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 BY P. LE PAGE RENOUF, ESQ. 
 
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A PRAYER 
 
 EGYPTIAN RITUAL 
 
 TRAHSLATED FROM THE HIEROGLYPHIC TEXT 
 
 BY P*LE PAGE RENOUF, ESQ. 
 
 From the Atlaktis, Part VI. 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 JOHN F. FOWLEK, 3 CEOW STKEET, DAME STEEET. 
 
 1862. 
 
 ? 
 
A PKAYER FEOM THE EGYPTIAN EITUAL. 
 
 THE translation here given of an entire chapter (the 72nd) 
 from the funeral Ritual of the ancient Egyptians follpws 
 in general the text of the great Turin Papyrus, of which Lepsius 
 has published the fac-simile, commonly known under the name 
 of the "Todtenhuch", or " Book of the Dead"'. This text, how- 
 ever, like that of most other funeral MSS., is often extremely 
 corrupt, and the difficulties occasioned by the carelessness or 
 ignorance of the transcriber are sometimes not to be cleared up 
 without a most extensive collation of manuscript or other autho- 
 rities. In the second line, for instance, of the chapter before us, 
 we find the feminine demonstrative pronoun TUI placed after 
 a masculine substantive, To. In the fifth line, owing to the 
 omission of the negative particle, AN, not, the deceased prays 
 the gods to exterminate him.' Blunders of this kind are not by 
 any means the most troublesome, for they are at once seen to be 
 blunders ; the corrections they call for naturally suggest them- 
 selves, and are sure to be confirmed by the slightest reference 
 to other copies of the text. But the case is different in many 
 places where the Egyptian transcribers were themselves at a loss, 
 and at variance with each other, as to which should be selected 
 out of several rival readings, all, perhaps, equally obscure and . 
 equally sanctioned by tradition. The modern reader is called 
 upon to solve problems which had been left undetermined in 
 the ages of the Psammetiehi or the Ptolemies, and the data from 
 which the solutions have to be derived are dispersed throughout 
 the museums of Europe. 
 
 The critical apparatus at my disposal is not very extensive, 
 and it is quite insufficient as regards any attempt to restore the 
 text of the 72nd chapter to its original purity. It is, how- 
 ever, amply sufficient for my present purpose, which is to show 
 how, by the help of texts which have been carefully translated 
 and analysed by Champollion and his successors, the meaning of 
 fresh texts may be ascertained.^ Of all the words which occur 
 
 ' The negative AN is omitted in the same way in chap. 93, line 4, before 
 ChePeE KA eB e!F, as may be seen by referring to the same passage in line 7, 
 or to the Cadet Papyrus, in loao. 
 
 ^ This was written some time before th« publication of the important transla- 
 tion, by M. Chabas, of the Harris Papyrus. This work is, indeed, the most 
 satisfactory proof that has yet been offered to sceptical minds of the truth of the 
 method followed by Egyptologists. So long a text naturally contained a good 
 
4 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 in this chapter,'tliere is not one, as far as I am aware, whose sig- 
 nification has been determined with reference to the chapter 
 itself. And the same thing is true of the grammatical forms. 
 And yet when we come to apply the test of thi? chapter to a 
 certain vocabulary and grammar, we obtain at once exactly the 
 result which might be expected on the supposition of the truth 
 of the vocabulary and grammar in question. Not a single gram- 
 matical form is found which has not already been fully explained 
 and illustrated by Egjrptologlsts, and Words with whose meaning, 
 we were already fa,iniliar in quite a dififerent context, combine in 
 forming a prayer perfectly harmonising with what is otherwise 
 known of the contents of this Ritual. The only part of the chap- 
 ter in which the sens^ is unintelligible is a passage which the 
 collation of manuscripts and other authorities proves to be cor- 
 rupt, and which it is unable to restore. 
 
 The ai^thorities wMch I have collated are as follows : — 
 
 A. The Turin text of chap. 72, as printed in Todtpnbuch, 
 pi. xxvii. 
 
 B. The Turin text of chap. 99, line 28 and -following,] a 
 different recension, of the same original text. 
 
 C. The Oadet Papyrus (now in the ' Bibliotheques' at Paris), as 
 published in the Description de 1' Egjrpte, Antiquites, II. pi. 74, 
 
 D. The hieroglyphic Papyrus of Neschonsu, daughter of Hese 
 Cheb, No. 5 in the catalogue of the Egyptian manuscripts of 
 Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 E. The hieratic Papyrus of Tabar,' daughter of Neschonsu; 
 No. 12, Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 E. The sarcophagus* of Hapimen, in the British Museum. 
 The inscriptions on this sarcophagus have been published more 
 than once. See Niebuhr, Voyage en Arabie, vol. i,, pi. 31, etc. 
 Description de 1' Egjrpte, Antiquites, V., pi. 24. Shajpe's Egyp- 
 tian Inscriptions, Part I., pi. 44. 
 
 G. The sarcophagus of Hespeta-na-Hese, in the British Mu- 
 seum. See Sharpe, Part I., pi. 23. 
 
 many diflSoulties, which have in general been admirably overcome by. th& trans- 
 lator ; but the great majority of the words were already wpll known, and fell 
 into sentences, the meaning of which would have been clear even to a scholar 
 very inferior to M. Chabas. 
 
 ' Or TA-BAL. The last syllable of this name throughout the Papyrus is 
 followed by an eye, as determinative. We have here evidently, the origin of 
 the Coptic ^A.X. 
 
 * The 72nd chapter was inscribed on sarcophagi,, according to the directions 
 of the rubric. Other parts of the ritual are found on a variety of funeral objects. 
 The 6th chapter is found on innumerable small figures in porcelain, wood, and 
 other materials. The 30th was inscribed on scarabsei placed on the iearts of 
 mummies. A. sepulchral box, for holding vases and figures (British Museum, 
 8,525), h£(s upon it the 9th, and part of the S6th. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 5 
 
 H. The sarcophagus of Scha-Hapi at Oxford. See Marmora 
 Oxoniensia, P. II. 1, 4. 
 
 I. The sarcophagus of Ptah-hotep, son of Hor-en-petes, in 
 Lepsius, Dentmaler, III. 277. 
 
 K. The tomb, of Psamtik, son of Sit-en-Hese, at Saqara, ir 
 Leps, Denkmaler, III. 279. 
 
 L. The tomb of Bek-en-reh-f (Bocchoris) at Saqara. This 
 contains the text of chap. 99. See Lepsius, Denkmaler, III. 260. 
 
 When we think of the splendid manuscript rituals yet re- 
 maining frcim the eighteenth dynasty, and remember that parts 
 of the ritual have been preserved on monuments anterior to the 
 Hyksos invasion, it is clear that none of the authorities I 
 have collated belong to the best period. The Turin, Cadet, and 
 Dublin hieroglyphic papyri, which contain the 72nd chapter, 
 betray their want of remote antiquity, not only by their style of 
 calligraphy, but by their arrangement and extent. The more 
 ancient rituals contain much fewer chapters, and these are 
 placed in a different order. Of the three manuscripts just men- 
 tioned, that of Neschonsu seems to be the least faulty. " The 
 text", says Dr. Hincks, " appears to be uncommonly accurate, 
 and the lineal hieroglyphics m which it is written, though small, 
 are very neatly and correctly formed. If a critical edition of 
 the ritual should ever be undertaken, the authority of this manu- 
 script would be very great. There is no doubt whatever that 
 by the help of it a vast number of mistakes in the Turin text 
 would be corrected". The period to which it belongs is, how- 
 ever, the same as that of the Turin papyrus. Both contain those 
 chapters which, if not the most modem portions of the ritual, 
 were at least not received into it till a late period. 
 
 The hieratic MS. of Trinity College — ^the only one of its kind 
 which I have had an opportunity of examining at leisure — is of 
 the same comparatively late period, and it has still more serious 
 defects. " The writer of this manuscript", says Dr. Hincks, 
 "scarcely ever extended a chapter to a second column. The 
 consequence of this is, that more than half the chapters, inclu- 
 ding aU the long ones, are left unfinished. . . . The manu- 
 script appears to have been very carelessly written, so that its 
 being in so mutilated a state is the less to be regretted". It con- 
 tains the greater part of the 72nd chapter. 
 
 The sarcophagi are none of them more ancient than the 26th 
 dynasty, and some of them betray the style of the Ptolemaic 
 period. This is the case with the Oxford sarcophagus. 
 
 The remarkable tomb of Bek-en-ren-f, at Saqara, belongs to 
 the 26th dynasty, and is the earliest authority for our chapter 
 that I am acquainted with. It has a considerable part of the 
 in. 28 
 
6 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 ritual inscribed on its walls. These inscriptions are, however, 
 anything but faultless ; blunders are found which can only be the 
 result ojf the grossest carelessness, such as the frequent omission 
 of letters. 
 
 The antiquity of the chapter is, however, not to be measured 
 by that of the documents before us. The style of it resembles 
 that of the older portions of the Ritual, and the many diiferent 
 readings, and even versions, of it which have come down to us 
 seem rather to indicate that it may have been preserved tradition- 
 ally for a long time before it was generally committed to writing. 
 
 The vignette of this chapter in the " Todtenbuch" represents 
 the deceased standing, with his hands raised in an attitude of 
 supplication, before two divinities in human form, one of whom 
 has upon his head the white crown ornamented with the ostrich 
 feathers, symbolical of Justice. The same vignette is found in 
 the Cadet papyrus, in the Dublin papyri, and probably in most, 
 if not all, manuscripts containing the chapter. On the sarco^ 
 phagus of Scha-hapi, at Oxford, the deceased is represented in 
 presence of three divinities, over whom are the words " Lords 
 of Justice". 
 
 RITUALIS ^GYPTIACI CAP. LXXIl.' 
 
 Re eN PiK eM HRu, UBA AMMaH T'aT AN HeSARi 
 
 Caput egrediendi in lucem (et) aggrediendi^ to Ammah. Loquitur Osiris 
 AUFANCh MA-CheRU ANeT'-TeN NeB-U MA-T' MU^ EM ASeF-T-U 
 Aufanch., Justus dictus. Avete, domini JustiticB carentis culpa, 
 
 UNN-TJ ANCh eR HeH HeN-(TI) eR^ T'eTa UBA-TeN-UA'» 
 qui esiis viventes in ceternum (et) dominantes in scecula ; dirigite »«« 
 
 eR" To TCrA-ChTJ-Ke-TJA'2 eM AR-U-TeN'3 CheM-Ke-TJ A'* eM HeKa- 
 in terra, clarescam transjigurationibus vestris, prcevaleam virtuti- 
 
 ' Ab explanation of the words which require some illustration is given in the 
 notes at the end of the translation. Numbers within ( ) refer to the second 
 lithographic plate accompanying. my " Traduction d'un chapitre du Eituel Fund- 
 raire des anciens Egyptiens; Lettre addressee a M. le Professeur Merkel. 
 AschafiFenbourg, 1860". 
 
 8 " D'^viter Ammah", according to M. de Rouge, Rev. Arch., 1860, p. 84. 
 See infra, note a. 
 
 ' Anet'- ten nefer-u ha-u neb-u ma-u ace. to the recension of B and L, which 
 omits mu em aseft-u. See note b. 
 
 ' Hen-tifeta, A, C, D, E, K ; henti er feta B, I, L ; henti en t'eta, E, G. On 
 the meaning of henti see note c. 
 
 '" Uba-ten-ua, A, E, F, K; uba-a-er-ten, D, H, I; uba-a-arf-ten, L. Thislast 
 reading was the one which ought to have been found in B, the present one there 
 being evidently a mistake for it. The three readings quoted are synonymous, 
 and signify ' do you direct me'. In the two latter forms the suflax -a of the first 
 person is placed between the verb and the suffix -ten of the second person plural. 
 The syllables er and arf are euphonic supports of the sufBx -ten. A still more 
 emphatic form would be uba-ten-ua-ref-ten. Ct-nehem-ten-su-ref-ten chui-ien- 
 su-ref-ten, ' deliver him, protect him !' 125, 39. 
 
 " Er to, A, F, G, H, K ; her to, C, E ; these words are omitted in B, D, I,L. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 7 
 
 T-U-TeN'f AP-Ke-UA eM APe-T-TeK'" NeHeM-TeN-UA MA AT eM 
 6ms vestrii, oistimer judicio vestro. Eripiie me a trocodiloin 
 
 To PEN'' eN MA-TJ Ta-TeN-NA Re-A T'aT-A AM-F'^ AU 
 terra hoc Justitim. Date mihi os meum ut loquar ex eo, et 
 
 Ta-TU-NA" (Sch)UIA-U2» eM-Ta-TeN HeK-eNTl^' TUA-EeCh-Ke-UA 
 denfur mihi panes sacri coram vobis, quoniam. novi 
 
 ReN-TeN EeCh-Ke-IJA ReN eN NeTeR AA PFI Ta-TeN T'eFarU 
 nomen vestrum, (et) novi nomen numinis illius maoni, datis to Kv<ii 
 eR FeNTI-P TeKeM^s ReN-P AU-F ITBA-F eE ChU-T" ABTI 
 naso ejus,^^ Tekem (est} nomen ejus : convertefl* se ad korizonta orientalem 
 eNT Pe-T AU-P UBA-F eR ChU-T AMeNTI eNT Pe-T EUAA-F 
 
 cceli, convertet se ad horizonta occidentalem coeli, eqressus ejus (siC) 
 
 RUAA-A UT'A-F UT'A-A^s AS TeR-TeN-UA" HeE 
 
 egressus metis (et) terminus ejus (sit) terminus meus. Non disperdatis me ad 
 
 MeSeK28 AN CheM SeBA-p'AM-AAN ScheNA-UA'OHeE SBA-U-TeN 
 
 Mesek, non prcevaleant impii in me, non repellar apud portas vestras, 
 
 '2 Tua-chu-ke-ua A, C, E (the tui- of A is an evident slip) ; cku-ke-ua D, H, 
 I, K ; B and L omit this part. 
 
 '' Aru-ten, etc., A, C, D, E,F. G, H, K; ar-u-a, etc., -I. 
 
 '* Chem-ke-ua A, C, I), E, F, K ; Aper-ke-ua H, I. For the phonetic read- 
 ing CheM (12) compare Todt., 60, 2, with the corresponding passage in the 
 tomb of Bek-en-renf, Leps. Denkmaler III., pi. 264. The first sign occurs 
 frequently in rituals of the eighteenth dynasty in the name of the town of 
 Seehem. The papyrus of Hesi-em-Kheb, on the staircase of the British Museum, 
 reads SeCheM-A ARI-U at the end of the 74th chapter, and such variants are 
 not uncommon, but the initial S may be only the causative or emphatic prefix. 
 Aper-ke-ua signifies may 1 be provided. 
 
 •* For the sense of HeKa-T, see Chabas, Rituel Magique, p. 26. I have often 
 met with the remarkable variant (the hind part of an animal supported by a 
 standard) referred to by M. Chabas. It occurs in the present passage in D 
 and I. 
 
 '* Atep-ke-ua em chu. I. 
 
 " At to pen. A, D ; at em to pen, H ; at am to pen, F, K ; at am re pen 
 ' which is at this gate', I. 
 
 ■* According to the recension of B and L, Ta-ten-na tehhu-u hotep-u er re-a 
 t'at-a am-f, ' give sacrificial food to the mouth with which I speak'. Tehhu is 
 literally prayer, and hutep is rest, but these names were given to sacred articles 
 of food. I reads au-na rea t'at-a am-f sit mihi os meum ut loquar ex eo'. On 
 the preposition AM see note d. 
 
 " Au ta-tu-na A ; ta-ten-na, E, H, ta-ta-ten-na, K. 
 
 "" Or rather UIA, see Leps. Denkmaler, III., 234, line 18. The reading Sch 
 for the first sign is doubtful, to say the least. See Deveria, Notice sur le basilico- 
 grammate T^ti, p. 17. 
 
 2' See note e. 
 
 ^^ That is, ' I know the name of that great god to whose nose you present the 
 . Kvihi'. On the last word see Birch, M^moire sur une patere, p. 67. 
 
 ^3 Tekem A, C, D, K. Bekem E, F, G, H, I ; Tenem ki tat Rekem 'Tenem, 
 or according to another reading, Rekem', B ; Ka, L, After the next paragraph 
 both B and L add Rekem re/(ren-f). The difference between Rekem and Tekem 
 would be undistinguishable in a carelessly written hieratic text. 
 
 '* That is, 'may all my movements be identified with his, whether he 
 turn', etc. 
 
 2* For the reading Chu- T see (11) from the tomb of Psamtik, son of Sit-en- 
 Hese. 
 
 ^'^ Ruaa-a ruaa-f, etc. A, C, E, F, K; rua-f rua-a B; rui-f rui-a, L; an 
 rua a H, I. 
 
 ^' An ter-ten-uQ, : 1; an ier-ua, B ; an ter-iu-a, I ; an ta-ten-ua, F, H ; an 
 ter-pu-ten-ua, K ; terpu-ten ta-ten, C. 
 
 28 B 
 
8 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 AN CheTeM Ee-U-TeN HeE-A Ta-U-A" eM Pe HiKeT-U^A 
 non daudantur fores vestrm contra me. Panes mei (sini) ex (urbe) Pe, potus mei 
 eM TeP KI TaT^* AN ANeR HAK (AA)-UI-A33eMNeTeR Ha-T 
 ex (urbe) Tep. [ aliter per saxum Qjuod) coeperunt manus mem in templo {c/uod) 
 eETA - NA TeF-A TuM^* sMeN-eF-NA PA - A eN HeE To 
 
 dedit mihi pater mens Turn, (qui) stabilit mlhi sedem meam in cceJo (et) in terra ; 
 KeT(TI)-U BoTI-U AM-F AN EeCh TeN(NU)-U-SeN AEi-NA 
 
 triticum (et) hordeum (sunt) in ea, immensi (sunt) proventus eorum (guos) com- 
 
 AM-F eN HeB-U eN SeM eN Si eN T'a-T-A AEi-NA 
 paravi in ea in solemnitatibus quas ordinavitfilius ex corpore meo, (et quos) comparavi 
 AM-F eN HeB-U TuM AN Si- A eN T'a-T - A Ta-TeN-NA 
 in ea in solemnitatibus dei Turn, per filium meum ex corpore meo.'] Date mihi 
 PeE-CheR-U HiK-U AHA-TJ" APT-U MeNChe-T-U'" NeTeR SeNTeE 
 
 inferias, liquores, boves, anseres, (vestimenta), thus, 
 
 MeEeH-U CheT-U NeB NeFeE UeE ANCh NeTeE-U AM - SeN UN-NA 
 oleum, (et) res omnes bonas (et) sanctas, vescuntur dii iis^'. Fiat mihi (ut) 
 MeN - Ke-UA T'eTa eM ChePeE-U NeB MeE-NA ClieT- A 
 
 stabiliar in externum in transjigurationibus omnibus (cjuas) voluero. navigem (et) 
 TeNTI -A38 eR (AHe)^^ AAEN-U" FeNTI - A eM (AHe)- HoTeP 
 
 veniam in agros Aaru, veniam in Ahe-hotep, 
 
 ChNuM-A^' MA(TI) NoK AE(TI)« 
 attingam (locum) Justitice : Ego (sum) Arti. 
 
 KUBRICA." 
 
 AE EeCh SchA TeN HeR(-AP) To ARi-TU eM SChAI-U HeR 
 
 Si notusfuerii libeUus hie in terra, (et sifuerit) factum Uteris in 
 
 ** The Mesek, or Meska, was a place of purification for the good, but of des- 
 truction for the wicked. 
 
 ^' Here B has an am sba-u em auf-u-a pen (13) ' non edant impii ex hisce 
 cai'nibus nieis'. For sbau the Cadet papyrus has ha-u am, ' the demons there'. 
 L agrees with B, except in the use of the verb sam, which, perhaps, shows that 
 the variant am does not mean devour, but seize upon. On the sbau see note /. 
 
 ^^ An schena-ten-na . . . an chetem-ten D, H. On sba, a gate, see note *^ 
 
 ^' An ta-u-a B, L. See note g. 
 
 ^^ Whereyer the words ki t'at occur in the Ritual, the scribe was at a loss for 
 the readuig, and very frequently for the sense. What follows immediately is 
 nonsense. I have translated it exactly as it stands in the Turin papyrus, with- 
 out attempting to correct the text from the few and contradictory variants to 
 which I have access. Some authorities (e.g. the Oxford sarcophagus) simply 
 omit everything between TeP, in the sixth line, and CheT-A, at the end of the 
 eighth (of the Turin text). 
 
 '^ See note h. '* Se.e note i. 
 
 ^* See note k. ^^ See note I. 
 
 ^' i.e. ' Quibus vescuntur dii'. Mereh is generally translated wax (Coptic 
 JtJLoXPj), but here at least it probably means oil. Compare Todt. 145, 40. 
 ' I anoint myself with red mereh', and Papyr. Anastasi ^-f ' Art thou not 
 anointed with mereh, thy garland of flowers upon thy neck'. See Goodwin, 
 Hieratic Papiri. 
 
 ^^ Dand I read alphabetically Chent-a. Is this what is technically called a 
 variant, or is it only a various reading? Are the groups phonetically identical, 
 or are they only synonymous ? 
 
 ^' The phonetic value of this sign is doubtful. Compare Brugsch's Geography, 
 1, p. 25, and Chabas Papyrus Magique, p. 13. A strong argument against the 
 reading AHe may be drawn from the not unfrequent phrase AHeU eM (AHe) 
 AAN-U-Re, Todt. 1, 24. And the same objection lies against the reading SaM 
 proposed by M. Chabas. See Todt. 149, 59. 
 
 *° See note m. " See note n. " See note o. *^ See note p. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 9 
 
 KRAS-eF Ke PU AU-I" PiRF eM HBu eM CHePeR-U 
 
 sarcophago ejus caput hoc, et/redietur (defunctus)inlucem,intran^gurationibus 
 NEB MeRF HeNA AK eR Ha-T-eF AN ScheNA-TU-F 
 
 omnibus ((luas) voluerit, et quum intraverit in domum ejus non repelletur. 
 AU TA-TU-NeF TA-U HeK-T-U UR eN AUF-U HeR ChAA-U eNT HeSAEi 
 JSt dabuntur ei panes, liquores, et copia carnium in mensis Osiridis, 
 AU-F HA-F eR [AHeJ AAUN-U AU Ta-TU-NeF KeTTI-U BoTI-U 
 
 adibit campos Aaru, et dabuntur ei triticum (et) hordeum 
 
 AM-F UN CheR;F UeT' MA UN-NeF HeR-(AP)To AU-F eE-F MeR-eF 
 illico, erit enim ille virens sieui erat in terra . Faciei (qucb) voluerit 
 
 NeB MA NeN-(NU) NeTeR-U eNTI MM eM (HeBS) 
 
 omnia, sicut ilia numina qua (sunt) ibi, in vestimentis 
 
 MA-T oo eN SeP" 
 justitiiB, innumeris vicibus. 
 
 NOTES AND ILLUSXKATIONS. 
 
 ("' UBA. The transcription and sense of this group have been 
 sufficiently demonstrated by M. de E.oug^ in his essay on the 
 Egyptian stele of the ' Bibliotheque'. It occurs repeatedly in 
 this chapter, and in many similar texts. In one variant it is 
 explained by the synon3nn CheP, and in another by HoTeP, 
 both of these verbs implying motion to, not from, a place. At 
 the end of the 57th chapter it is said of the deceased — 
 
 UBA-F eR Bu NeB MeE-eF (2) 
 
 Ihrigit se ad locum omnem (yuem) vult. 
 
 Even when no preposition follows the verb, the sense appears to 
 me to be the same. The following passages contain examples 
 which seem to be decisive on the point. The first is from the 
 127th chapter, line 11 : — 
 
 UBA-NeP SBAU eM Pe-T To TIAU-T" MA BA eN RA 
 
 Aggressus est pbrtam ccdi, terras (ei) domus stellaris sicut anima Soils ; 
 
 T'aT-eF UN-NA SBAU eNT Pe-T To HoTeP BA 
 
 ait, aperiatur mihi porta cceli (et) terrce Ut requiescat anima 
 
 eN HeSARi AM-F (1) 
 Osiridis in ea. 
 
 In the picture of the Psychostasia, in the Turin copy, the follow- 
 ing invocation is written above the figure of the deceased : — 
 
 ** These last groups, which occur frequently at[the"end of a chapter, were ex- 
 plained by Mr. Birch, M^moire sur une patere, p. 70. That MA is not used 
 adjectively in this place, but as a genitive, is evident from such variants as 
 Todt. 144, 35 (hebs) en ma. 
 
 *^ The two groups SBA, a gate, and TIAU-T, the ' starry dwelling', or lower 
 sky, resemble each other closely in consequence of the polyphonous nature of 
 the Star; but no mistake can ever occur, because the former is masculine, 
 whereas the latter is feminine, and is, therefore, always accompanied by the T. 
 There are many places in which the two groups come together in the phrase 
 SBA-U eN TIAU-T ' gates of the Tiau'. See Todt. 64, 18 ; 145, 27 ; 146 ,14 j 
 135, 2 ; 162, 10. 
 
10 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 ASeT-eK FeNT AMeNTI UNNeFeR NeB ABT Ta-K 
 Ave ! Deus rrjc Amenti, Onnufris, domine Abydi, concede ut 
 
 UBA-U HuR-T KeKUI ChNUM-A ScheS-U-K AM-U TIAU-T 
 
 aggrediar viam tenebrarum {et) jungar comitantibm te in domo stellari : 
 AK-A PiR-A eM KeSTA eM USeCh-T eNT MA-TI, SeSche-A 
 
 ingrediar (et) egrediar Resta, relicta aula Justiiim, iranseam 
 
 AMMaH TIAU-T(3) 
 
 Ammah et domum stellhrem. 
 
 Here the deceased asks to be allowed to traverse the Ammah. 
 Whatever, therefore, may be the nature of that abode, no argu- 
 ment can be drawn from it against the translation ' aggrediendi 
 TO Ammah' in the title of the chapter. The Ammah is, indeed, 
 described in the 149th chapter as a place fatal to the wicked. 
 It was presided over by a divinity called " Fling-down-to-the- 
 fishes",*^ and his bite is described as an object of dread. Other 
 gods, too, (Ghaiti) are mentioned as executioners of divine ven- 
 geance in this abode. Yet the deceased is represented as pre- 
 senting himself and invoking the abode and the gods within it. 
 He concludes his prayer with these words — 
 
 AN CheM Se-CheE eU EaM-U AM-A AN lU ChalTI-U eM-Sa-A 
 JVon praivaleai ^^Dejice adpisces" in me, nonveniant Chaiti atergoinme, 
 (SeP 2) ANCh-A eM HoTeP AM-TeN (6) 
 (bis), vivain in pace inter vos. 
 
 He prays in like manner to live with the gods of the twelfth 
 abode, to breathe the fiery air of the ninth, and to drink the 
 waters of flame in the thirteenth. Objects terrible and destructive 
 to evil doers become the instruments of the triumph and beati- 
 tude of justified spirits. The Ammah itself is said to be SoR-T 
 eE, NeTeR-U " more holy (?) than the gods", and, though the 
 exact meaning of the word SoR may be doubtful in this place, 
 it certainly implies nothing unfavourable. In one of the invo- 
 cations of the 101st chapter the Ammah is spoken of as rejoicing 
 the hearts of the gods. 
 
 A RA eN ReN-eK PUI eN RA AE UN-NeK Se'cheTA-U eN AMMaH 
 Ra in nomine tuo illo tov Ra, cum aperueris mysteria tov Ammah 
 EeSchA HeT eN NeTeR-U KA*' Ta-K-NA HeT-A NoK ChU AKeR 
 Imtificantis cor deorum, da mihi cor meum! Ego sum spiritus insignis 
 
 UTA-K UT'A-A HA-TJ-K HA-U-A (7) 
 
 sit salus tua salus mea, sint membra tua membra mea. 
 
 « T dt 149 22 JNeTeR AM-eS FeCheR eR RaMU ReN-eF (5) 
 
 ' {The god within it, ' Fling down to the fishes' is his name. 
 
 Strange names of this kind exist in abundance among the Egyptian divinities 
 who have to deal with the departed. Such are the following names of some of 
 the assessors of Osiris — ' Eater of the shades', ' Eyes of flame', ' Flaming-face, 
 who Cometh walking backwards', ' Breaker of bones', ' Breath of fire', ' Blazing 
 feet', ' Eater of blood', ' Eater of entrails', ' Not once', ' His eye in his heart'. 
 
 *' K A seems to me to be an interjection signifying ' Oh, then !' ' Oh, therefore !' 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 11 
 
 It is mentioned again in the 126th chapter, in the prayer to the 
 four cynoscephali who guard the purgatorial pool. 
 
 Ta-TeN UBA-A eM AMMaH AK-A eM EeSTA 
 Coneedite ut transeam. in Ammah et ingrediar in Resta 
 
 in which sentence it is to be observed that the same preposition 
 precedes both Ammah and Resta. 
 
 '"' MU, carere, deficere, hence MU eM = sine. For the true 
 meaning of this word I am indebted to Mr. Birch. I was at 
 first led, from a certain number of texts, to conjecture the sense 
 sosvire, but a wider induction has convinced me that the transla- 
 tion here given is the right one. The deceased says in the nega-, 
 tive confession, AN MU-A, ' I have not been wanting'. In the 
 42nd chapter (line 10), after each limb of the body of the de- 
 ceased has been assimilated to a different divinity, the text 
 proceeds — 
 
 AN AT AM-F MU eM NeTeE 
 Non est m^mhrum in eo quod caret numine 
 
 The drunkard is described in one of the papyri as being 
 
 MA KaRa MU eM NeTeK-eF MA Pa MU eM Ta-U" 
 Like a shrine without its god, like a house without head. 
 
 King Amenemha, speaking of the splendid palace he had built, 
 says, " I knew how to tell how to find its treasures, so that no 
 man might know it except thyself Usertesen" MU eM HeR-eK." 
 
 '" HeN(TI). This group was probably pronounced hen-hen, 
 and naturally suggests the Coptic g^OIt^ert, imperium, imperare. 
 The two determinatives, however, a Road and the Sun, must be 
 taken into consideration. The group is sometimes accompanied, 
 as in the Turin text of the 99th chapter, by two Roads, and 
 
 *^ Anastasi 4. Select Papyri, p. 92, line 11. 
 
 " Sallier 2. Select Papyri, p. 12, and Mr. Goodwin's translation of this 
 passage. Another not unfrequent Egyptian phrase for except is AP HeR. 
 Thus it is said of the fiery atmosphere of the ninth abode, in the 149th 
 chapter, that no one can breathe it, AP HeR NeTeR PUI AA AS AM 
 iSUH-T-eF 'except that great and venerable god who is in his egg' (line 
 35). Cf. line 36, AP HeJR AR-U AA ' except the great nature', line 44, AP 
 HeK NeTeR-U AM-eS 'except the gods who are in it', and chap. 148, 3- AP 
 HeR SUTeN HeNA KaR HeB 'except the king and his minister' . Other ex- 
 amples will be found in note Qo). [Since this article was written I find that M. 
 Chabas, in his Glossary, has explained AP by except, and AP HeR-eK by 
 ' excepts ta face'. See the Papyrus Magiijue, p. 75. I have not yet had time 
 to examine whether this view or mine is the more accurate. All the texts I 
 know at present about which there can be no doubt (for may there not be an ac- 
 cidental omission in such as Todt. 133, 13 ?) seem to favour my view ; but I dare 
 say M. Chabas may have authorities which I have not seen, or to which I have 
 not paid sufficient attention. The two views are in fact all but identical.] 
 
12 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 sometimes, as in tliat of tlie 72nd chapter, by two Suns.'" The 
 Road and tlie Sun are indicative of time and its progress, the 
 two Roads indicate a bivium, or place where two ways meet, the 
 two Suns indicate either the division or the doubUng of solar 
 light. Now, this light can only be said to be either divided or 
 doubled when the sun is in its meridian. The following ex- 
 planations given by Hebrew lexicographers of the word d'^^ns, 
 although, of course, affording no proof of the meaning of HeN- 
 (TI), are certainly illustrative of the ideographic characters 
 which accompany that group : — 
 
 '' Ui^ri!! meridies, tempus quo lux diei est f ortis, et venit in forma duali, eo 
 
 quod dies dividitur a luce ejus in duo, nam a mane usque ad dimidium diei pergit, seu 
 
 procedit et lucet, vel est lux, et a dimidio diei pergit et tenebrescit vel est vesper ; Oi^r::* 
 
 autem est tempus in quo lux est fortis ex utroque latere et statum obtinet inter duas 
 
 diei partes, atque ex utrisque constat, quasi geminam lucem dicas, quum scil.in medio cceli 
 sol inter ortum et occasum cJarissime f ulget".ai 
 
 The word He]Sr-(TI) is found in the 78th chapter,'' as 
 the name of that part of the sky where the god Horus is seated 
 upon his throne, and it seems probable that no point in the sun's 
 path except the most elevated and dominant would have been 
 considered worthy of this throne. I believe, therefore, that 
 HeN-(TI), as a substantive (from the root HeN dominari, impe- 
 rare), signifies noon, and that the phrase HeN-(TI) eR T'eTa, 
 where it is used verbally, may be translated " dominans sicut sol 
 meridianus in soscuM\^'^ 
 
 '''•' AM-F ex eo. The close relationship existing between the 
 prepositions eM and AM is so evident that the two have some- 
 times been simply identified by Egyptologists. I doubt, how- 
 ever, whether these two forms of one preposition are ever really 
 interchangeable. AM often takes pronominal suffixes, eM 
 never. eM-F, eM-U would be solecisms. eM requires a com- 
 
 '^ Other groups are known with these determinatives, n. g., EeK, time, as in 
 the common phrase T'eR EeK RA ' since the time of Ra\ and HAU time (see 
 Todt. 64, 31). I was led at first to conjecture duration as the sense of HeN-(TI), 
 and to translate henti er tela by ' enduring for ever' ; but I think it certain, from 
 Todt. 78, 25, that the group signifies not an extent but a point of time. 
 
 *' Eohertson's Thesaurus in voce. 
 
 62 Line 25. ScheM-A I-A eE HeN-(TI) Pe-T AU HoE HeE HeS-eT- 
 I journey and come to the noon of heaven, Horus is on the seat 
 eN TeF-eF AU HoR HeE KeT-eF (8) 
 of his father, Horns is on his throne. 
 
 ^' Mr. Birch has reminded me of another explanation given by Lepsius 
 {Chronologic, p. 127), who thinks hen-ti means ' eine grosse Periode', ' vielleicht 
 die gewolmliche Phoenizperiode von 500 Jahren'. I know no evidence in sup- 
 port of this conjecture. The remarkable text from the north gate of Karnak, 
 quoted by Lepsius, appears to me to speak of " the two fold KA (personality) of 
 the two gods who are MeNCh eM T'eTa HeN-(TI) HeH evEpyhai for ever, and 
 whose empire is for eternity". This phrase is like AA eN HeH HiK T'eTa (Burton, 
 Excerpta, pi. 18) and many similar ones. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 13 
 
 plement after it ; AM often stands at the end of a plirase, as Bu 
 NeB AK-eK AM, Every place thou comest into. eM may often 
 be interclianged with eN, and it may precede a verb, as eM T'aT, 
 AM never. Nor can AM be used like eM=tlie Hebrew >, in 
 the phrases o-'fflss^ Dni'^ti be men, ^vs'rhti's.^ he goes out free. And 
 although we find such phrases as AT eM To PeN in one copy of 
 the Ritual, and AT AM To PeN in another, the two forms of 
 expression are not grammatically equivalent, any more than such 
 forms as ' our Father in Heaven', and ' our Father who is in 
 Heaven'. eM is always the simple preposition ; AM is the pre- 
 position in construction. 
 
 '"' Compare the invocation immediately preceding the negative 
 confession (Todt., 125, 12)— 
 
 AN ChePeR Bu Tu eE-AeM To PeN eNT MA-U HeK eNTI TUA-EeCh- 
 Non fiat malum mihi in terra hac Justitice, quoniam no- 
 
 Ke-TJA EeN eN NeN NeTeE-U UN-NU HeNA-K eM USeCh-T eNT MA-TI 
 
 m nomen illorum deorum qui sunt tecum in aula Justitice, 
 
 KA NeHeM-K-UAMA-SeN(lu) 
 itaque libera me ah illis. 
 
 '■^ The SBA-U, or SBI-U, are often mentioned as demons 
 residing in various parts of the Egyptian Hades. In the 93rd 
 chapter the deceased prays 
 
 AN T'A-TJA eE AB-TI eE AEi HeB SBI-TJ AM-A(15) 
 Non navigem, ad Orientem, utfiat festum impiorum in me. 
 
 '"' The cities Pe and TeP, often mentioned together, were! 
 both in Lower Egypt, but their precise sites cannot now be de- 
 termined. The calendar of Esne speaks of Pe as lying to the 
 east of LatopoHs. 
 
 ' The liquor (HiK) of the city of Tep, which the deceased 
 prays for, has been translated heer by Mr. Goodwin, and, I think, 
 rightly. The deceased says in the 124th chapter, that he 
 abominates filth, and will not eat it; he will not touch it with 
 his hands, or walk upon it with his sandals, " because my bread 
 is of white corn, and my liquor from the red corn of the Nile". 
 That it was sold in taverns, and was of an intoxicating character, 
 may be seen from the Sallier and Anastasi Papyri. It is pro- 
 bably the Ik KpiOwv fiiQv, which was already known to the 
 Greeks in the time of jEschylus.** 
 
 '*' The phonetic value of the Arm, when used ideographically, 
 is as yet uncertain. Champollion believes it to correspond " au 
 phonetique (KAHU) 2£U3g,&, (T'^OI, auquel il sert de deter- 
 minatif ". But the group KAHU does not appear to be inter- 
 
 ^* Suppl., 954. Compare Herodot., II., 77. 
 
14 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 changeable with the Arm?^ l"he Coptic (TE-OI does not com'e- 
 from KAHU, but from another old Egyptian word, KABU, 
 whence the proper name, KA-KABU, ' Long-arm'. 
 
 ^'' Some light Is thrown on this obscure passage by another 
 from the 145th chapter of the Ritual. After giving the names 
 of the seven T'at'a-u, or princes, of the 21st pylone, the text 
 proceeds, line 75 : — " lam Min-JSorus, the avenger of his father, 
 the substance of his father, Un-nefer. I am come, and I have 
 granted to my father, Osiris, that 1 should overthrow all his 
 enemies. I have come like the sun — a justified being, the lord of 
 the homage — into the house of my father. Turn, the lord of A n-'^ 
 
 (Heliopolis) 1 have ordered the festivals there (in the 
 
 southern sky); / have given bread to the lords of the altar; 1 
 have ordered the sacred bread {tebhu, hotep-u,andta-u) the liquors, 
 the oxen, and the geese for my father, Osiris Un-nefer. 
 
 '■"'> AH, AHA, AHA-T bos, Coptic «&.2,e or eg^e, whence, 
 probably, the Tiggrl ahi — a word found in the Ethiopia version 
 of the New Testament. This is, perhaps, a convenient place for 
 noticing the curious fact that a certain number of Egyptian 
 names of the bovine species have a close resemblance with Indo- 
 European names. No one can deny the importance, both in a 
 philological and historical point of view, of collecting such 
 coincidences. Whether it be possible in the present state of our 
 knowledge to draw satisfactory conclusions from them, is another 
 question. As long as we compare words belonging to the same 
 family of languages, such as either the Indo-European or the 
 Semitic, we are guided by rules, based upon an immense num- 
 
 *' Well known passages in which ILA.HU is found are Todt. 165, 13, and 1$, 
 12. The wearied barber, in the SaUier Papyrus (Select Papyri, pi. 12, line 4). is 
 said to rest HeR KAHU-F on his elbow (?). As a verb ChampoUion has rightly 
 identified KAHU (see Todt 17, 88) with the Coptic XUJg,, <50g„ tangere, 
 appropinquare. It is important to observe that the Coptic verb also signifies 
 deficere. Now, there is an old Egyptian verb, KAHU, signifying deficere, see 
 Todt. 64, 18 ; 147, 9 : but the hieroglyphic orthography of it is quite different 
 from that of the verb to touch. We have here an instance of the identical trans- 
 cription in Coptic and Eoman letters of hieroglyphic groups which are probably 
 not connected etymologically. 
 
 *^ In addition to the variants which have already been produced in proof of 
 the reading AN for the ancient name of Heliopolis, I may mention a very 
 .frequent one to be found at the commencement of the 89th chapter of the 
 Ritual, beginning with the invocation A ANI, or ANI-U. In some copies of 
 this passage, e-g. the Todtenbuch or the Cadet Papyrus, AN is written with the 
 same sign as the name of Heliopolis, but in other copies, e.g. the sarcophagus 
 of T'at-hra, in the Louvre, (see Sharpe, Eg. Inscr. II., pi. i., 1. 2.) or the papyri 
 of Hesi-em-cheb and Aa-amen, on the staircase of the British Museum, we 
 find the vase supported by two legs — a sign most frequently used in the word 
 AN, to bring, and the value of which is clear from the variants of the royal 
 name, Autef. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 15 
 
 ber of facts, falling naturally into classes, and exhibiting the 
 operation of fixed laws. These rules already fail us when we 
 come to compare Indo-European with Semitic words. But at 
 least every Indo-European or Semitic root has a certain number 
 of stems and words connected with it, so that every word be- 
 longs to a small family of its own, from which it cannot be dis- 
 severed. Many words which are quite isolated in the language 
 to which they properly belong, are easily explained by reference 
 to kindred words in another language belonging to the same 
 family. But in the Egyptian vocabulary every word is isolated, 
 and when stripped of its accidental suffixes is the ultimate fact 
 to which we can attain.*' 
 
 Besides AHA, which M. Pictet*' refers to a Vedic word, ahi, 
 the four following Egyptian names are worthy of remark : 1. KA, 
 a bull; 2. KAUI, a cow; 3. BaHSe, Sahidic, Sl^^CC, a heifer. 
 4. MASe, Sahidic, JULi.ce, a calf, ox, hull. 
 
 It is at first sight quite tempting to compare KA and KAUI 
 with our cow (one of many similar Germanic words, all, how- 
 ever, of the feminiae gender), the Albanian ha, the Armenian 
 kov, Kurd gha, Zend gao, Sanskrit go,gava. The Chinese word, 
 gu, is not unHke the Sanskrit go, and the Siamese kwai, a 
 bufialo, is supposed to be a kindred word. Is it fair to conclude 
 that the root of all these words is Indo-European, or that the 
 
 " The Hebrew ko/h, an ape, is completely Isolated in the entire family of Se- 
 mitic languages, whereas the Sanskrit kapi not only has the same meaning as 
 the Hebrew word, but is apparently connected with other words derivable from 
 a root signifying quick, agile. Hence lexicographers do not hesitate to conclude 
 that this word was introduced into the Hebrew language from the Indian by com- 
 merce. In the same way, probably, through the Phoenicians, the Greeks derived 
 the forms ktjuoq, k^jSoc. That the name is not Semitic is probable, but are we 
 sure of its Sanskrit origin ? The evidence is greatly altered when we find that 
 the Egyptian KAF signifies ape, and was, perhaps, in existence before the 
 Aryan invasion of India. Phoenician traders may have got the name from Egypt as 
 well as from India. How the Indian and Egyptian names came to be so similar 
 is another question, which cannot be solved by the science of comparative phi- 
 lology. Absolute isolation is an important datum for words in the Semitic and 
 Indo-European languages ; it is of no consequence in such as the Egyptian. 
 
 ** " Ce qu'U importe aussi de remarquer, c'est I'extension qu' ont prise quelques 
 noms decidement ariens, qui ont rayonne sur 1' Asie dans diflferentes directions, 
 comme g6 jusqu'en Chine, ukshan et mahisha dans toute la Tartarie, psu dans 
 r Archipel malais, sthura, sthaurin chez les Semites. Serait-ce encore par un pur 
 ,effet du hasard que les trois noms cophthes de I'animal, mase taureau, veau, 
 vahsi, vache, ehe, ehe, id. et boeuf, se trouvent correspondre respectivement aux 
 trois noms Sanscrits mahisha, vakshas et ahi ? Tout cela semble indiquer que les 
 Aryas pasteurs ont precede beaucoup d'autres peuples pour la possession de' la 
 race bovine, car eux de leur cot^ ne paraissent rien avoir emprunte en fait de 
 noms etrangers" — Ongines Indo-Europgennes ou les Aryas primitifs, tom. i., p. 
 B43. In a note M. Pictet speaks of 'le vedique ahV. But a reference to the 
 lexicon of Bohtlingk and Koth wiE show how little authority there is for the 
 word in the sense of cow. 
 
16 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 animal whose name they express was introduced into China or 
 Egypt by intercourse with Indo-European nations ? 
 
 I confess that my first difficulty concerns the right of etymo- 
 logically connecting the Egyptian KA, bull, with KAUI, cow. 
 However closely these words may resemble each other when 
 transcribed in Roman letters, the first syllable of the feminine 
 noun is never written with the same hieroglyphic signs*' as the 
 masculine noun, and this difference of orthography appears to 
 me to imply a difference of etymology. It is probable that the 
 group KA, accompanied by the phallus as a determinative, 
 signifies impregnating, fecundating, and was, therefore, applied 
 to the buU, not as a name of species, but as an essentially male 
 attribute. 
 
 Now if, in spite of the resemblance of the two words, it be 
 uncertain whether KA is really cognate to KAUI in Egyptian, 
 how can we come to any conclusions as to the relations of either 
 of these two words to foreign names of the animal, when we 
 have no other data to rely upon than that very resemblance ? 
 
 In the next place, it is important to observe that the bull was 
 called KA at a very remote period of the Egyptian language. 
 The group is found not only in the tombs of Benihassan, be- 
 longing to the twelfth dynasty, but on monuments of the fourth 
 or fifth.^" 
 
 The word BaHSe, which has been preserved by the later 
 Egyptian dialects, was pronounced, in later times at least, very 
 like the French vacJie, and reminds one of the Latin vacca, the 
 Zend vdkJisha, the Sanskrit vakshas, and even the Laponic 
 wuoksa. But the resemblance between vacca and vdkhsha is, 
 perhaps, after all only fortuitous, and so may be that between 
 the Egyptian word and those of other families. It is again im- 
 portant to know that BaHSe is one of the most ancient words 
 of the language, and is repeatedly found on monuments con- 
 temporary with the oldest pyramids.*' It may, therefore, be 
 anterior to the migration of any Indo-European race. 
 
 The Coptic, JUULCe, vitulus, has been referred, wrongly I 
 think, to the root JUtGC, gignere. All resemblance between 
 
 *' See the two words in Todt., 148, 9 : " Hail, Sun-God, shining in thy living, 
 disk, and coming Jdrth from the horizon ; the departed knows thy name, he knows 
 the seven cows (KA UI-T- U) and the bull (KA), by whom are given bread and 
 liquors to the living". (Compare the vignette, pi. Ixx., 32.) The vignettes of 
 this chapter are found on a monument of the eighteenth dynasty. See Lepsius, 
 Derikmaler III., 25. 
 
 *" See Lepsius, Denkmaler II., 85, 132. 
 
 "' lb. II., 96, 102. The old word was certainly not confined, like the Coptic, 
 to the female sex. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 17 
 
 these words disappears in tlie hieroglypMc orthography. MeS, 
 gignere, is invariably written with the syllabic sign so familiar 
 to us in the names of Rameses, Thotmes, etc., and this sign 
 is never used in writing MASe, a calf. A close resemblance is 
 found between this word and the mas, mys, mos, etc., of several 
 Finnish dialectSv The Anglo-Saxon mesa, signifying cow, is 
 supposed to be a contracted form, similar to ,the Persian mSsh, 
 from mahisha, with which the Greek juoctxoc is probably allied. 
 The Indo-European root here is mah, crescere, and whatever may 
 be the relation to it of the Finnish words, I do not think any 
 scholar acquainted with hieroglyphics will feel inclined to refer 
 to it the old Egyptian word MASe. . 
 
 '■'^ Although the object called MeNCheT is represented on 
 innumerable monuments of every age, it is difficult to say what 
 is meant by it. Champollion took it for vases of a peculiar con- 
 struction; others have supposed it to represent parts of dress. 
 The latter supposition seems to be confirmed by the determina- 
 tives of dress which often accompany this group, as also by a 
 passage of the Ritual.** But, on the other hand, certain pictures 
 seem rather to represent the MeNCheT as a support for the 
 gods to repose on."' It is probably a mystic symbol to which 
 nothing Earthly corresponds. 
 
 ''"•' AAN-U-Re. There are many different ways of writing 
 this name of the Egyptian Elysium, of which AARU, or Aalu, 
 seems to be the most authorized by the text of the best period. 
 I am unable to foUow the very eminent Egyptologists who have 
 not hesitated to derive the Greek name from the Egyptian. The 
 idea of colonies in Greece from Egypt must, I beheve, be given 
 up as founded upon exploded myths ; and I can conceive no other 
 cause sufficiently potent to implant an Egyptian mythological 
 idea in the Hellenic mind in such a way that it should become 
 an organical portion of its reHgious creed. It is, perhaps, still 
 less credible that the Greeks should, at a time when no iater- 
 course between the two nations can be historically made pro- 
 
 "2 At the first pylone of the 145th chapter (line 3) the deceased says, " I wash 
 myself in the water with which the Sun-god washes . . . in the east of Heaven ; I 
 anoint myself with the oil of cedar (?); I array myself with the menchet". Oteerve 
 the determinatives of the word in Sharpe's Egyptian Inscriptions, II., 57. 
 
 "' See Lepsins, Denkmaler, III., 225. See also Description de V Egypte, 
 Antiquity, V., 40, 3. In the latter we have a procession consisting first of 
 some divine rams, then a series of symbols, the menchet alternating with 
 the symbol of reUgions service, then eight men holding a cable, and, lastly, 
 the boat. In some compartments it is written 'Uhey (the divmities) are 
 in this picture with their menchet before them", as is literally the fact. In others, 
 where the gods are in a sitting posture, it is written, " They are in this picture 
 over their menchet". 
 
18 Hieroglyphic Studies. 
 
 bable, borrow from the Egyptians a name for so striking an 
 object of their own belief. 
 
 The gate of Aalu, through which the sun comes forth, is des- 
 cribed in the Ritual" as bemg in the eastern part of the heavens. 
 Other topographical indications are given which are obscure, 
 from our ignorance at present of the Egyptian way of dividing 
 the sky. A stele, of the British Museum, speaks of ' the sacred 
 isles of Aalu' ; and over a mystical boat, of which a picture is 
 given in the Turin Ritual, it is written, " Boat of Ma Hor-em- 
 chu when he passes over to the fields of Aaly!\ Aalu is charac- 
 terised as producing the divine harvests. Its com is seven 
 cubits high, the servants of Horus reap it, and the justified 
 spirits eat its divine bread. 
 
 [Ahe]-hotep, which is mentioned in the text immediately 
 afterwards, and which signifies ' garden of rest', is another of the 
 dwelling-places of the blessed, whose occupations in it were also 
 of an agricultural character."* Ma-ti, or the place of two-fold 
 justice, is a third residence."" 
 
 ^"^ ChNUM-A, attingam. By some Egyptologists this group 
 is written NUM, by others ChNUM. One of my reasons for 
 preferring the latter transcription is the fact, as it appears to me, 
 of the initial Ch being really found in ancient times in the name of 
 the god Chnum, or Num."' This deity was called Chnubis, or 
 Knuphis by the Greeks; and the Coptic verb cyortS., to join, 
 unite, closely corresponds to the hieroglyphic group in the text. 
 It is not impossible that in this word, and in several others, the 
 Ch may have been afterwards suppressed before N. 
 
 '"' AR-TI. Literally ' Two Lions'. In spite of this name 
 and its double determinative, a god and a goddess, only one 
 divinity is meant. He is one of the forty-two assessors of Osiris 
 in the judgment of the deceased. A picture of this god is fomid 
 in the tomb of Bek-en-ren-f, at Saqara,"* in which he is repre- 
 sented with a lion's head. The deceased, all through the Ritual, 
 identifies himself with the different deities. In the 105th chapter 
 (line 5), he says: NoK ARi-T MAA MeST'eR-U SeM "J 
 am the eye which seeth, the ears which hear''''. I quote this pas- 
 sage on account of the Hebrew saying in the Pirke Avoth (ii. 1). 
 
 "* Chap. 109, 3, and elsewhere. 
 
 "■'' Chap. 110, 9. " Mat/ 1 be an inhabitant of it like the god who dwells there ; 
 may I taste of its food; may I rest on its land ; may I be a passenger in the divine 
 boat. I know the nomes which are in it, for ploughing, for reaping, for collecting 
 its harvests daily", etc. 
 
 "" Todt., 149, 48. 
 
 "' See e g. Lepsius, Denhnaler, II., 150, 6, 
 
 "' Lepsius, Denkmdler, III., 276. 
 
Hieroglyphic Studies. 19 
 
 " Consider what is above thee p»a» v*<^ i^""''' V* *^^ ^2/« which seeth, 
 and the ear which heareth''\ St. Joseph the Carpenter, in the 
 spurious Arabic Gospel which bears his name, thus invokes his 
 divine Son (see Thalo's Codex Apocrph., torn, i., p. 32, and 
 note) : — 
 
 Oh, Eye which seest, and Ear which hearest, hear me! 
 
 '■P^ Many chapters of the Ritual contain rubrics similar to this 
 on the advantage to be derived from the knowledge of the chap- 
 ter just finished. We are told, for instance, in the rubric of the 
 lOdth chapter — 
 
 Se-AKeR ChU PeN eETA-ChNuM-eF eM Pau-T NeTeR-U AM-U-CheT 
 Insignitur de functus hie, jungitur diis qui sunt una cum 
 
 RA SeHaT'-NeF Ta-TI CheFT-SEN AU-F Ha-F eR UA eNEAeM 
 deo Sole ut illuminet terras una cum eis, intrabit in naviculam Solis 
 KeR-T HRU eNT HRU NeB AU HeSB STJ ToT eM HeBS MA-T 
 die omni et vestiet ilium Thoth vestimentis Justitice 
 
 CO eN SeF (19) 
 innumeris vicitnis. 
 
 Another rubric says (136, 12) — 
 
 AR ChU ARi-TU-NeF NeN AIJ-F eM MA ANChU AN SeK-eF 
 Si defuncto facta fuerint hcec, erit ille in loco viventium, nan noceKtur illi 
 
 T'eTa UN-NeF eM NeTeR SoR AN CheM SU CheT-U NeB TU UN-NeF 
 
 in ceternum,fiet sicut deus sancius quem non evertunt res omnes malce, fiet 
 
 eM ChU MeNCh eM AMeNTI AN MuT eM NeM AU-F AM-eF 
 
 sicM spirilus bemficus in Amenti qui non bis moritur, edet (ef) 
 
 SAU-F HeNA HeSARi RA NeB AU STA-TU-F HeNA SUTeNI-U 
 
 bibet una cum Osiride die omni, et vehetur in navicula una cum re- 
 
 CHeBI-U AU-F SAU-F MU HeR HEBBe eNT AUR .... UN-NeF 
 gibus, bibet aguam ex profunda fluminis, fiet 
 
 MA NeTeR TIAU-TU-F AN ANCh-U (20) 
 
 sicut deus quiadoratur a viventiius. 
 
 It is sometimes intimated that the chapter or book is a pro- 
 found mystery, not to be revealed to the nearest relative. Thus, 
 in the 162nd chapter — 
 
 SchA PU AA-T ScheTA-U AM-eK eR-TA MAA-S ARi-T 
 Liber est maximum^' mysteriorum, non tu permittas ut videat eum oculus 
 
 NeB BoTU PU ReCh-eS 
 
 ullus, abominanda est cogmtio ejus. 
 
 And in the 136th {fin )- 
 
 AJtf-eK ARi eN ReT Ne 
 I rtot thou make it for any one 
 
 The 161st (line 11) says. Do not make for any one neither 
 
 AM-eK ARi eN ReT NeB AP HeR-eK 
 Do rtot thou make it for any one but only for thyself. 
 
 *' An adjective before a plural substantive seems to have a superlative sense. 
 
20 Hierogltjiihic Studies. 
 
 eM ATeF-eK eM Si-K Re PU AP HeB-eK 
 
 for thy Jather (nor) for thy son this chapter, but only for thyself 
 
 Of the 148th it is said (line 5)— 
 
 SchA-TeN ScheTA-T MA SeP 2 AN'o ReCh KI eM BU NeB 
 Liber hie est mysterium vere (6is) Non ilium discat alius in loco guopiam 
 eR NeHeH AS T'AT eN EeT NeB AN NeM eN ARi-T AN SeM eN 
 t« cBtemutn, non divulget ullus homo, non percipiat oculus, non audiat 
 MeSaTeR AN eR-TA MAA-S AP HeR^eF HeNA SeBA-F 
 
 auris , nemo videat ilium nisi ipse {defunctus^ et prceceptor ejus- 
 
 [The above article was ready for publication in January, 1861; 
 Some references to the ' Papyrus Magique' of M. Chabas have since 
 then been added. I have also, on the authority of variants dis- 
 covered by M. de Roug6, adopted the transcription of MA, like, 
 instead of SchA. I take this opportunity of adding that my 
 article in reply to Dr. Seyflfarth was written immediately upon 
 the receipt of Dr. SeyflFarth's article, and has been in print ever 
 since May, 1860, with the exception of the last note, which was 
 added in the November of that year.] 
 
 ^' I have throughout transcribed this negation AN hke M. de Rouge, instead 
 of MeN, which is preferred by Mr. Birch and other Egyptologists. There is no 
 direct evidence on the subject, though the variant NARoTeF for AN-EoT-eF 
 (see Erugsch's Geography) is certainly more favourable to AN than to MeN 
 The Coptic privative particle A.T has the appearance of being derived from 
 the corresponding hieroglyphic group, AN-TI or AN-T, just as the Coptic par- 
 ticipial form, eT, is derived from eNT or eNTI, or, as in Coptic itself, 
 JULertX has become JIXST. 
 
 The resemblance is striking between the Egyptian AN, Coptic eft, <S.It, 
 Hebrew 1''S, and the Sanskrit a, an, together with the a-, a-, dv-, un-, in-, etc., 
 of European languages. The a privative is found in Hebrew (see Ewald's 
 Grammar, Eng. tr., p. 288), and in Ethiopic (see Dillmarm, Gramm. d. dthio- 
 pischen Sprache, p. 397). The following extract from Tattam's Coptic Lexicon, 
 printed by the Oxford University Press in 1835, may be taken as a specimen of 
 the strange things which might be safely written only twenty-five years ago 
 "without forfeiting a claim to scholarship : — 
 
 " ^T, praepositio negativa. Eundem usum habet quem Alpha apud Graecos. 
 TJtrum Copti sumpserint a Grsecis, an Gra3ci potius a Coptis haud mihi videtur ; 
 nihil simile invenitur in Unguis Orientahbus. Vide Ross". 
 
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^.P,KX?:.].«?.S?J.I>e. Egyptian ritual. 
 
 olin.anx 
 
 3 1924 031 448 479 
 
vi*,":S 
 
 
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