spathulate, smooth, ciliated. Stems hairy, glandular. Himalayas. The same treatment and positions as for the preceding kind. Erigeron speciosus {Showy Fleaiane). — Stenactis speciosa. — A tall showy perennial with erect stem, smooth below, much branched and slightly hairy above, leafy to the summit; about 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; violet-purple, 2 in. or more across, in corymbose heads, terminating the leafy branchlets. Leaves, lanoe-shaped, acute, entire, slightly stem-clasping, often somewhat smooth except at the margins, 2 to 4 in. long ; root-leaves spoon-shaped and tapering into a stalk. North America. Borders, or naturalization in shrubberies or on banks. It thrives in any soil and is easily increased by division. Erinus alpinus {Alpine F.) — ^A beautiful mountain plant, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; small, purple-violet, in sub-corymbose racemes ; corolla funnel-shaped, with the limb divided into 5 segments, notched at the end; calyx bell- shaped; sepals 5, lanceolate-acute. Leaves, about 4 in. long, and I in. broad, oblong, toothed, obtuse at the end, those of the root in rosettes ; stem-leaves alternate. F. hirsutus is a variety larger and more vigorous in all its parts than the type, and covered with a long whitish pubescence. There is also a white variety. Alps of Switzerland, the Tyrol, and the Pyre- nees. Walls, ruins, or the rook- 122 EEITEICHIUM — EEODIUM. garden, in any soil. No plant is more easily established on walls or ruins, or more beautiful and long-lived on them. Seed. EritrioMum nanum {Fairy Borage). — A d-warf Alpine gem, growing in dense tufts; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a brilliant sky-blue ■with small yellow eye, very much resembUng those of Myosotis alpestris, but larger and of a lighter hue, just appearing above the foliage. Leaves, oblong, or oblong-obovate, covered, as are the flower-stalks and calyx, with long, silky, white hairs; the lower leaves forming dense rosettes above the withered and persistent foliage of former years ; the upper ones smaller and not so closely set. Foot woody, simple, blackish, generally of extra- ordinary length. Granitic Alps of Switzerland and France. The rock- garden, in the most select spots, and among the choicest and dwarfest alpine plants, in moist, sandy, or gritty loam, deep, and kept thoroughly moist in summer. The plants should be in a fully exposed position, and closely surrounded by half-buried stones, if not planted immediately against the sides of rocks or stones. Seed. Erodium alpinum {Alpine E.) — This has the habit and general character of E. Manescavi, but is smaller ; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, continuously from spring to autumn; of a handsome vio- let reddish or carmine, about an inch across, arranged in umbels of 6 to 10 flowers each ; petals obtuse ; calyx small, with long-pointed sepals. Leaves, smooth, twice pinnatifid, with a toothed midrib. South of Europe. — The rock-garden and borders in sandy loam. Seed or division. Erodium carnifoliiim {Caraway- leaved E. ) — A hardy, herbaceous pe- rennial, with erect, leafless flower- £tems ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; red, about 4 in. across ; in umbels of 9 or 10 blossoms. Leaves, very graceful, 8 or 9 in. long, alternately pinnate ; leaflets very deeply cut, twice divided ; midrib and under side of leaves covered with soft, white, downy hairs. Spain. The rock-garden, or margins of borders in light or calcareous soU. In this kind of soil it might also be naturalized in bare places. Division or seed. Erodium hymenodes {Pelargonium E.) — Somewhat like a cut- leaved Pe- largonium in appearance ; 6 to 15 in. higli. Flowers, all spring and summer ; pinkish, the upper petals having a reddish-brown spot at the base ; stalks many-flowered. Leaves, somewhat 3- lobed, very blunt, deeply-toothed ; stipules and bracts ovate; stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, clothed with soft hairs. In fis- sures of rocks on Mount Atlas. Borders, very rough rock work, or natu- ralization in chalk -pits, etc., in any di-yish soU. It is scarcely worthy of a place in any but a botanical collec- tion. Seed or cuttings. Erodium maoradenum {Black-eyed E.) — Nearly allied to E. petrceum ; 2 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a delicate flesh - colour, veined with purplish rose ; the two upper petals marked with a large, blackish spot; 2 to 6 blooms on each stem. Leaves, twice divided, forming graceful little tufts, and possessing a peculiar and aromatic fragrance. Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in dry chinks and ledges, or in borders, where the soil is dry and warm. Division or seed. Erodium Manescavi (Showy Heron's- hill). — A very large and handsome species, 10 in. to 2 ft. high, with nu- merous long, much - divided leaves, and flower-stems bearing 5 to 15 handsome flowers, each more than an inch across. Flowers, in summer ; and in yoting plants for a long time in EEODIUM — EKYJSTGIUM. 123 succession, piu-plisli-red, in lunbels ; bracts few, broad. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets oblong, deeply out ; racli is with- out teeth ; lower leaflets op])osite and rather larger than the others. Pyrenees. Borders and the rock- garden, in good soil. It is also a fine plant for naturalization on banks or slopes. Seed and division. Erodium petrseum (Rode Heron's- MIT). — A graceful and pretty little rock-plant ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; lively rose, or white and veined, but not spotted ; pedun- cles many-flowered, and With the pedicels hairy ; petals retuse, twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, smoothish, pinnate, with deeply divided segments, and lance-shaped or linear lobes ; I'a- chis toothed ; lower leaflets opposite, and rather larger than the others. Pyrenees, on rocks. The rock- garden, in dry waim fissures or ledges, in sandy well-drained loam. Seed or careful division. Erodlum Eeichardi {Fairy Heron's- iill). — Aminute, tufted, stemless berb, with little heart-shaped leaves, that rest upon the ground, and flower- stems tha± attain a height of only 2 or 3 in. Flowers, from early summer often tin autumn ; white, faintly veined with pink ; solitary, rather large for the size of the plant ; petals larger than the calj'x. Leaves, small, heart-shaped, crenated, obtuse, smoothish, Majorca. The rock- farden, in tiifts, or carpets, in any soil, t is also a neat subject for growing in pans. Division. Erodium romanum {Roman HcrorHs- HU). — A species with gracefully-cut leaves, alhed to the British K cicu- tarium, biit differing by having larger •flowers, and by being a perennial; 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring or early summer ; purplish ; peduncles many-flowered ; petals equal, longer thaa the calyx ; bracts numerous. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets ovate, deeply cut ; rachis without teeth. Root thiuk, red within. South Europe Bor- ders, in ordinary dry soils. Seed. Erodium triohomanefolium {Fern- leaved E. ) — A very graceful little kind, with leaves so deeply cut as to re- semble a fern ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; flesh-coloured, with darker veins ; peduncles 4 -flowered ; petals blunt, a little longer than the calyx. Leaves, bipinnate, hairy ; lo- bules oblong-linear. -Mount Lebanon. The rock-garden, in warm chinks and ledges, in well drained very sandy loam. I have not yet seen this species with us, but noticed it thriv- ing in the botanic garden at Geneva, a year or two since. Seed or careful division. Erpetion reniforme (New Holland Violet). — Viola hederacea. — A charm- ing, but somewhat tender httle plant ; about 2 in. high. Flowers, through- out the summer ; blue and white, one on each stalk ; petals reflexed, the two side ones furnished with a beard on the upperside; sepals lance-shaped. Leaves, small, crowded , kidney- shaped , unevenly toothed, dotted. New Hol- land about Poi-t Jackson. The rock-garden, and occasionally as a car- pet plant in beds or borders. Except in very mild districts, it will perish in winter, but even if it did so every- where, it is worthy of being annually propagated, to plant out every May. In light soU. Division. Eryngium alpinum {Alpine Eryngo). — An interesting and handsome pe- rennial, the flowers of which are surrounded with an azure blue invo- lucre; IJ to 3 ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; blue, sometimes white, with green anthers, in oblong heads ; bracts 12 to 20, soft, rather longer than the head of flowers ; outer ones pinnatifld ; inner deeply serrato-ciliate'. Leaves, root and lower stem ones on long 124 ERYNGIUM — ERYSIMUM. stalks, heart-shaped, toothed, undi- vided; stem-leaves clasping, palmately lobed. Mountains of Central and Southern Europe. A noble border plant, thriving in almost any soil. This would prove a fine subject for naturalization among our choicer perennials, as it is so very distinct in port. Division and seed. Eryngium amethystinum (Amethys- tine E.) — A very handsome species, ■with the upper part of the stem and the heads ot flowers of a beautiful amethystine blue ; I to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; heads globose ; bracts 7 or 8, lance-shaped, with a few teeth at the base, exceeding the heads in length. Leaves, heart-shaped in outline ; root-leaves divided into several segments ; segments cut, spiny; stalks sheathing, entire at the base ; stem-leaves smaller, and more divided ; stems smoothish, corymbose. Dalma- tia and Croatia. Bonlers, in ordi- nary soU. Division and seed. Eryngium Bourgati [Bourgatt s E) — An interesting glaucous kind; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; light blue, in large heads ; bracts 10 to 12, lance-shaped, prickly, exceeding the ovate head, with I or 2 teeth on each side. Leaves, of root nearly circular, on long stalks, .3-parted ; lobes cut, the 1. 1 wer part of each quite entire ; stalk of lower stem-leaves short, not sheath- ing ; stems simple, a little branched at the apex. Pyrenees. Borders, rough rookwork or banks, iu sandy loam. Careful division. Eryngium hromeliaefolium {Pine- Apple-leaved £)— This has Yucca-like leaves, spiny at the margins ; 2 ft. high or more. Flowers, in su.mmeT ; white; bracts 10, lance-shaped, acute, exceed- ing the heads. Leaves, with parallel veins, bearing large awl-shaped teeth ; root-leaves very long, broadly lance- ehaped or linear. Native of Mexico. Dry borders, or warm banks, iu deep sandy loam. Seed and division. Eryngium giganteum [Giant Eryngo). — The largest kind ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue ; heads ovate, surrounded by 8 or 9 large, ovate or lance-shaped, deeply - cut, spiny bracts. Leaves, heart-shaped ; lower ones entire, roughish, pubescent or smooth beneath, with reticulated veins, crenate-toothed, and with long stalks ; stem-leaves clasping, deeply lobed, spiny ; stems dichotomously branched, blue at the top. Cau- casus, Armenia, and Iberia. Borders, in good sandy loam. Divi- sion. Eryngium maritimum {Sea Holly). — A well-known coast plant, with grey, roundish, leathery leaves, sjiiny at the edges ; 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; whitish - bine ; heads roundish ; bracts 5 to 7, ovate, stiff, spiny or toothed. Leaves, of root stalked, nearly circular, heart-shaped at the base, more or less 3-lohed, veined and bordered by prickly teeth ; upijer stem-leaves clasping. On sandy shores of Britain, and many parts of Europe. Borders, in any soil. Di- vision. Erynglttm planum {Flat-leaved E.) — 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue ; heads round ; bracts 6 or 7, blue, lance-shaped, remotely spiny-serrated, about equalling the heads in length. Leaves, of root oval, heart shaped at the base, flat, crenated, undivided, on long stalks ; stem-leaves stalkless, mirldle ones undivided, upper 5-parted, serrated ; stem whitish, bluish at top. Eastern Europe. Warm borders, in deep sandy soil. Division. Erysimum Barbarea ( Yellow RocTcet). — Barbarea vulgaris, — In its ordinary form not a very attractive object; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, crowded, in erect terminal ERYSIMUM — EUPATORIUM. 125 racemes ; pedicels bractless ; calyx green ; petals longer than the ealyx. Leaves of root, lyrate, terminal lobe roundish ; upper ones obovate,toothed. This is only mentioned here on account of its double variety, E. Barbarea, A. pi., which is a pretty border plant. Moist waste places nearly throughout Europe and common in Britain. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Erysimum ochroleuoum {Alpine Wall- fiower). — Cheiranthus alpinus. — A beau- tiful dwarf evergreen perennial, 4 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer; large, fragrant, pale yellow. Leaves, green, linear-lanceolate, narrowed for some distance into the footstalk, covered with small hairs ; lower leaves entire, upper ones slightly and dis- tantly toothed. Alps and Pyrenees. Borders and the rock-garden, in sandy loam, on level ground. This plant is the better of frequent divi- sion, at least in some soila. Divi- sion. Erysimum pumilum (Fairy Wall- flower). — Nearly allied to E. ochroleu- cum, but much dwarfer, and with more fragrant flowers ; 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale sulphur, nearly as large as those of E. ochroleu- cum, appearing just above the foliage. Leaves, narrow, linear-lanceolate, en- tire, of a dull greyish green, the lower ones closely set around the base of the flower-stems ; stem-leaves 3 to 5 in number ; stem of a brownish colour, not branching, rather thick for the size of the plant. Eastern Pyrenees. ■ The rock-garden, associated with the dwarfest and choicest alpine flowers, in moist sandy or gritty loam. Seed and careful division. Erythrsea llttoralis {Sea-shore E.) — A very dwarf, handsome biennial, forming neat dense tufts, 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pure and brilliant lilac-rose, very numerous, covering the plant with a mass of bloom. Leaves, opposite, lance-shaped, obtuse, sessile ; lower leaves some- what broader. Britain. The rock- garden. Seed. Erythronium amerioanum ( Yellow E.) — A pretty bulb ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; of a bright yellow ; the divisions of the flower oblong- lauceolate, obtuse; anthers yellow, dotted at the base. Leaves, elliptical- lanceolate, turned inwards at the top, dotted and marbled with violet and white ; style club - shaped, three- cornered. A variety has brown spots at the base of the flower. North America, plentiful in the Central Park, New Yflrk. The rock- garden, beds in the spring garden, the mixed border and bulb-garden, in deep loam or peat. Separation of the bulbs every third or fourth year. Erythronium Dens-canis {Dog's- touth Violet). — A beautiful old border plant ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, iu spring ; large, solitary, drooping, purplish rose-colour on the outside, white or pale-rose within. Leaves, radical, stalked, broadly-oval, rounded at the base, pointed at the tip, marbled with spots of a brownish red. Bulbs oblong, solid, white, elongated, somewhat resembling teeth. There are two or three varieties with white, rose, and flesh coloured flowers. Native of S. Europe and also of Siberia. The same positions and treatment as recommended for the preceding. Eupatoriiim ageratoides {Nettle- leaved E.) — A vigorous branching perennial ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pure white, very numerous, in compound corymbs, 12 to 20 iu each head, emitting a somewhat unpleasant odour. Leaves, opposite, on long stalks, rounded at the base, ovate, sometimes slightly heart-shaped, 3- 126 EUPATOEIUM — FEEULA. nerved, coarsely toothed. North America. Borders, naturalization in woods, margins of shrubberies, or by wood-walks, in any soil. Division. Eupatorium aromaticum {Aromatic Hemp Agrimony). — Another stout kind, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; pure white, in loose corymbs, 8 to 20 in ahead, mostly 12 to 15. Leaves, opposite, on short stalks, sometimes almost stalkless, rounded, narrowed towards the stalk, with blunt teeth, 3 -nerved. There is usually considerable variety in the form of the leaves, length of stalks, etc. , of this species. North America. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization in copses, etc., in any soil. Division. Eupatorium purpureum (Purple JJemp Agrimony). — A stout, usually simple stemmed kind, 3 to 6 ft. high. Floioers,la,te in summer ; purplish, in a corymb, 5 to 9 in each head. Leaves, 3 to C in a whorl, rough, of a very dark greeu, somewhat ovate or lance- shaped, more or less stalked, pointed, slightly downy beneath, unequally toothed. North America. Moist borders, and naturalization by the banks of rivulets, etc. Division. Euphorbia Cyparissias (Cypress Spurge). — A distinct and pleasing- looking perennial, 1 to 1 J or 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring or early summer; yellow, produced in umbels ; rays once or twice forked; leaves of the involucre about twenty, semi- circular, broader than long, often yellow; glands of the involucre some- what heart-shaped and rather pointed . Leaves, linear, quite entire, somewhat crowded ; those of the branches very narrow. Barren fields and roadsides in Central and Southern Europe. Borders, banks, and fringes of shrub- beries, or naturalized on rough rocky ground or wild slopes, in any soil. Division. Euphorbia Myrsinites (Glaucous Spurge). — A prostrate kind, with handsome, whitish, fleshy leaves. Flowers, in early ^summer ; yellow, in an umbel of from 5 to 9 rays, sur- rounded by an involucre of as many ovate, sharp leaflets narrower than the leaves ; calyces seiTate about the edges. Leaves, concave, sea-green, stalkless ; the upper ones turned back. Southern Europe. Borders, and occasionally in the rock-garden, in almost any soil. Seed. Euphorbia portlandica (Portland Spurge). — A dwarf species with stems rather shrubby, ascending or decum- bent, cylindrical, smooth, and red, especially in winter ; from a few inches to a foot high. Flowers, in summer; in terminal umbels of 5 forked rays ; leaves of the involucre broadly heart-shaped. Leaves, pale green or glaucous, linear- obovate, pointed, smooth, crowded, spreading ; stem-leaves narrovrer. JEurope and Britain. Worth a place in the wild garden for the sake of its coloured stems. Propagated by division or Ferula asparagifolia (Asparagus -like F.) — An elegant perennial, with very graceful and finely-cut leaves ; 4 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, borne in umbels, of which the central one is rather shortly stalked. Eadica] leaves, 1 ft. to 2 ft. long (including the leaf stalk), broadly ovate in out- line, 4 times pinnate, the divisions very narrow, linear, pointed, and set with hairs ; upper stem-leaves reduced to short sheaths, the lowest of them bearing a short pinnate limb, the upper ones oblong, hooded; leaves, both of the partial and the general involucrum numerous, oblong-lanceo- late, acute, reflexed. Asia Minor, near Smyrna, Budja, and Magnesia. Borders, groixps of fiue-foliaged FERULA. 127 perennials, and isolated in the grass near the margins of shrubberies. It and all the species grow in ordinary soil, but attain greatest perfection in deep, rich, and sandy ones. Seed, to he sown soon after it is gathered, or careful division of well - established tufts. Ferula communis (Common Giant Fennel). — A noble species, with much- divided, spreading, shiny green leaves ; 6 to 10 ft. high or more. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in a large compound terminal umbel, the central umbel nearly sessUe, the side ones stalked ; involucre wanting. Leaves, repeatedly subdivided ; segments linear-seta- ceous, flaccid ; sheaths of upper ones very large ; lower ones spreading more than two feet each way. HiUs on the Mediterranean coast. The same positions and treatment as for the preceding. This, however, being much more easily procured, should be naturalized' here and there, as its . foliage, starting up before the earliest spring flowers, produces a finer effect than the choicest ferns. Ferula Terulago {Broad-leaved F.) — This has leaflets nearly as broad as those of F. tingitana, but longer and of a darker green ; stems striped, 6 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; yellow, in a largp terminal umbel. Leaves, many times divided ; leaflets pinnatifld, spreading ; segments linear, somewhat acute. Hills and exposed places in the Mediterranean Islands. The cultural remarks, etc., applied to F. asparagifoUa, suit this equally well. Ferula glauca (Glancous Giant Fennel). — Another valuable and im- posing kind, 4 to 6 ft. high or more. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in a terminal compound umbel; central umbel stalked; side ones on longer stalks ; involucre wanting. Leaves, supra-decompound, shining above, glaucous beneath ; segments linear, lengthened, flat ; stalks of upper leaves widened. Southern Europe.- — The same treatment and iJositious as for F, asparagifoUa. Ferula persioa {Persian Asafaetida). — Like the other species mentioned, has very handsome foliage, but with a very powerful asafoetida-like odour ; 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; in umbels ; the invo- lucre and involucels wanting. Leaves, ternately supra-decompound ; leaflets rather distant; segments lance- shaped, widening and cut at the apex ; stem tapering gradually upwards, glaucous. Persia and the Caucasus. — —This may be used for the sake of its leaves, like the other kinds, while it is also interesting for the medicinal garden. I only remember seeing it in cultivation in the College Botanic Gardens at Dublin. Division. Ferula sulcata {Furrowed F.) — A somewhat slender species with an angu- lar, furrowed stem, 2 ft. high. Leaves, supra-decompound ; segments pinnati- fld ; lobes linear, pointed ; leaflets of in- volucrura very numerous,oblong-linear, reflexed. On sunny hills of Genoa, Naples, Sicily, and North Africa. Borders, and on grassy banks, in warm sandy soU. Division. Ferula tingitana (Tangier F.) — Another noble hardy " foliage plant," Gto 8ft. high. Flowers, iu summer; in umbels, the terminal ones on short stalks ; side ones few, on longer stalks; involucre wanting. Leaves, repeatedly subdivided, shining; seg- ments broader than in any other kind, oblong or lance-shaped, deeply toothed. Spain and North Africa. ' Like F. glauca and F. communis, this would form a splendid object naturalized in half wild places, where its great fern-like vegetation would look superb among the earlier flowers, while it may be used in the garden 128 FICAEIA — PUNKIA. proper in the same manner as F. aapa- ragifolia. Ficaria grandiflora (Great Pilewort). — Ranunculus calthcpfolius. — Allied to our common Pilewort or Leaser Celandine, but much larger and finer ; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, early in ' ' spring; large, solitary, of a glistening yellow, nearly 2 in. aci'oss. Petals oblong ; sepals 3 to 5, of a yellowish white, marked with veinings, oval, concave ; scale of the petals oval, emarginate, covering the nectary. Leaves, broad, all stalked, oval- rounded, heart-shaped at the base, ■where the lobes meet and sometimes cross each other in the lower leaves. Root formed of oblong or club-shaped tubers, arranged in a bundle mixed ■with fibres. Native of South of France, near Toulon, Hyeres Islands, Nizza. 1 brought this plant from the Paris garden a couple of years ago. It is as yet very scarce in this country, and tiU more common, should have a place on the rookwork or choice border, in light loam. Division or seed. Ficaria ranunculoides (Lesser Celandine). — Ranunculus Ficaria. — A very common British herb, with smooth shining leaves, and stems bearing a single flower and one or two small leaves ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; golden yellow ; petals 8 or 9 ; sepals 3. Leaves, heart-shaped, mostly springing from the root. Mootsiock small, knotted. It is so very common that it would not have been mentioned here but for its double and white varieties, which are very desirable little plants. Europe and Western Asia. Borders, in any soil. Division. Fragaria indica (Rock Strawberry). — An interesting little trailer, bearing an abundance'of deep red berries. Flow- ers, late in summer ; yellow, small, axillary ; segments of calyx flat, "with trideutate bracts at the points. Leaves, alternate, hairy, three-lobed ; lobes oboval, indented, on stalks with lance-shaped stipules. Stem rooting, emitting very long runners. Fruit not fleshy, red, without odour or taste. Nepaul. Borders, and rough rockwork, in any (not over wet) soil. Division. Frankenia leevis (Sea Heath), — A prostrate, much-branehed, evergreen herb, with crowded smooth leaves. Floioers, in summer ; pink, either in little terminal heads or short axillary spikes, sessile among the upper leaves ; petals small, wedge-shaped. Leaves, small, fleshy, linear, appearing almost cylindrical from the edges being roUed down. Stems rooting. Marshes by the seaside in many parts of Europe, the Canary Islands, and on the eastern coast of England. The rook-garden or occasionaDy in borders, in dry light SOU. The flowers being very small, it is chiefly of interest in botanical or very full collections. Division. Funkia &Voo-ma.Tgi-n2Asi (White- mar- gined P.) — A. variegated perennial. 16 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; lilac, streaked with white and purplish-red, funnel-shaped, droop- ing, accompanied with oval silver- edged bracts about twice as long as the pedicels of the flowers, which grow in a long loose cluster. Leaves, broadly- oval-lanceolate, of a lively green edged with white, on long foot-stalks; those of the root numerous, somewhat concave in the middle and wavy at the edges ; stem-leaves small. Japan. Borders and edgings, in ordinary gar- den soil. Division. Funkia csernlea (Blue FunJda). — Hemerocallis ccerulea. — F. ovata. — A handsome perennial, 16 in. to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; violet-blue, in an arching group of unilateral blos- soms, which become pendent after expansion. Leaves, in tufts, of a deep and shining green, especially on the FUNKIA — GALANTHUS. 129 underside ; radical leaves on long stalks, broadly oval, somewhat heart- shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, regularly folded, and deourrent on the stalk, which is grooved; stem -leaves alternate, small, and nearly sessile. Native of Japan. Borders and edgings, in ordinary soil. Division. Funkiajaponica {Sweet F.) — Hemero- calUs japonica — F. grandifiora. — A beautfiul and delightfully fragrant plant, 1 ft. to 16 in. or more in height. Flowers, from July to Septem- ber, numerous, large, funnel-shaped, curved, milk-white, with an odour like that of orange-blossoms, slightly inclining to one side, nearly 4 in. long and 2 in. across, accompanied by oval leafy bracts longer than the pedicels. Leaves, of a lively or light green, glis- tening, especially on the upper-side, large, oval-heart-shaped, pointed, with marked parallel veins. The young leaves are a favourite prey of slugs and snails. Japan. Borders of all kinds, the rock-garden, and naturalized in groups on sunny slopes and banks where there is a warm soil. About Paris this plant is grown in vast quan- tities as an edging plant, etc., but with us it does not appear to flower regu- larly unless in sunny spots and in warm, well-drained, and very sandy loam. Division. Fnnkia SiebolSi (Siebold's F.)—A. graceful and noble plant, remarkable for the elegance of its foliage ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; large, bluish, or light lilac, in a crowded group of unilateral pendent blossoms growing from the axUs of lanceolate bracts, of which the lower ones are longer than the accompany- ing flowers. Leaves, large, broadly- ovate-acute, heart-shaped ; at the base glaucous, slightly waved, elegantly and regularly veined or figured. Japan. Borders, groups or beds of fine pereimials, and even as isolated specimens on grass when fuUy deve- loped. It thrives best in, and is well worthy of, a deep peat soil or a free loam well enriched with vegetable matter. Division. Gaillardia aristata (Bristly Gaillar- dia). — A handsome perennial, growing from 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; yellow, 1 to 3 in. across. Leaves, 4 to 6 in. long ; lower ones lance-shaped, tapering into slender stalks, sinuately pinnatifid ; upper ones stalkless, en- tire. North America. Borders, in weU-drained soil. Seed or division. Gaillardia lanceolata {Lanceolate G.) — G. perennis. — 1 ft. to IJ ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; about 2 in. across ; disk purplish ; florets of the ray saffron-yellow marked with a purplish spot at the base ; scales of the head hairy on the outside. Leaves, alternate, lanceolate, sometimes en- tire, sometimes cut. Stem, branching, tufted. A variety, sometimes called the Golden-Jleece 0., has very large slightly fragrant blooms, with florets of the ray of an almost uniform yellow with faint reddish furrows towards the claw ; florets of the disk orange- yellow changing into red. North America. Borders, in ordinary soU. Division. Gaillardia loiseli {LoiseVs G.) — A hardy herbaceous perennial, with a simple, furrowed, woolly stem, about 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 34 in. across ; petals trifid, brilliant orange - red for three-quarters of their length, the extremities clear yellow. Leaves, lance-shaped, pointed, with a very broad base, sessile, rough, striated, and covered with a fine down. North America. Borders, in good well- drained soU. Division. Galanthas Imperati {JmperatVs Snoie- dj-op) — G.plicatuSjTaioxe. — Resembles G. nivalis, but is double the size in all its parts, and flowers later; external divisions of the flower ovate-oblong, 130 GALANTHUS — GALEGA. one of tliem larger ttan the other. Fruit, roundish (in G. nivalis, oblong or obovate). Native of mountains in the kingdom of Naples. 1 am not sure if this plant is in cultivation ; I failed to obtain it from Italy. Till more plentiful it ought to have a place Vfiththe choicest and rarest ornaments of the 1)ulb- or rock-garden, in deep sandy soil. Galanthus nivalis {Snowdrop). — The common Snowdrop ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowem, early in spring ; solitary ; ex- ternal divisions pure "white, oval, con- cave ; internal divisions much shorter, cleft at the top, with a small green wavy mark at the ends on the outsiile, and longitudinal green ridges on the inside, surrounded by a narrow white margin, gracefully pendent from a membranous spathe at the summit of the stem. Leaves, 2, rarely 3, linear, obtuse, of a glaucous green, shorter than the stem, and sheathing it at the base. Bulb, small, egg-shaj:ed, black or brown. Native of the temperate and southern parts of Europe in thickets. It is needless to mention here the many positions in gardens which this plant is fitted to adorn ; but its fitness for naturalization in grass, and even grass that must be mown very early in the year, cannot be too much spoken of. Division. GalanthuB plicatus [Crimean Snow- drop). — Similar to 0. nivalis, but larger in all its parts, except the flower, which is sometimes even smaller and of a more greenish hue. The leaves also have a longitudinal fold on both sides near the edge, from which the specific name is derived. The Crimea, Caucasus, and neigh- bouring countries. Till more plen- tiful this should be in positions where it may be free from accident, and in deep loam, where it will increase rapidly. When plentiful it will be found to suit much the same positions as the common one, and it is easily naturalized in free soil and in half- shady positions. It must not be sup- posed, however, that it is so pretty as the common Snowdrop, though more than this has often been claimed for it. Division. Galatella hyssopifolia (Uyssop- leaved (?.)— A pretty Aster-like plant ; 1 4 ft. high. Floicers, in autumn ; florets of the disk yellow ; of the ray elongated, white tinged with pur- ple. Leaves, lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, three-nerved, rough ; those of the branches linear-awl-shaped ; scales of the involucrum pointed. North America from New Jersey to Carolina, in sandy fields and woods. Borders, or naturalization, in any soil. Division. Galega officinalis {Officinal Goafs- rue). — A very handsome and abun- dantly blooming perennial ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pink, or white, in axillary, simple racemes ; stipules broad, lance-shaped. Leaves, imparipinnate ; leaflets in 5 to 7 pairs or more, lance-shaped, mueronate, smooth. O. officinalis alba is a showy white variety, and there is a variety with a closer truss of lilac flowers, better than either the ordinary or the white form, and which, but very seldom seeding, flowers much longer. This form I have only seen in culti- vation about Paris. Southern Europe, Barbary, and Tauria, in stony places. Borders, groups, or beds, asso- ciated with the largest andhandsomest perennials, or naturalized in any position or soil. Division and seed. Galega orientalis {Oriental Goafs- rue). — An ornamental plant, though not so much so as the i^receding, and easily distinguished by its simple zig- zag stem and creeping roots ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish, small, but freely produced in axillary simple racemes ; stipules broad-ovate. Leaves, imparipinnate ; leaflets ovate, GAULTHERIA — GENTIANA. 131 acuminated, smooth ; roots creeping. Caucasus and all tlie Eastern moun- tains. The same positions and treatment as for the preceding kind. Gaultherla prooumbens {Creeping Wintergreen). — A very small and neat evergreen shrub, with gaily coloured berries; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in. summer; white, drooping, solitary, terminal, succeeded by red berries about the size of peas. Leaves, smooth, leathery, obovate, acute at the base, finely ciliated Stems, procumbent ; braucheo erect, naked at the bottom, crowded with leaves at the top. In sandy places and cool damp woods, from Canada to Virginia. The rock-garden, borders, or as edgings to beds of small American plants. It is said to prefer peat, but I have seen it thrive perfectly in moist clay soils, fully exposed to the sun. Division. Gaura Lindheimeri (White Gaura). — A slender perennial, 3 to 44 ft. high. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; pure •white and rose, sHghtly drooping, numerous, arranged m long, slender spikes. Leaves, alternate, oval-lanceo- late, toothed, often spotted with red- dish-purple, those of the stem linear- lanceolate; stems branching, slender, tapering, erect. Texas. Borders, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Genista pilosa (Hairy Genista). — A dwarf British shrub, with nume- rous procumbent, branched, striped, knotted, leafy stems. Flowers, in early summer ; bright yellow, smaller than those of G. iinctoria, solitary, axillary, on short stalks ; calyx and stalks silky ; legumes pubescent, 3 or 4-seeded. Leaxes, lance-shaped, obtuse, clothed ■with silky down beneath. Europe and Britain. On sandy slopes and banks, or occasionally as a border plant, or in collections of British wild flowers. Seed or cuttings. Genista prostrata (Prostrate Genista). —A prostrate shrub with spreading stems, and angular, striped, and hairy branches. Flowers, in early summer; yellow, axillary, on erect stalks, three times the length of calyx ; corolla smooth ; legumes hairy ; calyx and stalks covered with spreading hairs. Leaves, ovate-oblong, somewhat hairy beneath. Alps of Jura and Burgundy. The rougher parts of the rock- garden, or on banks or borders. In the last position it looks well planted on the tops of small mounds. Seed or cuttings Genista sagittalis (Arrow -pointed Broom). — A curious-looking kind, the winged branches of which at first sight remind one of a diminutive EpipJiyllum ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, in an ovate, ter- minal, leafless spike ; corolla smooth, with a villous line on the back of the keel. Leaves, ovatelance-shaped, sessile, placed singly at the joints of the stem and branches. Native of mountain pastures of Europe. The rougher parts of the rook -garden, or borders, in any soil. Also well fitted for naturalization in unmown places, with any aspect, and either on slopes or the level ground. Seed, cuttings, and division. Genista tinctoria [Dyer's Genista). — A neat native shrub, with nearly upright spreading stems, that form, compact tufts; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, smooth, in terminal spiked racemes, each flower springing from the axil of a small leaf or bract ; legumes smooth. Leaves, lance-shaped, sessile, usually smooth and shining; branches up- right, striped, round. Europe, not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland or Ireland. Banks, slopes, rough rocky ground, or grouped with the smaller shrubs in beds or borders, in any soil. Seed or division. Gentiana acaulis (Gentiandla). — One of the noblest of its brilliant K. 2 132 GENTIANA. family, with great vase-like flowers opening on a carpet of stioing leatJiery leaves; 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer; fine blue, with dotted throat, often 2 in. long, soli- tary, bell-shaped, 5 to 10-cleft ; seg- ments obtuse, muoronate. Leaves, of root in rosettes, ovate-lance-shaped. Stem short, quadrangular, with one or two pairs of leaves. Geniiana alpina is a variety with shorter but broader leaves, and there are several other varieties. Alps and Pyrenees. The rook-garden, borders, edgings ; preferring a moist deep loam. It is also well suited for naturalization in moist and somewhat bare i;pland pastures. Division or seed. All the Gentians may be grown from seed, but are raised very slowly and with difficulty in this way. The seed should always be sown soon after being gathered. Gentiana Andrewsli {Andrews's G.) An erect and peculiar kind, with handsome deep blue clusters ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; dark blue, about I in. long, closed at the top, in clusters near the head' of the stem. Leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acute, nar- rowed at the base, rough at the edges. North America, from Carolina to Lake Huron. Borders, and with the choicer medium-sized perennials, such as the finer Aquilegias, in the rougher parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary sandy garden soil. Division. Gentiana asolepiadea {Asdepias-lilce G.) — A handsome herbaceous kind, with simple, willow-lilso, erect stems swoUen at the joints, from 15 in. to 2 ft. high., and bearing numerous flowers for a considerable portion of tlieir length. Floiocrs, in summer ; rather large, purplish-blue, with dark dots inside, arranged in numerous pairs, axillary, nearly sessile ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Leaves, ovate- lanceolate, 5-nerved, about 2 iu. long and f in. broad at the base, sessile. European M^ountains. Borders, or fringes of shrubberies, in almost any soil, but best in a very fine deep and moist sandy loam. Division. Gentiana havarioa (Bavarian G.)^ An exquisite kind, resembling the Vernal Gentian in size and flowers, but with blunter and smaller box like leaves of a yellowish-green tone; Sin. high. Flowers, in summer ; beautiful blue, large, and freely produced, on simple 1-ilowered stems ; corolla 5- cleft, tube long, cylindrical ; tliroat naked ; segments ovate, not fringed. Leaves, small, obovate, very blunt, attenuated ; lower ones crowded. High Alps of Europe. The rock- garden, iu very moist, deep loam, in very wet ground, near the margin of a rivulet, or in pots of loam, plunged nearly to their rims in a tank of water. Careful division. Gentiana lutea ( Yelloio G, ) — A robust perennial, with somewhat the habit of a Veratrum ; 3 to 4 ft. high or more. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in whorls at the upper joints ; - corolla rotate, veined and spotted, 5 or 6- parted ; segments lance-shaped, acu- minate. Leaves, large ; root-leaves ovate-oblong, with 5 large veins on the back ; stem leaves sessile, ovate, acute, a pair at each joint. Alps of Mid- dle Europe. Scarcely ornamental enough for the border, it will grow as well in rough grassy places with us as it does on-the high meadows of the Alps. It grows finest in a deep loam and should have a place in all botani- cal collections. Division of established tufts. Gentiana Pneumonanthe (Marsh G.) — A lovely dwarf kind, as beautiful in the lowland marsh as the Vernal and Bavarian species are on the uplands and Alps ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; 'tubular, 1 \ in. long or more; deep-blue within, with greenish GENTIANA — GERANIUM. 133 dotted belts without ; the lobes of the mouth short and spreading ; blossoms in opposite pairs in the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, smooth, 1^ in. long, and J in. broad ; linear or spoon- shaped, obtuse, sessile ; all rather thick ; the lower ones shorter and broader. There is a variety with white flowers. Siberia, Europe, and Britain, The artificial bog, rock- garden, or the choice border, in deep soil, and in very moist spots. Careful division. Gentiana pyrenaioa (Pyrenean (?.) — Allied to the Vernal Gentian, but dif- fering by the corolla being nearly regularly 10-ole£t, and by its narrow, sharp-pointed, imbricated leaves ; 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; terminating the branches, solitary ; corolla funnel-shaped, pale-green out- side, deep-blue within ; calyx half as long as the corolla, 5-cleft ; segments lance-shaped, acute, edges pale. Leaves, lanceolate-linear ; stem procumbent, branching at bottom; sterile branches densely leafy. Pyrenees. Suited for the same positions, and requiring the same treatment as Gentiama verna, Gentiana septemfida (Crested O.) — A curious species, with erect, simple stems ; 6 to 12 in. high. Mowers, in early summer ; in clusters, cyliudrical, blue and white inside, greenish brown outside, and having, between each of the larger roundish segments, a smaller one finely cut. Leaves, ovate- lauceolate, 3-nerved, decxissate, crowd- ed. Caucasus. The rock-garden and choice borders, in fine sandy loam. Division. Gentiana verna {Vernal (?.) — One of the most briUiant, and perhaps the most admired by travellers of all alpine flowers; 1 to 3 in. high. ' Flowers, in spring ; beautifid blue, solitary, on simple terminal stems ; coroUa salver-shaped, 5-cleft, with five small, bifid, accessory segments. Leaves, ovate, somewhat acute ; those of the root crowded; stem leaves in about 3 pairs. Mountain pastures on the Alps of Southern and Central Eu- rope, and in one or two places in the British Isles. The rock-garden, choice borders, and in pots, or deep pans, plunged in sand in the open air. Sandy or gritty loam, with abundance of water in summer, and full exposure, are the essential conditions of success. In borders, the plant should be sur- rounded by half-buried stones. It might be easily naturalized in moist, upland pastures. Careful division. Geranium argentenm (Silvery Crania- bill). — A beautiful, dwarf, alpine pe- rennial, with silvery- white leaves, and large handsome flowers on stalks, rarely more than 2 in. high, usually nearly prostrate. Flowers, in early summer ; pale rose, with darker veins, I to 2 in. across ; petals notched ; stalks 2-flowered, almost springing from the roots. Leaves, on long stalks, hoary, or sOky on both surfaces, 5 to 7-parted ; segments linear. Alps of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. The rock-garden, and margins of borders, in light friable loam. This might, with advantage, be grown in pots, wherever it is an object to show alpine or herbaceous plants in pots. Propagated by division or seed, which is sparingly produced. Geranium cinereum (Grey Crane's- hill). — A. very beautiful plant, allied to the silvery Crane's-bill, but with leaves less Silvery and not so deeply divided, and attaining a height of 5 or 6 in. Flowers, in summer ; pale red, with darker stripes ; petals notched ; stalks 2-flowered, almostspringing from the root. Leaves, stalked, almost all radical, clothed with a slightly glau- cous pubescence, 5 to 7-parted ; lobes trifid, wedge-shaped. Pyrenees. Treatment and positions the same as for G. a/rgentevm. Seed or division. 134 GERANIUM. Geranmm iberioum [Ihman Crane's- hill.) — A very showy large-flowered kind, with deeply-cut leaves and villous, erect, forked stems ; about 1ft. high. Flowers, in summer; violet, large, very handsome ; petals obcordate; calyces very villous. Leaves, villous, 5 to 7-parted, with deeply-cut lobes, and toothed minor divisions. Iberia. Borders and naturalization in any soil. This and some of the other free- growing and showy kinds would grow very freely on rough rockwork, which, however, should, as a rule, be reserved for subjects that do not thrive so well in ordinary soil on the level ground. Division. Geranium Endressii (Undress's Crane's- iill). — A plant of greyish-green aspect, covered with a feeble pubescence ; 1 ft. to 16 in. and upwards in height. Mowers, in summer; of a light rose, veined and streaked with a darker shade, borne two on each flower- stalk ; flower-stalks axillary ; petals, oblong- obovate, entire, fringed at the base ; filaments densely feathery ; calyx downy, J the length of the petals. Leaves, opposite, stalked, palmate-lobed ; the upper ones 3-lobed, lower ones 5-lobed ; lobes acute, in- cised-serrate. Hoot-stock elongated, very much branched, almost miming. Pyrenees. Borders in any ordinary garden soil. Division, Geranium Lamherti (Lambert's Crane's-bill). — A handsome Crane's- bill, about 18 in. high. !• lowers, early in summer; bright lilac, nearly as large as those of G. ibericum. Leaves, heart-shaped in outline, deeply 5- cleft ; lobes wedge - shaped, with yellowish spots near the mai-gin, and clothed with soft woolly hairs ; stems of a reddish colour. Nepaul. Borders, and fringes of shrubberies, banks in pleasure-grounds, etc., in good ordinary soil. Division and seed. Geranium macrorrhizum(Zo)!jr-rooterf C) — A dwarf species, with large, thick, permanent stems ; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; deep-red or bright-purple ; stalks 2-ilowered ; petals entire, a little turned back ; calyces globose. Leaves, on long stalks, 5-parted; deeply and irregularly- lobed ; lobes toothed at the apex, the margins on both sides being of a reddish-brown colour. There is a variegated variety. Italy and Southern Europe. Borders, or naturalization on warm sunny banks. Division. Geranium platypetalum (Broad- petalled G.) — One of the handsomest plants of its family ; li to 24 ft. high. Flowei'S, in summer ; numerous, more than 1 in. across, deep violet, with streaks of a darker, almost reddish, hue ; petals lobed ; calyx rough with hairs. Leaves, alternate or opposite, long-stalked, with -5 to 7 deeply-cut, irregularly - fringed, incised - dentate lobes. Georgia near the Caucasus. Borders, or naturalization, inordi- nary soil. Division. Geranium pratense (Meadow G.) — A handsome native kind, 2 to 3 ft high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue-purple, large, somewhat corymbose ; petals en- tire, twice as long as the sej^als. Leaves, palmately 7-lobed ; lobes sharply cut, linear ; stems round, erect, downy. A rather common native plant, men- tioned here for its double varieties, G. pratense fl. pi- ; the double bine, and G. p. fl. pi. alba the double white one, both of which are handsome. Europe and Britain. Borders, in any soil. Division. Geranium sanguineum (Blood-red G.) — A native species with roundish, deeply- cut leaves , f oi-ming neat,spread- ing tufts ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flower.i, in summer; deep crimson-purple, about I i in. across, freely produced ou one- GERANIUM — GILLENIA. 135 flowered stalks ; petals notched, twice as long as the sepals. Leaves, kidney- shaped in outline, 5- to 7-parted; segments divided into linear lobes. G. lancastriense is a variety of this, with pink flowers veined with red. Bor- ders, and fringes of shrubberies ; also in semi-wild places here and there. It is perhaps on the whole the handsomest species we have, and were it not a common native, would probably have a promiueut place on every rockwork. The var. laneastriense is not so free as the common form, and should have better and lighter soil. Division. Geranium striatum (Striped G.) — A pretty old kind ; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; white, finely striped with small red veins ; stalks 2-tlowered ; petals obtuse, deep- ly indented at top. Leaves, broad, yel- lowish-green, each of the divisions having a blackish spot at the base ; lower leaves 5-lobed, upper ones 3- lobed. Southern Europe. Borders, rough rockwork or rootwork, and naturalization, in any soil but a cold clay. Division and seed. Geranium subcaulesceas {Dv)arf Crane^s-hill). — G. asphodeloldes. — A short-stemmed and very ornamental kind. Flowers, in summer ; few, purplish- violet, sometimes, but rarely, of a pale hue ; petals obovate, often truncate, twice as long as the calyx ; sepals shortly pointed, covered with close adpressed down interspersed with longer hairs. Leaves, roundish, divided into five wedge-shaped, 3-cleft segments ; those of the root long- staLked, all covered with closely ad- pressed down, and frequently ash- coloured underneath ; stems sometimes leafless. This plant varies very much in the division of its leaves, the shape of the lobes, and in its downy cover- ing. Moimt Parnassus, and other mountains of Greece, also in Dalmatia. The rock-garden, and margin of the choice border, ill free and well, drained soil. Seed and division. Geum chiloense (Chiloe Averts). — A very showy perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; scarlet, in erect panicles. LeuvesAowny, pinnate; leaflets crenate-serrated, terminal one large, rouudish-heart-shaped, lobed and crenated; stem-leaves 3-parted, deeply cut. Native of Chiloe. Borders, in good ordinary soil, also suitable for naturalization on warm open spots. Seed or division. Geum montanum (Mountain Geum). — A dwarf, compact, and showy kind, with large flowers, and simple erect stem ; 9 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer; yellow, solitary, 1^ in. across; petals obcordate, notched; segments of calyx undivided, shorter than the pe- tals. Leaves of root, interruptedly pinnatifid ; terminal leaflet ovate, ob- scurety lobed and veined, 2 or 3 in. long and broad, the others becoming gradually smaller; stem-leaVes undi- vided, stalkless. Alps of Europe. ' The rock-garden and borders, in ordinary free soil. It would be easy to naturalize this on high hills ox- mountains. Seed or division. Geum reptans (Creeping ' Avens).- • Another va.luable dwarf kind, with the barren stems creeping, the flower- ing ones erect; about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, larger than those of G. montanum, solitary on the top of the stem ; segments of the calyx lengthened, usually trifld at the apex. Leaves of root, uninter- ruptedly pinnate, larger leaflets obo- vate, toothed at the apex, smaller ones ovate, entire or 3 toothed at the apex, the terminal one not much larger than the othei's ; stem-leaves 3-lobed. Alps of Europe. Similar positions to those for the preceding kind. Division. Gillenia trifoliata {Three-leaved G.) — A rather pretty but not showy perennial, I to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in 136 GLADIOLUS — GLOBULARTA. early summer; whitish-red, in loose terminal or axillary panicles, on slen- der stalks ; petals 5, linear-lanceolate, rather unequal, spreading ; calyx tubular or bell-shaped. Leaven, mostly trifoliate;" sometimes single or in pairs ; leaflets stalked, serrated, about 1^ in. long, aud 4 in. broad, acutely pointed, bright green above, pale beneath. In shady woods and bogs, from Florida to Canada Borders, chiefly in medi- cinal or botanical gardens, in any free soil. Division. Gladiolus communis {Foxglove 0.) — A pretty old inhabitant of our gardens ; 16 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; bright rose, flesh-coloured, or even white in some varieties, 6 to 8 in a iinilateral spike ; tube short ; limb almost two lipped, with the upper segments approaching, larger than the lower ones, the three internal seg- ments being almost of equal size, oblong-spoou-shaped ; anthers half the length of the filaments ; seeds flat or angular, winged. Leaves, sword- shaped, stiff, smooth. Bulb, roundish or depressed, with reticulated tunics. Native of the South of France and South of Europe, in fields. Bor- ders, and naturalized, in any light soil. Separation of the bulbs. Gladiolus segetum [Cornfield Gla- diolus). — This is often confounded with G. communis, but is distinguished from it by having its rose-coloured flowers in two rows ; the lower seg- ments unequal, each marked with a long, narrow, white spot ; the anthers longer than the filaments, and finally by its seeds being nearly round and not winged. Native of France and Southern Europe. This, like Gla- diolus communis, will grow freely in borders or rough places in all rich soil. Sei)aration of the bulbs. Glechoma hederacea {Ground Ivy). ■ — Nepeta Glechoma. — A well-known, much-creeping British plant, almost too common to deserve notice here, but that it has one or two varieties finely variegated that are quite worthy of a place. Flowers, in summer ; lilvie, nearly an inch long, in axillary whoris. Leaves, roundish, crenated, heart- shaped at the base. Abundant in Britain, and throughout Europe. In beds of plants with variegated leaves, on the edges of raised borders, rockwork, etc. The variegated forms only are worth growing ; the common green form has been recommended for cultivation, but is best seen in its native hedge-banks. Division. Globularia cordifolia (Heart-leaved G.) — A. neat and very trailing shrub ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue ; heads small, globular, solitary at the ends of the branches, on stalks that are nearly naked. Leaves, stalked, heart-shaped, small, gradually widen- ing from the base, notched at the apex, sometimes with a little tooth there. Stems shrubby, prostrate, much branched. Central and Southern Europe. The rock-garden, in light soil. Division. Globularia nana [Thyme-leaved (?.) — A dense trailing, dwarf shrub, forming a fine mass of thyme-like ver- dure ; 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer; numerous, bluish -white, in globular heads nearly half-an-inch across, barely rising above the foli«ge. Leaves, fleshy, gtisteuing, narrowly- obcordate-Avedge-shaped, forming ro- settes at the base of the flower-stalks. Stems very branching and woody, creeping and rooting, lying close to the ground. It is by some considered a variety of G. cordifnlia, but is suf- ficiently distinct Eastern Pyrenees. The rook-garden, in moist free soil ; or as a dwarf border plant in moist districts. Division. Globularia nudicaulis [NaTced-stalhed G. ) — An interesting perennial, not de- void of beauty when well-developed GLOBULARIA — GYPSOPHILA. 137 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue ; heads larger than those of G. cor- difolia, on naked stalks. Leaves, ob- long, crenate, round at top, thickish, larger than those of G. cordifolia; stems herbaceous. Alps and Pyrenees. Margins of borders, and the rock- garden, in light soil. This and its family are rarely seen to advantage in cold clay soil. Division or seed. CUohularia trichosantha {Hair- flowered G.) — A species distinguished by its glaucescent foliage, and finely- divided petals ; from 6 to 8 in. high. Flovjers, in summer; flower- heads sky-blue, large, many -flowered, very similar in shape to those of Erlge- ron alpinus: divisions of the corolla thread-like, twice the length of the tube ; divisions of the calyx four times as long as the tube. Kadieal leaves 1-nerved, spathulate, sometimes tri- dentate; stem-leaves nearly linear, mucronate ; stem herbaceous, leafy, bearing one head ; root many-crowned ; entire plant very glabrous and glau- cescent. Asia Minor. The same positions and treatment as for the preceding kind. Gnaphalium margaritaceum {Pearl Cudweed). — The well-known old bor- der Everlasting. Flowers, in summer ; white with yellow disk, numerous, in flat terminal corymbs. Leaves, nume- rous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, dark green above, white aud cottony beneath, and often on both sides. Stems, extremely downy, branched at top. North America Borders, in any soil. Division. Gymnadenia oonopsea (Fragrant Orchis). — A sweet-scented orchid, 6 in. to nearly 2 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer; pale purple, in a dense, cylindrical, tapering spike, 1 to 4 in. long, noli unilateral. Leaves, oblong- strap-shaped, or strap-shaped-lanceo- late, acute, 2 to 6 in. long or more ; folded down the middle and keeled on the back ; more or less recurved, the lower ones much larger than those on the upper part of the stem. Boot-lenois, two, palmately cleft, compressed. Britain and Ireland. In grassy places, drierpartsof thebog-bed, or bor- ders ; worth growing for its fragrance only. Separation of the root-knobs. Gyneriura argenteum {Pampas grass). — The noble and now well-known Pampas grass, 4 ft to 14 ft. high, ac- cording to the strength of the plant. Flowers, in autumn ; in a very large dense panicle, from 1 to 2 ft. long ; formed of spikelets of about six flowers each, distant, covered with silky sil- very hairs. Leaves, very long, linear, very rough on the edges, of a glaucous green, forming huge dense tufts, 4 to 6 ft. high, and as much or more across. The Pampas, or prairies, of S. America, chiefly in Paraguay. Isolated specimens in the pleasure- ground, flower-garden, or woods; or grouped with other fine perennials. It will be found to attain greatest vigour in light rich deep loam, and where sheltered. Division and seed. Gypsophila arenaria {Sand G.) — A neat perennial, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale red, in dense long co- rymbs ; petals rarely notched. Leaves, linear, flat, smooth, rather fleshy. Sandy or gravelly soil in Hungary and Volhyuia. Borders, in ordinary soil. Seed and division. Gypsophila paniculata {Panicled Q.) — A very handsome herbaceous plant, forming a dense compact bush, 3 ft. or more in height and as much across. Flowers, from midsummer to the end of August ; small, white, exceedingly numerous, arranged on thread-like stalks in much-branched panicles, with the light, airy, graceful effect of cer- tain ornamental grasses. Leaves, few, linear-lanceolate, opposite, ' sessile. Stems knotty, smooth and glistening, very much branched, slender, fr.igile, 138 GYPSOPHILA — HELENIUM. spreading. Siberia and Sicily. Borders, and naturalization in any dryish soil. Seed or division. G-ypsopMla repens (Creeping G.)—A dwarf and neat species ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; reddish, few, on bifid or trifid stalks ; segments of 'the calyx with a dark green purple line along the middle, and a white edge; petals fiat, slightly narrowed towards the base and notched. Leaves, glau- cous, lanoeolate-linear-aciite, thick, stalkless, not quite an inch long, and narrow. Stems creeping, branched ; with simple, erect branches, reddish at the joints. Alps of Europe. Borders, the rock-garden, or ruins, in ordinary soil. Seed and division. Gypsophila soorzonersefolia {Scor- eonera-leaved ff, )— 1 to 3 ft. high, Flowers, from July to August and sometimes later ; numerous, white, a little larger than those of 0. panicw lata, and in less diffuse panicles, the ramifications of which are slightly vis- cid. Leaves, lanceolate acute, half stem- clasping, with 3 to 5 veins. The Crimea. Borders, or naturalization, in any dryish soil. Seed or division. Gypsophila Steveni (Steven's G.) — Somewhat resembling G. paniculata, but of much smaller dimensions, and of a rather glaucous hue ; 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, from July to August, and sometimes later ; white, some- what larger than those of O.panieulata, but not so numerous, in a slightly spreading, almost corymbose, panicle. Leaves, almost all radical, linear- lanceolate. Stems branching chiefly at the top. Germany. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. [Other hardy species of interesting habit, and producing a profusion of small wliiteflowers, are ; — G.dichotoma, G. glauca (acutifolia), G. saligna, and G. s'lbulosa. All flourish in ordinary, dry, light or calcareous soli.] Hedysarum coronarium [French HoneysucMe). — ^A handsome and popu- lar old garden plant ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; fine red, in ovate spikes, crowded; legumes smooth, with prickly joints. Leaves, imparl- pinnate ; leaflet's in 3 to 6 pairs, roundish, downy beneath and on the margins. Stems spreading, hollow, smooth. There is a white form. • Borders, in ordinary soil. It is usually a biennial, but comes up abundantly from self-sown seed. Seed. Hedysarum obsourum (Creeping- rooted B.)—A. brilliant and compact perennial ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; showy, purple, about I in. long, on short stalks, produced in racemes ; bracts longer than flower- stalks ; legumes pendulous, smooth. Leaves, imparipinnate ; leaflets in 5 to 9 pairs, ovate, smooth, on short stalks. Stems erect. Alps from Austria to Provence. The rock-garden, bor- ders, and naturalization, amongst vegetation not more than a foot high, chiefly on banks and slopes, in sandy loam. Division or seed. Helenium atropurpureum (Dark- purple H.) — A richly-blooming peren- nial ; 2 L to 3^ ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; of a purplish black, variegated, somewhat like those of CuUiopsis tinctoriii marmora'a, loosely arranged in heads of medium size, exhaling an agreeable odour. Leans, alternate, linear - lanceolate. Texas. Borders, gr in bed.s or groups of the finer perennials, in light, rich well- drained soil. Division or seed. Helenium autumnale (Smooth II )^ A showy perennial, 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in August, continuiug till de- stroyed by frost ; yellow, resembling those of aSun-flower, butsnialler; rays long, deeply cut into 4 or 5 segments. Leaves, smooth, lance-shaped, on sub- decurrent or winged stalks. 3 or 4 in. long and A in. broad in the centre. HELENIUM — HELIANTHEMUM. 139 Stem branching at top. On the banks of rivera, ponds, and ditches in North America. Borders, and naturaliza- tion in woods and copses, or by the margin of streams. Division or seed. Helenium Hoopesii {Hoopes's H.) — A showy but somewhat coarse peren- nial, with a simple stem ; about 2,^ ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; bright orange, about 2 in. across ; segments of involucre long, narrow, and poiuted. Leaves, lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, clasping the stem ; upper part of stem slightly downy. Eough borders, in any soil. Division or seed. Helianthemum formosum [Beautiful H.) — A very attractive rock-rose ; 1 to 34 feet high. Flowers, in summer; yellow, large and handsome, with a dark spot at the base of each petal ; sepals 3 ; calyces and peduncles villous. Leaves, tomentosely-villous, younger ones hoary, on short stalks, lauce-shaped, 3-nerved. Stems erect, branched. Portugal. The rock- garden, on sunny warm slopes, or raised and warm borders, in light sandy or calcareous soil. Seed or cuttings. EeliantliemTim ccymoides [Basil like H.) — Cistus alffarvensis. — Another fine kind, with hoary branches ; 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright yellow, with a dark purple eye, nearly 1 4 in. across ; sepals 3, much pointed ; peduncles Ion?, branched, paniculate ; pedicels opposite, somewhat umbel- late. Leaves, from 1 to IJ in. long, narrow and pointed ; stem-leaves obo- vate, 3-veiaed, almost stalkless, green ; tho.'e of the branches stalked, turned back at the top, and hairy on both sides. Dry rocky hills, in Spain and Portu- gal. Similar positions and treat- ment to those for the preceding. Seed or cuttings. Helianthemum Pilosella [Downy E.) — An interesting dwarf kind with a woody prostrate stem and ascending branches ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, yellow, in short terminal clusters. Leaves, oval- elliptical, entire, downy on both sides, whitish underneath, with a prominent dorsal vein. Pyrenees. The rock. garden and margins of dry borders, in ordinary soil. Seed and cuttings. Helianthemum rosraarinifolium [Rosemary-leaved H,) — A neat erect little bush ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, on very short axillary stalks, bearing each from one to three flowers. Leaves, linear-oblong, rolled back at the margin, dark green, whitish underneath. North America. The rock-garden and borders, in sandy well-drained loam. Cuttings and seed. Helianthemum Tuberaria [Truffle Sunrose). — This differs completely in aspect from the shrubby species, and is second to none in beauty ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; re- sembling a single yellow rose, with dark centre, 2 in. across, drooping when in bud ; pedicels disposed in something like a panicle, furnished with bracts at the base ; calyx smooth , shining. Leaves, of root, ending in the foot-stalk, ovate-oblong, tomen- tosely hairy, greyish ; under surface nei'ved, upper surface furrowed ; stem- leaves lance-shaped, stalkless, almost smooth. Southern Europe. The rock-garden on warm ledges, in well- drained sandy or calcareous soil. When sufficiently plentiful it should be used in the mixed border. Seed and careful division. Helianthemum venustum [Showy Sunrose).— A hardy evergreen traUer, with ascending stems, about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep red, about I in. across, in terminal clusters. Leaves, opposite, oval-oblong, short- stalked, slightly reflexed, and finely toothed on the margin. South of Europe. The rougher parts of the 140 HELIANTHBMUM — HELI ANTHUS. rock-garden, and on borders or fringes of shrubbery, best in a light or cal- careous soil. Division, cuttings, and seed. Helianthemam vulgare {Common Sunrose). — A dwarf spreading ever- green underahrub, with much- bfanched stems and numerous flowers, !! to 15 in. high. Fluviers, nearly all summer; bright yellow, produced in loose racemes ; petals spreading, about 4 in. long and broad. Leaves, shortly stalked, ovate lanceolate, green above, and somewhat hoary beneath, smooth or slightly hairy. Europe and Britain in dry hilly places. There are many very pretty varieties of this in various colours, sometimes supposed to be distinct species. The finer varieties, which may be raised from seed in abundance, are excellent for rough rockwork, banks, edgings, etc., grow- ing in any soil, but showing to greatest advantage in a calcareous one. Seed or division. Helianthns atroruhens (Dark-red Siuifiimer). — A vigorous perennial with (Uilipurple stems, rough from whitish hairs, 2 to 3 ft high or more. Flowers, in autumn ; disk dark red or purple ; lays yellow, marked with a few lines, pointed and entire ; flowering branches ycattered. Leaveft, of root flat, hairy ; stem-leaves twisted and waved, rough with hairs (the lower ones particulai-ly so) and small tubercles. Pennsylvania to Carolina. Borders, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Halianthus multiflorus (Many- fl ■wered H.) — A fine showy perennial, 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer and autumn ; yellow, at the end of the branches, the largest some- times 8 to 9 in. in diameter, the side ones gradually smaller. Leaves, al- ternate, sometimes opposite, lower ones heart-shaped, upyjer ones ovate, rough. ^7. maliijlorus fl.pl. is a double variety o.tener met with than the single form. Said to be a native of America, but American botanists say they have not found it there. — ^Borders, asso- ciated with the taller plants, and in a semi-wild state in shrubberies, in any soil. .May be seen flowering abun- dantly in some of the London squares. Helianthns orgyalis (Graceful Sun- flower). — A tall graceful, somewhat willow-like herb, 6 to 8 ft. high. Flow- ers, in autumn ; yellow, on long stalks. Leaves, alternate, rather small, stalkless, 3 to 6 in long, and about 1 in. across, very numerous and narrow, much recurved, so as to give the tips of the shoots a very graceful appear- ance, lower ones slightly toothed. North America Among groups of fine-leaved hardy plants in the sub- tropical garden or pleasure-ground, margins of shrubberies, or wood- walks. The tips of the shoots for a length of 15 in. or so, cut oS and placed in water indoors, are as orna- mental as the most graceful or delicate young Palm or Dracieua. As the plant throw up a great number of shoots, they should be thinned out when young. Division. Helianthns rigidus (Rigid Sun- flower). — Harpalium rigidum. — A re- markably showy and rapidly-growing perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flozceis, in summer; a pleasing golden yellow, 3 to 4 in. across; disk darkish brown about an inch in diameter. Leaves, of stem opposite, very thick, lance-shaped ; root-leaves oval, blunt, 3-nerved; stem rough, sometimes exuding a small quantity of resin. Soot spread- ing about very much. North America. Borders, in which from its rapidly-spreading habit, it will require annual division. It is a capital plant for naturalization among the finer perennials in almost any position or soil. Division. Helichrysum arenarium (Yellow Everlasting). — Gnapkalium arenarium. HELICHRYSUM — HBLLBBOBUS. 141 — A bright and lovely plant, with leaves quite white with down on both sides; 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright golden yellow, in a compound corymb. They are much used on the Continent for Immortelles and ornaments. Leaves, lance-shaped, entire, nearly stem clasping, blunt and recurved at the points, with revolute edges ; stem upright, downy, not branching, clothed with leaves to the top. Central and Southern Europe. Excellent for rookwoi-k and the margins of borders, always in very sandy, warm, and well-drained goil. Division. Felichrysum Stoeshas {Stadias H.) — A neat perennial, with very branching spreading stems, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in terminal corymbose heads, closely crowded together, on short stalks. Leaves, sessile, linear, ob tuse, silvery underneath ; stems and branches covered with silvery down. South of Europe. Margins of bor- ders, and the rock-garden, in lightish soil. Division. Heliopsis leevis {Smooth H.) — A vigorous smoothish herb, 3 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; yel- low ; heads about 3 in. across, on long stalks, terminating the stem. Leaves, oval-lance-shaped, abi-upt at the base, or tapering abruptly into the stalks, coarsely serrate. H. gracilis is a variety of this species, with a slender stem, clothed with fine down at the top, and much smaller in all its parts, with lance-shaped, rough loaverj, acute atthe base. H. scabraia another variety with stem and leaves rough, and the involucre slightly downy. United States of North America. Natu- ralization among strong herbs in com- mon sou. Division and seed. Helleborus abchisicKS {Abchasian Christmas Rose). — An interesting but uncommon kiud of Christmas rose, about 1 ft, high. Flowers, in spring ; green, usually nodding ; anthers yel- lowish-white ; petals It) to 24 in num- ber; sepals obovate- oblong, pointed, waved at the margin, not .overlapping each other, of a purplish hue. Leaves, mostly radical, somewhat pedate, with 5 to 7 spathulate-lanoeolate, widely- spreading, smooth, distantly-toothed leaflets, continuing through the winter. Region between the Caucasus and the Black Sea. . Sheltered and sunny banks, or borders, in warm well- drained soil. Division. Helleborus atrorubens [Darlc-purple B.) — Stem about 18 in. high, pro- ducing branches •with 2 or 3 series of forkings. Flowers, in March or April ; deep purple in bud, when first ex- panded violet purple, the edges and centre green, afterwanls changing to dull purple. Leaves, pedate, variable inform, 5-to9-parted, never assuming the lobed condition of H. purpurascens, nor are the lobes united half way up, but distinct almost to the base, except in the side ones. Woods and thickets in Southern Europe. Sheltered borders, banks, and fringes of shrub- beries, in deep good loam. Division. Helleborus foetidus {Felid JJ.) — -A. hardy native plant, very distinct and striking in habit, and well worthy of cultivation for thesake of its handsome winter foliage. In a wild state it forms luxuriant tuft?, about 2 ft. high, and in gardens has attained a height of 3 ft. or more. Flowers, early in spring ; globose, greenish, tippeil with purple, drooping, in panicled cymes. Leaves, alternate, persistent, leathery, of a dull green eolour, the lower ones divided into from 7 to H lance-shaped serrated segments, pedately arranged. Britain and Europe. Borders, or fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Division. Helleborus niger {Christmas Fosi). — A well-known old garden plant ; 6 112 HELLEBORUS. to 15 in. high. Flowers, 1, 2 or 3 on a stem, the unopened buds suffused with faint rose, gracefully curved downwards ; when fuUy expanded pure white, 3 to 4,^ in. in diameter, with a bunch of yellow stamens an inch or more across ; usually with two concave, shell - like, heart - shaped bracts just behind the flower. Leaves, pedate, quite smooth ; leaflets 5 to 10, lance-shaped, serrate in the upper part, stout and leathery, ff. niger maximus is a variety much larger in all its parts, floweiing considerably e.vrlier ; attaining, when well-grown, a height of 2 ft., and bearing 2 to 7 flowers, from 3i to 5,^ in. across, on branched stems ; the leaflets more oblique and irregular in outline, i/. niger minor is a variety much smaller than the type, with leaflets distantly and irregularly toothed, the teeth resembling small lobes, and with sepals narrower and more pointed. Europe. Perhaps the best posi- tions for the Christmas Rose and its varieties are on warm and sheltered grassy banks, where they would have better drainage, and where the flowers would be kept from splashing by the surrounding grass ; but they are so ex- cellent that they may with advantage be used in almost any other position in which they may be desired in or- dinary soil. They shoiild be naturalized where there is space for this interesting phase of gardening. Division. Helleborus odorus {Sweet li.) — A rare and interesting kind, 1 ft. high. Flowers, in March and April, some- times in February; greenish, sweet- scented, drooping, nearly 2 in. across ; 3 to 6 flowers on the top of each stem. Leaves, pale green, veined with white ; those of the root stalked, pedate, with 6 to 8 lanceolate, regularly toothed divisions ; near the top of the stem there is a single, almost sessile, leaf with from 3 to 3 divisions. Hungary. Does best on declivities with a shady northern aspect, in substantial loam, mixed with peat. Division. Helleborus olympicus (Oli/mpian IT.) — A handsome species ; 12 to 15 in. high. Floicers, in spring ; purplish ; petals about 13 in number ; anthers of a yellowish white ; 2 or 3 blooms on each stem. Leaves, digitate-pedate, or palmate, with 5 to 7 linear-oblong, smooth, dentate-serrate lobes rather close together. Mount Olympus, in Greece. Warm sheltered borders and banks, the margins of beds of early-flowering shrubs, or in sunny nooks on the lower flanks of the rough rockwork, in good soil. Division. Helleborus orientalia (Oriental Helle- Sore.) — A very fine kind, allied to the Christmas Kose, but distinguished from it by its leaves, which are annual and appear with the flowers ; 8 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, from February to April ; large, rose-coloured. Leaves, very much divided, large, somewhat downy when young ; stem-leaves sessile and palmate. Greece and Syria. A number of intermediate varieties have been obtained by cross- ing this plant with the Christmas Hose, and also perhaps with H. pur- purascens. These varieties are gene- rally more vigorous than either of the types, and bear large open flowers with slightly waved petals more or less white or rose-coloured. The most remarkable of them is ff. atrorubena hybridw. Borders, fringes of shrub- beries, grassy banks and slopes, etc., in good garden soU. Division. Helleborus pnrpurascens {Purple- flowered H.) — A dwarfer species than H. atrorubens, with violet -coloured stems, 6 to 10 in. high, surrounded at the base by a membranous sheath. Flowers, in March ; purplish- red, with white stamens ; broadly vase- shaped, nearly 2 in. across, drooping, 1 to 2 on each stem. Leaves, of a greyish- HELONIAS — HERACLEUM. 143 green colour, with from 6 to 9 oval- lauce-shaped, toothed divisions ; the floral leaf nearly sessile, with 5 or 6 divisions. Native of Hungary. Similar positions and treatment to those given for preceding kinds. Heloniaa buUata (Spiked H.) — H. latifoUa. — A distinct and handsome bog perennial; 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, very handsome, purplish-rose, arranged in an oval spike, the lower blossoms only accompanied by linear-lanceolate bracts. Leaves, all radical, oblong- lanceolate, acute, veined, much shorter than the flower-stems. Root tuberous, fleshy. Native of marshy places in N. America. In the artifacial bog, or in moist ground near a rivulet. In fine sandy and very moist soils it thrives well as a border plant. I have never seen it so fine as at Edinburgh, except in the bogs of New Jersey. Division. Hemerocallis disticha (Two - rowed Day-lily).— A handsome tuberous perennial ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; large, yellowish on the outside, reddish within ; segments lanceolate, wavy, acute, spreading or reflected, the three external ones broader. Leaves, linear, arranged in two rows, keeled. There is a variety with double flowers. Native of Japan, China, and Nepaul. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalized in ordinary free soil. Division. Hemerocallis Dumortieri (Dumor- ticr^s Day-lily). — Resembles H. gra- minea; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, in May and June, and sometimes again at the end of summer ; large, reddish-orange, tinged with brown on the outside, usually 1 to 3 on each stem. At the base of each flower is a keeled bract, of a brownish or reddish- green tinge. Leaves, very narrow, in two rows, similar to those of B. gra- mmea, from which plant it is not easily distinguished. Japan. Bor- ders and fringes of beds of American shrubs in peat, ot the roiTgher parts of the rock-garden. Division. Hemerocallis flava (Yellow Day- lily). — A showy and vigorous kind ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; orange-yellow, very fragrant, erect, with 6 flat pointed divisions, resem- bling those of a Lily. Leaves, numerous, narrow, 2 to 24 ft. long, keeled, of a shining green, in a strong tuft. Root fasciculate, half-fibrous and half-tuberous. Native of Hun- gary, lUyria, Carniola, and Switzer- land. Borders and shrubberies, or groups of perennials, or in isolated tufta in the grass, or naturalization, in any soil. Division. Hemerocallis fulva [Tawny Day- lily). — Another strong and showy kind; 2i to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; large, about 4 in. wide, very open, of a buff-yellow, scentless, ar- ranged in a lax cluster ; segments almost obtuse. Leaves, broad, very long, keeled, numerous, in a large tuft. Prance, about Pau, Tarbes, and Bor- deaux.- Similar positions and treat- ment to those for the preceding kind, Hemerocallis graminea (Grass-leaved B. ) — A smaU and graceful kind ; 8 to 14 in. high. Flowers, in summer; yeUow, slightly tinged with green ; smaller and less fragrant than those of H. flava, vrith the 3 internal segments wavy. Leaves, very narrow, keeled through their entire length, pointed, of a lively green. Native of Siberia. ■ Borders, the rock-garden, or na- turalized where the vegetation is not too strong, in peat or very sandy loam. Division. Heracleum flavescens (Austriamim), (Yellowish Gow-parsnip).- — A vigorous perennial, with deeply-furrowed his- pid stems, and convex green leaves ; 5 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellowish, m large umbels ; petals 144 HEEACLEUM — HBUCHEE A. bent in, not notched ; pedicels rough. Leaves, rough from hairs, pinnate ; leaflets ovate or ohlong, serrate. Dauphiny to Siberia. Banks of rivers and ponds, where effective foli- age is desired, in ordinary soil. Seed, to l>e sown as soon as ripe ; most of the kinds come freely from self-sown Heracleum persieum {Persian Cow- parsnip.) — 6 ft. high and upwards. Flowers, in summer ; small, whitish, numerous, in regular umbels of enor- mous size ; the upper ones being 16 in. across, and sometimes more ; petals very small, oboval, faintly notched. Leaves, of the root very large, slightly downy underneath, smooth above, pinnate, with 3 to 4 pairs of lanoeo- late-acute distant segments, of a dark-green hue, afterwards brownish ; stem-leaves smaller, with broadly- sheathing stalks. Persia. Similar positions to those for the preceding, but in drier soil. Seed. Heracleum pubescens (Downy Cow- parsiiip). — Still larger in its propor- tions than the foregoing kinds ; 64 ft. to nearly 10 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, yellowish-white, in umbels, about 1 ft. in diameter. Leaves, very large, smooth above, somewhat rough underneath, pinnate, with oval, pointed, closely-placed seg- ments ; the intermediate segments 3- lobed. Caucasus and Tauria. In rich bottoms, or by margins of water, or wherever very imposing foliage is desired. Seed and division. Heracleum Wilhelmsii (Wilhelm's Cow-parsnip). — Animposingkind.fiijft. and upwards in height. Flowers, in summer; whitish, in large umbels, 10 in. to 1 ft. in diameter. Leaves, very large, downy and wrinkled when young, pinnate ; lateral segments lan- ceolate acute, distant ; terminal one entire and larger. Siberia. Similar uses to the preceding. Hesperis matronalis (Dame's Violet) — A popular old garden plant, with spear-shaped leaves indented at theii edges, and erect, slightly-branched stems, 1 to 2 ft. high or more. Flowers, in early summer ; deep purple, sweet- scented, produced in terminal ra- cemes ; petals roundish, notched at the tops. Leaves, 2 or 3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, toothed. There are. several double kinds, white, purple, and streaked, all sweet and very hand- some border - flowers. Europe, and said to be a native plant, but probably not truly so. The single kind is only fitted for naturalization, and will grow anywhere ; the double ones are among the most valuable ornaments of the mixed border ; they love a good sandy moist loam, and will be found to thrive best if divided and carefully replanted in fresh soil every second year soon after flowering. The single kind grows very freely from seed ; the double ones are increased by careful division and cuttings. Hesperis tristis (Night - scented Rocket). — A quaint-looking, interest- ing Idnd ; 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring or early summer ; varying from a dirty-white to a dull dark -purple, sweet-scented in the night, in termi- nal racemes ; petals oblong, oblique ; pedicels long, spreading, rigid. Leaves, of root, stalked ; stem-leaves sessile, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, smooth orpubescent, pale-green, 2 to 4 in. long. Austria, Huijgary, JElussia, and Tauria. This may be established on old ruins, in chalk-pits, etc., by sowing the seed in mossy or earthy chinks ; on the level ground it is tender. Heuchera glabra (Smooth H.) — A dark-foliaged dwarf perennial, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small and not ornamental. Leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, acutely 5- to 7-lobed, toothed ; stalks smooth, HEDCHERA — HIPPQCREPIS. 145 root - leaves on long - stalks ; stem- leaves more deeply lobed, and on shorter stalks. North America. See cultural remarks, etc. on foUovr- ing kind. Heuchera rlbifolia (Currant-leaved H) — Panicle oblong- oonoidal; limb of calyx oblique, lobes nearly triangular ; petals obtuse, and about as long as the calyx. Leaves, obtuse, 5-lebed, smooth above ; leaf-stalks smooth, polished ; stems rough, with very short muri- cated points, 1- to 3-leaved. North America. Borders, and as edgings, the peculiarly dark tone of its leaves making it of some value for the last- named use. In bloom, the Heucheras are not attractive ; they thrive on any soil, and are readily increased by di- vision. Hibiscus militaris (Showy H.) — A splendid perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; rose with a darker centre ; in a lengthened few-flowered raceme ; coroUa about 24 in. long, hairy on the outside near the base. Leaves, smooth, hastate-lobed, some- what heart-shaped, tapering to a point, serrate, 3 to 5 in. long. North Ame- rica. Borders, groups of tall peren- nials, or as isolated specimens in the subtropical garden or pleasure-ground, in deep sandy loam, and in warm and sheltered positions. Division. Hibiscus Moscheutos (Mallow Rose). — A vigorous perennial with stems 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- mer ; light rose-colour, sometimes nearly white, with a crimson centre ; as large as those of the common Holly- hock ; petals inverted-ovate, the tips slightly hollowed, style projecting. Leaves, about 5 in. long and 3 wide, ovate, tapering to a point, usually 5-nerved, serrate, clothed vidth whitish down beneath and rough pubescence above, somewhat remarkable from' the flower often springing from the leaf- BtaJk. United States, by the borders of marshes. Moist borders, among bog-plants, or in isolated tufts by the sides of lakes, in ordinary soO. Divi- sion or seed. Hibiscus palustrig (Marsh R.) — This plant has often been confounded with -ff. Moscheutos, but is quite dis- tinct; grows 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer; large, purple, on long axillary stalks, ieascs, broadly- ovate, obtusely serrated, faintly 3- lobed, 3- nerved, dovmy and whitish underneath. Swamps and mai-shes from Canada to Virginia. Similar positions and treatment to those di- rected for H. Mosclieuitos. Seed or division. Hibiscus roseus (Rosy ff.) — Another very attractive kind, 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; showy rose, 4 in. across ; petals with straight deeply- coloured veins; pedicels axil- lary, 1-flowered, jointed about the middle. Leaves, heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat S-lobed, clothed with down beneath. France, on the banks of the river Adour. See cultural remarks, etc., for ff. Moscheutos. Hieraciam aurantiacum (Orange H.) — A pleasing and easily grown peren- nial, distinct among dwarf composite plants from its deep orange colour ; 1 to 1| ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; orange-red, 8 or 10 borne in a panicle ; pedicels short. Leaves, grass- green, obovate-lanceolate, quite entire, obtuse, narrowing into the stalk ; those of the stem sessile ; stem simple, bearded with slender hairs, which are black in the upper part. Western Europe. Borders, in any soil.' Division. Hlppocrepis eomo8a,( fforse-shoe Vetch). — A minute, prostrate, CoroniUa-like British evergreenherb.about 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring and summer; yel- low, 5 to 8 being borne together in a crown, and resembling those of the common Bird's-foot Trefoil, but 146 HOTEIA — HYACINTHUS. paler and rather smaller ; legume curved, uneven on both sides. Leaves, composed of from 9 to 15 pairs of small, oblong or linear, smooth leaflets. Kurope. The rock-garden ; and bor- ders, in any soil. Seed and division. Hoteia japonica (White H.) — Spircea japonica. — A fine herbaceous plant of tufted habit, covered, espe- cially at the base of the stems and leaf- stalks, with long, scattered, semi-trans- parent, reddish hairs ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; numerous, silvery white, in a panicled cluster, the ramifications of which, as well as the pedicels and bracts of the fiowers, are also white. Leaves, of the root numerous, in tufts, with 3-cleft footstalks, which are swollen at the commencement of the first forking ; those of the stem alternate, stalked, thrice-pinnate ; divisions oval, toothed and fringed, of a glistening green on the upper side. Japan. Warm borders, fringes of shrubberies, rough rocliwork, etc., in peat or sandy soil. It is now much grown in pots for forcing. Division. Holtonia palustris {Water Violet). — A beautiful British water-plant, with bright green, deeply cut, submerged leaves and stems ; from 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; pink or pale lilac with a yellow eye, in whorls at intervals one above the other, forming a handsome spike ; calyx and corolla divided into five segments ; pedicels short, with a small bract -at the base of each. Leaves, pinnatifid ; leaflets linear, narrow. Europe. Lakes, ponds, and fountain- basins ; also on the soft and wet muddy banks of streams. Division, or seed, which should be sown in autumn. Houstonia ceerulea [Bluels) . — A very minute and charming evergreen herb, with small pointed leaves, forming low cushions on the ground, from which spring the slender stems about 2 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; beautiful blue or white; the stems dividing into 2, or sometimes 3, thread- like branches or peduncles, each being terminated by a single flower. Leaves,oi root spoon-shaped ; stem-leaves, some- what lance-shaped. North America, from New England to Florida. The rock-garden, on well-drained spots in very fine sa,ndy or peaty soil. It fre- quently perishes in winter, and should be grown in small pans in cold frames in peat soil. Carfiful division or seed. Humnlus Lupuftis {Common ffop). — A very common, well known, and vigorous twining perennial. Flowers, in summer ; greenish yellow, the males in loose panicles in the axils of the upper leaves ; females in shortly- stalked, axillary, roundish spikes or heads. Leaves, opposite in pairs, stalked, broadly heart-shaped, deeply 3- or 5-lobed, sharply toothed, rasplike to the touch. Europe, Asia, and Britain. Admirable for covering bowers, etc., especially where vegeta- tion that disappears in winter is de- sired ; also when allowed to run wild among shrubs, etc., in almost any soil. Division. Hutohinsia alpina {Alpine ffutcMn- da) — A very pretty and diminutive alpine plant, with shining green leaves and hosts of small white flowers ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring, and, when planted in spring, for a long period ; pure white, abundantly pro- duced, in clusters. Leaves, smooth, shining, deeply cut into comb-like lobes, and resembling pinnate leaves. Mountain chains of Central and SouthernEnrope. The rock-garden, and the margin of choice borders, in sandy soil. Division or seed. Hyacinthus amethystinus {Amethyst II.) — A beautiful bulb, 4 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; hand- some blue, drooping, nearly unilateral, arranged in a loose cluster of 4 to 12 HYACINTHUS — IBBEIS. 147 blooms, aooompanied with bracts as long as the pedicels. Leaves, narrow, linear, smooth, longer than the flower- stem. Native of S. Europe, and especially of the Pyrenees. Bor- ders, the rook-garden, and the bulb- garden ; best in deep sandy soil. Separation of the bulbs. Hyaciuthus orientalis (Common Byacinlh). — The parent of our popular Hyacinths ; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; very fragrant, blue in the original type, but varying much in colour under cultivation, in a cluster of 6 to 15 blooms. Leaves, lanceolate, grooved, of a dark green. Bulb round, of medium size. Native of S. Europe and the Levant. The varieties deserve to be much more commonly grown in the open air, as they are perfectly hardy. Planted deeply, the crown of the bulb 6 or 8 inches or more under the surface, they ilower strongly year after year if in good sandy loam. Hypericum e3\y(iiD.-a.m.{Ch-eat-fiowered H.)—A well known and very showy low trailing shrub ; about 1 ft. high. Floicers, nearly all summer; bright yellow, 3 or 4 in. across, 5 or 6 in a corymb ; sepals about 4 i"- long, roundish ; stamens long and slender. Leaves, nearly stalkless, large, ovate or oblong, blunt, smooth, when young they are of a pale green, but when old of a very dark green, and some- what glaucous at the back. Southern Europe, naturalized in several parts of Britain. Best suited for natu- ralization ; it grows freely and in- creases rapidly in any ordinary soil. Hypericum Caris [Heath-leaved H.) — A dwarf evergreen shrub with a slender branching stem ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; bright yellow, I in. across ; margin of calyx dotted with small black prominences. Leaves, very small, linear, with revo- lute edges, sessile, in closely-set whorls. Cape of Good Hope. The ' rock-garden, in well-drained soil. Cut- tings and division. Hypericum nummularium (Money- wort H.) — A diminutive perennial, forming neat, compact tufts, with very slender stems ; 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, | in. across ; margin of calyx toothed and tinged with purplish red. Leaves, op- posite, nearly round, almost sessile, about i in. broad, close together. Root long and wiry, much branched and very fibrous. South of Europe. The rook-garden, in well-drained soil. Division and seed. Iberidella rotundifolia (Bound-leaved I.) — Thlaspi rotundifolium. — A dwarf evergreen herb, with prostrate or as- cending stems, and smooth, thick, leathery leaves of a glaucous olive green ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rosy - lilac, sweet- scented, freely produced, in terminal racemes, leaves, somewhat fleshy, quite entire ; lower ones stalked, obo- vate ; those of the stem almost stalk- less, ovate-oblong. A native of the Alps of Switzerland, Savoy, and Austria. — — - The rock-garden, among the dwarfest alpine plants, in any lightish soil. Seed or division. Iberis Buha,ni(Buian^s Candytuft). — A neat dwarf plant, forming compact tufts, nearly 6 in. high. Floioers, in summer ; pink, in corymbose clusters. Leaves, spathulate, lobed, very deep glossy green, forming dense rosettes, covered with a profusion of branching flower - stems. Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in well-drained soil, and among dwarf plants. Division or seed. Iberis corifolia {Coris-leaved I.) — The neatest and dwarfest of the Iberises, very near or -perhaps a dwarf form of L saxatilis, 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; white, in corymbs. Leaves, linear, entire, blunt, smooth ; stems decumbent ; tufts l2 148 IBEEIS — INULA. very dwarf and densely-oasMoned. A native of Sicily. Borders, the I'ook-garden, or edgings, in ordinary soil. Division, cuttings, or seed. Iberis oorresefolia {Late White Iberis) . — I. gibraltarica {Hort. ) — /. coriacea. — The finest kind we have, more shrub- like than /. saxatilis ; 6 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in May, later than the other common evergreen Iberises ; large, pure white, in close corymbs. Leaves, oblong - spathulate, entire, almost sessile, about 1 in. long and ^ in. broad at the widest part, gradually attenuated towards the stem. Seeds produced very sparsely. This plant is probably a hybrid, between /. semperfiorens and the Rock Iberis or one of its forms, and was first distri- buted from the Botanic Garden at Bury St. Edmunds. One of the most valuable of all plants for rockwork, borders, or banks, growing freely in any soil or position, but preferring spots well exposed , to sun and air. Cuttings, seed, and division. Iberis gibraltariea (CHhraltar I.) — The largest, showiest and most strag- gling kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. Mowers, m early spring; large, white, often euflfused with red, in close heads. Leaves, about 2 in. long, and 4 in. wide, oblong-spoou-shaped, fleshy, distinctly toothed at the top, slightly ciliated. Southern Spain. — The rock-garden, borders, and banks, in well-drained sandy loam. Seed or cuttings. Iberis saxatilis {Roch Candytuft). — A small evergreen shrub, the com- monest and one of the most usefid of the evergreen Candytufts ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring or early STimmer ; white, in corymbose heads. Leaves, linear, entire, rather fleshy, acute, ciliated. Native of Southern Europe. ^ Borders, the rock-garden, edojiugs, and naturalization on rooky places or bare banks in auy soil. Division, seed, or cuttings. Iberis sem-per&orenE (Window Candy, tuft). — A fine kind, common in Southern Trance and Italy ; 12 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, from October to May ; very numerous, large, and of a pure and. dazzling white. Leaves, broad, thick, spathulate, of a fine green colour. A native of Persia. It seldom seeds in this country, and must be propagated by cuttings, for which summer is the best time. Suc- ceeds as a rock plant only in mild parts, and in those near the sea. I have seen it thrive well on the rock- work in the College Botanic Garden at Dublin, biit our winters prevent it from blooming as early as it does ui the south of Europe. Iberis Tenoreana (Tenoris /.)— A showy species, resembling /. gibral- tariea, but smaller, with rather fleshy, toothed leaves, and ascending stems, shrubby at the base ; 3 to (J in. high. Flowers,in early summer ;. white, chang- ing to purple, freely produced, in close heads Leaves, lower ones obovate, nar- rowed at the base ; upper ones oblong- linear,both leaves and stem hairy. This plant does not survive our winters on heavy soils, but is quite hardy on light well drained ones. Naples. ■ The rock-garden, or borders, in very sandy dry soil. It is rarely healthy or long-lived on clay. Seed. Inula Heleninm (Elecampane). — A vigorous native herb, with the lower leaves a foot long, and 4 in broad in the middle, narrowing into a stalk ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in large solitary heads, termi- nating the branches ; rays linear, about 14 in. long, with three sharp teeth at the end. ica«cs,of root oblong, stalked; of stem ovate or oblong, clasping, al- most smooth above, clothed with soft whitish hairs beneath ; those of invo- lucre bluntly- ovate, downy ; stem INULA — IRIS. 149 striped, downy, branching at the top. Europe, Caucasus, Japan. This in- mate of the kitchen-garden is worth a place among perennials, grown for the sake of the effect of their foliage, in ordinary soil. Division. Inula Oculus Christ! [Hoary I.) — A hardy herbaceous perennial, 1 i to 2 ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; orange, 34 in. across ; petals very narrow ; di- visions of the involucrum covered with a thick, soft, dark - brown down. Leaves, broadly lance-shaped, obtuse, almost entire, or with a few small and distant teeth, and covered, as is the stem, with a feeble whitish down. Austria. Borders.or naturalization, in warm sandy soil. Division or Iris amoena {Pleasing J.) — A deli- cately tinted and elegant species, I4 to 2 ft. high. Fioivei-s, in summer; whitish at the base, rayed and veined with pale violet outside ; the upper part and internal divisions white, tinged with blue, and veined with ^dolet ; yellowish at the base inside, dotted and rayed with violet ; lamina of the stigma white. Central and South Europe. Borders, or beds of Irises and other fine perennials that flower in early summer, in light, deep, sandy soil. Division. Iris cristata {Crested Iris). — A charming and very dwarf kind, 6 in. high, somewhat like /. pumila, but easily recognised by its rhizome creep- ing well above the ground, looking as if it had grown too far out of it. Flowers, in May ; generally solitary, erect, pale purplish -blue; external divi- sions drooping, obtuse, blue, with deeper blue spots, and three elevated ■wavy ribs, variegated with orange and yellow ; internal divisions narrower, pointed, erect, uniformin colour. Leaves numerous, short, equitant, sword- shaped, curved at the top, with a pale membranaceous margin; stem very slender, small at the base, and gradually thickening as it ascends. N. America. On margins of borders, edges of beds of mixed flowers, or flat, low parts of the rock-garden, always in light, rich, sandy soil. Division. Iris flavesoens ( Yellowish /.)— This plant resembles 7. germanica in its habit, leaves, and rhizome. Flowers, early in summer ; external divisions yellow, reticulated with purplish-red on the lower half, spathulate-oboval, with a beard of bright yellow ; internal divisions deep yellow, wedge-shaped, obovate, very obtuse, having the claw furnished with yellow hairs ; limb of the stigma yellow, spatlndate-oblong. Native country uncertain. Borders, beds, or naturalization, in any soU. Division. Iris florentina {Florentine I.) — A de- licately-coloured and very desirable kind, very like /. germanica in its rhi- zome, stem, and leaves ; I4 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in spring; very fra- grant, white slightly tinged with blue, with a bright yellow beard ; exterior divisions wedge-shaped-spathulate, in- dented, covered with yellow hairs ; in- ternal divisions oboval, indented at the top, wavy at the edges, a little wider than the exterior divisions. Native of Italy and S. Europe. Mixed borders, margins of shrubberies, or na- turalization, in almost any kind of soil. Division. Iris fcBtidissima {Gladdon). — A well, known but undeservedly neglected British plant; I4 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; lead-coloured or bluish, rarely yellow ; exterior divisions marbled with violet on the claw, and having an oval wavy limb veined with the same colour; interior divisions streaked with faint blue. Zeaws, la ace- shaped, stiff, dark-green, when bruised emitting an odour somewhat like that of cold roast beef. Britain and most parts of Europe, iu damp woods and 150 IRIS. thickets. A variety with variegated leaves forms a very pleasing addition to our list of variegated border plants, and is also an excellent house plant. A graceful-leaved and pleasingly striped plant, seen in many Parisian houses, is perhaps rarely suspected to be this variegated form. The com- mon green form is well worthy of being grown in semi-wild places for the sake of the effect of its brilliant coral-red seeds. Division. Iris gevmanica (Common Iris). — The well-known large violet Iris, which may be seen blooming abundantly in small gardens in some parts of London; IJ to 3 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; large, irregular, and fragrant, four or five on each stem; exterior divisions deep violet, broad, spathulate - wedge shaped, blunt, curved backwards, with a yellowish beard ; internal divisions same colour, very broadly spathulate, erect, ellipti- cal or oblong, blunt, with wavy edges ; limb of the stigma streaked with lilac and rosy-white. Leaves, in two rows, sword-shaped, slightly arching, of a flaucous green, shorter than the stem. Ihizome creeping, fleshy and knotty. Native of Southern Europe. A va- riety, named /. gcrmanica alba, has the external divisions bluish-white ; internal, pure white. Another (/. g. cceruhu) has the external divisions violet ; internal, sky-blue. Bordeis or naturalization in semi- wild places. It does best in well-drained soil in a warm aspect, V;ut will thrive in almost any soil or position. There are many beautiful A^arieties, all readily in- creased by division. Iris g^ramineus [Grass-leaved I.) — Intermediate in stature between the dwarf and the tall kinds, and with dis- tinct-looking foliage. Flowers, early in summer; solitary, slightly fragrant; ex- ternal divisions withaclaw2in. long, of a violet-Ulac veined with blue, and a yellow band in the middle ; limb half the length of the claw, nearly round, obtuse, wavy, streaked and veined with white, yellow, and blue ; in- ternal divisions of a uniform violet- blue, lanceolate - oblong, indented, Leaves, nearly linear, streaked, straight, stiff, and erect, of a bright green, glossy on one side only. Elii- zome slender. Native of South Europe. Borders, and fringes of shrubberies, in any soil. Division. Iris iberica [Iberian I.) — Oncocy- elm ibericus. — -A remarkably striking Iris, reminding one of I. susiana, but quite distinct in leaf and flower ; 4 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; solitary ; external divisions roundish, clawed, of a dull-red, marked with tawny streaks, with a few hairs on the upper part, and an oval, velvety, black, purple-edged spot in the mid- dle, recurved, and with slightly reflected edges ; internal divisions roundish, clawed, larger, erect, spread- ing, of a very pale purple, with streaks of a darker hue, veined and spotted about the base ; blade of the stigma, yellowish, dotted with purple. Leaves, linear, arched, almost curled, folded lengthwise. Iberia, on hills near Tiflis. On the warm flanks of the rock- garden, or in choice beds in good sandy soil, at least till more plentiful. It is but recently introduced. Iris jancea, [Rush I.) — 1. lusitanira. — A brilliant kind in the way of the Spanish and English Irises ; 1 ft. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; usually one on a stem ; external divisions of a bright yellow, streaked and veined with violet on the claw ; internal divi- sions spathulate-oblong, pointed, in- dented, of the same length and colour as the external divisions ; limb of the stigma yellow, about 2 in. long. Leaves, longer than the flower-stem, linear-lanceolate, narrow, glaucous, rather flaccid. Native of Spain, Per- lEIS. 151 tugiil, Barbary. Warm sandy bor- ders, or gi-ouped iu beds with the English and Spanish Irises. Separa- tion of the bulbs every second or third year. Iris longipetala (Long-petalled I.) — A very distinct and fine species, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; white, and regularly flaked through- out their whole length with rather broad and even bands of bluish-lilac. L'aws, sword-shaped. California. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, etc., iu sandy loam. Division. Iris Mounieri {Golden I.) — A bright and noWe-flowered kind, quite dis- tinct from any other in cultivation; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in ' summer ; large, fragrant, bright orange yellow ; tube short; external divisions 3 in. long, roundish, indented, wavy ; in- ternal divisions spathulate-obloug, 2- lobed at the top, shorter than the external divisions ; limb of the stigma of a brilliant golden yellow. Leaves, lance - shaped, about 2^ ft. long. Native of the Levant. Borders, margins of shrubberies, and in tufts iu open glades by wood-walks, in rich and rather moist soil. Division. Iris n'ldicaulis (Nahed-stemmeA I.) — A very dwarf, sturdy, and hand- some kind, 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 4 to 7 on each stem, violet-blue, large; external divisions sxiathulate-obo val, blunt seldom wavy ; internal divisions oval, a little longer than the external divisions; limb of the stigma violet. Leaves, lanceolate, arching ; stem-leaves very short, re- sembling spathes. Native of Southern Europe. Suited for association with the dwarf Flag, the crested Iris, and other select plants on level parts of the rock-garden, in the front rank in the choice mixed border, and as edg- ings or tufts on margins of beds of choice dwarf shrubs. Division. Iris oohroleaca ( YellowUh I.) — A tall, erect, distinct-looking sort ; I } to 34 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; with a short greenish tube ; external divisions 2 in. to 44 iu. long, white, marked on the claw with a yellow band and yellow veins ; limb oval, in- dented, yellow at the base ; internal divisions much longer than the ex- ternal ones, and of a deeper yellow on the upper side, spathulate-obloug, indented ; limb of the stigma white ; Leaves, straight, stiff, striated, I4 to 2 ft. long. Native of South Russia. Borders, among the taller herbar ceous plants, and in tufts two or three feet within the margin of shrubberies ; best in rather moist soil ; only when sheltered in the last position have I seen it attain a growth of over three feet high. Division. Iris pallida {Pale-flowered I.) — A tall, and noble species, 2 to 34 ft. high. Flowers, iu early summer ; pale blue; external divisions wedge-shaped, oboval, obtuse, with a whitish yeliow beard ; internal divisions rather longer than the external, oboval-rouudish, obtuse, or indented ; five to nine ou each stem, with the odour of orange- blossoms. Leaves, shorter than the stem, very glaucous. Central and South Europe. Mixed borders, fringes of shrubberies, in strong tufts by wood-walks, and any position in which the common /. germanica may be found useful. Division. Iris Pseudaoorus {Marsh I.) — /. Pseudo-Acorus.—Ihe common Flag, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, almost without odour ; external divi- sions yellow, with a round spot at the base of a brighter yeUow, veined with violet ; internal divisions pale yellow. Leaves green, erect, sword-shaped, about 24 ft. in length. Native of most parts of Europe. Margins of ponds, etc. ; the variegated form is the only one likely to be re(iiured for garden use, as 152 lEIS. the green one 13 found on the margin of almost every piece of water. Iris pumila(i)war/i^i;ajf).— The best known of the smaller Irises, though far from being as common as it deserves ; li to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring, and frequently a second time in au- tumn ; small, of a deep violet, one or two on each stem ; external divisions broad, oblong : internal divisions spa- thulate, and wavy on the edges ; Leaves, narrow. There are varieties ■with light blue, whitish, and yellowish flowers. Southern Europe. Well adapted for edgings, rockwork, and tufts on the margins of borders, andthrives best in rich, light, and well- drained soil. The finest plants I have teen were on very sandy, deep, well- Arained peat. Readily increased by iivision. Iris reticulata (Early Bulbous I.)— One of the most singularly beautiful of early flowers ; 4 to 6 in. high. Mowers, in spring ; one on each stem, deliciously fragrant, about 3 in. long ; external divisions concave, oblong- spathulate, of a rich violet-purple, veined and reticulated with a darker shade of the same colour, and a deep and brilliant orange stain in the mid- dle; internal divisions blunt, 2 in. long, of a uniform violet hue, narrower than the limb of the stigma. Leaves, erect, slender, pointed, hollow, irregu- larly four-angled, glaucous, 5 to 18 in. long. .BMft,small,egg-shap"ed, brownish. Caucasus. In select sunny nooks in the rock-garden, in a deep and thoroughly drained bed of rich and light soil, or in the same descrip- tion of soil on a bank or slightly raised border, always in a sunny, warm posi- tion. I have seen this plant thrive when fuUy exposed, where the soil was of a fine sandy character and well drained, but recommend positions which will encourage its early- Iplooming character, and also, as it is scarce, prevent its suffering from the destruction of its leaves by storms. Separation of the bulbs, every second or third year when the stems are nearly withered. Iris ruthenica (Russian /.) — A very small kind, with grassy leaves ; 1^ to 4 in. high. Flowers, in spiing, fragrant ; external divisions spathu- late-obtuse, yellowish above, streaked underneath with yellow, white, and violet ; internal divisions liuear-spa- thulate, indented, bluish or violet, halt the length of the external divi- sions ; limb of the stigma violet-blue. Leaves, 8 to 13 in. long, lanceolate- linear, some erect, others curving a little, streaked, green and shining on one side, Glaucous on the other. South Russia and Siberia. Borders, in fine free moist soil. Division. Iris ssumbViKma. (Etder-scer led I.) — A vigorous and rather tall kind, I4 to 3.i ft. high. Flower's, in summer ; large, with the odour of Elder-flowers ; ex- ternal divisions spathulate- oblong, rounded and somewhat jagged above, yellow, with brown or violet rays and veins, and a dense bright yellow beard ; internal divisions elliptical-oblong, very obtuse, wavy, of a buff yellow tinged with violet, turned back under- neath. Leaves, cxrrving, glaucous. Native of South Europe. Mixed borders or beds, margins of shrub- beries, or naturalization, in any rich soil. Division. Iris sibiriaa (Siberiam /.)— A tall kindwithslender leaves; I4 to nearly 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; external divisions 2 in.long.spathulate-obovate; limb rather wavy, variegated with white and blue, veined with violet ; claw of abrownish yellowstreaked with violet, having a wide white band in the middle ; internal divisions lanceo- late oblong, nearly blunt, entire, violet- . blue, with a whitish claw veined with violet; limb of the stigma streaked IRIS. 153 with lilac and violet, 2 to 6 on each stem, having a faint scent of Hya- cinths. Leaves, straight, ei-ect. 6 to 13 in. long; stem hollow. Vara. /. s. loiigifolia, with long leaves ; /. s. flexuosa, with white flowers ; I. s. ochroUuca, with yellowish flowers ; I. s. hmmatophyUa (or sanr/uinea), with purplish-violet leaves, Siberia, Aus- tria, and Switzerland. Natuvaliza^ tion, or borders, in any soU. It thrives vigorously in the worst clay soils, where most of the other kinds grow badly or perish. Division at any season. Iris spuria (Spurious I.) — An ele- gant kind, Ij to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large ; external divisions with a roundish bright blue limb, veined at the base with violet, and a whitish claw veined with violet, and having a broad yellow band in the middle ; internal divisions of a deep blue, inclining to violet, wavy, rather concave. Leaves, sword-shaped, very pointed, glaucous ; lower stem-leaves much shorter than the stem, upper ones inflated. Rltizome tolerably thick, covered with rusty - brown scales. South Europe. Borders, or beds, in good rich loam. Division. Iris squ^lens {Squalid T.) — Very closely allied to /. sambucina, of which it may be a variety ; 1^ to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer; external divisions spathulate - obovate, very obtuse, erose above, of a violet blue, with a b ight yellow beard; internal divisions pale blue, tinged with yellow, ellip- tical, very obtuse, rather wavy, in- dented ; limb of the stigma streaked with yellow and dull violet. Leaves, similar to those of 7. samhucina. South Europe. Similar positions, etc., to those for the Elder-soented I. Iris suhbiflora. — A sturdy, rather dwarf, and stout species, 10 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer; large, violet, with a yeUow beard; external divisions 2^ in. long, spa- thulate - oboval, slightly undulating at the margin ; internal divisions elliptical-oboval, roundish above, in- dented, and as if gnawed on the wavy margin, a little longer and broader than the external divisions ; limb of the stigma spathulate-oblong, 2 in. long, violet. Leaves, straight, those of the stem short, and resembling sheaths. Native of Portugal. Mixed borders, or beds of herbaceous j)lants, or the roxigher parts of the rock-garden, also for naturalization, though not amidst vigorous vegeta- tion, in sandy loam. Division. Iris susiana {Mourninrj L) — One of the most singular of all the flowers of temperate and northern climes ; 14 to 25 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; very large, densely spotted and striped with dark purple on a grey ground; external divibions oval, wavy, with a violet beard ; internal divi- sions wedge-shaped-obovate ; limb of the stigma violet. Leaves, narrow, lanceolate-acute, glaucous. Native of Asia Minor and Persia. In sunny nooks in the rock garden, or on shel- tered banks or borders, always in light, warm, and thoroughly drained soil. In mild and warm parts of the south and west it may be easier to cultivate than about London ; in any case it is one of the most interesting plants grown in the open garden, and deserves our best attention. In cold districts or on heavy soil the protec- tion of a handlight would be desirable in winter. Increased by division. Iris Swertii {Swert's /.)— 1 to 2 ft. high. Flower's, in summer ; very fra- grant, milk-white, veined with violet on the edges, with a beard yellow at the base and bluish at the ends ; ex- ternal divisions spathulate - obovate, indented, obtuse ; internal divisions obovate, indented, truncate at the ends, wavy, glabrous. Leaves, usually 154 lEIS — JASIONE. Btraiglit, glaucous ; spathes whitish, tinged with violet. Native of South Europe. Borders, in ordinary rich soil. Division. Iris tuberosa (Snake's Head). — An interesting but dull-coloured kind, 12 or 1 3 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; small; external divisions brownish- green, streaked with yellow, with a purplish-brown tinge on the upper part, round and entire ; internal divi- sions yellowish, very small, covered with hairs. Leaves, 4-angled, pointed, longer than the stem, of a pale green ; tubers usually two, white, sending out runners. South Europe. Not worthy of a place in the garden, but where admired it may be naturalized in light soil. Division. Iris variegata ( Variegated I.) — A handsome richly-toned kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; slightly fragrant ; external divisions spathulate - oblong, roundish, and rather indented and wavy above yel- low, streaked with brown or violet, with a dense bright yellow beard ; internal divisions elliptical - oblong, very obtuse, wavy, of a bright yellow finely veined with violet, folded back underneath ; limb of the stigma bright yellow, not veined. Leaves, straight, turned inwards at the point, glauces- ceut. /. Ve Beryii, supposed to be a variety of this, is a richly-coloured and very ornamental kind. Austria and Hungary. Borders or beds, in ordinary garden soil. Division. Iris Xiphioides {English I.) — /. An- glica. — Ahandsome popular plant, long grown in our gardens, 1 ft. to over 2 ft. high. Floii-ers,in June and July ; 2 to 3 on each stem, large, sky-blue, veined with a darker shade of same colour, with a broad yeUow spot or band in the middle of the external divisions, which are deflected at the base, and abruptly narrowed there into a, broad concave claw, and have a roundish, indented, emarginate limb; internal divisiona rather shorter, wedge-shaped-oboval, wavy. Leaves, long, linear, chan- nelled, glaucous. Bulb, of an elon- gated egg-shape, with brownish coats. Many varieties exist, differing chiefly in shades of colour, from which how- ever the yellow hue is absent in a remarkable degree. Spain and the Pyrenees. Borders and groups of the finer perennials, thriving best in deep sandy soil. Separation of the bulbs, Iris Xiphlum (Spanish I.) — Another handsome bulbous Iris, 1 .^ to 24 ft. high. Flowers, in May and June ; fragrant ; external divisions 2 in. long, pale blue veined with violet, with a roundish limb shorter than the claw ; internal divisions usually of a violet-blue, not veined, lanceolate-oblong, acute, wavy, a little longer than the external divisions. Leaves, longer than the stem, linear- lanceolate, narrow, awl-shaped at the end, rather flaccid. Bulb, egg-shaped, yellow or brown, narrowed and often compressed at the base. Spain and Portugal. The same treatment and positions as for the preceding kind. There are numerous varieties. Isopyrum thalietroides [Meadow- rue I.) — A graceful plant, with leaves resembling those of a Thalic- trum, the stems attaining a height of from 10 to 14 inches. Flowers, in early summer ; white, with a faint green tinge, stalked ; sepals blunt ; petals 5, sometimes 6, obtuse. Leaves, ternate, stalks widening at the base into membranous ears ; leaflets 3-lobed or cut, stalked. Pyrenees and Moun- tainous parts of Ureece, Italy, and Carniola. Borders, in any soil, and as a graceful fern-like edging plant, the flower-stems in this case to be pinched off as they appear. Division. Jasione humilis [Small Jasione).—A modest and pretty - looking minute JASIONii — LAMIUM. 155 alpine herb, 1 to 3 in. high. Flowers, in simuner; blue, in heads 4 to | in. across ; calyx hairy, with linear, hair- like segments. Leaves, linear-ol.)Ovate, bluutish, flat, entire ; radical ones set closely together in rosettes ; stem- leaves scattered; braots ovate acute, entire or dentate ; whole plant downy. Elevated pastui-es of the Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in moist, gritty, or sandy loam. Division. Jasione perennis (Perennial J.) —A pleasing-looking perennial, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; blue, in terminal, large, roundish heads, 4 to I in. across, on naked stalks. Leaves, narrow, rather hairy ; those of root obovate ; stem-leaves oblong-linear, flat ; stems smooth or hairy, erect, simple, or branched from the base, clothed with leaves to about half their height. Pyrenees and Dauphiny. Borders, in sandy soil. Division or seed. Jefferaonia diphylla (Tvnnleaf). — A very interesting dwarf plant, allied to the Blood-root and the Duck's-foot ; 3 to loin. high. Flowers, in early spring; white, about 1 in. across, with 8 yellow stamens in the centre ; petals 8, stalks 1-flowered ; the seed-vessel after the petals have fallen, resembling that of the Poppy. Lmves, distinctly divided into 2 lobes. Moist places in Tennessee and Virginia. Margins of beds of shrubs in peat soil, or in peaty places in the rock garden, or the drier portions of the artificial bog. Division and seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe. Kitaihelia vitifolia ( Vine-leaved K. ) — A vigorous, robust. Mallow-like herb, with dark-greeu leaves ; C to 8 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; small, white, with yellow stamens, axillary ; caljrx 5-parted ; involucels 7- or 9- parted. Leaves, 5-lobed, acute, toothed, eliaped like those of the Vine. Hun- gary. Naturalization in rough places in any soil. Propagated by division. Eachenalia serotina (Late-flowering L.) — Uropetalum serotinum. — A some- what singular-looking bulbous plant, 1 to 14 ft. high. Fluwers, in summer; external divisions of a dirty-brown, marked with a purplish streak ; in- ternal divisions of the same colour tinged with red, and whitish on the inside, arranged in spike-like, many- flowered racemes, nearly secund. Leaves, linear, pointed, channelled, erect, nearly the length of the flower- stem. Native of Spain, Portugal, Teneriffe, and North Africa. Mixed borders, or lower parts of rock- work, in sandy loam ; in severe frosts it will require to be covered ; scarcely ornamental enough for the choice collection. Division. Lactuca sonchifolia (Blue Dande- lion). — .\n interesting and uncommon perennial, with smooth, erect stem, 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, late in summer ; sky-blue, larger than those of L. perennis, in racemose panicles, with bracts on the flower-stalks. Leaves, runcinate - pinnatifid, with lance - shaped, somewhat recurved, finely-toothed lobes. South of Russia, and about Constantinople. Bor- ders, in sandy soil. Seed or division. Lamium garganicum (Gargano Dead Nettle).— A pretty Dead Nettle, 1 ft. to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer; purplish, in dense, imperfect whorls of 10 to 20 blossoms each ; corolla four times the length of the calyx ; tube straight, smooth inside, velvety with- out ; throat very wide ; upper lip broadly notched ; side lobes angular, or forming two very short teeth ; anthers very hairy ; calyx villous, with awl-shaped pointed teeth ; braots very short. Leaves, heart - shaped, wrinkled, covered on both sides with soft down ; stems ascending, clothed with dense, lone, white hairs. Found 156 LAMIUM — LATHYRUS. on Mount Gargano, in the south- east of Italy. Naturalization, or borders, in any soil. Division. Lamium maoulatum {Spotted L.)^A native plant, common in gardens, with leaves veined or blotched with white ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; piirplish-red, about 10 in a whorl ; tube of corolla re- curved ; upj)er lip oblong. Leaves, heart-shaped, acute, doubly toothed, or slightly cut, hairy and blotched. L. ma- ciilatuvi album is a variety with showy white flowers. Europe, North Africa, and Middle Asia. The white va- riety is a neat and pretty plant for borders, and naturalization on banks, thriving in any soil. Division. Lamium Orvala {Red Dead Nettle). — A large and distinct Dead Nettle, with erect stems, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; deep red, in axillary -\\-horls from 6 to 14 flowers in each ; corolla about IJ in.^ong ; tube straight, with a ring of hairs inside. Leaves, large, broadly- ovate, unequally ser- rated, stalked, smooth and shining above, often red beneath. France and Italy. .Borders, in ordinary soil, and only in large or botanical coUec- tious. Division. Lathyrus californicus (Californian Everlasting Pea). — A handsome climb- ing perennial, from 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; with a lilac- pui-ple standard, and "svhite keel and wings, in many-flowered clusters, as lo:ig as the leaves. Leaves, of from C to 10, oval-oblong, mucronate, glau- cous leaflets ; stipules half - arrow- shaped. California.- Borders, and the rougher parts of the rock-garden, in sandy loam. Divison ar.d seed. lathyrus grandiflorus (Large-flowered L.) — A very handsome, hairy, chmb- ing herb, with blooms larger than those of the common Everlasting Pea ; i ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very rose-coloured ; stalks axillary, 2- or 3-flowered, longer than the leaves. Leaves, with 1 pair of large ovate, blunt leaflets ; stems 4-angled, winged. Southern Europe Banks and hedges, in which it will run freely through low bushes, etc. ; also in borders on low trellises, on rootwork, or large rockwork; allowed to fall over precipices in isolated tufts, or planted beneath low specimen trees and shrubs, and allowed to run through their foliage. It prefers a deep sandy loam, or warm soil. Division. Lathyrus latifolius (Everlasting Pea). — A beautiful climbing plant, common in gardens ; 6 ft. high. Flowers, nearly all the simimer ; bright-rose ; stalks many-flowered, axillary, longer than the leaves. Leaves, with 1 pair of elliptic, slightly glaucous, 3- to 5- nerved, mucronate leaflets ; stipules broadly-ovate ; stems winged. There is a fine white variety. Europe, in woods, and naturalized in some parts of Britain. Suitable for the same jiur- poses as L. granu Iflurus. The white variety is very fine. Not seeding so freely as the common forms, it blooms longer, and nothing can look finer than strong isolated specimens of it allowed to grow untrained and un- supported on banks. Division and seed. Lathyrus palustris (Marsh Vetch- ling). — A seldom seen but very graceful native plant, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in June and Julj' ; bluish-purple, in clusters of 3 to 5 flowers on each peduncle. Leaves, composed of two or three pairs of linear-lanceolate, acute leaflets; stipules small, lanceo- late, half-arrow-shaped, and sharp- pointed at both ends ; stem winged ; pods linear-oblong compressed. Britain and other parts of Europe in boggy meadows, rare. Allowed to trail among American and otlier shrubs, in moist soil. Seed and division. LATHYRUS — LBUCOJUM. 157 Latliyrusrotundifolius(/?e«nd-2eauccJ YetcAUvg). — A small but handsome Everlasting Pea, I4 ft. high. Flowers, from June to August ; bright rosj'- purple, arranged in long clusters rising above the leaves. Leaves, com- posed of a single pair of greyish-green oval-roundish leaflets with from 3 to 5 nerves ; stipules half -arrow-shaped, sometimes toothed. Stem, narrowly- winged, branching. The Cau.casus and South Russia. Borders, at the foot of walls or houses, or naturalized, where its somewhat delicate but very free-blooming shoots may trail over low shrubs, etc. It thrives best in sandy loam, but is not fastidious as to soil. Division and seed. lathyrus tuYjerosiis {Tuberous L.) — A pretty small Everlasting Pea, 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rose- coloured ; stalks 3- to (j-flowered, 2 or 3 times the length of the leaves. Leaves, with one pair of oblong-elliptic, slightly pointed leaflets ; stipules nearly arrow-shaped, narrow ; stems 4-aiigled ; roots creeping, throwing out irregular brown tubers. Europe and Britain. Borders, rough rockwork, and copses, or fringes of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Lavatera unguioulata (Samian L.) — A vigorous-growing perennial with a dark green, woody, branching stem, about 4 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; light rosy-lilac, about 3 in. across, showy, nearly sessile, solitary, axillary. Leaves, slightly downy, large, the upper ones with 3-pointed lobes ; the lower ones 5-lobed. Island of Samos. Borders, or naturalization, in light or calcareous soil. Seed and cuttings. Leiophyllum huxifolium {Sand Myrtle). — Ledum thymifolium. — A pretty dwarf evergreen shrub, forming compact bushes 4 to 6 in. or more high. Flowers,' in Hay or June; pinkish-white, when open; the un- opened buds a delicate pink; freely produced in terminal corymbs. Leaves, small, oval, smooth, shining. Sandy pine-barrens in New Jersey, and the Mountains of Carolina. Among dwarf shrubs in peat beds, and oc- casionally in the rock-garden in similar soil, and as an edging. Layers^ Leontopodiam alpinuji {Lion' s-fooi) . — Avery hoary alpine herb, with simjile stems, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale yellow ; inconspicuoiis, in a crowded head ; surrounded by an elegant star-like whorl of oblong, spreading, densely woolly leaves. Leaves, oblong, very woolly. High sloping pastures on many of the great Continental mountain ranges. Eockwork on exposed spots, in moist sandy soil. Careful division. teptinella^cariosa (Creeping L.) — A very dwarf composite plant, 1 or 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, yellow ; peduncle scape-like, shaggy. Leaves, rather smooth, linear at the base, lyrate-pinnatifid in the upper part. Stem, prostrate, rooting, leafy, shaggy. Native country unknown. ■ Suited for creeping about on rock- work, in any soil. Division. Leucanthemnm aroticum {Arctic L.) — Chrj/santhemum a/rcticum. — A dwarf smooth' alpine herb, 6 to 12 in. high. Flmcers, in summer ; white, sometimes reddish, with yellow centre, 1 to 2 in. across. Leaves, lower ones wedge- shaped, toothed at the apex ; upper ones mostly strap-shaped and entire. Northern Europe and America. • Rockwork, or borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Leucojum aestivuin {Summer Snow- flalee). — A handsome and graceful plant, somewhat like a tall and vigorous Snowdrop ; 1 to 1 .J ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early suumer ; later than L.vernum or L. Hernandezii ; pure white, the tip of eaph petal being marked with green both inside and 158 LEUCO JUM — LIATRIS. out, drooping, in a cluster of four to eight blooms, each about an inch long. Leaves, daffodil-like, shorter than the flower-stem, appearing in winter before the flowers. A. native of Central and South Europe, but naturalized in Britain. This plant, found on the banks of the Thames about Woolwich and Greenwich, aud in a few other places, is deserving of a place in every garden, either as a border plant or naturalized with the more vigorous kinds of dafi'odils in grassy places. It grows freely in almost any soil, and is easily increased by separation of the bulbs. Leucojum Hernandezii {Small Summer SnowJlaJce). — This is the kind commonly grown in gardens as S. pulcheUiim. It grows from 1 to 1 4 ft. high, and blooms iu summer, three weeks or a month earlier than L. cestivum. Flowers, white, with oblong- obtuse divisions, having the tips marked with a green spot, and about half an inch long, or half the size of those of L. astivum, 1 to 3 on each stem. Leaves, linear, about \ in. broad, flat, blunt at the ecd, nearly as long as the flower-stem. Native of mountains near Lluch, in Majorca; found also iu Minorca. This plant, which has been supposed by eome to be a form of Z. a^stivam, difi"ers from it in having leaves one-third narrower, flowers only half the size, spathe with only from 1" to 3 flowers, germen oblong, and in flowering three or four weeks earlier. Not being so handsome as the Summer Suowtiake, nor very distinct from it iu appearance, it is not worthy of a place except as a naturalized plant in rough places. Leucojum yeraum {Spring Snow- flake). — A very handsome spring flower, resembling the Snowdrop in stature, and somewhat in grace, but larger iu all its parts ; from 4 to fl iu. high. Flowers, in spring ; white with a green spot on the tips of the petals, solitary, drooping, and fragrant. Leaves, few, linear, ribbon- like. Native of Central Europe ; lately discovered to be a native of Britain also, * * on the Greenstone heights iu the neighbour- hood of Britford." Grows freely in any good sandy loam, but til] more plentiful should be treated well, i.e., planted in deep and very sandy loam, iu a sheltered sunny position. It deserves to be made almost as plenti- ful as the Common Snowdrop, being admirably suited for the rock-garden, borders, and naturalization on grassy banks iu the pleasure-ground, or in semi- wild spots iu sandy loam , Separa- tion of the bulbs ; where scarce, its seed should be saved and sown. Liatris elegans {Button Snake-root). — A showy herb, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; purplish, iu spikes a foot or more long. Leaves, spotted, smooth ; root-leaves spoon- shaped, 3- to 5-nerved ; upper stem- leaves strap-shaped, short, often having a short spine at the points. North America, Borders, or margins of shrubberies, iu sandy loam. Division or seed. liatris pycnostachya {Dense- spiked L. ) — A stout species with very leafy stems, and thick and dense spikes, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in sum- mer ; pale purple, in a dense cylin- drical spike, about 2 ft. long, some- what leafy below. Learts, rigid, stalkless, partly clasping at the base ; lower ones narrow, lauce-3baped,blunt, 5- to 7-nerved; upper ones usually short and much crowded, narrowly- strap-shaped,pointed. North America. Borders, or grouped with the bolder perennials, in ordinary soil. Division. Liatris spi-'ata {Spiked Button Snake- root). — A handsome perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale purple, almost stalkless, in spikes, 6 to 15 in. long ; involucre somewhat LIATRIS — LILIUM. 159 resinous, the scales oblong or oval adpressed. Leaves, strap - shaped, acute, fringed at the base, the nerves frequentlyhairy. North America. Borders, or margins of shrubberies, in moist, deep loam. Division. Llatrls squarrosa (^Sealy Button Snahe-root). — A showy herb, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; bright purple, in rough heads, with short stalks, on downy stems, having many alternate leaves ; the scales of the in- volucre with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. Leaves of root, long, 4 in. wide, 3- to 5-nerved ; those of stem strap-shaped, rigid. Root, tube- rous. North Ameidca. Borders and margins of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Division. Lihertia ixioidea {Tall L.) — A tall perennial, with somewhat the aspect of a narrow-leaved Iris, but of a very dark-green hue ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flow- ers, in summer ; white, with pale-yel- low stamens, numerous, arranged in closely - packed heads one above another. Leaves, sword-shaped, about 4 in. broad, 18 to 24 in. long, in close tufts. Native of Chili. Grows freely in peaty soil or sandy loam, but is not on the whole, a pretty, effective, or first-class plant, and should there- fore be confined to imimportant posi- tions. Careful division. Libertia magellanica (Dwarf L.) — An attractive species, l."* to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pure white, arranged in heads much closer together than those of L. ixioides. Leaves, 12 to 15 in. long, narrow, sword-shaped. Native of the southern part of South America. Very suit- able for cutting for bouquets of white flowers, and pretty in borders, or in rockwork, in peaty or fine sandy soil, and in warm po.sitions. Division. Lilium auratum (Gold-striped lAly). — One of the noblest of its race, with enormous flowers on very slender stems, from 3 to 7 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 4 in. or more in length, 7 to 10 in. across ; white, with a golden stripe running longitudinally through each petal on the inside, which is also more or less densely marked with oval purplish spots ; 1 to 100 blooms on each stem, according to age of plant, exhaling a powerful and peculiar odour. Leaves, narrow, lanceo- late, on short stalks. Various forms, differing much in colour, are now in our nurseries. Native of Japan or the Corea. Borders, or in tufts among shrubs, in peat or light, sandy, well- drained soil. Increased by separation of the smaU bulbs, and also by stem- scales and bulbils. This Lily is per- fectly hardy. lillum Brownii (Brown's Lily). — A noble Lily resembling L. longifolium, but attaining a height of 3 or 4 ft. Flowers, in summer ; bell - shaped, very large, somewhat long and droop- ing, 1 to 4 on a stem ; pure white on the inside, dashed or streaked on the outside with lines of a dark violet or purple ; with reddish-brown anthers. Leaves, of stem reflected, the upper ones wider, and lance - shaped, on stems rigid, erect, and spotted with purple, especially towards the base. Bulb, rather large, top-shaped, with numerous scales, which are acute, loosely-overlapping ; the external ones as high as the internal, all of a rosy hue on the inside. Probably from the Corea or Japan, but native country uncertain. Among low shrubs, where it will be sheltered, in deep sandy well-drained peat, or in a col- lection of choice lilies, on a warm sheltered border. The bulbs should be planted not less than 7 in. deep. Propagated by separation of the small bulbs given off by the matured ones. Lilium bulbiferum (Bulb - bearing Lily). — A sturdy, richly-coloured species, 2J to 4 ft. high. Flowers, IGO lilidm: early in summer ; large, deep saffron - yellow or bright orange-red, with one large spot of a paler colour and nume- rous brown dots : arranged in an um- bellated panicle, 2 to 10 on each stem. Leaves^ alternate, linear - lanceolate, almost quite smooth, bearing in their axils the bulbils whence the plant derives its specific name. Sidb, large, pear-shaped, with very fleshy com- pressed scales, white on the outside, rosy within. Central and Southern Europe. Isolated plants and small groups in beds of dwarf evergreens, in mixed borders, and grouped with other kinds, in deep sandy loam. Increased by the bulbils and by sepa- ration of the bulbs. Lilium oanadense {Canadian Lily). — A prettily - spotted medium- sized kind, with whorled foliage ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; of an orange - yellow at the top, yellow spotted with purple in the middle, with lanceolate divisions curving backwards a little ; 1 to 10 on each stem. Leaves, numerous, in distant whorls, ovate lanceolate, smooth above, slightly villous underneath. Bulb resembling that of L, Afartayon, but smaller and whiter. Native of N. America. Suitable for beds of lilies and mixed bonlers, in very sandy soil. Separation of the bulbs. Iiiliiimcandidum [White Lily). — The well-known White Lily of our cottage gardens, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pure white with yellow anthers, of an elegant bell-shape, smooth on the inside, standing nearly erect or horizontal, emitting an agreeable but powerful odour ; 4 to 20 on a stem. Leaves, gradually dimi- nishing in size from the ba.se upwards ; those of the base wedge shaped, the upper ones linear - lance - shaped. Bulb, large, pear-shaped, with loose scales of a greenish- white on the out- Bide, and a light flesh-colour within ; in autumn the external scales develop themselves into small leaves. A very fine variety, L. candiclum striatum, has the flowers handsomely spotted and striped with purplish-red. A double white variety is often sold, but it has none of the beauty, grace, or purity of colour of the ordinary' single form, and is not worthy of cul- tivation. There is also a variety with variegated leaves. Syria and Persia. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization, in ordinary soil, the deeper and lighter the better. In- creased by separation of the bulbs. Lilium caruiolicum {Lily of Car- niola). — At present an uncommon kind, 1 to 2 ft. high. Floions, in sum- mer ; scarlet-red or orange - yellow, with greenish base, marked on the lower part with a great number of prominent tawny - purple lines, the divisions being turned back as in the Turban I.ily, pendulous, 1 to 6 on each stem. Leaves, almost patent, at regular distances from each other, lanceolate-acute, rough and downy on the edges, diminishing in size as they approach the top of the stem. Car- niola. -Among the dwarf and me- dium-sized kinds, in light soil. Sepa- ration of the bulbs. Lilium carolinianum {Carolina Lily). — Allied to L. superbum ; 2 to 3 ft. and upwards high. Flowers, in sirmmer ; of an orange yellow spotted with deep purple in the throaty generally in threes, on thick flower-stalks bent downwards. Leaves, for the most part in whorls, wedge-shaped-lanceolate, or oboval. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, very acute and very much reflected. Native of North America. In beds or groups, in moist deep peat. Separation of the bulbs. Lilium Catesbsei {Southern Red Lily). — A very distinct kind ; 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; open bell-shaped, erect, usually solitary, LILIUM. 161 sometimes 2, 3, or 4, growing from the same point on the top of the stem, scarlet, spotted with dark purple, greenish-yellow outside, and yellow within, long clawed, wavy on the margins, and recurved at the summit. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, scattered. North America. Borders and beds, in deep peaty, or very sandy soil. Associated with the dwarfer Lilies. Separation of the bulbs. Lilium chalcedonicum {Scarlet Mar- tagon). — The well - known Scarlet Martagon, 2| to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; the colour of a thoroughly ripened Tomato, the inside rough with small blackish protuberances, pendulous, with revo- lute petals ; seldom more than 6 on each stem. Leaves, smooth, twisted, linear-lanceolate, blunt at the point, rough at the edges, suddenly dimi- nishing in size about the middle of the stem, and becoming very narrow to- wards the top. Bulb, large, round, with pointed, closely overlapping scales, yellowish on the outside. Asia Minor. In beds of lilies grouped with the taller kinds, borders, and small groups on margins of shrub- beries, in ordinary garden soil. In- creased by separation of the bulbs. Lilium crocenm {Orange Lily). — A well-known plant, with numerous gay flowers on a stiff, furrowed stem, from li to 3i ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a deep saffron or orange, with nu- merous very small black spots, ar- ranged in a kind of panicle, 3 to 15 on each stem, over a whorl of 3 to 5 leaves larger than the rest. Leaves, scattered, numerous, of a bright green, spreading or arched, rarely upright, linear-lan- ceolate. Snlb, large, round, broader than deep. There are, under the name of Lilium wmbellatum, some varieties of this plant, varying chiefly in tone from a more or less orange or ochre- yeUow to a deep yermiliou-red, and with brown punctuations on the divi- sions ol the flowers. Italy. Borders, beds, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization in copses, etc., in common soil, though the more highly manured it is the finer will be the blooms and the larger the bulbs. In- creased by separation of the bulbs ; when growing in gardens, it should b« raised every three years, as the flowers from the crowded bulbs are small. lAliumeTdmlvim {Transparent Trumpet Lily), — Closely allied to L. longijlorurn, probably a variety of it ; 10 to IS in. high. Flowers, in summer ; resembling those of L. longiflomm, but with wider, thicker, and less reflected divisions of a transparent white colour. The midrib is also white throughout ; in L. lovgl- florum it is greenish at the base of the divisions inside the flower. Native of Japan. JFor culture, etc., see Lilium longiflorwm. Lilium gigantenm {Giant Lily). — A huge Lily, quite different in aspect from any other in cultivation ; 7.^ to 94 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; greenish-white outside, tinged with violet on the inside, large, 6 to 7 in. long, funnel-shaped, with divisions slightly reflected, fragrant, pendulous, 8 to 15 (sometimes 20) on each tall and stout stem. Leaves, very broad, those of the root and lower part of stem stalked, oval-acute, with a heart-shaped base ; the upper stem- leaves nearly stalkless, with a rounded base, and diminishing in size. Bulb, very large, conical, with scales which are very broad at the base and narrow at the top, very fleshy, not compressed, of a greenish- white colour. Native of Nepaul. . Occasionally grown in greenhouses, but hardy, though only flowering under favourable conditions in the open air. I have seen it flower- ing vigorously on deep and fine sandy soil in mild districts. A well- drained position, good, deep, and very 162 LILIUM. sandy soil, are indispensable. The best position for it is isolated a few feet within the margin of a shrubbery, with a warm exposure. Also suitable for association with hardy subtropical plants and the like. Separation of bulbs. lilium japonicum (Japan Lily). — Allied to L. longijlorum — About 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; whitish inside, purplish outside, very large, funnel-shaped, about 8 in. long, stand- ing horizontally, terminal, solitary. Leaves, alternate, few, and distant from each other; very long, lanceolate, pointed, smooth. Native of Japan, China, Nepaxxl. Similar positions etc. to those for L. longijlorum. Lilium kamtchatcenss [Black Lily). — Fritillaria hamtchatcensis. — A very sin- gular species, though not brilliant or ornamental like the other kinds ; to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer; so- litary, bell-shaped, with oval-lanceo- late divisions of a deep dull piirplish- red, paler towards the base, which is marked with small purplish dots. Sepals furnished with a nectary at the base, icoj/'cs, lanceolate, the lower ones whorled, the upper opposite or soUtary. Bulb, used as food by the poor inhabitants of Kamtchatka, by whom it is called screnna, or sarana. This plant varies much in the number of its leaves and flowers. Native of Kamtchatka. ■ Chiefly interesting for botanical or curious coUcctiong. It should be planted in sandy and deep moist loam. Separation of the bulbs. Lilium longiflorum (Trumpet Lily). — Combines dwarfness of habit, purity and size of flower, and sweetest odour, more than any other known lily ; 10 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; funnel-shaped, 4 to in. long, with the extremities of the divisions turned back, pure white, mth greenish sta- mens terminated by handsome yel- low anthers, and a greenish stigma ; exceedingly fragrant ; 2 to 5 on each stem, set almost horizontally. Leaves, scattered, lanceolate-acute, narrowed towards the foot-stalk, spreading or bent downwards, of a bright green. Su,lb, of medium size, top-shaped, with fleshy yellowish- white scales. Japan. In small clumps on the margins of beds and masses of shrubs, as an edging to beds of lilies in borders, or in beds or groups of fragrant flowering plants, and among the larger and more vigorous subjects on the lower flanks and outskirts of the rock-garden ; in all cases in deep, thoroughly drained fine sandy earth ; the biilbs to be planted rather deeply. Increased by separating the young bulbs from the matured one. Lilium Martagoa (Martacjon Vly). — A kind frequently seen, not brilliantly coloured like most cultivated lilies, but graceful and attractive in some of its forms ; 1 to 3,^ ft. in height. Flow- ers, in summer ; dull rosy-violet, deeply marked on the inside, and par- tic-.ilarly towards the base, with car- mine dots, with 6 oblong-lanceolate thick divisions, villous on the out- side, arching backwards, exhaling a disagreeable odour, drooping, 3 to 20 on each stem. Leaves, in whorls or alternate, lanceolate- ellip- tical, acute. Bulb, of medium size, nearly pear-shaped, with yellowish scales, not fleshy, lanceolate-acute. There are numerous varieties Avith white, yellow, red, and double flowers. Native of Central and Southern Eu- rope and Siberia. Naturalization in the wilder parts of the pleasure- grounds, in copses, etc. , in any soil. Lilium monadelphum. — An orna- mental species very rarely seen in our gardens ; 3 to .'li ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; citron-yellow marked with red dots, in size and form rescmblinff those of L. album, pendulous, 2 to G on each stem. The stamens are united at the base, whence the specific name LILIUM. 163 of the plant. Leaves, lanceolate, pu- bescent underneath, veined, the lower one wider. JSulb, pear-shaped or oval- oblong, large, covered with very nume- rous loose, whitish - yellow, or flesh- coloured scalesr The Caucasus. — —On warm borders, In beds of lilies, and in open spots on the sunny fringes of the choice shrubbery, in deep, well- drained, very sandy soil. Well grown in the Botanic Giirden at Edinburgh. Separation of the bulbs. lilium Pomponium (Turban Lily). — Somewhat like the Martagon Lily in shape ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; red, orange, or verimlion, dotted with black inside, and covered with protuberances for nearly half their length, v/ith long lanceolate-acute divisions rolled back like a turban ; 4 to 6 on each stem. Leaves, scattered, numerous, three-veined, the lower ones linear-lanceolate, acute ; the upper linear, standing close together, almost in whorls, all much fringed, ciliated on the margin and on the midrib un- derneath. Bidb, the size of a large walnut, with scales of a yellowish white. There is a variety with yellow flowers, called the Yellow-flowered - Martagon Lily, or Yellow Dixke. Si- beria. Borders, among the dwarf er kinds in beds, and in beds of American plants, in deep sandy peat. Separa- tion of the bulbs. Lilium speciosum (Spotted Lily). — L. lancifolmm. — A beautifully - marked Lily, often grown in pots, but per- fectly hardy ; 2 to 4 ft. high, some- times more. Flowers, late in summer and autumn ; large, 4 to 5 in. in dia- meter, rosy-white, spotted with car- mine-red or purple, and covered on the internal surface with irregular protu- berances which are frequently of a deeper purpHsh-red, pendulous or in- clining, very fragrant, 1 to 10 on each stem. Leaves, scattered or alternate, rather wide, narrowing to a point, and rounded at the base. Bulb, almost round, sometimes rather depressed, at others somewhat elongated, with very fleshy scales, of a blood-red hue. There are many varieties, chiefly differing in colour, some of them not uncommon in our greenhouses. Native of the Corea and Japan. In the open air this may be associated with the finest autumn-flowering herbaceous plants ; also planted in very small groups in isolated beds, near the margin of masses of shrubs, and towards the outer edge of beds of mixed kinds of lilies, always in well-drained sandy soil, and in as sheltered a position as is convenient. Separation of bulbs. Lilium superbum (Oreat Amencan Lily). — A very tall kind, 5 to 9 ft. high, with slender stems and leaves, and a profusion of flowers. Flowers, late in summer ; in a pyramidal ra- ceme, very numerous, according to the strength of the plant, with divi- sions curving backwards, of a light mahogany-red or cochineal on the out- side, yellow, spotted with violet- piu-ple on the inside, in a pyramidal cluster of from 10 to 40 on each stem. Leaves, linear - lanceolate, the lower ones in whorls, the others alternate. Bulb, white, rather large, with whitish scales. North America. In groups here and there between tall American shrubs, always in deep sandy poat. I have never seen this plant so finely developed as in Mr. Antony Waterer's nursery at Woking, xmder and at the very base of Magnolia trees. It is seen to greatest perfection when growing among shrubs from 6 to 10 ft. high, which wQl also help to shelter it. Probably a form of this is the plant grown in the Dublin Botanic Garden under the name of Lilium Michauxii. Increased by separation of the bulbs. Lilium tenuifolium (TorrJi Thmrib Idly). — A very dwarf and slender- leaved kind, but with all the glory of m2 164 LILIUM. colour of the Scarlet Martagon ; 8 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; very- deep scarlet-red without spots, pendu- lous, 1 to 6 on each stem. Leaves, scattered, linear, almost grass-like. Hulb, pear-shaped, of the size of a walnut, with rather compressed white scales. Native of the Caucasus. On the warm flanks of rockwork, on the margins of very select borders, or in the little nursery or warm border devoted to choice bulbs ; in all cases in fine sandy loam thoroughly drained. Increased by seed, by separation of tlie bulbs, and also from the scales. Lilium testaceum {Bvff Lily). — L. excelsum. — A tall and very stout kind, 44 to 6.i ft. high, at once distinguished by its colour and the vigour of its stems. Flowers, in summer ; of a nankeen or very bright buff, with small dots of orange-red and a few protuberances, on very long flower- stalks, 1 ta 5 on each stem. Leaves, shining, of a fine green, slightly un- didating, edged with a whitish down ; the lower ones in clusters, lanceolate ; the upper, or stem-leaves, linear- lanceolate. Bull), large, roundish, with oblong-obovate or oblong-acute scales loosely overlapping each other, the exterior as long as the interior ones, all of a rosy flesh-colour. Native country uncertain, but believed with good reason to be a hybrid between the common White Lily and L. chalee- donicnm. Somewhat within the margins of shrubberies, or on borders, in deep good soil. IPropagated by separation of the bidbs. Lilium tigrlnum (Tirjer Lily). — The well-known Tiger Lily,3 to 54 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; orange-scarlet, and dotted with dark purple on the inside, the divisions curving back- wards and covered with brownish protuberances, villous on the outside ; 2 to 18 on each stem. Leaves, scat- tered or alternate, linear-lanceolate, of a dull green, the upper or floral leaves solitary, oval - heart - shaped. Lulb, rather large, pear-shaped, with compressed, fleshy-white scales, over- lapping each other in a vefy regular manner. Native of the Corea and Japan. Fringes of shrubberies, bor- ders, mixed beds of lilies, and groups of the finer summer-flowering plants, in sandy loam. Lilium tigrinum Fortune! {Fortune's Tiger Lily). A magnificent variety of the preceding, or perhaps a distinct species, has been lately introduced into our gardens under the name of L, tigrinum Fortunei. It differs from the common tyjie in gi-owing very much taller, attaining a height of from 6 to 10 ft. ; in bearing a superb branched pyramid of flowers (often 40 on one stem), and in being much more hairy. No plant yet introduced presents a more noble appearance when seen growing singly or in small groups amidst shrubs about 6 ft. high. It is sufficiently hardy and vigorous for naturalization in half-wild places, and is so easily propagated from the bulbils, which appear in great numbers on the stems, as well as by separation, that those who have it should soon be able to spare some bulbs of it for trial in this way. A noble sub- ject for the centre of a bed of lilies. Lilium venustum (L. Thunhergi- anum). — .Allied to the Orange and Bidb-bearing lily, but very dwarf ; 1^ to 2 ft. high, Fluvjers, in summer ; very numerous, of an orange-red, bell- shaped, very open, with the edges slightly turned outwards, arranged in a pyramidal cluster, 1 to 10 on each stem. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, smooth ; floral leaves shorter, sub- ovate. £ulb small, nearly conical, with compressed scales, rosy on the outside, white or light flesh-colour on the inside. Native of Japan. As- sociated with the dwarf kinds on the LINAEIA. 165 margins of beds of lilies, iu borders, or in the rock-garden, in sandy loam, linarla alpina (Alpine Toadflax). — A pretty dwarf plant, forming dense tufts of a bluish silvery tone ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bluish- violet with a rich golden centre, in form, like those of the Snapdragon, but much smaller, in a close raceme at the top of the stems. Leaves, smooth, glaucous, linear - lanceolate, entire, i to | in. long ; the lower ones in whorls of 4. Alps and Pyrenees. The rock-garden and the margins of borders, in sandy or fine gravelly soil. It may be naturalized in moist districts, in bare, or nearly bare, sandy or gravelly places. Seed or division. Linaria crassifolia [Thick - leaved Toadflax). — A small and pretty, though not very showy species, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine blue, with a yellow deeply-channelled throat ; upper lip erect, with rounded lobes ; lower lip roundish - wedge - shaped, with flat, close, emarginate divisions; in loose racemes. Leaves, fleshy, ovate, nar- rowed into the leaf-stalk, without veins ; stem branching at the base, glandular-pubescent. Southern Spain, near the town of Chiva. This plant resembles L. origanifolia, and, in the dried specimen, is hardly to be dis- tinguished from it, but the living plants present a marked difl^erenoe. The rock-garden, walls, ruins, borders, or in pans, in light, sandy soil. Divi- sion and seed. Linaria Cymbalaria {Irp L. ) — A very common and elegant trailer, with small, roundish, or kidney-shaped leaves, in outline somewhat resembling those of Ry. FloiMrs, all summer; pale blue or lilac, small, with short spurs, on recurved stalks. Leaves, stalked, shin- ing, broadly 5-lobed ; slightly marked with hand-shaped veins ; lobes rounded or wedge-shaped. There is a variety with white flowers, and another with variegated leaves, both very pretty, and well worthy of culture. On old walls and stony places, in several parts of Europe, and apparently wild in Britain, but probably only natu- ralized. Walls and rough rock- work or rootwork, in any soil, or without soil on dry walls. It usually establishes itself. Seed. Linaria dalmatica (Large Yellow L.) — A vigorous - growing peren- nial, 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, handsome, liglit- yellow, iu branching spikes. Leaves, sessile, oval, pointed, entire, glaucous ; leaves of the branches much smaller, narrower, and more pointed ; stem smooth. Dalmatia and Levant. Borders, iu well - drained, ordinary soil. Seed and division. Linaria genistaefolia (Broom-leaved L.) — A tall, smooth, erect, glaucous herb, with branching stems ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; pale yellow, a little smaller than those of L. vulgaris, in loose racemes ; mouth of corolla yellow; spur nearly straight, equal in length to the corolla. Leaves, somewhat clasping, 1 to 2 in. long, lance-shaped, acute, 3- or 5-nerved. Central Europe and Caucasus. Borders, in sandy soil, and naturalized in stony or gravelly places, or on old. walls or ruins. Seed. . Linaria origanifolia (Marjoram- leaved L.) — A dwarf kind, allied to L. crassifolia. Flowers, in summer ; bluish-violet, with yellow throat ; rather small, in the axils of the upper leaves forming a loose raceme. Leaves, oblong, on short stalks, lower ones opposite ; upper ones alternate. Py- renees and South of France, on walls and rocks. The rook-garden, old walls, in pans, or on the margin of the mixed border, in sandy loam. Propa- gated by seed or division. Linaria purpurea (Purple L.) — An erect, rather tall kind, 1 to 3 ft. high 1C6 LINAEIA — LINUM. Flowers, in summer ; in long loose raoemea, purplish - blue ; moutli of corolla bearded with white hairs ; tube striped with purple ; spur arched, as long as the corolla, Leaves, shghtly glaucous, 1 to 14 in. long, linear; lower ones in whorls of from 4 to 9 ; upper ones 3 in a whorl ; stems pur- plish-green. Southern Europe, Kuina, walls, or stony places. Seed. liinaria vulgaris {Common Toadflax). — A handsome native herb, with smooth glaucous stems, 1 to 3 ft. high. FloKcrs, in summer and autumn ; pale yellow; large, in a handsome terminal panicle ; mouth of corolla bright orange or copper-coloured ; spur long and pointed. Leaves, crowded, narrow, lance - shaped, 1 to 1 J in. long. L. vulgaris Peloria is a singular variety, with a 5 - spurred corolla. Found throughout Europe, and plen- tiful in Britain. The variety Peloria is the only one generally worthy of garden culture, m conse- quence of the prevalence of the com- mon form, which thrives in any sod. Division or seed. Lindelofla spectahilis (Long-flowered L.) — Cynoglossum long-ifluriim. — A rather shov,-y perennial, 1.^ ft. high, Fluiccrs, in early summer ; sky-blue, with obtuse petals, and a purplish tube, nearly 4 in. long, without bracts, in racemes ; lobes of calyx oval-ob- tuse. Leaves, oblong, pointed; the radical ones narrowed into a footstalk, those on the middle of the stem ses- sile, and those on the upper part clasping. Northern India. Borders, in sandy loam. Division. Lin'iiEEa, borealis (Twht flower). — A very graceful aad interesting native trailing evergreen, with opposite, roundish leaves. Flowers, in sum- mer ; pale pink, gracefully drooping, fragrant, bell shaped, 5-parted, about 4 iu. long, borne in pairs. Leaves, small, round-oval, tapering into the stalks, slightly toothf 4 at the top ; the plant more or lf.as clothed with a minute down, sometimes smooth. Europe and America, and also in Scot- land and the north of England. Shady moist parts of the rock-garden and hardy fernery, and in the artificial bog, or in pans or pots of moist peat. Division. Linosyris vulgaris {Goldilocks). — Chrysocoma Linosyris. — A showy native herb, with smooth, erect, stiff stems, 1 to 2 ft. high, densely clothed with long, narrow, psile green leaves. Flowers, in late summer and autumn ; bright yellow, in a compact terminal head ; florets tubular, S-cleft. Leaves, linear, entire, dotted, smooth. Native of Europe and the Caucasus, and of the western and southern coasts of England. Rough places or borders, in any soil. Division. Linum alpiuum (Alpine Flax).— A. handsome dwarf blue flax, 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; dark blue, large, slightly corymbose; sepals oval, outer ones acutish ; inner ones blunt. Leaves, awl-shaped, entire, stalkless, the upper ones nearly up- right. Alps, Pyrenees, and hilly parts of Europe. Borders, and the rock- garden, in sandy loam. It is also de- sirable for naturalization among small plants, on sandy banks, slopes, or rather bare grassy places. Seed and division. linum arboreum (Evergreen Flax). — A handsome, low-spreading, ever- green shrubby species, with smooth, grey-green leaves ; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; clear yellow, large, 14 in. across ; sepals oval or lance- shaped, finely pointed. Leaves, wedge- shaped, obtuse, alternate, recurved. A native of hilly parts of South-east Europe, Asia Minor, and South Africa. The rock-garden, borders, and fringes of beds of dwarf shrubs, in any lightish soil. Cuttings. linum flavum (^Yellow herbaceous LINUM — LITHOSPBEMUM. 167 J'kix). — A -showy perennial, with stems slightly woody at the base ; 1 to 14 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; goMeu-yellow, in corymbs, opening most iu the morning when the sun shines ; petals bluntj 3 times as long as the calyx. Leaves, narrow-lance- shaped, acute, stalkless, about 1^ in. long, smooth, thickish. Austria and Hungary. Borders, in sandy loam. Division or seed. Xinum narbonnenss {NarljnneFlax). — A beautiful and large kind, gene- rally continuing a long time in flower, ■ with erect stems, 1 to IJ ft. or more high. Flowers, .in summer ; light sky- blue, with viol^t-bluo veins, large, in a kind of umbel ; sepals tapering to a long point ; anthers 3 times as long as broad. Leaves, alternate, distant, narrow - lance - shaped, very acute, rather stiff; stems branching almost from the bottom, glaucous. S. Europe. WarmborderSjin well-drainedand deep sandy loam. Division or seed. Linum perenne (Perennial Flax). — A pretty native species, forming tufts 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; bright cobalt blue ; more than 1 in. in diameter; sepals blunt, petals overlapping each other at the edges. Leaves, small, narrow-lance- shaped, entire. There is a white variety, and one with the flowers variegated with white, known iu gardens as L. Lewisii variegatum, but this marking is not conspicuous nor •constant. Found in the eastern coun- ties of England. Borders and banks, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Linum salsoloides • {Heath L. ) — A hardy, dwarf, half-shrubby kind, somewhat like a dwarf Heatli, with the stem twisted at the base ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; white with a slight tinge of blue, nearly \ in. across. Leaves, linear, smooth, scattered, the lower ones shorter aad almost imbricated. South of Europe. — — The rook-garden, in sandy soil, and -on the margins of well- drained borders where sufficiently plentiful. Seed or cuttings. linum viscosum (Viscid Flax). — A neat kind, with half-shrubby, slightly branching downy stems ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; rich lilac, with deeper veins, nearly I in. across. Leaves, alteruate, lance-shaped, acute, covered with viscous glands, and a feeble whitish down. Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in moist sandy loam. Seed, aad division. Lithospermum Ga stent (Gaston's L.) — A rare and beautiful species, with erect, herbaceous stems ; 1 to 1 J ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright sky- blue, twice the size of those of L. proitratum, in terminalclusters. Leaves, obovate - lance - shaped, numerous, slightly rough with adpressed hairs. Central Pyrenees. Borders, or the rougher parts of rockwork, in rich, well-drained loam. Seed or division. Lithospermum petrEGum (RocTc Grom- well). — A charming dwarf rock-shrub, 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; tubular, funnel-shaped, violet-blue, with protruded anthers of a deep orange red, in dense, sm.all, oblong heads ; lobes of Calyx silky, lanceo- late-acuminate. Leaves, liaear-oblong, obtuse, somewhat turned back at the edges, and covered with very short, silky, whitish,' adpressed hairs. Dalmatia and Southern Europe. Sunny warm ledges in the rock- garden, in well-drained sandy soil. Cuttings, and seed if obtainable. Lithospermum prostratum (Gentian L.) — A dwarf, brilliantly-blooming, trailing evergreen, with prostrate spreading stems slightly shrubby at the base. Flowers, in early summer; fuie lilue with reddish-violet stripes, axilLiry, stalkless, freely produced, about 4-in. across ; corolla with a 168 LITHOSPEEMUM — LOISELEUEIA. straight tube and a shortly 5-lobed limb. Leaves, small lance-shaped, or linear, stalkless and hispid ; stems pUose, branched. Spain and South of France. The rock-garden, borders, fringes of shrubberies, and among dwarf shrubs ; best in a deep and sandy loam. Cuttings. lithospermum parpureo-cseruleum (Creeping Gromwell). — A pretty Britisli perennial, with barren stems creeping, flowering ones erect; 1 tolj ft. high. Fluwtr^, in early summer; reddish at first, afterwards blue, in short, twin, terminal racemes. Leaves, dark green, rough, lanceshaped-acute, gradually tapering at the base, -with the mar- gins rolled back, 1 to 2 in. long, stalkless, or nearly so. Woods and bushy places on chalk and limestone, from Southern England to Sicily, Phrygia, and the Caucasus. Bor- ders, and rougher parts of rockwork, ferneries, etc. , or in a semi- wild state in shrubberies, copses, and half- shady positions. I have not found this plant to thrive on clay soil ; in- deed it seems to quite die out on the London clay. Division and seed. Lobelia cardinalis {Cardinal-flower L.) — A brilliant perennial, long culti- vated in our gardens ; 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine scarlet, in one-sided terminal racemes ; corolla tubular, divided on the upper side ; limb 5-parted ; segments of the lower lip obtuse. Leaves, smooth, oblong- lance-shaped, toothed, about 3 in. long and 1 ii broad, purplish beneath ; stems erect, smooth. Native of N. America. Borders, in rich racist soil. Gene- rally this plant "will require to be taken up and stored duriog the winter, thougli in some districts it survives it. Division. Lobelia falgens {Glowing L.) — Closely resembling the previous one, but differing chieily by being more downy ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, iu summer ; splendid scarlet, iu a ter- minal raceme ; corolla about 1 in. long, downy outside ; segments of the lower lip lance-shaped. Leaves, 3 to 6 in. long, lance-shaped, toothed, downy, the margin turned back ; stems downy, reddish. Mexico. The same treatment, etc., as for the preceding kind. Lobelia syphilitica (TallUue L.) — A large species, I to 2 ft. high. Ploioers, in summer; blue, forming a long leafy raceme ; corolla angular, with almost equal segments ; stalks hairy. Leaves, stalkless, rather rough, ovate or oblong, tapering at both ends, unequally serrated ; stems erect, sim- ple, hairy. There is a white-flowered variety. North America. In tufts round the margins of shrubberies, in moist soil, or naturalized near the margins of rivulets or in wet soil. In America it seemed to me much more ornamental and vigorous when in wet places. Division. Lobelia Tupa {Tupa L.) — Tupa Feu- illei. — A noble kind, very rarely seen ; 4 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; reddish, in a terminal spiked raceme ; corolla large, and with the stalks and calyces downy. Leaves, ovate-lance-shaped, stalkless, covered with soft white down ; stems erect, simple, thick, somewhat shrubby at the base, leafy. Native of Chili and Peru. A magnificent plant in rich light soil in mild districts, and fine for association with the Tritomas and finer herbaceous plants, but not hardy in cold inland districts or on heavy cold soils. Division. Loiseleuria procumbeus {Trailing L.) — Azalea procumhens. — A very small trailing evergreen shrub, from 1 to G in. nigh. Floioers, in spring ; red- dish, small, in short terminal clus- ters ; corolla short, beU shaped, 5- lobed. Leaves, about J in. long, oppo- site, numerous, smooth, oblong, the LOPHANTHUS —LYCHNIS. 169 margins rolled back. Europe, Ame- rica, and Britain, on mountains. • The rook-garden, in peat beds, among diminxitive shrubs ; always in moist sandy peat. Layers. Lophantlius urticBefolius {Nettle- leaved L.) — A hardy herbaceous peren- nial, .3 or 4 ft. high, with an almost smooth, square stem. Flowers, late in summer ; purple (sometimes white, with pink sepals), with long protrud- ing stamens and petals, in dense ob- long spikes, more than 2 inches long. Leaves, opposite, oval-heart-shaped, broadly crenate on the margin, stalked, pointed. North America. Borders, or naturalization, in ordinary soil. Division. Lotus corniculatus {Common L.) — A well-known native herb, with creeping stems. Flowers, all summer ; bright yellow, the xipper part often red on the outside, 5 to 12 in an umbel, on axillary stalks much longer than the leaves. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets differing in form from bluntly-ovate to narrow-lance- shaped ; stipules resembling the leaves but more pointed ; stem and leaves both glaucous. There are several forms of this species. Abundant throughout Europe and Asia, also in Australia. Too common to be much used in gardens, yet few plants are more beautiful. Plants allowed to become fully developed on slopes, etc. , are very fine. Seed and division. Lunaria rediviva {Perennial Honesty). — A vigorous hairy herb, with erect branching stems, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; purplish, sweet scented, large, showy, in ter- minal racemes ; petals nearly entire. Leaves, heart-shaped, deeply-toothed, on long stalks, 8 or 9 in. long, and 3 or 4 in. broad; lower ones opposite; upper alternate. Native of mountain woods in Europe. Borders in half -shady places, in light soiL Division or seei lupinas macrophyllus {Lnrff'-leaved Lwpvne). — A tall and robust hairy herb, allied to L. polyphyllus, but larger in all its parts ; 3 or 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish-blue, 10 to 15 in a whorl, forming a dense raceme 9 to 12 in. long ; calyx with both lips entire, lower one lance- shaped, acute, as long again as the upper one. Leaves, large, on large slender stalks, composed of from 12 to 15 lance-shaped acute leaflets ; stem straight, cylindrical. Native of North America. Cultivation and position the same as for L. polyiihyUus,hixt,heing much scarcer, it deserves good rich soil, Lupinus polyphyllus {Perennial L.) — A fine showy perennial, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bluish- purple, arranged in whorls on a hand- some spike ; lips of calyx quite entire. Leaves, pinnate, with from 11 to 15 lance-shaped leaflets, hairy beneath ; stems hairy. There is a white foi-m and various others distinct in colour from the common one. North Ame- rica. Borders, in ordinary garden soil. A fine plant for naturalization. Seed or division. Lychnis alpina {Alpine L.) — A di- minutive form of Lychnis Viscaria, but smooth and not viscid, and attaining a height of only a few inches. Flow- ers, in spring and early summer ; pink, in close heads ; petals narrow, deeply bifid ; calyx short. Leaves, narrow- lance-shaped, slightly fringed; lower ones in a tuft. Found in Cumberland, and on the summit of Little Kilrannook in Forfarshire, and in various parts of Northern Europe. The rock- garden, in sandy or gritty soil, in well-drained chinks. Division and Lychnis ohalcedonica {Scarlet L.) -^A well-known old border plant, 14 -to 3J ft. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; scarlet, in corymbose clusters ; <;alyx, roimd, clubbed, ribbed. 170 LYCHNIS. Leaves, lance-shapsd, slightly lieart- sliaped at the base, pilose, clasp- ing the stem; the plant somewhat clammy. There are the following varieties in cultivation, the single white, double white, and double scarlet ; the best is the double scarlet. S. Russia and Japan. Borders, in light rich loam. Division and seed. Lychnis diurna {Bed Campion). — Silenediiirna. — Acommonhedgeplant, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish - rose ; calyx very hairy. Leaves, opposite ; lower ones obovate- spoon-shaped, middle ones oval-ellipti- cal, acute ; upper ones lanceolate. Whole plant covered with long, soft hairs, not glandular. Britain, and other parts of Europe. The double vaj'iety is a handsome border plant, increased by division, and thriving best in rich deep soil. Division. tychnis Flo3-cuculi [Ragged Roiin). — Agnstemma Flos-cuculi. — A well- known British plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; red, scent- less,in loose terminal panicles ; petals cut into 4 narrow lobes, the middle ones the longest ; calyx bell-shaped, with 10 ribs, and 5 short teeth. Leaves, few narrowly lance- shaped ; those .stem connate, of root stalked. The plant is so abundant in Britain that it would not have been mentioned here, were it not for its double variety L. Flos-cuculi, fl. pi, which is a very ornamental border plant. Europe and Kussiau Asia. Borders, and in moist spots, in ordinary soil. Division. lychnis Flos-Jo via {Umhellate L.)— Agrostemma Flos-Jovis. — A whitish- leaved species, 12 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purple or scar- let, in umbellate heads ; calyx cylindrical, clubbed ; petals 2-lobed. Leaves, lance-shaped, stem-clasping, clothed with a white silky down. Switzerland. Borders, rockwork, or on hva-i banks, in sandy loam. Seed. lychnis fulgens [Brilliant L.) — A very showy plant, C in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; brilliant vermilion, large and handsome, in corymbs; petals 2- divided, outer di- visions awl-shaped ; calyx cylindrical, woolly. Lcavis, ovate lanceolate, greyish; stems hairy. Siberia. Bor- ders, in sandy loam. Seed and division. lychnis graadiilora [Large L.) — L. coroiiata. — A remarkably handsome plant, 8 in. to 1 It. high. Flowers, from June to August ; of a brick-red or scarlet colour, sometimes nearly 2 in. across ; limb of the petals ele- gantly cut and spreading, 1 to 3 Sowers at the top of each flower-stem ; calyx swollen, marked with longitudi- nal lines. Leaves, almost sessile, op- posite, oval-acute, smooth, of a delicate green. China. V.'arm borders, in sand}' loam. Seed and division. Lychnis Haageana [Shaggy L.) — Kemarkable for its very large and brilliant flowers and shaggy stems, 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer; of a splendid scarlet, nearly, and sometimes quite, 2 in. across, 2 or 3 on each of the very shaggy stems ; petals broadly obovate, indented on the top and furnished with 2 long teeth at the side ; calyx shaggy, in- flated and angular. Leaves, large, lanceolate, acuminate, hairy and pur- plish-brown below. Xative country unknown, probably a hybrid. Bor- ders, in sandy soil. Seed and division. Lychnis Lagascse [Eoclc L.) — A bril- liant alpine plant, about 3 i):. high. Flowers, early in summer ; bright rose- colour, with white centreswheu young, each about | in. across. Zeares, obovate or oblong, somev/hat leathery, and slightly glaucous. Sub- alpine region of the Western Pyrenees. The rock-garden, in any position. A few specimens shou'd be on high points as it is effective a long way off; it is also a capital border plant, and for grow- LYCHNIS — LYCOPODIUM. 171 iiig in pots or pans for exhibition. Seed and division. Lychnis Freslii {Presl's L.) — An in- teresting and little known kind, with glabrous foliage and tufted habit, 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer; purplish or carmine-rose, nearly 1 in. across, numerous, scentless, open- ing in the daytime, arranged in fork- ing panioled clusters, and accompanied by reddish bracts ; corona fringed, of a satinyrose-white,notolo3ingthethroat; calyx reddish, very much swollen; with five short teeth, closely adpressed against the tube of the corolla, and shorter than it. Leaves, of the root numeroxis, stalked or narrowed into a stalk, oval - lanceolate or obovate, pointed, deourrent, arranged in ro- settes ; stem-leaves oval, abruptly pointed, all entire, and very much veined, smooth, and of a, lively dark green colour. Poland. Rookwork or borders in half-shady positions, in light well-drained soil. Division and seed. Lychnis pyrenaica {Ptjrenean L.) — A small and pretty, but not showy . kind, 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in early summer, pale flesh-colour, more than 4 in. across, in forked bundles, with a single flower in each fork, which stands on a long stalk ; petals slightly notched ; calyx bell-shaped, lobes short, ieaiies, glaucous, opposite, leathery those of the root on long stalks.spoon-shaped ; of the stem heart- shaped, stalkless. Pyreuees. The rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Seed. Lychnis Sieboldi {Siebold's L.) — A handsome kind, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, pure white, few, in a contracted terminal cyme 5 limb of the petals wedge - shaped, irregular, jagged on the margin, slightly 2-lobed. Leaves, sessile, lower ones very closely set, spathulate- oblong ; middle and upper ones ovate- oblong, acute, entire, slightly undu- lating, soft and downy on both aides. Japan. Warm borders, in sandy loam. Seed and division. Lychnis vespertina (White L.)— Silene pratensis. — A common native perennial, with loosely branched stems, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, slightly scented, in loose panicles, opening in the evening ; petals bifid ; calyx nearly J in. long, hairy, ribbed, with 5 lance-shaped teeth. Leaves, opposite, connate, oval- oblong, pointed, tapering at the base, hairy, slightly nerved, upper ones without stalks, lower ones stalked ; stems purplish, swelling at the joints, the upper, branches forked ; plant more or le_ss glutinous. There is an ornamental double variety. Abun- dant in Britain and throughout Europe. The double variety, gene- rally known as L. dioica fi. pi., is a handsome border flower, thriving well in rich, free soil. Division. Lychnis Visoaria (German Catchjly). — A showy and gracefully tufted ever- green herb, with erect stems, very viscid in the upper parts, 10 to 1 8 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rosy- red, in close, showy heads ; petals slightly bifid ; calyx tubular, narrow, about \ in. long, puTpHsh. Leaves, opposite, grass-like, about 3 in. long, and scarcely \ in. wide, with a reddish tip. There are several va- rieties, the most vforthy of cultivation hemgsplendens, a variety with brighter flowers ; alba, a charming white one, and the double ones, which have fine rocket-like flowers. Found in Wales and near Edinburgh, and freely dis- tributed over Europe and Asia. Arid rough slopes of the rock-garden, in any soil, or in borders, or in a semi- wild state on slopes or banks. Divi- sion or seed. Lycopodium dendroideum (6r(mnd Pine). — A club-moss, in habit like v, Lilliputian pine - tree. The stems, 172 LYSIMACHTA. growing to a height of 6 to 9 in. from a creeping root, are much branched and clothed with small, bright, shin- ing green leaves. Fruit- cones yellow, long, cylindrical, and, like the stem, erect. A native of moist woods in North America, and high mountains of the Southern United States. Well adajjted for the embellishment of rockwork, where it should be estab- lished in a deep bed of moist, sandy peat, ftilly exposed to the sun. Careful division and spores, which should be sown in a moist spot, in a half -shady position, the soil being made level and firm, and surfaced with a little silver sand. Lysimachia angustifolia {Narrow- leaved L.) — A graceful kind (a va- riety of L. lanceolaia), with smooth, branching stems, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; pale yellow, small, drooping, in short termSnai racemes ; divisions of the corolla oblong. Leaves, dotted, long, linear. North America. Borders, in sandy soil. Division. Lysimachia Ephemerum {Willoui- leaved L).—A distinct kind, of grace- ful habit, and with sea-gi-een leaves ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Plovicrs, in summer ; white, in handsome upright racemes ; corolla wheel-shaped, divisions blunt, spreading; stamens projecting. Leaves, linear- lance-shaped, stalkless, smooth, entire Stem smooth, rouml, hollow. A native of several parts of Southern Europe. Naturalized in copses or woods, or occasionally in borders in light soil. Division. Lysimachia LesohenauUil {Carmine L ) — A very interesting kind, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, late in autumn ; of a brilliant carmine. Leaves, lanceo- late, acute, sometimes opposite or ter- nate, sometimes alternate. Stem, herbaceous, branching, tufted. Mala- bar. This is too tender to be re- commended for general cultivation, but is worth a place in the rock- garden, in sandy soil, in warm spots in the southern counties. Division. Lysimachia Nnmmularia (Creeping Jenny). — A well-known creeping plant. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; bright yellow, large and very handsome, freely produced on axillary stalks shorter than the leaves ; corolla rotate, nearly 1 in. across, deeply divided into 5 ovate, pointed lobes. Leaves, opposite, roundish, on short, broad stalks, smooth, somewhat veined. There is a variety with the leaves blotched with yellow. Ditch banks, etc., borders, vases, and rock- work, in any soil. Division. Lysimachia thyrsiflora (Tufted L.) — A semi-aquatic kind, with erect stems, i to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, smaller than those of the Common L., in dense racemes; stalks many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; corolla wheel-shaped, deeply divided into narrow lobes ; seg- ments of calyx narrow. Leaves, about 3 in. long, and nearly J in. bread at the base, lance shaped, acute, entire, slightly pubescent beneath, stalkless, many together at the top of the stem. Britain, Europe, and Northern Asia and America. Margins of streams and ponds. Division. Lysimachia vulgaris [Common L.) — A British plant, with erect branching stems, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, in short terminal leafy panicles ; peduncles many- flowered ; corolla bell-shaped, lobes broad ; calyx 5-diviiIed ; divisions lance-shaped, varying in breadth, ciliated at the edges. Leaves, rather large, mostly in whorls of 3 or 4, ovate, pointed, entire, but slightly waved at the edges ; stems rather hairy at top, smooth below. England, Ireland, and Scotland, but less frequent in the latter ; also in other parts of Europe and Asia. Best suited for wild places, LYTHRUM — MALVA. 173 though it is not unfrequently seen in borJers,inmoistordinary soil. Division. Iiy thrum alatum {Winged-stemmed L. ) — An elegant half-shrubby, smooth herb, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine purple, small, solitary in tlie axils of the leaves, almost stalk- less ; petals 6 ; stamens 6. Leaves, opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, slightly heart-shaped at the base, stalkless, or on veryshort stalks ; branches twiggy, tetragonally winged. Southern parts of N. America. Borders and fringes of shrubbery, in sandy soU. Division. lythrum Salioarla [Loosestrife). — A vigorous native herb, with erect, slightly - branched, reddish stems ; smooth, 4-angled below, pubescent, and 5-angled above ; 2 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; reddish-purple, almost stalkless, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, forming a handsome, long, leafy, terminal spike ; petals 6-7 oblong, about 4 in. long, stamens 12-14. Leaves, about 3 in. long, lance-shaped, entire, Willow-like, op- posite, 3 or sometimes 4 in a w^horl, clasping the stem at the base. Europe and Britain. The finely-coloured variety known in gardens as L. roseum- siiperbam is well-worthy of a place by the margin of every stream and lake ; it also tlarives in borders, in any soil. Division. LythTxim\irga.tVLm{Twigg>j Pv/rple r,.) — Allied to the previous species but smoother, of a looser habit, and with the flowers in threes ; 2 to 3 ft. high or more. Flowers, in summer ; purple, in spikes about the same size as those of the common L. Leaves, opposite, entire, smooth, lance-shaped, gradually ta- pering at the base, 14 to 2 in. long. Austria, Germany, Siberia, Eussia, and North America. Borders, in sandy loam. Division. Malva Alcea {Holly\ock Mallow). — A vigorous-growing perennial, up- wards of 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; pale rosy-purple, about 2 in. across, in terminal and axillary clusters. Leaves, palmate, with in- cised divisions, long - stalked, Ught green. thinly overspread, as are the stem and leaf-stalks, with a short roughish down. Prance. Borders, margins of shrubberies, and naturalization, in sandy loam, or ordinary calcareous dry soil, in almost any position. Seed or division. Malva campanulata (Bell -flowered Mallow). — An interesting kind, with ascending stems from 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; small, about f in. across, bell-shaped, Ught pur- plish rose-colour, in a long, lax, ter- minal spike. Leaves, large, irregular in outline, deeply lobed ; lobes twice subdivided ; both leaves and stem covered with very short thin down. Chili. The rock-garden, or banks, in well-drained sandy soil. It perishes on the level ground in winter, and is probably only hardy in the mildest parts of Southern England. Seed or cuttings. Malva Morenii (Moren's Mallow). — An herbaceous perennial, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very large (nearly 2^ in. across) ; pink-rose, axillary, solitary, and in terminal and axillary clusters. Leaves, 3-lobed, variously cut and toothed, for the most part resembling the leaves of the common Oak in appearance and colour. Italy. Borders, or naturalization, in ordinary soil. Seed or division. Malva moschata (Mush Mallow). — ^A vigorous native perennial, 2 to 2j ft. high. Flowers, in summer; showy, delicate rose-colour (sometimes white) , about 2 in. across, iu terminal and axUlary clusters. Leaves, of the lower part of the stem roundish, incised ; the upper ones much divided, all with a strong musky odour. The white variety is very fine. Britain and Europe in calcareous ai^d gravelly 174 MAZUS — MELISSA. soil. Same positions and treatment as for M. Alcea. IHazus Pumilio {Dwarf M.) — A very- dwarf herb, creeping underground, quioldy forming dense tufts that rarely reach more tlian an inch in height. Flowers, in summer ; pale violet, with white centres, 1 to 6 on slender stems, scarcely rising ahove the leaves ; corolla about \ in. across ; lower lip, 3-oleft; upper one 2 cleft; calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted. Leaves, bundled, spreading, I or 2 in. long, stalked, narrow-spoon-shaped, obtuse, entire or lobulate, smooth or slightly hairy. Australia and New Zealand. The rock-garden, and borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Meconopsis aculeata (PricTdi/ Poppy). — A beautiful species, with an erect, furrowed, prickly stem, from 1 \ to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine purple, like shot-silk, solitary or ter- minal in jianioles. Leaves, on long stalks, oblong, decurrent, somewhat pinnate, with obtuse divisions. Seed- vessels oblong, sharp on both sides, densely covered with prickles. Hima- layas. The lower and sunny flanks of the rock-garden, in well-drained sandy soil. Seed. Meconopsis camhrioa {Welsh Poppy). —A handsome Poppy-like herb, form- ing, when established, large pale green tufts of rather hairy, divided leaves; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; sulphur - yellow, largish, erect, drooping in bud, on long smoothish stalks. Leaves, pinnate, glaucous beneath; leaflets ovate or lance-shaped, toothed, lower ones on long stalks, upper ones smaller and on shorter stalks. Europe and some of the Western coimties of England, Wales, and Ireland. On rocky places or banks in peaty soil this plant usually grows and looks best, taking care of itself in a semi-wild state. Seed or division. Medioago falcata {Sickle Medicic). — A vigorous British herb, with trifo- liate leaves and prostrate stems, 2 to 4 ft. long. Flowers, in summer ; yel- low, in short, close, axillary racemes, on stalks longer than the leaves. Leaves, pinnate, on short stalks ; leaf- lets oblong or linear, smooth, toothed at top, entire at base; stipules awl- shaped, entire. Europe, Asia, and the Southern and Eastern counties of England. Banks or slopes, on which its wide-spreading masses may be seen to advantage, borders, or very rough rock or rootwork, so planted that its long shoots may fall over the brows of rooks. It thrives in any soil. Division or seed. Melianthus major (Large Honey- flower), — A half-shrubby plant, with very handsome and distinct grey, pinnate leaves ; 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; chocolate - brown, in longish spikes springing from the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, clasping the stem, having broadish stipules sheathing the petiole, smooth on both sides ; leaflets, 4 or 5, large, deeply cut into acute divisions ; stems hollow, woody at base. Cape of Good Hope. Hardy in sunny nooks on sheltered banks, in well-drained soil. The stems are usually cut down by frost, but the plants look all the better for this when they come up the following summer. Seed and division. Melissa cfftcinalis (Common Balm). — A well-kno'HTi old garden plant, with a very grateful odour when bruised ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white or pale yellow, in 3- to 6 - flowered whorls ; corolla twice the length of calyx. Leaves, broadly- ovate, blunt or heart shaped at the base, hairy above and smooth beneath ; lower ones on longish stalks. There is a variegated variety. Southern Europe and Caucasus. The vai-ie- gated form is sometimes used as an MELITTIS — MENZIESIA. 175 edging plant, and the common kind might be naturalized in any position or soil by those -vTho admire fragrant plants. Division. Melittis Melissophyllum {Balm M.) — M. grandiflora. — A very ornamental native plant ; 1 to 2 ft. high. !• lowers, in early summer; reddish-purple and white, 2 to 6 in axillary whorls, on hairy stalks, scarcely so long as leaves ; corolla with a broad tube, nearly IJ in. long; upper lip slightly con- cave ; lower one the largest, spread- ing, 3-lobed. Leaves, about 2 in. long, heart - shaped, stalked, opposite, toothed, clothing the stem to the apex, slightly hairy. Europe, Asia, and Southern England. Margins of shrubberies, in a wild state, among shrubs, etc. , in peaty soil. Division. Mentha Eequieni (RequierCs Penny- royal). — Thymus corsicas. — A very minute creeping herb, quite smooth, having the odour of Peppermint. Flowers, in summer ; pale purple, in loose, few-flowered whorls ; calyx somewhat 2-lipped, smooth ; throat villous inside. Leaves, small, stalked, roundish, almost entire ; stems spread- ing at the base, much branched; branches thread-like, ascending. Na- tive of Corsica. The rook-garden, allowed to trail about among the Pearlwort.? and other minute plants which usually make themselves at home on all parts of this structure. Division. Mentha rotundifolia variegata. — A variegated variety, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; very small, whitish, numerous, in deuse cylindrical spikes. Leaves, opposite, sessile, roundish, notched, v/rinkled on the upper surface, covered with a cobweb-like down underneath, ele- gantly variegated with green and light yellow, which becomes darker with age. Europe. Edgiii^'s, in ordinary soil. Division. Kenyan thes trifoliata (BucJihcan). — A beautiful British aquatic herb, with trifoliate leaves. Flowers, in early summer ; corolla white inside, tinged with red outside, beautifully bearded, bell-shaped, 6-lobed; segments nar- row, pomted. Leaves, on long stalks, consisting of 3 oblong leaflets, 1 to 2 in. long, smooth, veined, edges wavy. Common in Europe and North America. Margins of lakes, ponds, and streams, or in the artificial bog. Division. Menziesia caernlea (Yevj-leaved M.) — A small prostrate, evergreen. Heath- like, much-branched shrub ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in late summer and autumn ; pinkish-lilac, in small termi- nal, umbellate clusters, on glandular stalks ; corolla between j and ^ in. long, bell-shaped with a contracted 5- toothed mouth ; divisions of the calyx 5, tapering to a point. Leaves, crowded, linear, obtuse, with very minute teeth at the margins. Native of northern and arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and on the Sow of Atholl in Perthshire, Scotland. • The rock- garden, in moist peat. Division of healthy tufts, or cuttings. Menziesia empetriformis {Em^yelmm- liTce M.) — A small creeping Heath -like evergreen shrub, allied to the previous species ; seldom exceeding 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; brilliant rosy - piu'ple, in clusters, on slightly glandidar stalks ; corolla beU-shaped ; divisions of calyx ovate, obtuse. Leaves, linear, obtuse; margins toothed. North America, on the Eocky Moun- tains, and near the mouth of Columbia Kiver. -The rock-garden, in moist, sandy peat, or in choice borders, where it thrives on the level groiuid. Care- ful division of established tufts, or layers. Menziesia polifolla(,S«.Z'a6oec's5l;a(i). — A spreading, bnshy, evergreen, Hoath-fike shrub ; 12 to 20 in. high. 176 MERENDERA — MEUM. Flowers, in summer ; crimson-purple, in a gractful, one - sided, drooping raceme; corolla oval, inflated, about 4 in. long; mouth 4-tootlied; divisions of calyx 4. Leaves, small ; lower ones elliptic, upper ones narrow, clothed ■with white down beneath ; margins rolled back when young, but becoming flat when older. There is a white variety sold sometimes under the name of il/. globosa, more rare than the com- mon form, and equally beautiful. France, Spain, England, Ireland, and Scotland. In beds of low shrubs, fringes of shrubberies, among the bolder plants in the rock-garden, in peat soil, or naturalized in heathy places. Division, layers, or cuttings. Merendera Bulbocodium {Autumn M.) — Colchicum montanum. — Very like Bulbocodium lernurti, but flowering in autumn. Flowers, in autumn ; large and handsome, of a pale pinkish-lilac, with narrow, oblong segments. The iiower-stem remains under ground during the period of flowering, then commences to grow, and ultimately bears the seed-vessel at a height of about 4 m. Leaves, 4 or 5, appearing soon after the flowers, linear, chan- nelled, without veins, 5 to 6 in. long, arching and finally spreading on the ground. Bulb, nearly round, brownish, the size of a hazel nut. Native of alpine meadows in the Central Pyre- nees. The rock-garden and bulb- garden, till plentiful enough to be used in borders, and for naturalization, in deep sandy loam. Separation of the new bulbs, and seed. Mertensia maritima {Oyster Plant). — Pulnwnaria maritima. — A trailing evergreen, smooth, glaucous herb, with branching stems ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring and summer ; beautiful purplish-blue, erect, in a ter- minal raceme ; corolla 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx ; limb nearly bell- shaped; pedicels about \ in. long. Leaves, ovate, bluntish, fleshy, entire ; lower ones stalked, upper ones stalkless. Found on the sea-shore in several parts of Britain, and also in Northern Eu- rope. An open spot in the rock- garden, protected from snails and sluj^s which are very fond of the plant, and will quickly destroy it if permitted, in free sandy or gritty earth (sea sand, if obtainable, to be preferred). In- creased by seeds, gathered and sown as soon as they ripen. Mertensia virginlca ( Virginian Cow- slip). — Palmonaria viryinica. — A hand- some and graceful perennial, with smooth, slightly glaucous leaves ; 10 to 18 in. high. Ftoirers, in April, May, and June ; a beautiful purple-blue, tubular, about 1 in. long, in clusters rather gracefully drooping. Leaves, lanceolate - ovate ; lower ones 4 to C in. long, and 2 to 3 in. broad, on short footstalks ; upper ones of the same shape, gradually diminishing in size, stalkless. In its native country it is said to vary •with white and flesh- coloured flowers, but I have not seen any but the blue form in cultivation. North America, on mountains, and gravelly shores of rivers. Mixed borders, margins of clumps of Ameri- can plants, the lower parts of the rock- garden, associated with the Aquilegias and other taller alpines, or natu- ralized in wood or copse ; in all cases in a sheltered position, and in licrlit, rich, and well-drained soil. Division in autumn, and seeds sown soon after they ripen. Meum athamanticum {Spignel). — A very graceful British plant, with finely divided Fennel-like leaves ; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, tinged with green, in not very large compound, terminal umbels ; petals entire. Leaves, deep green, much cut into thread-like segments ; those of the root in a tuft ; of the stem, few, smaller, less cut ; stems channelled, slightly MICHAUXIA — MIRABILIS. 177 brancWug. Found in the Highlands of Scotland, North of England and Wales, and in various parts of Wes- tern Europe. Borders, banks, and the rougher parts of the rock-garden, used for the sake of its graceful leaves, in any soil. Division. Michanzia campanuloides {ffarebell- like M.) — A remarkable Campanula- like plant ; 3 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, tinged with purple on the outside, drooping, in a panicle ; coroUa wheel-shaped, 8-parted, 3 or 4 inches across, the petals curled back, showing the broad filaments ; calyx and stigma 8-parted. Leaves, 3 to 5 in. long, clothed with stiff hairs ; root-leaves heart-shaped, irregularly lobed, stalked; stalks margined and lobed ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, acute, half embracing ; stems branching at top, clothed with stiff hairs. Native of the Levant. Borders, in deep sandy loam. Seed. Mimulus oardlnalis {Cm-dinal M.) — A showy perennial, clothed with long, whitish, glutinous hairs, allied to the common Musk; 1 to 1^ ft. high. Floviers, in summer ; red or scarlet ; corolla large, lobes notched at the ends ; calyx tubular, scarcely plaited, sharply toothed. Native of California. Borders, in moist soil. Division or seed. Mimulus cupraeus [Coppery MonJeey- fiower). — A dwarf, very free-blooming kind; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Mowers, in summer ; coloured, both on the inside and out with yellowish - copper, or reddish -brown — almost bordering on crimson, with reflexed, velvety, and somewhat transparent margins ; lower lip prominent and plaited near the throat, which is dotted with purplish crimson. Leaves, opposite, usually tinged with red ; the lower ones stalked, attenuated towards the stalk, oval-lance-shaped, toothed; the upper ones sessile. Andes of Chili. Borders, or the margins of beds of American plants, in light moist loam and peat. Division or seed, from which it varies much, Mimulus luteus (Tellow Monkey- flower). — A smooth herb, with coarsely- toothed leaves ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow ; calyx ovate, when in a fruiting state bell- shaped, teeth ovate, acute, upper one largest. There have been numerous hybrids raised from this species, with flowers varying much in size and colour. A native of ChiU. Natu- ralization, in moist or boggy places. Division or seed. Mimulus moschatns {Common Musk). — One of our most popular plants. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, small, corolla spreading ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower one trifid ; calyx tubular. Leaves, somewhat clammy, hairy, on little stalks, ovate, or ovate - lanceolate, slightly toothed, rounded at the base. Found near the Columbia River on the north-west coast of America. Borders, and naturalization in moist places. Division. Mirabilis Jalapa (Marvel of Peru). — A handsome bushy herb ; 24 to 3^ ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; funnel - shaped, nearly 2 in. long ; of various colours, red, white, or yellow, 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, opening only at night ; each blossom is surrounded by a tubular, bell- shaped calyx, with five divisions, which continues to grow after the flower has fallen. Leaves, alternate, smooth, or finely ciliated, oval-, acute, with an obtuse, or almost heart-shaped base. Native of Peru. Borders, or in beds with the finer perennials, in warm, deep, sandy loam. The tube- rous roots frequently perish in winter, and should therefore be taken up in autumn and stored, as we store Dahlias in winter. Seed and divi- sion. 178 MODIOLA — MULGEDIUM. Modiola geranioides (Geranium-like M.) — A hardy, tuberous-rooted, trail- ing Malvaceous plant, 4 or 5 in. high. Flowers, late in summer ; rich rosy - pnrple, marked with a dark line in the centre, solitary, 1 in. or more across, supported on very long and slender flower-stalks, springing from the axils of the leaves. Leaves, cut into three very deep lobes, which are again deeply cut, on stalks about 1 in. long, distant from each other. North America. The rock-garden, and easily grown in the margins of borders in well-drained sandy soil. Division. Moehriagia muscosa (Mossy M.) — A very dwarf evergreen herb, 2 or 3 in. high, with prostrate, thread-like stems, clothed with very narrow leaves, like those of an Arenaria. Flowers, in early summer ; white, small, axillary, solitary ; divisions of calyx flat, lance- shaped, acute. Leaves, linear, connate. Europe, on the margins of woods, in humid parts of mountains. The rock-garden and borders, in fine, very sandy loam. Division and seed. Molopospermum cicutarium (Cicula- liJce M.) — A large and handsome Peru- like plant, with dark-green shining leaves ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellowish- white, in umbels ; terminal ones large, fertile ; side ones small, sterile. Leaves, large, of a' lively green, ternately decompound ; leaflets lance-shaped, lengthened, deeply cut into acute points ; stems large, hollow. There ia a form with leaves variegated with yellowish - white and green. S. Europe. In groups of fine-leaved hardy plants, isolated ia the grass, in the picturesque garden, in borders, or naturalized in half -wild places. Where used in groups, or isolated in the kept portion of the ground, it will be better to pinch off the flowering, sterna as they appear. In good and deep soil. Seed sown when ripe, and division. Monarda didyma (Bee Balm). — A fine strong perennial, with smooth, acutely 4- angled stems ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; bright scarlet, in distinct whorls, either soli- tary or in pairs ; corolla widened, quite smooth ; lips nearly equal, upper one erect, entire, or notched ; lower one spreading, mostly with three short teeth at the apex ; calyx tubular, 5- toothed, incurved, striped, scarlet, throat almost naked ; bracts coloured. Leaves, smooth, 2 to 4 in. long, broadly lance-shaped, deeply serrate. North America. Borders and naturaliza- tion in copses, or anywhere in the spaces among low shrubs, etc. Division. Monarda fistulosa (Wild BergarAoi). — Allied to M. didyma, but with hairy, obtuse-angled stems ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in aummer ; pale red or purple, mostly in solitary whorls ; corolla villous ; calyces rather in- curved, scarcely coloured ; throat his- pid inside ; bracta slightly coloured. Leaves, oblong-lance-shaped, serrate, flat, villous, green or greyish, on long ciliated stalks. Common in hedges and woods from Canada to Carolina. The same positions and treatment as for M. didyma. Morina longifolia (Whorl Flower). — Singular in aspect and ornamental both in leaf and flower ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; white in the bud and when first opening, after- wards changing to a handsome rose- colour, which passes into a hvely car- mine, in crowded whorls in the axils of the upper leaves ; corolla long, tubular, spreading. Leaves, about a foot long, 1 J in. wide, pinnatifid, with wavy margins, somewhat spiny-cili- ated; stem tapering, not furrowed. Nepaul. Borders, and in groups or beds of the finer perennials, in good deep soil. Seed. Mulgediam alpinum (Blv£ Sow-ihis- tle). — A tail blue composite plant, 3 to MULGEDIUM — MUSCAEI. 179 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; deep blue, arranged in a corymb-like cluster. Leaves, alternate, those of the root lyrate-toothed, on long stalks ■which are widely dilated at the base ; stem furrowed almost simple. Alps. Among tall perennials by wood- walks and in semi-wild places, in dry soil. Division. Mulgediom Plumieri {Plumier's M.) — Like the preceding but larger ; 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purple, in panicles almost like corymbs, with short bracts. Leaves, broad, pinna- tifid-runcinate, glaucous underneath. South of France. Similar uses, etc. to those for the preceding. Muscari botryoides (Shy - blue Grape Syacinth). — A oharmiug bulb, 6 in. to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; of a lovely deep sky-blue, with six diminutive white teeth or seg- ments, arranged in a short, dense, almost globose cluster, afterwards elongated on Short drooping pedicels, which become horizontal as the fruit ripens. Leaves, linear, channelled, stiff, erect, slightly glaucous. Southern Europe. Borders, in all sorts of po- sitions, in sandy loam. It is readily increased by division, and will be the better for being raised and divided every third or fourth year. Muscari commutatum {Changeable, Grape Syacinth). — Nearly allied to M. racemosum, 6 in. to 10 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; pitcher-shaped, at first bluish, afterwards changing to reddish-purple, in a very short ra- ceme ; teeth of corolla inflexed, ap- proaching. Leaves, linear, channelled, flaccid, longer than the flower-stem. Native of Sicily and Apulia. Borders, in sandy soil. Division. Muscari comosum monstruosum (Feathery Hyacinth) . — ffyacinthus mon- siruosus. — A singular and ornamfental plant, 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; bluish - violet or amethyst-blue, aU-sterile, composed of slender, twisted, wavy, frizzled and scaly divisions or filaments, and ar- ranged in a large cluster 5 or 6 in. long or more ; the clusters frequently 'becoming so heavy, in proportion to the sustaining power of the stem, that they fall to the ground and require to be propped up. Leaves, linear, ribbon- like, channelled, toothed at the edges, longer than the flower- stem. Bulb, of medium size, covered with light flesh-coloured or rosy, sometimes brownish, coats. Southern Europe. The variety named plumosum, differs only in having the divisions of the petals finer and more feathery. • Borders, fringes of shrubbery, or beds in the spring-garden ; best in peat or sandy loam. Division. Muscari Heldreiehii (Greek Grape Hyacinth). — A beautiful long-spiked, and as yet rare, kind. Flowers, in spring ; of a tine blue, somewhat like those of M. botryoides, but nearly twice as large, and arranged in a longer spike. Leaves, flat, like those of M. commutatum, but not open at the top like those of that plant, Greece. The rock-garden and choice bor- ders, at least till more plentiful, and in deep sandy soil. Division. Muscari luteum( Yellow G. Hyacinth). — A large yellow and fragi-ant kind, about 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; large, deliciously fragrant, of a dull, dirty purple as they open, and chang- ing slowly to a clear waxy sulphur ; aboiit 20 blooms to a stem. Leaves, channelled, 8 to 10 in. long. Borders, and sunny banks, or the bulb-garden, in sandy soU. Division. Muscari moschatum (Music Hya- cinth). — Inconspicuous and dull-co- loured but very sweet ; 8 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in spring; purplish when they first appear, but gradually be- coming of an unattractive greenish- yellow, slightly tinged with violet. 180 MUSCAEI — MYOSOTIS. deliciously fragrant and arranged in a dense, nearly globose cluster about 24 in. long. Leaves, alternate, lioear, concave, about as long as the flower- stem, of a tender green, spreading on tbe ground. Bulb, of medium size, elongated, yellowisli. The Levant. Borders, or naturalized on warm sunny banks among the violets and early spring flowers, in sandy soU. Division. Muscari racemosum [Grape Hya- cinth). — The commonest kind, frequent in cottage and old gardens, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; deep blue, whitish at the ends, smelling strongly of plums, arranged in a close cylin- drical cluster. Leaves, few, linear, rush-like, spreading, about 8 to 10 in. long. Bulb, egg-shaped, small, whitish. Southern and Central Europe and Bri- tain. Borders, ornaturalized in any bare positions, in any soil. Division. Myosotla alpestris {Alpine Furget- me-not). — M. rupicola.-^k^ exquisite alpine plant, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; handsome blue, with a very small yellowish eye, sweet-scented in the eventug. Leaves, dark green, hairy, alternate, sessile, oblong lance - shaped, in very dense tufts close to the earth. North of England and Scotland. It is distinct from the Myosotis alpestris of Conti- nental botanists. The rock-garden, or the margins of the choice mixed border, among the choicest plants, either in fully exposed or somewhat shady positions, in sandy or gritty loam, kept moist iu summer. Seed. Myosotis azorica (A zm-ean Forget-me- not). — A beautiful kind, known at once by its deep blue blooms not having an " eye" of another colour in the centre ; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; rich purple when they first open, afterwards of a fine indigo - blue throughout ; about 4 in. across, iu dense racemes without bracts; throat yellow ; calyx deeply divided ; Leaves, hairy, upper ones oblong-ob- tuse ; lower ones oblong-spoon-shaped. Azores Islands. Warm and moist nooks in the rock-garden, or half- shady spots in borders, in moist peat or sandy loain with leaf-mould. It does not long endure, and is some- what tender, so that some seed should be sown every year in spring or sum- mer, some of the seedling plants to he kept over the following whiter in frames. Seed. Myosotis iis3iti&oia.{Early Forget-me- not), — M. montana. — A very early- flowering beautiful plant, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, very early in spring ; large, handsome, deep sky- blue, numerous, continuing to bloom till the middle of summer ; resembling those of M. sylvatica more than any other, but standing more apart from each other on the spike. Leaves, oblong- lanceolate, gradually pointed. Alps, near the Vogelberg, Borders, the rock-garden, beds in the spring- garden, or naturalized here and there in copses, woods, or shrubberies, in any (not too cold or heavy) soU. In some moist districts it sows itself abundantly; and it may be readily increased by division and cuttings. Myosotis palustris {Forget-me-not). — The well-known Forget-me-not; 6 to 12 in. high or more. Ploviers, all the summer, in one-sided racemes, either simple or forked ; corolla rather large, bright blue with a yellow throat, limb flat, longer than thetube, calyces 5-parted, not below the middle, obtuse, spreading, on pedicels about twice their length. Leaves, smooth or hairy, obovate-lanoe-shaped, obtuse ; stems creeping at base. Com- mon in wet ditches, and by the sides of streams and canals throughout Britain. Although a common wild plant, this well deserves a place in the garden, among shrubs in peat beds, or even as edgings, or used as a carpet MYOSOTIS — NARCISSUS. 181 beneath taller subjeota ; or in small beds or borders in moist soil. Division. Myosotis sylvatica (Wood Forget- me-not). — Now popular in conse- quence of being used for flower- beds in spring ; 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; blue, with yellow throat, as large as those of Af. palustris, in long loose racemes ; limb of corolla spreading out flat, longer than the tube; calyx rather shorter than pedicels, cut nearly to the base into narrow segments. Leaves, oblong- lanceolate, bluntish, clothed with soft hairs. There is a white,arose-ooloured, and a striped variety. Europe, and in the North of England and Scotland. In beds in the flower-garden in spring, and should be grown in a wild state abundantly by wood-walks in copses, etc. It sows itself freely in woods ; for garden-use it should be sown in beds in August every year. Myrrhis odorata [Sweet Cicely). — A graceful-looking plant with a peculiar but grateful odour, and with sweet- tasted stems ;2to3ft. high. Flowers,in springandearlysummer; white, in ter- minal compound umbels; involucre wanting ; leaves of involucels lance- shaped, finely ciliated. Fridt from J to nearly an inch long, with 5 very promin- ent ribs, often clothed with minute stiff hairs. Leaves, rather villous beneath, ternately decompound; leaflets deeply divided and toothed. Boot fusiform. Britain and several parts of Middle and Southern Europe. By wood- walks, and in semi-wild places in any soil, or occasionally used among fine- leaved perennials. Division. Narcissus bicolor {Two-coloured Daffodil). — Somewhat like the Com- mon Daffodil, but handsomer and distinguished from it by having the tube of the flower of the same length as the ovary, and the limb of the petal of a pure white, expanding nearly horizontally, the crown being of a handsome yellow, with 6 very short lobes, notched at the edges, and swollen at the base^ Flowers, in early spring. Southern Europe, chiefly in the Pyrenees. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalization, in grassy places. Division. Narcissus Bulbocodium (Hoop-petti- coat Narcissus). — A very beautiful and distinct Daffodil, now too seldom in our gardens ; 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; 1 on each stem ; rich golden yellow, with the crown or cup usually erect, gradually and regularly widening from the base to the margin and longer than the divi- sions. Leaves, erect, half round, dark green, and somewhat rushy-looking, in tufts. Native of Southern France, Spain, and Portugal. There are two varieties, viz., lobalatus and. serotinus. On sunny spots in the rook- garden, or warm borders devoted to choice hardy flowers. It is not sufficiently plentiful, or I should re- commend it to be naturalized on snug banks in the pleasure-ground. It should always have well-drained and free sandy soU. Division. Narcissus incomparabilis ( Incompar- able Daffodil), — A fine showy kind, most frequently seen in the double form, in which it is often called "butter and eggs ;" 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in spring; solitary, slightly fragrant; outer divisions spreading, slightly overlapping, 1 in. long, 4 or f in. broad, usually of a paler hue than the crown, which is orange^ yellow, about 4 in. deep and | in. wide, nearly erect, much plaited at the throat, and fui-nished with 6 deep imbricated lobes. Leaves, 3 or 4 to each flower- stem, about 1 ft. long and 4 in. broad, bluntly keeled, greyish. Bulb pear- shaped, 1 to 1 j in. thick, with light brown coats. Southern Europe. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and 182 NARCISSUS. naturalized by wood- walks in ordinary soil. Division. Narcissus Jonquilla (Jonqwille). — A favourite old plant, slenderer and more delicate than the other garden kinds, and with blooms almost as sweet as orange-blossoms ; 9 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in spring; 2 to 6 on a stem ; outer divisions a bright yellow, spreading horizontally when fully expanded, | in. to i in. long, slightly imbricated, lance - shaped, broader towards the end and pointed ; crown saucer-shaped, not more than a line deep, about the same colour as the outer divisions, the edge faintly and bluntly notched, about fin. across. Leaves, 1 to 2 to each flower-stem, deep glossy green, 8 to 12 in. long, rush-like, semi-cylindrical, channelled down the face, about a line in thick- ness. Bnlb roundish, pear-shaped, but variable, less than 1 in. thick. There is a variety with double flowers. Na- tive of S. Europe. On warm sunny borders, and sheltered nooks in the rock-garden ; always in sandy and thoroughly drained soil. Division. Narcissus junoifolius (Rmh-leaved Daffodil). — A beautiful little Daffodil, recently introduced into cultivation ; about 6 in. Mgh. Flowers, in spring ; outer divisions bright yellow, spread- ing I to 4 in. long, i in. broad, pointed, overlapping each other ; crown same colour as divisions, nar- rowing towards the base, slightly notched, about J in. deep, and nearly J in. across the mouth; one, two, rarely three, to a stem. Leaves, 3 to 4 to each flower -stem, of a bright green, quite cylindrical and rush-like in shape, 4 to 6 in. long. Jlidb egg- shaped, about 4 in. thick. Native of Spain and the South of France. Level spots in the rock-garden in very sandy soil, also in select borders; or for naturalization in very bare and rooky places, when sufficiently plen- tiful to be spared for this pur- pose. Division. Narcissus maximus (Golden Daffo- dil) . — A noble, hardy plant, by some not considered a species, but the finest variety of the CommonDaffodil; 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, late in spring ; of a very bright golden-yellow, with spreading, somewhat wavy, outer divisions ; crown very large and deep, with deeply- notched spreading lobes, uniform in colour with the outer divi- sions. Leaves, nearly flat. Sw!b of medium size, elongated pear-shaped, of a light brown colour. Native of S. Europe and some parts of Eranoe. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalization on grassy slopes and in glades in half -wild places, in ordinary soil. Division. Narcissus minor {Least Daffodil). — A most interesting and diminutive kind ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; outer divisions sulphur-yellow; crown orange-yellow, bell - shaped, with 6-toothed, fringed lobes, much longer than the outer divisions, one bloom on each stem. Leaves, erect, greyish, strap - shaped, about 4 in. long. Bulb very small, round, dark- brown, with thin coats. Native of the Pyrenees and other parts of Spain and Portugal. Select borders among dwarf plants, or among like subjects in level parts of the rock- garden, always in fine, sandy, well- drained soil. In consequence of its dwarfness, it is better to allow a carpet of some very diminutive plant, like the Lawn Pearlwort, or Sedum fflaumm, to spread over the spot where, it grows. This will prevent the flowers from being soiled by earthy splashiugs. Division. Narcissus odorus (Large Joiiquille), — A fragrant, beautiful, aud distinct Daffodil, 12 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in spring, sweet-scented ; outer divi- sions bright yellow, oblong : lance- NARCISSUS — NERTERA. 183 shaped, acute, very slightly paler than the crown, which is about | in. deep, slightly plaited ; usually two blooms on a stem. Leaves, 3 to 4 to each stem, nearly 1 ft. long ; not flat or strap-shaped like most of the common kinds, but concave on the face and convex on the back, and usually bright green. Bnlb egg-shaped, gene- rally more than 1 in. thick. Native of S. Prance, Spain, Italy, and Dal- matia. Borders, fringes of beds of shrubs, the rougher parts of the rook- garden, in sandy well-drained soU. Also suitable for naturalization on sunny sheltered 'banks in half-wUd places. Division. Narcissus poeticus (Poet's Narcissus). — A beautiful and well-known garden flower, sold abundantly in the streets of London in May; 12 to 10 in. high. Flowers, late in spring and in early summer ; one, rarely two, blooms to a stem ; outer divisions pure white, broadest towards the point, slightly overlapping each other ; crown about a line deep, saucer- shaped, very much crisped, with a bright scarlet edge. Leaves, flat, with a blunt keel, greyish, of about the same length as the flower-stem. Bulb egg-shaped, more than 1 in. thick when well grown. Southern Europe, from France to Greece. N. angusti- folia, and one or two other kinds resemble this ; N. poetanim, is the larger variety. Suitable for borders, fringes of shrubberies, and any position in which the Common Daffodil will grow, in almost any soU. This plant deserves to be abundantly naturalized in grassy places, by wood- walks, and on sunny banks and slopes where the grass is not mown till late in summer, or not at all. Division. TSarcisaustenxdor {Slender Narcissus). — A slender species, about 8 in. high. Flowers, late in spring ; 1 i in. across, light yellow, usually in pairs, with a shallow deep orange cup ; tube 1 in. long. Leaves, few, grass-like, about 7 in. long. Native country unknown. Eockwork and front margin of borders, in sandy BoU. Di- vision. HareissuB tortuosns {Twisted Daffo- dil). — A graceful, distinct kind ; 9 to 12 in. high. Flowers, early in spring ; external divisions, whitish, nearly 1 in. broad, and twisted or wavy ; crown lemon-colour, fading late and imper- fectly to sulphur white, and longer than the exterior divisions. In other respects it does not differ much from N. bicolor. The Pyrenees. Borders and naturalization on slopes, banks, etc. , in light deep soU, Division. Narcissus triandrus {Three-stamened N.) — A charming kind ; from 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, late in spring j solitary or in pairs, pale yellow, with a beU-shaped cup of the same colour, and reflexed petals. Stem tolerably thick. Leaves, few, grass-like, 8 to 10 in. in length. Portugal. Book- work and front mardn of mixed bor- ders, in well-drainea sandy soU. Di- vision. Nepeta Mussini {Bedding N.) — A somewhat downy plant, of a whitish- green colour, and having a powerful aromatic odour ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; small, of an azure blue, the lower lip being of a deeper shade, in a long loose spike or cluster ; calyx velvety, and tinged with violet. Leaves, opposite, stalked, oval-obtuse, crenate. Caucasus. A very free and vigorous plant, in any soU. It is best suited for natura- lization in rough places, not being quite ornamental enough for the choice border, though much used in bedding. Division, Nertera depressa {Fruiting DucTc- weed). — A minute plant, resembling a duckweed in the aspect of its leaves, but vrith numbers of small round 184 NIEREMBEEGIA — NUPHAR. orange fruit. Flowei-s, in summer ; white, very small and inconspicuous, sessile, solitary in the axils of the leaves, succeeded by a profusion of bright red berries. Leaves, broadly ovate, blunt or acute, from \ to \ in. long, rather fleshy ; stems 4-angled, tufted, creeping and rooting, 6 to 12 in. long. New Zealand, and the Andes of South America. ■ The rock-garden in moist spots, or in pans. Division. Hierembergia frutescens (Tall N.) — A very elegant plant, naturally of somewhat shrubby habit, but with us usiially cut down by frosts in winter; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; delicate blue shad- ing to white at the edges, about 1 in. across when well-grown, densely pro- duced on the much-branched, flax-like stems. Leaves, linear, IJ to 2 in. long. EasQy distinguished from all other cultivated species by its tall and half-shrubby habit. Chili. On warm borders or banks, or lower parts of the flanks of the rock-garden, in per- fectly-drained, light, rich soU. Very quickly increased by cuttings put in a gentle hot-bed. Nierembergia rivularis ( White Cup). — A handsome plant, with slender, smooth, creeping, rooting stems, much branched and matted ; 4 Or 5 in. high. Flowers, in July ; bell-shaped, white, with a yellowish, and sometimes a rosy tinge ; corolla about 1 in. across with 5 broadly-obtuse, spreading lobes, and a very slender tube, from 1 in. to 2\ in. long ; calyx i to j in. long, cylindrical, with 5 slightly spreading, oblong - lanceolate, pointed lobes. Leaves, very variable in size, 1 to 3 in. long, including the stalk, which is long and slender ; blade of leaf oblong or oblong-spoon-shaped, obtuse, mem- branous, almost without nerves. La Plata. The rock-garden, and the margins of borders, in moist, sandy loam. Division. Nuphar advena (Yellow American Water-lily) . ■ — Nymfhiea advena. — A noble aquatic plant, with heart- shaped leaves, rising considerably above the surface of the water. Plow- ers, in summer ; yellow, with red anthers, large, on round stalks, rising above the surface of the water ; petals numerous, small, never exceed- ing the stamens ; calyx of 6 sepals, purple within, and green without. Leaves, erect, heart - shaped - oblong, more narrowed towards the top than those of TV. lutea, on half-round stalks. Native of lakes, ponds, and ditches, from Canada to Carolina. Lakes and ponds, associated with our White and Yellow Water-lilies, and other fine aquatic plants. Division. Nuphar Kalmiana (Small Yellow Water - lily). — A small - flowered species. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, floating. Leaves, heart-shaped, slightly margined ; lobes nearly meetiog ; leaf- stalks almost round ; calyx with 5 divisions. N. America. Quiet cleau bays in lakes or ponds, or foun- tain basins. Division. Nuphar lutea [Common YellowWater- lily). — A well-known inhabitant of our rivers and ponds. Flowers, nearly all the summer ; yellow, on stalks rising a little above the surface, much smaller and less expanding than those of the White Water-lily, emitting a brandy -like scent ; petals very nu- merous; sepals 5, roundish, blunt, erect, about twice the length of the petals. Leaves, oval or heart-shaped, smooth, flat, turning up a little at the margins, 8 to 12 in. across, on smooth 3- sided stalks. N. pumila is a variety smaller in all its parts, found in a few localities in Scotland. Europe and Britain in slow streams, pools, and ditches. Lakes, ponds, or streams, associated with the White Lily, Yillarsia, and other good aqua- tic plants. Division. NUTT ALMA — (ENOTHEE A. 183 Nnttallia pedata {Bir(Ps~Joot-leaved N.) — Au erect, busliy, glabrous, branching plant ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer; handsome reddish-violet with a white centre, in panicles. Leaves, alternate, laciniately- pedate, toothed, vipper ones trifid. North America. By wood-walks, margins of sl^rubberies, or naturali- zation, in ordinary soil. Division, or seed. Kymphsea alba {White Water-lily). — One of the most beautiful of all hardy plants. Plamers, in summer ; white, scentless, lying on the surface of the water, 4 to 6 in. across ; sepals 4, smaller than the outer petals, about 2 in. long and 1 in. wide, smooth, yellowish-green outside, white within; petals from 16 to 24, in two or three rows, the outer ones having a green streak along the back. Leaves, deeply heart-shaped, entire, smooth, larger than those of the Yellow Water-lily ; stalks round. Europe. In lakes, ponds, or streams. It looks much better as an isolated plant or group than when the whole surface of the water is covered densely with its crowded leaves, as is not unfrequently the case. Division. Nympheea odorata (Sweet-scented Water-lily). — A fine sweet-scented kiad. Flowers, in summer; white, nearly 6 in. across when fully ex- panded, very sweet-scented, oi)ening at early morn and closing in the after- noon; petals blunt. Leaves, roundish, entire, cut at the base into blunt spreading lobes, 6 to 9 in. across, notched at the apex. This species varies with reddish or pink -tinged flowers. N. minor is a variety with much smaller leaves and flowers. In ponds, North America. In ponds, fountain basins, and slow - flowing waters. Division. (Enothera fruticosa (S'umirops). — One of the most ornamental species, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale yellow, scarcely fragrant, erect before expanding ; petals broadly obcordate ; corymb pedunoled, naked below, lengthened in fruit ; tube of the calyx much longer than the ovary. Leaves, lance-shaped, or oblong-lance- shaped, unevenly toothed, sessile or slightly stalked ; stem simple, or branching above, erect, purplish, stiff but not shrubby. (E. serotina is a variety having sessile leafy corymbs. North America. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturalization in thin woods or copses, in sandy loam. Division and seed. (Euothera Jamesii (James's (E.) — A vigorous and showy species about 3 ft. high with a decumbent stem. Flowers, in summer ; very large, fine yellow, in panicles at the ends of the branches ; petals not much longer than the drooping stamens. Leaves, oblong- lance-shaped, acute, dentate. Canada, by river-sides. Borders, in sandy loam. Seed or division. (Enothera linearis (farrow -leaved CE. ) — A neat kind, 19 to 15 in. high or sometimes more. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, somewhat corymbose, on the tops of the branches, scarcely fragrant, erect before expansion, unchanged in fading ; tube of the calyx slender,longer than the ovary biit scarcely exceeding the segments. Leaves, linear or nar- rowly-lance-shaped, rather blunt, re- motely to.othed or entire, sometimes linear-oblong, tapering at the base, and slightly stalked ; stem slender, often branched. N.America. Bor- ders, margins of shrubberies, and bare banks, in sandy loam. Division. (Enothera marginata (Large Evening Primrose). — A magnificent kind; 9 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; very large and handsome, whitish turn- ing to rose-colour, deliciously fragrant ; petals large ; tube of the calyx longer than the segments. Leaves, lance- 186 OENOTHERA— ONOBEYCmS. shaped, on long stalks, deeply jagged or toothed towards the base, about the length of the calyx -tube. North America. Borders, beds, and the rock-garden, in light rich soil. Seed. (Enothera missonrlensis (Missouri (E.) — (Enothera macrocar^a. — A hand- some prostrate species, 9 to 12 in. high. Mowers, in summer ; light yel- low, with orange veins, axillary, very large ; corolla 4 to 6 in. across ; petals, roundish-fan-shaped; tube of the calyx often more than 4 in. long. Leaves, thick, lance-shaped, acute, tapering into a short stalk, greyish when young, obscurely toothed. Mis- souri, on dry hUls, and on the Canadian Kiver. Borders, or rockwork, in sandy loam. Seed, division, or cuttings. (Enothera riparia (Roch Evening Primrose). — A showy useful kind, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, yellow,in a somewhat leafy lengthened raceme ; scarcely fragrant^ erect be- fore expansion, unchanged in fading ; petals slightly obcordate. Leaves, linear-lanoe-shaped, remotely toothed or entire, rather thick, mostly blunt, 2 to 4 in. long, and pubescent along the midrib and margins ; stems slen- der, often twiggy, branched. North America. Borders, or margins of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Divi- sion or seed. (Enothera speciosa (Tall White Even- inc) Primrose). — A very distinct, hand- some, erect-growing kind, ^'arying from 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, large, fragrant, drooping before expansion, turning to rose when fading; in a lengthened spike. Leaves, lance- shaped or oblong-lance-shaped, taper- ing at the base ; root- and lower stem- leaves twice divided or pinnately toothed near the base, the uppermost ones denticulate or remotely toothed, varying considerably in the degree of division, as well as in the pubescence ; stems often slightly woody at the base, erect or ascending, branching. South parts of North America. Borders, in sandy soil. Division and seed. (Enothera taraxacifolia [Dandelion- leaved CE.) — A popular and beautiful prostrate plant. Flowers, in summer ; large, white, changing to red when fading; tube very long, petals large, obovate, entire, 5-nerved; tube of calyx cylindrical, widened at the apex. Leaves, pubescent, alternate, pinnatiiid, sinuately toothed, but en- tire at the apex ; stem lengthened, branched, prostrate. ChOi. Bor- ders, in good soil. Some of this should be annually raised from seed, as it is useful for surfacing beds containiug larger subjects. Omphalodes verna (Creeping Forget- me-not). — Eesembling a handsome Forget-me-not, but with creeping shoots ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; blue, in shape like those of Borage, but smaller, about \ in. across, in few-flowered racemes, on erect, sim- ple, smooth stems emitting stolons at their base. Leaves, on long slender stalks.bright green; root- leaves heart- shaped ; stem - leaves broad - lance- shaped, or oval ; rhizome creeping underground. Southern Europe, in woods. Naturalized in woods and shrubberies, and also in borders or on rockwork, in sandy loam. Division. Omphalodes Lucilise (Rock 0.) — An exquisite perennial, with glaucous leaves ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; broadly -funnel-shaped, fine lilac-blue, nearly i in. across ; twice, or more than twice, as large as those of 0. verna. Leaves, oblong-obtuse, those of the root narrowed into a long footstalk, those of the stem sessile, the upper ones ovate. Asia Minor. The rock-garden, in warm spots, in fine sandy soil, and in beds of dwarf shrubs, etc. Seed and division. Onobrychis montana (Mountain 0.) — A pleasing, almost decumbent, rock- ONONIS — ONOSMA. 187 plant; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish rose-coloured, in short compact heads ; keel longer than the standard ; wings shorter than the calyx ; back of the pod toothed, sides wrinkled, - downy. Leaflets, lanceolate-wedge-shaped, obtuse, mu- cronate, smooth ; stipules united. Elevated pastm-es of the Alps and Pyrenees. The rock-garden, and the margins of the mixed border, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Ononis arvensis (Hairy Rest-harrow). — A variable perennial, sometimes 1 ft. or 18 in. high, but generally a low, spreading, miioh - branched under- shrub, thinly clothed with soft hairs, more or less glutinous. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; pink, the upper ones deeper, either solitary on short axillary stalks, or forming a short leafy raceme ; corolla rather longer than the calyx. Leaves, pinnately trifoliate; leaflets oblong, side ones smallest ; branches often ending in a thorn. There is a variety smoother, more thorny and erect, sometimes called 0. campestris ; and 0. arvensis alba is a white variety. Very common in Britain and throughout Europe. The white variety is a pretty border plant, and the other kinds, if too common in some parts to permit of their garden use, look very pretty naturalized va. rough places. Division or seed. Ononis fraticosa {ShriMy Rest-har- row) . — A very ornamental low shrub, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, ia early summer ; purple, nodding, mostly on 3-flowered stalks, forming a handsome raceme; calyx Sparted; segments equal, linear. Leaves, trifoliate ; leaf- lets stalkless, smooth, lance-shaped, shining, unequally serrated. Hills and mountains in Southern Europe. Beds of dwarf shrubs, isolated specimens on grass, or on the lower and rougher parts of therock-garden. Seed. Ononis Natrix {Ram Rest-harrow). — A downy viscid plant, exhaling an un- mistakeably rammish odour; about 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer, and sometimes a second time in autumn ; yellow, veined with red ; standard almost round, notched at the top ; keel elongated, as long as the wings ; calyx bell-shaped, irregular, with 5 divisions, of which the lower one is the largest. Leaves, alternate, tri- foliate, with oval-oblong or oboval toothed leaflets; the upper leaves sometimes simple, all accompanied with lanceolate-acute stipules. South of Europe. Banks and borders, in sandy soU. Division or seed. Ononis rotundifolia (Roitnd-leaved Rest-harrow). — A somewhat shrubby species, readily distinguished by its roundish leaflets; 12 to 20 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rose- coloured, with the standard veined with crimson, usually in pairs, in the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves, tri- foliate; leaflets toothed, margined with triangular teeth, and thickly clothed with gland-tipped, slightly viscid hairs. The Pyrenees and Alps of Europe. Margins of shrubberies, and naturalized, ia sandy soU. Seed and division. Ononis viscosa {Olammy Ononis), A handsome perennial with downy-vis- cid stems from 15 in. to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yeUow, the back of the standard striped with purple, numerous, in long panicled spikes. Leaves, of the lower part of the plant trifoliate, the middle leaflet larger than the others ; upper leaves simple, ovate, toothed, all with pointed sti- pules. South of France. The rock- garden or border, in ordinary free soiL Described as an annual plant, but is certainly perennial in some soils, Division or seed. Onosma taurioa (Golden, Drop). — A tine evergreen perennial, quite dis- 188 OPHIOPOGON— OECHIS. tinct in appearance from anything else in cultivation ; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; fine yellow, arranged in clustering cymes ; corolla wide above, twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, linear- lance-shaped, acute, hispid, rolled back at the edges. Caucasus. Borders and the rock-garden, in warm positions and in well-drained sandy loam. Seed and cuttings. Ophiopogon spicatus (Spiked Snake's Beard). — A fibrous-rooted herbaceous perennial, about ] | ft. high. Flowers, late in summer and in autumn ; very numerous, small, lilac ; in spikes from 2 to 5 in. long, with a tendency to branch at the end . Leaves, flat, thin, and furrowed underneath, about 2 ft. long, by i in. broad. China. Borders or margins of shrubberies, in sandy loam. Scarcely ornamental. Division. Ophrys apifera {Bee Orchis). — An interesting native Orchid, the bloom of which resembles the body of a bee ; 6 in. to 1 ft. or more high. Flowers, in early summer ; few, large, rather distant; sepals whitish, tinged with purple ; lip velvety-brown with yel- low markings, convex, bearing some re- semblance to a bee. Leaves, few, glau- cous near the ground. Nativeofvarious parts of England and Ireland, on cal- careous soils. This interesting plant may be grown without diificulty in the rock-garden or border, or in a smaU bed devoted to Orchids in cal^ careous well-drained soil. The only way we can add to the stock in our gardens is by gathering the plant in a wild state, taking up the roots very carefully. Ophrys muscifera {Fly Orchis). — Smaller than the Bee Orchis, I ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; petals very narrow, purple ; sepals green ; lip brownish-purple, with a somewhat square, bluish, central spot. Leaves, elliptical, 2 to 5 in. long; fewer and narrower at the base than those of any other species. Native of damp calcareous thickets and pastures in England and Ireland. Easily grown with the treatment advised for the preceding kind. Opuntia Kafinesquiana (Hardy 0.) — A dwarf spreading Cactus, forming clusters of thick, ovate, very green stems, each 3 or 4 in. long, and about 3 in. broad, studded with small tufts of minute, sharp-pointed, reddish, hair-like spines. Flowers, in summer; bright sulphur yellow. Fruit said to be edible " like a gooseberry." North America. This has been proved hardy in England. Its most appropri- ate positions are on dry banks or borders, rough rock-work, old walla, or ruins. Division and cuttings. Orchis foliosa (Leafy 0.) — A showy handsome Orchid, from IJ to 24 ft. high. Flowers, in May ; numerous, purple, in an ovate or ob- long-ovate spike, about 9 in. long and 3 in. broad ; sepals erect, ovate, ob- tuse, palish-purple ; petals similar in form, but narrower and smaller, nearly erect, dark purple ; lip pendent, very broad, roundly-wedge-shaped, 3-lobed (middle lobe smallest), purple, with darker blotohes of same colour ; spur much shorter than the hp ; bracts leafy, generally shorter than the flow- ers. Leaves, unspotted, oblong, lower ones blunt. Madeira, on rocky banks. The rock-garden, in shel- tered nooks in deep, light soil, or grown in pots, in which way it haa been frequently shown in London. Orchis latifolia (Marsh 0.) — A very ornamental native kind ; 1 to ] 4 ft. high. Floyiers, in summer ; sepals dull purplish -crimson; lip of the same colour, paler at the base, and spotted and lined purple ; the middle lobe usually not longer than the lateral ones. Leaves, oblong-elliptical, broad- est near the middle, usually spotted ORCHIS — 0E0BU8. 189 ■vrith purplish - Wack. Bogs and marshes in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland. There is a fine large variety recently introduced into cultivation. ' The bog - bed, associated with Cyprvpedium spectabile, and like plants. This may he increased by division of established tufta. Orchis laxiflora (Guernsey 0.) — A showy-flowered species, 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a very rich crimson-purple, in a very lax spike 3 to 9 in. long ; bracts 3- to 5- nerved, generally tinged with crimson. Leaves, lance-shaped, or linear-lanoe- shaped, 3 to 6 in. long, not collected in a radical rosette, but distributed over the stem. Boot-knobs globular, undivided, from the size of a black- currant to that of a damson plum. Channel Islands, in meadows and bogs. The rock-garden in a moist spot, or the artificial bog ; it may also be naturalized. Division. Orchis macnlata {Spotted Hand 0.) — A delicately - coloured native species ; 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; in an ovate spike, after- wards elongated, pale purple, more or less streaked with a darker hue. Lip usually flat, deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes rounded ; middle lobe longer and narrower. Leaves, usually spotted with purple; lower ones blunt or rarely acute, broadest towards their top ; up- per ones luiear-lanceolate, resembling bracts. 'Europe and Britain. This plant does thoroughly well if carefully placed in moist deep loam, in a some- what shady border, forming large and very handsome tufts. It may also be grown with the other hardy Orchids in almost any position. Division. Ornithogalum narbonnense (iViaw- bonne 0.) — Star of Bethlehem. — Ahand- some bulbous plant ; 12 to 16 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; milk-white, marked with a narrow green stripe on the outside of each petal, very nume- rous, arranged in a cluster 4 to 8 in. long, lax at the base and dense at the top. Leaves, broadly-linear or sword- shaped, deeply channelled, longer than the flower-stem. Sulb, egg-shaped. S. Europe, N. Africa, and the Cau- casus. Borders, or naturalization in sandy soil. Division, Ornithogalum pyramidale {Tall Star of Bethlehem), — A tall and noble kind ; 1 i to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a pure white, marked with a green stripe on the back of each petal, ac- companied with coloured bracts, and arranged in a conical cluster, 6 to 8 in. long. Leaves, linear, flat, of a soft, tissue, generally withering before the plant has ceased to flower. Bulb tolerably large, pear-shaped, slightly flattened, somewhat resembling a Hya- cinth-bulb. Native of the South of Europe. Although this will grow in almost any soil, its spikes win be very much finer in deep, rich loam. It is a fine border bulb, and might be planted here and there in shrubberies with advantage. Division. Ornithogalum umbellatnm {Star of Bethlehem) . — A popular cottage-garden plant ; 4 to 12 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; of a satiny white on the inside, and green striped with white without, arranged in an umbel on long stalks. Leaves, broadly -linear, channelled, with a whitish streak through the middle, usually withering at the time of flowering. Bulb, under the medium size, white, pear-shaped, rather irregular in figure. South Europe, North Africa, and the Cau- casus. The flowers of this species exhibit the peculiarity of opening about U o'clock, a.m., and closing about 3 o'clock p.m., whence the French popular name of Dame d'onze heures. Borders, in any soil. Division. Orobns aurantius(Or(M!gie 0.) — From 18 in. to 2 ft.high. ii'tojocrs, early in sum- mer ; orange-yellow ; peduncles shorter 190 OEOBUS. than the leaves ; calyx hairy, with 5 teeth, 2 very short, the lower one v«ry long. Leaves, of 4 or 5 pairs of broadly- oval pointed leaflets, with divergent veins. Stems angular. Iberia. Borders, in ordinary soU. Division. Orobus atropurpnreus (^Dark-purple 0.)—A Vetch-like herb ; 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; pur- ple, drooping ; stalks many-flowered, 1 -sided, forming a dense raceme at the top ; corolla lengthened ; teeth of calyx short, nearly equal, blunt. Leaves, with one or several pairs of smooth, narrow, acute leaflets ; sti- pules semi-arrow-shaped, very narrow, awned ; stems nearly simple, striped. Mediterranean region. Borders, in sandy loam. Division or seed. Orobus cyaneus {Blue Bitter Vetch). — Platystylis cyaneus — A handsome dwarf Vetch-like herb ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; blue when first opening, changing to purple, large, handsome ; stalks few-flowered ; seg- ments of calyx lance-shaped, hardly as long as the tube ; style very broad, a character which Sweet thought EufBcient to separate it from the genus Oroiiis. Leaves, composed of 2 or 3 pairs of closely-set, narrowly lance- shaped, acute leaflets ; stem simple, striped. Caucasus. The rock- garden and borders, in deep and well - drained sandy loam. Divi- sion and seed. Orobus lathyroides {Lathyrus-lihe 0. ) — A showy species with broad, smooth leaflets, and black roots ; 1 ft. to 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; fine blue, small, numerous, in close spikes, 3 or 4 in number, springing from the axils of the upper leaves ; teeth of calyx shorter than the tube. Leaves, composed of two leaflets, which are nearly 2 in. long and 1 in. across, oval-lanceolate, acute, with straggling nerves ; stipules half -arrow-shaped, toothed at the base. Stem rigid, bent near the top, slightly winged, not branching. Siberia. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Orobus luteus {Yellow 0.) — A good but not showy kind, 1 to 1^ ft. high. Flowers, early in sum- mer ; yellowish, the back of the standard purplish-brown, in axillary clusters of from 6 to 8 blooms. Leaves, usually of 4 or 5 pairs of oval, pointed leaflets, which are aboutl4in.long,and nearly 4 in. broad ; stipules large,lialf- arrow-shaped, toothed near the base. Siberia. Borders and naturaliza- tion in ordinary soil. Division or seed. Orobus variegatus {Variegated Bitter Vetch). — An attractive perennial, with two firm and opposite wings on its wiry, zigzag stems, which ascend to about 1 ft. in height. Flowers, in early summer; small, beautifully variegated, the standard a fine rose with a network of purplish- crimson veins, the points of the side petals being blue ; segments of calyx narrow, acute, as long as the tube. Leaves, with 2 or 3 pairs of lance- shaped leaflets, with almost parallel nerves ; stipules ovate, entire, acute, much smaller than the leaflets. Soiitheru Italy and Cor- sica. Borders, in ordinary garden soil. Division and seed. Orobus vernus {Spring Bitter Vetch). — The most beautiful of its family at present known to us ; 10 in. to I4 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; purple and blue, with red veins, the keel tinted with green, the whole changing to blue ; freely produced on one-sided, nodding stalks, shorter than the leaves ; segments of the calyx broad, hardly as long as the tube, lower one longest. Leaves, with 2 or 3 pairs of shining ovate leaflets ; stipules semi- arrow-shaped, entire ; stems zigzag. Roots black ; 0. fiacddus is a variety with very narrow flaccid leaflets. Southern and Central Europe. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, etc., in OTHONNA— OXALIS. 191 anjr soil, but best in a deep, rich, and moist loam. It thrives perfectly either in exposed, shady, or half-shady places, and is eminently suitable for naturalization in almost any position. Division and seed. Othonna cheirifolia {Barbmy Ray- wort). — A low - spreading evergreen perennial, -with pleasing, glaucous foliage ; 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rich yellow, about 14 in. across, on thick succulent stalks, at the ends of the branches ; rays sharp-pointed, rather longer than the calyx, which is cut equally into eight segments. Leaves, greyish, thick, lance - shaped, 3-nerved, stalkless, narrow at the base, broad and rounded at the apex ; stems half - shrubby, spreading. N. Africa. Borders and rocky banks, in any soil. In cold soils it rarely flowers, in warm loams it does so abundantly. Divi- sion or cuttings. Ourisia oocoinea {Scarlet 0.) — A handsome creeping plant, with flower- stems from 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; scarlet, axillary, pendent, in panicled clusters. Leaves, almost all radical, oval or oblong, notched. Chili. Rockwork, in half -shady positions, in moist, well - drained, peaty soil. Division. Oralis atropurpurea(^o)-J.) (Pwrple- leaved 0.) — A densely - tufted, dark- leaved plant ; 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, goiden-yellow, in an umbel. Leaves, of 3 obcordate leaflets, purplish. South Europe. Edgings, tufts, in borders, and as a bedding plant, best in light, sandy soil. Seed and division. Oxalis Bowiei (Soicie's Wood Sorrel). — A brilliant dwarf bulbous perennial 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in autumn ; fine rose-red, yellowish at the base inside ; large and handsome, in umbels on peduncles about equal in length to the leaves. Leaves, of 3 obtuse leaflets, almost sessile, handsome green above, slightly pubescent underneath, ci- liated. Cape of Good Hope. Warm flanks of the rock-garden or on sunny borders. In cold soils this seldom or never flowers ; on warm well-drained and very sandy ones it does so abun- dantly, and where this is the case it may be used with effect as an edging- plant round beds of autumn-blooming plants. Division. Oxalis floribnnda {Many-flowered 0.) — ^A tufted,abundantly-blooming kind. Flowers, in summer, continuously j rose-coloured, with dark veins ; scape many-flowered ; .sepals obtuse, grey- ish, roundish- egg-shaped, concave at the apex, and hairy ; root tuberous. There is a variety with white flowers. Native of South America. Borders, in ordinary sandy soil. Division. Oxalis laslandra {Woolly - stamened 0. ) — A singidarand handsome species, 9 to 1 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, developed in succession, crim- son, especially on the inside, the out- side paler and finely pubescent, borne in umbels of about twenty flowers ; sepals linear-elliptical, blunt, green, hairy, and marked with 4 orange- coloured Hues, which meet at ttie apex. Leaves, all radical, digitate ; leaflets 3 in. long, and 1 in. broad, 7 to 9 in number, on the top of the stem, oval-spoon-shaped, wavy at the edges, dark green, jjaler underneath, and spotted with crimson. Mexico. Borders, and the rock-garden, in warm, sandy soil. Division. Oxalis Valdiviana {Chilian Wood- sorrel). — A handsome species, with a very branching stem, forming low tufts about C or 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; deep yellow with a red- dish streak particularly on the outside, very much resembling those of Linum flavum, in small clusters on the ends of very long flower-stalks. Leaves, trifoliate; leaflets heart-shaped re. 192 OXYTROPIS — P^ONIA. versed, with very rounded lobes. Chili. This plant in good soils and favourable positions is perennial, but when exposed is liable to be cut oiT in winter. Eookwork, front margin of mixed border, or naturalization on bare banks, in well-drained sandy loam. Seed. Oxytropis campestris {Field 0.)— A dwarf stemless herb allied to the Milk Vetch, but differing by the keel having a fine point at its extremity ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yel- lowish tinged with purple, erect, in a dense, short, oblong spike ; point of keel short, straight and erect ; scapes hairy, about equal in length to the leaves. Leaves, with many pairs of lance-shaped leaflets, more numerous, narrower, and much less silky than those of the Purple Oxytrope. Europe, America, and in Scotland.' Borders and the rook-garden, in sandy loam. Seed and division. Oxytropis fcetida {Fetid 0.) — A dwarf Vetch-like viscous fetid plant, from 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, lemon-coloured, in loose roundish-oval heads. Leaves, of 15 to 20 pairs of linear or oblong hairy leaflets with revolute edges. Mont Cenis. -Eockwork, and the margins of the mixed border, in rich loam. Seed or division. Oxytropis pyrenaica(Pyj-e»iea» 0.) — A handsome rock-plant 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; sky-blue, erect, 9 to 15 in a short crowded raceme which afterwards becomes elongated- oval ; bracts oblong ; calyx very hairy, with short lance-shaped teeth. Leaf- lets, lance-shaped or oblong, pointed, somewhat concave, covered with long silky hairs ; flower-stems set with stellate hairs. Central Pyrenees. The rock-garden, and among dwarf plants in borders, in sandy loam. Seed and division. Oxytropis uralensis {Pv/rjpU 0.) — An elegant little perennial, resem- bling 0. campestris in habit, but more densely clothed with soft silky hairs in every part ; about 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer; bright purple, in dense round heads ; pointof keel same as in 0. campestris. Leaves, with 10 to 15 pairs of ovate, acute leaflets, and an odd one. Scotland and other parts of Europe. The rook -garden and borders, in moist sandy loam. Division and seed. Pseonia albiflora {White-flowered Poiony). — A fine showy species, alKed to P. officinalis / 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white ; petals 8, large, oval, concave; carpels recurved, smooth. Leaves, ternate, alternate ; leaflets 3-parted, ovate- lanoe-shaped, smooth, shining ; differs chiefly from P. officinalis by its stems being nearly round, scarcely grooved, and more slender, and by its larger leaves. There are numerous varieties of this species. Native from Siberia to China. Beds, borders, naturali- zation, groups on the grass in the picturesque garden, or isolated speci- mens in the same position, in rich, deep, sandy loam. Division. Pseonia arietina (Ram Pceony.) — A distinct kind, 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; purple. Leaves, with three- lobed pinnatifid segments, decurrent, oval-oblong, flatfish, hairy under- neath. There are 2 varieties t P. An- dersonii which has deep rose-coloured petals, less crisp than in the type ; and P. carnea with flesh-coloured ragged- edged petals. Supposed to be a native of the East. Borders or fringes of shrubberies, in deep rich soil. Division. Paeonia edulis {Edible P.) — A. very ornamental species, 24 to 3^ ft. high. Flowers, in May and June ; rosy-flesh- colour in the bud, pure white when expanded, 1 to 7 on each stem, the terminal one being the largest; fra- grant with a rose-like odour; oalyX PiEONIA — PANICUM. 193 with 6 diviaions, the 3 interior ones larger than the others,- entire or notched ; the outer one ending in a leafy point. Leaves, alternate, ter- nate, or biternate, with irregular division, plane or concave, oval- lanceolate, of a deep glistening green on the upper side ; stems often tinged with violet, slightly branching above. There are many varieties of this species. China. The same positions and treatment as for P. albifiora. PsBonia Icbata {Lobed P.) — A com pact kind, 20 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in May ; deep rose, handsome. Leaves, numerous ; segments nearly linear, smooth, deourrent, pinnate, three lobed at the point. Seed-vessels woolly, somewhat erect. Native of Spain and Portugal, Treatment the same as for P. alhifiora, Pseonia officinalis {Officinal Pceony). — A showy and popular kind ; 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; red or crimson ; carpels recurved, tomentose. Leaves, composed of seve- ral unequal lobes, which are cut into various segments, hairy beneath ; stems unevenly 6- or 7-grooved. There are several varieties, one {P. corallina), considered as a species by some, is naturalized in the rooky clefts of the " Steep Holme" Island in the Severn. Native of many parts of Europe. The same positions and treatment as for P. albifiora. Faeonia tennifolia (Fine • leaved Pceony). — "Very distinct in aspect, from its fine thin leaflets ; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; fine dark red, nestling among the finely-divided upper leaves ; petals 8, oval, spread- ing ; carpels tomentose, spreading. Leaves, alternate, divided into narrow many -parted leaflets, smooth, on round stalks, channelled above; stems round, obscurely grooved, smooth, naked at the bottom. The double form is the one most frequently seen in gardens. Siberia and Tauria. The same positions and treatment as for P. albi- fiora. Pancratium iUyricum (Illyrian P.) — A fine hardy bulbous perennial ; 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; very fragrant, of a dull white colour, with a greenish - yel- low tube, numerous, 6 to 12 issuing from a 2-valved spathe at the top of the stem. Leaves, oblong, ribbon- shaped, glaucous. Bulb, very large, pear - shaped, with an elongated neck, 10 in. or I ft. long, and covered with numerous, close, stri- ated, glistening, brownish-black coats. Southern Europe. Borders, in deep sandy loam. Division in autumn ; replanting immediately. Panicum altissimum (Tall P.) — Eesembles P. virgatum, and though of more elegant habit, is often con- founded with it ; 20 in. to 6^ ft. high, according to the climate, soil, etc. Flowers, from late in summer until the first frosts, in large branching pani- cles, which, as they become old, change to a dark red or maroon hue. Leaves, linear, arching, with finely- toothed edges. West Indies, Tropical Anierica, and "West Coast of Africa. Borders, groups, or beds of peren- nials, or isolated near the edges o£ shrubberies, etc., in deep rich soil, and in sunny positions. Division in spring, or from seed; the former method is preferable. Panicum hulbosum (Bulbous P.) — An elegant grass ; 3 to 4 ft. high, Flowers, in summer ; panicle com- pound, oblong, about a foot long, com, posed of numerous, alternate, or op posite, erect, somewhat adpressed, spikelets \ in. long. Leaves, linear, pointed, flat, striated, smooth on the outside, hairy within, rough at the edges ; sheaths striated, very smooth. Root, bulbous, with thickish fibres. There is a variety with pubescent o 194 PANICUM — PAP AVER. sheaths, and narro\Yer leaves. Native of S. America. Soil, positions, etc. the same as those for the preceding kind. Panijum virgatum {Tmggy P.) — A very ornamental gi-ass, growing in •arge, handsome, lively-green tufts ; upwards of 'A ft. high, in good soil. Flotoers, from late in summer, up to the first frosts ; in panicles, which are ab first narrow and slender, and after- wards spread and branch very exten- sively. Leaves, linear, flat, 1 ft. or more in length. North America. The same positions and treatment as for P. cdtissiimun. Papaver alpinum {Alpine Poppy).— A beautiful mountain Poppy ; 3 to 6 in. high, or more. Flowers, in sum- mer; white, with yellow centres, solitary, on stalks springing from the roots; sepals pilose ; capsule roundish, prickly. Leaves, smooth or hairy, bipinnate; segments finely ciit into acute lobes. This plant varies a good deal, there being white, scarlet, and yellow forms in cultivation. P. a. albi- florum is a variety with white flowers spotted at the base, and P. a. flavifio- rum is one with showy orange flowers, and hairy leaves and stem, growing about 4 in. high. The higher Alps of Europe. The rock-garden, in moist sandy soil, and in cool spots. Seed. Papaver croceum {Golden P.)— Re- sembles Mecoiiopsis camhrica, in habit, but is not so hardy ; 8 to 1 5 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; large, orange- yellow, sometimes saffron ; petals slightly waved at the margin. Leaves, all radical, erect, of a deBcate green on the upper side, glaucous under- neath, rough, as is the stem, with spreading hairs ; sepals equally hairy. Altai mountains in Siberia. Bor- ders, and the rougher parts of the Irock-gardeu in sandy loam. Seed. Papaver latoritiam [Orange Poppy). —A handsome and large kind, densely clothed with rigid white hairs, 1.^ to- 2 ft. high. Flowers, in May ; bright orange ; rather more than 2 in. across ; petals obovate, aepala covered on the back with long yellow hairs. Leaver,, linear-elliptical, piunatifid at the base ; those of the root densely crowded together, 6 to 12 in. long (including the leaf-stalk), and from 4 in. to- nearly 1 in. broad ; lower segments much divided; upper ones few and coarsely serrated ; stem-leaves much smaller and nearly sessile. "Valley of the river Tscharuck, which separates Armenia from the mountains of Pou- tus. Borders, or naturalization, in ordinary soU. Division or seed. Papaver nudicaule [Icelanel Peppy). — Allied to P. alpinum, 12 to 15 in. high. Flotoers, in summer ; rich yel- low, scented somewhat like those of the Jonquil, especially in the morning^ and evening ; solitary on naked stems springing from the root; sepals 2, beset with bristles ; petals 4, two inner ones rather smaller than the outer ones ; capsules roundish or ob- long, hairy. Leaves, pinnately-lobed ; lobes cut or toothed, acute. There are several varieties. Siberia and tlie northern parts of America. The rock-garden, in cool moist spots, ia sandy loam or peat. Seed. Papaver orieutale {Oriented Poppy). ■ — The most showy of all perennials, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; 6 in. or more across, one on each stem, deep scarlet, usually with a dark purple spot at the base of each petal ; calyx of 3 sepals (not 2, as in other Papavers) ; capsules smooth, somewhat globose. Leaves, pinnately- parted, about 1 ft. long, clothed with white bristly hairs ; stem rough and leafy. P. iracteatum, from the Cau- casus, by some considered a distinct species, is a variety of this differing by the hairs of the calyx and flowei-- stalks being adpressed and not spread- PAP AVER — PAEOCHETUS. 195 ing, by tlie bracts under the flowers, and by flowering rather earlier. Armenia. Borders, in ordinary soU, and naturalization in open spots in woods, copses, etc. Division or seed. Papaver pilosum (Pilose Poppy). — A showy species, distinguished by its very hairy steins and pale green foliage ; 1 to 2 ft.- high. Flowers, in summer; brick -red or deep orange, with a whitish spot at the base of each petal ; equal in size to those of P. lateritium, solitary on the tops of the naked stalks ; sepals pilose. Leaves, of the root oblong ; stem-leaves ovate- oblong with serrated lobes, pilose on both sides, exit, stem-clasping ; stem densely, clothed with spreading hairs. Bithynia, on Mount Olympus. Borders, in sandy soil. Division and seed. Paradisia liliastrum {St. Bruno's Lily). — CzacMa. — Anthericum. — An elegant alpine meadow plant, with blooms large, pure, and white, like smaJl white lilies, 1 to IJ ft. high. Flowers, early in summer ; fragi'ant, of a transparent white, 'with a delicate green spot on the point of each divi- sion, about 2 in. long, funnel-shaped, with six regular divisions, and ar- ranged in a loose spike, from 5 to 10 blooms on each stem. Leaves, long, nar- row and grooved, about 1 ft. long and 6 or 8 in number. Root fibrous, rather fleshy, wliite. Abundant in the mea- dows of the Alpine Valleys of Pied- mont, and many other mountainous parts of Central and Southern Europe. Well suited for tufts on the lower parts of the rock-garden, or for the choice mixed border, in good sandy loam, and for naturalization in parts of the pleasure-ground or open glades in woods where the grass is not cut early in the year, or at all. It should be carefully protected from slugs. Division and seed. Parnassia asarifolia {Asarum-leaved Grass of Parnassus). — A beautiful marsh perennial, with larger leaves and flowers than those of the British sj)ecies; 6 in. to 2 ft. high." Flowers, in summer ; white ; petals 5, abruptly contracted into a claw at the base. Leaves, of the root kidney-shaped, those of the stem roundish, heart- shaped. North America. ^^ — The arti- ficial bog, very moist spots near the rock-garden in peat, or in pots plunged nearly to their rims in water. Division and seed. Parnassia carolinlana {Large Grass of Parnassus). — Like the preceding, bat with heart-shaped leaves, 9 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; from 1 to 14 in. across; white, with green or pale-purple veins ; petals sessile ; sterile stamens 3 in each set, instead of 9 to 15 as in P. palustris. Leaves, thick, leathery, roundish- heart-shaped ; stem-leaves ovate, stalkless. North America.— — SoO, position, etc., the same as for the pre- ceding. Parnassia palustris {Grass of Par- nassus). — An interesting native bog or moist meadow planf, 4 to 12 in, high. Flowers, in summer ; white ; an inch or more across, marked very distinctly with greyish veins ; petals slightly scalloped at the edges and notched at the apex ; stamens only half as long as the petals. Leaves, from 4 to 14 in. long, smooth, those of the root heart-shaped, on grooved stalks about 14 in. long, bright green above, greyish beneath ; stem with a single embracing leaf below the mid- dle. Britain and many other parts of Europe. Positions and treatment as for A . asarifolia. Paroohetus communis {ShamrocTe Pea).^A beautiful creeping perennial, with Clover-like leaves, 2 to Sin. high. Flowers, in spring; handsome blue, solitary, on long stalks ; standard twO' 02 196 PARONYCHIA — PBNTSTEMON. lobed, drooping ; keel blunt, covered by the wing ; each flower like a hand- some blue Pea-flower. Leaves, trifo- liate, like those of the common Sham- rock; leafleta truncate, dentate-ser- rate. Nepaul . • ■ The rock-garden aud choice borders in warm positions, in light vegetable soil. Division or seed. Paronychia serpyllifolia (Thyme- leaved P. ) — An interesting little creep- ing plant, 1 to 2 in. high. Flowers, in summer; white, small, in terminal heads, bidden among the roundish bracts ; sepals obtuse. Leaves, opposite, ovate, stipulate, rather fleshy, smooth, with ciliated margins ; stipules in parirs ; stems prostrate, knotted, branched. Southern Europe, in arid places. The rock-garden, in any light soil. Division. Pelargonium Endlirherianum {End- licher's P.) — The only hardy Pelar- gonium, and a handsome plant ; 1 to 14 ft. higli. Flowers, late in summer; large, rose-coloured, veined with a darker shade, arranged in an umbel ; the two upper petals only are fully developed, the three lower ones being almost rudimentary. Leaves, lower ones roundish, notched and toothed, of a greyish-green colour ; those of the stem more or less deeply divided into from 3 to 5 lobes. Taurus mountains in Asia Minor. Warm nooks on the lower flanks of the rock-garden, warm borders or banks, in well- drained, very sandy loam. Division and seed. Peutstemon argutus [Graceful Pe.nts- temon).- — A half- shrubby perennial, covered with a short pubescence ; 3 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright purple; tips of the divisions of the lower lip sky-blue. Leaves, opposite, neirly connate ; upper ones lanceolate ; lower ones sx'oon - shaped, obtuse, much anil irregxilarly-serrated, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath. Mexico. Borders, in good, sandy loam. Division and seed, Pentstemoa barbatus (Bcar&rf P.) — A tall and brilliant perennial, 2 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; showy scarlet outside, white within, drooping, in long loose panicles ; lower lip of the corolla 3-parted, bearded with yellow hairs ; sterile filaments smooth. Leuvrs, con- nate, narrowly lance-shaped, glau- cous, very long, entire, channelled ; root-leaves crowded, spoon-shaped ; stems branched. There are several varieties, P. Torreiji being a very large aud tall one. Mexico. Borders, in sandy loam. Division, cuttings, or seed. Pentstemon campanulatus {Bell- flowered P.) — A very leafy, tufted plant ; 16 in. to 2 ft. and upwards, in height. Flowers, from May to the first frosts ; light rose-colour, some- what dull on the outside ; light flesh- colour veined with violet-carmine within, the lower lip having a few scattered hairs ; corolla tubular, swollen ; flowers grouped unilaterally, in twos and threes, in the axils of tlie leaves, and forming spike-like pani- cles. Leaves, opposite, sessile, linear- lanceolate or acute, serrated, the upper ones slightly downy and viscid. Mexico. Borders, in sandy loam; one of the kinds, from which some of our finest varieties have sprung. Seed aud cuttings. Pentstemon Digitalis (Fo.rr/love P.) — A handsome free growing perennial; 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in sunnner ; white, downy, in racemose panicles ; corolla large, nearly bell-shaped ; the upper lijj shorter than the lower one, which is 3 lobed and widened; sterile stamen longer than the others, and bearded about half way down with white hairs. Leaves, smooth, glossy, slightly toothed, and covered with numerous small dots ; root - leaves PENTSTEMON — PETASITES. 197 oblong-lanee-shaped, gradually taper- ing at the base, and running down the stalk, strongly nerved beneath, and channelled above; stem leaves heart-shaped, taper-pointed, stalkless. Arkansas. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Pentstemon gentianoides (Common P.) — P. Ilartwegi. — A beautiful and well-known kind ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish-red, in panicles ; ijedunoles bearing from 1 to 3 flowers each ; corolla downy out- side ; tube short, throat large ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower one trihd, beard- less ; sterile stamen smooth. Leaves, lance-shaped, about 4 in. long, and 4 to I in. broad, smooth, entire ; stem downy, slender in the upper part. There is a white and numerous coloured varieties of this species. Mexico. Borders, in rich sandy loam. In cold soils it perishes in winter ; in warm ones in mild dis- tricts it is perennial, and forms full handsome bushes, when in flower. Seed and cuttings. Pentstemon glaber {Dwarf-Blue P.) — A beautiful dwarf alpine species ; C to 12 in. high. Flowers, early in sum- mer; exquisite blue-purple, varying in hue, in terminal racemes ; corolla nearly bell-shaped ; segments of calyx roundish, tapering to a point ; sterile filament slightly bearded. Leaves, lance-shaped, entire, smooth, sessile, the margins slightly undulated ; stems mostly decumbent, but occasionally more or less erect. P. speriosus is now considered =•■ variety of this, growing taller and more erect, and P. cyanan- t/ins is another form. North America. The rock-garden, in sandy or peaty soil, and in well-drained warm spots, and on the margin of the choice mixed border, in well- drained free soil. Seed, cuttings, and division. Pentstemon JaiFrayanus {Gevtian- llue P.) — A handsome, shghtly- shrubby plant; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, from July to August ; hand- some gentian-blue, bell-shaped, with a very wide tube and reflected lobes ; anthers purplish ; 1 to 2 flowers on each pedicel, arranged in an irregular cluster, 4 to 8 in. long. Leaves, op- posite, glaucous, oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones narrowed into a foot- stalk ; the upper ones stem- clasping and broader ; stems tinged with a reddish hue. California. In warm lower parts of the rock-garden or on warm borders, in well-drained very sandy loam. This plant is somewhat tender. Cuttings and seed. Pentstemon procerus ( WhorledP.) — A verypretty,hardy, dwarf and spread- ing kind; 8tol5iu.high. Flowers, early in summer ; pale blue veined with purple, small, very freely produced in little racemes, that stand so close to the stem as to seem iu whorls ; sterile stamen bearded at top. Leaves, lance- shaped, entire ; lower ones stalked ; upper ones stalkless, sub-connate. North-west America and the Eocky Mountains. Flourishes freely iu borders, in almost any soil, and suit- able also for the rook-garden, among the more easily grown plants, and also as an edging. Division. Pentstemon Seouleri (Scouler's P.) — A neat shrubby kind; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale lilac- purple, in racemes ; stalks one- flowered ; coroUa veutrioose, nearly 2 in. long, spreading at the mouth ; anthers downy; calyx downy, seg- ments taper-pointed. Leaves, nar- row, obovate-lance-shaped, sharply notched ; upper ones entire ; stems suffruticose; branclilets pilose. North West America. The rook-garden, or borders, iu free well-drained soil. Cuttings and division, Petasites fragrans (Winter Helio- trope). — A weedy-looking plant, 4 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in December 198 PETASITES — PHLOMIS. and January, unless the weather be very severe ; pale dingy lilac, in a rather short racemose panicle, deliciously fragrant. Leaves, round, ■with a deeply heart-shaped base, 4 to 8 in. across, usually appearing early in January. Rootstoch creeping. N. Europe and Great Britain. Unfit for garden culture, a,s it runs very much at the root, and becomes a per- fect weed, but may be planted in semi-wild places, lanes, and hedges, as it is very useful for bouquets in winter. Division. Petasites vulgaris {Common Butter- bur). — Tussilago Petasites. — A native herb, closely allied to the common Coltsfoot, but with great Rhubarb- like foliage, 2 to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; appearing before the leaves, dull pinkish-purple, in a compound raceme, on stems 6 to 12 in. high ; flower-heads tubular. Leaves, very large, heart-shaped, pointed, irregu- larly toothed, downy beneath, on long fleshy footstalks. Bather common in England and other parts of Europe. . Exotic plants with less effective leaves than this have been lately much used with us ; it however should not be allowed to come nearer to the gar- den than the margins of some adjacent stream, or in a moist bottom among other large-leaved herbaceous plants. Division, Petrocallis pyrenaica {Eoci: Beauty). — A small and beautiful alpine plant, when not in flower resembling a mossy Saxifrage ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in April ; pale lilac faintly veined, Bweet-scented, in short fe^v-flowered racemes. Leaves, small, wedge-shaped at the base, cut into three short nar- row lobes at the apex ; the lower ones- often cut into -5 lobes ; stems shrubby at the base, dividing into niauy small branches. Native of Northern Italy, the Tyrol, and other parts of Southern Europe The rock-garden, in light moist sandy soil, and among the choicest alpine plants. Careful divi- sion and seed, Phlomis ferruginea {Rusty P.) — A half-shrubby plant, with branches clothed with rusty purple loose wool ; I to 3 ft. high. Flowers, early in tummer ; yellow, downy on the out- side, in partial whoils of 12 to 20 blossoms, with rough lance-shaped bracts ; calyx tubular, velvety, with long hairs at the throat, and short, stiff, awl-shaped teeth. Leaves, 2 or 3 in, in length, oblong-lance-shaped, obtuse, very much wrinkled, heart- shaped at the base, green and velvety on the upper side, covered with woolly down underneath. Naples. Bor- ders, and fringes of shrubberies, iu sandy loam. Cuttings and seed, Phlomis fruticosa {Jerusalem Sage). — A distinct-looking shrubby plant, with branches clothed with a yel- lowish down, 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, rather showy, iu whorls of 15 to 30, either solitary or in pairs, at the tops of the branches ; bracts broad. Leaves, lance-shaped, acute, greenish, ciliated, oval or ob- long, eutire or more or less crenated. Found in dry exposed places on moun- tains on the Mediterranean coast.- Borders, fringes of shrubbeiies,. or banks, in ordinary soil. Cuttings and seed. Phlomis Herha-Yenti {Wind-heih P.) — A handsome, neatly - spreadiug, large perennial, with erect green or purplish stems, clothed with long hairs; 1 to 2 ft. high. Floxoers, in summer ; purplish- violet, in whorls of from 10 to 20 ; corolla downy outside ; calyx hairy, Avith awl-shaped, stiff, spreadiug teeth; bracts awl- shaped, ciliated, prickly, longer than the calyx. Leaves, often 6 or 8 in. long, ob- long-lance-shaped, crenated, rounded at the base, leathery, green on both sides, or gi-eyish beneath, the upper PHLOMIS — PHLOX. 19a ■surface shmlng, rougli ; stem square, muoh-brauolied. Southern Europe on the Mediterranean coast. — —Borders, shrubberies, or rooky banks in ordi- nary soil. Division or seed. Phlomis Busaelliana {Russell's P.) — A vigorous herb, with nearly simple stems, the branches being clothed •with a loose white down ; 3 to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in- summer ; yellow, from 30 to 50 in a whorl ; calyx ^een, pubescent ; bracts narrow, very acute, ending in a rather prickly point. Jjeaves, of root large, 6-8 in. long, ovate, deeply heart-shaped at the base, wrinkled, green above and covered with greyish tomentum be-' neath. Syria. Borders, fringes of shrubberies, wild banks, etc., in ordi- nary soil. Division and seed. Phlomis Samia {Samian P.) — ^AUied to P. EusselUana, but with less tomen- tose stems ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in «arly summer ; greenish cream-colour on the oiitside, and thickly set with lairs ; pinkish inside, lower lip also pinkish inside with numerous darker coloured veins or streaks ; in axillary and terminal whorls sometimes of 1 ■to 1 5 flowers each ; corolla tomentose ; bracts numerous, linear, very acute, pricklj', as long as the calyx. Leaves, heart-shaped, acute, crenated, ■wrin- kled, green above and clothed with grey tomentum beneath, on hairy stalks; root-leaves about 3 in. long and IJ in. broad at the base; ' stem- leaves smaller ; stems hairy, 4- cornered, erect. Island of Samos and Barbary. Borders, or naturaliza- tion, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Phlomis tuberosa {Tuierous P.) — A handsome and vigorous perennial, 3 ft. liigh. Flowers, in summer; purplish- rose, overlaid with a downy hoariness, very numerous, in dense whorls ; -upper lip very hairy, and margined ■with a, delicate white fringe ; lower lip perfectly smooth ; bracts niune- rous ■with long, thin, pointed divisions irregularly set with hairs. Leaves, of the root on long stalks, which are deeply furrowed on the upper side, oval-obtuse, deeply heart-shaped, notched, wrinkled, and rough with short hairs ; stem -leaves opposite, de- cussate, oblong-lanceolate, growing from the base of the whorls. Eastern parts of Europe. Borders, or natu- ralization in copses and shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. Phlox Carolina (Carolina P.) — A smooth species, ■with stems ascending often from a prostrate base ; 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; pinkish or purple, in crowded corymbs ; corolla about 1 in. long, and the limb 1 in. broad ; lobes round, entire ; teeth of calyx short, triangular- lance- shaped. . Leaves, ovate-lance- shaped, sometimes heart-shaped at the base, attenuated. North America. Borders, in light-soil. Division and cuttings. Phlox decussata (Cross-leaved P.) — A beautiful kind, the parent of many of our dwarfer garden varieties ; 20 to 30 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; numerous, red, arranged in pyramidal corymb-like panicles; calyx with short, acuminate, bristle-like teeth. Leaves, opposite, oblong, or oval -lanceo- late, acuminate, downy or whitish underneath, the upper ones faintly jagged at the base. There are nume- rous varieties, one of which has varie- gated leaves. North America. Borders, and beds, in deep sandy loam. Division and cuttings. Phlox divaricata (Strangling P.) — P. canadensis. — Intermediate in size between the dwarf and tail kinds ; 9 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; pale lilac or bluish, in forked corymbs ; lobes of corolla ob- cordate, notched at the end, equalling or longer than the tube; calyx 5- parted; teeth slender awl-shaped. 200 PHLOX — PHYGELIUS. Leaves, oblong or ovate, opposite, stalklesg ; lower ones about I4 in. long ; upper ones alternate ; stems downy, spreading, or ascending from a prostrate base. North America. Bor.lers and rockwork, in ordi- nary light soil. Division. Phlox ovata {Ovate-leaved P.) — A dwarf, neat perennial, considered by some to be a variety of P. Carolina; 1 ft. high. Flowers, from July to August ; few, large, fine rose-colour, with a short tube, which is much ex- ceeded in length by the sepals. Leaves, opposite, broadly-oval, pointed, sel- dom heart-shaped at the base, some- times tinged with red. North America. Borders, and the rock- garden, in well-drained, fine sandy or peaty ground. Division. Phlox panieulata (Panicled P.) — A showy and noble kind, the parent of many of our garden varieties, with smooth, erect stems ; 2 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very fragrant, varying from pale purple to white, in a pyramidal panicled corymb ; lobes of the corolla entire, rounded ; teeth of calyx awn -pointed. Leaves, oppo- site, broadly - lance - shaped, smooth, pointed, tapering at the base, 3 in. long, and i in. wide in the centre, the upper ones often heart-shaped at the base. North America. Borders and beds, in good sandy loam. Divi- sion. Phlox procumbens (Prorumient P.) — A dwarf, hardy alpine perennial, forming straggling tufts; 4 or 5 in. high. Fluivcrs, in summer ; about g in. across, lilac, with violet marks near the eye, in clusters of 3 or 4 blooms on the upper part of the stems. Leaves, small, opposite, linear-lanceo- late, sessile ; stems slightly downy. North America. P^oolcwork, front margin of mixed border, m sandy loam. Division. Phl5X reptans {Crcepir:;/ P.) — P. verna, P. stolonifera. — A neat, dwarf, creeijing, very showy kind ; 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring, showy, reddish - purple, in few - flowered corymbs ; tube of corolla 1 in. long ; limb about 1 in. broad. Leaves, of root roundish - obovate, somewhut smooth and thick ; those of the flower- stems oblong or ovate, obtuse, often clammy. North America. Borders, the rock-garden, edgings, in tufts, round beds of shrubs, etc., in any rather moist soil. Division. Phlox suhulata (Mossy P.) — A pretty dwarf kind, with creeping, tu fted stems, densely clothed with narrow moss-like leaves. Flowers, in April and May, in great profusion ; pinkish purple, with a darker centre (some- times white), in few-flowered corymbs; lobes of corolla wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire ; tube of corolla arched. Leaves, from i to ^ in. long, awl- shaped, or narrow - lance - shaped, fringed on the edges, pubescent, rigid. A variety, P. setacea, has smaller flowers, with a straight tube, and a paler centre ; its leaves also are not ciliated on the margin ; the white- flowered form is grown under the name of P. Nelsoni. North America. The rock - garden, borders, in tufts, on the edges of beds of low shrubs, in the small rings at the base of standard Roses, and in many like positions, in rather moist, sandy loam. Division. Phygelius capensis {Cape P.) — A tall and showy perennial ; I4 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in sumn^er and au- tumn ; numerous, pendent, with a vermilion, elongated, rather curved tiibe, and a yellowish throat ; limb of the corolla very oblique, divided into 5 small rounded lobes. Leaves, oval, or oval-lance-shaped, notched, resem- bling those of Scrophylaria nodosa. Cape of Good Hope. Borders, on PHYSALIS — PHYTEDMA. 201 the south sides of houses, walls, etc. It is generally rather tender, hut thrives very freely in mild districts, in light, sandy loam, or vegetable soil ; in warmer countries it thrives on walls, and stony or gravelly places. Division. Physalis Alkekengi ( Winter Cherry). —A curious perennial, hearing scarlet berries in winter ; 12 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; dull white, soli- tary, on slender stalks, springing from the axils of theleaves ; corolla rotate ; calyx ovate, coloured, enclosing the berries, which are the size of a small Cherry, smooth, and round. Leaves, in pairs, entire, acute, of various shapes, some ovate, others angled, on long footstalks ;. stem slightly branched at bottoin; root creeping. Southern Europe. In warm borders, among low shrubs, etc., in sandy soil. Divi- sion and seed. Physostegia denticulata {Toothed P.) — A handsome perennial ; 1 to 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; rosy- purple, spotted with red on the lower lip, arranged in opposite pairs ; throat inflated. Leaves, opposite, decussate, obovate-lauceolate, distantly toothed. North America. Borders, in ordi- nary soil. Division. Physostegia imbricata {Imhricate P.)— A tall and handsome perennial ; .3 to 6 ft. high. F lowers, in autumn ; pale purple, the lower lip of a lighter colour, marked with purple spots ; upper lip much arched ; throat open ; calyx globular and inflated when in fruit. Leaves, of the root oval-lance- shaped, toothed, reddish underneath, stalked, arranged in rosettes ; stem leaves opposite, sessile, lance-shaped', acute; distinguished from P. vir- giniana by its stems being higher and slenderer, its leaves broader, its calyx globular, and not egg-shaped, and its flowers of larger size, and of a deeper colour. Texas. Borders and natu- ralization, in sandy loam. Division. Physostegia virginiana ( Virjiniun P.) — A smooth perennial, with erect stems, 1 to 4 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; flesh-coloured or purple, showy, crowded in terminal racemes ; corolla 1 in. long, upper lip slightly arching, nearly entire, lower ,one 3- lobed, spreading, the middle lobe broadest, notched ; calyx inflated when the fruit is ripe. Leaves, stalk- less, lance-shaped, acute, or oblong- ovate, very sharply toothed or nearly entire. North America. Borders, or naturalization, in moist loam. Division. Phyteuma comosum {Roci: P.) — A dwarf distinct alpine plant, with sea- green leaves and flattish heads of' Sowers, very large for the size of the plant ; 2 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; blue, on very short stalks, in simple terminal umbellate heads; bracts very large, oboval, coarsely toothed. Leaves, of the root, round- ish - heart - shaped, on long stalks ; stem -leaves short-stalked, oval-lanceo- late, acute; stems smooth, procumbent, spreading. The Alps. The rock- garden, in dry sunny spots, in well- drained, very sandy or calcareous soil. I have seen this plant growing from small chinks in arid cliffs, where pro- bably no other plant could exist Seed. Phyteuma orbiculare {Round-headed P.) — A dwarf perennial, with small flowers ia dense heads, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers in summer ; numerous, small, blue, in heads which are at first spherical, but become egg shaped in the course of flowering. Leaves, alter- nate, leathery, smooth, or velvety, notched, obtuse ; the lower ones stalked, almost heart-shaped, lanceo- late or oval oblong ; the upper ones sessile, lanceolate, narrow. Southern Europe. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division and seed. 202 PHYTEUMA — PLUMBAGO. Phyteuma spioatum (Spiked P.) — A species variable in tlie colour of its flowers and tlie smoothness or pubes- cence of its leaves and stems ; 1 ft. to 20 in. high. Flowers, in summer; numerous, white in lowland districts, blue on the mountains, in a lengthened egg-shaped spike which often becomes somewhat cylindrical. Leaves, smooth or pubescent ; root and lower stem- leaves stalked, oval-acute, broad, and heart-shaped at the base, notched ; the upper ones narrower, some of them nearly linear. South of Europe, in woods and meadows. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Phytolacca decandra (Pigeon Berry). — A very vigorous and remarkable- looking plant, mth a rather unplea- sant odour, and a large fleshy root, often as thick as a man's leg ; 3 to 10 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, with green ovary, in terminal racemes, succeeded by a long raceme of dark purple berries which ripen in autumn. Leaves, ovate, nearly 6 in. long, and about 2 J in. broad, changing to purple in autumn ; stem often pur- ple, erect, divided at top. Native of Southern Europe, Barbary, and North America. Naturalization in woods, copses, and coverts, and also as iso- lated plants, or in groups in pleasure grounds, in deep sandy loam. Division. Pinguicula grandiflora (Irish But- terwort). — A very handsome dvifarf bog herb, the flower-stems attainingaheight of from 3 to 6 in. Flowers, in early sunxmer; fine violet-blue, on leafless stalks springing from the root ; corolla 1 in. or more long, and about 1 in. wide, spurred like those of the Horned Violet, with a broad open mouth. Leaver, in rosettes, light green, fleshy, and glistening, oval or oblong, obtuse, broadest in the middle. Bogs and wet heaths in the South-West of Ire- land. Moist, half -shady spots, in the rock-garden, the artificial bog, or in pots or pans in a moist and cool frame, in peat or moist vegetable soil. Increased by means of small green bulb-Uke buds, which are thrown oif freely at the bottom of the stem. Pinguicula longifo'ia (Long-leaved P.) — A very ornamental variety of P. grandiflora, ■n'ith flower-stems from 3 to 6 in. high. Floicers, in sum- mer ; large, violet (rarely rose), soli- tary, terminal, usually larger than those of the type. Leaves, all radical, elongated-elliptical, 4 to 5 in. long, attenuated towards the base, of a yellowish-green colour, fleshy and mu- cilaginous. Central Pyrenees. Piockwork, on slopes and ledges with a northern aspect, in a slightly shaded position, inpeatand grit, wet, but well- drained. Seed. Sows itself freely. Pisum mf.ritimum (Sea Pea). — La- tliyrus maritimus. — An interesting and ornamental native prostrate plant, with sharply 4-angled stems ; l| to 2 ft. long. Flowers, in summer ; bluish-purple, in clusters of 6 or 8 on axillary stalks. Leaves, alternate, composed of 5 or 6 pairs of oval, ob- tuse, entire, sessile leaflets ; stipules 2 together, acute, toothed at the base, smaller than the leaves. Southern coasts of England, of Kerry, in Ire- land, and many other soa-coasts in Europe, Asia, and America. Bor- ders and fringes of shi'ubberies, in deep sandy soil. In the College Botanic Gardens, at Dublin, this forms a very free and handsome plant, per- haps from its proximity to the sea, and from its being rooted in a rich marine deposit. Division and seed. Plumbago Larpentse [Hardy Blue P.) — A very ornamental perennial; 1 to 1 5 ft. high. Flowers, in autumn ; deep blue, changing to violet, in dense bouquets on the summit of the stem, and in the axils of the leaves ; bracts oval, smooth, shining, ciliated. Leaves, oboval, pointed, attenuated at the base, PODOPHYLLUM — POLYGALA. 203 finely friuged, covered witli very small scales on both sides. Northern China. Borders and the rock-garden, in ordinary soil. It thrives everywhere and in any soU, but to fully enjoy its flowers where the soil is heavy, it is better to plant it in sandy loam and in a sunny position. Bivision. Podophyllum Emodi (Himalayan May Apple). — A remarkable plant; about I ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; cup-shaped, whitish, 1 in. or more across, not showy. Leaves, folded in bud, roundish in outline, from 6 to 12 in. across, out in 3 great lobes ; the lateral lobes again divided in 2, and the middle lobe in 3, all serrated. Fruit, very large, edible, about 2 in. long, bright coral red, fleshy inside' irregular in outline. Himalaya Moun- tains. In moist, deep, peaty soil, in warm and slightl5r sheltered positions. A fine plant for the margin of beds of American plants, and also in bog-beds associated with such plants as Cypri- pedium spectabile, etc. Division and seed. Podophyllum peltatum {May Apple). — A curious plant with large leaves and flowers like those of smaU single Camellias, succeeded by round pale- yellow berries ; 6 to 9 in. high. Floio- ers, in May ; white, 1 ^ to 2 in. across, solitary between the two leaves; petals 9, rounded at the top, plaited at the edges. Berry, about the size of a good cherry, green at first, becoming yellow when ripe. Leaves, opposite, peltate, smooth, light green, irregularly 7- to 9-parted. North America. In shady peat borders, or naturalized in woods, in moist vegetable soil, and in shady or half-shady positions. Division. The horizontally-spreading roots are the source of the now popular medi- cine, Podopliyllin. Polemonium cseruleum {Jacob's Lad- der). — A well-known old border peren- nial J IG in. to 2 ft. high. ' Flowers, in early summer ; blue, in terminal corymbs or panicles ; corolla with a short tube, and a 5-lobed limb ; calyx bell-shaped, hairy, 5-cleft. Leaves, pinnate, with from 11 to 21 lance- shaped entire leaflets ; root-leavea forming a dense tuft; stem-leaves few, and smaller ; stems erect, stiff, smooth. There are several varieties of this spe- cies. P. cairuleum variegatum is one with beautifully variegated leaves, so grace- ful that it might be mistaken for a " variegated fei-n." Of other varieties the white-flowered one is perhaps the most worthy of culture. Siberia and Northern Europe, and apparently wild in several parts of Britain. Bor- ders, in ordinary soil. The variegated form is used for edgings, and also has an exceUeut effect here and there in the mixed border. It may be increased readily by the division of well-estab- Hshed tufts in early autumn ; the common form by seed also. Polemonium reptans {Creeping P.) — A low spreading kind; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; varying from blue to white, in a loose panicled corymb ; lobes of . corolla wedge-shaped ; lobes of calyx rather shorter than tube. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets 7 to 11, ovate, acute, of a darker green than those of P. cceru- leum ; stems leafy, weak. N. America. Borders and the rook-garden, in sandy soil. Division or seed. Polygala calcarea {Challe Milhwort). — A very pretty, small, half-shrubby plant, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; blue, in terminal racemes. Leaves, large, obovate, blunt, chiefly iu an irregular, large terminal rosette ; those of the flower-stem short, smaller, lanceolate. Chalk hills in the South- east of England, rare. The rock- garden, in sunny spots, iu calcareous soil. It is the easiest to cultivate of the Bi-itish kinds, and well established tiifts of it look very pretty among 204 POLYGALA — POLYGONUM. early summer flowering alpine plants. Easily iucreased by careful division. Polygala Chamsebuxas {Box-leaved Milkioort). — A small, neat, evergreen shrub, with Box-like leaves, attaining a height of nearly a foot, or even more, in fine, rich, moist soils, but in poor ones not more than an inch or two. Flowers^ in early summer ; cream- coloured or yellow, tipped with pur- ple, emitting a pleasant odour, in few- liowered raoemes springing from the axds of the upper leaves. Leaves, oblong- lance-shaped, sharp-pointed, stiff, smooth, and shining, closely arranged on the stems. Alps of Aus- tria and Svritzerland, and other parts of Europe. Borders, the rock- garden, or beds of small shrubs, best in peat or very sandy loam, kept moist throughout the growing season. Divi- sion of established tufts. Polygala paucifolia (Fringed P,)— An interesting and handsome pe- rennial, 3 to 4 in. high. Flowers, iu summer ; rosy-ijurple, sometimes, though rarely, white, large and hand- some, about f in. long, 1 to 3 on stems ajiringing from the slender prostrate shoots which also bear con- cealed flowers. Leaves, of root small, scale-like ; stem-leaves crowded at the tops of the stems ovate, acute, smooth. North America. The rook-gardeo, in leaf-mould and sand, associated with such plants as Linncea borealis, Trieiita'is, MitehcUa, etc., in half- shady places. Division. Polygonatum multiflorum (Solomon's S/i'l). — A very graceful well-known plant, 20 to 26 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; small and numerous ; pen- dent, white, spotted with green in the throat and bearded on the end of each of the C divisions of the coroUa. Leaves, oval oblong or elliptical, rather obtuse, glaucous underneath, sheathing the stem. Europe and Britain, iu woods and stouy places. Thrives in almost any position in sandy loam, and is worthy of a place in the choicest border or group, but is, perhaps, seen to greatest advantage when leaning forth from beneath shrubs or low trees on the margin of a shrubbery or grove. It should be abundantly grown as a wild -plant in woods. Division. Polygonum Brunonis (Indian Knot- weed). — A dwarf perennial, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; handsome rose, in dense spikes, 2 or 3 iu. long. Leaves, oblong-lance- shaped, acute, narrowing into the stalk, slightly turned back along the margin, and curiovisly marked there with cartilage, so as to present the appearance of being hemmed with white thread; stem-leaves small, al- ternate, shortly stalked, and marked ; oorese large, completely surrounding the stem, brown and scarious in the upper half. Himalaya. Borders, in ordinary soil. Division. Polygonum cuspida-tum (Giant Knot- weed). — P. Sieboldi. — A very large perennial of noble port, 34 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in late summer and autumn; white, disposed in slender axillary clusters, forming a kind of panicle, succeeded by very handsome pale rosy fruit. Leaves, alternate, in two rows, stalked, broadly-oval or oval-oblong, acute, truncate at the base ; stems erect at first, afterwards, when laden with leaves and flowers, gracefully arched. Japan. This is most effective when planted as an isolated specimen in the pleasure- ground, or in groups of two, three, or five tufts. It would also do well for association with the more vigorous, herbaceous plants in rough places, in deep rich soil. Division. Polygonum vaccinlfolium (Rock Knot- weed). — A neat half-shrubby plant, vrith prostrate, woody, much-branch- ing stems, in. high. Flowers, late in summer and in autumn ; bright rose, PONTEDERTA — POTENTILLA. 205 freely produced in nearly round spikes. Leaves, smooth, ovate, or elliptical, at- tenuated at both ends, the margin slightly rolled back, netted with nu- merous prominent nerves, bright' green, sometimes tinged with red above, pale beneath. Mountains of Northern India. Borders, and the rougher parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Division. Pontederia cordata [Pickerel-weed). — An erect aquatic plant, 1^ to 2 ft. high, with shining leathery leaves and spikes of blue flowers. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; numerous, small, of a handsome sky-blue, some- times white, with a greenish spot on the inside of the upper lobe, arranged in a bold spike. Leaves, thick, long stalked, erect, oval - oblong or elon- gated-heart-shaped, of a lively green, on stalks dUated and sheathing at the base. Mexico and Brazil. Margins of ponds, streams, etc., in any soil. Division. Potentilla alba [White-flowered Cin- quefoil). — A prostrate herb, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, strawberry-like, with a darii orange ring at the base, nearly 1 in. across ; petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. Leaves, green and smooth above, silvery with dense silky down underneath ; lower ones quinate, up- per ones ternate ; leaflets oblong, closely serrated at the apex ; stems branched. P. Vaillantii ia a variety of this species with petals twice as long as the calyx. European Alps. Naturalization among dwarf plants, in ordinary sandy soil. Division. Fotentilla alpestris [Alpine Cinque- foil).-^ A rare native plant, allied to P. verna, but with leaves of a paler green and on footstalks twice as long, 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; bright yellow, about 1 in. across ; petals heart-shaped ; segments of the calyx acute. Leaves, of root on stalks about 6 in. long, cut into 5 wedge-shaped divisions, notched at the top, rather hairy ; stem-leaves ternate ; stems ascending. Found on ledges of rocks and elevated slopes in Scotland and Northern England, and also in Switzerland, Lapland, and Den- mark. The rock-garden and bor- ders, in moist sandy loam. Division and seed. Potentilla atrosauguinea [Blood Cinquefoil). — A large showy kind, clothed with sUky hairs, 14 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; beautiful dark crimson, petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. Leaves, ternate, stalked; leaflets obovate, deeply notched, clothed with white tomen- tum beneath ; stipules ovate-lance- shaped, entire or 2-lobed; stems de- cumbent. There have been numerous splendid hybrids raised from this species. Nepaul. Borders, in or- dinary soil. Division. Potentilla calabra [Calairian Cinque- foil). — A very silvery kind, from 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; lemon-yellow, about } in. across, petals longer than the calyx. Leaves, divided into 5 wedge-shaped segments, tomentose, particularly on the under sides ; leaflets much cut into narrow segments ; stem prostrate. Native of Italy and Southern Europe. Borders, and naturalized on rather bare banks, in sandy soU. Division and seed. Potentilla fruticosa [Shrubby P.) — A low shrubby plant, growing in tufts, with reddish, downy stems, from 10 to 20 in. in height. Flowers, all the summer ; small, yellow, nu- merous, in terminal bouquets. Leaves, shortly-stalked, of from 5 to 7 oval- acute leaflets, very downy underneath, erect. Pyrenees and Britain. Among small shrnbs, in rougher parts of the rock-garden, or naturalization, in sandy loam. Division. 206 POTENTILLA — PEUIUL A. Potentilla nitida {Sldning Cinque- foil). — A neat small-tufted plant; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- mer ; delicate rose, the green sepals showing between the petals with a pretty effect ; petals nearly oval in outline, notched at the apex, longer than the calyx. Leaves, ternate ; leaflets obovatc, or wedge- shaped, toothed at the apex, clothed oSi both surfaces with shining, silvery, silky down ; stems ascending. Alps of Dauphiny. The rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil. Di^ion. Potentiila pyrenaica {Pyrenean Cinqncfo'd). — A fine showy species; 8 to IG in. high. Floioers, in autumn; large, deep golden yellow ; petals very round and overlapping, twice as long as the calyx. Leaves, the radical ones on long stalks, velvety, or nearly smooth, with oblong leaflets, toothed towards the end for about | of their length ; stem-leaves 3- to 5-lobed, shortly-stalked, the upper ones entire; stipules united to the petiole for al- most their entire length, the free part obtuse. The plant is sometimes very much covered with adpressed hairs, and sometimes almost smooth. Eastern and Central Pyrenees. Margins of borders, and the rock-garden, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Potentilla verna (Sjmng Cinqaefoil). — A British plant, with short tufted stems, procumbent at the base, and ascending to the height of C or 8 in. , sometimes prostrate. Flowers, in spring ; bright yellow, in irregular panicles at the end of the stems ; petals obcordate, longer than the calyx. Leaves, rigid, somewhat leathery, smooth, and marked with lines, which, with the stems, turn red as the season advances ; lower ones on long stalks, with 5 or 7 oblong or wedge-shaped, toothed leaflets ; upper ones quinate, or rarely ternate, nearly stalkless. The jjlant varies much in size and hairiness, and als(r in the size of the flowers. Found on rocks and dry banks in many parts of England and Scotland, but not plen- tifully. Borders and the rock- garden, in sandy loam. Division and seed. [The many fine varieties of Poteu- tillas now to be had in nurseries, are of more importance to the general cul- tivator of border flowers than any of the species. Lists of the best kinds will be found in the nurserymen's catalogues.] Primula altaioa (Altaic Primrose). — A handsome free-growing Primrose; 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, numerous, large as those of Common Primrose, mauve or purplish crimson, with yellow centre. Leaves, obovate, younger ones lanceolate, sinuate-cre- nate, or nearly entire, obtuse, marked with narrow veins, and slightly mealy. The rook-garden, and choice, mixed borders, in moist, deep, sandy loam. Division and seed. Primula amoena (Caucasian PWm- TOse).— A handsome early kind, with somewhat the appearance of the Oxlip, and leaves somewhat like those of P. denticulata; 6 to 7 inches high. Flowers, in early spring; purple, larger than those of P. denticulata, in many- flowered umbels ; limb of corolla smooth ; tube longer than the ovate or oblong, angled caljrx ; involucre awl-shaped. Leaves, spoon-shaped or oblong, wrinkled, crenately toothed, hairy, woolly beneath. Caucasus. In the rock-garden, or warm borders, in deep loam and leaf -mould. Divi - sion or seed. Primula Auricula {Common Auri- cula). — A well-known old garden- plant. Floica-s, in spring ; in various colours ; stalks many -flowered, about the length of the leaves ; tube of corolla gradually widening upwards, nearly 3 times the length of the bell- PEIMULA. 207 shaped calyx. Leaves, succulent, obo- vate, smooth, serrated, mealy at the edges. There are a great number of Yarieties. Alps of Switzerland. Borders, in moist, open, rich soil. The fine variety, known as "alpine" in gardens, deserves to be abundantly grown on rockwork, and on the margins o£ the mixed border. Division and seed. Primula cortusoides {Cort'nsaP.)—A rather tall and distinct kind; 6 to 10 in. high ; with leaves like those of Oortusa. Flowers, in early summer; deep rose, in umbels. Leaves, large and soft, heart-shaped, almost lobed, creuated, wrinkled, on stalks 2 to 4 in, long. Siberia. Borders, and the rook-garden, in sheltered posi- tions, or among low shrubs and ever- green herbs, where it may not suffer ^nuoh from winds, and in light vege- table soil. Division and seed. Primula dentioulata {Toothed Prim- rose). — A pleasing and distinct kind, not unfrequently seen cultivated in pots, but less so in the open air ; 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; numerous, bright lilac, small, in neat, dense umbels; divi- sions of the calyx blackish. Leaves, oblong-lanceolate, wrinkled, toothed, hairy on both sides, and densely so underneath, where they are also- more or less covered with a white mealiness. Mountains of Nepaul. The rock- garden, in well-drained deep loam, and leaf -mould ; also in pots in cold frames, for early blooming in the greenhouse. Division. Primula erosa (Forlune's Primrose), p, Fortunei. — Nearly related to P. denticnlata, but distinguished from it by the smoothness of its leaves; 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; purplish, with yellow eyes, in Hattish heads, borne on stems nsuidly very mealy, as is also the calyx. Leaves, obovate - lanceolate, obtuse, quite smooth and shining, generally without mealiness. Native of Nepaul. The same treatment and positions as tho.'se for the preced- ing kind. Primula farinosa {Bird's-eye Prim.' rose). — A charming native species, with silvery leaves, in small rosettes, and flower-stems from 3 to 12 in. high, sometimes more. Flowers, in early summer; lilac- purple, with a yellow eye, in a compact umbel, on a stalk longer than the leaves ; corolla small, tube about equalling the mealy calyx ; lobes narrow, deeply notchei Leaves, obovate-lance-shaped, broadest near the top, toothed, small, often not more than 1 in. long, smooth above, and clothed beneath with » white, mealy down. P. farinosa acaulis is a diminutive variety of the preceding, with the flowers nestling down in the hearts of the leaves. Northern England and Scotland. The rock-garden, or artificial bog, in moist peat, or fine saiidy loam. It may a&o be grown to perfection in pots, plunged in sand, in the open air in fully exposed positions, supplied with plenty of water all through the spring and summer months. Division and seed. Primula glutinosa {Glutinous P.') — A very beautiful and distinct species, deciduous in winter, growing about 4 in. high. Flowers, early in summer ; brilliant bluish-purple, in cllisters, nearly sessile. Leaves, lanceolate- wedge-shaped, erect, obtuse, smooth, margin serrated from the middle up- wards. Styria, Carinthia, and the Tyrol. Eockwork, in rich, moist, well-drained loam and grit ; also in pots in cold frames, or plunged out of doors in beds of sand. Seed or divi- sion. Primula integrifolia {Entire-leaved P.) — A neat kind, with glistening leaves, in rosettes close to the ground. 208 PRIMULA. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; rose, from 1 to 3 on stems 2 or 3 in. high, often so large as to bide the foliage ; corolla deeply lobed ; tube longer than the calyx. Leaves, elliptic or oblong, entire, smooth, shining, cUiate at the edge ; margin of leaves and flower-stem villous. European Mountains. The rock-garden, in moist, fibry loam ; also in pots. Di- vision and seed. Primula involucrata (Creamy Prim- rose). — A distinct and easily grown kind, 5 to 7 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; of a creamy white, with a yellowish eye ; lobes of the corolla roundish. Leaves, erect, oblong-lan- ceolate, of a bright green, narrowed into the leaf-stalk, disposed somewhat in the form of a rosette ; stem sur- rounded near the top by a membra- nous, much-divided involucrum under the umbel of flowers. Nepaul. Moist spots in the rock-garden or bog- bed, in peat. This kind thrives freely in pots, plunged half way in water. Division. Primula japonloa (Japan Primrose). — A noble species recently introduced from Japan. Flowers, in May ; deep crimson-rose with a wall-iiower co- loured ring round the mouth of the tube, arranged in whorls, many flowers in each, and from 3 to 6 whorls on a firm straight stem, from 12 to 20 in. high. Leaves, oval, obtuse, attenuated at the base, 6 to 10 in. long, and 3 to 44 in. broad, thickly but somewhat irregularly toothed, hairless ; midribs of leaves broad, succulent ; veins very prominent below. Japan. In the rock-garden, not among minute alpine species, but grouped with subjects growing a foot high or more, and in sheltered positions where its fine foliage would not be injured by harsh ■winds ; also on warm sheltered bor- ders and among dwarf shrubs, in sandy loam and leaf -mould, and division. Seed, Primula latifolia {Broad-leaved P.)^ A stout and handsome species, with from. 1 to 20 flowers in an umbel, less viscid, larger, and more robust than P. viscosa ; 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; violet, throat mealy, calyx also mealy. Leaves, obovate or oblong, sometimes 4 in. long, and nearly 2 in. broad ; serrately toothed from the middle upwards, ciliate, and sprinkled with hairs on both sides. Pyrenees, Alps of Dauphiny, and other mountain chains in Southern Europe. The rock-garden, in moist sandy loam mixed with leaf-mould ; also in pots, either in frames or plunged in sand in the open air. Division. Primula longiflora (Long-flowered P.) — Closely allied to the Bird's-eye Primrose, but readily distinguished by its much longer flowers, which are also of a deeper colour than those of that species ; about 4 in. high . Flowers, in early summer ; purplish with white eye, 5 or 6 in a drooping umbel ; tube of corolla 1 to 1 4 in. long, 3 times the length of the calyx ; lobes narrower than in those of P. farinosrt. Leaves, oblong or obovate, smooth, slightly crenate, pale but not mealy beneath. Mountains of Austria and Italy. ■ The rock-garden, in moist places, in free loam. Division and seed. Primula marginata (Margined Prim- rose). — Readily known by the white margins to its silver-grey leaves, 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; violet- rose ; scape many-flowered ; throat of corolla mealy; calyx bell-shaped, slightly spreading, mealy within and on the margin. Leaves, oblong or obovate, deeply and unequally toothed, margins silvery from a bed of mealy dust lying on them. Alps of Tanria and Dauphiny. There is a very tine variety known as P. marginata major. PRIMULA. 209 deeper iu colour and larger in all its parts. The rook-garden and bor- ders, iu moist sandy loam. Division. Primula minima {Fairy Primrose). — ^A most diminutive species, with, very large and handsome flowers ; about 14 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rose-coloured or sometimes white, large for the size of the plant, being often nearly 1 in. across, gene- rally one on each short stem, but occa- sionally two. Leaves, about i in. long, smooth and shining, wedge-shaped, nearly square at the ends, stalkless, with 5 or 7 sharp teeth at the top, quite entire at the sides. P. Moerhiana is very nearly allied to this, if any- thing more than a variety, differing chiefly by the flower-stems bearing 2, 3, or more flowers, and by the leaves being roundish at the ends and toothed down the edges for a short distance. Mountains of Southern Europe. The rock-garden, in rich moist loam, ' associated vrith Eritrichmm nanum, lonopsidion acaule, the Bavarian and other small Gentians, and like plants. Division. Primula Miinroi {Mwnro's Primrose). — Nearly allied to P. involucraia ; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer; white with a yellowish eye ; corolla inflated about the middle, and with rounded, two-cleft lobes; calyx oblong, narrowed at the base, with 5 small teeth. Leaves, on long stalks, nearly heart-shaped, obtuse, slightly indented, smooth. Mountains of Nepaul, in the vicinity of water. Same treatment, positions, etc., as those for P. involucraia. Primula nivea (Snowy Primrose). — A neat kind, considered by some to be a variety of P. viscosa ; 4 to 6 in. high. Flovjers, in spring ; pure white, freely produced in large trusses on stems as high again as the leaves ; lobes of corolla obcordate ; involucre small. Leaves, obovate or spathulate, ciliated, smooth, flat, sharply and irregularly toothed, rarely entire. Native of the Alps. The rock-garden, choice bor der, or grown in pots in a cold frame, in light moist soil. Division. Primula Palinuri (Large-leaved Prim- rose). — A vigorous kind, quite removed from all the other Primulas, inasmuch as it seems to grow all to leaf and stem ; 6 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in April and May; bright yellow, in a drooping umbel at the top of the powdered stem ; corolla funnel- shaped ; calyx mealy, segments acute. Leaves, broad, spoon-shaped, smooth, sharply and unequally toothed, of a bright pale green, almost as large as those of young cabbages. Native of Southern Italy. Borders, in deep soil, and also in the rock-garden, but not associated with the dwarf alpine kinds. Division. Primula purpurea (Piirple Primrose). — Allied to P. denticulata, but more ornamental ; 6 to 1 in, high. Flowers, in spring and early summer ; of an exquisite dark purple, in umbels about 3 iu, across ; mouth of the corolla very much dilated. Leaves, lanceolate, ob- tuse, very smooth, covered underneath with a yellow mealiness, notched and wavy on the margin; leaf -stalk winged, dilated at the base, rough; somewhat sheathing. High mountains of Nepaul. Sheltered nooks in the rock-garden, at the base of large rocks and stones, in deep loam and leaf- mould. Division, i Primula scotica (Scotch Bird's-eye P. ) — An exquisite kind, like the Bird's- eye P,, but smaller and neater; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in April or May ; rich purple with yellowish eye ; tube of the corolla about equalling the ca- lyx and twice as long aa the lobes. Leaves, obovate- lance-shaped, broadest near the middle, shorter and less in- dented than those of P. farinosa ; very powdery on the underside. In damp 210 PEIMULA. pastures in the counties of Caithness and Sutherland, and also the Orkney- Isles. The rock-garden, in moist sandy loam, in mossy spots, and in pots or pans. Seed ; it frequently comes U13 from self-sown seeds in mossy places. Primula sikldmensis {SiJcldm Cow- slip). — Like a tall and noble Cowslip, 14 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale yellow, nearly 1 in. long and more than \ iri. across ; in large um- bels sometimes containing more than five dozen flowers each. Leaves, rough, Avrinkled, obovate-oblong, obtuse, twice dentate, attenuated into a foot- stalk of equal length. Sikkim, Hima- layas. Moist deep soil, in the rock- garden ; and when plentiful enough it should be tried as a border plant, and also in rich moist soil near the mar- gins of streams or ponds. Division. Primula Stuartii (Stuart's Primrose). — A vigorous, handsome, and very rare Primrose, abo^it Ifi in. high. Flov>ers, in summer ; rich golden yel- low, numerous, in umbels; stem mealy at the top. Leaves, nearly 1 ft. long, broadly - lanceolate, mealy below, smooth above, and sharply serrated. Native of Northern India. The rock-garden, in good light and deep soU. Till more plentiful it should be given favourable positions in the lower parts of the rock-garden, and where it would not be liable to suffer from strong cold winds. Division. Primula Veitchii [Veitcli's Prim- rose). — P. cortusoides ammna. Hook. — A handsome plant, allied to P. cor- tusoides, but distinct, and much lar- ger and handsomer ; 8 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in April and May ; fine deep rose with white eye, but varying a good deal, the white in some forms spreading nearly over the petals, 1 to If in. across, C to 10 in an umbel. Leaves, ovate, the larger ones some- what heart- shaped at the base, coarsely and irregularly toothed, 2 to 3 in. long, and 1 to more than 2 in. across, sometimes larger when grown under glass ; seed-vessel grooved ; seed roundish, flattened. Hoot creepiug. Japan. As this plant is quite dis- tinct, both in a botanical and horti- cultural point of view, from P. cortu- soides, I venture to name it after its introducer, the late John Gould Veitch. In the rock-garden, on sheltered sunny places where the plant will escape injury from winds, and also in sheltered borders, and among dwarf shrubs, etc., in light, rich, sandy loam with leaf-mould. Seed and division of established tufts. Primula veris (Cowslip). — Our well- known old friend of the early summer meadows ; 4 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in spring and early summer; bright yellow, in terminal umbels, hangmg more or less to one side. Leaves, gene- rally smaller than those of the Prim- rose, contracted immediately below the broadest part, and thickly pubes- cent with short stiff hairs. Europe and Britain. The numerous va- rieties of this plant, usually known as Polyanthuses, and many of which may be raised so easily from seed, are of great beauty, and should be grown abundantly, not only in beds in the flower-garden, but naturalized in semi- wild places. The Polyanthuses thrive best in a rich, light, and moist soil, but do v.'ell in ordinary garden earth. Division and seed. [The true, or Bardfield Oxlip {P. elatior) is readily distinguished by its funnel- (and not saucer-) shaped corolla, which is also quite destitute of the bosses which are present in the Prim- rose and Cowslip. The common Ox- lip (P. officinali-vulgaris) is a hybrid from P. vulgaris and P. officinalis, and differs from P. elatior in having larger flowers on much longer pedicels, triangular calyx-teeth, the limb of the PRIMULA — PULMONAEIA. 211 corolla of a brighter colour and more spreading, the segments much broader and rounder, and the throat somewhat contracted, with 6 bilobed bosses, aa in the Primrose and Cowslip. The Common Oxlip and its varieties are ■weU'worthy of being encouraged in the rougher parts of our pleasure-grounds, copses, etc. The Bardfield Oxlip is not so ornamental.] Primula visoosa {Viscid Primose). — P.villosa. — A very handsome Primrose, very common on the Alps ; 2 to 4 in. high. Pioneers, iu early summer ; Tosy-purple, with white eye, in um- bels, on viscid stems ; lobes of corolla heai-t-shaped, gashed ; tube twice as long as the bell-shaped calyx. Leaves, obovate or suborbicular, with closely- set teeth, dark green, covered with glandular hairs, and viscid ou both sides. The two handsome purple Primroses, known in gardens as P. ciliata and P. ciliata purpurea, are varieties of this, the latter said to be a hybrid between it and an Auricula. Alps and Pyrenees. The rock- garden and choice borders, in moist rich soil. It wUl be the better of being ■divided and replanted every autumn, or at least every alternate autumn. Division. Primula vulgaris {Common Primrose). Our common Primrose ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, large, solitary, on peduncles, appa- rently radical, but which really spring from an vimbel, the stalk of which is hidden by the base of the leaves. Leaves, obovate or oblong, tapering to the base, veined and wrinkled, smooth above and hairy beneath. There are many varieties of various colours, all of which are well worthy. of cultiva- tion. Very abundant in Britain. It is needless to say in how many ways this beautiful native plant may be grown in wild-wood or in garden. The charming coloured varieties now obtainable should be abundantly natu- ralized in pleasure-grounds, and the lovely old double kinds should be in every garden. They enjoy partial shade, and light, rich, moist soil, and are easily propagated by division. Prunella grandiflora {Oreat Self- heal). — A showy perennial ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; violet or pui-ple, in 6-ilowered whorls, densely spiked ; corolla large, more than an inch long, above twice the length of the calyx ; tube a little con- tracted at the throat ; calyx tubularly bell -shaped,, somewhat 10-nerved. Leaves, rather soft, ovate, entire or toothed ; lower ones about 2^ in. long with channelled footstalks longer than the leaves ; upper ones smaller, pinnatifid, and on footstalks shorter than the leaves. There is a white- flowered variety. Europe. Bor- ders, in sandy loam, and natvu-aliza- tion in copses, etc. This plant fre- quently perishes in winter ou stiff clay soils. Division and seed. Prunella pyrenaioa (Pyrencan Self- heal). — Allied to the preceding, and considered a variety of it ; 8 iu. t0\ 1 ft. or more high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; larger than those of P. grandi- flora ; of a beautiful violet - purple above, somewhat lighter within and white beneath, in large terminal cylin- drical heads ; upper part of the calyx deep purple. Leaver, hastate, irregu- larly lobed ; radical ones nearly entire, oval-obtuse in outline, with a trunc.ite base; lower stem-leaves often arrow- shaped, sometimes toothed at the base ; upper ones oval, entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Pyrenees. The same positions and treatment as those re- commended for the preceding kind. Fulmonaria dahurica {Siberian P.) — ^A graceful and slender perennial, with erect stems, smooth at the base, hairy above ; 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, in May ; beautifid blue, tu- p 2 212 PULMONAEIA — PYEETHRUM. l)ular, in panioled clusters, drooping at first, afterwards erect and elon- gated ; corolla much longer than the calyx, which is hairy, and has acute sepiUs. Leaves, soft, smooth under- neath, and covered with rough ad- pressed hairs on the upper side ; root- leaves oval, stalked; stem-leaves liuear-lanoeolate, acuminate, sessile. Siberia. In the rock-garden, in sheltered nooks, or in borders or beds among dwarf shrubs, etc., which may prevent its being injured by high winds, in sandy peat and loam. Di- vibion. Pulmonarla officinalis {Lungwort). — A British plant, much grown in gar- dens under various names. Flowers, in spring; rose changing to blue, in small terminal clusters, on stems 6 to 12 in. high. Leaves oi root, in distinct tufts, ovate-oblong, on long stalks, about 6 in. long and 2^ in. broad, dark ■ green on the upper side~marked with many whitish spots, pale and not spotted beneath; stem-leaves smaller, almost stalkless, alternate. P. angusHjolia, with blue flowers and narrow leaves that are rarely spotted, is by some botanists united with this species, and there is also a white-flowered and a spotless variety in cultivation. Woods in Central and Southern Europe, also found in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in Britain. Borders, beds in the spring garden, and allowed to run wild in shrubberies, etc., in ordi- nary soil. Division. Pusehkiaia seilloides [Striped Squill). — A beautiful spring-ilowering bulb ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; whitish, striped with a delicate blue ; divisions of equal length, lanceolate, rather blunt ; tube short, of a deeper hue than the limb ; arranged in a raceme of 4 to 10 blooms. Leaves, small, linear -lanceolate, concave. The Caucasus, especially the eastern parts. The rook-garden, bulb-garden, and choice borders, in deep sandy loaia and leaf-mould. Separation of the bulbs every second or third year. Pyrethrum achilleaefolium [Narrow- leaved P. ) — A silky species ; 2 f t. high. Flowers, in summer ; few, golden yel- low, almost globular, on long stalks, arranged in loose corymbs ; inner scales of involucrum round, white and transparent at the top. Leaves, pin- natifid, with pinnate segments, covered with a white silky down when young, pubescent when full-grown. A variety named piibescens has numerous heads, arranged in broad corymbs. The Cau- casus. Borders, in ordinary soil. Not very ornamental in its flowers, but vrith graceful leaves. Division. Pyrethrum carneum [Rosij P.) — Pyrethrum, roseum. — A very orna- mental composite plant, li to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; solitary, larger than the Ox-eye Daisy, with a yellow disk, and rays of rose-colour more or less deep. Leaves, twice pin- nate, with decurrent, lanceolate, in- cised segments, of a vivid green. The Caucasus. There are now many double varieties of this plant, many of them of gi'eat beauty. Borders, and beds, in good sandy loam. Divi- sion and seed. Pyrethrum laoustre (Marsh P.) — Chrysanthemum lacuslre. — A hardy herbaceous perennial, 2 to 24 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; 2 in. across, piy-e white with a yellow cen- tre, solitary, terminal and axillary. Leaves, alternate, numerous, sessile, oval-lanoe-shaped, coarsely and irre- gularly toothed. Portugal. — Bor- ders, and naturalization in deep moist soil. Division. Pyrethrum Parthenium (Feverfew). — A well-known native plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; 4 to I in. across, in a terminal corymb ; florets of the ray white, disk yellow. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets ovate or ob- PYRETHRUM — RANUNCULUS. 213 long, pinnatifid and toothed ; stalk shortly branched. There is a fine double-flowered variety popular in gardens : the Pyreihrum known as Golden Feather, and much used as an edging plant, is a yellowish-leaved sport from this. Europe and Cau- ca-ius, and rather freely dispersed over many parts of Britain, but probably not truly indigenous. The double variety is a pretty border-plant, some- times, too, used in mixed bedding arrangements, and will grow in any soil. Division. Pyrethrum serotluum [Late-flowering P.) — A showy tall perennial, growing from 4 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in au- tumn ; 3 in. across, pure white with a yellow centre, solitary on the ends of the corymbose branches ; scales of the involucrum brown on the margins, and terminated by an obtuse, transparent appendage. Leaves, smooth, sessile, lance-shaped, coarsely toothed ; upper leaves entire. North America. ■ Borders, among tall Asters, etc., shrub- beries, or naturalization in ordinary soiL Division. Pyrethrum Tchihatchewii {Twfing Daisy). — A dwarf hardy evergreen species, forming a dense turf, a little over 2 in. high. Flowers, early in sum- mer ; pure white with a yellowish disk, solitary, on axillary flower stalks, 3 to 6 in. in length. Leaves, elegantly di- vided, with hnear segments, of a fine dark-green colour ; stems very nume- rous, rooting. Asia Minor. Useful for carpeting slopes, or even for making small turf plats, on very arid soil where little else will grow. Divi- sion. Pyrola rotundifolia (Larger Winter- green). — A rare native evergreen herb. Flowers, in. summer ; pure white, fra- grant, from 10 to 20 in a drooping raceme on an erect stem 6 to 12 in. high. Leaves, roundish or broadly oval, slightly toothed, or serrate. A variety, P. arenaria, found on sandy sea^shores, differs from the preceding in being dwarfer, deep green and smooth, and generally with several empty scale- like bracts below the in- florescence. Britain, in damp bushy places and reedy marshes. Moist and half shady parts of the rock- garden and hardy fernery, in peaty soil, mixed with decaying moss, etc. Division. Pyxidanthera barbulata ^ine-Ba/r- ren Beauty) . — A minute prostrate evergreen shrub, closely allied to the Diapensia, and singularly pretty ; about 2 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; white, rose-coloured in the bud, solitary, stalkless, very nume- rous ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes rounded ; calyx of 5 concave sepals. Leaves, narrow, awl-shaped, densely crowded, bearded at the base, mostly alternate on the sterile branches. Sandy " pine barrens " from New Jersey to North Carolina. The rock-garden, in very sandy soil and in sunny spots. Division. Bamondia pyrenaica {Rosette Mul- lein). — A handsome stemless herb, vritb leaves in rosettes spreading flat on the ground ; about 3 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; purple- violet, with orange-yellow centre, somewhat hke that of the Potato, 1 to 14 in. across, usually solitary, (rarely 2-5- flowered), on naked stalks 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves, ovate, ta- pering into the stalk, broadly and deeply crenated, deeply wrinkled and densely covered with short hairs, quite shaggy beneath and on the leaf- stalk. In groves on the Pyrenees and in Piedmont. The rock-garden, in warm nooks and in moist, free, peaty, and gritty soil. Seed and careful division. Eanunculus aconltifolius {Fair Maids of France). — A beautiful old border plant, usually seen in the 2U EANUNCULUS. double form, 8 in. to 3 ft. higb. Flowers, in early summer ; white, sometimes few, sometimes numerous ; calyx smooth. Leaves, palmately 3-_or 5-lobed, with the partitions deeply toothed; those of the stem cut into narrow lance-shaped lobes; stem branched. The flowers of the variety with double flowers, are so neat and pretty that they might almost be taken at first sight for miniature double white Camellia blossoms. Moist parts of valleys and woods in the Alps and Pyrenees. The double kind in borders, in deep moist and free soil. The single one is best suited for naturalization in grassy places. Division. Sanunculus acris [Upriijht Meadow Buttercup). — A very common, more or less hairy, native herb, with erect stems, varying in height from about 6 in. to 2 ft. or more. Flovjers, most of the summer and autumn ; bright yellow, large, on long terminal stalks, forming a large loose panicle ; sepals of a yellowish-green, concave, shoi ter than the notched or entire petals. Leaves, nearly all stalked, 3- 5- or 7- parted, the lobes cut into 3 lance- shaped, acute, toothed segments; black or deep-purple at the points; stem not very leafy, round, hollow, much branched at top. This plant is so very common in meadows and pastures throughout Europe, that it would not have been mentioned here were it not for the beauty of its fine double form, iJ. acm,/.^)?., which is worthy of a place among the best mediuna-sizQd plants in borders, and grows freely in any soil. Division. Eanunculus alpestris (Alp Cro^o- fool) . — A pretty and diminutive species, 1 to 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, in April ; white ; 1 to 3 on a stem ; petals obcor- date or 3-lobed ; calyx smooth. Leaves, of a dark glossy green; root-leaves roundish or heart-shaped, 3-lobed, lobes deeply crenate, blunt at the apex ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, en- tire. The leaves are sometimes trifid, sometimes hardly trifid, and some- times 3-parted. Carpathian mountain s, Pyrenees, Alps of Ju.ra. The rock- garden, in moist, sandy, or gritty soil , also in choice borders, in the same kind of soil, or natiiralization by the margins of mountain rividets, etc., in unshaded places. Division and seed. Eanunculus amplexicaulis {Snowy Crowfoot). — A very graceful and showy kind, readily known by its handsome undivided leaves clasping the stem ; 3 to 9 in. high. Flowers, in spring; white, with yellow centres, from 1 to 6 on each stem ; scape and peduncles smooth. Leaves, ovate or lance-shajied, taper pointed, glaucous, smooth, or with a few deciduous hairs on the edges. Roots in bundles. Alps, Py- renees, and other European mountain ranges. The rock-garden and bor- ders, best in moist loam, with plenty of vegetable matter and sand, though it thrives in ordinary garden soU ; alsa a charming subject for naturalization in moist sandy soils, amid dwarf vege- tation. Division. Eanunculus bnlbosus {Bullous But- tercup). — A native British plant, common in meadows, and distinguished by the swollen or bulb-like base of the stem ; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer; bright yellow, with hairy reflexed calyces, and furrowed peduncles. Leaves, of the root 3-lobed, lobes 3-parted, stalked ; upper leaves cut into narrow segments. Only mentioned here for the sake of recom- mending its double variety, {R. b. Jl.pl.) which is a very pretty border plant, thriving in ordinary soil, and suitable for association with dwarfer plants than the double var. of R. acris, as it seldom grows more than half a foot high. Division. IIANUNCULUS. 215 Eanunoulns chaerophyllus {Chervil BuUercup).— A. hardy, tuberous-rooted kind, n in. to 1 ft. Mgli. Flowers, in. early summer ; brilliant glistening yellow, more than 1 in. across; divi- sions of calyx persistent, not reflexed. Leaves, stalked, much divided; seg- ments very narrow; stem slightly downy. Portugal. The rock-gar- den, and the margins of the mixed border, in fiue sandy soil. Division. Eanunculus glacialis {Glacier Crow- foot). — A very high alpine species ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; white, tinted with purpUsh rose on the- outside, from 1 to 5 on a stem ; calyx soft, with shaggy, brownish hairs ; petals roundish.slightlynotched, as long as the calyx. Leaves, usually smooth, the upper ones sometimes villous, paJmately 3-parted or temate, the lobes deeply cut, and of a dark brownish - green. Aljis of Europe, among rocks near the limits of per- petual snow. Cool and very moist spots in the rock-garden, in deep, gritty, peaty soil. Civision. Eanunculus Gouani {OouarCs Butter- cvp). — A large, robust, and very showy kind, about 14 ft. high. Flowers, in May; bright yellow, nearly 2 in. across ; sepals oval - acute, thinly covered with weak, longish hairs. Leaves, slightly downy; those of the root long-stalked, roundish in outline, - 3- to 5-parted; segments deeply toothed ; stem-leaves irregularly lobed, sessile ; stem and peduncles more or less downy. Pyrenees. Borders, in sandy soil, and naturalization in rough places. Division or seed. Eanunculus gramineus {Grassy Crotofoot).— Easily known by its narrow grass-like leaves ; 6 to 16 in. high. Flowers, in May ; yellow, not numerous ; petals triangular, wedge- shaped at the base ; sepals smooth. Leaves, linear-lanceolate, entire, stri- ated, smooth J stem and peduncles also smooth. There is a double va- riety, but it is seldom seen. South- eru Europe. Borders, in ordinary soil, and naturalization in grassy places. Division. Eanunculus Lingua {Large Marsh BiUtsrciip). — A vigorous marsh and brook-side plant; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; bright yellow, 1 1 in. across, usually not more than 2 or 3, erect on the top of the stem. Leaves, 8 or 9 in. long, and about 1 in. broad, smooth, lanoe-shaped, pointed, entire, sessile, embracing the stem. Britain and Europe. In tufts on the margins of lakes, or streams, or in bogs. Division. Eanunculus monspeliacus (Mont- pettier R.) — A large and handsome species, covered with silky down, 8 to 18 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- mer ; bright golden yellow, glistening, more than 1 in. across, with a, broad wedge-shaped scale at the base of each petal; sepals very downy, reflected. Leaves, of the root ternate, or deeply 3-cleft, with segments more or less stalked, and subdivided into oval- lance-shaped or linear-lance-shaped divisions, which are sometimes blimtly toothed; stem-leaves narrow, with lance-shaped segments. Root composed of a closely-set bundle of small knobs, ending in, and interspersed with, fibres. Montpellier, and all the southern parts of France. Borders, in sandy loam, and naturalization in grassy places. Division. Eanunculus montanus {Mountain Buttercup). — A diminutive erect kind, with a creeping underground stem ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- mer; brilliant golden yellow, rather larger than those of the Common But- tercup, each little stem bearing one flower ; calyx nearly smooth, spread- ing. Leaves, smooth ; root - leaves roundish in outline. 3-parted, with trifld blunt segments ; those of the 216 RANUNCULUS — EHBUM. stem stalkless, usually only two, 3- to 5-parted into linear, entire lobes. Al- pine pastures on the principal great mountain chains of Europe. The rock-garden and borders, in sandy soil, and associated with dwarf and compact plants. Division and seed . Eanunculua parnassifolius {Par- nassia-leaved R.) — A distinct and at- tractive kind, with leathery roundish leaves, somewhat like those of a, Cy- clamen ; 2 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; snowy white, some- times tinted with pink, about the size of those of Jt. amplexicaulis, from 1 to 12 on each stem ; stems velvety, and of a purplish hue ; peduncles hairy ; calyx pinkish. Leaves, of a dark brown- ish green, entire, sometimes slightly woolly along the margins and nerves ; root-leaves stalked,rather heart-shaped, ovate or roundish ; those of the stem stalkless, ovate-lance-shaped. Abun- dant in many parts of the Pyrenees and Alps. The rook-garden, in moist sandy soil ; and also among the dwarf plants in the choice mixed border. Division and seed. Eanunculus rataefolius (Rue-leaved Crowfoot), — Callianthemtimrutai folium. — Known at once by its much divided leaves ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, with orange centres, about 1 in. across ; the stems usually bearing but 1 flower, but occa- sionally 2 or 3 ; petals 8 or 10, oblong ; calyx smooth. Leaves, much and deeply divided ; root-leaves twice divided. The higher Alps of Europe, near the limits of perpetual snow. The rock-garden, in moist sandy, or gritty soil. Division and seed. Ranunculus spicatus {Spiked Crow- foot). — A large and handsome kind; 1 to 1 4 ft. high. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, on erect, few-flowered stems ; calyx reflexed ; carpels in along spike. Leaves, somewhat hairy, stalked. roundish, 3-lobed ; upper ones 3- parted ; lobes hnear, entire. Sicily and N. Africa. Borders, in sandy soil. Division and seed. Rhaponticum cynaroides (Artichohe R.) — A sturdy perennial, with grace- ful leaves ; about 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; few, erect, purple ; scales of the involucrum toothed. Leaves, broad, oblong or oval, nar- rowed at the base, pointed at the apex ; the lower ones pinnate ; the upper ones hardly pinnatifid, the divi- sions all fringed with sharp teeth. Pyrenees. Among hardy plants having fine foliage, isolated in groves, near margins of shrubberies, in bor- ders, and in rough places, in any deep soil. Division and seed. Ehaponticam pulchrum (Pretty R.) — Another ornamental species ; 2 ft. or more high. Flowers, late in sum- mer ; purplish, solitary, on the sum- mits of the stems, which are leafless in the upper part. Leaves, the radi- cal ones stalked ; those of the stem sessile, all pinnately - cut, smooth above, covered with white down un- derneath, with oval, toothed segments which become confluent at the end. Caucasus. Similar positions and treatment to those recommended for the preceding kind. Rheum Emodi (Red-veined Rhubarb). — A noble herbaceous plant, with very handsome foliage ; about 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; very numerous, small, yellowish-white, arranged in long branching clusters. Leaves, alter- nate, very large, long-stalked, with a slightly wrinkled surface, large red veins and somewhat wavy edges ; those of the stem gradually diminish- ing in size towards the top. Tartary. Isolated in the grass near the margins of shrubberies in the pic- turesque garden, or grouped with other fine leaved hardy plants, in deep rich soil. Division and seed. EHEUM — RUDBECKIA. 217 Eheumpalmatum {Palmate Rhuharl). — Kno-wn at once by its deeply-cut leaves ; 6 to 8 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; greenish-white, sur- rounding the branches in niunerous clusters, and forming a sort of spike. LeaveSy of root, numerous, large, rough, deeply cut into lobes, the lobes cut into irregular pointed segments, on long, round footstalks, beconiint; gradually smaller near the top. Stem erect, round, hollow, jointed, branched near the top. China and Tartary. In groups of fine-leaved hardy plants ; also suited for isolation with such subjects as the Ferulas, in deep rich jsoil. Division and seed. Ehexia virginica (Meadow Beaviy). — A brilliant perennial, forming neat little bushes ; 6 to 12 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright rosy - purple, in cymose corymbs; petals 4, heart- shaped, spreading in the form of a cross, inserted with the 8 ochre-yellow stamens at the top of the tube of the calyx, which is nrn-shaped and 4-cleft at the apex. Leaves, oval or lance- shaped, acute, opposite, entire, hairy, 3-nerved, about 2 in. long and 4 in. broad ; stems square, with wing-like angles. North America. In the artificial bog, or moist spots in the lower part of the rock-garden, always in very moist peat. Careful division. Ehododendron ChamsBciStns (Thyme- leaved JR. ) — A dwarf, tufted, evergreen, much - branched shrub, with small fleshy leaves about the size of those of Helianthemum ; 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; of a beautiful pink colour, 3 or 4 together, about the size of those of Kalmia latifolia ; peduncles 1 in. long, reddish-brown ; corolla wheel-shaped, 5-cleft, segments ovate ; calyx 5-cleft, of the same colour as the peduncles, segments acute ; sta- mens 10. Leaves, oblong, stiffish, ciliated at the edge, on short reddish \allis. Calcareous rooks in the Tyrol. The rook - garden, in limestone fissures, in a mixture of equal parts of peat, loam, and sand ; also in beds of choice dwarf shrubs. Seed and layers. Eosa alpina pyreuaica (Small Pyre- mca» Rose). — A beautiful little moun- tain Rose, a variety of the Alpine Rose, but much smaller. Flowers, in summer ; of a fine rosy lake, each bloom more than 2 in. across ; calyx and flower-stalks covered with glan- dular hairs. Leaves, oblong-elliptical, toothed ; teeth glandular, distant. Pyrenees. The rook -garden, in dry poorish soil. Cuttings and seed. Eadbeckia californica (Calif omian Oone-flower). — A vigorous hardy peren- nial, with a stout branching stem ; 5 to 6 ft. high. Flowers, in summer; golden-yellow, about 5 in. across, with a dark brown conical centre more than 2 in. high. Leaves, oval, pointed, with an occasional lobe or tooth, rough ; the lower ones 1 ft. long, and 6 in. across, attenuated into a stalk ; the upper ones smaller and sessile. California, Back margins of the mixed border, shrubberies, or natura- lization, in sandy loam. Seed or divi- sion. Eudbeckia Drnmmondi (Drummond's Cone-flower). — R. columnaris. — Obelis- caria palcherrima. — A showy peren- nial, 16 in. to 2 ft. high. Flowers, from June to September ; florets of the ray citron- yellow at the base and point, purplish-brown in the middle, broadly obovate, slightly notched at the end, about H in. long, concave, twisted, and reflexed ; in the place of the disk is a cylindrical-conic receptacle more than 1 in. long, closely covered with a great number of brownish florets. Leaves, alternate, pinnate, with linear toothed divisions ; root-leaves not so deeply cut. Whole plant rough, slightly pubescent, of a greyish-green tint. Mexico. Borders, in sandy loam. Division and seed. 218 EUDBECKIA — SAGINA. Eudljeckia fulgida [Glowing Cone- fiower). — Another showy kind, 2 ft. and upwards in height. Flowers, late in summer ; 2 to nearly 3 in. across ; florets of the ray nearly { in. long, orange-yellow, darker in the middle, unequal, spreading, 3-toothed ; disk conical, purplish. Leaves, alternate, rough, those of the root ohlong-lanceo- late ; lower stem-leaves toothed, upper ones entire and almost sessile. Stems rough, branching, tinged with red. North America. Warm borders, in good dry loam. Division and seed. Budbeckia hirta (Hairy Cone-jlower). — A showy, rough, hairy herb, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 3 to 4 in. across ; disk dark purplish-brown. Leaves, lower ones spoon-shaped or oval, 3-nerved ; upper ones stalkless, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed. North America. Bor- ders, bare banks, naturalization in thin woods or margins of shrubberies, in ordinary soil. Division or seed. Eudbeckia laoiniata (Oat-leared Conc- ■Eower). — A showy perennial, 2 to 3| ft. high. Flowers, in summer; bright pale yellow, 3 to 4 in. across ; disk greenish - yellow, conical. Leaves, rough, clothed with small hairs, par- ticularly at the edges, lower ones 5- to 7-parted ; divisions 3-lobed, or some- times cut ; upper ones irregularly parted. U. dirjitatu, [Newmanii, Hort.) is a variety with the divisions of the lower leaves pinuatifid. North Ame- rica. Borders, and naturalization, in sandy loam. Division and seed. Eudbsokia speciosa (Showy Cone- pjwer). — A rough, hairy, and showy plant, 1 .^ to 3 ft. high. Flowers, late in summer ; orange-yellow, 3 to 4 in. across ; disk blackish-purple,s6mewhat globose in fruit, about two-thirds of an inch long. Leaves, roughish, hairy, irregularly toothed, upper ones stalk- less, lance-shaped ; lower ones oval- lance-shaped, stalked, 3-nerved ; root- leaves somewhat like the common Plantain. North America. Borders, margins of shrubberies, or naturaliza- tion in thin woods or copses, in any rather sandy soil. Division and seed. Budbeckla triloba (Three-hbed Cone- flower). — A vigorous kind, 'J to 5 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, 2 to 3 in. across, 8 florets in a head ; disk blackish-purple or deep brown. Leaves, lower ones 3-parted, coarsely toothed, upper undivided ; root-leaves on slender stalks ; those of the stem stalkless, somewhat hairy. North America.- Borders, bare banks, by wood-walks, or naturalization in open woods, in ordinary soil. Division or seed. EumexHydrolapatham(TTa;crDoc7;). — A huge plant, common in ditches and by the edges of streams in many parts of Britain ; stem 4 to 5 ft. high, slightly branched. Flowers, in sum- mer ; greenish, in a long, dense pani- cle, leafy at the base. Leaves, lance- shaped or oblong, usually pointed, flat or slightly curled at the margins ; root- leaves 2 to 3 ft. long, and 4 in. broad in the middle, narrowing into a long erect footstalk. Europe and Kussian Asia. An isolated tuft of this looks very well on the margin of a stroam, pond, or lake, and may be effectively introduced in any marshy or wet place in or near the subtropical garden. Division. Sagina glabra, var. Corsica (Lawn Pearlviort) , — Spergula pilifera. — A neat little alpine plant, moss-like in size and well-known from having been much recommended and often tried as a lawn plant, 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; small, white, double the size of the calyx; sepals oblong, obtuse. Leaves, linear-awl-shaped, pointed. Stem half woody, sending out a great number of prostrate creep- ing branches from which spring erect flower-stalks. Alps of Dauphiny and SALTX — SALVIA. 21£> Corsica. The rook-gardeu and bor- ders, chiefly in wide-spreading tufts as a verdant carpet beneath taller subjects. Generally it is a failure in lawns. Unless great attention is given, no perfect lawn can be made wifli one land of plant. Seed and division. Salix reticulata {Nelled-Ieaved Wil- loiv). — A prostrate, much branched, native alpine shrub, 3 to 6 in. high. i'lowers, in early summer ; catkins solitary, on longish stalks, at the ends of the short branches, purplish-red, as are also the buds. Leaves, about 1 in. long and broad, roundish, somewhat elliptical, entire, leathery, with netted veins, green and smooth above, white beneath. Scotch Highlands and reoun- tains of Europe, Asia, and America. The rougher parts of the rock- garden, and on the margins of beds of dwarf shrubs, in light moist soil. It is only worth cultivating by those who take some interest in native plants. Division and cuttings. Salix serpyllifolia {Thyme-leaved 8.) ■ — A curious little shrub, only 1 or 2 in. high. Flowers, in May ; catkins oblong, few- flowered. Leaves, ovate, or ovate-lance-shaped, acute, entire, smooth, shining above. High moun- tains of France, Italy, and Switzer- land. -An interesting species for botanical and curious collections, the rock-garden, or borders, in moist, sandy soil. Cuttings and division. Salvia argentea {Silver Clary). — S. patula. — A noble silvery-leaved bien- nial, 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; in large whorls forming a panicled raceme ; corolla white with the upper lip purplish and pubescent, the lower one yellowish ; calyx bell- shaped, striped, villous; teeth rather spiny. Leaves, very large, ovate, 6 to 12 in. long, and 4 to 6 in. broad, clothed with loose white wool on- both surfaces, stalked, wrinkled, sinuately lobed ; stems erect, villous. Consi- derable variation may be observed among the plants, particidarly as re- gards the size and hoariness of tha leaves. Southern Europe and Africa. Borders, beds, and groups of sil- very-leaved plants, in light sandy loam. As this plant is chiefly valuable for the beauty of its leaves, and these are seen to greatest perfection when spread flat on the ground in great rosettes before the plants flower, it is desirable to sow some of the seed every spring. Salvia oSoinalis, var. tricolor {Va- riegated Sage). — A pretty variegated form of the common Sage, 1 ft. to- 16 in. and upwards in heiglit. Flowers, in summer; small, rosy-blue or whitish, not ornamental, in rather close groups of 4 to 6, forming a simple cluster. Leaves, oval-oblong, narrowed or rounded at the base, stalked, finely reticulated, of a greyish-green, often tinged with yellowish-white or flesh- colour, changing afterwards to rose- colour and sometimes to red ; stems much branched, reddish. Whole plant covered with soft hairs, and diffusing a penetrating aromatic odour. Southern, Europe. Borders, as a bedding plant, and on the margins of shrub- beries, in any light soil. Cuttings, Salvia patens {Spreading Sage). — The handsomest flowered Salvia, if not the handsomest labiate plant we have, 14 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; fine blue, large and showy, in distant whorls. Leaves, heart- shaped or hastate, hairy above, pubes- cent below ; stems somewhat shrubby at the base. Roots tuberous. Mexico. Warm borders, beds, and groupa of fine perennials, in light, rich, and moist soil. It is unfortunately some- what tender, and will, except in mild districts and in vei-y favourable soils and positions, require protection a,t the root in winter; but, even if it perishes in spite of this precaution, it 220 SALVIA — S APONAEIA. is sufficiently attractive to deserve being annually propagated from ciit- tings to ensure a good supply for planting annually. Cuttings and 3eed. Salvia pratensis, var. lupinoidea (Liipin Salvia) . — A handsome form of a common Britisli plant, IJ to 2 ft. high. Mowers, in summer ; numerous, handsome ; the upper lip, and the two lateral lobea of the lower one, light blue, while the large central lobe of the lower lip is white. Leaves, oppo- site, reticulated, wrinkled, those of the root spreading, stalked, oval-lance- shaped, with a heart-shaped base ; the upper leaves sessile clasping the stem ; all irregularly and slightly toothed. France. Borders, in any soil ; also in a wild state in rough open places. Division and seed. Sanguinaria canadensis {Blood/root). — A singular and pretty plant, with thick creeping rootstocks ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in spring ; white, 1 on each stem ; petals 8 to 12, spoon- shaped, inner ones narrower ; sepals 2, ovate. Leaves, of root, kidney shaped, lobed like those of the Fig. North America, S. grand'iflora is a variety with larger flowers ; planted here and there under the branches of deciduous trees on lawns, this will be found to spread about, and without any atten- tion become a charming naturalized plant. It prefers rather moist soil. The tubers of this plant purchased from the seedsmen are often dead before they are sold, as the plant does not bear being taken up and stored as some bulbs do. Division. Santolina Ohatnsecyparissas (Lavenr der Cotton). — A grey shrubby plant, 2 to 24 ft. high. Mowers, in summer-; yellowish, in rounded heads. Leaves, alternate, linear, arranged in 4 to 6 rows, almost overlapping each other, somewhat fleshy, toothed ; teeth oboval. Central Europe, in dry and arid places. Among low shrubs, im borders, for forming low silvery hedges, on rough rock- or root- work, or nai}uralized on banks or rocky places, in any kind of soil. Division and cuttings. Santolina incana {Woolly Lavender Cotton). — Dwarfer, neater in habit, and whiter than the common Laven- der Cotton. Flowers, in summer ; rather small, pa!e greenish yellow. Leaves, linear, covered, as is the entire plant, with dense white down. Native of Central Europe. Edgings, bor- ders, and tlie rougher parts of the rock-garden, in ordinary soil. Divi- sion and cuttings. Santolina viridis (Green Lavender Cotton). — "With the habit of the com- mon Lavenrler Cotton, but of a dark green hue, 2 to 2^ ft. high. Flowers, in summer, white slightly tinged with yellow, roundish, 'on long stalks. Leaves, of "a deep green, those on the fertile branches distant from each other ; those on the barren ones very close together, serrated with sharp- pointed teeth. South of France. Suited for the same positions, etc. , as the Lavender Cotton, but is not so distinct looking, nor likely to be so much employed. It would be interest- ing on rocky or stony banks, among the more easily grown rock shrubs, and grows in any soil. Saponaria csespitosa {Tufted Soap- wort). — A neat alpine plant,' with its leaves in dense tufts ; 2 to 6 in. high. Mowers, in June or July ; handsome, bright rose, scentless, on very short stalks, arranged on the top of the stem in a close, few-flowered cluster ; petals obovate, entire, with two awl- shaped scales at the throat. Leaves, rather thick, leathery, short, linear, acute, sometimes bluntish, rough at the edges, keeled on the back, dis- posed in rosettes. Pyrenees and South-west of France. The rook- SAPONAEIA— SAXIFEAGA. 221 garden, in exposed spots, and the margins of the mixed border, ill sandy loam. Seed and division. Saponaria ocymoides [Roch Soap- wort). — A beautiful dwarf alpine herb with prostrate stems, forming dense roundish spreading tufts from 6 to 1 2 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; rosy-pint, freely produced in panicled clusters ; petals 5, spreading horizon- tally, oblong-elliptic ; calyx tubular, purple, villous, with 5 small erect blunt teeth. Leaves, opposite, entire, ovate or lance-shaped, generally 1- nerved. Southern and Central Eu- rope, in rooky and stony places. The rook-garden, borders, fringes of shrubberies, and naturalized on banks and slopes amidst dwarf plants, in any soil if the plants are elevated ; if on the level ground, in ordinary sandy garden soil. Seed. Saponaria officinalis {Common Soap- wort). — A stout, vigorous, and showy perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; flesh-coloured or rose, vary- ing to white, in dense panicled bun- dles; calyx oyhndrioal, nearly 1 in. long, yellowish, villous. Leaves, elliptic or lance-shaped, acute or obtuse, 2 or 3 in. long, opposite, connate, entire, 3- or 5-nerved, smooth. There is a variety with variegated leaves and a double-iiowered one, common in gar- dens. Europe, North America, and Britain. Naturalized in any not very shady rough places, where little else wUl grow, and in borders, in ordinary soU. Division. Sarracenia purpurea [A merican Pitcher -plant). — A very remarkable plant, known at once by its pitcher- like leaves ; 8 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in June ; globose, nodding, solitary, deep purplish-red, the fiddle-shaped petals arching over the greenish-yel- low style. Leaves, pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged, \ eined with purple ; the hood erect, open, round -heart shaped, clothed on the inner side with stiJf bristles point- ing downwards. There is a rare va- riety with greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. North America. Though invariably treated as a house-, and usually a stove- plant, this curious subject will thrive in most parts in the artificial bog, in wet peat, and it is a very desirable plant to associate with Ciipripedium spectabile, Hhexia virginica, the Parnas- sias, and other ornamental bog plants. Careful division of well-established . tufts. Saxifraga aizoides (Streamlet Saa:i- frage). — A low tufted evergreen herb, abundant by streams on our northern mountains. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; yellow, and dotted with red towards the base, 4 in. across, from 3 to 12 or more in a loose pani- cle, on ascending stems, 3 to 6 in. high ; calyx spreading, adherent at the base, segments hardly shorter than the petals, and often narrow and yellow like them. Leaves, about 4 in. long, alternate, narrow, rather thick, entire or sometimes finely notched with 1 or 2 teeth. When the leaves are sparsely ciliated, it is, according to Dr. Syme, the S. autumnalis of Linnaaus. Europe and Britain. The rock-garden, moist borders, and bog-bed; should be introduced near streams in the rook -garden. Division or seed. Saxifraga Aizoon {Everlasting Saxi- frage). — The silvery kind most com- monly seen on the European moun- tains. Flowers, in early summer ; cream-coloured, marked with small rose-coloured dots, in corymbs on stems 6 to 15 in. high ; petals nearly round ; peduncles lengthened, usually two-flowered; calyces smooth, with acute segments. Leaves, short, silvery, serrated ; root leaves in rosettes, wedge-shaped, ciliated at the base ; £22 SAXIFRAGA. those of the stem obovate and mucro- nate ; stems erect, simple, leafy, shining, with a few scattered gland- bearing haira. S. recta is a variety of this, Tvdth 3- or 4-flowered peduncles, and petals without any dots. Europe and North America. As hardy and easily grown in gardens as it is com- mon and unfastidious in its native haunts, growing freely in any open soil, and forming handsome silvery tufts ] ft. or more in diameter, and quite firm when fully exposed. It is useful for the rockwork or mixed bor- der, and is also one of the kinds of which neat silvery edgings may be made. Division or seed. Saxifraga Andrewsii {Andreu-s's S.) — An interesting and handsome hybrid kind, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; larger than those of iS. umhrosa, consjjicuously dotted with red ; petals broadly-oval, very slightly notched, at the end. Leaves, long, spoon-shaped, obtuse, smooth, rather thick, narrow^ed at the base into a slightly-fringed stalk, and having a membranous margin. Found in South- Western Ireland. Borders, and the rock-garden, in sandy loam. Diwsion. Saxifraga aretioides [Aretia Saxi- frage). — This forms cushions of little silvery rosettes almost as small and dense as those of Androsace helvetica, about i in. high. Flowers, in April ; golden-yellow, in dense, few-flowered corymbs ; pedicels and calyces clothed with clammy down ; stem covered with viscid hairs; petals with small round notches at the apex ; segments of calyx ovate, acute. Leaves, liuear- tongueshaped, upright, very finely pointed, keeled, greyish, imbricate, ciliately toothed at the base, with a few perforated dots near the margin. Pyrenees. Rather scarce at present, and worthy of a choice fuUy exposed position on the rockwork, in sandy or calcareous soil perfectly drained. Thus treated it forms dense tufts, sometimes more than a foot across, and from its very distinct appearance and yellow flowers, contrasts well with most of the other choice dwarf kinds. Divi- sion or seed. Saxifraga aspera (JRougJi Saxifrage). — A small, grey, tufted, and prostrate kind. Flowers, in summer ; dull white, rather large; peduncles longish, stiff, 1-flowered, clothed with glandu- liferous hairs. Leaves, flat, lance- shaped, ciliated, lower ones closely imbricated, upper ones somewhat scattered ; stems branched, reddish, brittle, hispid with short hairs. S. hryoides is considered a variety of this, but it does not send out runners like the preceding, and has yellow flowers. European Alps. The rock-garden and borders, in moist sandy soil. Di- vision. Saxifraga biflora (Large Purple Saxi- frage). — A beautiful species, allied to the British S. oppositifolia, but larger in all its parts and looser in habit. Flowers, in spring ; rose-coloured at first, changing to violet, in heads of 2 or 3. Leaves, flat, spoon - shaped, small, ciliated, thinly scattered on the stem, not packed as in S. oppositifolia, imbricated in 4 rows. Alps and Pyrenees, near the limits of perpetual snow. The rock-garden, in exposed spots, and in very sandy or gritty loam. Seed, cuttings, and division of weU-establisiaed plants. Saxifraga csesia (Silver Moss). — A minute kind, forming dense silvery tufts, often less than 4 in- liigl'. Flowers, in early summer ; white, about J of an inch across, in n, small panicle, on thread-like smooth stems, about 3 in. high ; petals roimdish, tapering at the base, 3- to 5-nerved, the side ones curved ; pedicels and calyces with a few short glandular hairs ; segments of calj'X very blunt. Leaves, linear - oblong, recurved, 3- SAXIPEAGA. 223 sided, keeled, margined with white crustaoeous dots. Alps and Pyrenees. Well-exposed spots in the rock- garden, in moist an(i firm sandy loam. Careful division, and seed. Saxifraga csespitosa (Tufted S.) — A green, densely tufted species, very nearly allied to S. hypnoides, but not ■emitting weak prostrate barren shoots like that species. Flowers, in spring or early summer ; white, smaller than those of S. hypnoides, the flowering- stems mostly covered with a short glandular down, and bearing 1 to 4 tiowers each ; petals oval, twice as long as the obtuse divisions of the calyx, 3-nerved, the side ones curved. Leaves, of the root, 3- to 5-parted, or undivided; segments linear or lance- shaped, obtuse ; lower stem - leaves palmate ; upper ones mostly 3-parted. Plant, beset with glandular hairs. Eirrope and the British Isles. Bor- ders, rookwork, and banks, in any sc^. Division. Saxifraga ceratophylla (Horn-leaved S.) — A very showy and vigorous species, with dark green leaves, form- ing compact wide-spreading tufts ; 3 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in early sum- mer ; pure white, abundantly pro- duced in loose branched panicles ; petals oblong ; calyx brownish, smooth ; pedicels and calyces covered with clammy juice. Leaves, deeply 2- or 3-parted, stalked, stiff, smooth ; segments awl - shaped, with horny points ; stalks naked, channelled above ; stems reddish at the base, covered with clammy juice. Spain. . Borders, the rock-garden, or naturalized on bare banks, slopes, or rocky places, in ordinary soil. Divi- sion or seed. Saxifraga coriophylla {Early Silver Saxifrage).— A sturdy and very orna- mental little silvery species, nearly 3 iu. high. Flowers, early iu spring ; few, large, pure white; petals obovate- oblong, marked with three straight veins ; sepals oblong, obtuse, half as long as the petals. Leaves of the stem very small ; those of the rosettfe entire, shortly oblong, obtuse, rigid, spread- ing, slightly concave on the upper side, convex and keeled beneath, carved on the margin into a series of 5 to 7 pits or depressions ; stem glan- dular, downy. Alpine regions of Northern Albania. The rock-gar- den, the margin of the choice mixed border, or even for diminutive edgings in the select spring garden, thriving in any free and rather cool soil. Divi- sion and seed. cordifolia (Heart - leaved S.) — Megasca cordifolia. — A very large-leaved, evergreen perennial, en- tirely distinct iu aspect from the small Saxifrages. Flowers, in spring, some- what later than S. crassifolia ; clear rose, large, in thyrsoid panicles ; petals roundish, clawed, inserted in "the calyx ; calyx bell - shaped, 5- parted. Leaves, large, fleshy, round- ish-heart-shaped, on long thick stalks, serrated, smooth ; stalks furnished on both sides at the base with entire membranous stipules. Roots, thick, fleshy. Siberia. ■ Borders, rough rockwork, rootwork, etc., and natura- lized on sheltered sunny bauks, where its early-flowering tendency would be encouraged, iu ordinary soil. Division. Saxifraga Cotyledon (Pyramidal S.) — A noble silvery-leaved kind ; I to over 2 ft. high. Flowers, in early summer ; white, in a large, elegant pyramidal panicle on a stem from 6 in. to a yard high ; petal's oblong or spoon- shaped, conspicuously 3-nerved ; calyx densely beset with glands. Leaves, in large rosettes, flat, fleshy, spoon- shaped, silvery-edged, and margined with finely pointed serratures. Great mountain chains of Europe, from the Pyrenees to Lapland. S. pyramidalia is a variety having a more erect habit, 224 SAXIPRAGA. narrower leaves, and somewhat larger flowers. The rock-garden, borders, and naturalization in open rocky places, in any soil. Division. S!ixiiTSiga,cvassifolia.{Thic}c4eavedS.) — Megasea crasdfoUa. — A stout large- leaved perennial, very closely allied to S. cordifolia. Flowers, in spring ; red, in a thyrsoid panicle, on a thick stalk about 9 in. high; petals elliptic- oblong, erect; calyx bell-shaped, half as long as the petals, 5-parted to about the middle, somewhat wrinkled on the outside, green. Leaves, alternate, spreading, about 9 in. long, flat, leathery, obovate or oblong, sub-retuse, very smooth, veined; stalks half the length of the leaves, roundish, chan- nelled, smooth, with an ovate mem- branous stipule at the base. Native of Siberia. Similar uses to those given for S. cordifolia, to which this is on the whole superior. Around Paris I have seen it used with good effect in beds in the spring-garden. It vrill prove much finer in warm and shel- tered positions, for, though very hardy, the blooms are far better developed in sunny sheltered spots. Division and seed. Saxifraga Cynibalaria {rvy S.) — A distinct abundantly - blooming little annual species, with shining leaves somewhat like those of the Wall Linaria ; 3 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers, continuously from early spring to au- tumn ; bright yellow, in dense masses, on numerous, weak, sprawling stems; petals obovate, much longer than the calyx ; sepals oblong. Leaves, kidney- shaped, with orenate lobes, stalked. The Caucasus. The rock - garden or borders, in ordinary soil. It is easily increased by seed, and often sows itself abundantly. Saxifraga diapensioldea (Diapensia S.) — A dense-growing and diminutive kind, and one of the most ornamental. Flowers, in early summer, white, beU- 3 to 8 in a terminal head on leafy stems, rarely exceeding 2 in. high, densely covered with viscid hairs ; petals oblong, narrowed at the base, with a 5-nerved limb. Leaves, grey, 3-edged, linear, obtuse, with cartilaginous margins, ciliated at the base and with one or two perforated dots at the points, packed into dense cylindrical rosettes. Alps of Switzer- land, Dauphiny, and the Pyrenees. The treatment and positions re- commended for S. aretioides will suit this perfectly. It may also be freely grown in pans. Seed and division. Saxifraga Geum {Kidney 8.) — Very like the London Pride, and differing chiefly in its leaves. Flowers, in early summer; pink, with darker spots, about J in. across, in a loose, slender panicle. Leaves, roundish, heart-shaped at the base, with scattered hairs on both sides, on long stalks, which are usually very hairy, and less flattened than those of 8. umhrosa. There are several varieties of this. iS'. hirsuta is very closely allied to it, if anything more than a variety, differing chiefly by its leaves being longer than broad, less heart-shaped, and more hairy. South - western Ireland, and other parts of Europe. Borders, edgings, and the rougher parts of the rook- garden, in ordinary soil ; also wild in woods and copses. Division. Saxifraga granulata {Meadow S.) — A ratherj;omraon native species, dis- tinct in aispect from the alpine kinds, with several small scaly bulbs in a crown at the root ; 6 to 12 in. high. Mowers, in spring and early summer ; white, about J in. across ; 3 to 6 together in a branched terminal panicle ; petals obovate, much longer than the calyx, marked with 3- branched veins. Leaves, somewhat fleshy, kidney shaped, creuate orlobed, thickly clothed with shaggy glandular hairs; root-leaves on long stalks ; SAXIFEAGA. 225 those of the stem alternate and nearly stalkless ; stem erect, round, leafy, pubescent, somewhat viscid. There Is a double-flowered variety. Britain, in meadows and gravelly places. The double variety is the form worthy of general cultivation, and it is very pretty among low border - plants, thriving in any soil. Division. Saxifraga Hiroulus ( Yellow Marsh S. ) — A very distinct and attractive native kind; 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in sommer; clear rich yellow, with orange dots on the lower half of each petal, about | in. across, usually 1 to 3 on each ascending stem; petals 5, obovate, nerved ; calyx reflexed. Leaves, in tufts, obovate, quite entire, smooth on both sides, sometimes oiliate at the margin with soft hairs ; stem leafy, simple, upright, thinly clothed with brownish hairs. Europe, Asia, and Britain. The bog- bed, moist spots in the rock-garden, in peaty soil, or in a wild state in bogs or marshes. Division and seed. Saxifraga hypnoides (Mossy Saxi- frage). — A well-known plant, very variable in its stems, leaves, and flowers, forming mossy tufts of deep fresh green. Mowers, in early sum- mer; greenish-white, rather large; 1 to 8 on a stem with but few leaves, 3 to 6 in. high ; petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with 3 green lines ; segments of calyx not J so long as petals and more or less pointed. Leaves, narrow, pointed, sometimes entire, but often 3- to 7-oleft, the larger ones particu- larly so, smooth or more or less cili- ated with glandular hairs. Boot-stock usually shortly creeping, much branched, throwing out numerous decumbent barren shoots, which in moist places are 3 or 4 in. long, but sometimes contracted into a short tuft. Under this species may be grouped the following, which exhibit differences which some think sufficient to mark them as species, S. hirta, affinis, incunifolia, platypetaia, and decipiens. Native of several parts of Britain, and Western Europe generally. Mar- gins of borders, rootwork, among quickly-spreading and easily-grown subjects in the rock-garden, and in a naturalized state among dwarf plants, in almost any position and soil. Di- vision. Saxifraga juniperina (Juniper Saxi- frage). — A very distinct species, with sharp-pointed leaves in dense firm cushions. Flowers, in spring ; yellow, in a 6- to lO-flowered spike ; petals obovate, triple-nerved ; pedicels short, clothed with clammy down. Leaves, deep green, awl-shaped, 3-edged, spine-pointed, densely set in cushioned masses, finely serrulated at the base ; stems numerous, crowded with leaves and branching at the apex. The Caucasus. The rock-garden, raised beds or borders, in moist sandy loam, also in pots or pans. Careful division and seed. Saxifraga ligulata (Great Strap-leaved S.) — A handsome plant, allied to S. orassifolia; from 6 to 9 iu. high. Flowers, in spring ; large, rosy-white, in spreading panicles ; petals obovate, somewhat notched, much longer than the calyx ; sepals finely fringed at the ends. Leaves, obovate or somewhat heart-shaped, wavy, slightly toothed, expanded at the base into a fringed sheath. Nepaul. Borders, sunny banks, and rough rockwork, in sandy soU. Division. Saxifraga longifolia (Long-leaved Saicifra^^. — The noblest species known. Floioers, in summer ; white, in a large pyramidal panicle, on stems 1 to 2 ft. high, clothed with short, stiff, gland-tipped hairs. Leaves, li- near, crenate, very long (sometimes 6 in.) greyish-green, arranged in magnifi- cent rosettes sometimes 1 ft. in diame- ter. Pyrenees. So much admired 4 225 SAXIFBAGA. that until very oominon it is likely to be confined to the rockwork, on which its silvery rosettes are conspicuous ornaments, even in the depth of win- ter. It howerer thrives in the mixed border, in soil of ordinary quality, and like other kinds will grow in poor soil, but has been proved to grow much faster and better in soil enriched by decomposed stable manure. It is easily raised from seed, which should be gathered at intervals of two or three days, as the seeds on the lower branches of the panicle ripen some time before those towards the apex. The seeds should be sown at once in pans of fine sandy loam and peat, the soil firmly compressed, the seeds co- vered very slightly, and placed in a shallow cold frame. "When well up they should be potted in small pots, and with liberal treatment they soon form strong plants, which may be placed in the open air in summer, and left there afterwards. The old rosettes do not perish after flowering, but do not always flower every year. Rabbits sometimes destroy it. Saxifraga opposltlfolia {Purple Saxi- frage). — A brilliant native species, 2 in. high. Flowers, in early spring ; purplish -rose, large for the size of- the plant, solitary on short erect stems, i>ut sometimes so freely produced as to completely hide the foliage ; segments of calyx ovate, green, not half so long as the 5-nerved petals. Leaves, small, opposite, densely crowded, ovate or obovate, flat, obtxxse, ciliated. There are the following varieties in cultiva- tion : pallida, pale pink ; alba, white ; major, large. A very fine variety {S. opp. pyrenaica) has dense erect ro- settes of leaves, and flowers | in. across, varying in colour from flesh- pink to deep purple-crimson. Europe and Britain, on high mountains. ■ The rock-garden, and margins of bor- ders, in moist sandy loam. When in borders it wUl be better to surround the specimen with half-buried stones, and if broken sandstone is mixed with the soil to a depth of 18 in., so much the better. Division. Saxifraga pectinata {Conib-leaved 8.) — A neat silvery species. Flowers, ia summer; rather small, white spotted with purple in the centre; divisions of the calyx ovate-triangular, obtuse. Leaves, linear-spoon -shaped, pointed, sharply serrated with triangular teeth ; terminal tooth rather blujit, large, and prominent. Carniola. The rock- garden, in moist sandy soil. Division. Saxifraga purpurascens (Purple Himalayan S.) — The handsomest of the large-leaved species, 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, ia April and May ; haadsome reddish-purple, large, of aa elegant bell-shape, ia dense corymbos& panicles. Leaves, nearly round or roimd-ovate, glossy greeu margined with red. Sikkim, Himalayas, at very high elevations. AlHed to the other Saxifrages of the large-leaved or Me- gasea section, it is very distinct from any of them, and, being dwarfer and more beautiful, deserves a choice spot in the rock-garden, in moist sandy peat and loam, with plenty of water, and a position fully exposed to the sun ; also on warm borders. I have only seen this in the open air at Glas- nevin. It is very uncommon in gar- dens, but deserves a place in every collection. Seed and division. Saxifraga retusa {Refuse S.) — A pretty Idnd, allied to the Purple Saxifrage. Flowers, in spring or excly summer ; purple, 2 or 3 together on erect, few-leaved stems ; petals lance-shaped, acute ; segments of ca- lyx oblong-ovate, obtuse ; pedicels and calyces clothed with short glan- dular down. Leaves, small, fleshy, smooth, imbricated, oblong, S-angled, acute, full of perforated dots above ; ciliated at the base and retuse at the SAXIFEAGA — SCABIOSA. 227 apex. Alps and Pyrenees. The rock-garden and borders, in moist sandy soil. Division. Saxifraga Bocheliana {RocheFs Saxi- frage). — S. very compact and dwarf kind, allied to S, ccesia, forming dense silvery rosettes of white-margined leaves, with distinctly impressed dots. Flowers, in spring ; white, large, freely produced in corymbs on stems 3 or 4 in. high ; petals lance-shaped or ovate, twice the length of the calyx ; sepals ovate. Leaves, of the rosettes tongue-shaped, smooth, ciliated at the base ; those of the stem clothed with clammy hairs, pale green. Alps of Central Europe. The rock-garden, in fully exposed spots, in firm, sandy soil ; also for the margins of choice mixed borders, in the same kind of BoU, surrounded by a few half -buried stones. Division or seed. Saxifraga saxmentosa{Oreepmg Saxi- frage). — ^Distinct in aspect from the alpine or any other cultivated kinds, having rather large, round, blotched leaves, and graceful, slender, and long runners. Flowers, in early summer ; white, dotted with rose, on stems 6 to 10 in. higjx ; petals 5, the two outer ones 3 - nerved, much larger than the others. Leaves, roundish-heart- shaped, pilose, mottled above, red beneath, on roundish stalks longer than the leaves ; creeping runners, which terminate in rooting offsets, proceed from the axils of the root- leaves. S. cuscutoeformis is a variety of this, with much smaller leaves, petals more equal iu size, and its stolons or runners like those of a Dodder. China. The rock-garden, hardy fernery, or edges of raised beds. It is usually grown in greenhouses, but it is hardy in all but the coldest districts. Division. Saxifraga tenella (Slender Saxi- frage). — A handsome prostrate plant, forming tufts of delicate fine-leaved branches, which root as they grow; about 4 or 5 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; numerous, whitish-yellow, arranged in a loose panicle. Leaves^ linear, pointed, very numerous, ar- ranged in dense rosettes. Austrian Alps. Eockwork and slopes, in moist soil, and in cool positions. Divi- sion in the end of summer or in spring- Saxifraga valdeusis (Yaudois S.) — A diminutive species, growing ia extremely dense and rigid glaucous tufts ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers, late in spring ; white, in a corymb of 6 to 10 blossoms ; calyx and stem covered with blackish glandular hairs. Leaves, more or less triangular, slightly re- curved at the end, where they widen and become almost spoon - shaped. Mont Cenis and other parts of the Alps. In well-drained ledges on rookwork, in a mixture of loam and grit. Division and seed, Scabiosa caucasica (Caucasian Sea- lions). — A large and handsome peren- nial ; 18 in. to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, in a large head ; corolla 5-cleft ; limb of calyx sessile, with exserted bristles. Leaves, some- what resembling those of a Scorzonera ; those of the root lance-shaped, taper- pointed, entire, glaucous ; involucrum very villous. The Caucasus and Ar- menia, in arid places. Borders and naturalization, in ordinary soil. Division. Scabiosa gramiuifolia (GhassJ^OAied S.) — A very distinct dwarf kind, with stems slightly woody at the base; about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale blue, resembling those of S. cau- casica but smaller ; bristles of calyx 5, equal in length to the crown, Lewees, silvery white, about 4 in. long, and \ in. broad, lance-shaped. Moun- tains of Dauphiny, Italy, and Switzer- land. The rock-garden and mar- rins of warm borders, in sandy loam. Division. ioBe,ocbxo\enca {Yellow ScaKov:3). — A liardy perennial, with a furrowed stem, 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale sulphur-yellow, more tlian 2 in. across. Leaves, pinnate ; radical ones a foot long; leaflets in- creasing in size from below upwards, coarsely toothed ; stem-leaves pinjia- titid, with linear divisions. Germany. Naturalized in rough and half- wild spots, in ordinary soil. Seed or division. ScabioBaWebbiana ( Wehb'e Scdbioua). — A rather dwarf, silvery- leaved spe- cies, not growing more than from 6 to 10 in. high, Flowei's, in summir ; cream-coloured, in small heads, in- conspicuous. Leaves, obovate ; upper ones divided ; lower ones toothed. Phrygia. The rock-garden, and warm borders, in sandy loam. Seed and cuttings. Sohivereckia podolioa [Podolian S.) — Alyssum podolimim. — A small alpine herb, nearly white with starry down ; 3 or 4 in. high. Flowers,^ in spring ; small, white, in terminal racemes ; petals slightly notched at the apex. Leaves, of the root in rosettes, oval-oblong, toothed ; stem- leaves few, clasping. Podolia, Vol- hynia, and the Ural mountains. The rock-garden and borders, in light Bandy soil. It has few claims for any but large and botanical collections. Seed and division. Sohizostylis coccinea (Crimson S.) — A handsome bulbous plant, with the habit of a Gladiolus ; 2 to 3 ft. high. Flowers, in summer and autumn ; of a bright crimson, 2 in. across, resembling in form those of Tritonia aurea, in a one-sided spiko, and opening from below upwards. Leaves, sword-shaped, dark green, sheathing at the base. Caffraria. Borders, fringes of beds of shrubs, associated with Gladioli and other autumn-flowering bulba^ in sandy peat and loam. Division, Soilla amoena {Star-jlowered_ Squill). — A oharmine, spring-flowering, bul- bous plant, about 1 ft. high. Flowers, in Ajiril and May ; dork indigobluo, with a darker line through the middle of each petal ; ovary conspicuous in the star - like bloom. Leaves, of a lively green colour, linear - lance- shaped, about i in. across, ohaunoUed. South of Europe. Sheltered posi- tions in borders, in light sandy soil. Increased by separation of the bulba every second or third year. Soilla bifolia (Early Squill). — A beau- tiful, early-flowering, dwarf species, from to 10 in. high. Flowers, in March and April ; dark blue, 4 to on a spike, forming rich masses. 2.eaW8,liuear-lance-shaped,ohannelled, 2 in number (occasionally 3), of a de- licate green colour, with reddish lines. There are numerous varieties. South ern an d Central Europe. Bor- ders ; flowers best in warm sunny spots, in light sandy soil. It is also well fitted for naturalizntioia in suuny openings in woods whore the ground vegetation is scant, and the sou of an open texture. Separation of the bulba, Soilla oampannlata (Large Bluebell). — A vigorous and handsome kind, 8 to 18 in. high. Flowers, late in spring or early in summer ; bell-shaped, of a light violet-blue, on short stalks, pendent from the axils of whitish bracts, and arranged in a pyramidal cluster. Leaves, broadly lanceolate, acute, about as long as the stem, and spreading in a broad rosette. Bulb, (, sofid, I ■ ■ " _ -„-, , rounded-oval, egg-shaped, or oblong, of various forms wlien young— depressed, elongated, oylin- drioal, oblong, or club-shaped. There are several varieties, much the largest and finest being S. canvpa/nidata major, which appears to be the plant figured by lledbute. The white and rose varieties are particularly well worthy SCILLA — SCUTELLARIA. 229 of culture. S. Europe. Fringes of shrubberies, mixed borders, and natu- ralization. It will grow in any posi- tion or soil in whicli the Common Bluebell thrives. Separation of the bulbs as occasion may require. Scilla patula (Spreading Bliiehell). — Nearly allied to our Common Blue- bell; 10 to 15 in. high. Flowers, in early summer; larger and more open than those of the Common Bluebell, blue, pendent, of a cylindrical bell- shape, arranged in an erect loose cluster, scentless. Leaves, numerous, broadly - linear, spreading on the ground. £ulb, elongated-pear-shaped, depressed or oblique, sometimes club- shaped. South of France, Spain, and Portugal. Borders, fringes of shrub- beries, and naturalization when it can be spared for this purpose, in ordinary soil. Division. Scilla peruviaaa (Pyramidal Squill). — A noble and distinct species, 6 to 1 6 in . high. Flowers, in summer ; numerous, of a brilliant blue, with white stamens, which form a. charming contrast, arranged on long slender stalks in a large, regular, dense, pyramidal cluster, which is elongated during the period of flowering. Leaves, longer than the flower-stem, broadly linear, of a deep, glistening green, finely ciliated at flie edges. Bulb, large, elongated-pear-shaped, covered with yellowish-white coats. South of Eu- rope and Barbary. Level but sunny and sheltered spots in the lower parts of the rock-garden, or warm shel- tered borders, and occasionally on the fringes of shrubberies, always in -a, thoroughly-drained and free soil. The crown of the bulb to be at least five or six inches below the surface. This will guard it against any injury from cold. Of course, when large bulbs are planted in this way, there must be plenty of good soil beneath their base. Separation of the bulbs every second or third year. Scil'a sibirica (SiberianSquill). — The brightest and bravest of all known early blue-flowered spring bulbs ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, early in spring ; of a fine clear porcelain-blue, grace- fully pendent, one to six on each stem, arranged in a loose, irregular cluster. Leaves, broadly linear, acute, sUghtly hollowed near the point, somewhat shorter than the flower-stem. jBulb, of the size of a chestnut, roundish, with dark-coloured, dry, transparent coats. Southern Russia and the Cau- casus. Tufts in borders, or as edgings round choice beds of shrubs, either alone or alternated with other dwarf flowers ; also indispensable for the rock-garden, and a charming sub- ject for naturalization on sloping ground with a. dwarf turf. Grows and increases freely in good sandy loam. Separation of the bulbs every second year, soon after the leaves have decayei Scutellaria alpina {A Ipine Skullcap). — A neat perennial, with spreading pubescent stems, forming large round tufts 1 ft. high in the centre. Flowers, in summer; purplish, or with the lower lip white or yellow, in terminal 4-angled, oblong heads, short at first, afterwards lengthening; corolla 1 to 1^ in. long. Leaves, nearly stalkless or very shortly stalked, ovate, roundish or heart-shaped at the base, notched, green, pubescent or pilose; fioral leaves membranous, imbricated. _S. lupulina is a variety of this with showy yellow flowers. Europe and Asia, on mountains. Borders, banks, and naturalization, in sandy soil. Division. ■ Scutellaria msiBxa.Tit'b,s,{Large-flowered S.) — A rather showy perennial, form- ing compact bushy tufts, 8 in. to 1 ft. high. FloiMrs, in summer ; fine blue, in 233 SEDUM. closely -set unilateral clusters. Leaves, opposite, lanceolate, obtuse, rounded at the base, finely ciliated on the margin, pale underneath. Siberia. Borders, in good soil. Division and seed. Sedum acre (Stonecrop). — A well- known and diminutive inhabitant of old thatched roofs and sandy and gravelly places ; 2 to 4 in. high. Flowers, in early summer ; yellow, in small terminal cymes ; sepals much shorter than the narrow-oblong petals. Leaves, small, thick, alternate, stalkless, ovate, sometimes nearly round, smooth. S. acre variegatam is a variety of which the tips of the shoots in spring become of a showy yellow. Europe and Bri- tain, on walls or dry places. Walls and bare sandy or gravelly places, borders, rough rockwork, etc. The variegated form is useful for edgings, etc., in the spring garden. Division. Sedum aiimm {White Stonecrop). — A distinct and pretty species, 4 to 6 in. high. Flowers, iu summer ; white or pinkish, freely produced in elegant corymbs ; petals oblong and obtuse, almost three times the length of the oval sepals. Leaves, scattered, oblong, cylindrical, | to ^ in. long, of a trownish green, stalkless, smooth. This, like the common Stonecrop, oc- curs on old roofs and rooky places in many parts of Europe. The rock- farden, borders, walls, and wild in are gravelly places. Division. Sedum Anacampseros (^Evergreen Orpine). — Readily distinguished by the leaves being arranged in pyrami- dal rosettes on the barren, prostrate branches ; 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer; rose-coloured or purple, in very dense corymbs ; petals flat, oboval, obtuse, one-third longer than the calyx ; sepals lance-shaped. Leaves, wedge-shaped, obtuse, alternate, en- tire, glaucous, smooth, nearly stalk- less. Alps, Pyrenees, and mountains of Dauphiny. Borders and rough rockwork, in any soil. Division. Sedum anglicum (English Stonecrop), — A small and pretty kind, 2 to 5 in. high. Floviers, in summer; white, sometimes tinged with pink, in a short f ew-fiowered cyme ; petals taper- pointed, awned, more than twice as long as the sepals. Leaves, crowded, alternate, short, ovate, gibbous, spurred at the base, smooth. Britain and various other parts of Europe. Similar positions; etc., to those given for S. album. Sedum brevifolium (^Short-leaved Stonecrop) , — A very distinct and pretty species, allied to S. dasyphyllum, but readUy distinguished from it by its pinkish mealy tone ; 2 to 4 in high. Flowers, iu summer; white, in loose, terminal, smooth cymes ; petals bluntish, sepals thin (in S. dasyphyl- lum, thick). Leaves, ovate, obtuse, short, thick, opposite ; stems smooth, twisted, and rather woody at the base. Southern Pyrenees and Corsica. The rook-garden, on warm spots, in firm dry soil ; also on sunny parts of old walls aud ruins, and in pots. It is somewhat tender. Division. Sedum dasyphyllum (TJiicTc-leaved Stonecrop). — A very dwarf and neat kind, 4 or 5 in. high, of a glaucous colour and not unfrequently of an amethystine blue tone. Flowers, in summer ; duU white tinged with rose, in a spreading, glutiaous panicle ; petals bluntish, three times the length of the calyx, which is downy and clammy. Leaves, mostly opposite, densely packed, very thick and fleshy, swollen on the lower side, nearly flat on the upper side. S. corsicnm is nearly allied to this but smaller. A native of Southern and South-western Eu- rope, and a few localities in Southern England. The rock-garden, or on ruins, old walls, etc. When planted SEDUM. 231 ■out in tte garden it should have poor, dryish, firm, sandy soU, Division. Sedum Ewersli {Ewers's Stonecrop). — Somewhat like S, Sieboldi, but smaller and more compact in habit'; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in sunmier ; purplish, in terminal corymbs; petals lance- ahaped, acute, a little longer than the stamens. Leaves, glaucous, smooth, opposite, irregularly toothed; lower ones broadly elliptic, upper ones heart- shaped ; stem rooting at the base. Altai Mountains. The rock-garden, and margins of the mixed border, in open soil. Division. Sedum glaucum {Qlaueous Stonecrop). — ^A minute species of a greyish hue, forming dense tufts of short stems, 2 or 3 in. high, densely clothed with fat leases. Flowers, in early summer ; white, inconspicuous ; petals, 6, mucro- nate, 1-nerved. Leaves, short, thick, and fleshy, alternate, glaucous ; sterna covered with spreading down. There are various other Sedums allied to this, and probably all are forms of one kind. Native of Hungary. The rock- garden, sometimes in spreading masses as a glaucous " carpet plant," borders, edgings, lines, masses, etc., in the flower-garden, associated with other dwarf plants, in light soil. Division. Sedum kamtschaticum {Orange Stone- crop). — A showy kiud, somewhat re- sembling S. spurium in habit ; 3 to 5 in . hig]i.jFlowers, in summer ; dark orange- yellow, in terminal cymes; bracts much longer than the cymes. Leaves, oboval-lance-shaped, bluntly toothed, alternate or opposite. Eastern Siberia. Borders, edgings, and the rock- garden, in ordinary soil. Division. Sedum Hevii (Nevius's Sedum). — A rather showy kind, with spreading simple stems, 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, late in summer; white, with pointed petals and purplish anthers, in dense branching cymes. Leaves, all alter- nate ; those of the sterile shoots wedge- shaped-obovate or spathulate : those of the flowering stems linear, spathu- late and flattish. North America. Rockwork, in gravelly or sandy loam. Division, Sedum populifolium (SIiriMy Stone- crop). — More curious than beautiful, forming a small, much-branched plant, 6 to 10 in. high. Flowers, late in sununer ; white, in terminal co- rymbs. Leaves, scattered, smooth, stalked, flat, coarsely toothed ; lower ones heart-shaped ; upper ones ovate ; stems erect, much branched, shrubby. Native of Siberia. Borders, or the rougher parts of the rock-garden; chiefly suited for botanical and curious collections. Division. Sedum pulchellum (Bird's-foot Stone- crop). — A handsome and distinct kind, 4 to 10 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; purplish-rose, crowded in umbeBate spikes, spreading or recurved when in flower, but straight and somewhat erect when in fruit. Leaves, very numerous, linear, obtuse, flattish, closely sessile, more or less jointed at the base ; stems rising, often branched from the base. North America. Borders, the rook-garden, and as an edging plant, in ordinary sandy soU. Division. Sedum purpurascens (Pnrple Stone- crop). — Considered by some to be i variety of S, maximum, which it very much resmbles ; 10 to 18 in. high. Flowers, late in summer and in au- tumn ; purplish, arranged in an elon- gated and irregular corymb. Leaves, flat, fleshy, lengtheued-oblong, toothed, rounded at the base, opposite or whorled, the upper ones almost clasp- ing the stem, and of a dark purplish colour. France. — ^Borders, or natu ralization, in ordinary soil. Division. Sedum rupestre {Rock Stonecrop). — A greyish densely-tufted species, with, numerous spreading shoots, usuallj' rooting at the base and erect at tV 232 SEDUM — SEMPERVIVDM. apex; 3 to 5 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; yellow, larger than in any other British species ; petals twice as long as broad ; sepals short, ovate. Leaves, glaucous, narrow, cylindrical, ■with a short point, closely imbricated before flowering in 5 or 6 rows. There are several varieties or subspecies ; notably the British S. clegans,_ and the green-leaved S. Forsterianum. Britain and other parts of Europe. Bor- ders, and the rougher parts of the rook-garden or banks, in any soil. Division. Sedum sezangalare (Six- angled 8.) — AUied to the Common Stouecrop, and by some considered a mere variety of it ; 3 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in early summer, usually rather later than S. acre ; yellow, in a trifid cyme ; petals lance-shaped, taper - pointed. Leaves, sub-cylindrical, longer, more numerous, and usually much redder than those of S. acre, 3 in a whorl, on barren branches, imbricated in 6 spiral rows, those on the flowering- stems usualij' in threes ; stems branch- ing at the base, flowering- stems erect. Europe and Britain, in dry sandy soil, and on walls. Borders, rough rock- work, or bare banks, in any soil. Division. Sedum Sieboldi [Sieiold's Sionecrop). ■ — A prostrate and elegant plant with stems 6 to8 in. long. Flowers, in autumn ; small, rose-colonred, sometimes slightly tinged with purple, in a dense roundish cyme. Leaves, in whorls of 3, nearly round, coarsely toothed, very glau- cous, almost grey, slightly tinged with rose, especially in autumn. There is a variegated variety. Japan. The rock-garden, edges of raised borders or beds, vases, and in pots, in good saudy loam. Division and cuttings. Sedum spectabile [Nolle Stonecrop). — Remarkable for its full handsome habit and showy bloom, 1 ft. to 16 in. high. Flowers, late in summer and in autumn ; rosy flesh-colour or purplish- carmine, very numerous, and forming a large, regular, spreading cyme often more than C in. across. Leaves, oval, pointed, opposite, large, fleshy, smooth, very glaucescenfc or greyisli - green. Japan. Borders, beds and groups of the finer autumn-flowerinw peren- nials, isolated specimens in the plea- sure-ground, and naturalization iu any soil. Division. Sedum spurium {Showy Sedum). — A showy species, 4 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; pale purplish-rose, some- times rosy flesh-colour, numerous, in a compomid, corymb; petals lance- shaped, acute. Leaves, alternate or opposite, oboval or roundish, une- qually toothed, slightly hairy and pale underneath. There is a variety which differs only in having flowers of a deep carmine hue. Caucasus. Borders, edgings, and the rougher parts of the rock-garden, in any soil. Division. Sempervivum arachnoideum (Cohweh Houseleelc). — A small and singular spe- cies of Houseleek, the tiny globose rosettes of which are covered at the top with a thick white down, like a close spider's web. Flowers, in summer ; pretty, purple or rose-coloured, on stems 3 to 5 in. high ; petals 8 or 9, spreading ; scales bluntly notched. Leaves, lanceolate, acute, with glandu- lar hairs on both sides. Alps and Pyrenees. The rock - garden, in sandy soil, and in chinks of old walls, ruins, etc. Division. Sempervivum arenarium {Sand House- leek). — A small kind, remarkable for the great number of stolons which it sends out from the axils of the leaves, bearing young rosettes, which, after a little time, detach themselves, and fall on the ground where they readily take root ; 2 or 3 in. high. Flowers, in sum- mer ; light yellow, almost bell-shaped. Leaves, in medium - sized rosettes, SEMPBRVIVUM. 233 lance-shaped, acute, erect, smooth, fringed, tinged in autumn with red ou the ends, and also on the lower side. European Alps. The rock- garden and borders, in fully exposed positions, and in ordinary sandy soil, division. Sempervivum barbnlatum Ho-Meieeh). — A. profusely - flowering kind, 34 to 6 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; bright rose-colour. Leaves, in small rosettes, velvety, glandular, terminating in a small pencil of ■white cobwebby hairs. European Alps. The rock-garden and borders, in fully exposed positions and in ordi- nary sandy soil. Division. Sempervivum Boutigniaaiim (Boutig- ni's Houseleek). — A medium-sized kind, 6 to 8 in. high. Flowers, in summer ; of a very pale rose-colour, marked with a few darker lines, especially at the base. Leaves, in rather compact rosettes, often more fully developed ou one side, smooth, of a very pale glaucous green, often marked on the outside with reddish lines, brownish- red at the top, and pale rose at the base. The rosettes emit a large num- ber of short runners terminated by young rosettes, globular in: form and with smooth leaves. Alps of Dau- phiny. The rock-garden and bor- ders, in ordinary soil. Division. Sempervivum calcareum (Purple- tipped H.) — S. califomicum. Sort. — A large and handsome species now becom- ing very popular. Flowers, in summer ; pale rose-colour, in panicled cymes, smaller than those of the Common Houseleek, on stems 6 to 10 in. high. Leaves, in dense rosettes, glaucous at the base, and marked on the upper part with a purplish spot. Alps of Dauphiny. This is the pliint often grown underthe name of