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COftNELl UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 924 062 873 
 
 ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
 EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS 
 BEEKEEPING LIBRARY 
 
53^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBUCATIONS . r\ 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 BERKELEY, CAUFORNIA 
 
 HONEY PLANTS Of CALIfORNIA 
 
 By M. cIrICHTEE 
 
 BULLETIN No. 217 
 
 Berkeley, Oal., June, 1911 
 
 SACRAMENTO 
 
 W. W. SHANNON SDPEBINTENDENT OF STATE FEINTING 
 
 1911 
 
EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF. 
 
 E. J. WicKSON, M.A., Director and Horticulturist. 
 
 E. W. HiLGARD, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist (Emeritus). 
 
 W. A. Sbtchdll, Ph.D., Botanist. 
 
 Leeot Anderson, Ph.D., Dairy Industry and Superintendent University Farm School|S. 
 
 M. E. Japfa, M.S., Nutrition Expert, In charge of the Poultry Station. jlgt 
 
 R. H. LouGHRiDGE, Ph.D., Soli Chemist and Physicist (Emeritus). W 
 
 C. W. WOODWORTH, M.S., Entomologist. 
 
 Ralph E. Smith, B.S., Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California 
 
 Pathological Laboratory and Experiment Station. 
 G. W. Shaw, M.A., Ph.D., Experimental Agronomist and Agricultural Technologist, 
 
 in charge of Cereal Stations. 
 
 E. W. Major, B.Agr., Animal Industry, Farm Manager, University Farm, Davis. 
 
 F. T. BiOLETTi, M.S., Vitlculturist. 
 
 B. A. Etohbverrt, B.S., Irrigation Expert. 
 
 Gboegb E. Colby, M.S., Chemist (Fruits, Waters, and Insecticides), in charge of 
 
 Chemical Laboratory. 
 H. J. QuATLE, M.S., Assistant Entomologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier. J* 
 
 ■W. T. Clarke, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of University Exten-'i 
 
 slon in Agriculture. 
 H. M. Hall, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist. 
 
 C. M. Harino, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian and Bacteriologist. 
 John S. Burd, B.S., Chemist, in charge of Fertilizer Control. 
 
 E. B. Babcook, B.S., Assistant, Agricultural Education. 
 W. B. Hbrms, M.A., Assistant Entomologist. 
 
 J. H. Norton, M.S., Assistant Chemist, in charge of Citrus Experiment Station, River- 
 side. 
 W. T. HORNE, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist. 
 
 J. E. CoiT, Ph.D., Assistant Pomologlst, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier. 
 C. B. LtPMAN, Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Bacteriologist. 
 R. E. Mansell, Assistant in Horticulture, In charge of Central Station grounds. 
 
 A. J. GAtTMNiTZ, M.S^, Assistant in Cereal Investigations, University Farm, Davis. 
 
 E. H. Hagbmann, Assistant, in Dairying, Davis. 
 
 B. S.( Brown, B.S.A., Assistant in Horticulture, University Farm, Davis. 
 
 F. D.-Hawk, B.S.A., Assistant in Animal Industry. 
 
 J I.,;Thompson, B.S., Assistant In Animal Industry, Davis. 
 
 R. M. Roberts, B.S.A., Field Assistant In Viticulture, University Farm, Davis. 
 
 J. C. BRrowELL, B.S., Assistant Entomologist. 
 
 C. H.'MoChables, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory. 
 N. D. Inqham, B.S., Assistant in Sylviculture, Santa Monica. 
 
 E. H. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist. 
 T. F. Hunt, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist. 
 
 C. O. Smith, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory, Whittier 
 
 F. L. Teaw, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Vacaville. 
 F. E. Johnson, B.L., M.S., Assistant in Soil Laboratory. 
 Charles Ftjchs, Curator Entomological Museum. 
 
 P. L. Hibbard, B.S., Assistant, Fertilizer Control Laboratory. ,j 
 
 L. M. Davis, B.S., Assistant In Dairy Husbandry, University Farm Davis 
 
 L. Bonnet, jl. A., Assistant in Viticulture. ■«. ' ' 
 
 S. S. Rogers, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Plant Disease Laboratory Whittier 
 
 B. A. Madson, B.S.A., Assistant in Cereal Laboratory. 
 
 Walter E. Packard, M.S., Field Assistant, Imperial Valley Investigation El Centro 
 
 M. E. Stover, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory 
 
 P. L. MoCbbart, B.S., Laboratory Assistant in Fertilizer Control 
 
 E. E. Thomas, B.S., Assistant Chemist, Plant Disease Laboratory Whittier 
 
 F. Flossfedbr, Assistant In Viticulture, Davis. ' - 
 Anna Hamilton, Assistant In Entomology. 
 
 Mrs. D. L. Bunnell, Secretary to Director. 
 
 W. H. VoLCK, Field Assistant In Entomology, Watsonville 
 
 E. L. Morris, B.S., Field Assistant in Entomology, San Jose 
 
 J. S. Hunter, Field Assistant In Entomology, San Mateo. 
 
 J. C. ROPBH, Patron, University Forestry Station, Chico. 
 
 J. T. Beaess, Foreman, Kearney Park Station, Fresno. 
 
 B. C. Miller, Foreman, Forestry Station, Chlco. 
 
HONEY PLANTS Or CALIfORNIA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This Bulletin attempts to present an account of that flora in California 
 which is visited by the honey bee for the purpose of gathering nectar, 
 other sweetish material, pollen and propolis. There has been no work of 
 this kind heretofore published; and what literature we possess is but 
 fragmentary, being confined to a few short accounts and notes in the 
 various apicultural and agricultural journals on some honey plants. 
 Owing to a demand among the beekeepers for a work of this kind, and 
 as six other states — Texas, Nebraska, Massachusetts, Arizona, Oklahoma, 
 and North Carolina — already possess lists (Experiment Station Bulle- 
 tins^) of their honey-producing floras, this station has seen fit to prepare 
 this publication. It is the result not only of a compilation of all litera- 
 ture obtainable upon the subject, but also of field work in different parts 
 of the State durijffg^^ the past four years. Many beekeepers have been 
 consulted on the university demonstration train, at various farmers' 
 institutes and beekeepers' conventions. 
 
 The nomenclature that has been followed is that of the Index Kewen- 
 sis, Plantarum Phanerogamarum. 
 
 Local common names have been noted whenever known. If more than 
 one name is given, the first mentioned should be preferred to all others, 
 ;., either because most frequently used, or for other reasons. 
 '# The statements of the geographical distribution of many of the differ- 
 ent species are taken from botanical works of California.'^ When this 
 is so, the quotation is followed by the name of the author alone. The 
 publications referred to are the following : 
 
 W.'L. Jepson, "Flora of Western Middle California." t 
 
 LeEoy Abrams, "Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity." 
 H. M. Hall, "Compositse of Southern California." 
 
 For descriptions of most of the native species, the reader is referred 
 to the above publications. 
 
 The account of each plant gives, in as condensed a form as seemed 
 advisable, aU information that will tend to help the beekeeper in ascer- 
 taining its value as a honey plant. This knowledge, if gleaned from 
 literature, receives the author's name and reference is made to the 
 citation. All other accounts are the result of personal observations by 
 the writer, eycept in those cases where "reported to" or similar state- 
 ments are made, in such cases they are the result of either conversation 
 or correspondence with beekeepers. A star prefixed to the. name of a 
 
 •The North Carolina List is published by the North Carolina Department' of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
974 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 plant indicates that a specimen of that plant is to be found in the 
 herbarium (54 species) of "The Honey Producing Flora of California," 
 of the University of California, which is open to the inspection of the 
 beekeepers of the State. 
 
 It must be noted that atmospheric conditions play an exceedingly 
 important part in the quantity of nectar secreted by the different plants. 
 A good honey plant in one locality may prove actually worthless as such 
 
 O-'^" \ 
 Owens \ 
 
 va/ley. \ 
 P-Plateau 
 
 region of 
 
 the south. 
 S- South em 
 
 coast region. 
 1-lmpeHn! 
 
 ,-^ vaiiev. 
 
 Pig. 1. — California Honey Regions (Santa Catalina Island is 
 indicated in the text by X). 
 
 in another. A difference of only a few miles may show a marked change 
 in the nectar-secreting powers of some plants ; a fact which has given 
 rise to the so-called "alfalfa honey belt" and "lima bean honey belt." 
 The color, aroma, body and granulating propensity of honeys are like- 
 wise influenced by climatic conditions as well as by altitude, the char- 
 acter of the soil and its moisture content. The color of honey, but only 
 to a very slight degree, is affected also by the character of comb (brood) 
 in which it is stored. A difference of opinion among beekeepers, as to 
 
B'OLLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 975 
 
 the source of some honeys, is often due to a failure to recall that an 
 exceedingly small amount of aromatic honey may impart a characteristic 
 flavor to a large bulk of mild honey. 
 
 These basic factors in determining the nectar-secreting values of 
 plants have been mentioned in order to point out : first, how necessary 
 it is to make close and careful observations in determining the real 
 worth of a plant throughout its entire distribution as a yielder of 
 nectar, and, secondly^ that the beekeeper in making a selection of honey 
 plants in a given vicinity, should do so very cautiously, ever bearing. in 
 mind that an excellent honey plant in one locality may not live up to 
 its reputation in another. 
 
 The present bulletin is by no means complete, and must be considered 
 merely as a preliminary account, of our melliferous flora. The writer's 
 intention is to continue this work, and any additional data and informa- 
 tion pertaining to bee botany, as well as the correction of whatever. 
 errors that may be found, will be appreciated. 
 
 He wishes to thank Dr. H. M. Hall for the assistance which he has 
 given in the identification of some of the flora and in the arrangement 
 of the botanical sequence herein followed, and in reading the proof. To 
 Professor "W. L. Jepson, who has rendered valuable help, and to Pro- 
 fessor C. "W. Woodworth, under whose supervision this Bulletin has 
 been written, he wishes also to extend his thanks. 
 
 THE DISTRIBUTION OP THE HONEY PLANTS. 
 
 California possesses an unusual number of different forms of plant 
 life. This is, to a great extent, due to a diversified topography and to 
 the resulting influence this bears upon climate. If the State be con- 
 sidered geographically, it may, from the standpoint of the distribution 
 of its melliferous flora, be divided into eleven districts. These districts, 
 although they contain many honey plants in common, yet possess enough 
 different forms to materially change the methods of beekeeping in each 
 of the several districts. The different honey flora of the various sections 
 ' is, to a certain extent, responsible for this. Not only has each such 
 division many different honey-producing plants, but in some cases 
 where a plant is a good producer in a number of regions, it may, in one 
 particular region, .be so influenced by either climate, altitude, soil, etc., 
 that it will yield little, if any, nectar. 
 
 The boundaries between these divisions are by no means distinct, for 
 that boundary line which would satisfy one plant' would not necessarily 
 include the zone of another. The relative importance of the honey 
 plants of each district is given in brief survey in the following para- 
 graphs : 
 
976 UNIVEESITT OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 SOUTHERN COAST RANGE. "'■ 
 
 (S) 
 
 Those eucalypti grown very near the coast where they are favored by 
 warm winter weather often furnish the bees with a twenty to a fifty 
 pound surplus during the winter months. Along river bottoms the 
 willow and cottonwood provide the first bloom to, stimulate bees to 
 breeding, and, on the higher foothill sagebrush ("old man") and 
 manzanita are the first to start activity among the bees. The acacia, 
 wherever grown, also furnishes some of the first pollen. Following 
 these there is an abundance of minor bloom, such as wild cherry, ceano- 
 thus, buckthorn, wild currant, wild blackberry, oak, poison oak, and 
 flgwort. Those spring plants known to yield surplus crops are: filaree, 
 burr clover, mustard (Lompoc Valley), caterpillar phacelia (Ventura 
 County), orange, and black sage, the latter, as is well known, is the 
 principal honey plant of southern California. The summer, bee forage 
 consists, of the black, purple, and white sages (blooming in the order 
 named), wild alfalfa, horehound, barberry, pepper tree, and sunflower. 
 On the sand dunes in San Diego County ice plant yields a white honey 
 which candies very readily. In the vicinity of Ventura and Oxnard the 
 lima bean yields an excellent honey during parts of July and August. 
 Late summer and fall plants are : white sweet clover, Christmas berry, 
 tarweed (a dark and bitter honey) ^^ sumac, wild buckwheat, turkey 
 mullein and blue curl. The leading honey-producing counties are, in 
 the order named, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange, and Santa 
 Barbara. 
 
 IMPERIAL VALLEY. 
 (I) 
 
 This is the only section in California where a scarcity of pollen may 
 exist. The bloom of the wild hollyhock is the first for the bees to visit, 
 and when this ceases they go to work upon the cantaloupes which come 
 into bloom soon after, and which furnish an abundance of pollen as 
 well as yielding some honey. During the latter part of May arrow weed, 
 growing along irrigation ditches and canals, secretes a great deal of 
 nectar, but alfalfa coming into bloom at about the same time, is the main 
 source of honey in the valley, t There is a constant flow from this source, 
 but occasionally the first crop does not yield as much as the others, while 
 the.last crop is a little dark in color. Mesquite is the last to yield honey, 
 but it is not at all constant in its secretion ; one year the bloom lasting 
 three weeks and another year only one week. It has, however, two 
 blooming periods, both of which vary to a considerable extent. ' Cot- 
 ton is now being planted in the valley to a considerable extent, and it 
 may prove valuable for the beekeeper. Eucalyptus rostrata, which 
 does well here, and the date palm, which also will, no doubt, be under 
 extensive cultivation before long, are plants which bee men are looking 
 
BIJLLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 977 
 
 upon with much favor. Much of the information regarding the honey 
 plants of this valley has been secured from Mr. George of this section. 
 
 PLATEAU REGION, 
 (P) 
 
 The willow and cottonwood along river beds and the manzanita (2,000 
 to 9,000 feet, November to February)^ are again the two chief plants 
 that are responsible for the earliest breeding among the bees. Eucalypti, 
 however, whenever planted, aid materially. Wild lilac (pollen), buck- 
 thorn, filaree (300 feet, January to May), and Phacelia tenasitifolia are 
 the very early spring plants. The orange is a splendid yielder in the 
 vicinity of Riverside, Redlands, and San Bernardino. Next comes the 
 black sage (1,700 to 5,000 feet, April to June), wild alfalfa (1,200 to 
 2,500 feet, June to July), wild buckwheat* (1,200 to 5,000 feet, July to 
 December) , and sumac ; all of which are excellent producers. What is 
 known as "Straight Up Cactus" by some of the beekeepers of these 
 mountains is reported to yield considerable honey. The Yucca and 
 prickly pear are also good yielders. During the fall a good deal of blue 
 curl honey is stored, and late fall showers do not greatly alter the con- 
 stancy of nectar secretion of this plant at a 2,300-foot altitude, on the 
 plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, however, an unusual 
 nectar secretion of blue curls follows a light, soft rainfall. The counties 
 of this district that figure in honey shipments are San Bernardino, 
 Riverside, San Diego, Inyo, and Kern. 
 
 SANTA CATALINA ISLAND. 
 
 Much of the honey-producing flora of this island is greatly reduced 
 by some twenty-five thousand head of sheep. Even a large percentage 
 of the bloom of the'black and white sage is yearly eaten by sheep. Yet 
 eucalypts, Christmas berry, and a great abundance of sumac will 
 always afford a quantity of nectar. In March and April, when there 
 is but little wind, the bee forage consists of the caterpillar phacelia, 
 phacelia ramosissima and sow-thistle, followed by oak, tocalote, and an 
 abundance of turkey mullein. 
 
 OWENS VALLEY. 
 
 (O) ■•:*,< '0 
 
 Mr. William Muth-Rasmussen of Independence has kindly furnished 
 the following information. He states that with three or four feet of 
 snow on the ground in January a good crop of honey is usually assured. 
 Willow is the first bloom, coming in February, with the deciduous fruits 
 in March and April, shortly followed by the oak and locust. Alfalfa, 
 
 ^The altitudes and dates are those for the San Bernardino mountains and were fur- 
 nished by Mr. G. D. Bulloclt, of Redlands. S 
 
978 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ^EXPEEIMENT STATION. 
 
 the principal honey producer, commences to bloom about the middle of 
 May and ends the latter part of September. Other surplus yielders are 
 sweet clover and wild buckwheat, both commencing to yield in July. 
 Those plants which help to some extent are grapes (pollen), catnip, 
 horehound, golden road, ragweed (pollen), and Gleome lutea (yellow). 
 During September and October rabbit brush yields a honey of a dis- 
 agreeable smell and taste which is left on. the hives for the bees to winter 
 upon. 
 
 FOOTHILLS OP THE SIEEBAS. 
 (F) 
 
 In the lower portion of the^foothills some eucalypti and the willow 
 Iirovide the first bloom, and higher up in the canyons it is the manzanita. 
 This tree very often yields an extraction of a white-colored and delicious 
 honey. Filaree, burr clover and fruit bloom follow in many sections, 
 but the next honey plant of importance is the creeping sage. During 
 favorable seasons it is reported to yield exceptionably well in Nevada'"^ 
 and El Dorado counties. Minor spring and summer plants are mustard, 
 wild onion, buckeye, birch brush, morning glory, milkweed, yvM alfalfa' 
 grease wood, and Spanish needle. The coffee berry (wrongly called 
 Cascara sagrada) and the Christmas berry, with alfalfa, are the prin- 
 cipal honey plants blooming respectively in May and July. Pennyroyal 
 and "witch hazel" yield some honey in El Dorado County. Kern, 
 Tulare, Fresno, El Dorado, Nevada, Tuba, and Placer are the chief 
 honey-producing counties of this section. 
 
 CENTEAL VALLEY. 
 , CG) 
 
 In this valley bees continue to breed during the winter if kept in the 
 vicinity of E. robusta (November to December) and E. globulus 
 (December to January) . The willow bloom follows shortly after. Next 
 of importance are the deciduous fruits (almond, February 15th others 
 in March), followed by the orange (April 15-20 to May 15), filaree burr 
 clover, fiddle neck, tarweed and other spring flowers; When this koom 
 ceases a scarcity of nectar of about one month's duration exists except 
 m some favored localities where either the white or yellow sweet clover 
 are found. This is relieved by alfalfa (second crop, the first not yield- 
 ing), which begins to yield about the first week in June. It is the 
 valley's mainstay, and continues to secrete nectar throughout the 
 summer months, with the;last month in the fall seldom producing any 
 nectar. The fall bloom,, consists of four good honey plants, namely 
 jackass clover, blue curl, alkali weed, and spike weed. They all bloom 
 on the plains favoring .the poorer or alkaline soils, with the exception of 
 blue curl, which is frequently found among the stubble of grain fields 
 as well as in pasture lands. All vary greatly in nectar secretion but 
 usually when any one plant commences to once yield well it will con 
 
B'DLLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFOBNIA. 979 
 
 tinue to do so until the first nights of frost set in or up to the first heavy 
 rain. Those counties producing the most honey are Fresno, Tulare, 
 Kern, and Kings. 
 
 MIDDLE COAST. 
 (M) 
 
 In JQecember the willow, Cottonwood, eucalypti and mustard act as 
 stimulators, ^ and they are shortly followed by the manzanita, which 
 usually yields, a, surplus. Other es^cellent honey plants are poison oak, 
 barberry, black sage (main producer) , and Christmas berry. ^ In the 
 mountainous regions of Monterey County,' -according to Mr. Gauze of 
 Jolon, the manzanita does not bloom until March or April, and during 
 May with favorable weather, Chia (an annual sage) yields a good 
 crop, but usually the season proper does not commence until June, 
 when the bees store honey from wild alfalfa, bastard sage and wild 
 j^^iSrwheat (not a regular producer). During the past few years 
 some of the best sage ranges have been supplanted by eucalypti and 
 fruit trees. In September and October honeydew from the oak is 
 gathered in eoitiiideriTlle quantities. 
 
 SAN PKANOISCO AND BAY COUNTIES. 
 (B) 
 
 Dstfi-ng the winter months bees breed well on eucalypti and acacia, 
 the former often jdelding considerable honey. In the foothills manza- 
 nita provides the first nectar. Many of the spring flowers, with fruit 
 j^fgm, furnish honey. They are filaree, burr clover, figwort, oak, poison 
 oak, buckeye, mustard, locust and others. In the vicinities of cities and 
 towns considerable honey is stored from garden flowers. The sage in 
 the" foothill regions of Alameda and Contra Costa counties occasionally 
 yields an abutidance of honey. 
 
 DuEJpg late summer and fall some horehound, tarweed and honeydew 
 honey are often stored. The leading bay" counties are Santa Clara, 
 Alameda, Contra Costa, and Marin. 
 
 NORTHERN VALLEY. 
 (N) 
 
 The season in the valley opens with pollen from the chickweed, acacia, 
 poplar and willow, the latter sometimes yielding honey. The deciduous 
 fruits bloom next, accompanied and followed by fllaree, burr clover, 
 mustard and other minor spring bloom. Between spring and summer 
 therei is usually a scarcity of honey, but in a few favored sections May 
 weed, Napa thistle, and white sweet and yellow sweet clover yield some 
 honey. During summer the, bee pasturage consists of alfalfa, carpet 
 grass, white sweet clover, smartweed, thistles, button willow (restricted), 
 and some vegetable bloom, such afi carrots, onions, asparagus and melons. 
 Alfalfa and carpet grass continue to furnish honey during the fall. In 
 
980 UNIVEBSITT OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 the lowlands peppermint and blue thistle secrete nectar between June 
 and November. In San Joaquin County considerable honeydew of 
 inferior quality is gathered from the willow. 
 
 On the plains, according to Mr. B. B. Hogabloom of Elk Grove, during 
 a normal season are found yellow sticker (July 1st) , tarweed (July 15th, 
 with a flow lasting twenty days), and blue curl (August 1st). During 
 winter the eucalypti furnish some honey. The principal beekeeping 
 counties in this district are Sacramento, Yolo, Colusa, and San Joaquin. 
 
 KLAMATH DISTRICT. 
 (K) 
 
 The first bee forage in the most northern region is again willow. It is 
 soon followed by a variety of spring bloom, with filaree and burr clover 
 predominating. At Yreka and other cities and towns the locust tree 
 affords some honey. Both white and red clover are found near Edge- 
 wood and Montague, from which bees are reported to gather honey. 
 Considerable white sweet clover is not only present, but is rapidly 
 spreading in almost all the regions of this district. It is a splendid 
 honey yielder here. In Merrill, Shasta, and Scott valleys, and especially 
 about Bdgewood and Gazelle, alfalfa has proven the principal honey 
 plant, with the second crop yielding the most. At Gazelle there is a 
 yellow sage reported to yield a stringy honey, and Scott Valley reports 
 another sage to be a honey producer. Some of the minor plants are a 
 certain species of ceanothus, manzanita, tarweed, and turkey mullein. 
 The common horehound is also represented in this district. 
 
 CHART OP HONEY PLANTS. 
 
 The chart below consists of an arrangement into groups based on the 
 ability of the various honey plants to secrete nectar and can only be 
 approximately correct, for the behavior of many such plants in the 
 different localities, even during the same season, is so variable that a 
 fair percentage of them would constantly need shifting from one divi- 
 sion to another. The first group aims to include all those plants from 
 which bees are known to gather a surplus amount of honey during an 
 average season. In the second group are found those which only under 
 very favorable climatic conditions will secrete enough nectar to make an 
 extraction of honey possible. It also includes that flora which greatly 
 stimulate bees to breeding and to "fill up" for winter. The last group 
 contains all plants which bees are known to frequent, and which are not 
 already mentioned in the two above divisions. Most of the plants listed 
 in this group are only visited by bees during unfavorable seasons or 
 where honey-producing plants are scarce, and do not, generally speak- 
 ing, secrete nectar in sufficient quantities for the bees to store. 
 
Btjlletin 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 981 
 
 FIRST GROUP. 
 Honey plants yielding a surplus during an average season. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Yucca 
 
 Willow 
 
 Wild Buckwheat 
 
 Black Mustard 
 
 . English Mustard . 
 
 Rocky Mt. Honey 
 
 ■* 
 
 Plant. 
 
 W Jackass Clover 
 
 Christmas Berry 
 
 Pear 
 
 Apple 
 
 Wild Alfalfa 
 
 Burr Clover . 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Sweet White Clover. 
 Sweet Yellow Clover. 
 
 Lima Bean 
 
 Alfilerilla 
 
 White Stem Filaree_ 
 
 Orange — f: 
 
 Tree of Heaven- 
 
 Poison Oak 
 
 (Laurel) Sumac 
 
 Pepper Tree 
 
 California Buckeye-. 
 
 Coffee Berry — — 
 Cascara Sagrada — 
 
 Wild Hollyhock 
 
 Prickly Pear 
 
 Lemon Scented Gum 
 White Stringy-bark. 
 Blue Gum 
 
 Red Gum 
 
 Manna Gum 
 
 Blue Thistle 
 
 Manzanita 
 
 Yerba Santa 
 
 Caterpillar Phacelia. 
 Valley Vervenia 
 
 Carpet Grass 
 
 Horehound 
 
 Peppermint 
 
 White Sage — 
 Thistle Sage . 
 
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 Botanical name. 
 
 Hesperoyuoca whlp- 
 
 plel. 
 Salix (sp.). 
 
 Eriogonum fasclou- 
 
 latum. 
 Berberls plnnata. 
 Brassica nigra. 
 Brassica (sp.). 
 Cleome integrifolia. 
 
 Wislizenia refracta. 
 Heteromeles arbutl- 
 
 folia. 
 Pyrus communis. 
 Pyrus malus. 
 Lotus glaber. 
 
 Medicago denticu- 
 
 lata. 
 Medicago sativa. 
 
 Melilotus alba. 
 Melilotus officinalis. 
 Phaseolus lunatus. 
 Erodlum cicutarium. 
 
 Erodiurh moscha- 
 
 tum. 
 Citrus aurantlum. 
 Ailanthus glandu- 
 
 losa. 
 Rhus diversiloba. 
 Rhus laurlna. 
 Schinus moUe. 
 Aesculus callfor- 
 
 nica. 
 Rhamnus califor- 
 
 nica. 
 Rhamnus purshi- 
 
 ana. 
 Sidalcea malvae- 
 
 flora. 
 Opuntia lindhelmeri 
 
 occidentalis. 
 Bucaljrptus cltrio- 
 
 dora. 
 Eucalyptus eugonio- 
 
 Ides. 
 Eucalyptus globulus. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata. 
 Eucalyptus vlmi- 
 
 nalis. 
 Cryngium artlcu- 
 
 latum. 
 Arctostaphylos 
 
 (sp.). 
 Briodictyon tricho- 
 
 callx. 
 Phacelia hispida. 
 Phacelia tenaceti- 
 
 folia. 
 Lippia nodiflora. 
 Marrubium vulgare. 
 Mentha spicata. 
 Salvia aplana. 
 Salvia carduacea. 
 
9S2 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 FiKST Group — Continued. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Region. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Annual Sage 
 
 Purple Sage 
 
 Black Sage 
 
 Creeping Sage 
 
 Blue Curls 
 
 Mr Ap My 
 Ap My Je Jl 
 F Mr Ap My Je 
 Ap My Je 
 Ag S O 
 
 Jl Ag S 
 
 My Je 
 
 F 
 
 S P 
 
 X S PM B 
 
 M 
 SPFCBN 
 
 C N 
 
 X N 
 
 Salvia columbarise. 
 Salvia leucophylla. 
 Salvia mellifera. 
 Salvia sonoraensis. 
 Trichostoma lanceo- 
 
 Button Willow 
 
 Napa Thistle 
 
 lata. 
 Cephalanthus oocl- 
 
 dentalis. 
 Centaurea meliten- 
 
 sis 
 
 Spike Weed ^_ 
 
 Bull Thistle 
 
 Common Sunflower 
 
 Coast Tarweed 
 
 Ag S 
 
 Je Jl 
 
 Jl Ag S 
 Je Jl 
 
 Je Jl 
 
 Ag S O 
 Ap My Je 
 Ag S O 
 
 S N 
 
 C 
 
 N 
 
 S P C M B 
 B 
 
 S P B 
 
 N 
 C 
 
 N 
 
 Centromadia pun- 
 gens. 
 
 Cirsium lapceola- 
 tum. 
 
 Helianthus annus. 
 
 Hemizonia corym- 
 bosa. 
 
 Hemizonia fascicu- 
 
 (Yellow) Tarweed — 
 
 "Yellow Tops" 
 
 Goldenrod 
 
 lata. 
 Hemizonia virgata. 
 Hemizonia (sp.). 
 Solidago oooiden- 
 
 Rabbit Brush 
 (White). 
 
 talis. 
 Chrysothamnus nau- 
 seosus hypoUuca. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 
 Cultivated plants that would rank with the above had they a wider distribution. 
 
 Common name. ■ 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Beglon. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common Century 
 Plant. 
 
 White Clover 
 
 American Linden 
 
 Tamarisk _ 
 
 Jl 
 
 My Je 
 My Je 
 Ap My Je 
 Ag S O 
 
 S P B 
 
 C B N K 
 S C B 
 S C 
 
 Agave americana. 
 
 Trifolium repens. 
 Tilia americana. 
 Tamaris (sp.). 
 Eucalyptus calo- 
 
 phylla. 
 Eucalyptus cornuta. 
 Eucalyptus coryno- 
 
 oalyx. 
 Eucalyptus gunnii. 
 Eucalyptus leh- 
 
 manii. 
 Eucalyptus leucoxy- 
 
 lon. 
 Eucalyptus macu- 
 
 lata. 
 Eucalyptus mellio- 
 
 dora phaceafolla. 
 Eucalyptus polyan- 
 
 
 Yate Tree 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 Ag S O N 
 
 
 Sugar Gum 
 
 Cider Gum 
 
 White Ironbark 
 
 Ap My 
 Ag S 
 
 Ja F Mr Ap 
 
 
 Spotted Gum 
 
 My Je 
 
 
 Honey Scented Gum 
 Red Boxtree 
 
 Ja F Mr Ap 
 F Mr Ap 
 
 
 Red Mahogany Gum 
 
 Ag S 
 
 
 Eucalyptus resini- 
 
 Swamp Mahogany 
 
 Ja F Mr 
 
 N D 
 
 fera. 
 Eucalyptus robusta. 
 
 Broad Leaved Iron- 
 bark. 
 Victoria Ironbark 
 
 Ja 
 Mr 
 
 O N D 
 D 
 
 Eucalyptus sidero- 
 
 phora. 
 Eucalyptus sider- 
 
 Apple Scented Gum- 
 
 Ap 
 
 
 oxylon. 
 Eucalyptus stuar- 
 
 Forest Gray Gum 
 
 My Je Jl 
 Ap 
 
 S P P C M B N 
 S I P C M B N 
 
 tlna. 
 Eucalyptus tereti- 
 
 cornis. 
 Wisteria. 
 
Bulletin 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 983 
 
 SECOND GROUP. 
 Honey plants occasionally yielding a surplus. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Region. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 My Je Jl 
 
 Ap 
 Ap 
 Ap 
 Ag S 
 
 F Mr Ap 
 Ap My Je 
 Je 
 
 Ja F 
 
 Ap My Je Jl 
 
 Je Jl 
 
 My 
 
 F 
 
 Mr 
 
 Mr 
 
 Mr 
 
 Mr 
 
 Ap My Je 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 
 Ag 
 
 F Mr Ap My Je 
 
 P Mr , 
 
 Ap My Je 
 
 Ap My 
 
 My Je 
 
 My Je 
 
 Mr Ap My 
 
 Mr Ap My 
 
 Jl 
 
 Jl Ag 
 
 F Mr Ap 
 
 Ap My 
 
 P Mr Ap My 
 
 My Je 
 
 My Je 
 
 Je Jl Ag 
 
 Je 
 Jl Ag 
 
 My Je Jl Ag S 
 
 a:p 
 
 Ap My 
 Ap My 
 My Je Jl 
 
 My Je 
 Mr Ap 
 Je Jl 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 Je- Jl Ag 
 Jl Ag S 
 
 N 
 
 M B 
 M B 
 S C M N 
 
 N 
 
 D S P P M B 
 S P C M B N 
 S P C M B N 
 B 
 
 S 
 
 S P M 
 
 S P 
 S M 
 
 S P F C M B N 
 S P F C M B N 
 S P F C M B N 
 S P F C M B N 
 S P F C M B N 
 S B 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 S M B 
 
 S P C M B N 
 
 S 
 C 
 S P O C N 
 
 C M B N K 
 
 N 
 N 
 B 
 S 
 S 
 XS P 
 
 S M 
 S M K 
 S M 
 C N 
 B 
 I 
 
 B 
 
 N 
 
 S P P C M. B N 
 M B 
 
 N 
 
 P N 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 S M' 
 X S M 
 
 S C 
 
 s 
 
 S P 
 
 Asparagus ofHcin- 
 
 alis. 
 Quercua agrifolia 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 Blue Oak 
 
 Quercus douglassii. 
 
 Valley Oak 
 
 Mistletoe 
 
 Quercus lobata. 
 Polygonium lapathi- 
 
 folium. 
 Phoradendron (sp.). 
 
 Common Mustard 
 
 "Wild Radish 
 
 Wild Currant 
 
 Greasewood 
 
 Castor Oil Plant 
 
 Islay or Holly 
 
 Leaved Cherry. 
 Bitter Almond 
 
 Brassica campestrls. 
 Raphanus satlvus. 
 Escallonica monte- 
 
 vidensis. 
 Ribes sanguineum. 
 Adenostema fasci- 
 
 oulatum. 
 Ricinus communis. 
 Cerasus illicWolla. 
 
 Prunus amygdalus. 
 Prunus armeniaca. 
 
 
 Prunus cerasus. 
 
 Plum and Prune 
 
 Prunus domestica. 
 Prunus persica. 
 
 RasDberrv 
 
 Rubus strigosus. 
 
 Cultivated Black- 
 berry. 
 
 Himilayan Berry. _-- 
 
 Common Wild Black- 
 berry. 
 
 Black Wattle 
 
 Golden Wattle _._-.,_ 
 
 Rattleweed 
 
 Sweet (Yellow) 
 Clover. 
 
 Rubus villosus. 
 
 Rubus villosus var. 
 Rubus vitifolius. 
 
 Acacia decurrens 
 
 mollis. 
 Acacia pycnantha. 
 Astragalus (sp.). 
 Melilotus indica. 
 
 Robinia pseuda- 
 
 Sour Clover 
 
 Alsike 
 
 cacia. 
 Trifoliura fucatum. 
 Trifolium hybridum. 
 
 
 Ulex europaesus. 
 
 Mandarin 
 
 Turkey Mullein 
 
 W^ild Lilac 
 
 Citrus nobilis. 
 Croton californicus. 
 Bremocarpus setige- 
 
 rus. 
 Ceanothus cuneatus. 
 Ceanothus (sp.). 
 
 
 Thamus crocea. 
 Vitis vinifera. 
 
 
 Tilia (sp.). 
 Gossypiura herba- 
 
 California Water- 
 weed. 
 Sweet Fennel 
 
 ceum. 
 Godetia bottse. 
 Jussiaea oalifor- 
 
 nlca. 
 Foeniculum vulgare. 
 Arbutus menziesii. 
 
 Oregon' Ash 
 
 Olive 
 
 Fraxinus oregona. 
 Olea europaea. 
 
 Morning-glory 
 
 Hill Vervenia 
 
 HeliotroTDe - 
 
 Convolvulus arven- 
 
 sis. 
 Gilia chamissonis. 
 Phacelia distans. 
 Phacelia ramosis- 
 
 sima. 
 Heliotropium (sp.). 
 
 Lawn Plant 
 
 Wild Verbena 
 
 Lippia repens. 
 Verbena prostrata. 
 
984 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Second Group — Gontinued. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Region. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Terba Buena 
 
 Hedge Nettle 
 
 California Figwort — 
 
 Simpson's Honey 
 Plant. 
 
 Watermelon 
 
 Canteloupe 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 Winter Squash 
 
 Pumpkin _. 
 
 My Je 
 
 Mr Ap 
 
 Mr Ap My Je 
 
 Ap My Je 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 Ja P Mr Ap My 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 Je Jl 
 Je Jl 
 
 My Je Jl 
 Ag S 
 Je Jl 
 Je Jl 
 
 M B 
 
 B 
 
 S M B 
 
 S 
 
 S C N 
 I 
 
 SC N 
 S C N 
 S C N 
 S C N 
 S C N 
 
 N 
 
 C N 
 
 Mlcromeria chamis- 
 
 sonis. 
 Stachys bullata. 
 Scrophularia califor- 
 
 nica. 
 Scrophularia ver- ,. 
 
 nalis. 
 Citrullus vulgaria. 
 Cuoumis mello. 
 Cucumis sativus. 
 Cucurblta maschata. 
 Cuburblta pepo. 
 
 Globe Artichoke 
 
 Jerusalem Artichoke 
 
 Cynara scolymus. 
 Helianthus tubero- 
 
 sus. 
 Anthemis cotula. 
 
 Beggar Ticks 
 
 Spanish Needle 
 
 Bidens frondosa. 
 Bidens pllosa. 
 Coreopsis gigantea. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 
 Cultivated plants that would rank with the above had they a wider distribution. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Beglon. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 MIgonette ^ 
 
 Ap My Je Jl 
 
 
 Reseda odorata et 
 lutea. 
 
 
 Ja P 
 
 
 Cytlsis elongatus. 
 
 White Tree Clover. _ 
 
 Ja P 
 
 
 Cytisis proliferus. 
 
 
 My Je Jl 
 
 
 MelUotus bloolor. 
 
 Poinsettia . 
 
 Jl 
 
 S P 
 
 Euphorbia pulcher- 
 rlma. 
 
 THIRD GROUP. 
 Honey plants not known to yield a surplus. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Begion. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Tanbark Oak . 
 Virgin's Bower 
 
 California laurel 
 
 California Poppy 
 
 Cream Cups 
 
 Canyon Gooseberry 
 
 (Western) Choke 
 
 Cherry. 
 California Wild Rose 
 
 Wild Sweet Pea 
 
 Lupin 
 
 Nonesuch 
 
 Red Clover 
 
 Spring Vetch 
 
 Maple 
 
 Virginia Creeper 
 
 California Wild 
 Grape. 
 
 My Je Jl 
 
 Je 
 
 Je Jl 
 
 Ap . 
 
 Ja P Mr 
 
 Mr Ap My Je Jl 
 
 Ap 
 
 Ja P Mr 
 Ap My Je 
 
 P Mr 
 
 Ja F Mr Ap 
 
 My Je Jl 
 
 Jl Ag S O 
 
 Mr Ap 
 
 Mr Ap 
 
 Jl 
 
 B 
 
 S M 
 
 S 
 M B 
 
 SPPCMBN 
 
 C 
 
 S M 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 S M 
 
 N 
 
 N K 
 
 S 
 
 N 
 
 S M B 
 
 My Je 
 
 Zea mays. 
 Quercus densiflora. 
 Clematis llgustlci- 
 
 folia. 
 Clematis (sp.). 
 Umbellularia cali- 
 
 fornlca, 
 Bschscholtzia cali- 
 
 fornlca. 
 Platystemon call- 
 
 fornlous. 
 Ribes menziesii. 
 Cersisus demlssa. 
 
 Rosa callfornica. 
 Lathyrua splendena. 
 Lupinus afflnls. 
 Medicago lupulina. 
 Trifollum pratense. 
 Vlcia satlva. 
 Acer negundo. 
 Ampelopsis quinque- 
 
 foUa. 
 Vitis callfornica. 
 
BtJTJ.ETIN 217] 
 
 HONEY PTiANTS 
 
 OF OALIPOBNIA. 
 
 985 
 
 
 Third Group 
 
 — Continued. 
 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Blooming period. 
 
 Beslon. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Small jB?!:^^^?^ Mal- 
 low. 
 White Mallow 
 
 Ap My Je 
 Je 
 
 ji:4r 
 
 S , 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 Malva parviflora. 
 
 Malva sylvestris. 
 Hellanthemum scop- 
 arium. 
 
 Milkweed 
 
 Jl Ag S 
 
 My Je Jl 
 
 Jl Ag S 
 
 Je Jl Ag S O N 
 
 N 
 
 N 
 
 S P F C M B N 
 
 S P P C M B N 
 
 Asclepias mexicana. 
 
 Milkweed _ 
 
 Asclepias speciosa. 
 
 Dodder _ 
 
 CuBouta. 
 
 Common Heliotrope _ 
 
 Heliotropium curas- 
 
 savicum. 
 Toumefortia helio- 
 
 tropoides. 
 Mentha canadensis. 
 
 Tule Mint — 
 
 Je 
 
 Ag S 
 Je Jl Ag 
 
 B 
 
 B N 
 
 S 
 
 Pemiyroyal 
 
 Monardella lanceo- 
 lata 
 
 Loving Sage __ 
 
 Winter Savory 
 
 Mr Ap My Je 
 
 Je 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 
 Je Jl 
 
 Je 
 
 S 
 B 
 N 
 B 
 B 
 
 Salvia amabilis. 
 Satureia montana. 
 Stachys ajugoides. 
 Stachys albens. 
 Veronica ander- 
 sonil. 
 
 Common Plantain 
 
 Wild Honeysuckle __ 
 Blue Elderberry ____ 
 Cornflower ta 
 
 My Je Jl Ag 
 
 My Je 
 
 My Je 
 
 My Je 
 
 Ja F Mr Ap 
 
 Ap My Je Jl 
 
 S C BN 
 
 S 
 
 S CMB N 
 
 S B 
 
 S 
 
 B 
 
 Plantego major. 
 Lonicera. 
 Sambucus glauca. 
 Centaurea cyanus. 
 Encelia californlca. 
 Eriophyllum confer- 
 
 tiflorum. 
 Heterotheca grandi- 
 
 flora. 
 Malacothrls saxa- 
 
 tUls. 
 
 
 Jl Ag S O 
 
 B 
 
 
 Je 
 
 B 
 
 Common Sow-thistle. 
 
 Mr Ap My Je Jl 
 F Mr Ap 
 
 X S P C M B N 
 B 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus. 
 Sonchus maruan- 
 ■ : thus. 
 
 GYMNOSPERMAE. 
 
 PiNACE^. Pine Family. 
 
 Pinus (sp.). PINE. 
 
 Cloud's Rest. Yosemite region. A great abundance of aphidian 
 
 honey.^ 
 
 ANGIOSPERMAE. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Gbamine^. Grass Family. 
 Trificwn sativum Lam. Wheat. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated extensively in the Sacramento and San Joa^ 
 quin valleys. 
 
 Nectar from stubble of wheat prematurely cut.= 
 
 ZeamaysL. Maize. Indian Corn. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation throughout California. May- July. 
 
 -^ m^ 
 
 'Cook, A. J. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Mar. 15, 1904. 
 
 =Cook, A. J. Bee Keeper's Guide. Geo. W. York Co. Chicago, 1904. 
 
986 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Some nectar from pistillate bloom and from the intersection of the 
 leaves and stalks, and an abundance of pollen from staminate bloom. 
 Sorghum (sp.). Egyptian Corn. 
 
 Tulare County reports Egyptian corn a wonderful pollen yielder. 
 Cyperace^. Sedge Family. 
 Scirpus (sp.). Tule. 
 
 In marshes about Sacramento River. 
 
 The tule has been mentioned as a honey plant since many beekeepers 
 claim it to be one, but the writer believes that it yields no nectar. Honey 
 buyers often refer to honey gathered along the Sacramento an^ Sail 
 Joaquin rivers as "tule honey." 
 
 Palm^. Palm Family. 
 Phoenix dactyUfera L. Date Palm. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated throughout California. 
 Bees visit the bloom very profusely. 
 
 LiLiACEiE. Lily Family. 
 Allium (sp.). Wild Onion. 
 
 Vicinity of Sacramento. 
 
 This is reported to occasionally yield a surplus in the above locality. 
 Allium cepa L. Common Onion. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of the State. 
 
 A fine yielder of an amber honey. The characteristic onion flavor of 
 this honey departs when the honey becomes, thoroughly ripe. 
 
 Asparagtis officinalis L. Asparagus. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in different parts of California. May- 
 July. 
 
 . "Grown principally in the delta country, between Sacramento, Stock- 
 ton, and Port Costa. "^ 
 
 Occasionally yields a quantity of amber honey which, when thor- 
 oughly ripe, loses its flavor; considerable orange colored pollen. 
 Hesperoyuccawhipplei Baker. Yucca. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish 
 
 Dagger. Mountain Queen. Roman 
 Candle. Our Lord's Candle. 
 
 "Common in the chaparral belt in all our mountains. June- July." 
 Abram^: "Coastward slope of the San Bernardino mountains, and 
 southern Sierra Nevada. ' ' Coville :* 
 
 Southern Coast Range from Santa Barbara to San Diego counties. 
 
 Eagerly visited by bees, and where abundant enough, yields a surplus. 
 
 'Smith, R B. Asparagus Rust. Bull. No. 165 Agr. Exp. Sta of CaUfornia 
 'Botany of the Death Valley Expedition, Division of Bo?any U s! Dept of Agr. 
 
B-ULLETIN 2173 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 987 
 
 AmAEYLLIDACE.15. 
 
 Agave americana L. Common Century Plant. 
 
 Introduced : cultivated throughout California. July- August. 
 Very rich in nectar. ^ 
 
 DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 .CHORIPETAL^. ^ 
 
 Salicaceje. Willow Family. 
 Fopulus trichocarpa T. & G. Black. Cottonwood. Poplar. 
 
 "Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, thence south to southern Cali- 
 fornia as far as Palomar mountain." March." 
 
 Some honeydew in the fall in parts of the Sacramento Valley. ' 
 Purple pollen in abundance and valuable for early breeding ; propolis. 
 
 Salix (sp.). Willow. 
 
 Common along most streams and rivers throughput California. Jan- 
 uary-March. 
 
 A dark amber and bitter honey. . Surplus yields have been reported 
 from Sacramento, San Joaquin, Fresno, and Tulare counties. Very 
 important throughout California for the early and abundant pollen it 
 produces, and which is used for breeding purposes; in San Joaquin 
 County much honeydew honey of dark color is gathered in the fall ; much 
 propolis. Professor A. J. Cook states that both the plant lice, Lachnus 
 dentatus LeBaron, and Aphis salicti Harris, secrete sweets, especially 
 in September and October on the willow which the bees visit." 
 
 JuGLANDACKE. Waluut Family. 
 Juglans regia li. Persian or English Walnut. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated principally in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los 
 Angeles and Orange counties. 
 
 Considerable honey and some pollen from the flowers. 
 
 Fagace^. Oak Family. ' 
 
 Quercus agrifolia Nee. Live Oak. Field Oak. Encina. 
 
 North Coast ranges from northern Sonoma County to Marin and to 
 Suisun Valley, and throughout the south Coast ranges, where it is very 
 abundant and widely scattered, to southern and Lower California.' 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers; often aphidian honey in the fall. 
 Quercus densiflora H. & A. Tanbark Oak. '&v , 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June. ♦•'J| i 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. _ . 
 
 sjepson, W. L., The Trees of California. Cunningham; Curtiss & Welch. San Fran- 
 cisco, 1909. 
 
 'Coolc, A. J. Bee Keeper's Guide. Geo. W. York & Co. Chicago, 1904. 
 
 'Jepson, W. L. The Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch. San Fran- 
 cisco, 1909. 
 
 2— BuL. 217 
 
988 
 
 UNIVEESITT OP CALIPOKNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Quercus douglassii H. & A. 
 
 Blue Oak. Mountain "White Oak. 
 Rock Oak. 
 
 "Throughout middle California: most abundant on the dry foothills 
 of the Coast ranges, especially towards the interior; rarely found on 
 the higher mountain slopes or in the valleys. " Jepson. April. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. At Jolon (Monterey County) 
 enough honeydew is gathered during September and October to winter 
 bees. No ill effects have been experienced on wintering bees from this 
 source, according to Mr. Gauze, a veteran beekeepfer of this section. 
 
 Pig. 2. — a Wild Buckwheat, b Smartweed. c Clematis. 
 
 Quercus lohata Nee. Valley Oak. Eoble. Weeping Oak. 
 
 "Most characteristic oak in the fields and along. the water courses of 
 the Coast Range and interior valleys. April." Jepson. 
 
 Eagerly visited by bees for both honey and poUen. With favorable 
 climatic conditions considerable honeydew is gathered in the fall. 
 
 A Gridley beekeeper reports the honeydew to be water white in color. 
 LoEANTHACE^. Mistlctoe Family. 
 Phoradendron (sp.). Mistletoe. 
 
 Parasitic on pine, Cottonwood, buckeye, sycamore, etc. December- 
 January. 
 
 Pollen and perhaps honey from the flowers. Mr. Louis ShoU reports 
 tor P. flavescens Nutt. : "Honey yield abundant and also pollen; very 
 valuable for early brood rearing. ' '^ 
 
 •Texas Honey Plants. Bull. No. 102, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. ^ 
 
B-ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF OALIPORNIA. 989 
 
 * I 
 
 PoLYGONACE^. ' Buckwheat Family. 
 Antidonon leptopus H. & A. ';.;' Mexican Rose. Mountain Rose. 
 ' ■• ' Coralita. ,.jl^. 
 
 Listed as a hon^ plant from California in the 1910 edition of A B C 
 & X Y Z of Bee Culture. 
 
 *Eriogonum fascicnlatum Benth. Wild Buckwheat. Flat Top. 
 
 ".* Fig. 2a. 
 
 Very common throughout southern Calif orni^l April-November.- 
 
 Hi^^i light amber, of agreeable flavor, and subie®|: to granulation. 
 The principal honey-producing plant in many southern California 
 apiaries. This plant blooms two months earlier on the valley side of 
 the Coast Range mountains. This honey has been analyzed ;by the 
 United States Department of Agriculture.* ;. 
 
 Polygormm iolanderi Brewer. i^i'' :t 
 
 "On rocky outcroppings, mostly in the lowest foothills; known only 
 from the Mayacamae Range and parallel chains; Suscol Hills,; Hood's 
 Peak ; east of Napa City and northward to the La Jota Plateau on 
 Howell mountain. July-September." Jepson. ^ t, ' 
 
 Of this pla.nt Mr. "W. A. '^ridley of Bdgewood. says that it grows on 
 the poorest land -fm^Um^ every yfar, about 20 pounds to the colony 
 between September 20th and October 20th. The honey is amber, and is 
 usually left for the bees to winter upon. . 
 
 Polygonum lapathifoUum L. Smart Weed. Common Knot 
 
 Weed. Willow Weed. 
 
 "Common along str(|Efem^', or in .low land often whitening great, areas. 
 August-September." Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers, but not as good a honey plant as the dotted 
 smartweed. This is not the smartweed or heartease {Polygonium persi- 
 caria) of the eastern states. 
 
 Polygoimmpunctat'wm'EiQ.. (Dotted) Smartweed. Fig. 2b. 
 
 ' ' Common in low and especially marshy ground, or in moist mountain 
 meadows ; Howell mountain. September. ' ' Jepson. Sacramento Valley, 
 June 15-September. 
 
 Yields a great deal of dark honey of poor quality in and about Yolo 
 and Colusa counties, and probably elsewhere. 
 
 RANUNpuLACE.ffl. Buttcrcup Family. 
 CleSiMis UgusticifoUa Nutt. , Virgin's Bower. Hill Clem,atis. 
 
 "Almost throjg^pn^ California, in the hilly districts, from San Ber- 
 nardino north to Santa Cruz; San Jos6, Marin County, Ukiah; and 
 Weldon Canyon, Vaca mountaiiis ; Sierra Nevada. June- July. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 A great deal of pollen and probably some honey. 
 
 'Browne, C. A. Chemical Aiiaisfeli"- aiid OiSiiiiposltloii of American Honeys. Bureau 
 of Chemistry, U. S. Dept of Agr. 
 
990 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Clematis (sp.). Clematis. Fig. 2c. 
 
 Introduced : in the cultivated gardens of our cities and towns. April. 
 
 Bloom eagerly sought after for both pollen and honey. 
 Migella hispanica. 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June. 
 
 A great favorite with the bees. 
 
 Fig. 3. — a Common Yellow Mustard, b Black Mustard. 
 
 Berberidace^, Barberry Family. 
 Berheris pinnata Lag. California Barberry. 
 
 ' ' Rather common on hills, mostly along the edge of thickets. Berkeley 
 Hills and San Francisco southward to Monterey. March- April. ' ' Jep- 
 son. 
 
 Amber honey. Some sections of Monterey County report surplus 
 yields after the manzanita and poison oak have blossomed and before 
 the sages commence to produce. 
 
 Magnoliacb^. Magnolia Family. 
 Magnolia glauca L. Sweet Swamp, or White Bay 
 
 Beaver Tree. 
 Introduced : cultivated throughout California. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Laueace^. Laurel Family. 
 *Umhellularia calif ornica Nutt. California Laurel. Bay Tree. 
 
 Pepper Wood. Spice Tree. 
 "Throughout California, mainly along mountain streams, more rarely 
 in the valleys. December-March. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Bees work upon bloom when other melliferous flora is scarce. 
 Papaverace^. Poppy Family. 
 Eschscholtzia calif ornica Cham. California Poppy. 
 In abundance throughout almost entire California. March-July. 
 
Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFOENIA. 991 
 
 Some honey, and a considerable amount of orange-colored pollen. 
 Eastern beekeepers occasionally claim that bees visiting bloom of the 
 poppy family become diseased, but no such trouble, as far as the writer 
 knows, has been reported in this State. It is interesting to note that 
 Friedrich Huck's "Unsere Honig und Bienenpflanzen, " a German work 
 on honey plants, has listed the California poppy as an introduction from 
 California, and as a source of pollen for the bees. 
 
 Playtystemon californicus Benth. Cream Cups. 
 
 "Common almost throughout California, in the hills and on the plains, 
 in April." Jepson. 
 
 Bees reported to work well on bloom in Madera County. 
 
 1* Ceucipee^. Mustard Family. 
 
 *Brassica campestris L. Common Yellow Mustard. Fig. 3a. 
 
 "Very common. February- April. " Jepson. "t 
 
 Varies in the amount of honey produced according to locality ; a con- 
 siderable quantity of yellow pollen. 
 
 Brassica nigra Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 3b. 
 
 "Naturalized weed, everywhere common and very abundant in 
 interior grain fields. May- July." Jepson. 
 
 " An excellent honey plant in the Lompoc Valley. In many other local- 
 ities does not yield as well, probably due to some climatic factor. 
 
 Mr. Fred A. Parker, of Lompoc, states that this honey is light amber, 
 has an agreeable flavor, but a peculiarily characteristic odor, and is 
 prone to early crystallization. . "^P 
 
 Brassica (sp.). English Yellow and Trieste, or 
 
 , Red Mustard. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation in Lompoc Valley, where they are 
 grown for seed. April-May. 
 
 Character of the honeys from both varieties alike; mild in flavoir, of 
 a light color and body, with a tendency for rapid granulation, some- 
 times sf our or five days after extraction.^" 
 Baphanus sativus L. Wild Radish. 
 
 "Common weed of waste places in towns and villages about San Fran- 
 cisco Bay ; less frequent in the interior. " Jepson. 
 
 "Frequent in poorly cultivated fields and waste places, especially in 
 sandy soils. April-June, or often throughout the year. ' ' Abratns. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 Capparidace^. Caper Family. 
 
 Cleome integrifoUa T. & Q. Rocky Mountain Honey or ' 
 
 i# Bee Plant. ■ 
 
 Reported to have been recently introduced at Banning (2,500 feet), 
 
 "Gates, W. J. Gleanings In Bee Culture. June 15, 1905. ™ 
 
 /f ' 
 
992 UNIVBESITT OP CALIPOENIA — ^EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 where it eommenees to bloom in March and lasts for three months. It 
 thrives exceedingly well in waste places and among ropks, where . bees 
 work upon it very eagerly. In other states this plant has beeil under 
 cultivation for many years as a bee plant. 
 WisUzenia refracta Engelm. Jackass Clover. Stinkweed. 
 
 "Sacramento to Lathrop and southward in the San Joaquin Valley. 
 Not abundant in the lower San Joaquin twenty years ago as now (^rs. 
 K. Brandegee) . Grows on the white alkali at Travers and Goshen, but 
 appears only once in twa years. Greedily visited by bees when in 
 flower. ' ' Jepson. August-October. 
 
 Honey water-white, mild in flavor, and of good body, granulates in 
 three to six months, when it much resembles a paste made from powdered 
 sugar. The very fact that it is spreading so rapidly over the poor lands 
 of the San Joaquin Valley, and that it produces the only water-white 
 honey, with the exception of blue curls, as far as the writer knows, that 
 is produced in the late fall, has led to the conclusion that jackass clover 
 wiU be one of the greatest honey-producing plants of this State, and 
 may, in the future, rank next to sage and alfalfa. During the fall of 
 1909, a Fresno beekeeper reported that he extracted 30 pounds per 
 colony each week for six weeks from this source. Another beekeeper of 
 the San Joaquin Valley relates that during a jackass clover flow the 
 noise was terrific, and that home-coming bees flew so slowly that they 
 could be picked out of the air. It was Henry T. Chrisman of Coalinga, 
 who first became aware of its value as a honey plant, and gave it its 
 present name. 
 
 Resedace^. Mignonette Family. 
 Reseda odorata L. et lutea L. Common Mignonette. 
 
 Introduced : commonly found in the gardens of our cities and towns. 
 April-July. 
 Very much visited by bees whenever in bloom. 
 
 Saxipragace^; Saxifrage Family. 
 *Escallonia montevidensis D. C- 
 
 Introduced : an ornamental in the San Francisco parks and elsewhere. 
 
 June. 
 
 ' '' ■ 
 . Bees visit bloom in great numbers on fine days. 
 
 *Bibes menziesii Pursh. Canyoh Gooseberry. 
 
 "Outer Coast ranges of middle California. The flowers appear in 
 January or February from winter buds." Jepson. Frequent in Santa 
 Barbara County. January-March. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
Bulletin 217] honey plants OP CALIFORNIA. 993- 
 
 Bibes sanguineum Pursh. Wild Currant. 
 
 Flowering Currant. 
 
 Common near the coast in canyons or on northward slopes. January- 
 March. ■ "* 
 
 "A white flower buckthorn is, with the wild currant, the earliest shrub 
 for the bees to begin on. ' '^^ 
 
 RosAOE.^.^ Rose Family. .; 
 Adenostema fasciculatum H. & A. Greasewood, Chamisal. Chamios. 
 
 ' ' The most abundant and characteristic bush o'f the high Coast 
 ranges." Jepson. April- July. i 
 
 Eagerly visited by bees in Lake, Marin, Santa Barbara, and Ventura 
 counties, and, no doubt, elsewhere. 
 
 Cerasus demissa Nutt.^- Western Choke Cherry. , 
 
 ' ' Common : Sierra NbS^:M3^ mountains ; middle north Coast Range 
 (Napa mountains); Oakland Hills; Mluoftt Hamilton. " Oreene. 
 
 "Rare on the seaboard or altogether absent. Last of April- June. " 
 Jepson. -I 
 
 "Occasion^ in the San Bernardino mountains and San Antonio 
 mountains ; in the upper portions of the chaparral belt and in the pine 
 belt. ' ' Abrams. \ 
 
 Honey and considerable pollen from the flowers, '^y- , 1 
 
 Cerasus ilicifolia Nutt. Islay, or Holly I^i|ved (pherry. 
 
 "Oakland Hills; San Francisco pepinsula; Loma Prieta, and south- 
 ward to Santa Barbara. May-June." Jepson. Santa Barbara and 
 south to San Diego County. March-May. 
 
 A great, aid in building bees up in the spring, furnishing both honey 
 and pollen. 
 
 Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Loquat. Japan Plum. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in parts of southern California. 
 An excellent honey plant. 
 
 Fragaria chiloensis Duch. et var. Strawberry. 
 
 Introduced: very Ayide distribution; cultivated principally in the 
 'Pajaro !^«tji< Santa Clara valleys, and in the outlying districte of Los 
 Angeles and Sacramento. Blooms ^, al, seasons. Considerable hpney 
 and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 *Eeteromeles ari^tifoUa Rcem. Christmas Berry. California, 
 ^^ Holly. Toy-on. Fig. 4. 
 
 "Common on mountain sides and along streams exeiyw^here in the 
 Coast j^ligBS;- flowering- in July." Jepson. Jun,e-July, 
 
 "Pleasants, J. E. Bee Keeper's Review. Oct. 1909. :,i.i,, 
 
 "Some authors Include this genus with Prunus. 
 
994 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 A thick amber honey with a decided flavor, candying to coarse gran- 
 ules within two or three months after extraction. Surplus crops are 
 reported from Monterey, Colusa, and Nevada counties. The honey is 
 gathered after the sages have bloomed. Mr. Chas. Goodman of Williams 
 says that this honey makes better comb than extracted for the reason 
 that the extracted not only gives off a great deal of scum, but also upon 
 casing it, the upper portion of the honey in the can granulates while the 
 under portion remains in the liquid state. 
 
 Fig. 4. — Christmas Berry. 
 
 Prunus amygdalus Stokes et var. Bitter Almond. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in the higher lands of the coast valleys 
 and in some districts in the interior valleys and foothills. February. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. "Where abundant, of much 
 importance to stimulate brood rearing. 
 
 Prunus armeniaca L. et var. Apricot. 
 
 Introduced : a valley fruit ; succeeds near the coast, both in southern 
 and central California. March. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers; an aid in building up bees in 
 the spring. 
 
Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 995 
 
 Prunus cerasus L. Cherry. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation principally in Alameda, Santa Clara, 
 Solano, Napa, and Sacramento counties. March. 
 
 Among the leading honey producers of deciduous fruits. This is 
 especially true in Sacramento County. 
 
 Prunus domestica L. et triflora Plums and Prune. 
 
 Roxbg. et simonii. Can. 
 
 Introduced : ' ' The plum has an exceedingly wide range in California, 
 from the immediate vicinity of the coast and in coast valleys, where the 
 sea winds and fogs intrude, eastward towards the great interior valleys, 
 and upwards on the sides of the Sierra Nevada. ' '^' 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. Sacramento County reports sur- 
 plus yields. 
 
 Prunus persica S. & Z. et var. Peach 
 
 Introduced : very wide distribution ; most abundant in San Joaquin 
 Valley ; eastern slopes of Coast Range ; Sierra foothills at not a too high 
 elevation. March. ; 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. When favorable weather prevails 
 the pieach is reported to yield enough for an extraction. 
 
 Pyrus communis L. et var. Pear. 
 
 Introduced : wide range ; interior valleys, foothills of the Sierra, and 
 through the Coast Range. March. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. Perhaps the best honey producer 
 of deciduous fruits. Warm weather at blossoming time usually means 
 an extraction of pear honey accompanied with swarming. There is no 
 doubt that the honey bee is the principal agent in»the distribution of 
 pear blight, but should she be excluded other bees and insects are quite 
 capable of spreading the disease. 'Mu . 
 
 Pyrus malus L. et var. Apple. 
 
 Introduced: throughout the Coast Range, especially in the Pajaro 
 Valley ; southern California, and in the low lands of the Sacramento and 
 San Joaquin valleys. March. 
 
 Honey and poUen from the flowers ; surplus crops of apple honey are 
 often reported. A question much asked is : "How many colonies of bees 
 are required to fertilize an orchard?" Professor W. T. Clarke of this 
 station contends that one colony is amply suiBcient to fertilize 80 acres 
 of apple bloom, and that other bees and insects aid greatly. Editor 
 Root, however, believes that ten colonies might poUenize a ten-acre 
 orchard, "but probably 50 or 100 would be much better."" 
 
 "Wickson, E. J. California Fruits. The Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, 1909. 
 "Gleanings in Bee Culture. Feb. 16, 1906. - , 
 
996 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Bosa calif ornica C. & S. California Wild Rose. 
 
 "Common everywhere along river and creek banks throughout. Cali- 
 fornia, often forming small thickets. Flowering most freely in June." 
 
 Jepson. 
 
 A great deal of pollen from the flowers. 
 Rulus strigosus Michx. et var. Raspberry. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in many, parts of the State, especially 
 in the vicinity of large cities. April-June. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 liubus villosus Ait. et var. Cultivated Blackberry. 
 
 Introduced : grown in similar situations as the raspberry. 
 
 Honey and cream-colored pollen from the flowers. Yuba County, 
 reports some honey from the blackberry. Of the Himalayan variety: 
 "It secretes nectar at a time when other berries are on the wane, and it 
 continues well into the fall. ' '^° May- July. 
 
 liubus viiif alius C. & S. Common Wild Blackberry. 
 
 "Common along creeks and rivers in the valleys and among the hills 
 of the Coast Range country and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. ' ' 
 Jepson. March- April. 
 
 Some seasons considerable honey ; cream-colored pollen. 
 
 Leguminos^. Pea Family. ']' , 
 Acacia dealbata. :; Silver Wattle. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation as an ornamental throughout the State. 
 Honey and a quantity of yellow pollen. 
 
 * Acacia decurrens mollis. . Wild. Black Wattle. 
 
 Introduced: widely distributed throughout .the State; grown as an, 
 ornamental in our gardens and along roadsides. February-June. 
 
 Some honey and an abundance of yellow pollen in early spring!' ' 
 Acacia pycnantha. 
 
 Introduced: Santa Barbara, and, no doubt, elsewhere. February- 
 March. 
 
 Some honey and an abundance of yellow pollen in early spring. 
 Astragalus (sp.). Rattleweed. 
 
 Southern California. June-July. i^fej 
 
 . Reported to yield honey. /^p 
 
 Gytisus elongatus Borkh. '■ 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. January-Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 Very eagerly visited by bees and apparently an excel lent honey plant. 
 
 "Pryal, W. A^ Gleanings in Bee Culture. Nov. 1, 1909^ ^ 
 
B'CLLETIiM 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 997 
 
 Gytisus proliferus albus. White Tree Clover. 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. December- 
 B'ebruary. ' 
 
 Much the same as the above. 
 
 Lathyrus splendens Torr. Wild Sweet Pea. 
 
 ' ' A very handsome species of Riverside and San Diego counties. ' ' 
 Abrams. February-March. 
 
 Honey from the flowers ; more favored by Bombus than Aphis mel- 
 lif era. . . 
 
 Fig. 5. — a Sweet Clover, b Burr Clover, c White Clover. d Wild Alfalfa. 
 
 *Lotus glaber Greene. Wild Alfalfa. Deerweed. Deer 
 
 Clover. Tanglefoot. Wild Broom. 
 Fig. 5d. 
 ■ ' ' Common everywhere in the Coast ranges in the hill country : Solano 
 and Napa counties southward to San Diego. June-September. ' ' Jep- 
 son. 
 
 Sacramento and Nevada counties and southern California. Blooming 
 period from January to August. 
 
 A very erratic honey producer. Some years in some sections yielding 
 twice as much as the sages ; this is true for either the coast or valley side- 
 of the Coast ranges, yet a good wild alfalfa honey flow on the east coast 
 does not necessarily mean such is the case on the west side. Beekeepers 
 report wild alfalfa honey as being white, light amber, amber and at 
 
998 UNIVERSITY OF CALIPOENIA — ^BXPEEIMENT STATION. 
 
 m 
 times with a characteristic greenish tinge. It is one of the main honey- 
 plants of the Coalinga district. This plant, according to Mr. Z. Quincy 
 of Ramona, upon reaching its second year's growth, after a mountain 
 fire, is said to give us a great amount of nectar. 
 '*Lupinus affinis Agardh. Lupine. 
 
 "Vacaville, Napa Valley, Martinez, Oakland hills, San Francisco 
 peninsula, and southward to southern California. Very' common in late 
 February and in March." Jepson. "Frequent in the valleys and foot- 
 hills, mostly in heavy soils. " Airams. Santa Barbara County. Janu- 
 ary-April. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *Medicago denticulata Wild. Burr Clover. Fig. 5b. 
 
 "Very common throughout California, especially on the plains, low 
 hills and in the valleys. March-June, but flowering in most places at 
 nearly all seasons. ' ' Jepson, ''■ 
 
 Honey and poUen from the flowers. An excellent clover to stimulate 
 bees to breeding and fully the equal of filaree as a honey plant. Extrac- 
 tions from this source are occasionally obtained. 
 
 Medicago lupuUna L. Nonesuch. Black Medicle. 
 
 "Uncommon: Santa Clara County. Berkeley. April-May." Jepson, 
 Low lands of Sacramento County. May-July. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. Lucerne. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation in most valleys throughout the State, 
 April-October. 
 
 Honey water-white, white, light amber and amber, according to local- 
 ity, character of the soil and season of the 'year; of excellent body and 
 granulates within a few months after extraction. Alfalfa, due partly 
 to irrigation, is the most reliable honey plant of California. In those 
 years when the Coast ranges do not receive sufficient rainfall, the output 
 of alfalfa honey exceeds that of the sage. The San Joaquin and 
 Imperial valleys are the two leading .alfalfa honej^ districts. In the 
 former, the first. and last crops yield little if any honey, but the second 
 and third, when proper climatic conditions prevail, give up a great 
 abundance of nectar. Mr. J. T. Dunn- of Fresno says that four or five 
 days of hot weather and little or no wind, in the early part of June, 
 will "bring out" the nectar, and insure a flow, whether or not wind or 
 cooler weather comes later. In respect to the influence of the soil 9n 
 the color of the honey, it appears that alfalfa grown on sandy soil which 
 does not hold water will produce honey light in color, but in many por- 
 tions of the valley where alluvial soil prevails, and, where water is 
 within four to eight feet of the surface, the color of the honey is decid- 
 
BtTLLETIN 2173 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 999 
 
 «dly tttiber. In the Imperial Valley the flow is constant except that 
 sometimes the first crop is a little light. Both these districts report that 
 the color of the last extraction of honey is perceptibly darker than 
 earlier extractions. In the Sacramento Valley considerable honey of 
 excellent quality is procured especially when either the second or third 
 cuttittg of alfalfa is allowed to go to seed. Mr. Thos. J. Mumma of Dun- 
 nigan' states that alfalfa grown on light, sandy soil produces a pure 
 white honey while that grown on heavier soils is sliglitly amber in color. 
 Alfalfa fields along the coast do not yield sufiicient nectar to make it 
 worth j^hile to the beekeeper. The miller and grasshopper often decrease 
 the flow from the third crop in the San Joaquin Valley, whereas the 
 alfalfa butterfly {Eurymus eurytheme) causes a loss to the beemen of 
 the Imperial Valley. 
 
 *Melilotus alba Lam. Sweet (White Bokhara and Stone) 
 
 Clover. Incorrectly called Wild 
 
 Alfalfa in Yuba County. White 
 
 Melilot. Fig. 5a. 
 
 ' ' Rare in the bay Region, occurring only in river beds. San Leandro 
 
 •Creek, Davy, Napa River, near St. Helena; common in moist valleys 
 
 northward." Jepson. Rapidly spreading in the Sacramento, San 
 
 Joaquin, and lower Santa Clara valleys. June- August. 
 
 Honey, white to light amber, with sometimes a slight greenish east, 
 medium body an^ of ^ variable flavor (mild to unpleasant) ; pollen dull 
 vellow color. Much esteemed by beekeepers wherever, grown, and may 
 be found from Siskiyou to San Diego County. ; 
 
 Melilotus hicolor. , . 
 
 Batewical gardens of the tFniversity of California. May-July. , 
 Bees very active on bloom. 
 
 Melilotus indica All. Sweet Yellow Clover. 
 
 Yellow Melilot. 
 Very common in damp situations in many parts of the State. . April- 
 June. ,;,ea. 
 
 Much visited by bees, but not to be ranked as a honey plant of much 
 
 importance in this State. During 1910 a Colusa County beekeeper 
 
 liiispQfied of seed of this sweet clover to be sold as a bee plant. In some 
 
 parts of the State indica is known as "Sour clover," thus confusing it 
 
 , with T. fucatum. In Arizona indica is commonly known as sour clover. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis Lam. 
 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and probably elsewliere ; known 
 as a pest in the grain fields. May-JiMie. • 
 
 Considerable honey of a slightly amber color and not unpleasant 
 flavor. (Yolo County.) This species is very much like indica, and may 
 
1000 UNIVBRSITT OP CALITOENIA — ^BXPEEIMENT STATION. 
 
 be most easily differentiated from the above in that its yellow flowers 
 are slightly larger. ' 
 
 Phaseolus lunatus L. et var. Lima Bean. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated principally in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los 
 Angeles, and Orange counties. July- August. 
 
 Honey, water white, heavy body and very delicious flavor. The 
 Ventura bean fields produce most of our lima bean honey. Cool, foggy 
 weather preceding bloom, with sunshiny days following appear to be 
 ideal conditions for nectar, secretion. The first two weeks of bloom are 
 the best, and as much honey is secured then as is gathered during the 
 following four weeks of what is known as the " after-bloom. ' ' Towards 
 the last of the flow the honey darkens noticeably. Some years the lima 
 bean louse does considerable damage to the maturing buds, thus destroy- 
 ing some of the first blossoms. 
 
 Prosopis juliflora D. C. Mesquite, Algaroba (Hawaiian 
 
 Islands) Honey Mesquite. 
 
 Mohave and Colorado deserts, ranging northward to Death Valley and 
 into the upper San Joaquin Valley in Kern County eastward toward 
 Texas." 
 
 Coachella and Imperial valleys. . There are two blossoming periods, 
 both of which va,ry greajtly.. 
 
 It is reported a good honey plant in the Imperial country, and some- 
 times furnishes the last crop of honey in that section. "It yields 
 immense quantities of light amber hondy of medium quality. ' '" 
 
 Robinia pseudacacia L. Locust. False Acacia. 
 
 j?Sf Black Locust. 
 
 Introduced: different parts of the State, grown usually as a shade 
 tree in cities and towns. April-May. 
 
 A surplus of white honey in Sacramento (reported) and Mariii 
 counties, and said not to be a regular yielder in parts of Monterey 
 County. 
 
 TrifoUum fucatum Lindl. Sour Clover. 
 
 "Common in low and often, alkaline fields: Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin valleys ; Cpast ranges (Napa Valley, Oakland, Santa Cruz, and 
 HoUister, Setchell, and elsewhere) . ' ' May- June. . Jepson. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers. 
 
 TrifoUum hyhridum L. Alsike or Swedish Clover. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated occasionally in different parts of the State. 
 May-June. 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. * 
 
 "Jepson, W.L. The. Trees of California. Cunningham, Curtlss & Weloh. San^Fran- 
 clsco, 1909. 
 
 "A B C of Bee Culture. Medina, Ohio, 1903. 
 
BtTLLETIN 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1001 
 
 Trifolium pratense L. 
 
 Red Clover. Pea Vine Clover. 
 (Mammoth.) 
 "Naturalized in the moister parts of northern California, and seem- 
 ingly spontaneous on the islands of the Lower Sacramento. July- 
 October." Jepson. 
 Beekeepers in the vicinity of Sacramento report bees to work upon it. 
 
 Fig. 6. — a Gorse. 
 b Spring Vetch. 
 
 Trifolium repens L. White or Dutch Clover. Fig. 5c. 
 
 "The white clover of our lawns, occasionally appearing as an escape." 
 Airams. May-June. 
 
 A great deal of honey from the flowers. Not abundant enough in 
 
1002 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOENIA— EXPEKIMBN-T STATION. 
 
 California to rank as a honey producer, yet it may rank of importance 
 
 in the Klamath district. 
 
 Vlex europaeus L. Gorse. Furze. Fig. 6a. • 
 
 On the hills of Marin County favoring sunny exposures.' Blooms 
 during all seasons, but most profusely during spring. 
 
 A very good honey plant. 
 Vicia sativa L. Spring Vetch. Tare. Fig. 6b. 
 
 Introduced: grown as a cover crop throughout the State. March- 
 April. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Wisteria (sp.). "Wisteria. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in the gardens of many of our homes. 
 March-April. 
 
 Very much favored by bees as a source of honey, and apparently very 
 constant in nectar secretion. 
 
 Gbbaniacks;. , Geranium Family. 
 Erodium cicutarium L. Her. Alfilerilla (Filaree or Filere). 
 
 Musk and Pin Clover. 
 Pin Grass. Heron's Bill. 
 "Hillsides or barren or dry soil everywhere. Very common, begin- 
 ning to flower in February or March usually some weeks in advance of 
 the last, and in many places continuing through the summer. ' ' Jepson. 
 ' ' The prevailing species of the interior valleys and foothills. ' ' Abrams. 
 Considerable honey of good quality and excellent flavor in many 
 localities; an abundance of yellow pollen. A very important plant to 
 stimulate bees to breeding. 
 
 Erodium moschatum L. Her. 
 
 White stemmed or coarse leaved filaree as contrasted with red stemmed 
 or fine leaved filaree (cicutarium) . Pin clover and pin grass apply to 
 either species. 
 
 "Abundant in rich lands of valley orchards and vineyards. March- 
 April." Jepson. "The more prevailing species in the coast valleys." 
 Abrams. ■ ■ .^ 
 
 No distinction has been drawn between this and the former species as 
 to their honey producing merits. 
 
 Limnanthus douglasii R. Ba. Marsh Flower. 
 
 « 
 
 Listed as a honey plant, and as a native to California in the 1910 
 edition of " A B C & X T Z of Bee Culture." 
 
 A well known honey plant in England, where it is cultivated for the 
 bees. . • 
 
B'OI^^n217] honey plants OF CALIFORNIA. 1003 
 
 RuTAOBJE. Rue Family. 
 Citr^acida Hook. Lime. 
 
 Introduced : grown occasionally throughout California. 
 Blooming period varies. 
 Honej^ from the flowers. 
 
 Citrus aurantium L. et var. Orange. / • 
 
 Introduced: cultivated in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, 
 but principally in southern California. March-May. 
 
 Honey, water white, of heavy body, exquisite aroma and superb flavor ; 
 granulates within a few months after extraction. Yet beekeepers of 
 Lindsay and Portersville report ^that it does not granulate for one or 
 more years. It is more constant in the secretion of nectar than is the 
 sage. The largest crops are in the neighborhood of Riverside and Red- 
 lands. To quote Mr. McNay of Redlands: "Four years out of five 
 orange has yielded a fair crop, so I have been able to select and ship 
 one or more carloads of pure orange bloom honey each year, except 
 1904. "" " The scale hive showed that nearly all orange honey was 
 secured in about five hours of each day, from eleven to four o'clock.^' 
 Very warm weather often produces unusual nectar secretion in such 
 abundance that it is impossible for the bees to gather all of it. Mr. R. K' 
 Bishop of Orange County has observed that the bees pay no attention 
 to the large globules of nectar on the leaves, but go direct to the bloom, 
 and it is his contention that the nectar in the bloom is much more con- 
 centrated. 
 
 Citrus decumana L. ■ Grape Fruit. Pomelo. 
 
 Pumelo. Shaddock. 
 
 Introduced: grown in similar situations as our other citrus fruits. 
 Blooming period varies. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers, but not the equal of either the 
 orange or the lemon. , 
 
 Citrus limon L. Lemon. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated principally in the coast regions of southern 
 California. Blooms all seasons of the year. 
 
 Although a valuable honeiy plant, it does not yield as well as the 
 orange. This may be partly due to the proximity of lemon orchards to 
 the coast, for, orange trees grown in similar regions do not secrete as 
 much nectar as those of the interior valleys — a climatic factor. (A more 
 striking example of this will be found in the case of alfalfa.) 
 Citris nohilis Lour. Mandarin. Kid Glove Orange. 
 
 Introduced: not common; cultivated occasionally in different parts 
 of §he orange belt. Blooms a little later than the above. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. ^ > , 
 
 "Gleanings In Bee ©liilture. July 1, 1906. 
 •'Gleanings in Bee Culture. Sept. 1, 1907. 
 
 3— BuL. 217 
 
1004 UNIVEKSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Ailanthus glandulosa Desf . 
 
 SiMABACEiE. 
 
 Tree of Heaven. 
 Chinese Sumac. Varnish Tree. 
 Introduced : grown as an ornamental in some parts of the State. June. 
 A wonderful honey producer. The staminate bloom has a most dis- 
 agreeable odor. An abundance of very ill-tasting honey. 
 
 Fig. 7. — a Turkey Mullein, b Poison Oak. 
 c Laurel Sumac. 
 
 EuPHORBiACE^. Spurge Family. 
 *Croton calif amicus Arg. 
 
 "Sandy hiUs near the ocean, from the San Francisco peninsula south- 
 ward to southern California ; also near Antioch. ' '="> Jepson. ' ' Common 
 in dry ground throughout our range." Airams. July. 
 
 Bees visit the small bloom in large numbers. 
 
 *Eremocarpus setigerus Benth. Turkey Mullein. Woolly White 
 
 Drouth Weed. Yerba del Pascado. 
 Fig . 7a. 
 
 ^"Langstroth, L. L. Hive and Honey Bee. Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, 111. 1902. 
 
B'0LLETIN217] honey plants op CALIFORNIA. 1005 
 
 "Very abundant towards the interior: plains of the Sacramento and 
 San Joaquin; Sierra foothills; low hills and valley fields of. the Coast 
 ranges." Jepson. July- August. " 
 
 A thick amber honey ; in some localities aids the bees in filling up for 
 winter. 
 
 Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. Poinsettia. 
 
 Introduced : grown in the gardens of our homes. July. 
 
 Much visited by bees ; listed as a honey plant in the 1903 edition of 
 "ABC of Bee Culture." 
 
 Bicinus communis L. Castor Oil Plant. Castor Bean. 
 
 ;5 Palma Christi. 
 
 "An introduced plant, which is becoming well established. In pro- 
 tected places it often becomes woody and tree-like." Airams. June- 
 
 Much favored by the bees and apparently a good honey plant ; pollen. 
 Texas reports that "it is an excellent honey producer. "^^ 
 
 ANAclBDiACE.as. Sumac Family. 
 Rhus diversiloha T. & G. Poison Oak. Fig. 7b. 
 
 "Everywhere common throughout California. Flowering in April 
 and May. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Some localities in Monterey County report a superior gra;de of white 
 thin honey which granulates very readily. Mr. Pryal, however, states 
 that the honey is of heavy body.^^ i 
 
 *Bhus laurina Nutt. , Laurel Sumac. Fig. 7c. 
 
 "Very common in the foothills and extending well. up into the chap- 
 arral ; less common in the inter-ior. June- July." AbramsS.- 
 
 Amber honey with a marked odor, but of a fine flavor. Many southern' 
 California apiaries get one or more extractings from this source. 
 
 *8chinus molle L. Pepper Tree. 
 
 Introduced: grown in 'southern California and as far north as San 
 Francisco Bay region. Blooms principally in summer, but also in 
 spring and fall. 
 
 An excellent* and regular producer of an amber and strong flavored 
 honey. , :*;i 
 
 AcERACE.iE. Maple Family. 
 Acer negundoli. Ash-leafed Maple. BoxElde.r.' 
 
 "Common along streams from San Bernardino northward: Contra 
 Costa County, Sonoma County, Sacramento River. March- April. " 
 Jepson. 
 
 Honmfrom the flowers, honeydew from the leaves in the fall. 
 
 "Gleanings In Bee Culture. Nov. 1, 1907. 
 
 «Tryal, W. A. American Bee Journal. Sept. 1909. 
 
1006 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Sapindace^. Buckeye Family. 
 Aesculus calif arnica Nutt. California Buckeye. Fig 8b. 
 
 "Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, north to south Fork 
 Trinity and Redding, and southward to Fort Tejon and Antelope 
 Valley. "^^ June. 
 
 Yields considerable honey in some localities. A few beekeepers in 
 the vicinity of Sacramento believe they have good evidence that the 
 honey poisons their bees. 
 
 Fig. 8._a California Water Weed, b California Buckeye. 
 
 Rhamnace.<e. Buckthorn Family. 
 *Ceanot}ius cuneatus Nutt. Nuttall 's Ceanothus. 
 
 "Very abundant in the higher Coast ranges and in the Sierra foot- 
 hills, either isolated or gregarious, and forming impenetrable and often 
 extensive thickets. March- April. " Jepson 
 
 "Occasional along the southern rim of the San Gabriel and San 
 
 tr ::rtrx::ar"^~- ^™°^ '- ^-^^ ^-^- -^ -- 
 
 cZi:''i7oi^-''- ^'^^^■•^^^v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^^ 
 
B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1007 
 
 Ceanothus (sp.). Wild Lilac and others. 
 
 Very common throughout the Coast ranges forming part of the chap- 
 arral belt. March-May. 
 
 Honey and an abundance of yellow pollen. 
 
 Rhamnus calif ornica Eseh. Coifee Berry. Buckthorn. 
 
 Cascara Sagrada (erroneously). 
 
 ' ' Common everywhere in the Coast ranges and at low altitudes in the 
 Sierra. June- July. ' ' Jepson. San Diego County. April-May. 
 
 Yields an amber honey of very heavy body in the foothills of the 
 Sierra Nevada mountains. San Diego County reports the coffee berry 
 a good producer of an amber honey of good flavor but slightly catharic. 
 It appears that Mr. Herold of Sonora has very good evidence that this 
 honey has poisoned his bees. 
 
 *Bhamnus corcea Nutt. 
 
 "Mayacamus mojj^tains (east of Napa Valley) and southward near 
 the coast ; Oakland, etc. February-May. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 ' ' Occasional on the dry plains and in the chaparral belt of our interior 
 region. ' ' Abrams. Common in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. Of value to induce early breeding in late 
 winter and early spring. 
 
 *Bhamnus purshiana D. C. Cascara sagrada. Chittam. 
 
 "Point Reyes according to Davy; scarcely known in our region, more 
 common in northern California." Jepson. May. 
 
 An excellent honey plant in the northern part o'f the State producing 
 an amber-colored honey. 
 
 ViTACE^. Vine Family. 
 Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Virginia Creeper. 
 
 Introduced : a common ornamental in our gardens. Juncr July. 
 
 An abundance of pale yellow pollen very eagerly sought after by bees. 
 
 Vitis caUf ornica Benth. California "Wild Grape. 
 
 "Along streams throughout the Coast ranges, Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin valleys, and Sierra foothills. May- June. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Vitis vinifera L. et var. Wine Grape. European Grape. 
 
 Introduced : grown almost everywhere ; extensively cultivated in many 
 of our valleys and especially in Fresno County. May-June. 
 
 Some honey and green pollen. In the fall where honey-producing 
 plants are scarce, the bees often gather and store considerable quan- 
 tities of grape juice when the fruit becomes punctured by other insects 
 or birds. This juice sometimes ferments in the cells and causes dysen- 
 tery among the bees. 
 
■1008 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOENIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 TiLiACEiE. Lime or Linden Family. 
 Tiliaamericamh. American Linden. Basswood. 
 
 Introduced : grown occasionally. Berkeley, Fresno. May-June. 
 
 Judging from the way in which bees worked upon a single tree at 
 Fresno, it should prove to be an excellent source of honey if grown 
 extensively here. 
 Tilia (sp.). 
 
 Introduced : single tree growing in San Rafael. 
 
 Very much worked upon by bees. May-June. 
 
 Malvace^. Mallow Family. 
 Gossypium herbdceum L. Cotton. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation in the Imperial Valley, and to some 
 extent in Los Angeles and San Diego counties. June- August. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. Of this plant Mr. Louis H. SchoU of Texas 
 says : "Honey yield good, steady flow till frost, honey white and of good 
 quality. Main source throughout cotton belt. Nectar glands on ribs 
 of leaves and on bracts of buds, blooms and bolls. June to frost. ' '^* 
 
 Malva parviflora L. Small Flowered Mallow. 
 
 "Very common in waste places, especially near dwellings in the 
 interior vaUeys ; flowering in spring and early summer. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Malva sylvestris h. {alhino) . White Mallow. 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. May-June. 
 Eagerly visited by bees. 
 
 Sidalcea mdmakflora Gray. Wild Hollyhock. 
 
 "High places of open fields in the valleys and on the plains, or in a 
 reduced form on hill tops. Last of April-May." Jepson. Reported 
 along roads and irrigating ditches in Imperial Valley, blooming in 
 January. 
 
 The first honey plant of any importance in the Imperial Valley accord- 
 ing to Mr. George of that section. 
 
 TAMAEicACE.a:. Tamarisk Family. 
 Tamarix (sp.). Tamarisk. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated in some parts of the State. Santa Barbara 
 and Fresno counties. April-June. 
 A very great favorite with the bees. 
 
 CiSTACE^. Rock-Rose Family. 
 *Helianthemum scoparium Nutt. 
 
 "Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast ranges, from Lake County to 
 
 ='Texas Honey Plants. Bull. No. 102. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. 
 
Bulletin 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1009 
 
 Mt. Tamalpais and southward; not common. April-May." Jepson. 
 ' ' Frequent on dry ridges in the chaparral belt of all our mountains and 
 foothills. ' ' Abrams. 
 
 Honey from the flowers during July and August in southern Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Cactace^. Cactus Family. 
 Opuntia lindheimeri occidentalis Prickly Pear. Fig. 9. 
 
 Coult. 
 
 ' ' Frequent in our valleys and foothills from Los Angeles eastward. ' ' 
 Abrams. Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. May-July. 
 
 FlQ. 9. — Prickly Pear. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers. Of the species engelmanni, 
 native of Texas. Mr. Louis Scholl says: "Of much importance to the 
 beekeeper especially during a season of partial drouth. Both an abund- 
 ance of honey and pollen was obtained, the honey being light amber in 
 color, of heavy body, but 'stringy'— so much so that it fairly draws out 
 into 'strings' when very thick. The flavor is very rank."^^ 
 
 ^'Gleanings in Bee Culture. Apr. 15, 1907. 
 
1010 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPEKIMENT STATION. 
 
 Myrtace^. 
 Eucalyptus calophylla R. Br.^° 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. August-October. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 Eucalyptus citriodora Bailey. Lemon-Scented Gum. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation in many parts of California. June- 
 July. 
 
 A splendid yielder of nectar. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta Labill. Tate Tree. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. May-August. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus corynocalyx F. & M. Sugar Gum. ;A,; 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. August-November. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. t'' 
 
 Eucalyptus eugonioides Sieb. "White Stringy Bark. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. August. /f^ 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Blue Gum. 
 
 Introduced : extensively cultivated throughout California. December- 
 June. 
 
 Honey, amber, of an acid flavor, heavy body and granulating within 
 a few months. The blue gum is very constant in nectar secretion, even 
 in spite of unfavorable weather, and, since it is of wide distribution, con- 
 siderable quantities of honey come from this source. On account of the 
 pronounced flavor of eucalyptus honey there is little or no demand for 
 it in retail trade. 
 
 Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. Cider Gum. 
 
 '"''' Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. April-May. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus lehmannii Preis. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. August-September. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 "«See Bull. No. 196 of this Station concerning "The Eucalyptus as Bee Pasture." 
 
Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OP CALIFORNIA. 1011 
 
 Eucalyptus Uucoxylon F. & M. "White Ironbark. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. November-April. 
 
 Reported to be a great honey producer, with a beautiful flavor, much 
 like a vanilla extract. 
 
 Eucalyptus maculata Hook. Spotted Gum. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. May-June. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus melliodora Cunn. Honey-Scented Gum. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. January-June. 
 
 Very eagerly visited by bees. It secretes nectar constantly throughout 
 its long blooming period. 
 
 Eucalyptus polyanthema Schau. Red Box Tree. ■ 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. February- April. ^? 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus phaceafoUa. 
 
 Southern California; rare. 
 
 A wonderful producer of a water-white honey, and according to 
 Mr. M. H. Mendleson of Ventura, as many as three bees at one time have 
 been observed to sip up from a single blossom as much nectar as it was 
 possible for them to carry off. 
 
 Eucalyptus resinifera Smith. Red Mahogany Gum. 
 
 ;^_^ Kino Bucalypt. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. August-September. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta Smith. ■'.■• Swamp Mahogany Gum. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of CaUfornia. Novem- 
 ber-March. * 
 
 An excellent honey tree, yielding more nectar than globulus and as 
 much as melliodora. These three trees, with leucoxylon, appear to be 
 the most favored by California beekeepers. 
 
 Eucalyptus rostrata Schleeht. Red Gum. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation in many parts of California. May- 
 July. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers; may prove of much value to 
 the Imperial Valley beekeepers. 
 
1012 UNIVERSITY OF CAMFOBNU— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Eucalyptus siderophlora Benth. Broad (Large) Leaved Ironbark. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. October-November, also January. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea Ciinn. Victoria Ironbark. Eed Ironbark. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. December, also March. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 Eucalyptus stuartiana F. & M. Apple-Scented Gum. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. April. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith. Forest Gray Gum. Flooded Gum. 
 
 Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. May-July. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 . . . ' 
 
 Eucalyptus vtrmnalis Labill. Manna Gum. 
 
 . Introduced: University Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and else- 
 where. July-August. ,j, 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 • ONAGRACEiE. ,,.,- 
 
 Godetia hottae Spach. 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June. 
 Very rich in nectar. 
 
 Jussiaea californica Jepson. California "Waterweed. Fig. 8a. 
 
 "Eegions of the lower Sacramento and the lower San Joaquin, par- 
 ticularly in tide sloughs. July-September. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers and supposed to be very ill- 
 tasting in flavor. ,,,,,. 
 
 Umbelliper^. Parsley Family. 
 Daucus cariota L. Carrot. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in many parts of California. 
 
 Honey white, with a characteristic flavor and granulating within a 
 few months after extraction. A most excellent yielder in the Sacra- 
 mento Valley, where it is considered to surpass the onion as a honey 
 plant. 
 
 Eryngium articulatum Hook. Blue Thistle. Fig.lOa. 
 
 "Common in the Suisun marshes; should be looked for in the Alva- 
 rado marshes. August-September." Jepson. Common along Cosumnes 
 Eiver, August-October. 
 
 A dark honey, but good in flavor. 
 
BlJIiETIN 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OP CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1013 
 
 Foeniculem vulgare Gaertn. Sweet Fennel. 
 
 Cummin. Fig. 10b. 
 
 "Waste places on old farms and by country lanes, flowering in 
 summer: Solatio County, Napa Valley, Berkeley," etc. Jepson. "In 
 waste places and along streets. ' ' Abrams. Along roadsides in Santa 
 Barbara and Ventura counties. May- April. 
 
 A good honey plant, producing a light amber honey. 
 
 
 
 ..^^ 
 
 
 
 j^^'l 
 
 i::'i--^%iljX^::l^ 
 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 ^^^9^ 
 
 
 ^^^Si^^H 
 
 
 ^^m 
 
 ite^<^ 
 
 ^^^^^^p 
 
 i^^i^^^g 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Fig. 10. — a Blue Thistle, b Sweet Fennel, 
 d Caterpillar Phacelia. 
 
 c Dodder. 
 
 SYMPETALAE. 
 
 EBiCACE.ffl. Heath Family. 
 Arbutus menziesU Hook. Madrona. 
 
 "Occasional in northern Sierra foothills and very common in the 
 Coast ranges, especially northward. April." Jepson. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
1014 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Arctostaphijlos (sp.). Manzanita. Bear Berry. 
 
 Throughout Coast ranges ; Sierra Nevada foothills, and San Bernar- 
 dino Mountain (2,000 to 9,000 feet). November-February. 
 
 Honey amber and of excellent flavor, much like manzanita itself 
 (Colusa County) ; pollen. San Diego County reports a white honey 
 from the manzanita. One of our most important honey plants to 
 induce bees to early breeding. In some parts of Monterey, Colusa, and 
 El Dorado counties a 20 to 40 pound surplus is obtained, and on very 
 warm days (Monterey County) nectar can be shaken from the bloom. 
 A beekeeper of Applegate reports it to be his best honey yielder.-' 
 
 PRiMULACEiE. Primrose Family. 
 Dodecatheon (sip.). Shooting Star. 
 
 Reported to furnish pollen in considerable quantities in the San 
 Joaquin Valley. 
 
 Oleace^e. Olive or Ash Family. 
 Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Oregon Ash. 
 
 "Along the Sacramento River and Coast Range streams, especially 
 toward the coast. April-May. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Ligustrum japonicum Thumb. Japan Privet. 
 
 Listed as a honey plant from California in the 1910 edition of 
 "A B C & X Y Z of Bee Culture." 
 
 Olea europaea L. et var. Olive. 
 
 , Introduced : under general cultivation throughout California. April- 
 May. 
 
 Mr. T. 0. Andrews of CoFona and Mr. B. B. Hogaboom of Elk Grove 
 report that bees work well upon olive bloom. The olive tree is also well 
 known as a source of honey in Spain,^^ yet the writer's apiary (Santa 
 Barbara, 1909) is within easy distance of 5,000 olive trees, but he has 
 never seen more than two or three bees on any single tree, and they only 
 were collecting pollen. 
 
 Asclepiadace^. Milkweed Family. 
 Asclepias mexicana Cav. Milkweed. 
 
 "Forming patches in dry ground; distributed throughout California, 
 but not near the coast within our limits. " July-September. Jepsoli. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. The pollen grains of each anther are col- 
 lected into a compact mass, each such mass being encased in sacs by a 
 thread-like substance, at the end of which is situated a minute viscous 
 gland. The bees &equently become entangled herein, and sometimes so 
 much 'so that they perish in considerable numbers. 
 
 ='Penn, Enoch. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Mar. 15 1906 
 ^Senor Miguel Pons. Fabregeus, Barcelona. 
 
B'ULLETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OP CALIFORNIA. 1015 
 
 Asclepias speciosa Torr. Milkweed. 
 
 "Along streams, Solano County, common in the Sierra Nevada, 
 Marin, Contra Costa, and Alameda counties, according to Green. Last 
 of May- July. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. This species also possesses these viscous 
 glands. 
 
 CoNVOLVULACE^. Morning Glory Family. 
 Co)i volvulus arvensis L. Morning Glory. Common Bind- 
 
 weed. 
 Very wide distribution throughout California. May-July. 
 Bees work upon the bloom in the vicinity of Sacramento, and it 
 appears, at times, store some honey. 
 
 Guscuta (sTp.). Dodder. Gold Thread. 
 
 Love Vine. Fig 10c. 
 A pa,rasite on many of our plants, including some of our best 
 honey flora, such as the willow, poison oak, figwort, wild alfalfa, wild 
 buckwheat, sages, alfalfa and others. Flowering from June to Sep- 
 tember, according to species. 
 
 Bees visit the small white flowers very freely and no doubt gather 
 some honey. 
 
 POLEMONCIACEiE. 
 
 Gilia chamissonis. 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. May-June. 
 An abundance of sky-blue pollen. 
 
 Hydeophtllace^. Phacelia Family. 
 *Eriodictyon trichocalyx Eas. Yerba Santa. 
 
 Ventura County. June-July. Not listed by Jepson or Abrams. 
 An excellent honey plant frequently yielding a surplus. 
 
 Phacelia distans Benth. Hill Vervenia. 
 
 "Higher hiUs of the Coast ranges from Napa Valley to Mt. Tamalpais, 
 the ocean at Bodega (where first collected), and southward. April." 
 Jepson. "Very common in the plains and foothills. March- April. " 
 Abrams. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 *Phacelia hispida Gray. Caterpillar Phacelia. Fig. lOd. 
 
 "Very common in the chaparral belt in open grassy places. April- 
 June. ' ' Airams. Common in Ventura County. June-July. 
 
 "The honey is water white, and of fine flavor; but it candies, soon 
 after It is extracted, to the consistency of fine paste.^" I extracted a 
 carload from phacelia before the sages came in. ' '^" 
 
 =»Mendleson, M. H. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Deo. 15, 1908. 
 s'Mendleson, M. H. Gleanings in Bee Culture. Oct. 1, 1908. 
 
1016 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 *Phacelia ramosissima Dougl. 
 
 ' ' Colusa and Lake counties southward to Santa Cruz. Sierra Nevada. 
 June-July." Jepson. Southern California. April- June. 
 
 A fair honey plant, but not the equal of either of the three other 
 species herein listed. 
 *P'hacelia tenacetifoUa Benth. Valley Vervenia. 
 
 "Plains and valleys: Marysville Buttes; Sacramento Valley; Vallejo. 
 Greene 1874. Tracy. April. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 "The honey is light amber, some times light green and of a mild, 
 aromatic flavor. The sky-blue pollen comes from it alone. ' '" Some San 
 Joaquin Valley beekeepers call this plant "Fiddle neck." 
 
 Wigandia (sp.). 
 
 Introduced : Orange County and probably elsewhere. 
 
 Mr. R. K. Bishop of the above county considers it one of the best 
 honey plants he has seen. 
 
 BoEAGiNACEiE. , Boragc Family. 
 *3eliotropium curassavicum L. Common or Wild Heliotrope. 
 
 Chinese Pusley. Imperial County. 
 "Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or 
 alkaline lands throughout California. JuncrNovember. " Jepson. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 HeUotropium (sp.). Cultivated Heliotrope. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in the gardens in towns and cities. 
 Honey from the flowers. May- August. 
 
 Tournefortia heliotropoides Hook. 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June. 
 Some honey from the flowers. 
 
 Verbenace^. Verbena Family. 
 Duranta phimieri J acq. Golden Dew Drop. Tropical Lilac. 
 
 Pigeon Berry. 
 Introduced : grown as a hedge plant in our gardens. 
 Mr. Morrison says, "bees go crazy over it."^^ 
 
 TAppia lanceolata Michx. 
 
 "Common on muddy banks of the islands lying near the confluence 
 of the Sacramento and San Joaquip rivers; Grand Island; Bouldin 
 Island," etc. Jepson. "Occasional along slow-running streams in 
 marshy places. June- August. ' ' Airams. 
 
 Valued as a honey plant, but not to the extent as is the following : '^ 
 
 "Horn, H. B. American Bee Keeper.. March, 1904. 
 ft "Gleanings in Bee Culture. Aug. 1, 1905. U 
 
B-DIMiTIlir 217] HONBT PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1017 
 
 Tjippia nodiflora Michx. Carpet Grass. Mat Grass. 
 
 Pog Fruit. Fig. 13 a. 
 
 "Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin, especially on river banks. 
 July-September." Jepson. Sacramento Valley, May-October. 
 
 flii beekeepers in the regions surrounding Sacramento report the 
 honey light, of mild ^avor, good body and granulating with a very fine 
 grain. One of the leading honey plants of "the Sacramento Valley, com- 
 mencing to yield about the middle of May, and lasting till frost. If the 
 iS^t beekeepers are anxious for bountiful rains, it is not so with their 
 Sacramien-to brothers, for, the earlier the Sacramento River recedes, the 
 sooner are the slopes of fta,|pft grass bordering the river drained of all 
 excess water, a condition which means a sooner and better flow of 
 necta^ Three fourths of the honey output of Sutter County is reported 
 to be from carpet :§f am Mr. J. J. ' Thornber of the University of 
 Arizona says that nodiflora is also known under the trade name of 
 repens.^* As a honey producer in central Texas it is absolutely worth- 
 
 Lippia repens HoTt. Lippia. Lawn Plant. Fig. lib.* 
 
 Introduced: cultivated as a lawn in Eftany of our homes, iespecia;lly 
 in southern California. May-August. 
 
 Continually visited by bees while in bloom. Introduced from Rome 
 by Dr. F. F. Franceschi of Santa Barbara, less than ten years ago,, and 
 to-day not only are thousands of acres naturalized to this lippia in our 
 State, but also in Arizona, Mexico, Australia, and other countries.'® 
 This plant seeds from October to February, and takes six weeks to 
 mature. Cuttings may be planted at any time. . ' 
 
 Verbena prostrata R. Br. Wjld Verbena; 
 
 Common Vervain. Fig. lie'. 
 
 "Dry, open hiU country throughout western Calif OHiia;; Humboldt 
 County, Sonoma and Vacaville, southward to Alameda County, Santa 
 Clara County, and' southern California,-. July-September. ''J Jeps^H.. 
 
 Reported to yield considerable honey in some localities along the coast. 
 
 LABAiTiE. Mijit Family. ' 
 
 *Marruhium vulgare L. Horehound. Fig. lid. i ; 
 
 "Common weed of old fields and waste places about farms and vil- 
 lages everywhere in the Coast ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin 
 valleys. Sierra foothills and southern California. Evergreen with us^. 
 July-September. ' ' Jepson. Southern California. .May- June. i 
 
 A splendid yielder of dark amber honey, too strong and dark for 
 
 "Timely Hints for Farmers. No. 83. Arizona Agri. Exp. Sta. 
 "Sholl, fSu^H. The Southern Queen. Aug. 1903. 
 ""Behavior of Alien Plants at Santa Barbara." Address before American Breeders' 
 ABSOCiation at Omaha, Neb., Deo. 8-10, 1909. 
 
1018 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Fig. 11.— a Carpet Grass, b Lippia. c Wild Verbena. A Hbrehound e Tule 
 Mint, f Thistle Sage, g Purple Sage, h White Sage, i Black Sage. 
 
Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFOBNIA. 1019 
 
 table use, but is used largely in medicine. This honey is reported by 
 some Ventura County beekeepers to be of a light color with a greenish 
 tinge. It is, however, probably wild alfalfa honey, with a slight addi- 
 tion of horehound, for this honey is very aromatic, and requires but a 
 small amount to impart to any honey its characteristic, flavor. Ventura 
 and Los Angeles counties produce horehound in considerable quantities. 
 Considered a pest on a sage range, for if its nectar is gathered in even 
 small quantities, the^color and flavor of sage is impaired. 
 
 Mentha canadensis L. Tule Mint. Fig. lie. 
 
 ' ' Common in marshes ; lower Sacramento and lower San Joaquin, San 
 Francisco Bay. August-September." Jepson. Sacramento County. 
 July-October. , ,^., 
 
 Honey '^bm the flowers. ' 
 
 Mentha spicata L. Peppermint. Spearmint. 
 
 "Rather common in wet places: Berkeley; Napa Valley, Lake County. 
 Naturalized." Jepson. Common in lower San Joaquin Valley. 
 August-October. 
 
 In Sa^amento County and southward, yielding a great abundance of 
 a dark amber-colored honey. 
 
 Micromeria chamissonis Greene. Yerba Buena. i' 
 "Common in woods near the coast: Humboldt County, Berkeley, San 
 
 Francisco, Beltnont, Monterey County, and southward to southern 
 
 California. June." Jepson. "Santa 'Monica mountains in shady 
 
 plaees not comnibn. May-June." Abrams. 
 Considered aiair honey plant in some localities. 
 
 *Monardella lanceolata Gray. (Western) Pennyroyal. 
 
 "Sierra foothills or at middle elevations." Jepson. 
 
 "Frequent in dry ground in the interior region in the valleys and 
 mountains. J?une-August. " Ahrams. In canyons of Ventura County. 
 
 ^ honey plant in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. 
 
 *Salvia (B^AKUs. Loving Sage. 
 
 Introduced species grown in. Santa Barbara." March-June.. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 * Salvia apioMa Jep. ,, White Sage. Fig. llh. Fig. 12a. 
 
 "Very common on the dry plains toward the foothills and ascending 
 these to :j|^ijt 3,000 feet. April- July." Abrams. Common from Santa 
 Barbara County southward. May-August. (Audibertia polystachia.) 
 
 Honey white, of superior flavor and body, and believed not to granu- 
 late. AsvlBiiwdant as the black sage, but not as good a yielder nor has 
 the honey as fine a flavor. * ' 
 
 4^iSuL. 217 
 
1020 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIi EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Salvia carduacea Benth. Thistle or Annual Sage. Fig. llf. 
 
 "Inner south Coast Range valleys (Contra Costa County and south- 
 ward), and throughout the San Joaquin Valley; southern California, 
 June. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 "Occasional in sandy soil in all the valleys and in the foothills. 
 March-May. ' ' Ahrams. 
 
 Honey, white and of excellent flavor; a well known honey plant in 
 many of the above sections. 
 Salvia columbariae Benth. Chia. Annual Sage. 
 
 "Throughout the Coast ranges. Sierra Nevada, and southern Cali- 
 fornia, on hill and mountain slopes. April-May." Jepson. 
 
 "Frequent throughout our range in the foothills and on the plains. 
 March-May. ' ' Abrams. 
 
 A white honey of excellent quality, yielding a surplus in Monterey 
 County and elsewhere. 
 
 Fig. 12. — a White Sage, b Purple Sage, c Black Sage. 
 
 ^Salvia leucophylla. Purple, White Leaved and 
 
 Silver Sage. Fig. llg. Fig. 12b. 
 
 "Occasional in the foothills of the Santa Monica and San Fernando 
 mounttains. April- July." Airams. From San Luis Obispo to San 
 Diego counties, and not extending inland beyond the Coast ranges. 
 (Audihertia nivea Benth.) 
 
 Honey, water white; unexcelled flavor; of heavy body and does not 
 granulate. Not as abundant as the black or white sages, but a splendid 
 yielder and the finest flavored of the sage honey. Attacked by a 
 sage worm. This species probably crosses with both S. mellifera and 
 S. apiana. 
 
BtJLLBTlN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIPOENIA. .9> 1021 
 
 *8alvia melUfera Greene. Black, Ball, Button and Blue Sage. 
 
 Fig. Hi. Fig. 12c. 
 
 "Mt. Diablo, Los Trampas Eidge, near Hayward, San Mateo County, 
 Glenwood and Loma Prieta, southward to southern California. April- 
 May." Jepson. Coast ranges and ascending to 5,000 feet in the San 
 Bernardino mountains. March-June. (Audiiertia stachyoides Benth.) 
 San Diego County, February-May. 
 
 Honey, water white and of a rich and delicious flavor ; of heavy body 
 especially north of San Luis Obispo; does not graiiulate; moderate 
 amount of yellow pollen. This is the best honey producer on the coast, 
 the flow being dependent upon winter rains with a warm spring quite 
 free from cold winds and fog. "When in bloom a certain amount of 
 warm weather is required before it will produce nectar. As a general 
 rule, every fifth year an excellent crop is obtained, and every third or 
 fourth year a total failure is experienced. That which is commonly 
 known as "California White Sage Honey" throughout the United 
 States and Europe is not from the white sage, but the black sage. The 
 white sage yields comparatively little honey as compared with either the 
 black or purple sage. The sage worm, in cloudy weather, often becomes 
 abundant enough to destroy much of the bloom. Dodder and a rust 
 (Puccinia) also do damage in certain localities. There is a cross 
 between this species and S. apiana. For the correct botanical history of 
 the melliferous sages, see H. M. Hall, Pacific Eural Press, February 22, 
 1908. 
 
 * Salvia sonomensis Greene. • Creeping Sage. Eamona. 
 
 "Montana species at middle altitudes, Eamona, mountains west of 
 Calistoga, Mt. . Shasta, Calaveras, and Mariposa counties, San Diego 
 County. May." Jepson. Also June. Sierra foothills from Sierra to 
 Inyo counties, usually in shaded situations. April 1-May 15. {Audi- 
 iertia humiUs Benth. Bamona humilis Greene.) 
 
 Honey, water white and of excellent fiavor ; the main source of honey 
 in many of the above districts. Believed not to granulate. 
 
 ^Salvia spathaceae Greene. Humming Bird Sage. 
 
 Crimson Sage. 
 
 ' ' Coast ranges from the Vaca mountains, Mt. Diablo and San Fran- 
 cisco, southward to Santa Monica. April-May." Jepson. {Audiiertia 
 glandiflora Benth.) 
 
 This has often been termed a honey plant, but the coroUas are much 
 too deep for bees. The humming bird appears to be the only visitor of 
 this bloom. 
 
 Satureia montana L. Winter Savory. 
 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June, 
 Much liked by bees. 
 
1022 UNIVEBSITT OP CALIFOBNU— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Stachys ajugiodes Benth. 
 
 "Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast ranges and Sacra- 
 mento and San Joaquin valleys." May-August. Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 Stachys aliens Gray. "White Hedge Nettle. 
 
 "Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coast ranges, Knox- 
 ville grade to Lower Lake, Livermore Pass, Pacheco Pass. July- 
 August." Jepson. Fresno County. June. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Stachys bullata Benth. Hedge Nettle. 
 
 "The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills of 
 the Coast ranges. March- April. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 "It is very rich in nectar and furnishes considerable forage for the 
 
 Trichostema lancealatum Benth. Blue Curls. Vinegar Weed. Pur- 
 ple Blue Curls (Orange County). 
 Mustang (Sacramento County). 
 Camphor "Weed (Tulare County). 
 Nigger Weed -(.(San Bernardino 
 County). Flea Weed( Los An- 
 geles County). Fig. 13a. 
 "Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast ranges, southern 
 California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville, 
 Winters, Healdsburg, and northward. Sierra foothills. | A bee plant in 
 Fresno County, where it abounds in many localities, and "yields a 
 white® honey that granulates remarkably quick." 0. L. Abbott. 
 August-September. Jepson. "Frequent in dry fields, especially on 
 the mesas of our interior valleys. June-September. ' ' Abrams. 
 
 San Bernardino mountains '(2,300 feet), Ventura County and Santa 
 Tnez Valley. Sacramento Valley. August-November. 
 
 A milk-white honey, and one of our quickest honeys to granulate, 
 doing so with a very fine grain. This honey has often been observed 
 to granulate in the cells before the bees were ready to seal them. Blue 
 curls usually commences to yield in August and continues till frost. A 
 beekeeper of Fresno reports that should a light rain fall during Septem- 
 ber,, a terrific flow will follow and tons of honey are stored by the bees. 
 Some beekeiepers in the San Bernardino mountains maintain that a 
 September rain decreases the flow of nectar from blue curl. A very 
 attractive table honey when sold in small crystallized blocks, yet the 
 bulk of this honey goes to biscuit manufacturers. 
 
 "Pryal, W. A. American Bee Journal. April, 1909. 
 
Bulletin 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OP CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1023 
 
 SoKOPHULARiACEffl. Figwort Family. 
 *Scrophularia calif ornica Cham. California Figwort. Fig. 13b. 
 
 "Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills, Coast 
 ranges, Sierra Nevada, southern California. May- June." Jepson. In 
 southern California blooms as early as March. 
 
 Fig. 13. — a Blue Curls, "b California Figwort. c Button 
 Willow. 
 
 Excellent honey plant, and although it is never abundant, there is 
 no doubt that some figwort honey is stored. 
 
 Scrophularia vernalis. Simpson's Honey Plant. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation by M. H. Mendleson of Ventura. 
 April-June. 
 
 Thrives as weU as does our native species, and is much visited by the 
 bees. 
 
 Veronica andersonii L. & P. 
 Botanical gardens of the University of California. June. 
 
1024 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — ^EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Plantaginaceje. Plantago Family. 
 Plantago major L. Common Plantain. Buck Plantain. 
 
 ' ' Not uncommon in low fields and waste places. ' ' Jepson. May- June. 
 Honey and white pollen from the flowers during the forenoon. 
 
 KuBiACE^. Madder Family. 
 
 Gephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Willow. , 
 
 Button Bush. Fig. 13c. 
 
 "Common along interior streams, especially the San Joaquin and 
 Sacramento rivers, some times growing 40 feet in height. August-Sep- 
 tember. ' ' Jepson. Sacramento Valley, July. 
 
 Honey very light in color and of a mild flavor. A good honey plant 
 in the Sacramento Valley, but not abundant enough to figure as a good 
 surplus yielder. The button bush is well known as a honey plant along 
 the Mississippi River. '#'■• 
 
 Caprifoliace^. Honeysuckle Family. ;,; 
 iom'cera (sp.). Wild Honeysuckle. ■ 
 
 Common throughout California. May-June. 
 Reported to yield some honey. 
 
 Lonicera caprifoUum L. Cultivated Honeysuckle. 
 
 Introduced : a common vine in the gardens of our homes. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *SamJ)ucus glauca Nutt; Blue Elderberry. 
 
 "Common in open woods or canyons of the lower hill country, or at 
 middle altitudes, or along stream banks in the valleys: Coast ranges, 
 Sacramento and* San Joaquin valleys. Sierra Nevada. May- August." 
 Jepson. "Frequent on low hills and ill wastes in aU the valleys. May- 
 June." Abrams. 
 
 No honey ; excellent as a source of pollen of a yellow color. 
 
 CucuEBiTACE^s;. Gourd Family. 
 Citrullus vulgaris Schad. Watermelon. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August. 
 Considerable honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 Cucumis melo L. et var. Cantaloupe. Muskmelon. 
 
 ., Introduced: under cultivation throughout California, especiaUy in 
 
 the Imperial Valley. January-May. 
 
 Reported to be of importance in the Imperial Valley for its yield of 
 pollen during the early part of spring. 
 
 Cucumis sativus L. Cucumber. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation throughout California. May- August. 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
Bulletin 217] 
 
 HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1025 
 
 Cucurbita pepo L. Pumpkin. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August. 
 
 An amber honey granulating very rapidly and containing a great 
 deal of pollen. 
 
 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. Summer Crookneck Squash. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August. 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 Cucurbita mosc/iato' Duchesne. Winter Crookneck Squash. 
 
 Introduced: under cultivation throughout California. May- August. 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 CoMPOSAT.a;. Sunflower Family. 
 Anthemis cotula L. May Weed. Dog Fennel. Fig. 14a. 
 
 "Very common late spring or summer weed in pastures and neglected 
 lands throughout California." Jepson. 
 
 Light yellow, but very bitter-flavored honey; pollen. 
 
 Blooming as it does between the spring and summer it has proved to 
 be of considerable value to many Sacramento Valley beekeepers. 
 
 Fig. 14. — a May Weed, b Common Sunflower, c Coast Tarweed. d Tarwed. 
 e Yellow Tarweed. f Western Goldenrod. 
 
 Artemisia calif ornica Less. Sage Brush. Old Man. 
 
 Hill Brush. 
 
 "Common on hills of the upper Sonora zone, from lower California 
 north to San Francisco Bay; most plentiful towards the coast." Hall. 
 
1026 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Much valued for its very early and abundant pollen. The sage brush 
 is often mistaken for the true sages which belong to the genus Salvia 
 and not Artemisia. 
 Bidens frondosa L. Beggar Ticks. 
 
 "Lower Sacramento River; very common. September." Jepson. 
 
 Listed as a honey plant in the 1910 editions of"ABC&XYZof 
 Bee Culture." 
 *Bidens pilosa L. Spanish Needle: 
 
 "A native of the tropics; frequent in southern California as a weed." 
 Hall. June-July. 
 
 A light amber honey. 
 
 Centaurea cyanus L. Cornflower. 
 
 Introduced : under cultivation in many of our homes. May-June. 
 Honey and pale yellow pollen from the flowers. 
 
 Centaurea melitensis L. Napa Thistle. Tocalote. 
 
 "A.bundant everywhere in agricultural lands and pastured hills. 
 May- June. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Reported to yield some poUen in the San Bernardino mountains, but 
 nevertheless a very obnoxious weed, and beekeepers of this section are 
 unanimous for its eradication. In Sacramento County, however, Mr. B. 
 B. Hogaboom reports this thistle to yield a honey light amber in color,, 
 of good flavor and fair body from May 15 to June 15. It abounds on 
 the sage ranges of Ventura County, but has never been known. to yield 
 any nectar there. 
 
 ^Gentromadia pungens Greene. Spikeweed. ' 
 
 "Abundant on the plains of' the lower San Joaquin, southward to 
 southern California and westward to "Walnut Creek and Alameda. On 
 the alkaline plains of the upper San Joaquin this species covers tens of 
 thousands of acres and often forms thickets four or five feet high. It 
 is a valued bee plant. Carloads of spikeweed honey are shipped 
 annually from Fresno County, the honey is of amber color, good quality 
 and granulates quickly. " 0. L. Abiott. Jepson. 
 
 ,It is not any longer the honey plant it once was among the San 
 Joaquin Valley beekeepers.^ Such plants as blue curls, alkali weed, and 
 jackass clover, all blooming about the time spikewood does, appear to 
 be better liked fall honey plants among the valley beekeepers. 
 Cirsium lanceolatum Scop. Bull Thistle. .# 
 
 "European species, introduced in recent years in the bay region: 
 Berkeley, lower San Joaquin," etc. Jepson. Sacramento County. 
 June-August. 
 
 Considerable honey from the flowers. ,s,iw 
 
B-ULUETIN 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. 1027 
 
 *Coreopsis gigantea Hall. ; 
 
 "Near the coast p!^ Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo 
 County." Hall. 
 
 Botanical gardens of University of California. February. 
 
 Honey from the flowers ; a great favorite of the bees. 
 
 Cynara scolymus L. Globe Artichoke. •: 
 
 Introduced : cultivated in our truck gardens and elsewhere. June- 
 July. 
 Greedily visited by bees.'* 
 
 *Encelia calif omica Nutt. 
 
 "Common on dry hillsides of the upper Sonoran zone throughout 
 southern California, except on the desert. ' ' Hall. January- April. 
 
 Honey and poUen from the flowers. At times quite frequently visited 
 by bees. 
 
 *Erigeron foliosus i^utt. '■■ '^-w 
 
 "Common in the hill country: Marin County to the San Francisco 
 
 Peninsula, Leona (Alameda County) , Mt. Diablo and southward. June- 
 
 Augpst." Jepson. "Common on hiUs and in the mountains up to 
 
 2,100 feet altitude throughout California." Hall. 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *Eriophyllum confertiflorum (D. C.) Gray. 
 
 "Abundant on dry hills from San Diego north throughout western 
 California." Hall. April- July. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *Helianthus annus L. Common Sunflower. Fig. 14b. . 
 
 "Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, first appearing 
 in low places along country roads. July-September. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 "Common alon# roadsides and in waste places throughout western 
 North America. ' ' ' Hall. 
 
 An amber honey, with a most characteristic flavor, not unliked by 
 many. In .s|iniie years the wild sunflower produces very heavily. Mr. 
 Mendleson a few years ago shipped a carload of this honey from Ventura 
 County. Sacramento County also reports favorable yields of a black 
 colored honey with a shiny appearance. 
 HeUfinthus tuberosus. Jerusalem Artichoke. 
 
 Introduced: cultivated in our truck gardens and elsewhere. June- 
 July. Greedily visited by bees.^* 
 
 '^Heterotheca grandiflora 'Nutt. > 
 
 "Emigrant from southern California; San Jos6, etc. August- 
 October. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 "Pryal, W. A. Gleanings in Bee Cultlire. May 1, 1909. 
 "Pryal, W. A. Gleanings in Bee Culture. May 1, 1909. ■,; 
 
1028 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 "A common weed along ditches and in waste places, throughout south- 
 ern California except in the mountains." Hall. Ventura County. 
 June. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 *Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed. 
 
 Botanical gardens of University of California. February. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 Eemizonia corynibosa T. & G. Coast Tarweed. Fig. 14c. 
 
 "Abundant in valley fields and on hillsides. Berkeley to Santa Cruz 
 and Monterey County. June- July." Jepson. 
 
 Some honey from the flowers, but not near as good a honey plant as 
 the two following species: 
 *Hemizonia fasciculata T. & G. Tarweed. 
 
 "On mesas throughout southern California, except on the desert, 
 north to San Francisco Bay ; common especially towards the coast and 
 on the islands." Eall. June- August. 
 
 Honey dark amber, with strong tarweed aroma (preferred by some 
 to the milder honeys) , and granulates two or three months after extrac- 
 tion! An excellent producer along the coast extending from Santa 
 Barbara to San Diego County. The honey is reported to be used largely 
 in the manufacture of chewing tobacco and shoe blacking. 
 
 Ilemizonia virgata Gray. Yellow Tarweed. 
 
 "Common on the plains of the Sacramento Valley (Suisun, Vorden, 
 Gait, etc.) and the San Joaquin Valley and in the valleys of the inner 
 south Coast ranges. August-October." Jepson. 
 
 Honey of light yellow color,; good flavor and heavy body. This tar- 
 weed is a heavy and consistent yielder, beginning in August and lasting 
 for about twenty days, according to Mr. B. B. Hogaboom of Elk Grove. 
 
 Eemizonia {sp.). Yellow Tops. Yellow Tarweed. 
 
 Vinegar "Weed. 
 The tarweed of Fresno County, generally known as "Yellow Tops," 
 blooms from April to June, and is reported to yield an occasional sur- 
 plus. "Vinegar weed" has been applied to a tarweed in the San 
 Joaquin valleys. -The tarweed (probably E. corynibosa) of the San 
 Antonio Valley (Jolon), although very abundant, is reported not to 
 produce enough honey for an extraction. ' '!* 
 
 *Malacothrix saxatilis T. & G. 
 
 Frequent in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. June-July. 
 Some honey and pollen from the flowers. 
 
 •i4t*V 
 
Bulletin 217] HONEY PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA. ^^^^ i 
 
 *^Senecio douglasii D. C. 
 
 "Common throughout southern California in the upper Sonoran zone, 
 especially in sand-washes and other gravelly places; north to Lake 
 County." Hall. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 Solidago occidentaUs Nutt. Western Golden Rod. Pig. 14f . 
 
 "Marshes, stream beds and river banks; Sierra Nevada, Sacramento, 
 and San Joaquin Valley ; Coast ranges ; southern California. August- 
 October." Jepson. 
 
 Honey from this source is amber in color. A honey plant with Mr. 
 Wm. Muth-Rasmussen' of Independence. 
 
 Solidago calif ornica Nutt. Common Golden Rod. 
 
 ' ' Common on dry plains and hillsides or in the mountains throughout 
 California. September-November." Jepson. "In dry, open places 
 from the lower foothills to 3,000 feet altitude in the mountains. August 
 to December." Hail. 
 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers. A fair honey plant. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow Thistle. 
 
 "Naturalized European weed; old flelds and waste places, flowering 
 at all seasons. ' ' Jepson. 
 
 Honey from the flowers. 
 
 *8onchus maruanthus. 
 Botanical gardens of University of California. February-April. 
 Honey and pollen from the flowers; much visited by bees. 
 
 Chrysothamnus nauseosus hypol- (White) Rabbit Brush. 
 luca. ' -t^ !ii|i' 
 
 Vicinity of Independence. September-November. 
 
 "Bees work vigorously on it, but the honey is dark, of poor flavor 
 and disagreeable odor. When the bees evaporate it at night, it can 
 then be smelled all over the place." ,Mr. Wm. Muth-Rasmussen, Inde- 
 pendence, California. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acacia, 976, 979. 
 
 Acacia dealbata, 976. 
 
 Acacia decurrena mollis, 983, 996. 
 
 Acacia, false, 1000. 
 
 Acacia pycnantha, 983, 996. 
 
 Aceraceae, 1005. 
 
 Acer negundo, 984, 1005. 
 
 Adenostoma fasciculatum, 98|| 993. 
 
 Aesculus caUfomica, 978, 981, 1006. 
 
 Agave americana, 982, 987. 
 
 Ailanthits glandulosa, 981, 1004. 
 
 Alfalfa, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 998. 
 
 Alfalfa, w%dl 976, §78, 979, 981, 997, 999. 
 
 AlfilprjMa, red-stemmed or ifliierleaved, 981, 
 
 1002^ 
 Alfilerilla, white-steinmed or coarse-leaved, 
 
 981, 1002. 
 Algaroia, 1000. 
 Alkali weed, 978. 
 Allium, 986. 
 Allium cepa, 986. 
 Almond, bitter, 983, 994. 
 Alsike clover, 983, 1000. 
 '■■^ifx/argi'liUdmeede;, 98|'. 
 Amelopais quinquefolia, 984, 1007. 
 American linden, 982, 1008. 
 Anacardiaeeae, 1005. 
 Angiospermae, 985. 
 Annual sage, 982, 1020. 
 Anthemis cotula, 984, 1025. 
 Antigonon:^eptopus, 989. 
 Apple, 981, 995. 
 Apple-aeented gum, 982, 1012. 
 Apricot, 983, 994. 
 Arhutus menmiesU, 983,. 1013. 
 Arctostaphyloa, 981, 1014. 
 'Arrow weed, 976. 
 Artemisia califomica, 1025. 
 Artichoke, globe, 984, 1027. 
 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 984, 1017. 
 Asclepiadaceae, 1014. 
 Asclepias mexicana, 985, 1014. 
 Aaclepias speciosa, 985, 1015. 
 Ash fainily, 1014. 
 Ash leaf maple, 1005. 
 Ash, Oregon, 983, 1014. 
 Asparagus, 979, 983, 986. 
 Asparagus offloinalis, 983, 986. 
 Astragalus, 983, 996. 
 Ball sage, 1021. 
 
 Barberry, California, 976, 979, 990. 
 Barberry family, 990. 
 Bass wood, 1008. 
 Bastard; sage, 979. 
 Bay tree, 990. 
 Bean, castor, 1005. 
 Bean, lima, 976, 1000. 
 Bear berry,' 1014. 
 
 Beaver tree, sweet swamp, 990. 
 
 Beaver tree, white bay, 990. 
 
 Beggar ticks, 984, 1026. 
 
 Berberidaceae, 990. 
 
 Berberis pinnata, 981, 990. 
 
 Berry, Christmas, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981, 
 
 993, 994. 
 Berry, coffee, 978, 981, 1007. 
 Bidens frondosa, 984, 1026. 
 Bidens pilosa, 984, 1026. 
 Bindweed, common, 1015. 
 Birch brush, 978. 
 Bitter almond, 983, 994. 
 Blackberry, common wild, 976, 983, 996. 
 Blackberry, cultivated, 983, 996. 
 Black Cottonwood, 976, 977, 979, 987, 988. 
 Black locust, 1000. 
 Black medicle, 998. 
 Black,mustard, 981, 991. 
 Black sage, 976, 977, 979, 982, 1018, 1020, 
 
 1021. 
 Black wattle, 983. 
 Blue curls, 976, 977, 978, 980, 982, 1022, 
 
 1023. 
 Blue curls, purple, 1022. 
 Blue elderberry, 985, 1024. 
 Blue glim, 981, 1010. 
 Blue oak, 983, 988. 
 Blue .sage, 1021. 
 
 Blue thistle, 980, 981, 1012, 1013. 
 Bokhara clover, 999. 
 Borage family, 1016. 
 Boraginaceae, 1016. 
 Box elder, 1005. 
 Brassica campestris, 983, 991. 
 Brassica nigra, 981, 991. 
 Brassica, 981, 991. 
 
 Broad (large) leaved ironbark, 982, 1012. 
 Broom, wild, 997. 
 Brush, birch, 978. 
 Brush, rabbit, 982. 
 
 Buckeye, California, 978, 979, 981, 1006. 
 Buckeye family, 988, 1006. 
 Buck plantain, 1024. , 
 
 Buckthorn, 976, 977, 1006, 1007. ' 
 
 Buckthorn family, 976. 
 Buckwheat family, 989. 
 Buckwheat, wild,' 976, 977, 978, 979, 981, 
 
 988, 989. 
 Bull thistle, 1026. 
 Bur clover, 978, 979, 980, 981, 998. 
 Butterciip family, 989. 
 Button bush, 1024. 
 Button sage, 1021. 
 Button willow, 979, 982, 1023, 1024. 
 Cactaceae, jl 9 . ^ 
 
 Cactus family, 1009. 
 Cactus, straight up, 977. > - 
 
1032 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 California barberry, 990. 
 
 California buckeye, 981, 1006. 
 
 California flgwort, 984, 1023. 
 
 California holly, 993. 
 
 California laurel, 984, 990. 
 
 California poppy, 984, 990. 
 
 California water-weed, 98s, 1006. 
 
 California wild grape, 984, 1007. 
 
 California wild rose, 984, 996. 
 
 Camphor weed, 1022. 
 
 Cantaloupe, 976, 984. 
 
 Canyon gooseberry, 984, 992. 
 
 Caper family, 991. 
 
 Capparidaceae, 991. 
 
 CaprifoUaceae, 1024. 
 
 Carpet grass, 979, 981, 1017, 1018. 
 
 Carrot, 979, 1012. 
 
 Cascara sagrada, 978, 981, 1007. 
 
 Castor bean, 1005. 
 
 Castor oil plant, 983, 1005. 
 
 Caterpillar phaoelia, 976, 977, 981, 1013, 
 
 1015. 
 Catnip, 978. 
 
 Geanothua, 980, 983, 1007. 
 Ceanothus cuneatus, 983, 1006. 
 Ceanothus, Nuttall's, 976, 1007. 
 Centaurea cyanus, 985, 1026. 
 Centaurea melitensis, 982, 1026. 
 Centromadia pungens, 982, 1026. 
 Century plant, 982, 987. 
 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 982, 1024. 
 Gerasus demissa, 984, 993. 
 Gerasus ilicifolia, 983, 993. , 
 Chamois, 993. ^'''■' 
 
 Ghamisal, 993. 
 
 Cherry, holly leaved, 983, 993. 
 Cherry, western choke, 984, 993. 
 Cherry, 983, 995. 
 Cherry, wild, 976. 
 Chia, 979, 1020. 
 Chickweed, 979. 
 Chinese parsley, 1016. 
 Chinese sumac, 1004. 
 Chittam, 1007. 
 
 Choke cherry, western, 984, 993. 
 Chosiptalae, 987. 
 Christmas berry, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981, 
 
 993, 994. 
 Chrysothamnus nauseosus hypolluoa, 982, 
 
 1029. 
 Cider gum, 982, 1010. 
 Girsium lanceolatum, 982. 
 Gistaceae, 1008. 
 GitruUus vulgaris, 984, 1024. 
 Citrus acida, 1003. 
 Gitrus aurantium, 981, 1003. 
 Gitrus decumana, 1003. 
 Citrus lemon, 1003. 
 Gitrus noiilis, 983, 1003. 
 Clematis, hill, 989. 
 Cle^natis Ugusticifolia, 984, 989. 
 Clematis, 984, 988, 990. 
 Cleome integrifolia, 981, 991. 
 Cleome lutea, 978. 
 Clover, alsike, 983, 1000. 
 Clover, Bokhara, 999. 
 
 Clover, bur, 978, 979, 980, 981, 997, 998. 
 
 Clover, deer, 997. 
 
 Clover, Dutch, 1001. 
 
 Clover, jackass, 978, 981, 992. 
 
 Clover, musk, 1002. 
 
 Clover, pea vine, 1001. 
 
 Clover, pin, 1002. 
 
 Clover, red (mammoth), 980, 984, 1001. 
 
 Clover, sour, 983, 1000. 
 
 Clover, stone, 999. 
 
 Clover, Swedish, 1000. 
 
 Clover, sweet, 978. 
 
 Clover, sweet white, 976, 978, 979, 981, 
 
 997. 
 Clover, sweet yellow, 978, 979, 980, 981, 
 
 983, 999. 
 Clover, tree (white), 984, 996. 
 Clover, white, 980, 982, 997, 1001. 
 Coast tarweed, 982, 1025, 1028. 
 Coffee berry, 978, 981, 1007. 
 Common bindweed, 1015. 
 Common century plant, 982, 987. 
 Common goldenrod, 1029. 
 Common heliotrope, 985, 1016. 
 Common knotweed, 989. 
 Common mignonette, 992. 
 Common onion, 986. 
 Common plantain, 985, 1024. 
 Common sow-thistle, 985, 1029. 
 Common sunflower, 982, 1025, 1027. 
 Common vervain, 1017. 
 Common wild blackberry, 996. 
 Common yellow mustard, 983, 990, 991. 
 Composatae, 1025. 
 Gonvolvulaceae, 1015. 
 Convolvulus arvensis, 983, 1015. 
 Coralita, 989. 
 
 Coreopsis gigantea, 984, 1029. 
 Cornflower, 985, 1026. 
 Corn, Egyptian, 986. 
 Corn, Indian, 984, 985. 
 Cotton, 976, 983, 1005. 
 
 Cottonwood, black, 976, 977, 979, 987, 988. 
 Cream cups, 984, 991. 
 Creeping sage, 978, 982, 1021. 
 Crimson sage, 1021. 
 Croton calif ornicus, 9 S3, 1004. 
 Cruciferae, 991. 
 Cryngium articulatum, 981. 
 Cucumber, 984, 1024. 
 Gucumis melo, 984, 1024. 
 Cucumis sativus, 984, 1024. 
 CucurUtaceae, 1024. 
 Cucurbita- maxima, 984, 1025. 
 Cucurbita mosohata, 1025. 
 Cucurbita pepo, 984, 1025. 
 Cultivated blackberry, 983, 996. 
 Cultivated heliotrope, 1016. 
 Cultivated honeysuckle, 1024. 
 Curls, blue, 976, 977, 978, 980, 982, 1023. 
 Curls, blue, purple, 1022. 
 Cummin, 1013. 
 Currant, flowering, 993. 
 Currant, wild, 983, 993. 
 Cuscuta, 985, 1015. 
 Cynara scolymus, 984. 
 
INDEX 
 
 1033 
 
 Cyperaoeae, 986. 
 
 Cytis^^s elongatus, 984, 996. 
 
 Oytiaus proUfems, 984, 997. 
 
 Date palm, 976, 986.' 
 
 Daucus carota, 1012. 
 
 Deciduous fruits, 978, 979. 
 
 Deer clover, 997. 
 f Deer weed, 997. 
 
 Dew drop, golden, 1016. 
 
 Dicoiyle^dons, 987. 
 
 Dodecatheon, 1014. 
 
 Dodder, 985, 1013, 1015. 
 
 Dog fennel, 1025. 
 
 (Dotted) smartweed, 989. 
 
 Duranta plumieri, 1016. 
 
 Dutch clover, 1001. 
 
 Egyptian corn, 986. 
 
 Elderberry, 985, 1024. 
 
 Encelia californica, 985, 1027. 
 
 Bncina, 987. 
 
 English walnut, 987. 
 
 English (yellow) mustard, 981, 991. 
 
 Eremocarpus setigerua, 983, 1004. 
 
 Eriaceae, 1013. 
 
 Erigeron foliosus, 1027. 
 
 Eriobotura japonica, 993. 
 
 Eriodictyon triohocalyx, 981, 1015. 
 
 Eriogonum fasciculatum, 981, 989, 1027. 
 
 Eriophyllum confertifiorum, 985, 1027. 
 
 Erodium cicutarium, 981, 1002. 
 
 Erodium moschatum, SSI, 1002. 
 
 Eryngium arttculaium, 1012. 
 
 Escallonia montevidensis, 983, 992. 
 
 EschschoUsiia californica, 984, 990. 
 
 Bucalypts, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980. 
 
 Eucalyptus calophylla, 982, 1010. ■ 
 
 Eucalyptus citriddora, 981, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus cornuta, 982, 1010. 
 
 Eucalytus corynocalym, 982, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus eugonioides, 981, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus, 978, 981, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus gunii, 982, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus lehmannii, 982, 1010. 
 
 Eucalyptus leucoxylon, 982, 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus maculata, J82, 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus melliodora phaceafolia, 982, 
 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus polyanthema, 982, 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus resinifera', 982, 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus robusta, 978, 982, 1011. 
 
 Eucayptus rostrata, 976, 981, 1011. 
 
 Eucalyptus sidrophlora, 982, 1012. 
 
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon rosea, 982, 1012. 
 
 Eucalyptus stuartiana, 982, 1012. 
 
 Eucalyptus tereticornis, 982, 1012. >j" 
 
 Eucalyptus viminalis, 981, 1012. 
 
 ■Euphorbiaceae, 1004. 
 
 Euphorbia puloherrima, 984, 1004, 1005. 
 
 European grape, 1007. 
 
 Fagaceae, 987. 
 , False acacia, 1000. 
 
 Fennel, dog, 102S. 
 
 Fennel, sweet, 983, 1013. 
 
 Fiddle neck, 978. 
 
 Field oak, 987. 
 IWgWort, California, 976, 979, 984, 1023. 
 
 Figwort family, 1023. 
 
 Fllure or fllere, 976, 977, 978, 979,' 980,' 
 
 981, 1002. 
 Flat top, 989. 
 Flea weed, 1022. 
 Flooded gum, 1012. 
 Flowering currant, 993. 
 Foeniculum vulgare, 983, 1013. 
 Fog fruit, 1017. 
 Forest gray gum, 982. 
 Pragarea chiloensis, 993. 
 Fraxinus oregona, 983, 1014. 
 Fruit bloom, 978, 979. 
 Furze, 1002. 
 Garden flowers, 979. 
 Oeraniaceae, 1002. 
 Geranium family, 1002. 
 Gilia chamisonis, 983, 1015. 
 Globe artichoke, 984, 1027. 
 Godetia bottae, 983. 
 Golden dew drop, 1016. 
 Goldenrod, common, 978, 982, 1029. 
 Goldenrod, western, 1025, 1029. 
 Golden wattle, 983. 
 Gold thread, 1015. 
 Gooseberry, canyon, 984, 992. . 
 Gorse, 983, 1001, 1002. 
 Gossypi/um, herbaceum, 983, 1008. 
 Gourd family, 1024. 
 Gramineae, 985. 
 Grape, 978, 983. 
 
 Grape, California wild, 984, 1007. 
 Grape, European, 978, 983, 1007. 
 Grape fruit, 1003. 
 Grape, wine, 1007. 
 Grass, carpet, 979, 981, 1017, 1018. 
 Grass family, 985. 
 
 Grass, mat, 1017. , v 
 
 Greasewood, 978, 983, 993. 
 Gum, apple-scented, 902, 1012. 
 Gum, blue, 981, 1010. 
 Gum, cider, 982, 1010. 
 Gum, flooded, 1012. 
 Gum, forest gray, 982, 1012. 
 Gum, honey-scented, 982, 1011. 
 Gum, lemon-scented, 981, 1010. 
 Gum, manna, 981, 1012. 
 Gum, red, 981, 1011. 
 Gum, red mahogany, 982, 1011. 
 Gum, spotted, 982, lOll.t,*., 
 Gum, sugar, 982, 1010. 
 Gum, swamp mahogany, 982, 1011. 
 Gymnospermae, 985. 
 Hawkweed, orange, 1028. 
 Heath family, 1013. 
 Hedge nettle, 983, 1022. 
 Hedge nettle, white, 1022. 
 Helianthemum scopariMm, 985, 1008. 
 Helianthus annuns, 982, 1027. • 
 
 Helianthus tuberosus, 984, 1027. 
 Heliotropium sp., 983. 
 Heliotropvum curvassavicum, 985, 1016. 
 Heliotrope, common, 983, 985, 1016. ' 
 Heliotrope, cultivated, 1016. 
 Heliotrope, wild, 1016. 
 Hemimonia corymboaa, 982, 1028. 
 
1034 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hemimonia faaciculata, 982, 1028. 
 
 Hemixonia virgata, 982, 1028. 
 
 Bemixonia, 1028. 
 
 Heron's bill, 1002. 
 
 Besperoyucca whipplei, 981, 986. 
 
 Beteromelea arbutifolia, 981, 993. 
 
 Beterotheca grandiflora, 985, 1027. 
 
 Bieracium aurantiacum, 1028. 
 
 Hill brush, 1025. 
 
 Hill clematis, 989. 
 
 Hill vervenia, 983, 1015. 
 
 Himalayan berry, 983, 996. 
 
 Holly, California, 993. 
 
 Hollyhock, wild, 976, 981. 
 
 Holly leaved cherry, 983, 993. 
 
 Honey mesquite, 1000. 
 
 Honey plant. Rocky Mountain, 981, 991. 
 
 Honey plant, Simpson's, 984, 1023. 
 
 Honey-scented gum, 982, 1011. 
 
 Honeysuckle, cultivated, 1024. 
 
 Honeysuckle family, 1024. 
 
 Honeysuckle wild, 985, 1024. 
 
 Horehound, 976, 977, 979, 980, 981, 1017, 
 
 1018. 
 Hummingbird sage, 1021. 
 Bydrophyllaceae, 1015. 
 Ice plant, 976. 
 Indian: corn, 985. 
 
 Ironbark, broad (large) leaved, 982, 1012. 
 Ironbark, red, 982, 1012. 
 Ironbark, Victoria, 982, 1012. / 
 Ironbark, white, 982, 1011. 
 Islay, 983, 993. 
 
 Jackass clover, 978, 981, 992. 
 Japan plum, 993. 
 Japan privet, 1014. 
 Jerusalem artichoke, 984, 1027. 
 Juglandaceae, 987. ;<■ 
 Juglans regia, 987. 
 Jussuaea californica, 983. 
 Uad glove orange, 1003. 
 Kino eucalypt, 1011. 
 Knotweed, common, 989. 
 Lahiatae, 1017. 
 Lathyrus splendens, 984, 997. 
 Lauraceae, 990. 
 Laurel, California, 984, 990. 
 Laurel family, 990. 
 Laurel sumac, 981, 1004, 1005. 
 Lawn plant, 983, 1017. 
 Lemon, 1003. 
 
 Lemon-scented gum, 981, 1010. 
 Liguminosae, 996. 
 Ligustrum, japonicum, 1014. 
 Lilac, tropical, 1016. 
 Lilac, wild, 977, 983, 1007. 
 Liliaceae, 986. 
 Lily family, 986. 
 Lima bean, 976, 1000. 
 Lime, 1003. 
 Lime family, 1008. 
 Limnanthus douglassii, 1002. 
 Linden family, 1008. 
 Linden, American, 982, 1008. 
 Lippla lanceolata, 1016. 
 Lvppia nodiflora, 981, 1017, 1018. ' 
 
 Lippia repens, 983, 1017. 
 
 Live oak, 983, 987. 
 
 Locust, 977, 979, 980, 1000. 
 
 Locust, black, 1000. * 
 
 Lonioera, 985, 1024. 
 
 Lonioera oaprifoUum, 1024. 
 
 Loquat, 993. 
 
 Loranthaceae, 988. 
 
 Lotus glabra, 981, 997. 
 
 Loving sage, 985, 1019. 
 
 Love vine, 1015. 
 
 Lucerne, 998. 
 
 Lupine, 984, 998 
 
 Lupi/nua afflnis, 984, 998. 
 
 Madder family, 1024. 
 
 Madrona, 983, 1013. 
 
 Magnoliaceae, 990. 
 
 Magnolia glauca, 990. 
 
 Maize, 985. 
 
 Malacothrix saosatilis, 985, 1028. 
 
 Mallow family, 1008. 
 
 Mallow, small flowered, 985, 1008. 
 
 Mallow, white, 985, 1008. 
 
 Malvaceae, 1008. 
 
 Malva parviflora, 985, 1008. 
 
 Malva sylvestris, 985, 1008. 
 
 Mammoth clover, 1001. 
 
 Mandarin, 983, 1003. 
 
 Manna gum, 981, 1012. 
 
 Mansanita, 976, 978, 979, 980, 981, 1014. 
 
 Maple, 984. ' 
 
 Maple family, 1005. 
 
 Marribmm vulgare, 981, 1017. 
 
 Marsh flower, 1002. 
 
 Mat grass, 1017. 
 
 May weed, 979, 984, 1026. 
 
 Medioago denticulata, 981, 998. 
 
 Medicago Iv/pulina, 984, 998. 
 
 Medioago sativa, 981, 998. 
 
 Medicle, black, 998. 
 
 Melilot, white, 999. 
 
 Melilot, yellow, 999. 
 
 Melilotus alba, 981, 999. 
 
 Melilotus bicolor, 984, 999. 
 
 Melilotus indica, 983, 999. 
 
 Melilotus officinalis, 981, 999. 
 
 Mentha canadensis, 985, 1019. 
 
 Mentha spicata, 981, 1019. 
 
 Mesquite, 976, 1000. 
 
 Mesquite, honey, 1000. 
 
 Mexican rose, 989. 
 
 Micromeria chamissonis, 984, 1019. 
 
 Migella hispanica, 990. 
 
 Mignonette, common, 984, 992. 
 
 Mignonette family, 992. 
 
 Milkweed, 978, 985, 1014, 1015. 
 
 Milkweed family, 985, 1014. 
 
 Mint family, 1017. 
 
 Mint tule, 985, 1018, 1019. 
 
 Mistletoe, 983, 988. 
 
 Mistletoe family, 988. 
 
 Monardella lanceolata, 985, 1019. 
 
 Monocotyledons, 985. 
 
 Morning glory family, 1015. 
 
 Morning glory, 978, 983, 1015. 
 
 Mountain queen, 986. it, 
 
INDEX 
 
 1035 
 
 Mountain rose, 989. 
 Mountain white oak, 988. 
 Mullein, turkey, 976, 977. 980, 983, 1004. 
 Musk clover, 1002. 
 Muskmelon, 1024. 
 Mustang, 1022. 
 Mustard, 976, 978, 979, 983. 
 Mustard, black, 981, 990, 991. , 
 
 Mustard, common yellow, 990, 991. 
 Mustard, English yellow, 981, 991. ,, 
 Mustard family, 991. i ^ 
 
 Mustard, red, 991. 
 Mustard, trieste, 991. 
 Myrtaceae, lOlO. 
 
 Napa thistle, 979, 982, 1026. , ,, 
 
 Nettle, white hedge, 1022. 
 Nigger weed, 1022. 
 ■ Nonesuch, 984, 998. 
 Nutiall's ceanothus, 1006. 
 
 Oak, 976, 977, 979. 
 
 Oak, blue, 983, 988. 
 
 Oak family, 987. 
 
 Oak, field, 987. 
 
 Oak, live, 983, 987. 
 
 Oak, mountain white, 988. 
 
 Oak, poison, 976, 979, 981, 1004, 1005. 
 
 Oak, rock, 988. 
 
 Oak, tanbark, 984, 987. 
 
 Oak, valley, 988. 
 
 Oak, weeping, 988. 
 
 Old man, 976, 1025. 
 
 Oleaceae, 1014. 
 ' Olea europit^, 983, 1014. 
 
 Olive, 983, 1014. 
 
 Olive family, 1014. 
 
 Onagraceaej 1014. 
 
 Onion, common, 979, 986. 
 
 Onion, ^^j. 978, 986. 
 
 Op«»{«o ™ Undhumeri occidentales, ,981, 
 1009. "' 
 
 Orange, if 6, 977, 978, 981, 1003. 
 
 Orange, hawkweed, 1028. 
 •^|^#e, 91 glOiVe, 1003. 
 
 Oregon ash, 983, 1014. 
 
 Our Lord's candle, 986. 
 
 Palma Chrlsti, 1005. , .\},_ 
 
 Palmae, 986. 
 
 Palm, date, 986. 
 
 Palm family, 986. 
 
 Pavaveraceae, 990. 
 
 Parsley family. 
 
 Peach, 983, 995. 
 
 Pear, 981, 995. 
 
 Pear, prickly, 977, 981, 1009. 
 
 Pea vine clover, 1001. 
 
 Pea family,' 996. 
 
 Pea, wild sweet, 984, 997. 
 
 PegftyrayaJ, wester*; '978, 985, 1019. 
 
 Peppermint, 979, 981, 1019. 
 
 Pepper tree, 976, 981, 1005. 
 
 Pepper wood, 990. 
 
 Pe|^n walnut, 987. 
 
 Phacelia, cat^illar, 976, 977, 981, 1013, 
 1015. 
 
 Phacelia distans, 983, 1015. 
 
 Phacelia family, 1015. 
 
 5— BuL. 217 
 
 Phacelia hespida, 981, 1015. 
 
 Phacelia ramosissina, 977, 983, 1016. 
 
 Phacelia tenacetifoUat 977, 981, 1016. 
 
 Phaseolus lunatus, 981, 1000. 
 
 Phoenix dactylifera, 986. 
 
 Phorodendron, 983, 988. 
 
 Pigeon berry, 1016. , 
 
 Pinaceae, 986. 
 
 Pin clover, 1002. 
 
 Pine, 985, 988. V 
 
 Pine family, 985. 
 
 Pin grass, 1002. 
 
 Pinus, 985. 
 
 Plantaginaceae, 989, 1024. 
 
 Plantago family, 1024. 
 
 Plantago major, 985, 1024. 
 
 Plantain, buck, 1024. 
 
 Plantain, common, 985, 1024. 
 
 Playtystemon califomicus, 984, 991. 
 
 Plum, 983, 995. 
 
 Plum, Japan, 993. , 
 
 Polnsettla, 984, 1006. 
 
 Poison oak, 976, 979, 981, 1004, 1005. 
 
 Polemoniaceae, 1015. 
 
 Polygonaceae, 989. 
 
 Polygonum bolandsri, 989. :^.,. 
 
 Polygonum, lapathifoUum, 983, 989. 
 
 Polygonum punctatum, 989. 
 
 Pomelo, 1003. 
 
 Poplar, 979, 987. 
 
 Poppy, California, 984, 990. 
 
 Poppy family, 990. 
 
 Populus trichacarpa, ,987. 
 
 Prickly pear, 977, 981, 1009. ,. 
 
 Primrose family, 1014. 
 
 Prim,ulaceaej 1014. 
 
 Privet, Japan, 1014. 
 
 Prosopis juliflora, 1000. 
 
 Prune, 983, 995. 
 
 Prunua amygdalus, 983, 994. 
 
 Prunua armeniaca, 983, 994. 
 
 Prunus cerasus, 983, 995. 
 
 Prunus domestica, 983, 995. 
 
 Prunua peraica, 983, 995. 
 
 Prunua aimonii, 994. 
 
 Prunus triflora, 995. 
 
 Pumelo, 1003. 
 
 Pumpkin, 984, 1025. 
 
 Purple blue curls, 1022. 
 
 Purple sage, 976, 982, 1018, 1020. 
 
 Pyrua communis, 981, 994, 995. 
 
 Pynf,a malU9, 981, 994, 995. 
 
 Quercua agrifoUa, 983, 987. 
 
 Quercus -Oenaitlora, 984, 987. 
 
 'Quercus^douglaaaU, 983, 988. 
 
 Quercus loiata, 983, 988. 
 
 Rabbit brush, white, 982, 1029, 
 
 Radish, 991. 
 
 Rag weed, 978. 
 
 Ramona, 1021. , 
 
 Jlanunculaceae, 98?. ,J^ 
 
 Baphanus aativua, 983, 991. 
 
 Raspberry, 983, 996. 
 
 Rattleweed, 983, 996. 
 
 Hed box-tree, 982, 1011. 
 
 Red clover, 984, 1001. 
 
1036' 
 
 INDEX.' 
 
 Red gum, 981, 1011. 
 
 Red Ironbark, 1012. 
 
 Red mahogany gum, 982, 1011. 
 
 Red mustard, 991. ' 
 
 Resedaceae, 992. 
 
 Reseda lutea, 984, 992. 
 
 Reseda odorata, 984, 992. 
 
 Rhamnaceae, 1006. 
 
 Rhamnus califomica, 981, 1007. 
 
 Rhamnus crocea, 1007. 
 
 Rhamnus purshiana, 981, 1007. 
 
 Rhus diversiloba, 981, 1005. 
 
 Rhus lauritia, 981, 1005. 
 
 Ribes, menziesiif 984, 993. 
 
 Ribes aangineum, 983, 993. ' 
 
 Ricinus communis, 983, 1005.' ^ ' ' 
 
 RoMna pseudacacia, 983, 1000. 
 
 Roble, 988. , ' ' " ' 
 
 Rock oak, 988. > 
 
 Rock rose family, 1008. 
 
 Rocky Mountain honey or bee plant, 981 
 991. , , ^^ ,, ^ ."' 
 
 Roman candle, 986.' 
 Rosa califomica, 984, 995. ' ' 
 Rosaceae, 993. 
 
 Rose, California wild, 984, 996. 
 Rose family, 993. ,' 
 
 Rose, Mexican, 989. ' 
 
 Rose, mountain, 989. ' 
 
 Rubiaceae, 1002, 1024. 
 Rubus strigosus,' 9S3, 99S. 
 Rubus villosus, 983, 996. ' 
 Rubus vitifolius, 983, 996. 
 Rue family, 1002. , ,, ; ' ' ' 
 
 Rutaceae, 1003. ' ' ''''' ' 
 
 Sage, 979. ' ' ' 
 
 Sage, annual, 982, 1020. 
 Sage, ball, 1021. ' 
 
 Sage, bastard, 979. 
 
 Sage, black, 976,', 977, 979, 982, 1018, 1020, 
 1021. '. .' " 
 
 Sage, blue, 1021. ; " ' 
 
 Sage, brush, 976, 1025. ' 
 
 Sage, button, 1021. ' ' ' ' 
 
 Sage, creeping, 978, 982, 1021. ' " '" 
 
 Sage, crimson, 1021. , , ' 
 
 Sage, hummingbird, 1021. ,,, ' ', 
 
 Sage, loving, 985, 1019. , ' "'\ 
 
 Sage, purple, 976, ,982, 1018, 1020. 
 Sage, silver, 1028. ' ' '" '' " 
 
 Sage, thistle, 981, 1.018^ 1,020. 
 Sage, white, 976, 977, 981, 1018 
 1020. '■■ ,',,,' 
 
 Sage, white leaved, 1020. '■ '^'' 
 Saliaceae, 987. ' '',"', ' 
 
 SaUx, 981, 987. , , ''',' 
 
 Salvia amabilis, 985, 1019. 
 Salvia apinan, 981, 1019. 
 Salvia carduacea, 981, 1020. 
 Salvia columbariae, 982, .1020. , 
 Salvia leucophyllai 982, ,1020. 
 Salvia melUfera, 982, 1021., 
 Salvia sonememsis, 982, ip21. , 
 
 Salvia spathaceae, 1021 
 
 Sambucus glauea, 985, 102,4. , ,,, ' 
 Sopindaceae, 1006. 
 
 ■0, 
 1019, 
 
 Satureia montana. 985, 1021. 
 
 Savory, winter, 985, 1021.^ ^ 
 
 Saxifragaceae, 992. 
 
 Saxifrage family, 992. 
 
 Schinus molle, 981, 1005. 
 
 Scirpus, 986. 
 
 Scrophularia califomica, 984, 1023. 
 
 Scrophulariaceae, 102.3. 
 
 Scrophularia venalis, 984, 1023; 
 
 Sedge family, 986. 
 
 Senecio douglassii, 10211. 
 
 Shaddock, 1003. 
 
 Shooting star, 1004 
 
 Sidalcea malvaeflora, 981, 1008.' 
 
 Silver sage, 1020. ^ ' 
 
 Silver wattle, 996. , , ' 
 
 Simariibaceae, 1004. 
 
 Simpson's honey plant, 984, 1023. 
 
 Small-flowered mallow, 985^ 1008. 
 
 Smartweed, 989. 
 
 Smartweed Cdotted), 979, 989, '988. 
 
 SoUdago califomica, 1029. 
 
 Solidago occidentalis, 982, 1029. 
 
 Sonchus maruanthus, 985, 1029. 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus, 985, 1029.' 
 
 Sour clover,' 983, iboi). 
 
 Sow-thistle, common, 977, 985, 1039. 
 
 Spanish bayonet, 986. ,, 
 
 Spanish dagger, 986. 
 
 Spanish needle, 978, 984, 1026. 
 
 Spearmint, 1019. ' ^ , 
 
 Spice tree, 990. , .''''' 
 
 Spikeweed, 978, 1026. ' '' ' ' 
 
 Spotted gum, 982, 1011. 
 
 Spring vetch, 984, 1001, 1002. ' 
 
 Spurge family, 1004. , ' ' 
 
 Squash, summer crookneck, 1025. ' ' 
 
 Squash, winter crookneck, 984, 102 
 
 Stachys ajugoides, 985. • 
 
 Stachys alb,ens, 9,85, 1022. 
 
 Stachys bultata, 984, 1022. ' 
 
 Stink-weed, 992. '' , 
 
 Stone clover, 999. ' ' , , , ' 
 
 Straight up cactus, 977. 
 
 Strawberry, 993. 
 
 Stringy-bark, white, 981, 1010. 
 
 Sugar gum, 982, 1010. 
 
 Sumac, 977. 
 
 Sumac, Chinese, 1004. 
 
 Sumac family, 1005. ' ' ''" 
 
 Sumac, laurel, 981, 1004, 100.'. 
 
 Summer crookneck squash, 1025. 
 
 Sunflower, common, 982, 10.25',' 1027. 
 
 Sunflower family, 1025. 
 
 Swamp mahogany gum, 982, 1011. . 
 
 Swedish clover, 1000.,, , .,, ,'' 
 
 Sweet fennel, 983, 1013. ' " ' 
 
 Sweet pea, wild, 984,, 99T. 
 
 Sweet clover, 978.' , 
 
 Sweet swamp beaver tree, 99ii. ''' 
 
 Sweet yellow clover, 078 979 qsi 
 
 9,99. , . . ' • ■ ' 
 
 Sweet white clover,' 976 97s 97^ 
 981, 999. ' • '•" 
 
 Sycamore, 988. ' ' ' 
 
 fympetahtp, 1013. 
 
 , , 983, 
 980, 
 
INDEX 
 
 1037 
 
 Tamarecaceae, 1008. 
 
 Tamarisk, 982, 1008. 
 
 Tamarisk family, 1008. 
 
 Tamarix, 1008. 
 
 Tan bark oak, 984, 987. 
 
 Tanglefoot, 997. 
 
 Tare, 984, 1002. 
 
 Tarweed, 976, 980, 982, 1025, 1028. 
 
 Tarweed, coast, 982, 1025, 1028. 
 
 Tarweed, yellow, 982, 1025, 1028. 
 
 Thamus crocea. 983. 
 
 Thistle, 979. * 
 
 Thistle, blue, 980, 981, 1012, 1013. 
 
 Thistle, Napa, 982, 1026. 
 
 Thistle, sage, 981, 1018, 1020. 
 
 Tiliaceae, 1008. 
 
 TiKo americana, 982, 1008. 
 
 TiZia, 983, 1008. 
 
 Tocolate, 977, 1026. 
 
 Toumefortia heliotropoides, 985, 1016. 
 
 Toyon, 993. 
 
 Tree clover, white, 997. 
 
 Tree of heaven, 981, 1004. 
 
 Trichoatema lanceolatum, 982, 1022. 
 
 Trieste mustard, 991. 
 
 Trifolium fuoatum, 983, 1000. 
 
 Trifolium. hyibridum, 983, 1000. 
 
 TritoUum pratense, 984, 1001. 
 
 Trifolmm repena, 982, 1001. 
 
 Triticum sativum, 985. 
 
 Tropical lilac, 1016. 
 
 Tule, ^86. m, 
 
 Tule mint, 9^ 1018, 1019. 
 
 Turkey Sialteto, 976, 977, 980, 983, 1004. 
 
 Vlex europaeua, 983, 1002. 
 
 UmbelUferae, 1012. 
 
 Vmhellularia californica, 984, 990. 
 
 Valley oak, 983, 988. 
 
 Valley vervenia, 981, 1016. 
 
 Varnish tree of China, 1004. 
 
 Verhenaoeae, 1016. 
 
 Verbena family, 1016. 
 
 Verbena prostrata, 983, 1017. 
 
 Verbena, wild, 983, 1017, 1018. 
 
 Veronica andersonii, 985, 1023. 
 
 Vervain, conunon, 1017. 
 
 Vervenia, hill, 983, 1015. 
 
 Vervenia, valtey, 981, 1016. 
 
 Vetch, spring, 984, 1001, 1002. 
 
 Vicia sativa, 984, 1002. 
 
 Victoria ironbark, 982, 1012. 
 
 Vine family, 1007. 
 
 Vinegar- weed, 1028. 
 
 Virginia creeper, 984, 1007. 
 
 Virgin's bower, 984, 990. 
 
 Vitaceae, 1007. 
 
 Vitia californica, 984, 1007. 
 
 Vitia vinifera, 983, 1007. 
 
 Walnut, English, 987. 
 
 Walnut family, 987. 
 
 Walnut, Persian, 987. 
 
 Watermelon, 984, 1024. 
 
 Water-weed, California, 983, 1006. 
 
 Wattle, black, 983, 996. 
 
 Wattle, golden, 983. 
 
 Wattle, sliver, 996. 
 
 Weeping oak, 988. 
 
 Western, choke cherry, 984, 993. 
 
 Western goldenrod, 1025, 1029. 
 
 Western pennyroyal, 1019. 
 
 Wheat, 985. 
 
 White bay beaver tree, 990. 
 
 White clover, 980, 982, 997, 1001. 
 
 White hedge nettle, 1022. 
 
 White ironbark, 982, 1011. 
 
 White leaved sage, 1020. 
 
 White mallow, 985, 1008. 
 
 White melilot, 999. 
 
 White sage, 976, 977, 981, loi8, 1019, 1020. 
 
 White rabbit brush, 982, 1029. 
 
 White stemmed fllarie, 981. 
 
 White stringy bark, 981, 1010. 
 
 White sweet clover, 976, 981, 999. 
 
 White tree clover, 984, 996. 
 
 Wigandia, 1016. 
 
 Wild alfalfa, 976, 978, 979, 981, 997, 999. 
 
 Wild blackberry, 976, 983, 996. 
 
 Wild broom, 997. 
 
 Wild buckwheat, 976, 977, 978, 979, 981, 
 
 988, 989. 
 Wild California grape, 984, 1007. 
 Wild California rose, 984, 996. 
 Wild cherry, 976. 
 Wild currant, 976, 983, 993. 
 Wild heliotrope, 1016. 
 Wild hollyhock, 976, 981, 1008. 
 Wild honeysuckle, 985, 1024. 
 Wild lilac, 977, 983, 1007. 
 Wild onion, 978, 986. 
 Wild poppy, 984. 
 Wild radish, 983, 991., 
 Wild sweet pea, 984, 997. 
 Wild verbena, 983, 1017, 1018. 
 Willow, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 987. 
 Willow, button, 979, 982, 1023, 1024. 
 Willow family, 987. 
 Willow weed, 989. 
 Wine grape, 1007. 
 
 Winter crookneck squash, 984, 1025. 
 Winter savory, 985, 1021. 
 Wialieenia refracta, 981, 992. 
 Wiataria, 9S2, 1002. 
 Witch hazel, 978. 
 Woolly white drouth weed, 1004. 
 Tate tree, 982, 1010. 
 Yellow English mustard, 991. 
 Yellow melilot, 999. 
 Yellow mustard, 990, 991. 
 Yellow sweet clover, 981, 983, 999. 
 Yellow sticker, 980. 
 Yellow tarweed, 982, 1025, 1028. 
 Yellow tops, 982, 1028. 
 Yerba Buena, 983, 1019. 
 Yerba del Paacado, 1004. 
 Yerba Santa, 981. 
 Yucca, 977, 981, 986. 
 Zea maya, 984, 985. I 
 
STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 REPORTS. 
 
 1896. Report of the Vltlcultural Work during the seasons 1887-93, with data regard- 
 
 ing the Vintages of 1894-96. 
 
 1897. Resistant Vines, their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting. Appendix to Vltl- 
 
 cultural Report for 1896. 
 
 1902. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898-1901. 
 
 1903. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901-03. 
 
 1904. Twenty-second Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1903-04. 
 
 BULLETINS. 
 
 Reprint. 
 No. 128. 
 
 133. 
 
 147. 
 149. 
 151. 
 153. 
 159. 
 
 162. 
 
 165. 
 
 167. 
 
 168. 
 
 169. 
 
 170. 
 171. 
 
 172. 
 
 174. 
 176. 
 
 177. 
 
 178. 
 179. 
 
 180. 
 181. 
 182. 
 
 183. 
 184. 
 
 185. 
 
 18(. 
 187. 
 
 Endurance of Drought in Soils of 
 
 the Arid Region. 
 Nature, Value, and Utilization of 
 
 Alkali Lands, and Tolerance of 
 
 Alkali. (Revised and Reprint, 
 
 1905.) 
 Tolerance of Alkali by Various 
 
 cultures. 
 Culture Work of the Sub-stations. 
 California Sugar Industry. 
 Arsenical Insecticides. 
 Spraying with Distillates. 
 Contribution to the Study of Fer- 
 mentation. 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec. 1, 
 
 1904.) 
 Asparagus and Asparagus Rust 
 
 in California. 
 Manufacture of Dry Wines in 
 
 Hot Countries. 
 Observations on Some Vine Dis-i 
 
 eases In Sonoma County. 
 Tolerance of the Sugar Beet for 
 
 Alkali. 
 Studies in Grasshopper Control. 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (June 
 
 30, 1905.) 
 Further Experience in Asparagus 
 
 Rust Control. 
 A New Wine-cooling Machine. 
 Sugar Beets in the San Joaquin 
 
 Valley. 
 A New Method of Making Dry 
 
 Red Wine. 
 Mosquito Control. 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (June, 
 
 1906.) 
 Resistant Vineyards. 
 The Selection of Seed- Wheat. 
 Analysis of Paris Green and 
 
 Lead Arsenic. Proposed In- 
 secticide Law. 
 The California Tussock-moth. 
 Report of the Plant Pathologist 
 
 to July 1, 1906. ■• 
 
 Report of Progress in Cereal 
 
 Investigations. 
 The Oldlum of the Viae. 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (January, 
 
 1907.) 
 
 No. 188. 
 
 189. 
 
 190. 
 191. 
 192. 
 
 193. 
 
 194. 
 195. 
 197. 
 
 198. 
 199. 
 200. 
 
 201. 
 
 202. 
 
 203. 
 
 204. 
 
 205. 
 
 206. 
 
 207. 
 208. 
 209. 
 210. 
 
 211. 
 
 212. 
 213. 
 214. 
 215 
 
 216. 
 
 Lining of Ditches and Reservoirs 
 to Prevent Seepage and Losses. 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (June, 
 1907.) 
 
 The Brown Rot of the Lemon. 
 
 California Peach Blight. 
 
 Insects Injurious to the Vine In 
 California. 
 
 The Best Wine Grapes for Cali- 
 fornia ; Pruning Young. Vines ; 
 Pruning the Sultanina. 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec, 
 1907.) 
 
 The California Grape Root- 
 Worm. 
 
 Grape Culture in California ; 
 Improved Methods of Wine- 
 making ; Teast from California 
 Grapes. 
 
 The Grape Leaf-Hopper. 
 
 Bovine Tuberculosis. 
 
 Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in 
 California. 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (June, 
 1908.) 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (Decem- 
 ber. 1908.) 
 
 Report of the Plant Pathologist 
 to July 1, 1909. 
 
 The Dairy Cow's Record and the 
 Stable. 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. (Decem- 
 ber, 1909.) 
 
 Commercial Fertilizers. ( June, 
 1910.) 
 
 The Control of the Argentine Ant. 
 
 The Late Blight of Celery. 
 
 The Cream Supply. 
 
 Imperial Valley Settlers' Crop 
 Manual. 
 
 How to Increase the Yield of 
 Wheat in California. 
 
 California White Wheats. 
 
 •Hhe Principles of Wine-making. 
 
 The Citrus Fruit Insects. 
 
 The House Fly and Its Relation 
 to Public Health. 
 
 A Progress Report Upon Soil and 
 Climatic Factors Influencing 
 the Composition of Wheat. 
 
CIRCULARS. 
 
 No. 1. Texas Fever. 
 
 5. Contagious Abortion in Cows. 
 7. Remedies for Insects. '' 
 
 9. Asparagus Rust. ■ ' 
 .11. Fumigation Practice. 
 12. Silk Culture. 
 
 15. Recent Problems in Agriculture. 
 What a University Farmds For. 
 19. Disinfection of Stables. 
 
 29. Preliminary Announcement Con- 
 
 cerning Instruction in Practical 
 Agriculture upon the University 
 Farm, Davis, Cal. 
 
 30. White Fly in California. 
 
 32. White Fly Eradication. 
 
 33. Packing Prunes in Cans. Cane 
 
 Sugar vs. Beet Sugar. ' 
 36. Analyses of Fertilizers for' Con- 
 
 • , isumers. 
 39. Instruction in Practical Agricul- 
 ture at the University Farm. 
 46. Suggestions for Garden Work in 
 California Schools. 
 
 No. 
 
 47, 
 48. 
 50. 
 53. 
 
 54. 
 
 55. 
 
 58. 
 
 .59. 
 
 60. 
 61. 
 62. 
 
 ; 63 
 
 64. 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 Agriculture in the^ High Schools. 
 Butter Scortng Contest, 1909. 
 Fumiga,ting Scheduling. 
 Announcement of Farmers' Shoi't 
 ' Courses for 1910. 
 Some Creamery Problems aUd 
 
 Tests. 
 Farmers' Institutes and University 
 
 Extension in Agriculture. 
 Experiments with Plants and Solis 
 
 in Laboratory, Garden, and 
 
 Field. 
 Tree Growing in the ■ Public 
 
 Schools, i 
 Butter Scoring, Contest, iOlO. 
 University Farm School. 
 The School Garden In the Course 
 
 of Study. 
 . How to Make an Observation 
 
 Hive. 
 Announcement f(9r Farmers 
 
 Short Courses for 19 11. 
 The California Insecticide Law. 
 Insecticides and Insect Control.